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COLLECTION
OF Ke |
WILLIAM SCHAUS
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PRESENTED
TO TH
NATIONAL MUSEUM
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THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
INCLUDING
ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND
CHARLESWORTH’S * MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’ )
CONDUCTED BY
WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
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AND
WILLIAM FRANCIS, F.L.S.
VOL. XV.—EIGHTH SERIES: © | Ggsonian inst
§ G01 'Tee Gta
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ational Mus eu
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“Omnes res create sunt divine sapientiz et potentia testes, divitia felicitatis
humane :—ex harwm usu donitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapéentia Domini;
ex ceconomiad in conseryatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis
elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estiimata ;
a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; male doctis et barbaris semper
ininica fuit.”—Linnzus.
“Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour
voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor-
tent toutes ses opérations.’—Bruckner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden,
1767.
othe: Vat loam am tse uciieewe ths eine Svilvanl DO WOrs
Obey our summons; from their deepest dells
The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild
And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs
That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme
And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed,
But scatter round ten thousand forms minute
Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock
Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too
Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face
They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush
That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles,
Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread,
The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne,
All, all to us unlock their secret stores
And pay their cheerful tribute.
J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818,
ee
CONTENTS OF VOL. XV.
EIGHTH SERIES. ]
NUMBER 85.
Page
I. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.—
No. XXXVII. By Prof. Miinrosu, M.D., LL.D. F.RS., &e.
{ER i 8 Inner abt Onna ener hr h nn nora 4 it
Il. Four new Delias and anew Ornithoptera from the Angi Lakes,
Arfak Mountains, North New Guinea, coll. Messrs, Pratt & Sons.
By J. J. Jorcny, F.L.S., and A. Noaxus, F.15. (Plates 1V.-VI.). 59
III. Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—XV. By Rowranp E.
Pome, BiG, PHB. sete rece geese ee meshes eens eener aes 62
IV. On the British Species of Haliplus, Latreille, related to Halt-
plus ruficollis, De Geer, with some Remarks upon H. fulvicollis,
Drichson, and H. furcatus, Seidlitz, By Frank BaLrour-Brownk,
M.A.(Oxon. et Cantab.), F.R.S.E., F.Z.8., Lecturer in Entomology
in the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge. (Plates
MTT UE Bhai aye os tg s,s nto wm) SMD also POLL WE ahs ae Cd 4 gg Ae bs 97
V. A Collection of Fishes from Lagos. By C. Tare Recan, M.A. 124
VL Ants from North and Central Australia, collected by G. F.
Hill.—Part I. By W. C. Crawity, BA. ..... cect seer econ 130
VIL. Notes on Emballonura, with Descriptions of new Species.
By OLDFIELD THOMAS ...... cess eee cert eee e erent e eee enees
VIIL. The Pyenogonida collected by the ‘ Gauss’ in the Antarctic
Regions, 1901-3.—Preliminary Report. By T. V. Hopeson .... 141
IX. On the Swamp-Rats (Otomys) of East Africa. By Guy
AU, Se R cyte nth awe gino + sare seme areas wale mie se oft
X. Two new Species of Lewconve. By Oupris.p THOMAS .... 170
XL. Notes on and Descriptions of Delias. By the Hon. WALTER
RorHscHinp, F.R.S., Ph.D. . ices r eect eect e eee eee ee eenes
Proceedings of the Geological Society .servsereeee jnvence wen
iv CONTENTS.
Page
NUMBER 8&6.
XII. The Early Stages of Paltostoma schineri, Williston [ Diptera,
Blepharoceride), By Huex Scort, M.A. (Cantab.), F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Curator in Entomology in the University of Cambridge. With a
Description of the Female of the same Species, by C. G. Lams,
M.A., B.Sc., Clare College, Cambridge. (Plates IX.-XI.) ...... 181
XIII. Descriptions of new Freshwater Fishes from Sierra Leone.
sy At, ch. OULENGEE, HARD, hoo ches ke pe xa es oa Se rays. 202
XIV. Notes on Carides. By L. A. Borrapare, M.A., Lecturer
on Zoology in the University of Cambridge; Fellow, Dean, and
avectarer of Selwyn College a’. civ ase ai saw os eae te en 5 bi auntie 205
XV. New Dragonflies (Odonata) of the Subfamily Libelluline
from Sierra Leone, W. Africa. By Dr. F. Ris, Rheinau, Switzer-
MONG 2 ai0 o's 015.5 bie bo ghee s 49 DEP EE RNC Ea ney een oor 213
XVI. Description of a new Indian Scorpion (Charmus indicus,
sp.n. By STantey Hirst ..... Feu hits eerste e Vine ieee eee 224
' XVII. On Bats of the Genera Nyctalus, Tylonycteris, and Pipi-
etrellus. By OLDFORED WGMAS AEs) cain ticp eis ies ins -s dele sake 225
XVIII. Ants from North and South-West Australia (G. F. Hill,
Rowland Turner) and Christmas Island, Straits Settlements.—
Part IT. - By W.'C. CaAwigw; Maen ee cee tale. ss saw eee 232
XIX. Report on the Annelida Polycheta collected in the North
Sea and adjacent parts by the Scotch Fishery Board Vessel
‘Goldseeker.’—Part IV. Goniadide to Spionide. By James W.
Prypr, M.A., Walker Trust Research Scholar, Gatty Marine
Laboratory, St. Andrews, and now 2nd Lieut. in the “ Black Watch.” 239
XX. Note on the Mouth-parts in a Species of Polyplax (Anoplura)
and on the Relationship between Anoplura and Mallophaga. By
Bruce F, Cummines, British Museum (Natural History) ........ 256
eolotical Society ..\.... sass ds ceed RoR vee k ac ue 260
NUMBER 87.
XXI. Descriptions and Records of Bees—LXV. By T. D. A.
Wormerk.., University of Colorado»... \. 24 cele ceeseee erence 261
XXII. Notes on the Tabanide of the Australian Region. By
GERTRUDE RICARDO ....... 6. sees seaes wha a giciS I cole ies 270
XXII. Notes on Degeneration in the Teeth of Oxen and Sheep.
By J. WitFrip Jackson, F.G.S. (Assistant-Keeper, Manchester
Museum) ..... Bk oi ess bein TER Tree EET ti ite Teewe 291
CONTENTS. Vv
Page
XXIV, New Species of Heterocera from Dutch New Guinea. By _
J. J. Jorcry, F.L.S., F.E.S., and G. TauBot, F.E.S. (Plate XII.). 295
XXYV. Upper Silurian Foraminifera of Gothland. By Joun
puren, (Plato MEL.) oi osc ca ei: PRARAP ELLY Ltd dad Posh tae es 301
XXVI. The Holetype of Ammothea carolinensis, Leach (Pyeno-
ponies Eye We, Ba CARMAN), DISGH” cecs era h ae ce cweee eee Polo
XXVII. Brief Descriptions of new Thysanoptera.—V. By
PRIOUAi eye GAGNADLED PLS. °E ERS. ccs ces cccudestoesiee cde 315
XXVIII. Notes on the Apide (Hymenoptera) in the Collection
of the British Museum, with Descriptions of new Species. By
Grorrius, Maa pa WALDO, MO Al Feud. Si Sie ee atest 325
XXIX. A new Shrew of the Genus Blarinella from Upper Burma.
Sey Orr iw th THOMAS: Ooi iids cps etles. vin €e ELS CARROT PEE 335
Geological Society ........ Sale ahaa aera re eee a OE ae 307—340
NUMBER 88,
XXX. Descriptions and Records of Bees—LXVI. By T. D. A.
CocKERELL, University of Colorado ...6...:.ccecssceveees tuk Ose
XXXI. On some of the External Characters of Cynogale bennettit,
Gray. By R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., Superintendent of the Zoological
pocicny o Catacnan (Pinte el Vey Oe eis sie ws vhs aes ueececees 351
XXXII. On the Genera Lglisia, Callostracum, Mesalia, Turri-
tellopsis, and Tachyrhynchus. By EpGar A. Smiru, 18.0. ...... 360
XXXIII. A Parasitic Oligochete, and other Inhabitants of the
Gill-chambers of Land-crabs. By H. A. Bayuis, B.A. .......... 378
XXXIV. The Penis-bone, or “Baculum,”’ as a Guide to the
Classification of certain Squirrels. By OLpFizLD THomas ...... 383
XXXYV. On some Pteropine Bats from Vulcan and Dampier
Islands, off the N.E. Coast of New Guinea. By OtprieLtp THomas. 387
XXXVI. On some Australian Malacodermide and Curculionide
collected by Mr. G. E, Bryant. By Arruur M. Lma,........... 389
XXXVII. The Geographical Races of Citellus fulvus. By
Pere PHOMAS. .. leper adeesccuee ss CAhor Bickic ea ar 421
Proceedings of the Geological Society... ,seesseveeereeecrreres 424
vi CONTENTS.
NUMBER 89.
Page
XXXVIII. Notes on the Coleopterous Family Der erie, and
Descriptions of some new Forms in the British Museum. By
eB RT SLAB BOW, ecco nic fe ope aieiecois, aeysrerimar Ueki 08 bdr Wa 425
XXXIX. On some Australian Malacodermide and Curculionide
collected by Mr. G. E. Bryant. By ArrHur M. LEA............ 452
XL. New Oriental Pentatomoidea. By E. BrrGrora, C.M.Z.S, 481
XLI. Notes on the Genus Nyctophilus. By OtpFieLp THomas . 493
XLII. On a minute Shrew from Lake Baikal. By OLDFIELD
MDVETONUAIS chs Fide Pete ic Gal sear tenn ola aids Mitel behing eto eee OS LOE A ae 499
XLII. Notes on Costa Rican Heterocera described in the
‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History.” By W.Scuavs...... 501
XLIV. A few undescribed Rhynchota. By W. L. Distanr.... 503
XLY. On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus Croctdura.
By Guy DoLLMAN... 66. s cette e cece ee eee tent e nee e en enes 507
XLVI. On a small Collection of Symphyla from Algeria. By
RICHARD S.qAGN ATL, WS. Since ye piss ioie soins sin bisw vine me she 527
NUMBER 90.
XLVII. Descriptions and Records of Beesx—LXVII. By
T. D. A. CogkERELU, University of Colorado ............--00.- 529
XLVII. Notes on Fossorial Hymenopteraa—X VI. By RowLanp
HAP ENEE, Z.S,, Behe) eed anti aoeoeeee area cane vep ier: 557
XLIX. On Three new Bats obtained by Mr. Willoughby Lowe
inthe Sudan. By Ouprinip"THomMas® 7.3.0) se. tee ee 559
L. On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus Crocidura.—ll.
By Guy Dotiman....... et Sars. ates Rosia, 6 5 RSS v PPE ROR 2 ee 562
LI. Notes on Bats of the Genus Colew'a. By OLDFIELD
ALC T0, Yh i ie Spi iscis AA ines pate 5 REA ans PHAN SEL o> 576
LIT. Note on British Fossil Species of Apodemus. By Martin
PA MO. GEEENBOM 5 fh ac. saves abe Rist metas, MenmaOeRe ee o a Aae e a 580
LUI. The Holotype of Nymphon gracilipes, Miers (Pycnogonida).
yey i MOATMAN, 1).5C..).. > 2. chan eit PO ith as . Ate ! 584
LIV. Brief Descriptions of new me —VI. By RicHarp
SSR G NATIT EES. oi ks se ss coe Be ee CRE ne ee ere 588
Proceedings of the Geological Society .........cceeececees 598, 599
600
Index eoveovvreevetreerreocereoeeottoerteeeeeoereeensereecerrveseceesee@
. j
Sa
PLATES IN VOL. XV.
Preann 7.
II.
THE
ie ]
V.> New Delias and a new Ornithoptera.
Mi
VI.
VIII.
1X
X.
XI.
XII. New Heterocera from Dutch New Guinea
XIII. Gothland Foraminifera,
XIV. Cynogale bennettii.
Terebellidee, Cheetopteride, etc.
Species of Haliplus.
Paltostoma schineri.
ERRATA.
Page 56, after line 1, the description refers to Macrocheta clavicornis.
58, in the description of Plate III., fig. 5 refers to Pregeria, the
rest of the tigs. (6-9) refer to Macrocheta clavicornis,
154, line 26, for Eur. read Em.
186, line 22, for Myrmosphyma read Myrmophyma.
_ Vol.l5. = = SIGHTH SERIES. dg Sh
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THE
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Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council.
By THEODORE COOKE, C.LE.,
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THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[EIGHTH SERIES.]
wri ivankaweceusiadont per litora spargite muscum,
Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes:
Pollice virgineo teneros hie carpite flores:
Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum,.
At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ;
Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco
Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas
Ferte, Dex pelagi, et pingui conchylia suceo,”
N. Parthenii Giannettasi, Eel, 1,
No. 85. JANUARY 1915.
I.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.
—No. XXXVII. By Prof. M‘Inroso, M.D., LL.D.,
F.R.S:, &e.
[Plates I-III .]
1. Additions to and Remarks on the British Spionide and Cirratulide,
viz. on Spo martinensis, Mesnil, Nerinides longirostris, De Quatre-
fages, N. tridentata, Southern, Polydora ceca, Cirsted, Aonides
paucibranchiata, Southern, Chetozone alata, Southern, C. killariensis,
Southern, and Macrocheta clavicornis, Sars.
2. On the British Terebellide.
3. On the Terebellide dredged by H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine’ in 1869 and 1870,
and by the ‘ Knizht Errant’ in 1882.
4, On the Chetopteride, Amphictenide, and Ampharetide dredged in
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, by Dr. Whiteaves in 1871-73.
5. On the Ampharetide and Terebellide dredged by Canon A. M. Norman
off Norway.
6. On the Occurrence of one of the Pisionide at St. Andrews.
1, Additions to and Remarks on the British Spionide and
Cirratulide.
Tue careful researches of Mr. Southern, especially on the
West Coast of Ireland, a region so rich in rarities, has
resulted in several additions to the above families, as well
as to others. Thus Syio martinensis, Mesnil, has been
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. I
2 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
procured on both shores of Ireland, a form in which the
head has arounded median lobe projecting in front, supported
by two lateral (peristomial) lobes. Two or four eyes occur
at the posterior border, a short median tentacle on the pro-
stomium, and a median ridge ends posteriorly in a short
process. The body is like that of a typical Spio, is about
3cm. long and 1-2 mm. broad, with 85 to 90 segments
(Mesnil), ending in a dorsal anus with four foliaceous
cirri. The colour is of a salmon-tint, with red lines from
the blood-vessels, and dark brown pigment in transverse
rows on the segments. The first foot bears a ventral
tuft of finely tapered bristles with very narrow wings,
and a large branchia which overlaps that of the opposite
side. At the tenth foot (Pl. I. fig. 6) the ventral
lamella is elongated vertically, its upper margin being
deepest, and separated by a narrow cleft from the dorsal
lamella, which fuses with the edge of the branchia. The
bristles are typical. Winged hooks appear on the eleventh
foot, and they have a bold curve at the junction of shaft
and neck, then diminish upward to the main fang, which is
long, sharp, and comes off at more than a right angle with
the neck. A single spike occurs on the crown above it.
In the thirty-first ‘‘ Notes” in the ‘Annals’* for February
1909, some remarks were made on “a form apparently
falling under the Nerinides of Mesnil,” from the ‘ Porcu-
pine’ Expedition of 1870, and which had long been named
Scolecolepis, H. This form, as Mr. Southern f truly says,
is not a Nerinides, and differs from two species of Nerinides
which he has been fortunate in securing on the West Coast
of Ireland, viz. Nerinides longirostris, De Quatrefages ft, as
more clearly described by De St. Joseph §, and Nerinides
tridentata, Southern. The former, which reaches 10 cm. in
length and 8 mm. in breadth, at first sight mimics Nerine
foliosa, Sars, yet differs in having a branchia on the first
segment besides a dorsal and a ventral setigerous process
with bristles. The head is acutely pointed and has a median
ridge or keel, running back to the third segment, with four
eyes in a square; whilst the peristomial segment bears a
pair of short golden-yellow tentacles, each with a ciliated
groove. Hooks with a single spike above the main fang
appear in the ventral division between the thirty-third or forty-
fifth segment, and are accompanied by a few wingless bristles.
* Ser, 8, vol. iil. p. 175.
+ Proc. R. Irish Acad. vol. xxxi. no. 47, p. 97. I am indebted to
Mr. Southern for kindly forwarding examples of his new and rare forms.
t Annel. i. p. 444, and previously in 1843 (Mag. Zool.).
§ Ann. Sc. nat. 7¢ sér. t. xvii. p. 74, pl. iv. figs. 86-90.
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 3
The feebly winged bristles persist in the dorsal division to the
posterior end, but no hooks accompany them. In the last
twelve or thirteen segments the branchiz diminish and dis-
appear. The second species, N. éridentata, is smaller (1 inch),
with two pairs of eyes arranged nearly in a transverse line
on the spindle-shaped head, and a pair of short, thick, deep
chocolate tentacles. The first setigerous segment carries
only a ventral tuft of capillary bristles, and thus differs from
the foregoing with a branchia on the first foot, as it also does
in the presence of winged hooks with two spikes above the
main fang on the fifteenth segment ventrally. Branchize
commence on the second foot. Mr. Southern observes that
this species frequents laminarian roots, whereas N. longi-
rostris is found in clean sand.
Another form, Po/ydora ceca, Girsted, which some have
confounded with Polydora fluva, has been procured from
diverse localities on English, Scottish, and Irish shores. In
general aspect it resembles P. flava, but is distinguished by
the presence of stout acicular bristles in the dorsal division
of the foot from the twenty-fifth segment in front of the anal
“sucker” backward. The strong bristles of the fifth segment
resemble those of P. flava, with a bold hook at the tip and
no spur.
Mr. Southern records Polydora giardi, Mesnil, a form with
a spur below the terminal hook of the great bristles of the
fifth segment. The examination of a minute example has
not proved the necessity for including it as yet as a separate
species.
Aonides paucibranchiata, Southern, a small form from the
West Coast of Ireland, differs from the common Aonides
oxycephala, Sars, in having only ten or eleven pairs of
branchize instead of 22-23 pairs. The tail has four cirri,
whereas in A. owycephala the caudal region has dorsaily two
short conical lobes, and ventrally eight smaller conical cirri.
As the result of Mr. Southern’s special attention to the
Cirratulidz in the rich region of the West Coast of Ireland,
two new species of Chetozune have been found, viz. C. alata
and C. killariensis, both very small species; yet both were
found mature. The former has a conical head and a pair of
deeply-placed eyes. The tentacles are large, and each is
accompanied by a lateral cirrus. Capillary bristles occur in
all the dorsal tufts, the shorter forms with flattened tips.
Hooks appear ventrally in the twenty-first segment, and
capillary bristles are always present in the ventral division.
The conical head of Chetozone killariensis is devoid of eyes,
and the tentacles and their lateral cirri are present in front
of the first bristled segment. Anus dorsal, with a ventral
1*
4 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
lobe beneath. In the anterior and middle regions of the
body both dorsal and ventral divisions of the foot have only
capillary bristles. Hooks appear ventrally on the fifty-sixth
segment and dorsally on the sixty-first (Southern). ‘I'he
dorsal hooks resemble flattened bristles with hooked tips.
2. On the British Terebellide.
In Dr. Johnston’s ‘ Catalogue of Non-Parasitical Worms
in the British Museum,’ twelve species of Terebellids are
entered, but four of these refer only to two species, viz.
Terebella littoralis and Terebella conchilega to the common
Lanice conchilega, and T'. nebulosa aud T. tuberculata to
T. nebulosa, Mout. On the other hand, it is possible that
his Terebella constrictor includes two species. In addition
to the forms mentioned, Dr. Jolnston’s list comprised
Amphitrite cirrata, Amphitrite gohnstoni, Nicolea venustula,
Leprea textrix, N. maculata, Thelepus cincinnatus, aud
Terebellides stramt.
In his well-known ‘ Annulata Polychzta’ of Spitzbergen,
Greenland, Iceland, and Scandinavia, Malmgren in 1867
recorded thirty-one species; but several are synonymous,
so that there were really about twenty-eight—not, after all,
a great number from an area so extensive, and one that had
been so frequently searched by skilful zoologists.
The rich and comparatively unexplored region of the west
of Ireland, so far as regards Polychzts, has lately produced,
by the broad views of the Irish Fisheries’ Department and
in Mr. Southern’s skilful and energetic hands, no less than
twenty species of Terebellids, or double the number entered
in the ‘ Catalogue of the British Museum.’ Several of these
are additious to the British Fauna, and will be dealt with on
a future occasion.
In the present preliminary notice of this important
family from British waters, the number approaches that of
Malmgren from the more extended northern area, and
it is probable that future researches will make additions
to the list; indeed, several forms are at present under
consideration.
The first British species is Amphitrite cirrata, O. F. Miiller,
which ranges from Devon to Shetland. The cephalic plate is
comparatively adherent, for the dorsal collar is limited, and
the edge externally bends over into that of the supra-oral fold,
the whole plate being more limited than usual. A sub-
oral fold occurs within, and externally is the lower lip on
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 5
the ventral border—the dorso-lateral continuation of the lip
bearing the first group of branchiz. The tentacles have the
normal structure and a deep groove. The segment following
the foregoing has no distinct shield, the anterior edge
ventrally forming a free border and ending laterally on each
side in a rounded free flap. A second free anterior rim
follows, also ending laterally in a rounded flap, opposite the
second branchia. Inthe middle line is a large shield, which
sometimes indents the segment behind it. Opposite the third
branchia and the first bristle-tuft is a third rounded external
flap, which passes further dorsalward than the othertwo. It
abuts on a narrower shield than the one in front.
The body is enlarged anteriorly and gradually tapered
posteriorly to the terminal anus. Dorsally it is rounded,
ventrally are about ten to twelve shields anteriorly, and
then a median groove passes to the posteriorend. Seventeen
pairs of vertical flattened setigerous processes occur ante-
riorly, the first being in a line “with the last branchial tuft.
The bristles are dull golden and in two series—a longer and
shorter ; the former are deeply inserted, have shafts nearly of
uniform diameter throughout, and have comparatively short
tapering tips with wings which are broad at the commeuce-
ment, but taper off distally. The condition of the tip,
however, is variable, apparently from injury, since many are
short with short and broad wings and tips that taper litile,
the result, in all probability, ‘of injury and repair. a
shorter series has winged and tapering tips, though a few a
the edge present short (broken ?) tips with broad wings. iu
minute papilla occurs on the ventral side of the setigerous
process, from the second to the eighth bristled segment.
Moreover, just below the papilla a little flap is developed at
the dorsal end of each hook-row, and sloping backward
behind it from the first bristled segment (which has no
hooks) to the last, where, however, it is less distinct. No
hooks occur opposite the first bristle-bundle ; a single row
is present on the next foot, and for several feet thereafter,
but the eighth has two rows. The hooks have in lateral
view about four teeth above the main fang, and the posterior
outline curves forward to the crown and has a projecting
process of the base inferiorly. The base has a gentle curve,
slopes from behind downward and forward, and an eminence
occurs on the anterior curve below the main fang. Strize
pass from the teeth ou the crown to the posterior border
of the neck. The broad ridges for the hooks are large
in the bristled region, but thereafter they diminish to
short lamella, and then to low ridges toward the tail. The
6 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
posterior hooks have smaller (shorter) bases, and the posterior
outline is less curved toward the crown.
The second species is Amphitrite figulus, Dalyell*, not
uncommon in British waters as well as in more northern seas.
Its cephalic region differs from that of A. cirrata in the
great development of the fold in front of the tentacles,
which forms an arch over the mouth. At its outer edge, on
each side, it bends backward to become continuous with the
broad dark brownish fold behind the tentacles, which, how-
ever, in this form is limited in extent, for the median
portion is narrow. ‘This structure of the posterior fold is
characteristic. The mass of grooved and frilled tentacles
springs from the hollow between these arches, and forms a
centre of very active functions during the life of the animal,
their colour then being pale orange or pink. The projecting
dorsal portion of the arch or lip is dark brown inferiorly.
Many cells and granules occur in their interior. Below
the dorsal arch is the mouth, and beneath is a globular
process followed by the lower lip, whlch is separated by
a groove on each side from the folds or arches. Behind
the lower lip ventrally is a well-marked collar with a
crenated anterior border stretching completely across the
ventral surface in the line of the first branchia. It has a
rounded free edge dorso-laterally, and a median and two
smaller crenations at its posterior border ; and these probably
usher in the change seen in the next ring, ‘which has a distinct,
though small, median scute or pad.
The body is 6-8 inches in length, enlarged in front and
tapering toward the posterior end, as usual in the family.
The segments number from ninety to a hundred, and of these
twenty-four bear bristles—the first being opposite the third
or last pair of branchiz. The dorsum anteriorly is, in the
preparations, tessellated somewhat as in Scalibregma, each
of the two rings in the segments being crossed antero-
posteriorly by folds which cut the ring into narrow spaces.
On the ventral side of the second branchia is a papilla, the
forerunner of the setigerous process which follows in the
next segment. Moreover, below each setigerous process is
a small papilla, as in A. cirrata, but these continue over
sixteen segments instead of the few in A. cirrata. The
bristle-tuft is situated at the posterior part of one ring, whilst
the followmg ring lies between the bristle-tufts, This
arrangement, however, extends only over thirteen or fourteen
rings, viz. from the interval between the second and third
* A, brunnea of Stimpson ?
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 7
branchiz backward. Then the rings are marked by trans-
verse furrows, each being thus divided into two, whilst
further backward, as the space between the bristles increases,
into a larger number of rings. In some cases the posterior
lamelle for the hooks are asymmetrical, an intermediate
lamella occurring on one side only. The posterior segments
show less regularity in their narrow transverse dorsal furrows.
Posteriorly the body diminishes and ends in a terminal
anus.
Behind the first distinct scute or ventral shield already
mentioned in connection with the mouth is a narrow elon-
gated one, followed by thirteen others, those immediately
succeeding the very narrow one gradually though slightly
increasing in antero-posterior diameter to the eleventh or
twelfth, whilst the last three or four are rudimentary, being
rounded or shield-shaped median elevations, gradually dis-
appearing to end in a moniliform and somewhat elevated
median ventral ridge, which by-and-by is lost in the groove
posteriorly.
The branchiz are three ‘in number, of a fine dark red
colour, and slightly mottled under a lens. They coil and
twist actively under examination. The first is the largest,
the third the smallest. Each springs from a cylindrical
base, which soon divides dichotomously, though occasionally
a small tuft of three short filaments may be found on the
main stem of the first branchia. The terminal branches are
long and tapering, and in life these give the aspect of gills
formed of simple filaments. Each filament is enveloped in
a transparent structureless cuticle, whilst the centre is
marked by coherent granular tissue arranged in a close
series of transverse rows, so as to give the whole a finely
barred aspect. No distinct longitudinal fibres are apparent,
though in some a longitudinal canal is seen. In the basal
region are many large compound bodies, the “ blood-
globules ” of Williams.
A small conical papilla situated in the groove close to the
exterior of the second pair of branchiz marks the com-
mencement of the setigerous processes, though it has no
bristles, and it is in a line with the second post-oral fold—in
the centre of which is the first small shield or scute. The
first bristle-tuft is opposite the last branchia, only a short.
interval separating it from the base of the organ. It springs
from a setigerous papilla at the dorsal edge of the ridge for
the hooks. The bristles form a vertical row of considerable
depth, and in structure agree with the succeeding tufts,
no rudimentary forms marking the commencement of the.
8 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
series, as in various groups. Each tuft consists of a longer
series with stout, straight, and long shafts, the free portion
of which is slightly diminished in diameter toward the
commencement of the winged tip, which is finely tapered
and curved. The tips of the bristles are directed upward
and backward in their normal condition. The shorter series
consists of those with shorter and less tapered winged tips
which have an accessory terminal blade carried at an angle
to that beneath, and is broad at the base and tapered to a
slender, slightly curved tip. Such a bristle approaches that
of certain Sigaiionide, such as Sthenelais jeffreysii. The
structure of these bristles remains the same from the first
tuft to the last, but the setigerous processes increase in
prominence iu their progress backward.
No hooks or their homologues occur in the ridge running
downward from the first bristle-tuft, and the ridge itself is
intermediate in character. The ridge from the second pair
of bristles presents a Jateral border and a median linear
elevation containing the single row of hooks, the ridge
terminating ventrally i in a rounded border at some distance
from the ventral shield, the ridges which follow gradually
approaching the ventral scutes or shields until, at the eighth,
they touch. The third ridge has a double row of hooks, but
they appear to be less resular than those which follow. As
arule, the ridges for the hooks are longest in front, and
diminish a little toward the twenty-fourth bristle-bundle.
Each leaves the setigerous process as a slightly flattened
ridge with an anterior, a median, and a posterior fillet, the
median bearing the rows of hooks. On the cessation of the
bristles the thick and rather long ridge for the hooks
increases in prominence and presents a free edge dorsally
and ventrally. It diminishes in depth while increasing in
prominence posteriorly. The rows of hooks in life are
terminated ventrally by a brownish speck. In the posterior
processes the hooks are in a single row.
'The hooks, which commence at the second bristle-tuft and
continue to the posterior end, differ from those of A cirrata
in the less oblique base, and in the curves of the anterior
outline below the great fang. Usually four teeth occur in
lateral view on the crown above the fang, but when examined
in front the crown appears to have several transverse rows.
The next and third form resembles very closely Amphitrite
grenlandica, Malmgren, and is found both on the British
and Canadian shores. ‘The branchie are slightly branched,
and arise by a short stem, which breaks up 1ato a number of
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 9
simple branches. The hooks approach those of A. cirrata,
but have different curves, with two teeth above the main
fang.
Another British species, Amphitrite afinis, Malmgren, the
fourth form, bas been found on various parts of the coast,
and will be alluded to more particularly under the forms
dredged by the ‘ Porcupine.’
Amphitrite gracilis, Grube (Physelia scylla (Sav.), De
Quatrefages), the fifth form, is chiefly a southern type which
also extends to Ireland. ‘The dorsal cephalic collar forms a
small crenated rim posteriorly, and passes downward at each
side to join the lower edge of the supra-oral arch. The ten-
tacles which take origin from it are numerous and have the
typical grooved structure. They are of a pale cream-colour
and partly translucent. Its front edge terminates in a
prominent spout-shaped arch over the mouth, the sides
inferionly sloping obliquely to their attachment. The lower
lip is formed by a transverse fold, and within it is a small
tongue-like fold or eminence. No eyes are visible in the
preparation behind the cephalic collar.
The body has a hundred and twenty to a hundred and
forty-six segments, and is characterized by its great propor-
tional length, aud slenderness posteriorly, as well as by its
pale cream-colour here and there enlivened by the bleod-
vessels and the brownish-red specks posteriorly. The
enlarged anterior end has further a close series of transverse
ridges, which have a minutely tessellated appearance from
isolated glandular masses arranged transversely. These
glands have, besides the granules, clear refracting cells and
globules. The separation of the longitudinal dorsal muscular
fibres in this region also increases the tessellated aspect.
Behind the bristled region the body gradually narrows and
ends in a slender tail with a terminal anus surrounded
by marginal papille. The dorsal surface is convex, the
ventral flattened anteriorly and grooved posteriorly. The
glandular shields or plates in front are about twelve in
number, with a few (three or four) additional small median
processes. Behind the region of the shields is a median
groove with a prominent ridge on each side. At first lateral,
these ridges gradually pass to the mid-ventral line, forming
posteriorly a raised belt with a median fissure, then widen a
little toward the tail, where the papille for the hooks occur
in the line of each moniliform ridge, and gradually diminish
as the tip is reached. Whilst the segments in front have
10 Prof M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
several narrow rings dorsally—giving a finely ribbed aspect
to the surface,—the narrow posterior region has only the
segment-junction separating each smooth segment.
Behind the lower lip is apparently a segment with a
narrow ventral shield. The next bears the first and larger
pair of branchiz, each springing from a short stalk which
rapidly gives off four main divisions; these split up after a
brief course into a sub-dichotomously divided tuft with
comparatively short terminal branches—the whole forming
adense arbuscle. The second and smaller pair is on the
next segment and has a similar structure. Occasionally a
specimen has three branchiz on one side and two on the
other, the third being a small independent stem behind the
second.
Ventralward of the second branchial stalk is a small
conical papilla which represents the first setigerous process,
though it has no bristles. The next setigerous process has
a well-developed tuft of bristles, which are pale, translucent,
rather brittle, and in two groups; the longer forms have
long, straight, deeply imserted shafts, which are nearly
cylindrical to the commencement of the wings, from which
they taper to a delicate point. The wings have a charac-
teristic expansion at the base, and are narrow distally and
show no serrations. The shorter bristles have peculiarly
curved, tapering, serrated tips without distinct rings.
Whilst the two setigerous processes behind the branchize
remain isolated and simple, the third presents two processes,
viz. the setigerous and an antero-ventral papilla, and this
continues in the six subsequent feet. The following (from
the tenth) setigerous processes, which are somewhat conical,
though antero-posteriorly flattened, remain simple, and the
first (tenth) of this (posterior) series has a small papilla
below it at the end of the hook-row. There are twenty
pairs of bristle-tufts.
The first hooks occur opposite the third setigerous
process, that is, the second behind the branchie, and they
occupy the summit of the elevated ridge which extends from
the bristle-tuft downward to the ventral groove, and cover
in short the external aspect of the ventral longitudinal
muscles. They are in a single row in the first six segments,
but the rest are in a double row, and this continues to the
commencement of the last thirty. After the cessation of
the bristles the uncinigerous processes form transverse
crescents in each segment, gradually, however, becoming
smaller until on the slender terminal region in front of the
tail they form a series of papillz, so that the ventral ridge
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. Tt
on each side is moniliform. The first hooks are distinguished
by the great size of the main fang, which has a crown of
small hooks above it—about three being usually visible in
lateral view, and by the comparatively small size and oblique
nature cf the base, which has above its dorsal angle an
abrupt incurvation, whilst on its anterior edge it has a sharp
point, for the attachment of a tendon, and a gentle incur-
vation beneath it. The modified form of these early hooks
is indicated by the imperfect condition ef those at the end
of the row. SBy-and-by they form a double row and
assume the typical condition in which the great fang is pro-
portionally less, the base less elongated, its lower edge more
convex, and the curve below the point on the anterior edge
less pronounced. About four small hooks are visible above
the great fang in lateral view.
Polymnia nesidensis, Delle Chiaje, the sixth representative,
is a smaller species than Terebella nebulosa and of a firmer
consistence, which is found on both shores of Great Britain
and Ireland. The cephalic region has a less developed
dorsal collar than in 7. nebulosa, and it is not usually folded
backward as in the species mentioned, and, moreover, no eyes
are present in many of the preparations. The upper lip in
front of this forms a large frilled process, and the lower lip
is also prominent. A median tongue-like process lies above
and internal to the latter. In extreme protrusion of the
mouth-parts some have the lower lip folded backward
ventrally with a smaller and larger fold above it, whilst in
others the lower lip projects downward and outward as a
cyathiform process marked by a fold at each side.
The body is comparatively small as compared with
T. nebulosa, is convex and smooth dorsally, deeply grooved
ventrally from the ventral shields almost to the tip of the
tail, which in perfect examples has two longer median and
two lateral cirri on the ventral surface, the rest of the vent
being crenated or with short papille. The groove abuts on
two rounded lateral ridges, probably marking the ventral
longitudinal muscles, and bearing the elevations or lamell
for the hooks. The segments are two-ringed. Two segments
following that bearing the lower lip have a lamella at their
outer edges ventrally, and are opposite the first and second
branchie. The anterior, indeed, often stands out as a frill
on the front edge of the shield. In all, about sixteen shields
are present ventrally, and they bear traces of the two-ringed
condition of the segments generally. They are narrow and
trausversely elongated in front, broad and _ transversely
shortened posteriorly.
12 Prot. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
The branchiz are three in number, the anterior being the
largest, the second and third regularly diminishing. In
proportion to the size of the body they are somewhat larger
than in 7. nebulosa and they have a stiffer outline. They
are dichotomously branched, and have very short terminal
divisions —a distinctive feature when contrasted with
T. nebulosa.
The sectigerous processes are seventeen in number, the
first occurring close to the base of the last branchiz. The
bristles are long, translucent, slightly yellowish, and_ finely
tapered, and, as “usual, in two series , a shorter and longer.
In the latter the wings are narrow a and indistinet, in ‘the
former they are broader and easily recognized, but they do
not proceed to the finely tapered extremity of the bristle.
A curvature of the tip occurs at the winged region. Little
difference exists between the first bristles and the last, except
in the fewer number as contrasted with the middle groups.
The rows of hooks commence on the second bristled
segment, and they are comparatively short to the seventh
bristle-bundle, the last ten of the region being longer.
Moreover, whilst they form a single row in front, they are
arranged in a double row posteriorly (eleven to twenty
segments, Marenzeller\, the great fang in each pointing to a
median line between the rows. Behind the bristles the
hooks are borne on an uncinigerous process or lamella, and
form shorter rows than in front. These lamelle have a
concave distal margin anteriorly, but posteriorly the tip is
bifid, and the processes diminish much toward the tip of
the tail.
The hooks somewhat resemble those of Polymnia nebulosa
in general form, hut are readily distinguished by the presence
of a second tooth above the great fang and the somewhat
shorter base.
In Polymnia nebulosa, Montagu, the seventh species, which
is found on both sides of Scotland, England, aud Ireland,
the cephalic region is distinguished by the great size of the
upper collar or arch, and by its frilled inward curve at each
lower edge. Its upper surface is somewhat flattened, that
is to say, only a shallow groove is present, the mass of
tentacles springing from the posterior half near the rim.
These tentacles are pale orange in life and spotted with
white, so as to give them a barred appearance, and their
movements are remarkable, for not only do they aid in the
construction of the tube, but hoist the animals up the per-
pendicular side of a glass yessel or in any direction, and are
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 13
continually moving as a series of complex threads. All are
deeply grooved. When the annelid is hidden amongst
shells and tufts of Cer amium, the long spreading tentacles
resemble independent Nemerteans, aud in large examples
stretch nearly afoot from the body. Below the mouth is a
transversely elongated fold, and then the broad lower lip
which ceases at the dorsal fold on each side.
Behind the dorsal collar are a large number of dark
pigment-spots, the so-called eyes. T hese are generally con-
cealed by the posterior fold of the collar. Ina small yarlety
met with under stones between tide-marks at St. Peter Port,
Guernsey, they are both numerous and distinct, and,
moreover, remain in spirit. They form, in a large Irish
example, a conspicuous brown band below the collar.
Body 9-10 inches or more in length and as thick as the
little finger bebind the bristles, soft and mobile, with
numerous (60-90) narrow segmeuts, the anterior region
being enlarged and the posterior tapered to a comparatively
large terminal anus with a crenate margin. Though the
dorsum, as a rule, is convex, the preparations are generally
marked by a slight median groove anteriorly. Ventrally,
a deep median groove runs from one end to the other. In
large examples the swolleu anterior end is tessellated, whilst
in the smaller this is less evident.
Hach segment consists of two rings, one at the bristle-
tuft and one in front of it dorsally, and these are continued
ventrally, the groove in the ridge for the hooks being
opposite the brisile-tuft, and only a narrow space oceurring
between tlem (the ridges). Posteriorly, the segments are
more definitely marked, the broader division containing the
lamella for the hooks, a narrow ring being in front of it.
Then the two rings are only indicated laterally above the
lamellee for the hooks , and finally, for some distance at the
tail, each segment is undivided, and, moreover, the segmeuts
become more and more minute as they approach the last,
which is broader than those in front of it and las a minutely
crenate margin. The ventral surface in this region is con-
siderably diminished, whilst the dorsal arch is increased.
The ventral glandular shields are narrow and long in front,
broader and shorter from side to side from the fifth back-
ward, and they often present a median precess laterally in
front of the point of contact of the hook-row. They are
usually fourteen or fifteen in number, the anterior narrow
shields being ridged (two-ringed), the posterior flattened.
Occasionally an abnormality occurs in the arrangement of
the two rings anteriorly, the broad posterior ring ceasing
like a fold in the middle line,
14 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
The branchie are three in number on each side, and have
a dull red colour spotted with white. The first pair are
about 1 in. long in large specimens, and arise from the
second body-segment, which has a spout-like fold at each
side. The main stem is often unbranched for some distance,
whilst in others (large) a small branch or two occur close to
the base. The whole organ is sub-dichotomously divided,
the short terminal divisious giving a character to the mass,
which appears to form a deuse arbuscle. In many of the
divisions the branches spring from one side only, but this
does not appear to hold in the distal divisions. The ring at
the base of the first branchia trends evenly away from it to the
frill near the external margin of the mouth. A small papilla
sometimes occurs close to the base of the second branchia,
it may be only on one side; whilst ventralward the anterior
fillet of the segment has a free process like a flat papilla.
Close to the outer base of the third branchia is the first
setigerous papilla, and a short distance ventraiward is a
similar free flattened process to that described on the
previous segment.
In young examples the branchiz are comparatively simple,
though the terminal divisions correspond in general struc-
ture with that of the adult, and in a small littoral variety
from St. Peter Port, Guernsey, the branchie are likewise less
bushy, though the terminal branches are typical.
The setigerous processes are seventeen in number, com-
mencing, as indicated, at the third branchia and continuing
for sixteen segments thereafter. Hach is a somewhat
flattened papilla with the bristles arranged in a vertical row
in the centre. The first tufts of bristles are smaller, the
bristles themselves shorter, but they show two groups, as in
the posterior, viz.,a shorter series without evident wings,
and a longer series also without evident wings, and with
slightly curved and tapered tips. In the middle of the
bristled region the longer pale golden bristles have stcut
striated shatts of nearly equal diameter, and tapering tips
with wings. Many of these seem to have been broken in
life, and show regenerated (?) tips. The striz at the com-
mencement of the wings are oblique. The shorter bristles
are more translucent, aud have either no wings on the free
portion or very narrow ones.
The hooks commence on the segment behind that de-
scribed as having the triangular fold in a line with the last
branchia—that is, they occur in the segment behind the
branchie. At first they are in a single row, but posteriorly
in this region they form an alternate double row along the
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 15
centre of the ridges, which pass in front from the bases of
the setigerous papille to the edge of the ventral scutes, and
behind these almost to the mid-ventral line. With the
cessation of the bristles a change ensues, for the hooks are
now borne on a prominent lamella—slightly crescentic or
scoop-shaped,—and placed laterally at the posterior edge of
each segment, which still consists of two rings. These
lamelle diminish in size posteriorly, becoming minute to-
ward the tip of the tail, and on them the hooks form
a close series in a single row. ‘The hooks are distinguished
by their elongated basal region, which has a median con-
vexity, then curves upward at the anterior edge, which has
a small process for the ligament. A process occurs on the
anterior margin about its middle, a double curve meeting at
this pot. The large fang is well developed, and has ouly
a single tooth above it in a lateral view. The posterior
margin has a deep incurvation. The hooks vary chiefly in
the shape of the basal region.
The next and eighth form, Lanice conchilega, Pallas, is
everywhere distributed on the sandy shores of Britain.
The cephalic region is distinguished by its comparatively
small dorsal collar, the rim, however, expanding at each
side into a great lateral flap which in some almost meets its
fellow of the opposite side in the mid-ventral line behind
the lower lip, its outline in this region forming a V. In
others, the union of the lateral regious is more complete
ventrally, some fusing so as to form a continuous band with
only a slight concavity in front, thus probably indicating
the normal condition as a complete ventral web, the median
gap being due to accidents. A marked characteristic is the
disposition of the anterior margin of the tentacular surface,
for it is contracted into a frilled spout-like border sur-
rounding the mouth—except in violent protrusion. Within
the aperture are two folds, an outer smailer and an inner
larger tongue-like fold. Cunningham and Ramage consider
the large lower lip and the absence of eyes characteristic of
Lanice as contrasted with Teredella.
The tentacles have the usual grooved structure, and form
a dense mass of mobile organs. In the centre of the living
tentacle under pressure a pale band of muscular fibres pro-
ceeds from the base to the tip. The other parts of the wall
appear to consist of an inextricable series of muscular fibres
—longitudinal, transverse or circular, and oblique. In the
intericr of the tentacles are numerous cells, but whether
free or adherent is not evident, though they do not separate
16 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
on laceration of the wall. They are slightly yellowish, and
to some extent refract the light. In its native habitat the
tentacles are partially protected in extrusion by entering
the hollow processes of the fringe of the tube.
The three branchiz form conspicuous and finely-branched
tufts on each side, the first pair beimg the largest. All are
sub-dichotomously branched, and the terminal divisions are
fine, so as to give the arbuscles a characteristic appearance.
Moreover, they also have a whorled aspect towards the tip.
The ultimate divisions are translucent, and have obscure
longitudinal striz, with cells and granules in the wall. The
first pair is situated on the narrow segment immediately
behind the collar, and a trace of which is seen in front of
the glandular ventral shield.
The long body is moderately dilated anteriorly, and gently
tapered to the tail, at the tip of which is the terminal anus
surrounded by a series of marginal papille. The segments
are numerous, viz., from two hundred to two hundred and
eighty. The dorsum is rounded, the ventral surface grooved
throughout—often with a central ridge,—except the anterior
shields, which extend from the lower lip almost to the ter-
mination of the bristles. This glandular surface is divided
into segments—generally two in each body-segmeut—by
transverse furrows. Posteriorly it becomes narrow and ends
in the median groove about the last bristle-bundle. Besides,
a glandular belt occurs at each side in the line of the bristle-
bundles, after the manner of the correspouding belt in the
Maldanide, and it is continued backward considerably
behind the bristles.
The first segment is very narrow, and is enveloped laterally
by the free collar of the next segment. It bears the first
pair of branchiz, and forms a narrow rim in front of the
glandular ventral shields. The next has a greatly developed
anterior lamella or collar, which stretches from the edge of
the ventral shield almost to the second branchia—thus
forming the second process of this kind on each side. The
following segment has the third branchia and the first
bristle-tuft, but bears no hooks: The bristles are bound
firmly together in flattened fascicles and slope outward or
obliquely upward and outward, and have a pale golden hue.
The bristles have a pale base, a shaft with fine strie in-
ternally, and a tapering tip with a double wing, the latter
being obliquely striated. The first tuft is smaller and the
- translucent tips less definitely formed than those which
follow, but the structure is essentially the same. The second
series of bristles in each tuft is considerably longer than in
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrcws. bi
the previous forms (e. g., 7. nesidensis), the tips almost
reaching the commencement of the wings of the distal serics.
Dr. Williams states that the number of bristle-bundles on
each side is sixteen, but he had probably omitted the first.
In transverse section the central region of the bristle
presents the aspect of severed fibres.
From each setigerous process an elongated and somewhat
elliptical eminence, having a double row of golden hooks
along the centre, passes ventrally. Each has a stout base
which narrows upward to the curved neck, above which are
the great fang and two teeth on the crown—in a diminishing
series in lateral view. Curved striz extend downward from
the small teeth on the crown. The basal part of the hook is
marked by radiating striz. Inthe anterior hooks the third
tooth on the crown is less distinct than in the posterior.
In front view two teeth occur in the middle of the crown. The
double rows are so arranged that the hooks lie back to back
with the fangs pointing outward. The one set may, by
fixing, arrest the egress of the animal, and the other may, in
the same way, stop ingress. In some of these rows, sixty-six
hooks occur on one side and sixty-seven on the other, and in
a second sixty-two and sixty-four respectively, so that tle
combined effect must be considerable. ‘The rows are some-
what longer in front, and the first (opposite the second
bristle-tuft) has only a single series of hooks. The anterior
rows also have the glandular wedge which dorsally envelops
the bristle-tuft, and has its apex about the middle of each
interspace. By-and-by, however, this glandular tissue
diminishes into a narrow longitudinal belt between the last
six bristle-tufts, the shortened eminence for the hooks
touching the base of the bristles. With the cessation of
the bristles, the rows of hooks are confined to the lateral
uncinigerous lamella, which continue to the posterior end,
gradually diminishing in size as the slender tail is reached.
The lateral glandular belt is also continued from the bristled
region backward between the hook-lamelle, but stops short
of the tail. On these uncinigerous processes the hooks form
a single row along the anterior edge, and at one end of the
row a series of imperfect hooks make a curve, those least
developed having only a striated main fang, whilst those
touching the complete series show a crown above the
fang, the base of the hook being absent. The minute
processes on the tail have few hooks.
The ninth representative, Loimia gigantea, Montagu
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 2
18 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
(meduse, Savigny), is a southern one from the shores of
Devon and neighbouring areas.
The cephalic lobe presents a small and inconspicuous
dorsal collar, which at each side bends down to disappear in
the general plate, and without joining the supra-oral arch,
which is fan-shaped and projects little. The space between
the latter and the cephalic collar is occupied by the grooved
tentacles. From the outer border of the cephalic region
a large lamella arises and passes with a slight median
excavation entirely across to the other side—forming thus
a great post-oral platform. 5; m* and m? combined 2 3.
Hab. Choiseul, Solomon Is.
Type. Adult skin. B.M. no. 5.1.28.2. Collected by
A. Meek. é
This species is readily distinguished from E. raffrayana
and stresemannt, the only forms with the same broad oblong
tragus, by its peculiarly shaped basial pit; from the former
also by its narrow ears and from the latter by the distinct
lateral septal ridges in the basial pit.
Emballonura monticola, Temm.
In £. monticola the basial pit is large, rounded, but rather
shallow, without deep or sharply defined limits. It has
normally distinct median and lateral septal ridges, dividing
it into four portions, but the lateral ones tend to be reduced
or obsolete in the eastern race (discolor),
# Brain-case distorted.
140 Mr. O. Thomas on Emballonura.
From §. Tenasserim to the Kei Islands I do not see
any diversity which I should consider of specific value, but
three races, characterized by size, appear recognizable as
subspecies :—
Firstly, the typical monticola (type-locality, Java), ranging
from the Malay Peninsula to Borneo, the smallest of the
three, with an upper skull-length (occiput to nasal notch)
about 12°8-13 mm., and the maxillary tooth-row about
5°0-5'4 mm. Both Miller’s L£. peninsularis and Lyon’s
E. pusilla seem to fall within the range of variation shown by
the specimens before me. LE. anambensis from the Anambas
Is.* J do not know, but an Embéallonura from Natuna
quite agrees with Javan monticola.
Secondly, a very large form found in Borneo only, with
upper skull-length about 14°5 mm. and maxillary tooth-row
6mm. This is the form taken as representing monticola by
Lyon when describing pusilia, but it far exceeds Javan
examples of that species. Detailed measurements of it are
given below.
Finally, an eastern race may be distinguished, H. m. dis-
color, Peters, ranging from Luzon, presumably through
Celebes, to Amboina, Ceram, and the Kei Islands. It is
intermediate in size between the other two, and has the
lateral septa of the basial pit rather frequently absent.
Emballonura monticola rivalis, subsp. n.
Like true monticola throughout, but size larger. Bases
of body-hairs whitish, as usual.
Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci-
men) :—
Forearm 48 mm.
Head and body 44; tail 14; third finger, metacarpus 43,
first phalanx 14; lower leg and hind foot (c. u.) 26°5 ;
calcar 15.
Skull: occiput to anterior base of canine 15:3; occiput
to nasal notch 14°5 ; condyle to front of canine 13°8 ; zygo-
matic breadth 9°5 ; facial breadth 6; mastoid breadth 7°7 ;
front of canine to back of m? 6; combined length of m’ and
m? 2°5.
Hab. Borneo. Type from Bida, Sarawak.
Type. Adult male in spirit. B.M. no. 8.11.2.2. Col-
lected and presented by Cecil J. Brooks, Esq. Three speci-
mens, and others collected in Sarawak and N. Borneo by
A. Everett.
* Said to be distinguished by the absence of the usual white bases to
the hairs. Size about as in Z£, m. discolor,
SS a ee TT
On the Pycnogonida collected by the ‘Gauss.’ 141
VIII.—The Pycnogonida collected by the ‘ Gauss’ in the
Antarctic Regions, 1901-3.—Preliminary Report. By
T. V. Hopason.
I REGRET that I have been so long in working out the
collection of the Pyenogonidia made by the German Antarctic
Expedition (‘Gauss’) in 1901-3. I hope that the final
drawings and memoranda will be completed in the course of
a few weeks at the outside, but, in order to secure the priority
of description in certain species, I desire to publish the
following preliminary report. The collection is a fairly rich
one, and while it shows certain strong relations to those of
other expeditions, it is, on the other hand, quite distinctive,
It contains three new genera and twenty new species from
the Antarctic and two more from tropical and temperate seas,
as follows :—
Colossendeis glacialis.
Colossendeis glacialis, Hodgson, Pycnogonida, ‘ Discovery,’ 1907.
A single specimen of this species was taken in the ‘ Gauss ”
winter-quarters.
NOTOENDEIS.
This new genus is established to mark the difference be-
tween the large and well-known Colossendets and closely
allied species.
Body perfectly segmented, with short and distinctly sepa-
rated lateral processes and with well-developed eyes.
Proboscis very large.
Palps nine-jointed.
Oviger ten-jointed, with a terminal claw.
Notoendeis germanica.
The proboscis is as long as the body, and the terminal
joints of the palps are as 8—5°5—4°5.
The body is robust and smooth.
Winter-quarters, 400 m.
Pipetta australis.
The genus was established by Dr. Loman for a tropical
species, and now includes an antarctic species taken near the
‘Gauss’ winter-quarters in 2450 m.
142 Mr. T. V. Hodgson on the
The specific characters of this antarctic species are :—
O ular tubercle long, conical, and without eyes.
Tarsus very short, not one-fifth the length of the propodus.
Pentanymphon antarcticum.
Pentanymphon antarcticum, Hodgson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)
vol, xiv. (1904).
This species has been recorded by every antarctic expe-
dition, and has a circumpolar distribution.
Nymphon unguiculatum.
Body slender, with rather long but widely separated lateral
processes. Quite smooth. Ocular tubercle short and stout,
rounded above the eyes.
The joints of the palps vary but little, 4—5—4:5—5.
The legs are clothed sparingly with short spinous sete.
The terminal claw is long and there are no auxiliaries.
17, ay.002. 68D mi:
Nymphon tenuimanum.
Body not so much as slender, the lateral processes are
widely separated. The ocular tubercle is reduced to a trace,
and there are no eyes. ‘The legs are provided with extra-
ordinarily long sete on the first tibiee, and to a less extent
on the second and the femora. No auxiliary claws.
30. 111. 08. 330 m.
Nymphon exiguum.
Body comparatively stout, with widely separated lateral
processes. Ocular tubercle placed well forwards and small ;
eyes well developed in some specimens.
The joints of the palps are as 3—5—1:3—4.
Propodus twice as long as tarsus. No auxiliary claws.
A small species.
Various dates, in 885 m.
Nymphon fuscum.
Nymphon fuscum, Hoek, ‘Challenger.’
Several specimens occur in the collection from Kerguelen
Island.
This and its allies, NV’. antareticum of Miers and LV. meridio-
nalis of Hoek, are very perplexing species. In N. fuscum
Pycnogonida collected by the ‘Gauss.’ 143
the range of variation is great, the ocular tubercle differs in
most of the specimens, the length of the tarsus and propod is
is variable even in the same individual, but the differenc:s
are not very great and the relations between the two joints
are approximately preserved. ‘The setose cliaracter of the
limbs is accentuated in some specimens. On the whole,
NN. antarcticum, Miers, only differs in that the tarsus is
distinctly longer than the propodus.
In XN. meridionale I find it even more difficult to decide.
CH2&TONYMPHON.
Cheetonymphon villosum.
Chetonymphon villosum, Hodgson, ‘ Discovery.’
This is a stoutly built species, with the lateral processes
close together and long coarse sete distributed over the body
and especially on the tibia. ‘The three terminal joints of the
palps 6—2—3.
Specialized spines on the ovigers are few in number and
have 5-7 teeth. ‘he auxiliary claws are small but distinct,
the propodus is longer than the tarsus.
ab. xir..0272 359 mm
One specimen.
Chetonymphon polare.
Another stoutly built species, with lateral processes dis-
tinctly separated and fringed with spines. Several spinous
sete fringing each segment.
Palps, three terminal joints as 6—2°75—3°5.
Oviger: specialized spines few, each with 5 or 6 lateral
teeth.
Legs armed with spines arising from dermal papille.
Propodus shorter than tarsus, auxiliary claws small.
7-8. 1. O35, S50 mk
Chetonymphon longisetosum.
Body with narrowly separated lateral processes, imperfect
segmentation, and long setee.
Palp, three terminal joints 5—1'8—2°75.
Very long sete on the principal joints of the leg, a very
definite specific character.
Propodus longer than tarsus, auxiliary claws small.
14-16. vi. 1902. 385 m.
144 Mr. T. V. Hodgson on the
Chetonymphon typhlops.
Body stout and entirely clothed with fine, as well as coarse
sete; the latter are arranged in a linear manner on the
limbs, for the most part on raised papille. There are no
eyes, but the ocular tubercle exists as a short cone.
Tiis species belongs to the group in which the tarsus is
longer than the propodus.
Auxiliary claws are absent.
A. few specimens were taken on 1. ili. 03 in 1207 m.
AUSTROPALLENE.
A genus established to include those forms which Mébius,
Prof. Bouvier, and the present writer have included in
different genera—Pseudopallene, Cordylochele. The presence
of cephalic spurs is a most noticeable feature and is confined
to all these southern species.
Body robust or slender, segmentation distinct, lateral pro-
cesses close together or widely separated. Large and stout
cephalic spurs. Eyes well developed. Proboscis tapering,
with or without asetose wreath. Cheliferi stout, che!ze short
and powerful. Palps no trace. Ovigers 10-jointed, without
a terminal claw. In the male a distal swelling on the fitth
joint.
No auxiliary claws.
Austropallene cornigera.
Preudopallene corngera, Mobius, Pycnogonida of the ‘ Valdivia’
Expedition.
This species I consider to be identical with my Pseudo-
pallene australe.
The ‘Gauss’ found several specimens in their winter-
quarters.
Austropallene cristata.
Pseudopallene cristata, Bouvier, ‘ Pourquoi Pas.’
This species is readily distinguished from all others, even
at a very early age, by the extraordinary development of
papillze on the legs, each bearing a spinous seta.
Several specimens at winter-quarters.
Austropallene spicata.
A readily distinguishable species, comparatively slender,
with widely separated lateral processes’ bearing spurs distally,
Pycnogonida collected by the ‘Gauss.’ 145
and having a similar pair, but much larger ones, on the first
cox ; the second coxe are extremely long. |
=
Ee)
. Head and mouth-parts of g, mounted in balsam, the organs
pushed apart by pressure. Jabr., labrum ; hyp., hypopharynx ;
mx., lobes of the two maxille; /ad., labium.
Fig. 10. Right maxillary palpus of J, enlarged.
Fy. 11. Apex of 3 hypopharynx, enlarged; the lateral fringes are
doubled one over the other, so that the hairs projecting on
the right side of the organ really arise from its left side, and
vice versd.
Fig. 12. Apex of hypopharynx of Kelloggina barnardi 3, to same scale
as fiz. 11, for comparison.
Fig. 18. 3 genital armature from beneath, viewed as a transparent
object.
4. Terminal joint of hind tarsus and claws, d (closely similar in ° ).
Fig. 15. Wing of ¢ (from one of Williston’s paratypes).
Fig. 16. 9, x 7: the pale reticulation shown on the abdomen is due to
desiccation-shrinkage.
Fig. 17. 2, head and body, x 7.
X11.— Descriptions of new Freshwater Fishes from Sierra
Leone. By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
A SMALL collection of fishes made at Matea, Sierra Leone,
by Mr. N. W. Thomas, and presented by him to the British
Museum, contains exaniples of three species previously known,
viz. Marcusenius brachistius, Gill, Fundulus sjoestedti, Lénnb.,
Haplochilus macrurus, Blgr.; and of four which I regard as
new to science, viz. an Lleotris allied to E. kribensis, Blgr.,
which will be described in the forthcoming third volume of
the ‘ British Museum Catalogue,’ and the following, referable
to the genera Barbus, Haplochilus, and Paratilapia.
~~
Freshwater Fishes from Sierra Leone. 203
Barbus leonensis.
Depth of body equal to length of head, 34 times in total
length. Snout rounded, shorter than eye, which is 3 times
in length of head and a little less than interorbital width ;
mouth small, terminal, with feebly developed lips; no
barbels. Dorsal III 7, equally distant from posterior border
of eye and from caudal, border straight ; last simple ray not
enlarged, not serrated, slightly shorter than head. Anal JIL 5,
not reaching caudal. Pectoral shorter than head, not reaching
ventral; latter below origin of dorsal. Caudal forked.
Caudal peduncle 12 times as long as deep. Scales radiately
striated, 21-23 Z, 2 between lateral line series and ventral,
8 round caudal pedunele ; lateral line present only in front,
reduced to 7 tubules. Yellow, with black dots on the
borders of the dorsal scales ; a black spot on the dorsal fin
and another at the base of the caudal.
Total length 21 mm.
‘l'wo specimens.
Closely allied to B. je, Blgr.
Haplochilus annulatus.
Depth of body 5 times in total length, length of head 34
times. Head flat above; snout a little shorter than eye;
mouth directed upwards, lower jaw projecting ; eye 22 times
in length of head, 13 times in interorbital width ; praorbital
very narrow. Dorsal 7, originating twice as far from occiput
as from root of caudal, above posterior fourth of anal, pro-
duced, longest ray as long as head. Anal 13, produced like
the dorsal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, extending
beyond base of ventral; latter small. Caudal pointed,
median rays produced, longer than head. Caudal peduncle
12 times as long as deep. 28 or 29 scales in longitudinal
series ; lateral line represented by an interrupted series of
pits. Lemon-yellow, with four broad black rings, the first
round the head, the last round the caudal peduncle ; dorsal
and anal yellow, with the anterior rays black; caudal
orange, with two dark purple longitudinal lines.
Total length 16 min.
‘l'wo specimens.
Appears most nearly related to HZ. chevalieri, Pellegr.
204 On new Freshwater Fishes from Sierra Leone.
Paratilapia thomasi.
Depth of body 2 to 24 times in total length, length of head
23 to 34 times. Head twice as long as broad; snout with
convex upper profile, broader than long, $ to 2 postocular
part of head ; eye 33 to 35 times in length of head, 1 to 14
times in interorbital width, greater than preeorbital depth ;
mouth rather small, extending to between nostril and eye ;
premaxillary processes short; teeth small, in 3 or 4 series ;
3 or 4 series of scales on the cheek, width of scaly part a
little less than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers short, 7 or 8 on
lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XIV 9-10; spines in-
creasing in length to the last, which measures ? to 4 length
of head; longest soft ray nearly as long as head. Anal
III 7-8 ; third spine a little shorter than last dorsal. Pec-
toral a little shorter than head, not extending to vertical of
origin of anal. Ventral much produced, extending beyond
origin of anal. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle deeper
than long. Scales very feebly denticulate, 25-27 ;,; lateral
F 15- rf x 2
lines 24°. Yellowish, with six black cross-bands, the third
of which may expand into a rhombie spot ; a black bar from
the eye to the mouth ; a black opercular spot, with or without
small pearl-white spots; dorsal and anal fins grey, the former
edged with white; outer rays of ventral black.
Total length 65 mm.
Three specimens.
Appears most nearly related to P. dorsalis, Pellegr. As
in P. codringtoni, Blgr., the maxillary bone is concealed when
the mouth is closed, the fish having the appearance of a
Tilapia.
The exploration of the freshwater fauna of Sierra Leone
has not received much attention. ‘The number of species of
fishes with which I am acquainted amounts only to eighteen :—
Polypterus palmas, Ayres, Protopterus annectens, Ow., Mar-
eusenius brachistius, Gill, Notopterus afer, Gthr., Alestes
ongipinnis, Gthr., Barbus leonensis, Blgr., Clarias liberiensis,
Stdr., Lundulus sjoestedii, Lénnb., Haplochilus fasciolatus,
Gtar., [7. chaperi, Sauv., H. macrurus, Blgr., H. annulatus;
Blgr., Paratilapia thomasi, Blgr., Hemichromis fasciatus,
Peters, HH. bimaculatus, Gill, Eleotris lebretoni, Stdr., EL. leo-
nensis, Blgr., and Mastacembelus reticulatus, Blgr.
Mr. L. A. Borradaile— Notes on Carides. 205
XIV.—Notes on Carides. By L. A. Borrapaize, M.A.,
Lecturer on Zoology in the University of Cambridge ;
Fellow, Dean, and Lecturer of Selwyn College.
DurinG the investigation of certain collections of prawns
from the Indo-Pacific region I have arrived at the following
conclusions, which appear to be worth putting on record in a
preliminary statement.
I. THe CRANGONOIDA.
The bounds of this superfamily must be enlarged to admit
the genera Anchistiotdes, Paulson, 1875, Amphipalemon,
Nobili, 1901, and Hymenocera, Latr. This addition involves
two concessions in the definition of the group: (1) if Anchi-
sttoides and Amphipalemon are to be admitted, it can no
longer be stated that the mandible is always without incisor-
process ; (2) the inclusion of Hymenocera makes it necessary
to allow the persistence of a small representative of the outer
Jacinia of the maxilla.
Anchisticides and Amphipalemon constitute a new family,
the Anchistioidide, intermediate between the Crangonoida
and the Palemonoida. The principal characteristics of this
family are: (1) a well-developed, compressed, toothed ros-
trum; (2) a short, thick, accessory flagellum on the an-
tennule ; (3) a deeply cleft mandible without palp; (4) the
absence of “ lacinize ”’ from the maxilla ; (5) the absence of the
exopodite from the third maxilliped; (6) an appendix interna
on the first abdominal limb ; (7) considerable variability in
the armature of the telson; (8) a gill-formula consisting of
pleurobranchs for the legs, an arthrobranch for the third
maxilliped, and epipodites (mastigobranchs) on the maxil-
lipeds.
Hymenocera is shown by its mouth-parts to belong to the
Gnathophyllide. The species described by Balss as H. cerat-
ophthalma deserves to become the type of a new genus. I
have called this genus Phyllegnathia, and placed it also in
the Gnathophyllide. The principal characteristics of that
family are now as follows :—(1) a compressed dentate ros-
trum ; (2) the outer flagellum of the antennule thick at the
base and cleft for a very short distance; (3) the mandible
simple, slender, curved, palpless ; (4) the inner “ lacinia”? of
the maxilla lost, the outer either lost or very small but still
cleft ; (5) the third maxilliped with exopodite, simple mastigo-
branch, and endopodite of four joints, some or all of which
206 Mr. L. A. Borradaile— Notes on Carides.
are greatly broadened ; (6) the telson with two pairs of spines
at the sides, and at the end an outer short and an inner longer
pair of spines, a submedian pair of slender feathered spines,
and a median pointed projection; (7) a gill-formula com-
prising pleurobranchs for the legs, an arthrobranch for the
third maxilliped, and in Hymenocera the vestige of a pleuro-
branch for the latter limb, with epipodites on the maxillipeds
only.
IJ. THE PALZMONIDZ.
There must be recognized in this family four subfamilies,
separated as follows :—
I. None of the bristles at the end of the larval telson
become in the adult transposed on to the anterior
part of that organ, which is therefore unarmed
on back and sides. The surface of the molar
process of the mandible is closely ridged. [There
is a pleurobranch for the third maxilliped.}| .... Desmocaridine.
Il, Two pairs of the bristles at the end of the larval
telson become in the adult transposed on to the
back of that organ. The surface of the molar
process of the mandible bears some half-dozen large
knobs or crests.
A. The end of the telson bears six spines. [There is
no pleurobranch to the third maxilliped.] .... Pontoniine.
B. The end of the telson bears four spines.
1. The side of the carapace is traversed by a
suture. The outer flagellum of the antennule
is but slightly cleft. There is no pleuro-
branch to the third maxilliped............ Typhlocaridine.
2. The side of the carapace has no suture. The
outer flagellum of the antennule is deeply
cleft. There is a pleurobranch to the third
PROM ee feo sos os suns iv aebewen Palemonine.
III. DEFINITIONS oF NEw GENERA.
1. Lysmatella (Hippolytide).
Related to Lysmata, but without mastigobranchs on the
legs.
2. Phyllognathia (Gnathophyllide).
Ischium of third maxilliped narrow and movably sutured
to merus. Mandible subcylindrical. Lacinie of maxille
lost. Outer flagellum of antennule normal. Rostrum of a
good length.
Mr. L. A. Borradaile— Votes on Carides. 207
3. Urocaridella (Pontoniine).
Body very slender and compressed. Thorax without
dorsal swelling. Sixth abdominal segment elongate. Ros-
trum long, upeurved, toothed above and below. Outer
flagellum of antennule deeply cleft. Antennal scale long,
narrow. Mandible with two-jointed palp. Second maxil-
liped with podobranch. Third maxilliped narrow, five-
jointed, with arthrobranch.
4. Pontoniopsis (Pontontine).
Body graceful, but not much compressed. Thorax without
dorsal swelling. Sixth abdominal segment short. Rostrum
rather short, depressed, lanceolate in dorsal view, toothless.
Outer flagellum of antennule moderately cleft. Antennal
scale of good breadth. Mandible without palp. Second
maxilliped without podobranch. Third maxilliped with
vestigial arthrobranch. Hyes spherical.
5. Periclimeneus (Pontoniine).
Body rather stout ; cephalothorax deep, a good deal com-
pressed ; abdomen evenly curved. Thorax without dorsal
swelling. Rostrum rather short, compressed, toothed above
only. Outer antennular flagellum not deeply cleft. Antennal
seale of good breadth. Mandible without palp. Second
maxilliped without podobranch. Third maxilliped narrow,
with vestigial arthrobranch.
IV. DeFrnitions oF NEw SuBGENERA.
The species of Pertclimenes fall into four groups, as
follow :—
I, Rostrum toothless. No spines on trunk and legs ...... Ensiger.
II. Rostrum toothed. Spines at certain points on trunk and
legs.
A. Gornea ogival. [Upper edge of rostrum convex. Strong
supraorbitsl Spine weaes wars «sda eka Bans oes < Corniger.
B. Cornea not ogival.
1. Upper edge of rostrum convex. Second leg with
short wrist, and unarmed save inone species. Supra-
orbital spine in one species only .........:...... Cristiger.
2. Upper edge of rostrum straight or concave. Second
leg rarely with short wrist, generally with spine on
wrist orarm or both. Supraorbitalspinecommon., Fualeiger.
208 Mr. L. A. Borradaile— Notes on Carides.
V. DEFINITIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
1. Pandalus (Plesionica) gracilis.
Rostrum long, gently upeurved from base, bearing above
two strong teeth on a crest over the eye and eight spinules,
below a row of small sharp teeth. Eye wider than stalk,
with distinct ocellus. First leg simple and sparsely hairy.
Second wrist 9-jointed. Third abdominal tergum not pro-
duced into spine.
Western Indian Ocean, 200 fath.
2. Heterocarpus unicarinatus.
Related to /7. longirostris, MacGilchrist, 1905, but without
the hinder three-quarters of the antennal carina.
Providence I., 637-665 fath.
3. Heterocarpus affinis.
Related to H. alphonsi, Bate, 1888, but has (1) the ros-
trum much more strongly upcurved, (2) fewer joints in the
second wrists, (3) walking-legs considerably longer than the
antennal scale.
Saya de Malha, 300-500 fath.
4. Thalassocaris affinis.
Related to J. lucidus (Dana), 1852, but has (1) the ros-
trum less strongly recurved, (2) stronger teeth on the an-
tennal scale, (3) the second hand shaped as in T. crinitus.
Maldives and Saya de Malha.
5. Thalassocarts maldivensis.
Rostrum at first descending and then horizontal, outreaching
antennal scale, *, two teeth behind orbit. Suborbital and
antennal spines only. Antennal scale without teeth. Second
leg feeble and simple. No spine on third abdominal tergum.
Maldive Is.
6. Thor maldivensis.
Rostrum very short, with one tooth above and none below.
Supraorbital and antennal spines present. First leg in
female stout, simple, and shorter than third maxilliped, in
male as long as body, granulate, stout, but with chela no—
stouter than rest of limb, arm and hand subequal, fingers one-
quarter length of palm, on which they are bent inward, each
Mr. L. A. Borradaile—Notes on Carides. 209
bearing a low tooth. Second wrist 5-jointed, the second
joint larger than the others. Last three legs alike in both
sexes.
Minikoi, Maldives, Salomon.
7. Lysmata affinis.
Related to ZL. seticauda (Risso), 1816, and ZL. chiltoni,
Kemp, 1914, but (1) rostrum reaches beyond eyes, ends
before middle of second joint of antennule, and has formula
=, lower teeth small, but Jarger than in ZL. chiltond, (2) ptery-
gostomial angle subrectangular and usually produced into
spinule, (3) first leg slightly outreaches antennal scale, but
falls considerably short of end of third maxilliped.
Minikoi, Peros Banhos, Salomon, Seychelles.
8. Lysmatella prima.
Body compressed. Rostrum =, straight but upeurved at
end, outreaching antennular stalk. Third maxilliped as stout
as first leg, in which hand and arm are subequal, wrist a little
shorter. Second wrist has 20-22 joints, the last the longest.
Maldive Is.
9. Amphipalemon gardineri.
Rostrum very deep, straight at base, outreaching antennal
scale. Telson bears two pairs of spines on the dorsal side
and at the hind end one stout pair of spines and a pair of
feathered bristles.
N. Malé Atoll, Maldive Js.
10. Amphipalemon cooperi.
Rostrum not very deep, arched at base, reaching end of
antennal scale. Telson as in A. gardineri, but with hinder
pair of dorsal spines farther back. Meropodite of second leg
$ of length of hand.
8. Nilandu Atoll, Maldive Is,
11. Nikotdes maldivensis.
Related to N. dane, Pauls., 1875, but has (1) rostrum of
quite different shape, the dorsal tooth being larger and placed
much farther back, (2) exopodite of first leg relatively
shorter, (3) wrists of first legs equal, (4) no spines on ischio-
podite or meropodite on last three legs.
Maldive Is.
210 Mr. L. A. Borradaile— Notes on Carides.
12. geon ruguiosum.
Related to A. medium (Alc. & And.), 1899, but has (1) the
beading of the ridges of the carapace much coarser, (2) no
tooth on either side of base of rostrum, (3) the large spine
near the pterygostomial angle placed at the end of the supra-
marginal, not lateral, ridge.
Western Indian Ocean.
13. Urocaridella gracilis.
8-10 F
Rostrum 55, nearly twice as long as carapace. Antennal
and hepatic spines present. Antennular stalk three-quarters
length of antennal scale. Latter not half length of rostrum,
subtruncate, its distal spine not projecting. First leg out-
reaching antennal scale by fingers. Second legs equal and
similar, unarmed, outreaching antennal scale by hand and
part of wrist.
Maldive Is.
14. Palemonella elegans.
Related to P. tridentata, Borr., 1899, but with rostrum
lanceolate, not reaching end of first joint of antenna, its
formula 5.
Salomon I.
15. Palemonella longirostris.
Rostrum =, outreaching antennular stalk by nearly half its
own length, upcurved. First wrist half as long again as
its hand. Arm of second leg of even width throughout.
Fardiffolu Atoll, Maldive Is.
16. Periclimenes (Cristiger) frater.
Related to P. soror, Nobili, 1904, but (1) teeth on upper
edge of rostrum closer set towards tip, (2) two distal spines
on first joint of antennule, (3) antennal scale decidedly out-
reaches first leg, (4) no accessory denticle on dactylopodites
of last three legs.
Seychelles.
17. Periclimenes (Cristiger) incertus.
Related to P. parvus, Borr., 1898, but (1) body more
slender, (2) rostrum shallower, (3) a denticle on carapace
behind beginning of rostral crest, (4) penultimate joint of
third maxilliped longer than end-joint.
Maldive Is.
Mr. L. A. Borradaile—Notes on Carides. Ze
18. Periclimenes (Cristiger) commensalis.
Rostrum 2 lanceolate, reaching end of antennular stalk, no
tooth behind orbit. Supraorbital, hepatic, and antennal
spines present. Two distal spines on first joint of antennule.
Torres Straits, on Comanthus annulatus.
19. Periclimenes (Corniger) cornutus.
Rostrum ce deep, lanceolate, outstretched by antennal stalk.
Eye without papilla.
Malé Atoll, Maldive Is., on crinoid.
20, Periclimenes (Corniger) ceratophthalmus.
4
Rostrum 5, shallow, lanceolate, outreached by antennal
stalk. Eye with papilla at apex.
Malé Atoll, Maldive Is., on crinoid.
21. Periclimenes (Falciger) nilandensis.
Rostrum *, outreaching antennular stalk distinctly and
antennal scale barely, its upper edge gently concave from
the base. Supraorbital, antennal, and hepatic spines present.
Antennal scale broad, with distal spine not projecting beyond
end, Second legs unequal, unarmed.
S. Nilandu Atoll, Maldive Is.
22. Periclimenes (Faletger) affinis.
Rostrum 5 outreaching antennular stalk but not antennal
scale, straight at first, then gently upcurved, its tip simple.
Supraorbital, antennal, and hepatic spines present. Outer
edge of long joint of third maxilliped bears several spines,
Second leg with two spines and a blunt tooth at end of
wrist, fingers toothed, about one-third length of palm, wrist
nearly twice length of fingers.
Salomon I.
23. Periclimenes (Falciger) dubius.
Related to P. afinds, but (1) rostrum 5 its tip bifid, (2) in
second leg, wrist and arm stouter, and fingers about equal to
wrist, more than half length of palm.
Minikoi.
Pig be Mr. L. A. Borradaile— Notes on Carides.
24, Periclimenes (Falciger) compressus.
>, rather shallow, straight at first but slightly
upturned at end. Antennal and hepatic spines alone present.
Second leg unarmed, with short wrist, outreaching antennal
scale by hand.
Saya de Malha.
Rostrum °
25. Periclimenes (Faleiger) brocketta.
Rostrum straight, shallow, directed somewhat down-
wards, reaching end of antennal scale, and slightly out-
reaching antennular stalk. Antennal and hepatic spines
alone present. ‘T'wo distal spines on first joint of antennule.
Second leg unarmed, with rather short wrist, slender hand,
and simple fingers.
Malé Atoll, Maldive Is., on brown crinoid.
26. Periclimenes (Fuleiger) pottst.
Rostrum is
antennular stalk, its upper edge curving very slightly down-
ward from the base and more strongly upwards near the tip.
Hepatic and antennal spines alone present. Last two joints
of antennular stalk slender. Antennal scale narrow, longer
than carapace, its distal spine projecting beyond its end.
Second wrist bears a spine.
Torres Straits, on Comanthus.
reaching end of antennal scale, outreaching
27. Periclimenes (Falciger) suvadivensis.
6- .
Rostrum %', outreaching antennular stalk, outreached by
antennal scale, straight except at the tip, which is gently
upeurved. Hepatic, antennal, and suborbital, but no supra-
orbital spines present. Last two joints cf antennular stalk
stout. Antennal scale narrow, shorter than carapace, its
distal spine projecting beyond its end. Second wrist bears a
spine.
Suvadiva Atoll, Maldive Is.
28. Periclimenes (Falciger) seychellensis.
Rostrum &, deep, its upper edge decidedly concave from
base, outreaching antennular stalk. Antennal and hepatic
spines alone present. Antennal scale rather broad, its distal
spine projecting beyond its end. Second legs equal, un-
armed, palm and fingers subequal.
Praslin, Seychelles.
On new Dragonflies from Sierra Leone. 213
29. Periclimenes (Falciger) kolumadulensis.
Related to P. borradailet, Rathb., 1904 (=P. tenuipes,
Borr., 1898), but (1) rostrum 24 times length of carapace,
(2) second leg 7 times length of carapace, (3) second legs
unlike, one with fingers gaping very widely.
Kolumadulu Atoll, Maldive Is.
30. Pontoniopsis comantht,
Rostrum reaching end of second joint of antennule, its
breadth about equal to that of eye. Antennal scale out-
reaching antennular stalk, broad. Armand wrist of first leg
subequal. Great chela outreaching antennular stalk by hand,
its wrist very short and wide, with a sharp process below.
Torres Straits, on Comanthus.
31. Periclimencus fimbriatus.
Rostrum ale without teeth behind orbit. Fixed finger of
second leg bears knob and movable finger a socket. Fingers
of uropods, scales, &c., very long.
Mulaku Atoll, Maldive Is.; Providence.
32. Periclimencus robustus.
Rostrum > with two teeth behind orbit. Movable finger
of second leg bears knob and movable finger asocket. Fringes
not remarkably long.
Amirante I.
33. Pontonia maldivensis.
Rostrum reaches middle of first joint of antennule. Maxilli-
peds without exopodites. Second legs unequal, the larger
about twice as long as carapace, with long, parallel-sided
hand. Dactylopodites of last three legs simple.
Fadifftolu Atoll, Maldive Is.
XV.—New Dragonflies (Odonata) of the Subfamily Libellu-
line from Sierra Leone, W. Africa. By Dr. F. Ris,
Rheinau, Switzerland.
Tue following descriptions have been extracted from proof-
sheets and manuscript of the writer’s ‘Monograph of the
Libellulinze’ (Collections Selys, fasc. ix.-xvi.). By the
kindness of Mr. Herbert Campion | was enabled to examine
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 15
214 Dr. F. Ris on new
a great number of very interesting Libelluline, collected for
the Imperial Bureau of Entomology (formerly the Entomo-
logical Research Committee, Tropical Africa) in Nigeria,
Sicira Leone, and British East Africa. Many records | “from
the earlier consignments, especially those from Nigeria, were
entered in the main text of the monograph and ‘published.
Others arrived too late for that purpose, but in good time
for the ‘ Additions,” which, together with the indices, were
due to be issued in 1914, being the last instalment of the
monograph, The lamentable situation in Kurope generally,
and in Belgium especially, leaves us little hope of seeing
that last part published in the near future. In the beautiful
collection sent home from Sierra Leone by Dr. J. J. Simpson
there were four new species, one of them representing an
interesting new genus. Instead of separate publication,
which was originally discussed, insertion of the novelties in
the monograph was preferred, upon the assumption that the
«* Additions” would appear without any long delay. But
under the changed conditions of to-day, separate publication
was again considered, and decided upon, Mr. H. Campion has
kindly read the descriptions for correctness of language, they
being the author’s own translation from the original German
text.
All the type-specimens have been presented by the
Imperial Bureau of Entomology to the British Museum
(Natural History).
Allorhizucha campiont, sp. n.
2 6,2 ¢, Sierra Leone; Ka Yima, Kangama, Gigbema,
Dumballa, 24, 29..vi,, 22. viii., 7; ix. 1912 (Dr, J. J.
Simpson).
Closely allied to Allorhizucha kling?, Karsch, but differing
in the following details :—(«) greater number of cubito-anal
cross-veins (Cuq), 4 in front wing, 3 in hind wing; (0)
the humeral suture a narrow interrupted light green line ;
(c) the greenish-yellow stripes on the sides of the thorax
a little narrower, slightly concave instead of straight at
anterior margin ; (d) abdomen of male ne fusiform :
(¢) superior appendages a little longer; (/) slight difference
in genitalia of second segment, the internal branch of the
hamule being more erect (nea why as figured in Lib. fig. 52
for A. preuss?, Karsch). Minute as these differences are,
they appear sufficient in their totality to justify specific
distinction, the more so as there are specimens brought by
Dr. Simpson, also from Sierra Leone, that agree perfectly
with A. kling?, as described in Lib. p. 81. The interesting
Dragonflies from Sierra Leone. 215
species is named after Mr. Herbert Campion, who first
observed its peculiar features.
3 (adult)—Labium light yellow, with a broad median
black stripe. Labrum black. Face light greenish yellow
Frons metallic greenish blue, light yellowish at antero-lateral
angies. Vertex metallic greenish blue, broadly convex,
very slightly emarginate. Prothorax black, a median spot
and the vertically erect margin of posterior lobe greeuish
yellow. Thorax deep black, with light yellowish-green
markings :—a narrow line at each side of median suture ; in
front of humeral suture a narrow dorsal dot and a point in
middle of suture itself ; two broad lateral stripes, first one
from the metastigma to a little more than halfway to humeral
suture, second one on posterior two-thirds of metepimeron, of
which the posterior ventral angle remains black ; anterior
margin of both stripes slightly concave, of first one near
dorsal end, of second one in middle. Ventral surface dull
greenish grey, sutures lined with black. Legs robust,
black; first femora yellow internally, Third femora with
very numerous, about 30, very small, regular, triangular
denticles ; second femora with similar, but still more closely
arranged and gradually lengthening denticles. Spines of
tibize rather robust, about 10 on third tibie. Teeth of tarsal
claws robust, remote from end. Abdomen relatively short,
slender ; basal segments slightly widened laterally and
dorso-ventrally ; 8-5 very narrow ; 6-8 with slight fusiform
dilatation. Black, with yellow markings: on segment 1
a broad lateral and small, triangular, postero-dorsal spot ;
on 2 a large lateral U-shaped spot and mid-dorsal, pos-
teriorly narrowed stripe ; on 3 a lateral stripe, narrowly
interrupted at the transverse carina ; on 4 two small lateral
spots on anterior half; on 5 a small antero-lateral spot ;
6 wholly black ; 7 with a large elliptical spot on each side,
extending over the entire width and three-fourths of the
segment’s length ; 8-10 black. Ventral surface black, with
yellowish median spots on segments 3-7. Superior appen-
dages about as long as ninth and tenth segments together, a
little longer than in A. klingz, but scarcely different in form.
Inferior appendage very little shorter than superiors. Geni-
talia of second segment: hamule generally as in the other
two species, internal branch very thin, almost vertical ; lobe
narrowly elliptical, of about equal height as the hamule.
Wings slightly stained with greyish yellow, golden yellow
at base: in tront wing a vestige in* sc. and cu., in hind wing
* For an explanation of the terminolory employed by Dr. Ris in
describing the veins and spaces in the wings of Libelluline, see that
author’s monograph of the subfamily, fasc. ix. pp. i ee C.
5
216 Dr. F. Ris on new
sc. to Anq. 1, cu. to Cug. 1, 2-3 cells in anal area. Anq.
2,2
14.14; Cug. ay te a5; ti. 1.0; ht. ee Bags. 553
second specimen: Anq. 14(3) . 14; Cuq. as 3 ti aa 3 LUNG
ht. 74; Bas. a in both specimens discoidal area with a
single row to near end and not widened.
9? .—Markings as in male, only there is also an antero-
lateral yellow spot on segment 6. Genital segments not in
good condition ; they appear scarcely distinct from A. kling.
Wings rather deeply stained with greyish yellow, especially
along the veins ; yellow basal stripes slightly larger than in
male. Ang. 15.15 3.Cuq. £4; t. %°; ti. 1.0; ht. 55
pea eg & Ree,
Bqs. 3-3; in discoidal area of front wings on right side one
row of cells to the level of the bridge, then two rows ; on
left side two cells twice at beginning, afterwards as on right
side; scarcely more widened to wing’s edge than in male,
5
Second specimen: Ang. 15.15; Cuq. 3 io = 13 Lia
hi =" iBas, 2+; discoidal area in front wing, right side
two rows from the beginning, left side at first one cell and a
half, followed by two rows.
3. Abd. 215, tw. 25, pt. Se. eel, eds eee
Orthetrum sagitta, sp. n.
1 o, 1 9, Sierra Leone, Port Lokko, 2, 3. v. 1912
(Dr. J. J. Simpson).
Nearest to O. africanum, Selys, but smaller ; abdomen
not longer than wings, fourth segment not considerably
elongate, not fully 5 mm. (7 mm. in africanum); internal
branch of hamule considerably higher than external branch
(of about equal height in africanum). Antenodal cross-
veins black in se.; pterostigma dark; very slender species ;
segments 1-3 much inflated, globose, 4-10 very narrow,
parallel ; mostly 1 row of cells Rs.—Rspl.
$.—Labium light yellow. Labrum light yellow, very
narrowly lined with black at free margin. Face and frons
anteriorly light greenish yellow; frons above obscure oliva-
ceous, but narrowly and indistinctly brown at base. Vertex
dull brownish. ‘Thorax dull greenish, with fine elevated
black points and the following dark lines, black on dorsum,
brown and somewhat diffuse at sides: complete and rather
broad line at median suture ; about equally broad, dorsally
truncate line a little nearer to humeral than to median
suture ; complete line at humeral suture, somewhat diffusely
invading space between suture and antehumeral black line;
Dragonflies from Sierra Leone. 217
three lateral lines: (1) a little in front of metastigma,
(2) across metastigma, (3) on second lateral suture. Ventral
surface dull ferruginous, with thin whitish pruinosity. Legs
black, first femora yellow internally, second and third femora
greenish brown in basal half. Abdominal segments 1-3 in-
flated, almost spherical (but rather considerably smaller than
in africanum) ; 4-10 very slender, parallel. Segment 1 dull
greenish, obscure dorsally ; 2 similar, but daik lining of
carine broader and confluent in posterior half of dorsum ;
4—6 black, on each side, slightly behind the middle, a yellow
spot, distant by about its own length from end of segment
and not fully touching mid-dorsal carina; 8-10 wholly
black. Ventral surface 1-3 dull greenish, with carinz nar-
rowly black ; 4-8 black, with submedian yellowish spot, large
on 4, successively smaller posteriorly. Genitalia of second
segment: anterior lamina moderate, depressed ; convexity
of basal part flat, with many minute black spines; a very
small notch at end. Hamule small ; internal branch a robust
triangular hook, but slightly curved sidewards, very little
higher than anterior lamina; external branch appreciably
shorter, separated by a narrow incision of very moderate
depth, broadly rounded. Lobe large, almost circular in
outline,
Wings slightly stained with greyish from the triangular
region outwards; minute vestige of yellow in.cu. of hind
wings. Membranule black. Pterostigma dark ferruginous,
between strong black veins. Venation wholly black ; only a
very narrow dull yellowish line at the costa anteriorly. Ar-
culusa little distal to Ang. 2. Ang. 13.13; t. 45 ht. a3
1 row Rs.-Rspl. Abd. 30, hw. 30, pt.<3, length of fourth
segment 5 mm.
9 .—Almost entirely similar to male in shape, colour, and
pattern. Lateral brownish lines of thorax lighter and nar-
rower. Abdomen but little more robust ; foliaceous dilata-
tions of segment 8 very narrow; vulvar scale not visible.
Appendages black, very acute; supra-anal tubercle and sub-
anal valves light yellowish.
Minute vestige of yellow in cu. and in anal area of front
wings, slightly more yellow in hind wings: vestige in sc., in
cu. halfway to Cuq., one cell at membranule. Anq. 14.15;
doubled cells in Rs.—Rspl. a3 venation otherwise as in
male. Abd. 29, hw. 30, pt. 3, length of fourth segment <5,
CYANOTHEMIS, gen. nov.
- Facies of Hadrothemis, but differing in the position of the
218 Dr. F. Ris on new
arculus (proximal to second antenodal) and in the configura-
tion of the eyes, the posterior lobe of the prothorax, and the
genital segments in female.
Type of venation between Crocothemis and Bradinopyga ;
differing from both by configuration of eyes and of posterior
lobe of prothorax.
In regard to eyes and prothorax nearest to Rhodothemis.
Spines of legs not so markedly differentiated as in Lhodo-
thems. More important differences from that genus:
(1) discoidal area in front wing with 3 rows of cells to level
of nodus, (2) Cu, in hind wing at anal angle of t., (3) 2 rows
Rs.-Rspl., (4) 4-5 rows between A; and wing’s edge in hind
wing, (5) last Anq. in hind wing incomplete, apparently an
almost regular and therefore very curious feature.
Cyanothemis will find its place in our systematic arrange-
ment of Libellulinee immediately preceding Rhodothemis.
Head moderate ; eyes meeting scarcely more than in a
point ; occipital triangle very large. Frons very prominent,
Honmdeds without Bhterior ridge, bad not flattened anteriorly ;
furrow moderate. Vertex broadly convex, very slightly
emarginate.
Posterior lobe of prothorax Jarge, erect, divided into two
rounded lobes, ciliate. Thorax robust. Legs comparatively
short, robust. Male with third femora armed in proximal
two-thirds with about 10 moderately robust spines, increasing
in length very gradually, 3-4 longer spines.at end ; second
femora with about 7 small, gradually lengthening and 2
terminal long spines. Spines of tibia long and robust, 8-9
on third tibize. Teeth of tarsal claws robust, in distal third.
Abdomen rather short, relatively broad, depressed ; mode-
rately widened at base dorso-ventrally, very gradually nar-
rowed to end. No distinct transverse carina on fourth segment.
Genitalia of second segment small, the hamule with regular
external branch. For genital segments of female see under
the species,
Wings long, reticulation serrate. t.in front wing on a
level with t. in hind wing. Sectors of arculus with a long
common stalk in both wings. Arculus between Ang. 1 and 2.
Cu, in hind wing at anal angle of t. Ang. 124-144, last
Anq. incomplete in hind wing as well. Proximal side of t.
in hind wing atarculus. 1 Cugq. in all wings ; no Bqs._ t. in
front wing narrow, crossed. t. in hind wing crossed ; ht.
free; ti. in front wing 3-celled. M, feebly double-curved.
2 rows Rs.-Rspl. Cu, in front wing strongly convex ;
discoidal area considerably widened to end; 3 rows to level
of nodus. 1 row My—-Mspl. Anal area of hind wing broad.
Dragonflies from Sierra Leone. 219
Interpolated cells at anal angle of t. and external angle in
anal loop; A, moderately angulated. 4—5 rows between A;
and edge in hind wing, conspicuously arranged in transverse
rows. Membranule moderate. Pterostigma small.
Cyanothemis sin.psoni, sp. n.
Collected for the Imperial Bureau: 1 ¢, Sierra Leone,
Yana,; be iv.| 1912; 1) ¢,..5...L., Monghert,» §5. 1.1912
(Dr. J. J. Simpson). Collection of Brit. Museum: 1 Q,
1 ?, Southern Nigeria, Oshun Bridge, Oshogbo, i—iti. 1913
(Dr. H. Strachan).
$ (adult, Yana).—Labium black, at antero-lateral angle
of lateral lobe a brownish spot. Labrum, face, and frons
anteriorly brownish black. Frons avove brilliant sky-blue.
Vertex at base and anteriorly black, sky-blue above. Occi-
pital triangle light blue, narrowly lined with whitish. Pro-
thorax black, upraised posterior lobe light blue. Thoracic
dorsum brilliant sky-blue from narrow black line on median
suture to slightly more than halfway to humeral suture,
including antealar sinus; otherwise blackish. Sides very
dark reddish brown ; ventral surface blackish brown, very
slightly bluish pruinose. Legs brownish black. Abdominal
segments 1-2 black, 8-7 dull bluish (sky-blue in living in-
sect ?), 8-10 black, Ventral surface black, moderately whitish
pruinose. Appendages small; superiors distant at base, con-
vergent, ending rather abruptly in an acute point; in side-
view obliquely cut at end, no distinct inferior angle, about 12
small irregular denticles ; inferior appendage broad, more
than three-fourths the length of superiors. Genitalia of
second segment: anterior lamina depressed, broadly elliptical,
ciliate. Hamule small, depressed posteriorly ; external
branch triangular, acute, directed laterally ; internal branch
a small fine hook, strongly curved laterally. Lobe long and
narrow, strongly depressed posteriorly, slightly higher than
hamule (the entire structure of the type found in Crocothemis
and Ehodothemis).
Wings hyaline, very narrowly and diffusely lined with
greyish at tips. Deep blackish brown basal spots: in front
wing in se. and cu. not fully to Ang. 1 and Cuq.; in hind
wing to Anq. 3 in sc. (also in proximal half of length in c.),
a little into ht. and t., and obliquely cut to halfway between
apex of membranule and anal angle ; margins of spot a little
lighter. Membranule black. Pterostigma dull ochreous.
Ang. ==. Abd. 29, hw. 39, pt. 3.
ie oe
3S (subjuv., Mongheri).—Like first (type) specimen, but
220 Dr. F. Ris on new
dull olivaceous instead of blue (perhaps by posthumous
decomposition). Anq. a
S$ (subjuv., Oshogbo).—Light colour on frons and vertex
pale bluish green, on thorax greyish green with a shade of
violet, in interalar space greenish yellow, on abdomen dull
14} . 133
and pale greyish violet. Ang. 43-462:
2 (subjuv., Oshogbo).—Sides of labium broadly oliva-
ceous, anteclypeus dull olivaceous, postclypeus brown ; head
and thorax dorsally as in male, but light green, shading to
olivaceous, on thoracic dorsum a diffuse brown dot on each
side in green stripe; deep black from dorsal green stripe to
a little more than halfway to humeral suture; rest of dorsuin
aud sides wholly dark golden brown. Abdomen robust,
aK
W7 0,
Wings of Cyanothemis simpsont, Ris (type 3), showing the discontinuity
of the last antenodal in the hind wing. Photo. by F. W. Campion.
segments 2-3 a little widened dorso-ventrally, from middle
of 4 to end almost parallel, little depressed ; indistinct trans-
verse carina on 4. Segments 1-2 dark brown, a rather
broad, diffuse, mid-dorsal band of dull greenish yellow; 3 very
light whitish violaceous, in front of transverse carina fuscous
in lateral half; 4 the same pale colour at sides, obliquely
cut ; 5 fuscous ; 6-8 dull golden brown, shading to oliva-
ceous, carine lined with black, narrowly on 6-7, broadly
on §; 9-10 black. Ventral surface fuscous. Margins of
eighth segment folded, not widened. Vulvar scale erect, at
Dragonflies from Sierra Leone. 221
right angles, about half as long as ninth segment, elliptical
in outline, laterally compressed ; ninth ventral plate broadly
projecting on tenth segment (not visible at base). Supra-anal
tubercle large, black, densely covered with long black hairs ;
appendages small, acute, black.
Basal dark brown spot of wings slightly smaller than in
male: vestige in front wing; in hind wing to Anq. 2 in sc.,
to arculus in costal half of m., halfway between Cuq. and t,
in cu., to apex of membranule in anal area, Anq. oe
Abd. 30, hw. 43, pt. <4.
This is one of the most remarkable Libellulinee seen by me.
In venation the incomplete last antenodal in the hind wings
is unique (absent in one of eight wings examined) in the
subfamily. The colour-system is, perhaps, still more extra-
ordinary : a very common pattern in Libelluline, sky-blue
and black, is obtained, not as in all other known cases by
pruinosity, but by pigmentation, like the scarlet-red of so
many otler forms, or the blue and black of Adschninze and
Agrionide. In fact, C. simpsoni might be called a blue
rendering of Rhodothemis rufa.
I have pleasure in naming this beautiful insect after the
successful collector of Odonata in Sierra Leone, Dr. J. J.
Simpson,
Pseudomacromia chrysobaphes, sp. n.
Sierra Leone: 1 g, Sandea, 14. vi., 1 ¢, Jahama, 28. vi.,
1 ¢, Sonkonia, 31. v. 1912 (Dr. J. J. Simpson) [the male
from Jahama kindly given to the writer for his own collec-
tion].
Very large species. Group II. of table in Lib. In vena-
tion of discoidal and anal areas nearer P. pretiosa, in pro-
portion of antenodal and postnodal part of wing nearer
P. euselia ; differing from both by rich yellow markings on
thorax and abdomen, and in this respect similar to P. torrida.
$.—Labium in one specimen dull ochreous, median lobe
obscure, in other specimen blackish, dull brown at free
margins. Labrum black, narrowly lined with ferruginous at
free margin. Face light olivaceous, a blackish curved line on
anterior margin of postelypeus. Frons ochraceous at sides,
dark metallic blue above, gradually passing into dull ferru-
ginous at anterior margin. Vertex large, convex, entire,
metallic blue. Thoracic dorsum brilliant metallic bluish
black, markings very pale dull greenish, almost whitish :
narrow antehumeral line, to two-thirds height, about halfway
between median and humeral sutures ; slightly broader com-
plete line in front of humeral suture, continued in an equally
229 Dr. F. Ris on new
broad transverse band at antealar sinus. Sides light
greenish yellow, with slightly diffuse brownish-black bands
with greenish metallic reflections: (1) broad mesepimeral
band, almost touching humeral suture and including a round
pale spot at dorsal end; (2) narrower complete band across
metastigma, with two processes, to dorsal and ventral third
of second lateral suture; (3) narrow band on dorsal half of
second lateral suture ; (4) incomplete moderately broad band
a little in front of middle of metepimeron. Ventral surface
dull ochreous, sutures narrowly and diffusely brown. Legs
dull and rather dark ferruginous. Third femora with abont
18 teeth, the first six closely arranged, triangular, small, the
following ones gradually increasing in size, more distant,
quadrangular, directed towards base. Second femora with
about L8 smaller teeth, similar in form, but directed distally.
On third tibize no spines externally, only a corresponding
number of obtuse tubercles, internally the spines moderately
robust, very short. Spines of second tibia rather long and
slender. ‘Teeth of tarsal claws a little stronger than tips,
variable in length, in same individual equal to tips, or slightly
longer or shorter. Abdomen at base very little widened
laterally, moderately so dorso-ventrally, very little constricted
at third segment, afterwards almost parallel, rather robust.
Black, with the following light yellow markings: segment 1,
sides and a terminal ring; 2, sides, except a narrow terminal
black ring and a very narrow black ring in front of transverse
carina; 38, sides, a narrow complete basal ring, a very
narrow transverse line at transverse carina, briefly interrupted
in middle; narrow, incomplete mid-dorsal line; 4, slightly
obscured basal ring, incomplete line at indistinct transverse
carina, narrow mid-dorsal line; 5-6, very small spots at
middle of lateral carina and indication of mid-dorsal line ; 7,
broad median transverse band of almost one-half the segment’s
length ; 8-10 wholly black. Ventral surface 3-7 ochreous,
with ends of each segment rather broadly and distinctly black;
8-10 black. Appendages black; superiors a little shorter
than segment 9, convergent at base, slightly divergent in distal
third, a little swollen towards the end and then terminating
in a very fine and acute point ; in side-view almost straight,
inferior angle on distal third obtuse, a row of small, rather
irregular denticles preceding it ; inferior appendage but little
shorter, slightly curved upwards, almost pointed. Genitalia
of second segment: anterior lamina broad, erect, slightly
emarginate, ciliate, yellowish, black at free margin. Hamule
of about equal height, on subquadrate base; internal branch
IND
Oo
Dragonflies from Sierra Leone. 2
a small hook, almost touching the anterior lamina, curved
posteriorly ; external branch merely indicated, being the
obtuse posterior angle of basal piece. Lobe very small,
narrowly oblong.
Wings stained with light greyish yellow throughout ;
minute golden-yellow vestige at base. Membranule fuscous.
aie ae ferruginous. First specimen: Anq.
183 . ; Cuq. 3 - zie F ee ti. 3.3. 3 rows in discoidal
area of ica wings 5 1 row Rs.-Rspl., a few cells doubled in
both front wings; 5 rows between A3 and wing’s edge.
Abd. +1, hw. 43, pt.4°5. Second specimen: Anq. 194, ee
Cuq. $5: t. a ti. 6.65; 1 row Rs.—Rspl.
9 ebay hee in colour ee male throughout ; wings with
a pattern of rich golden yellow and brown.— Labium ochreous.
Labrum orange. Face light olivaceous. Frons brownish
orange above, olivaceous at sides. Thoracic pattern as in
male, but the dark portions lightened to ferruginous, without
inetallic reflections, and considerably reduced at sides. Legs
light ferruginous. Third femora with very small trian-
gular spinules; second femora with small, gradually lengthen-
ing spines; spines of third and second fibie as in ‘second
tiblee of male. Teeth of tarsal claws as in male. Abdomen
more widened at base than in male. Dull ferruginous
instead of black throughout, pale markings similar, but lateral
spots on segments 3-6 “consider: ably larger. Ap pendages com-
paratively long, two-thirds of sezment 9, very acute. Vulvar
scale not clearly visible (covered by a mass of light yellow,
relatively large eggs),
Wings light Teas: deep and rich golden yellow at base,
in front wing to Ang. 2 and almost to “arculus, in hind wing
to Anq. 3, t., anda little beyond apex of cen ; lighter
golden-yellow zone at nodus in costal half of front wing,
over entire breadth in hind wing, and extended proximally
to anal loop in anal half; tips golden brown to three cells
width, proximally, from pterostigma. Membranule Tea ;
pterostigma dark ferruginous. Ang. 165.174; Cuq. 3
t.it3 ti. 4.4; 3 rows of discoidal cells, 4 cells once at ae in
right wing ; 1 row Its.-Rspl.; 5 rows between A; and wing’s
edge. Abd. 4 43, hw. 53, pt. 4°5.
Aaa
224 On a new Indian Scorpion.
XVI.—Description of a new Indian Scorpion (Charmus
indicus, sp. n.). By Srantey Hirst.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Charmus indicus, sp. n.
Granulation of carapace and terga very fine, but that of
the fifth tergum is coarser. Sterna 1-4 finely punctured,
the punctures on the fourth sternum being rather con-
spicuous, however ; fifth sternum granular. Tail, A down
composed of very fine short hairs is present on the tail,
the segments of which are comparatively short and stout.
First two segments granular, but the second has traces of
punctures on its sides; with the exception of the inferior
medians of the second segment, which are fairly distinct,
the keels of these two anterior caudal segments are either
absent or indistinct. Third segment densely punctured on
the sides, but granular below and with the inferior median
keels well developed and composed of fairly large granules
the granules between these keels are also rather coarse).
ourth and fifth segments without any trace of keels and
furnished with very numerous, minute but deep, contiguous
punctures; there are no granules on the sides or ventral
surface of these segments. Caudal vesicle with numerous
fine punctures. Pectinal teeth 17 in number. Colour dark
brown ; upper side of abdomen with a pale central linear
marking, but it is very fine; caudal vesicle paler than the
rest of the tail, being reddish brown in tint; palp dark
brown, except for the fingers, which are yellow ; legs varie-
gated in much the same way as they are in C. /aneus.
Measurements in mm.—Total length 14°75 ; length of
carapace 1°8.
Locality—Coimbatore (6. vi. 1912), a single example
presented to the Museum by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher
(Imperial Entomologist).
Remarks.—The unique specimen of this new scorpion is so
small that I think it must be immature. It can, however,
be easily distinguished from the only other member of the
genus so far described (Charmus laneus, Karsch, from Ceylon)
by a number of characters which seem to be of real value :
for instance, the shortness and stoutness of the tail, the
presence of punctures (instead of granules) on the sides of
the third caudal segment, the much more numerous (con-
tiguous) punctures of the last two caudal segments, and the
Bats of the Genera Nyctalus, Tylonycteris, &e. 225
absence of granulation from the ventral surfaces of these
two segments, &c.
Prof. Kraepelin states (Mt. Mus. Hamburg, xxx. p. 131,
1913) that he has examined a very young example of C. aneus
from Coimbatore (Indian Museum Coll.). This specimen is
the first one of the genus to be recorded from India, and
obviously belongs to the same species as that which is
described above as new, for it comes from the same locality.
For the reasons already given, however, I think that it is
not C. /aneus, Karsch. With the exception of that sent by
Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher, there is only one specimen of the
genus in the British Museum Collection, and, unfortunately,
itis not known where it was collected. This specimen is the
type of Pocock’s C. cinctipes—a species now considered to be
identical with C. /eneus. If the specimens of Charmus from
Coimbatore are really C. laneus, Pocock’s species should be
resuscitated, for it certainly does not belong to the same
species.
XVIL.—On Bats of the Genera Nyctalus, Tylonycteris, and
Pipistrellus. By OLprigeLp ‘THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Nyctalus joffrei, sp. n.
A small species, with short tragus and small pl.
Size about as in WV, /eisleri, smaller than in JV. stenopterus.
General build suggesting a large Pipistrel rather than a
Noctule, but the proportions of the digits quite as in Vyctalus.
Kars short, broad, rounded, their substance unusually fleshy ;
inner margin convex, tip broadly rounded, outer margin con-
vex, scarcely flattened above, antitragal lobule little developed.
‘Tragus very short, expanded above, its inner margin concave,
shorter than its greatest breadth above ; outer margin con-
vex, with the usual triangular basal lobe. Tip of fourth
metacarpal reaching to the middle of the short first phalanx
of the fifth finger. Wings to the ankle just beyond opposite
the base of the calear. ‘Tail-tip projecting. Penis without
bone, its prepuce thinly haired, separated into two cushions
by a Y-shaped groove.
Colour uniform pale brown above and below.
Skull of a somewhat different shape from that of other
species of the genus. The muzzle shorter, broader, with
226 Mr. O. Thomas on Bats of the
more strongly developed supraorbital processes. Brain-case
more inflated, smoothly rounded ; sagittal crest low, not
continued back to meet the lambdoid.
Inner incisors shorter than usual, broad, flattened, bi-
lobate; outer small, about half the height of the inner.
Canine with a strongly marked secondary cusp halfway up
its hinder edge. P} minute, about a quarter of the area in
cross-section of the small 2? ; very low, invisible externally,
hidden in the angle between the neighbouring teeth. Lower
premolars very small, subequal, the tip of the posterior
directly behind that of the anterior.
Dimensions oi the type (measured on the spirit-speci-
men ):—
Forearm 39 mm.
Head and body 56; tail 39; ear (inner edge) 8; tragus
(inner edge) 2; third finger, metacarpal 35:5, first phalanx 14 ;
fifth finger, metacarpal 33, first phalanx 6°5 ; tibia 13 5 hind
foot 8.
Skull: greatest length 15; condyle to foot of canine 14:2 ;
basi-sinual length 11:4; zygomatic breadth 10°5 ; breadth on
supraorbital processes 7:2; pestorbital constriction 4°5 ;
brain-case breadth 8:2; palato-sinual length 5; front of
canine to back of m* 5:1; front of p* to back of m? 3:5;
lower tooth-row (exclusive of incisors) 5°5.
Hab. Kachin Hills, Upper Burma.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 88.12.1.37. Collected by
L. Fea and presented by the Marquis G. Doria.
This fine bat i had formerly supposed to be referable to
Pipistrellus affinis, Dobs., of which the only recorded speci-
men is in Calcutta ; but Dobson’s measurements of the digits
show that that is really a Pipistrellus, not a Nyctalus.
The known species of NVyctalus differ, inter se, by hardly
any characters but size, so that the distinctions in tragus,
skull, and dentition above detailed indicate that the present
bat is more distinct from any of them than they are from
each other.
The species is named in honour of General Joffre,
Commander-in-Chief of the French Army.
TYLONYCTERIS.
While the forearms of the members of the genus Z’ylo-
nycteris are all very nearly of the same length (26-29 mm.),
the skulls show a considerable diversity in size, and it is
quite evident that several different species or subspecies
should be recognized. Moreover, the forearms do not vary in
Genera Nyctalus, Tylonycteris, and Pipistrellus. 227
proportion with the skulls, as specimens with the largest
skulls have only the same forearm-length as examples with
quite small skulls; the forearms are therefore of practically
very little use in distinguishing the different forms.
Working then from the skulls, we find that there are three
sizes represented in the series—large, middle, and smal!,—
any one size being, as a rule, alone in a given country ; but
Java, the type- -locality of TZ. pachypus, has both large and
middle in it, and it is therefore necessary to settle which of
these two is "the ty pe-forim.
‘The Museum collection contains a considerable series from
Buitenzorg and ‘lasikmalaja of the middle species, and from
Sockaboemi of the large one. In addition, there is a co-typical
example of 7. pachypus acquired from the agent of the
Leyden Museum in 1844, and this specimen clearly belongs
to the smaller Javanese form, the one we have from Buiten-
zorg, near the type-locality of pachypus, Bantam. I there-
fore propose to assign the name pachypus to this form, the
middle in size of the whole series, which has a skull about
11-7-12°0 mm. in greatest length, its maxillary tooth-row
(front of canine to back of m*) 3°8 to 4:0 mm.
In the Philippies (Luzon) we have the smallest form
(skull 10°2 mm., tooth-row 3°4), representing JZ’. meyeré,
Peters, but a similarly small form occurs in Burma, and it
should probably bear the name of 7’. rubidus, Blyth, described
from Schwe Gyen. It is commonly deep rufous in colour.
Northwards and eastwards from Java occurs the largest
species, while in Western India there is a middle-sized form
of a peculiar colour, and these two appear to need new names,
Lylonycteris robustula, sp. n.
Body stout and robust, though the forearms are not only
not longer, but are even commonly shorter, thanin 7. pachy-
pus. Ears thick and fleshy ; tragus short and comparatively
broad.
Colour above dark brown; little lighter below. Mem-
branes black.
Skull heavily built, very broad, both across the brain-case
and interorbital constriction. Muzzle proportionally short.
Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci-
men) :—
Forearm 26 mm. (range up to 28).
Head and body 43; tail 27-5; ear 10; tragus 2°2x 1:5 ;
third finger, metacarpus 26, first phalanx 10; fifth finger,
metacarpus 23°90, first phalanx 4°7; tibia 10; hind foot 6°83 ;
breadth of foot-pad 3:5.
228 Mr. O. Thomas on Bats of the
Skull: greatest length 12°5; median length 10°2; con-
dyle to front of canine 11°7; interorbital constriction 4°1 ;
breadth of brain-case 7°6 ; palato-sinual length 4:2; front of
canine to back of m* 4°2 (range up to 4°4) ; front of p* to back
of m? 2°7.
Hab. Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Celebes, Timor.
Type from Upper Sarawak, Borneo.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 11. 1.18.8. Collected
and presented by Cecil J. Brooks, Esq.
Tylonycteris aurex, sp. n.
Size and proportions, including general body-bulk, length
of forearms, and size of skull, about as in true 7. pachypus.
Ears perhaps rather narrower; tragus rather longer and
narrower, its basal lobule with a longer and more acute
ont.
Colour above yellowish or dull gold, more or less overlaid
with brown. Under surface yellowish or buffy. Limbs
brown, membranes black, the cushions of wrists and sole also
brown, not contrasted white as in 7’. pachypus. It is not
certain, however, how far this may depend on methods of
preservation.
Dimensions of the type (the italicized measurements taken
in the flesh) :—
Forearm 29 mm.
Head and body 42 ; tail 32; ear 9.
[A spirit-specimen measures :—Head and body 41; tail 30 ;-
ear 9; tragus 2°4x 1:4; tibia 12°5; hind foot 6; breadth of
sole-pad 3°8.]
Skull: greatest length 11°6, median length 10:1 ; condyle
to front of canine 1.1°2; interorbital constriction 32 ; breadth
of brain-case 6°7 ; palato-sinual length 4:4; front of canine
to back of m° 4; front of p* to back of m* 2°6.
Hab. Southern Bombay— Kanara—southwards to Coorg.
Type from Astoli, Belgaum. Alt. 2000!.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 0.4.2. 25. Original
number 135. Collected 28th December, 1899, and presented
by R. C. Wroughton. Fifteen specimens examined.
“In heavy forest.”—R. C. W.
I provisionally use a binomial for this bat, as it is geogra-
phically so isolated ; but it may hereafter be shown to grade
either into the Burmese form (rubida) or true pachypus of
Java.
Genera Nyctalus, Tylonycteris, and Pipistrellus, 229
Pipistrellus imbricatus and its Allies.
So far as the Museum material shows, Java contains three
small species of Pip/strellus—P. tralatitius, P. imbricatus,
and a_ species allied to or identical with P. papuanus.
Putting aside the last-named, we find that P. dmbricatus
differs from the common P. tralatitius, not only by its larger
ears and broader tragus, but, in the skull, by the peculiar
shortening of its muzzle, the definite development of basial
pits, the extreme smallness of p', which is only about one-
fourth the area of 2”, and by the fact that the posterior leg of
the Z on m® projects further inwards compared to the anterior
one than it does in ¢tralatitius.
A series of P. imbricatus from Java are all just of the same
size, and agreeclosely with the type(B.M. no. 79.11.21. 108 *);
and two specimens from Kanyean, to the east of Madura, may
also be assigned to the same form. Buta largeseries from Cen-
tral Borneo are uniformly much larger, and should evidently
be distinguished specifically. ‘These two both have fairly dark
wings, while, on the other hand, the representative forms from
Sumatra, Billiton, and Engano have whitish or white wings;
but I have no specimens available, and cannot say if they
have other distinguishing marks. For these the name of
macrotis, Temm., is available, and I doubt if either vorder-
manni, Jent., from Billiton, or curtatus, Miller, from Engano,
are really distinct. It may be noted that Mr. Miller first
called his Engano specimens imbricatus, and then, in
describing them as new, distinguished them from ¢mbricatus
by the exact characters that separate ¢mbricatus itself from
tralatitius—from which it seems probable that whatever
specimens of “d¢mbricatus”? he compared them with were
really examples of tralatdtcus,
Pipistrellus kitchenert, sp. n.
Like P. tmbricatus, but considerably larger.
Colour of fur a darker and richer brown than in imbrv-
catus; under surface rather lighter. Wings smoky greyish,
* On p. 380 of P. Z. 8.1909, B.M. no, 79, 11. 21. 124 was mentioned
as the type of P. tralatitius, Horsf.; but further examination shows that
that specimen, although in the India Museum under the aame of trala-
titius, is really an example of wmdbricatus, while the other one mentioned,
the “Lowo-manir,” w' of Dobson's British Museum Catalogue, was
received from Horsfield at an early date as tralatitius, and should
therefore stand as the type. Its number is 62 a.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xv. 16
230 Mr. O. Thomas on Bats of the
becoming lighter on the part external to the elbow, the
reticulations prominent.
Skull essentially as in ¢mbricatus, but considerably larger,
and in the usual correlation with increased size, the ridges
are rather better developed and the muzzle is less conspicu-
ously shortened as compared with the brain-case.
Teeth quite as in zmbricatus.
Dimensions of type (the italicized measurements taken in
flesh) :—
Forearm 37 mm.
Head and body 56 mm. ; tail 41; ear 14.
Skull: greatest length 14; median upper length 11-7;
condyle to front of canine 15:6 ; basi-sinual length 11; con-
striction 3°7; breadth of brain-case 7; palato-sinual length 6;
front of canine to back of m’® 4°8; front of p* to back of
m 3°38.
Hab. South Central Borneo. Type from Boentok, Barito
River. Alt. 20’.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 10. 4.5.55. Original
number 2101. Collected 1st October, 1909, by G. C. Short-
ridge. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. Fifteen specimens,
all females with one exception.
Readily distinguishable from P. émbricatus by its superior
size.
Named in honour of Field-Marshal Lord Kitchener of
Khartoum.
Pipistrellus sturdeez, sp. n.
A small species, with narrow delicate skull.
Size small; general build slender. ars rather shorter
and rounder than those of the Japanese P. abramus, inner
margin rounded at base, but not prominently convex; tip
broadly rounded off ; outer margin flattened above, slightly
convex below, with a well-marked anti-tragal lobule. Tragus
of the general type of that of abramus, but shorter, its
broadest point opposite the lower third of its inner margin ;
breadth going about 13 in the length of the inner margin,
the latter straight ; tip rounded, outer margin evenly convex,
basal lobe sharply triangular. Wings to the base of the
toes. A narrow postcalearial lobule. ‘Tail of the usual
seven vertebra, its extreme tip only projecting.
Colour of fur blackish throughout; the wings dark brown,
without marked marginal lines.
Skull not much shorter than that of P. abramus, but
markedly narrower throughout. Muzzle and brain-case
smooth, rounded, the ridges little developed. Anterior
Genera Nyctalus, Tylonycteris, ana Pipistrellus. 231
palatal incision not broadened, its posterior edge level with
the middle of the canine. Posterior palate rather narrow,
with an average median point. Basial pits indicated by
slight lateral concavities opposite the basilar suture.
Teeth as in P. abramus, but smaller.
Incisors short, the anterior prominently bicuspid ; outer
incisor surpassing the second cusp of the inner one. Large
premolar well separated from the canine, the space not aed
up by the well-developed anterior premolar, which equals
in area, and stands a little internally. Lower anterior pre-
molar three-fourths the height of the posterior, and rather
less than half its area in cross-section.
Dimensions of the type (slightly immature) :—
Forearm 30 mm.
Head and body 37; tail 31; ear on inner edge 7°7 ; tragus
(inner edge) 3, breadth 1°7; third finger, metacarpus 27,
first phalanx 10; fifth finger, metacarpus 26, first pla-
lanx 7°8 ; tibia 11 ; foot (c. u.) 6.
Skull: greatest length 12°1; basi-sinual length 8:7;
condyle to front of canines 10°7 ; interorbital breadth 3:1 ;
breadth of brain-case 6 ; mastoid breadth 6°4; palato-sinual
length 4°3; breadth between outer corners of m? 4°6; front
of canine to back of m* 4:2; front of p* to back of m? 2°6 ;
lower tooth-series exclusive of incisors 4°3.
Hab. Bonin Islands. Type from Hillsborough Island.
Type. Female in spirit, slightly immatare. 5b.M.
no. 91. 2. 2.3. Presented by H. Seebohm, Esq. Collected
by P. A. Holst.
This Pipistrel, from the isolated Bonin group, is distin-
guishable by its narrow skull, as indicated by the measure-
ments above, and the wide space between its canine and p*.
It is presumably most nearly allied to the Japanese
P. abramus.
Named in honour of Admiral Sir F. C. D. Sturdee, R.N.
Pipistrellus principulus, sp. n.
A small species with the short tooth-row of P. tenuis and
mimus, but the skull much more inflated.
Size very small, about as in P. tenwésand mimus. General
external characters as in those species. ars of normal size,
their substance thin ; tragus of medium length and breadth,
the external basal lobe large and sharply pointed. Wings
to the base of the toes. Post-calcarial lobe distinct. Tail
with seven vertebra, its tip projecting.
Colour blackish, but as the specimen is in spirit, the exact
16¥
232 Mr. W. C. Crawley on Ants from
shade cannot be determined. Membranes dark, the hinder
edge of the plagiopatagium and interfemoral with an incon-
spicuous light line.
Skull with a quite unusually swollen brain-case, the inter-
orbital region also very broad and rounded, so that the
“waist” of the skull is less marked than usual.
Teeth about as in P. mimus. Outer incisor just equal to
the well-developed secondary cusp of the inner. JP? about
two-thirds the area of 7? ; canine and p* nearly but not quite
touching each other external to it.
Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci-
men) :—
Forearm 30 mm.
Head and body 39; tail 30; ear 9; tragus on inner
edge 3, breadth 1:6; third finger, metacarpus 28°5, first
phalanx 11; fifth finger, metacarpus 27°5, first phalanx 7°3;
tibia 11°5 ; hind foot 5:7.
Skull: greatest length 11:3 ; median length 10; condyle
to front of canine 10:2; zygomatic breadth 8; intertemporal
breadth 3°8 ; breadth of brain-case 6°3 ; height of brain-case
from basion 4°5 ; front of canine to back of m® 3°8; front of
p* to back of m? 2°5.
Hab. Assam. Type from Gauhati.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 13.3.14.1. Collected
by Mr. 8. W. Kemp. Presented by the Indian Museum,
Calcutta.
This species, which equals the common Indian pygmy bat,
P. mamus, in the reduced extent of its tooth-row, differs from
that, as from its other allies, by its unusually inflated skull.
XVIII.—Ants from North and South-West Australia (G. F.
Hill, Rowland Turner) and Christmas JIsland, Straits
Settlements.—Part I]. By W. C. Craw ey, B.A.
I. Subfam. Powzrrmz.
Myrmecia sanguinea, Sm.
Yallingup, S.W. Australia (Rowland Turner). &.
Euponera (Brachyponera) lutea, Mayr.
Yallingup.
No. 89. Rhytidoponera, (s. str.) flava, sp. n.
5 .—L. § mm.
iii i i ii
North and South-west Australia &c. 233
Mandibles large, triangular, the terminal border regularly
dentate ; finely striate. Anterior border of clypeus regularly
curved; frontal area indistinct. Head longer than broad,
eyes large, placed in the centre of the sides of head, of which
they occupy three-quarters; ocelli large and prominent.
Frontal carine short, diverging behind; scape of 13-jointed
antenne slightly shorter than the second joint of funiculus,
first joint of latter as broad as long ; from the second joint
of funiculus, which is the longest, the joints gradually
diminish in length until the terminal, which is slightly longer
than the preceding one. Mesonotum high and arched,
Mayrian furrows almost invisible; scutellum prominent,
rather small, and wider in front ; epinotum longer than broad,
with convex sides, only slightly narrower behind than in
front. Upper wings with two cubital closed aud two dis-
coidal cells. Pedicel long and narrow, somewhat cylindrical,
only slightly higher behind ; underneath in front is a long,
very thin, vertical spine. Gaster a little more than twice as
long as broad, first segu ent (or post-petiole) as long as the
second, the constriction between them moderately pronounced.
Tibize of the two posterior pairs of legs with two spurs, the
inner long and pectinate, very shortly so in the middle pair
and longer in the posterior pair. Claws bifid.
Head and thorax coarsely rugose ; on the declivous sur-
face of epinotum the rugosities radiate from a central ridge ;
node of pedicel transversely striate. First segment of gaster
finely striate longitudinally, the lateral strie curving inwards
and encircling the base ; second segment finely striate trans-
versely, the striae having a tendency to curve upwards ;
the remaining segments transversely striate. In one
specimen the node and gaster are shining, the strie on
the former being more feeble, those on the first segment
of gaster are only apparent at the sides and base, and on the
second segment they are diagonal, the central ones almost
longitudinal.
Pilosity sparse and scattered, yellow ; scapes and tibiz
with erect hairs.
Chestnut, head and mesonotum darker.
Darwin, N.T., Pivintaaeile. 3. 3's.
As no &% &% were captured with these ¢ ¢,I have thought
it best to describe them provisionally as a new species, and
have placed them in the subgenus Rhytidoponera (s. str.),
although in the length of the scape and second joint of funi-
culus they do not entirely accord with Emery’s characters
given in the ‘Genera Insectorum.? The number of males
known is, however, small.
234 Mr. W. C. Crawley on Ants from
III. Subfam. M/vrurcrvz.
No. 31. Phetdole platypus, sp. n.
Yy .—L. 6°5-7°5 mm.
Mandibles very thick, coarsely striate, terminal border
irregularly dentate when not worn to an irregular edge, no
prominent teeth at apex. Clypeus emarginate in front,
coarsely striate ; frontal area small, deep, triangular. Head
much longer than broad, with subparallel sides, emargination
at back deep, wide, and triangular. Frontal carine half as
long as the scape, which only reaches one-third of the distance
from its base to the occiput. Eyes placed at the commence-
ment of the anterior quarter of sides of head. ‘There is a
deep impression from the emargination of the occiput to
the vertex. ‘Tarsi of first pair of legs broad and flat. Pro-
mesonotum very high and rounded, pronotal protuberances
sharp, terminated by small teeth or spines. Basal and
declivous surfaces of epinotum of equal length, the spines
short and narrow, half as long as the basal surface. First
node narrow at top, widely emarginate, second node wider
than long, without lateral angles. Gaster (when not dis-
tended) small and oval.
Whole of upper side of head coarsely striate longitudinally,
the striz curve outwards round the occiput and return as
much finer lines down the sides and under surface of the head.
The striz are coarsest on the occipital lobes, where they have
a downward and outward diagonal direction. Pronotum
with fine regular longitudinal ridges, the lateral ones bow-
shaped (in some examples the ridges starting from the neck
all curve in one direction and are terminated at the lateral
tooth), finely reticulate between the ridges. Mesonotum
with curved transverse ridges, the convexity of the curves
towards the posterior border; occasionally the central ridges
havea circular tendency ; there is a faint reticulation between
the ridges. Kpinotum finely reticulate and longitudinally
striate, the strize not descending below the interval between
the spines; from the base of the latter coarse strie diverge
outwards and up the sides. Nodes of pedicel finely reticulate,
the second with a few longitudinal striae. First segment
of gaster tamily reticulate and with irregular longitudinal
sculpture.
‘There is a yellow pilosity over the whole body ; scapes
and tibize with abundant hairs.
Dark red-brown; mandibles almost black, gaster brown.
3 .—L. 2-2°5 mm.
Mandibles striate, with a few punctures near the terminal
North and South-west Australia &e. 235
border, which is dentate and terminated by two long teeth.
Anterior border of clypeus widely and very feebly emarginate,
almost straight; there is a ridge down its centre. Frontal
area deep, rounded at top. Head somewhat longer than wide,
with slightly convex sides; back widely emarginate. The
scapes reach the occipital border or a fraction farther. [yes
prominent, slightly in front of the centre of sides. Pro-
mesonotum high and regularly curved, broader in front ; at
the centre of each side is a tooth-like ridge. Basal surface of
epinotum longer than declivous surface ; spines much shorter
than basal surface, about as long as the interval between
them. First node narrow, straight across the top; second
node oval, longer than broad.
Head coarsely striate longitudinally and finely reticulate.
Thorax and pedicel finely reticulate ; pronotum with a few
longitudinal ridges; a few ridges joining the mesonotum
to the epinotum. Front of first segment of gaster faintly
reticulate.
Body with yellow hairs; erect hairs on scapes and
tibie.
Yellow to red-brown. In dark specimens the antennee,
tarsi, and joints of legs paler.
Stapleton, N.T., 1. v. 13 (Zi).
No. 214. Pheidole megacephala, F.
¥ ¥%. Batchelor, N.T., 20. ix. 13 (Ald).
Cosmopolitan species.
No. 32. Pheidole variabilis, Mayr., var. redunca, var. n.
4 .—L. 2°7 mm. .
Clypeus emarginate in front, with a ridge down the centre.
The ridges continuing the frontal caring are two-thirds as
Jong as the scapes, which reach beyond the half distance
from their bases to the occiput. Eyes just within the
anterior third of sides of head. The impression from the
occipital emargination is continued to the vertex. Spines
as long as the basal surface of epinotum and longer than the
interval between them.
Whole of upper and under surfaces of head finely reticulate ;
in addition, the under surface of front of head, the cheeks,
and the whole of the top of head longitudinally striate ; the
ridges on each side of the central impression curve round the
lobes of the occiput and continue down the sides of the head,
those farther from the central impression making a narrow
236 Mr. W. C. Crawley on Ants from
curve within the larger ones and returning parallel to their
origin by the insertions of the antenne.
Ss tels. 1°% mm,
Similar fo the type.
Darwin, N.T., 5. vi. 13 (iil). 38
Crematogaster australis, Mayr.
Yallingup (Turner). &%.
TV. Subfam. Dorrcnoperivnz.
No. 18. Tapinoma minutum, Mayr.
Darwin, aN. F., o: wield (aa ee
Iridomyrmex conifer, Forel.
Yallingup (Turner). &.
V. Subfam. Cauponorin2.
Camponotus (Myrmosaga) chalceus, sp. n.
8 major.—L. 9-9°5 mm.
Mandibles 5-dentate, coarsely striated, with a few punctures.
Clypeus shield-shaped, not carinate, with a small deep
emargination at the anterior border. Frontal area in the
form of a right-angled tiiangle. Head slightly longer than
broad, the sides almost parallel for two-thirds of their length,
then narrowing rapidly, posterior border feebly concave.
Hyes placed at the commencement of the hinder third of
sides of head. Pro-mesonotum forms a regular curve in
profile, the pronotum broad, with slight shoulders. Basal
surface of epinotum deeply concave longitudinally, in the
form of a saddle, declivous surface abrupt, almost perpendi-
cular, slightly shorter than the basal surface. Scale high,
fairly thin, somewhat wider at the top, which is nearly
straight.
Head, pro- and mesonota finely reticulate-punctate; head
in addition, particularly on the clypeus and cheeks, with
large irregular punctures. Epinotum and scale finely striated
tiansversely. Gaster very finely reticulated.
Body with fairly plentiful, erect, yellowish-white hairs,
more sparse on the thorax, occasionally two or three on the
scapes, and a row underneath the tibiz; both scapes and
tibie slightly pubescent, also thorax and gaster.
Black ; legs, declivous surface and sides of basal surface
of epinotum, and a patch on the metasternum (and some-
times on the mesosternum) dull red. Gaster bronzed.
North and South-west Australia &e. 236
% minor.—L. 7 mm.
Emargination of clypeus wider and not so deep. The
concave basal surface of epinotum longer in proportion.
The epinotam is often entirely dull red, and there is a small
red patch on the mesosternum. Head sometimes with a
faint bronze reflection. Scale proportionately much thicker,
and more rounded on the top. Gaster bronzed.
9 .—L. 11°5 mm.
Emargination of clypeus as in 8 major. Head rather
wider than thorax. Pronotum very slightly shouldered.
Basal surface of epinotum straight, and only one-third as
long as the declivous surface. Sculpture as in 8 major,
except that the basal surface of epinotum is more reticulate
than striate.
Colour as in 8 major, except that the red extends from
the sides across the top of the basal surface of epinotum, and
there is a red patch on the mesosternum. The top of the
scale also is red.
Yallingup, S.W. Australia (Rowland Turner). & 9°.
From the description of the 8 minor it will be seen that
this ant very closely resembles the C. (Zyrmosaga) dewitzit,
Forel, from the Congo, described in the Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci.
nat. 1886 ( % minor).
No. 85. Polyrhachis comata, sp. n., group guerini.
%.—L. 5 mm.
Mandibles shining, densely striate (more coarsely than in
guerine), with 4(?5) teeth. Clypeus subcarinate, the anterior
margin produced in a short lobe (shorter and broader than in
guerint), with a concave border and five small teeth. Frontal
carinze short, wider apart than the distance from each to the
sides of the head, fairly divergent, and reaching the anterior
margin of the eyes. ‘lhe latter are placed near the posterior
border of head and are not very prominent. Head slightly
longer than broad, broader behind than in front, slightly
convex behind, sides convex. Pronotum broader in front,
the sides rectilineal and bordered ; the teeth at the anterior
angles of medium length, about twice as long as their width
at base. Pro-mesonotal suture distinct, meso-epinotal less so.
Epinotum with two spines as long as the width between
them; declivous longer than basal surface. Pedicel with
long curved spines, like buffalo’s horns, thick at base, en-
circling the first segment of gaster. The first segment of
the latter more than twice as long as the rest of the gaster,
the whole rounded, about as broad as long.
238 Ants from North and South-west Australia &c.
Head finely reticulate, the sculpture almost concealed by
the pubescence ; opaque (shining and striate in guerint).
Scapes finely reticulate. Thorax and pedicel (except the
apical half of all the spines) coarsely reticulate-rugose, shining
between the reticulations. On the lower half of the back of
pedicel, between the spines, the rugosities take a transverse
direction. Legs finely reticulate. Gaster very finely reti-
culate-punctate, the sculpture almost hidden by the pubescence.
Erect hairs on head yellowish, on pro- and epinotum darker,
on gaster golden. Pubescence on head very thick, silver-
grey. Of the thorax, the epinotum only is pubescent,
similarly to the head. On the gaster the pubescence is
pale golden, merging into grey underneath. The femora and
tibiee have a slight silvery pubescence.
Stapleton, N.T., 22. xii. 12 (Hill). 8.
No. 12. Polyrhachis delicata, sp. n.
3 .—L. 5°5-6 mm.
Mandibles 5-dentate, shining, with minute piligerous
points ; finely striate at base. Clypeus carinate, produced
anteriorly into aslight lobe with a straight edge and pointed
angles. Frontal area distinct, in the form of an equilateral
triangle. Frontal carine long, very slightly convergent
behind (similar to thrinaz). Head longer than broad, wider
behind than in front, occipital border not so rounded as in
thrinax; eyes prominent, placed in the posterior third of
sides. Thorax fairly regularly curved to the spines, pro-
notum shouldered, with very small teeth at the angles. Pro-
mesonotal and meso-epinotal sutures distinct ; mesonotum
broader in front; the two surfaces of epinotum equal in
length, the declivous surface convex ; the epinotum with two
straight narrow spines, two-thirds as long as the basal surface
of epinotum ; node of pedicel with a thick and fairly high
scale, in the centre of which is a long straight spine slightly
directed backwards ; in advance of this spine on each side
is a shorter sharp spine directed outwards. The central
spine, which is acuminate, not notched as in thrinaa, is
nearly three times as long as the lateral spines. Gaster
round, slightly longer than broad.
Whole of head, thorax, and pedicel densely and finely
reticulate, clypeus very finely so; head more rugose between
the frontal carine and eyes, pronotum more or less longi-
tudinally so; declivous surface of epinotum shining, only
faintly and superficially reticulate; gaster shining, very
faintly and superficially reticulate.
Pilosity practically nil ; a few erect hairs on the mandibles,
On Annelida Polycheta yrom the North Sea &e. 239
clypeus, and between the front carine; clypeus slightly
pubescent ; gaster with a fine pubescence.
Ned-brown, head and gaster darkest.
Darwin, N.T., 16. iv. 13 (Mill). 3.
CHRISTMAS ISLAND, STRAITS SETTLEMENT.
A few ants were collected in March 1914, and kindly sub-
mitted to me by my friend Mr. D. Ward Pinkney. They
are as follows :—
Odontomachus hematoda, L., var. breviceps, var. n.
8% .—L. (including mandibles) 8°5 mm.
Length of mandibles 1°2 mm.; width of head 1°6 mm. ;
length of head 2:1 mm. Head much shorter, broader, and
less emarginate behind than in the type. Occipital lobes much
more rounded. Head widest at the eyes. Sculpture, pubes-
cence, &c., as in the type.
Colour: dark chestnut, legs paler.
One 3.
Triglyphothiia striatidens, Em., 8.
Solenopsis geminata, F., var. rufu, Jerd., YB ?.
Prenolepis vividula, Nyl., 8.
CoRRIGENDA (Part I., ‘Annals,’ ser. 8, vol. xv., Jan. 1915).
d »| > | ’
P. 134, line 26, for Eur. read Em.
P. 136, line 22, for Myrmosphyma read Myrmophyma.
XIX.—Report on the Annelida Polycheta collected in the
North Sea and adjacent parts by the Scotch Fishery Board
Vessel ‘Goldseeker.,—Part 1V. Goniadide to Spionidee.
By JAMES W. PryDeE, M.A., Walker ‘Trust Research
Scholar, Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, and now
2nd Lieut. in the “ Black Watch.”
Tus, the fourth part of the Report on the Annelida Polycheta
collected in the North Sea and adjacent parts by the Scotch
Fishery Board vessel ‘ Goldseeker,’ includes the following
ten families :—Goniadide, Glyceride, Ariciide, Opheliide,
Scalibregmidee, Spherodoride, Chloremide, Cheetopteride,
240 Mr. J. W. Pryde on Annelida Polycheta
Cirratulidee, and Spionide. Most of the families are repre-
sented by one genus and one species only; but in the
Chloreemidz two genera, viz. Stylarivides and Brada, occur.
The numbers of each species vary very much, and only
in two cases, viz. Ammotrypane aulogaster and Stylarioides
plumosa, do they exceed twenty-two examples. ‘These num-
bers, therefore, differ greatly from those published in Part III.
of the Report *, where one species, viz. Hyalinecia tubicola,
was represented by 649 specimens and 755 tubes. No
annelids were obtained in the tubes of the Chetopteride,
notwithstanding that these are fairly numerous in this
collection. The Spionidz, a family renowned for its varieties
and for the difficulties one encounters in distinguishing its
many species, liave only one representative, viz. Scolecolepis
vulgaris, and the absence of the other forms may be accounted
for by the fact that the members prefer a littoral to a deep-
sea habitat. In some families, e. g. Cirratulidee, there is
only one small representative, and it is interesting to note
the slight differences which exist between this solitary
specimen and the adult form.
No lists of synonyms have been given, but they can be
obtained from Prof. M‘Intosh’s ¢‘ Monograph ’ under the heads
of the various species. As already stated, the specimens
were those belonging to the collection handed over to
Mr. W. Small, M.A., B.Sc., by Prof. D’Arey Thompson.
In conclusion, I have to thank Prof. W. C. M‘Intosh for his
kindness in assisting me when I was in difficulties, and in
giving me, from his own collection, a typical series of slides
of each group.
Family Goniadide.
Genus GonraDA, Audouin and Edwards.
Gontada maculata, CArsted, 1843.
Only one small specimen, scarcely half an inch long, is
the representative of the genus and species. It was obtained
at Station 41 B at a depth of 15 fathoms, and was dredged
along with Megalia assimilis. _This form has a very wide
range, and has been found from littoral waters to a depth of
795 fathoms (‘ Porcupine’ Expedition of 1870). It is
prevalent in the shallow waters of the North Sea, and extends
to North American and Canadian waters. No member of
the genus was obtained by the ‘ Challenger,’ but at Station
1674 in 10 fathoms the only representative of the family,
* Vide Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xiv. p. 289 (October 1914).
————————— ee
from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 241
viz. Mona trifida, was dredged. Izuka, in his researches in
the seas of Japan, found three species, but Goniada maculata
did not occur. The reports of the German investigations of
this family are not to hand, and so no comparisons &e. can
be drawn.
The head is a long, bluntly rounded, conical process, with
four short squat cirri, and consists of eight segments, which
are very indistinct in this form. The body has, including
the head, about eighty segments, and tapers more anteriorly
than posteriorly, where it ends in two fairly long tapering
cirri, which are pale and translucent. The colour appears to
vary with the sex and with the season. This example is
dusky brown throughout, but light touches occur at the bases
of the feet and on the sides of the head. For a full descrip-
tion of fresh forms see ‘Monograph of British Aunelids,’
vol. ii. part ii. pp. 464-6. The feet stand out conspicuously
from the sides of the body, and are in agreement with those
of typical forms. The bristles, however, like the example,
are small, but are quite characteristic of the species, being
pale in colour, tapering, and thin, the dorsal bristles having
straight shafts, with no serrations or terminal pieces, and
slightly dilatated tips.. The ventral bristles are also pale
and have fairly long curved shafts, with slender serrated
terminal pieces articulated at the ends. The bristles are
arranged fan-wise, and the tips of the posterior bristles, espe-
cially the central series of the fan, attain a much greater
length.
The alimentary tract is simple, fairly narrow posteriorly,
but wide anteriorly, and is easily seen through the thin
body-wall. The mouth is ventral, possesses lips, and the
anus lies between the two anal cirri already mentioned.
The specimen is not mature, but some forms procured off the
S.W. of Ireland had large ova in July. Prof. M‘Intosh is
inclined to think that Gondada alcockiana, Dr, Carrington,
is a variety of this species.
Genus GLYCINDE, Fritz Miiller.
Glycinde nordmann?, Malmgren, 1866.
Four very much dried and shrivelled specimens of this
annelid were dredged on the 4th December, 1905, at Dabs
Voe, in 15 fathoms. Each measures about 2 inches long,
but one is very much thinner and more linear than the
others, whose bodies taper anteriorly but more gradually
posteriorly. The colour is dark brown, resembling that~of
Ophiodromus flecuosus, and there is little difference in hue
242 Mr. J. W. Pryde on Annelida Polycheta
on dorsum and ventrum. This unique colour is no doubt due
to the scorching the animals received in the laboratory fire,
for in living examples the animals are pale pink or skin-
coloured. The species is not uncommon in the stomach of
the cod and flounder, and, when plentiful, forms abundant
food-supply for these fishes. The range of the species is
wide, for, besides being prevalent in British waters, it has
been found off the Siberian coast (Wirén) and at other parts
of the world. Allied forms, like those of the ‘ Challenger’
collection, frequent shallow water. No mention of this
species is made by Izuka, and no German report has come
to notice.
The head is conical, but the four tentacles at the tip are
just like little warts. No eyes are distinct, and the proboscis,
although extended in three forms, has been injured and
shows the various pieces cf armature very poorly. The feet,
although considerably dried, conform with the type-slides,
and the bristles are quite characteristic of the species. None
of the specimens were mature, but, according to various
observers, the females at least become mature about June or
July, and although no ripe males have heen recorded, it is
probable that both sexes mature simultaneously.
Prof. M‘Intosh says “It is remarkable to find such slight
differences between the Glycinde trifida of the ‘ Challenger ’
trom Charlotte Sound, New Zealand, and the British form.”
Family Glyceride.
Genus GLYCERA, Savigny, 1820.
Glycera lapidum, De Quatrefages, 1843.
In haul 111 one incomplete specimen of this form was
dredged along with Lumbriconereis gracilis at a station Z mile
N.W. of Gluss Island, Shetland, at a depth of 16 fathoms.
The animal is about 14 inches. long and has about sixty
bristled segments, each segment being three-ringed, and all
appearing equal. Although only one example appears in the
collection, this species is by no means scarce or uncommon,
as the habitat given in Prof. M‘Intosh’s § Monograph’ will
show. It is found in deep as well as in shallow water,
abounds in British seas, and extends to Norway, shores of
North America, west coast of North America, Azores,
Setubal, Mediterranean, but is not recorded in ‘ Challenger ’
Report nor from Japan.
The head tapers to a blunt point, from which four short
slender tentacles arise, while the body tapers more posteriorly
from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 243
than anteriorly. The dorsum is more convex than the
ventrum, but the convexity is lost in the caudal region,
which is somewhat flat and strap-shaped and terminates in
two anal cirri.
Anteriorly the body has a rich golden-brown colour,
which gradually changes to yellowish white posteriorly.
The body-wall is thin and transparent, and the simple
straight gut with its contents shines through, thus reminding
one of the condition prevalent in the posterior region of
many of the Eunicide.
The proboscis is fairly long, being about one-third the
length of the entire animal, and presents a hard and very
muscular appearance. It is richly covered with minute
papilla, which, according to the Monograph *, are filiform,
with crenated edges. ‘The tip, which is much wider than
the base, roughly forms a square, at whose corners is placed
a black, spurred, powerful tooth. ‘The teeth are sunk in
bulb-like muscular pads, the opening of the proboscis being
where the pads meet in the centre. ‘he organ is pinkish in
colour and has many minute transverse striz.
The feet are slender and appear on the anterior ring of the
segment, a condition reversed in Humenia jeffreysii, where
the feet are borne on the posterior ring. They are white in
colour and semitransparent. The example is so small that
the anterior feet could not be removed without incurring
serious damage to the animal ; however, a lengthy account
of them can be had in the Monograph. The feet from the
twentieth were found to be quite typical, although the
bristles were much more slender than those of the type-series.
The specimen was not mature, but in this species epitokous
forms appear which have larger bodies, longer and more
prominently marked feet, and more attenuate bristles. From
observation the animals ripen and shed their sexual products
in the month of July.
Family Ariciide.
Genus ARICIA, Savigny, 1820.
Aricia cuviert, Audouin and Edwards, 1833.
The distribution of the above family is very uncertain,
and several well-known European forms extend to the shores
of North America, where they have received different names.
The members of the family frequent deep or inshore waters.
* Vide ‘Monograph,’ vol. ii. part ii. p. 480.
244 Mr. J. W. Pryde on Annelida Polycheta
In this collection six examples were obtained in a fry-net in
haul 6830 at 152 m. on 6th Febrnary, 1907, at Station 39 B,
lat. 57° 59’ N., long. 0° 57! E. The animals are very small,
the largest being about 2 inches long, but 6 to 8 inches is a
common size. From accounts given by other writers the
above species is a deep-water form, having been obtained at
depths ranging from 164 to 422 fathoms, ‘ Porcupine’
Expedition of 1869, and from 257 to 358 fathoms by the
same Expedition of 1870. It extends to Norway and the
shores of Greenland, but neither Izuka nor the writer of the
‘Challenger’ Report makes any mention of it.
The head is small and conical, and agrees with the descrip-
tion laid down in the Monograph*. ‘The proboscis 1s
unarmed.
The body of the largest has about 65 bristled segments.
It is stout in comparison with its breadth and attains its
maximum breadth about the anterior ninth or tenth, where
it measures about 4mm. From this part it tapers quickly
anteriorly, but more gradually posteriorly till it ends bluntly,
the anus being situated at the tip dorsally, with two lateral
flaps, a ventral process and papilla, and with two very long
slender cirri, which the writer of the Monograph notes pass
off from the anterior part asin Aricia latreillid. The dorsum,
except in the first five segments, is flat, while the ventrum
is rounded. Gradually, however, a groove appears ven-
trally, deepens and becomes more prominent towards the
caudal region, which is absent in several of the specimens.
The peristomium is narrow dorsally, but broad ventrally, the
mouth occupying the poSition of the median ventral line at
the posterior border of the segment. In shape the mouth
resembles a sunken pit with smooth rounded sides, having
two prominent crescentic lips, which are lateral in position,
but there are no longitudinal symmetrical furrows passing
forward from the segments behind. The proboscis, which is
not extruded in any, is a deeply frilled organ which projects
from the mouth as a button-like process. The Monograph
adds “ There are about ten frills in the form of a rosette.”
The feet commence at the second segment and continue to
the anus, but in the first twenty or thirty segments the dorsal
portion of each foot is different from the ventral. From the
thirty-first, however, both portions are similar. ‘The feet
agree with the descriptions laid down in the Monograph and
with the types on the slides, and in position on the body they
are situated more dorsally than ventrally. However, towards
* Vide ‘Monograph,’ vol. ii. part ii. p. 499.
eS eee eee eee le
ES ee a a
~
from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 245
the caudal region the feet become lateral in position, but never
ventro-lateral. The branchiz commence at the fifth pair of
feet, and appear as little conical processes which increase in
size from before backward. They are nearer the mid-dorsal
line than the dorsal cirri, but between the twentieth and
thirtieth segments they leave this region and approach the
cirri. This, however, [ find to be variable. Along with the
increase in size of the branchiz there is a corresponding in-
crease in the size of the dorsal cirri, and this increase is espe-
cially marked at tle base of the organs. Hach branchia has
two vessels which are linked together by a numerous series
of connecting-trunks. The bristles, spines, and papille of
the feet all conform with the Monograph*. The segmental
organs are limited, but appear more prominently in posterior
two-thirds of the body. All the examples are immature.
However, quoting from the Monograph J, “‘ Lo Bianco found
Aricia fetida, Clap., ripe from January to June at Naples.
‘The eggs are of a greenish colour and deposited in a cylin-
drical vermiform mass of mucus.”
The contents of the gut were composed of fine mud
particles, débris, and vegetable matter.
Family Opheliida.
Genus AMMOTRYPANE.
Ammotrypane aulogaster, H. Rathke.
_ Twenty-two specimens of this form, which has a general
distribution, are present in the collection, but, like many
others, they have suffered from the laboratory fire mentioned
in previous reports. ‘lhe tube containing the animals has no
label, and consequently no depth nor locality can be given.
The animals themselves are badly scorched and very much
shrivelled. This species is found off the shores of the British
Isles, but extends much farther north. Izuka makes no
reference to either the family or the species, but in tlie
‘Challenger’ Report there is a form, Ammotrypane gracile,
dredged off Japan, which closely resembles the Kuropean
species.
The head is pointed, fairly large, but devoid of tentacles,
tentacular cirri, and eyes. The mouth is ventral in position
and appears as a fairly large longitudinal slit, which continues
as a ventral groove to the posterior end of the animal.
The body is linear, the longest specimen measuring about
* Vide ‘ Monograph,’ vol. ii. part ii. p. 500.
2 + Ibid. p. 501.
Ann. & May. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 17
246 Mr. J. W. Pryde on Annelida Polycheta
2 inches, being pinkish brown on the dorsum and pale pink
on the ventrum and at extreme anterior end. The body-wall
is smooth, firm, and thick, and agrees generally with that
of Ammotrypane gracile, which, however, differs from it in
having the intermediate pedicle—between the dorsal and
ventral longitudinal muscles—short. The ventral groove,
running from mouth to anus, is fairly deep, and is flanked by
thick brood-ridges, which disappear at the secoop-shaped hood
surrounding the anus. Along each border of the hood there
are four cirri, while a pair of larger and thicker cirri, with a
slender cirrus between them, are situated at the base.
The feet, with bristles and branchiz, are placed laterally in
close relation to the ventral ridges. In several they seem to
occupy lateral shallow grooves formed by the ridges on the
ventral side and by the convexity of the dorsum on the other.
The bristles agree with the type-examples, but the branchiz
do not arise on the same foot in every form, this probably
being due to the destruction of these organs by the fire.
In transverse section the cuticle is very dense, but the
hypoderm is not strongly developed. The nerve-area, situated
ventrally, appears as a transverse band, and so differs from
that of Ammotrypane gracile, which is ovoid. The longitu-
dinal dorsal muscles have regularly arranged fasciculi and
slant obliquely along the dorsal arch from a kind of median
raphe.
‘he specimens were immature, and the contents of the
intestine were mud, sandy particles, and débris. In the
intestine of a ‘Challenger’ specimen was sandy mud, with
diatoms, broken sponge-spicules, fragments of Echinoderm
spines, and Foraminifera.
Family Scalibregmide.
Genus EUMENIA.
Eumenia (Lipobranchus) jeffreysii, M‘Intosh.
This species is the sole member of the above family in the
collection, and it is surprising that Scalibregma injlatum, a
form having a wide distribution, does not occur. ‘I'he fol-
lowing table gives the data connected with the hauls :—
| Haul. Station. Depth. | Apparatus. | Number obtained.
17-7-08 152 | Ardmore Point 13 miles S. | 180 m. | Dredge. 14
28-6-09 | 192 | Kinnaird Deep. 181 m. | Dredge. 6
Jrom the North Sea and adjacent parts. 247
No mention of this species is made by Izuka or the writer
of the ‘Challenger’ Report, although the genus Humenia
has one representative among the ‘ Challenger’ worms, viz.
EHumenia reticulata, which differs from Théel’s EKumenia
longisetosa in that the dorsal lamella commence at the
fifteenth instead of at the tenth foot. Lumenia jeffreysii
extends to Norway, and Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys dredged it off
the Hebrides and the Shetland Isles; but there is reason to
believe that it abounds in more northern latitudes.
The head is bluntly conical in shape, contracted in appear-
ance, and has a slight median groove, but bears no tentacles.
The body is maggot-like, deep reddish brown in colour,
which is often deeper in hue at the ends, and the feet are
represented by dorsal and ventral pads, from which the bristles
project. The bristles are long, linear, and translucent; while
the spines which support the feet are stout and strong, although
fairly short. ‘There are no anal cirri, while those on the feet,
if present, are rudimentary. Hach segment has three rings,
of which the posterior, bearing the feet, is the most pro-
nounced. Hach ring, moreover, is formed by an aggregation
of small papilla, which give the animal a rough, warty
appearance.
Although the animal is short, the gut, when exposed, is
fairly long, sacculated in appearance, and is of great width
where the sacculations occur, The gut-wall is very thin, and
the gut-contents can be easily seen as a yellowish-green mass
which differs in appearance from the dark green-coloured
feecal packets found in Hyalinacia tubicolaand other Eunicide.
The mouth opens into a buccal cavity, which leads into
a short but fairly wide cesophagus, which, in turn, enters a
muscular stomach cubical in shape. From the posterior end
of the stomach the gut extends to the anus, which is a promi-
nent aperture at the tip of the tail. In several of the examples
there was a large reddish-coloured mass surrounding the
posterior region of the gut, yet often having extensions in
the anterior end. ‘This mass was composed of ova in some
cases and in others of spermatozoa, which were aggregated
together to form spermatophores, which were almost as large
as the ova, but which did not possess zone. In the anterior
region the gut is moored in position by five or six mesenteries,
which are very thin and which stretch from the wall of the
gut to the body-wall. There may also be one or two at the
posterior end. A rich supply of blood-vessels and nerves
extends along the whole alunentary canal.
The nervous system of this species is very well developed.
There is a fairly large bilobed brain, which gives off « ventral
Lis
248 Mr. J. W. Pryde on Annelida Polycheeta
nerve-cord, On this cord there are small ganglia which are
situated in the same part of each segment as the feet and
trom which branches are sent out to the feet and the gut.
Family Spherodoride.
Genus Eruesia, H. Rathke.
Ephesia gracilis.
One incomplete specimen having seventy-eight segments
was dredged along with Syll/s cornuta in 15 fathoms. The
example is almost complete, only a few of the posterior seg-
ments being absent. It is linear in outline, tapered ante-
viorly and posteriorly, and attaining its maximum breadth
about the thirty-second segment.
The head is fairly large, almost quadrangular in shape,
and at the anterior corners of the quadrangle there are bulb-
like palpi which have nipple-like apices. The cirri in the
anterior region are very indistinct, having been damaged in
the mounting of the example. The anterior segments are
short, fairly narrow, and appear to be somewhat crowded ;
but in the posterior region of the animal the segments are so
broad that the intervals between consecutive feet are con-
spicnous. ‘The colour is brown and the body-wall is so thin
and transparent that the entire gut is seen as a simple tube
which is narrow anteriorly, very wide in the mid-region, and
fairly wide posteriorly. All over the body, both dorsally
and ventrally, occur numerous transverse striz, which are
ouly visible under very high power. The animal is not
mature,
_ The Spherodoridz do not occur in Grube’s ‘ Gazelle’
collection nor in that from the Philippines. Schmarda gives
a single doubtful form from Jamaica. In the ‘ Porcupine’
Expedition this species was obtained at a depth of 664
fathoms, and in the Norske Nordhavs-Expedition it occurred
at 417 fathoms, No mention of the species is made in the
‘Challenger’ Report, but an interesting form, Ephesta ant-
arctica, was procured at Station 156 near the antarctic circle
at a depth of 1975 fathoms *,
«“The segments resemble those of the common Lphesia
gracilis. Dorsally is the large globular appendage, which
exhibits a much more minute papilla than in the latter form.
* Vide ‘ Challenger’ Report, vol, xii. p. 861.
from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 249
Internally the globular processes have elongated granular
structures. The skin of the foot is likewise covered witli
papilla. A single spine supports the foot, the bristles in
which differ from those of the adult Hphesia gracilis in having
the terminal piece less hooked as well as distinctiy differen-
tiated from the end of the shaft. The terminal piece forms
a somewhat conical process with an oblique base, the dorsal
margin being slightly convex, the ventral slightly concave.
‘The shaft is somewhat curved and is dilated at the tin below
the bevelled articular surface. The bristles are very trans-
lucent and approach those of Ephesta canadensis, a species,
however, which differs in other respects from this form.”
Family Chloremida.
Genus STYLARIOIDES.
Stylarioides plumosa, O. F. Miller.
This species is one of the two representatives of a some-
what widely distributed and noteworthy family. The annelids
were obtained as follows :—
Date. Haul. | Station. Locality. Depth. | Apparatus. | Number obtained.
8-7-07 89 16 2° N., 6° 12’ W. | 128m. | Sm. Trawl, | 21+ fragments,
28-6-09 19 Kinnaird Deep. 181 m. | Dredge. 4.
In Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.
—No. XXX.” *, Prof. M‘Intosh gives the above as a common
British species ; but it is generally distributed in the North
Kuropean seas, and extends to Greenland and the shores
of America. ‘This species, however, does not appear in the
dredgings of the ‘ Porcupine’ Expeditions of 1869 and 1870,
although the genus is well represented by Stylarioides glauca,
S. flabellata, and S. sarsii, which resembies S. plumosa, but
has a shorter anterior region, fewer segments, more velvety
surface, and stiffer dorsal bristles. In the dredgings of
Dr. Whiteaves in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, good
* Vide Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. ii. p. 524 (Dec. 1908).
250 Mr. J. W. Pryde on Annelida Polycheta
examples of S. plumosa were obtained. Again, Canon Nor-
man found several of this species, but his examples are much
inferior to those from British waters. Perhaps it may be
said that the home of the genus is in North European seas
and in the Arctic Ocean, for in Northern Norwegian waters
alone the following species abound :—Stylartoides plumosa,
S. glauca, S. flabellata, S. hirsuta, and S. normani.
In the ‘ Challenger’ Report * the writer notes : “‘ The distri-
bution of this family [Chlorcemide] is in some respects note-
worthy, both as regards area and depth. Thus most of the
specimens described by former voyagers come from shallow
water or between tide-marks, but the explorations of the
‘Challenger’ have carried these peculiar forms to a depth of
2500 fathoms, or nearly twice the depth at which the natu-
ralists on board the ‘ Porcupine’ had found Stylarioides glauca.
Moreover, the wide distribution of the remarkable inter-
mediate type, Buskiella abyssorum, is interesting in connection
with the view that the ancient forms have been gradually
driven into the great depths by the more recent types
attaining supremacy in the shallower water.” Three new
species were added to the list by this (‘ Challenger’)
Expedition.
The specimens of this collection are not very large, the
longest being about 2 inches and having fifty segments and
the shortest a little over one-quarter of an inch with twenty-
four segments. They agree with the description given in
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. ii. (December 1908), but
the hoof-shaped process does not occur in any. ‘The bristles
of the small, probably a young, form are not of the usually
golden colour, but are semitransparent, very slender, and
taper to fine points. The transverse markings, however, are
quite distinct and characteristic. The surface of the body
is very rugose and the bristles of the feet project from it in
little clumps. ‘These bristles, like those of the anterior
region, are pale, non-iridescent, and translucent.
The branchize are shrivelled and pale, but in life they are
beautiful green-coloured organs, the coloration being due to
the blood, which is green, and are protected, like the palpi,
by the anterior bristles, which have a forward and upward
direction.
Prof. M‘Intosh remarks :—“ It is interesting that the type
of bristle seen in this form persists in species from the Indian
and other oceans, as shown, amongst others, by Prof. Ehlers
* Vide ‘ Challenger’ Report, vol. xii. p. 362.
Se Se
from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 251
in his recent beautiful work on the annelids of the German
Deep-sea Expedition.”
Genus BrapDA, Stimpson.
Brada normani.
Three examples of this annelid were found on 8/7/07 in
haul 87 at Station 16, lat. 62° N., long. 6° 12’ W., ina small
trawl at the depth of 128 m. Hach animal measures a little
over an inch, and has twenty-two segments. ‘There is a test
of very fine sand-grains surrounding the body, and, like the
surface of the body, is very rugose. The bristles in the
anterior region and on the setigerous processes project as
little golden clumps beyond the sandy test.
The body is maggot-like, having the auterior end more
bluntly rounded than the posterior. The mouth is a con-
spicuous triradiate opening at the extreme anterior end, while
the anus appears as a vertical slit at the extreme posterior.
The lips are thick, swollen, and covered with minute sand-
particles. Along the line of the dorsal bristles there are
large, long, flattened papillae which have pointed tips. As
Prof. M‘Intosh remarks, ‘‘ These papillee differ in a marked
degree from those usually seen in Stylarioides, Brada villosa
or granulata. The dorsal bristles are few, slender, and
inconspicuous. ‘The ventral ones are long, have thick shafts
of almost uniform breadth throughout, and end in bluntly
rounded tips which are slightly bent. The tips in some,
however, are probe-like and tend to be slightly attenuate.
These bristles have well-marked transverse striz, which
become fainter towards the tips, where they ultimately dis-
appear. In many there are also oblique strie which are
prominent on the part of the bristle projecting beyond the
surface. The setigerous lobes are fairly conspicuous, standing
out from the rugose surface as little elevations from which
the bristles project, and around which are clustered several
bulbose papilla. ‘The gut is simple, straight, and very
narrow, and in segments 6, 7, and 8 it is surrounded by a
dense mass of ova which are reddish-yellow in colour. ‘The
ova are small, spherical, and have very thick zonee.
Family Chetopteride.
Genus PHYLLOCHZTOPTERUS, Grube.
No species can be assigned to the various tubes of this
genus, which were procured as follows :—
252 Mr. J. W. Pryde on Annelida Polychwta
Date. Haul. | Station. Locality. Depth. | Apparatus. | Number obtained. ;
21-6-06 81 | Buchan | 57°31'N.,1°12’ E.| 106 m. | Sm. Trawl. 3 tubes.
27-7-06 45 "Be 59° 51’ N., 1°12’ BE. | 115m. | Sm. Trawl. | 1 tube.
20-7-07 OS Al eeeaere Kinnaird Deep. 201 m. | Dredge. 5 tubes.
20-7-07 OS A aeesees Kinnaird Head. 20 fms, | Fry Net. 2 tubes.
14-2-08 | 8730} 408 |57°24'N.,1°7'E. | 95m. | Dredge. 3 tubes,
7-7-08 142 | Knoere Knap-Sagna Fiord | 395 m. | Dredge. 3 tubes.
N.E./N. 4 mile.
No label. 10 tubes.
No label. 3 tubes.
The tubes differ very much in size and thickness, and
while some have rings clear, well marked, and at regular
intervals, others have them irregularly placed and almost
indistinct. The tubes found at Buchan Deep are about
8 inches long, fairly thin, clear, and nearly transparent, and
are almost entirely filled with very fine sand. They have
irregularly arranged transverse striations, and at one end
there is often a perforated septum, which probably acts as a
means of defence and at the same time functioning as the
V-shaped or zigzag valves in Hyalinecia tubicola. Prof.
M‘Intosh, in his remarks on this genus in the ‘ Challenger”
collection, says:—‘ Toward the posterior end a very neat
diaphragm with a minute aperture in the centre occurs; and
above the septum is occasionally a collection of the small
ovoid fecal masses and other débris, so that this region of
the tube is rendered opaque”? *. Therings on the tubes were
very irregular and only a few were well pronounced. The
tube obtained at Station 23 A was fragmentary and resembled
the quill-like tube of Hyalinacia tubicola, but no valves or
septum was present. ‘Those dredged at Kinnaird Head and
Deep were taken along with several Polynoide, Serpulide,
and Terebellide, and, although quill-like, they were brown
in colour and very much coarser than that previously men-
tioned. One measured about 8 inches long and was annulated
at short but fairly regular intervals, and every tenth or
fifteenth ring was stronger and better made than the others.
Another had a very marked septum at one end. One of
* Vide ‘Challenger’ Report, vol. xii. p. 376, pl. xliv. 10a.
from the North Sea and adjacent parts. 253
three taken at Station 40 B had an external coating composed
of broken pieces of Hydroids—mostly Obelia and Sertularia
—small pecten-valves, coarse sand, and pieces of gravel.
Those obtained in Sagna Fiord were quill-like, and were
taken along with Nephthydide, Eunicide, and Maldanide.
Sometimes tubes are obtained showing forked branching,
an appearance which is due to a fracture of the tube, and thie
continuation of the latter, not by the union of the broken
ends, but by the secretion of a new piece with which the
tunnel is continuous. The broken fragment has its channel
closed, and it remains adherent apparently as a useless pro-
cess. Prof. M‘Intosh says, “‘ this occurs both anteriorly and
pesteriorly, as tubes are found with a diaphragm in each
limb of the fork. The bifurcation is thus only apparent, not
actual”.
This genus is represented in the ‘ Challenger? collection by
a new species called Phyllochetopterus claparedit.
Genus SPIOCHATOPTERUS, Sars.
Several tubes belonging to this genus were found in the
following hauls :—
Date, Haul. | Station. Locality. Depth. | Apparatus. | Number obtained.
4-9-06 61 7 61° 06’ N., 2°91’ E. | 134m. | Sm. Trawl. | 4 tubes.
14-2-08 8730 40B | 57°24'N.,1°7' E. 95 m. | Fry Net. 2 tubes.
9-6-08 201 16 |62°N., 6°12’ W. | 112m. | Dredge. 1 tube.
No label. 1 tube.
No label. ‘ 1 tube.
The tubes are all sizes and some are coated with fragments
of small shells, valves of minute pectens, coarse sand, and
gravel, Some, however, have a thick paper-like constituency
and are very wide in bore. If the fragments of shells etc. be
picked off or dissolved away, the internal portion of the tubes
is yellowish and hyaline in character ; but in the paper-like
tubes no trace of the hyaline character is visible. None of
the tubes show the valvular condition.
In the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition several yellowish hyaline
* Vide ‘Challenger’ Report, vol. xii. p. 376,
254 Mr. J. W. Pryde on Annelida Polycheta
tubes were obtained off the coast of New York at the depth
of 1240 fathoms *, but, like those of the present collection,
they were empty.
Family Cirratulide.
Genus CH@TOZONE, Malmgren.
Chetozone norvegica.
At Station 41 B, lat. 56° 42’ N., long. 0° 35’ E., and at a
depth of 75 m., a small complete form about a quarter of an
inch in length was dredged. ‘The feet, bristles, and general
body-characters are quite diagnostic of the species, and there
is nothing of outstanding interest about the form. ‘The
bristles are very slender, finely tapered, and almost trans-
parent. ‘The animal is not mature.
This genus is usually found in deep water, while the genus
Cirratulus frequents shallower depths. In the ‘ Challenger ”
Report one member of the genus Cheetocone, viz. Chetozone
benthaliana, was found as deep as 1250 fathoms, while other
representatives were procured at depths varying from 400 to
700 fathoms. The species Chatozone setosa described by
Malmgren was found at a depth of 20-40 orgyiar.
Family Spionide.
Genus SCOLECOLEPIS.
Scolecolepis vulgaris, Johnston.
This species is the only representative of the Spionide.
The members of the family are found in greater number in
shallow water than in deep water, and in this present collec-
tion there are two fragments, each about 1 inch long, showing
neither head nor tail. ‘The fragments were obtained in
haul 174 with a small trawl on 24th August, 1908, at
Station 19 A, Jat. 60° 36’ N., long. 4° 46’ W., and at a depth
of 1030 m. This depth is the greatest which has as yet
occurred in the data of the hauls connected with the Scotch
North Sea investigations ; but in the ‘ Challenger’ Report
members of the family were dredged at depths ranging from
110-725 fathoms. In the account of this species given by
M‘Intosh f no depth is given, and in Izuka’s work on the
Errantiate Polycheta of Japan the Spionide do not even
occur.
* Vide ‘Challenger’ Report, vol. xii. p. 380.
+ Vide Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist, ser. 8, vol. iii, p. 153 (Feb. 1909).
Jrom the North Sea and adjacent parts. 255
The fragments are very much lacerated, but the feet,
which are close together, are not damaged, and agree with
those on the type-slides. One of the fragments contains feet
which must come before the fiftieth foot, because the ventral
division shows no long winged hooks, which only appear about
the fiftieth. However, there is some uncertainty where the
hooks commence, for according to De St, Joseph they appear
between the thirtieth and the fifty-second, while another
investigator, Mesnil, records their appearance from the thirty-
fitth to the thirty-seventh. The hooks are very powerful,
having strong stout shafts which are curved and prominently
striated, the hooks themselves facing upwards. The wings
are large and extend to the surface of the lamella. Accom-
panying the hooks are slender, finely pointed, smooth bristles
whose tips reach upwards beyond the hooks, while ventrally
beyond the last hook there is a cluster of six or seven—thiree,
according to Prof. M‘Intosh,—which are minutely striated.
In all the slender bristles the tips are curved and face down-
wards. The dorsal bristles are long, slender, and finely
pointed, the length extending beyond the lamella being only
about one-fourth the total length. ‘The bristles arise close
together and spread out fan-wise as they extend outwards.
The bases are sheathed in muscles, which move them. The
branchize which are present on all the feet of the fragments
are large, bluntly conical, and present edges having a frilled
appearance. Prof. M‘Intosh remarks that in life the lamellae
ot the feet as well as the branchiz, which meet those of the
opposite side in the front, are muscular and perform various
movements.
The body-wall of this species is very thick and muscular,
and thus presents a condition totally different from that of
many of the Eunicide, which have body-walls so thin that
the feeces in the gut appear as green masses. I was unable
to obtain any nephridia, but one fragment contained ova
which were fairly large in size and opaque in colour. The
gut, which was exposed in parts, is fairly wide and is covered
by a white-coloured tissue which has been probably discoloured
by the preserving fluid. ‘he contents of the gut were sand,
débris, and brown masses which appeared like pieces of tissue.
It is doubtful whether the animals are carnivorous or not.
The fragments were taken along with several Polynoide
which were worked out by Mr. W. Small.
Bibliography.
Izuka. 1912. ‘The Errantiate Polycheta of Japan.’
MALMGREN. 1865. ‘Nordiska Hafs-Annulater.’ Stockholm.
256 Mr. B. F. Cummings on the
M‘Intosu. 1874. Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. part 7. “On British
Annelida.”
—. 1885. ‘Challenger’ Reports, Zoology, vol. xii. “ Annelida
Polycheta.”
—. 1908. ‘Monograph of British Aunelida.—Polycheta,’ vol. ii.
art i.
—. 1908. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. ii. (Dec. 1908).
—. 1909. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. iii. (Feb. 1909).
“ British Spionidee.”
—. 1909. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ‘ Notes from the Gatty Marine
Luboratory.—No. XXXI.”
——. 1910. ‘Monograph of British Annelida.—Polycheta,’ vol. ii.
part li.
XX —WNote on the Mouth-parts in a Species of Polyplax
(Anopluia) and on the Relationship between Anoplura and
Mallophaga. By Bruce F. Cummines, British Museum
(Natural History).
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
ONE of the most interesting of recent memoirs on the Ano-
plura and Mallophaga is that published in the ‘ Arkiv for
Zoologi’ for 1910 *, by Dr. Eric Mjéberg of the Academy of
Sciences, in Stockholm. In the course of this work, entitled
‘Studien iiber Mallophagen und Anopluren,’ the author
brings forward a very considerable amount of morphological
evidence, gleaned from various regions of the anatomy,
showing good cause why the Anoplura, or blood-sucking lice
(usually taken to be allied to the Rlynchota), should be
regarded as more closely related to the Mallophaga—or
mandibulate bird-lice. An account of previous views of the
systematic position of the two orders is given on page 208,
and a recapitulation is here unnecessary. Mjéberg links the
Mallophaga with the Psocide and the Psocide with some
Blattoid-like stem-form.
For the first time, Mjéberg has presented us with a more
or less extended comparison of the two groups—system for
system ; and, by marshalling unmistakable likenesses in the
genital organs, the tracheal system, the external morphology,
and even the mouth-parts, has placed the intimate phylo-
genetic relationship of Anoplura and Mallouphaga on a sound
basis. ‘The Anoplura, therefore, appear to be Mallophaga
which have taken to sucking blood, and are modified accord-
ingly. It has been suggested that some Mallophaga, such as
* ‘Arkiy for Zoologi,’ yi, 1910, pp. 1-296.
Mouth-parts in a Species of Polyplax. 257
Tetrophthalmus titan (Piaget), which is found firmly attached
by means of its powerful tridentate mandibles to the skin of
the Pelican’s pouch, lives on blood ; a transition from hair-
and feather-feeding to gnawing at the epidermis of the skin
is easily conceived, when, as soon as blood is extravasated,
it becomes a comparatively short jump for the imagination
to figure how a complete change in feeding-habits came
about.
In regard to the mouth-parts of the Anoplura with which
this note more particularly deals, it was almost to be
expected that a careful search would reveal traces of their
mandibulate ancestry. Knderlein, already in 1904 *, likened
two lateral pieces within the proboscis of Hematopinus suis
(L.), Leach (from the Pig), to the mandibles of Coriza, a
Heteropterous bug. Enderlein regards the Anoplura as a
suborder of the Rhynchota. But the pieces in the proboscis
of Arctophthirus trichect, Boh., described and figured by
Mjéberg in the paper already named bear a direct resemblance
to the mandibles of Mallophaga rather than to those of
Cortxa, which are remarkable in form and have a peculiar
basal piece. Moreover, in a species of Polyplax from an
Kgyptian host—Acomys cahirinus, Des.,— about to be
described under the name P. oxyrhynchus, there are two
chitinous structures lying together behind the pharynx
(laryna of Enderlein), which are quite probably man-
dibles, and closely resemble those figured by Mjoberg,
i.e. each lies with its narrow end pointing inwards and a
tendon-like strip of chitin runs back from the base of the
posterior lateral angle. ‘The mouth-parts of the louse form,
of course, an almost classical problem in morphology, and
many authors, from Swammerdam to Schiddte and after,
have tackled it with varying success. The inherent difficul-
ties in dissecting the proboscis probably constitute the reason
why we still lack any very settled views on its structure and
morphology, and the suggestions put forward here are there-
fore to be regarded as the advertisement of problems to be
solved rather than as definite solutions.
In another species—to be called Polypazx brachyrhynchus—
from tlie same host, a still more interesting structure was
found on the under surface of the head in front of the pharynx
and just behind the mouth-opening.
A glance at fig. 1 (p. 258) is sufficient to suggest at once
to a student of the Mallophaga the well-known cesophageal
sclerite and ‘ glands”? which form a prominent feature in the
* Zool. Anz., Bd. xxviii. 1904, pp. 121-147.
258 Mr. B. F. Cummings on the
literature of this group *. This sclerite (sometimes called
“lyriform organ” and homologized with the hypopharynx) |
and glands (better known as basal pieces), almost unique in
Fig. 1.
Y
Infra-buccal plate of Polyplax brachyrhynchus (Anoplura). The whole
of the top of the head has been dissected away, so that the plate is
seen from above. The bundle of elongated needle-like trophi, which
are sketched in only diagrammatically, have been drawn on one side
to leave the plate clear.
MO=Mouth-opening ; D=Rostral denticles; S=Infra-buccal plate
(or sclerite) ; C=Chitinous chords; G=? “Gland” (this was only
visible on one side). Greatest length of the plate=-013 of a milli-
metre; greatest width="016,
the comparative anatomy of the insect-mouth, occur in their
typical form in the suborder Ischnocera of the Mallophaga
* Vide V. L. Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. vol. vi. 1896. R. Snod-
grass, Trans, Am. Ent. Soc, xxxi. Nr, 4, 1905, pp. 297-307 ; P. Z. 8.1913,
. 128, Armenaute, Boll. della Soc. di Naturalisti in Napoli, xxiv.
(ser. 2, vol. iv.) 1910, p. 76.
Mouth-parts in a Species of Polyplax. 259
(see fig. 2). A curious “duct” (or chitinous chord), cross-
barred like a trachea, runs forward from between the anterior
cornua of the sclerite and bifureates in front, each branch
running into a basal piece or “gland,” which is, according to
Armenaute, only a hard flat oval piece of chitin, without
glandular structure.
Diagrammatic sketch of the cesophageal sclerite (or lyriform organ) and
“‘olands” (or basal pieces) in Mallophaga.
G=Gland ; S=Sclerite.
The infra-buccal plate in P. brachyrhynchus is apparently
fused at least in. part with the lower wall of the head. It is
extremely minute and correspondingly difficult to dissect, as
the whole head itself in this species measures only *20 of a
millimetre in length. The vestigial character of this plate
and the two chitinous chords, which arise from between
the two anterior horns by separate roots, is indicated by the
delicacy and, in different specimens, by the varying outline
of the parts. Both plate and chords are present in all
specimens, however, and the former stains deeply with acid
fuchsin. On one side in the specimen from which the
drawing is made indications of a “gland” or basal piece
were observed, and its outline is therefore given.
An infra-buccal plate is present in other speeies of Polyplaa,
including P. spinulosa.
260 Geological Society.
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
December 2nd, 1914.—Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.
The following communication was read :—
‘On the Age and Character of the Shippea Hill Man.’
By Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S.
The Author first gives a general description of the skeleton, and
of the position and circumstances in which it was found.
He then discusses the mode of formation of the deposit in which
the remains occurred, and the limits within which, from that point
ot view, we may speculate as to their age.
He considers that the Pleistocene deposits of the Fenland were
laid down in a gradually depressed river-basin behind a breached
seaward barrier, and gives examples from adjoining areas of similar
- geographical conditions.
Gravels of theage of Elephas antiquus and Rhinoceras merckit,
as well as gravels of the age of Hlephas primigenius and Rhino-
ceros tichorhinus, occur within the Fenland; but they are easily
distinguished from the gravels which are sometimes associated
with the peat and clay, and pass under them. The fauna also of
the peat- and clay-deposits is quite different.
This area was gradually depressed, and the conflict between the
upland waters and the sea went on through both the ages just
referred to, as shown by the earlier Corbicula Bed of March and
the newer Cockle Bed of Littleport.
In an embayed part of the Fen, close behind the island known
as Shippea Hill, the skeleton was found in the peat, a few inches
above the clay which the Author considers to be the equivalent of
this Littleport Cockle Bed.
When first dug out the skull was in fragments, and the calotte,
with its prominent brow-ridges, suggested to many a greater
affinity to the Neanderthal type, and a greater antiquity than
appeared probable when the rest of the cranium was added to it.
In a preliminary notice published by the Author, he claimed that
it could not be older than Neolithic, and suggested that it might
be even as late as the time of the monks of Ely, who had a retreat
on the island close by.
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225
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XX. Note on the Mouth-parts in a Species of Polyplax (Anoplura)
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XXI1.—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—LXV.
By T. D. A. Cockrre ., University of Colorado.
Mesotrichia cuernosensis, sp. n.
? —Length about 23 mm., anterior wing 24.
Very robust, black, thorax above (except a naked smooth
shining space in middle of mesothorax, marked anteriorly
by a groove) densely covered with short bright fox-red hair,
intermixed with black ; abdomen strongly and rather closely
punctured, its hair entirely black, not hiding the surface.
Head broad ; face with mixed black and pale yellowish hair ;
on vertex the hair is mostly black, but on occiput ferrugi-
nous, on posterior part of cheeks above yellow, paler lower
down, the lower part of cheeks with long black hair;
mandibles bidentate ; labrum with a very strong median
tubercle ; clypeus dull, very densely punctured, with a
raised but not shining median line ; ridge between antennz
obtuse, very feebly grooved ; third antennal joint a trifle
longer than next three together; flagellum, except basally,
dull ferruginous beneath; tubercles and upper part of
pleura with red hair, the rest with black; tegule black,
basally with red hair. Wings very dark fuliginous, with
rosy tints, the apical field with green ; first t.-c. incomplete
at lower end. Legs with black hair, anterior tibiz with a
fringe of yellow hair behind; hind femora with a small red
button-like spot or lobe on each side apically ; scale-like
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 18
262 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
process on hind tibiz rather small, cariniform, rounded at
end.
Hab. Cuernos Mts., Negros, Philippine Islands (Baker,
3125).
Closely related to Mesotrichia insularis (Xylocopa insularis,
Smith), from Borneo, of which only the male is known.
It is possible that M. cwernosensis is the hitherto unknown
female of insularis, but, in view of the very different locality,
it is much more likely that it is a distinct species. There is
a superficial resemblance to the Japanese species circumvolans,
Smith.
Mesotrichia dapitanensis, sp. n.
? .—Length about 16 mm., anterior wing 14.
Broad, entirely black, except that the flagellum is dull
ferruginous beneath (except basally), and the hind margins
of the second and following abdominal segments are very
narrowly reddish; pubescence all black, except a few
coppery-red hairs in region of mouth. Wings strongly
brownish, darker in apical field, reddened in marginal cell,
with a ereenish-golden iridescence, dilute rosy apically ;
head very broad ; clypeus very densely punctured, with a
shining median ridge ; ridge between antenne obtuse, dis-
tinctly but not deeply grooved ; third antennal joint shorter
than next three together ; mesothnrax smooth and shining
in middle; tegule black. Abdomen well punctured ; first
t.-c. failing at lower end; scale-like process on hind tibie
short, rounded, rather like a finger-nail.
Hab. Dapitan, Mindanao, Philippine Js. (Baker, 3128).
Resembles M. bakeriana, Ckll., but much smaller, with
the ocelli further apart, the wings paler and redder, and the
process on hind tibiz different.
Professor C. I’, Baker sends other Philippine Xyiocopids,
as follows :—
Mesotrichia latipes (Apis latipes, Drury), 2? .—Cuernos Mts.,
Negros (3121).
Mesotrichia ghilianiit (Xylocopa ghilianii, Gribodo), 2? .—
Iligan, Mindanao (3124).
Aylocopa euchlora, Pérez, §.—Dapitan, Mindanao (3123).
Xylocopa major, Maidl., 3 .—Malinao (3122).
Xylocopa fuliginata, Pérez, §.—Dapitan (3126); ¢. Iligan
(3127, 3129).
Records of Bees. 263
Nomada bakeri, sp. n.
? .—Length nearly 6 mm.
Slender, with clavate abdomen, narrowed basally ; black,
with the labrum, mandibles (except apices, which are
simple), narrow band along posterior orbits, entire face
below antenne, narrow band along anterior orbits to top of
eye (ending broadly above eye), upper border of prothorax,
tubercles, pleura (but densely covered with silky white hair),
scutellum (which is bigibbous, with strong irregular punc-
tures), two small obscure spots on disc of first abdominal
segment, a little more than basal half of second segment,
basal corners of third and fourth segments and broadly
interrupted band on fourth, fifth segment (except a spot at
extreme base, and a large black patch on each side), all
yellow, reddened by cyanide in type-specimen ; labrum and
face with pale ochreous hair; antenne long, second joint
conspicuous, third joint elongate, a little longer than fourth,
scape ferruginous in front, flagellum black ; mesothorax
dull, densely punctured ; area of metathorax large, less than
the basal half rugose with irregular wrinkles; sides of
metathorax very densely covered with pale ochreous-tinted
hair ; tegulz clear ferruginous. Wings strongly dusky at
apex, stigma and nervures piceous ; b.n. going a little basad
of t.-m.; second s.m. receiving first r. n. about middle;
third s.m. less than half as broad above as second. Abdomen
smooth and shining, not punctured. Legs red and black,
hind legs black with knees and apex of tibiz red.
Hab. Mt. Makiling, Luzon (Baker, 3156).
Resembles NN. adusta, Smith, which I have from the
Khasia Hills, India (Sladen).
Nomada lusca, Smith.
? .—Los Bafios, Luzon (Baker, 3160).
Nomada makilingensis, sp. un.
? .—Length nearly 5 mm.
Slender, the abdomen broad-fusiform, narrowed basally ;
bright clear ferruginous, flagellum strongly dusky ahove,
first abdominal segment with a pair of large suffused
blackened patches; mandibles simple; face, pleura, and
sides of metathorax with thin clear white hair; antennve
long and slender, third joint about as long as fourth; meso-
thorax densely punctured, but shining between the punctures;
18%
264 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
area of metathorax roughened at extreme base; tegule light
rufo-testaceous, much smaller than those of N. bakeri.
Wings dusky at apex, stigma and nervures dull sepia; b. n.
going basad of t.-m.; only two submarginal cells, the second
t.-c. absent. Abdomen smooth, the second segment with a
large round yellow spot (reddened by cyanide in type) on
each side.
Hab. Mt. Makiling, Luzon (Baker, 3155).
Nomada banahaonis, sp. n.
3 .—Length of type 6 mm., but of the smallest specimen
about 45.
Slender, with fusiform abdomen, very narrow at base;
black, with labrum, mandibles, band along lower part of
posterior orbits, clypeus (except a pair of black patches
above), lateral face-marks (ending in a sharp point on orbit
about level of top of clypeus), tubercles (but no other part
of thorax), small round spot on each extreme side of first
abdominal segment, and large spots on each side of second
and third (very large on second), all yellow, reddened by
cyanide in type; mandibles simple ; head broad, face with
appressed silky pale hair; scape very long, black, with a red
spot at base and apex ; flagellum Jong and thick, ferruginous
beneath ; second antennal joint hardly visible, third short,
not longer than broad, conspicuously shorter than fourth ;
mesothorax very densely punctured; area of metathorax
rugose at base, otherwise shining, with slight transverse
striation ; pleura and sides of metathorax with dense white
hair; tegule rufo-piceous. Wings with apex and outer
margin broadly dusky, nervures and stigma piceous; b. n.
going basad of t.-m.; second s.m. receiving first r. 1. about
middle. Legs black, with anterior femora in front and
above, middle femora in front, anterior and middle tibiz in
front, anterior tarsi, middle basitarsi, posterior knees and
apex of posterior tibiz, all ferrugmous. Abdomen smooth
and shining, apex and apical plate ferruginous, the latter
strongly notched.
Hab. Mt. Banahao, Philippine Is. (Baker, 3157==type ;
3158, 3159).
This may possibly be the male of N. dusca, but I believe it
is distinct. In Desc. Rec. Bees, lxiu. p. 365, Halictus bana-
havnis, also from Mt. Banahao, and very possibly the host of
the preseat Nomada, is misprinted ‘ banabraonis.”
Or
Records of Bees. 26
Nomada mindanaonis, sp. n.
3d (=type).—Length 45-5 mm.
Like N. banahaonis, but differing thus: scape shorter and
stouter, broadly dull yellow on outer side; third antennal
joint very long, a little longer than fourth, which is also
long; flagellum entirely black; a small light mark above
each eye (a faint trace of this can be seen in banahaonis) ;
markings of abdomen and legs suffused and dull, venter of
abdomen ferruginous.
? .—Length a little over 5 mm.
Like N. dusca, but smaller, clear bright ferruginous, the
abdomen without dusky shades, except a suffused elongate
black mark on each side of first segment; scape red, flagel-
lum very long, black ; third antennal reddish beneath, very
long, conspicuously longer than fourth ; b. n. going basad of
t.-m.; area of metathorax rugose basally; a patch of pure
white hair on each side of metathorax.
Hab. Dapitan, Mindanao (Baker, 3153, 3154).
The following table separates the above species, and also
those described from Borneo and Java. The Sumatran
species which doubtless exist are unknown :—
oma tra ees techs Gass whe C8 ON een We
ILE a eerste Sea iavt,ce oe elon ete eke 6.
1, Two submarginal cells; small clear red species,
with large round yellow spot on each side of
second abdominal segment............-.4 makilingensis, Cll,
heres. submarina calla Wo os. l cies es 2.
2. Second abdominal segment marked with
white; black species with red thorax
QOER CU re trisid tats Salas <5", 9-052 9 Wa-eere «8 malayana, Cam.
Second abdominal segment not so marked.... 3.
8. Head and thorax red-brown; abdomen black
or black-brown, marked with yellow (Java) . javanica, Friese.
If head and thorax red, abdomen also red ....
4, Black, with scutellum and basal half of first
abdominal segment yellow...............- baker?, Ckll.
Reat. < cvcslareay Wun tet ew ese ew eelg es 6 5.
5. Hind margins of abdominal segments suffused
with dusky ; flagellum dull red beneath.... Jusca, Smith.
Abdomen clear red; flagellum black ........ mindanaonis, Ckll,
6. Tegule yellow or brownish yellow; insect
black, with only the tubercles, tegule, and [ beroz, var.).
spots on abdomen yellow (Java) .......... nigrescens, lriese (as
Megialbs dare... -shaped inden-
tation of the ground=colour. Hind wing with basal half to
end of cell metallic greenish blue; distal half shot with deep
blue:
Underside of fore wing black faintly shot with deep blue:
Base metallic greenish blue; extending to near end of cell as
far as vein 8. Hind wing black faintly shot with deep blue.
At base a metallic greenish=blue costal streak, a similar
streak along lower margin of cell on each side of median ;
a dark blue streak along inner margin. A subapical black
patch of short hair or androconia, the hairs of which are
directed outwardly.
Head, thorax, and abdomen metallic greenish blue; abdo-
men black below. Legs metallic greenish blue on outer side.
Sexes similar, 2 without the hairy patch on hind wing
below.
Length of fore wing, ¢ ?, 22 mm.
Types from Angi Lakes, Arfak Mountains, 6000 feet,
N. New Guinea, Jan. to Feb. 1914. A series cf ¢ ¢ and
tgs
This species seems nearly allied to calliéma, Roth. & Jord.,
and which has also the patch of modified scales on the hind
wing below. Rothschild and Jordan, in the Deutsch. Ent.
Zeit. 1907, pp. 194-5, describe a similar structure in /amprima,
and note that in euglennia, a very similar-looking species,
it is absent: Several other species of the genus exhibit the
same characteristic.
Milionia weisket rubidifascia, subsp: n. (PI. XII. fig. 7.)
3. Differs from wedskei, Roth., in the yellow band on fore
wing being a little narrower and constricted between vein 2
and submedian. ‘The apex is tipped with yellow, forming a
spot. On the hind wing the red proximal bordering of the
yellow band is much broader and widens posteriorly. ‘lhe
outer edge of the yellow band is incurved and rounded be-
tween veins 7 and 4, then convex to 2, and slightly incurved
from thence to anal angle.
Species of Heterocera from Dutch New Guinea. 299
@. Larger than g, and differing from wezsket 2 in the
red band on hind wing being distally widened and yellow
band narrower between veins 4 and 6.
Length of fore wing, ¢ 23, 9 27 mm.
Types from Angi Lakes, Arfak Mountains, 6000 feet,
N. New Guinea, Jan. to Feb. 1914. The only specimens.
Eubordeta albifascia, sp. n. (Pl. XII. fig. 8.)
3. Upperside,—Fore wing black tinged with deep purplish
blue. A narrow white band extends from costa across cell
near its end, narrowing between veins 2 and 3 and ending a
little below 2 ; distal edge of band dark glossy blue, as is
also the basal half of wing. Hind wing ground-colour as
in fore wing, basal half to end of cell a darker blue than on
fore wing ; costal margin brick-red, widening at the middle.
Underside of fore wing paler, a white band as above. A
narrow yellow apical band, widest in the middle, extends
from vein 7 to just below 4. Hind wing ground-colour
paler than above ; costa crimson at base, as is also a spot at
base of costal vein ; remainder of costa, limited by costal,
orange-yellow ; this streak joins a narrow marginal yellow
band, irregularly shaped and reaching just below 3. A
discal band, beginning below origin of vein 7, where it is
white, to vein 5, and then yellow, crosses the cell near its
end, fills the base of cellule 3, forms a square spot in 2 anda
larger and proximally rounded spot in 16 and 1c.
Head, thorax, and abdomen blackish blue ; three lateral
crimson spots on abdomen.
Length of fore wing 22 mm.
‘Type from Angi Lakes, Arfak Mountains, 6000 feet,
N. New Guinea, March 1914. A series of 6 gS.
This species, in the markings of the hind wing below,
recalls EL. rufoplagata, Baker.
Craspedopsis angiana, sp.n. (PI. XII. fig. 9.)
Above black, with a faint blue sheen at apex and outer
margin of fore wing and over the dark distal part of hind
wing. Both wings at base metallic greenish blue. On fore
wing the basal blue extends to near middle of cell and to
middle of inner margin, its distal edge straight and at right
angles to costa. On hind wing the basal blue extends a
little beyond cell, is limited by the costal, and reaches to
near anal angle.
Underside of fore wing black, with a white band about
3 mm. wide, extending from subcostal across end of cell to
300 On new Heierocera from Dutch New Guinea:
just beyond vein 2; base metallic greenish blue as far as ihe
band. Hind wing below as above, but the blue extends
farther and leaves a narrower distal margin than above.
Headthorax, and abdomen dark blue.
"Sexes similar, except that the ¢ bears on coxa of fore leg
a thick fringe of white hair.
Length of fore wing, ¢ 17, ? 19 mm.
Types from Angi Lakes, Arfak Mountains, 6000 feet;
N. New Guinea, March 1914. A series.
Buzara calodesma latimargo, subsp. n.
(Pl. XII. fig. 10.)
9. Differs from calodesma, Roths., in the extended red af
base of costa of fore wing nearly filling the basal two-thirds
of cell, leaving only a narrow streak of black at its base.
The yellow band is deeper in colour and nearly straight on
its outer edge, and is widened proximally to just below origin
of vein 2. At apex of wing the fringe only is yellow. On
the hind wing the marginal band is about three times as wide
as in calodesma, being 4mm. broad. Below, the band on
fore wing is broader than above.
Length of fore wing 29 mm.
Type a @ from Momi River, N. New Guinea, Marcli
1914. The only specimen. C
Parabasis felizt, sp.n. (PI. XII. fig. 11.)
g. Ground-colour of whole insect chrome-yellow, veins
and other markings chestnut-brown.
Upperside.—F ore wing with only the costa, apical area,
and outer margin for a breadth of 4 mm. of the ground-
colour, the rest being creamy buff, limited distally by the
first of four transverse lines; the first of these begins at a
quarter of costa from apex, curves at vein 7, is straight to 4,
and lunulate to inner margin at three-quarters from base ;
the second line parallel to first and much thicker, the third as
thick and straighter, the space between it and second being
twice the width between this and first line 3 the fourth line,
faint on costa, is marked by a curve in middle of cell, a short
bar, more proximal, below median of cell, and a straight line,
more distal, from le to inner margin, where it joins the
second line. Base of cell suffused with chestnut-brown, and
a square spot of same colour below it near base. A thick
line from base along inner margin and touching fourth line.
Interspace between discocellular, third line, and vein 4
suffused with chestnut-brown ; the third line joins the second
On the Upper Silurian Foraminifera of Gothland. 301
along vein 4. Outer margin with an irregular band from
costa to vein 3, and separated from first discal line from costa
to vein 6 by a yellowish line with black dots proximally of
it on veins 6, 7, and 8. A submarginal row of seven black
spots and a dot in cellule 8 at apex. Fringes dark at ends
of veins. Hind wing without markings, except a black spot
at anal angle and a small tuft of black hair below it.
Underside.—Fore wing chrome-yellow, darker beyond
cell and over apical third; three black dots, the first the
largest, in cellules 7,6, and 5. Hind wing without markings,
Antenne with black dot at base on vertex, prothorax, and
patagia marked with chestnut-brown, the latter with fringe
tipped with black; a small tuft of black hair at base of
abdomen ; tarsi black.
?. Similar to g, with paler brownish markings and discal
lines more heavily marked.
Length of fore wings, ¢ 2, 27 mm.
Types from Angi Lakes, Arfak Mountains, 6000 feet,
N. New Guinea, Jan. to Feb. 1914. 2 @ § and 1 9? were
obtained,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.
tg. 1. Milionia rubrifascia, Q.
Fig. 2. —— rubra, 2.
Fig. 3. —— xanthica, Q.
Fig. 4. — , ab, bipuncta,
Fig. 5, —— , ab. extensa,
Fig. 6. —— knowlei, 3.
Fig. 7. weisket rubidifascia, 3.
Fig. 8. Eubordeta albifascia, 3.
Fig. 9. Craspedopsis angiana, 3.
Fig. 10. Buzara calodesma latimargo, 2.
Fg. 11. Parabasis felirxi, 3.
XXV.— Upper Silurian Foraminifera of Gothland.
By JouN SMIru.
[Plate XIII]
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE OF THE PALAOZOIC FORAMINIFERA.
WE are pretty well acquainted with the Carboniferous
Foraminifera, so well depicted in Brady’s “ Monograph,”
published by the Paleontographical Society in vol. xxx.
In strata lower than the Carboniferous few species have
hitherto been found.
302 Mr. J. Smith on the Upper Silurian
In quartzites etc. of pre-Cambrian age in Brittany very
minute things have been got, globular or nearly so, spiny
and perforated, sometimes in strings, the largest only the
asoq Of an inch in diameter (Ann. Soc. Géol. Nord, vol. xxii.).
Ehrenberg, in 1858, figured five genera from the blue clay
of the Baltic provinces, a horizon now known to belong to
the Lower Cambrian. They are glauconite casts referable
to the genera Nodosaria, Rotalina, and Pulvinulina.
Foraminifera have been recorded from the Cambrian
system of Siberia (Q. J. G. S. vol. lvi.) and from the Saint
John Series of New Brunswick (Tr. N. Y. Acad. of Sci.
vol. xii. for 1893).
In the Q. J. G. S. for 1900 Chapman has figured and
described nine species of Foraminifera from the Upper Cam-
brian in the Malverns. They have all been drawn from
polished specimens of the rock, and comprise the genera
Spirillina, Lagena, Nodosaria, Mar ginulina, and Cristellaria.
Chapman, in this paper, says :—‘ Foraminifera are, however,
rare at the best until the lower limestones of the Carboniferous
period are reached.”
Above the Bala Limestone of Guildfield, near Welshpool,
Foraminifera have been got (Geol. Mag. 1882).
Chapman, in his ‘ Foraminifera,’ p. 254, says that in the
Llandovery beds of Cwm Symlog Dentalina, Textularia,
and Fotalia? have been got, and, at p. 255, Hyperammina
and Stacheia were got in Gotland ; he also adds that Vine’s
Silurian genus Psammosiphon has been relegated to the genus
Stacheia.
Brady, in 1888, figured four species of Lagena from the
Upper Silurian of England, and I supplied him with some of
the specimens (Geol. Mag. for 1888).
Four species have been got in the Upper Silurians of
Indiana, and casts from the Devonian of Paffrath, referable
to the genera Lagenulina, Cristellaria, Orbulina, Globigerina,
and Fusulina.
GOTHLAND UPPER SILURIAN FORAMINIFERA.
To the casual visitor to Gothland the rocks present but
two petrographical series—a great limestone-bed, and under
it a rather thicker shale-bed with limey bands and nodules
more or less through it, the whole being contained within
240 feet of thickness. In the south of the island there is
sandstone under a thick limestone, and on this point there
is a division of opinion, the minority, following Murchison,
holding the notion that there is an ascending series towards
Foraminifera of Gothland. 303
the south, so that the limestone of Hoburgen—the extreme
southern part—is on a higher horizon than that of the rest
of the island, and the majority that the sandstone simply
occupies so much of the space taken up by the shale in the
north. As opinions are not evidence, the proof, one way or
the other, will not be obtained till a bore is put down on the
Hoburg shore.
The Foraminifera recorded in this paper were obtained,
one species from the lower part of the limestone, and the rest
from the shales towards their upper parts
Horizons.
The Gothland strata range from the Monograptus-shales
(under the Llandovery) to the Downtonian (above the
Ludlow *).
The species got in the limestone may be referred to the
Aymestry, and the rest to the Wenlock horizon of England.
FORAMINIFERA (REMARKS ON THE SPECIES).
All the specimens figured are from plump and solid indi-
_ viduals, none from-cut sections of the rock, and, unless
otherwise stated, are enlarged 40) diameters.
To Mr. Joseph Wright, '.G.S8., of Belfast, who has devoted
a large part of his lifetime to the study of the Foraminifera,
I am indebted for piloting me through this labyrinth of
small things. I make this early reference to him, as I will
have frequently to bring in his name in connection with
some of the species. I am also indebted to him for many ef
the references.
Hyperammina vagans, Brady.
Girvanella problematica, N. & E.
At the time (1878) Nicholson and Ederidge published
their first fasciculus of the Girvan fossils, they gave an excerpt
of a Jetter from Brady, this letter pointing out that G. proble-
matica resembled 7. vagans, a present-day species, and this
has been sustained by later investigators. “Girvanella”’ is
common in Gothland, so much so that two series of strata
have been called “Girvanella-zones.” ‘This fossil has, how-
ever, to be mostly determined from cut bits of the rock; but
from the shales I got a number of specimens showing the
* Dr. Munthe’s Memoir on the Strata of Southern Gothland (ir
English),
304 Mr. J. Smith on the Upper Silurian
entire tubes twisting in every direction. The illustration I
give is a portion of a small mass, and would have been more
complete but for the shale, which more or less covers the
tubes.
Loc. Muldé and Fréjel.
Hyperammina minutissima, sp. n.
From its minute size and rough surface, Mr. Wright
thinks this form may be made a new species. This little
fossil is attached to a spicule, the figure showing about a
third of it magnified 1000 diameters.
Loe. Wisby Cement Works.
Hyperammina rectangula, sp. n.
This is also a branching form, and the two figures will
show how the branches go off at nearly right angles. Both
figures show the primordial cell (also seen in living specimens
of H. vagans), one of them with a ring. The dimensions are
given in Explanation of Plate (p. 309).
Loc. Muldé and Fréjel.
From the Gothland shales I have obtained a series of
Hyperammina, ranging in size between the largest and smallest
species given above, and several ‘species’? might easily be
made from them ; but as they are smooth and follow more or
less the character of H. vagans, they may be placed with
that species.
Hyperammina ramosissima, Clap.
The figure will show the branching-habit of this species, a
feature from which it takes its specific name.
Loc. Gothem.
Reoplax pilulifera, Brady.
The specimen is probably incomplete, shows three loculi-
ments with very distinct perforations.
Loe. Korpklint.
Reoplax adunca, Brady.
This is a rare species.
Loc. Sleté.
Haplophragmium latidorsatum, Born, sp.
Loc, Gothem.
Foraminifera of Gothland. 305
Ammodiscus gordialis, J. & P., sp.
Only one specimen got.
Loc. Korpklint.
Trochammina anceps, Brady.
There was only one got, and it occurred in decayed crysta!-
line limestone.
Loc. Kappelshamn, near the shore.
Webbina cf. hemispherica, J., P., & B.
This species is constantly attached to shells ete., but, being
uniformly of a brownish colour, I thought it might be a
macrospore. Dr. Kidston, however, will not express an
opinion on it. Mr. Wright thinks it may be a Webbina
flattened by pressure. I had never any doubt about the
flattening. In appearance it is either a flat cake or like a
shallow saucer with a slightly raised rim.
Loc, Rofvar Liljas halo and Sleté.
Webbina gothemensis, sp. n.
Occurs as a thin-edged cake on other fossils, the surface
swelling up irregularly as shown on figure.
Loc. Gothem.
Stacheia acervalis, Brady.
Not abundant, but pretty widely spread and attached to
other organisms, and on account of this differs greatly in
appearance.
Loe. Stora Carlsé, Muldé, and Lau Canal. Common in
the Carboniferous rocks of Scotland.
Stacheia congesta, Brady.
The two figures will show the extreme variations of shape.
Loc. Muldé, Fréjel, Wisby Cement Works, Lummelunds
Bruk, Common in the Carboniferous limestones and shales
of Scotland.
Lagena globosa, Montag., sp.
This species differs greatly in size and shape, sometimes all
but globular, others long-oval, and in cross-section not always
round. ‘They can be distinguished by their colour, a light
grey. The five illustiations are each from different specimens :
306 Mr. J. Smith on the Upper Silurian
a, view of aperture; 4, c, undersides. Some of the shapes
are identical to those assumed by the litle freshwater Rhizo-
pod of our ponds and ditches called Diflugia.
Loc. Lau Canal, Sluguklint, Korpklint, Stora Carlso.
Lagena levis, Montag,, sp.
The two figures give the extreme variation in shape seen.
Loc. Lau Canal and Sluguklint.
Lagena clavata, D’Orb., sp.
The two figures show the extreme of variation.
Loc, Sluguklint.
Lagena gracillima, Seg., sp.
The two figures show considerable differences in shape, but
not any more so than recent forms.
Loc. Wisby Cement Works.
Lagena parkeriana, Brady.
The seven figures I give of this species will show how it
varies in shape and size.
Loc, Stora Carls6, Lau Canal, Rofvar Liljas hilo, and
Sluguklint. Common in the Carboniferous limestones of
Scotland.
Lagena auriculata, var. linearituba, Cushman.
I had regarded this form as a Fusulina, but Mr. Wright
has no doubt of its being a Lagena.
Loc. Wisby Cement Works.
Lagena cylindrica, sp. n.
This species is all but cylindrical, with the neck of the
tube sometimes slightly bent.
Loc. Stora Carlsé and Wisby Cement Works.
Lagena gotilandica, sp. n.
Globular, with a short tube.
This form differs from all recorded species of Foraminifera
in having minute concentric strie, resolvable by high powers
into beaded lines running round the test. As wasted speci-
mens it is not infrequent, but when perfect it is a bright
glittering little form.
Loc. Stora Carlsé.
Foraminifera of Gothland. 307
Lagena gutta *, sp. n.
Like the above, this one has got surrounding striz, but
differs in being oval and apiculate,
Loe. Fréjel.
Lagena storavedensis, sp. n.
Like the two last, this one has also got stria running
round the shell. In shape it comes pretty near to some of
the forms of L. parkeriana,
Loc. Stora Vedé.
Lagena visbeyensis, sp. n.
This form is apiculate, with a long tube, and has got four
to six strongly pronounced rounded costee.
Loc. Wisby Cement Works.
Lagena acutangula, sp. n.
This one has got a strong resemblance to L. gracillima,
but has five sharp-edged coste.
Loc. Wisby Cement Works.
Nodosaria cf. soluta, Rss,
The figure in the ‘Challenger’ Monograph has seven luculi-
ments; the one figured here has only three, but is probably
imperfect.
Loc. Stora Vedé.
Nodosaria inflewa, Rss., sp.
The two figures will show the extreme varieties of shape,
Loc. Wisby Cement Works and Sluguklint.
Nodosaria siluriana, sp. n.
Resembles NV. inops, Rss., but differs in having sharp
coste with deep spaces between them.
Loe. Wisby Cement Works.
Orbulina universa, D’Orb.
This is not a common form in the Gothland shales, but its
minute size may cause it to be overlooked,
Loc. Stora Carlso.
* Gutta was the poetical name of Odin.
.
.
308 Mr. J. Smith on the Upper Silurian
GOTHLAND UPPER SILURTAN FORAMINIFERA, SHOWING
THEIR RANGE IN TIME.
Upper Silurian,
Gothland.
Carboniferous.
Cambrian.
Recent.
Hyperammina vagans, Brady ........
—— minutissima, sp. D...............
rectaungula, Sp.M.<13 . dieasinsae as fe
ramosissima, Chap......... eee
Reoplax pilulifera, Brady ............ *
adunen, Diddy's Lcgihte cnet ae *%
Haplophragmium latidorsatum, Born.,sp. x
Ammodiscus gordialis, J. §& P., sp. x
Trochammina anceps, Brady..........
Webbina hemispherica, J., P.,§ B.....) x
— gothemensis, sp. 0........ aor os
Stacheia acervalis, Brady ............
congesta, Brady .......... ey:
Lagena globosa, Montag., sp.........4.
Levis, Moning. "Spent is iss seta sas
clavata, Montag., Sp. ... 06 veas oes
pracillima, Seq: Sp: 82.02 ould Soka:
parkeriana, brady... 06.6. oe sk
auriculata, var. linearituba, Cush-
widns... .% SE ea eens sitet stam
*
*
* * * *
*
* eK *
KeEKKRKRKKKEKRKHHKKRKHK KKH KH
*
a eo
TUGLARISP eHisteys olekotaret sft sve vs ec. ele’ bits
BHOTAVEGGENSIS SEP. M. seve can seas i
VISHYSHSIS OPE) Ass o's és). oe ae
BCRP UA, Ds ce ga hee cp
Nodosaria ¢f. soluta, Rss., sp........... *
SHHEK A, 28. BP. yk tea eee ee *
RUUTIARE Sp. Nn. sake eae aoe ow ;
Orbulina universa, D’Orb. . nd. dis. ate -
RK KKK KK KK ¥
Abstract.
NOCHE 5... c's isn SRR PEM SERS RSS pM 13 species.
atpaniwerots,. », >. vee see one banks i* 23
Ad pper Silugian |... co SAAS RM oy BO ae
Csniorians ee see ig Eee ee a ee
The whole of the Cambrian species are got living at the
present day.
New species, ten. Species hitherto known from the Upper
Silurian, seven. .
Foraminifera of Gothland. 309
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
Figures enlarged 40 diameters, unless otherwise stated.
“ 83 60 : c 5
Hyperammina vagans, Brady, =, 3 showing primordial cell; tubes at
smallest ‘004 mm. diam., =. Ring round primordial cell
‘04 mm. diam., smallest tubes ‘005 mm., largest ‘01 to ‘03 mm.
diam.
Hyperammina minutissima, sp. n., X 1000, =
Hyperammina ramosissima, Chap., x 20, Be
Reoplax pilulifera, Brady, i
Reoplax adunca, Brady, 0
Haplophragmium latidorsatum, Born., sp. ae
213
Ammodiscus gordialis, J. & P., sp., =.
A 2 102
Trochammina anceps, Brady, =-, X 20.
Webbina hemispherica, J. & P.,
an : ’:
Webbina gothemensis, sp. 0., Ts
Stacheia acervalis, Brady, = 3 «10; au x 8.
Stacheia congesta, Brady, 2 30 LO;
Lagena globosa, Montag., sp., ~ .
Lagena levis, Montag., sp., -.
Lagena clavata, Montag., sp.,
Lagena gracillima, Seg., sp., 0, si
eee ae ya , 8, ¢
8 57 6? :
Lagena auriculata, var. linearituba, Cush, 2 :
Lagena parkeriana, Brady,
3
Lagenu cylindrica, sp. n., 5 a
269
Lagena gottlandica, sp. n., =.
59
Lagena gutta, sp. 0., >.
131
7°
Lagena visbyensis, sp. 0., 7 : a, top view.
Lagena storavedensis, Bat n.,
Lagena acutangula, sp. n., ; c: d, top view.
131
Noedosaria cf, soluta, Rss., sp., >
ee 19
Nodosaria inflexa, Kiss., 3.
Nodosaria siluriana, sp. n.,
Orbulina universa, D’Orb., \,.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 21
310 Dr. W. T. Calman on the
XXVI.— The Holotype of Ammothea carolinensis, Leach
(Pycnogonida). By W.'T. Catman, D.Sc.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
JusT a century ago, in the first volume of his ‘ Zoological
Miscellany’ (pp. 33-34, pl. xui.)*, Dr. W. EK. Leach
described and figured a new species of Pycnogonid, which he
placed in a new genus under the name Ammothea carolinensis,
Loman fT has pointed out that, according to the original
description and figure, Leach’s species is not congeneric with
the majority of species that have since been referred to
Ammothea, but belongs to the group to which the name
Leionymphon, Mobius}, has been given. ‘This conclusion
has been accepted, and the consequent changes in nomen-
clature have been made, by Bouvier and by Hodgson.
One of the two specimens described by Leach is preserved
in the British Museum and, although not quite unscathed by
the accidents of a hundred years, it is still in fair condition.
As Loman’s discussion is based solely on Leach’s description
and figure §, it seems desirable to place on record some
further details regarding this specimen, which must now be
accepted as the holotype of the species.
Description.—The specimen is immature, as is shown by
the chelate condition of the chelophores and the shortness
of the ovigers. ‘he body appears to be somewhat shortened
by contraction in drying.
Lateral processes separated by intervals of less than half
their diameter, each with a slight distal ridge which is very
indistinctly bilobed.
Transverse body-ridges very prominent, rising into acutely
conical median processes with the points directed obliquely
forwards.
Cephalon about twice as wide as long. Ocular tubercle
* Hoek (‘ Challenger’ Rep. Pyenogonida, p. 23, 1881) gives the date as
1815, but Mr. C. D. Sherborn assures me that there is no reason for
doubting the date 1814 given on Leach’s titlepage.
+ Pantopoden d. Siboga-Exp. p. 10 (1908).
¢~ Pantopoden d. deutschen Tiefsee-Exp. p. 183 (1902).
§ It is not correct to state, as Hodgson does (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(8) xv. p. 146, 1915), that ‘* Loman has called attention to the type-
specimen of Leach now preserved in the British Museum.” Loman
makes no reference to the specimen, and I am not aware that be took any
steps to discover whether it still existed.
Holotype of Ammothea carolinensis, Leach. 311
not quite as tall as the first dorsal process, subcylindrical,
with a conical apex ; eyes distinct, pigmented, the anterior
pair the larger.
Abdomen horizontal, laterally compressed towards the tip,
with a distinct basal tubercle, its length one-third of the
distance from its base to the front. :
Proboscis as long as trunk aud abdomen together, with a
faint constriction at less than one-third of its length from the
base, the distal portion rounded-trihedral in section, nar-
rowing slightly to the broadly truncate tip.
Chelophores extending to one-third of length of proboscis,
scape a little longer than chela, fingers strongly arched, much
longer than the palm.
Palps (only seven out of the nine segments shown in
Leach’s figure are preserved) slender, second segment one-
half as long as fourth, the three following subequal.
Ovigers with ten segments distinct.
Legs. First coxa a little shorter than third and more than
half as long as second. Femur equal to first tibia and four-
fifths as long as second. ‘l'arsus and propodus together
nearly half as long as second tibia. Propodus slightly curved,
with two or three large spines on the proximal part and one
smaller near the distal end of the inner edge. Claw about
half as long as propodus ; auxiliaries five-eighths as long as
main claw.
The dorsal surface of the body and the whole surface of
the appendages closely set with minute spinules. On the
legs, the spinules show here and there a tendency towards
arrangement in longitudinal series, but they are not divided
into definite bands by sharply marked bare spaces.
Measurements * in millimetres :—
ene Chak pra oeciee daca siete ah 2 ets veins ainieey 105
Greatest diameter of proboscis ................ 3°44
lhengthi of cephalomc; Mase. eaves eR 2-4
Width of. cephalom\ <0 504 a tati rap pias ila stag dos 3°68
Henath Of tron sus vad leet mas howe er 7°84
Width between first and second lateral processes.. 2°56
Width across second lateral processes ........ 7°44
Dengthrof abdomens!.7 isn. tl AAU. Ve 2°56
Third right leg :—
UE CORD. cre ob petetatea tis are lake’ a2 ee, 60 2-0
RRCOGH CORO .°. 20! oatmete eee aia wate oh tiara, «lo; « 36
* Besides the usual sources of inaccuracy in the measurements and
drawings here given, allowance must be made for the difficulty of
handling the very fragile specimen.
21%
312 On the Holotype of Ammothea carolinensis.
Third right leg (cunt.) :—
Mind COXA (al iis cee pine ee Re eee 2:4
Femiut ) . 50. ¢).25)2 Siku pee eee at 8:0
First tibias. v5 a chtis s ches oe Min ee ene 8:0
Second, tibia x ionicn se bie, suvpdeidiste. ae eae 9°84
Tarsus and Propodis 7 ay .
leeuwinensis, sp. 0.
longiceps, sp. n.
preisst, Ckll.(1910).
axularis, sp. 1.
speluncarum, sp. 0.
resinifera, sp. 0.
[(1910).
remotula, Ckll.
Jerox, F. Smith.
subferox, sp. n.
328 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on
2. (8) Anterior tarsi simple; tergite 6 concave
above, rounded and bilobed at apex.
Ad mm. .....05ose5 Oe ree eee eee subferoa, sp.
3. (2) Anterior tarsi flattened ; tergite 6 truncate
at apex, serrate. 15 mm.........0:.. resiniferd, sp. Ui.
4, (1) Joint 2 of anterior tarsi conspicuously
dilated ; pubescent of head and thorax
fulvous PREY, .25s06 come kee Seas: . leeuwinensis, sp. n:
19. Megachile axillaris, sp. n:
Q. Nigra; facie, thorace, tergitibus 1-3 lateribus, scopaque ven-
trali (sternite sexto excepto) albo-pilosis; tergitibus 5 et 6 rufo=
aurantiacis; alis subhyalinis; clypeo brevissimo, emarginato,
lateribus laminatis; mandibulis 3-dentatis, basis externis tuber-
culatis.
Long. 15 mm,
Black ; clypeus, the inner orbits, thorax (especially pleure),
axilla and median segment, linear marks on sides of apices
of tergites 1-3 with white pubescence; ventral scopa (except
sternite 6) silvery white, sternite 6 fuscous ; legs more or
less sparsely clothed with griseous pubescence, tarsi reddish
beneath. Mandibles on the inner and outer sides and tergites
5 and 6 with bright ferruginous-red pubescence.
Mandibles broad at base, narrowing considerably towards
apex, tridentate, an opaque area (almost smooth) at base,
enclosed between conspicuous shining carins approximating
towards the apex; inner margin well sculptured, outer
margin with a distinct tubercle at base.
Clypeus very short, broad, and deeply emarginate, sides
of the emargination produced to form distinct subquadrate
lamine.
Head as broad as thorax at widest; abdomen parallel-
sided. The whole closely and finely punctured, except
enclosed area at base of median segment, the truncation of
tergite 1, and the median segment itself, which are sub-
nitidulous and impunetate.
Wings subhyaline.
Length 15 mm,
S.W. AUSTRALIA : Yallingup, 23rd Dec. 1913-23rd Jan.
1914 (R. FE. Turner). 18 92 9.
Apparently comes next to M. preiss7, Ckll. (1910), from
Kastern Australia, but much larger; also in JA preisst the
clypeus has a median tooth and the abdominal hair-fasciee
entire.
£©
the Apidee in the British Museum. 32
20. Megachile speluncarum, sp. n.
Q. Nigra, plerumque griseo-pilosa; tergitibus 1-3 fasciis apicali-
bus albidis, 5 plerumque et 6 omnino rufo-aurantiacis ; alis sub-
hyalinis ; scopa ventrali alba; clypeo brevissimo, emarginato,
lateribus sublaminatis ; mandibulis 4-dentatis.
Long. 12 mm,
Black ; face and thorax more or less densely clothed with
griseous pubescence, densest on inner orbits, pleura, and
median segment; tergites 1-3 with narrow apical tasciz of
the same pubescence, the sides much denser than median
area ; scopa silvery white (except sternite 6), sternite 6
fuscous ; legs, and especially tarsi of intermediate legs, with
griseous pubescence, ‘Tergites 5 (except base and sides) and
6 bright ferruginous red. Mandibles and clypeus with a
few ferruginous hairs.
Mandibles broad, of uniform width throughout, quadri-
dentate, evenly punctured, with inconspicuous caring ; inner
margin normal,
Clypeus very short, convex, deeply emarginate, sides of
the emargination forming distinct sublaminate processes.
Head as bread as the fora at widest ; abdomen parallel-
sided, tergite 3 with a transverse sulcus,
The whole insect uniformly punctured, the punctures even,
of medium size; enclosed area at base of median segment,
truncation of first tergite, and tegule impunctate,
Wings subhyaline.
Length 12 mm,
S.W. Ausrrauia: Yallingup, 23rd Dec, 1913-23rd Jan.
LOA (he. de Larner), 112.2 9:
21. Megachile resinifera, sp. n.
Q. Nigra, capite thoraceque griseo-pilosis; tergitibus 1 et 2
omnino, 3 lateribus fasciis apicalibus albidis; tergite 6 vix rufo-
aurantiaco; scopa ventrali nigra; clypeo latiore quam longiore,
apice truncato ; mandibulis tridentatis ; 3; alis subhyalinis.
Long. 16 mm.
Gs ‘Femina hirsutior, fasciis apicalibus ahdominis caret; tarsis
anticis vix dilatatis; tergite septimo concavo, producto, apice
subserrato.
Black, head and thorax rather profusely clothed with
pubescence, that on the vertex and disk of mesonotum
tuscous, the front, cheeks, pleure, and median segment
griseous ; tergites 1 and 2 with distinct apical fascize and
330 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on
tergite 3 laterally with white pubescence; tergite 6 with a
patch of ferruginous-red hairs. Scopa black. Wings sub-
hyaline.
Mandibles fairly robust, tridentate, with distinct carine
towards apex.
Clypeus rather broader than long, the apex truncate.
There is a sharp tubercle on the metasternum between
the hind coxee. Abdomen parallel-sided, tergites 2 and 3
with broad, shallow, transverse sulci. Whole covered with
uniform fine punctures, enclosed area at base of median seg-
ment and truncation of first abdominal segment impunctate.
Length 16 mm.
3. Differs from the 2 in having only lateral spots (not
fascize) on the apex of segments 1 and 2; the general appear-
ance is more hirsute than the ¢. In secondary sexual
characters the following are chiefly noticeable :—antennz
simple ; anterior tarsi flattened, not dilated, their colours.
from ferruginous to ivory-white. Tergite 7 is black ; con-
cave, but curled out towards apex; the apex is serrate.
Length 15 mm.
S.W. AustraLiaA: Yallingup, Nov.—Dec. 1913 (R. EF.
Turner).
A long series of both males and females.
The sexes of this fine species are very different in appear-
ance, but Mr. Turner has no doubt whatever that they are
correctly associated. He found the females burrowing in
sandy banks and the males flying round the burrows in
profusion. Some of the females have large globules of gum
mm their mandibles, evidently taken up from the Hucalyptus
known as the “red gum.” The gum thus collected is
probably used either to keep the sand from falling in on the
burrows or to gum together the leaves of which the cells are
made. Similar gum was found in the mandibles of specimens
of M. nasuta, F. Smith.
22. Megachile leeuwinensis, sp. n.
Q. Nigra; capite, thorace, tergitibus 1-5 fasciis apicalibus griseo-
pilosis ; sternitibus 546 tergiteque 6 rufis, pallide hirsutis;
scopa plerumque albida; clypeo brevi, apice emarginato; man-
dibulis robustis, dentatis ; alis hyalinis.
Long. 11 mm.
S$ similis, sed tergitibus 5-7 rufis; articulo 2 tarsorum dilatato,
tergite 7 concavo-dentato.
Black ; head, thorax, and apical fascize on tergites 1-5
clothed with fulvous-grey. pubescence; tergites 4-6 more or
the Apide in the British Museum. 331
less completely dusted with fulvous-grey pubescence ; tergite
6 and sternites 5 and 6 have the chitin dull red. Legs
sparsely clothed with greyish hair, tarsi with ferruginous-red
pubescence within.
Wings hyaline.
Mandibles robust, with two distinct apical teeth and two
smaller ones towards the base, hardly carinate.
Clypeus short, convex, the apex with a broad shallow
emargination, its edge somewhat irregular.
Abdomen short, widest in the middle.
Whole insect for the most part covered with small even
puncturing; tergites 4-6 more coarsely punctured, the
enclosed area at base of median segment, the truncation of
segment, and tegule impunctate.
Length 11 mm.
3g. Similar to the 2 in general appearance, but with the
three last tergites dull red.
Megachile leeuwinensis, §. Anterior tarsi,
Anterior tarsi for the most part ferruginous, the dilatation
on joint 2 ivory-white ; first tarsal joint with a fringe of
silky-white hairs of medium length on the outside ; mixed
with this fringe are a few (about ten) very long, stout, ferru-
ginous hairs, secand tarsal joint with a long spine at apex,
the remaining tarsal joints with ferruginous hair, Tergite 7
concave, the apex with two small tubercles rather widely
separated.
S.W. AustRALiA: Yallingup, 23rd Dec, 1913-23rd Jan.
1914 (&, £, Turner), 10.9 9,8 ¢¢@.
Rather resembles a large M. apicata, Smith. The dilated
second tarsal joint is an interesting character in the ¢, and
the curious long, stout hairs on the metatarsus are very
noticeable.
332 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on
Megachile ferox, Smith, ?.
There is a good series of males of this striking species in
the collection from Yallingup, and also three specimens which
are certainly the female. As the male is the only described
sex, a short description of the female is added :—
©. Nigra, plerumque griseo-pilosa; tergitibus 1-3 obscure griseo-
fasciatis, 5-6 plus minusve rufo-aurantiacis; alis subhyalinis ;
scopa ventrali alba; clypeo latiore quam longiore, apice trun-
cato ; mandibulis robustis obscure dentatis.
Long. 12 mm.
General facies similar to the male.
Black, bead and thorax more or less densely clothed with
griseous pubescence, densest on inner orbits and median
segment, with distinct white spots on sides of pronotum,
mesopleure, and axille, tergites 1-3 or 4 with narrow apical
fascize of same colour ; scopa silvery white, sternite 6 fuscous ;
tergites 5 and 6 clothed with bright ferruginous red, a few
ferruginous hairs on clypeus and mandibles.
Wings subhyaline.
Mandibles robust, of uniform width ; only two distinct
teeth, their surface with two conspicuous caring in addition
to the outer margin.
Clypeus rather broader than long, the apex truncate.
Head about as broad as thorax ; abdomen parallel-sided,
tergites 3 and 4 with transverse sulci. ‘I'he whole uniformly
punctured, the punctures even, of medium size; enclosed
area of median segment, truncation of tergite 1, and tegule
impunctate.
Wings subhyaline.
Length 12 mm.
This species is closely allied to MV. subferox, but the differ-
ences noted in the key should serve to separate them,
23. Megachile longiceps, sp. n.
@. Nigra, clypeo fronteque pallide aureo-pilosis; area intra-
orbitali, genis, thorace ubique, abdominis segmentis 1—4 fasciis
apicalibus, pedibusque plerumque albo-pilosis; scopa ventrali
alba; tergite sterniteque 6 rufis, griseo-pubescentibus; clypeo
apice subtruncato ; alis hyalinis.
Long. 84 mm.
Black ; front and clypeus rather sparsely clothed with
golden pubescence ; inner orbits, cheeks, the whole thorax,
the Apidee in the British Museum. 333
narrow apical fascize on tergites 1-4, and the legs clothed
with whitish pubescence ; scopa silvery white. Tergite and
sternite 6 reddish, the pubescence pale golden.
Wings hyaline.
Megachile longiceps, 2. Front view of head.
Head, viewed from the front, very long, about 14 as long
as broad ; mandibles robust, the cutting-edge without teeth,
their surface with one distinct carina; c/ypeus broader than
long, shallowly emarginate at apex ; abdomen parallel-sided,
tergites 2-4 with shallow transverse furrows near their base.
The whole covered with small even punctures, except the
enclosed space at base of median segment, the truncation of
tergite 1, and the tegule, which are impunctate.
Length 83 mm.
S.W. Austrauia: Yallingup, 23rd Dec. 1913-23rd Jan.
1914 (type), 3 ¢ 2; Busselton, 24th-27th Jan. 1914 (KR. EZ.
Turner),4 9 9.
This little species bears a strong resemblance to IZ. apicata,
Smith, from Adelaide and West Australia, and M. clypeata,
Smith, from West Australia. From the former it may be
distinguished by its peculiarly long head (viewed from the
front) and from the latter by its normal clypeus, that of
M. clypeata having two striking tubercles,
24. Megachile subferox, sp. n.
Q. Nigra; facie, pleuris, segmento mediano, tergitibus 1-4 fasciis
apicalibus plus minusve interruptis, pallide pilosis ; scopa ven-
trali alba; tergite 6 rufo-aurantiaco ; clypeo subquadrato, apice
truncato ; mandibulis robustis, apice carinatis ; alis subfuscis,
Long. 11 mm,
334 On the Apide in the British Museum.
¢ similis, sed hirsutior; tarsis anticis simplicibus, tergite apicali
concayo, apice rotunde bilobato; tergitibus 4 apice et 5 rufo-
aurantiacis.
Long. 11 mm.
Black, the inner orbits, prothorax, and postscutellum with
pale fuscous hair ; postorbits, pleure, and four spots on
mesonotum with whitish pubescence ; basal tergite with some
long pale hair, tergites 2-4 with apical fascize of pale scale-
like hairs, rather broken in the middle. Ventral scopa white.
Legs sparsely clothed with griseous pubescence ; tarsi reddish
within, ‘Tergite 6 (and sometimes tergite 5 at apex) densely
clothed with ferruginous-red pubescence.
Mandibles massive, the cutting-edge irregularly serrate,
the base without distinct sculpture, but with two conspicuous
carine converging towards the apex.
Clypeus flat, subquadrate, the apex truncate.
The head and thorax are covered with fine even punctures,
the thorax with somewhat coarser granular punctures ; tergites
2-4 have distinct transverse sulci towards the base.
Wings suffused with fuscous.
Length 11 mm.
gd. Very similar to ? in general appearance, but with
much longer hair; the pale markings on abdomen are
entirely lateral ; the reddish-ferruginous pubescence is on
tergites 4 (apically) and 5. Anterior tarsi simple, apical
segment of abdomen roundly bilobed.
Length 11 mm.
S.W. AustraLtiaA: Yallingup, Nov. 1913-Jan. 1914;
Busselton, Jan, 1914 (A. EL. Turner). A long series of
females and five males.
Comes very near to WZ, ferov, Smith; for differences see
key to the species,
THAUMATOSOMA, Smith.
Thaumatosoma duboulayi, Smith.
S.W, AusTRALIA: Yallingup, 14. x. 1913 (1 g) and
j. x1, 1915 (1 2) (2. £.Puener).
This is the first-recorded female in this interesting genus,
the four species known at the present time being all described
from males.
For a key to the species see Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)
xli. p. 492 (1913); T. testaceicorne, Cam, (1908), described
from Matheran, N. India, is omitted from this key.
On a new Shrew from Upper Burma. 335
?. In colour and distribution the pubescence resembles
the g and Megachile species of the M. heriadiformis group.
Abdomen distinctly narrowed basally, not parallel-sided,
gradually widening towards apex of tergite 3; apical seg-
ments rather flattened. Mandibles and clypeus almost as in
the subgenus Humegachile ; mandibles of equal width along
the greater part of their length, rather expanded at apex ;
Thaumatosoma duboulayt, 2, and front view of head.
clypeus very short, with a slight emargination at apex, the
middle with a longitudinal carina. No malar space. An-
tenne 12-jointed. Head very broad, widest at the base of
the mandibles. Ventral scopa very pale yellowish. Head,
thorax, and tergites 1-4 with even fine punctures, tergites 5
and 6 coarser.
Length 12 mm,
XXIX.—A new Shrew of the Genus Blarinella from
Upper Burma. By OLDFIELD THoMAs.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Mr. F, Kincpon Warp, who had already sent various small
mammals from Western China, has now obtained for the
British Museum a few from the mountains in the north
of Upper Burma. Besides a Pachyura and a Vandeleuria,
already known from Burmese territory, they include three
forms of Chinese affinity, namely Apodemus speciosus orestes,
336 On a new Shrew from Upper Burma.
Chimarrogale styani (the second known example), and the
following new Blarinella, a genus hitherto only recorded
from Western China.
Blarinella wardi, sp. n.
Colour both above and below of the same dark smoky grey
as in B. quadraticauda, therefore darker than in the mouse-
grey B. griselda, ‘Vail slightly longer than in the latter
species.
Skull of about the same length as in B. griselda, therefore
shorter than in quadraticauda; breadth, however, con-
spicuously less, especially across the brain-case. Owing,
however, to the fact that the brain-case of the only specimen
is somewhat damaged, so that a certain doubt attaches to the
chief measurement given below, I may note that the breadth
between the outer corners of the glenoid processes is only
5°0 mm., as compared with 5°8 in griselda, this part being
unaffected by the damage to the typical skull. Side-walls of
mesopterygoid fossa not so completely reticulated as in the
type of B. griselda.
Teeth, in relative proportions, about as in B. quadraticauda,
but both first and second unicuspids considerably smaller.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 70 mm.; tail 35 ; hind foot 11; ear 4.
Skull: length 18; condylo-incisive length 19°3; greatest
breadth across brain-case (c.) 8°5; upper tooth-series 84 ;
front of p* to back of m? 4:3; breadth between outer corners
of m? 4°9 ; lower tooth-series 7°7.
Hab. Hpimaw, Upper Burma, about 26° N., 98° 35! EH.
Alt. 8000'.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 15.2. 1.3. Original
number 2. Collected 10th August, 1914, by F. Kingdon
Ward. Presented by Oldfield Thomas.
This species is readily distinguishable from the B. quad-
raticauda of Sze-chwan by its smaller size, and from B. gri-
selda of Kansu by its darker colour and much narrower skull.
The curious imperfection or reticulation of the lateral walls
of the mesopterygoid fossa noticed above would seem to
be a character peculiar to Blarinella, as I do not find it in
Blarina or any other genus of shrews.
Geological Society. 337
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
December 2nd, 1914.—Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.
The following communication was read :—
‘On a Bone Implement from Piltdown (Sussex).? By
Charles Dawson, F.S.A., F.G.S., and A. Smith Woodward, LL.D.,
F.R.S., Pres.G.S.
During the past season the Authors have continued excavations
in the Piltdown gravel round the edge of the area previously
explored. Rolled fragments of highly mineralized teeth of Rhino-
ceros and Mastodon were again found, but no human remains were
met with. The most important discovery was a large bone imple-
ment, which is now described. This specimen was found in dark
vegetable soil beneath the hedge which bounds the gravel-pit, not
far from the spoil-heap whence the right parietal bone of the Pilt-
down skull was obtained two years ago. On being washed away
the soil left no stain on the bone, which was covered with firmly-
adherent yellow clay, closely similar to that of the flint-bearing
layer at the bottom of the gravel. The bone itself is highly
mineralized, and agrees exactly in appearance with some small
fragments of bone which the Authors discovered actually in place
in the clay just mentioned. There can be no doubt, therefore, that
the implement was found by the workmen when they were digging
gravel from the adjacent hole, and was thrown away by them with
the other useless débris. It is a stout and nearly straight narrow
flake of bone, 41 em. long, and varying from 9 to 10 cm. in
width, with the thicker end artificially pointed, the thinner end
artificially rounded. It appears to be a longitudinal strip flaked
from a limb-bone by a blow at the thicker end, in the same way as
flint implements were flaked from their original cores. Direct
comparison suggests that it was taken from a Proboscidean femur
as large as that of Hlephas meridionalis. In microscopic structure
it agrees with Proboscidean bone. The two ends of the implement
are shaped entirely by cutting, and bear no marks of grinding or
rubbing. Most of the cut facettes are small, and many of them
suggest that they were made by some primitive tool, presumably a
flint. The rounded end seems to have been trimmed for comfort-
able handling. The thick pointed (or, rather, keeled) end does not
show any signs of battering or scratching by use. Just above the
pointed end one lateral edge of the bone is marked by a large
smooth groove running across from the inner to the outer face of
the bone. It seems to have been originally a perforation from
which the outer wall has been accidentally broken away. Within
it on the inner face is the beginning of a second similar perforation,
as if an attempt had been made to repair the damage. The
Authors conclude that the implement is unique, and are unable to
explain its specific use.
338 Geological Society.
December 16th, 1914.—Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.
A Lecture was delivered by Prof. W. M. Frrnpers Perrte,
D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.B.A., on the Paleolithic Age and
its Climate in Egypt.
He said that the classes of worked flints peculiar in Egypt are:
(1) Irregular, with broad unregulated fractures. (2) Rounders,
flaked in all directions to an edged dise. (8) Hoots, very thick,
rudely domed with an obtuse edge. (4) Lunes, with obtuse edges.
(5) Crescent scrapers. Irregular flints, similar to those from
St. Acheul, are found in high Nile gravels.
The regular European types occur exactly like those classed
as Chellean and Acheulian. The Mousterian forms are so often
found in various periods, that they cannot be assigned without
evidence of age. The Aurignacian survive into the early civiliz«
ation. The large class of flints from the Fayum desert comprises
all the Solutrean types, and also Robenhausian forms. The flakes
of the early civilization (8000 to 6000 B.c.) are identical with
Maedalenian.
Views of the Nile cliffs show the general nature of the countty
and conditions. Successive changes of level are indicated by (1)
the collapse of immense drainage-caverns far below present level ;
(2) the filling of valleys with débris up to 650 feet above the
present sea-level; (8) the gouging-out of fresh drainage-lines
through the filling; and (4) rolled gravels on the top of cliffs
800 feet above sea-level, since when there has been no perceptible
denudation by rain. The great extent of these elevations and
depressions is likely to be connected with similar movements at
Gibraltar, which are believed to synchronize with the movements
of glacial periods in Northern Europe. The evidence of the flint
ages agrees with this connexion.
January 20th, 1915.—Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.
The following communications were read :—
1. ‘The Geology of the District around Machynlleth and the
Llyfnant Valley.’ By Prof. Owen Thomas Jones, M.A., D.Sc.,
F.G.S., and William John Pugh, B.A., University College of Wales,
Aberystwyth.
In an introduction a brief account is given of the physical
features, general succession, and structure of the area, and reference
is made to the work of previous investigators, especially to that of
Walter Keepmg. For the major groups the classification applied
in 1909 to the district around Plynlimon and Pont Erwyd is
adopted, but slight differences are introduced in the arrangement of
the minor groups. The classification is as follows :—
Geological Society. 339
ee A. &
C. Ystwrrn Pale mudstones with numerotis
laminated grit-bands.
| STAGE.
f
a
5. Zone of Monograptus
halli.
;
4.
Zone of Monograptus
sedgwicki.
Pale-blue and green-
ish mudstones
with bands of dark
|
Ty’n-y-maen
Group.
“2 tus persculptus. blue mudstones.
ALARTFELL
(Orpo-
VICIAN).
Piyn- (
LIMON
STAGE.
Dark mudstones, grits, and some
conglomerates.
Derwen | 3 Fond ,
‘a : of Monograptus
b. say Heat regularis, ( gtaptoliferous shales,
VALENTIAN 2. Zone of Monograptus | and some thin
(SinupRiay). B. Sal } leptotheca. ayes
Shen | green flags.
: 1. Zone of Mésograptus
“magnus, J
t* Dark rust
3. Monograptus spp. s y-
z Beds. weathering
wmere ;
: a. Group. < 2. Zone of Diplograptus shales and
334 feet. acuminatus. limestones,
1. Zone of Glyptograp- ‘ Mottled Beds’ and
fa
L
The distribution and characters of these beds are described. The
‘Mottled Beds’ form the base of the Silurian and rest sharply on the
underlying beds, and there is evidence of complete discontinuity at
this level; they have proved of great ‘service in elucidating the
structure. The Monograptus spp. Beds contain graptolites which
elsewhere pertain to the zones of Monograptus triangulatus,
WM. cyphus, and M. acinaces ; but another zone, that of ML atavus,
has not been proved, although it probably occurs. The Derwen
Group consists of a regular alternation of mudstones and shale-bands
with graptolites, which have also proved of service in mapping.
Only a small thickness of the Ystwyth Stage occurs, and no sub-
divisions are attempted. _
The rocks are sharply folded, and sometimes overfolded, towards
the east. Their axes range approximately north-north-east and
south-south-west; the folds in the central area pitch northwards,
but north of the Dovey a southerly pitch sets in. Each large
fold is composed of a number of smaller folds having parallel axes,
and changing in pitch more frequently than the larger folds.
Strike-faults of considerable magnitude range nearly parallel with
the folding axes, and are in all cases overthrusts towards the east.
Of greater interest are the transverse faults ranging nearly east=
north-east and west-south-west. Most of these are small, but their
‘course across the higher ground is indicated by well-defined notches
in the ridges that they cross. Two of these faults, the Pennal
and Llyfnant Faults, are shatter-belts. The Llyfnant Fault dis-
places several folding axes, and overthrusts to the east on the north
side. Its vertical displacement is on an average about 300 feet,
340 Geological Soctety.
but its horizontal displacement is usually over 3000 feet. It may
therefore be called a ‘tear-fault.’ Both the Llyfnant and the
Pennal Faults exercise some influence upon the drainage-system of
the area.
A brief comparison of the succession with other districts is added.
2. ‘The Geology of the District between Abereiddy and Aber-
castle (Pembrokeshire).’ By Arthur Hubert Cox, M.Sc., Ph.D.,
E.G.S.
The district is situated north-east of the area occupied by the
pre-Cambrian rocks of St. Davids, and it is bounded on its
northern side by the Pembrokeshire coast. Although some parts
of this district have already been the subject of geological investi-
gation, yet the stratigraphy and structure of the greater part is
now described for the first time. Abereiddy itself has been, since
the time of Hicks, a type-locality for the Llanvirn Beds, but
observations recently made by Prof. O. T. Jones showed that
the sequence required reinvestigation. It has now been found that
the Ordovician rocks of the district do not succeed one another in
a simple upward sequence, but that they have been thrown into
great folds and sometimes even overfolded. The folds have sub-
sequently been broken by extensive strike-faulting. The limbs of
the folds increase in steepness as the pre-Cambrian massif is
approached. This folding brings up strips of Cambrian rocks,
the presence of which on the North Pembrokeshire coast was pre-
viously quite unsuspected.
There is a complete sequence of Ordovician rocks from near the base
of the Arenig Series to high up in the Glenkiln Group. The lowest
Arenig rocks are a series of arenaceous strata (the Abercastle and
Porth Gain Beds) which correspond to the ‘ Vesuretus Beds’ of
Ramsey Island. These strata are in faulted relationship to the
Cambrian, so that the true base of the Arenig is not seen. The
arenaceous beds pass upwards without a break into Tetragraptus
Shales, which are in turn succeeded by the Bzfidus Beds. Lilanvir-
nian volcanic rocks are represented in one part of the district
by the Llanrian Volcanic Series, which begins high up in the zone
ot Didymograptus bitidus, and in another part by the Murchisoni
Ash, which forms the base of the D.-murchisoni Zone. The Llan-
deilo Series compares closely with that of Carmarthenshire, and
does not contain any voleanic rocks as was at one time supposed.
Contemporancous igneous rocks occur at two horizons :—
(i) keratophyres at a high horizon in the Yetragraptus Shales,
and (ii) quartz-keratophyres (soda-rhyolites) towards the top of
the D.-bifidus Beds. The intrusive rocks (diabases) belong to
two types, (a) subophitic quartz-diabases, and (4) ophitic diabases
without quartz. Both types were intruded earlier than the main
folding, and consequently earlier than the cleavage and faulting.
A great north-westerly line of disturbance—the Pwll Strodyr
Fault—cuts across all other structures, and brings on entirely
different groups of strata.
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Ricuarp 8. Bacwat, F.L.S., F.E.S. Sune Said “tage se tae ‘
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GrorrREY MmapE-Waupo, M.A. 0... 0. eee eee cece ee eee tates B25 am
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XXX.—Descriptions and Records of Bees. —LXVI.
By T. D. A. Cockrre.t, University of Colorado.
Pasiphaé cyanea, sp. n.
? —Length about 11 mm., expanse 17°5.
Rather robust, shining dark blue, with the knees, tibia,
and tarsi bright ferruginous, with hair of the same colour ;
scape black, but the rather short and thick flagellum ferru-
ginous ; hair of head, thorax, abdomen, and basal part of
legs black, but at apex of abdomen, on each side of the
apical plate, ferruginous, contrasting with the thick black
hair on fifth segment ; region of mouth with red hairs ;
head broad, front with long coarse hair; mandibles simple,
truncate ; labrum entire; clypeus finely punctured, its
lower margin black ; fourth and fifth antennal joints very
short; mesothorax shining, very finely punctured ; scu-
tellum with a longitudinal median impression ; area of meta-
thorax large, triangular, rough but glistening ; thorax with
long hair, but the mesothorax (except anterior border) and
scutellum bare, while beneath the wings is a circular bare
area, which is blue, contrasting with the more lilac adjacent
parts ; tegule dark rufous. Wings hyaline, faintly dusky,
the nervures and stigma bright amber-colour ; b. n. meeting
t.-m., the latter bent in the middle; upper side of first
discoidal arched; second s.m. very long, narrowed about
half above, receiving first r.n. at a distance from base equal
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. §. Vol. xv. 23
342 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
to about four-fifths of length of first t.-c.; second r.n. re-
ceived a short distance from apex ; marginal cell rounded
at apex; outer upper corner of third discoidal approxi-
mately rectangular. Abdomen shining, with only very
minute and feeble punctures, hind margins of second and
third segments reddish. Hind tibial scopa red, abundant,
long and loose.
Hab. Rio McClelland, Tierra del Fuego, 12.1. 1905 (R.
Crawshay). British Museum. Found “in the face of the
cliff, on the sea-shore.”
This differs from Pasiphaé, as originally defined, by the
large ocelli forming a curve rather than a triangle, the robust
antennee, the marginal cell obtuse at apex (though with a
very small appendicular nervure), and the labrum not emar-
ginate. Except for the slight appendage at the end of the
marginal cell, the venation agrees with that of Bicolletes
neotropica, Friese (which is herewith designated as the type
of Bicolletes), but Bicolletes is scarcely to be separated
generically from Pasiphaé. P. cyanea is readily known
from most species by its blue colour ; it is, perhaps, related
to P. cerulescens, Spinola, which is unknown to me, and
seems not to have been found since it was described in 1851.
Capicola (?) basutorum, sp. n.
3 .—Length about 12 mm.
Slender ; head, thorax, and first abdominal segment black,
rest of abdomen dark reddish fuscous; mandibles reddish,
with the base pallid and yellowish ; clypeus black ; flagellum
bright orange-fulvous, about the basal third black above;
tubercles yellow; cox, trochanters, and base of femora
piceous, legs otherwise light yellow suffused with ferru-
ginous ; tegulz hyaline, rufo-testaceous. Wings smoky,
hyaline, and stained with orange basally ; stigma light
orange-ferruginous ; nervures fuscous, the subcostal black,
but the costal and other nervures toward base of wing ferru-
ginous. Labrum emarginate ; head broader than long, eyes
prominent ; face densely covered with light ochreous
hair ; antennz only moderately long, flagellum thick ; ocelli
rather large ; vertex with thin reddish hair; region on each
side of ocelli smooth, with few strong punctures ; thorax
with thin reddish hair ; mesothorax and scutellum shining,
with very large scattered punctures ; area of metathorax
with about ten very strong ridges, the intervals shining—
this region is bounded by an elevation, below which are
short oblique plice. Wings large and ample; marginal
Records of Bees. 343
cell long, ending in arather obtuse point nearly on costa;
stigma large; two submarginal cells, the second one very
long, narrowed more than half above ; b.n. falling a con-
siderable distance short of t.-m.; first r.n. entering second
s.m. a long distance from its base, and the second almost as
far from its apex. Legs slender and simple; claws very
small, pulvilli distinct. Abdomen narrow and _ shining,
scarcely punctured, with thin reddish hair, denser at ends
of last three segments ; pygidial area distinct, apical plate
black, with spoon-like outline.
Hab. Basutoland, Africa (R. Crawshay). British Museum.
This represents a genus allied to Rhophites, but distinct,
Capicola and Rhinochetula of Friese were based on South
African species of this immediate group, and while the
present insect appears to be very distinct from the seven
forms ascribed to these genera by Friese, it may for the
present be regarded as a doubtful Capicola. Friese cites no
type for Rhinochetula ; R. cinctiventris is herewith designated.
as the type of that genus.
Paracolletes callander, sp. n.
? —Length about 16 mm.
Black, with the flagellum beneath (except basally) and the
small jcints of tarsi ferruginous; hair of head and thorax
abundant, warm pale reddish, paler beneath, on cheeks and
on metathorax, reddest at sides of mesothorax and the region
about tubercles; clypeus only very thinly hairy, shining,
with scattered distinct punctures ; supraclypeal area smooth ;
sides of vertex duil, but region behind ocelli shining ; meso.
thorax and scutellum dull, hairs on scutellum, as well as
a patch below and in front of wings, tipped with fuscous ;
area of metathorax dull, witnout distinct sculpture ; tegule
black, covered with hair in front. Wings smoky, nervures
dark brown, stigma little developed; b.n. falling a little
short of t.-m.; second s.m. very broad, receiving first r,n,
about middle, Legs with hair coloured like that on thorax,
but hind tibial scopa long and loose, glistening silvery,
though reddish-tinted. Abdomen dull, with a finely rough-
ened surface ; hind margins of the first four segments with
narrow hair- bands, the first feeble, the others appearing as
narrow but conspicuous white lines ; apical plate very large
and broad, the surrounding hair dark choco! ate, but nearly
white at sides of apical part of abdomen.
g .—Length about 13°5 mm,
More slender; abdomen (except lateral black marks,
QW
23
344 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
especially a large round patch at sides of second segment),
apical part of femora above (on anterior and middle ones
extending below middle), knees, tibiz (except a suffused
dusky patch on middle and hind ones behind), and tars:
ferruginous ; mandibles red, dusky apically ; clypeus (except
two small dusky spots) avd labrum reddish orange, but
almost certainly yellow in life ; supraclypeal area reddish ;
antennz long and slender, red, the flagellum suffusedly
blackened above and broadly black apically ; ; hair of face,
front, vertex, and thorax above very rich orange-ferruginous,
that on scutellum and posterior two-thirds ‘of. mesothorax
tipped with fuscous ; second s.m. sometimes narrower, when
it receives first r.n. before middle; hair-bands of abdomen
thin, pale fulvous, inconspicuous.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia ; both sexes, Nov. 1913,
and a female, Dec. 1-12 (R. H. Turner). British Museum.
The sexes look very different, but they were associated by
the collector, who determined them to belong together
by field-observations.
The species is allied to P. nigrocinctus, Ckll., but readily
distinguished by the large size and bright colours. Mr.
Turner has determined that P. tenwicinctus, Ckll., is the
male of P. nigrocinctus; he found the sexes together abun-
dantly on Leptospermum. The type of P. callander is a
female.
Paracolletes andreniformis, sp. n.
9? .—Length about 13 mm.
Robust, black, with black and white hair; head broad,
facial quadrangle much broader than long; cheeks and
lower half of front with long white hair, at sides of face it is
thin and greyer, on vertex it is fuscous, beneath labrum it
is glittermg golden ; mandibles truncate ; clypeus shining,
sparsely and irregularly punctured, raised in the middle
to a roof-like ridge; supraclypeal area shining, rather more
closely punctured than clypeus; scape long and black;
flagellum short, dull reddish beneath except basally ; sides of
front finely, rather closely punctured ; thorax with white
hair in front and behind, at sides and beneath, dense on
tubercles, but mesothorax (except anteriorly) and scutellum
with thin black lair; mesothorax and scutellum polished
and shining, with distinct but not dense punctures ; area of
metathorax smooth and shining, the margin beaded ; pleura
dullish, punctured ; tegule very dark brown, with a tuft
of black hair in front. Wings dusky, nervures and sigma
Records of Bees. 315
piceous; b. n. meeting t.-m.on outer side ; second s.m. only
moderately broad, receiving first r.n. about middle; end of
first r.n. about twice as far from second t.-e. as second r.n.
from third t.-c. Legs with fuscous to cream-coloured hair,
largely fuscous on outer side of anterior and middle tibie,
but hind tibial scopa cream-coloured or very pale brownish.
Abdomen very finely and closely punctured, segments 2 to 4
with interrupted white hair-bands, apical half of fifth densely
covered with ochreous hair, and the sixth with the same ;
apical plate narrow and rather small; apical half of venter
covered with appressed golden hair.
Hab. Yallingup, Dec. 23, 1913-Jan. 23,1914; 3 2? (KR. E.
Turner). British Museum.
In my table of Smith’s species this falls nearest to P. ob-
scurus, which has sooty-black hair on the fifth abdominal
segment. Superficially it is very like certain species of
Andrena.
Goniocolletes pallidus, sp. n.
¢ .—Length about 11°5 mm.
Agreeing in structure and most characters with G. morsus,
Ckll., the type of the genus, but having the abdomen light
ferruginous (lind margins of segments broadly hyaline),
with the punctures very fine and the mesothorax feebly
punctured. The pygidial area on seventh tergite of abdomen
and the projecting apical plate beyond arered. The flagellum
is dusky red, almost black above. The third s.m. is broad
above and the third t.-c. is strongly bowed outward. Hind
tibiee with approximately apical half black and basal half
orange-fulvous. Maxillary palpi short.
Hah. Hermanusburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier).
British Museum.
The second known specimen and species of this remarkable
genus.
Callomelitta rugosa, sp. n.
2? —Length about 8 mm.
General form as in C, picta; head and thorax with scanty,
short, pale reddish hair ; head black, with the lower inargin
of clypeus, labrum (which is emarginate), and mandibles
(which are thick, bidentate at apex) obscure dark red ; an-
tenne entirely bright ferruginous ; entire head strongly and
quite closely punctured ; mesothorax terra-cotta red, except
a large black patch in the posterior middle, the whole
appearing rugose from the strong and very dense punctures ;
346 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
tubercles red, strongly carinate, covered behind with dense
eream-coloured tomentum ; rest of thorax black; scutellum
very coarsely rugoso-punctate, postscutellum dull and
granular; area of metathorax with a row of plice at the
base and one on each postero-lateral side, the latter broad at
the sides, but toward the middle narrowing to a line of pits;
sides of metathorax, as seen from behind, with only a
single projecting point, but there are two nodules on each
side near the upper corners, only noticed in an oblique view ;
pleura coarsely rugoso-punctate ; tegule light fulvo-ferru-
ginous. Wings strongly smoky, paler basally; stigma and
nervures rufo-fuscous ; venation essentially as in C. picta,
but first r. n. joins second s.m. well beyond the middle, and
third s.m. is less contracted above. Legs ferruginous, hind
tibia with a loose white scopa; hind tibial knee-plate greatly
elongated, hind spur with only a microscopical ciliation.
Abdomen black, with the base and apex of first segment and
second segment almost entirely dull red; first segment
polished and shining, with very sparse minute punctures ;
second shining, but closely and distinctly punctured except
in middle; remaining segments closely and finely punctured,
but clothed with fine and short, appressed, golden-brown
hair, the apical region with long pale reddish hair.
Hab. Queensland (Ff. P. Dodd). British Museum. The
exact locality is unknown.
Nearest to C. turnerorum, Ckll., also from Queensland,
but easily known by the colours, the rugose sculpture, &c.
Prosopis kalamunda, sp. n.
? .—Length about 7°5 mm.
Head and thorax black, with bright chrome-yellow
markings, consisting of large lateral face-marks (filling space
between clypeus and eye, and extending upward with the
form of a closed hand with the index-finger, which is very
short, pointed), swollen upper border of prothorax, tubercles,
large semilunar patch behind tubercles, scutellum, and
postscutellum (except at sides). Legs black, the anterior
tibie with an obscure yellow spot at base. Abdomen
shining steel-blue ; clypeus aciculate, somewhat depressed
in middle; front and vertex shining, with strong well-
separated punctures ; mesothorax shining, with large, irre-
gular, scattered punctures ; area of metathorax with a basal
channel crossed by plice, and below this, on each side, a
strong oblique ridge; pleura with widely separated punc-
turcs. Legs with fine silky white har; tegule black.
Records of Bees. 347
Wings quite clear, stigma and nervures fuscous; first r.n.
meeting first t.-c. Abdomen shining, with extremely feeble
and minute scattered punctures.
?.—Variety jugata, v. n. With a transverse approxi-
mately kidney-shaped supraclypeal mark, the notch on the
lower side; a yellow spot near each anterior corner of meso-
thorax, and a yellow dot on tegule. The clypeus is obscurely
reddish.
Hab. Kalamunda, 8.W. Australia, Feb. 9-28, 1914 (R. E.
Turner). British Museum,
In my table of Australian Prosopis this runs to 18, and
runs out because it is much smaller than P. perplexa, and
has a yellow patch behind tubercles. Mr. Turner obtained
males of Prosopis elongata, Smith, at Kalamunda; super-
ficially elongata much resembles the new species, but on
closer examination it is seen not to be very closely allied.
Prosopis fulvicornis, Smith.
Kalamunda, Feb. 9-28, 1914; 1 ¢ (R. H. Turner).
This agrees with Smith’s description of P. fulvicornis
(which was discovered from the Baly collection, and was not
in the British Museum), except for the fact that the lateral
face-marks extend broadly halfway up the front, so that the
whole yellow area of the head rather resembles (though too
broad) a donkey’s head with erect ears. The large and
broad supraclypcal mark is notched above; the yellow mark
behind the tubercles is crescentic. Smith’s short description
is otherwise very characteristic.
This falls nearest to P. purpurata, Sm., but is smaller,
and differs in some details of the markings. It cannot be
the male of P. kalamunde, the sculpture being entirely
different.
Pachyprosopis hematostoma, Cockerell.
Kalamunda, Feb. 9-28, 1914 (R. E. Turner); 3 9.
With these are sent two males of P. aurantipes, Ckll.,
with the same data ; and if I do not mistake the meaning of
the label on one of the P. hematostoma, it is to be under-
stood that the two are sexes of one species. If this is correct,
it is very remarkable, as they differ extremely in colour and
general appearance. ‘The P. hematostoma are duller, not so
blue as the original types.
348 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
Pachyprosopis flavicauda, Cockerell.
Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, Jan. 15-Feb. 6, 1913, 1800-
2300 ft. (R. EB. Turner), British Museum.
A surprising extension of range; the species was described
from Sydney.
Euryglossa paupercula, sp. n.
? .—Length about 3°75 mm.
Black, shining, the abdomen above obscurely purplish ;
head thick, rather large, subquadrate, with broad cheeks ;
mandibles cream-colour, with black apex, which is bidentate ;
labrum and the very broad and low clypeus yellow, the latter
with a pair of widely separated fuscous teeth on lower
margin ; antenne brown, flagellum hairy, scape with a light
stripe in front; tegule brown. Wings hyaline, with a very
large dull rufous stigma ; first r.n. joining first s.m. about
as far from apex as equal to half first t.-c.; second s.m.
about as broad (long) as its apical height, not greatly pro-
duced above apically. Legs fuscous, with the trochanters
very pale reddish, the femora piceous, the anterior tibiz pale
red in front, all the tarsi pale fusco-ferruginous. Abdomen
broad, not hairy. The head and thorax are microscopically
reticulate, with scattered minute punctures.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia, Oct. 16, 1913 5 1.3
(R. E. Turner). British Museum.
This might be considered a Pachyprosopis, and is only
placed in Huryglossa because it lacks the true Pachyprosopis
venation. From its minute size, it will be associated with
FE. pernana, Ckll., but it differs at once by the yellow clypeus,
large stigma, &c.
Euryglossa narifera, sp. n.
? .—Length scarcely 5 mm.
Robust, shining, head and thorax black, abdomen obscure
purple: head large and broad, extremely thick, without
hair, except a thin fringe of long pale brown hairs over
mouth ; lower part of cheeks with a large pale yellow patch ;
mandibles light ferruginous, black apically ; labrum ferru-
ginous; clypeus (except two large semicircular areas, looking
like nostrils, on lower margin), a transverse supraclypeal
bar, and linear lateral face-marks (running along orbits to
level of antenne) all pale yellow; antenne short, light
ferruginous beneath ; tubercles light yellow ; tegule testa-
ceous. Wings hyaline, stigma (which is large) and nervures
Records of Bees. 349
dark rufo-fuscous; b.n. greatly arched ; first r.n. meeting
first t.-c.; second s.m. broad, but its upper apical corner
produced. Legs light ferruginous, the femora marked with
piceous, the anterior femora almost wholly dark except at
extreme ends. Abdomen broad, pale reddish at extreme
apex and beneath.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia, Nov. 1913, 3 9 (R. E.
Turner). British Museum.
Perhaps better called Pachyprosopis narifera, but the
second s.m. is not of the extreme type characteristic of
Pachyprosopis. The species is allied to EF. paupercula, but
much larger, with different markings.
Euryglossa nigrocerulea, Cockerell.
Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, 1300-2300 ft., Jan. 15.—Feb. 6,
1913 (R. H. Turner).
New to Tasmania.
Euryglossa flavocuneata, sp. u.
9 .—Length about 8 mm.
Similar to ZL. undulata, Ckll., but differing thus :—Much
smaller ; apical part of abdomen light ferruginous, with hair
of the same colour ; mandibles sometimes with a pale yellow
stripe above on basal half; flagellum beneath reddish brown,
without bands or spots; scutellum wholly without a median
impressed line ; tegulz pellucid reddish testaceous. Wings
strongly infuscated; b.n. falling short of t.-m. Middle
tibize with a broad yellowish stripe in front, sometimes obso-
Jete; hind knees pallid. First abdominal segment with
more than basal half yellow, more or less marked with pale
reddish ; fifth segment pale red, flushed with yellow at base,
sixth red. The abdomen has six conspicuous cuneiform
yellow patches, representing the bands on segments 2 to 4.
The type has a very broad abdomen ; in the other two it
appears narrow, but evidently as the result of compression
in papers. ‘The head and thorax are black, without pale
markings.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia, Nov. 1913 (R. EH. Turner).
British Museum.
Had I received only the male of EL. undulata, with females
of HE. flavocuneata, I should have referred them without
hesitation to a single species. Fortunately the sexes of
undulata were taken mated; the male of flavocuneata, when
found, will resemble that of uwadulata, presumably differing
by the darkened wings and testaceous tegule.
350 Descriptions and Records of Bees.
Euryglossa platyrhina, sp. n.
? Length about 6°5 mm.
Very br vad, with thin white hair, long on cheeks, pleura,
sides of metathorax, and sides of abdomen beneath ; dense
hair fringing tubercles brownish white ; ; head and thorax
black, without pale markings, except that the depressed and
flattened clypeus is pale yellowish ferruginous (the margins
and upper corners variably fuscous}, and this colour may
extend to form a transverse supraclypeal band; abdomen
dull, light ferruginous, with the following conspicuous black
or piceous marks:—a broad transverse band on middle half
p
of first segment, a large subcircular patch on each side of
second, a very broad band on middle third of second, a
transverse patch on middle of third, and a slight shade on
fourth ; mandibles dark, very obscurely rufescent just before
apex ; labial palpi peculiar, first joint greatly swollen, largely
piceous, second about half as wide as first, piceous except at
ends, about twice as long as wide, third and fourth pale
ferruginous, long and slender, the fourth longest (about
225 microns); maxillary palpi extremely small, six-jointed,
the basal joint dark, the others pale ferruginous ; clypeus
dullish, with very sparse and minute punctures ; front dull,
with smali scattered punctures ; cheeks very small, the whole
head remarkably flat; scape and flagellum pale reddish
testaceous beneath ; mesothorax dull, with widely scattered
very small punctures; scutellum more shining; area of
metathorax smooth and shining; tegule hyaline. Wings
hyaline, faintly dusky, stigma and nervures dull ferruginous ;
b.n. falling some distance short of t..m.; first r.n. joing
second s.m. near base ; second s.m. ein: second t.-c. regu-
larly arched outward. Legs hairy, black or piceous aud
ferruginous, the basal third and anterior sides of anterior
and middle tibize, anterior and middle knees, hind tibiz
entirely, and greater part of hind femora ferruginous ;
middle femora broad, convex in profile below ; hind spurs
of hind tibize with two rows of short strong tooth-like spines.
Pygidial plate of abdomen very small.
Hab. Yaliingup, Dec. 23-Jan. 14, 1918-14 (R. E. Turner) ;
3 ¢@. British Museum.
A peculiar and distinct species, not a typical Kuryglossa.
It could be made the type of a distinct genus or subgenus,
but this may wait until the classification of the whole group
is reconsidered.
On some External Characters of Cynogale bennettii. 351
XXXI.—On some of the External Characters of Cynogale
bennettii, Gray. By R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., Superintendent
of the Zoological Society’s Gardens.
[Plate XIV.]
Some of the external features of this aberrant amphibious
civet have been often described. Nevertheless, several inter-
esting points have been overlooked, and many of the published
statements regarding the characters observed require ampli-
fication or correction, the shortcomings in question being to
a great extent attributable to the enforced dependence of
authors upon dried skins or upon material defective in other
ways.
The matter contained in this paper is based mainly upon
an examination of three specimens, an adult female and two
young, collected by the late Mr. A. Everett in N.W. Borneo
and preserved in alcohol in the British Museum *.
Colour.—Accounts of the colour of Cynogale bennettii are
discrepant. In his very brief original description, published
in 1836, Gray said nothing on this point, but in the following
year he described the colour as brown, with the elongate
rigid hairs, rising from the soft crisp fur, black, with a
“subterminal silver-white band.” ‘This was confirmed by
Kydoux and Souleyet, who, in 1841, wrote :—“ Les poils
soyeux, qui sont surtout apparents au dos, dépassent un peu
ceux de Ja bourre, et comme ils sont terminés de blanc, ils
donnent au pelage une teinte générale glacée.”
Similarly, Schlegel and Miiller (Zoog. Ind. Archipel,
p- 120, 1839) described the species as ‘ donkerbruine
witachtig gespikkelde kleur ”—that is to say, colour dark
brown, speckled with whitish.
Flower and Lydekker (1891) copied Gray in recording
the fur as dark brown mixed with black and grey.
Finally, Sanyal wrote of a specimen living in the Gardens
at Calcutta (P. Z. 8S. 1894, p. 296) :—* Prevailing colour of
the fur grey, becoming grizzled white on the back, rump,
and outer surface of the limbs.”
On tle other hand, Mivart, in 1882, said the colour of the
coat is red-brown, with no markings, save a very narrow
black line along the crown of the elongated head; and,
* This paper is published by permission of the Trustees. On this, as
on other occasions, I am indebted to My. Oldfield Thomas for untram-
melled access to the specimens under his charge.
aog Mr. R. I. Pocock on some of the
following him apparently, Blanford, in 1888, spoke of the
colour as red-brown.
Detecting the discrepancy between Mivart’s and SaényAl’s
accounts, Mr. Lydekker, in 1896, commented on it as fol-
lows :—‘‘ The colour has been hitherto described as uniformly
reddish brown, save for a narrow dark streak down the head.
The difference may, perhaps, be in part accounted for from
the fact that one description is taken from the living animal
and the other from dried skins, and also from the different °
ages of the specimens examined, old ones being probably
more grey than younger examples.”
The main part of this passage is hardly in accord with
the facts, for the original authors—Gray, Schlegel and
Miller, Eydoux and Souleyet—independently mentioned
the white speckling ; an1 although Gray, at all events, had
only a dried skin to go upon, and the French and Dutch
authors certainly never saw Cynogale alive, their descriptions
nevertheless agree, at any rate in recording the white
speckling, with that of Sanyal, who had a living specimen
before him.
All the adult and subadult specimens in the British Mu-
seum, ranging from Malacca to Borneo, resemble in colour
those described by Gray and by the French and Dutch
authors. They are very dark brown, ‘frosted with grey
above. The whitish speckling scarcely extends on to the
tail and legs, and is absent on the underside, which is paler
brown than the back. The rhinarium is flesh-coloured and
the upper lip, lower lip, chin, and a varying amount of the
interramal area aud of the upper end of the throat are pale.
There are two white spots on each cheek, marking the
position of the genal vibrissal tufts, which are white, like
those of the interramal tuft. Similarly, the vibrissz arising
from the pale area of the upper lip are white. The upper-
most of them, however, are black, as also are the superciliary
bristles.
Mivart’s silence on the subject of the grey speckling
suggests that bis description of the colour was written from
memory. At all events, it is quite misleading.
Sényal’s description fits none of the specimens exactly.
His example, from an unknown locality in Borneo, was clearly
much whiter than any seen by other authors; but since it is
not available for examination, even if preserved after death,
it is useless to do more than suggest the possibility of its
having been a very old animal or a partial albino. In this
connection, be it noted, the tip of the tail was described as
white. At the same time it must not be forgotten that the
——)
External Characters of Cynogale bennettii. 353
underside was described as blackish, and was therefore
darker, instead of lighter, than the upperside. But since
his notes were taken from a living specimen, it is possible
that the blackish appearance of the underside was due to its
being in shadow.
As regards the colour of the young, Cantor (J. A. S. B.
xv. p. 203, 1846) wrote of Malayan specimens :—“ The very
young... differ from the adult in having a very soft, silky,
dense fur, mixed with longer hairs, which are black except
on the chest and abdomen, where the apex is silvery. Over
the tarsus and the upper surface of the feet some of the
hairs have a terminal white band close to the black apex.
The posterior margin of the ear is hairy and of a silvery
colour.”” Since an adult specimen from Malacca sent by
this collector to the British Museum is speckled with grey
dorsally, it may be inferred that the absence of dorsal
speckling is the main distinctive chromatic feature of the
newly-born young.
On the other hand, the two yvoung specimens from
N.W. Borneo in the British Museum differ from their
mother in having no appreciable white speckling above ;
but, as in the adult, there is no such speckling below.
These specimens, in fact, bear out Mr. Lydekker’s suggestion
that the greyness increases with age—at all events, up to a
certain point.
Muzzle and rhinarium* (P|. XIV. figs.1,2).—The muscular
development of the lateral portions of the upper lip, to give
mobility to the mystacial vibrissz, imparts a singular aspect
to the head, when viewed from above or below, owing to the
demarcation of the muzzle from the area behind it by a deep
constriction on each side.
Another peculiarity of the muzzle, to which attention has
been drawn by Mivart and others, 1s the absence of a median
vertical groove cleaving a central naked strip of integument,
such as is seen passing from the rhinarium to the edge
of the upper lip above the incisor teeth in the majority of
Carnivores and all typical Viverrines. But that is not all,
This area of the upper lip, in addition to being continuously
hairy and provided with short vibrissz, is also of unusual
length or depth. It differs, indeed, from the corresponding
area in all A¢luroid Carnivores, let alone the Viverrines and
Paradoxurines, and not excepting Crossarchus obscurus, in
being about twice the height of the anterior vertical portion
* For an account of the muzzle, feet, and glands of the typical
Viverrines, see my paper, P, Z.8. 1915, pp. 131-149.
354 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some of the
of the rhinarium, when viewed from the front. And this
disproportion results not only from the deepening of the
upper lip, but from the concomitant expansion of its upper
half, so that the major portion of the rhinarium is, as it
were, thrust or tilted up to occupy a horizontal position,
with the nostrils opening upwards on the summit of the
muzzle. This modification is quite unique amongst the
/Hluroidea, and its importance is not lessened by explaining
it as an adaptation to aquatic life.
The rhinarium itself is peculiar in other respects when
compared with thatof Viverrineand Paradoxurine Carnivores,
though recalling the rhinarium of some genera of the latter
category in the nearly horizontal extension of its inferior
border and the deep median groove marking its anterior
surface and the fore part of its upper surface. The infra-
narial portion of its anterior surface is, however, very shallow
or short ; and from its widest part above, the lateral margins
of the rhinarium are strongly inclined inwards and back-
wards, so that its slightly concave posterior border just behind
the posterior votches of the two nostrils is less than half its
greatest width. The nostrils themselves are long, and con-
form in shape to the curvature of the lateral border of the
rhinarium. Jixternally they are bordered by the thickened
rim of the rhinarium, and this thickening is carried round
their narrowed posterior portion on to the imner or ad-
median side. ‘Their appearance suggests that they are
strongly valvular for the exclusion of water.
Vibrisse.—The thickness, length, and abundance of the
facial bristles have attracted attention from the first, but
they have not always been accurately described. Mivart,
for example, says there is a bunch below each ear. This is
repeated by Saayaél, who adds that there is an intermediate
set on each side of the nose between the eye and the lip. As
a matter of fact, the tufts of vibrisse are typically Carni-
vorine both in number and position: that is to say, they
resemble in those respects the vibrissz of a!l the Cynoid and
most of the Aluroid and Arctoid Carnivores, and belong to
the following categories—mystacial, submeutal, superciliary,
interramal, and genal (Pocock, P. Z. 8. 1914, p. 901). The
upper genal tuft is in front of the base of the ear and the
lower some distance behind the corner of the mouth.
Neither of the two genal tufts on each cheek is below the
ear, and the “intermediate set”? mentioned by Sanyal are
the uppermost bristles of the mystacial series.
The carpal vibrisse are absent, an unusual feature in this
group of Carnivora.
—
External Characters of Cynogale bennettii. 355
Ear (Pl. XIV. fig. 3).—The pinna, as described by others,
is small, but its upper margin is slightly angular, not evenly
rounded as stated by Sanyal. The cartilaginous ridges and
flaps round and above the meatus resemble closely in a
general way those of Genetta, as described and figured by
Mivart (P. Z. S. 1882, p. 517, fig. 12). The “ antitragus”
is well developed and “double,” as Mivart says—that is to
say, there is an upstanding crest on its inner side, with a
fossa between. Similarly, the anterior basal ridge of the
*‘helix”’ forms a ridge on the inner side of the ‘ tragus,”
and is separated from it by a fossa. Above these lies the
longitudinal crest called the ‘ supratragus” by Mivart,
the “ plica principalis” by Boas, the “ antihelix’”’ by other
writers ; the lobate thickening of this is not well developed.
Finally, the posterior marginal pouch or dursa, well known
in Canidze and Felidee and described by Mivart in Genetta,
is present, but its anterior edge is only lightly concave and
its posterior edge is continuous above with the posterior
margin of the pinna, and does not arise behind it.
When the ear is contracted to exclude water, the meatus
is closed by the “dovetailing” of the ridges in front and
behind it, the antitragus fitting into the fossa between the
tragus and the lower or proximal ridge of the helix, and
the latter into the fossa between the outer and inner moieties
of the double antitragus.
Mamme.—tvhere are two pairs of abdominal mamme, as
in Paradoxurus, one pair set forwards a little behind the
position of the diaphragm and the other towards the inguinal
region on a level with the anterior junction of the integu-
ment of the thigh with that of the body.
As regards the number of young, the only available
information, so far as I am aware, is that supplied by Cantor,
who had two with the mother. Since there are also two
with the female collected by Everett, it is safe to assume
that that is the average number in the litter, though the
teats afford provision for four.
Feet (Pl. XIV. figs. 4, 5).—Descriptions of the feet of
Cynogale attest the belief that the digits, in conformity with
the aquatic life of the animal, are provided with swimming-
webs, while those of its Paradoxurine allies are unwebbed.
The growth of this belief is a curious instance of the result
of copying and repeating extant descriptions, with the addi-
tion thereto of obvious inferences, without a check being
put upon the statements by reference to actual specimens.
Although in his original description of Cynogale (P. Z. 8.
1836, p. 88) Gray said nothing about the feet, he subse-
356 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some of the
quently described the toes as “ half-webbed ” (Charlesworth’s
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1. p. 579, 1837). Again, Eydoux and
Souleyet (Voy. de la ‘ Bonite,’ i. p. 27, 1841) wrote :—
“Ses doigts sont palmés antérieurement et postérieurement,
mais ils sont peu allongés.” Later, Gray (P. Z. 8S. 1864,
p- 521, and Cat. Carn. Brit. Mus. p. 78, 1869) described the
toes as “ being short, covered with dense hairs and slightly
webbed at the base”; and certainly his omission to mention
the webs on the feet of other Paradoxurine civets justifies
in a measure the conclusion that the webs are peculiar to
Cynogale.
This conclusion was apparently drawn by Mivart, when he
wrote (P. Z. 8. 1882, p. 172) :—‘‘ Its webbed feet, short
tail, long moustaches, together with its exceptional upper
lip, serve, however, to mark it as avery distinct genus.”
Blanford (‘Mammalia of British India,’ 1888, p. 119) also
referred to the webbed feet as a peculiarity. Flower and
Lydekker, however (‘ Mammalia,’ 1891, p. 535), with more
cauticn, repeated verbatim Gray’s description of 1864:
“Toes short, slightly webbed at base’’; but the second of
these two authors (‘ Handbook to the Carnivora,’ 1896,
p. 242) introduced for this animal the trivial title “‘ The web-
footed Civet,” and in his diagnosis of it said :—‘ This genus
may be easily recognized by the absence of a vertical groove
on the upper lip, the short tail, the partially webbed feet,
and by the under surface of the tarsus and metatarsus being
rather less naked than in the Palm-Civets *”—this Jast item
being derived from Mivart’s description of 1882.
A knowledge of the facts enforces the conclusion that the
authors quoted never compared the feet of Cynogale with
those of its nearest allies, all of which, like most Carnivores,
have the digits webbed up to the proximal end of the digital
pads. An inspection of the feet even on a dried skin of
Cynogale—from which the figure of the hind foot published
by Mivart in 1882 seems to have been taken—shows clearly
that the webs do not extend farther up the digits than is the
case in Paradoaxurus, for example. More than that, I find
that in the above-mentioned example in alcohol in the
British Museum the ends of the digits project farther
beyond the webs than in any genus of Paradoxurmes known
to me. The webs do not reach the proximal margins of the
digital pads either in the fore foot or in the hind foot ; but
what the webs lose in depth they gain in breadth. They
are broader than in any other Paradoxurine or Viverrine
genus, and the digits are capable consequently of wider
lateral expansion. In that sense, and that only, are the feet
External Characters of Cynogale bennettii. 357
more webbed than in related genera. But if Cynogale were
known only from its feet, the amphibious habits of the genus
could not be safely inferred from their structure.
The oft-repeated statement that the digits are short is
not true, if by that is meant that they are shorter than in
allied forms.. The pollex and the liallux are relatively longer,
and the remaining digits are certainly not shorter, than in
other genera of this group.
As regards the nakedness of the soles of the feet, there is
little, if anything, to choose between those of Cynogale and of
Paguna or Paradoxurus. Broadly speaking, the feet are
essentially Paradoxurine, as opposed to Viverrine, in the
matter of nakedness—that is to say, in the hind foot the
heel (tarsus) only is hairy, the whole of the underside of the
metatarsus and the area surrounding the plantar pads being
naked. Similarly, in the fore foot the naked area of the
carpal pads is as wide and nearly as long as the plantar pad,
and there is no hair anywhere between the edges of the webs
and the posterior border of the carpal pads. In both fore
and hind feet the lobes of the plantar pads are well developed
and well defined by grooves from each other, the pollical and
hallucal lobes being large. On the fore foot the external or
ulnar carpal pad forms a large prominent upstanding ridge.
The inver or radial element lying behind the pollical lobe
of the plantar pad is, on the contrary, scarcely detectable.
On the hind feet there are only very indistinct and broken
ridges lying on each side of the metatarsus behind the
plantar pad. On both fore and hind feet the pads themselves,
as well as the adjacent naked integument, are, comparatively
speaking, smooth.
The claws are not nearly so strongly curved as in the
typically arboreal Paradoxurines, are imperfectly retractile,
and are unguarded by skin-lobes or hairs at the base.
As in most Carnivora, the fore foot is broader than the
hind foot.
The scent-yland (Pl. XIV. figs. 6, 7, 8).—With regard to
this organ, Mivart wrote in 1882 :—‘“ I can find no record
as to the existence of any prescrotal gland or as to the con-
dition of its anal region.” [Iam not aware that the gland
has been described, but it is unmistakably present in the
adult female example above mentioned.
The region of the anus and the vulva is covered by a
continuous area of naked skin, irregularly piriform in outline.
The vulva is at its anterior and the arms at its posterior end.
The former orifice is considerably closer to the latter than
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 24
358 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some of the
in the majority of Paradoxurines, but not in all, and the
vulval area is defined from the anal and glandular area by
a shallow marginal constriction of the naked integument.
Almost midway between the anus and the vulva there is a
pair of small pits or depressions in the skin, each of which
was plugged with a hardened piece of amber-like secretion.
These pits are shallow, and individually are smaller than the
orifice of the vulva. Immediately behind them there is a
shallow transverse crease in the integument ; but the glan-
dular area, as a whole, isin no sense invaginated or provided
with distinct upstanding labia.
In the young female the subcircular anal area is more
sharply defined from the vulval area, the marginal constric-
tion being deeper, and the glandular orifices are sunk in a
short transverse depression passing across the naked field
from angle to angle of the constriction.
In the young male the penis is elongated and distally
pendulous, an unusual feature in the Paradoxurine group.
It is hairy at the sides, more sparsely hairy below, but naked
round the prepuce. Passing backwards from the base of the
penis between the two halves of the scrotum to the naked
circumanal area there is an elongated naked tract of skin
showing in the middle line traces of three shallow depres-
sions, which are probably incipient glandular pits. This
division of the scrotum into two quite distinct, somewhat
widely separated testicular sacs is a very curious character.
‘That it persists in the adult, however, is quite clearly shown
on one of the skins in the British Museum, namely, the type
described by Gray, which, furthermore, appears to have been
provided with a naked glandular area like that of the young.
The anterior of the three median glandular pores above
described is very small and close to the base of the penis.
The posterior, which is considerably larger, lies nearly
opposite the middle of the two halves of the scrotum. The
intermediate, a little more conspicuous than the posterior,
and, like it, surrounded by a low integumental rim, is
situated about midway between the other two.
This discovery of the scent-glands in Cynogale fully
explains the following passage in Sanyal’s account of a living
specimen, and substantiates the truth of the claim made
therein :—‘‘ The presence of a strong civet-like smell near its
cage, especially at night, unmistakably indicates the possession
of odoriferous glands” (P. Z. S. 1894, p. 297).
From the foregoing account it will be clear that the
glands of this animal are of a very simple type. They are
simpler, indeed, than the glands of any Paradoxurine known
External Characters of Cynogale bennettil. 359
to me that possesses these organs. But whether the simpli-
city is to be assigned to degeneration connected with the
aberrant habits of the animal, or whether it is to be regarded
as primitive and as indicatiug an early stage in the evolution
of the glands, we shall, perhaps, never know.
Inferences as to Mode of Life-—The records relating to the
mode of life of Cynogale were summarized by Flower and
Lydekker as follows :—‘‘ This is a curious otter-like modifi-
cation of the Viverrine type, having semi-aquatic habits,
both swimming on the water and climbing trees, living upon
fish, crustacea, small mammals, birds, and fruit.” This
summary may, I think, be amplified by a few inferences,
justified by some of the structural features above described.
The formation of the feet, with their naked soles and
sharp partially retractile claws, confirms the testimony as
to the climbing powers of the animal; but the shortness
of the tail suggests inferiority to the so-called palm-civets
(Paradoxurus, Nandinia), binturong (Arctictis), ete., in scan-
sorial skill and activity. On the other hand, as compared
with the otters, which, by reason of their long, loosely knit,
widely webbed toes, supplhed with comparatively weak claws,
are but indifferent climbers, Cynogale is probably a slow
swimmer, without the faculty of rapid turning in the water.
These defects in aquatic agility are suggested particularly by
the shortness and the absence of special muscular power in
the tail, and to a lesser extent by the narrowness of the hind
feet and the feeble development of their interdigital webs.
The inability of Cynogale to overtake swift-swimming fishes
under water may, therefore, be tolerably safely assumed.
The teeth, especially the premolars, nevertheless, seem
clearly to be adapted for seizing and holding slippery
wriggling prey of that description, rather than for crushing
the hard shells of freshwater crabs or molluscs, although
the molars are doubtless capable of performing that office.
Hence it may be supposed that most of the fishes preyed upon
are captured after they have taken shelter from the chase
under the edge of a submerged rock, in crevices between
large stones, or in holes in the banks or the bed of streams.
This supposition is borne out by the unusual development
of the facial vibrissee, not only upon the upper lip, but upon
the cheeks, over the eyes, and underneath the jaw as well,
Having watched the retreat of a fish to its place of refuge,
Cynogale, 1 imagine, paddies quietly to the spot to seize its
prey while lying low, with its movements hampered in the
confined space—a predatory device frequently practised by
otters. The thickness of the vibrissx, as in the case of other
24*
360 Mr. E. A. Smith on the Genera
piscivorous Carnivora, naturally keeps them erect and
functional in the water, and their increase in length and
number supposedly enables Cynogale to thrust its head with
safety into the lurking-place of its prey, and to ascertain
with accuracy the shape and size of the space, while a further
function of the mystacial tufts is to supply information as to
the exact whereabouts of the hiding fish or crab or mollusc,
if these invertebrates form, as perhaps they do, a portion of
its usual diet.
From the upward aspect of the nostrils—a character in
which these orifices surpass those of otters and seals,—it may
be inferred that Cynogale is in the habit of lying submerged
with only the tip of the nose exposed above the surface.
Since concealment under water can hardly be for the purpose
of protection from enemies, its object may be assumed to be
predatory ; and it may be sugeested that the modification in
question—unique in its extent, I believe, in the Carnivora—
is of service to Cynogale when lying in wait near the bank of
a stream for small mammals or birds that may frequent the
banks or come to drink.
If this be the correct interpretation of the facts, it helps
us to understand the restriction to the head of practically
all the evidences of the amphibious habits of Cynogale.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
Fig. 1. Muzzle and rhinarium from above, showing the horizontal and
dorsal position of the nostrils. The vibrissz of the left side
omitted, those of the right mostly cut short.
2. The same from the front, the vibrissze omitted.
3. The base of the ear. ¢7., tragus; a.tr., antitragus; a.h., anti-
helix (supratragus) ; 0. , bursa.
Fig. 4. Lett fore foot from below. 1 and 5, first and fifth digits.
Fig. 5. Left hind foot from below. 1 and 5, first and fifth digits.
Fig. 6. Anal and genital area of adult female. a., anus; gl., orifice of
perfume-gland ; »., vulva.
Fig. 7. The same of immature female.
Fig. 8. Anal and genital areaof immature male. a., anus; s., one sac of
scrotum ; gl., supposed pores of perfume-gland ; p., penis.
Fug.
Fxg.
XXXIT—On the Genera Eglisia, Callostracum, Mesalia,
Turritellopsis, and Tachyrbynchus. By Epear A.
SmirH, 1.8.0.
Most of the species referred to in this paper have been
referred to Vurritella, Eglisia, or Mesala, some rightly
located, others incorrectly.
x
Eglisia, Callostracum, Mesalia, &e. 361
It was thought, therefore, it might be useful to bring
together a list of the described species, giving rather nume-
rous references, and to assign these various forms to what
appears to be their true generic position.
It is unfortunate that the animals of Lglisia and of the type
of Mesalia are unknown, and consequently it cannot be stated
with certainty whether their relationship is nearest to the
Turritellidee or Epitoniide.
Eauista, Gray.
Nag Eglisia, Gray, Synopsis Contents Brit. Mus. 1840, p. 147 (name
on .
1813. Bilin id. op. cit. ed. 44, p. 61 (name only).
1847. Eglisia, id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 155. For Turbo suturalis
(Gray), Wood.
1849. Eylisia, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. v.
1854. Eglisia, H. & A. Adams, Genera Rec. Moll. vol. i. p. 354.
1857. Lglisia, Gray, Guide Moll. Brit. Mus. p. 110.
1859, Eglisia, Chenu, Man. Conchyl. vol. i. p. 318, as subgenus of
Turritella,
1852. Eglesia (sic), Sowerby, Conch. Man. p. 149.
1878. Eglisia, Kobelt, lust. Conchyl. p. 138.
1883. Eglisia, Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch. vol. ii. p. 224,
1885. Eylisia, Fischer, Man. Conch. p. 778.
1887. Eglisia, Tryon, Man. Conch. vol. ix. p. 51.
The first description * of this genus is that given by Reeve,
but its institution should date from 1847, in which year Gray
associated with it the Turbo suturalis of Wood, but unaccom-
panied by any description. Nothing is known of the animal,
or hitherto of the operculum, and consequently its systematic
position could not be determined. It has been placed in the
Turritellide by H. and A. Adams, Gray (1857), Chenu,
S. Woodward, Kiener, Kobelt, Dunker, Paetel, Boog
Watson. ,
Tryon and Fischer located it in the Epitoniide (=Scala-
ride). .
In describing Eglisia cumingui (=tricarinata, Ad. & Rve.)
A. Adams remarked :—“ The obscure longitudinal varices
show the true position of this genus to be between Turri-
tella and Scalaria.”” Similar ‘‘ obscure longitudinal varices ”
occur in £, spirata, the type of the genus, and lanceolata,
Rve., but they are merely the remains of former outer lips,
marking periods of arrested growth, and not, as in Scalaria,
serving as ribs for the strengthening of the shell. Marks of
arrested growth may be observed in some of the Turritellas,
* The few words given by Gray in the ‘ Synopsis Contents Brit. Mus.
ed. 44, p. 61, do not constitute a description, since no species is quoted,
362 Mr. E. A. Smith on the Gener
but, being thinner shells, they have the appearance of cracks
rather than varices.
The general form of the shells and the spiral liration or
carination, and also the coloration, show relationship with
Turritella rather than with Epitonium, and the only concho-
logical difference occurs in respect of the aperture. In
Eglisia the peristome is distinctly continuous, as in £, spi-
rata and tricarinata, or the columella is joined to the outer
lip by a thin callus as in lanceolata and elegans. The arched
columella also is thickened and reflexed.
In Turritella the columella is thin and usually separated
from the end of the outer lip. Occasionally, however, a thin
connecting callus is present in some species.
Another feature common to all the Hglisias is the base of
the body-whorl being marked off by a keel and the very fine
sculpture upon it, of quite a different character from that on
the rest of the shell.
I am now able, through the kindness of Mr. J. R. Le B.
Tomlin, who possesses a specimen of E. spirata with the
operculum in sztu, to describe that feature.
It is horny, roundly ovate, almost black, and consists of
about 3-4 not clearly defined, very rapidly increasing whorls, ©
the pit-like nucleus being markedly excentric. It is slightly
concave externally and sculptured with well-marked very
arcuate lines of growth. In fact, it closely resembles the
opercula of Hpituntum and Mesalia, both of which are
paucispiral, and not multispiral as in Turritella *,
Eglisia spirata (Sowerby).
1825. Turritella spirata, Sowerby, Cat. Tankerville, Appendix, p. xiv.
1849. Eylisia spirata: Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. v. pl. 1. fig. 1
1852. Lylesia (sic) spwrata: Sowerby, Conch. Man. p. 337, pl, xxviii,
fie. 592.
* Since the above was in type, I have heard from Professor H. M.
Gwatkin that, judging from the. radula, “ Eylisia spirata is a clear
Scalaria.”
a
Eglisia, Callostracum, Mesalia, dc. 363
1854, Eglisia spirata: H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. vol. i. p. 354,
pl. xxxviii. fig. 5.
1857. Eglisia spirata: Gray, Guide Moll. Brit. Mus. p. 110.
1859. Turritella (Eylisia) spirata: Chenu, Man. Conchyl. vol. i. p. 318,
fig. 2287 on p. 317.
1878. Eglisia spirata: Kobelt, Illust. Conchyl. p. 188, pl. xlix. fig. 5.
1887. Eglisia spirata: Tryon, Man. Conch, vol. ix. p. 86, pl. xviii.
fio. 58.
1828. Turbo suturalis, Wood, Index Test., Suppl. p. 20, pl. vi. fig. 41.
1834. Turritella suturnalis (sic), Sav. ; Griffith & Pidgeon, Anim. King.
vol. xii. p. 600, pl. xiii. fig. 5.
1843. Turritella suturalis: Kiener, Coq. Viv. p. 26, pl. ix. fig. 1.
1897. Mesalia? suturalis: Kobelt, Conch, Cab., Yurritella, p. 74,
pl. xxi. figs. 6, 7 (after Kiener).
Hab. The Island St. Thomas (Sowerby) ; Mossamedes,
Angola (in coll. J. R. Le B. Tomlin).
This, the largest species and the type of the genus, is
distinguishable at a glance by the whorls being flattened or
channelled above in such a remarkable manner.
The geographical distribution of this species has hitherto
been uncertain, since the only localities quoted were “ The
Island St. Thomas” (Sowerby) and Japan (Kobelt*).
Mr. Tomlin has a specimen, with the operculum, from
Mossamedes in Angola, which he obtained direct from that
place. It therefore seems fairly certain that Sowerby’s locality
was the St. Thomas Island in the Gulf of Guinea, and that
Kobelt was wrong in quoting Japan.
In the third edition of Argenville’s ‘ Conchyliologie ’
(1780), pl. xl. fig. J 3, this species is figured, with forms of
Lerebra, Cerithium, &c., merely under the general term
“Vis” (screw-shells),
Eglisia tricarinata, Adams & Reeve.
1849. Eglisia tricarinata, Adams & Reeve ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. v.
sp. 3, described, but not figured,
1850. Eglisia tricarinata, Adams & Reeve, Zool. ‘Samarang,’ p. 49,
pl. xii. fig. 8 (enlarged),
1836. Turritella (Eghsia) tricarinata: Watson, Gasteropoda ‘ Chal-
lenger,’ p. 479.
1887. Eglisia tricarinata: Tryon, Man. Conch. vol. ix. p. 86, pl. xviii.
fig. 60 (copy of Ad. & Rve.).
1898, Eglisia tricarinata: Melvill & Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soe. vol. iii.
p- 36, pl. iil. fig. 6.
1850. Eglisia cumingii, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 204; Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, vol. viii. p. 499; Petit, Journ. de Conch.
vol. iv. p. 205 (1853).
* Illust. Conchylienbuch, p. 138,
364 ; Mr. E. A. Smith on the Genera
1897. Turritella leptomita, Melvill & Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soe. vol. ii.
p- 171, pl. xiii. figs. 12, 12a, vol. iit. p. 35.
1901. Eglisia leptomita, Melvill & Standen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901,
vol. ii. p. 357.
Hab. China Sea (Ad. § Rve.); off Malanipa Island,
Basilan Strait, Philippines, 10-20 fathoms (Watson) ; Japan
(A. Adams) ; Andaman Is. (MJelvill § Sykes) ; Persian Gulf
and Arabian Sea, west of Bombay (Adelvill & Standen).
This species is smaller than . spirata, has fewer spiral
threads, and the whorls are not tabulated or channelled at
the upper part. The figure in the ‘Samarang,’ like others
on the same plate, is greatly enlarged, the type being only
28 mm. in length, and that given by Melvill & Sykes in
1898 was taken trom Adams’s type of E. cumingit. In
Dr. J. E. Gray’s collection, preserved in the British Museum,
is a still larger specimen, which, if the spire were perfect,
would measure 40 mm. in length, and its last whorl is
11:25 mm. in width. It is worthy of notice that even a
greater disparity in size occurs in specimens of JMesalia
brevialis.
With regard to H. leptomita, I have no hesitation in
regarding it as identical with trvcarcnata, notwithstanding
the remarks offered by Messrs. Melvill, Standen, and Sykes.
They observe that ‘‘ the type has five carinee at least on the
last whorl, and ‘¢éricarinata’ is therefore an inappropriate
name.” On reading the original description, it is seen that
this character is an allusion to the three principal keels on
the upper whorls, and the authors, Melvill & Sykes, employ
the same word in the description of leptomita. They say
that the last whorl is “ quadricainato.” ‘This is incorrect,
for an examination of their type shows that there are six
caring, as described by A. Adams in F. cumingi?. There
are four principal keels, and above these two others, the
upper one nearly at the suture, which consequently is chan-
nelled.
In the Proc. Zool. Soc., Melvill & Standen observe that
“the extremes seem distinct from J. carinata, Ad. & Rve.,
but the species is evidently, though rare, very widely distri-
buted, aud intermediates may, tn time, be found to occur.”
The italics are mine. Since I can discover no differences in
leptomita, the future need not be taken into consideration.
Lurritella conspersao, Adams & Reeve, placed by Tryon as
a variety of the present species, is a true Turritella, and
entirely distinct in every respect.
Protoma pulchrum, Sowerby, from Sierra Leone (Proc.
Eglisia, Callostracum, Mesalia, Sc. 865
Malace. Soe. vol. vi. p. 281, fig. 5), has somewhat the general
aspect of Ei. tricarinata. It is a true Turritella, allied to
T. knysnaensis, Krauss.
Eeglisia lanceolata, Reeve.
1849, Eglisia lanceolata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. y. pl. i. figs. 2 a, 2 5.
1859. Turritella (Eglisia) lanceolata: Chenu, Man. Conchyl. Pp: 817,
fig. 2288.
1887. Lglisia lanceolata: Tryon, Man. Conch. vol. ix. p. 86, pl. xviii.
fig. 59 (after Reeve).
Hab. Pasacao, Island of Luzon, Philippines, in sandy mud
at a depth of 10 fathoms (Reeve).
To the description given by Reeve it may be added that,
besides the ‘obscure longitudinal varices” which occur
irregularly up the spire, the base of the body-whorl is of a
uniform darker brown tint than the rest of the shell.
Eglisia elegans, Melvill.
1909. Eglisia elegans, Melvill, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiii. p. 84,
pl. v. fig. 7.
Hab. Saya de Malha Banks, Station C4, 150 fathoms
(Melvill).
This locality is situated in the western part of the Indian
Ocean, 8.E. of the Seychelles Islands.
This pure white shell exhibits at irregular intervals
“obscure longitudinal varices” (former lips), and the
columella is united to the end of the outer lip by a thin
callus.
CALLOSTRACUM, Smith.
Callostracum, Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1909, vol. iv. p. 229.
Smithia (prece. ); Maltzan, Nachrichtsblatt deutsch. malak, Gesell.
1883, p. 97, tig.
This genus has been placed in Eglisia by Tryon, and con-
sidered a section of it by Fischer; but, in my opinion, it
should be held distinct, since the character of the aperture is
considerably different, and the operculum is described as
multispiral, with subcentral nucleus.
Callostracum gracile (Maltzan).
Smithia gracilis, Maltzan, J. ¢. supra.
Hab. North side of the Island of Goree, Senegambia,
West Africa (Malizan),.
366 Mr. E. A. Smith on the Genera
The following species have been placed in Lglisia, but
they do not in reality belong to that genus :—
1. Lglista subdecussata (Cantraine), Fischer, Actes Soc. Linn.
Bordeaux, vol. xxvii. p. 115 (1869).
This species is now referred to Mesalia.
2. Eglisia macandree, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865,
p. 753.
Regarded as a variety of Mathilda quadricarinata (Brocchi),
and placed in the Pyramidellide. Sacco has created a
family Mathildidz for this genus.
3. Turritella (Eglisia) symmetrica, Hutton, Cat. Marine
Moll. New Zeal. p. 30 (1878).
Lglisia symmetrica, id. Journ. de Conch. 1878, vol. xxvi, p. 29.
This is a true Turrdtella.
MesALiA, Gray.
1840. Mesalia, Gray, Synopzis Contents Brit. Mus. p. 147 (name only).
1842, Mesalia, id. op, cit. ed. 44, p. 61.
1847. Mesalia, id. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1847, p. 155, For Turritedla mesal,
Desh.
1849. Mesalia, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. v.
1852. Mesalia, Sowerby, Conch. Man. ed. 4, p. 200.
1854. Mesalia, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. vol. i. p. 353.
1857. Mesaha, Gray, Guide Moll. Brit. Mus. p. 111.
1859. Mesalia, Chenu, Man. Conchyl. vol. i. p. 317.
1878. Mesalia, Kobelt, Mlust. Conchylienbuch, p. 138.
1883. Mesalia, Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch. vol. ii, p. 224.
1885. Mesaha, Fischer, Man. Conchyl. p. 694.
1887. Mesalia, Tryon, Man. Conch, vol. viii. p. 193.
As in the case of Eglisia, the introduction of this genus
must date from 1847, when a species was first associated
with it.
Gray (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 155) quoted, as examples
of his genus, Cerithium mesal, Adanson= Turritella mesal,
Deshayes, a Turritella sp., and T. sulcata, Lamk. He
evidently considered the shell described by Adanson as the
type of his genus, since he founded the name upon that
species. Jeffreys*, therefore, was quite wrong in stating
that “the type of Gray’s genus is Turritella sulcata of
Lamarck, a Grignon or Eocene fossil.”
Mesaha may be separated from Turritella by certain features
* Proc, Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 132.
Eglisia, Callostracum, Mesalie, &c. 367
in the aperture and the operculum, which is paucispiral, like
Littorina, and not multispiral, as in Turritella.
The figures in Adams (Genera Recent Moll. vol. iii.
pl. xxxvill. figs, 4a, 4b) represent the operculum of the
genus Turritella, and not that of Mesalia.
This mistake led Dall * into the error of stating that the
opercula of Mesahia and Tachyrhynchus (Mesalia reticulata)
presented no difference. The fact is, that of the former con-
sists of four or five rapidly enlarging whorls with a somewhat
excentric nucleus, whereas that in the latter genus is multi-
spiral, with central nucleus.
The opercula of typical examples of M. brevialis, from
Goree, in the British Museum, are almost black, rather con-
cave externally in the dried state, and consist of four or five
rapidly increasing volutions, somewhat carinate at the suture
towards the deep nucleus, and with a raised spiral thread
upon them which does not extend to the last two large whorls.
Mesalia brevialis (Lamarck).
1757. Cerithium mesal, Adanson, Hist. Nat. Sénégal, p. xev, Le Mesal,
p- 159, pl. x.
1822. Turritella brevialis, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 58.
1843. Turritella brevialis: Kiener, Coq. Viv. p. 40, pl. xii. figs. 1, 1 a.
1843. Turritella mesal, Deshayes, Anim. sans vert. ed. 2, vol. ix.
p. 261.
1847. Mesalia mesal: Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 155.
1849. Mesalia brevialis: Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. v. pl. v. fig. 164
(Turritella), fig. 2b (Mesala).
1852. Mesalia brevialis: Sowerby, Conch. Man. ed. 4, p. 201, pl. xxviii.
tie. 591.
1854, Mesalia brevialis: H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. vol. i. p. 354,
pl. xxxviii. fig. 4, shell (4a, 40, represent the operculum of
Turvritella).
1857. Mesalia brevialis: Gray, Guide Moll. Brit. Mus. p. 111.
1859. Mesalia brevialis: Chenu, Man. Conch. vol. i. p. 317, figs. 2284,
2285,
* Amer. Journ. Conch. vol. vii. p. 119.
368 Mr. E. A. Smith on the Genera
1878. Mesalia brevialis: Kobelt, Must. Conchyl. p. 138, pl. xlix. fig. 3.
1887. Mesalia brevialis: Tryon, Man. Conch. vol. viii. p. 209, pl. Ixy.
figs, 28-29,
1897, Mesalia brevialis: Kobelt, Conch. Cab., Turritella, p. 71, pl. xxi.
figs. 1-3.
Hab. Goree, Senegal, Sierra Leone.
Var. varia.
1848. Turritella varia, Kiener, Coq. Viv. p. 42, pl. ii. figs. 3, 3.a, 3 4.
1849. Mesalia brevialis (partim): Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. v. fig. 2 @.
1887. Mesalia brevialis (partim): Tryon, Man. Conch. vol. viii. pl. Lxv.
fie. 27 (after Reeve), tig. 30 (after Kiener).
1897. Mesalia varia: Kobelt, Conch. Cab., Turritella, p. 72, pl. xxi.
ties, 8-11.
1902, Mesalia varia, var. imbricata, Pallary, Journ. de Conch. vol. 1.
p. 16
Hab. Mogador, Tangier, Algeciras.
Var. freytag?.
1884. Mesalia freytagi, Maltzan, Nachrichtsblatt deutsch. malak.
Gesell. 1884, p. 68.
Hab. Goree, Senegambia.
Whether M. brevialis should be divided in two or more
species seems somewhat doubtful, but, from the material
examined, I have been unable to find a parting-line of sepa-
ration between the typical very large form, which seems to
be restricted to the Senegambia region, and the smaller var.
varta, found at Mogador, Tangier, and South Spain *, The
difference in size is enormous, but the sculpture, although
vailable in strength, is of the same character and the oral
features are similar,
The typical form is well figured by Kiener (pl. xii. fig. 1),
and the upper portion of his figure answers exactly to La-
marck’s description ‘anfractibus convexis, levibus, prope
marginem superiorem unisulcatis” and “elle est fort rac-
courcie, relativement 4 sa grosseur. Longueur, 2 pouces.”
Another large form is that figured by Reeve (Zurritella,
pl. v. fig. 160). Itis narrower and distinguished by finer
spirals than the type. ‘The variety varia is also finely
ridged, but smaller ; however, intermediates in size occur.
M. freytagi has very convex whorls, most of which are
bicarinate and display more colour-markings.
Turritella caribea, W’Orbigny, said to be from Cuba, was
* Hidalgo has expressed a similar opinion (Journ, de Conch, 1867,
vol. xy. p. 394),
Eglisia, Callostracum, Mesalia, cc. 369
founded on a unique worn shell, now in the British Museum.
It has been considered by Tryon identical with the variety
varia. Owing to the bad condition of the shell it is im-
possible to speak with certainty, but I am inclined to think
he is right, in which case the West-Indian locality becomes
very doubtful,
Turritella opalina, Ad. & Rve.*, said to be from the
China Sea, agrees exactly with the upper portion of a typical
brevialis. The fine spiral striation is precisely the same and
the style of markings (exaggerated in the much enlarged
figure) is quite similar. I am therefore inclined to believe
that some mistake has occurred in regard to the locality f.
Jeffreys states that Turritella suturalis of Forbes {, from
the Adgean Sea, is the same as brevialis, Reeve, partim
(=var. varia), but the description given by Forbes is so
inadequate that it becomes impossible to recognize the shell
he had before him, which is described as only 3%; inch in
length !
Mesalia flammigera, Locard.
1897. Mesalia flammigera, Locard, and var. simpler, Expéd. Sci.
‘ Travailleur’ et ‘Talisman,’ Moll. test. p. 396, pl. xviii. figs, 18-22.
Hab. Deep water. “ A louest du Sahara” (Locard).
This may be a deep-water form of J/. brevialis, with flatter
whorls than the typical form, and somewhat narrower also.
As regards sculpture and coloration, there seems to be little,
if any, difference. Very few of the specimens of brevdalis
(typical) I have seen show any colour-marking, but, when
they so occur, they take the form of longitudinal, reddish,
undulating, irregular flammulations, as described by Locard.
Mesalia pulchella, Pallary.
1901. Mesalia pulchella, Pallary, Journ. de Conch. vol. xlix. p. 315,
vol. 1. p. 16, pl. i. figs. 16, 17.
Hab. Tangier.
M. Pallary describes two varieties, var. fusca and var.
varicosa, differing from the type respectively in colour and
sculpture.
The animal radula and operculum are unknown, and from
shell-characters this species might equally well be placed in
Turritellopsis.
* Zool. ‘Samarang,’ Moll. p. 48, pl. xii. fig. 7, twice natural size of
type in Brit. Mus.
t Tryon placed this species in Wesalia, Man. Moll. vol. viii. p. 210.
¢ Report Brit. Assoc. 1845, p. 189.
370 Mr. E. A. Smith on the Genera
Mesaiia melanioides, Reeve,
1849. Mesalia melanioides, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. v. pl. i. fig. 3.
1859. Turritella (Mesalia) melanoides (sic): Chenu, Man, Conch. vol. i.
p. 817, fig. 2286.
1887. Turritella(Mesalia) melanoides (sic): Tryon, Man. Conch. vol. viii.
p: 20%, pl. Ixv. fig. 382 (after Reeve).
1897. M. esalia melanoides (sic): Kobelt, Conch. Cab., Twrritella, p. 74,
1. xxi. fig. 5 (after Reeve).
1913. Mesalia exulis, Sowerby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 236,
pl. ii. fig. 9.
Hab. Unknown to Reeve. West Australia (Svwerby).
This species, of which only the shell is known, has an
altogether different aspect from that of the type of Jesalia,
having flatter whorls and numerous oblique costa upon the
upper part of the spire. The characters of the aperture,
however, show that it is rightly placed in that genus.
In describing his AZ. evi/is Mr. Sowerby observed :—“ The
actual position of this remarkable shell is uncertain, but I
provisionally place it in Mesalia on account of the charac-
teristic basal sinus.” Such being his opinion, it is surprising
that he did not refer to Reeve’s Monograph of the genus,
published sixty-four years previously, or to other works
describing Mesalia, issued in the interval. Had he done so,
he could not have failed to identify the shell he proposed
describing with Reeve’s M. melanioides. Having compared
the type of that species and the actual shell described as
M. exilis, both being in the British Museum collection, I can
testify with certainty to their specific identity.
The figure in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. is not good;
it shows the whorls too convex, and the basal sinus to the
aperture is badly depicted.
Mesalia subd cussata (Cantraine).
1837. Scalaria subdecussata, Cantraine, Opusc. de Zool. et d’Anat.
comp. p. 13; id. Malac. Médit. pl. vi. fig. 24 (1841).
1849. Turritella incisa, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. vy. pl. xi. fig. 65.
1851. Mesalha striata, "A, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 279.
1855, Mesalia plicata, A. Ad. op. ett. 1855, p. 123.
1867. Mesalia striata: Hidalgo, Journ. de Conch. vol. xv. p. 394;
Revista R. Acad. Cienc. Madrid, vol. i. p. 405 (1904).
1868. Mesalia subdecussata : Weinkautf, Conch. Mittelm. vol. il. p. 323.
1869. Eglisia subdecussata: Fischer, ‘Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol, xxvii. p. 115.
1877. Acirsa subdecussata: Jeffreys, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877,
vol. xix. p. 241.
1878. Acirsa subdecussata: Monterosato, Journ. de Conch. vol. xxvi.
». 151.
1864, Scalaria subdecussata: Jettreys, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 132.
Eglisia, Callostracum, Mesalia, é:c. ote
1891. Acirsa subdecussata: Locard, Coq. Marin. France, p. 128, fig. 112.
1897. Scalaria (Acirsa) subdecussata: Watson, Journ. Linn. Soe.
vol, xxvi. p. 315.
Hab. Atlantic coasts of France and Spain, Mediterranean,
Madeira, and Canaries.
I have compared the types of Turritella incisa, Reeve,
recorded as from Sydney, Australia, and Mesalia striata,
A. Adams, stated to be from the Philippine Islands, with
Mediterranean and Madeiran specimens, and I am convinced
of their identity. I therefore regard the localities given by
Reeve and Adams merely as further examples of errors of
this kind which occur in the Cuming collection, from which
the species were described. It isincludedin Mr, Whitelegge’s
list of the fauna of Port Jackson* merely on Reeve’s
authority.
According to Monterosato, the animal of this species
resembles Scalaria in the position of the eyes and the form
of the tentacles, also in thie median longitudinal groove of
the foot. The head has no cylindrical and retractile proboscis.
He described the operculum as horny, with a spiral nucleus,
placed towards the inner side of the mouth, and composed
of a small number of whorls and marked with strong lines of
growth. Fischer also described the operculum as _pauci-
spiral, with a lateral nucleus like that of Scalaréa and Litto-
rina. It will thus be seen that it agrees with that of the
type of Mesalia (M. brevialis), which is incorrectly figured
as multispiral with central nucleus by H. & A. Adams (Gen.
Ree. Moll. vol. iii. pl. xxviii. figs. 4a, 6), resembling that
of Turritella.
There are in the British Museum two specimens of
M. brevialis, from Goree, with opercula which agree closely
with that ot Epitontum (Scalaria) or Littorina. The sheli-
characters of the present species (subdecussata) differ from
those of M. brevialis in some respects. The upper whorls
are longitudinally costate, the outer margin of the peristome
is not sinuated above, and the basal sinus is only faintly
developed. It agrees with MM. melanioides in being longi-
tudinally costate and the non-sinuation of the labrum, but it
has not the marked basal sinus as developed in that species,
Since, however, so little is known at present with regard to
the animals, I think it preferable to leave this species in
Mesalia rather than Acirsa, or to create a new genus for its
reception.
* Journ. Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxiii. p. 262 (1889).
372 Mr. I. A. Smith on the Genera
Mesalia intermedia ( Deshayes).
1832. Turritella intermedia, Deshayes, Coq. foss. Environs Paris, vol. ii.
p. 283, pl. xxxvii. figs. 17, 18, pl. xxxviii. figs. 3, 4.
1888. Turritella robusta, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 21], pl. xi.
fig. 18.
I have included this Paris Basin fossil in this list to call
attention to the fact that the shell described as recent by
Mr. Sowerby is merely a well-preserved and nicely cleaned
specimen of Deshayes’s species.
I perceived at a glance it was quite distinct from Turri-
tella, and it occurred to me it might be an extinct form,
since it was so unlike any known living species. I therefore
submitted it to Mr. R. Bullen Newton, who at once identified
it with this species. He kindly placed a series of specimens
at my disposal for comparison and, consequently, I am ina
position to confirm his determination. Mr. Sowerby’s type,
now in the British Museum, was, as might be expected,
described without a locality.
The figure of it is very crude and inaccurate, the whorls
being represented too narrow and too convex, and contracted
at the lower part. The labrum being broken back some-
what gives the mouth a rounder look than in perfect speci-
mens, and the anterior or basal sinus is less apparent.
TURRITELLOPSIS, Sars.
1878. Turritellopsis, Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norveg. p. 186 (shell and
radula figured).
1885. Turritellopsis, Fischer, Man. Conch. p. 694, as subgenus of
Turritella.
1883. Turritellopsis, Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch. vol. ii. p. 224, pl. Ixvii.
fig. 56 (shell).
1897. Turritellopsis, Kobelt, Conch. Cab., Turritella, p. 67, pl. xx.
figs. 10, 11 (shell), regarded as a distinct genus.
This genus in form and sculpture is very like Turrite/la,
but differs in regard to the character of the radula. The
operculum is circular, multispiral, with central nucleus.
Turritellopsis acicula (Stimpson).
1851. Turritella acicula, Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soe, Nat. Hist.
vol. iv. p. 15.
1851. Turritella acicula, id. Shells of New England, p. 35, pl. i.
fig. 5.
1870. Turritella acicula: Gould, Invert. Massachusetts, ed. 2, p. 319,
fig. 588.
1871. Mesalia acicula: Dall, Amer. Journ, Conch. vol. vii. p. 118.
1878. Turritellopsis acicula: Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norveg. p. 186,
pl. x. figs. 14, a-b; radula, pl. vil. figs. 2, a-e.
Eglisia, Callostracum, Mesalia, Sc. 373
1886. Turitella (Turritellopsis) acicula: Tryon, Mon, Conch. vol. viii.
p. 207, pl. Ixiv. fig. 12.
1897. 7 wrritellopsis acicula: Kobelt, Conch. Cab., Turritella, p. 67,
pl. xx. figs. 10, 11.
Hab. Off Grand Manan, near Duck Island, and south of
Cape Cod (Stimpson). Also recorded by other authors from
Frenchman’s Bay, Labrador, &c. Vadso and Magerd, north
coast of Norway (Sars).
The animal of this species has not been described, but the
operculum, according to Sars, is very thin, pellucid, and
consists of about ten narrow and regular whorls. Dall
and Tryon (J. c. supra) have suggested that Carpenter’s
“2? Mesalia tenuisculpta”’ *, from California, is the same as
acicula, This, in my opinion, is incorrect. ‘he Californian
shell is smaller, has a less tapering spire, and much finer
sculpture. Ata mere glance it is seen to be distinct, and
recalls very closely the general form of the type of Fenella
to which Carpenter has made reference ; indeed, I think
it preferable to locate it in that genus rather than in
Turritellopsis.
Turritellopsis gratissima, Thiele.
1913. Turritellopsis gratissima, Thiele, Deutsch. Siidpolar-Exped.
vol. xiii. p. 201, pl. xii. fig. 20, pl. xv. fig. 23 (radula).
Hab. Antarctic (‘Gauss ? Hapedition).
According to Thiele this species agrees practically in every
essential respect with Yurritellopsis, and although the radula
exhibits small differences, it agrees with that of the boreal
form (7. acicula) in general character.
Turritellopsts latior, Thiele.
1918. Turritellopsis latior, Thiele, op. cit. p. 202, pl. xii. fig. 21.
flab. Antarctic (‘Gauss’ Expedition).
TACHYRHYNCHUS, Morch.
1868. Tachyrynchus, Morch, Amer. Journ. Conch. vol. iv. p. 46.
1885. Mesalia (Tachyrhynchus): Fischer, Man. Conch. p. 694.
Short descriptions of the animal of the type (Z’. reticulata)
are given by Morch & Jeffreys, and the operculum is said
to be “horny, yellow, orbicular, with nine narrow turns,
nearly flat.” To complete this description it is only necessary
* Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1866, p. 216.
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 25
374 Mr. E. A. Smith on the Genera
to add that the nucleus is central, and, in character, the
operculum is similar to that of Turritella, which is also
multispiral, and not paucispiral, like that of Mesalia. The
genus will include Turritella reticulata, Mighels & Adams,
T. erosa, Couthouy, TZ. eschrichtit, Middendorff, Mesalia
lacteola, Carpenter.
All of these species have an arctic appearance, being
chalky white, and clothed with a thin yellowish-olivaceous
periostracum, differing in this respect from Turritella, which
exhibits scarcely any traces of it, or might even be described
as devoid of it.
The radulee of 7. reticulata and T. erosa are of the same
character as that of Turrttella, and the differences noticeable
are probably merely specific.
The base of the aperture in Tachyrhynchus exhibits more
or less of asinus, it being most distinctly shown in 7’, lacteola,
Cpr. In Turritella there is no such emargination or effusion.
Tachyrhynchus is at once separable from Mesalia by the
different operculum, and its boreal character. Like Turri-
tella, Mesatia exhibits usually only very faint indications of
the periostracum.
Tachyrhynchus erosa (Couthouy).
1838. Turritella erosa, Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. ii.
p. 103, pl. iii. fig. 1.
1841. Turritella erosa: Gould, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 267.
1842. Turritella polaris (Beck MSS.), Moller, Index Moll. Greenland,
p- 10.
1849. Turritella erosa: Middendorff, Malac. Ross. p. 68.
1852. Turritella erosa: Mérch, Cat. Conch. Yoldi, p. 54.
1857. Turritella erosa: Morch, Rink’s Groénland, vol. ii., Naturhist.
Bidrag, p. 82.
1868. Tuchyrynchus erosa: Morch, Amer. Journ. Conch. vol. iv. p. 46,
animal,
1870, Zurritella erosa: Gould, Invert. Massachusetts, ed. 2, p. 317,
fig. 585,
1871. Mesalia polaris: Dall, Amer. Journ. Conch. vol. vii. p. 118.
1877. Turritella erosa: Jeffreys, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xix.
p- 239.
1885. Turritella erosa: Aurivillius, Vega-Exped. vol. iv. p. 322, pl. xii.
fig. 7, pl. xili. fig. 17 (radula).
1886. ya (Turritellopsis) erosa: Tryon, Man. Conch. vol. viii.
p- 208.
Hab. Massachusetts (Couthouy § Gould); Maine (Blaney) ;
Labrador (Bush) ; Greenland (Méller); Davis Straits
(‘ Valorous’ Hxped.) ; Nova Scotia (Brit. Mus.).
The operculum of this species is described by Mérch as
similar to that of reticulata, and a specimen in the British
Museum confirms his description: “ Horny, yellow, orbicular,
Eglisia, Callostracum, Mesalia, &c. 375
with nine narrow turns, nearly flat.”’ Itis also characterised
by Gould as “ horny, multispiral.”’
Jeffrey (l. c. supra) has described the living animal and
also made some observations upon the composition of the
shell and its liability to corrosion. He described the oper-
culum as “‘round and multispiral, with the nucleus in the
centre ; the edges of the whorls overlap, as in 7. terebra.”
I cannot, judging from Middendorff’s description of
TL. eschrichtii, agree with Tryon (J. c. supra) that it is synony-
mous with the present species.
Tachyrhynchus eschrichtii (Middendorff).
1849. Turritella eschrichtt, Middendortf, Malac. Ross. p. 68, pl. xi.
fig. 1.
1886. Turritella (Turritellopsis) erosa (partim), Tryon, Man. Conch,
vol, viii. p. 208, pl. Ixiv. fig. 14 (after Middendorff).
Hab. Sitka, Alaska (Middendorf’ ).
‘This species is closely allied to erosa, but the whorls are
said to be flatter, and apparently higher, since, if viewed
dorsally, the last whorl, it is stated, equals almost one-third
of the whole length of the shell, whereas in erosa it equals
only one-fourth. The base of tlhe body-whorl in the latter
is almost flat and circumscribed by a distinct angle. In
eschrichtiti, on the contrary, the periphery and base are
rounded. The aperture is longer and oval, whilst in erosa it
is shorter and rounder. Animal and operculum unknown.
Tachyrhynchus reticulata (Mighels & Adams).
1842 (January). Turritella reticulata, Mighels & Adams, Boston Journ.
Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 50, pl. iv. fig. 19.
1842. Turritella lactea, Moller, Index Moll. Greenland. p. 9.
1849, Mesalia lactea: Reeve, Conch, Icon, vol. v. pl. i. fig. 1 (enlarged),
1857. Turritella reticulata: Morch, Rink’s Grénland, vol. ii., Naturhist.
Bidrag, p. 82.
1861. Turritella lactea: Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, vol. i. p. 153,
pl. xii. figs. 13-13 8.
1868. Tachyrhynchus reticulata: Morch, Amer, Journ. Conch. vol. iy.
p. 46, animal.
1870. Turritella reticulata: Gould, Invert. Massachusetts, ed. 2, p. 818,
fig. 586. ‘
1871. Mesalia reticulata: Dall, Amer. Journ. Conch. vol. vii. p. 118.
1877. Turritella reticulata: Jeffreys, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xix.
. 240.
1886. Turritella ( Turritellopsis) reticulata: Tryon, Man. Conch. vol. viii.
p- 208, pl. Ixv. fig. 25, after Reeve.
1897. Turritellopsis reticulata: Kobelt, Conch. Cab., Turritella, p. 69,
pl. xx. figs. 16, 17.
Hab. Gulf of St. Lawrence (MZ. & Ad.) ; Labrador and
HK. Canada (Bush & Whiteaves) ; Greenland (Mé/ler).
20°
376 Mr. E. A. Smith on the Genera
In the words of the original describers of this species, it
“is allied to 7. erosa, Couth., but is easily recognized by the
longitudinal ribs and by its more slender form” (Mighels &
Adams).
The two forms are considered by Aurivillius to constitute
one species, and he describes and figures a very different
shell under the varietal name declivis *. Judging from the
figure, however, it certainly looks quite distinct. The whorls
are remarkably convex, without spiral or longitudinal costz,
and much higher in proportion to their width, and, in
addition, the peristome is entire. Without examining a speci-
men I must refrain from suggesting the generic position of
this shell.
Tachyrhynchus lacteola (Carpenter).
1864. Mesalia lacteola, Carpenter, Report Brit. Assoc. 1863, pp. 6083,
655, name only.
1865. Mesalia lacteola, id. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 62.
Hab. Puget Sound and Vancouver Isl. (Cpr.).
This species has been considered by ‘Tryon synonymous
with 7. reticulata, but in my opinion it is quite distinct.
Besides being smaller and shorter, the sculpture is more
nodulous and the form of the aperture is different being
Fig. 3.
me
Bs
)
(ei
produced and effuse at the base. The character of the
operculum, however, at once distinguishes the species. It is
horny, roundly ovate, but pointed above, slightly concave,
consists of only 4-5 whorls, which increase rather rapidly,
are carinate at the sutures, and marked with conspicuous
lines of growth, and the nucleus is a little excentric. As
already pointed out, that of J’. reticulata is circular, multi-
spiral, consisting of nine whorls.
* Vega-Exped. Vetensk. Jakttag. vol. iv. p. 324, pl. xii. tig. 9 (1887).
Eglisia, Callostracum, Mesalia, &c. BY
Tachyrhynchus subplanata (Carpenter).
1865. Mesalia (? lacteola, var.) subplanata, Carpenter, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philad. p. 62.
Hab. Puget Sound, Washington Territory, West N.
America ; also Neeah Bay (Cpr.).
I have not seen this shell,and therefore cannot express
any opinion upon its specific value. The author of the
species appears to have been doubtful upon this point.
Tachyrhynchus ? costulata, Mighels & Adams.
1842. Turritella costulata, Mighels & Adams, Boston Journ. Nat.
Hist. vol. iv. p. 50, pl. iv. tig. 20.
1870. Turritella costulata: Gould. Invert. Massachusetts, ed. 2, p. 318,
tig. 587, apparently after M. & Ad.
_ Hab. Casco Bay, Maine, U.S.A. Taken from the stomach
of a haddock (M. & Ad.).
This species, united by Tryon with 7’. reticulata, is evi-
dently distinct. The fine longitudinal coste and microscopic
spiral strize at once distinguish it from that form. Apparently
a rare shell, and known to me only by the description and
figure.
A pseudo-Mesalia.
Mesalia decussata, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 279.
flab. Island of Masbate, Philippines.
The type of this species is in the British Museum, and a
careful examination of it proves that it belongs to the genus
Mormula in the Pyramidellide.
The form of the aperture, the character of the sculpture,
and the thickening of the labrum (the previous labra forming
varices at irregular intervals up the spire) are all features
characteristic of Mormula.
Mr. J. R. Le B. Tomlin has shown me several specimens
in his collection from Japan and Lifu, which confirm the
distinctness of this species from Mormula rissoina of
A. Adams*, also from Japan, to which it bears some
resemblance.
I might here point out that Rissoina rex, of Pilsbry f,
is identical with Mormula rissoina. Kvideutly his speci-
mens had not retained their heterostrophe protoconch, and
consequently he was misled as regards their true generic
location.
* Journ. Linn. Soc. 1863, vol, vii. p.1; Smith, Ann. Natal Gov. Mus.
vol. i. p. 51, pl. viii. fig. 2.
7 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1904, vol. lv. p. 27, pl. iv. figs. 42, 42 a,
378 Mr. H. A. Baylis on Inhabitants of
XXXIII.—A Parasitic Oligochete, and other Inhabitants of
the Gill-chambers of Land-crabs. By H. A. BayYtis, B.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
A SMALL Oligochete worm of the family Enchytreeidee occurs
frequently in considerable numbers in the gill-chambers of
the crab Gecarcinus lagostoma in the island of South
Trinidad. Having been engaged in the study of this species,
for which I have proposed the name Enchytreus carcino-
philus [2], it occurred to me that it might be of interest to
examine the gill-chambers of other crabs of the family
Gecarcinidee, with a view to finding out whether they
harboured any further Oligochetes or other parasites.
Through the kindness of Dr. W. IT’. Calman, I was able
to examine specimens in the British Museum bearing the
following names :—
Cardisoma guanhumt.
hirtipes.
armatum.
carnifer.
—— sp.? (Lagos, W. Africa).
Ucides cordatus.
occidentalis.
Gecarcinus lateralis.
rurtcola.
quadratus.
Gecarcoidea lalandit.
The results of this investigation were as follows :—
Organisms which may possibly be regarded as parasites
were found in only three of the eleven species above named,
viz. :—Cardisoma hirtipes, Gecarcinus quadratus, and Grecar-
coidea lalandii. In Gecarcinus quadratus were found very
numerous examples of a small Enchytreid worm, which
proves to be specifically distinct from that already recorded
as occurring in G. lagostoma, and which will be described
below.
In Cardisoma hirtipes and Gecarcoidea lalandi the
creatures found proved to be dipterous larve of two distinct
species, though it was found impossible to determine them
precisely.
the Gill-chambers of Land-crabs. 379
The facts, with localities, may be shortly stated thus :—
Gecarcinus quadratus : from Clarion Island (Pacific).
One specimen only examined. Very many small
Oligochxta found on and among the gills.
Cardisoma hirtipes: (a) from the Admiralty Islands (¢ Chal-
lenger’ Collection).
Two out of three specimens examined had dipterous
larvee in their gill-chambers.
(>) from Christmas Island.
One out of three specimens had a fragment of a
larva adhering to the outside of it, near the lateral
opening of the gill-chamber.
Gecarcoidea lalandii: from Christmas Island.
Out of three specimens one provided three very
small larvee.
Mr. F. W. Edwards, of the Entomological Department of
the British Museum, who has examined the dipterous larve,
kindly supplies me with the following information :—
“ Dipterous larvee from Cardisoma hirtipes.—These larvee
_are evidently Syrphidez, and apparently belong to the sub-
family Eristaline; they differ from ristalis in the more
elongated form and the lack of any obvious separation into
‘body’ and § tail.’
“Larve from Gecarcoidea lalandii.—These are also
Syrphide, but in the present state of our knowledge it is
impossible to assign them definitely toany subfamily. They
appear to lack the extensile ‘tail’ of Hvistalis.”
Whether these larve ought properly to be considered
parasites of the crabs is, perhaps, a matter of doubt *. It is,
of course, possible that they arrived in their gill-chambers
accidentally. They may have wandered there from some
decaying matter upon which the crabs were feeding, according
to their habit, or from the water of some stream entered by
the crabs. According to Dr. C. W. Andrews [1], Cardisoma
hirtipes (referred to under the name of C. carnifex) is never
found far from the streams in Christmas Island, and lives in
burrows in the mud of the banks, and it would be rash to
* Tt should be borne in mind that there is a remote possibility that the
eges were deposited upon the crabs after death, in which case the larvae
could not be called parasites.
380 Mr. H. A. Baylis on Inhabitants of
assert that Gecarcoidea lalandii, though apparently a more
land-loving species, never enters fresh water.
In any case, however, whether the eggs were deliberately
deposited i in or near the gill-chambers by the female fly, or
whether the larve subsequently wandered into them, either
accidentally or following some regular instinct, they would
appear to have thriven there, and it is suggested as at least
a possibility that they derived sustenance from the blood of
the crabs, their chitinous “jaws” enabling them to puncture
the epithelium of the gills or of the vascular lining of the
chamber.
With regard to the Oligocheete worms, the case is even
more puzzling, as they have not even jaws, and it is difficult
to see what food, except, perhaps, mucus, they can obtain in
such a habitat. The remarks made on this head concerning
Enchytreus carcinophilus [2, p.14] apply equally to the
present species, which I now proceed to describe.
Einchytreus parasiticus, sp. n.
This form is evidently very closely related to the species
(LE. careinophilus) described by me from the gill-chambers of
Gecarcinus lagostoma [2]. It differs from it, however, in
certain features sufficiently to constitute a distinct species.
In size it is considerably smaller than L. carcinophilus,
measuring only 8-9 mm. in length, or about one-quarter of
the length of a full-grown specimen of the larger species.
Its thickness is about 0°35 mm. The number of segments in
several specimens in which they were counted was found to
vary between 69 and 82.
The cheete are arranged, as usual, in 4 bundles to each
segment, but there are invariably only 2 cheete in each
bundle; they are simple, pointed, and straight. Segmentsi.
and xii., as in the other species, are without bristles.
There is a very marked ventral flexure of the anterior end
of the worm, the prostomium being bent down into a vertical
position, and the mouth being therefore quite ventral. This
peculiarity was not observed in £. carcinophilus, but in the
present species is so constant a feature that the specimens
invariably lie on their sides, and can only with considerable
difficulty be mounted in any other position.
The clitellum is very feebly developed as compared with
the larger species. It is, in fact, very inconspicuous, but
can be made out as a very slight thickening, containing
glandular cells, extending from “about the middle of se g-
the Gill-chambers of Land-crabs. 381
ment xii. to the middle of xiii. in those specimens in which
it is most developed.
The openings of the male ducts are situated near the
hinder end of segment xii., on somewhat prominent
“cushions.” Their lips, however, are by no means so large
and prominent as in Lf, carcinophilus.
The apertures of the spermathecze lie, as usual, at the point
of junction of segments iv. and v.
INTERNAL ANATOMY.
Owing to the poor state of preservation of the material
(with which, of course, no trouble had been taken, as the
presence of the worms in the crab’s gill-chambers was pre-
sumably unknown) it was not found possible to obtain good
sections, and the account of the internal anatomy is necessarily
incomplete.
Alimentary Canal.—The mouth, as already stated, is
situated ventrally. The buccal cavity leads, therefore,
almost perpendicularly at first. It is very narrow dorso-
ventrally (2. e. from front to back). The floor of it does not
appear to be furnished with a tongue-like organ such as that
seen in L. carcinophilus. The pharynx has a large muscular
pad in its roof, of a somewhat different shape from that of
the other species. ‘his has not been observed in an everted
condition. No salivary glands have been seen.
The septal glands are in three pairs, situated, as in the
other species, in segments iv., v., and vi. But the first and
second pairs form continuous masses passing completely over
the dorsal side of the cesophagus, which at this point is very
narrow. The third pair are smaller, and do not join dorsally
in this manner.
It has not been found possible to give an account of the
blood-vascular or nephridial organs.
The brain is of a shape very similar to that of Z. carcino-
philus, the posterior border being nearly a straight line, with
a just perceptible concavity. The nerve-cord presents no
feature worthy of notice.
Genital Organs.—Phe large sperm-sacs occupy segments x.
and xi., and have an extension anteriorly into segment ix.
The stiucture of the sperm-funnels has not been made out,
but the ducts, as in the other species, are very long and
much coiled, and lead to the base of the muscular prominences
on which the external spermiducal pores are situated.
Lhe ovaries are situated in segment xii., on the septum
382 On Inhabitants of the Gill-chambers of Land-crabs.
xi./xii.. The ova, when liberated, are provided with a large
supply of yolk. The oviducts have not been made out with
certainty, but it is probable that they are, as usual, simply
outpushings of the septum xii./xili, to meet the body-wall.
The spermathece open on either side at the septum iv./v.,
and run backwards for a short distance as narrow tubes.
Between the first and second septal glands each expands into
a larger chamber with folded walls, and from this a duct runs
inwards at right angles to open into the cesophagus. The
openings are lined with long cilia projecting into the lumen
of the gut. The narrower distal portions of the sperma-
thecal ducts are covered externally with five longitudinal
rows of gland-cells.
Gr ER ASI
SSSSsinsons=
\~
M.>
Lateral view of the anterior end of Enchytreus parasiticus. Some of
the internal organs are represented as seen by transparency.
Br., brain; Ci., clitellum; Z., intestine; M., mouth; M.Ph., muscular
pad of pharynx; N.C.,nerve-cord ; Ov., ova; Sx, S.c, S.s, the three
pairs of septal glands; Sp., aperture of spermatheca; Sp.S., sperm-
sac; ¢, spermiducal pore.
Enchytreus parasiticus, sp. n.
DraGnosis :— Length 8-9 mm. Number of segments about
70-80. Chetcee 2 per bundle. Brain nearly straight behind.
Spermathece narrow distally, with 5 rows of gland-cells ex-
ternally ; expanding into a pouch with folded walls before
opening by a wide ciliated aperture into the esophagus.
Hab. Interior of the gill-chambers of a land-crab, Gecar-
cinus quadratus, Saussure [?=G. ruricola, L.*]. Clarion
Island (Pacific Ocean).
* Concerning the nomenclature of the host, Dr. W. T. Calman kindly
submits the following note :-—
“The specimens from Clarion Island are labelled Gecarcinus guadratus,
Saussure, and [ do not venture to dispute the identification, although I
am unable to form any clear conception of the distinguishing characters
The Penis-bone, or “ Baculum,” in certain Squirrels. 383
LITERATURE CITED.
{1] Anprews, C. W. ‘A Monograph of Christmas Island.’ Published
by the British Museum, 1900. [Note on Cardisoma carnifex
(C. hirtipes), p. 164.)
[2] Bayxis, H. A. ‘ Oligocheta”: British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’)
Exp. 1910. Zoology, vol. ii. no. 2, pp. 13-18. Published by the
British Museum, 1915.
OTHER PAPERS CONSULTED.
[3] Ricuarp, J. “ Essai sur les Parasites et les Commensaux des Crus-
tacés.” Arch. Parasitol. tom. ii. pp. 548-595. Paris, 1899.
[4] Witson, C. B. “Crustacean Parasites of West Indian Fishes and
Land Crabs.” Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xliv. (1913) pp. 189-277.
[ Cancrincola, a new Genus of Copepoda, Parasitic in Cardisoma
guanhumi, gills, p. 264. ]
XXXIV.—The Penis-bone, or “ Baculum,” as a Guide to
the Classification of certain Squirrels. By OLDFIELD
‘HOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THERE has always appeared to be something wrong with the
inclusion of the Oriental squirrels in the same genus as
Sciurus vulgaris, although when classifying the group some
years ago I was unable to find any material differences in
their skulls and teeth.
Now, however, I have found a character by which such
squirrels as are still put in Sc:urws may be sorted into
several groups, each sharply defined trom the others.
This 1s m the structure of the os penis, which shows very
striking differences between the various groups of species,
and may evidently be of great service in classifying the
members of this difficult family. For many years I have
of this species. The specimens differ in the form of the carapace and
third maxillipeds from G. malpilensis as described by Faxon (Mem. Mus.
Comp. Zool. xviii. 1895, p. 28); in the proportions of the carapace and
legs from G. digueti, Bouvier, as redescribed by Rathbun (U.S. Dep.
Agric. N. Amer, Fauna, no. 14, 1899, p. 73); and in having six spine-
rows on the dactyli, from G. dateralis (Freminyille). I am not aware
that anyone has attempted a detailed criticism of Ortmann’s opinion
(Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst. x. 1897, p. 337) that all the American forms
belonging to this genus can be referred to a single species, G. ruricola
(Linn.).”
384 Mr. O. Thomas on the Penis-bone, or
been collecting materials for the study of this bone, and hope
later to be able to give a general paper upon it, but, as a
preliminary, it seems advisable to publish a note on certain
cases affecting nomenclature and generic position.
Since every other bone of the skeleton has a name of its
own, not merely the “bone of the leg” or “ bone of the
head,” it appears to me convenient to have a special term
for the bone of the penis, and I therefore propose to call it
the baculum, meaning a little stick.
Now the baculum of Sciurus vulaaris, the type of the
genus, is a very characteristic bone, like a small spatula, or
still more like a half-closed human right hand, the shaft
forming the forearm, the blade of the spatula the hollowed
palm, and a small pointed projection on the right side corre-
sponding to an outstretched thumb.
Of this type, and agreeing with it exceedingly closely, are
the bacula of the other Palearctic species, S. persicus aud
S. lis, of the whole of the American species, so tar as | have
been able to examine them, and, remarkable to say, of the
Bornean Retthrosciurus macrotis.
But all the Indian and Malayan species hitherto referred
to Sciurus have bacula totally different from that of true
Sciurus, and themselves divisible into two types, though with
an essential community between the two.
For in all the baculum consists of two parts, a shaft or
capulus of varying length and a separate sharp blade or
lamina attached to the shaft by ligament and_ slightly
movable upon it. The lamina has a concave base, which
articulates with the rounded surface of the shaft, and allows
a certain amount of lateral play.
In position in the penis the blade points to the right, its
edge cutwards. This edge is very sharp indeed, is practi-
cally uncovered by tissue of any sort, and seems to be for
the purpose of enlarging the female opening by a clean
knife-cut into the tissues. A careful study ot the soft
anatomy of the female will be needed before the exact
objects and methods of this remarkable structure can be
understood. It is possible that the little, sharp, thumb-like
projection on the baculum of typical Seiwrus has a somewhat
similar function.
As already noted, the compound bacula are of two types,
respectively more and less specialized.
The less specialized consists of a long, slender, slightly
curved shaft, with a narrow blade set on the side of it, in the
concavity of its genéral curvature. The blade is attached
nearly throughout its length, and its greatest breadth is only
“ Baculum,” in certain Squirrels. 385
about one-fourth to one-sixth of its length, so that it projects
from the shaft as quite a low cutting-blade.
In the more specialized type the lamina is attached to the
side of the end of the shaft, and is developed into a long trian-
gular and pointed blade, recurved backwards towards the hilt
of the shaft, which it may equal or exceed in length.
A considerable number of species which have been referred
to “ Sciurus”’ have bacula of the less specialized compound
type, while Laritscus, Tamiops, Dremomys, Nannosciurus, and
a further number of ‘* Sccurus”? have the more specialized
type last described.
But since the possession of such striking and sharply defin-
able characters must indicate blood-relationship, it is evident
that forms with all three types of bacula should not be put into
the same genus, Sciwrus, and I would therefore withdraw
from that genus all those with compound bacula, and divide
these again into two genera corresponding to the less and
the more specialized forms above described.
Of the first of these, that with the narrow-bladed baculum,
the name would appear to be Callosciurus, Gray *, with type
“ Sciurus” raffiesti. Other synonymic names are Baginia,
Gray {f (type S. notatus), Hrythrosciurus, Gray ¢ (ferru-
gineus), and Heterosciurus, Trouessart § ( ferrugineus).
The species that I know to be reterable to Calloscturus
are as follows, the names put in the first column being those
of which the character of the baculum has been definitely
verified, while the names in brackets indicate a number of
prominent species presumed to belong to the genus from
their near alliance to the verified species :—
Callosciurus atrodorsalis .... (rubeculus.)
fe CANICEPS. ++. ase (concolor, griseimanus, epomophorus.)
7 castaneoventris.. (gordont, styant.)
a erythr@us...... (ferrugineus, finlaysoni.)
3 notatus ...... .. (vittatus, nigrovittatus, saturatus.)
is YORI OUA OT (atricapillus, caroli, baluensis, erythro-
melas, prevostit, rafflesii, rufo-
niger.)
a HAGUE. 5 on a te (haringtont.)
Curiously enough, though there are four names available
for the first genus, there are none for the second, that with a
long recurved blade on the baculum, and I would therefore
propose to give it the name of Tomeutes |
* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xx. p. 277 (1867).
ih Un Go pe, 279, f T. c. p. 285.
§ Le Nat. ii. no. 37, p. 292 (1880).
|| Based on ropevs, a shoemaker’s knife,
386 The Pents-bone, or “ Baculum,” in certain Squirrels.
For type I would select Tomeutes lokroides (Sciurus lok-
roides, Hodgs.), and, so far as can now be ascertained, the list
of the chief species would be as follows, arranged, as before,
into verified species, in the first column, and consequential
species in brackets :—
Tomeutes lokroides.
‘s similis.
if phayret.
7 blanfordi.
» pygerythrus.
+ Janetta.
oc .| Cre eo eas oe ak (hippurus group.)
+ philippinensis ...... (steerer, juvencus. )
yy melanogaster ...... (atratus.)
LORIAE we siates sh tl oietod (pumilus, fraterculus, and many
others.)
ES brooket
Pi lowit.
a MUPINUS.
It is to be hoped that by degrees the bacular characters of
the remaining Oriental squirrels may be ascertained, for their
skulls and teeth often give little clue to their proper situation.
Unfortunately in preparing dry specimens the skin of the
penis readily slips off, and the baculum is thrown away with
the carcase, unless the collector has been specially told to
save it. The majority of the bacula I have been able
to secure, apart from a number carefully preserved by
Mr. Shortridge, have been extracted from spirit-specimens.
I may note that Mr. Shortridge tells me that, so far as he
has seen, the species I have put into ZYomeutes are, on the
whole, more terrestrial in their habits than those of Callo-
sclurus, although there are a few exceptions.
In the preliminary study of this subject that I have so far
been able to make, a few points stand out very clearly.
Firstly, the wide, or at least absolutely complete, separation
of the forms with compound bacula as compared with all
the other Sciuride, and their comparatively near relationship
to each other. Consequently the separation of the Nanno-
sciurine as a subfamily set over against other squirrels is
flatly contradicted by the Zomeutes-like bacula of the type-
genus, with but little special peculiarity. (The edge of the
blade in WV. whiteheadi is beautifully serrated, but this is
not the case in certain other species.)
The presence of a simple baculum in Myoscturus minutus,
which is therefore after all not related to the Malayan Nanno-
scturus, and is further evidence of the invalidity of the
« Nannosciurine ” as a subfamily.
On some Pteropine Bats. 387
Then the extreme uniformity of the bone in Sciurus vul-
garis, the American Scturi, and Reithrosciurus.
The absence of compound-baculum forms from Africa, and
their dominance in the Oriental region, where, apart from
Reithrosciurus, only Ratufa and Funambulus have simple
ones.
The resemblance of the baculum of Ratwfa to that of the
African Protoverus, and the possibility that there is some
special relationship between the giant squirrels of Asia and
West Africa.
The development of the compound bacula along two lines,
to one or other of which nearly all forms may be readily
assigned. Thus the bacula of Zamiops, Dremomys, Lariscus,
and Wannosciurus are all absolutely of the Tomeutes type,
while the many species of Callosciurus belong to the other.
Menetes alone is rather more doubtful, its peculiarly slender-
shafted baculum having a blade somewhat connecting the
two types.
Observations on the forms found in allied groups, in
Tamias, Citellus, the flying squirrels, and others must be
reserved for a future paper.
XXXV.—On some Pteropine Bats from Vulcan and Dampier
Islands, off the N.E. Coast of New Guinea. By OLDFIELD
‘THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE British Museum has received a small collection of
mammals obtained by Mr. A. 8. Meek on the two islands
mentioned in the title, and among them are examples of three
members of the genus Pteropus. One of these, from Dampier
Island, may be referred to P. hypomelanus luteus, but its
representative in Vulcan Island appears to be a new race
of that widely distributed species. With P. h. luteus,
on Dampier Island, there also occurs a new form of the
P. mariannus group.
Pteropus basiliscus, sp, n.
General characters as in P. tonganus and vanicorensis, the
species being similarly alarge-eyed member of the P. marcannus
group. Colour of head above pale greyish brown, passing
gradually into the ochraceous buffy of the mantle. Back
388 On some Pteropine Bats.
seal-brown mixed with greyish-white hairs. Chin and inter-
ramia blackish brown ; sides of neck dull ochraceous buffy ;
abdomen blackish brown, liberally mixed with shining
whitish hairs.
Skull and teeth as in P. tonganus.
Dimensions of the type :—
Forearm 142 mm. (other specimens 141 and 136).
Third finger, metacarpus 94 (other specimens 98 and 92) ;
first phalanx 67, second phalanx 101.
Skull: greatest length 65°6 ; maxillary tooth-row 24°7 ;
diameter of orbit 13°3.
Hab. Dampier (=Krakar Island), off the N.E. coast of
New Guinea, from which the island is separated by Basilisk
Strait.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 15. 2.18.2. Collected
20th February, 1914, by A.S. Meek. Presented by Oldfield
Thomas. Three specimens.
Although I provisionally use a binomial name for this bat,
to fall in with Dr. Andersen’s arrangement of the group, I
am inclined to think that, in company with P. vanicorensis,
it will later be considered as a local subspecies of P. ton-
ganus. From the former, which I have not seen, it would
appear to be distinguishable by the paler-coloured head, not
sharply contrasted with the colour of the mantle, while from
the latter it may be separated by its more ochraceous mantle
and its browner back and belly. Its geographical position is
a long way off from the Santa Cruz and Tonga groups of
islands, the respective localities of the other two forms.
Pteropus hypomelanus vulcantus, subsp. n.
Top of head dull buffy, with an intermixture of shining
buffy hairs, this colour passing into the darker buffy or
ochraceous buffy of the nape. Back abruptly brown, lined
and rendered more greyish by an intermixture of light buffy
or whitish hairs. Cheeks darker than crown. Interramia
smoky brown. ‘Throat dull buffy, browner in the middle
line ; sides of neck deep buffy like nape. Chest and belly
dark olive-brown, washed with buffy or dull whitish.
Dimensions of the type :—
Forearm (c.) 130 mm.
Third finger, metacarpus 90; first phalanx 64, second
phalanx 99.
Skull: greatest length 66.
Hab. Vulcan (= Manumudar) Island, N.E. New Guinea.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 15.2.18.4. Collected 29th
On some Australian Malacodermide. 389
December, 1913, by A. S. Meek. Presented by Oldfield
Thomas. Six specimens examined.
‘This subspecies is evidently most nearly allied to P. hypo-
melinus luteus, K. And., which Mr. Meek obtained on
Dampier Island, but is readily distinguishable by its much
darker chest and belly, which contrast strongly with the
colour of the neck, instead of nearly agreeing with it.
P. h. luteus was recorded by Dr. Andersen from 8.E. New
Gsuinea, extending up to the Huon Gulf. Its occurrence in
Dampier Island is therefore not surprising.
To some extent this subspecies of hypomelanus tends to
take on the characteristic colour-pattern ot P. mariannus and
its allies, and confirms Dr. Andersen’s remarks on the affinities
of the two groups (‘ Catalogue,’ p. 172).
XXX VI.—On some Australian Malacodermide and Curcu-
hionid collected by Mr. G. E. Bryant. By Arruur M.
Lea.
In 1908 Mr. Bryant spent some months collecting insects in
Australia. Of the beetles taken, the majority of the Malaco-
dermide and Curculionide* were sent to me for examination,
and the number of new species obtained will show the care
taken with many of the smaller forms, so often passed over
by collectors.
Mr. Bryant writes that in the year named he “ arrived at
Fremantle on 21st July, spent two weeks collecting round
Fremantle, Perth, and Mundaring. ‘Too early in the season
to do much good. Arrived at Adelaide 8th August, and
spent a week there, and then two weeks in Victoria.
Arrived at Syduey the end of August, and spent five months
collecting in New South Wales. Baan Baa is in the north
of New South Wales, between Walgett and Werris Creek.
Spent about a week round Brisbane and a month at Cairns
and Kuranda, and finally left Australia from Port Darwin.”
In addition to the localities of specimens taken by Mr.
Bryant, I have given others when specimens of the same
were in my own or in other collections. A few of the
species here described were not actually taken by Mr. Bryant,
* The Belides, about fifteen species, were overlooked when the
specimens were sent to me, and the Amycterides were examined by
Dr. Ferguson.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 26
390 Mr. A. M. Lea on
but they were included as being very close to some that
were taken by him.
Malacodermide.
Telephorus gracilipictus, sp. n.
¢. Head (except part of front, mouth-parts, and middle
of under surface), middle of metasternum, knees, and apex of
abdomen black ; six apical joints of antennze and upper surface
of the others, most of hind tibiz and parts of the others,
and parts of all the tarsi more or less deeply infuscated ;
elytra of a rather dark metallic green ; elsewhere more or
less reddish flavous. With very short pale pubescence.
Head about as long as the width across eyes, three im-
pressions between eyes, the median one subtriangular and
fairly distinct, the others shallow, two smaller ones behind.
them. Antenne thin, passing middle of elytra, fourth joint
slightly longer than fifth and distinctly longer than second
and third combined. Prothorax slightly longer than wide ;
median line short and distinct, sides irregularly impressed
longitudinally, base rather widely and shallowly depressed.
Elytra rather narrow, diminishing in width from about
basal fourth ; densely and coarsely punctate, punctures
smaller across base than elsewhere.
Length 63-74 mm.
Hab. Queensland: Kuranda.
In some respects close to nobilitatus and viridipennis (in
my table in Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1908, p. 114, it
would be associated with the latter), but the prettily varie-
gated legs are at once distinctive. In appearance it is close
to Selenurus granulatus, but the prothorax is of different
shape and of one colour, and most of the head is black.
The surface of the elytra, except about the base, might be
regarded as granulate-punctate. From some directions
vague traces of an elevated line are visible on each. The
abdomen is greatly shrivelled in the (two) specimens before
me, but the subapical segment is certainly deeply incised.
Telephorus froggatti, Macl.
Mr. Bryant has taken at Kuranda three specimens that I
cannot structurally distinguish from froggatt:. ‘They differ,
however, in having the head entirely paie and the elytra
entirely smoky brown ; but, as there are several intermediate
forms in my own collection, they probably represent a
variety only.
-"
some Australian Malacodermide. 391
Telephorus mossmani, Macl. Kuranda.
T’. rubriceps, Macl. Kuranda.
T. nobilitatus, Er. Blue Mountains, Sydney, National
Park.
Selenurus sydneyanus, Blackb. Sydney.
S. annulatus, Macl. Kuranda.
S. tricolor, Lea. Blue Mountains.
Heteromastix bryanti, sp. n.
3. Flavous; elytra, metasternum, and abdomen black,
tarsi and antenne (base and apex excepted) more or less
infuscated. Elytra and under surface with very short
pubescence.
Head wide and shining. Antenne long and rather stout,
two apical joints distorted and as long as the eight preceding
combined. Prothorax about twice as wide as long. margins
elevated and feebly dilated anteriorly. /ytra feebly dilated
to beyond the middle; with dense and irregular but not
coarse punctures. Penultimate segment of abdomen deeply
incised. Legs rather long and thin.
Length 35 mm.
9. Differs in having the antenne shorter, with the tenth
and eleventh joints dark and simple ; the eleventh is almost
as long as the ninth and tenth combined, cylindrical, with
the apex conical; abdomen with the penultimate segment
not incised, and the four hind femora and parts of all the
tibiz infuseated.
Hab. Queensland : Kuranda.
In my table (Trans, Ent. Soc. London, 1908, p. 181)
would be associated with mirabilis, from which it differs in
being smaller, with a greater portion of the legs and of the
antennz pale, and in the shape of the two terminal joints
of the latter. The two apical joints of the antenne are,
perhaps, more remarkable than those of any other species of
the genus. They are so closely applied together that it is
somewhat difficult to describe their apparent shapes; the
tenth appears to be hollow, with a basal projection from
the eleventh extending almost its entire length within tie
hollow ; thus the eleventh from one direction appears to be
twice as long as the tenth, but from another direction it
actually appears to be shorter than the tenth ; near its apex
it is constricted all round, so that the tip appears to be
knobbed.
26%
392 Mr. A. M. Lea on
Heteromastix flavoterminalis, sp. un.
é. Black; muzzle, prothorax, scutellum, mesesternum,
four front femora and tibize, and apical and three basal joints
of antenne flavous, hind knees and trochanters obscurely
diluted with red. With very short pubescence on most of
surface.
Head wide and shining. Antenne moderately long and
rather stout, two apical joints distorted. Prothoraz, elytra,
abdomen, and legs much as in preceding species.
Length 32 mm.
Hab. Queensland: Kuranda.
In my table would be associated with dzcolor, from which
it differs in being slightly larger and wider, much more of
legs and antenne dark, and the latter stouter, with the two
apical joints of very different shapes. The eleventh from
most directions is apparently twice as long as the tenth,
constricted near apex, and on one side near base, on this
side fitted into tenth, so that only narrow portions of the
sides and base of the latter are visible; from another direc-
tion it appears to have an acute basal projection fitted into
a deep notch on the tenth ; from still another direction the
tenth seems to have a distinct extension overlapping the
base of the eleventh. The ninth is slightly smaller than
the eighth, and rather acute at one side of its apex.
The strong general resemblance between many species of
this genus is remarkable ; colours and shapes of all parts,
except of the antennz of the male, are often almost or quite
identical, and yet the terminal joints of the autenne differ
to an astonishing extent.
Heteromastix crassicornis, Lea. Kuranda.
H. gagaticeps, Lea. Baan Baa, Sydney, Ourimbah.
H. amabilis, Lea. Blue Mountains.
H. victoriensis, Blackb. National Park.
H. bicolor, Boh. Ourimbah.
Hypatitalus apicipennis, sp. n.
6. Head and under surface black; legs blackish, in
places diluted with red; antennz black, three basal joints
partly reddish ; elytra purple, bluish at base, apex and the
prothorax flavous. Clothed with fine, sparse, greyish
pubescence and with fine hairs scattered about.
Head with indistinct punctures. Antenne long, second
some Australian Malacodermide. 393
to tenth joints more or less acutely serrated. Prothorax
about once and one-third as wide as long, apex slightly
produced in middle, base widely rounded, punctures in-
distinct. Elytra slightly wider than prothorax, sides and
suture (except on basal fourth) thickened ; with dense and
fairly large punctures, smaller about base and apex than
elsewhere. Legs long; front trochanters subtriangularly
produced ; front femora semicircularly notched near apex,
front tibiz rather strongly curved at base, and but little
more than half the length of hind pair; second and third
joints of tarsi very short.
Length 3 mm.
Hab. New South Wales: Sydney, National Park.
In general appearance fairly close to dispar and violaceus,
but front legs, antennz, and punctures very different. The
front legs are somewhat as in pulcherrimus and dentipes, but
the elytra are very differently coloured. In my table of the
genus * it would be associated with mirabilis, whose elytra
are pale at the base as well as at the apex. Scarcely more
than the thickened apical margins are pale.
Hypattalus australis, Fairm. Sydney.
Hi, abdominalis, Er., var. brevicornis, Lea. Blackheath.
H. collaris, Lea. Sydney.
Laius nodicornis, Blackb.
Mr. Bryant has sent two specimens (sexes) from Baan Baa
(New South Wales) that appear to represent a variety of
this species. They differ from the typical forms in being
slightly larger, rather hairier, the markings more purplish,
the front tibiz black on their basal external edge, and the
prothorax with an irregular dark triangle extending from
the base to near the middle.
Laius conicicornis, Blackb. Baan Baa.
L. cinctus, Redt. Sydney, Blue Mountains.
L. hellulus, Guér. Largs Bay, Blue Mountains.
Helcogaster maculiceps, Lea.
Mr. Bryant has a male of this species with a small black
longitudinal spot on the prothorax.
Hab, Sydney, Ryde, Illawarra.
* Trans. Ent. Soc, London, 1908, pp. 169-170.
394 Mr. A. M. Lea on
Helcogaster varius, Lea. Sydney, Ryde, Ilawarra.
H. concaviceps, Lea. Blue Mountains.
H. ruficornis, Lea. Tlawarra.
Carphurus armipennis, Fairm. Kuranda.
C. cristatifrons, Fairm. Blue Mountains.
C. cyanopterus, Boh. Blue Mountains.
C. latipennis, Lea. Blackheath.
C. longicollis, Lea. Blue Mountains, Sydney National
Park.
C. longus, Lea. Kuranda.
C. vigilans, Lea. Kuranda.
Balanophorus janthinipennis, Fairm. Blue Mountains.
B. brevipennis, Germ. Blue Mountains.
Curculionide.
BRACHYDERIDES.
Prosayleus dispar, Germ. Largs Bay.
P. hopei, Sch. Sydney, National Park, Blue Mountains,
Jllawarra.
Evas acuminata, Pase. Perth.
Maleuterpes spinipes, Blackb. Sydney.
Prypnus squamosus, Blackb. Blue Mountains.
P. 5-nodosus, Gyll. Sydney, National Park.
P. squalidus, Gyli. Blue Mountains.
P. angustus, Lea. Blue Mountains.
Eutinophea falcata, Lea. Kuranda.
E. variegata, Lea. Kuranda.
OTIORHYNCHIDES.
Timareta setistriata, sp. n.
Blackish, elytra and tip of prothorax of a dingy red; tibiz,
tarsi, and antenne paler. Densely clothed with whitish
scales, varying to a dingy brown, the paler ones sometimes
with a greenish or golden or silvery gloss. With numerous
some Australian Curculionide. 395
whitish erect or suberect sete scattered about, and forming
a regular row on each elytral interstice.
Head with concealed punctures. Eyes small and coarsely
facetted. Rostrum slightly longer than its greatest width,
subparallel-sided to near apex ; punctures concealed except
on the apical triangular plate. Antenne rather short and
stout; club briefly ovate. Prothorax decidedly transverse,
sides moderately rounded, punctures normally concealed.
Elytra ovate, thrice the length of prothorax, with regular
rows of large partially concealed punctures, becoming
smaller posteriorly. Legs rather short and stout; tibie
dilated at apex.
Length 3-33 mm.
Hab. West Australia: Perth.
With scales and sete much as on wanthorrhwe, but stouter
and eyes much smaller. Thus, in that species the space
between the eyes is but little more than the extreme length
of an eye ; in the present species the space between the eyes
is fully double the length of an eye. The antennz are also
shorter, with the club more rounded. Crinita, also from
W. Australia, is a larger species, with thinner antenne and
much less conspicuous sete, &e. Sublerranea, puncticollis,
and swanseaensis have very similar eyes and antenne, but
the sete are in more than one series on each interstice, and
the size is usually considerably larger.
Timareta crinita, Pasc. Cottesloe.
T. figurata, Pase. Cottesloe.
T. pilosa, Blackb. Adelaide.
T. duplicata, Lea. Sydney.
T. granicollis, Lea. Perth.
Merimnetes equalifrons, Blackb., var. compactus, n. var.
Four specimens (beth sexes), taken by Mr. Bryant on the
Blue Mountains, differ from ordinary specimens of e@quali-
frons in being shorter and more compact, and with a trifle
shorter rostrum. But as I can find no other differences, I
have not ventured to give them other than a varietal name.
Myllocerus bilineater, sp. n.
$. Black or blackish; legs reddish. Densely clothed
with white scales, uniform on head, under surface, and legs,
but mixed with numerous black spots on elytra; a black
396 Mr. A. M. Lea on
stripe on each side of prothorax. Prothorax and elytra with
suberect whitish sete, on the latter forming a single row on
each interstice.
Head flat ; a narrow fovea between eyes. Rostrum mode-
rately transverse, sides gently incurved to middle, with a
narrow median carina and a less distinct oblique one near
each side. Antenne moderately long and curved; first joint
of funicle slightly longer than second. Prothoraxr strongly
transverse, base strongly bisinuate and much wider than
apex, which is truncate. Elytra not much wider than pro-
thorax ; with rows of large almost concealed punctures.
Femora very feebly dentate.
Length 5-6 mm.
?. Differs in having eyes rather less prominent, antennz
and legs somewhat shorter, and abdomen more convex.
Hab. N. Territory : Darwin.
In size and shape closely resembles speciosus, but the
clothing is nowhere green. From castor it differs in having
the elytra rather narrower, rostrum distinctly shorter, and
prothorax wider at the base, with a conspicuous dark stripe
on each side. From pollux it differs in being somewhat
smaller, with the rostrum decidedly shorter and more flat-
tened, and the antenne somewhat thinner. In my table *
of the genus it would be associated with cinerascens, from
which it differs in the dark patches of scales, in the rostrum
being shorter and squarer, and the elytral setee much more
conspicuous. The clothing is much as on fuscomaculatus,
but the rostrum is considerably wider and prothorax more
dilated to base. The femoral teeth are very minute, and
could easily be overlooked.
Myllocerus echinatus, Lea. Kuranda.
M. rugicollis, Lea. Kuranda.
Titinia ignaria, Pasc. Baan Baa, Illawarra, National
Park.
T. bicolor, Blackb. Baan Baa.
LEPTOPSIDES.
Leptops corrugatus, Pasc. Kuranda.
L. ferus, Pasc. Kuranda.
L. superciliaris, Pasc. Sydney.
* Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 1905, p. 218.
some Australian Curculionide. 397
Leptops brachystylus, Lea, Kuranda.
L. fasciculatus, Lea. Kuranda.
L. nigropunctatus, Lea. Quirindi.
Polyphrades nitidilabris, Germ. Spring Vale, Adelaide.
P. nanus, Gyll. Blue Mountains, National Park, Sydney.
P. pardalotus, Pasc. Perth.
P. inconspicuus, Blackb. Mordialloc.
P. tibialis, Blackb. lawarra.
Mandalotus ventralis, Blackb. Adelaide, Largs Bay.
M. ammophilus, Lea. Illawarra.
M. blackmorei, Lea. Baan Baa.
M. geminatus, Lea. Cairns.
Cherrus plebejus, Oliv. Blue Mountains.
Esmelina flavovittata, Pase. Blue Mountains.
LE. australis, Blackb. Blue Mountains.
Essolithna echimys, Pasc. Mundaring.
Amisallus whitei, Waterh. Ourimbah, Sydney.
Stenocorynus crenulatus, Fab. Kuranda.
S. neglectus, Lea. Kuranda.
Lipothyrea arrowi, Lea. Kuranda.
CYLINDRORHINIDES.
Perperus melancholicus, Boi. Blue Mountains.
P. lateralis, Boh. Illawarra.
P. marginalis, Boh. Illawarra.
Lycosura inermis, sp. 0.
Light reddish castaneous, head and prothorax sometimes
somewhat darker than other parts. Rather densely clothed
with white or whitish scales, stouter and denser on sides
than elsewhere.
Head with dense, sharply impressed, but partially con-
cealed punctures. Eyes rather large, separated about two-
thirds the width of base of rostrum. Rostrum about as Jong
as the width across eyes, slightly dilated from base to apex,
punctures much as on head; with a fairly distinct median
398 Mr. A. M. Lea on
carina continued to near apex and narrowly bifurcated in
front. Antenne rather thin ; scape rather strongly curved,
apex rather strongly thickened, about as long as five following
joints combined. Prothoraz slightly longer than wide, sides
evenly rounded, hase aud apex of equal width. Slytra
almost twice the width of prothorax, shoulders rounded,
sides parallel to beyond the middle and then strongly
narrowed to apex ; with rows of rather large subquadrate
punctures ; interstices with small and frequently concealed
granules, third with a slight tubercular swelling at summit
of posterior declivity. Legs rather long ; femora stout in
middle.
Length 41-6 mm.
Hab. W. Australia: Swan River. (G. £. Bryant and
A. M. Lea).
The antenne and rostrum are shorter than in dispinosa,
The elytra are unarmed, but nevertheless there is a slight
thickening of the interstices at the positions of the spines of
that species. The scales on the sides of the prothorax and
elytra are usually of a snowy whiteness and entirely conceal
tlle derm ; elsewhere they are much thinner (more or less
setose), but looking up the elytra from behind there usually
appears to be a distinct white V, caused by the scales on the
apical portion of each of the fifth interstices being much as on
the sides. The clothing appears to be easily abraded. In
some lights abraded specimens appear to have regular rows
of large round or rounded watery-looking punctures, much
as the submerged punctures on many specimens of Cordus
hospes. The apparent size of the punctures is much greater
than the real. The male differs from the female in being
smaller and with a moderately distmct impression at the
apex of the first abdominal segment. In the female the two
basal segments are also larger and more convex.
MoLYTIDES.
Aphela algarum, Pase. Sydney.
A. helopoides, Pase. Cottesloe, Adelaide, Largs Bay.
Psaldus liosomoides, Pase. Cottesloe, Adelaide, Largs Bay.
GONIPTERIDES.
Oxyops parvicollis, sp. 0,
Blackish brown, in places obscurely diluted with red.
Densely but irregularly clothed with silvery-white scales,
aud with snuff-coloured meal, rather dense in places.
some Australian Curculionide. 399
Head with small concealed punctures. Eyes prominent,
widely separated. Rostrum short and thick, scarcely longer
than greatest width, with dense, more or less concealed
punctures. Prothoreox small, about as long as wide, sides
mocerately rounded, base about one-third wider than apex ;
with dense, normally concealed punctures, and with
remnants of a feeble median carina. lytra much wider
than prothorax, shoulders obliquely rounded and with
numerous granules, each side near base with an obtuse
granulated swelling, apex very obtusely mucronate; with
rows of large and usually concealed punctures ; third, fifth,
and seventh interstices with granulated elevations. Meso-
sternum with an obtusely pointed intercoxal process. Legs
stout ; tibize with numerous small teeth, less distinct on the
hind pair than on the others.
Length 10 mm.
Hab. Queensland : Thursday Island.
In general appearance much like a Gonipterus, but with the
intercoxal process of Ozyops*, To the naked eye the upper
surface appears to be rather densely and irregularly clothed
with greyish-white scales, with darker spots on the elytra.
The dark spots, however (of which the most conspicuous
one appears like a transverse interrupted median fascia,
although there is one almost as distinct behind the shoulder),
are due partly to the scales there being smaller than else-
where, but principally to being densely covered with a snuff-
coloured meal or powder. The third interstice is obtusely
tuberculate near base, with a longitudinal elevation before
middle and a shorter one beyond same, the two latter being
conspicuously separated by the silvery scales of the fascia,
The elevations and granules on the other odd interstices are
less conspicuous.
Oxyops grisea, sp. 0.
Black. Densely clothed with silvery-white scales, but
elytra with a conspicuously mottled appearance.
Head with a deep but partially concealed impression
between eyes, elsewhere with small concealed punctures.
Eyes prominent and widely separated. Rostrum short,
about as long as greatest width (which is near apex); with
dense punctures, concealed on basal half. Prothorav small,
about as long as wide, sides moderately rounded and de-
creasing in width almost from base to apex; with dense,
* In Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1897, p. 600, this process was erro-
neously referred to as if it belonged to the metasternum, instead of to the
mesosternum.
400 Mr. A. M. Tea on
partially concealed punctures. Flytra oblong-subcordate,
apex very obtusely mucronate, shoulders and sides near
shoulders as in parvicollis ; with rows of large more or less
concealed punctures ; interstices with dense punctures and
small granules, mostly concealed; the odd ones feebly
elevated in places, but the third rather distinctly subtuber-
culate towards base. Mesosternum and legs as in ‘parvicollis.
Length 93 mm.
Hab. Queensland: Chillagoe (H. Hacker, his 1133).
To the naked eye the elytra appear to be clothed mostly
with snuff-coloured scales and to have a distinct median
fascia of white scales, with the base and basal portion of the
suture white ; the dark patches, however, are due partly to
the pale scales being very fine and sparse, but principally to
a snuff-coloured meal. On the under surface also the meal
is fairly dense in parts, but the scales there being rather
large, and of almost uniform size, their appearance is not so
much altered by it. In general appearance it is much like
the preceding species, from which it differs in being some-
what narrower and by a pale fascia replacing the dark
median one of that species. Both species (there are two of
each before me) have a pale elytral fascia and remnants of
others ; but on the present species the exact middle of the
elytra is covered by it, in the preceding species it is entirely
beyond the exact middle. ‘The prothorax has a few small
granules showing through the scales; on each side towards
the apex there is a feeble longitudinal depression, where the
scales are thinner and the meal denser than elsewhere. ‘The
shape is somewhat as in bilunaris, but the pale band is
wider, of different shape, slightly nearer the base, &e. In
some respects it is close to the description of areiferus, but
is larger, rostrum not elongate, median fascia coniposed of
true scales, not at all resembling hairs, eyes distant, &c.
This species is so obviously close to the preceding one
that it is advisable that it should be described at the same
time, although the types were not taken by Mr. Bryant.
Oxyops concreta, Pasc. Ourimbah.
O. irrasa, Pasc. National Park, Sydney.
O. fasciata, Boi. Quirindi, National Park, Mundaring.
O. reticulata, Boi. Sydney, Blue Mountains.
O. fasciculaia, Redt. Sydney.
O. amplipennis, Lea. Blue Mountains.
some Australian Curculionide. 401
Gonipterus suturalis, Gyll. Sydney, Westport.
G. exaratus, Ths. Sydney, National Park, Ourimbah.
G. gibberus, Boi. Brisbane.
G. rufus, Blackb. Blue Mountains.
G. excavifrons, Lea. Blue Mountains.
G. pulverulentus, Lea. Blue Mountains, Sydney.
Iptergonus cionvides, Pase. Blue Mountains, Illawarra.
I. aberrans, Lea. Perth.
Bryachus squamicollis, Pasc.. Baan Baa, Brisbane,
Syarbis pachypus, Pasc. National Park.
S. porcatus, Lea. Sydney.
Hyrreripes.
Eurychirus alleni, Lea, Kuranda.
Prophesia confusa, Pase. Sydney.
DIABATHRARIIDES,
Atelicus inequalis, Waterh. Blue Mountains.
Strongylorrhinus ochraceus, Sch. Perth.
ATERPIDES.
Cyllorhamphus tuberosus, Er.
Mr. Bryant took a specimen of this species at Kuranda,
the smallest I have ever seen, as it measures but 22 mm. ;
others recently taken by myself in the same district measure
up to 5; mm.
ANOMOCIS, gen. nov.
Head rather small. Eyes of moderate size, deeper than
wide, widely separated, coarsely facetted. Rostrum fairly
stout, lightly curved, shorter than prothorax. Scrobes deep,
commencing near apex, where they are visible from above,
posteriorly extending to lower margin of eyes. Antenne
moderately stout ; scape shorter than funicle; funicle with
two basal joints moderately long, the others transverse ;
club small, subecontinuous with funicle. Prothorax about
as long as wide ; ocular lobes fairly prominent. Scutellum
minute. Elytra suboblong, posteriorly irregular. Meso-
402 Mr, A. M. Lea on
sternum with side-pieces of uneven size, the hind ones half
the width of the front ones, but the same length. Meta-
sternum moderately large, side-pieces distinct, and at front
end triangularly produced inwardly. Abdomen rather long,
sutures deep and straight except between first and second
segments in middle, where, however, it is distinct. Legs
moderately long, front coxe touching, middle separated by
a narrow keel; femora edentate, third tarsal joint wide and
deeply bilobed.
A curious genus, specimens of which I have had in my
collection for many years. I refer it, with some doubt, to
the Aterpides, in which it certainly seems out of place.
But as the mentum does not fill the area of the mouth, the
ocular lobes are distinct, metasternum moderately long, with
its side-pieces distinct, I do not know where else it could be
placed. In the subfamily it may be placed provisionally
near £siotes.
The Aterpides certainly contain some very diverse forms—
compare, for instance, /themaia with ocular lobes practi-
cally absent, Aterpus with unusually prominent ones, Ahi-
naria with sides of rostrum as in Tanyrhynchides, and 4siotes
with head invisible from above.
Anomocis apicalis, sp. 0.
¢. Black. Densely clothed.
Head with dense, normally concealed punctures. Rostrum
almost the length of prothorax; with five conspicuous
carine from base to antenne, the median one cleft at its
apex, the two oneach side connected in front, but moderately
separated posteriorly ; in front of antennz with dense and
rather coarse punctures. Antenne inserted about one-
fourth from apex of rostrum. Prothorax rather strongly
convex, sides evenly rounded, with large granules and
partially concealed punctures. Elytra at extreme base not
much wider than prothorax, but then dilated, with sides
subparallel to near apex, then strongly coarctate to apex,
with the apex itself obtusely bimucronate; with rows of
large, deep, angular, partially concealed punctures ; inter-
stices with small tubercles in places, suture, third, fifth, and
seventh, each with a moderately large tubercle overhanging
the posterior declivity ; the declivity itself abrupt, and with
several small tubercles. Under surface with dense, partially
concealed punctures. Abdomen with first segment about
as long as second and third combined, second as long as
third and fourth combined, fifth as long as second to fourth
some Australian Curculionide. 403
combined, a narrow basal portion on a level with the pre-
ceding segment, but elsewhere irregularly depressed.
Length 10-134 mm.
?. Differs in being somewhat wider, abdomen more con-
vex, and apical segment. convex in middle and depressed
posteriorly.
Hab. New South Wales (Jas. Kershaw, Sr.), Sydney (G.
E. Bryant and H. W. Cox), Jenolan (A. M. Lea).
The sculpture of the apical parts of the elytra should
prevent this species from being confused with any other
member of the family. Onthe type (and only) male before
me the scales are mostly of a sooty or rusty brown, but the
elytra are clothed with dirty whitish scales, except for a
subtriangular space on the basal third, some small median
spots, an abbreviated postmedian fascia, and most of the
posterior declivity, where the scales are of the general colour.
Each femur has also a pale ring. On the three females the
elytral clothing is much as elsewhere. From the sides the
head seems to be suddenly depressed below the base of the
rostrum. On abrasion the prothoracic granules are seen to
be covered with fairly large punctures. The base of each
elytron appears to have four small tubercles, of which the
outer one is really an abbreviated, oblique, humeral carina.
In the male the abdomen at first glance appears to be com-
posed of six segments, of which the fifth is much shorter
than the fourth; but this appearance is due solely to the
wide and fairly deep depression that covers most of its
surface. In the female the base of the fifth is not con-
spicuously elevated, and its total length is somewhat shorter
than in the male.
Aterpus foveipennis, sp. n.
Dark reddish brown, some parts almost black. Head,
base of rostrum, under surface and legs densely clothed with
dingy, somewhat fawn-coloured scales, prothorax and elytra
rather densely clothed at sides, but more sparsely elsewhere.
With rather numerous sete on prothorax, rostrum, and
legs.
Head without visible punctures. A narrow impression
encircling each eye. Rostrum stout, somewhat elevated in
middle. Antenne stout, first joint of funicle as long as
second and third combined, second as Jong as third and
fourth combined. Prothoraz strongly convex, distinctly
longer than wide, produced in front, sides strongly rounded,
wider at apical third than elsewhere; with dense large
404 Mr. A. M. Lea on
punctures, each (except on sides) bounded by four granules.
Elytra wuch wider than prothorax, with rows of very large
punctures or fovez ; interstices much narrower than fovee,
with a few small granules, third and fifth somewhat elevated
in places, and in places subtuberculate.
Length 84-105 mm.
Hab. Queensland: Kuranda.
Readily distinguished from griseatus, by the elytra being
narrower and with very much larger punctures or fovez ;
the prothorax is also of different shape and with much larger
punctures. The complete absence of fascicles readily dis-
tinguishes it from cultratus.
Aterpus cultratus, Fab. Blue Mountains.
A. tuberculatus, Gyll. Blue Mountains, Illawarra.
A. griseatus, Pase. Kuranda, Cairns.
Rhinaria longirostris, sp. n.
Dark reddish brown, some parts darker. Densely clothed
with scales varying from almost white to sooty.
Head with dense concealed punctures. Rostrum sub-
quadrangular, more than twice as long as wide, concave
along middle, the sides narrowly elevated, with a feeble
median ridge near base. Scape about as long as four
following joints combined; first jomt of funicle about as long
as three following combined, second slightly longer than third.
Prothorax about as long as wide, sides strongly rounded ;
with numerous granules on disc. H/lytra with regular rows
of large, partially concealed punctures; interstices much
wider than punctures, and with a few depressed granules.
Legs stout.
Length 54-74 mm.
Hab. New South Wales: Blue Mountains, Ourimbah,
In general appearance much like small specimens of
cavirostris, but with the rostrum much thinner and almost
twice as long. On the under surface and legs the scales
are mostly white ; on the upper surface they are mostly
stramineous. On some specimens there is but slight
variation in colour, but on others a vague pale fascia may
be traced on the elytra before the middle, and before and
behind same there are numerous sooty spots, more or less
irregularly conjoined. On the prothorax the scales are
denser on each side of the base than elsewhere. On the
scutellum they are mostly white. On the prothorax there
are numerous sete that rise slightly above the derm; on
some Australian Curculionide. 405
the elytra they are stouter and confined to the seriate
punctures. Between the eyes, and partly on the base of the
rostrum, there is a conspicuous crest, composed of strami-
neous scales, thickly beset with sete. On the rostrum there
are numerous sete.
Two specimens from Sydney appear to represent a variety ;
they differ in being smaller (45-42 mm.), and with a vitta
of pale scales extending on each side, from apex of pro-
thorax to apex of elytra (on the latter on the fifth to seventh
interstices).
Rhinaria rugosa, Boi. Blue Mountains.
R. transversa, Boi. Blue Mountains.
RR. cavirostris, Pasc. Kuranda, Brisbane, Illawarra, Blue
Mountains, Sutherland.
R. signifera, Pasc. Cairns.
R. tibialis, Blackb. Atherton, Quirindi, Blue Mountains.
R. bisuleata, Lea. Blue Mountains, National Park,
Sydney.
R. caudata, Lea. Blue Mountains.
Pelororrhinus angustatus, Ths. Sydney.
P. margaritaceus, Er. Blue Mountains.
P. interstitialis, ea, National Park, Sydney.
Ethemaia sellata, Pase. Quirindi.
Hypheria assimilis, Pasc. Baan Baa.
CLEONIDES.
Lizus immundus, Boh. Kuranda.
L. terminalis, Lea. Kuranda.
HYLOBIIDES.
Alphitopis nivea, Pase. Sydney.
Orthorrhinus cylindrirostris, Pasc. Kuranda, Brisbane,
Sydney, Ourimbah, National Park,
O. klugit, Boh. Sydney, Ulawarra.
Meriphus ater, sp. n.
3. Black, scape partly pale. Clothed with snowy-white
scales on each side of prothorax, in front of prosternum,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 2¢
406 ; Mr. A. M. Lea on
middle and sides of mesosternum, and on each side of base
of abdomen.
Head not very long; with dense and clearly defined, but
rather small punctures. Eyes rather large and _ coarsely
facetted. Rostrum about once and one-half the length of
prothorax, moderately curved, with rows of punctures
separated by fine ridges, more distinct behind than in front
of antenne. These inserted about one-third from apex of
rostrum. Prothorax small, lightly transverse, with rather
coarse punctures, in places transversely confluent. Hlytra
strongly convex, about twice the width of prothorax, parallel-
sided to middle, and then rapidly diminishing in width to
apex ; with regular rows of rather large punctures, becoming
smaller posteriorly. Under surface with rather large, clearly
defined punctures. Yemora stout, frout lightly, middle
moderately, hind strongly and acutely dentate ; hind tibie
dilated near lower apex.
Length 2 mm.
@. Differs in having the rostrum somewhat shorter, with
ridges not continued in front of antennz, these somewhat
shorter, and the four front femora edentate.
Hab. Queensland: Kuranda.
The eyes are rather coarsely facetted and the femora are
aberrant, so that the species was referred to Meriphus with
considerable hesitation ; its deep black colour (in some lights
the prothorax and elytra appear to have a vague bluish gloss)
and smooth shining elytra are also at variance with others
of the genus. Nevertheless, it probably should be treated
as an aberrant species of the genus. The spots of snowy
scales are very conspicuous. On a male and a female the
scape is conspicuously pale at the apex, on another female
it is of a dingy brown.
Meriphus guttatus, Pasc. National Park, Illawarra.
MERIPHERELLUS, gen. noy.
Head short. Eyes large, subapproximate, and coarsely
tacetted. Other characters much as in Meriphus.
In Blackburn’s table of the Krirhinides, this genus could
be placed in the position of Agesitra (H. H. on p. 150) which
has been transferred to the Tychiides. ‘The species described
below in general appearance is much like a small Meriphus,
but the eyes forbid its being placed in that genus,
Meripherellus apicalis, sp. n.
g@. Dark reddish brown ; apical third of elytra, antennee
some Australian Curculionide. 407
(club excepted), and tarsi somewhat paler. Sparsely clothed
with short, depressed, ashen sete.
Head with rather coarse punctures. LHyes separated about
the width of apex of scape. Rostrum moderately long and
gently curved ; with rather strong punctures, separated by
feeble ridges ; but in front of antenne with small punctures
only. Antennze thin, inserted about one-third from apex of
rostrum ; scape slightly longer than funicle, first joint
of the latter stouter and longer than second; club rather
briefly ovate. Prothorax small, distinctly transverse, base and
apex truncate, sides rounded in middle; with small, dense
punctures, and numerous others of larger size. Scutellum
distinct. Elytra about once and one-half the width of
prothorax at base, slightly dilated to beyond the middle,
and then widely rounded, with rows of large punctures in
moderate striz ; interstices with small punctures. Femora
stout, front lightly, middle moderately, hind strongly and
acutely dentate.
Length 13 mm.
¢. Differs in having the rostram longer and thinner,
with finer punctures, antennze shorter and inserted not
quite as close to apex of rostrum.
Hab. Queensland: Kuranda.
In general appearance something like an Apion.
Rhaciodes insignis, sp. n.
Dark reddish brown, almost black, appendages reddish.
Each side of prothorax, a large subtriangular patch on
elytra, and sides of mesosternum densely clothed with some-
what stramineous scales, with a slight golden or golden-
green lustre; elsewhere less conspicuously clothed. Each
tubercle with a conspicuous fascicle of blackish setie.
Head with dense round punctures. Eyes moderately
facetted. Rostrum long, moderately curved ; punctures
somewhat smaller and denser than on head. Prothoraxr
slightly longer than wide, sides slightly dilated from apex to
base ; with dense and irregular punctures and with nume-
rous small transverse ruge. lytra closely applied to but
distinctly wider than prothorax, shoulders rounded, sides
subparallel to beyond the middle ; with rows of large sub-
oblong punctures, in places almost or quite concealed ; near
apex with a very large acutely conical tubercle on each side.
Legs long; femora stout, subclavate, four front tibiz dis-
tinctly curved ; claws divergent.
Length 5-7 mm.
7d he
408 Mr. A. M. Lea on
Hab. Queensland: Kuranda (G. £. Bryant) ; Cairns
(H. W. Brown and H. Hacker).
Readily distinguished from others of the genus by the
elytra having but two fascicles, and these very large and
subapical ; each is supported on an acutely pointed tubercle,
although the actual point is usually concealed. The sub-
triangular patch on the upper surface commences on the
middle of prothorax, and is at its widest at its termination
(near the subapical tubercles); its hind margin is en-
croached upon by dark scales having a purplish lustre, and
which are continuous from the triangle to the apex. Seen
from the side the body appears to be deepest at the middle
of the under surface and to rapidly slope upwards to each
end,
Rhaciodes bicaudatus, Boi. Blue Mountains.
R. granulifer, Chev. Blue Mountains.
R. dentifer, Boh. Sydney.
R. strenuus, Blackb. Kuranda.
Gerynassa nodulosa, Pasc. Illawarra.
Eincosmia fasciata, sp. n.
Dark chocolate-brown, legs and antennz paler. Mode-
rately densely clothed with dingy greyish or sooty scales,
variegated in places.
Head with dense partially concealed punctures. Rostrum
slightly shorter than prothorax, with acute ridges separating
rows of punctures from base to antenne, thence to apex with
small punctures ouly. Antennze inserted about one-third
from apex of rostrum. Prothoraz slightly longer than wide,
base slightly wider than apex, sides evenly rounded; with
very dense punctures of moderate size. Slytra about one-
fifth wider than prothorax and almost thrice as long, base
gently arcuate; with rows of large partially concealed
punctures in distinct striz. Legs rather short and stout.
Length 23 mm.
Hab. New South Wales: Ryde.
In build rather close to adelaide, but clothing very
different and rostrum longer; from the description of
infuscata it differs very considerably in the clothing. The
sides of the prothorax are rather densely clothed with some-
what ochreous scales, the same extending to the shoulders.
On the elytra there isa somewhat abbreviated whitish fascia,
crowning the summit of the posterior declivity ; the suture
some Australian Curculionide. 499
thence to near the apex is clothed with scales, as on thie
shoulders. On the under surface the scales are denser and
white or whitish.
Cassythicola media, sp. n.
dg. Dark reddish brown ; legs, antenne, and sometimes
the rostrum paler. Rather densely clothed with scales,
varying from whitish, through golden, to sooty.
Head small, punctures concealed. Rostrum long and
strongly curved, behind antennz with rows of punctures, in
front with sparser and irregularly disposed punctures.
Scape thin, inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum,
and somewhat shorter than funicle. Prothorax strongly
transverse, base much wider than apex, feebly bigibbous in
middle ; with dense, normally concealed punctures. lytra
about one-third wider than prothorax, not much longer than
wide, shoulders moderately rounded, the apex strongly so;
with rows of fairly large but more or less concealed punc-
tures, each containing a scale. Segs short and stout.
Length 23-3 mm.
?. Differs in having the rostrum distinctly longer and
thinner, punctures almost absent from in front of antennz
and smaller behind same, antennze and tibie thinner, and
clothing more variegated.
Hab. N. 8. Wales: National Park, Ourimbah (G. £.
Bryant), Gosford (H. W. Cox) *.
In size almost midway between rotundata and longirostris,
but with markings approaching those of the former. Of
three males now under examination, the clothing is not
similar on any two. ‘Two have five small sooty spots at the
base of the elytra, and some vague ones elsewhere ; another
has the basal spots very obscure, but a rather distinct row
of sooty spots across the middle, with paler scales before
and after same, and the apex with a large round patch of
almost golden scales. ‘The sooty spots are usually feebly
elevated, so as to appear lke depressed fascicles. On the
elytra of the others there are no distinct zones, and the
apical half has more or less greyish scales. On the pro-
thorax there is a fairly distinct pale median line and some
feeble spots or patches of pale and of dark scales. On the
only female before me the clothing is of an almost uniform
dingy golden colour.
* There is also a specimen from Wide Bay in the Australian
Museum.
410 Mr. A. M. Lea on
Empolis granulatus, sp. n.
6. Black, antennz (club darker) and legs more or less
of a dingy red. Moderately clothed with white or whitish
setze, becoming thin scales on sides.
Head with dense punctures. Rostrum moderately long,
thin, and curved ; with dense punctures; with a distinct
median carina from antenne to base, and some less distinct
ones. Antenne thin, inserted one-fourth from apex of
rostrum. Prothorax about as long as wide, sides strong!y
rounded, base slightly wider than apex; with dense round
punctures. lytra distinctly wider than prothorax, parallel-
sided to beyond the middle ; with rows of angular punctures
in deep striz ; interstices wider than striz, with numerous
punctures and small granules. Addomen with a vague de-
pression common. to two basal segments, with a vague
median line filled with somewhat darker setz than elsewhere
from base to apex, second segment distinctly shorter than
fifth.
Length 33-5 mm.
?. Differs in having the rostrum longer and thinner,
with smaller punctures; antennz inserted one-third from
apex of rostrum; abdomen without a median line, and
second segment distinctly longer than fifth.
Hab. New South Wales: Blue Mountains (G. EL. Bryant),
Gosford (H. W. Coz).
In general appearance resembling several species of
Desiantha, but with the generic characters of Hmpolis; from
the described species of the latter genus it differs in being
considerably larger and very differently clothed. Most
specimens have the derm of the upper surface black, but on
a few it is more or less distinctly diluted with red. On the
under surface of the head and on the front of the prosternum
the scales sometimes have a faint golden gloss. The scales
nowhere form spots on any of the thirteen typical specimens.
In Mr. Blackburn’s table of the Erirhinides Hpacticus and
Eucosmia are separated from Eniopea and Empolis by the
fifth abdominal segment being shorter than the second in the
former and longer than the second in the latter. These
segments, however, are sexually variable. By the table in
question the male of Empolis leai would be referred to the
second group and its female to the first. The same is the
case with the present species. The claws have a swelling at
the base, but | think the genus was correctly referred to the
Erirhinides.
some Australian Curculionide. AIL
Empolis niveodispersus, sp. n.
3. Black, legs almost black, antenne of a dingy red.
Moderately clothed with somewhat golden or dark stra-
mineous sete or thin scales, elytra in addition with some
round snowy-white scales scattered about, sometimes singly,
sometimes in small spots; under surface and legs with
whitish clothing.
Head with dense punctures. Rostrum moderately long,
thin, and curved ; with dense punctures ; with three distinct
carine from antenne to base. Antenne rather thin, in-
serted about one-third from apex of rostrum. Prothorax
moderately convex, almost as long as wide, sides strongly
rounded, base and apex subequal; with dense round punc-
tures. lytra about one-third wider than _prothorax,
parallel-sided to beyond the middle; with rows of large
partially concealed punctures in deep strie ; interstices wider
than striz, with more or less concealed punctures and
granules. - dddomen with a shallow depression, filled with
stramineous setz along middle of two basal segments, second
distinctly shorter than fifth, the seta at its apex appearing
like a small fascicle.
Length 44 mm.
Hab. New South Wales: Illawarra.
In build rather close to the preceding species, but readily
distinguished from it and from all others of the genus by
the large snowy scales in the elytral striz.
Desiantha maculata, Blackb. Mordialloc, Adelaide.
D. malevolens, Lea. Mundaring.
Eniopea bivitiata, Lea. Llawarra, National Park.
Ethas eruditus, Blackb. Illawarra.
E. varians, Blackb, National Park, Sydney.
Epamebus scutellaris, Blackb. Illawarra.
E. ziczac, Lea. Illawarra.
Cyttalia sydneyensis, Blackb, National Park, Syduey.
Symbothinus squalidus, Blackb. Baan Baa.
Nemestra incerta, Pasc. Perth.
Eristus uniformis, sp. 0.
Dull reddish castaneous, antenne and legs slightly paler,
moderately clothed with short, depressed, whitish sete
412 Mr. A. M. Lea on
below eyes, at sides of prothorax and of under surface, and
at base of elytra; elsewhere almost or quite glabrous.
Head with numerous rather small punctures ; with a small
interocular fovea. Rostrum wide, slightly shorter than
prothorax, moderately curved; punctures on basal half as
between eyes, but becoming smaller and more numerous
towards apex. Scape inserted slightly nearer apex than base
of rostrum, about half the length of funicle and club com-
bined ; first joint of funicle stouter and slightly longer than
second. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides strongly
rounded, base distinctly wider than apex; with rather dense
round punctures. /lytra suboblong, about one-third wider
than prothorax, apex widely rounded; with narrow striz
containing distinct punctures; the interstices each with a
row of setiferous punctures. Legs rather short and stout.
Length 3-3} mm.
Hab. New South Wales: National Park, Illawarra (G. L.
Bryant).
Differs from pallidus in being larger, somewhat darker,
rostrum longer, no paler than the prothorax, the latter with
sides more rounded, clothing sparser, &c. From bdblackburni,
to which, perhaps, it is closer, it differs in being larger,
rostrum distinctly longer, no part of under surface dark, and
clothing sparser. The three typical specimens are probably
females.
A specimen from Sydney differs in being considerably
paler, elytra slightly stained at about one-fourth from apex,
with the apical fourth paler than the rest of the elytra. It
is probably immature.
Eristus setosus, Blackb. Baan Baa, Brisbane.
E. bicolor, Blackb. National Park.
EE. pallidus, Lea. National Park, Illawarra, Sydney.
ERIsTINUS, gen. nov.
Rostrum quite straight. Suture between first and second
abdominal segments extremely faint across middle. Other
characters as in Hristus.
Hristus was referred with considerable hesitation (princi-
pally on account of the wide rostrum) to the Erirhinides by
Mr. Blackburn. Probably it would have been with still
more hesitation that he would have referred the present
genus to the Erirhinides, if he had done so at all. Certainly,
however, it is very close to Evristus, and it was only after
considerable hesitation that I decided to describe the three
some Australian Curculionidee. 413
species as other than aberrant members of that genus. The
rostrum, when seen from the side, appears to be very thin
(much thinner than in /ristus setosus or bicolor), but from
in front appears to be very wide. Four specimens of
eucalypti have their mandibles unclenched, and these are
seen to be acutely bidentate at the apex.
Only one specimen of the genus was sent by Mr. Bryant,
but I have associated with it another species of which there
are several specimens under examination, and another also
represented by a single specimen. ‘They may be tabulated
as follows :—
Eyes close together and elytra glabrous .........0....0000. eucalypti.
Eyes moderately separated and elytra clothed.
Pees ENR MDC cd sic ax at ois (ei by nin wd aymor ko, xm Sicha ta flavipes.
Femora much darker than tibiz and tarsi .......... m:- sobrinus.
Eristinus eucalypti, sp. n.
3g. Black ; rostrum, antenne, and legs flavous. With
some whitish hairs on head, prothorax (the disc glabrous),
and under surface ; dense only on sides of meso- and of
metasternum.
Head with a few distinct punctures neareyes. Eyes large,
close together, and coarsely facetted. Rostrum wide, thin,
and almost parallel-sided, about twice as long as wide; with
distinct but not very dense punctures. Scape short, some-
what curved, much shorter than funicle ; first joint of the
latter stout and moderately long. Prothorax modcrately
transverse, sides evenly rounded, base lightly bisinuate and
not much wider than apex; with numerous punctures of
rather small size, clearly defined on disc, but obscured on
sides. Scutfellum small but distinct. Elytra much wider
than prothorax and about thrice as long, shoulders feebly
rounded, sides slightly dilated to beyond the middle, and
then widely rounded to apex ; with rows of punctures, fairly
large at the base, but becoming much smaller posteriorly.
Abdomen with small punctures, two basal segments rather
large, in male flattened across middle, in female convex,
second, third, and fourth directed slightly backwards at sides.
Hab. New South Wales: Gosford, on Eucalyptus piperita
(H. W. Cox), Ourimbah (Taylor Bros.). Queensland: Mount
‘'ambourine (C. J. Wild).
The elytra are quite glabrous; their punctures are in
regular rows, but not striz, although in places traces of
same may be noticed.
414 Mr. A. M. Lea on
Eristinus flavipes, sp. n.
Black; rostrum, antenne, and legs flavous; head, disc
of prothorax, apex, and shoulders of elytra diluted with red.
Clothed with rather sparse whitish hairs, moderately dense
only at sides of meso- and of metasternum ; elytra with very
short but fairly distinct pubescence.
Head with fairly numerous distinct punctures. Eyes
separated almost the width of rostrum at base. Rostrum
shaped as in preceding species, basal half with fairly nume-
rous distinct punctures, as those between eyes, but smaller
elsewhere. Prothorax with dense and rather coarse punc-
tures, and an irregular median line. Jilytra with rows of
distinct punctures, rather coarse at base, and becoming
smaller posteriorly ; the interstices each with a row of small
but distinct punctures.
Length 1} mm. .
Hab. New South Wales: Sydney.
In general appearance close to the preceding species, but
with much coarser punctures (except on under surface) and
elytra with fine but fairly distinct clothing, and with striation
more defined, although still very feeble; the legs are also
somewhat thinner.
Eristinus sobrinus, sp. n.
Dark reddish brown ; antennz (club darker), tibiz, and
tarsi of a rather dingy flavous. Clothed with whitish
pubescence, shorter on elytra and denser on sides of meso-
and of metasternum than elsewhere.
Head and rostrum with sculpture much as in preceding
species. Prothorax with very dense and rather coarse
punctures ; without a median line. Elytra parallel-sided to
beyond the middle; with rows of large round punctures,
becoming smaller posteriorly ; interstices each with a row of
small but distinct punctures.
Length 15 mm.
Hab. Queensland: Cairns (C. J. Wild).
A dingy species readily distinguished from the others by
its dark femora ; the punctures on its under surface are also
coarser. Its prothoracic punctures are rather smaller than
in the preceding species, but denser. ‘The rows of punctures
on the elytra are very distinct, but the striation is feeble.
Antyllis variabilis, sp. n.
Reddish castancous, tip of rostrum, club, and claws darker.
some Australian Curculionide. 415
Densely clothed with whitish, ochreous, and sooty scales,
with numerous erect, dark, and rather short sete, scattered
about on head, prothorax, and elytra.
Head with dense punctures, concealed in front. Rostrum
about the length of prothorax, lightly curved; basal half
with five carivz separated by rows of punctures, apical half
with moderately dense but not seriate punctures. Antenne
inserted slightly nearer apex than base of rostrum, first
joint of funicle stout and moderately long. Prothorax
almost as long as wide, sides rather strongly and evenly
rounded, base decidedly wider than apex ; with dense, round,
concealed punctures. Elytra oblong-cordate, much wider
than prothorax, with rows of large, partially concealed
punctures ; interstices wide, with small, dense, normally
quite concealed punctures. Legs rather long; femora
stout.
Length 23-3 mm.
fab. New South Wales (Macleay Museum), National Park
(G. E. Bryant). Tasmania: Huon River, Mount Wellington
(A. M. Lea).
In general appearance not at all close to the two pre-
viously named species (togata and alternatis) known to me.
In its elytral sete it approaches the description of setosa,
but the two species appear to have little else in common.
The male differs from the female in having the rostrum
slightly stouter, legs slightly longer, and basal segment of
abdomen widely depressed, instead of strongly convex, in
middle.
On the prothorax there are three lines of whitish scales,
the surface elsewhere being clothed with more or less
ochreous ones. On the elytra the white scales clothe the
suture (more noticeably towards the base than elsewhere)
and are fairly dense about the middle, but with a linear
arrangement; the sooty scales form an elongated spot on
the second interstice near base, another beyond the middle,
and a third near apex, on the fourth there is an elongated
median spot, and on the sixth a small spot just before the
middle, but on some specimens there are no dark spots, or
only two or four on eachelytron. On the rest of the elytra
the scales are ochreous, sometimes with a golden, sometimes
with a reddish, gloss. On the under surface the scales are
usually whitish, sometimes with a greenish gloss. On an
occasional specimen the erect setz are nearly white.
On some of the Tasmanian specimens the dark markings
on the elytra are rather more conspicuous than usual, there
being elongated median spots on all the even interstices, and
416 Mr. A. M. Lea on
occasionally one on the seventh near apex, ia addition to
the other two on the second. On one specimen all the
median and subapical spots are irregularly joined. These
specimens also have rather numerous elongated white spots
on the elytra.
Omorophius coxii, sp. n.
&. Bright reddish castaneous. Densely clothed with
more or less ochreous scales, variegated with paler aud darker
ones on elytra, and paler on under surface.
Rostrum long, thin, and moderately curved, with numerous
punctures, irregular in front of antenne ; seriate in arrange-
ment and separated by distinct ridges behind same, becoming
concealed towards base. Antennz thin, inserted at about
one-third from apex of rostrum; first joint of funicle as
Jong as the three following combined. Prothorax rather
small, almost as long as wide, sides rather strongly rounded,
base distinctly wider than apex; with dense, concealed
punctures. Scutellum minute. Elytra about once and one-
half the width of prothorax, and fully thrice as long ; with
rows of large, almost concealed punctures, in feeble striz.
Legs moderately stout.
Length 83-4 mm.
9. Differs in being somewhat stouter, rostrum longer,
thinner, and with smaller punctures; antenne inserted
nearer the middle of rostrum ; and abdomen with two basal
segments rather strongly convex, instead of flattened in
middle.
Hab. New South Wales: Ryde (G. EL. Bryant), Gosford
(1. W. Cox).
In general appearance fairly close to nigrovarius, from
Western Australia, but larger and somewhat wider, elytral
markings different, and metasternum not black. From
seriatus (described originally as from Gosford), it differs in
being smaller, with conspicuous elytral markings, &c. The
scales are usually darker on the middie of the prothorax
than on the sides. On each elytron there is a pale, oblique,
irregular fascia, extending from the side before the middle
to near the suture at the apical third. On the side before
and beyond the fascia the scales are usually sooty, and there
is an irregular sooty spot on the middle just before the
fascia, and sometimes a smaller one just beyond it. On the
under surface the scales have sometimes a golden or greenish
glow. In addition to the scales there are some stout
depressed set on the prothorax and elytra, but they are
indistinct from most directions.
some Australian Curculionide. 417
PHAUNZUS.
This genus was doubtfully referred to the Zygopides. A
re-examination of the characters of the types, together with
those of a second species taken by Mr. Bryant and a third
from the Macleay Museum, convinces me that the genus
should probably be referred to the Erirhinides. The scrobes
were originally described as ‘ lateral,” but they are rather
peculiar, being obliquely and rapidly turned under the
rostrum. On each side above the scrobe and having a
common starting-point with it, there is a distinct groove,
continuous to the eye, that at first appears to be the real
scrobe (much as in Rhachiodes and Eucosmia cornuta, but
not in the other species of the latter genus), and is alike
in all three species.
Regarding the genus as belonging to the Erirhinides, in
Mr. Blackburn’s table of the genera of that subfamily, the
faleate front tibize would associate it with Cnochroma and
Olbiodorus, from both of which it is readily distinguished
by the short claw-joint. It is really, however, not very close
to either of those genera, nor to any other of the subfamily
known to me. ©
Phauneus trilinealbus, sp. n.
Black, shining. White scales forming three narrow lines
on prothorax (the lateral ones not quite to base, the median
one not quite to apex), narrowing, clothing the suture at
base and apex, dense on parts of sterna, forming a line on
the under surface of each of the four front femora, and
on the upper surface of the hind four, and fairly dense on
tarsi and tips of the tibiz. Numerous black sete on legs
and on parts of the upper surface.
Head with fairly dense small punctures. Rostrum thin,
slightly longer than prothorax ; with dense punctures, be-
hind the antenne seriate in arrangement, and on the sides
separated by acute ridges. Antenne inserted about one-
fourth from apex of rostrum, two basal joints of funicle
moderately long, first longer and stouter than second.
Prothorax strongly convex, slightly longer than wide, sides
evenly rounded ; with dense, clearly defined punctures of
moderate size. Hlytra subcordate, strongly convex, about
once and one-half the width of prothorax, with rows of deep
punctures in narrow strie. Legs long; front tibiz strongly
curved.
Length 23-3 mm.
Hab. New South Wales: Ilawarra.
418 Mr. A. M. Lea on
Differs from Jongirostris in the rostrum being distinctly
shorter than the elytra ; prothorax less dilated to the base,
and with three conspicuous lines of white scales, &c. The
resemblance to species of Jdotasia is much less pronounced,
but the scrobes, lateral sulci, and legs convince me that the
species should be generically associated with longirostris.
On the side of each elytron there is a row of punctures in a
stria, then three seriate rows, and then rows in regular strize
to the suture.
There are three specimens of this species in the British
Museum from the Richmond River, but they have been
rather dirty and the prothoracic stripes from one have been
abraded, and partialiy so from the others.
Phauneus medioalbus, sp. n.
Black, shining ; parts of antenne and of tarsi obscurely
diluted with red. White scales forming a continuous
median line on prothorax, several spots on elytra, dense on
middle of sterna and of basal segment of abdomen, and
irregularly distributed on legs.
Head with dense, clearly defined punctures. Rostrum
moderately thin, slightly longer than prothorax, moderately
curved, with fairly large punctures, more or less seriate in
arrangement behind antenne. ‘hese inserted about one-
third from apex of rostrum ; first joint of funicle as long as
second and third combined. Prothorax strongly convex,
distinctly longer than wide, sides rather strongly rounded,
with dense and rather coarse punctures. LHlytra subcordate,
almost twice the width of base of prothorax, with rows of
deep punctures in narrow striz, the seventh and eighth rows
not in strie. Legs long, four front tibiz strongly curved.
Length 23-235 mm.
Hab. Queensland: Cairns, Endeavour River (Macleay
Museum).
In build, except that it is smaller, rather close to the
preceding species, but clothing different and prothoracic
punctures distinctly larger. The white scales appear to be
rather easily abraded, as the median line of the prothorax is
sometimes traceable only at its ends ; on each elytron there
are normally three spots : two about middle, on the second
and third interstices, and one at apex, but occasionally they
are a!l absent.
some Australian Curculionide. 419
Cydmea suturalis, sp. n.
Black. Densely but irregularly clothed.
Rostrum moderately long, feebly diminishing in width
from base to apex, with rows of rather strong punctures,
partially concealed towards base, becoming small towards
apex. Antenne inserted slightly nearer apex than base of
rostrum ; basal joimt of funicle stout, longer than second
and third combined. Prothorax lightly transverse, sides
evenly rounded, with dense, partially concealed punctures.
Elytra oblong-cordate, about one-fourth wider than pro-
thorax ; with rows of rather large and mostly concealed
punctures. Legs rather stout ; front coxze touching.
Length 2 mm.
Hab. New South Wales: Sydney.
In the table of species previously given by me%, it would
be associated with dorsalis and fasciata, to neither of which,
however, is it at all close. The clothing is something like
that of some forms of rostralis, but the pale scales cover less
of the surface, and the rostrum is very different; diversa
has the clothing somewhat different, and front coxe not
touching. The pattern is somewhat suggestive of that of
small specimens of ewcalypti, but the rostrum is deep black.
On the upper surface the scales are mostly whitish, with an
ochreous tinge, but some in certain lights have a golden
gloss ; between the eyes from some directions, a few appear
to be of a fiery red. In places there are black scales and
semi-nude spaces, so that the surface appears to be covered
with scattered, angular, pale spots ; but there is a fairly
large spot on each side of the base of prothorax, and an
irregular postmedian fascia may be traced on the elytra,
the suture also is clothed throughout. On the under
surface the scales are denser, paler, and more uniform.
Cydmea tibialis, sp. n.
3. Reddish castaneous ; prothorax and under surface
black. Densely squamose.
Rostrum and antenne as in preceding species. Prothoraw
about as long as wide, basal half parallel-sided, with dense,
normally concealed punctures. lytra oblong-cordate,
rather long for the genus, not much wider than prothorax,
with rows of rather large, oblong, partially concealed
punctures. Legs rather stout ; front coxz touching, front
* Trans. Roy. Soc, S, Aust. 1899, p. 152.
420 On some Australian Curculionida.
tibie at apical third with a small tooth, emarginate between
same and apex.
Length 2-2} mm.
?. Differs in having the abdomen more convex, and the
front tibiz simple.
Hab. New South Wales: Sydney.
In the table, referred to under the preceding species,
would be associated with eucalypti and nymphoides, two
Western Australian species, to neither of which is it at all
close in appearance. On the upper surface the scales are
mostly white or whitish, but in places stained with ochreous.
On the prothorax there are several dark spots, partly due to
several semi-nude spaces, and partly to dark scales ; on the
elytra there is a fairly distinct postmedian fascia of pale
scales. On the under surface the clothing is dense and
uniformly white or silvery.
Cydmea dorsalis, Lea.
Mr. Bryant captured a single specimen of this species
near Sydney. The types were from W. Australia.
Cydmea mixta, Blackb. Sydney, National Park.
C. major, Blackb. Sydney, Blue Mountains.
C. viridula, Pase. Swan River.
C. rostralis, Lea. Swan River, Mundaring.
C, binotata, Lea. Illawarra.
Dicomada rufa, Blackb. Sydney, Blue Mountains.
Thechia cinerascens, Lea.
A specimen from Sydney differs from the type (from
Tasmania) in being slightly smaller, and with the markings
even less prusounced.
Thechia pygmea, Pasc. Baan Baa.
Misophrice submetallica, Blackb. National Park.
M. setulosa, Blackb. Illawarra.
M. variabilis, Blackb. Perth.
M. alternata, Lea. Sydney, Illawarra.
M. apionoides, Lea. Sydney, Illawarra.
On the Geographical Ries of Citellus fulvus. 421
Misophrice gloriosa, Lea. Sydney, Blue Mountains,
Ourimbah.
M. squamiventris, Lea. Sydney, Illawarra.
M. viridisquama, Lea. Sydney.
Storeus albosignatus, Blackb. National Park, Sydney,
Illawarra.
S. majusculus, Blackb. Illawarra.
S. cryptorhynchus, Lea. Sydney, National Park.
S. invidiosus, Lea. National Park.
S. niveiceps, Lea. National Park.
Balenerhinus problematicus, Lea. Kuranda.
Aoplocnemis guttiger, Pasc. Blue Mountains.
AMALACTIDES.
Tranes roei, Boh. Mundaring.
HURHYNCHIDES.
Eurhynchus splendidus, Blackb. Kuranda.
Chalcocyhelus bispinosus, Boi., var. australis, Heller.
Kuranda.
(‘To be continued. }
XXX VII.—The Geographical Races of Citellus fulvus.
By OLpFiecp ‘THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Tue British Museum contains examples of the yellowish
Kirghiz and Transcaspian souslik, Citellus fulvus, from the
three most extreme points of its range, namely the Kirghiz
Steppes south of the Urals, Bokhara, and Meshed, N.E.
Persia, the last being a locality not hitherto recorded for the
animal.
A comparison of the specimens shows enough difference
between those from each locality to justify their being con-
sidered distinct subspecies.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 28
422 Mr. O. Thomas on
The type of “ Arctomys fulvus ” * was obtained by Evers-
mann on the River “ Kuwandschur,” and a study of the
traveller’s itinerary + indicates that this place was some
50-80 miles north of the Aral Sea, therefore clearly in the
region of what would be called Kirghiz Steppes. I there-
fore propose to take our Kirghiz specimens as representing
the typical race.
These specimens are unfortunately only dealers’ skins, not
well prepared, and without exact particulars, so that the
detailed characters are not easily made out on them. But
as gauged by the skull they are so much larger than the
Bokharan and Persian races as clearly to indicate subspecific
distinction.
The skull-measurements of an adult male are as
follows :—
Greatest length 61 mm. ; condylo-incisive length 56'8 ;
zygomatic breadth 41°5; mnasals 22°5x9°8; interorbital
breadth at notch 12:2; palatilar length 33°5 ; upper tooth-
row 15:4; molars only 10:2.
In general colour C. fulvus fulvus is like the Bokharan
subspecies described below, much more strongly fulvous
throughout than in C. f. parthianus, and the tips of the
caudal hairs similarly buffy, not white ; the tail below with
a well-marked layer of bright ochraceous-buffy hairs.
The other two subspecies may be distinguished as
follows :—
Citellus fulvus oxianus, subsp. n.
Size decidedly less than in true fulvus. General colour, on
the whole, very much as in that form, the back near “ warm-
buff” of Ridgway, the head rather greyer but not con-
spicuously so. Sides creamy buff. Under surface buff, the
bases of the hairs blackish slaty, but on the throat the hairs
are buffy with whitish bases; across the chest and on the
whole of the forearms the colour is warmer buff, approaching
cinnamon-buff ; hands more greyish buff, like head. Hind
limbs buffy on outer side and on feet, warmer cinnamon buffy
oninner side. Tail with the rich cinnamon-buff of the under-
side hiding the black subterminal bands of the upper hairs
except at the end, so that in its lower aspect the tail appears
rich buffy, with pale buffy edging and subterminal black bar
* Licht. in Eversm, Reise nach Buchara, p. 119 (1828).
t+ T. ¢. pp. 28-29,
the Geographical Races of Citellus fulvus. 423
on the pencil; on the upperside, however, the dark sub-
terminal bands on the hairs are seen to pass some way up
each side of the tail ; tips of all the hairs buffy.
Skull decidedly shorter and proportionally rather broader
than in fulvus.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 240 mm. ; tail 94; hind foot 46.
Skull: greatest length 54; condylo-incisive length 51 ;
zygomatic breadth 40°5; nasals 21 x 8°6 ; interorbital breadth
10; palatilar length 28 ; upper tooth-row 13:7 ; molars only
(worn) 9.
Hab. Bokhara and Samarkand. ‘Type from 50 miles
S.W. of Bokhara. Alt. 600.
Type. Old female. B.M. no. 9. 4. 3. 26. Original num-
ber 40. Collected 19th March, 1908, by Douglas Carruthers.
Six specimens.
Citellus fulvus parthianus, subsp. n.
Size about as in C. f. oxianus. Colour above a rather
warmer and more cinnamon-buff, though the difference is
not great. Head and nape distinctly greyer than the back,
the difference greater than in ovianus. Under surface much
greyer than in owianus, the ends of the belly-hairs light or
creamy instead of cinnamon buff. Inner side of limbs more
buffy than the underside generally, but not nearly so strong
a buff as in oaianus. ‘Tail with scarcely any of the strong
cinnamon-buffy hairs on its underside, so that, as a con-
sequence, the pale buffy bases and black subterminal band of
the upper and lateral hairs are visible from below; tips
of the hairs white or whitish,
Skull about as in owvianus.
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body (c.) 240 mm.; tail 38 ; hind foot 47.
Skull: greatest length 57 ; condylo-incisive length 53:7 ;
zygomatic breadth 40°3; nasals 20°6x 8:7; interorbital
breadth 10°7 ; palatilar length 29°5; upper tooth-row 15:2 ;
molars only 10°1.
Hab. N.E. Persia. Type from Meshed, alt. 3000’, One
specimen from Kain.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 8.6.10. 2. Collected April
1908, and presented by Col. P. M. Sykes. Six specimens
in all, presented by Col. Sykes, Col. Yate, and Major
Watson.
This Persian subspecies differs from C./. owxianus by its
424 Geological Society.
warmer colour above, greyer and less buffy tone below,
including the almost complete absence of the strong buffy of
the inner side of the forearms, by the more creamy tone
of the belly, and by the whitish instead of buffy tips to the
caudal hairs.
Col. Sykes tells me ‘ These ground-squirrels appear in
April, and have no cover for abouta month. After that they
disappear into the crops, and are rarely seen outside. Those
I sent you were certainly killed in April, and probably all
the others.”
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VALENTIAN. ?
Thickness in feet.
Upper... Ashgill Shales............... about 50
Phacops-mucronatus Beds......... 16
ASHGILLIAN 4 atiaaie| Ah OR ee OR SER, cca ie samey 16
{ White Limestone ......... about 12
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value may be made. The lower division is characterized by
the abundance of Phillipsinella parabola, and the upper by the
profusion of Phacops mucronatus.
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XXXVIII.— Notes on the Coleopterous Family Dermestide,
and Descriptions of some new Forms in the British
Museum. By GiLBert J. ARRow.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE catalogue of this family of beetles compiled by Dalla
Torre and published in 1911, while of the greatest value as
an indispensable preliminary to the systematic study of the
group, is necessarily uncritical and in many respects defective
from the fact that the compiler has no intimate knowledge of
the insects with which it deals. While studying and arranging
with its help the British Museum collection of Dermestide,
I have recorded for the information of future workers the
various corrections and omissions which have come under my
notice ; and these are published here, together with descrip-
tions of some of the new species in the collection which
appeared specially worthy of receiving names.
With an extraordinary degree of variability in the forma-
tion of the antennze, and, to a less extent, in other points of
structure, these insects have a general similarity which rarely
leaves any doubt as to their belonging to the family. The
most important and distinctive feature is the existence of a
frontal ocellus, which is absent in the genus Dermestes only.
This interesting feature is only known in one other family of
Coleoptera—the Staphylinide (subfamily Omaliinz),—for
the statements that it is found in the genera Pteroloma and
fHylecetus ave quite erroneous.
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 29
426 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the
Genus DERMESTES.
The types of various so-called species in the British Museum
and the Oxford University Museum have never hitherto
received any critical examination. That of D. roez, Hope, is
unfortunately not to be found at Oxford, but of the other two
described by Hope I have ascertained that D. elongatus
belongs to vu/pinus, F., and D. pollinetus to frischt, Hugel.
D. elongatus, Lec., is not, as suggested by Jayne, the same
as the European D. bicolor, F., a much shorter insect. As
Leconte’s name was preoccupied by Hope, I propose to call
the species
Dermestes nidum (nom. nov.),
Mr. H. 8S. Barber having recorded (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, xxvii. 1914, p. 146) the fact that it breeds in the
nests of a heron.
D. felinus, F., of which the type is in the British Museum,
is Dermestes cadaverinus, as is also D. subcostatus, Murray.
D. tessellatus, F., although it has not yet been eliminated
trom the catalogues, was tound long ago to be an Anchium
(rufovillosum, Deg.).
‘he North-American D. dissector, Kirby, belongs to the
European species D. undulatus, Brahm, and the Central-
American specimens referred by Sharp in the ‘ Biologia
Centrali-Americana’ to D. mannerheimi are in reality
D. caninus, Germ., of which we have specimens also from
Panama, Cuba, and St. Domingo.
Genus ATTAGENUS.
Many Dermestide, as is well known, have an exceedingly
wide area of distribution, and are at the same time extra-
ordinarily variable in their more superficial features. The
synonymy due to this fact has by no means all been recorded
yet. One of these cosmopolitan species is that named
Lathriostoma undulata by Motschulsky. This proves to be
the same as the Australian Brachysphyrus irroratus of Black-
burn, the type of which (now in the British Museum) is a
female. Blackburn’s names must both disappear accordingly.
Another synonym for the same insect is Attagenus rufipes,
Walker. he name 4thriostoma is also redundant, for it
cannot be distinguished generically from the species of
Telopes, which is at present treated as a subgenus of Atta-
genus. A. undulatus is evidently a common insect; I have
seen specimens from Ceylon, India, Singapore, Hongkong,
Coleopterous Family Dermestide. 427
Philippine Is., Madagascar, Mauritius, ete. Mr. E. E.Green
has found it buzzing round the trunks of Spondias magnifera
trees in Ceylon.
A. gloriose, F., is not very nearly related to the last
species, as Motschulsky has stated. A. plebejus, Sharp, is
synonymous with gloriose.
A, cylindricus, Kirby, by an oversight has been catalogued
by Dalla Torre.as a synonym of A. piceus, as well as in its.
right place in Perimegatoma.
Similarly, Anthrenus exilis, Muls., bas got into the Cata-
logue amongst the species of Attagenus, as well as in its
proper place.
A, letus, Péring., is A. hottentottus, Guér.
A. cyphonoides, Reitter, according to specimens named by
him in our collection, has a produced prosternum, and must
be transferred to the genus T'rogoderma.
Attagenus japonicus, Reitt., was compared by its author to
A, marginicollis, and distinguished only by an almost in-
tangible colour-difference. A. marginicollis and other forms
hitherto separated from it have since been sunk by Reitter
himself in his ‘Catalogue of the European Coleoptera’ as
synonymous with the wide-ranging sate 12 13 12 We 12 15 11
Skull-dimensions taken from five thoroughly adult
specimens :—
Se he
Lagos. Asaba. Awka. Lagos. Bauchi,
Bit.) | Mit (mm. |< mim: mm,
Condylo-incisive length .... 332 b4'2 34 33 33'2
Greatest breadth .......... 13°6 13:2 14:3 13:4 14
Least interorbital breadth .. 68 6:4 ty 6:2 6
Length of palate ...,. .... 15 15 15°7 14°5 14:7
Postpalatal length ........ 13°5 14°6 14:3 13°8 13:9
Greatest maxillary breadth., 11 10°2 11 10°7 109
Leneth of upper tooth-row . 15:7 15:2 145 14:5 15-4
There is no marked difference in size between the two
sexes in this species.
520 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews
Hab. Lagos, Southern Nigeria. |
The National Collection possesses specimens of manni
from the following localities :—Lagos, Abutshi (S. Nigeria),
Awka District (S. Nigeria), Asaba (8S. Nigeria), Bauchi
Province (N. Nigeria), and Nassarawa Province (N. Ni-
geria).
The pelage of this shrew evidently undergoes a consider-
able colour-change at certain times; in the collection are
three subadult individuals in which the general colour is
dull grey (‘“ mouse-grey’’), the slaty bases of the hairs
appearing more conspicuous than the brownish tips. This
cold grey colour may, of course, be an immature character,
but it seems more probable that it represents the true tint
of the coat before bleaching has set in—more material is
necessary before the point can be definitely settled.
Crocidura manni is easily recognized by its large size and
pale cinnamon-grey or greyish colour. It would seem to be
most nearly allied to odorata from the Gaboon.
Group 3 (odorata and occidentalis).
Size very large, large or medium. Colour above either greyish brown or
sepia-brown, the latter usually bleaching to bright reddish or buffy
_brown. Second and third upper unicuspids about equal in size.
(8) Crocidura odorata, Leconte.
Sorex odoratus, Leconte, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 11 (1857).
Size as large as in manni; skull long and with narrow
interorbital region ; tail less cylindrical.
The general colour is given by Leconte as “ dark cinereous
brown above inclining to chestnut, beneath slightly paler.”
The only specimen in the Museum Collection which can be
identified with Leconte’s species has been preserved in
spirit for so long that the colour cannot be accurately
described. Backs of hands and feet brownish. Tail less
cylindrical, more slender and tapering than in manni,
covered entirely with short brownish hairs; the caudal
bristles in this spirit-specimen are not very numerous or
conspicuous.
Skull large, about equal in length to that of manni, but
more slender in the interorbital region and with a rather
narrower brain-case,
Dimensions as given by Leconte :—
“ Tength 5 inches ; head 1°65; tail 2°6; ear 2.”
Dimensions of spirit-specimen :—
Head and body 129 mm, ; tail 81 ; hind foot 21; ear 11.
Oo
belonging to the Genus Crocidura, 521
Skull of same specimen: condylo-incisive length 34 ;
greatest breadth 12°9 ; least interorbital breadth 5°7 ; length
of palate 14°6 ; postpalatal length 14°5; greatest maxillary
breadth 10 ; length of upper tooth-row 15:2.
Hab. Gaboon, West Africa.
The only specimen in the collection which at all re-
sembles Leconte’s brief description is the one from Cette
Cama, Gaboon, the dimensions of which have been given
above.
This large species may be distinguished from manni by its
browner colour, narrower skull, and less cylindrical and more
tapering tail.
(4) Crocidura occidentalis, Puch.
Pachyura occidentalis, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. p. 154 (1855) ;
Arch. Mus. x. p. 124, pl. xii. (1861).
Pachyura equatorialis, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. p. 154 (1855) ;
Arch, Mus. x. p. 127, pl. xii. (1861).
Crocidura petersi, Dobson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vi. p. 495 (1890),
Size fairly large, about as in nyanse, smaller than either
mannt or odorata.
General colour (in bleached pelage) reddish brown
(‘‘ Prout’s brown”’), slightly paler on the flanks. Under-
parts dull grey washed with buff; new unbleached fur
dark sepia-brown (‘“ clove-brown” mixed with ‘‘ blackish
brown (1)”), much darker than in the bleached state.
Backs of hands and feet brownish. Tail brown above and
below ; caudal bristles fairly numerous.
Pucheran’s preliminary diagnosis of this species is as
follows :—“ Supra rufescens, infra dilutior ; cauda, basi
crassi, tertiam corporis partem tantum superante.” In
1861 a fuller description appeared in the ‘Archives du
Muséum,’ in which the following information is given :—
“ L’individu qui nous a servi pour établir cette espéce, est
roussatre sur le dessus et les cotes de la téte, le dessus du
cou, le dos et Vextérieur des membres. Les poils sont
dans toutes ces parties, d’un cendré clair dans presque toute
leur étendue, et roussaitre & leurs pointes. Le museau
presque en entier est noiratre. Sur les flancs et en dessous,
depuis le menton jusqu’d la région anale, de méme qu’d
Vintérieur des membres, le fond de couleur, indiqué plus
haut, devient pilus terne et plus blanchatre, par suite de
Vaffaiblissement des teintes dans le mode de coloration
du poil....” It is evident from these descriptions that
the individual on which occidentalis was founded was in
the bleached coat, and not in the new dark sepia-coloured
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 35
t
522 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews
pelage described above. In the Museum Collection there
are some four specimens from the Gaboon, two in spirit
and two skins ; the: latter are both in the red pelage. In
a series of skins from the Ja River, Southern Cameroons,
we find specimens both in the red and the dark new pelage ;
the contrast is so striking that a description of this animal
would not be satisfactory without dealing with both
phases.
The dimensions given by Pucheran are as follows :—
Length of head and body (“le lien passant sur le dos”’)
134 mm., (“ directement prise”’) 82 ; tail 50.
The Gaboon spirit-specimens in the collection have the
following dimensions :—
Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. Far.
mm. mm. mm. mm.
100 70 17°5 11
102 64 18 10
The Cameroon series, which may also be accepted as
occidentalis, present the following measurements :—
Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. Far.
mm, mm, mm, mm,
SWE mite 75 19 1255
21, 100 82 19 12
Bice e IDG 80 18 12
es, «10 77 19 12
Bliete 122 78 20 hig
PPs.7) 115 65 17 12
Oe, © 110 70 175 it
Oo. . d20 77 UGE. feats
Bees OT 68 17 12°5
These measurements were all taken by the collector from
the flesh ; it will be seen that there is a very marked average
difference in size between the two sexes, the males being
considerably larger. This sexual variation is also exhibited
in the skulls, as will be seen from the following figures :—
Males Females
(teeth unworn). (teeth worn).
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm,
Condylo-incisive length .... 29 289 .. 96° 27:1 27:7
Greatest breadth .......... fal 5 SR ep Mae ey 15 11:3 TE?
Length of palate .......... 18) 13) to. “FG I as
Postpalatal length.......... 1D Lee iS. 11-9 12
Greatest maxillary breadth... 96 8
9 82 83 85
7
8
Length of upper tooth-row... 18:5 13:4 13: 121 12:2 12:3
belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 523
The skulls of the two spirit-specimens from the type-
locality give the following measurements :—
=
(teeth unworn). (teeth worn).
mm. mm,
Condylo-incisive length ........ 29°3 29°5
Greatest breadth: 2.0... ecee sce ley 12
Lengthrot palate: «(05.0.0 2.). ess 12°9 13°3
Postpalatal length ............ 12-4 12:1
Greatest maxillary breadth ...... 95 9°5
Length of upper tooth-row ...... 13-7 13-6
There is, then, a certain amount of individual variation, as
well as sexual variation in size, and this, combined with the
great changes in colour which the pelage undergoes, makes
the identification of the species a very difficult matter.
Hab. Gaboon.
The Gold Coast form, spurrelli, is the only one that might
be mistaken for occidentalis, but the colour of the new
pelage is never so dark as in the Gaboon species, and the
latter has none of the silver-grey speckling so conspicuous
in spurrelli.
(5) Crocidura occidentalis spurrelli, Thos.
Crocidura spurrelli, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vol. vi. p. 427
(1910).
Size rather larger than in occidentalis, but smaller than
mannt.
Hair short and close, much shorter and more velvety
than in the large Lagos species.
General colour of unbleached coat dark sepia-brown
sprinkled with silvery grey, resulting effect much as in
‘“‘fuscous’’? mixed with ‘ fuscous-black”; flanks a trifle
paler, the tint gradually fading to the greyish buff of the
underparts. In the bleached condition, just when the new
dark fur is appearing, the general colour is very much
lighter and redder (‘“snuff-brown”’), more as in nyanse ;
underparts in bleached specimens strongly tinted with
brownish buff. Backs of hands and feet brownish. Tail
cylindrical, appearing almost naked, clothed with minute
blackish-brown hairs, slightly lighter on the ventral surface ;
caudal bristles slender and numerous.
Skull long and narrow, in size about as in n. kivu, much
smaller than in manni, interorbital and maxillary region
narrow ; brain-case small. Unicuspids broader than in the
nyanse group, more circular in section. :
524 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews
Dimensions of the type and five other specimens from the
type-locality (measured in the flesh) :—
O (bite). 9... Bore as oy eee
mim, mm. mm, “mM, ~ mnt sam,
Head and body .. 115 129 127 137 140 140
Dail ai seem 70 73 63 70 68 65
Hind 260t to. ae 19 19 185 20 19 19
Har Wrcees tes ll 12 12 12 12 12
Skull: dimensions of the type and three other thoroughly
adult specimens :—
2 (type). Ri é.
mm mm mm, mm,
* Condylo-incisive length .... 29°8 30:2 31 31
Greatest breadth .......... 11:2 11:8 1959 BE
Least interorbital breadth .. 52 55 53 55
Length of palate ..% 6. ose. 13 18 13:1 13°8
Postpalatal length ........ 12°7 13 13°3 12°7
Greatest maxillary breadth... 9°38 POs. ote 10
Length of upper tooth-row.. 15:2 13°6 156 138
Hab. Bibianaha, Gold Coast.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 10.8. 1.1.
The series of skins in the Museum Collection show an
extraordinary amount of variation in general colour, the
tint varying from dark sepia-brown in the unbleached pelage
to bright reddish brown in the old faded coat. Similarly,
the underparts vary from light silvery grey to brownish buff.
(6) Crocidura occidentalis nigerie, subsp. n.
Considerably smaller than either occidentalis or spurrelli,
with much smaller skull.
Hind foot less than 17 mm. in length.
General colour (taken from spirit-specimen) appears
much as in occidentalis, brownish above and below, the
ventral surface rather paler and greyer. Backs of hands
and feet brown. ‘Tail cylindrical, fairly stout, covered with
short dark brown hairs, rather lighter on the ventral surface ;
caudal bristles long and very numerous.
Skull smaller than that of occidentalis or spurrell. Teeth
considerably smaller.
Dimensions of type (measured from spirit-specimen) :—
Head and body 98 mm.; tail 67; hind foot 15:5;
ear 9°5.
Skull: condylo-incisive length 26 ; greatest breadth 10°5; -
least interorbital breadth 5°2; length of palate 11:5;
greatest maxillary breadth 8; length of upper tooth-row 11:5.
belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 525
Hab. Asaba, 150 miles up the Niger.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 95. 5.3.2. Presented and
collected by Dr. W. H. Crosse.
The very much smaller skull and teeth immediately sepa-
rate this form from occidentalis, spurrelli, and cara. It is
distinguished from the Liberian bittikeferi by its much
longer tail and from the other Liberian species, schweitzeri,
by its rather longer tail and larger skull.
(7) Crocidura occidentalis cara, subsp. n.
A long-tailed form with large hind feet and fairly long
skull, allied to schweitzeri.
General colour rather dark, about as in “ fuscous”’” mixed
with “‘mummy-brown”; ventral surface greyer, but very
little lighter (‘‘deep neutral grey” washed with ‘ wood-
brown”), hairs of belly with grey bases and dull buff tips.
Backs of hands and feet brown. ‘Tail long, dark brown
in colour, a shade lighter underneath ; caudal bristles
numerous.
Skull rather large with long palate and fairly large teeth.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 106 mm.; tail 65°5; hind foot 18;
ear 12.
Skull (occipital region broken) : length from basioccipital
suture to front of incisors 22°6; posterior border of lamb-
doidal crest to front of incisors 26°7 ; greatest breadth 11°3 ;
least interorbital breadth 5°5 ; lengthof palate 12°3 ; greatest
maxillary breadth 8-9; length of upper tooth-row 13.
Hab. Jala, Sierra Leone.
Type. Adult male. Original number 9. Collected by
R. H. Bunting, Esq.
Mr. Bunting obtained two further specimens of this new
shrew on Mt. Barclay, Liberia, both very like the type in
general colour and proportions.
In the spirit-collection there is a further specimen which
may be referred to this form, collected by Canon F. C.
Smith in Sierra Leone. The following measurements are
taken from these three specimens :—
Head and ai), Hind foot, Kar, Upper tooth-
body. row.
mm. mm. mm, mm. mm.
@. Liberia ...... 105 66 18 11 13°2
re EDETIAL fos crane 94. 67 19 12 13°2
3d. Sierra Leone . 1038 70 18 12 135
The larger size of the hind foot and longer tail distinguish
this form from schweitzeri and biittikoferi.
526 On the African Shrews belonging to Crocidura.
(8) Crocidura schweitzeri, Pet.
Crocidura schweitzert, Peters, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 187 (1877).
Crocidura stampflii, Jent. Notes Leyd. Mus. x. p. 47 (1887).
Size rather less than in occidentalis.
Peters, in his preliminary diagnosis, describes this form as
follows :—
“Cr. cinnamomeo-fusca, subtus pallidior, pilis basi schis-
taceis ; cauda tetragona, setis longioribus in parte basali
3)
In the Museum Collection are three specimens from
Sierra Leone, which agree fairly closely with Peters’s de-
scription; the upper parts dull brownish or brownish
cinnamon and the belly greyish or grey washed with brown,
the latter being the older pelage, the condition described by
Jentink for his stampflii, a form I am unable to distinguish
from schweitzeri. Backs of hands and feet brownish white.
Tail rather short, brownish above, lighter below; bristle-
hairs light in colour and fairly numerous.
Dimensions (as given by Peters) :—
Head and body 90 mm.; tail 53; hind foot (c. u.) 15;
ear 10.
Length of upper tooth-row 10°3.
Hab. Liberia.
Dimensions of two specimens from Sierra Leone :--
Head and body 95, 85 mm.; tail 56, 48; hind foot 15,
{5°55 eae 1, 10;
The dimensions of stamp/flii are very similar to those given
by Peters :—
Head and body 94, 79 mm. ; tail 60, 47; hind foot 15,
15, ear 10, 8°5.
The colour-difference is only such as might be due to
the general darkening of the ventral surface, owing to the
hair-tips becoming tinged with brown, as is so often the
case in the worn pelage in this genus.
(9) Crocidura bittikoferi, Jent.
Crocidura biittikoferi, Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. x. p. 47
(1887).
Allied to schweitzeri, from which form it is distinguished
by its much shorter tail.
Size of body rather less than in schweitzeri.
Jentink describes the colour as follows :—‘“‘ Upper parts
of the body brownish black coloured and the underparts
On some Symphyla from Algeria. 527
with silvery tips to the slaty hairs... ,” apparently very
like the other members of this group.
Tail very short; no account is given regarding the tail-
hairs.
In his remarks on the skull, Jentink mentions ‘‘a denti-
culation of the lower incisors ’’—a feature very often present
in this genus, but more markedly so in Sylvisorex.
Dimensions of the type (taken from spirit-specimen) :—
Head and body 76 mm.; tail 40; hind foot 15 (c. u.) ;
ear 7°5.
Hab. Robertsport, Liberia.
Type. Adult female in spirit.
The short tail readily separates bzittikoferi from the rest
of the occidentalis group. The exact relation which this
form bears to the other members of the group is not at all
clear.
[To be continued. |
XLVI.—On a small Collection of Symphyla from Algeria,
By Ricwarp 8. Baenatt, F.L.S.
Some little time ago Mr. S. Hirst, of the British Museum,
submitted to me, along with other material, a collection of
Symphyla made by himself in Algiers, and containing speci-
mens of Scutigerella armata, Hansen, which Mr. Hirst had
already identified. JI am also able to record an example of
S. immaculata taken by Mr. P. A. Buxton of Trinity College,
Cambridge.
Genus Scuticrreria, Ryder.
This genus, as restricted in my memoir on the classifi=
cation of the order (Journ. Linn. Soc,, Zool. xxxiii. 1913,
pp. 195-199), contains four species, which may be tabulated
as follows :—
1. Setee on legs more numerous, smaller, and
less conspicuous ; @ series on inner side of
metatarsus of hind leg present. Sete on
cerci rarely more than 0°18 to 0°2 mm. as
long as the depth of cercus ..,......... 2.
Sete on legs fewer, longer, and more con-
spicuous; the metatarsus of hind leg with
only one longish seta on the inner side at
528 On some Symphyla from Algeria.
distal angle. Setz on cerci 0:38 to 0-4 mm.
as long as the depth of cercus. Length
3-0 to 3°5 mm.
2, Size larger and more robust (4°5-8:0 mm.).
Tibize of front pair of legs unarmed...... S. immaculata, Newp.
Sizesmaller. Tibia of front pair of legs each
armed with a distinctive appendage on the
inner margin near middle .............. S. armata, Hansen.
3. 13th scutum normal, 14th scutum sparsely
set with minute dorsal setee, Sete on legs
longer; tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus of
hind leg with 1,3, and 4 (or 5) sete on
outer margin respectively. Legs not so
SLOP sere yaw je hod eigen take eine Ieee eM S. spinipes, Barn.
Posterior margin of 13th seutum with a pair
of flap-like processes; dorsal surface of
14th scutum devoid of sete. Hind legs at
least stouter and their seta shorter. Cerci
shorter, broader, and more sparingly setose ;
tactile hairs unusually long and strong .. S. biscutata, Bagn.
© 0/9 (ae pape akere ‘ep ee 8) S?> 8 3 Bis
| Scutigerella immaculata (Newport).
Hammam Meskutin, HE. Algeria, lst April, 1913 (P. A.
Buzton).
Scutigerella armata, Hansen.
Algiers, March 1911 (S. Hirst). Not yet recorded from
outside Algeria.
Scutigerella spinipes, Bagnall.
A rare species, described in 1911 (‘‘ A Synopsis of the
British Symphyla, with Description of new Species,” Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Nd. & D’ham. ser. 2, vol. iv. pp. 17—41, pl. 1.)
from the North of England. This is the first record of its
occurrence outside the British Isles. The claws of the
Algerian specimen are slightly longer than described in the
ty pe-examples.
Axerers, March 1911, one example with eleven pairs of
legs (S. Hirst).
Genus SyMPHYLELLA (Silv.), Bagn.
Symphylella vulgaris (Hansen).
Auorers, March 1911, one example (S. Hirst). I do not
think that this species has been recorded previously from
outside Europe. ;
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THE ANNALS
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
[EIGHTH SERIES.]
No. 90. JUNE 1915.
XLVII.—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—LXVII.
By T. D. A. Cocxrrett, University of Colorado.
Paracolletes versicolor (Smith, 1853).
Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, 1300-2300 ft., Jan. 15—Feb. 6,
19138,1 2,2 ¢ (R. EL. Turner). The female was described
by Smith ; the male is P. spatulatus, Ckll., 1905. In the
same locality, at about the same time, Mr. Turner took a
male P. providellus bacchalis, Ckll., var. a. Both species
were described from the mainland of Australia.
Paracolletes pachyodontus, sp. n.
6 .—Length 8-9 mm.
Black, with the mandibles red (except at extreme base),
and the abdomen with approximately the lateral thirds of
first three segments, as well as apical bands on the first
four, deep chestnut-red ; hair of head and thorax long and
dull white, abundant on face, but vertex, mesothorax (except
anteriorly), and most of scuteilum with dark fuscous hair ;
a little fuscous hair below tegule; clypeus with sparse
strong punctures ; supraclypeal area prominent, smooth, and
shining ; antennz short and thick, like those of a female,
the flagellum red beneath; vertex strongly punctured ;
mesothorax finely and densely punctured, but glistening;
postscutellum with a thick short median tooth; tegulz
piceous, punctured. Wings with the apical margin broadly
dusky, stigma and nervures piceous; second s.m. small,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol, xv. 36
530 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
receiving first r. n. a little beyond middle. Legs black, with
thin white hair. Abdomen shining, but the surface finely
rugoso-punctate, first suture impressed ; thin white hair on
dorsal segments, but no bands ; apical plate red, rounded.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia, Nov. 1918, three (R. £.
Turner). British Museum.
A distinct species, somewhat related to P. rhodopus, Ckll.,
but recognizable at once by the colours, short antenne, &c,
Paracolletes viridicinctus, Cockerell, 1905.
Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania, Feb, 12—-March 3, 1913
(R. H. Turner).
Paracolletes obscurus (Smith, 1853).
Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, 1300-2300 ft., Jan. 15—Feb. 6,
1913, three (R. HL. Turner).
Nomia submerens, Cockerell, 1914.
Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania, Feb. 12—Mar. 3, 1913 (R. E.
Turner).
Euryglossa latissima, Cockerell, 1914.
This was described from the female, but three males are
now before me, with the same data (Eaglehawk Neck,
Tasmania; Turner), The male is somewhat smaller, and
has the abdomen piceous, rufous at extreme apex. Other-
wise there is no conspicuous difference, except that the
antennz are longer, and there is more long, loose, white hair
about the face and mouth. The dark abdomen makes the
male appear superficially like a distinct species,
Megachile tarsatula, sp. n.
3 —Length about 6 mm.
Black, including the mandibles and long slender antenne,
but all the tarsi bright ferruginous ; anterior tarsi simple,
and cox with small short spines; head large and round,
face with pale ochreous hair ; clypeus with large punctures,
with shining surface between, on upper part, but lower part
with dense minute punctures ; supraclypeal area very densely
punctured ; vertex with strong large punctures, and thin
pale ochreous hair; mesothorax and scutellum finely and
closely punctured (in complete contrast with vertex), the
Records of Bees. 531
surface between the punctures shining; thorax above with
very thin and short pale ochreous hair, and no distinct
sutural bands ; area of metathorax granular at base and
sides ; tegule rufo-piceous. Wings hyaline, dusky apically,
stigma large, dark ferruginous. Legs with short pale hair.
Abdomen finely and closely punctured, the bases of the
segments deeply impressed ; first segment with lateral pale
apical hair-patches, third and fourth with conspicuous basal
bands of glittering scale-like pubescence, fifth with the basal
half thinly covered with pale hair, and sixth with even more,
the hair pale ochreous-tinted and glittering; hind margins
of second and following segments very narrowly fuscous;
sixth segment vertical, the keel feeble, not or barely de-
pressed in middle, a short tooth on each side of apical
margin of segment.
Hab. Cuernos Mts., Negros, Philippine Is. (Baker, 3147,
=type) ; Dapitan, Mindanao (Baker, 3139).
This minute species recalls some of the Australian forms,
but does not resemble them in detail. I do not know any
near relative. The small size and red tarsi readily dis-
tinguish it in the Philippine fauna.
Megachile indianorum, Cockerell, variety a.
A male from Jacksonville, Texas, at Helenium tenuifolium,
Aug. 11, 1906 (Bishopp), represents a new variety with
black legs. It differs in the pubescence and the colour of
legs from Cresson’s description of MW. deflexa, but it is not
improbable that both this insect and true indianorum repre-
sent varieties or races of deflera. It also seems possible
that M. megayyna, Cockerell, is the female of the present
variety, although it has darker wings, and the strong coarse
sculpture of the clypeus is entirely different. A female
M. megagyna was taken at Ardmore, Okla, July 11 (Jones).
Megachile amica, Cresson.
The male closely resembles that of M. integra, Cresson,
but is certainly distinct, being smaller, with no band in the
suture between scutellum and metathorax, while the apex of
the abdomen beneath presents a sharp median spine, wanting
in integra. The curious claviform hairs beneath the white
fringe on anterior tarsus are characteristic. The species,
however, appears to be remarkably variable. One from
Cotulla, Texas, on Verbesina encelioides, April 27, 1906
(F. C. Pratt), is scarcely 8°5 mm. long, and has the hair of
36*
532 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
head and thorax above strongly ochreous. Another from
Cotulla, at Opuntia, April 16, 1906 (Pratt), is of normal
size, with the normal pallid hair. One from Victoria,
Texas, April 27, 1907 (J. D. Mitchell), is of normal appear-
ance, but differs from the Cotulla form by having the short
stiff brush of hair near the base of the anterior basitarsus
anteriorly dark fuscous instead of light orange.
The female of M. amica has remained unknown, but I
recognized it with some confidence in specimens from
Cotulla, at Monarda punctata, May 12, 1906 (J. C. Craw-
ford) ; San Diego, Texas, April 23 (Mitchell) ; and Corpus
Christi, Texas, at Anogra pallida, April 12, 1905 (Pratt).
This female looks very much like M/. brevis, but is especially
to be recognized by the very long hairs standing out from
the posterior border of the middle tarsus. The ventral
scopa is white, black on last segment ; the last dorsal seg-
ment is somewhat concave in profile, and has coarse, but
rather short, erect, black hair. The hair on the head and
thorax above is white or slightly greyish, sometimes (San
Diego specimen) largely fuscous on vertex. The clypeus is
normal and densely punctured. The reference of this female
to amica is strengthened by the occurrence of similar
characters in the middle tarsi and scopa of Jf. soledadensis,
Cockerell.
Megachile comata, Cresson.
Described from the male, but two females are before me,
from Albuquerque, New Mexico, Aug. 1894 (Snow). The
female is large and robust, about 16 mm. long; ventral
scopa pale yellowish, becoming white basally ; last dorsal
segment with fine, erect, wholly pale hair ; when abdomen is
seen from above, no black hair projects at sides ; hind basi-
tarsus very broad ; mandibles quadridentate. There is no
light hair-band in the suture antericrly bounding scutellum.
Megachile candentula, sp. 0.
$ —Length a little over 7 mm.
Black, including the very long antennz, mandibles,
tegule, and legs; wings strongly smoky, nervures and
stigma rufo-piceous; eyes dark brown; face with short
ochreous hair, not hiding surface, vertex with short sparse
black hair, lower part of cheeks with long abundant pure
white hair; clypeus extremely densely punctured, with a
slender smooth median line; front duli, rugoso-punctate ;
vertex with very large well-separated punctures ; mesothorax
Records of Bees. 533
and scutellum shining, with very strong distinct punctures
and thin short black hair; pale hair-band in scutello-
mesothoracic suture feeble or absent; postscutellum with
rather long rufo-fuscous hair ; area of metathorax shining ;
tubercles fringed with dense pale ochreous hair; pleura
strongly and closely punctured, and with very thin pale hair.
Legs ordinary, anterior tarsi simple and coxe without
spines ; claws red with black tips. Abdomen short, the
three segments closely and finely punctured, the fourth much
smoother ; first three with red marginal bands, evanescent
in middle, on first reduced to lateral patches, fourth (except
part of disc) and fifth covered with red pubescence, with
scattered black hairs intermixed, the red is a deep orange-
ferruginous ; sixth segment retracted, with red hair at sides,
its keel not at all prominent, feebly bilobed at apex ; no
apical (subventral) teeth or spines. Spurs of hind tibize
cream-colour.
Hah. Dapitan, Mindanao (Baker, 3140, 3144).
A distinct species, recalling by the colour of the abdomen
MM, doanei, Ckll., from Tahiti, but very different structurally.
Megachile hookeri, sp. v.
? .—Length almost 15 mm. -
Robust, black, including mandibles, tarsi, and antennz.
Wings hyaline, faintly dusky, with dark fuscous nervures ;
pubescence greyish white, long and black on vertex, on
middle cf mesothorax mixed with black, only a very few
dark hairs on scutellum. Abdomen with pale hair on first
two segments and basal part of third, but beyond that the
hair is coarse, erect, and black, except that segments 3 to 5
have conspicuous entire white hair-bands, and the sixth,
except basally, has a fine pale pruinose pubescence; sixth
dorsal segment in outline concave, with the black bristles
very large and conspicuous; ventral scopa entirely clear
white. Mandibles broad, quadridentate, with long golden
hairs arising from beneath the basal half ; white hair of face
and front abundant ; clypeus minutely rugoso-punctate, but
largely concealed by hair, its lower margin straight and
shining ; vertex with small punctures on each side of the
ocelli, but more posteriorly with large punctures ; meso-
thorax and scutellum closely punctured, disc of mesothorax
more sparsely punctured, showing the shining surface ; no
white lines of hair on mesothorax and sutural band ; b. n.
falling short of t.-m.; anterior tarsi with a fringe of long
534 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
white hairs behind ; small joints of middle tarsi moderately
thickened ; posterior basitarsi only moderately broadened.
Hab. Lehi, Utah, Sept. 9, 1905 (W. A. Hooker). U.S.
National Museum.
Superficially just lke M. comata, Cress. (2 from Albu-
querque, New Mexico; Snow), but easily distinguished by
the coarse black hair on apical part of abdomen above. In
this feature it resembles J/. manifesta, Cress., which is much
smaller and otherwise different.
Megachile innupta, sp. n.
2 .—Length 12 mm.
Black, robust, with rather abundant silky greyish-white
hair, forming entire and conspicuous bands on abdominal
segments 3 to 5; clypeus with thin inconspicuous hair;
sides of vertex with a small amount of black hair; hair of
thorax above entirely clear white; first two abdominal seg-
ments with copious white hair, third with thin pale hair in
transverse sulcus, and short black hair between that and the
apical band, fourth and fifth (except the bands) with short
black hair, the fourth with a little pale basally, sixth with
thin and rather short, erect, pale hair; ventral scopa white
basally, but clear ferruginous on the last two segments.
Mandibles broad, quadridentate, with golden hairs from the
lower border ; clypeus strongly and densely punctured, with
a thick, shining, essentially straight lower margin, but the
sides of the margin broadly lobed or extended beyond the
“level of the central part; antennz black ; sides of vertex
with large scattered punctures on a shining ground; meso-
thorax densely punctured, smooth and shining in the anterior
middle ; uo lines of hair or sutural band; tegulz rufo-piceous.
Wings hyaline, faintly dusky, nervures dark rufo-fuscous,
b. n. falling short of t.-m.; anterior tarsi very thick, with
long glittering white hairs behind; small joints of middle
tarsi remarkably thick and short; hind basitarsi much
broadened ; all the claws with a well-developed basal tooth.
Abdomen finely punctured, sixth dorsal segment in profile
gently concave, without a distinct lip ; when the abdomen
is seen from above, there are no conspicuous dark hairs Ps
jecting laterally from the apical segments.
Hab. Pueblo, Colorado, Aug. 10, 1907 (G. MW. Hite).
This looks much like J. nupta, Cress., but is easily
separated by the lack of a distinct lip on the last dorsal
segment, the much more swollen anterior tibiz, and. the long
hair on anterior tarsi behind. J nupta has still shorter
middle tarsi, the basitarsi being shorter. The clypeal
Records of Bees. 535
punctures of nupta are larger and not so dense. In the
same locality, on the same day, Mr. Hite took JZ. cleomis,
Chiko
Megachile abluta subrixator, subsp. n.
? .—Length 9 mm.
Agrees with the smaller form of M. rixator, Ckll., except
that the clypeus has very large strong punctures, distinctly
separated near the middle, and, while the median line is
smooth, there is no keel. The end of the abdomen also
differs, in that the last dorsal segment in lateral profile
shows no evident erect hair and the last ventral segment
has the hair entirely black. Ventral scopa very bright
ferruginous, but white at base and black at apex ; antenne
black ; hair of head above reddish fuscous, of thorax above
brownish ochraceous ; conspicuous pale sutural bands in
front and behind scutellum. LEasily known from M. adbluta,
Ckll., by the much larger and less dense punctures of clypeus
and the bright red ventral scopa.
Hab. lligan, Mindanao, Philippine Is. (Baker, 3148=
type) ; Dapitan, Mindanao (Baker, 3142).
Males from Dapitan do not materially differ from
M. abluta. The whole face is densely covered with pale
golden hair. J. abluta and M. rixator were described from
Formosa. Another small Philippine species (Luzon and
Mindanao; Baker), named in manuscript by Friese, is very
close to the Formosan M. tranquilla, Ckll.
Megachile bishoppi, sp. n. (townsendiana, subsp. ?).
6 .—Length about 10°5 mm.
Hair of head and thorax above pale yellowish ; anterior
cox spined ; anterior tarsi simple. A species of the group
of M. parallela, Sm., close to M. townsendiana, Ckll. (having
keel of sixth abdominal segment curved downward), from
which it differs thus: hair of face creamy (instead of pure
white) ; thorax above very hairy, with only a very indistinct
band in scutello-mesothoracic suture ; keel of sixth abdo-
minal segment smaller, less deeply emarginate, with the
lobes on each side of the emargination much smaller.
Hab. Paris, Texas, May 24, 1904, two males (Ff. C. Bishopp).
U.S. National Museum.
Megachile mendica coquilletti, subsp. n.
¢ .—Length a little over 11 mm.
Pubescence pale greenish ochraceous; small joints of
anterior tarsi light ferruginous ; hair fringing anterior tarsi
536 Descriptions and Records of Bees.
behind very long ; no fuscous hair on thorax above ; keel of
sixth abdominal segment jagged on each side of the rounded
emargination ; apical teeth of abdomen five, the median one
well developed, the lateral ones small, a trifle nearer to the
sublateral than the sublateral are to each other. The
abdomen has conspicuous dark hair on segments 3 to 5.
The scutello-mesothoracic suture is wholly without a light
band.
Hab, Los Angeles County, California (Coquillett). U.S.
National Museum.
I describe this as a subspecies of M. mendica, but. it is
equally close to M. brevis, and until the female is known we
cannot be sure which it should be associated with. Males
collected by Snow in Arizona, which I consider to represent
a variety of brevis, resemble coquilletti in their rather large
size and ochreous hair, but they have dark anterior tarsi,
and the keel of sixth segment only faintly crenulate on each
side of the emargination.
Megachile penicillata, sp. n.
2? .—Long and narrow, with the general form and appear-
ance of M. occidentalis.
Black, including the tarsi, mandibles, and antenne ;
wings strongly fuscous. Head large, rounded ; eyes promi-
nent, chocolate-colour ; mandibles quadridentate (quinque-
dentate in occidentalis) ; labrum broad at apex, with two
pencils of red hair directed forwards (vertically to plane of
labrum) ; clypeus strongly subconfluently punctured, with
a slender smooth median line, lower margin very broadly
but shallowly excavated, or it could be described as straight,
with a broad low lobe at each side ; sides of face, and region
above and between antennz, with copious greyish-white
hair; hair of clypeus extremely thin, but not fuscous;
region behind ocelli large, with strong quite close punctures ;
mesothorax strongly aud extremely densely punctured, with
very short and sparse pale hair, but a pair of oblique bars of
. dense white hair (as in occidentalis, but not so large) in
front, a light band along lateral margins, and a thin one in
scutello-mesothoracic suture ; tubercles densely covered with
creamy-white hair; tegule rufo-piceous. Legs with white
hair, pale yellowish on inner side of tarsi; hind basitarsi
very slender. Abdomen parallel-sided, strongly but not
densely punctured, with narrow white hair-bands on the
first four segments, that on first practically reduced to large
triangular lateral patches; sixth segment broadly hoary at
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 537
base, and without erect hairs; ventral scopa short and com-
pact, pure white, black on last segment.
Hab. Trinity, Texas, Aug. 30, 1906, two (F. C. Bishopp).
U.S. National Museum.
M. occidentalis, Fox, has the mesothorax much more
finely punctured, and the last dorsal segment with a deep
transverse subapical groove, represented only by a transverse
depression in penicillata,
Bombus rufocinctus, var. castoris, v. n.
Bombus rufocinctus, Cress., var. 6, Franklin, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
XXXViil. p. 443.
g.—Abdomen with yellowish-fulvous hair on first two
dorsal segments, black on all the others.
Hab. Beaver Creek, Montana, 6300 ft., Aug. 1913 (S. J.
Hunter). The abdomen is coloured as in the male of
B. vagans, Smith. There is much yellow hair on the head
above, and a large yellow patch in the middle of the face.
XLVIII.—Wotes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—XVI.
By Rowxanp KE. ‘Turner, ¥'.Z.8., F.E.S.
On the Thyunide, Scoliide, and Crabronide of Tasmania.
THE following list includes all the known species of
Thynnide, Scoliide, and Crabronide occurring in ‘l’asmania.
I have already published notes on the Mutillidee of the island
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiv. pp. 429-450), and hope at
a future date to give a list of the Psammocharide. I have
not included the few species known from the islands in
Bass Straits, which are politically part of Tasmania. The
fossorial Hymenoptera are not very numerous in ‘l'asmania,
and a considerable number are common to Australia and
Tasmania, the resemblance to the fauna of the mountainous
districts of 8.K. Australia being very marked. The absence
of the conspicuous coloration of broad orange bands, so
characteristic of Australia, is remarkable; I am not aware
that this plan of colour occurs among the wasps of ‘Tasmania,
except in one or two strong-flying Psammocharidee which
have doubtless found their way across from the mainland.
In one case, Crabro tridentatus, Sm., which occurs in
Victoria, has broad orange bands on the abdomen; the
Tasmanian form, C. tasmanicus, Sm., has narrow yellow
bands, but does not differ appreciably in structure.
538 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
Family Thynnide.
Subfamily Drauurvz.
Diamma bicolor, Westw.
Diamma bicolor, Westw. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, iii. p. 53 (1835). 2.
Psammatha chalybea, Shuck, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, ii. 1, p. 69
(1887). o-
Tachypterus fasciatus, Guér. Voy. Coq., Zool. ii. 2, p. 217 (1839). ¢.
Not uncommon in Northern Tasmania, but I did not take
specimens in the south. Also common in the south-eastern
portions of Australia from Adelaide to Sydney.
Subfamily Rasereasrzrivz, Ashm.
Rhagigaster pugionatus, Sauss.
Rhagigaster pugionatus, Sauss. Reise Noy. Zool. ii, Hym. p. 118
(1867) ; Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxil. p. 234 (1907). 2.
Common on Leptospermum blossom at Haglehawk Neck in
February. I have had a specimen of this species from
Cumberland, N.S.W., but it is certainly not common on the
mainland. I do not know that any other species of the
genus occurs in Tasmania, though forms of 2. unicolor, Guér.,
are so plentiful on the mainland. Westwood, however,
mentions a specimen of &. unécolor sent to him as coming
from Tasmania. I therefore include it as Tasmanian, though
with doubt.
Rhagigaster unicolor, Guér.
Rhagigaster unicolor, Guér, Voy. Coq., Zool. ii. 2, p. 214 (1839), ¢.
Rhagigaster binotatus, Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. p. 105 (1844). 2.
If any form of this occurs in Tasmania, it would probably
be the Victorian subspecies dyeddi, ‘urn.
Genus Errone, Westw.
Key to the Tasmanian Species.
3G.
1. Clypeus without an apical depression or
triangular truncation ; legs black ....
Clypeus with an apical depression or tri-
angular truncation ; legs ferruginous
or bright testaceous brown ..... onc ee
2. Pronotum entirely black .......+.. ...- &. dispar, Westw.
9
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 539
Anterior and posterior margins of the
pronotum narrowly white .......... E. exilis, Turn,
3. Pronotum and abdomen black......... . L. lucida, Sm.
Pronotum marked with yellow on the
anterior margin at least; abdomen
bright ferruginous, sometimes more
or less clouded with black.......... 4,
4, Antenne yellow from the middle of the
ninth joint of the flagellum to the
middle of the twelfth .............: E. celsissima, Turn.
Antenne black or ferruginous.......... 5.
5. Antenne ferruginous; apical depression
Gh ely PSUS ANCURLO 0's) ss sew tence» E. leat, Turn.
Antenne black; clypeus with a trian-
ular surface from before the middle. LZ. ichnewmoniformts, Sm.
29.
First abdominal segment not narrowed to
the base; sixth dorsal segment with a
CHPLGAD sai: Diagn Mealyics 4 pita over maha. FASS E. dispar, Westw.
First abdominal segment narrowed to the
base ; sixth dorsal segment without a
PERIMD A Weta aa els 5 nema e oe ard E. celsissima, Turn.
Hirone exilis, sp. n.
3. Black; the mandibles (except at the apex), the ante-
rior and posterior margins of the pronotum narrowly, a spot
on the tegula, the fore tibize in front, and a spot at the base
of the intermediate and hind tibia white. Wings hyaline,
iridescent, nervures fusco-ferruginous. A small spot on each
side above the base of the antenne white. Clypeus slightly
emarginate at the apex, with a carina from the base not quite
reaching the apex. Head finely and closely punctured, a
deep oval depression in the middle of the front, above the
interantennal prominence. ‘Thorax closely punctured, most
finely on the pronotum, scutellum very broadly rounded at
the apex; median segment rounded, shining and sparsely
punctured at the base, more closely elsewhere, Abdomen
shining, sparsely and very shallowly punctured, the segments
not depressed at the base, the apical dorsal segment more
deeply punctured and narrowly rounded at the apex. Second
abscissa of the radius as long as the third, the second
recurrent nervure received just before the middle of the third
cubital cell.
Length 8 mm.
Hab, Kaglehawk Neck, S.E. Tasmania ; February.
This is allied to tnconspicua, Turn., and less closely to
parca, Turn., and montivaga, Turn., but differs from all of
them in the carinated clypeus as well as in colour.
540 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial [Tymenoptera.
Eirone dispar, Westw.
Eivrone dispar, Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. p. 144 (1844). ¢ 2 Me
? Thynnus (Agriomyta) brevicornis, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 39
(1859). 3.
Common on Leptospermum blossom in February at Eagle-
hawk Neck. Westwood’s specimens were from Adelaide,
but I do not think there is any specific difference.
Eirone ichneumoniformis, Sm.
Thynnus (Agriomyia) ichneumoniformis, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii.
p. 39 (1859). ¢.
Etrone (Lepteirone) ichneumoniformis, Turn. Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
Xxxli. p. 262 (1907). ¢ 2.
Hab, Hobart (Lea). Also from Victoria.
The triangular area on the clypeus does not quite extend to
the apex, as stated in my description of the species, the apex
being narrowly transversely depressed.
Eirone celsissima, Turn.
Evrone celsissima, Turn. Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S. W.exxxviii. p. 609 (1914).
32
The male is easily recognized by the yellow colour of the
four apical joints of the antenne. It is much larger than
the other Tasmanian species of the genus.
Hab. Mt. Wellington, 2200 ft.; January to March.
Waratah (Lea).
Ettrone lucida, Sm.
Thynnus (Agriomyia) lucidus, Sm, Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 86 (1859). g.
The female is unknown, but probably resembles that of
the closely allied form E. /weedula, 'Turn., which represents
the present species on the mainland. *
Hab, EKaglehawk Neck ; February.
Eirone leat, sp. n.
¢. Black ; the mandibles (except at the apex), clypeus,
a line on each side on the anterior margin of the pronotum,
and a spot at the apex of the anterior tibize yellow ; the
antennee (except the three apical joints), a line on the inner
margin of the eyes, the legs (except tle coxee), and the abdo-
men rufo-ferruginous; tegule fusco-testaceous ; wings sub-
hyaline, uervures fuscous.
Length 8-12 mm.
3d. Clypeus broad, with a broadly arched carina near the
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 541
middle, the apical portion below the carina strongly depressed
and subconcave, truncate at the apex. Antenne long, as
long as the head, thorax, and median segment combined, the
apical joints arcuate beneath; interantennal prominence
bilobed, Head not much produced or narrowed behind the
eyes ; the posterior ocelli as far from the eyes as from the
posterior margin of the head. Finely and closely punctured,
most finely on the median segment; abdomen elongate-
fusiform, sparsely punctured. Hypopygium small, rounded
at the apex, and ciliated. Third abscissa of the radius
shorter than the second by about one-fifth, second recurrent
nervure received just before the middle of the third cubital
cell.
Hab. Waratah, N.W. Tasmania (Zea).
Described from four males.
This is nearest to H. rufopicta, Sm., but in that species
the clypeus is longitudinally carinate before the apical
depression. ‘The clypeus also distinguishes it from carold,
‘Turn., and other allied species.
Subfamily Taryyrv2.
Ariphron bicolor, Erichs.
Ariphron bicolor, Erichs. Arch, f. Naturgesch. viii. p. 264, t. v. fig. 1
(1842). 9.
Ariphron rigidulus, Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxii. p. 274
(1907). ¢.
Hab, Kaglehawk Neck; February. Also from Victoria.
The female seems scarce, and | did not take it. From
the localities in which I took the males I suspect that the
females may associate with ants of the genus Myrmecia,
Tachynomyta abdominalis, Guér.
Agriomyia (Tachynomyia) abdominalis, Guér. Mag. de Zool.. xii. p, 5
(1842). ¢.
Var. Agrivmyia (Tachynomyia) spinole, Guér. Mag. de Zool. xii. p. 6
(1842). 3.
Thynnus fervidus, Erichs, Arch. f. Naturges. viii. p. 263 (1842). ¢.
Tachynomyia abdominalis, Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. W. xxxii. p. 279
(1907). ¢ 2.
Hab. Mt. Wellington, 2200 ft.; January. Also from
Victoria.
As far as [am aware, no other species of Tachynomyia
occurs in Tasmania, though several are found in Victoria.
The female is distinguished by the sculpture of the second
dorsal segment, which is without the transverse rugz usual
in the genus. .
542 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
Genus PHYMATOTHYNNUS, Turn.
Key to the Tasmanian Species.
3d.
Tibize and tarsi ferruginous; mandibles, apex of
clypeus, lines on pronotum” and on _post-
seutellum yellow: Wlds. cv rbitew ats est viet vie a P. derelictus, Turn.
EKntirelysblackjigioartash ota eee er hela ... 2, monilicornis, 5m,
r =p
Pronotum much longer than wide, not subcarinate
inthe middle posteriorly cn jogs 6 «aes Sm mi iohere P. derelictus, Turn.
Pronotum only a little longer than broad, subcari-
nate in the middle on the posterior half .... P. monilicornis, Sm.
Phymatothynnus monilicornis, Sm.
Thynnus (Agriomyia) monilicornis, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 89
(1859). ¢ Q.
This was described from Victoria, but there is a pair in
the British Museum from Tasmania sent by Mr. A. Simson
probably from the Launceston district. I did not see the
species in Southern Tasmania.
Phymatothynnus derelictus, sp. n.
g. Black, with light fulvous pubescence ; the mandibles
(except at the apex), the apical margin of the clypeus broadly,
the margin of the interantennal prominence narrowly, a line
on each side on the anterior margin of the pronotum, and a
spot on the postscutellum pale: yellow ; tegule testaceous ;
the tibix, tarsi, and the apex of the femora ferruginous.
Clypeus convex, without a distinct carina, produced and very
narrowly truncate at the apex. Head finely and very closely
punctured, the interantennal prominence fairly well developed
and very broadly rounded at the apex, a short and shallow
longitudinal suleus on the front. Thorax and median segment
finely and closely punctured; abdomen shining and very
shallowly punctured, flattened, the segments very slightly
constricted at the base, the basal segment slender, very
narrow at the base, half as broad at the apex as the apex of
the second segment. Hypopygium longer than broad, very
slightly widened from the base, tridentate at the apex, the
central tooth long, the lateral ones short but distinct. Wings
subhyaline, nervures fuscous; second recurrent nervure
received just before one-fourth from the base of the third
cubital cell.
Length 12 mm.
Mr. R. E, Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 543
Q. Fusco-ferruginous, more or less stained with black,
especially on the apical abdominal segments.
Head closely and not very finely punctured, broader ante-
riorly than long, much narrowed posteriorly, the antennz
inserted far apart, the front produced between them and
subtuberculate on each side. Pronotum convex, distinctly
margined laterally, nearly half as long again as the greatest _
breadth ; scutellum longer than broad ; dorsal surface of the
median segment about half as long as the pronotum, very
sparsely punctured. Second dorsal segment coarsely trans-
versely rugulose, with a transverse carina near the base and
another at the apex; the dorsal segments punctured, more
closely on the apical segments. Sixth dorsal segment with a
carina from the base almost reaching the apex, not com-
pressed, rounded at the apex, the edges of the ventral segment
produced upwards and forming marginal carinz along the
apical half of the dorsal segment.
Length 9 mm,
Hab. Kaglebawk Neck; February. Ferntree, Mt. Wel-
lington ; January.
Both sexes are very near P, monilicornis, but the male
differs in the presence of yellow markings, in the colour of
the legs, in the absence of a carina at the base of the clypeus,
and in the greater development of the spines on the hypos
pygium. ‘The female differs in the longer pronotum, which
is also subearinate longitudinally on the posterior half in
monilicornis, also in the margins of the sixth ventral
segment. These differences I think are specific, though the
species are very closely related.
Psammothynnus depressus, Westw.
Thynnus (Agriomyia) depressus, Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. p. 107 (1844),
3Q.
There is a specimen of this species in the British Museum
taken by Commander Walker at Hobart. The type was
taken at Albany, W.A.
Genus ASTHENOTHYNNUS, Turn.
Key to the Tasmanian Species.
ood.
Legs and abdomen black marked with pale yel-
low; hypopygium slightly broadened from
the base and truncate at the apex, with a
CM EMITE PATTIG) a's ahs Persian es + « smiskieiey ih ah .. A, westwoodi, Guér.
544 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
Legs and usually abdomen also bright rufo-testa-
ceous ; hypopygium gradually produced into
e long Spine sss) wae eielomiin tls Fae rote ieee A, maritimus, Turn,
ewe
Anterior margin of the pronotum not raised; the
elevated portion of the first dorsal segment
before the depressed apical margin with a
distinct median emargination ..........4. A. westwoodi, Guér.
Anterior margin of the pronotum raised, forming
a marginal carina; elevated portion of first
dorsal segment not emarginate, u«lmost
straight on the posterior margin .......... A, maritimus, Turn,
Asthenothynnus westwoodi, Guér.
Agriomyia westwood, Guér, Mag. de Zool. p. 4 (1842). ¢.
Thynnus intricatus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 50 (1859). 4.
Thynnus longiceps, 8m. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 46 (1859). 9.
Thynnus nanus, Sm. Descr. New Sp. Hym. p. 171 (1879). ¢.
Hab. Ferntree, Mt. Wellington; January. Haglehawk
Neck ; February. Also from Victoria and New South
Wales.
This is acommon Tasmanian species. Guérin’s type was
from Tasmania, also the types of tntricatus and longiceps.
The type of nanus also came from Tasmania.
Asthenothynnus maritimus, sp. n.
d. Black; legs (except the coxee) and abdomen (except
the base of the first segment) bright rufo-testaceous ; man-
dibles, anterior margin of the clypeus, inner margin of the
eyes, margins of the pronotum, a large spot on the mesopleure,
a spot on the tegule and a curved line above them, a small
spot on the posterior margin of the mesonotum, a longitudinal
mark on the scutellum, a transverse band on the postscutellum,
and a spot on the sides of the median segment near the apex
yellow ; a spot on each side on the vertex near the summit
of the eyes dull ferruginous red.
Head and thorax closely and finely punctured, clypeus
with a short longitudinal carina from the base, the inter-
antennal prominence only slightly developed, a very shallow
groove on the front not reaching the anterior ocellus.
Median segment with a shallow groove from the base not
reaching the apex. Abdomen slender and somewhat flat-
tened, the first segment much longer than the second, very
slender at the base, the second at the apex half as broad again
as the apex of the first. Sides of the hypopygium gradually
convergent to the median spine. Wings hyaline, the third
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 545
abscissa of the radius a little longer than the second ; the
third cubital cell receives the second recurrent nervure at
one-quarter from the base.
Length 10 mm.
@?. Blackish brown ; mandibles, antennz, and legs paler
brown; pygidium reddish brown. Head shining, smooth,
much narrowed posteriorly, nearly twice as broad anteriorly
as posteriorly, clypeus without a carina; a very short and
shallow frontal sulcus. Pronotum as long as broad, slightly
narrowed posteriorly, the anterior and lateral margins dis-
tinctly raised, a median sulcus nearly reaching the posterior
margin. Scutellum a little longer than broad, rounded at
the apex. Abdomen sparsely punctured, the first dorsal
segment narrowly depressed at the apex, the raised portion
before the depression straight, not emarginate. erag
dorsal segment with three strongly raised transverse carine,
the apical margin also slightly raised, forming another lower
carina. Pygidium elongate-ovate, the dorsal plate truncate
at the apex and not reaching to the apex of the ventral
segment.
Length 8 mm.
Hab, Eaglehawk Neck; February. @ 9 in cop. Swan-
sea (Lea).
A male from Eaglehawk Neck has the abdomen, except
the seventh segment and the apex of the sixth, blackish
brown.
Genus NEOZELEBORIA, Rohwer.
Key to the Tasmanian Species.
dod.
Hypopygium narrowly truncate at the base of the
apical spine ; abdomen with lateral yellow
SOE sed, 0 s.c.0 6,1 nistels Si eeretay emma ein’ cd Ws ss iV, prozima, Turn,
Hypopygium rounded at the base of the apical
spine ; abdomen black, immaculate ........ NV. carinicollis, Turn.
eae
Pronotum flat, with a sulcus from the anterior
margin to the middle 52). +i visi ety ones N, proaima, Turn.
Pronotum strongly elevated along the median
line, the elevation broadened anteriorly ;
without a sulcus ............ eiatloieeiaa ate N. carinicollis, Turn,
Neozeleboria carinicollis, sp. n.
9. Head fully half as broad again as long, very strongly
rounded at the posterior angles, shining, sparsely punctured,
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 37
546 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
with a short frontal sulcus. Pronotum narrower than the
head, as long as broad, raised along the median line into a
strongly elevated carina, which broadens to the anterior
margin ; the dorsal surface on each side of the carina slightly
concave. WScutellum strongly rounded at the apex, nearly as
long as broad; dorsal surface of the median segment more
than half as long as the pronotum. Thorax and abdomen
subopaque, finely and very closely punctured; first dorsal
segment with a transverse groove before the raised apical
margin; second dorsal segment with five strongly raised
carine, including the raised apical margin; sixth dorsal
segment elongate-ovate, with a median carina, not compressed
laterally.
Black ; the head ferruginous; flagellum and legs testa-
ceous brown, second and sixth dorsal segments and all the
ventral segments dark ferruginous,
Length 7-9 mm.
3. Black; the mandibles (except at the apex), a trans-
verse line (interrupted in the middle) on the anterior margin
of the pronotum, and a spot on the postscutellum (sometimes
almost obsolete) pale yellow. Wings hyaline, nervures
fuscous.
Clypeus slightly convex, a little advanced in the middle
and truncate broadly at the apex ; interantennal prominence
not much developed, only showing as a tubercle above the
base of each antenna. Head and thorax closely punctured
and thinly clothed with long grey pubescence; antenne
longer than the thorax and median segment combined.
Abdomen shining, fusiform, the segments not constricted ;
hypopygium linguiform, rounded at the apex, with a small
apical spine. Third abscissa of the radius nearly half as
long again as the second ; second recurrent nervure received
at about one-quarter from the base of the third cubital cell.
Length 10-12 mm.
flab. Hobart (Lea).
The pronotum of the female is very different to other
species of the genus, in which a longitudinal sulcus is always
present and no carina; but otherwise there is no remarkable
difference. The sexes are not marked as taken coupled, but
I have no doubt of the association. ‘The female is the type.
Neozeleboria proxima, Turn.
Thynnus (Zeleboria) proximus, Turn. Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S.W. xxxiii.
p. 99 (1908). 3 2.
Hab. Leura, N.'S.W. Eaglehawk Neck ; February
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossoriat Hymenoptera. 547
A common species. As in some other forms, this species
ranges into the mountain-districts of S.E. Australia.
Agriomyia odyneroides, Westw.
Thynnus (Agriomyia) odyneroides, Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. p. 109 (1844).
df.
Hab. Hobart (J. J. Walker).
This is very near A. maculata, Guér., but differs in the
shape of the head and pronotum in the female, as well as in
the markings on the median segment in the male. It must
therefore be regarded as distinct, and not as a mere variety.
The males in Agriomyia are very difficult to separate when
the females are not available, owing to the want of good
structural differences, and until we have long series it is not
well to depend too much on colour-distinctions. Unfortu-
nately species of this group are not taken coupled nearly so
frequently as most Thynnide.
Westwood does not give any locality for odyneroides, but
most of the specimens I have seen are l'asmanian. There
are also males in the British Museum from Adelaide, from
Jindabyne, N.S.W., 3000 ft., and from “ Moreton Bay.”
All these have the third abscissa of the radius distinctly longer
than in Tasmanian specimens.
Thynnoturneria decipiens, Westw.
Thynnus decipiens, Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. p. 105 (note), p. 124 (1844).
3.
Hab. Hobart (J. J. Walker).
Tmesothynnus humilis, Erichs.
Thynnus humilis, Erichs, Arch. f. Naturges. viii. p. 264 (1842). 9.
g. Black; a spot at the base of the mandibles, the lateral
and apical margins of the elypeus narrowly, a line on each
side at the anterior angles of the pronotum, a spot on the
tegulee, and a line on the postscutellum pale whitish yellow ;
the posterior margin of the pronotum luteous. Clypeus
convex, smooth at the apex; head and thorax finely and very
closely punctured, the interantennal prominence only slightly
developed; scutellum strongly convex. Median segment
rounded, shining at the base, finely punctured. Abdomen
sparsely punctured, shining, the segments strongly constricted
at the base, the apical segment strongly punctured, the apical
37*
548 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera.
margin raised and slightly produced in the middle ; hypo-
pygium tridentate, the lateral teeth short, the margin between’.
them almost straight except where produced into the long
apical spine. Wings hyaline, nervures blackish. Second
recurrent nervure received by the third cubital cell at a
distance from the base equal to a little more than one-third
of the length of the second transverse cubital nervure.
Length 9 mm.
ITab. Kaglehawk Neck; February. Hobart.
A variety of the female has the head red. The conti-
nental form of this species seems to be TJ. truncatus, Sm.,
but in that species the clypeus is less convex and more
strongly punctured at the apex; the three spines of the
hypopygium are much less developed, the lateral ones being
almost obsolete, the apical dorsal segment is not produced in
the middle of the apical margin, and the abdomen is more
closely punctured. Females taken at Haglehawk Neck have
the head less punctured than would be expected from
Erichson’s description, but I think my identification is
correct. A female from Hobart has the head red.
Hemithynnus oliviert, Erichs.
Thynnus oliviert, Erichs, Arch: f. Naturges. viii. p. 262 (1842). ¢ 9.
Thynnus hyalinatus, Westw. Arc. Ent. i. p. 106 (1844). dQ.
This species is also found in the mountainous regions of
S.E. Australia.
The name oliviert has priority, and should be used in
preference to Ayalinatus. Hrichson gives apterus, Oliv., as
the name for the female of his species, but I think that name
should apply to the female of vardabiis, Kirby. This species
is very close to apterus, which is so common in S.E, Australia,
and may prove to be only a cool-climate form of that species ;
but I think it is distinct.
Lophocheilus niger, Sm.
? Lophocheilus villosus, Guér. Mag. de Zool. xii. p. 12 (1842). ¢.
Thynnus niger, Sm, Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 30 (1859). ¢.
Lophocheilus villosus, Turn, Proc. Linn, Soc, N.S.W. xxxiii. p. 169
(1908). dg @.
Hab. Huon River (Lea). Eaglehawk Neck ; February.
This species seems to be confined to Tasmania, where it is
quite plentiful. It is represented in Victoria by an allied
species, L. anilitatis, Sm. I am not at all sure that I was
right in sinking Smith’s name as a synonym of villosus,
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 549
Guér., and, as I have not seen Guérin’s type, perhaps it is
better to use Smith’s name pending further information.
Thynnotdes senilis, Krichs.
Thynnus senilis, Erichs. Arch. f. Naturges. viii. p. 263 (1842). ¢.
I have not seen this species from Tasmania, but I have
received Victorian specimens answering to Hrichson’s descrip-
tion. I have no doubt that his record of the species as
Tasmanian is quite correct.
Family Scoliide.
Subfamily Awrzozoscivz, Turn.
Anthobosca flavicornis, Sauss.
Cosila (Callosila) flavicornis, Sauss., Grandidier, Hist. Madagascar, xx.
p. 233 (1892). 9.
One female from Tasmania in the British Museum collec-
tion has the tibize fulvous, not black as in the typical Aus-
tralian form. It is also more sparsely punctured. Easily
distinguished by the orange-yellow antenna.
Anthobosca confusa, sp. n.
?. Black, with sparse white pubescence, the spines of the
tarsi testaceous brown. Wings hyaline, nervures black.
Clypeus shining, sparsely punctured, raised in the middle
into a smooth longitudinal carina, which is _ broadened
towards the apex. Head shining, sparsely punctured,
almost as sparsely and finely on the front as on the vertex,
no pubescence on the front. Thorax shining, very sparsely
punctured, median segment shining, very minutely punc-
tured. Abdomen shining, very shallowly and finely punc-
tured, with sparse larger punctures. Sixth dorsal segment
opaque, rather strongly punctured at the base, very minutely
in the middle, the apical margin smooth and _testaceous.
The apical portion of the hind femora beneath is strongly
rounded and broad, but there is no well-defined apical lobe.
Radial cell broadly rounded at the apex, almost truncate ;
second abscissa of the radius scarcely longer tian the first,
the third longer than the first and second combined. First
recurrent nervure received before the middle of the second
cubital cell, second just before the middle of the third cubital
cell. T'arsal ungues with a blunt basal lobe.
Length 7-12 mm.
550 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
3. Opaque black ; mandibles at the base, clypeus, poste-
rior margin of the pronotum, tegulze, a transverse spot on the
postscutellum, and the tibice in front pale yellow ; calcaria
whitish. Wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures black.
Clypeus broad, almost transverse at the apex. Antenne
stout, a little shorter than the thorax and median segment
combined. First abdominal segment distinctly, though only
slightly, longer than the second, longer than its apical
breadth, gradually widened from the base. Third abscissa of
the radius as long as the first and second combined, the
second longer than the first. The second recurrent nervure
is received at two-fifths from the base of the third cubital
cell, the first at the middle of the second cubital cell.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. Faglehawk Neck; February. Mt. Wellington,
1300 ft.; January, Ulverstone (Lea).
Somewhat intermediate in the female between wnicolor,
Sm., and levifrons, Sm. From unicolor it differs in the
absence of the strong puncturation of the front and the long
hairs rising therefrom, also in the position of the second
recurrent nervure ; from /evifrons in the puncturation of the
head, in the broadening of the carina of the clypeus, in the
absence of ferruginous colour on the mandibles and antenne ;
and from both in the lesser development of the lobe at the
apex of the hind femora.
The male differs from frencht, Turn., in the longer first
abdominal segment and the yellow clypeus, and from lagardei,
Turn., in the same manner as to the first segment and also
in the absence of yellow markings on the seventh dorsal
segment.
My record of uniculor, Sm., from Tasmania (Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 734, 1912), applied to this species, but
further material has convinced me that it is distinct.
The female is the type.
Scolia (Dielis) tasmaniensis, Sauss.
Elis tasmaniensis, Sauss. Mem. soc. phys. & hist. nat. Genéve, xiv.
p. 61 (1854). Q
Elis (Dielis) formosa, Sauss. et Sich. Cat. Sp. Gen. Scolia, p. 209 (1864).
32; Tun. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) iv. p. 178 (1909) (nec
Guérin).
I have not seen specimens of this common Australian
species from Tasmania, but have no reason to doubt
Saussure’s record. It has usually been known under the
name formosa, Guér., which is quite a different species, which
does not range south of Cairns in North Queensland.
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera, 5d1
Family Crabronide.
Subfamily Peurpzreponrw.s,
Spilomena hobartia, Turn,
Spilomena hobartia, Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W, xxxviii. p. 622
(1914). Q.
Hab. Eaglehawk Neck; March.
Taken on dead Hucalyptus-trees in which old beetle-holes
were numerous. Doubtless this little wasp makes its nests
in these abandoned holes.
Subfamily Spzecrvz.
Chlorion (Harpactopus) globosus, Sm.
Sphex globosus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p, 251 (1856). ¢ 9.
Harpactopus australis, Sauss, Reise ‘ Novara,’ Zool. ii, p. 42 (1867).
Hab, Hobart ( Walker).
I have taken this species as far north as Cooktown and
also at Yallingup and Kalamunda in S.W. Australia. It
probably ranges over the whole continent.
Chlorion (Isodontia) obscurellus, Sm,
Sphex obscurella, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p, 251 (1856). ¢ 2,
Hab. Hobart ( Walker).
This is very near the wide-ranging nigellus, Sm., but hag
the petiole distinctly shorter.
Sphexw (Psammophila) suspiciosa, Sm.
Ammophila suspiciosa, Sm. Cat. Hym, B.M, iy. p, 214 (1856). 2 ¢.
I have seen Tasmanian specimens of this species, It has a
wide range in the southern and interior districts of Australia.
Subfamily Beuszcrvaz.
Bembex furcata, Erichs.
Bembex furcata, Erichs. Arch. f. Naturges, yiii. p. 266 (1842), ¢ 9.
Hab. Eaglehawk Neck; February, Launceston (Simson).
This species ranges over the whole southern portion of
Australia from Sydney to Perth. It appears to be uncommon
in the west. No other species of the genus occurs in
Tasmania.
552
bo
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
Subfamily Paravyssonrvz.
Sphodrotes punctuosus, Kohl.
Sphodrotes punctuosus, Kohl, Ann. natur. Hofmus. Wien, iv. p. 189
(1889). 3.
A. single male taken in February on Leptospermum-blossom
at Haglehawk Neck. Kohl described the species from New
South Wales, and I have seen specimens of the male from
Mt. Kosciusko in the Australian Museum, but no female.
Sericophorus chalybeus, Sm.
Sericophorus chalybeus, Sm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) vii. p. 32
(1851). 2.
Tachyrrhostus eyaneus, Sauss. Mem. soc. phys. & hist. nat. Genéve, xiv.
p. 1 (1854). 2.
Hab. Kaglehawk Neck; February.
Four females taken burrowing in sand.
Zoyphium iridipenne, Turn.
Zoyphium iridipenne, Turn. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiv. p. 356
(1914). 9.
lab. Kaglehawk Neck ; February.
On Leptospermum-blossom.
Subfamily Crazroyrvz.
Crabro (Solenius) tasmanicus, Sm.
Crabro tasmanicus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 425 (1856). 9.
Hab. Ferntree, 1300 ft.
A pair taken on Leptospermum-blossom in January.
Genus RuopauM, Kirby.
Key to the Tasmanian Species.
peed
. First abdominal segment shorter than the
second ; black, the trochanters yellow;
Dergeetiha GA, 6 98, tests vals tase cae Sins ils ve
First abdominal segment as long as or longer
than the second; trochanters black ; length
ONGY/ 6 ANB Toile caters e wjorcslne p Amis sateen
. Hind tibie distinctly spinose ..........e0e
Hind tibiso not gpinose 2.5 8 Skene ee
. Three basal segments of abdomen bright red,
tibize and tarsi yellow < -. a...s 001s ape
Abdomen wholly black, tarsi more or less yel-
low, fore tibize only yellow on the outside .
RK. frenchit, Turn,
2.
3.
R. eucalypti, Turn.
R. tricolor, Sm.
RK. varutarse, Turn,
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 553
Rhopalum frenchit, Turn.
Crabro (Rhopalum) frenchii, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p, 526
(1908). 2.
Hab. Mt. Wellington, 2300 ft.; January to April.
Eaglehawk Neck; February. Also from Victoria and
S.W. Australia.
Burrowing by the roadside on Mt. Wellington.
Rhopalum variitarse, Turn.
Rhopalum varutarse, Turn. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xv. p. 89
(1915). @.
Hab. Mt. Wellington, 2300 ft.; January. Haglehawk
Neck ; February.
Rhopalum eucalypti, Turn.
Rhopalum eucalypti, Turn. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xv. p. 90
(1915). @.
Hab. Kaglehawk Neck; March.
Rhopalum tricolor, Sm.
Crabro tricolor, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 894 (1856). ¢.
Crabro (Rhopalum) militaris, Turn. Proc. Zool, Soc. London, p. 523
(1908). ¢.
Var. Crabro (Rhopalum) tricolor, Turn. J. c. p. 524 (1908). dQ.
Hab. Mt. Wellington, 2200 ft.; January. Haglehawk
Neck ; February.
A very common species iu sandy districts.
Also from §.E. Australia.
Subfamily Zarrrmz.
Genus Larra, Fabr.
Three species which may be referable to this genus have
been taken in ‘Tasmania, but of these I have only taken one
myself, which I identify with much doubt as Tachytes
australis, Sauss. One only of Saussure’s species can be
identified with any certainty, ZL. femorata, Sauss., a species
with ferruginous legs.
Larva femorata, Sauss.
Tachytes femoratus, Sauss. Mem. soc, phys. & hist. nat, Genéye, xiv.
p. 20 (1854). ¢.
cag Semorata, Kohl, Verh, zool.-bot. Ges, Wien, xxxiv, p. 243
(1884),
554 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
This is given by Saussure as Tasmanian (Reise Nov.,
Zool. ii. p. 74). It is a very common species in North
Queensland, and is also found at Sydney. Though I have
not seen ‘I'asmanian specimens, I have no reason to doubt the
correctness of the record.
Larra australis, Sauss.
Tachytes australis, Sauss. Mem. soc. phys. & hist. nat. Genéve, xiv.
p- 19 (1854) (nec Sauss. 1867).
Larrada australis, Sauss. Mélang. Hym. ii. p. 69 (1854).
Hab. Kaglehawk Neck; March.
I am not sure that my identification of this species is
correct. Saussure states that the median segment is as long
as the mesonotum, but in my specimens it is distinctly
longer. Saussure’s figure, however, shows it longer than
the mesonotum.
In my specimens the pronotum is sunk much below the
mesonotum, the middle portion higher than the sides, in this
respect approaching Votogonia, but the tarsal ungues are
shorter than is usual in that genus.
Larra (?) nigripes, Sauss.
Larrada nigripes, Sauss. Reise Nov., Zool. ii. p. 74 (1867) ; Schulz,
Zool. Ann. iy, p. 191 (1911).
Schulz gives a description of the specimen marked as the-
type of this species in the Geneva Museum. But Saussure’s
description is of a 2, apparently without a head, whereas
the specimen described by Schulz is a g, with a head.
This causes doubt as to whether the specimen is really the
type or whether the label may not have been accidentally
shifted. Schulz is inclined to place the species in Tachytes,
though carefully pointing out how it differs from that genus
in the oval posterior ocelli, in the long median segment,
and in the form of the pronotum. I formerly considered the
species identical with L. pstlocera, Kohl, but after Schulz’s
remarks on Saussure’s collection, I do not feel that this can
be maintained. I have no evidence that L. psilocera occurs
in Tasmania. I have not seen any species answering to the
description given by Schulz.
The localities given in the Reise d. Novara are not always
reliable, and it cannot be considered at all certain that the
present species is Tasmanian,
Mr, R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 555
Genus TACHYSPHEX.
Key to the Tasmanian Species.
oe
1. Median segment smooth..........scereee- 2.
Median segment rugose-reticulate ........ T. rugidorsatus, Turn.
2. Second joint of the flagellum longer than the
MMA PLY Sas sia eva)’ sate 4 din scicte's tale we T. pacificus, Turn.
Second joint of the flagellum equal to or
shorter than the third ......62.-ss200+ 3.
3. Second juint of the flagellum equal to the
third; pygidium strongly compressed
METERED Soke tails ain Oo a site od winenle'a a F p.ase T. pugnator, Turn.
Second joint of the flagellum shorter than the
third ; pygidium not compressed laterally. 7. discrepans, Turn.
Tachysphex pacificus, Turn.
Tachysphex pacificus, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 491 (1908). 9°.
Hab. Mt. Wellington, 2200 ft.; January. Eaglehawk
Neck ; February.
Originally described from Victoria.
The antennz are rather slender, the second joint of the
flagellum considerably longer than the third.
Tachysphex discrepans, sp. n.
?. Black ; the mandibles at the apex fusco-ferruginous ;
tegule testaceous brown; spines of the anterior tarsi
testaceous.
Clypeus obliquely depressed from below the middle to the
apex, shining and spaisely punctured. Head opaque, the
antennz rather stout, third joint of the flagellum longer than
the second by about one-quarter; eyes separated on the
vertex by a distance equal to about twice the length of the
second joint of the flagellum; a distinct longitudinal frontal
sulcus reaching the anterior ocellus, a strong depression on
the vertex behind the posterior ocelli. Pronotum very much
depressed below the mesonotum, almost vertical; thorax
shining and only microscopically punctured. Median seg-
ment opaque, smooth, very broadly rounded at the apex, with
a deep groove on the middle of the posterior slope. Abdomen
shining, microscopically punctured, a band of white pubes-
cence on each side of the apical margin of segments 1-3;
apical segment not compressed laterally, elongate-triangular,
First and third abscisse of the radius about equal in length,
the second distinctly longer, recurrent nervures separated by
556 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
a distance not quite equal to the length of the third abscissa
of the radius. Spines of the fore tarsi long and slender,
Length 8-10 mm.
Hab. Haglehawk Neck; February. Mt. Wellington,
2200 ft.; January.
This species is near paczjicus, Turn., but may be distin-
guished by the stouter antennee, the different proportions of
the joints of the flagellum, the longer second abscissa of the
radius, which is only equal to the first and third in pacéficus,
and by the shorter oblique depression of the clypeus. It is
a smaller species than pugnator, ‘Turn.
Tachysphex pugnator, Turn.
Tachysphex pugnator, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 491 (1908). 9.
Hab. Eaglehawk Neck; February.
Originally described from Adelaide. Tasmanian specimens
have the second and third abscissz of the radius longer than
in the type, but I do not consider this difference a specific
one. The apical segment of the abdomen is strongly com-
pressed laterally, the pygidial area being long and very
narrow. The second and third joints of the flagellum are
about equal in length, but are a little more slender in
Tasmanian specimens than in the type.
Tuchysphex rugidorsatus, sp. n.
?. Black ; spines of the tarsi whitish; an apical band of
white pubescence on the sides of dorsal segments 1-3. Wings
hyaline, iridescent, nervures black.
Clypeus minutely punctured, narrowly transversely de-
pressed at the apex. Head opaque, finely and closely punc-
tured, second joint of the flagellum nearly as long as the
third, eyes separated on the vertex by a distance not quite
equal to twice the length of the second joint of the flagellum,
a deep depression on the vertex behind the posterior ocelli,
a sulcus from the posterior ocelli almost reaching the occiput,
no distinct frontal sulcus. Pronotum gradually sloped, not
vertical, sunk below the mesonotum ; thorax finely and very
sparsely punctured, the scutellum shining. Median segment
rugose-reticulate, the sides finely striated. Abdomen shining,
the apical segment not much compressed at the sides, elongate-
triangular. Second abscissa of the radius as long as the first
and third combined, first longer than the third. Recurrent
nervures separated on the cubitus by a distance about equal
to the first abscissa of the radius. Comb of the fore tarsi
long and slender.
Or
~]
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 5
Length 8-9 mm.
Hab. Haglehawk Neck ; February.
This is distinguished from discrepans by the sculpture of
the median segment, the more distinct puncturation of the
head and thorax, and the shorter third abscissa of the radius.
Tachytes tachyrrhostus, Sauss.
Tachytes tachyrrhostus, Sauss. Mem. soc. phys. & hist. nat. Genéve,
xiv. p. 18 (1854). g; Sauss. Reise Nov., Zool. ii. p. 73 (1867). 3;
Schulz, Zool. Ann, iv. p. 189 (1911). ¢.
This is a true Tachytes, as Schulz observes. I have a
specimen of the male from Victoria, but have not myself seen
Y'asmanian specimens. There is a female in the British
Museum from New South Wales.
Lyroda michaelseni, Schulz, subsp. tasmanica, Turn.
Lyroda anichaelseni, Schulz, Fauna Sudwest Australiens, i. p. 479
(1908).
Lyroda michaelsent, subsp. tasmanica, Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
XXXviii. p. 621 (1914),
Hab. Kaglehawk Neck; February.
Subfamily Nrrezrmwz.
Nitela nigricans, Turn.
Nitela niyricans, Turn. Trans, Ent. Soc. London, p. 428 (1910). 9.
This is nearly related to JV. australiensis, Schulz, from
S.W. Australia, but differs in the smaller and shallower
depressions round the base of the antenne, in the lesser
development of the carina on the front and clypeus, and in
the wholly black anterior tibize, I doubt if these differences
are more than of subspecific value.
Hab. Kaglehawk Neck ; March.
Taken on a fallen Eucalyptus log.
Subfamily Zerroxyzrwz.
Genus Pison, Jur.
Key to the Tasmanian Species.
Re ALOT Wass eh seelel tele atude wialavetm oretclel Meta a' 2.
Bema Waele <5. coie. 5 0% sien ate) dictln, stata elect e gcbieral oft J
2. Three cubital cells; posterior ocelli nearer to
each other than to the anterior ........ P. rufipes, Schuck.
Two cubital cells; ocelli in an equilateral tri-
GHZIOS, coc av been we edec chaser soe Reivs ee P, simulans, Turn,
~
558 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
8. Second recurrent nervure received by the
second cubital cell; posterior ocelli sepa-
rated from the eyes by a distance equal to
less than half their diameter. Length
under Smit Lk. Ga ec taeale cis mae eke P. westwoodi, Shuck.
Second recurrent nervure received by the third
cubital cell or interstitial with the second
transverse cubital nervure ; posterior ocelli
separated from the eyes by a distance
fully equal to three-quarters of their dia-
meter. Length about 14 mm........... P. spinole, Shuck.
Pison rujipes, Shuck.
Pison (Pisonites) rufipes, Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, ii. p, 79
(1837). 2.
Hab. Eaglehawk Neck; February. Mt. Wellington,
2200 ft. ; January.
This species is also common throughout the southern
portion of Australia.
=
Pison spinole, Shuck.
Pison spinole, Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, ii. p. 76 (1837). 9°.
Pison australis, Sauss. Mem. soc. phys. & hist. nat. Genéve, xiv. p. 11
(1853).
Pison tasmanicus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 816 (1856).
Hab, Eaglehawk Neck; February.
Also throughout 8.E. Australia, as far north as Toowoomba.
Pison westwoodi, Shuck.
Pison westwoodt, Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, ii. p. 77 (1887). 2.
Hab. Eaglehawk Neck; February; Mt. Wellington,
2200 ft.; January.
Shuckard states that the carina in the longitudinal groove
on the median segment is obsolete in this species. In a
series of twenty specimens collected by myself the carina is
usually quite distinct near the base of the segment, but there
is considerable variation in this character. I have recorded
the continental form of this species as P. ¢ridipenne, Sm.
(Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 512, 1908), but the form of the clypeus
differs in that Hawaiian species, being broadly and evenly
rounded, whereas in westwood: it is distinctly produced in the
middle. The two forms are, however, very close. The
posterior ocelli are nearer to the eyes in ¢r¢dipenne than in
typical westwoodi, but North Queensland specimens of west-
woodi come very near iridtpenne in this point. P. westwood
is probably spread over the whole of Australia.
On Three new Bats from the Sudan. 559
Pison (Parapison) simulans, sp. n.
3. Black, opaque; the tibise and tarsi ferruginous ; the
hind tarsi stained with black. Wings hyaline; nervures
fuscous.
Clypeus produced into a short tooth in the middle of the
apical margin ; ocelli in an equilateral triangle, the posterior
pair as far from each other as from the eyes ; second joint
of the flagellum no longer than the third. Pronotum on a
level with the mesonotum, with a distinct dorsal surface.
Median segment as long as the mesonotum, narrowed towards
the apex, as long as broad, finely obliquely striated, with a
deep median groove in which is a well-defined carina, the
surface of the posterior slope almost smooth, with a deep
median groove. Abdomen subopaque, minutely and closely
punctured, the first segment longer than its apical breadth;
the second segment distinctly constricted at the base. Two
cubital cells only, the first abscissa of the radius twice as
long as the second, firsf recurrent nervure received just
beyond three-fifths from the base of the first cubital cell,
second close to the base of the second cubital cell.
Length 6°5 mm.
Hab. Eaglehawk Neck ; March.
Nearest to Pison (Parapison) erythrocerum, Kohl, but
differs in the stronger sculpture of the median segment, in
the colour of the femora and antenne,.and in the much
greater length of the second abscissa of the radius. Super-
ficially it closely resembles P. rufipes, Shuck.
XLIX.—On Three new Bats obtained by Mr. Willoughby
Lowe in the Sudan. By Otvrietp Tuomas,
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
DurinG Mr. Abel Chapman’s recent expedition to the Sudan,
Mr. Willoughby Lowe obtained a considerable collection of
mammals, and among them a number of bats. These include,
besides Coleura afra, Mops demonstrator, and others, ex-
amples of the three following new species :—
Rhinopterus lowei, sp. n.
Larger than 2. flowert ; white instead of buffy below.
General characters as in Lt, flowert, but size, as gauged by
560 Mr. O. Thomas on
skull, distinctly larger. Colour apparently, judged by spirit-
specimens, very much as in 7?. flowerd above, but the whole
under surface is entirely white, while in the type of BR. flowerz
it is buffy, “light buff” posteriorly, and “ warm buff” on
the throat and chest.
Skull much larger than in RR. flowert, the muzzle less
shortened in proportion to the brain-case.
Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci-
men) :—
Forearm 40 mm.
Head and body 45; tail 36 ; ear 12°5; third finger, meta-
carpal 36:5, first phalanx 11°5; lower leg and hind foot
Gers ees
Skull: greatest length 13:5; condyle to front of canine
12°9 ; zygomatic breadth 9; interorbital breadth 4°6 ; inter-
temporal breadth 3:2; palato-sinual length 5°3; front of
canine to back of m3 5.
Hab. Sudan. Type from the Blue Nile, 20 miles above
Sennar.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 15. 3.6.70. Collected
13th December, 1913, by Wilioughby P. Lowe.
Mr. Willoughby Lowe obtained five specimens of Rhino-
pterus at different localities on the Blue and White Nile.
On examination of the skulls these prove all to belong to a
larger form of the genus than FR. flowert, living side by side
with the latter in the same area—a phenomenon not unusual
with the smaller bats. The Rhinopterus obtained by Dr. A. F.
Wollaston at Shendi, and referred to in Anderson and
de Winton’s ‘Mammals of Egypt,’ also belongs to this
larger form. Whether the difference in the colour of the
under surface is constant remains to be seen.
Glauconycterts phalena, sp. n.
Near G. vartegata, but teeth smaller and incisors more
slender.
Size as in G. variegata. Colour, of a spirit-specimen,
apparently about as in that animal, the head and belly
similarly whitish, but the back hardly so strongly buffy.
The colour is therefore still further from that of the neigh-
bouring G. variegata papilio*, in which both head and belly
* L use this term for my Glauconycterts papilio, as I do not now think
it should be specifically distinguished from variegata. The latter, how-
ever, in nature would simply appear to be a Damara desert race of the
widely spread (Gambia to Beira) papilio, though the rules of nomen-
clature necessitate our putting the name the other way about.
Three new Bats from the Sudan. 561
are more or less strongly buffy. Wings strongly reticulated
as in the allied species.
Skull essentially as in variegata, though the brain-case is
perhaps, a little longer and narrower and the muzzle shorter
but the difference is very slight.
Tncisors smaller and lighter than in variegata ; v} slender,
unicuspid in the type, but the presence or absence of a
secondary cusp in this group appears to be variable. J? con-
siderably smaller than in variega‘a, not crushed between and
touching i! and the canine in front and behind, but clearly
separated from each of them. Mbolars distinctly smaller than
in vartegata and papilio, the combined length on outer edge
of m'.and m? in eleven specimens of those forms, including
types of both, being 2°7-2°8 mm., while in the type of
phalena it is only 2-4 mm.
Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci-
men) :—
Forearm 44 mm.
Head and body 54; tail 44; ear 11°5; third finger, meta-
carpal 40, first phalanx 16; lower leg and hind foot (c. u.) 28.
Skull: greatest length 13°6 ; condylo-basal length 13:2 ;
interorbital breadth 4°63; breadth of brain-case 8°1; palato-
sinual length 5; front of canine to back of m* 4°8.
Hab. White Nile, near Fashoda.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 15. 3.6.67. Original
number 71. Collected 27th January, 1914, by Willoughby
P. Lowe.
Taphozous sudan’, sp. n.
T. perforatus group. No gular sac. Feet comparatively
large.
Size slightly greater than in TZ. perforatus. Distribution
of fur about as in that species, except that the longer hairs
are less extended on the thighs and interfemoral membrane.
General colour above and below sepia-brown, the hairs white
for their basal two-thirds. Wing-membranes whitish or
white beyond a line connecting the elbow with the knee ;
rest of the membranes brown, more whitish below. No
gular sac in male or female, nor any trace of it on the skin,
Feet decidedly larger than in 7. perforatus, about 13 mm. in
Jength or upwards, as compared with about 11 mm. in the
allied species. Wing-membrane inserted on the end of the
tibia, instead of the ankle.
Skull in general like that of 7. perforatus, but slightly
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 38
562 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews
larger and the brain-case more swollen. Male skull de-
cidedly larger than that of the female.
Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci-
men) :—
Forearm 64 mm.
Head and body 71; tail 23; ear 17; third finger, meta-
carpal 58; first phalanx 21°5; lower leg and hind foot
(c. u.) 39; hind foot only 13°5.
Skull: greatest length to base of canine 20°2; condyle to
front of canine 19:7; interorbital breadth 6°1; breadth of
brain-case 10; palato-sinual length 6°5; maxillary tooth-
row 8°8.
Hab. Upper Nile. Type from Mongalla, just north of
Lado; other specimens from Khartoum (Major H. N. Dunn)
and Lake No (Willoughby Lowe).
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 2.7.4.2. Collected and
presented by W. L. 8. Loat, Esq.
This species is distinguishable from J. perforatus by its
larger feet, more swollen brain-case, and whitened wing-
membranes; from 7. hildegardew by its smaller size, the
absence of any gular beard, and generally darker colour.
L.—On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus
Crocidura.—II. By Guy Do.iman.
[Continued from p. 527. ]
Group 4 (hedenborgiana and nyanse).
Size very large or large. Colour above deep chocolate-brown, reddish
brown, or pale buffy drab; ventral surface dark brownish or grey,
never very distinctly marked off from the brown-tinted flanks; tail
not sharply bicolor, lower side generally only a little paler than
upper. Second and third upper unicuspids about equal in size.
(10) Crocidura anchiete, Boe.
Crocidura anchiete, Bocage, Jorn. Se. Lisb. p. 26 (1889).
About equal to occidentalis in size, but with shorter, less
tapering tail and lighter underparts.
Colour above (from spirit-specimens) dark reddish brown,
rather paler and greyer on the flanks; the lighter under-
parts not distinctly marked off from the brownish tint of
the dorsal surface. Belly slate-grey washed with silvery
cream, lighter than in occidentalis, but not as pale as in
belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 563
jflavescens. Backs of hands and feet brownish or dirty buff.
Tail rather shorter and not tapering so markedly as in
occidentalis, rather more coarsely haired, brownish above, a
shade paler below; bristle-hairs fairly numerous, but incon-
spicuous.
Skull larger than in flavescens, about equal in size to that
of occidentalis ; tooth-row about the same, second and third
upper unicuspids nearly equal in size, the second slightly
broader and with a rather longer cusp than third. Last
upper molar fairly large.
Dimensions (as given by Bocage) :—
Head and body 116 mm. ; tail 63 ; hind foot 17.
Dimensions of co-type and topotype in the Museum
Collection (in spirit) :—
Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. Far.
mm. mm. mm. mm.
© (co-type) ...... 112 62 17 12
© (topotype) .... 107 63 T7, 115
Skulls of co-type (broken) and topotype : condylo-incisive
length —, 30; greatest breadth —, 12°1 ; least interorbital
breadth 5°7, 5:7; length of palate 12°9, 13; postpalatal
length —, 13; greatest maxillary breadth 10, 9°8; median
depth of brain-case —, 6°7; length of upper tooth-row 13:3,
i.
Hab. Caconda, Angola.
The co-type in the British Museum is an adult female.
BLM. nos 89.5. Ii. 2.
This species would appear to be somewhat intermediate
between the occidentalis and nyanse groups; it is probably
most nearly allied to the nyanse group, but until more up-
to-date material is at hand for examination it is impossible
to decide the exact affinities of this Angolan shrew.
(11) Crocidura hedenborgiana, Sund.
Sorex hedenborgianus, Sundevall, Vet.-Ak. Handl. Stock. p. 174
(1842).
Size much larger than in fuscosa, about as in manni;
general colour very dark.
General proportions about the same as in mann; tail not
exceptionally long. Hairs of back about 5 mm. in length,
much shorter than in the long-haired giffardi.
Colour dark blackish chocolate (“ aniline-black ” mixed
with “ vandyke-brown”’), a faint shade lighter on the ventral
surface. This is the darkest of all the allied East-African
39%
564 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews
species, the general colour even darker than in the western
gifardi. Feet and tail dark blackish, very much as in
fuscosa; caudal bristles longer and more conspicuous.
Sundevall describes the general colour as follows :—‘‘ Totum
animale uno colore tinctum ; saturate castaneo fuscum vel
chocoladium, vel colore seminis-coffeae ustae. Venter non
pallidior ; cauda et pedes paullulum nigriores.”
Skull long and rather narrow, smaller than that of gifardi,
more as in manni, but maxillary region not so expanded.
Teeth large, second and third unicuspids about equal in
size.
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body 140 mm. ; tail 52; hind foot 21.
Skull: upper tooth-row 15:3; three lower molars 6-4.
In the Museum Collection is a specimen of hedenborgiana
from Roseires, on the Blue Nile ; the dimensions of this
individual are as follows :—
Head and body 118 mm.; tail 64; hind foot 20 4.
Skull: condylo-incisive length 33 ; greatest breadth 137 ;
least interorbital breadth 6°5; length of palate 14°8 ; post-
palatal length 14; greatest maxillary breadth 10°5; length
of upper tooth-row 15:3.
Hab. Sennaar.
The very dark-coloured pelage and general dimensions of
this shrew render it easily distinguishable from the other
large East-African species.
(12) Crocidura martiensseni, Neum.
Crocidura martienssent, Neumann, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst. vol. vi.
p: 544 (1900).
A very large species, equal in size to manni, but considerably
darker in colour.
Colour of dorsal surface rich chestnut-brown. Lonnberg
describes it as between burnt umber no. 2 and no. 4
(Plate 304, ‘Rep. de Couleurs’). Ventral surface dark
greyish washed with brownish.
Skull about equal in size to that of hedenborgiana, slightly
narrower, and with rather smaller teeth.
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body 140 mm. ; tail 88 ; hind foot (c. u.) 24;
ear 9.
Skul] (dimensions of type-skull, published by Linnberg) :
condylo-incisive length 33°3 ; greatest breadth 13°2 ; inter-
orbital breadth 5°9 ; length of upper tooth-row 15:1.
Hab. Kilimanjaro and Usambara.
belonging to the Genus Crocidura, - 36a
This large East-African shrew is probably most nearly
related to hedenborgiana.
(13) Crocidura fuscosa, Thos.
Crocidura doriana fuscosa, Thomas, Aun. & Mag. Nat Hist. (8)
vol, xii. p. 90 (1913).
A dark chocolate-coloured species with black feet and
tail, most nearly related to hedenborgiana, but rather lighter
in colour and smaller.
General dimensions distinctly less than in Sundevall’s
species.
Colour of dorsal surface very dark chocolate (between
“bistre” and “ yvandyke-brown ”) above and below, the
veutral surface very slightly paler; hairs all with slate-grey
bases and dark brown tips. Backs of hands and feet black,
much darker than in any of the nyanse group. Tail black
above and below, more hairy than in nyanse, with the caudal
bristles black in colour and conspicuous. The skull of the
unique type is unfortunately badly broken, only the brain-
case, interorbital region, a portion of the maxilla, and man-
dible remaining. In size it is evidently smaller than in
hedenborgiana, having a narrower braiu-case and smaller
teeth.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :--
Head and body 114 mm. ; tail 60; hind foot 19; ear 12.
Skull (broken): greatest breadth of brain-case 12-7;
combined length of three upper molars 4°8; of three lower
molars 5°5.
Hab. Kaka, White Nile.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 1. 8. 8, 17.
This species was originally described by Thomas as a race
of doriana ; the great difference in general colour, the uni-
coloured tail, and dark ventral surface seem to indicate that
it must be considered as a form quite distinct from doriana.
Its nearest relation would appear to be hedenborgiana, from
which species fuscosa may be distinguished by its rather
paler colour and smaller size.
(14) Crocidura nyanse, Neum.
Crocidura flavescens nyanse, Neumann, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst.
vol, vi. p. 544 (1900).
Considerably larger than the South African flavescens.
Colour darker throughout.
General dimensions large, hind foot, in adult specimens,
measuring 20 mm. iu length.
566 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews
Colour of dorsal surface browner than in flavescens (near
“ Saccardo’s umber”’), flanks rather paler; the brownish
tint of the upper parts gradually passes into the dirty greyish
brown of the belly, there being no sharp line of demarcation
such as is found in the South-African species and doriana.
Underparts slaty grey washed with either brown or dirty
buff, the effect very conspicuously different from the cold
grey-tinted belly of flavescens. Backs of hands and feet
brown, usually about the same colour as the back or a little
lighter. ‘Tail brownish or brownish black above and below ;
in flavescens the tail is distinctly bicoloured, the ventral
surface being markedly paler than the upperside.
Skull smaller than in manni, odorata, or hedenborgiana,
about equal to that of spurrelli, but with a rather higher
brain-case, the anterior portion not being depressed. Teeth
a little larger ; small upper unicuspids about equal in size.
Dimensions (as given by Neumann) :—
Head and body 140 mm.; tail 66; hind foot 20.
Dimensions of a series of specimens in the Museum
Collection (measured in the flesh) :-—
Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. Ear.
mm. mm. mm. mim,
3. Entebbe ...... 140 80 20 aie
Q. Mumias ...... 120 ihe 18 1l
nO Ne oweneeee 115 78 19 8
CF a Piet, 2 eaxene cee 120 80 20 9
OD 13 12:9
Greatest maxillary breadth ........ 9:8 9-4
Length of upper tooth-row ........ 13°3 13°3
The exact relationship of this species is not very clear ;
there seems little doubt that it is closely allied to the
nyanse group, as is shown by the general form of the skull ;
but the light grey underparts and bicoloured tail show that
it is also closely related to doriana. On this account it is
here placed between nyanse@ and doriana.
Hab. Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave.
Type. Adult male. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 164637.
In the Museum Collection there is a very pale-coloured
shrew, of the nyanse group, from Unyoro ; 1t seems to be in
belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 51a
some ways intermediate between nyanse and surure. There
is not, however, sufficient evidence to hand to show that
nyanse gradually becomes paler as it gets farther north,
and, taking into consideration the doriana-like characters of
surure@, it seems best to regard this latter form as a distinct
species,
Group 5 (doriara and flavescens).
Size large. Colour above dull brownish red, bright rufous brown, or
yellowish brown; ventral surface pale grey, distinctly marked off
from brown-tinted flanks; tail whitish below. Second and third
upper unicuspids about equal in size.
(21) Crocidura doriana, Dobs.
Crocidura doriana, Dobson, Ann. Mus. St. Nat. Genova, iv. p. 564
(1887).
Size about as in nyanse, but richer coloured, with much
paler and greyer underparts more distinctly marked off
from the dorsal surface ; tail bicoloured.
General proportions much as in the nyanse group.
Colour of dorsal surface rich reddish brown (varies from
“auburn” to ‘pale cinnamon-brown”) ; flanks scarcely
paler, sharply marked off from the greyish-white belly ;
hairs of belly slate-grey, with long white tips, the general
effect much paler than in any of the nyanse group. Backs
of hands and feet brownish white. Tail brown above, lighter
below, where the hairs, especially in the basal region, are
almost white. Spirit-specimens of doriana show that the
tail is very much thicker, blunter, and more hairy than in
nyans@, in this respect agreeing with flavescens.
Skull larger than in flavescens, averaging slightly smaller
than in nyanse. ‘Tooth-row a trifle shorter ; teeth similar in
shape.
Dimensions (as given by Dobson) :—
d. 2.
JA SS ee 102 95
SAE Ta uePae cate S2-'s) 20) xiGte wha(0 ols Ae hss. s 73 57
EUnet ool «8 as ser 08. < Seer b 185 18
In the Museum Collection is a series from Adis Abeba in
which the hind foot is given by the collector as from 17 to
20 mm. in length. A spirit-specimen from the same locality
has the following body-measurements :—Head and body
112 mm. ; tail 65°5 ; hind foot 18°5 ; ear 11,
574 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews
Skull-dimensions taken from the Adis Abeba specimens :—
mm mm mm «mm.
Condylo-incisive length .... 30 28'G) DBA ae
Greatest breadth .......... 125 116 12 12°2
Length of palate .......... 12:1 12°6 12:3 133
Postpalatal length ........ 125 11°8 119 12-9
Greatest maxillary breadth.. 10 9:2 o1 9°3
Length of upper tooth-row.. 13°6 13 12:7 13°83
Hab. Shoa, Abyssinia.
This species is evidently more nearly related to flavescens
than to the nyanse group, possessing the thick bicoloured
tail, distinct definition between the dorsal and ventral
surfaces of the body, and cold light grey underparts of the
South-African species; only in its general dimensions is
doriana at all like nyanse and the allied forms. C. surure,
from Lado, would seem to be rather intermediate betweeu
doriana and the nyanse group.
(22) Crocidura favescens, Is. Geoff.
Sorex flavescens, Is, Geoff. Dict. Class. xi. p. 324 (1827); Mém. Mus.
xv. p. 126 (1827).
Sorex cinnamomeus, Licht. Verhandl. Ges. Natur. Fy, Berlin, ii. p. 881
(1829).
Sorex capensis, Smith (nec Smuts, nec Geoff.), 8. Afr. Quart. Journ.
vol. ii. p. 62 (1833); Ill. Zool. 8. Afr. i. pl. xlv. fig. 1 (1849).
Sorex rutius, Sund, Ofy. Vet.-Akad. Férhandl. p. 119 (1846).
Smaller than nyanse, with much lighter-coloured under-
parts more distinctly marked off from the brownish tint of
the dorsal surface ; tail whitish underneath. _
Size of body, hind foot, and tail less than in nyanse.
General colour of upper parts, in new pelage, “ Prout’s
brown” mixed with “ cinnamon-brown.” In the worn state
the fur is very much lighter and more brilliant in colour,
about as in “ Dresden brown.” Flanks a trifle paler than
back, the brownish tint passing fairly abruptly into the light
greyish white of the belly; entire underparts much lighter
and colder in colour than in nyanse, “ pale smoke-grey” or
“‘ pale neutral grey” in the new pelage, “deep olive-buff ”
in the worn state. Backs of hands and feet dirty white or
buff. Tail rather shorter and more hairy, brownish above,
white or pale buff below; bristle-hairs whitish, sparingly
distributed over proximal two-thirds.
Skull considerably smaller than that of nyanse, with
narrower brain-case and muzzle ; teeth markedly smaller,
second and third upper unicuspids about equal in size.
belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 575
Dimensions (as given by Geoffroy) :—
Head and body 43"; tail 13”.
Dimensions of a series of specimens in the Museum
Collection :—
Head - , Condylo- Length of
and = Tail. pie incisive ibe upper
body. a length. read’: tooth-row.
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
¢. Transvaal...: 120 59 1M 28°6 11:5 12°8
d. AS era EO 63 17 28°6 113 12°5
OF > gene 1 LOG 54 15 27 iL 12
OF ” rape ay blo 54 16 28 1l 12:8
Oe ” a errr OS 62 15 27°3 10-4 12°5
Rte AGGra s neic ae 108 59 16 as iN eg 126
oe pee riei Tey' 3! 97 113 12
©. Pondoland .. 115 56 165 26° 10:9 119
ee BGALG, c/w bs 108 60 15 26 10°5 115
Eee ck eas 5 102 52 16 26 105 115
6. Zululand .... 106 57 15 27 1a 12
oS, ” Suet LOW 62 15 26 10°5 116
East Griqualand... 110 60 17 27:7 10°9 12:7
A co-type of rutilus, preserved in the Museum Collection,
shows that the animal is apparently identical with what has
here been accepted as flavescens, the skull-dimensions
being :—Condylo-incisive length 26°38 mm. ; greatest breadth
11; length of upper tooth-row 12. The only really large
specimen is one from Sir Andrew Smith’s collection, which
is considerably larger than any of the specimens mentioned
above, the tail and hind foot measuring in the dried state
67 and 20 mm. in length respectively ; the tooth-row of this
individual is proportionally greater, measuring 13°2 mm. in
length. The only locality given is “8S. Africa.’ Until
further material comes to hand, I think it best to ignore this
large specimen, there being no means of ascertaining where
it really came from.
For the present I am placing cinnamomea as a synonym of
flavescens ; there would appear to be very little difference in
the descriptions of the two forms except as regards the
general dimensions, which are certainly not reliable.
Hab. “*...\a Cafrerie et le pays des Hottentots.”
The smaller size, much lighter-coloured belly, more distinct
differentiation between the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and
light underside of the tail distinguish this South-African
shrew from nyanse@ and its allies.
[To be continued. |
576 Mr. O. Thomas on
L1.—WNotes on Bats of the Genus Coleura.
By OLDFIELD THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
A stupy of the British Museum collection of the genus
Coleura, amounting to nearly sixty specimens from more than
a dozen localities, shows that on the mainland of Africa there
are two species: a north-eastern, inhabiting Suakin, Aden,
Somaliland, and the Upper Nile; and a southern, which
ranges from the Congo to the Zambezi. ‘The former is sepa-
rable into two colour-races.
Then in the Seychelles there are two forms, both distin-
guished from those on the mainland by their proportionally
longer wings.
The genus may thus be arranged as follows :—
A. Wings shorter. Forearm not or little more
than three times as long as the skull-
length *.
a. Larger. Forearm 49-52 mm.; skull 16:0
and upwards; maxillary tooth-raw 7:2
andupwards. (Ubangui, Angola, Tette.) 1. C. afra, Pet.
b. Smaller. Forearm 45-48 mm.; skull less
than 16; maxillary tooth-row 6°7-7:1 . 2. C. gallurum, sp. n.
a’. Hairs nearly unicolor, wood-brown.
(Suakin, Aden, Somali.) .......... 2a. C. g. gallarum.
'. Hairs bicolor, sepia terminally, white
basally. (Upper Nile.)-............ 2b. C. g. nilosa, subsp. n.
B. Wings longer. Forearm more than 33 times
skull-length, 52 mm. and upwards.
a. Larger. Forearm 55-57 mm. ; skull 15:2;
maxillary tooth-row 7:0. (Seychelles,
probably Mahé Island.) .............. 5. C. seychellensis, Pet.
6. Smaller. Forearm 52-54 mm.; skull
144-147 ; tooth-row 6'5-6°7, (Sil-
houette Island, Seychelles.) .......... 4. C. silhouette, sp. n.
It may be noted that the Seychelles species have usually a
median septal ridge in the basial pit, and the mainland species
not, but there are a great many individual exceptions to this
rule. The ridge is always more strongly marked in young
specimens than in old ones.
I fail to find any specific value in the characters used by
* From condyle to front of canine.
Bats of the Genus Coleura. 577
Peters and Dobson, the relative length of the calear, or the
presence or absence of a groove on the lower lip.
Descriptions of new forms :—
Coleura gallarum, sp. n.
Size decidedly smaller than in C. afra, the forearm usually
47-48 mm. in length, the skull markedly smaller in all
dimensions. General colour above pale brown—rather
darker than ‘ wood-brown,”’—the hairs slightly lighter
towards their bases, but not conspicuously or abruptly bicolor.
Under surface similar in general tone, but the bases of the
hairs not lighter than the tips.
Skull as in C. a/ra, except for its smaller size and smaller
teeth. Position and development of the small premolar
variable.
Dimensions (see table on p. 579).
Hab. Suakin, Somaliland, and Aden. Type from Zeyla,
Somaliland. Sea-level.
Type. Old female. B.M. no, 11.8.2.4. Collected 29th
October, 1910, and presented by Dr. R. E. Drake-Brockman. -
Four skins and six skul!s from the type-locality.
Other specimens from Suakin (Anderson, Holled Smith),
Aden (Yerbury), Sheikh, Somaliland (rake-Brockman),
Lugh, Somali (Bottego).
Coleura gallarum nilosa, subsp. n.
Essential characters of the Somali C. gallarum, but the
colour, instead of being more or less uniformly pale brown,
is a darker brown—sepia—on the surface, the bases of thie
hairs being strongly contrasted white ; the long hairs of the
nape are white for about 3°5 mm., the terminal 2 mm. being
sepia. Below, the general colour is rather greyer, but the
bases of the hairs are similarly contrasted whitish, the con-
trast showing well in the long hairs of the flanks, which are
almost uniformly coloured in true gallarum.
Dimensions (see table on p. 579).
Hab. Upper Nile. Type-series from near the mouth of
the Bahr-el-Zeraf.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 15. 3.6.76. Original
number 77. Collected 3rd February, 1914, by Willoughby
P. Lowe. ‘I'welve specimens.
Ann. & Mag. N. List. Ser. 8. Vol. xv. 39
‘578 Mr. O. Thomas on
Coleura silhouette, sp. n.
Like C. seychellensis, but smaller.
General proportions as in C. seychellensis, the wings simi-
larly longer than in the mainland species, the forearm about
3% times as long as the skull measured from the condyle to
the front of the canines. Fur rather shorter than in C. gal-
larum and extending less upon the membranes; hairs of
back about 3, of nape 4°5 mm. in length. Colour dark
brown, rather darker than “ bistre,” the bases of the hairs
scarcely lighter ; under surface similar in general tone, but
the tips of the hairs are slightly lighter than the bases.
Skull like that of C. seychellensis, but smaller throughout.
A mesial septal ridge generally present in the basial pit.
Dimensions (see table on p. 579).
Hab. Silhouette Island, Seychelles.
T'ype. Adult male (skinned from spirit). B.M. no. 6.3.18. 2.
Collected and presented by Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner. Six
specimens.
The Museum contains two authentic specimens, one of
them a co-type, of Peters’s CO. seychellensis, besides a third
from “Zanzibar.” These differ so uniformly from the six
examples obtained by Prof. Gardiner on Silhouette Island
that it is evident that the Seychelles contain different forms
of the genus, no doubt inhabiting different islands. While
it is not definitely recorded on which island Dr. Percival
Wright obtained the typical examples of C. seychellensis,
for he mentions in connection with the species Mahé, Praslin,
and Silhouette, it is presumably from the first of these islands
that he got the specimens, as he says* that “it was very
common in the neighbourhood of the town of Port Victoria,
Mahé,” and it was there that he stayed for most of his time
in the Seychelles, merely making casual visits to Praslin and
Silhouette.
The example from “ Zanzibar” referred to C. seychellensis
by Dobson appears to me to be rightly so named, but I
should think it possible that its asserted locality is erroneous.
It was presented by a captain in the Navy, whose station
would have included the Seychelles, where the bat may have
either been caught or come on board, to be afterwards captured
at Zanzibar.
As illustrating the greater length of the wing in the
Seychelles species, it will be seen from the table of dimen-
sions that C. st/houette has a smaller skull than C. gallarum,
but yet has an absolutely longer forearm.
* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist, (4) ii. p. 487 (1868).
579
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580 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on
LII.—WNote on British Fossil Species of Apodemus.
By Martin A. C. HINTON.
THE fossil remains of wood-mice before me were obtained
from deposits of four distinct ages. It now appears that
all are members of the Apodemus sylvaticus group. Of
A. agrarius or Micromys no trace has been discovered.
1. CroMERIAN (Forest Bed).
Apodemus sp.
Mus sylvaticus, Newton, Vert. Forest Bed, p. 93, pl. xiv. fig. 11 (1882).
Horizon. Upper Freshwater Bed of West Runton, Norfolk.
Mr. Newton figured a fragmentary right ramus from this
deposit. Mr. Savin has kindly lent me the material collected
by him since 1882, namely, ten more or less imperfect man-
dibular rami and a fragment of a left maxilla with ™? in
place; these specimens came from the lower sandy part of
the deposit. Mr. White has lent me a left ™4 and a left 34
from the middle er “ peaty”’ portion, while I found myself a
right ™1, with a little of the maxilla adhering to it, in the
upper bed or “‘ Monkey gravel.”
The three lower cheek-teeth are present in one of Mr. Savin’s
specimens, and they measure together 38°6 mm. In pattern
all the teeth found are indistinguishable from those of
A, sylvaticus. The material is, however, quite insuflicient
for fine determination, and merely proves that the Cromerian
species was a member of the sylvaticus group. It may, later
on, prove to be identical with the form next described.
2; KARLY PLEISTOCENE.
Apodemus whitei, sp. n.
“ Mus sp. allied to M. sylvaticus,” Hinton, Proc. Geol. Assoc. xxi.
p- 492 (1910),
Horizon. The High Terrace Drift of the Thames at Ingress
Vale, near Greenhithe, Kent.
Characters. Size and deutition essentially as in A. sylvaticus.
Maxillo-palatine suture extending forwards to level of
antero-internal cusp of ™1; incisive foramina terminating
behind slightly, but distinctly, in advance of the anterior root
pre 5
The only available material from this deposit is that in the
British Fossil Species of Apodemus. 581
collection of Mr. G. White. It comprises the greater part
of a left maxilla with ™ in place, a number of detached
teeth, including examples of ™1, ™?, a4, and the upper and
lower incisor.
The teeth are quite similar in form and size to those of
A, sylvaticus ; in ™? cusps 1 and 2’ (see Barrett-Hamilton
and Hinton, ‘ British Mammals,’ ii. pl. xxviii.) are normally
developed.
Tn the maxillary fragment the lower portion of the root of
the zygoma is present, and the palatal surface, from the
hinder margin ot the incisive foramen to the maxillo-palatine
suture, is complete. The latter suture is deeply digitated,
and extends as far forwards as the antero-internal cusp (2)
of ™1, instead of being situated opposite the hinder part of
this tooth or the front part of ™”, as in recent sylvaticus.
The posterior margin of the incisive foramen is placed
slightly, but distinctly, in front of instead of level with the
anterior root of 1, These two small characters distinguish
the fossil from all the many skulls of sylvaticus which I have
examined, and they serve to show that one cannot assert the
fossil to be identical with any living member of tle group.
It is, therefore, proposed to regard the High Terrace form as
a distinct species, for which the name A. whitei is used.
Having regard to the faunistic agreement which subsists
between the High Terrace Drift and the Forest Bed, it is by
no means improbable that the fossils from the latter horizon
will prove later on to be referable to A. whited also.
3. MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE.
A podemus sp.
Mus sylvaticus, Hinton & Kennard, Essex Naturalist, vol. xi. p. 347
(1900).
Horizon. The Middle Terrace Drift of the Thames at
Grays Thurrock, Essex.
From this deposit numerous detached teeth and a fragment
of a right ramus were obtained by Mr. J. P. Johnson and
Mr. G. White. These remains agree in size and dental
pattern with A. sylvaticus, but they do not permit of precise
determination.
4, LATE PLEISTOCENE.
(a) Apodemus sylvaticus, L.
A large number of remains, indistinguishable in size or
4
582 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on
character from those of this species, have been obtained from
the fissure-deposit of Ightham, Kent, many British and Irish
cavern-deposits of Late Pleistocene age, as well as from
several “‘ submerged forests” and other Holocene accumula-
tions. No tolerably complete skull has, so far as I am aware,
been found hitherto, and, in the absence of such material, no
close comparison with any of the numerous forms of this
plastic species can be made.
(b) Apodemus lewist, Newton.
Mus abbotti, Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe, vol. 1. p. 195, pl. xi.
tig. 8 (1894); not M. abbott: of Waterhouse.
Mus lewisi, Newton, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 381.
Based on lower jaws and parts of skulls from the Late
Pleistocene fissure-deposit of Ightham, Kent.
This is a large form which is closely related to, if it be not
identical with, A. flavicollis, Melchior. Mr, Newton states
that the anterior “ accessory”’ cusp of si is very small or
wholly lacking. To this feature no great significance can be
given, because the cusp in question is frequently very small,
or, in slightly worn teeth, apparently absent in the recent
A. flavicollis, as also in some races of A. sylvaticus. The
fossil material is very imperfect, and when tairly complete
skulls come to hand they may show differences from either
of the two western subspecies of flavicol(’s ; in the meantime,
it is better to maintain A. /ew/st as a separate species than to
assert that it is identical with flavicollis.
I have recently referred to A, /ewist specimens from three
other British Late Pleistocene deposits, viz. :—
Kent's Cavern, Torquay.—A right ramus (length 16°5 mm.,
tooth-row 4°3 mm.) in the collection of Mr. Herron. This
was obtained from an upper stratum which yielded typical
Late Pleistocene rodents (Ochotona, Microtus anglicus, ratti-
ceps, and Arvicola abbotti).
Happaway Cave, Torquay.—Anterior part of a skull and
a left ramus (cheek-teeth 4:2 mm.); B.M. no, M. 5806
(Pengelly collection).
Wye Cave, Gloucestershire —Anterior part of a skull;
B.M. no. 7789 (collected by Miss D. M, A. Bate).
In both the Happaway and the Wye cave-skulls the teeth
are much worn; the interorbital margins are sharp, the
superciliary ridges, particularly in the Wye specimen, being
sharply defined. The following dimensions show how
British Fossil Species of Apodemus. 583
closely these fossils agree with the skulls of equally aged
individuals of the living British A. f/f. wintoni :—
Happaway Wye A. f, wintont
Cave. Cave. (3 specimens).
ex pier pas =:
Interorbital constriction.... 44 4 4:3 45 4-4
Pa IGE. aide ey ce sees 3 35ca, 33 33 31 3
Palatal length «6.0.50... 142 14-4 13°7' 74 13:9
GPE ces gop Ke ae ences 75 7°6 74 73 73
Incisive foramina, length . ST 55 53 55 5
- width 1:8 21 1:9 1:8 1:8
Rostral-breadth .......... 5-4 53 5'5 53 ord
Masseteric plate-width .... 29 2°5 2°8 2°6 27
Cheek-teeth...........+4: 38 3°9 4 4 37
From the available evidence, it would appear that a flavi-
collis-like form first appeared in Britain in Late Pleistocene
times, while the sy/vaticus group proper had representatives
here as far back as the Late Pliocene or Cromerian stage.
his would at first sight tend to support Miller’s opinion
(which I share) that flavicollis is really a distinct species
from sylvaticus ; but this support may be negatived by the
following considerations.
Like Evotomys, the Microtus agrestis group, and the early
species of Arvicola, Apodemus was present in this country in
the earlier part of the Middle ‘Terrace stage ; and the forms
found in the Grays brick-earth are more or less clearly the
descendants of Cromerian ancestors. Some of these old
forms appear to have lingered on to the time represented by
the Ilford brick-earth. Now, although many small rodent
bones and teeth have been collected from the later Middle
Terrace deposits of the Thames at Crayford and Erith, no
trace of either Apodemus or the other rodents named has been
found there; the place of these forms appears at that time
either to have been unoccupied or else to have been taken by
quite new forms, Subsequently, in the Late Pleistocene
(Ightham stage), Hvotomys, the Microtus agrestis and arvailis
groups, Arvicola, and the Apodemus sylvaticus group (now
including a form like flavicollis) make a reappearance by
forms much more clearly and closely allied to the living
species of Western Hurope than are those of the older
deposits. Such facts caution us against referring the frag-
mentary fossils from the Forest Bed and earlier Pleistocene
to living species.
I would take this opportunity of correcting a silly error in
584 Dr. W. T. Calman on the
my paper on British Apodemus (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,
July 1914). The whole of the last paragraph on. p. 130
should be deleted. The young specimen referred to is a
house-mouse, the skin figured by accident as that of a young
Apodemus in the first list (P. Z. 5. 1913, p. 836). Later on,
through misreading a label, I associated the skin with the
skull of a young Apodemus.
LIII.— The Holotype of Nymphon eracilipes, Miers (Pycno-
gonida). By W. T. Catman, D.Se.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
ALTHOUGH several writers have discussed Nymphon gracilipes,
Miers, since its first description in 1875, no one appears is
have re-examined the holotype, and a good deal of unneces-
sary confusion has therefore gathered round the species. As
a result of comparison of the holotype with other specimens
in the British Museum collection, the following synonymy is
proposed :—
Nymphon gracilipes, Miers.
Nymphon gracilipes, Miers, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvi. p. 76
(1875, not later than lst July); ?? Bohm, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin
1879, p. 170, pl. 1. figs. 1-le; nee N. gracilipes, Heller, Denkschy.
math.-nat. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxxv. p. 40, pl. iv. fig. 15, pl. v.
figs. 1 & 2 (1875, later than 19th July).
‘ Nymphon anturcticum, Miers, Phil. Trans. Roy, Soc, elxviii. p- 211
pl. xi. fig. 7 (1879); nec M. antarcticum, Pfetter, Jahrb. Hamburg.
Wiss. Anst. vi. 2te Hiiltte, p. 42 (1889). is
Nymphon meridionale, Hoek, Rep. Pycnogonida ‘ Challenger, p. 43
pl. iii. figs. 4-8 (1881). ‘ ;
Nymphon fuscum, Hoek, t. c. p. 48, pl. iv. figs, 8-11.
Description of holotype.—tThe specimen is a female, with
genital apertures distinct and ova visible within the femora.
Trunk elongated and slender, lateral processes separated by
much more than their own diameter. Cephalic segment as
long as remaining somites together ; neck about two-fifths as
wide as anterior dilatation of cephalon. Ocular tubercle not
higher than wide, rounded or very obtusely pointed, inclined
backward; eyes large.
Proboscis cylindrical, straight, about two-and-a-half times
as long as wide.
Abdomen elevated, bluntly pointed.
Holotype of Nymphon gracilipes, Miers. 585
Chelophores with scape less than five times as long as wide.
Chela as long as scape, palm widening distally, more than
twice as long as its greatest width. Fingers longer than
palm, with large and rather widely-spaced teeth, movable
finger strongly arched. Setose cushion at base of immovable
finger extending one-third of its length.
Palps slender, third segment three-fourths as long as second,
fourth shorter than third or fifth.
Ovigers with fourth segment nearly two-thirds as long as
fifth,
Legs slevder, with few sets except on tarsus and propodus.
Second coxa hardly longer than the other two together.
Femur a little shorter than first tibia and more than two-
thirds as long as second. Tarsus longer by one-fourth than
the propodus. Claw less than one-third of length of pro-
podus, auxiliaries more than half as long as main claw.
Measurements in millimetres :—
4
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BALFOUR-BROWNE
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 8. Vol. XV. Pl. VIII.
BALFOUR-BROWNE
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apo
FB.B.
SCOTT. J Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 8. Vol. XV. Pl. IX.
H.-S. del. Cambridge University Press.
PALTOSTOMA SCHINERI.
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SCOTT. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 8. Vol. XV. PLX.
\'\ YAY SS 2
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H.S. del. Cambridge University Press,
PALTOSTOMA SGCHINERI.
SCOTT. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 8. Vol. XV. Pl.XI.
E.W.and Cambridge University Press.
FWE.del.
PALTOSTOMA SCHINERI.
Vol. XV Pl Mat,
é.
Nat. Hist. S.
& Mag.
Ann.
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