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THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

INCLUDING

ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY,

(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND
CHARLHESWORTH’S * MAGAZINE OF NATURAL IIISTORY.’)

CONDUCTED BY

WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.B.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
SIR ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, G.B.E., M.A., Sc.D., F.RB.S.,

AND
RICHARD T. FRANCIS, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. K
era |
Pa Aion Insijp
fi XL 2 ar ™
aC “BiG 27a eae
Ne a :

NNN NO, hi dal yuUsS
—
a a a

VOL. VIII.—NINTH SERIES.

aero

LONDON:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS.

SOLD BY BAILLIERE, PARIS: AND HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., DUBLIN.

1921.

“Omnes res creatse sunt divine sapientiz et potentie testes, divitix felicitatis
human :—ex harum usu /ovitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini ;
ex ceconomid in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis
elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper zestimata ;
A veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper
inimica fuit.”—Linnaus.

“Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour
voir qu’elle est le chef-d’eeuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor-
tent toutes ses opérations.’—Brucxnur, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden,
1767.

wis tel fo alfatleteie teks aelele Sylvan ypowens
Shee our summons; from their deepest dells
The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild
And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs
That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme
And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed,
But scatter round ten thousand forms minute
Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock oe
Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too
Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face
They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush
That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles,
Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread,
The burnmg sands of Borneo and Cayenne,
AU, all to us unlock their secret stores
And pay their cheerful tribute.

J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818.

CONTENTS OF VOL, VIII.

[NINTH SERIES. ]

NUMBER 43.
Page
TI. Notes on some Noctuide in the Joicey Collection, with Descrip-
tions of new Species. By Miss A, E. Prout, F.E.S. (Plates
HEV Me eta harate rere eae suche vin dete care vac tenn Saban pnere Sor yet al

IT, Odonata collected in New Caledonia by the late Mr. Paul D.
Montague. By Herspert Campion. (Plates VIII. & IX.) ...... 53

III. The Old-World Species of Hriocera in the British Museum
Collection (Diptera, Tipulide). By F. W. Epwarps. (Plate X.
Ee Ee eI take Lae eel oe Sek caters tees Siete sitet he el eters! oohstons 67

IV. New and little-known Ttpulide, chiefly from Formosa.—
Part II. By F. W. Epwarps. (Plate X. figs. 18-19.).......... 99

V. Two Examples of Abnormal Antenne in the Crustacea Am-
phipoda. By Cxas. Cuitton, M.A., D.Sc, M.B., C.M., LL.D.,
C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., Professor of Biology, Canterbury College, New
AEANATIC A yay tree oi eset ola nies 00s ER SRctataleteeiieber eters ef oh lel hat x i5/e) «ais 116

VI. The Prey of the Yellow Dung-Fly, Scatophaga stercoraria, L.
py Major E. Waar, DsS.0F fhe 0d tae bee ea sk Barts 118

VII. The “ Cirripede” Plumulites in the Middle Ordovician Rocks
of Msthonia. By THomas H. WITHERS, F.G.S. 0... cee eee eee es 123

VIII. A new Bank-Vole from Esthonia. By Martin A. C.
Ieee ADR ELA + COU Be COG MMnIOn OOGOCET. DOOMCOE Pr riC tt hai.

IX. The Klipspringers of Rhodesia, Angola, and Northern Ni- _
merida, soy AMmIN ASO. ELINTON Ge vesusscelc teres cdere cadens 129

lv CONTENTS.

Page
X. The Geographical Races of Herpestes brachyurus. By Oup-
FIELD THOMAS ........:-: Forage on Heaths se tieielsiese Choe’ hea oh 134

XT. A new Genus of Opossum from Southern Patagonia. By
OLDFIELD THOMAS........++0+- Bryce For MCIr OA ieee aie ee

XII. A new Bat of the Genus Promops from Peru. By Oxp-
FIBLD THOMAS ....00.s++sveescee eles slice aeeietnedis sense sre 189

XIII. On Spiny Rats of the Proechimys Group from South-

eastern Brazil. By OLDFIELD THOMAS ....,...eseeeeeee Sor wie 140
Proceedings of the Geological Society... css eens ev enee crevices 143

NUMBER 44.

XIV. On Twelve new Species of Curculionide from South Africa.
By Guy A. K. Marswaxt, D.8c., C.M.G. ose ee cece eee eeeee vie AS

XV. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera). — V. Ethiopian
Species. By Cuaries P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D., Urbana, Illinois,
OSE SB ahora beoinenoicr eso PESTA I ee iret cle ORCC ED htonk ae GL

XVI. Notes on the Asiline of the South African and Oriental
Regions. By GERTRUDE RICARDO ,,0..sceseecsassceens Shales

XVII. On some Additional Species of Latus, Guérin, from the
Malayan Region [Coleoptera]. By G. C. CHampion, F.Z.8....... 193

XVIII. Two new Species of Lycenide from Madagascar. By
PrecyeL, Larry, ESHis: nies Santeesictas era unn eitaeistke eeiern ee 208

XIX. On Two new Races of Oryx. By Lord Roruscurp,
Es eielana dota spate iase bales Sinaia age bier g Ais eiers epee SO THO ve Jobe 20

XX. A new Neotreme Brachiopod from California. By S.
SrittMAN BERRY, Redlands, California, (Plate XL)............ 210

XXI. The “ Huron” of the Argentine. By OtpFreLp Tuomas, 212

XXII. On Mammals from the Province of San Juan, Western
Argentina. By OLDFIELD THOMAS ........eussessrcacces nee qaeetlek

XXIII. Two new Argentine Forms of Skunk. By OLprie.p
THOMAS isp ceseureed

OL Ap aa MB ish eke re Be CL ee et te

Proceedings of the Geological Society

CONTENTS. v

NUMBER 45.

Page
XXIV. Exotic Muscaride (Diptera)—III. By J. R. Matiocn,
Webuni, Ts, UBsAG tt a oases os Som ERC cn nee Seetnenet sisi «. 225
XXV. Some Dragonflies and their Prey.—II. With Remarks
on the Identity of the Species of Orthetrum involved. By Hprperr
CRMASER NDR Stina oc =. 3a) ites io, c13) ao aim gece Ne ee EA OE 240
XXVI. Diagnoses of some Lichens. By Prof. Dr. C. Mrrescu-
TROWAKEM: =i. yucietied’s Go's Pe Gea Pua SOR poet ceca oer 246

XXVII. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.
—No. XLII. By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., &c. 290

XXVIII. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera) —VI. Ethio-
pian Species. By Cuarues P, ALEXANDER, Ph.D., F.E.S., Urbana,
UErracheeieee Cnpseer Ae maeeta ni Ns Gc ainsi SAB pets ak a) sipliare ate ace gr ccs. do'0le whee 3 309

XXIX. On the Ceelacanth Fish. By D. M.S. Warson, Univer-

BILE lere BOTTOM. tai ..2 m8 sarayte tet takse Tot elern gale A ta ce tis ale Ss 320

XXX. On the Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. By Metxo-Lerrao,
M.D., Fellow of the Brazilian Society GIP SELOMCES stati! ofaln 2's 6°, sree 3937

XXXI. Notes on some Japanese Cephalopods.—A Review of
Sasaki’s ‘Albatross’ Report. By 8. Stiztman Berry, Redlands,
AC eae Oates SOP Las orc coo) os Slr ARAIS Hw 2, vib Po aveves 6 o0\ovs neat a-S.0 ae Bol

XXXII. Further Notes on various South-African Species of
Melyris, Fabr. [Coleoptera]. By G.C. CHAMPION .............6. 353

XXXII. New Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys from
Colanmibia. / by OunmimeD THOMAS 60/66 oo - aie v sce eye es onto ole 8 ve 304

XXXIV. New Pseudochirus and Phascogale from N.W. New
Guinea. By OLBRIRLD THOMASH . heft wine a ele olson a a aveielshbiers olelels 357

XXXV. Descriptions and Records of Bees —XCI. By T. D. A.
Cocknuurn, University Gf COlMvaAdO Wis ses. stee cic eee te eins as 359

NUMBER 46,

XXXVI. Records and Descriptions of South African Grasshoppers
of the Groups Arcyptere and Scylline. By B. P. Uvarov, F.E.S.,
Assistant Entomologist, Imperial Bureau of Entomology ........ 369

XXXVII. Brief Descriptions of new Thysanopteraa—XII. By
RieCHAED G. BAGNALL, POURS H., FESS sanisusseeesaneveccsars 393

Vi- CONTENTS.

Page
XXXVIII. Note on a Freshwater Sponge from New Zealand.
By R. KirkpaTRIck..... ae ie Poo ne acieoe eran 400
XX XIX. On the Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora.
By.G. C. Rosson, BiAs. canes ee ae been eee hee te Si er. tena ae 401
XL. Exotic Muscaride (Diptera). —IV. By J. R, Mayiocg,
chan: Wl, UssiAs tht capri eee ec e ree sees ares 414
XLI, Notes on Australasian Rats, with a Selection of Lectotypes
of Australasian Muride. By OLpFIELD THOMAS ........++---: 425
XLII. On Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus dredged by the
‘Challenger’ in 1874 at Kerguelen Island. By W. G. Ripewoop.
(Plate DOU) ig sae ess ees alert a ile ue win iene wake ase ts ian Seles ie ON Ess 433
XLIII. The Jerboa of Muscat. By OLDFIELD THOMAS........ 440
XLIV. A new Short-tailed Opossum from Brazil. By OLpFrELD
PFTOMANGO FAA: erate ncsuas «aie jenbortiecn ie ovale eie's fo ia elas v\e 2 wlmiewiee rh menage 44]
XLV. A new Cotton-tail (Sylvilagus) from Colombia. By Oxp-
PUD OMAR: ist Se «init sfc sO loins fos + sete se0 tele eA omoe © 442
XLVI. On a new Willow-Titmouse from Northern Italy. By
Renown, Mow mee BOs W286 008s tees Mae bile es oa 443
XLVII. On new Forms of South-American Birds. By C. CouBs,

Mole) OUP shy tS Be Ate oeeenhar: Sach tueeis hone WREROKC i) Onn Sach sae-eDer eR Roy hors. coe 444

New Book :—The Life of Alfred Newton, By A. F. R. Wotuaston. 447

NUMBER 47,

XLVIII. Revision of the African Species of Hedybius, Er., and
its Allies, with an Account of their accessory ¢-characters [ Coleo-
ptera]. By G. C. Cyampion, F.Z.S. (Plates XIII. & XIV.) .... 449

XLIX. On the Discovery of the missing Type Specimen of the
Ascidian Oculinaria australis, Gray. By R. KirKPATRICK ...... A494

L. On the Anatomy of some new Species of Drawida. By C. R.
Narayana Rao, M.A., University of Mysore, Bangalore. (Plates

AMR VELL) 1s. ene oan eet si eetbta tote cio: teehee Camere 496
LI. Notes on the Species of Notomys, the Australian Jerboa-rats.

By Onprinip TOMAS -. iy Ges are eben ke erate .. 536
LIT. Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.—VIL. By

T. D. A. Cockrret, University of Colorado ...... wad ace ne Nye eee 541

LUI. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera). — VII. Australasian
Species. By Cuartes P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D., Urbana, Illinois,
MU emails. 4-4 Sos aa Jojginiete aie tes ah > wv cde ane aR tea ee nets eee 546

LIV. On some new small Mammals from East Africa. By P. S.
HSRRSHAW 2 ct a Gsaka ncun Gieisistnieatiele POL RINT ITs aha 568

CONTENTS. vil

Page
LV. A new Hedgehog from the Island of Djerba, Tunis. By
SPEDE Ty WEUMAS | 5 5 5 < sie) oie « «| nesta al ewes eh Seat eels 8 eters as 570

LVI. On some Remains of a Theropodous Dinosaur from the
Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar. By Cuaryes W. ae argh DiSe.,
Brio. (british: Museum Natural Ebistory ys acess sess ese ers » cele dss wb.

LVI. On the Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz (Dip-
tera, Nematocera, Ceratopogonide), with some Remarks on the
Panasiwes and Hereditary Bacterian Symbiont of this Midge. By
D. Kuti, Sc.D., Beit Memorial Research Fellow (Quick ‘Labora-

tory, University of Cambridge); (Plates KIX. & XN.) ic cae 576
LVIII. Some undescribed Rhopalocera from Mesopotamia and
N.W. Persia’; andether Notes, By N..D. Ritay .......050500. 590
ec

NUMBER 48.

LIX. On some Dipterous Larve infesting the Branchial
Chambers of Land-crabs. By D. Krtuin, Se.D., Beit Memorial
Research Fellow (from the Quick Laboratory, Univ ersity of Cam-

Rp eeelie ee re tee tvs rota orni eta Ur os wie aamv gece tater ch ays cue Ad eft OHO eles seal eon 601

LX. On a further Collection of Mammals from Jujuy obtained by
iy le Budin.»- by OnpeTMrD: THOMAS: 4.x. siieae ad Giles tree Qaje ies . 608

LXI. The Masked Civets (Paguma) of Western China. By
Gh rs TVET RTO MAS a dior, tc ts2a a, oie sl pa kw oka 8 Aalelsse, hols e18 widiecae beret Bs 617

LXII. On Three new Australian Rats. By Otprirtp Tuomas. 618

LXII. New Hesperomys and Galea from Bolivia. By OLDFIELD
I IETOIRTORS o cdiem Nt bic is hg aac tout dither cae blo cr Sanne ace ae 8 ae ce 622

LXIV. Some Emendations to their Recent Paper ‘On Helicella,
Férussac.” By G. K. Guns, I'.Z.S., and B. B. Woopwarp, F.L.S. 624

LXY. Preliminary Account of supposed new Genus and pegs
By the Rev. Toomas R. R. Sreppine, M.A,, F.R.S.

LXVI. Two new Species of Slow-Loris. By OLpFiIeLpD THomas, 627
LXVIIi. H. Sauter’s Formosan Collections: Culicide. By F. W.

MDW EAE Saran cmetime acer cy Rpotineths Lec, s, « aeenrareee, Gov fuk Wielécg wt a elacb wa iit O20
LXVIIL. The Cichlid Fishes of Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu.

Bryn Os) LATE BGAN, MEAG BOR iin ers o's s 56 6 EERE iene 632
LXIX,. On a new Genus of Coccide from the Indian Region, By

1D, A DRG CEIOOIN pl ads Ol 1A DAS Se aes ee ie OOO

LXX,. Some new or rare British Crustacea. By Roszrr
GurRNEY, M.A. Pepe Ole ele eo ee Bree 10) Bele eo Os.) O'S PSB) Oa e 2 8h em £0 aR 2 2 0 0 DB ae 644

Editorial Note...... Sie eg ai aati, SSE e AEE oe sone (aa)

Index LT aT OSS Ca eat tr Ca Tat ETOMTR ETP eterete? ales eee lueve: @har acd oSrelovwca'e wis ereteve 651

PLATES IN VOL. VIII.
Puats J,
II }

III. -New Noctuids.
DY;
V.
VI.
VII.
VUL. | Corduliine Dragonflies from New Caledoni
oan orduliine Dragonflies from New Caledonia.
be ¢ Wings of Formosan Tipulide.
XI. Crania californica, sp. n., from California.
XII. Cephalodiscus densus, Andersson.
XIII. African species of Illops and Hedybius.
XIV. African species of Hedybius and Philhedonus.
mV.
be Alls
XVII.
XVIII.
nyt BO
XX,

Genitalia of Noctuids.

Anatomy of new species of Drawida.

Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz.

THE ANNALS

- MAGAZINE | OF. NATURAL HISTORY,

“INCLUDING |
ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, axp on LS

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MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,

[NINTH SERLES.]

mea BOs OA Pe Ae per litora spargite muscum,
Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes:
Pollice virgineo teneros hie carpite flores:
Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum.
At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ;
Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco
Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas
Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”
N. Parthenii Giannettasi, Eel. 1.

No. 43. JULY 1921.

I.—Notes on some Noctuide in the Joicey Collection, with
Descriptions of new Species. By Miss A. HE. Prout,
F.E.S.

| Plates I.-VII. ]

IntRopuctory Note.

In publishing the following notes, I wish gratefully to
acknowledge my deep indebtedness to Mr. J. J. Joicey for
the opportunities of study he has so kindly afforded me by
entrusting to me the responsible task of working out his fine
and rapidly-increasing collection of the Noctuide of the
world. The accompanying paper is the outcome of my
studies of the Joicey Collection, and the types wiil in all
cases be found there, unless otherwise specified.

I wish, further, to acknowledge gratefully my indebtedness
to Sir George F. Hampson for help and advice given me in
my studies at the British Museum, and especially so for
the invaluable service he has rendered to all students of the
Noctuide by his standard work on the family, which has
done so much to render the working out of this large and

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 1

~

2 Miss A. E. Prout on some

extremely difficult group less hard for those who come after
him. If, in this and in papers I may subsequently publish,
the opportunity of studying larger material or some inde-
pendent light on the subject should lead me to differ from
Sir G. Hampson’s conclusions, 1 shall do so always with
respectful remembrance of what I owe to his book and to
his careful working out of the National Collection, without
the aid of which my own work would scarcely have been
possible. ;

I would also tender my thanks to Lord Rothschild,
Professor Poulton, and Mr. Bethune-Baker for the loan of
types, to Mr. W. H. Tams for assistance given me in my work
at the British Museum, and especially to the Rev. C. R. N.
Burrows, who in the midst of his busy and strenuous life
has so kindly found time to work out the genitalia of various
Noctuide submitted to him from the Hill Museum. The
illustrations on Plates I-VII. are photographed from
drawings prepared by Mr. Burrows.

Finally, I would tender sincerest thanks to my brother,
Mr. L. B. Prout, who has revised my manuscript, and who,
throughout my studies, has given me help and advice as
to the best methods of specialized entomological work,
placing his own wide knowledge and experience freely at
my service.

Nore on CLASSIFICATION.

In spite of Sir George Hampson’s excellent work, there is
evidently much still needing elucidation, both with regard
to the classification and the nomenclature of the Noctuide ;
but in the following paper I have followed the system of
nomenclature first published in the Cat. Lep. Phal., except
in one or two instances.

In Hampson’s Phytometrine I have used the old familiar
name of Plusianz for the subfamily and Plusia for the
genus. For the Noctuinw I have temporarily employed
Guenée’s Ophiderinee—though the name is not a satisfactory
one, as Othreis, Hbn., has priority over Ophideres, Boisd.
But Noctuine is obviously untenable, since, as Aurivillius
points out in his paper in Schwed. Kilim. Exped. (9) p. 34
(1910), Hampson’s use of the name Noctua striz for
Thysania agrippina is founded on a misconception, due to
Linné having erroneously cited to striz a figure in Merian’s
‘“¢ Insects of Surinam,” and having been thereby led to con-
sider stria as an American species. Linné’s own description
of strix distinctly mentions that it is “‘ tongueless”’ and that

Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 3

the wings are “ black, reticulated and clouded ”’ ; and in the
later fu'ler description in the “ Museum Ludorice Ulrice ”’
he further says ‘‘ nec alas dentalus nec lingicam observo.’”’
In view of these descriptions and of the fact that Linné’s
type of stria is still in the Queen Louisa Ulrica Collection
(which never possessed a specimen of Thysania agrippina)
it seems quite certain that Linné’s Noctua strix was the
common §, Asiatic Cossid, which was figured and described
by Clerck as strix, L. Therefore (as Aurivillius concluded
his remarks by pointing out), “ anyone who is of opinion
that the first species is to be considered typical would have
in consequence to consider the Cossids as the true Noctuids”’!
The name Erebine (employed by Barnes and McDunnough in
their ‘Check-List of the N. American Lepidoptera’) seems
also, unfortunately, to be untenable, as Latreille appears to
cite crepuscularts, L., as his type of Hrebus, and odora, L., only
as an additional species ; this necessitates the transfer of
the name Hrebus to the Catocaline genus Nyctipao (see Cat.
Lep. Phal. xii. p. 331), odora becoming (according to
Hampson) Otosema odora. It seems necessary, therefore,
to select some other subfamily name, and, in the meantime,
I have chosen Ophiderine.

My other point of difference from Sir George Hampson
opens up a wider question than one of mere nomenclature.
It is with regard to the classification of the subfamilies
Catocalinee and Ophiderine.

The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows has aalled my attention to
the wide divergence between the genitalia of the gents
Catocala and immediately allied genera and those of Acantho-
dica, Erebus (Nyctipao), Speiredonia, Ercheia, and others of
the later Catocaline genera submitted to him, the latter all
having very large coremata (entirely wanting in true Cato-
cala). Mr. Burrows strongly urges that these two groups
should be separated, and, in view of the very distinct early
stages of Catocala (mentioned by American authors, who
have no doubt had opportunities of comparison with the
early stages of some of the exotic species of Hampson’s
Catocalinze), as well as the difference of genitalia, it seems very
probable that the Catfocala group of species will ultimately
be found to form a distinct subfamily, although I have not
as yet been able to discover any str uctural point, apart from
the genitalia, which will form a good key-distinction for the
subfamily. I shall be grateful for any information which
may help to throw light on this interesting question.

A further question arises with regard to the separation of
certain apparently closely-allied species. In Cat. Lep. Phal.

1%

4 Miss A. BE. Prout on some

xii, p. 2, Hampson mentions the fact that many of the
Catocaline genera have close relatives in his Noctuine,
suggesting a common origin between the two subfamilies ;
but he does not emphasize the point. In working through
these two subfamilies, however, I have been so constantly
struck by the close resemblance between genera in the two
that I have begun to doubt whether the spinous mid-tibia
can be a subfamily character at all.

With a view to elucidating this point, specimens of
Cocytodes maura, Holl. (Pl. VI. fig. 3), Cocytodes caerulea,
Gn. (Pl. VI. fig. 2) (Catocaline), and Arcte papuensis, Warr.
(Pl. VI. fig. 1) ( Noctuine ”’), have been submitted to the
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows for dissection ; also specimens of
Achea ablunaris, Gn. (Pl. VI. fig. 4) (Catocaline), and Mimo-
phisma delunaris, Gn. (P1. VIL. fig. 1) (“* Noctuine”). With
regard to the Cocytodes and Arcte species Mr. Burrows
writes :—“3 & 4 (C. ce@rulea and A. papuensis, are more
close than 2 (C. maura) to either.” Of A. ablunaris (com-
paring it with M/Z. delunaris) he writes, “Is a distinct species,
but I think undoubtedly belongs to the same ‘ genus,’ so far
as we understand anything by the term genus. It is indeed
a close ‘ brother,’ with all the features the same, but different |
in form and development.”

In view of these conclusions, and of the strong resemblance
between many other species which are divided by Hampson’s
use of the spinous mid-tibia as a subfamily character, it
seems not improbable that this character will ultimately
hive to be discarded, and some other‘ classification of these
large and very heterogeneous groups adopted in its stead,
especially in view of the following points :—

(1) In some species only one or two spines seem to be
present—a form intermediate between true Catocaline and
** Noctuine.”

(2) In other species the spines are only visible in the 9
(though possibly concealed in the @).

(3) In several of the subfamilies the fore and hind tibie
are sometimes spined, sometimes non-spined ; there seems
no logical reason why the mid-tibia should be of more sub-
family value than fore or hind tibia—especially considering
that, in the Trifids, it is the hind tibia that is taken to
characterize a subfamily (the Agrotinz), so that there is no
correspondence between the two groups. It is certainly rare
for the hind tibia to be spined and the mid-tibia unspined
(suggesting that the natural order of development is for the
spines to appear first on the mid-tibia) ; but this is by no
means a wniversal rule, for there are genera both in the

Noctuidse in the Foicey Collection. 5

Agrotinze and the Plusianz which have the hind tibia spined
and the mid-tibia non-spined.

E/RASTRIAN EZ.
1. Lophoruza rubrimacula, sp. n. (PIT. fig. 1.)

fo .— 24mm.

Head and thorax above pinkish white with some brown
scales intermingled (chiefly on head and tegule); body
beneath and legs whitish ; dorsum of abdomen with the basal
and anal segments pinkish white, the medial segments brown,
mixed with black.

Fore wing with the costal half, from apex to hind margin
at nearly one-third, pinkish-white with the costa tinged with
tawny brown; the rest of the wing pale tawny-brown, some-
what darker where it meets the pale shade, the termen
distinctly darkened from apex to behind R*; a tawny streak
at base of wing, extending across metathorax ; some brown
shading in middle of cell; antemedial, medial, and post-
medial lines just visible as pale, dark-outlined, outwardly
oblique streaks on the costal tawny shade, the two former
becoming obsolescent behind SC, the latter indistinctly
continued as a punctiform dark line, excurved round cell,
then incurved to inner margin at abont two-thirds ; a fine
white subterminal line, expanding to a conspicuous white
spot on R’, behind which it is angled outward, with some
proximal black dots anteriorly ; a rufous proximal patch
between the radials, and three ochreous spots (one proximal
and two distal) between SC”'and R'; a row of black marginal
spots aud a fine dark marginal line; fringe pale tawny-
brown chequered with blackish-brown,

Hind wing with the base pinkish-white, the rest of the
wing pale tawny-brown, almost whitish about the subterminal
area; a slight, dark, waved postmedial line; a small sub-
terminal rufous spot behind M* and a large one from M? to
near abdominal margin, with a small brown one behind it ;
marginal spots and line and fringe as on fore wing.

Wings beneath whitish tinged with tawny- brown, with
slight curved crenulate postmedial and subterminal lines ;
margins as above, but less sharply marked ; discal spots very
slight.

“9 ——26 mm. Marked asin the @, but with the pinkish
and tawny shades both a trifle brighter.

Upper Tonkin : Muong-Khuong, Prov. Laokay, 900-

1000 m., type and 1 ¢.
Nearest to albicostalis, Leech., from Central China, from

6 Miss A. E. Prout on some

which it differs in the darker subapical shade on fore wing,
the rather larger and darker subtornal spot behind M? on
the hind wing, the rather darker shade on the costa of fore
wing, and, especially, in the brown streak across metathorax
and base of fore wing (which is not present in any specimen
of albicostalis that I have seen). Possibly only a subspecies.

2, Lithacodia picatina, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 2.)

3 .-—22 mm.

This species has hitherto been mixed with picata, Btlr., in
the British Museum and evidently also at Tring, for it is
figured in Seitz (Macro-Lep. vol. xi. pl. xxvi. a) as picata.
The two species are quite clearly distinguishable by the
triangular dark patch on base of costa in picata being
replaced in picatina by a golden-brown streak along the
costa; by the antemedial line being only slightly crenulate
in picatina, not angled at the folds as in picata; by the
absence in picatina of the postmedial dark point on costa
and the black point at upper angle of cell, the black spot at
lower angle of cell being also reduced in size; by the sub-
terminal line being almost obsolete in picatina ; and (perhaps
the most constant distinction of all) by the shape of the
white mark on distal margin, from SC’ to R’, which forms a
narrow patch in picatina, quite separate from the other white
markings, but in picata is less sharply marked and is always
eonnected by a white bar between R’ and R’* with the white
postmedial and tornalareas. Fringe of fore wing in picatina
whitish-brown, tipped with grey. In other respects exactly
agrees with Hampson’s description of picata, Cat. Lep. Phal.
x. p. 503.

Khasia Hills, Assam (Nissary), type and 5 other ¢ 2.

In British Museum from Sikkim and one specimen from
Sabathu.

Eureria.
3. Eutelia regalis, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 3.)

36 .—27 mm.

This species belongs to the section of the genus called
Eleale (Sect. 1, B, c, of Hampson); its nearest allies being
fulvipicia, Hmpson., and plusioides, Wk.

Head and thorax above bright red-orange, the tegule a
little darker; palpus, pectus, and legs ochreous-brown, the
tarsi ringed with white ; abdomen ochreous-brown, with the
dorsal crests red-orange.

Noctuidee tn the Jorcey Collection. <

Fore wing with the basal third and a large postmedial
costal patch ochreous, thickly irrorated with red-orange ;
the rest of the wing white, closely irrorated with grey-violet;
lines indistinct; antemedial, medial, and postmedial white
spots on costa; indistinct, blackish, sinuous antemedial,
medial, and postmedial lines, all angled outward before
middle, then somewhat incurved to hind margin ; an indis-
tinct maculate subterminal line, following the curve of the
postmedial ; a white streak from costa near apex to termen
about R', and a curved white streak from M* near termen
to tornus, the two being connected by slight white spots;
fringe grey-brown.

Hind wing pale ochreous, the distal half grey-violet
narrowing to apex and tornus; a white dash from M' to
termen near tornus, and a white spot on abdominal margin
just proximally to tornus ; fringe grey-violet with a fine
pale line at base.

Underside of fore wing violet-grey, posteriorly pale
ochreous; slight dark cell-spot and double curved postmedial
line ; the white terminal line of the upper surface showing
near apex and on hind-marginal half of wing. Hind wing
as above, with the addition of a dark cell-spot, with some
violet suffusion above it, and a slight postmedial line.

Amboina, type only.

Can be easily distinguished from both fulv ipicta and
plusioides by the deeper ‘tone of colour, the broader border
to the hind wing, the absence of the diffused black streak in
the basal half of cell, ete.

SvrcToOPTERIN 2.

4, Stictoptera plumbeotincta, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 4.)

? .—36 mm.

Head and thorax leaden-violet, mixed with some ochreous
scales; palpus and antennal shaft ochreous shaded with
leaden-violet ; dorsum of abdomen grey-brown, with the
basal crests a little redder; body beneath pale ochreous ;
legs pale ochreous shaded with violet.

Fore wing pale ochreous, largely suffused with leaden-violet,
especially on the basal area to medial line and on apical
area, leaving a subtriangular patch of the ground-colour
on distal part of hind margin; sub-basal and antemedial
lines almost obsolete, the latter purplish-grey, undulating,
starting close to medial line, then incurved, strongly ex-
curved before hind margin; medial line black, with some

8 Miss A. E. Prout on some

proximal dark shading in and behind cell, oblique and slightly
crenulate from two-fifths costa to two-thirds hind margin ;
reniform leaden-grey, with faint pale outline, narrowing
towards costa; an indistinct fine crenulate dark line nearly
parallel with the median line, but approaching it at hind
margin ; postmedial line a grey dash on costa, then a row
of indigo spots between the veins, angled out on SC’,
excurved to fold, and angled out on SM’; an undulating
pale subterminal line from costa near apex to tornus, with
three black proximal darts behind costa, SC*, and SC’, the
last the largest, proximally darkened from M’ to tornus ; a
row of pale-edged black marginal spots between the veins ;
fringe grey, with pale streaks at the veins.

Hind wing with basal area hyaline, smoky brown along
hind margin, with the distal two-fifths and a lunule on DC*
and DC* dark grey; fringe pale brown, shaded with grey
between the veins.

Underside of fore wing smoky-grey, with some peacock-
green reflections on basal half of hind-marginal area and a
pale patch between the origin of M’ and M’; five or six pale
spots on apical half of costa, with black spots between them ;
slight, dark medial, postmedial, and’ subterminal lines, as
above. Hind wing as above, with the costal area slightly
smoky and an oblique black streak from costa to the lunule
on discocelluiars.

Rossel Is.; Mt. Rossel, 2100 ft., Dec. 1915 (W.. F. Eich-
horn), type and another ¢.

SARROTHRIPINA.

5. Blenina brevicosta, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 5.)

9 .—38 mm.

Head and thorax white, thickly irrorated with green above
aud with a few brown scales ; patagia with some black scales
near middle. Palpus and legs white, marked with brown
and black. Abdomen yellow above and beneath, with the
anus browner ; the crests greenish.

Fore wing white, irrorated with green scales on the basal
half of wing and the postmedial area, with violet-brown on
the medial area—where it forms a sort of band—and on the
apical half of distal area ; a few brown scales on the costal
half of subbasal area and some yellow hair at base of hind
margin. Subbasal line slight, blackish, curved to about
median nervure; a black antemedial half-line from costa,
angled outward to the subcostal and again above median ;

9

Noctuidee tn the Joicey Collection. 9

a black spot obliquely beyond it, near hind margin; median
line obliquely sinuous from two-fifths costa to half hind
margin, angled outward behind M?, a small black spot
distally to it in cell and an upright blackish streak in place
of the reniform ; postmedial line obliquely sinuous from half
costa to close to tornus, indistinct, upright at costa, strongly
angled outward at R‘ and before hind margin and inward
at R® behind M'; subterminal line strongly dentate, nearly
parallel with margin to about R’, upon which and on M? it
is angled out to nearer the distal margin, which it joins at
SM’; broad terminal black spots on the veins; fringe
white, with black streaks between the veins and slight
brown tips.

Hind wing yellow, coloured about as in B. donans, W1k.,
but with the dark border extended along costa, ending close
to M*, shading gradually into the ground-colour and ex-
tending across the fringe ; tornal one-third of fringe yellow ;
veins slightly darkened.

Underside of fore wing brown; costa from near base
white with some brown marks on it, the white broadening
to a patch from about half to three-quarters along costa ;
fringe white chequered with blackish,as above. Hind wig
as above, but with a reddish tinge on costal area.

Sierra Leone, type only.

This specimen appears to belong tothe genus Blenina, but
the fore wing is a trifle narrowed at the apical part of costa,
the hind wing unusually narrow and almost without the
marginal indentation behind M* which is so characteristic
of the majority of Blenina species. ‘The origin of M? on the
hind wing is removed further from M’ than in any other
Blenina species known to me, unless it be B. quadripuncta,
Hmpsn. (type in Coll. Joicey), the newration of which is not
quite normal.

6. Risoba obliqua, sp. n. (PI. 1. fig. 6.)

3 .—40 mm.

Head green, tegule banded with brown (next the head),
green, and white. Thorax white mixed with brown scales,
the crest green. Pectus and hair on femora and tibiz pale
brown, tinged in parts with greenish ; tarsi brown with pale
rings at the joints. Abdomen above greenish, variegated,
the crests dark brown ; beneath dark brown, except basally.

Fore wing white, irrorated with green, especially on the
apical costai area, and with thick dark brown irroration,
forming a very oblique band outside the antemedial line and

10 Miss A. E. Prout on some

on oblique bar from apex and with some paler brown shading
on the basal and terminal areas; nine dark points on the
costa, the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th representing the origin of
the four principal lines. A short black streak on base
of median vein, almost joining the antemedial line, which is
obsolescent between the costal dark spot and M, then black,
outwardly oblique and waved to hind margin ; median line
represented by an inwardly oblique bar from costa to SC
and two oblique spots to M, where it is angled outward and
becomes lost in the dark clouding ; a pale ochreous patch
behind base of M?; reniform defined by a slightly oblique
and elongate black ring; postmedial line double and filled
in with white at the costa, lost on SC, behind which it is
resumed about 3 mm. nearer the distal margin, the inner
line being thick and black, the outer chiefly defined by white
teeth on the veins, nearly parallel with termen, but angled
inward in the cell and outward on SM? and to hind margin ;
subterminal line black, sinuous, slightly edged with whitish
on the distal side, from R? onwards nearer termen and more
strongly waved; termen spotted with black between the
veins and with a fine, simuous, black terminal line; fringe
white, chequered with black between the veins.

Hind wing white, with a diffused dark cell-spot, dark
suffusion on the costal area, some reddish hair towards the
abdominal margin.and a broad blackish border, occupying
somewhat more than one-third of the wing on apical half
and less than one-third towards termen ; a black terminal
line with a fine white line proximally to it, from below apex
to fold ; fringe dark, with a fine white line at base.

Underside of fore wing white, with some dark suffusion
on costa, a dark cell-spot and the area distally to the post-
medial line brown, excepting a pale patch behind apex ;
terminal markings and fringe as above. Hind wing as
above, but with the costal area paler and the cell-spot more
strongly defined.

Bidi, Sarawak, 1907-1908 (C. J. Brooks), 1 3.

A 2 from Mindanao, Philippines (J. J. Munsay), may
probably belong to the same species, but is very likely an
aberration or local race. It differs in the slightly larger
size (45 mm.), in the yellower tone of ground-colour on
both wings and both surfaces, in the oblique antemedial
band extending to costa, in the absence of dark suffusion
distally to the postmedial line, in the dark bar from apex
being much lighter, and in the veins being defined by
black streaks towards termen. On the underside of the fore

Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. it

wing the cell-spot is partly joined to the black terminal
area. Pending fuller knowledge, I propose to call this form
R. obliqua philippinensis (Pl. I. fig. 7).

7. Risoba owyarra,sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 8 ¢, 9 9.)
= Risoba cebea, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. xi. p. 435 (1912) (part.),
nec kebea, Bethune-Baker, Noy. Zool. yol. xiii.- p. 233 (1906)
(Mt. Kebea).

This species differs in the ¢ from kebea, B.-Baker, with
which it has hitherto been confused, in the longer palpus
(1} diameter of eye in kebea, twice diameter of eye in
owgarra); in the rather smaller size (86 mm. in owgarra,
40 mm. in kebea) ; in the broad white subcostal area along
SC-SC’ nearly to apex (in kebea the antemedial green and
brown shading extends broadly to middle of wing from costa
to hind margin) ; in the absence of the white tooth between
the apical dark patch and the dark mark behind SC’ (which
in owgarra is merely a diffused purple-grey shade) ; in the
reduced and more oblique basal white shade, which in
owgarra starts from the base of SC (with narrow white line
before it from base of costa) and is crenulate to about two-
fifths hind margin, while in kedea it starts from costa and is
almost straight to two-fifths hind margin; the white band
proximally to postmedial line is less straight and regular in
owgarra than in kebea, the postmedial line rather more curved
and less dentate ; the white marginal lunule behind M? is
much smaller in owgarra than in kebea. Hind wing with
the dark bordering reduced arid almost without the black
postmedial spots on veins.

In the 9? there is a similar difference in size (86-88 mm.
in owgarra, 44mm. in kebea); the white basal patch is
reduced and has the edge crenulate, as in the 3, the type
of kebea being without any dark shading on the white
patch, whilst all 9 2 of owgarra yet studied have all but a
narrow line at distal edge shaded with green marked with
brown; the pale postmedial costal patch extends to a point
on M* in owgarra (in kebea it is intercepted by a violet shade
on R*) ; the difference in the apical patch is as in the g, but
the dark mark behind SC’ is enlarged and very black in
the 2 of kebea; in kebea ? the postmedial line is inwardly
oblique from R* to hind margin about 24 mm. from ante-
medial line, in owgarra the two lines are about 5 mm. apart
on hind margin.

The description of cebea (in Cat. Lep. Phal. xi.) seems to
embrace some of the salient points of each species, the ? in

12 Miss A. E. Prout on some

Brit. Mus. from Dinawa belonging to kebea, that from
Owgarra to owgarra. The figure is of kebea.
I am indebted to Mr. Bethune-Baker for his kindness in
lending me the ¢ and @ types of kebea for study.
Brit. New Guinea: Owgarra (A. S. Meek), 1 6,
Sa ole

ACcONTIANA.
8. Hylophilodes pseudorientalis, sp. nu. (PI. I. fig. 10.)

= Hylophilodes orientalis §, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. xi. p. 510 (fig.)

(1912) (nee Halias orientalis, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. ii. p. 182 (1894)

(Naga Hills).

Owing to the lack of sufficient material, Hampson has
confused two species under the name of orientalis, Hmpsn.,
supposing them to be a dimorphic gf and ?. Having access
to better material, Warren discovered the existence of a
second species, but, by a curious oversight, he re-named the
true orientalis as Hylophilodes parallela | Noy. Zool. xxii.
222 (1916) (Assam) ], leaving the species with the red fringes
and oblique postmedial line still without a name. By the
kindness of Lord Rothschild, I have been permitted to study
and compare the types of orientalis and parallela, which
undoubtedly both belong to the species described by Hamp-
son in Moths Ind. For the other species I propose the
name of pseudorientalis.

Described and figured (iv Cat. Lep. Phal. xi.) as Hylophi-
lodes orientalis 3. , ;

Underside of both wings whitish, the fore wing tinged
with green,.especially on the costal third, and with slight
black irroration just behind the costal rufous line, which is
broader than above.

? .—Differs only in the absence of the rough yellow hair
on dorsum of abdomen (which in the @ extends almost to
anus) and in the yellow tuft on abdominal margin of hind
wing being reduced to a slight fringe along SM*.

Khasis (Nat. Coll.), type anda ? ; Khasia Hills (Nissary),
os2% & ;.Cherra Ponji, 19> Burman

Pseudorientalis can be at once distinguished from orientalis,
Hmpsn. (=parallela, Warr.), by the oblique postmedial line,
the rufous costa and fringes, and the thick yellow hair on
dorsum of abdomen and abdominal margin of hind wing, as
well as by the rather larger size (86-38 mm. as against
30-35 mm.) and the deeper green, less hyaline fore wing
and rather less hyaline hind wing.

Noctuidae tn the Joicey Collection. 13

9. Carea leucozona, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 11.)

®? —28 mm.

Head and palpus red-brown; thorax above red-brown
with some white scales ; tegule white at middle. Pectus
and legs creamy-white, tinged with red-brown; fore legs
predominently red-brown. Abdomen grey above, whitish
irrorated with red-brown beneath.

Fore wing white, thickly irrorated with red-brown except
for a broad white medial band and fine white antemedial,
postmedial, and subterminal lines, the last-named tinged
with violet ; slight black irroration in parts ; a slight blac k
spot on the white medial band and a black reniform streak
on distal edge of it. Antemedial line nearly upright, waved,
close beside and almost parallel with the medial band ; post-
medial slightly black-edged proximally, starting near medial
band, excurved from about SC’, angled in on R?, and curved
inward between M? and SM’; subterminal line near termen,
following almost the same curves as the postmedial, the
proximal black shading heavier; black marginal streaks
between the veins; fringe ochreous shaded with reddish,
white at tornus and at the tips.

Hind wing nearly uniform grey, with the fringe as on the
fore wing, but without the white at tornus; fringe of
abdominal margin grey; a slight cell-spot shining through
from beneath.

Underside of fore wing grey, the costal margin broadly
reddish; fringe as above. Hind wing with strong dark
cell-spot ; some reddish irroration on the distal half,
especially towards costa; proximal half of wing paler.

Bidi, Sarawak, 1907-1908 (C. J. Brooks), type only.

Slightly recalls C. vevilla, Swiuh., but has rather a shorter
and broader fore wing and is abundantly distinct in
markings.

10. Maceda mansueta rufimacula, subsp. n. (PI. I. fig. 12.)

? .—33-36 mm.

Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs not distinguishable from
M. mansueta, Wik.

Fore wing predominantly violet-grey, with the basal area
(especially on costal half) and a fairly large subapical patch
rufous—the latter crossed by a brown subterminal line.
A broad diffused antemedial shade, angled outward from
just behind M to two-fifths hind margin; medial area
uniform violet-grey, with a minute black dot on the middle

14 Miss A. E. Prout on some

of the discocellulars ; a broad diffused postmedial shade,
less strongly angled inward before and behind M? than in
the majority of mansueta mansueta and hardly noticeably
dentate ; the terminal area darker than medial area, with
some rufous scales intermingled, especially near the post-
medial line; subterminal line almost obsolete, except on
the subapical patch ; fringe brown, with a slight pale line at
base.

Hind wing much as in mansucta mansueta, but more
predominantly smoky ; the termen and fringe white between
and just beyond M? and M?, the fringe tipped with white
from R} to near tornus.

Underside of fore wing as in mansueta mansueta ; hind
wing with the spot on discocellulars larger and darker than
usual, the dark bordering extended to near base of wing
on costa and narrowed off to a point at tornus, instead
of ending about M’.

Goodenough Island, 2500-4000 ft., April 1913 (A. S.
Meek), type and four other ¢ ¢.

This may be a distinct species, all five specimens being
extremely uniform and unlike any mansueta specimens from
other localities ; but in the. absence of the ¢ and of any
discoverable structural differences, I have regarded it as a
subspecies of the extremely variable mansueta.

CATOCALINA.

11. Agonista endochrysa Prout. (PI. II. figs. 1g, 2 2.)

9 .—98 mm.

Head, thorax, pectus, legs, and abdomen as in J, save
that the black shades of the g are paler and browner in
the 9.

Fore wing reddish-brown ; DC? and DC slightly darkened ;
a slight yellowish dash outside the discocellulars, with
proximal dark shading; medial line diffused, dark reddish-
brown, very upright ; postmedial line greyer, very diffused,
distally pale-edged, starting at two-thirds costa, angled out:
behind SC’, then nearly straight to hind-margin ; sub-
terminal line represented by a series of yellowish-white,
distally black-edged points between the veins, those between
R* and SM? being most distinct; fringe ochreous, largely
shaded with black-brown.

Hind wing reddish-brown ; medial line as on fore wing;
postmedial with more distinct yellow shade beyond it, very
slightly bent anteriorly, then very straight to near abdominal

Noctuidse in the Joicey Collection. 15

margin, where it is lost in the yellow area, which is as in
the ¢; tornal half of distal margin yellow, sparsely irrorated
with brown; fringes brown from apex to about R’, then
yellow.

Underside of fore wing red-brown, with the postmedial
line as above, but with distinct yellow line outside it ; arow
of yellow spots between the veins close to termen. Hind
wing with a dark spot ringed by yellow round DC? and
DC’, the discocellulars themselves pale yellowish; postmedial
line and yellow terminal spots as on fore wing; the yellow
shade of abdominal margin extended to beyond M? except
at base, with scattered brown vertical dashes.

North Borneo, one ?. Also ? from Labuan, in imper-
fect condition, which seems to have the yellow areas on
hind wing a little reduced.

The ¢ of this species was described in Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. (9) iii. p. 169 (1919), from Sandakan, N. Borneo.

12. Achea ochrocraspeda, sp. n.
QPP A stead: 5 Fl Tipe. V, 9s)

36 .—76 mm.

Head, thorax, palpus, antenna, abdomen, and legs brown ;
the pectus, femora, and tibiz (especially the hind tibia)
clothed with long, woolly, brown hair.

Fore wing rich glossy brown, slightly shot with violet on
the medial area, especially on the antemedial and postmedial
lines, the former of which is dark brown, almost straight, _
from costa at 12 mm. to hind margin at 11 mm. ; faint traces
of darkening on DC? and DC® and of one or two curved
medial shades ; postmedial line brown with a white line
outside it, starting from costa at 21 mm., outwardly oblique
to R? where it is gently curved inward, then almost straight
to hind margin at 18mm.; fringe yellowish-white, having
some brown shading from M! to M?, then dark brown.

Hind wing rich glossy brown, the basal one-third clothed
with rough thick hair ; a pale curved line, just distally to
middle of wing, and traces of a dotted outer line midway
to termen; a small yellowish-white apical patch; fringe
yellowish-white to M’.

Underside of both wings brown with distal area paler ;
a dark spot on the discocellulars ; a faint medial dark shade ;
a dentate, slightly curved postmedial line at nearly two-
thirds ; a broad, slightly purplish, diffused subterminal
shade with somewhat crenulate outer edge, meeting dark
shade from apex and tornus on fore wing ; a row of minute

16 Miss A. E. Prout on some

dots close to termen; hind wing with a slight, diffused,
crenulate line nearer termen ; fringe as above, but with the
pale parts greyer.

S. Sudan: T'amlio, Bahr-el-Ghazal, one ¢.

A ¢ from Cameroons—Bitje, early May and June, wet
season (G. L. Bates)—appears to be the ? of this species,
but differs in the spot on DC? and DC? of fore wing forming
a narrow ring, in the more distinct medial line on upper
side of fore wing and underside of both wings, and espe-
cially in the shape of postmedial line of fore wing above,
which is oblique as far as R* and distinctly incurved
posteriorly.

Near to A. cymatius, Prout, and .A. hypoxantha, Hmpsn.,
but appears to be quite a distinct species.

18. Achea joiceyi, sp.n. (Pl. ILI. fig. 2.)

? .—52 mm.

Head, thorax, and palpus white marked with fuscous ; the
palpus with a dark dash on the outer side of each joint,
tegule with some dark scales at base and tips, patagia and
thorax with three irregular dark bands; abdomen above
yellow ; abdomen beneath and legs whitish, the tarsi broadly
banded with fuscous ; antennal shaft brown.

Fore wing white, with fuscous markings; some yellow
hair behind fold at base; a dark spot at base ; subbasal line
represented by two broad dark bars at costa (the inner one
reaching M), and a large spot behind cell ; autemedial line
represented by four large spots and a small one (before
inner margin) on proximal side and a slightly broken line
on distal side, nearly erect and angled out at fold ; orbicular
a small ring; reniform with dark centre and defined by a
dark line, oblong, erect ; a double dentate medial line from
costa at middle to hind margin at middle, making a broad
curve from costa to M?, with sharp teeth, usually on the
veins, and with a sharp proximal tooth cutting imto the
middle of the reniform ; a double dentate postmedial line,
following the curves of the medial, but with the lines finer,
less diffused; some proximal dark shading (broadest behind
costa) and a fine, dentate, distal line defining the subterminal ;
some black shading at termen between SC® and R*; some
terminal spots between the veins; a fine marginal line;
fringe white chequered with fuscous.

Hind wing yellow with the discal border fuscous (narrow-
ing and becoming broken on tornal half and interrupted by

Noctuidee in the Joicey Collsetnian nsties

‘
yellow at apex) ; margin and fringe son fore wing ; the?
basal hair golden-yellow.

+
Underside of both wings whitish Hora wth AdAls,

the inner margin yellow (narrowly on\{ore, wing, oy on,
hind wing). Fore wing with diffused ot why
above it at costa, a curved postmedial life~sag 7
dark subterminal shading, and a row of eal dots.
Hind wing with discal dot, indistinct medial and postmedial
lines (the ‘former double) and double subterminal shading ;
a row of terminal dots.

Ivory Coast, 1 2.

This seems to be an Achea species, though the under
surface more resembles Heliophisma, which differs from Achaea
chiefly in the more produced apex of fore wing.

Achea indistincta, W\k.

Mr. L. B. Prout, in his paper published in Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. (9) i. p. 184 (1919), notes the fact that this
species (the type of which is in Coll. Joicey) is distinct
from Achea ablunaris, Gn., to which Hampson sinks it
(Cat. Lep. Phal. xi. p. 538). It was then overlooked that
indistincta, W1k., isreally a synonym of AZimophisma delunaris,
Gn., which Hampson places in the Noctuinz. For the close
relationship between these two species, see the preceding
note on classification.

14. Parallelia diffusa, sp.n, (PI. ILI. fig. 3.)

6 .—38 mm.

Head, thorax, palpus, antenna, abdomen, and legs nearly
unicolorous brown, the tarsi paler and a little more ochreous
in tone.

Fore wing glossy purple-brown, the basal area a little
more lead-coloured, the outer medial area metallic greenish-
brown, the ante- and postmedial lines dark red-brown,
distally edged with flesh-colour, the oblique apical streak dark
brown, proximally diffused and shading into violet. Ante-
medial line nearly erect, from costa at 5 mm. to hind margin at
6mm.; a slightly incurved, diffused inner edge to the medial
dark shade representing the medial line; postmedial line
oblique outward from costa at ]1 mm. to R!; here Bouse
angled, thence nearly straight to hind margin at 10mm,
five white spots on costa towards apex, the Ist marking
the origin of the postmedial line, the 5th the origin of the

Ann. & Mag. N. Mist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 2

18 Miss A. E. Prout on some

subterminal, which is faintly visible as a pale streak on costal
half of the apical dark patch, then represented by pale dashes
on the veins ; fringe purple-brown, paler between M? and
toruus.

Hind wing nearly uniform grey-brown, with a pale
terminal line, a pale subterminal dash from about M? to
tornus and the fringe paler from behind SC? to R? and from
M2 to tornus and outer one-fourth of abdominal margin ;
fringe with a pale central line.

Underside of both wings grey-brown, the distal third
tinged with chocolate-brown. Fore wing with five white
spots on apical part of costa, a dark, distally pale-edged
postmedial line, almost obsolete behind R?, an indistinct,
dentate, pale subterminal line and bluish-white shading on
distal margin and basal half of fringe, especially on apical
half of wing. Hind wing with faint, pale postmedial and
subterminal lines and bluish-white shading on termen and
fringe from behind SC? to tornus.

?.—40 mm. Differs only in the slightly larger size.

Cameroons: Bitje, Ja River, early May and June, wet
season (G. L. Bates), § andl 92; alsoa ¢ dated 1915.

This species is extremely near to P. conjunctura, W1k.,
from Sierra Leone, but the distal margin of the fore wing is
distinctly more rounded, the under surface 1s more sharply
marked, the general tone of the fore wing is somewhat more
leaden, and conjunctura has the inner half of the medial area
of fore wing pale, the outer half bordered by a strongly
curved, distinct line, instead of thé two areas almost shading
into each other, as in diffusa. The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows,
who has examined the genitalia of the two species, writes :
“T consider (these) distinct species. The difference in
detail is very marked indeed, although in general form tle
suggestion is close affinity. The (?furca) is quite different.
So is the costal arm.’ ‘The genitalia are figured on
Pl. VII.: P. conjunctura, fig.2 ; P. diffusa, fig.3. Pl. VII.
figs. 4, 5 represent P. humilis and isotima [see Ann. & Mag. -
Nat. Hist. (9) i. p. 185 (1919) ].

15. Attatha barlowi, sp.n. (PI. III. fig. 4.)

3 .—42 mm.

Head, thorax, and palpus fleshy white; frons black ;
tegulz and mesothorax black; dorsum of abdomen yellow,
ventral surface pale yellow ; femora and hind tibie cream-
coloured, fore- and mid-tibiz pink, tarsi grey-brown ringed
with white.

Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection: 19

Fore wing pale flesh-colour ; costal edge black towards
base; a wedge-shaped black mark behind the cell ; a narrow
black fascia along hind margin from near base to just
beyond middle; an outwardly oblique, triangular black
patch just proximally to middle, its distal edge angled out-
ward across DC‘ and its extremity produced in a narrow
streak to fold near termen; carmine streaks on M! and
M? distally to the dark patch; a black subtornal spot,
distally edged with cerise-pink ; a triangular black patch
from costa at apex to near termen behind M1), with a slight,
fine line proximally to it ; black spots on termen at M! and
M? and a black spot on the fringe between them.

Hind wing reddish-ochreous, paler towards costa, with a
wedge-shaped black mark from apex to R3, small black spots
near termen before and behind M! and at fold, and on termen
at M! and M?; veins slightly redder.

Underside of both wings ochreous-yellow ; the fore wing
with the irregular medial patch faintly visible and with the
terminal black patch present, but less deep and glossy than
above, ending at M!, with black spots on fringe behind
M! and at fold; hind wing with the terminal black mark
ending behind R1, without black spots behind it.

Zomba Plateau, October 1919 (H. Barlow).

16. Safia mollis, Moschl.

A ¢ ofthis species in Coll. Joicey, from Caparo, W. Coast
of Trinidad (Ff. Birch), proves it to belong to Sect. i. of
Hampson, not Sect. 11., where it is placed in Cat. Lep. Phal.
xii. p. 189. The ¢ does not appear to differ from the 9?
except in the presence of the androconia on the under surface
and in the much more elongate apex of the fore wing.

17. Safia hyalina, sp.u. (Pl. III. fig. 5.)

3 .—50 mm.

Head, palpus, thorax, and legs black-brown irrorated with
white, the thorax with a few golden scales, especially on the
metathoracic crest, the tarsi white at tips of segments, mid-
tibial tuft of hair paler brown. Abdomen grey-brown, with
yellowish-white band on 2nd segment and spot on 3rd (a
little more extended than in 8S. mollis, to which species
hyalina seems nearest).

Fore wing semihyaline white with an ochreous tinge and
some brown irroration; a few violet scales on basal one-
third of wing. A black-ringed white spot behind M at base;
9 dark spots along costa, the 3rd, 5th, and 7th broad,

as
a

20 Miss A. E. Prout on some

the 8th moderate, the 9th moderate and interrupted by a
minute white spot, the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and outer section
of 9th forming the origin of the five lines, which are brown,
irregularly waved, and dentate, more or less upright, obso-
lescent in parts, the medial and subterminal being most
distinct, the former only a little sinuous, the latter strongly
waved and dentate, with sharp distal angles behind SC’ and
R? and proximal ones on RK? and M’; faint traces of one or
two other sinuous lines and of an upright lunular reniform ;
a row of black spots between the veins close to termen; a
dark terminal line; fringe (worn) mixed grey-brown and
whitish.

Hind wing with glossy brown hair from base to near
termen on costal and abdominal areas in fold ; marked
much as in S. mollis (with minute white cell-spot, waved.
medial, postmedial, and subterminal lines, black spots be-
tween the veins near termen, black terminal line, and slight
clouding between the lines) ; but the subterminal is a little
blacker and further removed from termen and the black
marginal spots are more detached in hyalina than in mollis.

Underside of both wings clothed with silky androconia,
with indistinct diffused antemedial and medial lines and
shadowy traces of the postmedial ; costa of fore wing with
5 or 6 whitish spots on apical half, 3 fairly large.

S.E. Peru: Santo Domingo, 6000 ft., xi. 1904 (G. Ocken-
don), 1 ¢.

Easily distinguished from S. mollis by the larger size
(30 mm. in hyalina, 42-46 mm. in mollis), the slightly more
hyaline texture of wings, and the darker, broader black
markings on fore wing, especially at costa, near base, and
on posterior part of medial line ; by the more upright reni-
form and more waved subterminal line, as well as by the
points already mentioned on the hind wing.

18. Zale plumbimargo, sp. n. (Pl. III. fig. 6).

2? .—60 mm.

Head, palpus, antenna, pectus, and legs ochreous-brown ;
tegule ochreous-brown at base, with a dark brown line and
tipped with blackish. Thorax above, crests and patagta
blackish peppered with white and with some long brown
hairs. Abdomen ochreous-brown above and beneath, the
double crest on Ist basal segmeut rich chocolate-brown.

Fore wing pale ochreous, with the costal area, from base
at inner margin gradually narrowing to apex, rich chocolate-
brown, shading gradually into the ground-colour; subbasal

Noctuids in the Joicey Collection. at

line almost lost in the dark costal shade ; antemedial line
obsolescent, from about one-third along costa, slightly
oblique to just before M, where it is strongly angled inward,
then oblique to base at inner margin, bordering the dark
area ; pale area crossed by five or six oblique, undulating,
pale brown lines, all strongly angled inwards to behind R',
and outwards behind R? and R#; distal area from apex to
R® slightly irrorated with brown; a double, oblique, red-
brown subterminal line from R* to inner margin, with a
dark. leaden-grey shade between it and the brown terminal
border, upon which there is a row of darker brown dots.

Hind wing with the same colouring ; basal half pale, with
a dark cell-dot; four or five diffused grey lines on post-
medial area, followed by a dark red-brown line and a broad
leaden-grey shade, all the lines being straight and nearly
parallel to distal margin ; terminal area as on lower half of
distal margin of fore wing.

Fringes of both wings brown with a pale line at base.

Underside greyish-ochreous, irrorated and _ strigulated
with dark brown. Fore wing with two small brown dots at
middle of discocellulars and a slightly crenulate brown post-
medial line, slightly excurved round cell and incurved to
fold, where it becomes obsolete. Hind wing with a single
cell-spot, a crenulate but less curved postmedial line, and a
dark subterminal streak at inner margin. ‘Terminal dots
and fringes as above.

S.E. Peru: Santo Domingo, 6000 ft., xi. 1904 (G. Ocken-
don), 1 9.

A single 2? of this species in Coll. Brit. Mus., erroneously
labelled “ Queensland,” is placed by Sir George Hampson
between Z. plumbeolinea, Hmpsn., and Z. unilineata, Grote.

Mominz.

19. Hleodes barnsi,sp.n. (PI. IIT. fig. 7.)

3 .—36 mm.

Head and thorax green (the head tinged with ochreous) ;
palpus predominantly black ; pectus and legs white tinged
with greenish, the fore tarsus ringed with black ; abdomen
greyish-white.

Fore wing white, thickly irrorated with green and in parts
with blackish, the lines and stigmata white defined on each
side by blackish (except a part of the postmedial line, proxi-
mally) ; the subbasal line erect and waved, almost obsolete
except behind costa and M; autemedial line from costa at

22 Miss A. E. Prout on some

nearly one-third to near middle of hind margin, nearly
oblique to fold, angled in on SM? and out to hind margin ;
orbicular and reniform placed on a black streak, the orbi-
cular triangular, the reniform broadly lunular ; postmedial
line oblique and slightly waved from costa at two-thirds to
R2, then inwardly oblique and waved to hind margin at about
three-quarters, with the distal dark shading broadened be-
tween R? and M?; subterminal line a series of white lunules
between the veins close to termen, between the radials
replaced by a proximal V-shaped mark filled in with black
and with an irregular white patch at fold; terminal line
almost obsolete; fringe white, proximally chequered with
green and distally with black between the veins.

Hind wing white with the veins darkened ; a slight
blackish spot on DC? and diffused subterminal dark shade,
obsolescent between SC* and M?.

Underside of fore wing white tinged costally and distally
with greenish ; a dark spot on the discocellulars ; some dark
shading in the cell and between the veins postmedially.
Hind wing white, behind costa broadly tinged with greenish
and slightly irrorated with blackish ; the distal spot larger
and stronger than above; a slight postmedial line and diffused
subterminal shade from costa to R’.

Tanganyika: Niragongo Volcano, Kivu, Sept. 1919 (7. A.
Barns).

Belongs to Sect. 1 of Hampson.

Mr. Barns states that this species is much brighter green
in nature, but the colour is very fugitive.

20. Hleodes prasinodes, sp. n.

6 .—36 mm.

Head, thorax, pectus, and legs white mixed with pale
green, the tarsi black ringed with white (fore tarsus with
one ring, mid-tarsus with two rings, hind tarsus with three
rings) ; abdomen white with the crests on basal segments
and patagia at base and tips golden-green.

Fore wing white thickly irrorated basally, medially, and
terminally with pale green scales, mixed here and there
(especially anteriorly) with pale ochreous, leaving the lines,
the base of hind margin, a medial patch behind cell, and a
postmedial patch between the radials pure white. A few
black scales on base of M ;~subbasal line defined on each
side by black at costa and behind M, bent inward at costa,
obsolescent on SC and behind SM?, excurved in fold; ante-
medial line mostly defined by black, from one-third costa to

Noctuidae in the Joicey Collection. 23

two-fifths hind margin, slightly oblique to behind M, angled
out at fold and behind SM’; orbicular an orange round
spot with three or four black dots on it, ringed by white
and, distally, by black; reniform a similar black-dotted
orange spot, proximally ringed by white and black, distally
lost in the postmedial white patch; cell between the stigmata
orange spotted with black; a black streak on fold behind
the white medial patch ; postmedial line proximally defined
by black at costa and behind M, distally from costa to M?
though only slightly between R! and R*; from costa at two-
thirds, shghtly bent outward to R!, excurved to R*, inwardly
oblique to fold, then bent outward and waved to hind margin ;
three white spots defined by black on costa between post-
medial and subterminal lines; subterminal line dentate on
the veins, bent outward on SC°, defined by black between
the radials and slightly defined by orange on posterior half
of wing; fringe white, chequered with orange and black
between the veins.

Hind wing pure white.

Underside of both wings pure white, with slight green
spot on DC?; fore wing with costa to near apex yellow-
green, leaving a postmedial white dash defined on each side
by black; a second black dash on distal side of it ; fringe
chequered with black.

? .— 38-44 mm.

Marked much as in ¢ or more uniformly green ; some-
times with the white or the black markings much reduced.
Hind wing with the discal spot visible above and with a
more or less developed, curved postmedial line ; sometimes
also with a subterminal dark shade. Fore wing beneath
broadly green on costal and terminal areas, with larger
discal spot® and traces of the dark postmedial shading
behind R?*.

N.W. Rhodesia, 1919 (H. C. Dolman). Type and 1 ¢,
also 4 9 ? from Solwerji, 1917-1918 (H. C. Dolman). All
in Coll. Brit. Mus.

Belongs to Section 11. of Hampson.

Superficially a good deal resembling LZ. barnsi, but can
easily be distinguished by the generally paler colouring of
thorax and fore wing, by the white patches behind costa
and M (these, however, are absent in some ? ? of prasinodes),
by the whiter hind wing and under surface (in ¢), by the
shape of the orbicular and colouring of the stigmata, by
the tooth on subterminal line behind R? and absence of
V-shape@ angle, as well as by the difference in the antenna.

The farva was figured by Mr. Dolman, with the accom-

24 Miss A. E. Prout on some

panying note :— This pretty Noctuid larva was first found
at Solwerji at the end of ‘the rains,’ 1917; imagines
hatched in early May. Again found during July 1917 and
drawn then. The larva is somewhat gregarious, two or
three to plant, and adjacent plants usually with their com-
plement too. It feeds on the fronds on the common
bracken—‘ mushilu’ (Chikaonde)—and grows with great
rapidity. In captivity it pupates in a very slight cocoon
made amongst the bracken fronds, the pupa being strikingly
coloured. The larva has a number of fine light hairs,
sparingly distributed; these do not show in the dorsal
aspect. Months found :—ii..... Wile

The following description is taken from the drawing :—

The larva is nearly cylindrical, the head and thoracic
plate reddish, the rest of the thoracic segments yellow with
a fine black dorsal line; the abdominal segments also with a
fine black dorsal line, the colouring of the segments other-
wise half yellow and half greenish, divided transversely by
fine black lines; spiracular lines black, spiracles surrounded
by white.

Prvsranz.

21. Plusia enescens, sp.n. (Pl. 1V/ fig. 1.)

3 3.—34 mm.

Head and thorax grey-brown speckled with white, the
patagia tipped with white; palpus and antenna brown shaded
with black ; dorsum of abdomen pale cinereous, with the
basal tufts dark brown; body beneath darker cinereous, hair
on pectus and tibiz pale brown, the tarsi brown ringed with
white. ©

Fore wing variegated bronze-gold and dark purplish-brown
irrorated with black ; subbasal line represented by a silvery
streak from costa; antemedial line silvery-white tinged with
gold in parts, starting from costa at two-sevenths, distally
oblique to SC, deeply incurved and obsolescent to M (behind
which there is a slight pale patch), sharply excurved before
SM?’ with a pale violet spot in the angle, then inwardly
oblique to hind margin; a shining white U-shaped stigma
behind the cell, shaped much as in limdirena, Gn., but with
the lobe separated from the U in the type (in a second
specimen, otherwise practically identical, the two marks are
united, as in typical limbirena, and the lobe is larger) ; an
oblique, crenulate, bronze-gold postmedial shade from four-
fifths costa to fold where it broadens proximally into a

Noctuidee in the Jotcey Collection. 25

diffused patch extending nearly to antimedial line, then out-
wardly oblique to hind margin near tornus, where it is edged
on each side by a white lunule; subterminal line represented
by an irregular row of black and white spots and a few
violet specks, nearly parallel with the postmedial shade; a
conspicuous round white marginal spot at R’, a white mar-
ginal streak in fold, and black, slightly pale-edged terminal
spots.

Hind wing grey-brown with a cupreous gloss, paler at
base, with a pale pasteacotal line and a fine pale line at base
of fringe.

Underside of fore wing and distal and costal areas of hind
wing shining grey-brown; a slightly crenulate, dark post-
medial line running across both wings from about two-thirds
costa of fore wing to near tornus of hind wing; four white
dots on costa of fore wing between postmedial line and apex
(less clearly visible above). Hind wing with basal inner
area paler, shading gradually to grey-brown; a slight
brown lunule on DC? and a very slight diffused subterminal
line. *

N. Rhodesia, 1908 (Gimson). ‘Type and another ¢.

Also from Escourt, Natal, 1 2 in the British Museum.

Near P. limbirena, Gn., from which, however, it is easily
distinguishable by the following characters. The fore wing
is shorter on the apical half, the distal margin being slightly
angled at R, instead of evenly curved, as in limbirena; the
hind wing is more smoky in tone than in limdirena, especially
on the basal area; the pale marginal mark at R* is a slight
pinkish streak extending to M' in fémdirena, an almost
round white spot in @nescens ; and the shining bronze-gold
shades of @nescens are quite absent in Limbirena, which is also
generally less black in its darker shades—altogether less
contrasted than enescens. shez

22. Plusia rubriflabellata, sp. un. (Pl. IV. fig. 2.)

3 .—30-35 mm.

Head, palpus, and antennal shaft pale hrowa! shaded
with dark brown; collar with a fan of scarlet scales on
either side of head ; tegule, patagia, and thoracic crests
purple-brown tipped with white, the crests much as in
chalcytes, Esp., but that on the mesothorax appearing more
produced ; third joint of palpus longer and thicker than in
chalcytes; dorsum of abdomen. pale cinereous,,,the lateral
tufts ochreous, springing in a spreading fan fram the fifth
and sixth abdominal segments and extending nearly to the

y wAPS abes @

6

Ls)

6 Miss A. E. Prout on some

anus, which has an ochreous dorsal tuft, at the extreme tip
blackish, but without any sign of the black tuft beneath,
which is so noticeable in good specimens of chalcytes ; ventral
surface of abdomen a mingling of brown and ochreous
scales, darkened on anal segment but without long hair;
pectus and legs brown, the tarsi paler.

Fore wing cupreous purple-brown, shot with gleaming
bronze-gold, the lines silvery-white, outlined in bronze or
brown ; subbasal excurved below costa, then undulating, to
fold ; antemedial excurved to SC, almost obsolete in cell,
inwardly oblique from M to hind margin ; a white medial
spot at about three-fifths costa and traces of an oblique
medial line near middle of hind margin ; postmedial from
about two-thirds costa to hind margin near tornus, strongly
undulating, excurved below costa, incurved in cell, angled.
outward on M! and less strongly so on M?, angled inward to
a deep point (much more strongly so than in chalcytes)
in fold ; subterminal line formed by bronze shading on its
proximal side, straight from near apex to about SC* between
which and R? it takes a deep outward curve, then straight
to distal margin just behind SM?; black marginal spots
between the veins, those behind R? and R# connected by
dark shading; the silvery-white stigma behind middle of
cell broken into two closely-approximated, almost round
spots ; fringe grey with a fine pale line at base, darker at
the veins.

Hind wing creamy-white at base, shading into the broad
grey-brown distal border; a brown lunule on DC? and
DC3; traces of a postmedial line a little darker than the
border; fringe creamy-white, chequered with brown at the
veins on outer half.

Underside of fore wing grey-brown, with a darker post-
medial line at about three-fifths and four white costal dots
_between this and apex; marginal spots indistinct ; fringe as
above. Hind wing as above, but with the postmedial line
marking a sharper division between the pale proximal and
dark distal areas and with the addition of a diffused dark
subterminal band, its distal edge sharply angled outward
on R?.

Goodenough Is., 2500-4000 ft., March 1913 (A. S. Meek),
type and 8 other ¢ Sg.

Probably nearest to P. chalcytes, Esp., but can be at once
distinguished by the more purple tone, the straight sub-
terminal and more deeply angled postmedial, and by the
larger marginal spots, as well as by the difference in the
lateral and anal tufts of abdomen and, especially, by the fans
of scarlet scales on collar.

Noctuide in the Joicey Collection. 2%

OpHIDERINA.
23. Hulodes hilaris (Warr., MS.?), sp.n. (PI. IV. fig. 3.)

3 .—75 mm.

Head, tegule, pectus, and legs grey-brown; pectus,
femora, tibiz, and first four joints of hind tarsus clothed
with long rough hair. ‘Thorax above and abdomen ochreous-
grey, the prothorax with bright ochreous band; patagia
spotted with black and tipped with grey-brown.

Both wings shaped and marked nearly as in Aulodes drylla,
Gu., but Ailaris averages larger and is more ochreous in
tone.

Fore wing somewhat heavily irrorated with black; sub-
basal and antemedial lines and black orbicular point as in
drylla; medial bar from costa to reniform blacker ; reniform
lunule as in drylla, but with a conspicuous pale lunule
surrounding the lower end of it; postmedial line starting
from a black dash on costa at 15 mm., strongly angled out-
wards to SC®, incurved to R!, obsolescent to about R® where
it reappears just proximally to a red-brown, black-mixed,
oblique streak from apex, of which it becomes almost a
continuation obliquely to two-fifths inner margin, where
there is a black spot on distal side of it.

Hind wing marked as in drylla, but with the black medial
line a little nearer to the body, the diffused shades between
postmedial and subterminal lines red-brown (grey in drylla),
with a broader white shade distally to the subterminal line.
Yermen red-brown; fringe dark brown from apex to the
angle of wing, then pale to tornus.

Underside as in drylla, but with the lines a little more
strongly marked.

A second ¢ has the red shades more ochreous.

Dutch New Guinea: Wardammen Mts., 3000-4000 ft.,
November 1914 (A. E. & F. Pratt), type and another g. .

No doubt the New Guinea representative of H. drylla, but
can hardly be regarded as a race, on account of the different
palpus, the third segment of which in hilaris is slightly
porrect and half the length of the second, whilst in drylla it
is upright and less than one-third the length of segment 2.

24. Platyja retrahens, sp.u. (PI. IV. fig. 4.)

9? —57 mm.

Head, thorax, palpus, fore wing, and abdominal crests
reddish-brown; abdomen above, body beneath, and legs
grey-brown, tarsi with ends of segments white ; hind wing
aud both wings beneath brown tinged in parts with reddish.

28 Miss A. E. Prout on some

Fore wing with the lines and stigmata a little darker red-
brown than the ground-colour ; the oblique antemedial line
and the subterminal streak from three-fifths costa to termen
behind R! proximally edged with violet-white; the termen
narrowly violet, bordered on each side by fuscous (more
broadly proximally) ; fringe grey-brown with violet lines at
base and at middle ; orbicular a small round spot; reniform
obliquely oblong, a little narrower at middle, with a slight
violet-white line on its distal edge; a subterminal line
reappearing from the dark terminal suffusion on M®, retracted
to reniform at about origin of M!, thence obliquely waved to
two-thirds hind margin; a white dot on violet terminal
shade at SC® and similar dots proximally to dark suffusion
on R? to M?; veins darkened and irrorated with violet-white.

Hind wing with veins, terminal area (except at apex) and
fringe as on fore wing ; small white dots proximally to dark
shade on R! to SM®; slight dark lunule on DC? and DC?,

Underside of both wings with a slight dark discal spot
and a curved subterminal line, represented by white spots on
the veins; terminal area (especially on fore wing) irrorated
with some violet scales; fringes as above.

Upper Tonkin: Muong-Khuong, Prov. Lackay, 900-
1000im.5.1 2.

25. Batracharta nigritogata, sp.n. (PI. IV. fig. 5.)

3 .—43 mm.

Head, thorax, patagia, fore part of pectus, and palpus
black, dotted here “and there with ochreous-white; a raised
ochreous crest on mesothorax ; abdomen ochreous above,
whitish beneath. Antennal shaft black-brown. Fore and
mid tibia black, dotted with white; hind tibia with long
ochreous-white hair; tarsi black with white tips to the
joints.

Fore wing broadened on distal half by a lobe on inner
margin. Ground-colour ochreous. Proximal half of wing
heavily cloaked with black, dotted with ochreous (especially
near costa) and containing a pale red-brown, irregularly
rounded reniform, the black area extending about three-
fifths along costa, strongly retracted behind cell and reaching
inner margin close to body; distal half of wing of the
ground-colour, thickly honeycombed with short, upright,
red-brown streaks; distal border pale red-brown, irrorated
with black (especially at termen) aud extending round the
lobe of the inner margin; fringe ochreous-brown.

Hind wing ochreous, clothed with short brown hairs ;

Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 29

veins and terminal line dark brown; fringe paler; the
abdominal half of wing with some pale, down-turned, silky
hair.

Underside of both wings pale ochreous. Fore wing
clouded with grey except for a pale apical patch and slight
pale subcostal and terminal borders ; costa with alternate
pale and dark spots; fringe tipped with brown; a large
diffused black spot on discocellulars; some long pale hair
in cell. Hind wing with a large, rounded, black-brown spot
on discocellulars and slight brown irroration distally to it,
between SC? and M?._

Bidi, Sarawak, 1907-1908 (C. J. Brooks).

Somewhat recalls walkeri, Beth.-Baker, from New Guinea,
and trrorata, Hmpsn., from Sikkim, but is abundantly
distinct from both.

26. Blosyris arpi, sp.n. (Pl. V. fig. 1.)

? .—1]00 mm.

Head, thorax above, and palpus whitish mixed with pale
chestnut, a chestnut band just behind the tegule ; abdomen
above pale brown clothed with rough whitish hairs ; body
beneath ochreous ; legs ochreous, the tarsi browner, with
pale tip to each joint; a patch of deep black scales at base
of mid-tibia on outer side.

Fore wing above violet-whitish, thickly irrorated with
chestnut or purplish-brown, especially along basal three-
fifths of costa, in an oblique patch at apex, on termen behind
R*, and between postmedial and subterminal lines from
behind M! to hind margiu. Oblique whitish subbasal and
antemedial streaks on costa, defined by dark shading, the
lines otherwise almost obsolete, the antemedial reappearing
as an inwardly oblique, crenulate, grey streak across fold and
a grey mark, further from body, before hind margin ;
orbicular a very small, elliptical, grey-outlined ring ; reni-
form an elongate circle, outlined in black except on part of
terminal edge; three or four outwardly oblique, deep chest-
nut streaks on costa between ante- and postmedial lines,
reappearing as paler chestnut lines before the hind margin ;
a small white patch on costa between dark area and origin
of postmedial line at 29mm., outwardly oblique and indis-
tinct behind costa, then brown, dentate, distally pale-edged ;
an ill-defined whitish subterminal line, more clearly visible
behind R* where it is defined on inner side by the patch
before hind margin and on the outer by a diffused ochreous
shade; a double, dark brown, crenulate terminal line ;

30 Miss A. E. Prout on some

fringe ochreous-brown, darker at the veins, especially
R3 and M!.

Hind wing with semihyaline patch on basal costal area,
then whitish,- thickly irrorated with purplish-brown; a
small brown patch on costa between postmedial and sub-
terminal lines and a purplish patch between R? and hind
margin as on fore wing; purplish streaks across terminal
area to the crenulations at R3 and M!; aslight purple streak
also to M2; a broad brown streak, defined on each side by.
white, across DC? and DC’; two or three more or less
dentate medial lines, with a purplish shade outside them ;
a postmedial brown line, outwardly defined by white from
costa at 19mm. to abdominal margin at 18mm., nearly
following the strong crenulations of the termen ; double
black terminal line and fringe as on the fore wing.

Underside of both wings ochreous-brown, the hind wing
a little paler; a black spot at middle of discocellulars on
each wing ; broad, diffused, blackish terminal and sub-
terminal lines on fore wing behind M? and on hind wing ;
two or three ill-defined medial lines (more distinct on costa
of fore wing) and a single row of black spots before margin
of both wings.

S. Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul (Stgr.) ; type and two other
@ 2, one with the upper surface more ochraceous in tone
than the type.

One of these specimens bears the trade name of Leis arpi,
but, as I cannot trace the name in print, I now publish the
species as new.

27. Serrodes curvilinea, sp.un: (Pl. V. figs. 2 ¢,3 2.)

fo .—50 mm.

Head, body, legs, and wings brown ; fore wing, tornal
area of hind wing, and rough hair on dorsum of abdomen
and base of hind wing shot with violet.

Fore wing with an outwardly oblique subbasal “dash from
costa; antemedial line represented by a quadrate brown
patch on costa at 5mm., with a fine brown line (deeply
angled outward on M, then inwardly oblique and thickened)
connecting it with a broad black-brown patch extending
to SM2, where it is broader than at M, then a less distinct
blackish line excurved to hind margin at 7 mm.; outer half
of median area brown (especially towards costa) with the
reniform upon it, which is an indistinct pale circle with
indications of two or three small pale spots round it ; post-
medial line deep brown, macular, placed on a broader pale

Noctuides in the Joicey Collection. 31

line, from costa at 13mm., slightly sinuous and excurved
to R3, where it forms a rounded angle, inwardly oblique to
fold, then slightly excurved to hind margin at 12mm.; an
indistinct row of dark subterminal spots, indicating a dentate
line ; slight terminal dots between the veins ; fringe brown,
with pale line at base.

Hind wing nearly unicolorous brown, except for the
purple sheen on base, abdominal margin, and tornal area;
fringe as on fore wing.

Underside of both wings pale brown, with indications of
diffused medial and postmedial lines; fringes a little darker
than the ground-colour, with a pale line at base.

?.—58mm. Marked as in the g, but with the pale
reniform circle whiter, more conspicuous, and with more
violet irroration on termen of hind wing (from about R! to
tornus) ; a slight, distally pale-edged postmedial line on
hind wing from about R? to near abdominal margin.

Underside darker than in @, with the lines slightly more
developed.

Sarawak: Bidi, 1907-1908 (C. J. Brooks); type and
LHe,

Possibly not a true Serrodes, the shape of the wings and
non-crenulate margins rather recalling Athyrma, from which,
however, it is distinguished by the absence of the crest on
basal segment of abdomen, the dorsum of abdomen being
clothed with rough woolly hair, as in true Serrodes. The
hair of ¢ hind tibia appears shorter than in typical Serrodes
(the ¢ is not in perfect condition), but in other respects it
seems to agree with that genus.

28. Rhesalides keiensis, sp. nu. (Pl. V. fig. 4.)

2? .—24 mm.

Head, body, palpus, and legs whitish grey, with some
tawny scales ; the tarsi shaded with fuscous.

Fore wing greyish-white, tinged with rufous, with a tawny
patch on dise and some fuscous subterminal shading; a
broad somewhat triangular blackish patch, defined by
ochreous, from behind discocellulars to hind margin, inter-
rupted on SM’, with its apex on hind margin; blackish
subbasal and antemedial spots at costa; orbicular a black
spot slightly defined by whitish ; reniform tawny, slightly
defined by blackish, erect, almost rectangular; postmedial
line from a blackish spot at about three-fifths costa, pale,
outwardly oblique to before M’, then strongly incurved to
hind margin at about three-fifths (defining the tawny and

32 On some Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection.

dark patches, with a few proximal dark scales from costa to
M! expanding to a small diffused patch behind R) ; sub-
terminal line indistinct, sinuous, defined by the fuscous
shade, incurved about SC, R?, and M2, angled outward on
R1, behind R3, and on SM?; a row of dark marginal spots
and a slight dark marginal line; fringe imperfect, apparently
chequered tawny and brown.

_Hind wing whitish, strongly diffused with fuscous-brown,
with slight pale postmedial and subterminal lines from about
middle of wing to abdominal margin; slight marginal spots
and line as on fore wing; fringe whitish chequered with
fuscous.

Underside of both wings whitish thickly irrorated with
fuscous except at hind margin of fore wing (which is whitish)
and on outer two-thirds of costa of fore wing (except at
apex) and inner two-thirds of costa of hind wing, which are
strongly tinged with deep ochreous; no clearly defined
markings except the marginal ones, which are as above.

Kei Is., Dec. 1916—Feb. 1917 (W.. J. C. Frost), 1 2.

Almost certainly a Rhesalides, near to admiraltensis,
Hmpsn. ; vein 5 of the hind wing is almost from middle’ of
discocellulars (being somewhat aberraut for an Ophiderid
species), but in other respects the structure seems to agree
perfectly.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate I?
Fig. 1. Lophoruza rubrimacula, sp. n., 3.
Fig, 2, Inthacodia picatina, sp. n., 3.
Fig. 3. Eutelia regalis, sp. n., 3.
Tug. 4, Strctoptera plumbeotincta, sp. n., 2.
‘ug. 5. Blenina brevicosta, sp. n., 2.
Ig. 6, Risoba obliqua, sp. n., 3d.
7a Beye philippinensis, subsp. n., Q.
Fig. 8. owgarra, sp. 0., d.
fig. 9. —— pipe
fig. 10. Hylophilodes pseudorientalis, sp. n., 2.
‘ig. 11. Carea leucozona, sp. n., 2.
fg. 12. Maceda mansueta rufimacula, subsp. n., 2.
PuateE II.
Fig. 1. Agonista endochrysa, Prout, 3.
Fig. 2. 7 ee
fig. 3. Achea ochrocraspeda, sp. n., 3.
Puate ITI.
Fig. 1. Achea ochrocrasped1, sp. n., Q.
Fig. 2 Jotceyi, sp. ny 2.

On Odonata from New Caledonia. 33

Fig. 3. Parallelia diffusa, sp. n., 3.
Fig. 4. Attatha barlowt, sp. n., 3.
Fig. 5. Safia hyalina, sp. n., 3.
Fig. 6. Zale plumbimaryo, sp. n., Q.
Fig. 7. Eleodes barnsi, sp. u., 3.

Puate IV.

. Plusia enescens, sp. n., 3d.
rubriflabellata, sp. n., 3.

. Hulodes hilaris, sp. n., 3.

. Platyja retrahens, sp. n., 2.

. Batracharta nigritoyata, sp. n., 3.

Fig.
ee Fig.

ig.
Fig.
Fig.

Our G9 bo

PuLaTE V.
Fig. 1. Blosyris arpi, sp. n., Q.
wg. 2. Serrodes curvilinea, sp. n., 3.
Fig. 3. —, 2.
Fig. 4, Rhesalides keiensis, sp. n., 9.

PLATE VI.

. Arcte papuensis, Warr.
. Cocytodes cerulea, Gu.
maura, Holl.

. Achea ablunaris, Gia.

Fig.
Fug.
Tg.
fig.

He CODD ee

Prate VII,

. Mimophisma delunaris, Gn.

. Parallelia conjunctura, Walk.
diffusa, sp. n.

humilis, Holl.

wsotima, Prout.

Fg.
Fxg.
Fug.
Tg.
Fig.

OU Oo bo

I].— Odonata collected in New Caledonia by the late
Mr. Paul D. Montague. By Hersert Campion.

[Plates VILL & 1X.]

Descriptions of a few of the Dragonflies occurring in New
Caledonia and the adjacent Loyalty Islands may be found
scattered through the writings of Father Montrouzier (1864),
Brauer (1865), De Selys (1871, 1877, and 1885), and
McLachlan (1886). In 1915 a special paper on ‘ Libellen
(Odonata) von Neu-Caledonien und den Loyalty-Inseln ”
was published by Dr. F. Ris in ‘Sarasin and Roux, Nova
Caledonia,’ Zool. uu. The collection upon which that
paper was based contained 14 species, 5 of which were
brought forward as new, whilst 6 more species known to.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 3

&

34 Mr. H. Campion on

occur there were enumerated, although not represented in
the collection. Argiolestes rouxi, Ris, however, may be
synonymous with a species previously described by Mon-
trouzier, while Rhyothemis graphiptera, Ramb., has been
evidently overlooked (Martin, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, xiv.
p. 221, 1901; Ris, Coll. Selys, Libell. p. 934, 1913). The
occurrence of 7ramea loewii, Brauer, doubtfully recorded by
De Selys (Mitt. Mus. Dresden, iii. p. 293, 1878), stands in
need of verification.

In 1914 large collections of insects were made in New
Caledonia by the late Mr. Paul D. Montague, and were
subsequently presented to the British Museum (Natural
History) by the mother of the collector. These include
18 species of Dragonflies, of which 5 appear to be un-
described. The most important are the representatives of
the subfamily Corduliine, in which group we find not only
the long-lost Synthemis miranda, Selys, but three new
species of the same genus as well, besides the unexpected
occurrence of a new Metaphya.

Among the Agrionidze, the material of Jsosticta is of the
greatest interest, as, in addition to yielding another new
species, it completes our knowledge of the two older but
im perfectly-known ones.

Of the 26 species definitely known to inhabit New
Caledonia, 12 appear to be endemic to that island or the
Loyalty group. ‘These are :—

Argiolestes sarasini, Ris.
ochraceus, Montrouzier.
uniseries, Ris. #
Trineuragrion percostale, Ris.
Isosticta spinipes, Selys.
robustior, Ris.
tiliyardi, sp. u.
Synthemis miranda, Selys.
montaguei, Sp. 1.
flexicauda, sp. uv.

—-— fenella, sp. 0.
Metaphya elongata, sp. ».

Of the remaining 14 species, three are both common and
peculiar to New Caledonia (with the Loyalty Islands) and
the New Hebrides, namely, Agriocnemis easudans, Selys,
Hemicordulia fidelis, Mclach., and Rhyothemis phyllis
apicalis, Kirby.

The presence of Synthemini provides a link with the

Odonata from New Caledonia. 3d

fauna of Fiji, which is the only other island in the Pacific
whence any member of the tribe has been recorded. At
the same time, Anacieschna jaspidea, Burm., and Diplacodes
trivialis, Ramb., both of which are well known in Iiji, have
never been met with in New Caledonia, although they might
have been expected to occur there.

In addition to New Caledonia, Hemicordulia oceanica,
Selys, has been recorded from Tahiti, the Tonga Islands,
and doubtfully from New Britain.

Ischnura heterosticta, Burm., Diplacodes bipunctata,
Brauer, and D. hematodes, Burm., are esseutially Australian
and Pacifie forms.

Orthetrum caledonicum, Brauer, Agrionoptera insiynis allo-
genes, Villyard, and Rhyothemis graphiptera, Ramb., are
found elsewhere on the Australian continent or in adjacent
islands, while Aischna brevistyla, Ramb., is common to New
Caledonia, Australia, and New Zealand.

Ischnura aurora, Brauer, ranges from Ceylon to Tahiti,
and Tramea limbata, Desj., mm its various forms, from
Senegal to Samoa. Finally, Pantala jlavescens, Fabr., has a
world-wide distribution.

Family Agrionide.
Subfamily Mdzearopacrioniv a.

Argiolestes sarasini, Ris.

1¢, Mt. Nekando, 29.11.14; 1 9, Mt. Nekando, ia Wee betes
1 g, Houailou R., 3-15. x1. 14.

Length of abdomen :—f¢, 41 (Mt. Nekando) to 43 mm.
(Houailou R.); 2, 84 mm.

Length of hind wing :— g, 345 (Houailou R ) to 35 mm.
(Mt. Nekando); ?, 31 mm.

All these specimens are considerably smaller than the
types, the dimensions of which are:—Abdomen: ¢ 48,
? 43mm. Hind wing: ¢ 39, 2? 40 mm.

Argiolestes ochraceus, Montrouzier.

Sympecma Ochracea, Montrouzier, Ann, Soc, Linn, Lyon, xi. p. 247

(1864).
Argiolestes rouxt, Ris, Nova Caledonia, Zool. ii. \p. 60, figs. 3 & 4 (1915)

1 g, Mt. Mou, 20. i. 14.(727) ; 1 ¢, Baie Ngo, 25. iv. 14;
2S, Mt. Canala, 13. vi. 14.
There can be no doubt that our species is the same as

that described by Ris, and there can be little doubt, either,
3%

36 Mr. H. Campion on

that both of them are identical with the insect which Mon-
trouzier erroneously referred to the genus Sympycna.
Montrouzier’s description is in the following terms :—

“ Sympecma Ochracea (Montrousier), Kanala. Long.,
0™,045-0™,050. Téte noire. Corselet jaune @’ocre avec une
ligne médiane et deux de chaque coté, noires. Les 5 premiers
Segments de Vabdomen jaune Cocre. Bout de Vabdomen,
Pieds, Parastigmas, noirs.”’

Brief as it is, the description is not free from maccuracies,
for it is really the first six segments of the abdomen, and
not the first five merely, which are ochraceous, and only two
of the remaining segments are black, the two terminal ones
being dull blue. At the same time, the species in question
is immediately recognisable, not only because of its large
size and striking scheme of coloration, but also by reason of
the densely-veined wings and the forcipate anal appendages
implied in the original generic reference.

The dimensions of Montague’s specimens are :—

NetViou wittrnes tren Abdomen 30°5 mm. Hind wing 26°5 mm.
(incl. anal append.).

RISING OMe tie enters Abdomen >40°'0 mm. ay Paes acelin
(bent in several places).

Mt. Canala (1).... Abdomen 42°5 mm. Nil es ene ang,

Mt, Canala (2).... s 425 ,, sie hg) UO A

In total length these specimens vary from 45 mm. to
52 mm., a somewhat greater difference than the range
indicated by Montrouzier (45-50 mm.). The measurements
given by Ris for the male sex (abdomen 43 mm., hind wing
29 mm.) agree fairly well with those of three of the males
in the present collection, but the specimen bearing the
earliest date, that from Mt. Mou, is considerably smaller
than the others.

In the wings of this species the anal crossing is variable
in position, and may be either before, at, or after the level of
the first antenodal.

Subfamily Prorowzvriw2z.

Genus Isosticra, Selys.

TIsosticta is typically a New Caledonian group, and both
of the two species which have been described from that
island were apparently met with by Mr. Montague. In
addition, he was fortunate enough to discover a third species,

Odonata from New Caledonia. au

which is evidently distinct from J. spinipes, Selys (the geno-
type), and J. robustior, Ris. This I have pleasure in naming
after my friend Dr. R. J. Tillyard, whose visit to London
in the summer of 1920 gave me an opportunity of dis-
cussing with him several matters of interest arising upon
Mr. Montague’s collection.

Although six species are now referred to Jsosticta in all,
I have not seen any of those which occur outside New
Caledonia.. It is not possible from the literature alone to
make a complete comparison between them in respect of the
labium, the hind margin of the prothorax, and the tibial
armature, but, as will be gathered from the following table,
they do not present any great uniformity in certain vena-
tional characters of importance. The anal appendages of
the male, so far as they are known, are likewise wanting in
that general likeness of form which usually characterises
the members of a natural genus. Tillyard’s description of
I. banksi was accompanied by some remarks on J. simplex
and J. spinipes (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8S. Wales, xxxvii.
pp. 432-3, 1913). After assuming that the genotype, “so
closely allied to 7. simplex in other respects, possessed also
appendages of a similar remarkable form,” he went on to
say that “we may fairly consider the form of the male
appendages to be a generic character, which may be stated
as follows: ‘ Both superior and inferior appendages of male
somewhat forcipate, the inferior pair prolonged beyond the
superior.’”? As we have since learned, the inferior appen-
dages of J. spinipes are neither forcipate- nor prolonged
beyond the superior, and consequently the proposed addition
to the generic definition cannot be accepted. Indeed, the
anal appendages of the two Australian species, I. simplex
and J. banks, differ in a marked degree from those of the
genotype and its congeners from New Caledonia.

As at present constituted, the genus Jsosticta includes
within its limits four groups of not entirely accordant
species :—

(1) Wings with M, separating well in advance of
the subnodus, and Cu, ending 4-8 (usually 5-6)
cells beyond the quadrangle; lower anal ap-
pendages of the male as long as the upper .... robustior, Ris.
(2) Wings with M, separating at or just before the
subnodus, and Cu, ending 1-2 cells beyond
the quadrangle; lower anal appendages of the
male conspicuously longer than the upper.
Upper appendages of g depressed ......., simplex, Martin.
Upper appendages of ¢ straight.......... banksi, Tillyard,
(3) Wings with M, separating at or just beyond the

38 Mr. H. Campion on

subnodus, and Cu, ending 2-3 (usually 2) cells
beyond the quadrangle ; lower anal appendages
of the male as long as the upper.

Upper appendages of 3 expanded dorso-

ventrally... 2m: oe je suis eke ero etegee mes tillyardi, sp. n.
Upper appendages of 3 not expanded dorso-
VOMtMAll yega's.« s7s.apsidesetohe ule eee la ate p fase spinipes, Selys.

(4) Wings with M; separating far beyond the sub-
nodus, and Cu, ending 1 cell beyond the
quadrangle; anal appendages of the male not
nO Wil ek och ote Rae ence eee tie esr filiformis, Ris,

Tsosticta tillyardi, sp. n.

1 3 (holotype), Mt. Canala, 13. vi. 14.

Length of abdomen 34 mm.; hind wing 21 mm.

Black, with a low metallic glaze.

Labium yellowish vhite; the anterior margin of the
median lobe produced into a pair of long narrow processes.
Labrum and clypeus blue-black, highly metallic. Genz
yellow. Hind margin of prothorax almost. straight [ap-
parently well elevated, but the posterior lobe has been split
transversely]. Meso-metathorax marked with pale yellow,
as follows :—A short broad band on the mesinfraepisternum
and the contiguous scierite as far as the spiracle; a long
broad band on the metinfraepisternum and the second lateral
suture ; a fine line bordering the inferior margin of the
metepimeron: the pectus with marginal streaks.

Wings hyaline. Venation black. Pterostigma c. 1 mm.
long, dark reddish brown ; the anterior margin conspicuously
longer than the posterior margin, and the distal margin
couspicuously longer and more oblique than the proximal
margin. M, arising a little beyond the subnodus, Rs a
little more remotely. Cu, ending two cells beyond the
quadrangle. _ Postnodals oe

Legs with spines relatively short. Coxe black and pale
yellow ; femora of fore and mid legs black, of hind legs
chocolate-brown; tibiz chocolate-brown above, brownish
yellow below ; tarsi chocolate-brown ; claws reddish brown.

Abdomen long and slender, somewhat inflated at segments
1-2 and 8-10; a tinge of chocolate-brown on some of the
segments dorsally ; 1 and 2 pale yellow at sides ; a pair of
lateral pale yellow spots at extreme base of 3-7, coming
more or less into dorsal view; on 8 and 9 and on part of 7
the tergites bordered with pale yellow interno-ventrally ;
10 wholly pale yellow below; in ventral view the anterior

Odonata from New Caledonia. 39

segments are mainly yellowish, with black at apex, while
most of the posterior segments are mainly blackish.
Anal appendages (fig. 1) longer than segment 10, but

Fig. 1.

Tsosticta tillyardi, sp. n., 3, holotype. Anal appendages, in left profile
view. Figs. 1-11, camera-lucida drawings by P. Highley.

shorter than segment 9; the superior pair, in dorsal view,
curved and convergent, broad at base, bluntly pointed at
apex. In profile view, very broad throughout, slightly
constricted near the middle, the inferior apical angle with
a large ovate process: a large triangular tooth, apparently
medio-basal in position, projecting ventrally : the inferior
pair little, if at all, longer than the superior ones. In ventral
view, expanded horizontally in the basal half, narrow in the
apical half, and ending in an inwardly-directed hook.

1 2? (allotype), Mt. Canala, 12. vi. 14.

Length of abdomen 382 mm. ; hind wing 23°5 mm.

Black, with a low metallic glaze. Clypeus metallic black ;
anterior margin of frons with a broad border of bright
yellow, interrupted in the middle; the second and third
joints of antenne yellowish. Head otherwise as in ¢.

Hind margin of prothorax (fig.3) not elevated, deeply trifid;
the median division quadrangular ; the lateral divisions
rounded. Meso-metathorax: humeral suture lined with
yellow; the whole of the metepimeron and most of the
metepisteruum yellow ; inferior surface wholly yellow.

Wings as in ¢, except that M; arises at (fore wings) or a

trifle before (hind wings) the subnodus, and Cu, invades the
; 14.13
third cell beyond the quadrangle. Postnodals oe

Legs largely yellowish; external surface of femora mainly

40 Mr. H. Campion on

black ; tibie with at least a black median streak externally ;
tarsi wholly black ; claws reddish. ;

Abdomen considerably stouter than in 2, slightly inflated
at segments 8 and 9; sides yellowish, with black rings at
most of the sutures; the yellowish coming into view dorsally,
as spots, at the extreme base of 3-6, at least ; ventral
surface mainly yellowish.

Fig. 2.

Isosticta robustior, Ris, d. Anal appendages, in left profile view
(Mt. Canala). Detail from Mt. Koghi specimen, showing longer sub-
apical spine on superior appendage.

Fig. 3.

Isosticta tillyardi, sp. n., 2 , allotype.
Hind margin of prothorax, in dorsal view.

Anal appendages shorter than segment 10, directed a little
downwards ; in dorsal view, subtriangular, bluntly pointe
at apex, slightly convergent. ‘

Ovipositor projecting so far beyond the end of the abdo-
men as to be conspicuously visible in dorsal view ; anterior
processes glossy black; valves yellowish; styles black.

Notwithstanding that the female from Mt. Koghi, which I

Odonata from New Caledonia. 41

name J. spinipes, agrees well with the holotype male of
I. fillyardi in its thoracic pattern and in having Cu, ending
two cells beyond the quadrangle, I am led to associate the
Mt. Canala female with the male in question by the under-
mentioned points of greater resemblance :—The shorter
abdomen and hind wings, the fewer postnodals, the less
numerous cells between the origin of M, and the origin of
M,,. The agreement in the place and month of capture are
also worthy of note.

Tsosticta spinipes, Selys.
1 2 (allotype), Mt. Koghi, 10. iv. 14 (874) (¢ hitherto
unknown).
Length of abdomen 32°5 mm. ; hind wing 24°5 mm.
This specimen is almost identical in coloration with the

Fig, 4.

TIsosticta spinipes, Selys, 9, allotype.
Hind margin of prothorax, in dorsal view.

female from Mt. Canala which I have attributed to J. tilly-
ardi, but the metepisternum is entirely black behind the
metastigma, as in the male of the new species. I do not
attach any great importance to the length of the meta-
stigmatic colour-line, as in one of the females of J. robustior
in the present collection the line terminates at the meta-
stigma, while in the other it is prolonged far beyond it.
The two females are readily distinguished from one another
by structural characters. In what I regard as /. spinipes the
hind margin of the prothorax (fig. 4) has a shorter and
broader median projection ; the abdomen is slenderer; the
ovipositor is shorter, little more than the styles being visible

in dorsal view; the postnodals are more numerous Goa ;

42 Mr. H. Campion on

and Cu, ends exactly two cells beyond the quadrangle, or at
most barely enters the third cell.

It is a far more difficult matter correctly to associate these
females with their respective males, but the one from
Mt. Koghi agrees better with the two existing descriptions

of the ie of J. spinipes in its larger size, the more

3.4
numerous postnodals, and the greater number of cells os 3

between the origin of M, and the origin of My,.

Tsosticta robustior, Ris.

13, Mt. Koghi, 10. iv. 14 (872);1¢, Mt. Canala, 14. vi. 14.

The species being founded upon two males Jacking the
terminal segments of the abdomen, a description of the
entire insect is now given.

Length of abdomen 37 (Canala) to 37°5 (Koghi) mm. ;
hind wing 24 mm.

Black, with a low metallic glaze. Labium yellowish
white; the anterior margin of the median lobe produced into
a pair of long narrow processes. Labrum and clypeus
highly metallic. Gene yellowish or greenish.

Hind margin of prothorax entire, elevated, rounded.
Meso-metathorax marked with yellow or yellowish white as
follows :—A very fine line at the humeral suture ; a short,
rather broad band anterior to and ending at the metastigma;
a rather broad band on the metepimeron, bordering the
second lateral suture, connected with which anteriorly is a
fine line following the inferior margin ; ; a stripe along the
inferior margin of the metinfraepisternum : the pectus with
a longitudinal median line, dilated and bifid posteriorly.

Wings hyaline. Venation black. Pterostigma c. 1°5 mm.
long, dark brown, pale round the edges; the anterior margin
conspicuously longer than the posterior margin, aud the
distal margin conspicuously longer and more oblique than
the proximal margin. Rs arising at the subnodus, M; well
in Les of it. Cu, long, extending im all eight wings
about 54 cells beyond thie Fase rs Postnodals in fore
wings 14-17 (Canala) or 15 (Koghi); in hind wings 12
(13 in one wing, Koghi).

Legs black ; the coxe and femora pale brown inferiorly.

Abdomen very long and slender, somewhat inflated at
segments 1-2 and 8-10; the dorsum entirely destitute of
any pale markings ; pale brown beneath.

Anal appendages (fig. 2) longer than segment 10, but
shorter than segment 9, The superior pair, in dorsal view,
straight, very broad near the base, somewhat acutely pointed

Odonata from New Caledonia. 43

at apex; on the inferior surface a long pointed tooth near
the base directed downwards, and a similarly-directed spine
or bristle, variable in length, near the apex. The inferior
pair little, if at all, longer than the superior; seen from
above, convergent, very broad, concave, rounded at tip. In
profile view, very broad basally, slender and somewhat
upceurved apically.

1 2 (allotype), Mt. Canala, 12. vi. 14 (¢ hitherto un-
known).

Length of abdomen 33 mm. ; hind wing 25 mm.

Coloured like the ¢, except where otherwise stated.

Prothorax with a pair of longitudinal reddish bands, in
line with the antehumeral bands on the meso-metathorax,
hind margin (fig. 5) deeply trifid; the divisions obtusely

Tsosticta robustior, Ris, 2, allotype.
Hind margin of prothorax, in dorsal view.

pointed, not elevated. Meso-metathorax with a pair of short
reddish antehumeral bands, continuing the similar bands on
the prothorax ; the band on the metepisternum prolonged
backwards far beyond the metastigma and nearly reaching
the base of the thorax.

Wings asin @, except that in the hind wings Cu, extends
only five cells beyond the quadrangle, or even less. Post-
nodals in fore wings 15-16; in hind wings 12-138.

Legs mainly black or blackish ; coxz entirely, and femora
largely, pale brown ; spines on femora longer than those on
tibie.

Abdomen shorter and stouter than in @, and of equal
thickness throughout its length.

Anal appendages very short, hardly, if at all, longer than
segment 10, straight, directed a little downwards ; in dorsal
view, subtriangular, bluntly pointed at apex.

Ad Mr. H. Campion on

Ovipositor projecting a little beyond the end of the
abdomen ; anterior processes translucent, dark reddish
brown ; valves pale yellowish proximally, mostly blackish
distally ; styles black, with a pale hair projecting from the
apex.
ae second female, from Mt. Koghi, 10. iv. 14 (873), has a
longer abdomen (34°5 mm.) than the allotype, and fewer
postnodal cross-veins (14 in the fore wings and 12 in the
hind). In only one wing is Cu, of the same length as in the
males ; in both forewings it 1s fully six cells long, while in
the remaining hind wing, which is also abnormal in other
respects, it reaches the distal boundary of the eighth cell.

It may be pointed out that J. robustior has interesting
relationships with several Australian members of the
Protoneurine. In respect of venation, Ris has already
pointed out that it might well go into the genus Neosticta,
but for the more proximal position of the anal crossing in
our species. The upper anal appendages, including the
inferior tooth, are not very unlike those of Nososticta solida,
Selys, although the lower appendages are quite different.

Subfamily Agrrowraz.
Ischnura heterosticta, Burm.

1 ¢, Houailou R., 23. x1. 14.

This specimen, which lacks four segments of the abdomen,
has been seen by Dr. Tillyard, and, identified by him as an
andromorphic female.

Agriocnemis exsudans, Selys.
3 o, Mt. Canala, 14. vi.14; 1 ¢, Up. Houailou, 3. xii. 14.

This species was described from a unique male from
New Caledonia, and appears to be the Oceanic representative
of A. argentea, Tillyard,from Queensland. It is also known
to occur in the New Hebrides, and the anal appendages have
been figured by Tillyard from males received from that
archipelago (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, xxxvii. p. 461,
pl. xlvii. figs. 13, 14, 1913). The superior appendages,
however, are shown with ‘a large basal black patch,”
whereas the two unbroken specimens from Mt. Canala have
the upper appendages unicolorous reddish brown. In this
respect our material agrees with the type, and the New
Hebrides form has evidently taken on a local character.
De Selys compared his very adult type of A. exsudans with
what he considered to be A. pygmea, Ramb., although he

Odonata from New Caledonia. 45

failed to notice the difference in the form of the posterior
lobe of the prothorax, which is more quadrangular in ewsudans
than in the other insect. But for this and the wholly
different anal appendages, it would be difficult to distinguish
our specimens of evsudans from material of the so-called
pygmea from Seychelles with which I have confronted them *.

‘The resemblance between the two species, which is at all
times very close, is accentuated by the present comparison,
for all four males of exsudans are free from the pruimosity
on head, thorax, and femora which characterises the type-
specimen, and one of the two which retain the last three
segments of the abdomen have them coloured reddish brown,
as 1h pygmeda.

Family Libellulide.
Subfamily Corpvriy2.
Hemicordulia oceanica, Selys.

1 6, Plaine des Laes, 18.11. 14 (264).

This species was originally described from Tahiti, and the
British Museum possesses a male collected in that island
during the visit of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ in 1875. The fact,
however, was not mentioned in Kirby’s paper on tie
Neuroptera of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition (Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. (5) xiii. pp. 453-6, 1884).

1 2, Baie Ngo, 25.iv. 14.

Martin refers to a “ 2 incompléte” in the De Selys
Collection (Coll. Selys, Cord. p. 12, 1906), but the only
description of that sex which seems to be available is that
given by Ris of an individual from New Britain doubtfully
referred to H. uceanica (Nova Guinea, ix., Zool. p. 503, 1913).
As our specimen from New Caledonia is in good condition,
aud is doubtless to be associated with the male in the same
collection, a brief account of it is subjoined.

Length of abdomen 37 mm.; hind wing 345 mm.;
pterostima 2 mm.

Labium yellow; labrum yellow to brownish yellow ;
clypeus greenish yellow; frons hairy, orange anteriorly,
metallic green above. Vertex orange, partially overlaid with
metallic green. Occipital triangle orange, very hairy.
Antennes black.

* Males of this species from Seychelles do not seem to show any

essential points of difference from males of 4. hyacinthus, Tillyard, from
Queensland, which Dr, Tillyard has been kind enough to send me.

46 Mr. H. Campion on

Meso-metathorax very hairy, both above and at sides pale
green, with a rather low metallic glaze ; pale brown beneath.
Wings uniformly tinged with brown ; venation, including
the costa, black; pterostigma dark reddish brown ;

membranule cinereous. Antenodals ra Postnodals a

Legs black ; femora of fore legs largely pale brown, of mid-
legs reddish brown below.

Abdomen inflated at segment 2, slightly constricted at 3 ;
dorsum with a low metallic glaze, chocolate-brown proximally,
passing into black at 4; 10 apparently greenish brown, both
dorsally and laterally : some ill-defined pale brown markings
at sides of segments 1-5 ; sides of 6-8 with a better-defined,
broad, longitudinal, pale brown stripe, apparently ceasing
before the apical margin of each segment ; sides of 9 with a
triangular, basal, pale brown spot. Supra-anal tubercle
of moderate size, black. Anal appendages about as long as
segment 9, black, straight, fusiform, convergent. Vulvar
lamina not projecting conspicuously, about a quarter as long
as segment 9 ; deeply bifid, each lobe triangular.

Hemicordulia fidelis, MacLachlan.

1 go, Mt. Canala, 12. vi. 14.

Length of abdomen 383°5 mm.; hind wing 32 mm. ;
pterostigma <2 mm.

Antenodals ae Postnodals a

Originally described from the ‘Loyalty Islands, and
subsequently recorded from New Caledonia, Hemicordulia
fidelis also occurs in the New Hebrides. In the British
Museum Collection there are two males from the island of
Tanna, in the last-named archipelago, collected in April 1875,
and presented by W. Wykeham Perry, of H.M.S. ‘ Pearl.’
In one of them the hind wing measures 31°5 mm. and in
the other 33 mm.

1 ¢?, Noumea, 24.1. 14 (No. 106).

Length of abdomen 87 mm.; hind wing 35 mm.;
pterostigma 2mm.

Antenodals ;+;. Postnodals = :

Particulars of the female sex were first given by Martin,
from material in his own colleetion (Coll. Selys, Cord. p. 12,
1906), and his description applies better to the specimen
before us than does the later account furnished by Ris. As
regards coloration, some of the discrepancies observed may
be due to the teneral condition of our specimen; and the

Odonata from New Caledonia. 47

shrivelled state of the abdomen, likewise due to immaturity,
precludes the proper examination of the vulvar lamina and
the supra-anal tubercle. The abdomen is conspicuously
longer (37 mm.) than that of Ris’s insect (381 mm.), but the
measurement given by Martin (84mm.) is just mid-way
between them. In respect of the length of the hind wing,
however, our specimen agrees exactly with Ris’s (35 mm.),
whereas Martin’s measurement (31-5 mm.) is considerably
less. The brown cloud in the fore wings, lying between the
nodus and the apex, is a very characteristic feature of the
female of A. fidelis, and is not observable in the same sex of
H. oceanica, the only other representative of the genus known
to occur in New Caledonia.

Genus SyntuHemtis, Selys.

So far, the only species of Synthemis or any allied genus
known from New Caledonia has been the large and beautiful
one named by De Selys Synthemis miranda. The discovery
of the unique specimen, a broken female lacking segments
6-10 of the abdomen, was due to Father Montrouzier, who
is chiefly remembered by entomologists for his contibutions
to our knowledge of the Coleoptera and Rhynchota of New
Caledonia and Woodlark Island. The original description,
published in 1871, has been supplemented by M. René Martin,
who has given us a photograph of the wing-venation and a
coloured figure of the entire specimen (Coll. Selys, Cord.
p- 82, pl. m1. fig. 19, 1906). In two respects, howéver, the
coloured figure is at variance with De Selys’s description,
inasmuch as it represents the lateral thoracic stripes as green,
instead of yellow, and the ground-colour of the abdomen as
brown, instead of steely black. The only other collector to
obtain the species has been Mr. Montague, whose researches
have not only completed our knowedge of it in both its sexes,
but have also revealed the co-existence of three additional and
undescribed species of the same genus. The re-discovery
of Synthemis miranda in New Caledonia is an event of
considerable interest, and incidentally sets at rest doubts
which have been entertained in some quarters concerning the
true habitat of the species. Those doubts were the outcome
of a tradition to the effect that the type was found by De
Selys in a milliner’s shop in Paris, where it was adorning a
lady’s hat. It is not easy to understand how such a tradition
could ever have arisen, or gained any measure of credence,
when it is remembered that De Selys himself expressly
declared that he received the specimen through Father
Montrouzier from New Caledonia.

48 Mr. H. Campion on

Synthemis miranda was placed by De Selys in a separate
“oroupe”’ of the genus, by reason of its possessing broad,
extensively-coloured wings, in which the triangles and fore-
wing subtriangle are divided into two or three cells. The
fresh material which has now come to haud shows that the
venational character 1s the only one of systematic importance,
the great width of the wings being proper to the female sex
in this and allied species. The suffusion with yellowish and
brown of the basal half of each wing is merely an individual
character of the type, for in the three new specimens the deep
coloration never extends outwards beyond the level of the
arculus.

The section of the genus of which S. miranda is the typical
species appears to be peculiar to New Caledonia, and will
include, in addition to itself, two new species to be described
herein, namely, S. montaguet and S. flecicauda. It comprises
species of large size, characterised by their densely
reticulated wings, by the fore wings having the triangle
regularly divided into two cells and the subtriangle into
three cells, and by the males having white tips to their
upper anal appendages.

In respect of the reticulation of their fore-wing triangles,
the three large species from New Caledonia are the most
archaic members of the Synthemini. Jn other species of
that tribe it is not unusual for cross-veins to occur in the
triangles, and I have received from Dr. Tillyard a female of
Eusynthemis guttata aurolineata, Till., in which the triangles
of the fore wings exactly reproduce ‘the conditions obtaining
in the Oceanic forms. But such individual cases are
evidently due to the accidental reappearance of an ancestral
character, whereas their presence is quite constant in the ten
specimens from New Caledonia which are now known to us.

The position of the hind-wing triangle in relation to the
arculus is very variable in the Synthemini. In none of the
New Caledonian species is the base of the triangle removed
quite as far as the middle of the supertriangle, while in
S. flevicauda it is retracted to about a third of the super-
triangle’s length.

The antenodal cross-veins in these and other Synthemini
exhibit two characters which one would expect to find
associated with the Alschnide, rather than the Libellulidee.
One is the presence in all wings of an incomplete antenodal
at the extreme base of the subcostal space, proximal to
the first of the regular antenodals. In the second place, the
autenodals of the first series do not always coincide with
those of the second series; but exact coincidence, accompanied

Odonata from New Caledonia. 49

by decided hypertrophy, frequently occurs in the case of the
first and third of them. Both the basal subcostal cross-vein
and the hypertrophied antenodals occur in all the four species
from New Caledonia, not even excepting the small, open-
veined one, S. fenella,

Those two characters emphasise the close relationship
subsisting between the Synthemini and the Alschnide.
Indeed, S. miranda, S. montaguei, and S. flexicauda may be
regarded as the most archaic Corduliinz vet discovered, and
the nearest to the ancestral Alschnid or Alschnid-like stock,
In the presence of cross-veins in the median space, they
remind one more particularly of the Chlorogomphine, and
the wings in that subfamily exhibit the same kind of sexual
dimorphism as in Synthemis in respect of the complexity of
the anal loop, as well as the width of the wings. Furthermore,
the males of Chlorogomphine possess the peculiar tibial keel
which is found alone in themselves and the Corduliine. It
was characteristic of De Selys that his unerring instinct
immediately led him to compare Synthemis miranda with
Chiorogomphus magnificus. Tillyard has drawn attention to
the close similarity which the nymph of Synthemis bears to
that of Cordulegaster, but it would not be surprising to find
that it will present at least an equally great resemblance to
Chlorogomphus or Orogomphus, whenever a nymph of one of
those genera becomes known.

Synthemis regina* is the true representative in the
Australian fauna of S. miranda and its New Caledonian allies.
For one thing, it is the nearest to them in point of size.
Then, the anal loop in its hind wings consists of two
enclosures in the male and three enclosures in the female
sex, asin S.miranda. Furthermore, the resemblance to that
species extends to important abdominal characters, such as
the anal appendages and dorsal spine of the male and the
ovipositor of the female. ‘The existence of such a clear link
between the three species before us and the more typical
members of Synthemis seems to render it inadvisable to

* Synthemis regina, in both its sexes, was described by De Selys from
“ Queensland” material in the “‘ Musée brit. et collect. MacLachlan.”
The well-preserved male in the National Collection, ticketed “N.S.W.,”
and carrying De Selys’s identification-label, I regard as the holotype, and
have marked it accordingly. I have done this, notwithstanding the dis-
crepancy in the locality, and the presence in the MacLachlan Collection
of an incomplete male labelled ‘ Queensland” (on white paper) and (in
De Selys’s handwriting) “ Synthemis regina de Selys¢” (on pink paper).
The allotype is undoubtedly the female in the same private collection,
carrying white and pink labels inscribed in the same way (except for the
changed sex symbol) as the paratype male.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 4.

50 Mr. H. Campion on

erect any new genus to receive the Oceanic forms. Another
reason against generic separation may be found in the fact
that S. fenelia, notwithstanding its apparent distinctness, is
evidently closely related to its larger congeners in the same
island, for in all four species the hamule is of the same
characteristic form. Viewed in profile, that organ is more
or less definitely sickle-shaped, and projects conspicuously
from the second abdominal segment, a condition of things
which has no parallel in any other Synthemini I have been
able to examine.

It may not be without significance that all the extra-
Australian species of the Synthemis group which have been
made known belong to the genus Synthemis, as restricted by
the latest reviser. These are S. primigenia, Forster, and
S. wollastoni, Campion, from New Guinea ; S. macrostigma,
Selys, from Fiji; and S. miranda, with the three new species
to be brought forward herein, from New Caledonia. The
remaining genera, Husynthemis, Choristhemis, and Synthemio-
psis, appear to occur only in continental Australia or the
dependent island of Tasmania. It may be also worthy of
notice that, while the genus Synthemis itself contains all the
largest insects included in the group Synthemini, the species
of greatest dimensions within the genus have an extra-
Australian distribution. Even 8S. macrostigma, although
only of moderate size, has its biggest representatives in Fiji
and its smallest in 8.W. Australia.

Synthemis miranda, Selys.

3 (allotype), Mt. Mou, 9. 111. 14 (No. 464).

Length of abdomen 51 mm. ; hind wing 39 mm.

Head very hairy. Labium metallic black. Labrum metallic
black, with a patr of large round golden spots near the
middle. Clypeus whitish. Frons metallic blue-black, with
a large whitish spot on each side, in the angle formed by the
clypeus and theeye. Vertex metallic blue-black. Antenne

metallic black; the tip whitish. Occipital triangle metallic
blue-black.

Prothorax black. :

Meso-metathorax chocolate-brown above; below the
humeral suture metallic black, with green and _ purple
reflections; on each side an uninterrupted white stripe, of
moderate width, enclosing the metastigma ; a broader white
stripe crossing the metepimeron.

Wings (PI. VIII. fig. 12) hyaline, with a trace of yellow
at the base, especially of the hind wing. Costa black, with

Odonata from New Caledonia. 51

a white dorsal spot at base; other veins also black.
Pterostigma 3 mm. long, dark reddish brown, unbraced.
Membranule of hind wing nearly as long as the anal triangle,

smoky. Antenodals of the costal series 5*;3. Postnodals

LOL . : : i Sens 5
13.13: CYOSs-veins in median space ;~,; in cubito-anal space
8.8 ° ae 2.2 . c 76

6-7 3m supertriangle ;~ ; and in bridge space sree Areulus
straight or nearly so, arising between the third and fourth
antenodals,

Fig. 6.

Synthemis miranda, Selys, 3, allotype.
Anal appendages, in dorsal view.

Discoidal area in fore wings commencing with three cells,
followed by two rows of cells as far as the level of base of
bridge. Discoidal area in hind wings beginning with four or
five large single cells. Anal loop in hind wings double, the
distal enclosure containing eight cells, and the proximal
enclosure four cells.

Legs black; tibial keel and femur of fore legs posteriorly
whitish.

Abdomen very slender, a little constricted at segment 3

4%

52 Mr. H. Campion on

and between segments 8 and 9. Black, with yellow markings
on segments 2-7 as follows:—On 2 a pair of transverse
lines, rising upwards from the auricles, but not meeting
at the mid-dorsal carina, and a pair of transverse linear
spots placed immediately behind them on the dorsum ; on 3-7
a pair of large round or oval dorsal spots near the middle of
the segment, supplemented on 3 and 4 by a pair of smaller
rounded spots at the base. Auricles yellow. A large, erect,
pointed, black spine on the dorsum of 10.

Fig. 7.

Synthemis miranda, Selys, 3, allotype.
Anal appendages, in left profile view.

Upper anal appendages (figs. 6&7) 4mm. long; in
dorsal view, broad, almost straight, with an acute internal
black spine at about mid-length, followed first by an
emargination, and then by a dilatation ; black as far as the
emargination, pale yellowish beyond. Lower anal appendage
about two-thirds as long as the upper, curving upwards
to the level of the superior appendages, ending in a pair of

Odonata from New Caledonia. 53

lateral tubercles, metallic dark reddish brown above, black
below.

&, Mt. Mou, 20. 111. 14 (724).

Differs from the description of the allotype in respect of
the characters mentioned hereunder :—

Length of hind wing 38 mm.

A pair of round golden spots on the anterior surface of
the frons. (Similar spots are dimly discernible in the allo-
type, but are not visible at all in any of the female specimens.)
Antenodals of the costal series SS. Postnodals ean
Cross-veins in median space $4; in cubito-anal space $4 ;

ee
1

in supertriangle ;~;; and in bridge space 2:*. In the dis-
coidal area of the fore wings the undivided cells continue
almost to the level of the origin of M3. Discoidal area in
hind wings beginning with 5 or 6 large single cells. Distal
enclosure of anal loop in hind wings containing 7 cells.

The superior anal appendages of S. miranda are much like
those of S. regina, but they may be distinguished from them
and the appendages of all other Synthemini by the présence
of the slender internal spine upon each of them.

32, Mt. Mou, 10-20. iii. 14.

Head and thorax as in male.

Wings tinged with brown; bases suffused with saffron,
which is especially dense in the subcostal space, as far as the
third or fourth antenodal in the fore wings and the second
or third in the hind wings. Costa black, with a white
dorsal spot at base; other veins also black. . Pterostigma
3°5 long, dark reddish brown, unbraced. Membranule of
hind wing long, smoky. Arculus arising between the third
and fourth antenodals. Discoidal area in fore wings com-
mencing with three cells, followed by two rows of cells about
as far as the level of base of bridge. Discoidal area in hind
wings mostly filled with double cells as far as the level of the
origin of the bridge. Anal loop in hind wing in three
divisions.

Legs black ; coxa and femur of fore legs largely whitish.

Abdomen tapering from segment 1 to segment 6, inflated
from 7 to 10: metallic black, with yellowish markings on
2-7, as follows :—On 2 a large longitudinal spot on each
side, sending up from its distal end a rather narrow line
towards, but not reaching, the mid-dorsal line; on 3-7 a

54 Mr. H. Campion on

pair of rounded spots, separated by the mid-dorsal carina,
placed more or less centrally, supplemented on 3-5 by a pair
of spots, forming more or less of a basal ring, interrupted
mid-dorsally.

Anal appendages subcylindrical, obtusely pointed, slightly
convergent, and upturned, pale yellow, black at base.

Ovipositor (fig. 8) black, not reaching beyond the middle
of segment 9, straight, and ‘not projecting very far below the
abdomen ; the anterior processes ovate; the median pro-
cesses linear, shorter than the anterior ones, and more or
less fused with them.

One of the females, dated 20th March, is evidently
immature, and has possibly been kept in spirit. The
abdomen is much shrunken and greatly compressed laterally,
and the wings, save for the basal suffusion, are entirely
hyaline. The other female of the same date is fully adult,

Synthemis miranda, Selys, 2. Terminal segments of abdomen,
in left profile view, showing ovipositor.

like the third specimen. All three females differ from the
type, in respect that the coloured area in the wings in no
case extends beyond the level of the arculus, instead of
reaching to and even beyond the nodus.

In De Selys’s type the hind wing is 44 mm. long, and it
will be observed that, as determined by this criterion, two of
Mr. Montague’s specimens are smaller than the type, while
the third (the one dated 10th March) is a trifle larger.

De Selys’s description of the “lévre supérieure” as
“jaundtre, largemeut bordée et traversée de noir” scarcely
applies to any of the five specimens before us, whether male
or female, since all. of them have the labrum wholly back,
save only for two golden spots.

As far as size and venational characters are concerned, the
principal points of difference between the three females of

Odonata from New Caledonia. 55

Synthemis miranda obtained by Mr. Montague can be stated
in tabular form, as hereunder :—

2 No.l Q No.2 (724) 2 No.3 (726)

(10. iii. 14). “(20.ii. 14). (20. iii. 14).
Length of abdomen ...... 51:0+2°5 47 5-+-2:0 47:5 +-2:0
Length of hind wing .... 44:5 2:0 42-0
Antenodals (costal series) . . Zoe 17M a et!
14.14 ieee i.
Pastnod als’... ties nc sale: el 11 . 10 11 . 10
13.13 11.13 13. 13
Cross-veins in median space. at, ae ele
4.5 4.4 4.4
. . . Qg g
Cubito-anal cross-veins .... ees ue Led
8.8 Tet ree:
Cross-veins in supertriangle. uals o2 pee.
* aD DP ae
Bridse vem ss nalts fe se ee ~ a8
6.6 5.6 o.6
Anal loop in hind wing :—
. I = rn
Distal enclosure ,,.... 21-23 12°12 16:18
Middle enclosure ..., 10°10 76 10:8
Proximal enclosure .. 8-9 54 6:6

Synthemis montaguet, sp. n.

1 g, holotype, Mt. Mou, 10. i. 14 (No. 488).

Length of abdomen 51 mm. ; hind wing 43 mm.

Labium pale reddish brown ; labrum pale reddish brown,
the inferior margin broadly edged with black ; anteclypeus
pale yellow; postclypeus yellowish brown, at each side a
large yellowish-white spot, edged with black below. Frons
yellowish brown in front ; anterior third of summit
yellowish brown, posterior two-thirds metallic blue-black ;
hairy. Vertex dark steely blue, very hairy. Antenne black.
Occipital triangle metallic black.

[ Prothorax not visible.]

Meso-metathorax without spots or stripes, dark metallic
brown, with chocolate reflections on dorsum and green
reflections at sides.

Wings (PI. VIII. fig. 13) hyaline, with a trace of brown
at the base of the subcostal space. Costa golden anteriorly,
with a pale dorsal spot at the base; other veins black.
Pterostigma nearly 4 mm. long, dark reddish brown, weakly
braced. Membranule of hind wing not quite as long as the
anal triangle, smoky white. Venation dense. A basal sub-
costal cross-vein in each wing. Antenodals of the costal

: 23 . 24 12.11 : . =
series j--j;. Postnodals ;=—;. Cross-veins in median space

56 Mr. H. Campion on

5.5 ° . LOPAOR y= ‘ Shah
713 in cubito-anal space ~~, ; in supertriangle 5-5; and

in bridge space /**. Arculus in the fore wing very oblique,
in the hind wing more vertical; in all the wings straight,
and placed at or near the level of the fourth antenodal of
the first series. Triangle of the fore wings two-celled, sub-
triangle three-celled. Triangles of the hind wings with one
curved cross-veln in each ; the convex side of the cross-vein

Fig. 9.

Synthemis montaguei, sp. n., ¢, holotype.
Anal appendages, in dorsal view.

directed postero-basally. Discoidal area in the fore wings
commencing with three cells, followed by double cells to a
point between the level of the separation of M,,. and the
level of the nodus. Discoidal area in the hind wings with
at first two rows of cells, giving place to increasingly dense
rows of cells before the level of the nodus. Anal loop in the
hind wing consisting of two enclosures, the primary (distal)

Odonata from New Caledonia. 57

loop containing eight cells, and the secondary (proximal)
loop from four to six cells.

Legs dark reddish brown; coxe and tibial keels pale
brown.

Abdomen a little constricted at segment 3 and between
segments 8 and 9. Dorsum of segment 1 and basal third cf
segment 2, auricles, and lateral and ventral aspects of all
the segments dark reddish brown. Dorsum of the distal
two-thirds of segment 2 and segments 3-10 black, with
yellow markings on 2-8 as follows :—On 2 a pair of trans-
verse lines followed immediately by a pair of subquadrate
spots, both pairs interrupted mid-dorsally; on 3 and 4 a
pair of basal spots, forming more or less part of a-ring, and
a pair of central spots somewhat rounded and almost
touching one another mid-dorsally ; on 5, 6, and 7 a pair of
rounded spots, similar to those on 3 and 4, but placed rather
more proximally and separated more decidedly by the mid-
dorsal carina; on 8 a pair of large elongated spots.

Upper anal appendages (fig. 9) about 4 mm. long; in
dorsal view wavy, dilated internally before the middle, then
emarginate, and dilated again just before the apex, which
is rather obtuse; fuscous as far as the central dilatation,
whitish beyond, the apex edged with fuscous: in lateral
view curving gently downwards and then upwards again,
stout, rather slender at base. Lower appendage about two-
thirds as long as the upper appendages, curving gently
upwards, triangular in dorsal view, very dark reddish brown,
glossy.

I have the honour of dedicating this very fine species’ to
the memory of its discoverer, who afterwards gave his life
in the cause of freedom on the battlefields of Macedonia.
It is immediately recognised from all other Synthemini by
the absence from the meso-metathorax of any pale spots
or stripes.

Synthemis flexicauda, sp. vu.

3 (holotype), Mt. Nekando, 24. v. 14.

Length of abdomen 45°5 mm. ; hind wing 37 mm.

Labium creamy, crossed vertically by three dark bands.
Labrum glossy black. Clypeus creamy, with a pair of black
spots, elongated transversely, near the frons. Frons hairy,
glossy black, with a pair of large, reniform, creamy spots
occupying the greater part of the anterior surface. Vertex
hairy, glossy black. Base of antenne black [the bristle
missing]. Occipital triangle hairy, glossy black.

58 Mr. H. Campion on

Prothorax chocolate-brown, widely bordered with yellow
anteriorly.

Meso-metathorax metallic chocolate-brown, with some
greenish reflections laterally ; mid-dorsal carina yellow ;
on each side a broad, uninterrupted, creamy stripe, enclosing
the metastigma ; another broad creamy stripe crossing the
metepimeron.

Fig. 10.

Synthemis flexicauda, sp. n., 3, holotype.
Anal appendages, in dorsal view.

Wings (Pl. VIII. fig. 14) slightly tinged with brown.
Costa yellow anteriorly, without any pale dorsal spot at
base; other veins black. Pterostigma 3°5 mm. long, dark
reddish brown, weakly braced. Membranule of hind wing
as long as the anal triangle, brownish. Antenodals of the

: 18.19 11.12 Z : :
costal series j3-73. Postnodals j,43. Cross-veins in median

Odonata from New Caledonia. 59

space ; = 3 vi pubes anal space if Be supertriangle » 3; and

in bridge space 5° >. Arculus slightly bowed towards base of
wing, arising between third and fourth antenodals. Dis-
coidal area in fore wings commencing with four cells,
followed by two rows of cells as far as the level of base of
bridge. Discoidal area in hind wings first with two large
cells and then with about four double cells before the multi-
plied rows of cells begin. Anal loop in hind wing double,
the primary (distal) enclosure containing eight to nine cells
and the secondary (proximal) enclosure four cells.

Legs dark reddish brown; coxz, femora internally, and
tibial keels creamy [hind legs missing |.

Abdomen somewhat fusiform; a little constricted at
segment 3 and between segments 8 and 9. Auricles and
segment | dark reddish brown. Segments 2-10 black, with
creamy or yellow markings as follows:—On 2 a pair of
rounded spots, almost central in position; on 38-8 a pair
of basal spots, forming more or less of a ring, except on 8,
where they are much reduced and wider apart, and a pair of
somewhat rounded spots near the middle, becoming pro-
gressively smaller, more transversely linear, more widely
separated, and more retracted towards the base of the
segment.

Upper anal appendages (fig. 10) a little over 5 mm. long ;
in dorsal view slightly divergent in the basal half, then more
sharply convergent, and ending by the tips becoming dilated,
parallel, and almost in contact with one another; fuscous in
the first three-fifths and whitish beyond: in lateral view
depressed and dilated ventrally in the middle. Lower
appendage about half as long as the upper appendages,
almost straight, pointed, abruptly reduced in thickuess,
dorso-ventrally, towards the apex, glossy black.

? (allotype), Mt. Nekando, 23. v. 14.

Length of abdomen 44 mm.; hind wing 38 mm.

Labium : lateral lobes blackish, with the outer margins
yellow ; median lobe yellowish. Labrum glossy black, with
a transversely elongated yellowish spot opposite the clypeus.
Clypeus yellow, with some black markings in the central
area of the postclypeus. Frons hairy, glossy black, with
a pair of large rounded yellow spots. Vertex hairy, glossy
black. Antennz black, with the articulations pale brown.
Occipital triangle hairy, glossy black.

Prothorax chocolate-brown, widely bordered with yellow
anteriorly.

60 ~ Mr. H. Campion on

Meso-metathorax metallic chocolate-brown, with some
greenish reflections laterally ; the mid-dorsal carina yellow ;
on each side a broad, uninterrupted, creamy stripe, enclosing
the metastigma ; another broad creamy stripe crossing the
metepimeron.

Wings (Pl. IX. fig. 15) strongly tinged with brown,
especially at the tips. Costa black anteriorly, with traces
of pale dorsal spot at base; other veins likewise black.
Pterostigma 4mm. long, dark reddish brown, weakly braced.
Membranule of hind wing long, brownish. Antenodals of

: 20.19 12.11 : :
the costal series 5. Postnodals 743. Cross-veins in

median space =~; ; in cubito-anal space — ; in supertriangle
43 and in bridge space . Arculus slightly bowed to-
wards base of wing, arising between third and fourth
antenodals. Discoidal area in fore wings commencing with
three or four cells, followed by two rows of cells as far as
the level of base of bridge. Discoidal area in hind wings
first with one or two large cells, and then with about four
double cells, before the multiplied rows of cells begin.
Anal loop in hind wing double; the primary (distal)
enclosure containing nine cells, and the secondary (proximal)
enclosure four to six cells.

Legs black; femora of fore legs creamy below.

Abdomen a little dilated at segments 5 and 6, black, with
segments 2-7 with dark yellow markings as follows :—On
2 a narrow basal edging, connected. laterally with a pair of
oblique lines, broad below, and ending in an acute point
before reaching the mid-dorsal carina near the middle ;
on 3-7 a pair of basal spots, forming more or less of a ring,
aud a pair of somewhat rounded spots near the middle,
becoming progressively smaller, more transversely linear,
and more retracted towards the base of the segment. °

Anal appendages nearly 4 mm. long, sublanceolate,
yellowish, except at the base, where they are black.

[Ovipositor eaten away, apparently by mites. ]

An example of the “freak ”-venation which is rife in Syn-
themis and its allies occurs in the right hind wing. Not
only are the sectors of the arculus widely separated at their
origin, but the triangle is an exaggeration of what occurs
normally in, e.g., Sympetrum. ‘That is to say, the cross-vein
which closes the triangle above takes a downward course,
and attaches itself to the distal cross-vein at about two-
thirds of the height of the latter, instead of at its summit.
A corresponding aberration in the fore wing has been

Odonata from New Caledonia. 61

figured for Synthemis leachit, Selys, S. cyanitincta, Tillyard,
and Pentathemis membranulata, Karsch.

In the distribution of pale spots upon the abdomen,
S. flewicauda reminds one of S. leachii from South Western
Australia, but the new species is the only member of the
Synthemini in which the superior anal appendages of the
male are parallel and contiguous for any portion of their
length.

Synthemis fenella, sp. n.

1¢ (holotype), Mt. Mou, 20. i. 14 (725).

Length of abdomen 29 mm, ; hind wing 25°5 mm.

Labium metallic black; median lobe bright yellow.
Labrum metallic black. Anteclypeus greyish white. Post-
clypeus metallic black, with a large cuneiform bright yellow
spot on each side. Frons metallic black; a very large,
somewhat lunulate, bright yellow spot on each side of the
median furrow. Vertex and occipital triangle metallic
black.

Prothorax metallic black; the anterior border broadly
edged with bright yellow.

Meso-metathorax dull black dorsally ; metallic black, with
bluish or greenish reflections at sides: three broad bright
yellow stripes on each side; the first, antehumeral in
position, deeply excavated externally in its posterior third ;
the second enclosing the metastigma; and the third lying
upon the metepimeron.

Wings (PI. IX. fig. 16) entirely hyaline, save for a very
slight trace of yellowish brown at the base. Costa yellow,
with a yellow basal spot ; other veins black. Pterostigma
15 mm. long, very broad, dark reddish brown, unbraced.
Membranule cinereous. <A _ basal subcostal cross-vein pre-
sent in each wing. Most of the antenodals in the costal

space exactly een with the subcostal annenod als:
12,12

9
2+, Postnodals 1°. Cross-veins in median space =, ; in

oe
ae
cubito-anal space 7-2; in supertriangle 73 and in bridge
space ©. Arculus arising before the third antenodal in
the fore wings, and after the third antenodal in the hind
wings. All triangles and subtriangles free. Discoidal area
in fore and hind wings for the most part filled with single
cells to about the level of the origin of M,,.. Anal loop in
hind wing in two portions, the distal enclosure containing
8-10 cells, and the proximal enclosure 4-6 cells.

Legs black ; coxa and femur of fore legs mainly yellow ;
tibial keels also yellow.

62 Mr. H. Campion on

Abdomen a little constricted at segment 3, and somewhat
dilated at segments 6-10, with another slight constriction
between 8 and 9. Black, with bright yellow markings on
2-8, as follows :—On 2 an oblique line rising upwards and
backwards from the auricle on each side, and ending, with-
out reaching the mid-dorsal line, by confluence with a large
wedge-shaped spot lying on its distal side; on 3-8 a pair of
moderately large rounded spots, lying centrally and close
together on 3, but becoming progressively more proximal,
wider apart, and more elongated transversely on succeeding
segments, supplemented on 3-5 by a pair of smaller rounded
spots at the base.

Anal appendages (fig. 11) black. The upper pair as long

Fig. 11.

Synthemis fenella, sp. n., 3, holotype.
Anal appendages, in dorsal view.

as segments 9 and 10 taken together, almost straight for
about two-thirds of their length, then becoming deeply
excavated internally, and finally giving rise to an internal
prominence and bending sharply inwards towards one
another. The lower appendage about two-thirds as long
as the upper ones, broad, upcurved, and ending in a
rounded point.

In venation and coloration Synthemis fenella bears a close
general resemblance to S. claviculata, Till., from North
Queensland. It is immediately distinguished from that
species by its smaller size, it being, indeed, the smallest
known member of the genus,

Odonata from New Caledonia. 63

Nymph of Synthemis sp.

New Caledonia, 1914 (exact data not preserved).

The divergent wing-cases and general form of this nymph
proclaim it to be a member of the Synthemini, the first of
its kind to be found in New Caledonia. Most probably it
belongs to one of the large species of Synthemis which have
just been considered, although it is not possible to associate
it with any particular one of them. Unfortunately, a
preparation of the rudimentary wings, made by my friend
Mr. James Waterston, reveals nothing beyond the fact that
the venation is in too undeveloped a condition to afford any
guide to specific identification. 5

While the imagines of the three large species from New
Caledonia are most nearly allied to Synthemis regina, the
single Oceanic nymph is like that of Husynthemis guttata in
having the median lobe of the labium produced anteriorly
and a conspicuous semicircular plate projecting from the
frons. In other ways, however, our specimen fails to agree
with that or any other known nymph of the Synthemini, for
the body is relatively smooth, instead of being distinctly
hairy, and the long setz on the lateral lobes of the mask are
exceptionally few in number.

The presence of a frontal plate in nymphs of Husynthemis
is one of the principal characters employed by Tillyard for
distinguishing that genus from Synthemis, and the occurrence
of such a plate in an undoubted Synthemis nymph would
show that the character cannot be used for generic separa-
tion in the manner proposed by that author. Indeed, the
characters of the genera Synthemis and Eusynthemis tend to
overlap, not only in the nymphs, but in the imagines as
well. For example, Husynthemis nigra is a Synthemis, if
judged by the shape of the abdomen, while Synthemis spini-
gera is a Eusynthemis, in respect of the armature of the
superior anal appendages. ‘Two characters which remain
valid for Synthemis are the long anal appendages of the male
and the retention of the ovipositor in the female.

Description :—

Length, excluding antenne, 28 mm.

Not conspicuously hairy.

Mask yellowish brown; in position of rest, reaching back-
wards to a point between the bases of the mid and hind
legs ; terminal hooks fully exposed; median lobe advanced
to a distinctly protruding point ; distal border of lateral
lobes with 5 distinct teeth on right side and 6 on left side ;
primary mental setz, 7 on right side and 8 on left; secondary

G4 Mr. H. Campion on

sete, 4on each side; lateral sete, 4 on right and 8 on left.
Antenne 8 mm. long, carrying a few fine hairs; the two
basal joints dark reddish brown, swollen, the second larger
than the first; joints 3-7 light brown; the third joint
longer than the fourth and fifth taken together. A con-
spicuous, dark reddish-brown plate, with a semi-circular
anterior border, fringed with coarse yellow hairs, projecting
forward from the frons, between the antennz. LHyes pale
brown, rather prominent (considerably larger than in
S. eustalacta). Greatest width of head 7 mm. The occiput
ornamented with a well-marked bilaterally symmetrical
pattern, altogether more complex than that figured by
Tillyard for S. eustalacta, composed of dark reddish-brown
markings upon a light brown surface.

Prothorax short and broad ; each lateral margin carrying
a tuft of long hairs. Wing-cases 8°5 mm. long, light brown,
flat, smooth, strongly divergent, reaching backwards to
about the level of the middle of the fifth abdominal segment,
Legs moderately robust, dark reddish brown.

Abdomen 16 mm. long ; unicolorous dark reddish brown ;
elongate-oval ;_ well-arched above; nearly flat below;
smooth, except for a few hairs on the lateral margins of the
more anterior segments; segments 2-9 with a postero-
lateral spine on each side, curved and rather large on the
three more proximal segments, straighter and smaller on
the five more distal segments. The two lateral anal append-
ages but slightly curved, the other three more decidedly so.

Metaphya elongata, sp. un,

1 ¢ (holotype), Baie Ngo, 10. 11. 14 (204).

In studying this insect I have had before me the unique
male and female of Metaphya micans, Laidlaw, the type of
the genus, from Borneo *, and the description and figures of
M. tillyardi, Ris, 2, from New Guineaf. It agrees with
the genotype in the following characters :—Absence of
cross-veins in the median space, the cubital space (apart
from the anal crossing), the triangles, and the subtriangle of
the fore wing; small pterostigma; fore wing with discoidal
area beginning with one row of cells, and with M, and Cu,
diverging towards the margin of the wing; coincidence with
the arculus of the proximal side of the hind-wing triangle ;
elongated anal loop, divided longitudinally and cut off

* Sarawak Mus. Journ. i. no. 2 (1912), ¢ ; Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1913, p. 65, Q.
+ Nova Guinea, ix., Zool. p. 497 (1918).

Odonata from New Caledonia. 65

straight at the end; and development of the vulvar lamina
into a large spoon-shaped structure. It differs chiefly in
having the postanal cell divided, the discoidal area in the
hind wing beginning with two rows of cells, and the hind
wings relatively narrower and conspicuously shorter than the
abdomen. In some of these particulars M. elongata agrees
with its nearer geographical neighbour, M. ¢illyardi, such as
the division of the postanal cell in the fore wing and the
doubling of the discoidal cells in the hind wing. In the
circumstances, it seems to be advisable to refer this inter-
esting species to the genus Metaphya, the range of which is
thus greatly extended in an easterly direction.

The following comparison will show that Metaphya
elongata differs from both its congeners in having the
abdomen longer than the hind wing :—

Metaphya micans, 2. tillyardi, 2. elongata, &.

NS TOMIOI 505% vice soso 20 mm. 27 mm, 30 mm.
ERA WANS (a siaols,« aein's 2 23 mm. 31 mm. 28 mm.

It also differs from both of them in respect that the
gonapophyses of segment 8 do not project beyond the apex
of segment 10. It is possible, however, that this structure
has become displaced in our specimen. Another difference
between ‘M. elongata and M. micans, at all events, is to be
found in the apical plates of the gonapophyses, which are
separate in the genotype, but fused together in the species
from New Caledonia.
? .—Length of abdomen 33 mm. ; hind wing 28 mm.
Labium smoky brown. Labrum, clypeus, and frons
metallic blue-black. Antenne black. Median eye-liue
long. Occipital triangle small, metallic blue-black.
Prothorax pale brown. Meso-metathorax unicolorous
dark metallic green, except for a large brownish area in the
angle formed by the anterior margin and the humeral suture.
Wings (Pl. IX. fig. 17) hyaline, with basal saffron suffu-
sion, reaching to the triangle in the fore wing and to the
second antenuodal in the hind wing, where it does not extend
posteriorly much below the anal vein. Venation black.
Pterostigma 2 mm. long, dark brown. Membranule of hind
wing smoky white. Antenodals $1 Postnodals 3:3.
Arculus in both wings nearer the second antenodal than the
first. Base of hind-wing triangle slightly proximal to the
arculus ; the anterior cross-vein joining distally, not My, but
the posterior cross-vein. Anal loop containing 12 or 13 cells,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 3

66 On Odonata from New Caledonia.

Legs black, with pale areas at base.

Abdomen somewhat crushed and distorted beyond seg-
ment 4; segments 1 and 2 inflated; 3 sharply constricted ;
4 and 5 enlarged and cylindrical; 6 and 7 apparently
compressed laterally ; 8,9, and 10 rather broad: metallic
black, without any pale markings, beyond a moderately
broad brownish-yellow ring at the junction of segments 2
and 8. Anal appendages cylindrical, black. Gonapophyses
of segment 8 metallic black, not quite reaching the end of
the abdomen, rounded at apex, and convex ventrally ; the
two apical plates fused together into a single piece, weakly
carivated mid-ventrally.

Subfamily Liperrvrqwz.

Orthetrum caledonicum, Brauer.

1.9, Plaine des Lacs, 24.11,14 (No. 346); 1¢, 29,
Mt. Mou, 9. i. 14 (465-467); 1 ¢ , Mt. Mou, 10. i. 14 (487).

The single male is olive-brown, like the females, it not
yet having acquired the pale blue pruinosity proper to the
adult stage of its sex.

Diplacodes hematodes, Burm.
2 3, Mt. Canala, 12 & 14. vi. 14.

The individual of later date has an extraordinary amount
of saffron suffusion in the wings, and especially in the lind
pair, where the coloured area exterids beyond the anal loop
posteriorly, and touches the nodus anteriorly, In the fore
wings the suffusion ceases at about the level of the triangle.

Diplacodes bipunctata, Brauer.

2 3, Noumea, 24.1. 14 (Nos. 104, 105); 1 g, Plaine des
Lacs, 18,11. 14 (No. 265).

These specimens are remarkable for the amount of saffron
suffusion at the base of the wings, the colour reaching
outwards to about the level of the first antenodal in both
pairs of wings. They evidently correspond with the two
females from the same island mentioned by Ris (Coll. Selys,
Libell. p. 472, 1911), and also with the females from New
Zealand to which McLachlan applied the varietal name
nove-zealandie (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxx. p. 271, 1894). The
species itself was originally described from Tahiti and New
Caledonia, and it would be interesting to know how far the
material before us agrees with Brauer’s types.

On Eriocera in the British Museum. 67

Pantala flavescens, Fabr.

1 (208), Baie Ngo, 10.i1.14; 1 ¢ (249), 1 ? (248),
Plaine des Lacs, 17.11.14; 3 ¢ (349, 350, 352), 1 2 (351),
Plaine des Lacs, 25.ii.14; 1 ¢, Mt. Nekando, 25.v. 14;
2 9, Canala, 23. vi. 14.

2 nymphs, Mt, Canala, 12. vi. 14.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Wing-photographs by F, W. Campion.
Puate VIII.

Fig. 12. Synthemis miranda, Selys, 3, allotype.
Fig.13. Synthemis montague?, sp. u., 3, holotype.
Fig. 14. Synthemis flecicauda, sp. u., 3, holotype.

Pram eX,

Fig. 15. Synthemis flevicauda, sp. n., 2, allotype.
Fig. 16. Synthemis fenella, sp. n., ¢, holotype.
Fig. 17. Metaphya elongata, sp. n., 9, holotype.

TI1.—The Old-World Species of Hriocera in the British
Museum Collection (Diptera, Vipulide), By F. W.
Epwarps.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
[Plate X. figs, 1-12.]

Tue genus Eriocera * has long been familiar to students of
Nematocerous Diptera, many representatives having been met
with and described by the early workers on the order—
Wiedemann, Macquart, and Walker ; these were discussed
and their number added to by Osten-Sacken ; more recently
a considerable number of species have been described by
Alexander, Brunetti, Enderlein, and de Meijere, so that
at the present time the number of known species is very
considerable. Having regard to this fact, and also to the
conspicuous and varied ornamentation of many of the species,
it is not surprising that attempts have been made to dis-
member the genus, The first of these (apart from generic

* With a strict application of the rule of priority, the name Caloptera,
Guérin, should be used for this genus, since it was published witha
recognizable figure (though without verbal description) eight years

before Lrvocera,
5x

68 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

names proposed independently by earlier authors) was that
of Osten-Sacken, who proposed the name Arrhenica for a
species with long antennze in the male sex, and also main-
tained as distinct Schiner’s genus Penthoptera. For the
latter proceeding I can see no justification whatever ; the
minute characters which Osten-Sacken depended upon seem
to me to be entirely trivial.

A further attempt at division was that of Enderlein (1912),
who recognized four groups—Arrhenica and Androclosma with
long antenne in the male, Physecrania and Eriocera with
short male antenne ; Arrhenica and Physecrania with five
posterior cells, the other two with only four. Brunetti and
Alexander have both maintained that these divisions were
unnatural and untenable, and after a careful study of the
material in the British Museum, I am bound to accept their
view. In particular, the length of the male antennz proves
to be totally unreliable as an indication of relationship.
This is admirably shown by the three species, EL. verticalis,
E. fusca, and E. yerburyi. In the first the male antennze
are almost three times as long as the body, while in the
second they are like those of the female, not longer than
the thorax. ‘The two species, however, resemble one another
rather closely in their general black coloration, the venation
is very similar, and, most important of all, the male hypopygia
are barely distinguishable. If further confirmation were
needed of the close relationship of these two species, it is
provided by E. yerburyi, which differs from LE. verticalis
chiefly in the male antennz being only about as long as the
body. On the other hand, Enderlein associated with Z.
verticalis in the genus Androclosma his A. ornatum, which
likewise has greatly elongated antennz in the male sex.
This species, however, is so very distinctive in its wing-
markings, its venation, and its hypopygial structure that it
obviously has only remote connection with #. verticalis and
E. fusca. The third species of Enderlein’s, Androclosma
(E. lunata, Westw.), also occupies a rather isolated position,
and does not show any very marked relationship either to
FE. ornata or E, verticalis, apart from the form of the male
antenne.

Whatever may be the biological significance of the elonga-
tion of the male antenne, it is interesting to note that the
same phenomenon occurs in an equal degree in the Tipuline
genus Macromastiz, and that in both these genera the
elongation is accompanied by a great enlargement of the basal
joint and of the frontal tubercle—perhaps for the accom-
modation of larger muscles necessary for moving the heavier

Species of Eviocera in the British Museum. 69

antenne. Another feature seen in most, if not all, species of
Eriocera and Macromastix with elongate male antennz is
the reduction in the length of the abdomen in that sex.

Turning to the other point on which Enderlein based his
generic distinctions, the number of posterior cells (presence
or absence of cell M/,), here again it is doubtful if the
distinction has any phylogenetic value. Among those with
cell M,, as among those without it, there are a number of
species-groups which, if the genus were divided, might be
made into subgenera, but a study of the details of venation
and male hypopygium suggests that some of those without
cell Mf, may be more nearly related to those possessing it
than to others which do not. Moreover, those possessing
the cell are certainly not all closely related among them-
selves.

Rather than subdivide the genus into a number of natural
but small and poorly definable groups, I consider it will be
preferable to enlarge it by including the genus Penthoptera,
aud also two species from the Seychelles which I referred in
1912 to Anisomera. One of these species shows a remarkable
variation in venation which I overlooked at the time of
description, and they both differ markedly from the typical
species of Hexatema (Anisomera) in haying a well-developed
ovipositor. Further, it is quite obvious that they are closely
related to the two species of Hriocera described from the
same islands. On the other hand, I consider that the two
species with a short fleshy ovipositor (the African 7. pusilla,
Alex.,and the N. American Z. longicornis, Walker) would be
at least equally well placed in Hexatoma.

The tendency to the development of local forms is strongly
marked throughout the genus, and there are very few species
which have a wide distribution. This may be accounted for
by the breeding-habits of the species, most of which probably
spend their early stages in the ground at the edges of rapid
streams, and probably do not migrate much from one valley
to another.

In the following table of species, all those at present
known from the Palearctic, Oriental, Australasian, and
Ethiopian regions are included, only American forms being
omitted. So far as possible, the diagnostic characters
have been arranged to give what appears to be a natural
arrangement of the species, but there are a considerable
number which I have not seen, and whose proper position is
therefore more or less a matter of conjecture. Nevertheless,
there are no fewer than sixty species in the National
Collection from the regions under consideration, and it is

70 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

probable that these represent most, if not all, of the main
groups of the genus, although more than a score of them
are unfortunately represented by females only.

I wish to express my thanks and indebtedness to my
friends Dr. C. P. Alexander, Mr. E. Brunetti, and Herr M. P.
Riedel for the loan or presentation of several types and other
specimens.

Key to Old-World Species of Eriocera (sens. lat.).
(Those marked * have not been seen by the author.)

1. Rs at least twice as long as R; Ry up-
turned and ending well before the tip
of the wing; Cu, widely divergent from
M;, and torming an angle with the
lower margin of the discal cell; wings
elaborately streaked with dark. (Su-
PAA MSGLNCOS) pre iqeleicys «co setae tere se ornata (End.).

Rs less than twice as long as Rf, usually
much less (but compare obscuripennis,
Hdw.); Rs; not upturned at tip and
ending close to the tip of the wing;
Cu, parallel with M;, and almost in a
straight line with the lower margin of

(Seyenelles:) cae ccters orice sch ene s luterpennis (Iidw.).
Cross-vein 7 placed much beyond the
middle of R2+3, usually beyond it on
Rew chiteous veh . cases bok eka oe
3. Se ending opposite or before the apex of
Rs; Axstraight,orconvextowardsAn. 4.
Sc ending at least slightly beyond the
apex of Rs; Ax longer and more or
less concave towards An....,....... 10,
4. Re+s almost as long as, or even longer
than, R.; wing-membrane brownish
with dense microtrichia (normal) ; Ax
noticeably convex towards An; small
reddish species. (Seychelles.) - 5.

oo

Ro+3 much shorter than R, ; wing-mem-
brane hyaline, the microtrichia abnor-
mally sparse; Ax practically straight.

(Ceylon.) (2..%.% Sidhe 3 ed pane. 7s
5. Wing-membrane towards tip with dis-
tinet macrotrichia. ca. -2ae-bo eee obscuripennis, Edw.

Wing-membrane without macrotrichia.. 6.
6. Wings with pale streaks in the cells;
four posterior cells’ |..5.52, se ewes ot Ffuscinervis, Edw.
Wing uniformly brownish; three pos-
terior cells. cn. . tae nidie seen bats Serruginea (Edw.).

=

oO

10.

138

14.
15.

Species of Kriocera in the British Museum,

. Black species ; wings perfectly hyaline .

At least partly orange, or wings with
dark bands... o... <usn see ome es

. Wings with dark bands; abdomen and

sometimes the thorax black..........
Wings without dark bands............
Thorax orange with black stripes, ab-
domen: Hien. ore Rs ee
Thorax entirely, abdomen mainly orange.
Upper basal cell at its apex quite twice
as broad as the lower; wings with con-
spicuous markings; Rs parallel with Ri
near the base. (Borneo.) ..........
Upper basal cell little if any broader than
the lower; Rs not parallel with Ri
near the base... ger. .s0oscss ses cts:
R, much shorter than Re+3; tip of R,
upturned and slightly shorter than 7;
small black species; male antennz
elongate; anal cerci of female short
and fleshy. (Tropical Africa.) ......
Ry at least as long as Re+3; tip of Ry
straight, or at most slightly upturned,
as long as or longer than 7; anal cerci
of female long and horny............

2. R, little if any longer than Re+3; 7 at

or close to base of R.; Cusa near base
of discal cell ; four posterior cells; uni-
formly blackish or brown species ;
wings without markings other than
CHOPS PTAA os donee Lave ee ee: « «
R, longer than Ro+3 (nearly always much
longer, but compare Z. ctenophorordes) ;
r generally well beyond base of R,;
Cuja generally well beyond base of
Gis caulieell Gracy apts, 3 sho raferarsstbriretale%s «

3. Rather light brown species; the thorax

with darker stripes; wings practically
eleare. (AMNiTalias). 2 esate welecte
Darker brown to black species; wings
more or less infuscated;............-
Wiscaleell closed 1 ausceee cane ses
Wiseal cell opens vacaes actos veces cee:
Whole body deep black, not at all shin-
THe ee (LAMINAE. iy orteaerene oe acces
Not wholly black, or, if so, then partly
SHAUN Oe sv Sher eib-a ate) s Sissel te eS

. Male antennze twice as long as the body;

unicelorous black. (Amboina.)......
Male antennz more or less than twice as
longias the body os% v.ccnieee eee

. Head yellowish, at least on the frontal

tubercle; male antenne more or less
CLOT AGE, Se metee ate 5 hewratea whet el Wal sts
Head entirely dark; antenne alike in
THe tWO-SERCSim. kes seen crs acs, w ene

erystalloptera, O.-S.
8.

humberti, O.-S.
us

meleagris, O.-S.
xpachyrrhina, O.-S.

lunata, Westw.

1a

pusilla, Alex.

13.

14.

165.

australiensis, Alex.

aperta, Alex.
xaterrima, Brun.

16.

xatra, Dol.

dig

18.
21,

(i

72

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23,

24,

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

Thorax and abdomen almost wholly

shining black. (Tropical Africa.) ....
Thorax scarcely or not shining, both it
and the abdomen black ..........+.
Male antenne a little shorter than the
body; cross-vein 7 at base of Ro.
(Ceylon ic pie reas <5 hehe letelatee iets rage
Male antenne three times as long” as the
body; cross-vein 7 a little beyond base
OL Tg Sata vasnichn's alle «ete ls aetna eieaatale teem:
Cua a little beyond base of discal cell.
(Oriental region.) o.5 01 <grcleiuee ous sitet
Cua exactly at base of discal cell.
(CMeve) pO moras neo: ni alaibiy atom
Abdomen shining black . ,
Whdomensdull ~ yi) dee walyalrt eae Reni
Wings yellowish at the base. (8. ‘Europe. )
Wings entirely blackish. (Formosa.) .
Thorax grey with four strongly shining
black stripes. (Hungary.) ........
Thorax blackish brown with three mode-
rately shining black stripes ..........
Stigma absent ; legs with strong bluish-
metallic reflections. (Geylon:): 5 <...
Stigma distinct; legs with faint bluish
reflections. (Japan. ) i sahayemnseeakesaceyue gs
Wings with a conspicuous dark blotch at
base of Rs, and other dark markings on
a pale STOUNG .»..» oils cami rmie sis terse
Wings with a blackish ground-colour,
with or without pale markings, or
lighter with a stigma only ...... or
Costal cell dark; head and thorax
shining blue- black. (Taide. sce pd) sts
Costal cell yellowish; head and thorax
dull pieyash,.. \(apan.) aya. ese eecne
Wings moderately infuscated, without
pale markings; stigma present, though
sometimes faint; cross-vein 7 about its
own length distant from tip of Ri....
Wings darker, often with distinct mark-
ings; stigma absent; cross-vein + more
than its own length ‘distant from tip of
R, (usually much MOG), isles he dlede st»
Very large species; thorax densely hairy;
frontal tubercle well developed. (Japan.)
Medium-sized or small species; thorax
practically bare ; frontal tubercle feebly
developed «... «.»jéc:ucreuie mn hae aan
Four posterior cells; sides of mesonotum
with velvet-black spots ............
Five posterior cells ; sides of mesonotum
without velvet-black spots
Thorax. black. (indigenes eee eae
Thorax mainly reddish. (Sumatra.)

. Cell M, more than twice as long as its

petiole; discal cell not much longer

nyasicola, Alex.

19.
yerbury2, sp. 0.

20.

(kana, Mats.).
verticalis, Wied. (= morio-
tumidiscapa, Alex.

22.

23.

xcrmicotdes (Scop.).
nigrina, Riedel.

. «grisea (Riedel).
24,

Susca, Edw.

nipponensis, Alex,
26.

27.
tripunctipennis, Brun.

longifurea, Alex.

28.

34.

stricklandi. sp. n.

29,
30.
31.

rufiventris, Brun.
penulata, End.

33.

34,

. Metatarsi white. (S. Europe.) .

Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 73

than broad; whole body orange, (Hima-
ERVAS.) i iii «oss ee ictecereet ae ames .
Cell M, about as ‘long as its petiole ; ;
discal cell rather elongate; wings nar-
rower in proportion BOULUD DIUDM ion.
r—m cross-vein twice its length beyond
fork of Rs; head black above. (Borneo.)
rm cross-vein close to fork of Rs; head
lighter..... Ae OE CIO oe ‘
Thorax uniformly orange. (Borneo. te
Thorax brownish yellow, with three light
reddish-brown stripes. (Sumatra.) .,
Wings without distinct markings......
Wings with distinct white or yellowish
markings at the tip, or in the middle,
or in both places (markings faint in
MODERATO BAR ie inte a ece, oho) ae ches cee ins

. Abdomen without distinct shining bands.

Abdomen black, with alternating ‘shining
and velvety Handa cee

Metatarsi not white (unknown in ‘water-
EAE OO) tice eB & SHOR ROC CTE OSE

37. Abdomen entirely black; five posterior
CO Serene etek muss ites cates
Abdomen at least partly orange ..... :

37 a. Headand base ofantenne orange. (Mada-
SORBET JD aictace ct clo bin ele srarois ene) ea * =) te ofs
Head and antenne dark ..............

38. Thorax grey, with three shining black
stripes ; wings light brown. (Corsica.)
Thorax black ; wanes blackish. <2). 0.x

39. Thorax dull; abdomen somewhat shining.
(Macedonians oe cessueerectstarseie nice aee
Thorax shining; abdomen dull........

40. Wings darkest along costa and on apical
third; five posterior cells............

41.

43.
44,

Wings uniformly dark (rarely yellow at
RV SPOTES is strncaes A efeess toes ote tes Vobaeevars, este
Abdominal segments 1-3 [or 2-4?]
orange. (Java; Formosa.)..........
Abdominal segments 2-5 orange, with
narrow blackish hind borders. (India.)

. Abdomen with segments 1-4 or 2-5 en-

tirely yellow or orange; 5-8 or 6-8
entirely blackish; five posterior cells
(except in shir akii) itr 2 BESS Reger ee
Abdomen otherwise coloured ; four pos-

GELLOL COUSIN <7 5% rele aalelse oe iAc8 6 « ADE
Thorax mainly or wholly red...... ears
AMIYGTEEB-<] CICK Cl kets ews ab noe cary MCS peat

Thorax with dark stripes ; femora yellow
except at tip; six distinct flagellar
HOMCG ME FEMA. etc trae vais bas «sik es

Thorax unstriped ; femora black except
at base ; ten distinct flagellar joints in
female ..... Sins in A GOR idl daca shee

aurantia, Brun.

32.
rubrescens (Walk.).

33.
pyrrhochroma (Walk.).

sxangustipennis (End.).
35.

57.
36,

55.

. *chirothecata (Scop.).

37.

37 a,
40.

xobscura, Big.
38.

schnuset (Kuntze).
2.
waterstont, sp. 0.
xunicolor, Meij.
41,
42,
«nigripennis, Meij.

semilimpida, Brun.
[(=maculiventris, Brun.).

43.

48.
44,
45.

xferruginosa, Wulp.

xnigroapicalis, Brun.

74 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

45. Flagellum of antenne and base of wing
Wellows MasOENeOr) si 4th ott ke tee
Flagellum black ; wings entirely blackish.

46. Abdominal segments 1-4 orange; length
20mm. (Penang:)*....°.:. sSbraeoead
Abdominal segments 2-5 orange ......

47. Five posterior cells; length 8 mm.;
male antenne as long as thorax.
(FAVA) A cig credit ety weet ERE eae
Four posterior cells; length 14 mm.;
male antennz longer than the thorax.
(Ronmossy cre eae tee eee ee

. Thorax extraordinarily humped; front
half of prescutum yellowish; the re-
mainder of the thorax dark brown;
abdomen almost entirely ochreous-
orange, (Ceylon?) 2.1 teens eee ese s
Thorax not more humped than usual;
both it and the abdomen quite differ-
Sutly COlLOUMOd te. sack Soe hie ae mee
49, Cuya at base of discal cell. (Sumatra.) .
Cu,a well beyond base of discal cell ....

50. Head and thorax wholly blackish......
Head and thorax partly orange or reddish,

51. Wings yellowish at the base; abdominal
seoments1—6 with black apical triangles.
Gindia\ ee ee eee
Wings not yellowish at the base; ab-
dominal tergites without black apical
PMID OS a igs oacsgeiess she cc Ot one

52. Abdomen black; third and fourth seg-
ments mainly yellowish. (India.)....
Abdomen mainly brownish. (India.) ..

Ho
oo)

53. Thorax shining. (Sierra Leone.)......
A hankudyitles Ohi. semis sicocreee tater ite

54. Preescutum black. (Formosa.)........
Prescutum orange, with three black
stripes. (Ceylon passe an csmame ee

55. Thorax wholly red. (Singapore.)......
Thorax wholly blac 2 A.Gr cat eee

56. Four posterior cells (the number is not
stated in the description, but must be
four, since Osten-Sacken refers to the
bases of the second and third being
nearly in a line). (Celebes.) ........

Five posterior cellsiggei: career ake

57. Wing-markings at the tip only; four

posterionicélls /. ac Jac. oiler
Wings with distinct median pale mark-
TIGA. a i's ceNe ele plas 6 yee ae ne eee

58. A single white spot at the extreme tip, of

the Wing ...eajrks «lassen ce ae eee
Three white spots round the wing-tip
(one large, two small). (Ceylon.)..:.

59. Costal region broadly orange, except to-

wards base and apex. (India.) ......
Costal'region ‘all dark’: 25 S55" skac2 458

dichroa, Walk.
AG.

umbripennis, sp. 0.
47.

xvanthopyga, Meij.

shirakit, sp. n.

tuberculifera, Edw.

49,
xsumalurensis, Meij.
50.
ol.
53.

triangularis, Brun.

52.
*caliginosa, Brun,
«testacea, Brun.
“leonensis, Alex.

rubriceps, Edw.

scutellata, Edw.
plectoides (Walk.),
56.

xmorosa, O.-S,
lyyropis, Alex.

60.

66.

74.

. Thorax entirely velvet-black ...

Species of Hriocera in the British Museum.

Abdomen and thorax chestnut-brown,
5th and 6th segments largely yellow.
(100 10S) eer ee Mee adr

Abomen otherwise

eft ie @) ee lie ei 6a. poe 8) Ciel 6
Sie 2) © eee

Thorax not entirely black

. Femora yellow with black tips; abdo-

minal segments 2-5 nearly all yellow;
6 yellow at base. (Java.) ........0.
Legs all black; abdominal segments 2-5
with broad apicalblack bands. (S. India.)

. Sixth abdominal segment entirely black .

Sixth abdominal segment yellow at the
DAS OM, faire cc irdsabieeps! es scis’asc) ss a's,0 Lats

. Thorax mahogany - brown; preescutum
. «tenuis, Brun.

with three blackish stripes. (India.)
Thorax ash-grey, preescutum with four
black steipes. (india) pcitiey fa» aiaaieats

5, Abdomen velvet-black, with broad shin-

ing blue-black bands ; legs black, stout.
Abdomen not all black, mainly dull ;

femora mostly yellowish; legs more

SICNP OM ae ca oP awe sys Sart ona
Thorax entirely red; legs very stout

Thorax entirely blackish brown; le
not quite so stout

7. Basal halves of abdominal segments 2-4

shining; thorax brown..............
Abdominal segments 2-4 entirely dull,
or uniformly and slightly shining ...

. Abdomen entirely brownish ; slightly

SEUUTTLTAONS \ F)-g6- atees) Wee's of late Cae aha. ¢
Abdomen dull, basal segments yellow ..

. Thorax and apex of abdomen velvet-

black; femora with black tips
Thorax and apex of abdomen brownish ;
femora all yellow

. Wings with a transverse pale central

fascia or spot; apical fourth all dark..
Wings with pale central markings, and
also with pale markings at the tip or in
the apical fourth

. Abdomen with leaden or bluish-white

bands ; four posterior cells ..........
Abdomen without leaden or bluish-white
bands

. Wing - markings faint; body wholly

blackish, » (Siam) « oteee sank 33
Wing-markings conspicuous

Ss was «e609 @

. Several distinct white spots about the

middle of the wing, in addition to
the faseia. (Himalayas,)) 2 < .sc04 «.0s
Wings with a whitish central fascia only.
Base of wing conspicuously yellow, often
also the costa to a large extent
Base of wing not yellow

x

Pde

Ce ee ee |

xelongatissima, Brun,

61.
62.
64,
albipunctata, Wulp.

63.
kempt, Brun.

kempi, var. n. longior.

xpulchrithorax, Brun.

66.

67.
ctenophoroides, Edw.
[(=rufithorax, Brun.).
[nigrithorax.
clenophoroides, var. Ui.

badia, Brun.

68.

green, Brun.
69.

albonotata, Lw.

[ citrocastanea.
albonotata, var. u.

72.
80.

robinsont, sp. 0.
Lol}
73.

xdecorata, Brun.
lor A

74,

ide

78,

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.
86.

87.

89.

Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

. Cross-yein r vertical, far beyond base of

Pea VO MENAUPAS) © uz cio .sieins a ance ia temintets #sumatrensis, Macq.
Cross-vein 7 very oblique, close to or
even before base of Ro........2..005 76,

. Flagellum and legs yellow; head dark

brown ; frontal tubercle simple ; central

fascia reaching hind margin, (Assam.) assamensis, sp. n.
Flagellum and legs dark; head velvet-

black ; frontal tubercle divided ; central.

fascia rarely reaching hind margin, pees il
Male abdomen with segments 3-5 elon-

gate, shining black at the base, pale

bluish grey in the middle, velvety- [(=velutina, Walk.).

black at the tip. (India.) .......... nepalensis, Westw.
Male abdomen with segments 3-5 much

shorter, without bluish- -grey bands in

the middle. CW China aac esamectiees sinensis, Sp. N.
Dorsum of thorax orange. (Tonkin,
SASREINID) oyas ric ace Big eB w parade Micra eT xfenestrata, Brun.
Thorax black or dark grey... i... ccs8.
Thorax grey with black stripes, legs
mainly yellow. (India.)............ flavipes, Brun.
anes ax entirely black, somewhat shining ; [guttata, Mats.).

legs blackish. (Hong Kong ; Japan.) hilpa, Walk. (=albo-
Abdomen entirely dull black; "four pos-

terior cells. (India.) .............. xmigerrima, Brun.
Abdomen not entirely dull black ...... 81.

Four posterior cells; apex of abdomen

shining. (Philippines.) ............ 82.
Hive posterior Cells... dives a deine aioe nea 83.
Hind legs normal ; abdomen dilated, with

yellowish bands near base .......... *lativentris, Bezzi.
Hind legs thickened; abdomen not.

dilated, entirely black .............. *crassipes, Bezzi.
Thorax reddish; legs mainly yellow.

(Java) Mire Moya: etek. ae kak cine ater mesopyrrha, Wied.
Thorax black or blackish brown........ 84.
Femora and tibize yellow with black tips.

(Philip pines.) 5... vj: Snes eee wes perennis, O.-S.
Were Dink ash cae yes cee Seer ee 85.

Wings yellow at, base... iiattere aie 0 86.
Wings darkiat base... cic /sa iene seis « 87.

Second, third, and ninth abdominal seg-

ments orange, rest black. (Sumatra.). dicolor, Meq.
Abdominal segments 2-5 orange with

broad black hind margins, (Ja ava.) .. *cingulata, Meij.
Abdomen orange on basal halt’; central

fascia reaching hind margin. (Sumatra.) pyrrhomesa, Edw.
Abdomen with one or two yellow cross-

bands near base; central fascia not

reaching hind margin. (Philippines.) . *mansueta, O.-S.

. Five posterior cells; abdomen with grey

bands ; wings with white spot at the

tip, central spot eawanled alts. ty divs cats bie 89.
Four posterior cells ...............0+5 95.
Basal half of wing entirely “ioe (Hong
Kong;) .Geawitateics sys tae es.ena chrysomela, sp. 0.

~

90

91,

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98,

99.

100.

101,

102.

103.

104.

* 105.

Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 77

Basal half of wing not entirely yellow ;
two white spots in the middle...... 90,

Costal border yellow; femora yellow
Wits alae le bips oi <1 galt al atelais: opalet= abet 91.
Costal border Gates 2 caiew vifeie vie ofeiieis 92.

Thorax with short pubescence; grey

bands of abdomen over black ground-

Colouk, Ciamalayas. ye iiss joic)e «15.00 plumbicincta, Brun.
Thorax with long pubescence; grey

bands of abdomen over yellow ground-

Colours (ASSAM)! 2's se oe haley oe plumbolutea, sp. 0.
Thorax black, except for the yellowish

SCUEGUNET ay cies ae)clefeialare afcticls = ols avait ws trimaculata, sp. 0.
Front of mesonotum red .........40. 93.
Femora yellow with black tips. (Hima- [Brun., nec Meij.).

TR VHBe) erase es Stscse ceete oy tee Pac nicki «cincta, Brun, (cingulata,
LUCTEES DENG KG Rom Ete Anise nmin ee I 94.
Scutellum and postnotum blackish.

(imag lavass)iid., osieeairs + sities egos. ». gravely, Brun.
Scutellum and postnotum orange.

(Assam ect yy cn wee Sans WM ueree oes brunettii, sp. n.

Black species; wivg-markings all
yellowish ; a pale spot near base of
inner marginal cell, which does not
spread out into the upper basal .... 96.
Not with all the above characters .... 97.
A small yellowish spot at wing-tip;
membrane partly iridescent. (Sumatra.) *#gamma, End.
Wing-tip dark; membrane not iridescent.
(ORCI. GSBy i asa tttenarsi ot she qnfebe a Ao ss obs oh sautertana, End.
Apical wing-marking just before the tip. 98,
Apical wing-marking at the extreme tip. 101.
Wings with additional white markings
more basal than the central fascia... 99.
Wings with only the central fascia anda
more orless oval spotnear the tipwhite. 100.

Thorax black; base of wing yellow.

(UR Vea else dates leks Senha cats ake wr ardse basilais, Wied.
Thorax yellowish brown to dark brown ;

base of wing dark. (Sumatra.) .... *pannosa, End.
Wine-base and costal cell yellow;

halteres yellow. (Borneo.) ........ infia'a (Walk.).

Wing-base dark; halteres black. (Borneo.) bor ae sp. 1.
Several white spots round wing-tip. . 102.
A single white or yellow spot at wing-tip. 108.

Thorax black; wings darker anteriorly.
(Tenasserim.) AOS Ashe te PO aR ORO xrufibasis, Brun.

Thorax reddish brown; costal cell [(=diluta, Walk.).
yellowish. (Borneo.)............ . combinata ( Walk.)

Thorax with three brightly shining [(=optabilis, Walk.).
stripes. (Borneo, Java.) .......... dunigera (Walk.)

Thorax entirely dull. 1.5.5.5 dacceO aie oles « 104.

Abdomen black, the tergites shining
Mase liars care aan ciate aie siatieisis silk) « 105.

Abdomen partly orange, dull ........ 106,

Cu,a at tip of discal cell; thorax red.
(Sumatra. ) Mole Gre icon RNAS Irae «selene, O.-S.

78 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

Cua before tip of discal cell; thorax
dark reddish brown. (Borneo.) .... leucotela (Walk.).

106. Abdomen with a median blackish-brown
longitudinal stripe. (Java; Bengal.) acrostacta, Wied.

Abdomen without such stripe ........ 107.
107. Thorax and last two abdominal segments
black, rest reddish. (Java.).....,.. xjavensis, Dol.
Thorax reddish brown) ja). +eseeeuet 108.

108. Feimoraand tibie all yellowish. (Bengal.) *diana, Macq.
Femora and tibiz with black tips.
(SUM tA.) rs. an santa tgiie teas ans ome klossi, Edw.

The Hypopygial Structure.

The hypopygium of Hriocera, which is in general similar
to that of many Limnophiline, shows a number of interesting
features. For the most part the terms employed in the
descriptions are those used by me for the Culicide (see
‘Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology,’ xiv. 1920,
pp. 23-40). There are, however, important differences
between the two families, and in some respects it is difficult
to homologise the parts, so that a full description of the
general type of structure in Hriocera will be useful to make
clear the descriptions and figures. It is necessary to state
first that in Hriocera there is no torsion of the ninth and
tenth abdominal segments.

The ninth tergite is well developed and usually of quite
simple structure, sometimes produced or emarginate in the
middle, but never with conspicuous developments. It is
impossible to detect any line of division between the ninth
tergite and ninth sternite—in fact, the tergite may perhaps
be regarded as forming a complete ring, and the sternite as
absent altogether. That this may be the true state of
affairs is shown by the traces of a suture in the mid-ventral
line which can sometimes be detected. This is the normal
condition in the Limnophilinz, but it may be noted that in
one or two Limnophiline genera (e. g., Phyllolabis) a small
separate ninth sternal piece is present, which may or may
not represent the true ninth sternite in an obsolescent
condition.

The side-pieces are well developed, tubular, usually simple,
but occasionally with basal lobes. There are two pairs of
claspers (outer and inner), which in many cases are incom-
pletely separated, indicating clearly that the inner pair has
arisen as a development from the base of the outer (or vice
versa). ‘The outer clasper is strongly chitinised, more or
less bare, with a sharp-pointed, often hooked tip, but without .
terminal spine. The inner clasper is fleshy, hairy, and has

Species of Kriocera in the British Museum. 79

on its outer surface a groove into which the outer clasper
fits. 'The two pairs articulate together at the tip of the side-
piece, and are movable in a horizontal plane.

The tenth (anal) segment, as in wost Limnobiida, is a
spicular tube of tough membrane, usually entirely devoid of
chitinisation and retracted beneath the ninth tergite. Very
rarely a pair of small tergites bearing a few bristles are
present. I have seen no indications of cerci, though in some
Limnophiline these are represented by terminal papille.

The edeagus (see text-fig. 2, h) is highly chitinised and
complicated, and is probably in a much more generalised
condition than that of the Culicide. In the main, the
general conception of the genital tube given by Sharp and
Muir for the Coleoptera (Trans. Ent. Soe. London, 1912,
p: 602, fig. 239) will fit that of Hriocera very well, The
main differences lie, firstly, in the fact that in Hriocera the
mesosome (median lobe) is permanently invaginated, and,
secondly, that there is a strong chitinisation of part of
the “first connecting membrane” between the mesosomal
and tegminal rings of the genital tube.

On the dorsal side of the edceagus, continuous, on the
one hand, with the second connecting membrane (at the
base of the tenth segment) and, on the other hand, with
the tubular penis, is a large chitinous structure, whose
homologies are somewhat uncertain. It might be possible
to regard it, or part of it, as the tenth sternite, and its
appendages as anal cerci, but from the fact that it never
bears any bristles, also because it is in contact or fused
laterally with the basal plates, I think it must certainly be
regarded as part of the tegminal ring of the genital tube.
This is also indicated by its readiness to take up stain,
quite unlike the chitinisations of the body-wall, but agree-
ing in this respect with the rest of the genital tube. It
bears a pair of processes (parameres), which in their free
portion are very variously constructed ; at the base these
processes spread out, and are fused laterally with processes
from the base of the side-pieces and medially with one
another. The median fused portion forms a strong bar
connecting the bases of the side-pieces, and extends almost
vertically downwards to the base of the penis ; in the dorsal
portion of this median structure there are distinct traces of
fusion, but none at all in the ventral portion. The pair
of processes are undoubtedly homologous with the gona-
pophyses of de Meijere and others, which I have,elsewhere
identified with the parameres ; this identification is possibly
incorrect, since in tle Culicidz the parameres are articulated

80 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

definitely with the basal plates, and are ventral rather than
dorsal to the mesosome. However, if we regard both organs
as belonging to the tegminal ring of the genital tube (which
seems most probable) there can be no great obligation to
using the same name in each case. A name is required for
the unpaired median portion. It cannot be called the
tegmen, since this term has been used by Sharp and Muir
for “the lateral lobes [parameres] and basal piece together,”
while in the present case the basal plates are distinct
structures. I propose the term dorsal plate, in default of a
better; it seems to be the analogue of the ventral plate
described by Sharp and Muir in the Scarabzidz, which is
also fused with the parameres, and morphologically on the
dorsal side of the tube.

The basal plates are well developed, and obviously homo-
logous with those of the Culicid. They are usually in the
form of two distinct latero-ventral plates, but are sometimes
connected in the mid-ventral line by a narrow bridge of
chitin ; in one species.(Z. semilimpida) this bridge is quite
broad. From this condition it is easy to imagine a transition
to a state in which the basal plate forms an unpaired ventral
piece. In the species mentioned the connecting bridge is
external, the mid-ventral portion of the second connecting
membrane not being invaginated.

Distal to the dorsal and basal plates, and connected with
them by a short straight membrane, is a complete ring of
chitin, generally tubular in form, but varying greatly in
length in the different species. Although it is possibly the
homologue of the mesosome of the Culicid, it is certainly
not the same as the median Jobe of Sharp and Muir, since
the membrane connecting it with the dorsal and basal plates
is very short and not at all invaginated; it may best be
regarded rather as a distal tubular portion of the tegminal
ring, such as has been noted by Sharp and Muir in certain
Coleoptera. It is the organ called the penis by de Meijere
and others, and, though this term is not free from objection,
I propose to retain it provisionally ; Snodgrass’s term “ penis-
guard” would be equally appropriate.

At the tip of the penis is a small circular opening, from
which the genital tube is continued backwards as a thin-
walled tube (lying within the penis) as far as the base of the
penis, or a little farther; it then enlarges again into a
chitinous body, which is provided with a conspicuous
apodeme extending towards the interior of the body. At the
base of this apodeme is a hole in the sac, which probably
marks the point at which the membranous portion of the

Species of Hriocera tn the British Museum. 81

genital tube (stenazygos) enters the chitinised sac. ‘The
apodeme seems to be analogous to, though it may not
correspond morphologically with, the median strut of Sharp
and Muir. It is most developed in those species with a short
penis. It seems probable that this chitinised sac corresponds
rather with the median lobe than with the internal sac of
the Coleoptera. In that case, the slender tube connecting
the sac with the tip of the penis must be regarded as the
permanently invaginated distal portion of the first connecting
membrane, and the penis itself as a special chitinisation of
the proximal portion of this same ‘ membrane.”

Descriptions of new Species and Varieties.

1. Eriocera yerburyi, sp. n., 3.

Head ochreous, the proboscis, scape of antennze, and basal
joint of palpi of the same colour ; rest of palpi, and flagellum
of antennz except base of first joint, blackish, Frontal
tubercle very large, simple. First scapal joint considerably
swollen, about twice as long as broad. Flagellum four-
jointed, a little more than twice as long as the thorax ;
numerous bristly hairs on the underside. Fourth joint of
palpi about as long as the two preceding together ; first
joint a little shorter than the fourth. Thorax dull blackish,
with a slight grey dusting; prescutum with two grey stripes
and a median grey line faintly indicated. Pubescence
yellowish, short and sparse. Adédomen uniformly b'ackish
brown, shining, about twice as long as the thorax.
Hypopygium: uinth tergite with a broad V-shaped terminal
emargination. Side-pieces simple, nearly cylindrical, but
somewhat curved, about 2°5 times as long as broad. Outer
clasper without long hairs, finely pubescent at the base and
on the inner side a little before the tip, which is rather
suddenly narrowed but gently curved. Inner clasper broad,
hairy, with deep groove for reception of outer clasper,
separated from the latter down to the extreme base; tip
somewhat produced inwards. Parameres bilobed ; dorsal lobe
conical, sharply pointed; ventral lobe broad, somewhat
narrowed towards the rounded tip. Dorsal plate slightly
emarginate apically. Penis much shorter than the mesosome,
broad at the base, terminating in two long points. Legs
rather long and slender, dark brown, extreme tips of all
joints black. Claws with small basal tooth; empodium
nearly as long as the claws. Wings light brown, veins and
stigma darker. Sc ending distinctly beyond apex of Ks.

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 6

82 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

Tip of R, alittle longer than7. R,,, and R, about equal
in length and nearly ina straight line ; 7m less than its own
length from base of Ry,;. Cua reaching Mz, at one-fifth of
discal cell, which is not quite twice as long as broad. Cuy
straight, shorter than Cu,a and forming an angle of 120°
with it. Distance from tip of Ax to tip of An about equal
to that between Cu, and Cu,, and nearly three times that
between Cu, and An. Hailteres yellowish with black tips.

Length of body 8 mm. ; wing 10x 2°6 mm.

Cryton: Haragam, 1. vi. 1892, 1 ¢ (Lt.-Col. Yerbury).

2. Hriocera stricklandi, sp. n., 2.

Flead dull blackish grey; sides of frontal tubercle
ochreous ; pubescence blackish, short but rather dense.
Frontal tubercle simple, rather large and_ projecting.
Antenne entirely black, fully as long as the head and thorax
together; first scapal joint about four times as long as broad.
Flagellum with the three basal joints distinct, third a little
longer than the second, but shorter than the first ; five joints,
apparently, in the terminal portion. Palpi black ; second
joint much longer than the first or third and nearly equal
to the fourth. Thorax greyish ochreous, with a moderately
long and rather dense ochreous pubescence. Prescutum
with tiree broad slightly shining blackish-brown stripes,
the side-stripes continued across the scutum. Lower half
of pleure, also the cox, whitish grey. Addomen dull
ochreous-orange, the first four tergites and the apex of
the fifth dark brown. Ovipositor ae and almost straight,
the cerci much stouter than is usual in the genus. Legs
ochreous, tarsi rather darker ; all tibize with black tips ; front
and middle femora rather broadly black at the tips ; hind
femora black, except on the basal fifth. Claws simple,
twice as long as the broad empodia. Wings ochreous-
tinged, costal cell yellower, stigma distinct, but rather
ill-defined, blackish; veins mostly pitrou. Se ending
midway between base of R, and r; tip of R, slightly
upturned, a little longer than 7 ;»R, aie four times as long
as Ro.3 3 7m more ‘than twice its length from base of Ry,; ;
cell M, present, shorter than its peunies discal cell not
much longer than broad ; Cua at about one-third of discal
cell ; Cu, curved, at right angles with Cuja at base. Halteres
ochreous.

Length of body 30 mm.; wing 21x6 mm.

Japan: (no exact data), 1909 “T. A, G. Strickland),

Species of Eriocera in the British Museum. 83

3. Hriocera waterstoni, sp. n., 2.

Head blackish grey, dull, nearly bare; frontal tubercle
small but distinct, simple. Scape of antennee black, the first
joint a little over twice as long as broad; flagellum missing.
Palpi black ; second joint swollen but elongate, much
longer than the first or third, and a little longer even than
the fourth. Yhorax dull blackish grey ; a whitish line on
the extreme margin of the mesonotum ; above this, just in —
front of the wing-base, a short velvet-black stripe. Upper
half of the pleura deep black, shining except in places ;
lower half heavily dusted with whitish grey. Abdomen
black, somewhat shining ; ovipositor slender, reddish. Legs:
front coxee blackish, the others ochreous, all grey-dusted ;
trochauters ochreous ; remainder of legs missing. Wings
uniformly blackish. Venation like that of 1. chirothecata
(as figured by Kuntze, 1913), except that Cu,a is hardly
beyond the middle of the discal cell, and the distance
between the tips of Ax and An is over twice that between
An and Cuy. Halteres black.

Length of body 138 mm.; wing 12x 3'2 mm.

Maceponia: Rendino Gorge, vi. 1918 (Capt. J.
Waterston).

The venation is very similar to that of E. schnusei,
Kuntze; probably, as in that species, the tarsi are dark, but
confirmation of this point is required.

us Sees ie ; Seat a
4. Eriocera umbripennis, sp. n., 2. (PI. X. fig. 2.

Head black, with some rather long black bristly hair ;
frontal tubercle rather small, triple, a single conically pro-
duced upper division, two more rounded tubercles just above
base of antenne. Antenne black, slightly longer than the
thorax ; first scapal jot about three times as long as broad ;
flagellum with the first four joints distinct, gradually dimin-
ishing in length; terminal portion scarcely equalling the
preceding three joints together. Palpi with the four joints
about equal in length, each roughly four times as long as
broad. Thorax purplish black ; preescutum with five deeper
black stripes, the three middle ones narrow ; pubesceuce
black, rather spare and short. Abdomen with the four basal
segments dull orange, the rest velvet-black; valves of the
ovipositor elongate, slender, reddish. Legs: coxz, tro-
chanters, and middle femora black (rest missing). Wings
uniformly black. Se, euding opposite 7; Sey opposite base
of R,; 7 more than three times its length from tip of Rk, ;

6*

84 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

r—m nearly twice its length from base of Ryis 3 ; cell M, pre-
sent, alittle longer than its petiole; Cua just beyond middle
of dincal cell; Cu, short, curved ; distance Ax—An on wing-
margin not gercteln longer than ae Cu,, and distinctly shorter
than Cu,—-Cu. Halter es black.

Length of body 21 mm.; wing 15 x 4°2 mm.

Penance: no further data (H. N. Ridley), 1 ¢.

5. Eriocera shiraki, sp.n., 3d.

Head velvet-black, pubescence black, rather long ; frontal
tubercle moderate, simple. Antenne black, rather less than
twice as long as the thorax; first scapal joint small, very
little longer than broad; flagellar joints regularly dimin-
ishing in length, the fourth rather more than half as long
as the first. Palpi black; first and second joints about
equal in length, third considerably shorter, fourth half as
long again as the second. Thorax velvet-black ; pubes-
cence black, long and dense; preescutum with four rather
narrow, slightly shining stripes. Abdomen with segments
1, 6, 7, and 8 entirely velvet-black, 2-5 and 9 entirely
orange. Hypopygium : ninth tergite emarginate. Side-
pieces simple, somewhat narrowed “towards the tips, nearly
three times as long as broad. Outer clasper with a few long
hairs towards the base, abruptly narrowed a little before the
tip, which is bent inwards and hook-like. Inner clasper
moderate, separated from the outer almost to the base.
Parameres bilobed, dorsal lobe curved, pointed ; ventral lobe
larger than the dorsal, long-conical, the sharply pointed
apex projecting inwards. Dorsal plate entire. Penis as
long as the mesosome, straight, pointed, bare. Legs
black, somewhat shining, moderately stout. Claws with
strong basal tooth, twice as long as the empodium. Wings
uniformly blackish, anal and axillary cells somewhat lighter.
Sc ending opposite base of R, ; r over twice its length from
tip of Ry; ; R, over twice as long as Ry, 3 ; r-m nearly twice its
length from base of Ry; cell MZ, absent; Cu,a just before
male of discal cell; Cu, curved, not nich shorter than
Cu,a. Distance Ax-An on wibg-margin just over twice
Aun-Cu,. Halteres black.

Length of body 138 mm.; wing 12 x3°8 mm.

Formosa: Koshun, 25. iv.-25. v. 1918 (J. Sonan, K. Mi-
yake, and M. Yoshino), 1 3, presevted to the British Museum
by Dr. T. Shiraki.

It is possible that this may be the male of EZ. rudbriceps,
Edw.

Speeies of Hriocera tn the British Museum. 85

6. Hriocera flavicosta, sp.n., 2. (PI. X. fig. 4.)

Head black, with black bristly hair; frontal tubercle
small, divided into two by a transverse furrow. Antenne
with the first three flagellar joints light brown, rest black.
First scapal joint above three times as long as broad; .
flagellum 8-jointed, the joints gradually decreasing in length.
Palpi black, rather stout, first joint a little longer than the
others, which are all about equalin length. Thorax dull black,
without distinct markings; pubescence dark, moderately short
and spare. Abdomen with segments 1, 5, 6,7, and sides of 4
black ; 2, 3, 8, middle of 4, and ovipositor orange. Legs
ochreous-brown ; coxee, trochanters, tips of femora and tibia,
and terminal tarsal segments black. Clawssimple; empodium
very short and broad. Wings brown, darker on the apical
third ; the costal and inner marginal cells yellow; a dis-
tinct white spot at the tip, including the tips of Rand R,,;.
Se ending opposite base of R,; r scarcely twice its length
from tip of R,; Ry, a little over twice as long as R45;
r—m below the base of R,; Cuya near apex of discal cell; Cu,
short, slightly curved; distance Ax—An on wing-margin
about three times An—Cu,. Halteres black.

Length of body 26 mm.; wing 18X5 mm.

Inpra: Nilgiri Hills, 3000 ft., 21. viii. 1888 (Sir G. F.
Hampson), 1 ?.

7. Eriocera kempi, Brun., var. n. longior.

(PROX. fig. 5:)

Differs from EH. kempi, Brun. (as represented by a paratype
in the British Museum), as follows :—r-m longer, not shorter
than 7; upper of the two veins closing the discal cell half
as long as the lower Gin /. kempi paratype the upper is
obliterated) ; Cu,a well before, not at the tip of the discal
cell; no minute clear spot in cell Cu,; two-thirds of abdo-
minal segments 4 and 5 orange, these segments also being
longer in proportion to their breadth; a large orange spot
at the base of the sixth tergite ; outer claspers of hypopygium
with a deeper preapical notch.

Length of body 28 mm.; wing 215 mm.

Inp1a: Mt. Hamilton, 2 3.

8. Eriocera ctenophoroides, Edw., var. n. nigrithorax, 2 .

Differs from H. ctenophoroides, Edw., as follows :—First
joint of flagellum distinctly longer and more slender; scarcely
any thicker than the second joint (in EH. ctenophoroides it
is distinctly thicker); thorax and last abdominal segment

86 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

velvet-black; middle segments of abdomen extremely broad,
quite twice as broad as the base and considerably broader
than in the type female of EL. ctenophoroides ; legs stout, but
considerably less so than in the type, the femora and tibiz
being also distinctly longer.

Cryton: Pallamadulla, 17. vi. 1892, 192 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury).

I referred to this specimen in describing £. ctenophoroides
in 1911. ‘The difference from the type is not confined,
as I then thought, to the black thorax, and the specimen
evidently represents a distinct variety if not species.

9. Eriocera albonotata, var. n. citrocastanea.
(Pl. X. fig. 6; text-fig. 2f.)

Differs from the typical form as follows :—Thorax and
dark parts of the abdomen dark chestnut-brown, not black ;
fifth abdominal segment of male longer and entirely dark ;
femora without black tips; hypopygium rather light brown ;
side-pieces longer (quite 1°5 times as long as their breadth
at the base); penis longer (about 4 times instead of 2°5
times as long as its breadth at the base) ; preapical notch of
outer clasper much less distinct.

Length of body, ¢, 23 mm.; wing, ¢, 17X48 mm.

Length of body, 9, 25 mm.; wing, ?, 195 mm.

Ceyton: Passara, 6.vi.1897 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury),1 3;
Pundaluoya, v. 1889 (HE. E. Green), 1 ¢.

10. Eriocera robinsoni, sp.n., 2. (PI. X. fig. 3.)

Head dull blackish grey, with numerous black bristles ;
antenne and palpi dark brown. Frontal tubercle moderate,
simple. First scapal jomt more than three times as long
as broad. Flagellum six-jointed, first two joints together
longer than the remaining four. Palpi rather short and
stout, first joint a little longer and more slender than the
remaining three, which are subequal. Thorax dull dark
brown, unmarked. Abdomen velvety-black, rather damaged,
but apparently with shining bands at the bases of the ter-
gites. Legs uniformly blackish; claws simple; empodia
short and thick. Wings rather strongly infuscated; a large
but inconspicuous pale area in the middle extending across
the inner marginal and basal cells, but not quite reaching
R, or Cu. Se ending just beyond base of R,; 7 about three
times its length from tip of R,; R,. more than three times
as long as R.,,; four posterior cells; Cu,a near apex of

Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 87

discal cell; Cu, as long as Cuya, slightly curved ; distance
Ax-An on margin about twice An—Cuy. Halteres black.
Length of body 14 mm.; wing 1133 mm.
Sram: Bukit Besar (H. C. Robinson and N. Annandale),
gr

1l. Eriocera assamensis, sp. n., 2.

Head dark greyish brown, with rather long and dense
black hair. Frontal tubercle moderate, simple. First scapal
joint dark greyish brown, four times as long as broad; second
scapal and first three flazell: ur joints yellow, tip of flagellum
dark. Flagellum with nine joints, the last six all “rather
short. Palpi black, moderately long; first and fourth joints
each a little longer than the second or third, second a little
thicker than the others. Thorax velvet-black, pleurze with
a slight brown tinge. Abdomen velvet-black, without shining
areas ; second, fourth, and fifth tergites with broad whitish-
grey basal bands. Ovipositor reddish, but the segment
bearing it black. Legs yellow; cox, trochanters, tips of
femora and tibiz, and the greater part of the tarsi blackish.
Claws simple; empodia short and broad. Wings blackish ;
base bright yellow; a broad white fascia in the middle,
extending from R, to the hind margin. Sc, extending well
beyond the base of R,; Sc, far before the tip of Sc;; r very
oblique, four or five times its length from tip of R,, its
middle joint above the base of R,; Ry quite four times as
long as R,,3; r-m below base of R,; four posterior cells ;
Cua near the tip of the rather short discal cell ; Cu, curved,
shorter than Cu,a; distance Ax—An on the margin not quite
twice An-Cu,. Halteres black.

Length of body 17 mm.; wing 14X42 mm.

Assam : Khasi Hills (purchased from LH. Heyne), 1 2,
taken together with typical specimens of L. nepalensis.

12. Eriocera sinensis, sp. n.,.¢. (Text-fig. 2d.)

Head velvet-black, with black hair. Frontal tubercle
divided by a transverse furrow, the lower portion somewhat
more prominent than the upper. Scape of antennz black,
the first joint about four times as long as broad; flagellum
missing. Palpi black; first and fourth joints slightly
longer than the second and third, second distinctly thicker
than the others. Thorax velvet-black. Abdomen con-
siderably shorter than the wings; velvet-black, the second,
fourth, and fifth tergites with broad leaden basal bands,

88 Mr, F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

somewhat more shining basally than apically; a narrow
shining leaden band at the base of the third tergite. Hypo-
pygium: side-pieces simple, about twice as long as their
greatest breadth. Outer claspers with small but deep pre-
apical notch. Middle third of ninth tergite prominent,
with median emargination. Parameres rather broad, some-
what pointed, dorsal lobe represented only by a small back-
wardly projecting tooth. Penis, if straight, would be almost
as long as the side-piece, but is bent downwards and back-
wards about the middle. Legs black. Claws with basal
tooth; empodia about half as long’ as the claws. Wings
black, bright yellow at the base; anal and axillary cells
lighter; a white median fascia of almost even width
extending from R, almost to the hind margin. Sc, ending
immediately before base of R,; Sc, scarcely beyond
base of R»,,; venation otherwise almost the same as in
I. assamensis. Halteres black.

Length of body 12 mm.; wing 123°8 mm.

W. Carina: Golden Buddha Mt., N. of Changking, Sze-
Chuen Province, 5000 ft., 15. viii. 1907 (W. A. Maw), 1 ¢.

Evidently closely allied to E. nepalensis, but certainly
distinct. The hypopygium of £. nepalensis differs from that of
E. sinensis as follows :—the ninth tergite is not prominent in
its niddle third ; the preapical notch on the outer clasper
is less marked; the side-piece is somewhat shorter and
stouter ; and the penis is shorter and more pointed.

13. Eriocera chrysomela, sp. n.
(Pl. X. fig. 7; text-fig. 2a.)

Head velvet-black, with a pale grey central longitudinal
line, and with black hair. Frontal tubercle divided into
three parts, the upper portion rounded, only very slightly
prominent, the lower portion produced into two conspicuous
tubercles. Antenne black; first scapal jomt about three
times as long as broad; first flagellar joint half as long
again as the second, which is half as long again as the
third ; terminal portion about as long as the first joint,
without definite jointing in the male, but with six rather
indistinct joints in the female. Palpi black, moderately
long; fourth joint almost as long as-the second and third
together ; first not quite as long as the fourth ; second some-
what thicker than the others. Thorax uniform velvet-
black or very dark brown; pubescence sparse and not very
long. Abdomen velvet-black ; basal halves of tergites 2-5
shining blackish ; beyond the shining area is a rather
narrow transverse leaden-grey band on each of the segments

Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 89

2-5; hypopygium, ovipositor, and the segment bearing the
ovipositor orange. Hypopygium: ninth tergite with the
central portion strongly produced, but emarginate in
the middle. Side-piece less than twice as long as its basal
diameter, much narrower apically; at the base on the
ventral side with a rounded prominence bearing a row of
about 15-20 short spines. Outer clasper bare, with a deep
excavation on the outer side near the base, preapical notch
small. Inner clasper rather narrow, incompletely separated
from the outer. Parameres rather long, straight, with
rounded tips, no basal tooth. Penis (if straightened) would
be a little longer than the side-pieces, but is bent downwards
and backwards about its middle; both halves are strongly
curved; the outer (ventral) half bears numerous short bristly
hairs, which are most dense at the tip; on the outer side
of the bend is a deep groove, tip not much thinner than base.
Legs long, slender, black ; claws of the male with basal tooth,
not much longer than the narrow empodium ; of the female
simple, empodium short and broad. Wings blackish at the
extreme base, beyond which rather more than half of the
wing is yellow; anal and axillary cells lighter. At the outer
edge of the yellow area is a clear whitish spot extending
across the basal cells but not reaching Rs or Cu. The apical
part of the wing, from the tip of Se to the tip of Ax, is
blackish brown, except for the tip, which is rather broadly
pure white. Sc ending opposite 7, which is about three’
times its length from the tip of R,, and not quite its own
length from the base of R,; R, more than three times as
Jong as R,,3; 7-m below base of R,; cell M, present, more
than twice as long as its stalk; Cu,a close to apex of discal
cell ; Cu, slightly curved. Halteres black.

Length of body, ¢, 13 mm.; wing, ¢, 12x 3°7 mm.

Length of body, 9, 21 mm.; wing, 2,155 mm.

Hone Kone (J. C. Bowring, 1861),1 3,1 ¢.

14. Eriocera plumbolutea, sp.n., 8. (Text-fig. 2c.)

Head velvet-black, with long and dense black hair.
Frontal tubercle triple, the pair of tubercles above the
antenne rather small, but slightly larger than the unpaired
and more rounded dorsal tubercle. Antennz with the scape
blackish, first joint about three times as long as broad ; first
three flagellar joints yellow (remainder missing). Palpi
black (damaged). Thorax entirely velvet-black, except for
the prothoracic lobes, which are reddish and rather more
prominent than usual. Sides of mesonotum with long and

90 *, FE. W. Edwards on the Old- World

dense black hair; prascutum also with long black hair
along the furrows. Abdomen: segments 1 and 6-8 entirely
velvet-black, 2-5 with yellow ground-colour, dusted’ over
with grey, more shining basally, apical fifth of each velvet-
black. Hypopygium orange-yellow. Ninth tergite with its
middle portion strongly produced, emarginate in the middle,
rather densely hairy. Side-pieces about twice as long as’
their breadth at the base; an irregular row of about 20 short
blunt spines at the base beneath, ‘not situated on a definite
prominence. Outer clasper bare, slightly thickest in the
middle, without distinct excavation on outer side near base ;
preapical notch slight. Inner clasper broad, incompletely
separated from the outer. Parameres with a trace of a
basal tooth ; long, nearly straight, with rounded tips. Penis
with a thick, nearly straight basal portion which is nearly as
long as the side-piece, then bent downwards and backwards
for about half the’ length of the basal portion, then forwards
again as a slender bare filament which is nearly as long as
the basal portion. Legs: coxee and trochanters black ; femora
yellow with black tips; tibiz brownish with black tips ;
tarsi blackish ; claws with small basal tooth ; empodia short.
Wings with dark brown ground-colour ; yellow at the base
and in the whole of the costal and subcostal cells; a large
nearly square white spot near the tips of the basal cells,
extending from Rs to Cu; a small white spot in the inner
marginal cell just above the fork of Rs; a very small white
spot on the extreme tip, just including tips of R; and Ry,5.
Se ending opposite r; Se, much before tip of Sc,;; 7 rather
long, vertical, twice its length before tip of R, ; Re» nearly
four times as long as at a cell M, present, more than
twice as long as its “stalk ; Cu,a almost at tip of discal cell ;
Cu, nearly as long as Cu,a, slightly curved. Halteres black,
tip greyish.
Length of body 14 mm. ; wing 12°5x 4 mm.
Assam: Khasi Hills (purchased from EH. Heyne), 1 ¢.

15. Eriocera brunettii, sp.n., 6. (Text-fig. 2b.)

Head very dark ash-grey, pubescence moderate. Frontal
tubercle triple, the unpaired dorsal portion very slight
indeed. Antenne black; first scapal joint about three
times as long as broad ; flagellum with five joints, each a
little shorter than the preceding. Palpi black; first and
fourth jomts each about as long as the second and third
together ; second a little thicker than the others. Thorax
dull orange dorsally, nearly bare ; preescutum and scutum

Species of Eriocera in the British Museum. 91

more reddish-tinged, scutellum and _ postnotum more
yellowish-tinged. Pleure dark grey, passing to orange
above. Abdomen entirely black, mostly shining ; fifth and
sixth segments only with narrow velvet-black apical borders
(possibly the shining appearance of the basal segments may
not be natural). Hypopygium resembling that of E. plumbo-
lutea, but the short spines on the bases of the side-pieces are
borne on an ear-shaped process ; the outer clasper is thickest
near the base, where it is finely pubescent; the inner clasper
is narrower; and the penis, though at least as long, is
rather differently convoluted. Legs black; claws with
small basal tooth ; empodia short. JVings resembling those
of E. plumbolutea, but base and costal region dark; the large
central white spot less square and not quite reaching Cu;
apical white mark long, narrow, and crescent-shaped,
extending from before the tip of R, to the tip of M,; Cuja
not much beyond middle of discal cell. Halteres black, base
of stem pale.

Length of body 11 mm.; wing 10 x 3:2 mm.

Assam: Tura, Garo Hills, 1400 ft., 17.x.1917 (Mrs. S.
Kemp), 1 3.

The specimen was sent by Brunetti as his gravely, from
which it differs in the orange scutellum and postnotum, the
absence (natural?) of velvet-black bands on most of the
abdominal segments, the shape of the apical wing-spot, and
the position of Cua. A female of H. gravelyi in the British
Museum from Sikkim (J. G. Pilcher) agrees exactly with
one sent by Brunetti from the Darjiling district. It seems
most probable therefore that Brunetti has confused two
distinct species under the name gravely?.

16. Eriocera trimaculata, sp.u., 2. .(Pl. X. fig. 8.)

Head velvet-black, pubescence black, rather long and dense.
Frontal tubercle triple, each division very small and rounded.
Scape of antennas black, flagellum yellowish, except towards
the tip. First scapal joint nearly four times as long as
broad. Flagellum with seven joints, the first about as long
as the next two together, the last three equal in length.
Palpi black, first joint scarcely as long as the second, which
is much thickened, fourth as long as the second and third
together. Thorax entirely velvet-black, except for the
scutellum, which is reddish orange ; pubescence rather long,
black. Abdomen velvet-black, without shining bands, but
with large pearly-white lateral basal spots on tergites 4-6.
Legs short and stout, with long black pubescence ; dark
brown in colour, the coxze and the tips of the other joints

92 _ My. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

black ; claws simple ; empodia short. Wings blackish, anal
and axillary cells lighter; a large central white spot
extending from Rs to Cu; a second rather large white spot
extending from R, to R,,3; a third at the wing-tip, reaching
from the tip of Ry to just beyond the tip of Ry,;. Sc
ending just before 7 ; Sc, opposite fork of Rs ; 7 somewhat
oblique, three times its length before tip of R,; R, quite
four times as long as Ry,3; r—m slightly beyond base of Rg,
also slightly beyond middle of upper margin of discal cell ;
cell M, present, with extremely short stalk ; Cua near apex
of lower margin of discal cell; basal section of M, very
oblique ; Cu, somewhat curved, as long as Cua.

Length of body 20 mm.; wing 145 x4°5 mm.’

Assam: Khasi Hills (purchased from E. Heyne),1 9°.

17. Eriocera borneana, sp.n., 2? (PI. X. fig. 12.)

Head blackish grey, with moderately long black pubescence.
Frontal tubercle triple, but only very slightly prominent.
Antenne and palpi black (tips of both missing in type).
Thorax almost uniformly red ; pleurz only a little darker ;
pubescence normal, pale. dddomen missing in the type.
Legs rather short, dark brown, tarsi darker ; claws simple ;
empodium short and narrow. . Wings dark brown ; a white
fascia in the middle, extending from R, to Cu (at which it
ends abruptly) and just touching the fork of Rs; another
white spot immediately before the apex, not touching the
front margin, but reaching the hind‘margin between R,,;
and M,,. Sc, ending opposite base of R.; Sc, near tip of
Sce,; 7 vertical, about three times its length from tip of R, ;
R, nearly four times as long as Rp; ; r-m below base of R, ;
basal section of M,,. (i. e., inner margin of discal cell) nearly
vertical ; a trace of vein M, present (more marked in the
wing figured than in the other) ; Cuja at about two-thirds
of discal cell; Cu, slightly curved, longer than Cu,a.
Halteres black.

Size of wing 9x3 mm.

Borngto: Kuching, Sarawak, 27. iv. 1900 (J. Hewitt),
1 9 (?). A second specimen, almost certainly belonging to
the same species, is in the Cambridge Museum from Borneo
(Kuching ?), 20.x.1901 (R. Shelford). In this specimen the
first three abdominal segments and the ovipositor are yellow,
the remainder of the abdomen dark. The wing differs from
the type in having no trace of a pale subapical spot, and no
trace of vein M;. The size of the subapical wing-spot is
probably variable, since in Walker’s male type of H. infixa

Species of Kviocera in the British Museum. 93

it is a mere dot, while in three females of the same species
it is much larger (in all three it touches the front but not
the hind margin of the wing).

REMARKS ON VARIOUS SPECIES.

1. EH. ornata (End.), described from Sumatra, is repre-
sented in the British Museum by two males—one from Port
Dixon, Malay Peninsula, 19. ii. 1908 (G. Meade-Waldo), and
one from Kuching, Sarawak, 21.1.1902 (J. Hewitt). It
evidently occupies an isolated position in the genus, but
there is no subgeneric name available for it, simce Enderlein
designated A. verticale as the type-species of Androclosma.
Apart from the peculiarities of venation, the parameres of
the edceagus (text-fig. 2i) have a unique structure ; the free
portion is simple, elongate, blunt-ended, and more than half
as long as the side-piece. The outer clasper and the penis
are constructed somewhat as in the verticalis group, and may
perhaps indicate a connection therewith. The length of Rs
is variable, being over three times as long as R in the
Kuching specimen, rather shorter in the one from Port
Dixon, and only twice as long as R in Enderlein’s figure.

Fig. 1.

Male genital claspers of species of Errocera, x 40.

a, EL. brunetti, sp. n.; b, E. verticalis, Wied.; ¢, E. rubrescens (Walk.) ;
d, L. luteipennis (Edw.).

2. The Seychelles Species.—The four species described from
the Seychelles are evidently quite closely allied, as is shown
by the structure of the hypopygium of three of them
(FE. obscuripennis, E. fuscinervis, and E. luteipennis) (text-
figs. 1d, 2n,20). In all these the outer clasper is regularly
narrowed towards the tip, which is, however, bent inwards
almost at right angles to the shaft; the parameres are bifid,
the outer lobe being straight and pointed, the inner with a
rounded tip; the penis is small and not distinctly separated

94 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

from the mesosome. Apart from this the species resemble
one another in build, coloration, yellow scape of the antennze,
small size of frontal tubercle, short, more or less convex
axillary vein, rather short Sc, short Ra, and position of r—m
cross-vein. The apparently fundamental difference in the
number of posterior cells (3 or 4) is bridged in an interesting
way. A re-examination of the three specimens of A. lutei-
pennis in the British Museum shows that one of them has
_ three posterior cells (as figured by me in 1912) ; one has very
distinctly four posterior cells and a closed discal cell ; while
the third has a short, disconnected piece of vein M; present.
I therefore consider the removal of LH. luteipennis and
E. ferruginea from Hexatoma to be entirely justified. The
Seychelles group is a very distinct one when Old-World forms
alone are considered, but the South-American Penthoptera
sancte-marthe, Alex., shows certain resemblances.

8. The crystalloptera Group.—The four Ceylon species
with crystalline wings described by Osten-Sacken form
another distinct group, with a number of characters in
common, as indicated in the key. Three of these are repre-
sented in the British Musenm, but only one of them
(E. crystalloptera) in the male sex. The hypopygium of
this species, like that of Hewatoma, has bilobed parameres
(text-fig. 2k), the upper lobe being bent about the middle,
and a small arrowhead-like penis, but the outer clasper has
the subapical notch well-marked.

4. E. lunata, Westw.—This\s another isolated species with
a striking venational peculiarity in ‘the extremely broad
upper basal cell (a point which is not sufficiently brought
out by Westwood’s figure) and with a very distinctive type
of wing-marking. The white tip to the veins R, and Rs, also 7,
may indicate a connection with H. ornata ; if that is so, the
straight tip of Cu, could be regarded as linking E. ornata
with the verticalis group. “Additional characters common to
E. ornata and E. lunata, and found only in these two species,
are the unusual breadth of the upper basal cell and the
parallelism of the basal part of Rs with R, ; neither of these
points is at all indicated in E. verticalis. The hypopygium
of Westwood’s type (the only example known) is unfortu-
nately now damaged, but Westwood figures a very peculiar
structure of the claspers, and the parameres (unless broken
off) are not elongate as in #. ornata.

5. E. pusilla, Alex.—In the very short, strongly upturned
tip of R,, as well as in the structure of the hypopygium and
ovipositor, this species shows a greater resemblance to Hexa-
toma than to Eriocera, and should in my opinion be placed
there. It is particularly interesting as connecting Hexatuma

Species of Eriocera tn the British Museum. 95

with the verticalis group of Hriocera, and as a further
instance showing the inadvisability of using the character of
the number of branches of the media for generic classification
in the Tipulidee.

6. The verticalis Group.—This, as I interpret it, includes
the thirteen species under section 12 in the key. Apart
from the general similarity in coloration and venation already
noted in the key, there are certain hypopygial characters
common to many, if not all, of the species. The organ -has
been examined in six (fusca, nigrina, nyasicola, tumidiscapa,
yerburyi, and verticalis), all of which show the following
common features: outer clasper (text-fig. 1b) rather gently
narrowed towards the curved-down tip, no preapical notch’ ;
inner clasper broad ; side-pieces simple at the base, some-
what curved ; parameres bilobed, lobes about equal in length,
upper lobe pointed, lower lobe very broad, with rounded tip,
placed nearly in a vertical plane; penis very short, arrow-
head-shaped (text-fig. 2j). Ifit should be desired to accord
this group subgeneric rank, the names Androclosma and
Globericera are available. The South-American species of
true Hriocera (including the type of the genus, EH. nigra,
Macq.) approach this group in several respects—for example,
in the comparatively short vein Ry and the straight, strongly
down-bent Cu,. However, the hypopygium of a few species
which I have examined does not seem to show any very
close affinity between the two groups.

7. The rubrescens Group.—Included under this heading
are the seven speeies from stricklandi to angustipennis in the
key, under the number 27, and also longijurca, Alex., and
tripunctipennis, Brun. Although there are among these some
with five posterior cells andsome with four, it is fairly certain
that they are all somewhat closely related, except perhaps

7. stricklandi, which differs from the others in its much
Jarger frontal tubercle. Of the remaining species, four
are represented in the British Museum by males, and the
hypopygia of these have been examined. F£. rufiventris,
ii. penulata (text-fig. 2m), and LL. pyrrhochroma are very
similar and have rather small bilobed parameres, the upper
lobes smaller than the lower, both lobes projecting inwards ;
the penis is small and rounded; the outer clasper is rather
abruptly narrowed a little before the tip, but not so much so
asin many other species. 7. rubrescens (text-figs. le, 21)
is somewhat different: the outer clasper with the tip more
hook-like ; parameres broad, rounded, not bilobed ; penis
very short, but pointed. . stricklandi (known so far only
from the female) would seem to be closely reluted to the
N.-American L, spinosa, differing chiefly in the colour of

56 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World

the abdomen and the larger size. Since LE. spinosa is the
type of the subgenus Arrhenica, O.-S., this name will be
available for the group.

The preceding groups, though diverse in many respects,

Details of sedceagus of Old-World species of Zriocera. All x40.
Except in h (£. schnuset, Kuntze) only the penis and one paramere
are shown.

a, E. chrysomela, sp. n.; b, E. brunettit, sp. n.; ¢, E. plumbolutea,
sp.n.; a, £. sinensis, sp. n.; e, L. lygropis, Alex. ; f, H. kempi, Brun.,
var.n. longior; g, HE. lunigera, Walk.; i, £. ornata (ind.) ; j, #.
verticalis, Wied.; k, E. crystalloptera, O.-S.; 1, &. rubrescens,
Walk.; m, ZL. penulata, End.; n, £. obscuripennis, Edw.; 0, L.
luteipennis (Kdw.).

In fig. h the whole aedeagus of EL. schnusez, Kuntze, is shown in dorsal
view: p= penis; pa = paramere; bp = basal plate; dp = dorsal
plate.

have one character in common, the shortness of the penis,
which is produced into two little points at the tip. In the
remaining species the structural details are somewhat less
varied, especially the venation, which shows few tangible
modifications ; the hypopygial structure is also fairly
uniform, there being nearly always a pronounced preapical

Species of Kriocera tn the British Museum, 97

notch on the outer clasper, due to the abrupt narrowing of
the shaft a little before the tip; the side-pieces are shorter
than in the other groups, and the penis is nearly always long
and pointed, often curved or hook-like, its tip scarcely ever
produced into two points. The tip of R, is always consider-
ably longer than r; Cu,a generally nearer the apex than the
base of the discal cell; Ry always much longer than R,,3;
Cu, generally quite short and more or less curved. Here,
again, there are species with four or with five posterior cells,
but the species in each of these categories are not all closely
related. On the whole, the classification by wing-markings
and by the presence or absence of leaden-coloured bands on
the abdomen seems to give the best expression of the natural
affinities of the species. The following groups may be
recognised :—

8. The chirothecata Group, including the three South-
European species with five posterior cells and perhaps also
unicolor, Meij., aud obscura, Big. In this group the only
species known to me in the male sex is H. schnusei (text-
fig. 2h). This has a short penis and parameres of similar
structure to those of the verticalis group ; in these respects,
as well as in its coloration, it seems to connect the verticalis
group with the dichroa group. On the other hand, the elon-
gate second palpal joint of /. schnuset and J’. waterstoni
suggests a connection with the rubrescens group, through
E.. stricklandi. 1 am not acquainted with the type-species of
Penthoptera (chirothecata, Scop.) or Physecrania (obscura,
Big.), but from the published figures both would seem to
belong to the same group as schnusei; if so, these generic
names will be synonymous. This group may perhaps be
regarded as representing the ancestral type of the genus,
aud as haying given rise on the one hand to the verticalis
group and on the other to the dichroa group.

9. The dichroa Group may be regarded as including all the
species with blackish unmarked wings, and an entirely dull,
partly orange abdomen. In a namber of species, but uot
all, the first antennal joint is short. In the venation, R, is
perfectly straight, its terminal section much longer than r.
The outer clasper has a well-marked preapical notch; the
parameres are bilobed, both lobes pomting inwards, but the
ventral lobe straighter and longer than the dorsal; the penis
rather long and pointed, but straight. (This applies to
scutellata aud shirakii; but a male of semilimpida examined
appeared to have no penis ; it may have been broken off.)
H. maculiventris, Brun., is given as a synonym of L£. semi-
limpida, Brun., on the authority of Brunetti (in letter),

Ann. & Mag. N. Hast. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. a

98 On Briocera in the British Museum.

though the descriptions do not quite agree, especially as
regards the thorax.

Closely allied to the dichroa group, and certainly not
separable from it subgenerically, are: (a) the dicolur group,
with similar claspers, side-pieces, and parameres to those of
the dichroa group, but with the penis somewhat longer and
more curved; (b) the morosa group, with hypopygium
similar to that of the bicolor group, but with quite different
coloration ; (c) the albonotata group, with three apical wing-
spots, deep preapical notch on outer clasper, parameres
almost simple, the dorsal lobe represented by a small back-
wardly-projecting tooth, penis straight ; (d) the albipunctata
group, with one apical wing-spot, side-pieces swollen at the
base beneath, parameres broader than in the albonotata group
(text-fig. 2f), penis more or less curved; (e) the infiwa
group (EH. infiva, E. borneana, and probably some other
species with dull abdomen and ornate wings), with hypo-
pygium resembling that of the albonotata group, but
preapical notch of outer clasper less well-marked.

I do not know E. javensis (Dol.), but if, as seems likely, it
is nearly related to E. infixa, the name Oligomera could be
applied to the whole of this group, if it could be satisfactorily
distinguished from the chirothecata group, which hardly
seems possible.

10. H. lunigera (Walk.) has several peculiarities in its
hypopygium (text-fig. 2g). The side-pieces have a small
rounded basal lobe studded with small blunt black spines;
the outer clasper almost regularly narrowed to the tip,
which is scarcely bent; the penis is very short and broad,
but somewhat curved ; the parameres with strong backwardly
projecting basal tooth. Walker’s type of optabilis has now
nothing left but the head and thorax; these, however, agree
exactly with EH. lunigera, so that the two names most
probably apply to the same species.

11. The plumbicincta Group, including the seven species
under heading 88 inthe key. All these are evidently closely
allied, and, apart from the similarity of wing-markings
(which is obscured but not obliterated in L. chrysomela by
the development of yellow colour on the basal half) and in
the abdominal banding, they agree in the presence and
somewhat unusual length of cell M;. The hypopygium is
remarkable for the great length of the penis (see descriptions
of the new species, and text-figs. 2a, 2b, 2c); the outer
claspers (text-fig. 1a) have the preapical notch unusually
small, the tip scarcely bent; the side-pieces of all the species

On new and little-known Tipulidae. 99

examined have more or less distinct basal lobes beset with
spines, somewhat as in L. lunigera.

12. The nepalensis Group, including the eight species from
decorata to hilpa in the key, is evidently nearly allied to the
plumbéicincta group, in spite of possessing only four posterior
cells. The type of abdominal marking is very similar, the
grey bands in the midde of tergites 2-5, which are so con-
spicuous in this group, being distinctly traceable in some of
the members of the plumbicincta group. ‘lhe relationship is
also indicated in the hypopygium, the penis being rather
long and hooked (text-fig. 2d), though not nearly so long as
in the plumbicincta group. ‘The side-pieces, however, have no
trace of spiny basal lobes. L. sauteriana and FE. leucotela
have a hypopygium similar to that of H. nepalensis. The
name Pterocosmus would be available for this group, the ty pe-
species being P. velutinus (= HE. nepalensis). Both West-
wood’s aud Walker’s types are in fairly good condition in the
Oxford and British Museums respectively.

The nepalensis group seems to be connected with the
dichroa group through the morosa group.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. Fies. 1-12.
Wings of Old-World species of Eriocera.

Fig. 1. Eriocera fusca, Edw. xX 3.

Fig. 2. E.umbripennis, sp.n. X 2°5.

Fig. 3. E. robinson, sp.n. xX 2°5.

Fig. 4. E. flavicosta, sp.n. X 2°5.

Fig. 5. E. kempi, Brun., var. n. longior. xX 2°5.

Fig. 6. E. albonotata, Lw., var. n. citrocastanea. X 2°,
Fig. 7. £. chrysomela,sp.n. xX 3.

Fig. 8. £. trimaculata, sp.n. X 3.

Fig. 9. E. combinata, Walk. xX 3.

Fig. 10. E. leucotela, Walk. x 3.
Fig. 11. E. infixa, Walk. x 3.
Fig. 12. E. borneana, sp.n. X 3.

IV .—New and little-known Tipulidee, chiefly from Formosa. —
Part Il. By F. W. Epwarps.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
[Plate X. figs. 15-19.]

Tus paper is a continuation of one published by the writer

under the above title in 1916 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)

KVill. pp. 245-269, pl. xii.), and deals chiefly with a further

consignment of crane-flies received from Dr. T. Shiraki,
qt

100 Mr. F. W. Edwards on

chief Entomologist of the Agricultural Experimental
Station, Taiboku, Formosa, early in 1920, who has again
generously presented all the types to the British Museum.

As in the previous paper, a few additional cranc-flies
from the Oriental and Eastern Palearctic regions have
been dealt with ; in this case, these all belong to the genus
Ctenacroscelis.

The bibliography concerning Formosan Tipulide has been
given in tull by Alexander in a recent paper (Ann. Ent. Soe.
Amer. xiii. pp. 249-270, Sept. 1920), and need not be
quoted again here, but since, with those mentioned below,
over 100 species have now been recorded from the island, it

may be of use at this juncture to enumerate them.

List of the Crane-flies hitherto recorded from Formosa.

Ptychopteride.
Ptychoptera distincta, Brun.
ef, japonica, Alex.

Tipulide.
LIMNOBIINE.
LIMNOBIINI.
Dicranomyia fullowayi, Alex.
L punctulata, Mei}. |
punceticosta, Brun.
convergens, Mei).
alticola, Edw.
—— pleurilineata, Ried.
niyrithorax, Brun.
tenella, Mei}.
Thrypticomyta saltans (Dol.).
Geranomyia septemnotata, Edw.
[ pulchripennis, Brun. |
argentifera, Meij.
atrostriata, sp. 1.
[ montana, Mei). |
Limnobia nigriceps (Wulp) (=reet-
angularis (Ried.).
avanthopteroides, Ried.
nitobet, Kdw.
atridorsum, Alex.
umbrata, Meij.
Libnotes regalis, Edw.
transversalis, Mei}.
—— limpida, Kdw.

ANTOCHINI.
Helius nigriceps (Kdw.).
Punicolor, Brun. |
barbatus, sp. Nn.
Teucholabis fenestrata, O.-S.
tnurnata, Ried.

Teucholabis nigerrima, Edw. (=
unicolor, Lied.).

Paratropeza (Gymmnastes) ornati-
pennis (Meij.).

—— ( ) shirakit, Alex.

( ) hyalipennis, Alex.

Atarba pallidicornis, Edw.

Suscicornis, Edw.

Antocha javanensis, Alex.

ERIOPTERINI.
Gonomyta (Gonomyta) metatarsata,
Meij.
) pruinosa, Alex.
—— (Lipophleps) gracilis, Skuse.
( ) nebulosa, Mei}.
Gnophomyia (Gnophomyia) orien-
talis, Meij.
—( ) simelis, Edw.
—— ( ) strenua, Brun.
——_( ) nigra, Brun.
— (Dasymallomyia) signata,
run.
Styringomyia formosana, Edw.
ceylonica, Kdw.
Jiava, Brun.
Jlavitarsis, Alex.
Ormosia (Rhypholophus) formo-
sanus, Sp. 0.
Molophilus costalis, Edw.
nigripes, sp. n.
Taseocera fragilicornis, Ried.
Erioptera (I’mpeda) nigroapicalis,
Alex.
ese | ) minuscula, Alex.
—— (Erioptera) insignis, Edw.
| —— ( ) alboguttata, Edw.
—— (——) lava, Brun.

new and little-known Vipulide.

Trentepohhia (Trentepohlia) trente-
pohli (Wied.).

) albogeniculata (Brun.).

(Mongoma) pennipes, O.-S.

Conosia irrorata (Wied.).

a |

LIMNOPHILINI.
Limnophila (Linnophila)
cussa, Alex.

—— ( ) nigronitida, sp. n.

—— (Dicranophragma) formosa,
Alex.

(Ephelia) fuscipennis, Brun.

Epiphragma kemp:, Brun.

wmcon-

HEXATOMINI.
Eriocera verticalis, Wied.
nigrina, Ried.
sautertana, Kind.
rubriceps, Kdw.
shiraki, Edw.
[—— testacea, Brun. }
—— lygropis, Alex.

PEDICIINI.

Rhaphidolabis brunettit, Edw.
Tricyphona formosana, Alex.

TIPULINZ.
CTENOPHORINI.

Pselliophora ctenophorina, Ried.

hoppo, Mats. (=semirufa,
Edw.).

scalator, Alex.

if taprobanes, Walk. |

laneipes, sp. 0.

Dictenidia formosana, Alex.

101

DoLIcHOPEZINI.
Dolichopeza ? orientalis, Brun,
Nesopeza gracilis, Mei}.
Oropeza sauteri, Ried.

TIPULINI.

Brithura conifrons, Edw.

Longurto rubriceps, Edw.

Ctenacroscelis clavipes, sp. 1.

similis, sp. n.

[ sikkimensis, End. |

Tipula holoserica, Mats. (= rufo-
media, Edw. = nigrorubra,
Ried.).

coquilletti, End.

nova, Walk. (=nohirat, Mats,
= fumifasciata, Brun.).

— formosicola, Alex.

yamata, Alex.

shiraki, Edw.

tridentata, Alex.

| —— pluriguttata, Alex.

bicornuta, Alex.
subapterogyne, Alex.
Jlavicosia, sp. n.
quadrifulva, sp. n.
——- biserra, sp. n.
terebrata, sp. n.

—— arisanensis, sp. 0.
Nephrotoma virgata (Coq.).
citrina (Edw.).
[—— serricornis, Brun. |
delta, Walk.
Javensis (Dol.).
bombayensis, Mcq. |
parva (Kdw.).
Sormosensis, Edw.
[-— palloris, Coq. }

[

The ten species mentioned in square brackets have been
recorded by Riedel; their occurrence in Formosa requires
confirmation, since in each case it is possible or probable
that the species concerned was really the one immediately

preceding in the above list.

Liuyopin 2.

LIMNOBIINI.

Geranomyia atrostriata, sp. n.

Head, including antenne and proboscis, blackish.
Flagellar joints approximately

very narrow, almost linear.

equal, oval, last joint narrow and pointed.

Front

Verticils not

102 Mr. F. W. Edwards on

longer than the joints. Proboscis about as long as head
and thorax together. T'horaw blackish grey, slightly shining
in certain lights; two dull black lines on the posterior half
of the prescutum, interrupted at the suture, and continued
across the scutum. Shoulders, wing-attachment, and most
of sternopleura tinged with ochreous. Abdomen blackish
above, ochreous below; hypopygium brownish ochreous,
fleshy claspers elongate-oval, quite twice as long as the side-
pieces ; upper claspers small, deeply bifid, both branches
curved, the outer one sharp-pointed, the inner with rounded
tip. Legs dark brown; cox and trochanters ochreous.
Wings slightly brownish-tinged ; stigma dark brown; very
small brown clouds at base of Rs and at tip of Sc. Sc, close
to tip of Se, ; the usual accessory cross-vein present con-
necting Sc and R; Ks nearly straight, longer than basal
section of R,,3; discal cell elongate, more than twice as
long as broad, and somewhat longer than the veins beyond
it ; Cua just before base of discal cell. Costal fringe very
short, shorter than the fringe of the hind margin. Halteres
with ochreous stem and dark brown kuob.

Length of body (excluding proboscis) 6 mm.; wing
7 mm.; proboscis 2°2 mm.

Formosa: Ringaurin, Nanto, 18.xii.1916 (7. Shiraki),
nl
This species seems most nearly allied to G. montana, Meij.,
differing in the short costal fringe and the two black lines
on the thorax.

Libnotes limpida, Edw.
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvii. p. 855 (1916),

Formosa: Arisan, 25.iv.1917 (7. Shiraki). Two females,
agreeing closely with the type from the Malay States.

Libnotes transversalis, Mei].
Tijd. v. Ent. lix. p. 198 (1916).
Formosa: Arisan, 25.iv. 1917 (7. Shiraki), 13.
The specimen agrees closely with de Meijere’s description.
Although superficially very similar to L. limpida, it is really
quite distinct.

ANTOCHINI.
Helius | Rhamphidia] nigriceps (Edw.).
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvii. p. 358 (1916),
Formosa: Arisan, 24. iv. 1917 (7. Shiraki), 13,19.

new and little-known 'Tipulide. 103

Somewhat larger and darker than the original Siamese
specimens, but identical in structure.

Helius barbatus, sp.u. (Text-fig.)

Closely allied to H. nigriceps, Edw., differing only in the
structure of the antennze and hypopygium. ‘The antenne
are about as long as the head and proboscis together, the
first three or four flagellar joints swollen, markedly broader
than long, the next few joints gradually narrower but no
longer, all with rather short dense hair ; the last six joints
long and very slender (especially the last) and each provided
with a few long hairs, more than twice as long as the joint

Helius barbatus, sp. n.
Male hypopygium from above. x 40,

bearing them. Hypopygium: ninth tergite produced into
two conspicuous hairy points. The eversible anal segment
with four narrow chitinous strips. Tips of side-pieces with
long dense yellowish hair, the hairs microscopically serrate.
Both pairs of claspers very broad, the outer one with the
usual black bifid tip, and also with a double membranous

lobe on the inner side.
Formosa: Arisan, 24.iv.1917(T. Shiraki), 13.

ERIOPTERINI,
Ormosia (Rhypholophus) formosanus, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen uniformly dark brownish, the
abdomen somewhat darker ; pubescence inconspicuous, pale.
Palpi black. Antenne dark brown, flagellar joints all
shortly oval. Ovipositor reddish ; genital valves long,

104 Mr. F. W. Edwards on

almost reaching tips of the gently curved anal valves.
Legs dark brown, with a slight purplish sheen ; front and
middle femora with a narrow ring of yellowish pubescence
before the tip, and another much narrower still at the
extreme tips. (Hind legs missing.) Wings with the vena-
tion of 2. varius, Mg. Cord somewhat darkened, but no
clear spot in cell R, beyond the stigma. Halteres pale
yellow, apical half of knob pure white.

Length of body 3°2 mm.; wing 4°8 mm.

Formosa : Noko, 11. v.1919 (7. Shiraki),1¢.

Apparently closely allied to AR. pulcher, Brun., from
which it differs in the unicolorous thorax.

Molophilus nigripes, sp. u.
Head dulldark grey. Palpi black. Antenne longer than

thorax, blackish ; flagellar jomts all rather elongate-oval,
gradually and slightly diminishing in length, with one or
two longish stiff hairs near base, and clothed in addition,
except at base and tip, with long soft pubescence, about
as long as the joint which bears it. Thorax dull black,
with short black pubescence; a whitish line at margin
of mesonotum. <Addomen black, slightly shining, with
moderately long yellowish pubescence. Hypopygium :
ventral lobe of side-piece long and narrow. Claspers long,
rather slender, nearly straight; upper pair sharp-pointed,
lower pair with rounded tips. Aldceagus not visible ex-
ternally. Leys blackish, the trochanters yellow. Wings
slightly greyish; costa and radial vein yellowish; hair
rather light brown, paler towards ensta. Ax ending slightly
beyond fork of Cu. Halteres yellow.

Length of body 3:2 mm, ; wing 4°8 mm.

Formosa: Noko, 1l.v. 1919 (7. Shiraki), 12.

The only other described Oriental species with similar
autenne is M. assamensis, Brun., which has yellow legs.

LIMNOPHILINI.
Epiphragma kempi, Brun.
Ree. Ind. Mus. viii. p. 155 (1913).
Formosa: Arisan, 25.iv.1919 (7. Shiraki), 12.

Limnophila nigronitida, sp. n.

Head black, slightly dusted with grey. Palpi and antennz
biack ; antennee shorter than the thorax ; flagellar joints

new and little-known Tipulidee. 105

roundish, somewhat more convex below, apical joints not
much smaller than the basal ones; verticils about as long
as the joits. Thorax and abdomen uniformly shining black,
only the pleure slightly grey-dusted and the ovipositor
reddish. Legs black, the femora and tibiz brownish except
at tips. Wings slightly greyish, unmarked except for the
darker grey stigma. Sc ending distinctly in costa; Se, near
tip of Se, ; 7 about its own length from tip of R,, and at
about mid-length of R,; R,,; very short; Rs rather long
and nearly straight ; the three veins closing the upper basal
cell rather thick and about equal in length ; cell M, absent ;
cross-vein m very oblique, longer than basal section of M3.
Cu,a before middle of discal cell. Halteres light yellow.

Length of body about 5 mm.: wing 6 mm.

Formosa: Funkiko, 23.11.1917 (T. Shiraki), 192.

Among described Oriental species this can only be com-
pared with Z. guartarius, Brun., which has a similar venation,
but is quite different in colour.

TIPULIN#&.
CrENOPHORINI.

Pselliophora laneipes, sp. n. (Pl. X. fig. 14.)

Head orange, with black hair on the vertex, brownish to
golden hair on the face and rostrum. Palpi with the three
basal segments brownish, black-haired ; terminal segment
yellowish, black at the base and tip. Antenne with the
basal segment orange, with a dark brown stripe on the outer
side; remainder black, except for the tips of the flagellar
joints, which are light brownish. Thorax bright orange ;
preescutum with three distinct black stripes, tle middle one
entire, the lateral ones continued across the scutum.
Scutellum with rather long and dense brownish-orange hair.
Abdomen orange ; a narrow black median stripe on tergites
2-4, interrupted with orange on the posterior margins of
the segments, and continuous with the narrow black lateral
posterior borders of these segments; venter similar.
Hypopygium black. Ninth tergite with two rounded lobes,
each provided with a long dense tuft of dark brown hair
(much longer than in P. scalator, Alex.). Ninth sternite
much as in P. scalator (deeply bilobed, each lobe with a
strong smooth spine on its inner side). LHighth sternite
produced into a cup-shaped process similar to that of
P. scalator, but shorter. Outer claspers pointed, not square-

106 Mr. F. W. Edwards on

ended as in P. scalator. Legs with the coxe and trochanters
bright orange, the femora orange with the tips rather
narrowly black; tibiee and tarsi almost black. Front and
middle femora with short black pubescence, hence appearing
dark; hind femora with almost entirely orange pubescence,
which on the inner side of basal half is very long and dense
(as in males of the very differently coloured P. divisa, Brun.,
and P. speciosa, Edw.). Hind tibize with a rather narrow
yellowish ring near the base. Wings resembling those of
P. scalator (see Pl. X. figs. 13 & 14) in their black and
yellow pattern, but all the apical cells of the wing are con-
spicuously yellow basally in their centres. Rs conspicuously
spurred near base; cell M, rather broadly sessile ; cells Cu,
and Cu, of equal breadth at the margin; m—cw distinct.
Halteres orange ; knob with a black spot at the base above.

Length of body 17 mm. ; wing 15x5 mm.

Formosa: Taito, 25. ii-27. i. 1919 (S. Inamura,
J. Sonan, M. Yoshino), 13. Related to P. scalator, Alex.,
differing chiefly in the hypopygium and hind femora.

DoLtcHOPEZINI.

Dolichopeza sp., cf. orientalis, Brun.
Fauna Brit. Ind., Nematocera, p. 354 (1913).

Formosa: Ringaurin, Nanto, 18. xii.1916 (7. Shiraki),
1g. Very similar to D. orientalis, Brun., but probably
distinct, the white on the legs being less extensive. The
specimen, however, is too damaged for purposes of
description.

TTP ULING,

Tipula flavicosta, sp.n. (PI. X. fig. 15.)

Head ash-grey, with a narrow black median line ; sides of
rostrum and palpi black. Nasus short,simple. Antennzas
long as the thorax, with the first three Joints pale ochreous,
the rest black. First flagellar joint nearly twice as long as
the second, slightly longer even than the first scapal, nearly
cylindrical ; remaining flagellar joints (except the small
terminal one) all about equal in length, very slightly
enlarged at the base ; verticils shorter than the joints.
Thorax almost bare, ash-grey ; preescutum with three slightly
darker stripes, the middle one divided by a dark line;
scutellum and postnotum dark grey. Abdomen somewhat
shining, dark brownish, the last few segments almost black,

new and little-known Tipulide. 107

no distinct markings. Ninth tergite large, with a rather
small median V-shaped notch. Eighth sternite large, square-
ended, nearly covering the ninth. Outer claspers ochreous,
broadly expanded at base, almost triangular. Inner claspers
ochreous in the middle, with strongly blackened pointed ~
tips ; at the base with a strong straight sharp spine, and
between this and the main portion a small flat horizontal
lobe with a rounded edge. Legs black, only the coxe grey
and the extreme base of the femora yellowish. Wings
(see Pl. X. fig. 15) with the base and the costal and subcostal
cells and the veins bordering them yellow, otherwise greyish
with some clear markings and dark-bordered veins. Tip of
R, entirely atrophied beyond the cross-vein ;-m-—cu very
distinct. Halteres yellow.

Length of body 9mm.; wing 11mm.

Formosa: Noko, 1l.v.1919 (7. Shiraki), 12.

Nearly related to the Japanese 7’. trupheoneura, Alex.
(which is known only from the female), but differs in the
pale first jomt of the antennez, simple nasus, darker
legs, ete.

Tipula quadrifulva, sp. n. (Pl. X. fig. 19.)

Head: front bright ochreous on the upper part, whitish
yellow just above the antennze ; vertex brownish ochreous,
darker in the middle, with a blackish median line which
does not extend on to the front. Rostrum ochreous with
rather narrow blackish lateral stripes. Palpi brownish.
Antenne with the scape ochreous, flagellum blackish. First
scapal joint elongate, twice as long as the first flagellar.
Verticils longer than the joimts. Flagellar joints (except
the first) slightly swollen at the base; third and fourth
equa] in length, slightly longer than the first or second ;
last jot minute. Thorax: prescutum with four distinct
dark olive-brown stripes, which have their outer borders
slightly, their inner borders considerably, darkened ; inter-
spaces between the stripes pale greyish ochreous, with rather
long fine yellowish hair. Scutum whitish grey on the front
margin, the usual two large dark marks olive-brown,
darkened on their anterior and inner edges. Scutellum and
postnotum long-haired, greyish ochreous, with a conspicuous
blackish-brown median line. Pleurze uniformly ochreous.
Abdomen with segments 1—4 ochreous-orange ; 5-8 blackish,
with the hind margins narrowly pale; tergites 5-8 together
scarcely longer than tergite 4. Sternite 8 with its posterior

corners produced into two short lobes, which are made more

108 Mr. F. W. Edwards on

conspicuous by being clothed with long yellowish hair, the ,
middle part of the sternite convex. Ninth tergite with a
rather small median projection, which is bifid and covered
apically with small black spines. Legs blackish, femora
’ ochreous towards the base. Wings with a conspicuous
pattern (see Pl. X. fig. 19). Halteres ochreous-brown, knob
mostly pale yellowish.

Length of body 14 mm.; wing 18 mm.

Formosa: Musha, 10. v.1917 (7. Shiraki), 12.

Evidently nearly allied to 7. marmoratipennis, Brun.,
1’. serricornis, Alex., and other species of the same large and
rather difficult group. The wing-markings are extremely
similar to those of the two species named, but the hypo-
pygium differs.

Tipula biserra, sp.n. (PI. X. fig. 18.)

Head ochreous, a roughly diamond-shaped dark mark on
the vertex, continued forwards almost to base of antenne;
sides of rostrum somewhat darkened. Palpi blackish, the
tips of the joints light brown. Antennz ochreous, flagellar
joints slightly enlarged and distinctly blackened at the base ;
verticils a little longer than the joints. First flagellar joint
a little shorter than the first scapal; second and third
flagellar joints distinctly shorter than the first and fourth ;
last joint minute. Thorav dull greyish brown, the pree-
scutum with three dark brown stripes, which have slightly
darker edges, the median stripe divided by an indistinct pale
line. Scutellum and postnotum with a dark brown median
line, not very conspicuous. Pubescence short and incon-
spicuous. Abdomen elongate, ochreous-brown, with con-
tinuous median and lateral dark brown longitudinal stripes.
Ninth tergite long, almost equal to the long anal valves of .
the ovipositor; these latter almost straight, with two keels
on the outer face, both of which are conspicuously serrate,
the inner face hairy. Genital valves very short, not reach-
ing base of anal valves. Legs dark brown; femora somewhat
lighter, with black apical rings. Wings as in Pl. X. fig. 18 ;
note particularly the uniformly brown apex, and the shape of
the pale markings in the lower basalcell. Halteres blackish ;
base of stem ochreous, tip of knob yellowish.

Length of body 23 mm.; wing 20 mm.

Formosa: Arisan, 24. iv. 1917 (T. Shiraki), 19.

Though this species is also obviously related to 7. serri-
cauda, Alex., and 7. serridens, Alex., the resemblance is not

new and litile-known Tipulide. 109

so close as in the case of 7. guadrifulva, since the wing-
markings show obvious differences. The two rows of teeth
on each anal valve of the ovipositor have not been described
in any other species, but may have been overlooked.

Tipula terebrata, sp. n. (Pl. X. fig. 16.)

Head brownish ochreous, sides of rostrum rather darker,
the long nasus almost blackish. A black stripe extending
from between antennz almost to nape. Scape of antennz
ochreous, flagellum black. First flagellar joint shorter than
first scapal, but nearly as stout; second and third flagellar
joints slightly shorter than the first and fourth; remaining
joints scarcely perceptibly enlarged at the base; verticils
about as long as the jomts. Thorax rather dark greyish
buff, with short and inconspicuous pubescence. Preescutum
with four olive-green stripes, which have conspicuously
darker margins ; the inner margins of the two middle stripes
fused in front and almost black. Scutellum and postnotum
with a sharply defined blackish median line. Abdomen
ochreous-brown with a broad median and narrow lateral
black longitudinal stripes ; extreme side-margins of tergites
whitish. Ninth tergite very long, longer even than the anal
valves ; these latter thick at the base, not flattened, almost
straight, without any trace of serration on the outer keels ;
genital valves well-developed, but still not quite reaching
the base of the anal valves. Legs moderately stout, blackish,
femora brown except for the rather broad black apical rings.
Wings as in Pl. X. fig. 16; note the conspicuous pale area
round Rs. Halteres ochreous, base of knob blackish.

Length of body 22 mm.; wing 21 mm.

Formosa: Musha, 10. v.1917 (7. Shiraki), 19.

Though similar in general appearance to the two above
described, this species is really very distinct from either.
It seems to be related to the Japanese 7’. terebrina, Alex.,
which is described as having a similar ovipositor.

Tipula arisanensis, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 17.)

Head ocbreous with a median longitudinal black line.
Palpi blackish. Antenne with the scape ochreous ; first
flagellar joint much shorter than first scapal, ochreous,
darkened in the middle; second, third, and fourth flagellar
joints each shorter than the first or fifth, brownish ochreous,
blackened at the base; remaining joints blackish brown,

110 Mr. F. W. Edwards on

slightly swollen at the base ; all flagellar joints except the
first and last with two moderately long hairs above, none
below. Thorax brownish ochreous; the prescutum with
three darker brown stripes, without dark borders, the middle
stripe divided posteriorly by a pale line. Scutal lobes each
with two separate dark brown spots. Scutellum and post-
notum with a dark brown median stripe, most conspicuous
when viewed from in front. Abdomen brown with rather
obscure darker brown median and lateral longitudinal
stripes ; apical corners of tergites pale. Ninth tergite very
long, longer than the anal valves, these of the normal form,
flattened, pointed, only slightly enlarged at the base, without
distinct outer keels. Genital valves well-developed, just
reaching base of anal valves. Wings as in PI. X. fig. 17; note
the rather long fusion of Cu, and M3. AHalteres ochreous,
base of knob blackish.

Length of body 13 mm. ; wing 14mm.

Formosa: Arisan, 24. v. 1917 (7. Shiraki), 22.

I have not been able to trace a previous description of
this species. The wing-markings are very similar to those
of T. quasimarmoratipennis, Brun., which evidently belongs
to the same group.

Tipula demarcata, Brun.
Ree. Ind. Mus. vi. p. 259 (1911).

Formosa: Suisha, Nanto, 22. xii. 1916 (7. Shirakt), 1,
Pe

The female agrees closely with a female in the British
Museum from ‘f'rincomali, Ceylon (Lt.-Col. Yerbury), and
also with Brunetti’s rather imperfect description ; the species
is one of a group which is rather numerous in the Oriental
region, distinguished by the unicolorous wings and very
narrow axillary cell. TY. demarcata is distinguished from
the other species known to me by the grey thoracic pleure,
contrasting noticeably with the brown dorsum. Other
nearly allied species are 7’. sulaica, Walk., T. vilis, Walk.,
T. walkeri, Brun. (fulvipennis, Walk.), 7. gedehicola, Alex.,
T. korinchiensis, Edw., etc. Some of these show good
specific distinctions in the antenne.

It may be noted here that Brunetti’s Pachyrhina demarcata
is also a Tipula, and requires renaming. I suggest Tipula
sessilis, nom. nov., basing the name on a male and female
in the British Museum from the Nilgiri Hills, 6700 ft.,
8. xil. 1887 (Sir G. F. Hampson).

new and little-known 'Tipulide. nee

Nephrotoma delta (Walker).

Tipula delta, Walker, Ins. Saund. i. p. 445 (1856).
Pachyrhina dorsopunctata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus, vi. p. 265 (1911).

Formosa : Chyoshu, 21. xi. 1916 (7. Shiraki), 192.
Agrees well with Walker’s type and with Brunetti’s
description.

CrenacrosceE.is, Enderlein.

The species dealt with below all belong to the brodbdig-
nagius group, the members of which are distinguished by
their great size, brownish wings without conspicuous mark-
ings, vein Cu more or less dark-bordered, especially about
the fork, and a narrow dark stripe on the ochreous pleure
extending from the neck to below the wing-base; the
prescutum has three almost confluent blackish-grey stripes,
the middle one more or less distinctly divided by a dark
line ; the autenne, except for the apical part of the flagellum,
are light ochreous, and have the verticillate hairs very short,
sometimes barely perceptible.

The wmbrinus group shows a very similar coloration, but
the insects are much smaller, the first joint of the antenne
is dark, and the prescutum generally has four dark stripes,
the middle pair separated by a narrow pale line.

The prepotens group (prepotens, Wied., monochrous,
Wied., rea, Alex., etc.) differs from the brobdignagius group
in the absence of the dark pleural stripe. There is a female
specimen of C. prepotens (Wied.) in the British Museum
from Java, which is amply distinct from all the species of
the brobdignagius group: the prescutum has four distinct
dark stripes ; the wings, apart from the yellowish stigma,
are uniformly greyish, without a trace of darkening on vein
Cu. Doubtless a number of species have been confused
under the name prepotens, and its range is not likely to be
so extensive as has been supposed. The specimen recorded
by Walker from Nepal is not this species, but apparently
C. dwes (Brun.) or a very closely allied species; another
example in the British Museum labelled prepotens is in
reality C. jfulvolateralis (Brun.) (? = sikkimensis, End.).
Both these species belong to the brobdiynagius group.

Ctenacroscelis clavipes, sp. un.

Head rather deep ochreous above, dark grey behind the
eyes ; pale ochreous beneath ; sides of rostrum dark brown;

112 Mr. F. W. Edwards on

the usual blackish dot over the base of each antenna.
Antenne with the first few joints ochreous; flagellum
mostly dark ; first flagellar joint slender, as long as the first
scapal, second and third shorter, almost cylindrical: the
following joints somewhat convex beneath. Thorax coloured
much as in the other species of the group. Middle prescutal
stripe reaching front margin; pronotum with a dark spot
above; scutellum yellowish with two dark spots, nearly
coutiguous, close to base; postnotum mostly dark brownish,
more or less grey-dusted, a narrow median grey line
eularging at the tip into a grey spot. Abdomen dark
brownish dorsally, with a rather broad ochreous median
stripe, which is not distinctly traceable beyond the apex of
the second tergite; rather narrow pale ochreous lateral
stripes ; venter pale, especially towards the base. Hypo-
pygium: ninth tergite bilobed, the median excavation
broadly V-shaped, each lobe on its outer face with a tuft of
long golden hairs. Eighth sternite with the usual semi-
circular excavation, with yellow hairs which are not very
conspicuous. Outer clasper a little over twice ‘as long as
broad, almost square-ended, without conspicuous yellow
hairs projecting inwards from its base. Inner claspers
clubbed on the apical half. Ovipositor reddish ; anal valves
long, slender, straight, hairy beneath. Legs brownish
ochreous, tarsi darker apically; femora and tibie rather
broadly black at the tips; tips of hind tibie considerably
swollen, especially in the male, in which sex the tip of the
tibia for a distance of over a millimetre is more than twice
the average diameter of the joint. Fifth tarsal joints of
male modified in the usual way. Wings brownish-tinged,
base, costal cell, stigma, and a suffusion in the base of the
basal cells darker brown; a slight suffusion round the fork
of Cu and at the extreme tip of Ax; a faintly indicated pale
area above the discal cell, just before the stigma. Cross-
vein 7 before base of R, ; Rs equal to R.,3; stem of cell M,
very short, about one-eighth to one-sixth as long as the cell ;
M, and M, parallel; Cu,a very oblique, fused for a short
distance with M;. Halteres blackish, base of stem ochreous.

Length of body, g, 26-30 mm.; ?,35 mm. Wing
34-42 mm.

Formosa: Koshun, 25. iv.—25. v. 1918 (J. Sonan,
K. Miyake, and M. Yoshino), 1 3 (type). Taito, 25. ii-
27.11.1917 (S. Inamura, J. Sonan, and M. Yoshino), 1 2.
Kusukusu, 19. v. 1918 (AK. Miyake), 192. Norra Cuina
(Fortune), 1 g. This last specimen is certainly conspecific

new and little-known Tipulide. 113

with those from Formosa, but differs in having the pale
median stripe of the abdomen narrower and more distinct
extending as far as the sixth tergite.

?

Ctenacroscelis similis, sp. n.

Differs from C. clavipes as follows:—Flagellar joints
almost cylindrical, scarcely convex beneath. Postnotum
with a broad greyish median stripe, occupying about one-
third of the width, sides dark brown. Anal valves of ovi-
positor not hairy beneath. Femora with the black tips
less clearly marked ; tibiz scarcely darkened and not at all
swollen apically. Pale area above the discal cell reduced to
a small dot before the stigma; costal cell and stigma not
quite so dark.

Formosa: Arisan, 24.iv.1917 (T. Shiraki), 1 2 (type);
a second female without precise locality, captured 6, iii. 1908
(A. L. Wileman).

Cienacroscelis fulvolateralis (Brun.)
(? =sikkimensis, End.).

This species is nearly related to the above-described
C. similis, but the pronotum is scarcely darkened; the
middle prescutal stripe does not quite reach the front
margin (except for the dark line in its centre); the post-
notum is mainly dark greyish, paler on its apical margin,
dark brown only on its extreme lateral edges; the stigma is
pale brown, somewhat lighter than the costal cell, and there
is a suggestion of a pale band along the middle of the wing
from the base of the axillary cell to just before the stigma.
The antenne have distinct short verticillate hairs, and the
flagellar joints convex beneath, as in C. clavipes, but the hind
tibize are not swollen at the tip in either sex. The male
hypopygium has the ninth tergite more deeply bilobed than
in C. clavipes, the lobes without conspicuous golden hair-
tufts, the inner claspers conspicuously clubbed at the tips.
British Museum material is from Upper Burmah, Sikkim,
and Nepal.

Ctenacroscelis majesticus (Brun.).

This is also nearly related to C. similis and C. fulvolateralis,
the hind tibize not being enlarged or even darkened at the
tips in either sex. From both these species it differs in the
conspicuous ochreous patch just in front of the suture in
the middle, the slightly but distinctly separated thoracic

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 8

114 Mr. F. W. Edwards on

stripes, and the almost uniformly coloured yellowish-brown
wings, with hardly a trace of a stigma. The hypopygium
has small golden hair-tufts on the lobes of the ninth tergite ;
the inner claspers are not clubbed at the tip as in C, fulvo-
lateralis. ‘The greyish-brown head; the sharply defined
dark thoracic markings ; the daikened tips of the femora;
and the position of 7, which joins R,,3 well before the fork,
will suffice to distinguish C. majesticus from C. fulvipes, sp. n.

There are three males and one female in the British
Museum from Sikkim: Gopaldhara, Rungbong Valley, 1920
(H. Stevens). The body-length of the males, exclusive of
the head, varies from 20-30 mm.

Ctenacroscelis brobdiynagius (Westw.).

Westwood’s type male has the wings almost wholly
yellowish brown, including the stigma; asmall dark reddish-
brown dot on each side of R.,3 close to its base ; the hind
tibize are broadly black and somewhat swollen at the tip, but
less so than in C, clavipes; the postnotum has a broad
greyish-ochreous median stripe occupying quite half its
width ; the pale median stripe of the abdomen is broad and
is scarcely traceable beyond the first segment.

Two males and a female from mountains 50 miles north-
west of Chengtu, China (W. N. Fergusson), differ in having
the wings more greyish brown; no dark dots at base of
R,,3; the stigma and an area above and below it whitish,
also the base of the axillary cell and astreak along each side
of An whitish ; the pale stripe on the postnotum is narrower ;
and the abdomen with a narrower and fairly distinct median
pale stripe extending almost its whole length. I at first took
these for a distinct species, which indeed they may be, but
another male from ‘Taipaishan, Shensi, 7. vili.05 (Lord
Rothschild), is about as intermediate as possible. The hypo-
pygium is similar to that of C. clavipes, but lacks the golden
hair-tufts on the lobes of the ninth tergite, these being
represented merely by a few short yellow hairs. The wing-
length varies (independently of sex) from 40-49 mm.

Ctenacroscelis fulvipes, sp. n.

Head, including antenne, wholly ochreous, sides of
rostrum darker ; palpi blackish (at least at base) ; antennze
constructed as in brobdignagius and clavipes. Thorax
ochreous, the brown pleural stripe of the drobdignagius group
narrow, but distinct ; preescutum with three broad greenish-
brown stripes which are not dark-margined, the middle

new and little-known Tipulidae. 115

one just divided, the lateral stripes crossing the scutum.
Scutellum and postnotum wholly greyish ochreous. Abdo-
men brown, with an indistinct ochreous median longitudinal
stripe, interrupted on the hind margins of the segments, and
continuous lateral pale stripes. Ovipositor shining ochreous,
anal valves slender, bare, but shorter and stouter than in
C. brobdignagius, not greatly exceeding the’ genital valves
in length. Legs almost wholly fulvous, only the ctenidia,
spurs, and extreme tips of the tibiz and tarsal joints black.
Wings yellowish brown, costal cell and stigma concolorous ;
a slight smoky appearance on the lower part of the cord;
tips of cells #, and R, indistinctly pale, also bases of cells
M, and 2nd M,; indistinct pale areas also in centres of
cells An and Ax. Cross-vein r just touching base of R, ;
cell M, just sessile on one wing, with a just perceptible stalk
on the other; M, and M, slightly convergent. Halteres
with blackish knob and ochreous stem.

Length of body 82 mm. ; wing 37 x 8 mm.

Caina: mountains 50 miles north-west of Chenetu
(WW. N. Fergusson), 19. In several respects, notably the
absence of black tips to the femora, the colour of the post-
notum, and the sessile cell M,, this is quite a distinct species
of the brobdignagius group.

Ctenacroscelis mikado (Westw.).

This differs from the other members of the brobdignagius
group in the colour of the postnotum, which is dark brown
in the middle, ochreous at the sides. The abdomen shows
no trace of a pale median stripe; the ninth tergite of the
male has a short dense black pubescence round its apical
margin. The British Museum possesses a male and female
from, Yokohama (H. Prior) aud a female from Miyanoshita,
Japan (Yerbury), which have been identified by comparison
with Westwood’s type.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. Fies. 13-19.
Wings of Formosan Tipulide.

Fig. 13. Pselliophora sealator, Alex. X 8.
Fig. 14. P. laneipes, sp.n. X 3.

Fig. 15. Tipula flavicosta, sp.n. X 2.
Fig. 16. T. terebrata, sp.n. X 2.

Fig. 17. T. arisanensis, sp.n. X 2.

Fig. 18. T. biserra, sp.n. X-2.

Fig. 19. T. quadrifulva, sp... X 2.

116 Prof. C. Chilton on Abnormal Antenne

V.—Two Examples of Abnormal Antenne in the Crustacea
Amphipoda. By Guas. Cuirton, M.A., D.Sc., M.B.,
C.M., L.D.,°C.M.Z.8. FWli.8., Professors of > Biology,
Canterbury College, New Zealand.

In 1918 I published a note on an abnormal uropod in the
amphipod Orchestia marmorata, Haswell *. Since then, in

Fig. |

Orchestia chiliensis, M.-Edwards. Antenne, showing the two additional
joints in the peduncle of the second antenna.

examining the Amphipoda of various collections, I have met
with two examples of abnormal antennee. ‘These have been

* Journ, Zool. Research, vol. iii. p. 97.

in the Crustacea Amphipoda. 117

briefly mentioned in the reports on the collections concerned ;
but a separate and somewhat fuller account seems desirable.
Both examples occur in species belonging to the family
Talitride, Stebbing (=Orchestide, auctorum) — namely,
Orchestia chiliensis, Milne-Edwards, and Hyale brevipes,
Chevreux, and in both cases it is the second or lower
antenna that is abnormal.

In Orchestia chiliensis the normal second antenna is

Bs Fe yin a
at eee eee
pl
Fi g: pe

Hyale brevipes, Chevreux.

Fig. 2.—Second antenna, with abnormal appendage arising from fourth
joint of peduncle.
Fig. 2a.—The appendage more highly magnified.

generally considered to contain five joints in the peduncle,
the first and second being small and more or less fused with
the head, the third distinct but short, and the fourth and
fifth more elongated and generally subequal, the fifth being
followed by the multiarticulate flagellum. The abnormal
antennz were met with in a specimen of this species from

118 . Major E. E. Austen on the

Juan Fernandez, collected by the Swedish South Pacific
Expedition. The antennze are represented in fig. 1, from
which it will be seen that in the second there are two addi-
tional joints in the peduncle, these being subequal in length
and a little longer than the normal fifth joint. Both the
right and left second antenne have these two additional
joints, the two antennz being quite symmetrical. Through
the semitransparent integument of the last two joints of the
peduncle, the muscles and other soft parts can be indistinctly
seen to be much contracted, and throughout the whole of the
last joint and the distal portion of the preceding joint they
appear to be segmented ; apparently this appearance is
produced by the soft parts of the flagellum and terminal
peduncular joints being retracted preparatory to the next
moult, but there is nothing to indicate with certainty whether
the antenna after the moult will have the abnormal number
of joints or whether it will revert to the normal form.

‘I'he second example occurs in a specimen of the small
amphipod yale brevipes, Chevreux, from Chilka Lake,
India, and is also in the second antenna. Jn the upper
distal end of the fourth—that is, the penuultimate—joint of
the peduncle there projects upwards a small appendage
nearly as long as the joint from which it arises. This
appears to be separated from the joint by a distinct articu-
lation ; it broadens near the base, but narrows again towards
the rounded apex, which bears about six setules, as shown in
fig. 2a. It bears some slight resemblance to a single-jointed
secondary flagellum, but it arises on the second or lower
antenna and from tlie penultimate joint of the peduncle,
while the normal secondary appendage always arises from
the last peduncular joint of the upper antenna. It is possible,
of course, that this abnormal appendage has been the result
of some injury. In this case the abnormality occurred on
the one antenna of the pair only.

VI.—The Prey of the Yellow Dung-Fly, Scatophaga sterco-
raria, L. . By Major E. K. Ausren, D.S.O.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

In a preface to a valuable paper on the Yellow Dung-Fly
nue published by Mr. G. 8. Cotterell *, Prof. Maxwell

“The Life-History and Habits of the Yellow Dung-Fly (Scatophaga
stercorarta) ; a possible Blow-Fly Check.” By G.S. Cotterell. With
a Preface by Prof. Maxwell Lefroy, F.Z.S. Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1920, pt. iv. pp. 629-647, figs, 1-14 (December, 1920),

Prey of the Yellow Dung-Fly. 119

Lefroy remarks that observations made by him “show that
while the fly preys on a large variety of Diptera, it specially
attacks Calliphora and Musca.” He states further that
S. stercoraria is “‘a constant and general feeder on the
common species of Blow-fly in England throughout the
season,’ and he considers it to be “the most. important
direct enemy of the adult fly, a check which appears to be
very effective in this country.” Prof. Lefroy proceeds to
explain that the author of the paper “ investigated the best
means of transporting this species to countries where
Blow-fly is a serious pest to sheep, in the hope that it might
be possible to utilise it as a check on Blow-fly.” “This
has not been possible as yet,” writes Prof. Lefroy, “but the
species seems to have much value in this connection, and
.. it is to be hoped it will eventually be made use of.”

Anyone who knows anything of the importance and pre-
valence of the Sheep Blow-fly pest in Australia is well aware
of the urgent necessity of discovering an effective remedy.
If S. stercoraria, a hardy and fairly prolific predaceous
Dipteron, does indeed feed by preference upon Blow-flies, and
if it can be relied upon, without any kind of adventitious aid
and under natural conditions, always to attack and destroy
Calliphora erythrocephala (the Common Blow-fly) at sight,
Prof. Lefroy by suggesting its introduction has not only
gone a long way towards solving the problem at issue, but
has established a just claim to the gratitude of every sheep
farmer in the Commonwealth. While it is obvious that,
before any predaceous imsect can be regarded as even a
“ possible ” check upon an insect pest, it must be shown that
the normal relations between the two are not unlike those
between the domestic cat and the common mouse, it would
seem to be a legitimate deduction from the remarks of
Prof. Lefroy quoted above that, im England, the Yellow
‘Dung-fly behaves towards the Common Blow-fly in the
manner just indicated.

Let us, however, briefly examine the available evidence
as to the feeding-habits of S. stercoraria, and in particular
let us see how far the experience of other observers is in
agreement with that of Prof. Lefroy, whose statements have
already been reproduced. Prof. Lefroy’s original obser-
vations on the subject, at any rate, seem to have been made
under artificial rather than under natural conditions, since
he writes :—“The Yellow Dung-fly first showed itself in
our work at the Zoological Society in 1915 in connection
with methods of trapping flies: it came in numbers, per-
sistently eating the adult Blow-flies, and seriously interfered

120 Major E. E. Austen on the

with experiments out of doors.” This statement, it must
be admitted, leaves something to be desired, since it is not
clear whether the Blow-flies, when attacked, were or were
not at liberty. In the subsequent paper, however, all doubt
is set at rest by Mr. Cotterell himself, who writes (loc. cit.
p. 646) :—‘“ At the Zoological Gardens in 1915 Professor
Lefroy’s experiments with fly-traps were interfered with by
the abundance of the adult S. stercoraria that fed on the
trapped flies, chiefly Blow-flies of the genus Calliphora.”
Comment is scarcely needed, though it is perhaps per-
missible to point out, merely by way of illustration, that
should a hungry leopard happen to find itself shut up in a
cage with a litter of young badgers, and should that happen
which under the postulated conditions would be most likely
to occur, it would be unwise to draw from the tragedy any-
thing like a dogmatic conclusion as to the favourite diet of
Felis pardus.

Now as to what happens in nature, concerning which Prof.
Lefroy’s statements have been given above. Mr. Cotterell
(loc. cit.) writes: —‘‘ The food of the adults is very varied,
but confined to other Diptera. The small Borborid fly
(Borborus equinus) appears to be the chief article of diet in
the field, chiefly as it breeds abundantly in horse excrement
and as it passes the winter as an adult. Larger flies, how-
ever, are preyed upon, such as Calliphora, Lucilia, M. domes-
tica, ete.” It will be observed there is a curious discrepancy
between the statements of Prof. Lefroy and of Mr. Cotterell,
which as regards the most important detail are even mutually
exclusive, since, while the former claims that S. stercoraria
‘* specially attacks Calliphora and Musca,” the latter asserts
that Borborus equinus, Fln. (a small, narrow-bodied, bronze-
black fly, measuring some 4°5 mm. in length, and perhaps
not one-twelfth of the bulk of an average specimen of
Calliphora erythrocephala) “ appears to be the chief article
of diet.”

The evidence bearing upon the prey of the Yellow Dung-fly
published prior to Mr. Cotterell’s paper, albeit extremely
scanty, does not support Prof. Lefroy’s contention. Thus,
according to Kirby & Spence*, “ Scatophaga stercoraria and
scybalaria....feed upon small flies,....” Again, at a
much later date, Prof. Poulton + gave records of the prey of
seven specimens of Scatophaga stercoraria ‘as the result
of the observations of five observers in several very different

* ‘Introduction to Entomology,’ 5th ed. vol. i. p. 275 (1828).—

Quoted by Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, p. 394.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1906, pp. 891-3892.

Prey of the Yellow Dung-Fly. + 121

British localities.” The victims, all of which were Diptera,
were as follows :—Dilophus febrilis, L. (Fam. Bibionide) ;
Macronychia viatica, Mg.=M. griseola, Fin. (Tachinidz) ;
Stomoxys calcitrans, Li. (Muscide) ; Sciara carbonaria, Mg.
(Sciaride) ; Fannia canicularis, L. (Anthomyide) ; a small
‘‘daddy-longlegs,”’ probably Hrioptera sp. (Limnobiide) ;
and Syrphus punctulatus, Verr.(Syrphide). Prof. Poulton *
also recorded three instances of other common British
Scatophagids, belonging to as many species (Scatophaga
suilla, F.; S. lutaria, F.; and S. merdaria, F.), being taken
with prey in their grasp, the names of the victims being
respectively Dicranomyia lutea, Mg. (Limnobiide), Mydea
urbana, Mg. (Anthomyide), and Tazxonus glabratus, Fin. (a
Hymenopterus insect, belonging to the Family Tenthre-
dinide, or Saw-flies). It will be observed that in no single
one of these ten cases, whether the captor was S. stercoraria
or one of its congeners, was the victim a Calliphora ; and it
may be added that in almost every instance the insect
preyed upon belonged to a species markedly smaller and less
robust than the Dung-fly. Doubtless the latter, when in
need of a meal, will seize any fly that it is able to over-
power, and it is true that Blow-flies much under the normal
size are not uncommon. Neverthless, the average Blow-fly
or Bluebottle, whose well-known buzz is familiar to everyone
as the insect cannons up and down the window-pane, so
greatly exceeds the average S. stercoraria in bulk that its
very size, apart from the jerky, impulsive movements char-
acteristic of the species, must serve as a safeguard.

Without in any way pretending to have devoted special at-
tention to the habits of the Yellow Dung-fly, the writer can at
least claim to have observed the species for upwards of thirty
years, and to have first made its acquaintance long before
he became aware of its scientific appellation. In the course
of this lengthy acquaintanceship, maintained and periodically
renewed in several English counties, chiefly in the Midlands
and South Midlands, Dipterous victims have frequently
been seen in the clutches of S. stercoraria, while the female
has often been found enjoying a meal of this kind when the
sexes were in coitti. In the majority of cases noticed the
victim was a small Anthomyid or Bibionid fly, and in no
single instance was it a Calliphora erythrocephala, Mg., or
C. vomitoria, L. Nowa fly such as Dilophus febrilis or a
small Bibio does not occupy much space, especially when
sucked partially dry, and such an insect in the grasp of a
well-developed S. stercoraria might easily escape observation ;

* Loe. cit. p. 391.

122 On the Prey of the Yellow Dung-Fly.

but a normal-sized Calliphora erythrocephala, after being
pounced upon by a Yellow Dung-fly, could hardly pass
unnoticed, since such a victim would be much broader and
bulkier than its captor. If, therefore, as Prof. Lefroy main-
tains, S. stercoraria is really “a constant and general feeder
on the common species of Blow-fly in England throughout
the season,’’ the present writer feels his previous ignorance
of the fact to be well-nigh inexplicable ; otherwise he can
only regard his failure to notice even one solitary case in
point as due either to singular ill-fortune, or to an invariable
purblindness or lack of observation far more reprehensible
than anything read of in our youth in the edifying tale of
“Eyes and No Eyes.”’ Another reason for doubting
whether S. stercoraria preys normally and by predilection
upon C. erythrocephala is that, as a general rule, the two
species do not occur together to any extent. Of course,
Blow-flies and Yellow Dung-flies may, and doubtless fre-
quently do, encounter each other in certain places, such as
in country gardens or on the flower-heads of Angelica,
Heracleum, and other umbelliferous plants in ditches and
hedgerows ; and no one would wish to deny that under such
conditions an occasional Blow-fly may succumb to the
rapacity of its yellow-coated neighbour. Generally speaking,
however, Calliphora erythrocephala does not wander far from
human habitations, and is therefore not likely to come very
much into contact with S. stercoraria, which, as everyone is
aware, is most in evidence on cattle-droppings in pasture-
fields, practically throughout the year. Even C. vomitoria,
L., the other British representative of the genus Calliphora,
does not on the whole haunt the same spots as the Dung-fly.

Turning to the evidence of other observers, Prof. HK. b.
Poulton, F.R.S., has kindly given permission for the repro-
duction of the following extract from a letter recently
received from him. “ Since 1906,” writes Prof. Poulton,
‘further material, somewhat larger in amount, has accumu-
lated in the Hope Department of the University Museum,
Oxford, chiefly as the result of the investigations of Mr. A.
H. Hamm. The prey, as in the earlier series, consisted of
small flies from various groups, Prof. Lefroy’s conclusions
being partially supported by only a single example—Scato-
phaga ordinata* with a very small specimen of Calhiphora
vomitoria as its prey (Paignton, April 10, 1914).

“There can be no doubt that the species Scatophaga,
in the wild state, rarely attack any but small flies, and

* A species in which the male is smaller and less hairy than in
S. stercoraria, L.—ii, K. A.

On the “ Cirripede” Plumulites. 123

that they would be useless for the purpose suggested by
Prof. Lefroy. Mr. Hamm entirely agrees with this
conclusion.”

. The opinion of Mr. J. E. Collin, F.E.S., a well-known
student of and authority upon British Diptera, is precisely
the same as that of Prof. Poulton; like the present writer,
Mr. Collin has never met with even a solitary case of
Scatophaga preying upon Calliphora.

Finally, Lt.-Col. J. W. Yerbury, whose experience as a
collector of our native Diptera is absolutely unique, and who
speaks with authority derived from thirty years’ observation
of predaceous flies in the field, while admitting that such a
thing may occasionally happen, has never observed an
instance of the Blow-fly being attacked by any species of
Scatophaga, and therefore considers Prof. Lefroy’s assertion
to be at variance with facts.

It would appear, then, that if it be possible to discover a
natural means of control for the Sheep Blow-fly pest in
Australia, we must look elsewhere than to the Yellow
Dung-fly to find it. In any case, quite apart from the
negative evidence adduced above, which seems to the writer
to be reasonably conclusive, it is difficult to understand whet
advantage could possibly accrue from the introduction into
Australia of a British insect, which, though abundant in
these islands, is scarcely more so than its supposed victim.

VII.— The “Cirripede” Plumulites in the Middle Ordovician
Rocks of Esthonia. By Tuomas H. Wiruers, I.G.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

TurovucH the researches of F. Schmidt (1881-82), and the
later work of E. Koken (1897), J. H. Bonnema (1909), RK. 8.
Bassler (1911), and H. Bekker (1919), the Kuckers Stage
(C2 of Schmidt) of the Middle Ordovician rocks of Esthonia
aud its fauna, particularly the Gastropoda, Trilobita, Ostra-
coda, and Polyzoa, are fairly well known, The Kuckers
Stage is represented in the neighbourhood of Kuckers,
10km. N.W. of Jewe Station, Esthonia, by a white or
greyish-yellow limestone or marl, with intercalated layers
of soft bituminous shale generally of a rusty-brown or
amber colour. Phacops (Chasmops) odini is the charac-
teristic fossil, but numerous otier Trilobites occur, and

124 Mr. T. H. Withers on

there is an abundant fauna of Brachiopods, Gastropods,
Orthoceratites, Ostracods, Crinoids, Cystids, and Polyzoa.

So far the genus Plumulites has not been recorded from
the Kuckers Shale or from Esthonia, although it has a wide
geographical distribution and comprises several species
ranging through the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian
rocks. It is but rarely that the plates are found in their
natural position, and in consequence most species are known
by detached plates only. In many cases the species have
been described either under Turrilepas or Plumutites (see
Withers, 1915, p. 122) in the belief that those two genera
are synonymous, as indeed they are regarded even in recent
text-books.

Mr. Bekker has collected and has recently submitted to
me thirteen pieces of the bituminous Kuckers Shale on which
are exhibited a number of plates which undoubtedly belong
to the genus Plumulites, s. str., but cannot be referred with
our present knowledge to any of the known species.

Genus Piumutites, Barrande.

The shell of this genus was probably blade-shaped and
composed of four vertical columns of plates, although in
most cases where the shell is at all: complete the four
columns are flattened and spread out ; the plates themselves
are extremely thin. The two admedian columns of plates
are heart-shaped, and, although flattened out in the fossils,
were in life probably bent at an angle along the median fold
observable in all these plates; and, although they appear
merely to abut along the margin of their inner lobe, they
probably overlapped to some extent, but they do not alter-
nate with, or intersect, each other; the outer lobe of each
plate intersects the outer plates on either side. The outer
kite-shaped plates, as do the admedian plates, overlap each
other from behind forward; they are slightly curved distal-
wards and have a strong narrow median fold, and usually a
much narrower submarginal fold on either side; these two
latter folds probably mark the position of the plates above
and below. Plates in which the apical part is broadly
rounded and the growth-lines form a series of rings at the
apex (‘“‘cancellated”’ plates of Barrande) have been found
associated with the other plates, and these cancellated plates
were probably modified plates forming the basal or proximal
extremity of the shell.

the Cirripede” Plumulites. 125

Plumulites esthonicus, sp. n.

Diagnosis. A Plumulites with small plates, the admedian
plates under 4mm. in height, and the outer plates about
6mm., the growth-lines very closely disposed, 6 to 7 toa
millimetre in the outer plates, the admedian plates have the
proximal margin deeply excavated in the middle, and the
plate is divided into two lobes by a wide and obscure apico-
proximal fold, the imner lobe being extremely protuberant
from the apex ; outer plates with the outer proximal angle
broadly rounded, and with the median fold nearer to the
outer margin.

Plumulites esthonicus, sp. n.

Figs. 1 & 2.—Outer or “ kite-shaped” plates. x 6 diam.
Figs, 8 & 4.—Admedian or “ heart-shaped” plates. x 6 diam.

(Figures drawn by Miss G. M. Woodward.)

Horizon and locality. Middle Ordovician, Kuckers Stage
(C? of Schmidt): Jaerve, nr. Kuckers, 10 km. N.W. of
Jewe Station, Esthonia.

Collection. The holotype and one of the figured paratypes
(fig. 3) remain in the collection of Mr. H. Bekker, but they
will ultimately be presented with other specimens to the
Geological Museum of the University of Tartu (Dorpat) ;
the two remaining figured paratypes (figs. 2, 4) and two

126 Mr. T. H. Withers on

other specimens have been presented to the Geological
Department of the British Museum, registered In. 20588-
In. 20591.

Holotype. The outer plate (fig. 1).

Material. Thirteen pieces of shale with several admedian
and outer plates.

Description. The plates are all much flattened and imper-
fect, and are preserved as mere films standing out white on
the rusty-brown shale ; they are of two kinds, the admedian
heart-shaped plates and the outer kite-shaped plates. None
of the so-called ‘‘ cancellated”’ plates have been noticed.

Admedian plates roughly heart-shaped, broad, short, sub-
triangular, with the apex directed inwards, and a rather
wide ill-defined fold extending from the apex to the
excavated portion of the proximal margin, the largest plate
having a height of 38mm. Proximal margin sinuous, the
middle portion deeply excavated; inner (fixed) margin
rounded and markedly protuberant from the apex, much
more so than is the outer margin. The growth-lines are
very closely disposed, in some measure no doubt due to
crushing, and they are directed upwards on the margins, but
to a greater extent on the inner margin:

Outer plates kite-shaped, somewhat curved distally with
pointed apex, and a narrow submedian fold extending the
whole length of the plate and situated slightly nearer to the
outer margin, and there is a similar but narrower fold near
and parallel to the inner margin. ‘The proximal margin is
slightly sinuous, being slightly excavated in the middle, the
outer proximal angle is broadly and regularly rounded, and the
inner proximal angle narrowly rounded ; inner margin very
slightly concave, the proximal half almost straight ; outer
margin slightly convex. Growth-lines closely disposed,
6-7 to a millimetre, equidistant, crossing the median apico-
proximal fold at right angles, slightly concave on the inner
half of the plate and a little upturned at the inner margin,
and on the outer half they are broadly curved upwards, and
towards the outer margin are more crowded together.

Remarks, and comparison with other species. The detached
plates of Plumulites are readily distinguished from the
probably homologous admedian and outer plates of Turvi-
lepas. In Turrilepas the plates are much thicker, the
admedian plates have more laterally produced lobes and are
consequently more saddle-shaped, and the outer plates are
not acutely tapering at the apex, nor have they the median

the ‘ Cirripede”’ Plumulites, 127

longitudinal fold so characteristic of the outer plates of
Plumulites.

Plumulites esthonicus appears to agree most closely with
P. rastritum, Moberg (1914, p. 493, figs. 7, 8), from the
Ordovician (Rastrites skiffer) of Sweden, and P. peachi,
Nicholson & Etheridge (1880, p. 301, pl. xx. figs. 8-10 ;
also Reed, 1908, p. 519, pl., figs. 1-5), from the Upper
Ordovician (Ardmillan Series) of Scotland. From P. ras-
tritum it differs in the admedian plates by the more
rounded and protuberant inner lobe, and in the outer
plates by the longitudinal fold being nearer to the outer
margin instead of to the inner margin. From P. peachi
the admedian plates differ in having the inner lobe more
protuberant, the margin being more fully rounded to the
apex, and in the outer plates the growth-lines of the outer
lobe are more regularly curved and consequently the outer
proximal angle is more regularly rounded ; the growth-lines
are more closely disposed, and none of the known plates
attain to more than one-third the size of the largest-known
plates of P. peachi.

WORKS QUOTED.

Basstrr, R.8. 1911. “The Early Paleozoic Bryozoa of the Baltic
Provinces.” Bull. 77, U.S. Nat. Mus. pp. xxiii, 382, 13 pls.
Bexker, H. 1919. “New Bryozoa from the Kuckers Stage in
Ksthonia.” Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) iv. pp. 827-835.
Bonnema, J. H. 1909. “ Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ostrakoden der
Kuckerschen Schicht (C*).” Mitth. Miner.-Geol. Inst. Reichs.-
Univ. Groningen, ii. pt. i. pp. 84, 8 pls.

Koxen, E. 1897. “Die Gastropoden des baltischen Untersilurs.”
Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (v.) vii. no. 2, pp. 97-214.

Mopere, J. C. 1915. “Nya bidrag till kinnedomen om Sveriges
silurcirripeder.” Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forhandl. xxxvi.
Hit. vi. pp. 485-495, text-figs. 1-12.

Nicuotson & Erueripcr. 1880. Monogr. Silur. Foss, Girvan,
p. 301, pl. xx. figs. 8-10.

Rep, F. R. C. 1908. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xlvi. pt. iii, no. 21,
p. 519, pl., figs. 1-5.

Scumipt, F, 1881. ‘ Revision der ost-baltischen silurischen Trilo-
biten...” Abth. 1. Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7)
xxx. no. l, pp. 287, 16 pls.

Scumipt, F. 1882. ‘On the Silurian (and Cambrian) Strata of the
Baltic Provinces of Russia as compared with those of Scandinavia
and the British Isles.” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xxxviii.
pp. 514-536.

Wituers, T. H. 1915. “Some Paleozoic Fossils referred to the
Cirripedia,”” Geol. Mag. pp. 112-123, text-figs. 1-7 (p. 114).

128 On a new Bank-Vole from Esthonia.

VIIIL.—A new Bank-Vole from Esthonia.
By Martin A. C. Hinton.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

THE small mammals of Esthonia are no doubt similar, in a
general way, to those inhabiting one or other of the neigh-
bouring countries bordering upon the Baltic. But hitherto
we have had little or no matarial from this portion of the
Baltic coast, and therefore have lacked the means of deter-
mining precisely what forms invade, or, it may be, are
peculiar to, Esthonian territory. This gap in our knowledge
will, however, in all probability, be filled in the near future ;
for Mr. E. Reinwaldt, of the University of Dorpat, has now
begun the systematic collection and study of the mammals of
his native land, and results of considerable interest may be
expected to flow from his work in due course.

Among some specimens presented to the British Museum
by Mr. Reinwaldt are three examples of the local form of the
widely distributed Hvotomys glareolus. Judging from these
specimens the Hsthonian bank-vole is immediately distin-
guishable from all other western European subspecies of
EH. glareolus by its exceptionally dark coloration. Placed
among the skins of other forms, such as Z. g. swecicus and
E. g. glareolus, and viewed casually, the backs of these
Esthonian specimens appear to be quite dusky; but closer
inspection shows that they have the characteristic rufous
mantle normally developed, though darkened or subdued. In
other respects these specimens agree best, and indeed closely,
with H, g. swecieus, although the skulls have their own slight
peculiarities. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Reinwaldt for so
kindly permitting me to describe this well-marked geogra-
phical race.

Evotomys glareolus reinwaldti, subsp. n.

Most like E. g. suecicus in general character, but colour
much darker.

Upper parts clothed with a fine mixture of dark reddish-
brown and dusky hair-tips, the general effect produced, where
brightest (as between ears and on nape), being no brighter
than the “ chestnut” of Ridgway ; darkest on rump, where
the elimination of rufous hair-tips leaves the colour dark
slaty-grey. Rufous tinge traceable far back towards rump

On the Klipspringers of Rhodesia, Angola, &e. 129

and far down flanks. Underparts silvery grey, much
darkened by the slaty bases of the hairs. Ears dusky. Tail
dusky above ; its lower surface, together with the hands and
feet, dirty white.

Skull very similar to that of £. g. suectcus in size and
general appearance; zygomatic arches slightly less eet
bull slightly smaller and less inflated. Teeth normal; m3
without a third re-entrant fold on inner side in any of the
three specimens examined ; in H. g. suecicus, Miller (‘ Cata-
logue,’ p. 31) found this fold to be present in about one-third
of the individuals.

Type. Adult female. B.M. No. 20.11.6.4. Original
No. 306. Collected by Mr. HE. Reinwaldt, 11th August,
1920, at Hapsal, Esthonia. ‘* In Obst- und Gemiisegarten.”

Hab. Esthonia.

Measurements of the type, taken in the flesh by the collector (and of
two other gbceweeus gd and 2 in parentheses):—Head and body 98
(91, 100) mm. ; tail (without hairs), 49 (44°5, 46); hind foot (without
claws), 17 (18, ate 5); ear 14 (13, ih

Skull-measurements of type (and of g and Q in parentheses) :—
Condylo- -basal length 23 (23°2, 23°2) mm.; zygomatic breadth 12°6
(12°5,-12°6) ; interorbital constriction 3°7 (39, 38 7) ; occiput, breadth x
depth 10°6 x 5:9 (10°6 x 6, 10°6 x 6:1); nasals 63 X 2°6 (6°2 x 2°6,
66 xX2°7); dental length 12°9 (18, 13:2) ; cheek-teeth (alveolar length)
5:1 (53, 5:2).

IX.— The Klipspringers of Rhodesia, Angola, and Northern
Nigeria. By Martin A. ©. HINTON.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

OwING largely to its peculiar station and habits, the Klip-
springer, among African antelopes, shows quite a special
tendency to develop geographical and, in part, perhaps, merely
colonial races. The range of Oreotragus extends over the
whole of Africa south of the Sahara, from Northern Nigeria
and Somaliland to the Cape. Within this wide area, how-
ever, its distribution is markedly discontinuous, the animal
being restricted to the mountainous districts. Thus it is
absent from the great Congo forest region; while, in the
more open country of Hast Africa, the lowlands intervening
between one “ Inselberg”’ and another form, in all cases
where their breadth exceeds a few miles, decided barriers to
inter-colonial communication.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 9

130 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on the Klipspringers of

Hight distinct forms have been recognized hitherto; and
to these I have now to add three, described below. As
regards the status of these forms, several of them have been
accorded full specific rank by their describers. In the
‘Catalogue of Ungulates’ (vol. ii. p. 125) Lydekker and
Blaine treat them all as subspecies of O. oreotragus, originally
described from Cape Colony. Since these forms are strictly
vicarious, and since the material available is far from being
sufficient to enable one to form a sound judgment upon the
question of their inter-relationships, this seems to be the
proper course.

One of the most interesting subspecies is O. o. aceratos,
described (as a species) from the Lindi Hinterland, in the
southern part of “‘German East Africa” (now Tanganyika
‘Territory), by Noack * and later by Neumann ft. While in
all other subspecies hitherto described (with the exception of
U. o. aureus, Heller) the general colour of the dorsal surface
is dull and uniform, in aceratos it is bright, and there is,
according to the published descriptions, a marked contrast
between the fore and hind parts. The fore-parts are
unusually brightly coloured, reddish or ochraceous; the
hind-parts grey or “roe-coloured.” ‘The material now before
me, appertaining to aceratos and to the allied forms described
below from Rhodesia and Angola, bears out the original
descriptions, in so far as the brilliant coloration of the fore-
parts is concerned. But, as regards the loins and rump,
while some of the specimens have, these regions grey and
contrasted, in others the bright tints, in a diminishing degree
of intensity, may be traced backwards almost or quite to the
rump. ‘The material (in part undated) does not allow one to
decide whether this variation is seasonal, sexual, or merely
individual ; but I am inclined to think that when the coat is
first assumed in aceratos and similar subspecies, it is bright-
coloured throughout, and that later on the particoloured
appearance of the back is produced by bleaching of the
ochraceous rings of the hairs clothing the rump and loins.

Until recently the only specimens representing aceratos in
the Museum were some from the neighbourhood of Zomba,
Nyasaland, and from Southern Angoniland, which had been
identified with Noack’s animal by Neumann. Some speci-
mens from the Chinsali District of North-eastern Rhodesia
have also been referred by Lydekker and Blaine to aceratos.

* Zool. Anz. xxii. p. 11 (1899).
t S.-B. Ges. natf. Fr. Berlin, 1902, p. 169.

Rhodesia, Angola, and Northern Nigeria. 131

Major C. H. B. Grant has now kindly presented three topo-
typical examples, two males and a female, collected by him
in the Lindi District in July 1919. On comparing these
with the specimens from the Chinsali District, the latter are
immediately seen to differ by their richer and deeper colora-
tion. The Rhodesian animal may therefore be described as

Oreotragus oreotragus centralis, subsp. n

Like O. 0. aceratos, but general colour of upper parts
deeper and richer.

Upper surface of head, neck, and back bright, deep
ochraceous in general colour, the tint differing from that seen
in the corresponding parts of aceratos to the extent of the
difference between the ‘‘ochraceous buff’? and the “ raw
sienna” of Ridgway; the colour is most intense upon the
nape and over the shoulders. Rump, in some specimens,
grey, like the outer parts of the thighs, in others more or less
invaded by the ochraceous tint of the fore parts. No white
preorbital patches upon the face (these being conspicuous in
aceratos). Upper surface of muzzle dusky ; top of head
between and in front of ears irregularly blackened. Ears as
in aceratos, but the white patch on each proectote smaller.
Under surface white, save for the broad ochraceous collar.
Dorsal surfaces of limbs grey, somewhat darker than in
aceratos ; the dusky hoof-patches slightly more extensive.

Skull not peculiar; females hornless.

Type. An adult male. B.M. no. 7.11. 15.6. Collected
in the South Chinsali District and presented to the British
Museum by Mr. R. L. Harger.

Lab. North-east Rhodesia.

Unfortunately none of the four specimens from the type-
locality is dated. The examples in the collection from
Zomba and the Mlanje Mountains are intermediate between
aceratos and centralis; in general colour they approach the
former, but in the characters of the face and ears they moie
nearly resemble centralis. Possibly these two subspecies
intergrade in the country to the south of Lake Nyasa.

On the west coast, in Angola, another subspecies, appa-
rently allied to acer atos, has been discovered. This may be
described as

Vreotragus oreotragus tyleri, subsp. n
A light-coloured representative of O. 0. aceratos; without

dark hoof-patches.
g%

132 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on the Klipspringers of

General colour of upper parts as in aceratos, but noticeably
lighter. No white patches on face, the preorbital region
and top of the muzzle being light buff, No black evident
upon the forehead. Hars much lighter, pale ochraceous at
the base; outer half of the proectote white; dark ground
of the remainder of the ectote almost hidden by the buff
“lining” hairs, only its margin appearing dusky ; entote
cream. Dorsal surfaces of fore limbs pale buff, becoming
ereyish over the cannon-bone; of hind limbs light grey.
No dark patches above the hoofs, the regions normally
occupied by these patches lighter and clearer than elsewhere.

Skull normal ; female without horns.

Type. An adult male. B.M. no. 20. 12. 8.2. Collected
at Hsquimina, south of Benguela, on the coast of Angola,
and presented to the Museum by Mr. F. Tyler Thompson.

Flab. Coastal district of Angola.

The subspecies is very. clearly distinguished from the
related forms by its pale colour, the characters of the face
and ears, and by the absence of dark patches above the hoofs.
I have much pleasure in naming it after Mr. F. Tyler
Thompson, who is well known to all sportsmen and others
familiar with Angola.

In 1911, Lydekker called attention to the presence of
Klipspringers 1 in Northern Nigeria; and on the basis of a
skull received from Dr. Porteous and stated to have come
from the Duchi ’n-Wai Range, in the province of Zaria, he
described a new subspecies, “ O. saltator porteus.” (P. Z. 8.
1911, 2, p. 960). In the ‘Catalogue of Ungulates’ the
name is corrected, and appears as O. oreotragus porteousi.
‘The external characters of this form are unknown.

In 1913, Mr. Hyatt presented the skin and skull of a male
collected by him at Leri ’n-Duchi, N.E. Zaria Province; and
in the following year the Museum received from the same
donor the skin of a female collected at a point 50 miles E. of
Zaria. The male is in somewhat faded pelage, but making
due allowance for this, there is such close agreement between
the two skins that there can be no doubt that both belong to
one and the same subspecies. On comparing the skull of
the male with the type and only specimen of porteoust, such
marked differences are seen that I do not think it possible to
identify Mr. Hyatt’s specimens with the form described by
Lydekker. The latter must, in my opinion, have come either
from some other part of the Duchi ’n-Wai Range, or, what is
more probable (having regard to the fact that é Yola,”
instead of “ Zaria,’ was named in the original description),

Rhodesia, Angola, and Northern Nigeria. 133

from one of the hills of the Bautchi Highlands further to the
east. I therefore venture to describe Mr. Hyatt’s Klip-
springer as a distinct subspecies :—

Oreotragus oreotragus hyatti, subsp. n.

Resembling O. o. centralis in general outward appearance ;
skull normal.

General colour of upper parts deep ochraceous, about as
in O. 0. centralis. Hye-rings and preorbital portion of face
(with the exception of a narrow, median, darker area on top
of muzzle) pale, yellowish-white or orey. Kars without
white spot en proectote; the dusky ground of the ectote
concealed in great measure by ochraceous “ lining” hairs.
‘Top of head not blackened. Limbs grey dorsally; no dark
patches above hoofs of fore limbs ; inconspicuous dark hoof-
patches on hind limbs.

Skull and horns quite normal; differing from that of
O. 0. porteousi conspicuously in the much shorter and broader
nasals, larger teeth, and narrower (normal) frontals. ,

Measurements of type-skull, with those of the type of porteousi in
parentheses:—Extreme length 140 (139); cranial breadth 51 (51);
width across orbits 74 (81: 5); nasals, length x least width 33°5 x 15
(46 x 18°5) ; p?-m?® 53 (47:5) min.

Type. An adult male. B.M. no. 13. 3.8.2. Collected
at Leri ’n-Duchi, N.E. Zaria Province, N. Nigeria, and
presented to the British Museum by Mr. M. P. Hyatt.

Hab. Zaria Province, North Nigeria.

While presenting a close general resemblance to cenéralis,
O. o. hyatti is sufficiently and clearly distinguished from the
Rhodesian subspecies by the characters of the face and ears.
It is much to be hoped that further, properly dated, material
will be procured from Nigeria, for it seems not improbable
that porteoust and hyaiti represent two perfectly distinct
species. In preparing this paper, I have worked through all
the skulls of Oreotragus in the collection; but, apart from the
presence of horns in the females of the Hast African
O. o. schillingst, I have found no cranial characters by
which the various subspecies can be distinguished, except in
these two Nigerian forms. Of them, hyatt? agrees perfectly
in skull-form with the normal subspecies of O. oreotragus,
while porteous? differs from all.

134 Mr. O. Thomas on the

X.— The Geographical Races of Herpestes brachyurus,
Gray. By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

HrrPrsTEs BRACHYURUS Was originally described on a speci-
men coming from Malacca, and examples from Sumatra and
Borneo have since been referred to the same species. A study
of the material now available shows that while they seem
to be all rightly referred to 7. brachyurus—being alike in
all their more essential characters,—yet that they may be
separated into four geographical races, one each from the
Malay Peninsula and Sumatra and two from Borneo.

Nearly allied to Hl. brachyurus is the H. semitorquatus of
Borneo, with a longer tail, redder coloration, a light but
variable mark on the side of the neck, and lighter dentition,
the anterior upper molar especially being without the marked
thickening of the anterior side of the inner lobe nearly
always found in 7. brachyurus.

The subspecies which I should recognise may be distin-
guished as follows :—

A. Hairs of anterior part of chest and lower neck of
irregular direction, grizzled greyish and buffy.

a. Upper surface coarsely and prominently ticked

with buffy whitish. Belly brown with some

hight tickings? i( Malacca.) ©) fos i. oc sls HT. b. brachyurus.
b. Upper surface blackish, with scarcely any
tickings. Belly black. (Sumatra.)........ HT. b. sumatrius.

B. Hairs of anterior chest and lower neck definitely
directed forwards, blackish, in continuity with
the prominently black belly.
e, Colour dull blackish olivaceous, without rufous
suffusion. Skull of normal shape. (Northern
Borneo ; Sarawak (lowlands).)........... sv kinp. TAG.
d. Colour more or less suffused with rufous,
especially on head and throat. Skull
shortened, with unusual zygomatic spread.
(Mountainous region of E. Sarawak.) ...... Hi. b. dyacorum,

Details of new forms :—

Herpestes brachyurus sumatrius.

Apparently less robust than true brachyurus, but the
only specimen available is a female. General colour above
blackish brown, with comparatively few of the light buffy-
whitish tickings found in brachyurus. Belly blackish, but
anteriorly this colour changes abruptly to grizzled buffy
greyish on the neck, throat, and chin; the hairs of the lower

in

Geographical Races of Herpestes brachyurus. 133

neck irregular in direction, as in brachyurus. Legs, feet,
and tail blackish brown.

Skull of normal shape, with comparatively long muzzle.
In the type the breadth across the outer corners of pm* does
not exceed the length of the premolar-molar series. Teeth
comparatively light and delicate, the usual thickening of the
inner lobe of m! at a minimum.

Dimensions of the type :—

Hind foot (s.u.) (wet) 79 mm. Skull, gnathion to back
of bulla 82; zygomatic breadth 48°5; front of canine to back
of m? 833; breadth between outer corners of carnassial 27°5 ;
length of carnassial on outer edge 7'8.

Hab, Sumatra. Type from Deli.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 90. 1.20. 2. Collected
3rd November, 1888, by Mr. Iverson. Received in exchange
from the Christiania Museum.

Herpestes brachyurus rajah.

General colour dark blackish olivaceous, profusely ticked
with the minute subterminal buffy rings on the hairs. Belly
black, without lighter tickings, this colour running forward
anteriorly along the lower side of the neck nearly to the level
of the ears, the hairs in this anterior region being all
definitely directed forwards. Head dull brown, interramia
lighter, but neither with any suffusion of rufous or ochraceous.
Tail coarsely grizzled black and pale buffy.

Skull of normal shape; teeth of medium stoutness, de-
cidedly heavier than in sumatrius.

Dimensions of type :—

Hind foot (dry) 80 mm. Skull: condylo-basal length
84:5; zygomatic breadth 46°5; maxillary tooth-row 33;
breadth between outer corners of carnassials 28°5 ; length of
carnassial on outer edge 8°4.

Hab. Sarawak. Type from Balinean, in lowlands.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 5. 3. 1. 8. Original
number 16. Collected March 1903, and presented by
Herbert C. Robinson, Esq. Other specimens received in
1876 from Mr. H. Low, and in 1878 trom Governor H. T.
Ussher.

Herpestes brachyurus dyacorum.

General coloration as in rajah, but the whole more or less
suffused with rufous or ochraceous, the pale rings on the
dorsal hairs of the latter colour, Belly black, though with a
certain number of light ticked hairs, the dark colour running
forward on to the lower neck as in rajah, and the hairs being

136 Mr. O. Thomas on

similarly directed forwards. Head dark rufous-brown, inter-
ramia and throat dull drabby or rufous; a tendency for an
ill-defined lateral line on the neck to be of this latter colour.
Tail broadly grizzled with black and dull buffy.

Skull strongly built, usually with peculiarly shortened
muzzle and widely expanded zygomata. ‘Teeth stout and
heavy, often very much so, the thickening of the inner lobe
of m* at a maximum.

Dimensions of the type :—

Hind foot (dry) 81 mm. Skull: condylo-basal length 88;
zygomatic breadth 55; maxillary tooth-rew 33 ; breadth
between outer corners of carnassials 30; length of carnassial
on outer edge 8:3.

Hab. Mountainous region of Eastern Sarawak, notably the
Raram district. Type from Mt. Duht.

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 99, 12. 9. 26. Collected 17th
December, 1896, and presented by Dr. Charles Hose. Four
specimens examined.

The Bornean material in the Museum seems to indicate
clearly that two races of FH. brachyurus occur there, the one
olivaceous blackish without warmer suffusion, and the other
more or less rufous or ochraceous. And, so far as exactly
labelled specimens are concerned, the former is a lowland
and the latter a mountain race. But far more specimens
with exact localities are needed before the respective ranges
of the two forms can be made out.

XI.—A new Genus of Opossum from Southern Patagonia.
By OLpFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

AMONG some small mammals cellected by Mr. Tl. H. Hall at-
Cape Tres Puntas, on the east coast of Southern Patagonia,
in south latitude 47°, there occurs, most unexpectedly, a
small opossum, this locality being far to the south of any
hitherto recorded for the family, the previously known
southern limit having been the Island of Chiloe, 42°-43° S.
The collection was sent by Mr. Hall to the Perth Museum,
Western Australia, whence it has been transferred by ex-
change to the British Museum.

The opossum is a small animal, externally very like the
Chilian opossum, Marmosa elegans, but close examination
reveals so many differences from that as from other members

a new Genus of Opossum. 137

of the family, that a distinct genus should apparently be
formed for its reception.
From its far southern habitat this might be called

NOTODELPHYS, gen. nov.

Allied to Marmosa, but of a more predaceous type, the
modifications of the skull being all those associated with
greater biting-power.

External characters about as in Marmosa (subgenus
Thylamys). Feet proportionally more bulky. Ears and tail
comparatively short, the latter incrassated.

Skull with shortened muzzle and widely spread zygomatic
arches. ‘The shortening of the muzzle, as compared with
Marmosa, is closely parallel to that in Dasyur us as compared
with Phascogale, occurring in the premolar region, and being
obviously for the increase of the biting-power. Nasals
expanded in their posterior third, the hinder extension not
of great length. Interorbital region short, its edges quite
without ridges, though there is just an indication of post-
orbital knobs, Brain-case smooth, the lambdoid ridges very
small. Palate imperfect opposite the first three molariform
teeth. Bulle of medium size. Lower jaw strongly bowed
below, the front edge of the coronoid nearly vertical.

Upper incisors as in Marmosa, the first pair not longer
than the others. Canines remarkably long, slender, little
curved. Premolariform teeth evenly increasing edieeaedle
but all small in proportion to the size of the skull, and set
closely together, their combined length barely exceeding that
of two of the larger molars, while in Marmosa and other
opossums the length of the three anterior premolars approxi-
mately equals that of three of the molariform teeth. Molars
proportionally large and heavy, their breadth about half that
of the palatai space between them.

Lower incisors small, closely set, the two median ones
touching each other, and the outer ones pressed for their
whole length against the canines behind them. Canines
long, nearly vertical, much less proclivous than in Marmosa.
Molariform teeth large, their anterior outer cingulum unusu-
ally strongly developed.

Genotype :—

Notodelphys hallt, sp. n.

General appearance not unlike that of Marmosa elegans.
Fur not very long, but fine and close. General colour very
much as in grey examples of M. elegans, with a dark grey

138 On a new Genus of Opossum.

dorsal area and lighter sides. Dark shoulder and hip patches
present. Under surface uniformly white to the bases of the
hairs. Cheeks and a patch over eyes whitish. Ears short,
rounded, flesh-coloured, a whitish patch at their bases poste-
riotly. Feet markedly more robust than in J/armosa, pro-
bably more fossorial ; claw of pollex, as with the other digits,
extending far beyond the soft terminal pad ; in A/armosa it
is markedly shorter than the others, and does not extend
beyond the pad. Forearms and hands, ankles and feet pure
white. Tail much shorter than head and body, strongly
incrassated, furry like the body for three-fourths of an inch
at base, then thickly clothed with short fine hairs; dark
greyish brown above, whitish below and at the end.

Skull and teeth as above described.

Dimensions of the type, the external ones merely approxi-
mate :—

Head and body 144 mm.; tail 93; hind foot (wet) 16 ;
ear (wet) 18.

Skull: greatest length 31:2; condylo-basal length 31;
zygomatic breadth 20; nasals, length 13:3, middle breadth
2°7, greatest breadth 4; intertemporal breadth 5:7; breadth
of brain-case 13; palatal length 17 ; breadth outside m? 11:4;
diameter of bulla 3:4; maxillary tooth-row 13 ; height of
canine 4°2; three premolariform teeth 4:5; three anterior
molariform teeth 6°2 ; oblique breadth of m? 33.

Hab. Cape Tres Puntas, S.E. Patagonia, 47° S.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21. 6. 7. 19. Original
number 208. Collected by Mr. T. H. Hall. Received in
exchange from the Perth Museum, Western Australia. One
specimen.

This interesting little opossum, the most southern marsupial
in the world, appears, from the structure of its skull, to be of
a more carnivorous and predaceous nature than any of the
other smal] members of the family. Ordinary Marmosas feed
mainly on insects and fruit, and as insects are rare and fruit
almost non-existent in its far-southern habitat, this opossum
has had to acquire peculiar habits, and no doubt lives largely
on mice and smal birds.

As already indicated, the animal has the shortened muzzle
that gives increased biting-power, a modification connected
with this purpose throughout the Mammalia, and particularly
parallel to that of Dasyurus as compared with Phascogale,
even though the premolars have not in this case been reduced
in number.

Besides its shortened premolar region, Notodelphys may be
distinguished from other allied opossums by its long slender

On a new Bat from Peru. 139

canines, its heavy molars, its short smooth-edged interorbital
space, and widely expanded zy gomata.

Mr. Hall is to be congratulated on the very interesting
discovery he has made, and I have much pleasure in connect-
ing his name with the species.

XIL—A new Bat of the Genus Promops from Peru.
By OLpFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

THE British Museum owes to Mr. J. F. Davison, the donor
and collector of several interesting Kuropean voles described
by Mr. Gerrit Miller, two bats of the genus Promops re-
cently captured by him at Chosica, Penn. They belong to
the genus Promops, of which I gave a short classification in
1915 *, but are not assignable to any species there recognized.
The new form may be called—

Promops davisont, sp. n.

Size intermediate between P. occultus and P. foster, both
of Paraguay. Colour dark chocolate-brown, with lighter
bases to the hairs, very much as in P. fosteri. Wings as
long as in P. occu/tus.

Skull smaller than that of P. occultus, of about the same
proportions ; larger than that of P. fosterd, the brain-case
not so unusually swollen as in that species.

Forearm of type 51°5 mm,; third metacarpal 55 mm.

Skull: greatest length 19°2 ; condyle to front of canine
17°6; maxillary tooth-row 7°43; m and m? on outer edge 3°8.

Hab. Department of Lima, Peru. Type from Chosica,
2700’.

Type. Adult male. B.M, no. 21.5. 21.1. Original number
207. Collected 3rd March, 1921, and presented by J. F.
Davison, Esq. Two specimens.

The species of Promops being mainly determinable by the
dimensions of their skulls and teeth, this new species may be
readily distinguished by the measurements above given. No
member of the genus as now restricted has been previously
recorded from Peru.

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi. p. 61.

140 Mr. O. Thomas on

XIII.—On Spiny Rats of the Proechimys Group from
South-eastern Brazil. By OLpFrreLD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

THE spiny rats referable to Proechimys that occur in South-
eastern Brazil, Bahia, Rio Janeiro, &s., have for long been
in an excessive state of contusion, mainly owing to the fact
that the species to which the earlier names—setosus, myosurus,
albispinus, and others—were applicable had never been
properly identified.

Now, however, [ have been through the material in the
British Museum, and, in addition, have had the advantage,
by the kindness of Dr. R. Anthony, of examining the typical
skulls of Echimys setosus, Desm.,and LZ, albisp:nus, I. Geoff.,
while Dr. Winge has given me information about Loncheres
elegans, Lund. Furthermore, Dr. Bedot and M. Revilliod, of
Geneva, have been so good as to lend me two additional
examples representing the original HZ. albispinus of Bahia.

The species that occur in the area referred to prove to be
no less than five in number, and they belong to two very
distinct groups, which may be considered as of subgeneric
importance—namely, Proechimys, s.s., and Trinomys, subg. n.

The primary distinction between these lies in the number
of laminee present in the cheek-teeth—four in Proechimys,
three in Trinomys,—while, in addition, the skull of Trinomys
is less elongate, with shorter muzzle, less-developed supra-
* orbital and parietal ridges, and orthodont or slightly proodont
incisors, as compared with the opisthedont incisors of Pro-
echimys. In all characters, however, the species grade too
muchinto one another to consider the groups as genera, espe-
cially as the most important point, the number of the tooth
lamine, has a curious exception—Proechimys vacillator, which,
as explained in the original description, has a variable number
of its cheek-teeth trilaminate, while it is in all other respects
typically Proechimys, with long skull, strong ridges, and
opisthodont incisors; and in any case p* is always quadri-
laminate. P. albispinus, as being the most extreme, may be
considered the genotype of Trinomys.

The five species of the area, with the addition of a new
subspecies to P. albispinus, may be sorted as follows :—

A. With 4 lamine to cheek-teeth.—Pro-
echimys, 8. 8.
a, Skull with strong ridges and post-
orbital angles. Palatal notch to
middle of m*. (Minas Geraes.).. 1. robert?, Thos.

Spiny Rats from South-eastern Brazil. 141

6, Brain-case little ridged, and without
strong postorbital angles. Palatal
notch to middle of m?.
a’, Larger; skull about 54 mm.
Supraorbital edges scarcely
beaded. Pterygoids spatulate.
(Sao Sebastiao Island, Sao Paulo.) 2. cheringi, Thos.
b?, Smaller; skull about 51 mm.
Supraorbital edyes beaded.
Pterygoids linear. (S.W. Rio
SIATIOLEO DM crictern snare neh sci! os athe 3. dimidiatus, Ginth.
B. With 3 laminze to cheek-teeth.—
Subgenus Zrimomys.
ce, Palatal notch to middle of m’.
Tail with white terminal pencil.
(Bahia and Minas Geraes.) ...... 4. setosus, Desm.
d. Palatal notch to front of m’. Tail
dark above toend. (Bahia Pro-
MPSS) easier arercl ieee ack Tstnset geo a 7 5. albispinus, I. Geoff.
e*, Sidesreddish. Skull moreslender.
Incisors orthodont, 86°. (Madre
de Dios Island, Bahia Bay.) .. 64a, albispinus albispinus.
@, Sides brown. Skull broader and
shorter. Incisors more proodont
93 96°, (Lamarao, Bahia.) .. 50. a. sertonius, subsp. n.

Details about P. roberti and iheringi will be found in the
original descriptions of those species.

P. dimidiatus was described by Giinther * as an immature
specimen without locality, presented by Lord Derby (B.M.
no. 51. 7. 21. 24). We know that its donor did obtain a
number of specimens from Rio Janeiro, and the skull agrees
so closely with those of two examples from Itatiaya, near to
the Rio—Minas frontier, collected and presentéd by Prof. J. P.
Hill, that I have no hesitation in referring the latter to
Giinthev’s species.

“ Echimys setosus, Desm.,”’ was the first described of the
group, but was ignored by the other early writers, who con-
tributed synonyms to it as follows:—myosuros, Licht., 1820;
leptosoma, Bts., 1827 ; cinnamomeus, Licht., 1830; elegans,
Lund, 1841; and fuliginosus, Wagn., 1842. The charae-
teristic white end to the tail is mentioned in connection with
most of these, and there does not seem to be any doubt as to
their reference. The typical skull, now in the Paris Museum
(No. A. 7787), though very imperfect, shows clearly the tri-
laminate teeth characteristic of Trznomys, and has its palatal
notch only penetrating to the middle of m?. Specimens
corresponding to this animal have been obtained at Lagoa
Santa, Minas, by Lund and others, and at “ Bahia,” whence

* P,Z.S. 1876, p. 747.

142 On Spiny Rats from South-eastern Brazil.

myosuros was described. The names leptosoma and einna-
momeus were mere renamings of myosuros. If, however,
Lagoa Santa specimens should ultimately prove different
from those of Bahia—and perhaps they are browner and less
rufous, though the indifferent material does not suffice to
prove it,—they should bear the name of e/egans, Lund, with
synonym fuliginosus, leaving setosus for the Bahian animal.

The type of HE. albispinus, I. Geoff., came from Deos
Island (= Madre de Dios), Bay of Bahia. Its skull is in the
Paris Museum (No. A. 7669) and is practically perfect.
The two specimens (827/2, 327/3) from Geneva, which were
among those referred to by Pictet * as being true albispinus,
also show clearly the characters of the species.

Finaliy, the Museum contains a fine series of an allied form
obtained by M. Robert at Lamarao, also in Bahia, but in the
highlands of the ‘ sert&o”” further to the north. It is on this
series that I have been able to observe the various cha-
racters of the subgenus Trinomys. The form may be briefly
described as follows :—

Proechimys albispinus sertonius, subsp. n.

Size about as in albispinus. General colour above lined
brown; the fore back with buffy hairs which show through
on the surface; the hinder back blackish brown, this colour
arising from the dark ends of the spines. Sides not more
buffy or rufous than back—in fact, less so; while the type of
albixspinus was stated to have strongly buffy sides, such as
are tound in old specimens of setosus, as has also the normal
coloured Pictet specimen received from Geneva, the other
being an albino. Sides of body, rump, and thighs with
numerous prominent white-ended spines. Under surface,
hands, and feet white. Tail dark brown, nearly black, for its
whole length above; whitish below ; not pencilled.

Skull short and squat, with broad muzzle; the breadth
between the two lacrymal bones decidedly greater than in
true albispinus. Supraorbital ridges well marked, but not
extending on to parietals. Palatal foramina short, fusiform.
Palatal notch very narrow, acute-angled, reaching forwards
to the level of the front edge of m?. Hamular processes of
ptervgoids narrow, but not absolutely linear. Bullee rather
small.

incisors more proodont than in other members of the
group, the index of the type 93°, and in some specimens
attaining 96°; that of the type of albispinus 86° and of the
two Geneva specimens 86°-87°.

* Anim. Nouy. Genev. p. 2 (1841).

%

VALENTIAN

ASHGILLIAN.

Geological Society. - 143

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—

Head and body 190 mm. ; tail 170; hind foot 36; ear 23.

Skull: greatest length 46°4; condylo-incisive length 41°4;
zygomatic breadth 25; nasals 16°53; interorbital breadth
10°5; palatilar length 17 ; palatal foramina 3°8 x 2; upper
tooth-se1ies (crowns) 7°6.

Hab. Lamara>, Bahia, about 70 miles north of Bahia City.
Alt. 300 m.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 3.9. 5. 86. Original
number 1508. Collected 16th June, 1903, by Alphonse
Robert. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. Fourteen speci-
mens,

“ Tnhabits the catinga forest.””—A. R.

This subspecies differs from true albispinus by its less
rufous sides, its shorter broader-faced skull, and its more
proodont incisors. The hind foot of albéspinus was described
by. Geoffroy as being 45 mm. in length, but Dr. Anthony
informs me that this was an error, and that the hind foot of
the type only measures 38 mm. (c. u.), 35 mm. (s. u.), while
the two Geneva specimens also only have the hind foot
36-37 mm. (s.u.). In this respect, therefore, there is no
difference between albispinus and sertonius.

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES,
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

March 9th, 1921—Mr. R. D. Oldham, F.R.S.,
President, in the Chair.

The following communication was read :—

‘The Bala Country: its Structure and Rock-Succession. By
Miss Gertrude Lilian Elles, M.B.E., D.Se., F.G.S.

The lithological and faunal sequence is as follows :—

Graptolitice
Shelly faunas. faunas.
Zone of Monograptus
crispus.
Cwm yr Authen Shales. . Zone of Monograptus
: sedgwicki.

Hirnant Grits and Mud- Orth ce hamnanitenets:

stones, 300 feet, with local fauna.

Hirnant Limestone.

‘” Moel-y-Ddinas Mudstones, Phacops-mucronatus
| about 250 feet. fauna.
| Moel-Fryn Sandstones, at
1 least 1000 feet.

Rhiwlas Limestones and Phillipsinella-para-
f Mudstones. bola fauna.

CARADOCIAN.

LLANDEILIAN.

144 Geological Society.

( Gelli-Grin Caleareous Ash, 3 ( (a) Chasmops and
100 feet, with Gelli-Grin 5 Orthis (Nico-

Caerhafotty Limestones. sub-fauna.
Pont-y-Ceunant Ash, maxi-
, mum 25 feet.

Moel-Fryn, Bryn-Pig, && lella) actoniz

Allt-ddw Mudstones, with
thin limestones, 1300 feet.
Fronderew Ash, 12 feet.

and Heterorthis
alternata sub- | Zone of Dicrano-

(b) Asaphus-powisi |

Calymene-planimarginata

Glyn-Gower Sandstones, fauna. graptus clingani.
with thin limestones, |
{| 1100 feet. ‘€ J
( Nant-hir Shales and Derfel Dicranograptus )
Limestone. Shales.

Zone of Climacograp-
tus peltifer or Ne-
magraptus gracilis.

The so-called ‘ Bala Limestone’ is merely one of a series of lime-
stone lenticles occurring within the Caleareous Ash at different
horizons. The base of the Ashgillian appears to be calcareous
everywhere west of a definite north-and-south line. There has
been some confusion between the Rhiwlas Limestone and the lime-
stones in the Caleareous Ash; but at Bryn Pig, where both are seen
together in vertical section, the lithological and faunal differences
are manifest.

The detailed mapping of the beds, as now classified, has brought
out the structure of the country more completely than was hitherto
possible, and a modification of views previously held with regard
to the Bala Fault seems to be necessary. It appears to be
one of a series of compressional faults affecting the whole of the
country south-east of Bala Lake.

The initiating structural factor was probably compression of
the rocks as a whole against the Harlech Dome, controlled by
the resistance offered by the Ordovician volcanic mass to the
compressional foree, which affects the detail of the structure of
the whole country lying east and south-east of it. The country
was first folded, and then affected by thrust-movements. There
are six main structural lines of displacement:—(1) The Llyn-
Tegid line; (2) the Bala-Lake line; (3) the Llangower line;
(4) the Cefn-ddwy Graig line; (5) the Moel-Fryn line; and
(6) the Fridd-defaid line.

Combined with these major displacements, there has been
much differential, minor thrusting (tears), which is most con-
spicuous above the Llangower thrust. The effect of this thrusting
diminishes steadily from west to east, and in the Hirnant Valley
the beds are being compressed without any faulting.

Comparison is made between the succession here seen and that of
other areas in Wales, Shropshire, the Lake District, and the South
of Scotland, and the faunal features are noted and tabulated. An
interesting feature comes to light: namely, the approximation
of the Derfel-Limestone fauna to that of the Stinchar Limestone,
rather than to that of any Welsh beds hitherto described.

ay

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XIV.—On Twelve new Species of Curculionide from South
Africa. By Guy A. K. Marsuatt, D.Sc., C.M.G.

Tue types of the new species described below are either
contained in or will be presented to the British Museum.

Subfamily Orrorryyycuiva.

Eremnus maculosus, sp. n.

3. Integument black, thinly clothed with grey scaling
above, which on the elytra forms numerous irregular denser
spots; the lower surface more closely and evenly covered
with similar scaling.

Head with close confluent punctation, forming longi-
tudinal striole on the forehead and concentric rings on the
vertex ; the forehead somewhat flattened, broad, its width
being about twice as great as the length of an eye, and with
a deep median fovea. Rostrum very broad, hardly longer
than its basal width, slightly narrowed for a short distance
from the base and thence almost parallel-sided ; the dorsal
area broad and also nearly parallel-sided, almost flat, but
slightly higher at the sides, with coarse confluent puncta-
tion and a median furrow, which is shallow at the base and
deeper in front ; the apical area shallowly impressed and
with a low median carina, the epistome dull and coriaceous,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii, 10

146 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on

its carina forming an obtuse angle. Antenne with the scape
reaching the apical constriction of the prothorax, rather
slender, abruptly clavate, somewhat coarsely punctate, and
closely set with short recumbent sete; the two basal joints
of the funicle equal, 3-6 slightly and progressively diminish-
ing in length, 7 as long as 5, and all much longer than
broad. Prothorax much broader than long, rather strongly
rounded at the sides, broadest in front of the middle, with
a broad apical constriction which is continued across the
dorsum ; the base distinctly marginate and a little broader
than the apex, which is shallowly sinuate in the middle ;
the disk coarsely and confluently punctate, the shiny in-
tervals bearing sparse fine punctures, and on each side a
short low ridge lying between two shallow impressions ; the
scales very sparse, but more dense in the lateral impressions,
in a very short longitudinal impression in the middle of
the base, and in a small median spot near the apex.
Scutellum invisible. Elytra ovate, jointly sinuate at the
base, the apex (which is just visible directly from above)
rather broadly rounded ; the punctures in the striz large
and subquadrate; the intervals not broader than the strie,
subcostate, and each with a row of low granules which are
much more prominent on the declivity on intervals 1,3, 5,7 ;
the scales small and subquadrate, the recumbent setze on the
granules being hardly distinguishable from them. Legs
uniformly and fairly densely clothed with pale scaling; the
femora unarmed; the hind tibiz flattened internally near
the apex and there set with a number of erect brownish sete,
the corbel truncate almost transversely to the axis of the
tibia, its inner edge bearing a broad vertical truncate lamina.
Sternum with the intercoxal process of the mesosternum
tuberculate. Venter with the last visible ventrite (3) shal-
lowly impressed across its whole width in the apical half,
the basal area having a broad low rounded elevation on
each side.

Length 8-9 mm., breadth 3-6-4 mm.

Carr Province: 2 ¢ <4.

Closely related to H. atratus, Sparrm., but this species has
the prothorax much smoother and very finely punctate, with
faint scattered punctures and the lateral impressions almost
obsolete; the rostrum is suleate only on the anterior half,
and lacks the apical longitudinal carina; the forehead is
much more finely punctate and not longitudinally striolate ;
the eyes are larger, the length being equal to nearly two-
thirds the width of the forehead; the intervals on the elytra
are almost bare and quite smooth on the disk, and interval

new Curculionidee from South Africa. 147

9 is strongly costate near the apex; the femora are rather
thinly clothed with short recumbent sets except for a band
of scales near the apex, and ou the lower surface they have
a minute tooth and a row of small granules; the hind tibiee
(3) are much more strongly flattened and for fully half the
length from the apex, the lower edge being coarsely denti-
culate, the corbel obliquely truncate, and the lamina placed
a little above the apical edge and lancet-shaped.

Eremnus cerealis, sp. n.

?. Integument piceous, hidden by dense scaling ; scales
small and shiny, closely juxtaposed, but not overlapping.
Scales on rostrum greyish white ; head light brown above,
greyish white beneath. Prothorax light brown above, with
an inwardly ill-defined simuous dark brown stripe on each
side; beyond this an indefinite light brown patch in front
of the middle, the rest of the lateral and lower surface being
whitish. Elytra pale brown on the disk, with small alter-
nating dark brown and whitish spots in the strie; the
lateral area beyond stria 7 entirely whitish. Lower surface
whitish.

Head with shallow confluent punctation on the vertex and
finely striolate on the forehead (this sculpturing quite
hidden by the scaling), the frontal fovea linked up with the
rostral furrow ; the eyes nearly flat and rather coarsely
facetted, further apart than usual, the distance between
them being nearly double the length of one eye. Rostrum
slightly longer than its basal width, narrowed from the base
to the middle, and subparallel-sided from there to the apex ;
the dorsal area without sharply-defined lateral edges, very’
Fapidly narrowed from the base to the antennze, then widen-
ing again slightly, with a deep median furrow from the base
to between the antenne ; the apical area with a very broad
and deep semicircular impression, which contains no median
carina, but bears strong separated punctures, each containing
a minute scale, the interspaces being bare; the epistome with
its posterior margin broadly truncate and forming a sharply
raised ridge. Antenne unusually short and stout; the
scape gradually clavate, shortly exceeding the eye, with
rather coarse punctures containing small scales and with
short recumbeut pale sete; the funicle with joints 1 and 2
clavate and equal in length and breadth, 3-7 transverse and
subequal. Prothorax much broader than long, strongly
rounded at the sides, broadest at the middle, with a shallow

apical constriction which is continued across the disk ; the
10*

148 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on

apex scarcely narrower than the base and its dorsal margin
shallowly sinuate in the middle ; the whole surface finely
coriaceous, the sculpture being entirely hidden by the
scaling; the sete very sparse, short and recumbent on the
disk, much longer and erect at the sides, and a fringe of
short recumbent sete along the basal margin. Scutellum
small but distinct, bare. Elytra broadly oblong-ovate,
obtusely rounded behind and subtruncate at the base ; the
dorsal outline gently convex, deepest far behind the middle,
the posterior declivity distinctly incurved towards the actual
apex ; the strize contain shallow punctures which are almost
hidden by the scaling ; the intervals almost flat towards the
base and convex behind, much broader than the striz and
quite even, each with a single row of setee which on intervals
1-7 are short and recumbent, and on the lateral ones longer
and erect. Legs with separated pale scales and long erect
setze, even on the femora, which are not toothed; all the
tibiz broadly produced externally at the apex. Sternum and
venter set with long obliquely raised ‘sete.

Length 5-6°25 mm., breadth 2°8-3°6 mm.

Carpe Province: Malmesbury, 2 ¢ 9; Rondebosch
(L. Peringuey),2 2 2.

Most nearly allied to EL. canaliculatus, Boh., in its general
form and sulcate rostrum, but the deep impression at the
apex of the rostrum, the transverse distal joints of the
funicle, the dilated tibie, and the erect setz on the sides of
the body and on the femora distinguish it from this and
all other species of the yenus known to me.

Dr. L. Peringuey, Director of the South African Museum,
to whom I am indebted for the specimens, informs me that
this species has done considerable damage to wheat and oats
in the Cape Province during recent years.

Eremnus terrenus, sp. 0.

3 ¢. Integunent black, the scaling either uniform
brownish grey, or brown above irregularly and indefinitely
variegated with grey.

Head with rather coarse confluent punctation, the ridges
between the punctures for the most part visible through the
scaling; the forehead flattened and with a central fovea;
the short recumbent setz with difficulty distinguishable
from the scales. Rostrum much longer than broad, slightly
narrowed from the base to the middle and thence strongly
dilated to the apex ; the dorsal area with fairly well-marked
lateral edges, broadest in front and rapidly narrowing to the

new Curculionidee from South Africa. 149

base, almost flat, and with an indistinct median carina; the
apical area neither impressed nor carinate, but closely and
finely punctate, the epistome very ill-defined. Antenne with
the scape gradually clavate, scarcely reaching the hind
margin of the eye, rather coarsely punctate, and clothed
with short recumbent pale sete; the funicle with joint 1 as
long as 2+38, joints 3-7 longer than broad and subequal.
Prothorax nearly twice as broad as long, gently rounded at
the sides, broadest about the middle, with a very shallow
apical constriction ; the apical margin only slightly nar-
rower than the base and gently sinuate dorsally, postocular
lobes well developed; the dorsum rugosely punctate, with
low granules showing through the rather thin scaling and a
much abbreviated indistinct median carina, and a very in-
distinct impression on each side behind the middle bounded
externally by a faint costa; the setze recumbent and only a
little longer and narrower than the scales. Scutellum incon-
spicuous. Hlytra broadly oblong-ovate in the ?, much
narrower and more ovate in the ¢,, broadly rounded behind
and gently sinuate at the base; the striee with shallow punc-
tures almost hidden by the scaling and each containing a
minute scale ; the intervals costate and each with a row
of granules, which are much more prominent behind, each
granule bearing a very short recumbent scale-like seta; the
junction of intervals 7 and 9 at the base forming a small
humeral callus. Legs fairly densely clothed with pale scales
and short recumbent setz, except on the lower edge of the
tibize where the set are longer and suberect; anterior pairs
of femora with a small tooth. Venter rugosely punctate but
not granulate, the setz all recumbent and scale-like.

Length 5:4-8 mm., breadth 2°4—4 mm.

Care Province: Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns), 3 g ,
ee ae

Allied to F. laticeps, Boh., but in that species the antennz
are much longer and more slender; the dorsal area of the
rostrum is parallel-sided for most of its length and tri-
angularly impressed ; the prothorax bears three pale stripes,
with conspicuous rounded granules and very deep lateral
impressions ; the elytra have the suture elevated on the
declivity in the 9, and the intervals are not costate, the
granules on them being more or less duplicated ; and the
venter is granulate and bears short curved sete.

The genus Hremnus, as at present constituted, comprises a
number of species of somewhat diversified structure and will
doubtless be subdivided when subjected to an adequate
revision. The species are restricted to South Africa, though

150 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on

Faust has described a few insects under this name from
Madagascar. Of these I have seen FE. rusticanus, FE. longi-
cornis, E. cristicollis, and E. humilis, all of which differ from
the Continental forms in the following particulars: the
mentum bears two sete on the disk; the metepisternal
suture is complete; and the epistome is developed into a
large even plate occupying the whole apex of the rostrum,
not delimitated laterally, reaching the front margin of the
scrobes and produced between them into an angular pro-
jection, which is separated from the rest of the rostrum
by an incision. On the other hand, in true Eremnns the
mentum is devoid of sete on the disk: the metepisternal
suture is incomplete; and the epistome is small, of normal
form, and distant from the scrobes. For the Madagascar
species the name Neseremnus, gen. nov., is proposed, with
E. rusticanus, Fst., as the genotype.

The genotype of Hremnus has not hitherto been fixed, for
Schénherr divided the genus into two sections and cited
Fi. exaratus, Boh., as the type of the first and &. setulosus,
Boh., as that of the second. FE. exaratus is therefore now
definitely selected as the genotype.

Subfamily RuayrrreurwinzZ.

Gronops postdentatus, sp. n.

3 2. Integument black, covered with dense rough earth-
brown scaling, the head, pronotum, and the posterior half
of the dorsum of the elytra sometimes black.

Head with a very high broad ridge above each eye, being
a continuation of the rostral ridge, and ending abruptly and
perpendicularly at the posterior margin of the eye; the
vertex flattened and the forehead between the ridges
deeply depressed below the level of the rostrum; the whole
covered with overlapping concave scales, and with a few
short, thick, dark, reeumbent set on the ridges. Rostrum
with the dorsal outline evenly curved ; the dorsal area
elevated, paralled-sided, and with its lateral margins slightly
and obtusely raised, the sides of the rostrum sloping and not
vertical; the clothing as on the head. Prothoraw a little
longer than broad, almost parallel-sided from the base to
beyond the middle, and then obtusely angulated ; the apex
rather narrower than the base, which is rounded; the
dorsum with three broad, deep, longitudinal furrows,
separated by two strong coste which are very broad in their
posterior two-thirds and much narrower in front, each

new Curculionids from South Africa. 151

furrow being interrupted in the middle by a low transverse
ridge ; the clothing like that on the head. Scutellum small,
densely covered with pale overlapping scales. <lytra
oblong, the shoulders obtusely prominent and with a similar
rounded projection below and behind them, the apices
separately pointed ; interval 1 not elevated, rather’ narrow,
but wider at the top of the declivity, and there bearing a
common bifid tubercle projecting horizontally backwards ;
the first two striz geminate, the punctures quadrate and
sometimes transversely confluent; interval 3 forming a
narrow undulating carina, with a broad, inwardly hooked
callus at the base, and two elevations at the middle, that at
the top of the declivity being the larger and forming a
sharp backwardly-pointed tubercle ; on the declivity this
interval is not carinate, but at its apical junction with
interval 9 there is a prominent conical tubercle ; between
the basal callus on interval 3 and the humeral prominence
is a broad basal excavation ; strie 3 and 4 geminate and
rather irregular; interval 5 with an elevation just behind
the basal excavation, another about the middle, one or two
granules behind the middle, and with a large conical tubercle
(the largest of all) on the declivity ; interval 7 forming a low
undulating or denticulate carina ; the lateral intervals plane;
some of the dorsal elevations form two oblique tuberculate
ridges, one running from the posthumeral elevation to
behind the middle on interval 3, and the other (less distinct)
nearer the base; the scales concave and densely over-
lapping ; the sete stout, short, and recumbent, being much
more numerous on the elevated areas.

Length 36-5 mm., breadth 1:6-2°4 mm.

Care Province: Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns—type) ;
Kimberley, ix. 1905 (G. A. K. 1). Ornaner Free Starter:
Bothaville (Dr. Brauns).

Described from forty-three specimens.

Gronops braunsi, sp. n.

S 2. Integument black, densely covered throughout with
unicolorous overlapping earth-brown scaling.

Very similar to, though smaller than, the preceding
species, and differing in the following particulars :—

Head with the scales on the vertex flat and not concave ;
the supraocular ridges not vertically truncate behind, but
sloping. Rostrum markedly broader in proportion to its
length. Prothorax broadest in front of the middle, and its
sides there strongly rounded, but not angularly dilated ; the

152 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on

six impressions similar bnt shallower ; the recumbent sete
about twice as long. lytra more regularly oblong, the
shoulders well marked but without any humeral prominence,
no projection on interval 9 behind the shoulder, and the
apices jointly rounded ; the alternate intervals slightly and
more or less evenly costate, without tubercles behind, except
for a low prominence at the apex of interval 5; the scales
much larger and flat, the sete nearly twice as long, being
much more numerous on the raised intervals than on the
others.

Length 3:2-4°4 mm., breadth 1:4-2 mm.

Care Province: Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns).

Described from 113 specimens.

Gronops oneili, sp. n.

d 9. Integument black, with dense sandy or earth-brown
sealing, with a broad darker transverse band behind the
middle ; the posterior pairs of femora and tibize each with
two dark brown patches ; the apical area of the rostrum
with small convex greenish-white scales.

Head with the scales flat and contiguous, not overlapping ;
the supraocular ridges comparatively low, sloping behind,
and hardly reaching the hind margin of the eye. Rostrum
parallel-sided from the base to the antenne, the apical area
being slightly wider; the dorsal outline distinctly angulated
at the insertion of the antennez ; the posterior angle of the
lower edge of the scrobe produced backwards into a blunt
projection ; the dorsum rounded at the sides, with a narrow
shallow median furrow and two indistinct striz on either
side, each containing a row of recumbent setz, and there is
an additional dorsal row on each side ; when abraded the
surface is very rugosely punctate. Prothorax with the sides
strongly rounded in front, broadest much before the middle,
and gradually narrowed from there to the base, the sides
being almost straight in the basal half; the dorsum with a
broad median furrow and two deep impressions on each side
of it; the raised areas with very deep scattered punctures,
each containing a short seta, the sete being much finer than
those on the rostrum or elytra; the scales small, not im-
pressed, and hardly overlapping. Scutellum small, but
prominent. lytra differing from those of the two pre-
ceding species in being relatively broader, slightly rounded
at the sides, and gently convex longitudinally ; the shoulders
with a rounded humeral prominence, but none on interval
9, the apices jointly rounded; the punctures in the striz

new Curculionide from South Africa, 153

small but deep, quite regular, and not geminate; the suture
and the alternate intervals more raised, interval 38 more
strongly costate than the others behind the middle and with
a callus at its base, and interval 5 ending in a small sharp
tubercle on the declivity ; the scales flat and only slightly
overlapping, the raised intervals alone having a row of
large, scale-like, recumbent sete. Sternum entirely lacking
the prosternal impression.

Length 2°6-3°2 mm., breadth 1°4—1°6 mm.

Care Province: Uitenhage, ix. 1899 (Father J. A.
O’ Neil) ; Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns).

Described from three specimens.

Readily distinguished from the other two species by its
small size and more convex form, the characteristic scaling
at the apex of the rostrum, the form of the scrobe, and by
the absence of the prosternal furrow. In his key to the
Rhytirrhinides Wacordaire erroneously separates Gronops
from Hypocolobus and borborocetes on the ground that
joint 7 of the funicle is annexed to the club in the latter,
but not in the former, although in his description of Gronops
he correctly states that this joint is contiguous to the club.
For this character should be substituted one drawn from the
epistome, which is sharply defined and bounded behind by a
high carina in Hypocolobus and Sorborocetes (sometimes
modified into a short horn in the former genus), whereas in
Gronops and its allies there is no trace of a carina and the
epistome is quite undefined. The three species described

above are the only true Gronops known to me from South
Africa.

Genus NoroGRonops, nov.

Schonherr (Gen. Cure. vi. 2, p. 135) divided Gronops into
two sections: the first, which includes the genotype,
G. lunatus, F., is characterised by its oblong elytra and
angulate shoulders, while in the second the elytra are ovate
and without any humeral callus. In the second group he
placed three South-African species — proletarius, Boh.,
punctirostris, Boh., and squalidus, Boh. I am acquainted
with the first and third of these (the type of the second is
lost, but the description suggests that it was perhaps only
an abraded specimen of prodetarius), and it is clear that they
cannot satisfactorily be retained in Gronops ; for, apart from
the difference in the form of the elytra and the absence of
the shoulders, they differ in having joint 7 of the funicle
quite distinct from the club, and the metasternum between

154 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on

the mid and hind coxe is shorter than the mid-coxa, whereas
in Gronops it is much longer.
Genotype, Gronops proletarius, Boh.

Notogronops estriatus, sp. n.

dg. Integument black, with dense scaling; the whole
upper surface dull smoky black ; the lower surface grey,
with a large oblong blackish-brown patch occupying the
middle of the metasternum and of the first two ventrites.

Head convex, with a very shallow transverse impression
before the base of the rostrum; the scales flat, not over-
lapping, with sparse, short, stout, recumbent sete. Rostrum
almost straight, a little shorter than the median length of
the pronotum (8:9), very slightly narrowed from the base
to the antennz and then abruptly widened; the dorsum
transversely convex, without sulci or carinz, the basal half
clothed like the head, the interantennal area without scales,
but with dense curled sete; the gene with dark scaling and
long, stiff, black sete. Antenne red-brown ; joint 2 of the
funicle nearly as long as the next two together. Prothorav
a little longer than the basal width (9: 8), slightly widening
from base to apex, the sides almost straight, the postocular
lobes very prominent ; the dorsum convex in both directions,
highest near the base and sloping strongly in front, with a
deep median furrow from the base nearly to the apex, but
no lateral impressions; the strong reticulate punctures
normally hidden by the dense scaling, and with sparse, stout,
recumbent sete. /ytra narrowly ovate, broadest at about
one-fourth from the base, the basal margin deeply sinuate,
the apices jointly rounded, without any strie or rows of
punctures even when the scaling is removed, but the first
and alternate intervals represented by rows of stout recum-
bent setze, which are dark and larger on the disk and pale
and smaller at the sides ; intervals 3 and 5 shortly costate
at the base. Legs densely clothed with pale scaling, the
femora with a dark patch in the middle and another near
the apex, the tibiz with one at the base and one at tlie
middle; the femora with dense pale setz beneath.

Length 4mm., breadth 1°6 mm.

Carre Province: Algoa Bay, 26. vii. 1896 (Dr. H. Brauns).

Described from a single specimen.

Easily distinguished from the other described species of
the genus by its unusual colouring and by the absence of the
lateral impressions on the prothorax and of the punctures on
the elytra.

new Curculionide from South Africa, 155

Subfamily Czronrv2.
Genus Mricrotarinus, Hochh.

This genus has not previously been recorded from the
Ethiopian region, though a South-African species was
described long ago by Gyllenhal under the name of Larinus
pilosus. The three species known to me are all natives of
the dry south-western districts of South Africa, and they
may be discriminated by the following characters :—

Rostrum narrower at the apex than at the base;
the dorsal outline of the elytra not higher at
the middle than at the base.
Elytra evidently broader than the prothorax, which
is slightly broader than long (11:12); the
longest sete on the elytra much longer than
the scape, the alternate intervals bearing
longer sete than the others..............-. pilosus, Gyl.
Elytra not or but slightly broader than the pro-
thorax, which is longer than broad (6:5) ;
the longest sete on the elytra shorter than
the scape, those in the alternate rows not
longer than the others ...........-ee+seee0> angustulus, sp. 0.
Rostrum not narrower at the apex than at the
base ; the dorsal outline of the elytra higher at
the middlecthan at the base. 2°). .0c.i.e ee ess brevirostris, sp. 0.

Microlarinus brevirostris, sp. n. :

Colour black, thinly clothed with short recumbent grey
hairs, which form a denser (and therefore paler) lateral
stripe on the prothorax and elytra, a similar short stripe at
the apex of interval 38, a short oblique line behind the
middle between striz 5 and 8, and a spot at the base of
interval 2.

Head with very coarse, longitudinally confluent punctures,
the forehead not flattened, slightly convex, and not trans-
versely impressed. Rostrum stout, a little shorter than its
basal width, parallel-sided, and sculptured like the forchead.
Prothorax broader than long (9: 10), broadest at the base,
and very gradually narrowed at the apex, the sides almost
straight ; the upper surface with very coarse punctures and
set with moderately long, erect, white sete. Hlytra sub-
elliptical, distinctly broader than the prothorax, but the
shoulders very sloping and the sides very slightly rounded ;
the dorsal outline more or less convex, lower at the base
than in the middle, owing to a shallow depression round the
scutellum ; the intervals flat, finely rugose, the first slightly
higher than the others and bearing, with the alternate

156 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on

intervals, a row of long erect white setz, which are not
longer than the scape, the sete on the remaining intervals
being not more than half the length.

Length 34-4 mm., breadth 14-12 mm.

Care Province: Uitenhage (Father J. A. O'Neil).

Described from ten specimens.

Microlarinus angusiulus, sp. un.

Colour piceous, with comparatively thin recumbent grey
hairs and more or less ochreous-brown powdering ; the pro-
thorax with a broad lateral stripe of very dense whitish
hairs, which is abruptly and broadly produced inwards on
the anterior half, so that the dark discal area, on which the
hairs are darker and much shorter, is nearly half as wide in
front as it is at the base; the elytra with rather thin grey
hairs, a whitish spot at the shoulder and at the base of
interval 3, and some small ill-defined pale spots laterally
on the posterior half formed of denser groups of hairs.

Head with longitudinally confluent punctation and rather
densely setose, the forehead transversely flattened and with
a shallow median fovea. Rostrum as long as its basal width,
sharply narrowed from the base to the middle, and thence
parallel-sided, much more finely punctate than the forehead
and with a median furrow in the basal half only. Prothorax
subcylindrical, a little longer than broad, feebly rounded
at the sides, broadest at the middle, the apex only slightly
narrower than the base, with coarse reticulate punctures
and short suberect pale sete. Hlytra cylindrical, not much
broader than the prothorax, the shoulders oblique, the dorsal
outline almost continuous with that of the prothorax and
quite flat for more than two-thirds the length; the very
shallow strize with closely-set quadrate punctures, the
intervals as broad as or narrower than the striz, flat, and
each bearing a row of rather short, obliquely raised sete
of approximately equal lengths ; a low elevation at the base
on each side of the suture.

Length 3°2-4 mm., breadth 1-1:2 mm.

Cave Province: Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns—type).
DamaraLaAND: Svakop River (J. Wahlberg—Stockholm
Mus.).

Described from two specimens.

Much narrower and more cylindrical than any of the
other described species.

new Curculionide from South Africa. 157

Subfamily Herrerurmiva.
Hyposomus longipilis, sp. n.

Integument piceous, clothed with dense grey scaling
above and below; the pronotum with the disk brownish,
except for acomplete, narrow, pale median stripe ; the elytra
with a large darker discal patch of the same shape as the
elytra themselves, outlined with dark brown and extending
as far as stria 4 and terminating in a point at the top of the
declivity.

Head with close confluent punctation which is entirely
concealed by the closely-packed concave scales, which are
much smaller than those on the rostrum, and set with short
erect spatulate scales. Rostrum about as long as the pro-
notum, slightly narrowed from the base to the middle and
thence parallel-sided, with the dorsal outline only slightly
curved but sloping rather abruptly near the apex; the
dorsal punctation close and confluent, but hidden by the
scales, which are not overlapping or concave; a lateral row of
punctures on each side, which are partly visible through the
scaling, each bearing a short erect seta, and two similar
but more widely-spaced rows of setze on the dorsum ; the
sides of the rostrum below the scrobe partly clothed with
scales. Antenne testaceous, with very fine testaceous sete ;
joint 1 of the funicle about as long as the next two together.
Prothorax broader than long, moderately rounded at the
sides, shallowly constricted near the apex, the constriction
faintly continued across the disk ; the dorsal apical margin
truncate and much narrower than the base, which is broadly
rounded ; the dorsum with fine reticulate punctation
throughout, the concave scales covering and fitting into the
punctures. lytra comparatively rather broadly ovate,
very slightly rounded at the sides, acuminate behind, with
the apices jomtly rounded ; the basal margin deeply and
jointly sinuate and not elevated, the external angles
rounded and not very prominent; the striz shallow, with
the punctures covered by, but perceptible through, the scaling,
each containing a very minute seta; the intervals much
broader than the striz, slightly convex, covered with flat
scallop-like overlapping scales, the alternate ones with a row
of seteze which on the basal two-thirds are short, curved, and
nearly recumbent, but on the apical third long, straight,
and erect. Legs stout, densely clothed with overlapping

158 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on

concave scales and short erect set ; the anterior tibize with
an obtuse angulation at the middle of the inner edge; the
fourth tarsal joint twice as longasthethird. Sternum witha
broad shallow longitudinal impression in front of the fore
coxee. Venter with the suture between ventrites 3 and 4
(Ist and 2nd visible) broadly fused in the middle.

Length 4—4°5 mm., breadth 18-2 mm.

Care Province: Table Mountain (W. Bevins).

Described from four specimens.

Hypsomus bevinsi, sp. n.

Extremely like a very small H. lonyipilis, but differing as
follows :—The prosternum not impressed in front of the
cox ; the suture between ventrites 3 and 4 (the lst and
2nd visible) distinct throughout and deeply sinuate in the
middle ; the apical constriction of the prothorax is not con-
tinued across the disk ; the setze at the apex of the elytra are
much shorter and fewer, and there is a broad brown lateral
stripe on the prothorax and on the inflexed margin of the
elytra.

Length 25-8 mm., breadth 1-1:25 mm.

Care Province: Table Mountain (W. Bevins) ; Camps
Bay, viii. 1905 (G. A. K. M,)

Described from twelve specimens.

Hypsomus albosuturalis, sp. n.

Integument red-brown, the pronotum darker ; the head
and rostrum with grey scaling turning to whitish round the
eyes; the prothorax brown on the disk, with a median
whitish stripe and two lateral ones on each side; the elytra
with a broad white sutural stripe ceasing at a little distance
before the apex, brown between striz 1 and 4, dark grey
between stris 4 and 8, and whitish between 8 and the
lateral margin; the lower surface densely clothed with
whitish scaling.

Head with fine confluent punctation, which is entirely
hidden by flat, contiguous, aud not overlapping scales.
Rostrum comparatively long and slender, as long as the head
and -pronotum together, much narrower than the forehead
at the base, subcylindrical throughout, and moderately
curved ; a deep lateral punctate stria extending from the
base to the antenne, and two deep dorsal impunctate strive

new Cureulionidee from South Africa. 159

from the antennze to the apex; the scales flat and con-
tiguous, and confined to the dorsum between the lateral
striz and not extending beyond the antenne; the lateral
strize each containing a row of short erect sete, but no
dorsal ones. Antenne testaceous, with fine testaceous set ;
the funicle with joint 1 as long as the next three together.
Prothorax a little broader than long, rounded at the sides,
broadest at the middle, shallowly constricted at the apex,
which is not much narrower than the base, the latter being
truncate in the middle, with the lateral angles entirely
rounded off; the dorsum throughout with close reticulate
punctures, which are quite distinct on the dark areas but
hidden by the white scaling. lytra narrow, subelliptical,
acuminate behind, with the apices jointly rounded, the basal
margin broadly sinuate and not elevated, and the lateral
angles obtusely prominent; the very shallow striz with
rather strong, clearly visible punctures, each containing a
very minute seta; the intervals flat, broader than the striz,
without any apparent setz on the disk, but intervals 5,7, |
and 9 each with a sparse row of minute bent sete; the apex,
however, bears rather dense, short, erect setze ; the scales flat
and only slightly overlapping, not well-defined on the
darker parts. Legs with dense, slightly concave, pale scales
and short erect setee ; the front tibie not angulate internally ;
the tarsi broader than usual, the 4th joint only half as long
again as the 3rd. Sternum not impressed in front of the fore
coxe. Venter with the suture between ventrites 3 and 4
(nominally 1 and 2) distinct throughout and gently sinuate
in the middle.

Length 2-3°5 mm., breadth 0°75-1:25 mm.

Care Province: Table Mountain (W, Bevins).

Described from eight specimens.

Only three other species of Hypsomus have been previously
described, and the salient characters are given in the
following table :—

1 (2). Elytra subtruncate at the base, the basal

angles not produced forwards, a distinct

humeral angle present; base of rostrum

raised above level of forehead ; a distinct

gurtall seutellmM: cite stk otter caso shee parvus, Mshl-*
2 (1). Elytra deeply sinuate at the base, the

basal angles strongly produced forwards,

* Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1906, p. 935, pl. Ixvi. fig. 11 (1907).

160

6

~“J

On new Curculionide from South A/rica.

no trace of a humeral angle; rostrum
continuous with the forehead; scutellum
invisible.

(6). Elytra with the alternate intervals higher

at the base and the margin itself elevated,
the apices separately mucronate; the
scaling of the elytra fused so as to form
an apparently calcareous indumentum in
which the individual scales are not dis-
tinguishable ; the setze minute.

(5). Prothorax subcylindrical, about as long

as broad; interval 9 on the elytra not
carinate at the base; rostrum with dense
confluent punctation at the sides, which
is entirely hidden by sealing ..,.......

(4). Prothorax transverse, with sides rounded,

and much narrower at the apex than at
the base ; interval 9 on the elytra strongly
carinate near the base; rostrum bare at
the sides and there impunctate, except
for two shallow punctate striae .....

(3). Elytra with neither the base nor the alter-

nate intervals elevated, the apices jointly
rounded ; the scales on the elytra distinct
and overlapping, the setee well-developed
and erect on the apical half.

(10). Rostrum much deeper than wide, as broad

at the base as the forehead, without dorsal
furrows in front of the antennae, and
with the sides below the scrobes partly
squamose; 4th tarsal joint at least twice
as long as 8rd; elytra without a white
sutural stripe.

8 (9). Prosternum with a broad longittdinal im-

pression in front of the cox; the suture
between ventrites 3 and 4 (1st and 2nd
visible) entirely obliterated in the middle ;

length (without rostrum) 4-45 mm.;
elytra with very long erect sete on the
apical thiteds avis Puce metas det tees

9 (8). Prosternum not impressed ; the suture be-

10

tween ventrites 3 and 4 distinct through-
out and strongly Sree in the middle ;
length 2°5-3 mm.; elytra with fewer and
much shorter seta on the declivity only. .

(7). Rostrum subcylindrical, much narrower

at the base than the forehead, with two
dorsal furrows from the antenns to the
apex, and with the sides below the
scrobes entirely bare; 4th tarsal joint
half as long again as ‘8rd; elytra with a
mite SUbuTAL SENIPS Ga! casas «ls exten

lembunculus, Boh,

scapha, Boh.

longipilis, sp. n.

bevins?, sp. n.

albosuturalis, sp. n.

On new or little-known Tipulidee. 161

XV .— New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera).—V. Ethiopian
Species. By Cuartes P. Atexanper, Ph.D., Urbana,
Illinois, U.S.A.

THE present paper is a continuation of the preceding parts
under this title. The holotypes are preserved in the writer’s
collection, except where noted to the contrary.

Dicranomyia (Thrypticomyia) nigeriensis, sp. n.

General coloration brown, thé mesonotum reddish brown ;
pleura testaceous; legs with the metatarsi entirely white ;
wings pale brownish subhyaline; stigma elougate, dark
brown; Sc, ending opposite the origin of Rs.

Male.—Length 6 mm.; wing 7-7°2 mm.

Female.—Length 6 mm. ; wing 6°8 mm.

Rostrum pale brown ; palpi dark brown. Antenne dark
brown. Head dark brown, grey pruinose.

Mesonotum reddish brown. Pleura testaceous. Halteres
very elongate, dark brown. Legs with the coxe and
trochanters testaceous; femora dark brown, paler basally ;
tibize dark brown ; tarsi pure white, the terminal segments
scarcely darkened. Wings pale brownish subhyaline ;
stigma elongate, dark brown ; veins dark brown. Venation:
Se, ending opposite the origin of ARs, Sc, a short distance
from the tip, Sc; about equal to the basal deflection of Cu, ;
penultimate section of R, from one and one-half to twice r ;
basal deflection of A,,; strongly arcuated ; in some speci-
mens the inner end of cell lst M, is strongly arcuated, less
so in other specimens ; basal deflection of Cu, beyond mid-
length of cell lst Mg.

Abdomen dark brown.

Hab. Nigeria.

Holotype, $ , Effon Forest, November 10, 1920 (4. W. J.
Pomeroy ).

Allotopotype, ¢.

Paratopotypes, 2 3’s.

Holotype in the collection of the British Museum
(Natural History).

Dicranomyia nigeriensis is related to D. seychellensis
(Edwards ), from which it differs in the uniformly white tarsi,
the elongate halteres, and the details of the wing-venation.
The known species of the subgenus Thryplicomyia occur
in the Ethiopian Region (2), Palearctic Region, Japan (1),
Oriental Region (2), and the Australian Region (4).

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. a

162 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Dicranomyia venustula, sp. n.

General coloration light yellow; antennze yellow, the first
scapal segment dark brown; legs yellow, the tips of the
femora and tibiz narrowly infuscated ; wings light yellow,
spotted with brown ; Se short, Rs square at origin.

Male.— Length 4°4—5 mm. ; wing 4°6-5 mm.

Female.—Length 5°5 mm. ; wing 6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne light yellow,
the first scapal segment dark brown; in the male, the
flagellar segments are short-petiolate basally and are pro-
vided with long verticils. Head dark brown, indistinctly
pruinose.

Mesonotum and pleura pale whitish yellow, unmarked.
Halteres yellow. Legs yellow, the tips of the femora
narrowly dark brown, of the tibize still more narrowly dark
brown ; terminal tarsal segments infuscated. Wings witha
faint yellowish tinge, sparsely variegated with brown spots,
arranged as follows: At tip of Se and origin of Rs; at
stigma; seams along the cord and outer end of cell lst M, ;
spots at the ends of veins Ro435 M42, M;, Cu, Cug, and the
anal veins, the two latter the largest ; veins yellow, brown
in the infuscated areas. Venation : ‘Se short, Sc, ending
immediately beyond the origin of Rs, Sc. at tip ; Rs square
at origin or with the angle of curvature proximad of the
actual origin, sometimes spurred ; inner ends of cells 3 and
lst M, lying far proximad of cell R;; cell 1st M, closed,
shorter than vein 4/,,,. beyond it but longer than M;; basal
deflection of Cu, at or immediately before the fork of M ;
Cu, shorter than the basal deflection of Ci.

Abdomen yellow, the apices of tergites narrowly infus-
cated, broadest medially. Male hypopygium with the pleural
appendage elongate and_ slender, cylindrical, directed
proximad and decussate with its mate across the genital
chamber. Ovipositor with the sternal valves blackened at
base.

Hab. Cameroun.

Holotype, 3, Elat, 1920 (J. A. Reis).

Allotopotype, 2.

Paratopotypes, 3 3s.

D. venustula is most closely related to the larger D. woos-
nami, Alexander (Hast Africa).

new or little-known Tipulide. 163

Dicranomyia pauciguttata, sp. n.

Related to D. guttula, Alexander (Portuguese East Africa)
general coloration yellowish brown ; thoracic pleura with
_a broad dark brown longitudinal stripe ; wings grey with a
sparse brown dotting along the veins; Sc short; cell lst M,
irregular in shape, lying far out in the wing-membrane.

Male.—Length 4°8 mm. ; wing 5°5 mm.

Female.—ULength 5 mm.; wing 6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne short, dark
brown; basal flagellar segments subglobular, gradually
passing into oval. Head greyish pruinose.

Mesonotum yellowish brown, covered with a yellow pollen ;
four indistinct longitudinal brown stripes, the intermediate
pair indicated only in front. Pleura testaceous with a broad
and conspicnous but ill-delimited fuscous longitudinal stripe
extending from the cervical sclerites to the base of the
abdomen. Halteres yellow, the knobs pale brown. Legs
with the coxe brown; trochanters brownish testaceous ;
femora yellowish brown, the extreme tips indistinctly paler ;
remainder of the legs brown, on the tarsi passing into darker
brown. Wings grey with a sparse brown pattern that is
confined to the veins, the principal spots as follows: at tip
of Se and origin of Rs; fork of Rs; tip of A,; along
cord; at tips of longitudinal veins; one before mid-length
of M and another less distinct spot before the end of M;
a series of about three small spots along Cu; an indistinct
series in cell C; two spots along vein 2nd A ; wing-axil
darkened; veins pale, darker in the infuscated areas.
Venation : Se short, Sc, extending a short distance beyond
the origin of Rs ; Rs about equal to the deflection of R,,5
and approximately in alignment with it, both gently
arcuated ; cell lst M, very irregular, situated far out in the
membrane ; inner end greatly arcuated, about as long as the
basal deflection of Cu,; m short, from one-third to one-
quarter the length of the outer deflection of MW; ; basal
deflection of Cu, at or some distance before the fork of WM.

Abdomen brown. Male hypopygium with the ventral
pleural appendage relatively small but fleshy ; dorsal pleural
appendage a powerful chitinized black hook, the tip acute.

Hab. Cameroun.

Holotype, 3, Batanga, June 12, 1920 (J. A. Revs).

Allotopotype, 9 , August 12, 1920.

11%

164 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Dicranomyia mendica, sp. n.

Antenne dark brown; head grey pruinose, the vertex
with a median dark line ; mesonotum yellowish brown,
prescutum with three brown stripes ; femora dark brown,
the tips conspicuously yellow ; wings greyish subhyaline, —
stigma brown ; Sc long, cell lst M, closed ; abdominal seg-
ments dark brown, the caudal margins of the segments
broadly pale.

Male.—Length 5-5 mm. ; wing 66 mm.

Female.—Length 6 mm. ; wing 7 mm.

Rostrum slightly produced, brown ; palpi dark brown.
Antenne dark brown, the elongate terminal segment paler
brown; flagellar segments elongate-oval. Head light grey,
the vertex with a dark, elongate, median stripe.

Pronotum yellowish testaceous, dark brown medially.
Mesonotal preescutum with three conspicuous dark brown
stripes, the median stripe longest and broadest; lateral
stripes indistinctly delimited at their anterior ends; pale
interspaces narrow ; lateral margins ef preescutum sparsely
pruinose ; scutum testaceous, the lobes dark brown ; scu-
tellum and postnotum sparsely pruinose. Pleura testaceous ;
a brownish area on mesepisternum. Halteres yellow, the
knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxe and trochanters
concolorous with the pleura; femora testaceous basally,
passing into dark brown before the tips ; apices conspicuous
pale yellow ; remainder of the legs dark brown. Wings
greyish subhyaline, the costal and subcostal cells slightly
more saturated ; stigma oval, brown; veins dark brown.
Venation: Sc long, Sc, extending to about opposite four-
fifths Rs; Sc, at tip of Sc,4 Rs long, gently arcuated ; r at
tip of R,; basal deflection of R,,; about equal to or a little
longer than the deflection of M;,,; cell lst M, about as
long as the outer section of Cu,; basal deflection of Cu, at,
or immediately before, the fork of M, longer than Ciz.

Abdominal segments dark brown, the posterior margins of
the segments broadly pale.

Hab. Cameroun.

Holotype, 8, Bidu, July 24, 1920 (J. A. Reis).

Allotopotype, 2.

Paratopotype, 2.

Dicranomyia submendica, sp. n.

General coloration brownish yellow, the thoracic pleura

new or little-known Tipulide. 165

with a conspicuous dark brown longitudinal stripe ; wings
uniformly pale brown, stigma small, subcircular; Sc long,
cell lst M, closed ; abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites
obscure yellow, the caudal margins of the segments dark
brown ; pleural appendage of male hypopygium subequally
bifid.

Male.—Length about 5 mm. ; wing 5°3 mm,

Female.—Length 5°7 mm.; wing 5°5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown,
the oval flagellar segments densely white pubescent. Head
grey.

aresnnoud preescutum obscure brownish yellow with three
ill-defined darker brown stripes, the lateral stripes paler
anteriorly, behind crossing the suture and suffusing the
scutal lobes. Pleura testaceous yellow with a conspicuous
dark brown dorsal longitudinal stripe. Halteres dark brown,
the base of the stem conspicuously light yellow. Legs with
the cox and trochanters testaceous yellow ; remainder of
the legs dark brown, the femoral bases slightly paler. Wings
with auniformly pale brown tinge ; stigma small, subcircular
in outline, dark brown ; veins dark brown. Venation: Se
long, Sc; ending immediately before mid-length of Rs, Sey at
tip of Sc;; Rs long, feebly angulated at origin ; cell lst M,
closed ; basal deflection of Cu, at or beyond the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the ninth tergite obscure
yellow ; sternites obscure yellow, the caudal margins dark
brown. Male hypopygium with the single fleshy pleural
appendage profoundly bifid into two subequal, digitiform,
hairy lobes. Ovipositor with the bases of the powerful
sternal valves blackened.

Hab. Cameroun.

Holotype, 3 , Lolodorf, November 16, 1920 (J. A. Reis).

Allotopotype, 2.

Dicranomyia submendica is wndoubtedly related to
D. fuscopleura, but is readily distinguished by the larger size
and structure of the male hypopygium.

Trentepohlia (Mongoma) dummeri, sp. n.

Similar to 7. fragillima ; white femoral tips narrow;
white tibial tips occupying a little less than one-third the
length of the segment; wings grey, the tips darkened ;
abdominal sternites obscure yellow.

Male.—Length 10-11 mm. ; wing 9-10°2 mm.

Female.—Length about 10 mm.; wing 9°2 mm.

166 . Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Rostrum yellow, brown in some specimens; palpi dark
brown. Antenne with the first seapal segment yellow, the
remainder dark brown. Frout and anterior part of vertex
obscure yellow; remainder of head dark brown.

Mesonotum brown, the pleura obscure yellowish testaceous.
Halteres dark brown. Legs with the coxz and trochanters
vellowish testaceous ; femora dark brown, he tips rather
narrowly (1-1 mm.) white; tibiae dark brown, the bas s
narrowly (1°4mm.) white, the tips rather broadly (5-5-2 mm.)
white ; the broad brown tibial band is about twice the pale
tip; tarsi white; fore femora with two delicate bristles a
short distance beyond the base. Wings grey ; stigma dark
brown; cell Se and wing-tip darkened ; indistinct seams
along cord and vein Cu; veins dark brown. Venation: ron
jie before the fork, a distance less than m.

Abdominal tergites dark brown ; sternites obscure yellow.

Hab. Uganda,

Holotype, 3, Mabira Forest, Kyagwe Country, altitude
4000 feet, August 12, 1920 (R. A. Dummer).

Allotopotype, 2, August 10, 1920.

Paratopotypes, 2 g’s August 9, 1920.

“ Along a stream in forest.”

There can be no doubt but that many African species of
Trentepohlia auswer the brief characterization of 7. fragillima
(Westwood). Mr. Edwards informs me that the type of the
latter is not now in the Hope Collections in the Oxford
Museum and may no longer be in existence. The present
species differs from 7. fragillima in the conspicuously larger
size and the coloration of the abdominal and thoracic
sternites. The degree of whitening of the tibial tips in
T. fragillima is not known. I take pleasure in naming this
fly after the collector, Mr. R. A. Dummer.

Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) nigricolor, sp. u.

General coloration shiny black ; halteres yellow ; posterior
coxee testaceous yellow ; a single strong bristle on posterior
tibiz before tips; wings whitish subhyaline, cross-banded
with brown, the centre of cell R, pale ; abdomen black, the
genital segment obscure reddish.

Male.—Length 6°3 mm. ; wing 5 5:6 mm.

Female.—Length about 6°5 mm.; wing 5°7 mm.

Rostruin, maxillary and labial palpi dark brown. Antennz
dark brown throughout; flagellar segments cylindrical.
Head dark grey; eyes of male large, the vertex between
them very narrow.

new or little-known Tipulide. 167

Thorax shiny black, the humeral region not brightened.
Halteres light yellow. Legs with the coxe brownish
testaceous, the fore coxe darkest, the posterior coxz testa-
ceous yellow ; trochanters obscure yellowish brown;
remainder of the legs brown, the tarsi very slightly paler ;
a long curved bristle before tip of hind tibia in both sexes ;
in the males, at least, a similar bristle may occur on the tibize
of other legs. Wings whitish subhyaline; cells C and Sc
more yellowish ; conspicuous dark brown bands on the wing ;
a basal area occupying the bases of cells R to lst A; a band
at the cord, broadened out in the base of cell lst R,, the
centre of this area varying from pale to almost solid, the
mark extended along the cord and vein Cu as broad
conspicuous seams ; distal band occupying the wing-tip, but
centre of cell R, distinctly pale ; veins brown, more
yellowish in the pale costal areas. Venation: Rs in align-
ment with the deflection of R,,;; R.,3 strongly arcuated,
tip of R, and r very pale, subatrophied ; cell R; spoon-
shaped, greatly dilated on its proximal half, the outer half
narrow and with parallel sides; basal deflection of Cu,
immediately before the fork of M; fusion of Cu, and lst A
slight.

Abdomen black, the genital segment in both sexes obscure
reddish.

Hab. Cameroun.

Holotype, 8, Efulan, June 5, 1920 (J. A. Reis).

Allotopotype, 2.

Paratopotypes, 1 3,1 @.

Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) nox, sp. n.

General coloration black ; knob of halteres brown ; legs
brownish yellow, the tips of the femora conspicuously
brownish black ; posterior tibiz with three or four bristles
before tips ; wings pale greyish subhyaline ; veins conspicu-
ously seamed with brown; centre of the large cell Ist R,
pale ; wing-tip darkened, this including all of cell R.; Rs
about one-half longer than the first section of Ry,3.

Female.—Length 7 mm. ; wing 6°9-7 mm.

Mouth-parts yellow ; palpi dark brown. Antenne dark
brown. Head dark brown.

Mesonotum shiny brownish black, the extreme anterior
margin of preescutum on either side of median area obscure
yellow. Pleura shiny dark brown. Halteres dark brown,
the base of the stem pale. Legs with the coxve and tro-
chauters obscure yellow ; femora brownish yellow, the tips

168 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

rather narrowly but conspicuously dark brownish black ;
tibiz pale brownish yellow, the extreme base indistinctly
darkened ; tarsi concolorous ; posterior tibiz with three or
four rather powerful black bristles just before the tip.
Wings pale greyish subhyaline; wing-veins and apex
suffused with brown; cells C, Sc, and most of 2nd R, more
greyish yellow; the brown seams are most conspicuous along
Rs, the cord, Cu and its branches, and all the veins beyond
the cord with the exception of the distal section of Ry,3 ;
the darkened wing-tip includes all of cell R,, the ends of
2nd Rk, and 2nd M,, the distal three-fifths of R3;, and the
distal half of A; ; stigma oval, darker brown; veins dark
brown. Venation: Rs long, gently areuated at origin,
about one-half longer than the first section of F,,3; first
section of R,,, a little longer than the second section ;
petiole of cell R; short, about equal to the basal deflection
of Ry,5; fusion of C, and lst A punctiform.

Abdominal tergites black; sternites conspicuously bi-
colorous, the basal three-fifths of the intermediate segments
y llow, the caudal margins conspicuously blackened ; a black
subterminal ring ; ovipositor bright chestnut horn- colour.

Hab. Cameroun.

Holotype, 2? , Lolodorf, January 15, 1919 (J. A. Reis).

At first sight, Trentepohia nox bears a considerable
resemblance to 1. nigricolor, sp. n., but is readily told by
the coloration of the legs, wings, and abdomen, and the
venational details, especially the veEy long sector and the
short petiole of cell R;.

Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) hyalina, sp. n.

General coloration yellowish ; posterior tibie with three
powerful bristles before tip ; wings hyaline or nearly so.

Female.—Uength 6°6 mm. ; wing 5:2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi yellow. Antenne with the scapal
segments yellow ; flagellum broken. Head pale yellow.

Pronotum with long erect sete. © Mesonotum rather
bright yellowish; humeral region and prescutal interspaces
with erect sete. Pleura yellow; mesopleura setiferous.
Legs pale yellowish testaceous throughout; legs all detached,
but what from analogous species would appear to be the
posterior legs are armed as follows: femora at base with a
series of about fifteen spinous bristles that are subequally
spaced ; tibiz: before tips with three very long and powerful
black bristles that are about equidistant from one another

new or little-known Tipulide. 169

and from the tibial apex. Wings nearly hyaline ; costal
and subcostal cells indistinctly yellowish ; stigma lacking ;
veins brown, those in costal area more yellowish. Venation :
Rs long, straight, in alignment with R,,;; 7 connecting with
R,,3; about one-half its length before the fork; petiole of
cell R, about equal to basal deflection of Cu, the latter a
short distance before the fork of M; fusion of Cu, and
lst A punctiform.

Abdomen brown, the basal tergites more yellowish.

Hab. Cameroun.

Holotype, ° , Batanga, July 14, 1920 (/. A. Reis).

Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) pomeroyi, sp. n.

General coloration brown, the pleura and lateral margins
of the mesonotum yellow; tibiz and tarsi obscure whitish ;
wings whitish subhyaline, marked with brown ; the large
cell lst R, largely pale; cell R, largely dark-coloured ;
abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites obscure yellow,
the caudal margins of the segments broadly dark brown.

Male.—Length about 5°5 mm.; wing 4°6 mm.

Female.—Length about 5 mm.; wing 5 mm.

Rostrum obscure yellow; palpi dark brown. Antenne
brownish black. Anterior part of vertex dark brown, the
remainder pale brownish yellow.

Mesonotum brown medially, the lateral margins
brightening into yellow, the scutellum and postnotum
darker brown. Pleura testaceous yellow, the mesosternum
a little darker. Halteres dark brown, the base of the stem
yellow. Legs with the coxe rather bright yellow; tro-
chanters testaceous ; femora brown, the tips very narrowly
and indistinctly paler ; tibize and tarsi obscure whitish; in
the types only the fore and middle legs are attached, and in
these the tibia are unarmed. Wings whitish subhyaline,
in the female the costal and subcostal cells more yellowish,
in the male more brownish; conspicuous brown seams at
the origin of Rs, tip of R,, and r, continued as paler brown
seams along Rs, Ry ,;, the cord, and Cu; the wing-tip in cells
R,, Rz, and R; is pale brown, the centre of cell R, sometimes .
paler; veins dark brown ; in the female, veins C, Sc, R, and
the distal section of R,,; yellow; cell lst R, 1s large and
with the centre conspicuously pale. Venation: Fs longer
than the first section of R,,3, cell 1st R, consequently
elongate-triangular ; cell &; narrow, its peticle about twice

170 Dr. GC. P. Alexander on

(?) to thrice (¢) the basal deflection of M,,.; basal
deflection of Cu, before the fork of MZ; cell 2nd A narrow.

Abdominal tergites dark brown; sternites obscure yellow,
the caudal margins broadly dark brown.

Hab. Nigeria.

Holotype, 3, Effon Forest, November 10, 1920 (4. W. J.
Pomeroy).

Allotopotype, 2.

“In holes in big trees.” Species of crane-flies taken in
these same situations include Dicranomyia (Thrypticomyia)
nigeriensis, Rhamphidia flavitarsis, and Megistocera filipes.

Holotype in the collection of the British Museum (Natural
History).

Trentepohlia pomeroyi is a very distinct species that finds
its only close described relative in 7. exornata, Bergroth,
from which it is readily told by the diagnostic characters
listed above. The fly is dedicated to the collector, my
friend, Lieut. Arthur W. Jobbins Pomeroy, of the British
Expeditionary Force.

Dolichopeza (Trichodolichopeza) albogeniculata, sp. n.

General coloration dark brown; palpi yellow ; legs dark
brown, the knees narrowly whitish; tarsi fading into
yellowish ; wings dark grey, stigma dark brown ; wing-tip
and veins seamed with brown; conspicuous obliterative
areas before and beyond the stigma.

Female.—Length 10°4 mm.; wing 10°38 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head brown ; palpi yellow ;
the basal segment brown. Antenne dark brown, the scapal
segments yellow. Head brown.

Mesonotum dark brown, the humeral regions of the
prescutum obscure yellow. Pleura badly crushed in the
unigue type, variegated with brown and obscure yellow.
Halteres dark brown, the base of the stem yellow. Legs
with the coxeze brown ; femora dark brown, the tips narrowly
but conspicuously whitish; tibiz dark brown, the bases
narrowly whitish, this area about equal in extent to the pale
femoral tips; tarsi pale brownish yellow, becoming paler
and more conspicuous toward the end of the organ ; terminal
tarsal segment brown. Wings dark grey, variegated with
brown and whitish subhyaline ; stigma dark brown ; wing-tip
in cells R, to Cu, narrowly seamed with dark brown ; cord
and longitudinal veins narrowly seamed with brown ;
whitish subhyaline obliterative areas before and beyond the

new or little-known Tipulidee. Lik

stigma ; conspicuous macrotrichiz in cells R, to 2nd M,,
most numerous in cell R; where they include about the
outer half of the cell. Venation: Rs very short, almost
transverse, about equal to r-m; distal section of Ry
obliterated ; petiole of cell M, subequal to or a little longer
than the petiole of cell 2nd M,; fusion of Cu, and M about
four-fifths of the basal deflection of Cu.

Abdomen dark brown, the tergites with a conspicuous
pale yellow lateral area beyond mid-length of the sclerite.

Hab. Uganda.

Holotype, 2, Mabira Forest, Kyagwe Country, altitude
4000 feet, August 12, 1920 (2. A. Dummer).

‘Bobbing up and down on a tree-trunk between the
buttresses.”

XENOTIPULA, gen. NOV.

Frontal prolongation of the head short and stout ; no
nasus. Antenne very short in both sexes, composed of 13
segments, the first flagellar segment conspicuously enlarged,
suboval, narrow at the base, provided with a few scattered
bristles; remaining flagellar segments small, irregularly
cylindrical, the terminal three segments closely approximated,
Palpi of moderate length, the terminal segment a little
shorter than the third. Legs of the male much longer than
those of the female; tibize with two conspicuous curved
spurs. Wings with Sc, atrophied ; tip of R, atrophied or
nearly so; but two branches of media reaching the wing-
margin. Wings of the female smaller than those of the
male. Male hypopygium of simple structure, the pleural
appendages spinose posteriorly at the base. Ovipositor with
the valves short and fleshy.

Genotype.— Xenotipula munroi, sp. n. (Southern Ethiopian
Region).

Xenotipula is a very peculiar genus of Tipuline crane-flies.
Together with Idiotipula, Alexander (Natal), and Pseudolepto-
tarsus, Alexander (Australia), the genus is readily told from
all other members of the subfamily Tipulinze by the presence
of only two branches of media. Xenotipula is told from
Idiotipula by the tibial spurs, the very short antennee in both
sexes, the lack of vem Sc,, and the fleshy ovipositor. The
curious discrepancy in the size of the two sexes is discussed
in the collector’s field-notes following the specific description.

| 172 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Xenotipula munrot, sp. n.

Male with the wings and legs much larger and longer than
those of the female; general coloration brownish testaceous,
the mesonotum unmarked with darker; wings yellowish
grey ; Sc, ending opposite mid-length of Rs; cell lst M,
narrowed outwardly ; cell 22d A moderate in width.

Male.—Leugth about 6-65 mm. ; wing 85-9 mm. Fore
leg, femur 4°6 mm. ; tibia 5°5 mm. ; hind leg, femur 6 mm.;
tibia 5°4 mm.; tarsus about 18 mm.

Female.—Length 6 mm.; wing 5-6°3 mm. Hind leg,
femur 8 mm.; tibia 3 mm.; tarsus about 5°5 mm.

Male.—Froutal prolongation of the head very short and
stout, yellowish brown ; nasus lacking ; palpi light brown.
Antennal scape light yellow; first flagellar segment testa-
ceous; remainder of the flagellum dark brown. Head
brown, broadly yellowish adjoiming the inner margins of
- the eyes ; vertex between the eyes very broad.

Mesonotum pale brownish testaceous without darker.
markings. Pleura pale testaceous yellow. Halteres light
brown, the knobs a little darker. Legs with the cox pale
testaceous yellow; trochanters pale yellow, each with a
conspicuous brown spot on the posterior face ; remainder of
the legs testaceous brown; fore tibiz a little longer than
the fore femora ; hind tibiz shorter than the hind femora ;
tarsi very long and slender, the metatarsi alone much longer
than the combined femur and tibia; claws small, simple.
Wings with a strong yellowish-grey tinge; stigma darker,
brown; veins brown. Venation: Sc, ending about opposite
mid-length of Rs, Sc, lacking ; As long, gently arcuated at
origin ; /2,,; about two-thirds of As; tip of AR, sub-
atrophied; outer section of MR, atrophied or barely
persistent; only two branches of media reach the wing-
margin ; cell Ist dd, long-pentagonal, narrowed outwardly,
m being less than one-third the outer deflection of M, ;
m—cu distinct ; cell Cu, deep, Cu, being about one-half
longer than the basal deflection of Cu, ; vein 2nd A almost
straight, cell 2nd A of moderate width. Macrotrichiz on
the penultimate section of /,, on f,,3, 3, and Ry, 5.

Abdominal tergites pale brown, the caudal margins
darker; sternites more yellowish testaceous. Hypopygium
of simple structure. Ninth tergite short, the posterior
margin notched, the surface and margin of the tergite with
conspicuous bristles. Ninth sterno-pleurite elongate, the

new or little-known Tipulidae. 172

pleural appendages at the end, these latter flattened, the
posterior margin at the base with a few stout black spines.

Female.—About equal in size of body to the male, but the
wings smaller and the legs very small and slender. The
abdomen is greatly distended with large eggs, which con-
dition, together with the delicate nature of the wings,
probably renders this sex flightless, at least until oviposition
is accomplished. All of the females available for study are
teneral, the wings being pale and badly folded, the venation
less distinct than mm the male but agreeing in all essentials.
The teneral nature of the females would lead us to believe
that copulation takes place while the female is still teneral,
a condition found in wany other Tipulide. Ovipositor with
the valves very small and fleshy, the sternal valves extending
beyond the tergal ones.

Hab. Natal.

Holotype, 3, Ambleside, near Port Shepstone, August 23,
1920 (H. K. Munro).

Allotopotype, 2.

Paratopotypes, 15 g’s, 5 2’s.

This very interesting species is dedicated to its collectgr,
my friend, Mr. H. K. Munro. The collector’s full notes on
this species are of unusual interest.

“ Found on Ambleside near Port Shepstone on steep hill-
side, some distance from river. Conditions very dry—rain
had not yet begun. Hillside covered with original bush and
trees, undergrowth not very dense. Ground covered thickly
with dead leaves. Large numbers of this fly were observed,
most of them flying very close to the ground, in fact
touching the dead leaves, so that it was not possible to catch
them by beating without getting so many leaves that the
flies, which were very fragile, were ruined. A few were
flying up among the bushes. I soon observed that all those
flying were males, except only a very few females flying ‘in
cop” After watching them for some time I noticed the
flying males congregated in indiscriminate mélées in certain
spots. When these were examined, I saw that on the ground
at each spot was a female with a very greatly distended
abdomen. One male was in copula and the rest were flying
around.

“The legs of the males are longer than those of the
females. Like many of the Tipulide, individual insects
were hard to follow owing to their very light and cob-webby
appearance.”—H, K. Munro.

174 On new or little-known Tipulide.

Tipula camerounensis, sp. 0.

General coloration of mesonotum light brown; pleura
whitish yellow ; mesonotum densely covered with short sete ;
wings pale grey; stigma dark brown; male hypopygium
with the sclerites fused into a ring, the median lobe of the
ninth tergite narrow, the tip split by a y-shaped notch into
two flattened lobes.

Male.—Length 16°5 mm.; wing 17 mm. ; antenna about
5 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head ferruginous ; palpi dark
brown. Antenne of moderate length, scape testaceous,
flagellum dark brown. Head ferruginous brown.

Mesonotum light brown without darker markings, the
surface densely covered with short sete. Pleura pale
whitish yellow, unmarked. MHalteres dark brown. Legs
with the coxee and trochanters testaceous ; remainder of legs
brown ; claws of male apparently simple. Wings with a
uniformly pale grey tinge; cell Se brownish yellow; an
inconspicuous brown seam along 7—m and the basal deflection
of R,,;; stigma narrow, dark brown; veins dark brown.
Venation : Rs short, about as long as the petiole of cell J/, ;
cell R, shorter than R;, the proximal end acute.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the sternites more
yellowish; hypopygium brownish yellow. Male hypopygium
as in this group of species, the sclerites fused into a ring ;
ninth tergite with the median lobe produced into a narrow
depressed blade, the apex split into two flattened lobes.

Hab. Cameroun.

Holotype, 3, Elat, 1920 (J. A. Reis).

Tipula ory#, sp. n.

General coloration liver-brown, the pleura yellowish
striped longitudinally with dark brown ; mesosternum dark
brown ; wings pale grey, the costal and subcostal cells dark
brown ; abdomen with a brownish-black subterminal ring ;
male hypopygium with the sclerites of the ninth segment
fused into a ring; median lobe of the ninth tergite narrow,
the caudal margin with a U-shaped notch.

Male.— Length 21 mm.; wing 19 mm. ; antenna about
10 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head dull rufous, darker
laterally; palpi dark brown. Antennze very long and
slender, if bent backward extending almost to mid-length

On South-African and Oriental Asiline. 175

of the abdomen; first scapal segment fulvous ; second seg-
ment fulvous; remainder of the organ dark brown. Head
fulvous.

Mesonotal przscutum and scutum liver-brown, margined
sublaterally with black, the extreme lateral margins pale ;
scutellum greenish testaceous medially ; postnotum with the
median sclerite dull fulvous, margined with dark brown.
Pleura yellowish, marked longitudinally with dark brown,
this colour extending across the dorsal margin of the lateral
sclerite of the postnotum, Mesosternum dark brown,
yellowish medially. Halteres dark brown, the extreme base
paler. Legs with the cox dark brown on the outer face,
the apices yellow; trochanters yellow ; remainder of legs
brown ; femoral tips broadly brownish black ; claws of male
toothed. Wings with a pale grey tinge, the costal cell
brown, the subcostal cell and stigma dark brown; a faint
brown seam along r-m and the deflection of R,,5.
Venation: Rs shorter than R,,3; petiole of cell M, shorter
than m.

Abdomen brownish testaceous, the caudal margins of the
segments narrowly infuscated ; segments 6 to 8 dark
brownish black ; hypopygium reddish yellow, with greenish
tints. Male hypopygium with the sclerites fused into a ring.
Ninth tergite with the elongate median lobe narrow,
depressed, the caudal margin with a U-shaped notch, the
adjacent lobes slightly divergent, unarmed.

fab. Cameroun.

Holotype, 3, lat, 1920 (J. A. Reis).

XVI.—Notes on the Asiline of the South African
and Oriental Regions. By Grrxrrupr Ricarpo.

Promachus beesoni, 3 ?, sp. n.

Type (male) and four other males, type (female) and one
other female, all from Mohnyin River, Katha, Burmah
(C. F. C. Beeson), caught between May 15th and 25th in
1918. In the Forest Research Zool. Coll. some of the speci-
mens have the appearance of ouly just having emerged from
the pupe.

A large blackish species with long yellow hairs on the
legs, which are chiefly black. Moustache, beard, and hairs
of palpi yellow. Genitalia large, black-haired ; ovipositor

176 Miss G. Ricardo on

short. Abdomen with yellowish hairs on sides of basal
segments.

Length, ¢ 32, 9 26 mm.—these latter are immature.

Male.—Face black covered with glistening yellew tomen-
tum, tubercle large with a moustache of yellow bristly hairs
aud yellow bristles ; these extend as yellow hairs to the base
of antenne. Beard yellow. Palpi with long yellow hairs,
Antenne blackish, the first two joints with yellow hairs on
lower sides and some black ones above. /orehead with black
and yellow bristly hairs on sides and with two or more weak
yellow hairs on the ocelligerous tubercle. Hind part of head
- with black bristles, some yellow ones in the centre, continued
round to the oral opening. Yhoraw black with some greyish
tomentum and the usual stripes. Scutellum covered with
weak yellow hairs or bristles and with long black bristles on
the posterior part, but not bordering the edge, which is
armed chiefly with the weak yellow or white bristles, though
some of the specimens have some black bristles. Abdomen
with the usual dark spots, appearing blackish with grey
tomentose segmentations; the first four segments with
yellowish hairs, thickest at the sides, in some of the speci-
mens they are white, the remaining segments with short
yellow recumbent pubescence and white hairs at the sides;
underside with long pale yellowish or white hairs. Genitalia
black, the upper forceps club-shaped with a segment-like
base about half as wide as the last segment, furnished with
a thick fringe of black hairs below, the lower forceps small,
all with long black hairs. Legs blackish, the vellow hairs
longest on the underside of the fore and middle femora and
tibize ; the fore femora with no bristles below; the tibiz with
appressed reddish pubescence on their inner sides; tarsi with
black bristles, some yellow ones on the hind tibiz; short
yellow pubescence is apparent on the tibiz and the first
tarsal joints. Wings large, greyish, with a deeper grey
tinge in the middle of the first submarginal cell, the small
transverse vein below the middle of the discal cell.

Female identical. Moustache with black and yellow
bristles. Palpi with black bristles, the hairs above yellow
and then black at base of antenne, the basal joints of which
are clothed with chiefly black hairs. © Scutellum with black
bristles on dorsum and at edge. Abdomen with more grey
than yellow hairs. Ovipositor short, but the abdomen is
crumpled, so that it is difficult to ascertain if the last two
segments are usually compressed, before the ovipositor
proper. ‘The yellow hairs on the legs do not appear to be
so thick, all bristles are black.

South African and Oriental Asiline. 177

Promachus pallidus, 8 2, sp. un.

Type, (male) and two others, type (female) and three
others, all from the same locality and by the same collector
as Promachus beesoni ; none of them are very perfect, but
appear immature—however, they are very distinct from the
last-named species.

A light-coloured species with yellowish legs, the abdomen
yellowish with brown spots.

Length, g 23-24, 2 22-23 mm.

Male.—Face yellowish brown covered with yellowish and
white glistening tomentum. Moustache of yellow bristles,
sometimes a few black ones intermixed. Palpi yellowish
and yellow-haired, some black hairs on the inner sides,
Antenne yellowish, the last two joints brownish, the first
joint with black and yellow hairs, the hairs between them
and the moustache are short and pale yellow. Hind part
of head with chiefly black bristles in the centre and whitish
hairs beyond. Thorax yellowish brown with two distinct
darker median stripes; the whole dorsum clothed with short
black bristles, with the usual long black bristles on the
posterior part. Scutellum with weak white hairs and
strong black bristles on dorsum and at edge, though white
ones appear on the edge only in some specimens. Abdomen
same colour as thorax and scutellum ; the usual large spots
are brownish and the segmentations yellowish; the pubes-
cence of weak white hairs thickest on the basal segments
and at their sides. Genitalia rather small, same colour as
abdomen; the upper forceps stout, rather truncate at tips,
the under pair stout, short, all with long black bristly hairs
above and below. Legs pale chamois-leather colour; the
knees black; femora and tibiz with weak long white
hairs, thickest on the first two pairs, the fore femora
unarmed, all bristles black; pubescence on legs white.
Wings clear, with one grey streak on the first submarginal
cell, the small transverse vein at the middle of dorsal cell.

Female identical. Palpi darker, with chiefly black hairs.
Scutellum with two rows of chiefly black bristles and short
white hairs. Legs with not so many long hairs. Ovipusitor
short.

Puitopicus, Loew.
Linn, Ent. iii. p. 391 (1848).
Distinguished from Alcimus by the shorter submarginal
cell. Loew also divides it from this last genus by the much
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser..9. Vol. viii. 12

178 Miss G. Ricardo on

flatter ocelligerous tubercle, and the middle and side. stripes
of thorax are pubescent. ‘The species are usually darker-
coloured, and not so large as a rule, and the thorax is not
so distinctly striped; but the division of these two genera
appears based on rather unsatisfactory characters. Alcimus
ponticus is now removed to this genus.

The genus is confined to the Oriental and South African
Regions, with the exception of Philodicus spectabilis, Loew,
from Turkestan, Philodicus bimaculatus, Becker, from Persia,
and Philodicus canescens, W\k., from Australia, and the above
Alcimus ponticus, from Persia.

Table of Species of Philodicus from South African Region.

1, Large species resembling an Alc’mus species.

Legs reddish with pale short pubescence... dubius, 9, sp. n.
Smaller species not resembling an Alcimus
Species. 0 i. ek Pee eee ei eee ea Oe 2.
2. Slender species. Femora and tibie almost
CMpMel y grUOUsmeecr aay -55. usta: ede cick neo gracilis, v. d. Wulp.

Small species. Femora blackish with black
bristles below on all. Tibie pale at
extreme base wnly 7.2... keke see ee temerarius, 6 2, WIk.
Robust species. Femora black with black
bristles below. ‘Tibize dull red on outer
BIGOS fe cites se neers steals erelnihe sca ee wae Walkere,-O ep. mn.
3. Femora not entirely black’ :
4. Fore femora armed below with some bristles. ‘oe
Fore femora with no bristles below........ 6.
5. Fore femora with short white bristles below.
Small slender species. Bristles on legs
black and white. Femora and tibize
TECEISHAHelOW Fk ees at eee wscee fraterculus, 2, WIk.
Fore femora with pale or black bristles and
long white hairs below. Tibiz reddish.
Bristles on legs chiefly black............ turinus, 2, Wik.
Fore femora in male with one black bristle
near the base and soft white hairs below ;
female with two black and three yellow
bristles. Femora and tibie reddish. Hind
legs entirely black. Bristles on legs chiefly
black. .... ice RBS apne Peep eC . magrescens, 3 9, sp. n.
6. Fore femora Walon? with mhite bristly huine
near base and soft white hairs. Femora
and tibise reddish below.............0.6. Sraternus, 3 2, Wied.
Fore femora below with only long white
hairs, femora and tibiz reddish on out-
sides, Shading of wing confined to apex. wmbripennis, 3 9, sp.n.

Philodicus pavesii, Bezzi, from Somaliland, described as
black with white tomentum, white bristles, and moustache
and tibiz testaceous, is unknown to me, as is Philodicus
slandus, Wied., from unknown locality.

South African and Oriental Asiline. 179

Philodicus dubius, 3 3, sp. n.

Type (male) and another, type (female), all frome
M’Fongosi, Zululand (W. EL. Jones), March 1911, in Cape
Museum Coll.

A large species, in general appearance resembling an
Alcimus species with a long body and short wings; the
bristles on the legs are chiefly white.

Length, ¢ type 32, 9 type 32 mm.

Male.—Face reddish with yellow tomentum. Moustache
composed of yellow bristles and some finer white hairs, one
black bristle near oral opening. Pa/pi with white hairs.
Beard white. Forehead same colour as face with some yellow
bristly hairs ; soft white hairs below the antenne, which are
reddish with black hairs, the third black and bare. Hind
part of head with reddish-yellow bristles. Thuraz with the
usual stripes, with black pubescence and longer fine white
hairs posteriorly between the stout black bristles. Scutellum
with two black bristles and short white hairs. Abdomen
long and slender with the usual dark spots and pale segmen-
tations; pubescence largely white, black on the middle of
the dark spots; sides with yellow bristles. Genitéa/ia reddish
with thick, short, yellow pubescence. Legs reddish, femora
blackish below, and hind tibiz largely black; pubescence on
legs thick short and pale-coloured ; bristles chiefly white,
black on the tarsi. Wings shorter than body, the shading
in apex faint; veins brown.

Female identical; the bristles on scutellum are red. Fore
femora have yellow bristles below, instead of fine hairs as in
the male, and the yellow bristles predominate on the legs.
Ovipositor short, reddish,

Philodicus gracilis, v. d. Wulp.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1899, p. 92, pl. iii. fig. 5 (1899).

One female from Arabia (Percival and Dodsen), 1900, 36.

This specimen auswers in all particulars to the description,
with the small exception of the palpi, which are black, not
rufous, and some of the bristles on the tarsi are white.

Philodicus temerarius, 3 ? , Walker.

Dipt. Ins, Saund. i. p. 121 (1851); et List Dipt. vii., Suppl. 5, p. 696
(1855) [Trupanea}; Loew, Dipt. Sud-Afrik. i. p, 127 (1860)
| Promachus |.

[ Philodicus obscuripes, Loew, Dipt. Siid-Afrik. i. p. 159 (1866). |

Type (female) from Senegal (WW. W. Saunders), other
12%

180 Miss G. Ricardo on

specimens from Ashanti, Duala in Cameroons, Sierra Leone,
Liberia, and 8. Nigeria, in I. E. E. Coll. from Kumasi,
Ashanti; Nyasaland, Ibadan in S. Nigeria, and Gold Coast.

A small black species; the tibiz paler at the extreme base
only, the bristles on legs black. Im the female the fore
femora have two or three short black bristles below and soft
white hairs. In the male there are usually two long black
bristly hairs and yellow hairs.

Length, ¢ 15, 2 15-20 mm.

A series of males and females from Pretoria (Miss J.
Brincker) differ slightly, the males having no black bristly
hairs on fore femora below, in the female there are some
black and white bristles; the tibiz and tarsi on their outer
sides have white bristles, and the tarsi some on the inside,
the hind femora with them above and below. Moustache
is white, but there are black bristles above towards the base
of the antenne ; they are slightly larger, measuring in the
males 174-21 mm., in the females 18 mm,

Philodicus walkeri, 2 , Ricardo.
[Asilus turinus, 2, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 407 (1849), in parte. ]

Type (female) from Sierra Leone (presented by Rev. F. D.
Morgan), other females from Bugama, Nigeria (Dr. Annott),
and Sierra Leone (Walker Coll.).

This specimen placed with Philodicus turinus male type
as the female type evidently is not the same species, though
very nearly allied, the /egs being more largely black with
all black bristles; the tibize are dull rufous on their outer
sides, black at the apices; the femora are wholly dark-
coloured, all armed with black bristles; the pubescence on
legs greyish, the oral opening with three or more black
bristles.

The absence of the long yellow bristles on the fore tibiz
and fore tarsi distinguishes it at once from Philodicus turinus.
Walker’s description of this latter is more than usually in-
accurate, no mention being made of these bristles in the
male type, and the assertion that the wings in the female
are longer than the body is incorrect.

Length 23-27 mm.

Philodicus fraterculus, 2 , Walker.
List Dipt. vii., Suppl. 8, p. 597 [ Trupanea] (1855).

One female (type) from Port Natal.
One male from Junction Blaauw Krantz and Tugela

South African and Oriental Asiline. 181

River, Natal, Oct. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall), is probably the
male of this species.

A small species, measuring 18 mm.

Female.—Antenne blackish with black hairs. Moustache
yellow. Forehead with black and yellow bristles on each
side. Hind part of head with white hairs below the stout
black bristles. Thorax yellowish brown with two narrow
median stripes and the usual side-stripes. Scutellum with
two black- bristles. dddomen biackish covered with whitish
tomentum, the usual spots are present; pubescence on
dorsum rather abundant, white, very short. Ovipositor black,
long; bristles at sides white, only present apparently on the
first two segments, but the type is in poor condition. Legs
blackish, femora reddish below and on outer sides, tibiz the
same, tarsi reddish; pubescence on legs thick, white, the
bristles are black and white, those on the fore femora or
underside white, many white ones on tibiz and_ tarsi.
Wings shorter than abdomen, the usual shading at apex.
The male mentioned above is probably this species, the
genitalia stout reddish with yellow short pubescence ; abdo-
- men is more reddish.

Loew’s species, Philodicus tenuipes, might possibly be
identical with this species, but he speaks of the colour of
the insect as yellowish with white tomentum; his specimen
came from Kaffraria.

Philodicus turinus, $, Walker.
List Dipt. ii. p. 407 [Aszlus] (1849); et vii., Suppl. 3, p. 597 [Astlus]
(1855); Loew, Dipt. Sud-Afrik. i. p. 127 (1860) [Promachus].

Type (male) from Sierra Leone (presented by Rev. D. F.
Morgan).

Males and females from Yaba, Gold Coast; Lagos ;
N. and S. Nigeria; and British E. Africa ; in I. E. E. Coll.
from N. Territories, Gold Coast; and Nyasaland (J. T.
Simpson and others).

The type is in bad condition and the fore femora are more
reddish than black below, whereas in the other specimens
the fore femora are chiefly black; in other respects these
specimens agree with the type. The species is distinguished
by the yellow or reddish long bristles on the fore tibiz and
tarsi; the fore femora are armed with some bristles on the
under surface.

Length, ¢ 21-26, 2 23-27 mm.

Male.—Face bjackish, covered with greyish tomentum,
yellower at the sides. Moustache composed of long yellow

182 Miss G. Ricardo on

bristles, with occasionally a black one intermixed, and at
sides of oral opening there are one or two stout black
bristles in some of the specimens; in the type they are all
yellow. Palpi blackish with yellow hairs. Beard white.
A few yellow hairs are continued from the moustache to
the base of antenne, which last are dark with black hairs
on the first two joints. Forehead with black bristles at sides.
Thorax blackish covered with grey tomentum, the median
stripe divided and the side-stripes appearing as four black
spots ; pubescence on dorsum black, with strong black
bristles posteriorly. Scutellum with two black bristles.
Abdomen with the usual dark spots and greyish segmen-
tations ; pubescence black and yellowish, bristles at sides of
segments yellow; underside uniformly light in colour.
Genitalia black with grey pubescence, reddish on the under-
side. Legs black, the tibiz reddish, only black at the
extreme apex ; 1n some specimens the inner sides are black-
ish and the hind pair aré almost always largely black, the
bristles on fore femora below are red or yellow in the type,
often black in the other specimens ; pubescence of legs
greyish and yellow, the yellow bristles on fore tibize are
long, usually three or four in number, and are continued on
the tarsi often on each side, on the tibize they are on the
outer edge, bristles elsewhere chiefly black, with the
exception of those on the hind femora. Wings with grey
shading on the apex, very distinct.

Female identical. Ovipositor black, shining, with the
usual terminal spines. In some specimens the yellow bristles
on fore femora are reduced to one.

Philodicus nigrescens, ¢, Sp. 0.

Type (male) and others, type (female) and others, all from
Lualaba River, Congo, 2500-4000 feet (Neave Coll.).

A blackish fair-sized species. Legs blackish, the femora
and tibiz of the anterior legs reddish, fore tibiz and tarsi
with some long yellow bristles. Fore femora on male with
soft white hairs and one black bristle near the base ; female
with two black ones and three yellow ones.

Length, ¢ 20-24, 9 20-23 mm.

Male.—Face brown with yellowish-grey tomentum, chiefly
at sides. Moustache composed of long yellow bristles and
two long black ones on each side. Palpi with white hairs.
Antenne broken off, the first two joints black with black
bristly hairs, a few yellow hairs on face below. Forehead
with black bristles at sides. Thorax brownish with grey

South African and Oriental Asiline. 183

tomentum, yellower at the sides, the brown median stripe
is divided into two narrow ones, side-stripes composed of
blackish spots as usual, three in number; pubescence on
dorsum black, a few white hairs near the black bristles
at posterior border. Scufellum the same as thorax with two
black bristles. Addomen dusky-looking, with the usual
brown spots, the grey segmentations narrow, bristles at sides
yellow. Legs blackish, the hind legs entirely so; femora
and tibize elsewhere reddish below and on outer sides ; tarsi
blackish ; pubescence on legs whitish and thick, bristles
almost entirely black, with the exception of the two or more
long yellow bristles on the fore tibize and those on the fore
tarsi. Wings tinged yellow, the shading on apex prolonged
on posterior border to fourth posterior cell,

Female identical, only one long yellow bristle on fore
tibize.

Philodicus fraternus, Wied.

Zool. Mag. i. p. 3 [AstZus] (1819) ete.; Bigot in Thoms. Archiv. Ent.
li. p. 305 [ Phalodicus| (1858); Schiner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xv. p. 689 (1866), et xvil. p. 590 [ Alezmus] (1867).

In spite of Schiner stating that the above is an Alcimus
species—he having seen the type,—it appears from what
Wiedemann says in his description that it undoubtedly
belongs to this genus, as he remarks that the small trans-
verse vein very near the base of the fork of the third vein
is not so near as in Alcimus hospes, which latter is also, I
believe, a species of this genus.

It appears to be a common species on the West Coast of
Africa, judging from the series of specimens in the Brit.
Mus. and I. E. E. Colls. ranging from Sierra Leone to
Nigeria; Gambia; Yapi, Soro River, N. Territories, Gold
Coast; and Cotonen in Dahomey 70 miles west of Lagos.
One female from Chinde, Mozambique, in South African
Museum Coll. (AK. H. Barnard).

A blackish species with black legs; the femora red on the
under sides and outer sides, and the tibiz the same: tarsi
reddish with black apices. Wiedemann makes no mention
of the colour of the bristles on the legs; they are usually all
black on the hind legs, with some white bristles on the others
intermixed with the black ones. ‘The fore tibiz and tarsi
have long yellow or reddish bristles as in Philodicus turinus,
in the female they are often more largely white in colour ;
the fore femora on the underside usually with one or more
white bristly hairs near the base and fine white hairs,

184 Miss G. Ricardo on

Length, g 19-20, 9 19-24 mm.
Wiedemann only described the male; the female is
identical—ovipositor long, black.

Philodicus umbripennis, sp. u.

Type (male), type (female), from S.W. Nyasa (R. Webb),
96, 261; another male from Nyasaland, Nov. 1892 (H. H.
Johnston), 94, 12; another female from Nyasaland (Dr. H.
G. Eldred).

A reddish-black species, distinguished by the shading on
apex of wings not being continued in streaks, but only
present at apex, becoming paler on its posterior border.
Legs blackish ; femora and tibiz partly red.

Length, ¢ 20, 2 20-22 mm.

Male.—Face covered with yellow tomentum. Moustache
composed of yellow bristles, with five or six black ones on
each side near oral opening. Palpi with long white hairs.
Antenne reddish, the third joint brown, the first two joints
with black hairs. Forehead with yellow hairs, also present
below antennz, a few weak black bristles also present at
sides of forehead. Hind part of head with some white
bristles above the black ones. Thorax covered with pale
tomentum, the median brown stripe divided in the middle ;
dorsum of thorax and scutellum covered with short black
pubescence, the two bristles on the latter black. Abdomen
with the usual spots, reddish brown in colour with broad
grey segmentations ; pubescence black, rather thick, and
yellow on the pale parts; bristles at sides white. Genitalia
reddish with black pubescence above and yellow below.
Legs blackish, the outer sides of all femora and tibiz red ;
tarsi reddish; pubescence on legs whitish, long underneath
the fore femora and fore tibiz ; bristles chiefly black, some
longer white ones on the fore legs. Wings clear; veins
yellowish.

Female identical. Genitalia long, reddish brown. Hind
femora with some white bristles, the fore femora with some
weak, yellow, bristly hairs.

Table for Species of Philodicus from the Oriental Region.

(i Mbepetainek and £00... ts so vehewies oe ia 2.
Lees wholly black ..... Pray te 350 8.
2. Very large species, tibia partly rufous,
ovipositor with large side-spines .... grandissimus, $ 2, sp. n.

. Fore femora armed with bristles below.
Fore femora with no such bristles below. 6.

co

South African and Oriental Asiline. 185

4, Robust species. Anterior and middle
femora and tibize red below and on
outside, posterior tibiae red on the out-

Ridetin. sedi’. ALA ee aoe veeee javanus, Wied.
Slender, small species ......0.+s00s00s 5.
5. Femora and tibise reddish below ...... meridionalis, § 9, sp. n.
Legs darker than in mertdionalis, the red
colour being very dull rufous ........ JSuscipes, § 9, sp. n,

6. Transverse vein very near base of first
submarginal cell, so that the second
submarginal cell is nearly as long as
the first one. Fore femora and tibize
partly red below, bristles on legs black

Rnile will bette rhc cists cy evess oie Amida 6.4 hospes, Wied.
Second submarginal cell the same length
as is usual in this genus ............ i

7. Large robust species. Fore and middle
tibie almost wholly obscurely red,
pristles, all -Glacke cP detent ass stuiele ns thoracicus, § 2, sp. n.
8. Fore femora armed with bristles below. 9.
Fore femora with no such bristles below. 10,
9. Large species, the bristles on fore femora
below, stout, black. Moustache yellow. wniventris, ¢, Wlk.
Smaller species, the bristles on fore femora
below in male weak, white, in female
stouter and black or white. Moustache

ST PISTIL 3) Vig, seal Cone e ite ORAS ERE Jemoralis, 3 2, sp. n.
10. Seutellum with no bristles............ 1H:
Scutellum with four or more bristles .. 12.

Scutellum with the usual two bristles .. 13,
11. Medium-sized black species with quite
clear wings. Scutellum with thick
WHHELON HAITI hs spt Men aac laCtte sees, oiee pallidipennis, 3, sp. n.
12. Larger robust species. Moustache black
and white. Scutellum with black hairs
and a fringe of black bristles on the
OTema so onteetaehs Avice octit Patera Bi chinensis, Schiner.
Slighter species. Moustache white .... longipes, Schiner.
13. Smaller species. Moustache black and
white. Scutellum with black hairs
and two black bristles on border....., ceylonicus, Schiner.

Promachus ceylonicus, Macq. (see Ricardo, Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. (9) v. p. 213 (1920)), I have not been able to
identify as a species of Philodicus.

Asilus albispina, Thomson, from the description, probably
belongs to this genus, as the author says it is near Asilus
agnitus, Wied., which is now said to be a synonym of
Philodicus javanus. 'Thomson’s type came from Manila.

Promachus leucotrichodes, Bigot, and Promachus tristis,
Bigot, both from India, sound from the description as if
they might belong to this genus, rather than to Promachus,
but I have not been able to identify them from the
descriptions. The former is described as having an ashy-

186 Miss G. Ricardo on

grey narrow and elongate abdomen, with two black spots on
each segment. Legs black with black bristles, and the
latter only differs in having white bristles on the legs ; ovi-
positor in both with two spines at end.

Philodicus grandissimus, 8 2, sp. 0.

Types male and female from Disa, Bombay Presidency
(Major G. C. Nurse).

One female from Tippanur, Kurinool District (T. V. R.
Coll.), in I. E. E. Coll.

A very large species for this genus, but it appears in
other respects a true Philodicus. The ovipositor has not
a regular circlet of spines, the side-ones being much larger.
Legs blackish, only the tibize dull rufous on the outer side.

Length, ¢ 32, 2 36 mm.

Male.—Face covered with greyish-white tomentum.
Palpi black with white hairs. Moustache composed of pale
yellowish, rather weak bristles with weak white hairs beyond,
reaching the base of the antennz, which are incomplete, the
first joint black covered with grey tomentum, the second
reddish, both with black hairs and bristles. Forehead same
colour as face with white hairs, some rather bristly. Hind
part of head with all bristles and hairs white. Beard white.
Thorax with two well-marked brown stripes, narrow, on a
blackish-coloured dorsum covered with grey and brown
tomentum, side-stripes small ; pubescence short, black, some
white hairs on posterior part. Scutellum with two black
bristles and white hairs. Abdomen the usual colouring,
appearing blackish brown with grey segmentations; pubes-
cence wholly white, bristles at sides white. Genitalia and
the preceding segment black, shining, with white pubescence
and hairs. Legs blackish, but covered with dense white
pubescence ; the femora below at extreme apices somewhat
rufous like the tibize; fore femora below with weak white
bristly hairs, all bristles black, except some on the coxe.
Wings tinged somewhat yellow, grey at apex ; veins yellowish
red.

Female identical. Ovipositor Slack, shining ; the spines at
sides very stout, one predominates in length, those at apex
very short.

Philodicus javanus, Wied.
Zool. Mag. i. pp. 8, 4, 5 [ Aszlus] (1819), etc.
Philodicus ? agnitus, Wied. Zool. Mag. i. pp. 8, 385 [ Aszlus] (1819).
Philodicus perplexus, Wied. Ausszweifl, Ins, i. p. 495 | Astus} (1828).

South African and Oriental Asiline. 187

Philodicus rubritarsatus, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 215 [ Trupanea|

(1838).

Philodicus gobares, Wik. List Dipt. ii. p. 420 [ Astlus] (1888) ; et vil,
Suppl. 5, p. 604 [ Trupanea] (1855).

Philodicus telifer, Wik. Ins. Saund., Dipt. i. p. 115 [ Trupanea] (1851);
et List Dipt. vil., Suppl. 3, p. 606 [ Zrupanea] (1855).

Philodicus sagittifer, \\k. Ins. Saund., Dipt. i. p. 116 [ Trupanea]
(1851); et List Dipt. vii., Suppl. 3, p. €06 | Trapanea| (1855).

Philodicus innotabilis, Wik. List Dipt. vii., Suppl. 8, p. 604 [ Trupanea |
(1855).

Philodicus confinis, Wk. List Dipt. vil., Suppl. 3, p. 606 [ Trupanea }
(1855).

Philodicus melanurus, Dol. Natur. Tyd. Nederland Ind. n, ser, vii. (x.)
p- 408, pl. vi. fig. 2 [ Aszlus} (1856).

Philodicus inserens, Wik. Proc. Linn. Soc. London, 1. p. 116 [ Trupanea|
(1857).

The type of gobares is a female from Silhet.

The type of ¢elifer is a female from East India.

The type of sagittifer is a female with another male and
female from East India (Walker Coll.).

The type of innotabi/is is a female with two males and one
female from Java and Sumatra.

The type of confinis is a male from Java.

The types of inserens are male and female from Sarawak ;
these are rather small, only measuring 18 mm., whereas the
usual length is 20-22 mm., though v. d. Wulp mentions
some he had from Java as only 14 mm. long.

The species described by Macquart as Trupanea fuscus,
Dipt. Exot. i. p. 220, from Bengal, is very probably another
synonym of this species, but the description is too meagre
to identify the type without seeing it. Schiner records it
from Batavia in Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 178.

Besides the Walker types there are specimens in the Brit.
Mus. Coll. from Java, Johore, Khasi Hills, Assam, and
Kungra Valley, N. India. In the Imms Coll. are specimens
from Kumaon, N. India.

This species is said by v. d. Wulp to be common in thie
Hast Indies, and evidently has a wide range; it has already
been recorded from Java, Sumatra, and Borneo, and appears
to reach India and Assam.

A robust species ; the moustache not black, as stated by
Wiedemann, but yellow with a few black bristles near the
oral opening, as stated by v. d. Wulp.

Legs black; the anterior legs with the femora and tibize
reddish below and on the outside; the posterior tibiz red on
the upperside; tle bristles chiefly black, a few white ones
occasionally, usually one long one on the fore tibiz on out-
side ; fore femora below with three or more black bristles

188 Miss G. Ricardo on

and yellowish-white hairs; in the female the bristles are
often yellow. Wings tinged yellow; apex and posterior
border greyish. Ovipositor short, black. Abdomen with
white bristles at sides.

Length 20-22 mm.

A small blackish species; the second submarginal cell
nearly as long as the first, but distinctly shorter. Aloustache
white, some black bristles near oral opening. Addomen with
the usual dark spots and grey segmentations. Legs blackish,
thickly covered with white pubescence; fore femora below at
apices and fore tibize below at base reddish; fore femora
unarmed, with long white hairs below, fore tibiz with
golden-yellow appressed pubescence below; hind femora at
base with some yellow bristles, also the coxz; on the fore
tarsi appear a few white bristles in some specimens, and on
the fore tibiz, otherwise the bristles are black.

Length 19 mm., as given by Wiedemann.

Philodicus meridionalis, § ?, sp. n.

This and the following species are both very nearly allied
to Philodicus hospes, but differ by the second submarginal
cell being shorter, the transverse vein being about the usual
distance from the base in this genus. All the three species
are small, with abdomen blackish with grey segmentations.
This species has black legs, the femora and tibiz reddish
below; the bristles on the legs black and white; the fore
- femora with two black at the most below in the male with
soft white hairs; the female has black and yellow bristles.
Moustache yellow.

Length, ¢ 12-15, ¢ 18 mm.

Types male and female and others all from Ceylon
(Yerbury Coll.).

In I. E. E. Coll. are males and females from Pattikonda,
Kurinool District (J. V. R. Coll.); from Marugmala (C. N.
Coll.) ; from Coimbatore (A. G. R. Coll., G. N. Coll.) ;
Becravalli Bellary District (C. N. Coll.) and Palur Farm,
§. Arcot District (P. 8. Coll.), in South India.

Philodicus fuscipes, 8 2, sp. n.

Types (male and female) and others from Biserat, Bidor,
Putani Cape, Siam (Robinson and Annandale).

Length, ¢ 16, ? 16-18 mm.

A species very nearly allied to the above species from
Ceylon, P. meridionalis.

South African and Oriental Asiline. 189

Moustache yellow with two or more black bristles near
the oral opening.

Legs darker than in Philodicus meridionalis, sp. n., the
femora and tibiz being very dull rufous below and on the
outside. In the male the bristles are chiefly black ; in the
female black and white, the hind femora with white ones;
there are long yellow bristles on the outer side of fore tibiz
in both sexes. Fore femora on underside in the male with
yellow and black bristles, in the female with three white
bristles.

Philodicus hospes, Wied.
Zool. Mag. i. pp. 8, 82, 47 [Aszlus} (1819); Dipt. Exot. p. 207, 44
[ Astlus} (1821); et Ausszweifl. Ins. i. p. 495 [Aszlus] (1828) ;
Schiner, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi. p. 689 (1866) ; Roder, Ent.
Nachricht. xix. p. 285 (1893).

This species has been placed in the genus Alcimus, and so
appears in Kertesz’s Cat., doubtless owing to the remark by
Wiedemann that the transverse vein is very near the base
of the first submarginal cell, which is true; but it is hardly
as close as in species of Alcimus, and the species has all
the- appearance and characters of the genus Philodicus, to
which it certainly belongs, though Schiner states that one
female he saw in the Winthem Coll. belovgs to the genus
Alcimus. The specimens in the Brit. Mus. Coll. from
Ceylon answer to Wiedemann’s description, his specimens
came from Tranquebar, and Réder records it from Ceylon.
The genus Alcimus is, therefore, practically confined to the
African Region.

In the Brit. Mus. Coll. are males and females from
Trincomalee and Mahaganay, Ceylon (Yerbury Coll.).

Philodicus thoracicus, 3 2, sp. un.

Types (male and female in cop.) from Trincomalee, Ceylon,
and other males and females (Yerbury Coll.).

A medium-sized species distinguished by the broad
median stripe not divided in the middle. Legs blackish;
tibiz rufous, the hind pair darker. Moustache white.

Length, g 27, 2 28 mm.

Male.—Face covered with greyish-white tomentum, silvery
at the sides. Palpi with white hairs. Moustache composed
of yellowish-white bristles with two or more black ones near
the oral opening; the hairs above are white, reaching the
base of antenne, ranged on the sides chiefly. Antenne

190 Miss G. Ricardo on

blackish, the second joint reddish, the first two joints with
black bristles, the ari-ta long. Hind part of head with black
bristles, and a few weak white hairs below; white bristles
appear beyond the vertex. Beard white. Thorax brownish
with yellowish tomentum, the side-stripes small; pubescence
on dorsum black, the hairs posteriorly chiefly black. Scu-
tellum with two black bristles. Abdomen with the usual
spots and grey segmentations appearing brownish ; pubes-
cence black on the brown spots and whitish on the seg-
mentations; bristles at sides black with yellow ones below.
Genitalia short, reddish brown, with black hairs and some
whitish ones at apex; below appear long black hairs on the
small red-brown segment preceding the genitalia. Legs
blackish; the fore and middle tibiz almost wholly rufous-
coloured, the extreme apex of femora below reddish ; fore
femora practically unarmed, with soft white hairs; pubes-
cence on legs dense, white, all bristles black. Wings clear
with grey apex and posterior border; veins reddish yellow.

Female identical, the fore femora armed below with short
black bristles; bristles at sides of abdomen apparently all
yellow. Ovipositor black.

Philodicus univentris, , Walker.

Ins. Saund., Dipt. i. p. 114 [Trupanea] (1851); et List Dipt. vii,
Suppl. 3, p. 602 [ Trupanea] (1855).

Type (male) from India (Walker Coll.).

A large robust species in very bad preservation. Legs
black with greyish-yellow tomentum; fore femora armed
with stout black bristles; all bristles on legs are black,
those on the abdomen chiefly white. Moustache yellow.

Length 2] mm.

Philodicus femoralis, 3 2, sp. 0.

Type (male) from Okkyl, Schwegu, Burmah (C. F. C.
Beeson).

Type (female) and another from Magaung, Myitkyina
District, Upper Burmah (Capt. Whitmore, I.M.S.). Males
and females from Dehra Dun and N. Toungoo, Burmah.

Length, ¢ 17-18, ¢ 19-23 mm.

A species distinguished from Philodicus ceylonicus by
the white moustache with only two or three black bristles
near the oral opening and by the presence of some white

South African and Oriental Asiline. 19¥

bristles on the legs ; the fore femora have three or four very
weak white ones below intermixed with long white hairs,
and the hind femora have a few short white ones below ;
also sometimes some are present in the middle tibie.
Scutellum with two black bristles.

Female identical; fore femora with the bristles below much
stouter and black or white, and this applies to the other
femora.

Philodicus pallidipennis, 3, sp. n.

Type (male) and another from Manora, Karachi (7. W.
Townsend).

A small blackish species distinguished by the absence of
the grey shading in apex of wing. Legs entirely black ;
bristles chiefly white. Scutellum with no black bristles.

Length 19 mm.

Face with grey-white tomentum. Palpi with long white
hairs. Moustache composed of yellowish-white long hairs,
not very bristly; the sides of face as far as antenne with
similar hairs also present in the centre. Antenne blackish,
the first two joints with whitish bristles, the third joint
short and oval, the arista quite as long as the antenne
themselves. Forehead with similar hairs to those on tlie
face. Hind part of head with white bristles. Thorax
brownish with grey tomentum, the biack median stripe
divided ; pubescence on dorsum white. Scuéellum with thick
long white hairs on dorsum and ranged along the whole
posterior border, where no black bristles are present. Addo-
men short, olive-brown, the usual spots not very distinct ;
pubescence short, white, thick, sides with some long yellow-
ish hairs on basal segments and long yellow bristles above.
Genitalia short, rather stout, black, with black pubescence
and some yellow hairs at apex; three reddish cylindrical
pieces proceed from below and curl over top of genitalia.
Wings clear; the type has one grey streak in the first sub-
marginal cell, the other male has a wholly clear wing.

This species may possibly require a genus to itself; the
scutellum with hairs only and the wing clear differentiate it
from others of the genus. Females may assist to assign
it a proper place.

Philodicus chinensis, Schiner.
Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 179 (1868); v. d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xli.

p. 134 (1898).
| Trupanea sepuratus, Wk, List Dipt. vii., Suppl. 3, p. 611 (1855). |}

192 On South African and Oriental Asiline.

Schiner described the species from Hongkong.

Type (female) of separatus was described by the author
_as from an unknown locality.

Males and females from Trincomalee, Ceylon (Yerbury).
Male from Batu Pahat, near Johore (H. N. Ridley). Male
from Dinding, Siam. Female from Toungoo, Burmah, in
Forest Research Zool. Coll. Male from China (J. J. Walker),

The species has been recorded from Singapore.

A medium-sized robust species with black legs. Scutellum
covered with black hairs and with a fringe of black bristles
on the border, four in number at least, not common in this
genus. Fore femora unarmed. Moustache black and white.

Schiner gives the length as 12°13 mm.; these are from
16-18 mm.

Philodicus longipes, Schiner.

Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 179 (1868); Ost.-Sack. B. Ent. Zeit. xxvi.
p. 112 (1882).

One male from Albay, S.E. Luzon (Whitehead Expe-
dition) ; one male from Los Banos, male and female from
Cape Engano, N. Luzon (J. Whitehead); two females from
Isabella, N. Luzon : all localities in Philippine Islands.

This species appears to be distinguished from Philodicus
chinensis, Schiner, by its slighter narrower build. Mous-
tache usually white. Schiner says the scutellum has two
black bristles, and gives the length as 10 mm.; but these
species are larger.

Bezzi (in ‘Studies in Philippine Diptera,’ i. p. 14, 1918)
says it is an endemic species, and suggests Hrawx integer,
Macq., from Manila, is the same.

Philodicus ceylonicus, Schiner.
Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 179 (1868).

Males and females from Trincomalee, Colombo, Kanthalia,
and Kandy, in Ceylon (Yerdury).

Distinguished from Philodicus chinensis by having only
two black bristles on the scutellum, and is usually smaller
in size. Schiner gives 11 mm.; these range from 11-15 mm,

It seems very closely allied to the above species from the
Philippines.

[Te be continued. ]

On Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 193

XVII.—On some Additional Species of Laius, Guérin, from
the Malayan Region [Coleoptera]. By G. C. CHAmpPion,
F.Z.S. ,

Asour a fortnight after my paper on the genus Laius
appeared in this Magazine, (9) vil. pp. 322-343, April 1921,
a very interesting series of Malayan forms was received at
the British Museum from Mr. C. F. Baker, of Los Banos,
Luzon, Philippines. This set includes 14 species, 12 of
which were new to the collection and 9 of them undescribed.
It is advisable to name these insects at once and to incor-
porate them with the rest in the Museum. Seven belong
to. the Intybia-group, placed by me near the end of the
genus ; and one has the second tarsal joint of the ¢ produced
into a long claw above, as in the same sex of Aftalus, this
being the first species of Laiws seen by me with the tarsi
thus formed. The Philippine ZL. daeri, Fairm. (1898),
aud L. semidepressus, Pic (1917), and various forms
from Java, Celebes, Perak, &c., named by Pic, have not yet
been found in the collections examined. For facility of
reference Mr. Baker’s numbers are quoted in the present
paper. In addition to the species of Laius he has also sent
a new Hapalochrus closely related to H. orientalis, described
in the same number of the ‘ Annals,’ p. 346*. The Ma-

* Hapalochrus megalops, sp.u.-— 3. Elongate, narrow, convex, shining,
cinereo-pubescent, with scattered, longer, semierect hairs intermixed ;
bluish-green, the antennz (the testaceous basal joints excepted), eyes,
and legs black or piceous; the head and prothorax sparsely, the elytra
densely, very finely punctured. Head a little broader than the pro-
thorax, the eyes extremely large, separated by less than their own width
as seen from above; antennz long, flabellate. Prothorax transverse,
rounded at the sides, Elytra long, slightly widening posteriorly.
Anterior tibize hollowed near the apex within; anterior tarsal joint 2
extending over the base of 3above; intermediate tibie widened, rounded
externally, not sinuate within,

Length 83 mm.

Hab. Stnearorn (Baker: No. 16161).

One male. Very like the S. Indian H. orientalis, Champ. [J. c.
p. 346, no. 69 (c)], differing from it, in the ¢-sex, by the very much
larger and more contiguous eyes, the pale basal joints of the antenne,
the widened, subarcuate intermediate tibia, and the finer puncturing of
the elytra. The 9 only of H. orientalis was described: the ¢, a speci-
men of which taken by Dr. Campbell at Yercaud, 8. India, has just been
presented to the British Museum by Mr. I. A. Butler, has, as antici-
pated, strongly flabellate antenne; the anterior and intermediate tibise
stender, and both hollowed near the apex within; the eyes moderately
large and widely separated ; and the body brilliant cyaneous above.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 13

194 Mr. G. C. Champion on

layan material in the “‘ Fry Collection,” hitherto overlooked
by me, has also furnished several more new species of the
first-named genus.

@

7 8

Antennal joints 1-4, ¢, of: 1. ZL. alboareuatus; 2. L. pictus; 3. L.
dentatithorax; 4. L. subdentatus; 5. L. waterstradti; 6. L.
guadristrigatus ; 7. L. faleifer; 8, L. tetrastictus, from behind.

Revised Key to the Malayan Species of Laius with spotted
Elytra (Nos. 24-29, 1. c. p. 824).

e'. Elytra albo- or testaceo-maculate.
aa. Anterior tarsi of ¢ simple.
h?, Upper surface shining ; tarsi longer ...... Speeies 24, 25,

Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 195

*. Upper surface wholly or in part opaque;
tarsi short. [Subgen. Inrypia, Pasc.| .. Species 26-29 (a-7),
6b. Anterior tarsi of ¢ with joint 2 prolonged or
raised over the base of 3. [Subgen. Dr-
CRANOLAIUS, 0. |

J°. Upper surface shining; tarsi longer ,..... Species 29 (7).
k?, Upper surface opaque ; tarsi short........ Species 29 (k-m).

2 (a). Laius submarinus, sp. n.

?. Smaller, less elongate, and more shining than the ? of
the Malayan insect identified by me as L. (Paussus) flavi-
cornis, F., autea p. 325, the antennal joints 1 and 2 dif.
ferently shaped: bluish-green, the elytra cyaneous, the
anterior margin of the head, the labrum, palpi, and the
antennal joints 1-3, rufo-testaceous, the rest of the antennz
and the legs black; cinereo-pubescent, the head and pro-
thorax densely, very finely, the elytra excessively minutely,
punctate ; head small, canaliculate ; antennal joint 1
shorter, more curved, and more dilated outwards, and 2
relatively shorter, broader, and more rounded on its inner
aspect, than in L. flavicornis (¢) ; prothorax transverse,
less rounded at the sides ; elytra comparatively short, parallel.

Length 34 mm.

3. Antenne (figs. 9, 9a) with joint 1 long, curved, com-
pressed, broadly truncato-dilatate in its outer half externally ;
2 enormously dilated, transverse, subquadrate as seen from
its upper aspect, emarginate and deeply concave on its basal
aspect, the strongly reflexed inner and outer margins pro-
duced into two converging blunt processes at the base above.
Anterior femora hollowed at the apex beneath; anterior
tibiz curved, greatly swollen at about the middle, convex
externally, sinuato-excavate at the base within; anterior
tarsi simple.

Hab. Puitirptnes, Mindanao (Semper: ¢ ?), Dapitan,
Mindanao (Baker: No. 16160: ¢ ).

One ¢ and two ? ? seen; others are presumably con-
tained in Mr. Baker’s collection. Certainly distinct from
L. flavicornis, several g and 92 specimens of which are
before me.

“‘ Lives in cracks and holes of sandstone that reach pretty
far out into the sea, quite covered during the flood-tide
but dry during the ebb.”’ (Semper.)

ig

196 Mr. G. C. Champion on

6 (a). Laius alboarcuatus, sp. n.

3. Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, the head
shining, the prothorax and elytra opaque, finely pubescent ;
nigro-piceous or black, the head, antennz, prothorax, and

hs

10 is

13

Antennal joints 1-4, g, of: 9, 9a. L. submarinus, from different ¢ aspects 5
10, 10a. L. alboplogiatus, from above and behind; 11. L. sempert;
1B, os Jlavonotatus, from behind; 138. LZ. erythrocephalus,

legs (the infuscate tibize excepted) testaceous or rufo-testa-
ceous, the elytra each with a narrow, arcuate, transverse,
whitish fascia (extending to the outer margin, but not
reaching the suture) before the apex; the head rather
sparsely, minutely, the rest of the upper surface densely,
rugulosely, punctate. Head triangular, about as wide as the

Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. LOK,

prothorax, canaliculate, the eyes prominent and rather large ;
antenne (fig. 1) long, joint 1 strongly curved, moderately
dilated outwards, 2 enormously developed, elongate, oblique,
somewhat scaphiform, concave, reflexed and angularly pro-
duced at the inner basal angle, 3-10 filiform. Prothorax
transverse, subcordate, the arcuate basal depression deep.
Elytra moderately long, convex. Legs short ; anterior tarsi
simple.

?. Antenne wholly or in part testaceous, rather stout,
tapering outwards, joint 2 thickened, elongate, sub-
cylindrical.

Length 23-22 mm. (¢ ?.)

Hab. Puruiprines, Mt. Makiling, Luzon [type ¢], Los
Banos [ ? ] (Baker: No. 1149).

One ¢, two 2? 9. Not unlike the Indian L. nodifrons
and L. testaceiceps ; but with the elytra black and albo-
unifasciate near the apex, and the puncturing much finer
and denser, the tarsi short as in Jntydia.

23 (a). Laius rectefasciatus, sp. n.

9. Elongate, widened posteriorly, the head and pro-
thorax shining, the elytra opaque, finely pubescent ; piceous,
the head and prothorax, the suture and the basal, apical,
and lateral margins of the elytra, the four basal joints of
the antennz in part, and the bases of the femora to a
ereater or less extent, testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the elytra
each with two straight, transverse, whitish fasciz extending
to the outer margin; the head and prothorax closely, the
elytra densely, rugulosely, punctate. Head triangular, about
as wide as the prothorax, canaliculate, the eyes prominent ;
antenne rather stout, tapering outwards, joint 2 elongate,
much thickened, subcylindrical. Prothorax about as long
as broad, subcordate, unarmed at the sides, the arcuate
basal depression deep. Elytra moderately elongate, rather
convex. Legs short.

Length 24-3 mm.

Hab, Puiireines, Iligan, Mindanao (Baker: No. 4282).

Two ? 9. The elytral markings in this insect are rather
like those of the Indian ZL. jucundus, Bourg., except that the
whitish fasciz are quite straight and not connected along
the suture. The surface-sculpture is dense and very fine, as
in the species of tle Jntybia-group.

198 Mr. G. C. Champion on

23 (b). Laius variipes, sp. n.

?. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly,
the head aud prothorax somewhat shining, the elytra opaque,
finely pubescent ; the head, prothorax, the antennal joints
1-6, femora, and tarsi testaceous or flavous, the rest of the
antennze, the palpi, and tibie piceous or black; the elytra
piceous, with the base, outer limb, and apical margin, and
the sutural region .broadly and indeterminately, testaceous,
and each with two large, transverse, whitish fascize on the
outer part of the disc, the subapical one curving forwards
externally ; densely, minutely, the elytra rugulosely punctate.
Head grooved in the middle between the eyes; antenne
long, stout, tapering towards the apex, jomt 2 very stout,
elongate, subcylindrical, 7-10 also elongate. Prothorax
convex, elongato-cordate, rather narrow, deeply, transversely
depressed before the base. Elytra long, widest towards the
apex. Legs comparatively short, rather stout, the posterior
tibiz feebly curved.

Length 24 mm.

Hab. Assam, Patkai Mts. (Doherty).

One specimen. Very like the Philippine L. rectefasciatus,
the antenne and legs differently coloured, the prothorax
narrower, elongate, and more narrowed behind, the whitish
elytral fascize broader, the antenne ( ? ) longer.

24. Laius pictus.

Laius pictus, Er, Entomographien, p. 63 (¢) (1840)*.

Var. Laius duplex, Champ. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vii. p. 839 (3)

(April 1921) 2,

&. Antennal joint 1 curved, triangularly dilated out-
wards, 2 very broad, ear-shaped, rounded as seen from
above, deeply excavate, the inner margin recurved and fur-
nished with two slender appendages and a small tooth
(fig. 2); head deeply foveate in the middle between tlie
eyes ; anterior tarsi simple.

Hab. Java1*; Puitiprines, Los Banos (P. I. Baker: 3 :
No. 1654) ; Paxuawan, Puerto Princesa (Baker: 9 : Nos.
4283, 16753) ; Borneo, Pengaron (Doherty: 3) ; Formosa.

Two ¢ ¢ and 3 ¢ @ of this species have been sent by
Mr. Baker. The elytral markings are variable in colour
and shape: the outwardly-dilated ante-median patch is
red and bordered with white within in the type of L. pictus

Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 199

and in the three examples from Palawan, uniformly
reddish in those from Los Bafios, and whitish in the types
of L. duplex ; the subapical spot is rounded in ZL. pictus and
transverse in L, duplex, intermediate forms occurring.

26 (a). Laius hexastigma, sp. n.

?. Moderately elongate, much widened posteriorly,
opaque, finely pubescent, densely, minutely, rugulosely
punctate ; piceous or black, the basal half of the antenne,
the front of the head, the tarsi, and the anterior and inter-
mediate femora and tibiz in part, testaceous, the elytra each
with three whitish spots—one, transverse, before the middle,
the other two, rounded, near the apex, transversely placed,
the outer one smaller than the inner. Head triangular, not
wider than the prothorax, obsoletely canaliculate, the eyes
not very prominent; antenne long, tapering outwards,
joint 2 elongate, much thickened, subcylindrical. Pro-
thorax as broad as long, rounded and unarmed at the sides.
Elytra rather convex, moderately long. Wings present.
Legs short ; anterior tarsi simple.

Length 2-24 mm.

Hab. Borneo, Sandakan (Baker: No. 16159).

Three 2? ?. The elytra in that insect are each albo-
trimaculate, as in L. (Intybia) guttatus, Pasc., type 2 , from
Sarawak (Wallace), except that the apical spots are smaller,
the present species having a much smaller head, an unarmed
prothorax, longer, less inflated elytra, and fully developed
wings. The 4-spotted L. borneensis, Pic (1910), also has
the front of the head testaceous.

29 (a). Laius quadrigutiatus.

Laius quadriguttatus, Er. Entomographien, p. 64 (¢) (1840); Pic,
L’Echange, xxvi. p. 85 (1910).
g. Antenne rufo-testacez, articulis ultimis 3 vel 4 nigricantibus,
tertio subovato, interne cavo. [ Hrichson. |

Hab. Stnearore (Baker: 2: No. 16157), Bintang
Island [type].

A 2 sent by Mr. Baker agrees very nearly with the
description. It has the antenne stout, rufo-testaceous,
except joints 7-10 and the base of 1, 2 being much thick-
ened, elongate, and subcylindrical ; the head black (said by

200 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Pic to be testaceous in front); the elytral spots flavous
(white in the type), the anterior one transverse and reaching
the outer margin, the subapical one rounded.

29 (6). Laius dentatithorax.

Laius dentatithorax, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xxv. p.5(d) (Aug.
1917).

g. Antennal joint 1 broadly, triangularly dilated out-
wards, 2 broad, oval as seen from above, concave, angulate
and armed with a long, curved, slender, spiniform appendage
at the inner apical angle (fig. 3), 3-10 gradually tapering ;
head foveate and canaliculate anteriorly, the epistoma
tumid and angulate on each side in front; prothorax uni-
dentate at the sides; anterior tarsi simple.

?. Antenne stout, tapering outwards, joint 2 long,
thickened, subcylindrical; epistoma simple; prothorax as
atte.

Hab. Puiuiprines, Los Bafios (P. I. Baker: 2? g: No.
266).

One ¢ and 2 2 2 sent by Mr. Baker. The g cephalic
structure was not mentioned in Pic’s ‘‘ description abrégée.”
L. (Intybia) guttatus, Pasc., also has a lateral prothoracic
tooth, but it is much smaller.

29 (c). Laius alboplagiatus, sp. n.

gd. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, slightly widened
posteriorly, subopaque, finely pubescent ; black, the anterior
portion of the head and the antennz (joints 6-10 excepted)
testaceous, the elytra each with two rather large transverse
whitish spots—one below the base, the other near the apex,
neither reaching the suture, the anterior one extending to
the outer margin,—the tarsal joints 1-4 flavous ; densely,
finely, the elytra rugulosely, punctate. Head subparallel at
tie sides before the eyes and then obliquely narrowed to the
aiterior margin, canaliculate; antenne (figs. 10, 10a)
u.oderately long, joint 1 curved, stout, subtriangularly dilated
at the apex externally, 2 very stout, long, narrow and
hollowed at the base, produced into a sharp tooth at the
inner basal angle, 3-10 gradually tapering. Prothorax
longer than broad, transversely depressed before the base,
the sides with a short median tooth, Elytra long. Legs
rather short; anterior tarsi simple.

Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 201

Length 2} mm.

Hab. 8.E. Borneo (German Mission, ex coll. Fry).

One male. Very like the Philippine L. dentatithorax and
L. subdentatus; the head (¢) testaceous in front, sub-
angulate at the sides before the eyes, and then obliquely
narrowed to the apex ; the second antennal joint differently
shaped; the prothoracic tooth smaller than in L. dentati-
thorax.

The somewhat similarly-maculate L. quadriguttatus, Er.,
has the sides of the prothorax unarmed.

29(d). Laius semperi, sp. n.

Elongate, narrow, widened posteriorly, rather convex,
subopaque, finely pubescent ; black, the antenne (except
the four or five outer joints and the basal one in part) testa-
ceous, the elytra each with two large, transverse, somewhat
rounded, whitish spots on the disc (one below the base, the
other towards the apex), the legs (the tarsi in part excepted)
piceous ; the entire surface densely, finely, rugulosely punc-
tate. Head rather convex anteriorly, obsoletely canaliculate ;
antennz long, joint 1 curved, thickened towards the apex,
2 elongate, subcylindrical, stout, 3-10 gradually tapering,
each longer than broad. Prothorax convex, longer than
broad, transversely depressed before the base, the sides with
a prominent median tooth. Elytra long, widest near the
apex. Legs rather short.

¢. Antenne (fig. 11) with joint 1 as in 9, 2 oblique,
moderately elongate, concave, scaphiform, toothed at the
inner basal angle, 8-10 longer and more slender than in @ ;
anterior tarsi simple.

Length 3 mm.

Hab. Puiippines, Luzon (Semper, ex coll. Fry).

One pair, the g immature. This is one of three closely
allied Philippine forms with the sides of the prothorax more
or less distinctly unidentate ; it is separable from the two
others by the narrower, oblique, scaphiform, second antennal
joint in the g (not unlike that of the same sex of the Bor-
nean L. tetrastictus), and the smaller elytral spots.

29 (e). Laius subdentatus, sp. n.

6. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly,
finely pubescent, opaque ; black, the antennal joints 1-4
testaceous, the elytra each with two large, transverse,
yellowish-white or flavescent spots—-one ante-median, the

202 Mr. G. C. Champion on

other subapical, neither quite reaching the suture or outer
margin ; the entire surface densely, minutely, rugulosely
punctate. Head triangular, finely canaliculate, the epistoma
simple, the eyes prominent ; antenne (fig. 4) long, joint 1
triangularly dilated outwards, 2 enormously thickened,
elongate-oval as seen from above, hollowed at the base and
apex, bidentate within, 3-10 elongate. Prothorax elongate,
feebly unidentate at the sides. Elytra moderately long.
Legs short ; anterior tarsi simple.

9. Antenne short, tapering outwards, joint 2 elongate,
thickened, cylindrical.

Length 24-3 mm. (¢ ?.)

Hab. Puitierines, Butuan, Davao, and Kolambugan, in
Mindanao (Baker: 3 ?: Nos. 6699, 16155, 16156), Bohol,
Luzon (Semper: 3 2).

Four ¢ ¢, five ¢ 9. This species works out as near
L. diversenotatus, from Banguey, in Pic’s table (1910) of
the opaque forms with two white spots on each elytron.
There are numerous similarly-coloured Malayan insects,
most of which are probably peculiar to a particular island.

29 (f). Laius subcarinatus, sp. n.

2. Extremely like L. subdentatus, differing as follows :
head with a fine median carina, the eyes less prominent ;
antennee a little more slender, joints 1-3 only in part testa-
ceous ; prothorax less narrowed posteriorly, the lateral tooth
just traceable; elytra more convex, and more widened
posteriorly, the spots yellowish or white, the post-basal one
strongly transverse, the subapical one large, rounded.

Length 22-3,); mm.

Hab. Patawan I. (Baker: type) ; TENasseRim, Tavoy
(Doherty).

Three 2 2, one sent under the same number as a 9
L. subdentatus. This is one of three forms from Palawan
found by Mr. Baker. It cannot be referred to either of the
two species from that island named by Pic in 1910. The
allied ZL. inarmatus, Pic (1917), and L. carinaticeps, Pic
(1910), both from Java and both described from ¢ @, are
said to have the head carinate, but the carina in the latter
is lateral. The Tenasserim examples (two ? ?) have the
spots smaller and wholly white. The Sumatran L. luteo-
notatus, Pic (1921), must be an allied form.

29 (g). Laius tetrops, sp. n.

2. Very like L. subdentatus; the antennee (the tip of joint

Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 203

10 excepted) and legs (the bases of the femora excepted)
testaceous, the elytra each with two very large, transversely
subquadrate, yellowish spots; the head and prothorax some-
what shining, the former foveate in the middle and with the
eyes less prominent, the prothorax less elongate, obsoletely
unidentate laterally; the antennz shorter, rapidly tapering
outwards.

Length 24 mm.

Hab. Pauawan I. (Baker: No. 16154).

One 2. The testaceous antenna, tibie, and tarsi, and
the very large transversely-subquadrate elytral spots, dis-
tinguish this insect from its numerous allies.

29 (h). Laius waterstradti.
? Laius waterstradti, Pic, L’ change, xxv. p. 83 (¢) (1910).

3. Elongate, widened posteriorly, opaque, black, the
antenne (the apical two joints excepted), head (the base
excepted), and anterior legs in part, testaceous, the elytra
each with two very large, yellowish-white spots—one near
the suture, just below the base, subtriangular, the other
on the disc before the apex, transverse. Head triangular,
rather long, sulcate down the middle-in front, the sides of
the epistoma thus appearing tumid, the eyes prominent ;
antenne (fig. 5) long, joimt 1 broadly, quadrangularly
dilated (as seen in profile), 2 enormously dilated, ear-
shaped, concave within, and angularly produced, reflexed,
and furnished with a slender, curved appendage at the
inner basal angle, 3-10 rather slender. Prothorax about
as long as broad, unarmed at the sides. Elytra rather
elongate. Legs short; anterior tarsi simple.

Length 3 mm.

Hab. Patawan I., Puerto Princesa (Baker: No. 4284).

One male, possibly referable to ZL. waterstradti, Pic, the
only tangible characters for which, as given in a compara-
tive table of the spotted Malayan species, are the testaceous
head and the enormously large, concave second (=third of
Pic) antennal joint of the male. L. palawanus, Pic (I. c.),
type ¢, is said to have the head distinctly raised in front
above the antennz and the elytra rather elongate.

29 (2). Laius quadristrigatus, sp. n.

3. Elongate, widened posteriorly, opaque, finely pubes-
cent, densely, minutely, rugulosely punctate; nigro-piceous,
the head, joints 1 and 2 of the antenne, prothorax, and
anterior femora testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the elytra

204 Mr. G. OC. Champion on

each with three large yellowish or yellowish-white spots—
one on the disc below the base, transverse, the others
elongate, subapical. Head triangular, barely as wide as the
prothorax, flattened above anteriorly, the eyes moderately
prominent ; antenne (fig. 6) long, joint 1 triangularly
dilated, sharply dentate externally, 2 enormously developed,
broad-oval as seen from above, concave, reflexed and
angularly extended backward at the base above and
there furnished with a long slender appendage. Prothorax
a little broader than long, narrowed posteriorly, the sides
rounded and strongly unidentate, the disc arcuately im-
pressed before the base. LElytra moderately long, rather
convex. Legs short ; anterior tarsi simple.

9. Antenne stout, tapering outwards, jot 2 much
thickened, elongate, subcylindrical ; prothorax with the
sides subangulate at about the middle, the tooth wanting.

Length 2,9,-3 mm. (J 2.)

Hab. Puisirrines, Baguio, Benguet (Baker: No. 6070).

One pair. A remarkably distinct form of the Intybia-
section of the genus, and easily recognizable by the rufo-
testaceous head and prothorax, and the two long yellowish
streaks at the apex of each elytron, the prothorax dentate
laterally in 3g.

29 (7). Laws faleifer, sp. n.

&@. Elongate, shining, clothed with fine scattered pubes-
cence, intermixed on the elytra with long, erect, black,
bristly hairs ; black, the anterior portion of the head, joints
1-4 of the antenne (the base of 1 excepted), prothorax,
anterior legs, and intermediate tibiz testaceous, the elytra
nigro-violaceous, each with two large, transverse, whitish
spots—one before the middle and the other subapical,
neither reaching the suture or outer margin ; the head and
prothorax almost smooth, the elytra densely, finely, rugu-
losely punctate. Head a little narrower than the prothorax,
transversely depressed in the middle between the eyes, the
latter not very prominent; antenne (fig. 7) moderately
long, joint 1 curved, broadly dilated outwards, 2 enormously
developed, somewhat ear-shaped, concave, foveate near the
apex within, the reflexed inner margin very sharply, tri-
angularly dilated at about the middle, and furnished with
a long slender appendage near the base, 3-10 gradually
tapering. Prothorax convex, uneven, about as long as
broad, a little narrowed behind, the transverse basal de-
pression deep. Llytra long, gradually widening to the
apex. Legs long; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened,

Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 205

2 with along, claw-like prolongation extending over 3 above,
black at the tip.

?. Antennal joint 2 very broad, simple, oblongo-quad-
rate ; head and legs black.

Length 33-4 mm. (¢ ?.)

Hab, Puiuirrines, Mt. Makiling, Luzon (Baker: No.
3035).

One pair. An elongate form, with a smooth, subquadrate,
testaceous, shining prothorax and long, nigro-violaceous
elytra, the latter each with two transverse white spots and
the surface very finely punctured. It bears some re-
semblance to L. birmanicus, Champ., which has very different
elytral markings and a longer prothorax. The long claw-
like extension to the second joint of the anterior tarsi in
the g is a character foreign to all the species of Laius I
have hitherto examined, but a ¢ of L. tetrastictus sent by
Mr. Baker and two others from Perak also possess a very
similar structure. JL. falcifer must be nearly related to
L. adonis, Pic (1921), from Sumatra.

29 (k) (29). Laius tetrastictus.

Laius tetrastictus, Champ. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vil. p. 342 (9)
(April 1921).

g. Antennal joint 1 moderately thickened outwards
(as in 2), 2 elongate, oblique, widened, concave, scaphi-
form, curved and pointed at the outer apical angle, and
with the reflexed inner margin extending backward at the
base and there furnished with a long, slender, curved ap-
pendage (fig. 8) ; anterior tarsal joint 2 extending over the
base of 3 above.

Hab. N. anv W. Borneo, Sandakan (Baker: ¢ 2:
No. 16158), Quop [type @ and ¢ |; S.E. Borneo (German
Mission, ex coll. Fry: & 2).

A pair from Sandakan, the elytra marked as the Quop
types (¢ 2); three f dg and four ? ? from theS.E. portion
of the island. ‘

29 (1). Laius flavonotatus, sp. u.

6. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly,
finely pubescent, the head and prothorax moderately shining,
the elytra subopaque ; nigro-piceous, the anterior portion of
the head, mouth-parts, the antennal joints 1, 2, and 10, the
anterior legs (except the tarsal joints 2-5), the intermediate
legs (except the apices of the tarsi), and the bases of the
posterior tibiz and tarsi, testaceous; the elytra each with

206 Mr. G. C. Champion on

three flavous spots—one, subtriangular, near the suture at
the base, one, strongly transverse, at the middle (reaching
the outer margin, but not extending to the suture), and one
rounded, near the suture before the apex; densely, finely,
the sides of the prothorax and the elytra rugulosely, punctate,
the latter with intermixed slightly coarser punctures. Head
triangular, compressed at the sides anteriorly, the central
portion very narrow in front, hollowed in the middle between
the eyes, the latter prominent ; antenne (fig. 12) moderately
Jong, joimt 1 curved, broad, angularly dilated near the base:
externally, 2 extremely large, oblong, irregularly excavate,
and furnished at the base with a long, movable, rather broad,
twisted appendage, 3-9 short. Prothorax convex; about as
long as broad, narrowed posteriorly, and with the sides
rounded anteriorly. Elytra moderately long, rounded at
the sides beyond the middle. Legs rather short, not very
slender; anterior tarsal joint 2 with a black claw-like
extension reaching to the apex of 3 above.

Length 2% mm.

Hab. Perax (Doherty).

One male. Near L. ¢etrastictus, and with similar anterior
tarsiin ¢, the elytra each with three yellowish spots, the
head much narrower in front and flavo-testaceous anteriorly,
the antennze (2) very different, the legs partly testa-
ceous, &c. :

29 (m). Laius erythrocephalus, sp. un.

6. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly,
finely pubescent, subopaque ; nigro-piceous, the head, an-
tenne (the slightly infuscate outer joints excepted), and legs
(the intermediate and posterior femora excepted) testaceous,
the elytra with a rather narrow transverse fascia below the
base (interrupted at the suture, but reaching the outer
margin) and a transverse spot on the disc of each towards
the apex, yellowish-white ; the entire surface densely, finely,
rugulosely punctate. Head triangular, flattened between
the eyes and convex in front, obsoletely canaliculate ; an-
tenne (fig. 13) long, joint 1 curved, moderately dilated,
augulate near the base externally, 2 extremely large, broad,
sublunate, deeply excavate within, and furnished with a long
narrow appendage near the base above, 3-10 slender, elon-
gate. Prothorax about as long as broad, uarrowed and
slightly sinuate at the sides towards the base. Elytra mode-
rately long. Legs rather short, not very slender ; anterior
tarsal joint 2 raised above 3 and black at the tip.

Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 207

Length 24 mm.

Hab, Perak (Doherty).

One male, slightly immature. Near L. quadriguttatus,
Er., and L. diversenotatus, Pic, the head, and the legs and
autenne in great part, testaceous, the antennal joints 3-10
long and slender, the postbasal transverse whitish fascia on
the elytra rather narrow and nearly reaching the suture, the
legs a little longer. The present insect cannot be referred
to either of the two forms am LL. dohertyi by Pic in 1910
[‘ L’Echange,’ xxvi. p. 62 (Aug.), type from Sumbava; /. c.
p. 84 (Nov.), type from Perak | ; the characters, however,
given in his table of the 4- -spotted species agree with the
Perak insect before me, except as regards the shape of
the elytral spots.

Additions to the numbered list of species of Laius,

*alboarcuatus, 6 (a). *rectefasciatus, 23 (a).
*alboplagiatus, 29 (c). *semperi, 29 (d).

dentatithorax, 29 (4). *subcarinatus, 29(f).
*erythrocephalus, 29 (72). *subdentatus, 29 (e).
*falcifer, 29 (7). *submarinus, 2 (a).
*flavonotatus, 29 (/). [tetrastictus, 29 (4) (29). ]
*hexastigma, 26 (a). *tetrops, 29 (9).

pictus, 24, *varlipes, 23 (6).

quadriguttatus, 29 (a). waterstradti, 29 (h).

*quadristrigatus, 29 (2).

Additional examples of the following species have also
been detected in the Fry Collection :—

L. flavicornis, F. (No. 2). One ¢, Andaman Is.

L. malleifer, Champ. (No. 20). <A pair from Yemen, Arabia
(Millingen). Types from Punjab, and recently found
(20. 111. 1921) by Dr. M. Cameron at Mossy Falls,
Mussoorie.

L.-birmanicus, Champ. (No. 23). Three g g and three ? ?
taken at Carin Cheba, Karen Mts., Burma (ZL. Fea), are
less elongate than the types, and the males have the
second antennal joint a little narrower and less angulate.
These specimens seem to come near L. aihkiensis, Pic
(1914).

L. carinifrons, Pic (No. 30). Two ¢ g found at Perak by
Doherty.

208 On new Species of Lycenile from Madagascar.

XVIUI.— Two new Species of Lycenide from Madagascar.
By Percy I. Latuy, F.E.S.

Lycenesthes mabillei, sp. n.

3. Upperside: Both wings uniform lilac-blue with very
fine dark margins, fringes whitish.

Underside: Both wings pale brownish grey as in L. smithi?,
Mab., but with the white markings more diffused ; hind wing
with minute crimson spot between veins 2 and 3, this spot
edged with black and blue sealing ; a similar but still smaller
spot at anal angle.

Marsantsetia, N.E. Madagascar, 1 @.

The only species in the genus with which this can be
confused is L. smithit, Mab., from which it may easily be
distinguished by the wings above wanting the cupreous tint,
and by the absence of the subbasal conspicuous blue-black
spot of the hind wings below.

Azanus rubropuncta, sp. n.

3. Upperside: Both wings dark lilae-blue with slight
cupreous tint ; narrow marginal dark border.

Underside: Fore wing pale grey; a whitish-edged dark
grey spot at end of cell; two whitish bars beyond cell; sub-
marginal area traversed by irregular whitish lines enclosing
grey spots slightly darker than” ground-colour. Hind wing
pale grey clouded with whitish on discal area; a subbasal
black spot, beyond this a row of four black spots; a black
spot on costa beyond middle and another on inner margin ;
between these last two spots a series of dark grey markings
crosses the wings beyond cell; a submarginal irregular dark
grey line; three marginal dark grey spots between veins 4
and 7; a conspicuous marginal blue-centred black spot
between veins 2 and 3, this spot inwardly edged with
crimson ; a small blue-centred black spot at anal angle.

Marsantsetia, N.E. Madagascar. A series of males.

May be easily separated from any other species in the
genus by the crimson-edged black spot of underside of hind
wing. The types of these two new species are in the collec-
tion of Madame Gaston Fournier.

Lord Rothschild on Two new Races of Oryx. 209

XIX.—On Two new Races of Oryx.
By Lord Roruscu1Lp, F.R.S.

Oryx gazella blainei, subsp. n.

Differs from O. g. gazella in its paler and greyer ground-
colour. There is also in the ground-colour an entire absence
of the buffish or creamy suffusion present in O. g. beisa.

The black band running up from the throat to below and
between the ears and base of horns is shorter, narrower, and
more square-cut than in either O. g. gazella or O. g. beisa.

Black band frem and below eye joined to face-blaze as in
O. g. gazella.

Black of throat more restricted than in O.9. gazella. Ears
much whiter than in either O. g. gazella or O. q. beisa.

Black stripe along centre of back as in O. g. beisa, but
reaches further up hind neck and is continued as in O. g. ga-
zella over the rump, expanding to root of tail, to which it is
joined. Tail wholly black, with very large tuft as in O. g. ga-
zella. Dark flank-band not joined to dark portion of thigh
as in O. g. gazella nor so wide as in the latter. Dark colour
on thigh much more restricted than in O. g. gazella, the
whole front of lower part of thigh being white.

Black on rump less extended than in O. g. gazella.

Hab. Angola.

Type (¢, mounted), British Museum, Natural History,
coll. Gilbert Blaine (presented Rowland Ward Trustees),
(A mounted entire 9, Tring Museum, coll. Gilbert Blaine),

Oryx gazella subcallotis, subsp. n.

Differs from O. g. annectens, Holl., in being intermediate
between that form and O. g. callotés in colour and markings
and in having ear-tufts or tassels, the latter, however, being
smaller than in O. g. eallotis.

Hab. Country between the ranges of O. g. callotis and
O. g. annectens.

Type (mounted head), British Museum, Natural History
(presented Rowland Ward Trustees). A second head from
same source in the Tring Museum.

The discovery of these two new forms proves that Oryx
gazella (Linn.) and Oryx beisa (Riipp.) are only local forms
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. vii. 14

210 Mr. S. Stillman Berry on a new

of one species, so that the known forms of “ gemsbok ” must
stand as follows:— ;

Oryx gazella gazella (Linn.). S. Africa.

blainet, Rothsch. Angola.

—— —— beisa (Riipp.). Abyssinia.

—— —— gallarum (Neum.). 8. Gallaland.
annectens, Holl. Brit. E. Africa,

—— ~—- subcallotis, Rothsch. 8. Brit. E. Africa.
—— —— cullotis, Thom. Tanganyika Prov.

os

In addition to these, I consider the Arabian Orya only an
extreme form of the same species, and it should stand as :—

Oryx gazella leucoryx (Pall.). Arabia.

XX.—A new Neotreme Brachiopod from California.
By 8. Srittman Berry, Redlands, California.

[Plate XT.]

AMONG other unusual zoological material discovered by
Mr. W. H. Golisch, of the South-west Museum, Los Angeles,
in his investigation of corals and sponges hauled in b
fishermen from deep water off the coast of Southern Cali-
fornia, is asingle specimen of a brachiopod, which seems to
be not only new to science, but representative of a genus and
family hitherto unreported from the west coast of North
America.

For his kindness in immediately placing this interesting
specimen at my disposal, I beg to tender Mr. Golisch appro-
priate acknowledgment, while I am further indebted to
Messrs. Y. Hirase and J. T. Kuroda, of Kyoto, Japan, for
the loan for comparative purposes of two young specimens
of Crania (Craniscus) japonica, A. Adams, from the Hirase
Collection.

Crania californica, sp. n. (Pl. XT.)

Description.—Shell strongly depressed, oblong in outline.
Colour of exterior whitish ; interior brownish white. Upper
valve with apex low, situated approximately in the median
line about one-third of the distance from the posterior margin ;
posterior outline rather straight; upper surface badly eroded,

Neotreme Brachiopod from California. 211

but, so far as can be seen, without evident radial striation ;
interior microscopically granulose, the margin flaring thinly
beyond the heavy submarginal encircling ridge; pedestals
of anterior adductor muscles strongly raised, far apart, and in
no way coalescent, but connected by a low ridge, with a small,
nipple-like prominence lying between and in front of them at
nearly the centre of the valve ; posterior adductor scars large,
swollen, rounded-oval in outline, placed well inside the
posterior angles of the shell; space between the four adductor
scars roughly diamond-shaped, deep at the centre, and bounded
by four almost coalescent curved ridges, the two anterior
much more strongly inbowed than the two posterior ; a pair
of small rounded muscle-scars or pedestals are sheltered in
the angle between the two anterior ridges and those con-
necting the anterior adductor pedestals with the median
prominence previously described ; anterior spaces conspicu-
ously marked by seven or eight pallial (sinus ?) impressions
on each side.

Lower valve flattish, shallow, attached to the substratum
by its entire lower surface, with the exception of a narrow,
sharply ascending, marginal area; interior with a strong
submarginal thickening, which shows numerous, obscure,
fine, radial wrinkles down its inner slope.

Measurements. — Longitude 13°5 mm., diameter 16:2,
height 4°4.

Type.—Cat. no. 4530, Berry Collection.

Type-locality—From rock at base of a siliceous sponge
taken in 100 fathoms off Santa Monica, Los Angeles County,
California (W. H. Grolisch), from fishermen, summer 1918 ;
one specimen,

Remarks.—This fine Crania does not seem to be very
closely allied to any of the previously described species of
the group, unless it be the lately published C. phelippinensis
of Dall *, although I have had specimens of only three of the
older species—C. anomala (Miiller), C. kermes (Humphrey
and [a Costa) f, and C. (Craniscus) japonica, A. Adams—
available for direct comparison. ‘The thickened and elevated
edge of the lower valve, the posterior apex, and the number
and conspicuousness of the pallial impressions are perhaps
the most prominent of the peculiar features.

This is the first Crania to be reported either from Cali-
fornia or elsewhere along the western shore of North America,
the nearest records of this genus being those of C. hawaiiensis,

* Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. lvii. p. 272.
+ =C. turbinata (Deshayes), teste Davidson, Monog. Rec. Brach. p. 188.
14*

212 Mr. O. Thomas on

Dall, from near Bird Island, in the mid-Pacific, and C. pata-
gonica, Dall, from the coast of Chile and the Straits of
Magellan. It was at first suspected that in view of the
several species of brachiopods reported as common to the
west coast of North America and Japan, C. californica and
C. japonica might prove to be somewhat near akin, whereas
in fact they seem to belong to different subgenera, or even
genera, Mr. Hirase’s specimens of the latter species were
taken at Hirado, Province of Hizen, Japan.

The nomenclature pertaining to the rather complex topo-
graphy of the interior of the valves in this group of brachiopods
does not appear to be in very satisfactory condition in the
literature, nor to be any too well correlated with that for the
remainder of the animal’s anatomy. Being in no position at
the moment to initiate a serious attempt at a remedy, I have
in this paper simply taken matters as I found them, and
endeavoured to make the best of it.

Unfortunately some details, such as the central nipple-like
prominence, are not brought out very plainly in the figures.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Fig. 1. Crania californica, sp.n. Exterior of dorsal valve, x 3.
Fig. 2. Ditto. Interior of dorsal valve, with the dried animal in sztu,

Xo
Fig. 3. Ditto. Interior of dorsal valve, after removal of the animal, x 3. .

The figures are from photographs by Berton W. Crandall.

XXI.— The “ Huron” of the Argentine.
By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

WHILE working out the San Juan huron, (r/sonella, re-
ferred to in a succeeding paper, I have come to the conclusion
that my reference of the common huron of the Argentine to
the Brazilian Girésonella furax cannot be sustained. When
making it, material of the Argentine form was much less
abundant than now, while, especially, I then supposed that a
specimen in the Museum, no. 44. 3. 7. 6, labelled ‘ Brazil,
purchased of Clausen,” was of too doubtful authenticity to
be taken as of any value. But I now know that this speci-
men was one of a series collected in Minas Geraes (probably

On the “ Huron” of the Argentine. 213

at Lagoa Santa) by Dr. M. Claussen, and may be treated
as a genuine wild-killed example of G. furav. Being a fully
adult male, it is of especial value for comparison with the
Argentine examples available. This skull is 77 mm. in
median length, a size which is exactly the same as that given
by Winge for a Lagoa Santa skull in Copenhagen.

In comparison with this, it is evident that the materially
larger animal from the Argentine should be distinguished.
Tt may be called

Grisonella huronax, sp. n.

Size largest of genus. Colours as usual, the facial band
in the type well marked, creamy-buff; light tipping of the
dorsal hairs well developed. But there is great variation in
both faeial band and dorsal tipping, some examples being
quite dark and with a nearly obsolete frontal band.

Skull stout and heavy, with well-developed crests and
ridges. Teeth stout, molar comparatively large.

Dimensions of the type, male, and of an adult female from
the same locality:—Head and body 600 mm., 510; tail
(imperfect), 135; hind foot 70, 61.

Skull: median length 83, 73°5; condylo-basal length 84,
74; zygomatic breadth, 48, 42; interorbital breadth 20, 17°5;
mastoid breadth 43°5, 37°5; maxillary tooth-row 24°8, 21 ;
length of p* 9°2, 7°4; transverse diameter of m! 7:1, 6.

Hab. Central and Eastern Argentina. Type from Mar del
Plata, S.E. Buenos Ayres. Other specimens from various
localities northwards to San Cristobal, Province of Santa Fé.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 12. 2. 17. 6. Original
number 8. Collected 4th June, 1911, and presented by
W. A. Smithers, Esq.

The larger Chilian huron, which in 1912 I described as
Grison furax melinus, I should now consider as a distinct
species, and its name should be Grisonella melina. In the
comparison with the material then existing, too much stress
was laid on the pallor of the facial line, which additional
specimens show to be more strongly buff than in G. huronaa,
even if paler than in true G. furaz. G. melina is a rather
smaller animal than G. huronax, and is contined to the
western side of the Andes.

214 Mr. O. Thomas on

XXII.—On Mammals from the Province of San Juan,
Western Argentina. By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

THE Museum has now received from Sr. E. Budin three
small collections of Mammals from places in the Province of »
San Juan, and these may well be combined to form one
general list.

The three localities are as follows :—

Cafada Honda, about 50 km. 8. of San Juan City.
Altitude about 500 m.

Pedernal, about 60 km. 8.W. of San Juan, and 30 W. of
Cafiada Honda. Altitude about.1200 m.

Sierra Tontal, a north and south range of mountains some
60 km. W. of San Juan. Collection made at Los Sombreros,
an estancia at about 2700 m. altitude, and 20 km. N.W. of
Pedernal.

All three collections contained specimens of interest, but
the Sierra Tontal proved much the richest locality, examples
being obtained there of several mountain forms, such as
Lagidium and Abrocoma, neither of which had been previously
recorded from the province.

The present series forms the first contribution that the
Museum has ever received from San, Juan, and is therefore
of proportionate value. Sr. Budin is much to be commended
for the excellent collection he has made, and, as usual, for
the admirable manner in which the skins are prepared.

A new huron and a second species of the recently
described genus Octomys are the most notable discoveries
made.

On the other hand, the almost complete absence of Muridz
is most remarkable, the family being only represented by
Phyllotis, Graomys, and Hesperomys, and the two latter
being very rare. Sr. Budin draws especial attention to the
entire absence of Akodon, a genus whose members are
generally the very commonest of the mammals in almost
every other locality in South America, from Colombia to
Cape Horn, their abundance in many places amounting to a
plague.

1. Felis salinarum, Thos.

@. 1255. Cafiada Honda.

Mammals from San Juan, Western Argentina. 215

2. Pseudalopea culpeus, Mol.
6. 1243, 1244. Cafiada Honda.

3. Grisonella ratellina, sp. n.

d. 1269. Pedernal, 1200 m.

Size markedly smaller than in G. huronax. Colour dark,
iron-grey on fore-back, the light tipping of the hairs white,
and only becoming slightly buffy on the rump and tail.
Light facial band not strongly developed, whitish and less
buffy than in other forms. Chin, interramia, and sides of
throat with many white hairs intermixed with the black, but
this may be an effect of senility, the only specimen being
quite old.

Skull much smaller than in G. huronax, and also smaller
than in the Chilian G. melina. Flattened above, the forehead
decidedly lower than in the allied species. Ridges not
greatly developed, in spite of the age of the type. Back of
skull not broad, the mastoid breadth comparatively little.

Teeth much smaller than in G. huronaa.

Dimensions of the type :—

‘Head and body 429 mm.; tail 169; hind foot 60; ear 22.

Skull: median length 77; condylo-basal length 77:5 ;
zygomatic breadth 43; interorbital breadth 16°8; inter-
temporal breadth 17°3; mastoid breadth 37°7; height of
crown above palate between m' 18; maxillary tooth-row
22°5 ; length of p* 8; transverse diameter of m' 6:4,

Hab. As above. .

Type. Old male, B.M. no, 21. 6.19. 1. Original number
1269. Collected 9th January, 1921.

This huron is readily distinguished from the Argentine
form, G. huronax, by its much smaller size and its more
flattened skull. In this latter respect it resembles the
Bolivian huron G. luteola, and may be nearly allied to it,
but as luteola is only known from a female, and ratellina by
a male, skull comparison is difficult. he colours of the two
are, however, widely different, duteola being very strongly
buffy, and alone equalled in that respect by the Brazilian

G. furax.

4. Conepatus proteus, Thos.

6. 1264; 9. 1272, 1331. Pedernal, 1000-1200 m.
This little skunk was discovered in 1901 by P. O. Simons

216 Mr. O. Thomas on

at Cruz del Eje, Cordova, and has since been obtained by
W. Smithers at Dolores in the same province.

5. Hesperomys murillus cordovensis, Thos.

gd. 1253, 1256. Cafiada Honda.

6. Graomys sp.

¢. 1254. Caftada Honda.
2. 1268, 1333, 13834. Pedernal.

All more or less immature.

7. Phyllotis darwint subsp.

Or 1274, 1321, 4326-9: 1267.) Pedernal,

&. 1285, 1297, 1804, 1819; 9. 1290, 1292, 1295, 1298,
1310. Sierra Tontal.

Not or doubtfully distinguishable from P. d. vaccarum of
Mendoza.

8. Abrocoma schistacea, sp. n.

oe 1325, 1529; 96.1922, 1524. Pedernal:

&. 1278, 1279, 1280, 1306, 1314; 2. 1275, 1281, 1296,
1299, 1311. Sierra Tontal.

Several separate skulls.

Near A. budini, but with still larger bullee.

Size about as in budini. General colour above pale slaty
grey, with less of the drabby tone found in budini, in this
respect more matching famatina. Under surface similar but
paler, a well-marked whitish glandular patch on the chest,
as usual. ‘Tail fairly long, decidedly longer than in etnerea.

Skull very like that of budini, but with even larger bullz,
these being the largest found in the genus. Nasals long,
vot so attenuated behind as in budini. Mastoid islands on
top of skull of medium size. Slenderness of muzzle, small
incisors, and imperforate palate as in the other Argentine
species. Molars unusually variable in size.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 190 mm.; tail 111; hind foot 28;
ear 26°95.

Skull: greatest length 49 ; condylo-incisive length 46-7 ;
zygomatic breadth 24; nasals 18°5 x 5°5; interorbitabbreadth

Mammals from San Juan, Western Argentina. 217

6°2; greatest horizontal diameter of bulla 17:4; bi-meatal
breadth 25:2 ; upper tooth-series 11-2.

Hab. as above. Type from Los Sombreros, Sierra Tontal.
Alt. 2700 m.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21.6. 21.11. Original
number 1296. Collected 29th January, 1921.

Readily distinguishable from other species by its large
bullee.

[The following Adrocoma, obtained by Sr. Budin just
across the border in the neighbouring province of Mendoza,
may be conveniently described here :—

Abrocoma vaccarum, sp. 0.

Colour as in A. sehistacea and fumatina. Size about as in
famatina, but the ears decidedly larger and the tail shorter.

Skull slightly longer than that of famatina, shorter than
in the other species. Muzzle slender, the nasals not peculiarly
attenuated. Mastoid islands rather small. Bulle smaller
than in any of the other species. Molars fairly large.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 191 mm. ; tail 94 ; hind foot 28; ear 25.

Skull: greatest length 47; condylo-basal length 44:3;
zygomatic breadth 24:2; nasals 18°5 5:4; interorbital
breadth 6°85; greatest horizontal diameter of bulla 15;
bi-meatal breadth 23°7; upper tooth-series 9°7.

Hab. North-western Mendoza; type from Punta de Vacas.
Altitude 3000 m.

Type. Adult female, B.M. no. 21. 6. 24. 20. Original
number 1364, Collected 12th March, 1921. Two specimens.

Distinguishable by the short tail and small bullae. All
these Argentine species of Abrocuma are nearly allied and
very similar to each other, but the characters used, slight as
they are, seem to be locally constant, while the respective
mountain habitats are well separated and often completely
isolated. |

9. Octomys joannius, sp. n.
3.1270; 2. 1273, 1332. Pedernal, 1200 m.

Like O. mimaz in all respects, cranial and external, except
_that the frontal region of the skull is quite materially broader,
and flat or even slightly convex above instead of being concave
in the interorbital space. In correlation with this the pre-

218 Mr. O. Thomas on

maxillary processes are broader terminally, while the brain-
case itself is somewhat more inflated.

In colour the resemblance is very close indeed, the only
perceptible difference being that in mimaw the flanks are more
decidedly lighter than the back and the hips are whitish on
their outer aspect, while in joannius both sides and hips
partake of the general drabby tone. But the difference
is so slight that no attention would have been paid to it had
the skulls been identical.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 167 mm. ; tail 171 ; hind foot 35; ear 22:3.

Skull: greatest length 45; condylo-incisive length 41°6 ;
zygomatic breadth 23; breadth of frontal premaxillary pro-
cesses posteriorly 2°6 (in mimaw 2:1); interorbital breadth
10°7 ; least breadth across brain-case 19 ; bimeatal breadth
22:2; diagonal length of bulle 15°2; upper tooth-series
(crowns) 8°5.

Type. Old female. B.M. no. 21. 6. 19. 12. Original
number 1273. Collected 11th January, 1921.

Tt is of much interest to find a second locality for the
remarkable genus Octomys, which was discovered by
Sr. Budin at Tinagasta, Catamarca, in January 1920.

In spite of the considerable distance between the two
habitats, the new form is remarkably like the older one, but
the broader frontals suffice to distinguish the two.

“Very rare and very difficult to trap; unknown to the
natives.”’—i. B.

10. Ctenomys coludo johannis, Thos.

S. 1233, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1251; 9. 1228, 1229, 1237,
1242. Cafiada Honda.

Based on this series; No. 1233 the type.

I am now less sure than I was that this should be con-
sidered as a subspecies of coludo, but for the moment leave it
under the name by which it was described.

11. Ctenomys tulduco, sp. n.

é@.1328,1330 3. 9. 1382751335. Pedernal.
3. 1277, 1283, 1286, 1315, 1317; 9. 1282, 1287, 1289,
1291, 1308, 1318. Sierra Tontal.

Allied to coludo, but smaller and with shorter tail.
Size rather less than in coludo. General colour above
drabby grey, not far from that of johannis, the tone not

Mammals from San Juan, Western Argentina, 219

nearly so warm as that of coludo. But below the colour is
also strongly drabby, the hairs broadly washed with dull
buffy, about as in coludo, quite unlike the unusually light
under surface of johannis. An inconspicuous dull nasal patch.
Tail shorter than in coludo, the longest in the series 74 mm.;
a line along its upper side black or blackish, varying in
definition, but always more marked than in the allied
species.

Skull not unlike that of johannis, but smaller and with
rather smaller bull, though these are still far larger than in
mendocinus.

Dimensions of the type:— —

Head and body 190 mm. ; tail 69 ; hind foot 32°6.

Skull: greatest length 45 ; condylo-incisive length 44:5 ;
zygomatic breadth 27; nasals 16°50 x 7:4 ; interorbital breadth
9; least breadth across brain-case 17; bimeatal breadth 28°7 ;
bulla 16x 8°6 ; upper tooth-series (crowns) 87; oblique
diameter of p* 3°3.

Hab. as above. Type from Los Sombreros, Sierra
Tontal. Alt. 2700 m.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.6. 21.18. Original
number 1277. Collected 19th January, 1921.

This Ctenomys reflects in the darker colour of its under
surface the more fertile character of its surroundings, as
compared with the light-bellied ohannis, found on the more
arid and lower ground further east.

Sr. Budin says that instead of tueo-tuco the natives of
San Juan have a special name for Ctenomys, “ Tulduco,”
which may well be used as a specific term.

12. Lagidium tontalis, sp. n.

d. 1274, 1309; 2. 1294, 1303, 1316. Sierra Tontal,
2700 m. And several separate skulls.

Decidedly smaller than ZL. famatine, the geographically
nearest of described species.

Size about as in L. vuleant of Jujuy. General colour
(apart from the usual rusty or buffy patches due to hair-
fading) pale grey, near “pale neutral grey,” more mouse-
grey on the sides. Shoulders and rump rather paler. A
well-defined blackish dorsal line from withers to rump.
Under surface broadly washed with yellow (near “chamois”’).
Inconspicuous white axillary patches present. ‘Tail grizzled
as usual, the end darker but not black.

Skull small, with slender muzzle. Nasals narrow, little

220 On Mammals from Western Argentina.

inflated anteriorly, not visible from below outside the
premaxille ; behind the posterior border of the nasals is but
little indented in the centre, and the premaxille surpass them
by but a short distance. Interorbital space narrow, its
anterior portion more definitely concave than usual. Mastoid
islands on top of skull variable, generally rather small.
Bulle of medium size, smaller than in famatine, larger than
in vulcant.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 395 mm.; tail 340; hind foot 100;
ear 83.

Skull: greatest length 91; condylo-incisive length 82 ;
zygomatic breadth 46 ; nasals 33 x 10°5; interorbital breadth
(not at notches) 19; diastema 26 ; length of bulla 17 ; upper
tooth-series (crowns) 19:4; breadth of p* 4°7.

Flab. as above.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21. 6. 21.39. Original
number 1303. Collected 2nd February, 1921.

The series obtained is remarkably uniform in colour and
skull-characters.

Readily distinguishable from famatine by its smaller size
and more slender muzzle.

[The following Lagidium was obtained by Sr. Budin at
Punta de Vacas, on the T'ransandean route in Mendoza, and
may be here described :—

Lagidium viatorum, sp. n.

Size about as in tontalis ; interorbital region broader.

General colour rather moré uniform neutral grey, not
lightened on shoulders and rump. Ends of hairs of lower
surface distinctly ochraceous or cinnamon-buff, instead of the
yellow of ZL. tontalis. White axillary patches present.

Skull of about the same length as in. tontalis, but more
bulky throughout. Nasals more inflated in their anterior
halves, reaching backwards nearly as far as the premaxille.
Interorbital region decidedly broader than in tontalis, its
anterior part less decidedly concave. Bulle about as in
tontalis. Incisors of both adult specimens pale yellow in
frout. Molars comparatively large.

Dimensions of the type:—

Head and body 400 mm.; tail 335; hind foot 105;
ear 80.

Skull: greatest length 91; condylo-incisive length 82 ;
zygomatic breadth 48 ;: nasals 34°5 x 11; interorbital breadth

On Two new Aigentine Forms of Skunk. 221

(notches excluded) 22; diastema 26°5 ; length of bulla 16:3 ;
upper tooth-series (crowns) 20°3 ; breadth of p* 5°2.

flab. Punta de Vacas, N.W. Mendoza. Alt. 2300 m.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21. 6. 24. 21. Original
~ number 1836.

Three specimens, of which one is immature.

This vizeacha is no doubt nearly allied to L. tontalis, but
is distinguished by the details above described, especially by
its distinctly broader frontals. ]

13. Galea leucoblephara, Burm.

¢. 1265. Pedernal.
6. 1320. Sierra Tontal.

14, Caviella australis joannia, Thos.

&. 1230, 1231, 1235, 1247; 9. 1236, 1245, 1246, 1248.
Cafiada Honda.

&. 1266. Pedernal.

ad. 1307, 1312,,1813'5 9. 1293; 1300, 1301, 1302, 1305.
Sierra Tontal.

Based on the Cafiada Honda series. No. 1246 the type.

15. Dasypus vallerosus pannosus, ‘Thos.

do. 1263; 9. 1232, 1249, 1257. Cafiada Honda.

XXIUL—Two new Argentine Forms of Skunk.
By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Conepatus suffocans pampanus, subsp. n.

Most like C. s. gibsoni, as I now believe the Ajé skunk
should be called, but the stripes conspicuously narrower, so as
greatly to reduce the general amount of white on the animal.
Stripes running down on to the sides of the base of the tail,
as in gibsoni, while in suffocans this is very rarely the case.
Fur of about the same texture as in gibsoni, not so soft as in
humboldti. ‘Tail bushy, broadly tasselled white-black-white,
as in gébsoni, while suffocans rarely has the long white hairs
at the end,

Skull as usual,

222 On Two new Argentine Forms of Skunk.

Dimensions of the type gee on skin) :—

Head and body (c.) 420 mm.; tail 280.

Skull: median length ike condylo- -basal length 67 ; zygo-
matic breadth 44; ml, length 8, breadth 8-1 (both at right
angles to axis of skull).

/Tab. Western Buenos Ayres Province. Type from Boni-
facio.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 17. 9.15.1. Collected
July 1917, and presented by Cecil Porteous, Esq. Four
specimens.

Mainly distinguishable by the reduction in the breadth and
conspicuousness of the white dorsal stripes, these being
nearly 2 inches broad in gibsoni, but only about half an inch
in pampanus, There are now six specimens of gibsond in the
Museum and four of the present form.

Conepatus suffocans mendosus, subsp. n.

Size rather less than in other forms of suffocans.

Fur softer than in true suffocans, though not so soft as in
humboldtt, White stripes much reduced, one of the specimens
having them almost absent, while in the other they are quite
narrow and reach barely halfway down the back. Tail con-
spicuously short-haired, the hairs from half an inch to an inch

shorter than in suffocans, those at the end barely attaining
35 mm. ; the white at the bases of the hairs much reduced,
so that scarcely any white can be seen in a general view of
the tail, even on the underside. Owing to the comparative
shortness of the hairs, the tail itself appears shorter than in
suffocans, but the measurements show that the tail-body is of
the usual length.

Skull of the usual proportions.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 355 mm.; tail 205; hind foot 55 ;
ear 22.

Skull: median length 69 ; condylo-basal length 65 ; zygo-
matic breadth 42; m’, length 7°3, breadth 81 (at right angles
to axis of skull).

Alab. Mendoza. Type from Tupungato,1000m. Another
specimen from the Alvear Colony, San Rafael (W. MZ,
Bayne).

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.7.5.3. Original
number 1396. Collected 31st March, 1921, by E. Budin.
Presented by Oldfield Thomas.

The much smaller C. proteus occurs between this and the
true C. suffocans suffocans, the subspecies to which it appears
most nearly allied.

Geological Society. 223

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES,
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

May 4th, 1921.—Mr. R. D. Oldham, F.R.S.,
President, in the Chair.

The following communications were read :—

1. ‘An Ofttokaria-like Plant from South Africa.’ By Hugh
Hamshaw Thomas, M.B.E., M.A., F.G.S.

The object of this note is to record the discovery in the Vereen-
iging Sandstones of the Transvaal of a fossil plant which bears
considerable resemblance to the rare genus Ottokaria. Only two
specimens of this type have hitherto been described—one from the
Lower Gondwana of India, the other from beds of similar age in
Brazil, and little or nothing is known about its nature or affinities.
The present specimen agrees with the known examples in general
size, and in having a more or less circular lamina (or head) seated
upon a stalk; but it also possesses an additional feature in a thin
flattened structure projecting beyond the head. This feature has
been called the ‘ wing,’ but its original nature is very problematical.
It may have been formed from a platyspermic seed projecting
from the head, the latter being a kind of cupule; or it may have
been formed from a thin envelope originally enclosing the head.

Ottokaria was probably a reproductive structure, and its associa-
tion with Glossopteris suggests a possible connexion with thjs
plant, the reproductive structures of which are practically un-
known. It is not considered necessary at present to make a new
genus for this specimen, and the name of Ofttokaria lesliei is
assigned to it, after its discoverer Mr. T. N. Leslie, F.G.S.

2. ‘On Nummulospermum, gen. nov., the probable Mega-
sporangium of Glossopteris.’ By A. B. Walkom, D.Sc.

The Author, after referring to the evidence hitherto adduced with
regard to the nature of the spore-bearing organs of Glossopteris,
describes some seeds associated with the fronds of Glossopteris at
certain localities in Queensland. He refers the seeds to a new
genus, and describes them under the name Nummulospermum
bowenense. The seeds vary in length from 9 to 11 mm. and from
8 to 11 mm. in breadth ; they are oval or circular, probably platy-
spermic, and possess a wide sarcotesta and narrow sclerotesta. The
nucellus has a prominent beak projecting into a narrow micropyle.
The vascular system is also partly described. ummulospermum,
though closely associated with Glossopteris fronds, has not been
found in actual connexion with them. Similar, and in some cases
identical, seeds have been found in close association with Glosso-
pteris at other localities.

Remarks are added on the scale-leaves of Glossopteris, and on

224 Geological Society.

the affinities of Glossopteris, which the Author is disposed to in-
clude in the Cycadofilicales. He is of opinion that the anatomical
features of the seeds, so far as they can be made out from the
impressions, favour their inclusion in the Trigonocarpales.

3. ‘The Evolution of Certain Liassic Gastropods, with special
reference to their Use in Stratigraphy.’ By Miss Agnes Irene
McDonald, B.Se., and Arthur Elijah Trueman, D.Sce., F.G.S.

The gastropods dealt with in this paper are turriculate forms,
which have generally been called

(a) Cerithiwm, which includes those Liassic species that are ornamented
with axial and spiral threads, forming a network, often with tubercles ; now
referred to the family Procerithide, Cossmann.

(b) Chemnitzia, which includes species ornamented by strong axial ribs ;
now referred to the family Loxonematide, Koken.

An endeavour has been made to study these gastropods in the
light of modern paleontological research, and suggestions for their
classification, based on ontogenetic and other evidence, are made.
The position and characters of the ornamentation have proved of
value in classification, when taken in conjunction with the other
characters of the shell.

Many of the biological principles that have been studied in
such groups as the Ammonites are clearly illustrated by these
gastropods. In numerous series, acceleration and retardation of
development is indicated. Examples of homceomorphy of several
types have been noted; the recognition of such homceomorphs,
which often oceur at different horizons, is essential in the identifi-
cation of species in these groups, if they are to be of value in
correlation.

The Procerithide of the Lower Lias are chiefly species of Pro-
cerithium, in which the flattish whorls have reticulate ornament
based on three spirals; this central stock is also common in the
Inferior Oolite, where it is represented by similar species with four
spirals (Cerithium muricatum). ‘This series probably gave rise to
many recent Cerithide which have more than four spirals.
Besides the species with three spirals, there are in the Lias many
forms which the Authors regard as more specialized, and are charac-
teristic of particular horizons. Other genera of Procerithide are
recognized, of which Cerithinella and Paracerithium have dis-
tinctive ornament. The pupoid forms which have been grouped in
the genus Hvelissa are regarded by the Authors as catagenetic
descendants of diverse species of Procerithium.

The Loxonematide of the British Lias are of two types—one
with axial ornament only (Zygopleura), the other with axials
and feeble spirals (Aatosira). Each of these genera during the
Lias evinces a tendency to increase the number and curve of the
axials. In development, axials always appear before spirals
among the Loxonematide, while spirals are developed first among
the Procerithide.

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[NINTH SERLES.]

No. 45. SEPTEMBER 1921.

XXIV.—Evotic Muscaride (Diptera).—III1.*
By J. R. Matzocu, Urbana, IIl., U.S.A.

AFRICAN SPECIES,

Subfamily Pzaonrwz.
Genus TRUPHEOPYGUS, nov.

Generic characters.—Similar to Helina, R.-D. Differs
from that genus in having the frons about one-third of the
head-width ; the abdomen subcylindrical, slightly tapered
apically, the genitalia entirely concealed when the abdomen
is viewed from the side or above; the fifth sternite deeply
cleft in centre ; hind tibia with one or more postero-dorsal
bristles at middle; prescutellar acrostichals absent ; scutellum
flattened above ; preapical scutellars absent.

Genotype, the following species.

Trupheopygus testaceus, sp. n.

Male.—Pale testaceous yellow. Frons brown; antenn
fuscous. Thoracic dorsum with four pale brown vittz ante-
riorly, and a patch of grey pruinescence between tle dorso-
centrals posteriorly which extends to dise of scutellum,
Abdomen with an indistinct pair of brown spots on second

* For Part I., see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vii., Feb. 1921, pp. 161-
173; Part IL, wbid., May 1921, pp. 420-431.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii, 15

226 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Musearide.

tergite, and an even less distinct pair on third. Tarsi
fuscous. Cross-veins narrowly brown.

Each orbit with four or five long bristles ; ocellar bristles
very long; arista long-haired. Presutural acrostichals
absent ; postsutural dorso-centrals 3; both intra-alars long ;
prealar absent; sternopleurals 1:1:1,; hypopleura bare.
First and second tergites each with a long bristle on side,
third and fourth with long bristles on posterior margins,
and the fourth with a median series; basal portion of
hypopygium with some bristles ; fifth sternite with two
bristles on each side at base of incision. Fore tibia with
one antero-dorsal and one posterior bristle; mid-tibia
with one antero-dorsal and two postero-dorsal bristles;
hind femur with some short, widely placed bristles on
antero-ventral surface, and one long one before apex ; hind
tibia with one or two antero-yentral, two antero-dorsal, and
one strong postero-dorsal median bristle. Costal thorn
long; veins 3 and 4 parallel apically. ower calyptra not
very large.

Length 6 mm.

Type, Embu, Kenya Colony, 20. i. 1914 (G. St. Orde
Browne).

Genus Spruarta, S. & D.

This genus is distinguished from its nearest allies by the
possession of the following characters :—Hypopleura with a
vertical series of fine hairs below the metathoracic spiracle ;
both intra-alar bristles strong, the anterior one in line with
or almost in line with the anterior dorso-central bristle ;
eyes distinctly hairy, generally conspicuously so.

All these characters apply also to another genus, Huspi-
laria, gen. noy., which may be differentiated from Spilaria as
follows :—

Hypopygium of male small, not prominent, generally

almost concealed, the fifth sternite not deeply

cleft, basal sternite generally with some hairs ;

prescutellar acrostichals present; scutellum

in both sexes with the hairs continued down

over sides and sometimes invading the ventral

surface; parafacials bare in both sexes ..... » Spilaria, 8. &-D.
Hypopygium of male large, prominently exposed,

the fifth sternite deeply cleft, basal sternite

bare; prescutellar acrostichals absent; scu-

tellum in both sexes with the hairs continued

down over sides and sometimes invading ventral

surface; parafacials in female with some

setulose hairs in a series which 1s continued

below apex of second segment ...cecereeenes Euspilaria, gen. nov.

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotie Muscaride. 227

Key to Species of Spilaria.

1, Third antennal segment about four times as long

SSBECONGY Fag at alike iia eae he ee eet ae 2.
Third antennal segment not over 2°5 as long as
BECOMG \2/. 5! ssay's! sleek apeeelstaata eres 0d case ete od ah 3.

bho

. Palpi yellow; both cross-veins of wings con-
spicuously infuscated, the outer one nearly
straight ; tibia entirely pale.............. punetifer, Malloch.
Palpi black ; cross-veins of wings very indis-
tinctly infuscated, the outer one distinctly
bent in middle; tibiw infuscated at bases ., africana, sp. n.
3. Outer cross-vein of wing distinctly, but not con-
spicuously, bent in middle, evenly infuscated
throughout ; margin of upper calyptra pale ;
scutellum not pale below at apex; palpi
DISET secu te ltate ak Mra a asks Pes mollis, Stein,

Outer cross-vein of wing almost S-shaped, with
a punctiform black mark at each extremity ;
margin of upper calyptra fuscous; scutellum
yellowish below at apex; palpi black...... trinubilifera, sp. n.

Spilaria mollis (Stein).

Spilogaster mollis, Stein, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. li. p. 55 (1906).
Mydea hirticeps, Stein, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung, xi. p. 486 (1913).

I have before me specimens of this species from Estcourt
(8), Ulundi (1), and Durban (1), Natal, and Pretoria (1).

Spilaria punctifer, Malloch.

I have seen two specimens of this species, in addition to
the type. One from Chirinda, Southern Rhodesia, and the
other from Angola, Benguella.

Spilaria africana, sp. un.

Female.—Similar in colour to punctifer, Malloch. Differs
in having the cross-veins of the wings very inconspicuously
darkened, the palpi black, and the bases of the tibiz slightly
infuscated.

The fore tibia has only one posterior median bristle, and
the outer cross-vein is distinctly, but not conspicuously,
bent in middle. Otherwise as punctifer.

Length 7°5 mm.

Type, Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 23. viii. 1913 (S. A.
Neave).

One specimen in poor condition.

228 Mr. J. R. Malloch on EHwotic Muscaride.

Spilaria trinubilifera, sp. n.

Female.—Darker than punctifer, with a slight bluish-grey
tinge. The head is entirely black, the tibia are blackened
at bases, the extreme tips of femora are blackened, and the
infuscation on outer cross-vein is in the form of two spots,
one at each extremity of the vein.

The third antennal segment is about 2°5 times as long
as second, and the outer cross-vein is very conspicuously
curved, almost §-shaped.

Length 7—7°5 mm.

Type, Kijabe, Kenya Colony, in bamboo forest 7000-
8000 feet (W. J. Radford). Paratype, Mau Forest, Kenya
Colony, 8000 feet (//. A. Bodeker).

Genus EuspiILARia, Dov.

In addition to the characters listed on a preceding page
for the differentiation of this genus, it may be pertinent to
state that the abdomen of the male is more slender than
that of any species of Spilaria known to me, and the para-
facials wider.

Genotype, the following species.

Euspilaria fuscorufa, sp. 1.

Male and female.—Black, shining, with dense dark grey
pruinescence. Head entirely black. Thorax broadly rufous
on sides of dorsum and on at least the upper half of pleura
and the margins of scutellum, the disc of mesonotum
fuscous, quadrivittate. Abdomen without distinct markings.
Legs in female rufous ; tips of femora and all tarsi black ;
the tibiz slightly infuscated ; in male the femora are more
extensively blackened, the fore pair almost entirely so,
and the tibie are much darker. Wings clear, both cross-
veins conspicuously blackened, the outer one with two
separated spots, one at each extremity. Calyptree and halteres
yellowish.

Male.—Eyes densely haired; narrowest part of frons a
little wider than distance across posterior ocelli; orbits
bristled to middle ; parafacial at base of antennze wider than
third antennal segment, narrowed below; face concave in
profile; arista long plumose. Thorax without strong pre-
sutural acrostichals, with three pairs of postsutural dorso-
centrals, and the sternopleurals 2:2; prealar bristle very

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hwotie Muscaride. 229

short ; hypopleura with the usual hairs below spiracle.
Abdomen narrow, subcylindrical; upper hypopygial forceps
rather long, acute at apex; basal sternite bare; fifth
sternite with a deep V-shaped incision. Fore tibia with a
long fine median posterior bristle ; fore tarsus longer than
tibia; mid-femur with a series of long bristles on postero-
ventral surface; mid-tibia with four long posterior bristles ;
hind femur with long bristles on apical half of antero-
ventral surface, the series duplicated in part; postero-
ventral surface bare ; hind tibia with some long bristles on
apical half of antero-ventral and antero-dorsal surfaces,
some of them invading the anterior surface. Outer cross-
vein almost S-shaped ; veins 3 and 4 divergent at apices.

Female.—Frons less than one-third of the head-width at
vertex, widened anteriorly; a series of setule descending
on parafacial below apex of second antennal segment.
Legs with stouter aud shorter bristles than in male, the
hind tibia with one antero-ventral and two antero-dorsal
bristles.

Length 7-8 mm.

Type, male, and allotype, north of Mt. Kenia, 18. ii.
1911, 8300 feet. Paratype, male, west of Mt. Kenia, 19-20.
ii. 1911, 6500-7250 feet (7. J. Anderon).

The African species Mydea nemoralis, Stein, probably
belongs to the genus Spilaria, and may be separated from
the species listed in this paper by its having four pairs of
postsutural dorso-ventral bristles, and the cross-veins not
noticeably infuscated. Stein has placed his species as a
synonym of mulcata, Giglio-Tos, a Mexican species, but I
am inclined to doubt this. I have not seen nemoralis, Stein.

Genus [propycus, nov.

Generic characters.—Similar to Helina, R.-D. Differs in
having the superior and inferior hypopygial forceps of male
long and slender, and the fifth sternite very deeply cleft in
middle of posterior margin, giving it the appearance of
having two long latero-posterior processes, the general
habitus of the hypopygium similar to that of some species
of Canosia and Pyyophora. The fourth visible tergite of
female is not chitinised and transverse at apex, but depressed
and somewhat membranous, sometimes notched in centre of
posterior margin, ‘The anterior intra-alar bristle is absent
or distinctly caudad of the anterior postsutural dorso-
central. Hypopleura either bare or with some minute hairs

230 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hzotic Muscaridee

in centre ; scutellum always bare on sides and ventrally ;
hind tibia in female with two or three short postero-dorsal
bristles.

Genotype, Spilugaster hirtipes, Macquart.

Key to Species.

1, Niades ya A Fay ete fois: eeteke feu te Ca a Ee ORR 2.
* GE GYM RIES ys winube soir bee SEE Uae atta aragiie s)s 8 5.
2. Hind tibia remarkably dilated as in some
species of bees; fore tibia with remarkably
long strong hairs ventrally ; mesosternum
with a long stout process which is directed
downward and armed at apex witha dense
clump of blackbackwardly directed bristles. hirtipes, Macquart.
Hind tibia normal, not noticeably dilated ;
mesosternum butlittle produced downward. 3.
3. Hypopleura bare ; fore and hind tibia rather
densely long-haired ventrally ; anterior
intra-alar bristle absent; eyes separated
by at least one-third of the head-width ;
each orbit with five equally long, strong
bristles which are equally spaced........ villipes, sp. 0.
Hypopleura with a few very short hairs in
middle below spiracle; fore and hind tibiz
with very short hairs; anterior intra-alar
present ; eyes separated by about one-fifth
of the head-width ; each orbit with a wide
space at centre without bristles ........ 0 4. :
4, Hind trochanters with very fine hairs ...... Aertiventris, sp. n.
Hind trochanters with dense, short, Souls
rectangularly bent bristles.........¢.... trochanteratus, sp. n.
5. Legs largely reddish yellow; fourth tee ite
put little depressed at apex in centre; fore
tibia with one posterior and two qateede
Gorsal! Dristlas c.cinae tei se cos a eciede sities .. Airtipes, Macquart.
Legs entirely black ; fourth abdominal tergite
very noticeably depressed in centre at apex. 6. .
6. Anterior intra-alar bristle absent; fore tibia
with one posterior and two antero-dorsal
DT UMGVGE his a sie iGtncaer cae cede Bue ter aante villipes, sp. 0., or
Anterior intra-alar bristle present; fore tibia — [¢rimaculata, Stein.
with two antero-dorsal bristles, the
posterior bristle absent .......... cesses. Aartiventris, sp. n.

Idiopygus hirtipes (Macquart).
Spilogaster hirtipes, Macquart, Dipt. exot., Suppl. 1, p. 202 (1846).

I give a description of this remarkable species, as the
original is very short and deals only with the male. The
legs are stated by Macquart to be entirely black, but they
are not 80 in the specimens before me.

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Huotie Muscaride. 231

Male and female.—Black, subopaque, densely grey pruin-
escent. Head entirely black. Thorax with four brown
vitte anteriorly and a central one posteriorly, the latter
extending over disc of scutellum. Abdomen with a pair of
fuscous spots on each tergite from 1 to 4 inclusive, those on
2 and 3 much larger than the others ; apices of processes of
fifth sternite yellowish, glossy. Legs black, basal two-thirds
of mid and hind femora and the extreme kuee-joints in male
reddish yellow ; the mid and hind femora, except at apices
above, base of fore tibia, and nearly all of mid and hind
pairs reddish yellow in female. Wings clear, three con-
spicuous black spots on disc, one on inner cross-vein, and
one on each extremity of outer cross-vein. Calyptre and
halteres yellowish.

Male.—Narrowest part of frons about twice as wide as
distance across posterior ocelli; three bristles on anterior
third of each orbit; arista plumose. Thorax with three
pairs of postsutural dorso-central bristles; anterior intra-
alar present ; sternopleurals 1: 2. Abdomen subcylindrical,
fourth tergite with strong bristles at apex and middle; fifth
very short, bare in centre; sixth very long, bulbous, with
many setule ; superior and inferior forceps very long, the
superior pair slender, the inferior pair dilated apically ;
third and fourth sternites very short and broad, processes
of fifth very long, tapered to a point, directed slightly down-
ward at apex. Bristles at apex of processes of mesosternum
flexed at apices. Fore femur with strong bristles on entire
surface postero-ventrally ; fore tibia with remarkably long
dense bristly hairs on entire length of postero-ventral and
ventral surfaces; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ;
basal segment of mid-tarsus dilated at apex and armed with
a tuft of dense brown hairs at tip, the posterior surface
with some long setulose hairs; hind femur with an entire
- series of long bristles on antero-ventral surface; a group of
short erect bristles at base on posterior surface, two erect
bristles which are closely placed at middle, and a comb-like
series of about thirteen short bristles at apex on postero-
ventral surface; hind tibia very conspicuously dilated at or
slightly beyond middle, the dilated portion compressed,
furnished with rather dense hairs on anterior surface, and
with a few short bristles, the apex slightly produced and
with two long bristles under tip ; anterior surface of basal
segment of hind tarsus with some long setulose hairs.
Outer cross-vein slightly curved.

Female.—F rons over one-third of the head-width ; each

932 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotic Muscaride.

orbit with four bristles, the upper two directed backward.
Fourth tergite without bristles at apex, the tip but little
depressed in centre. Hind tibia with one antero-ventral,
two antero-dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles.

Length 6°5-7°5 mm.

Six males, Ngare Narok, Masai Reserve, Kenya Colony,
31. xii, 1913, about 6000 feet (Capt. A. O. Luckman) ;
one female, west of Mt. Kenia, 19,20. ii. 1911, 6500-
7250 feet (7. J. Anderson); one female, North Nyasa,
30. viii. 1909 (Dr. J. B. Davey).

Idiopygus villipes, sp. 1.

Male.—Black, marked as hirtipes. The legs entirely
blackish.

Differs from Airtipes in having the eyes separated by over
one-third of the head-width and the orbits, as stated in the
key. The intra-alar. bristle is absent. Fore femur with
long fine hairs at base of postero-ventral and on ventral
surface, and some long bristles on apical half of postero-
ventral surface; fore tibia with the ventral hairs much
longer than the tibial diameter, no posterior median bristle
present; mid-legs missing; hind femur thickened, with
long fine hairs ventrally and some long bristles on apical
half of antero-ventral surface; hind tibia not dilated,
slightly produced at apex ventrally, with numerous fine
hairs as on fore tibia, and two antero-dorsal and two
postero-dorsal bristles.

Length 7-0 mm.

Type, Lagari, Kenya Colony, 1. ii.-21. v. 1900 (C. 8S.
Betton).

A female which is either that of this species or trimaculata,
Stein, has the thoracic characters of this species. The
mesosternum is carried downward more pronouncedly than
in the male of villipes, a character which would indicate a
greater protuberance in the male of the species to which it °
belongs, which leads me to believe that it is trimaculata.
The specimen was taken on Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 27. x1.
1912 (S. A. Neare).

Idiopygus hirtiventris, sp. n.

Male and female.—Black, marked as in the two preceding
species, but the median vitta on mesonotum is not continued
on to disc of scutellum. Legs entirely black.

Male.—Frons as in hirtipes, but with a long bristle on
each orbit in line with anterior ocellus. Anterior intra-

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Meotie Muscaride, 233

alar strong. Abdomen cylindrical, fourth visible tergite
depressed in centre at apex, fifth almost concealed, sixth
almost as long as fourth, setulose; sternites with long,
rather dense hairs, the processes of fifth rounded at apices,
densely long-haired on their entire length. Fore femur
with long bristles on entire length of postero-ventral
surface ; fore tibia without conspicuous hairs, antero-dorsal
surface with two short bristles, the posterior bristle absent ;
mesosternum slightly produced downwardly and armed at
apices with a dense brush or tuft of stiff black bristles
which are curved caudad ; mid-legs missing; hind femur
stout, with long hairs ventrally and some stout bristles on
apical half of antero-ventral surface, the postero-ventral
surface with one or two bristles beyond middle ; hind tibia
slender, produced into a blunt process at tip ventrally,
antero-dorsal surface with two bristles, postero-dorsal surface
bare.

Female.—Difters from the male in having the hind tibia
simple at apex, and the postero-dorsal surface with three
short bristles. The fourth tergite is more conspicuously
depressed at apex than in the other species, presenting the
appearance of having a Y-shaped slit in centre of posterior
margin.

Length 5-6 mm.

Type, male, allotype, and one female paratype, Mt.
Mlanje, Nyasaland, 14. xi. 1913, 6500 feet (S. A. Neave).

Idiopygus trochanteratus, sp. n=:

Male.—Similar to the preceding species. Differs in
having the spots on dorsum of abdomen very small, only the
pairs on tergites 2 and 3 and the one in centre of sixth
distinct.

The abdomen has fewer and shorter hairs on the sternites
than in firtiventris, and the hind trochanters are armed
with a dense tuft of short stout bristles, the apices of which
are flexed backwardly, whereas in the preceding species
there are only fine hairs present. The mid-femur has fine
bristles on basal half of the ventral and antero-ventral
surfaces, which increase very much in length from base
apicad. In other respects as hirtiventris.

Length 6°5 mm.

Type, Ulundi, Natal, ix. 1896, 5000-6500 feet (G. A. K.
Marshall).

In addition to the species listed herein, Mydea mirabilis,
Stein, evidently belongs to this genus.

234 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride.

Subfamily Ca@wosirv2.

Genus BREVIcosTA, nov.

Generic characters.—Closely resembles Cenosia, Meigen.
Differs in having the arista moderately long-haired, ocellar
bristles not longer than the postvertical pair; fore tibia
unarmed at middle, mid-tibia unarmed at middle on
anterior surface, hind tibia with two antero-dorsal and two
postero-dorsal bristles, and the costal vein not extending
beyond apex of third vein and with short black setulz to
beyond apex of second vein.

Genotype, the following species.

Brevicosta africana, sp. n.

‘emale-—Head black, densely whitish pruinescent, the
interfrontalia, when seen from in front, less densely
pruinescent than orbits and frontal triangle; antennz
yellowish, second segment largely brown; palpi yellowish,
infuscated apically. Thorax black, densely grey pruinescent,
not distinctly vittate, but darker along the lines of dorso-
centrals. Abdomen black, densely grey pruinescent, with
three black spots on each tergite, the median spots forming
an almost complete vitta ; apices of tergites 2 to 4 narrowly,
of 5 broadly yellowish. Legs entirely yellowish. Wings
clear. Calyptrz brownish yellow. Halteres yellow.

Frons at vertex less than one-fourth of the head-width,
widened anteriorly ; frontal triangle narrow, extending to
anterior margin of frons; arista with its longest hairs about
as long as width of third antennal segment, the latter
extending about two-thirds of the way to mouth-margin.
Acrostichals in two sories; dorso-centrals 1:3; lower
stigmatal bristle minute or absent. Mid-tibia with one
posterior bristle; hind tibia with one antero-ventral, two
antero-dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles, the apical one
of the two antero-dorsal bristles very long. Veins 3 and 4
divergent apically. Lower calyptra little larger than upper.

Length 3 mm.

Type, Zungeru, Northern Nigeria, xi. 1910 (Dr. J. W.
Scott-Macfie).

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotic Muscaride. 235

ASIATIC SPECIES.

Subfamily Paaoyzy2.
Phaonia atronitens, sp. n.

Male.—Black, shining. Frons, orbits, face, and cheeks
with white prumescence. Thorax indistinctly vittate, the
dorsum with faint greyish pruinescence. Abdomen slightly
greyish pruinescent, with a black dorso-central vitta which
is slightly dilated at apex of each tergite. Legs black.
Wings clear, veins fuscous, paler basally. Calyptre white.
Halteres fuseous.

Eyes densely long-haired; narrowest part of frons a little
wider than distance across posterior ocelli ; orbits with long
fine bristles almost to anterior ocellus ; interfrontalia
distinct on its entire length; third antennal segment at
least three times as long as second, its apex extending
almost to mouth ; arista with its longest hairs nearly as
long as width of third antennal segment ; parafacial not as
wide at base of antennz as width of third antennal segment,
narrowed below ; cheek as high as width of third antennal
segment ; palpi slender; proboscis stout and short. Thorax
with three or four pairs of very fine, long presutural acro-
stichal bristles ; prealar absent ; postsutural dorso-centrals 3.
Abdomen narrowly ovate ; hypopygium small, concealed ;
fifth sternite with a broad rounded posterior emargination;
each sternite, including fifth, with a long fine bristle at each
side apically. Fore tibia unarmed at middle ; fore tarsus
slender, much longer than tibia; mid-tibia with two or three
postero-dorsal bristles; hind femur with a series of fine
bristles on antero-ventral surface, and some shorter bristles
on basal half of postero-ventral ; hind tibia with two antero-
dorsal and three or four antero-ventral bristles, the calcar
short. Costal thorn small; veins 3 and 4 divergent
apically.

Female.—Differs from the male in having the eyes very
short-haired, and the frons over one-third of the head-width.

Length 5-6 mm.

Type, male, allotype, and four male paratypes, Gulmarg,
Kashmir, 1913, 8500 feet (F. W. Thomson).

Pogonomyia fumipennis, sp. n.

Male.—Black, shining. Head with whitish pruinescence

236 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Evotic Muscaride.

on parafacials and face. Thorax not vittate, with slight
brownish pruinescence. Abdomen with brownish-grey
pruinescence on sides of each tergite. Legs black. Wings
infuscated, most noticeably so at bases. Calyptre white.
Halteres black.

Eyes separated by a little less than width across posterior
ocelli; orbits setulose almost to anterior ocellus ; parafacial
as wide as third antennal segment; mouth-margin pro-
duced; cheek rather densely setulose below, the upwardly
curved bristles moderately numerous; longest hairs on
arista distinctly longer than its basal diameter. Thorax
with three pairs of postsutural dorso-central bristles ; pre-
alar very long. Abdomen elongate, narrow, almost parallel-
sided, and slightly depressed; hypopygium small. Fore
tibia with one posterior and two or three postero-ventral
bristles ; fore tarsus slender, much longer than tibia; mid-
femur on both antero-ventral and postero-ventral surfaces
with long fine bristles almost to apex ; mid-tibia with three
or four postero-dorsal and postero-ventral bristles; hind
femur slender, with a series of long bristles on entire
antero-ventral surface, the postero-ventral surface bare
except near base; hind tibia slightly produced at apex
ventrally, with a short curved bristle near tip of produced
part, the anterior and antero-ventral surfaces with rather
dense setulose hairs, some of which are stronger than others,
the postero-dorsal surface with three or four long bristles.
Wings larger than in most species of, the genus.

Length 5-6 mm.

Type and three paratypes, Gulmarg, Kashmir, 1913,
8500 feet (/. W. Thomson).

This species has the same habitus as P. tetra, Meigen.

Subfamily Awryouyuwnz.
Pegomyia atroapicata, sp. n.

Male.—Black, slightly shining, densely grey pruinescent.
Head, including antennz and palpi black, orbits, face, and
cheeks with silvery pruinescence. ‘Thorax indistinctly
vittate, the lateral margins whitish pruinescent. Abdomen
with a black dorso-ventral vitta, and, when seen from the
side, lateral blackish checkerings. Legs yellow, fore femora,
apices of mid and hind femora, and all tarsi black, bases
of mid-tibiz slightly infuscated. Wings clear. Calyptre
white. Halteres yellow.

Eyes almost contiguous below anterior ocellus; inter-

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hwotie Muscaride. 237

frontalia obliterated on upper half; orbits setulose on lower
half; arista pubescent; cheeks very narrow, with strong
marginal bristles. Thorax with three pairs of short
presutural acrostichals; prealar very long. Abdomen
subcylindrical ; hypopygium small ; processes of fifth sternite
of moderate length, almost bare on basal half, with a few
strong bristles apically. Fore tibia with one antero-dorsal
and two posterior bristles ; mid-femur with one bristle at
base on ventral surface; mid-tibia with one antero-dorsal
and four irregularly arranged posterior bristles; hind femur
with an antero-ventral series of sparse bristles and two or
three bristles on basal half of postero-ventral surface; hind
tibia with two postero-dorsal, one antero-ventral, and three
antero-dorsal bristles, and an extra bristle on posterior
surface basad of middle. Veins 8 and 4 subparallel apically.
Calyptre subequal.

Female.—F rons about one-third of the head-width, lower
supra-orbital bristle directed forward ; cruciate bristles
absent.

Length 7 mm.

Type, male, allotype, and one male and one female para-
type, Gulmarg, Kashmir, 1913, 8500 feet (F. W. Thomson).

This species differs from its allies in the colour of the
legs and in having an extra bristle on the posterior surface
of the hind tibia.

AUSTRALASIAN SPECIES.
Subfamily Puaonuys.
Mytospila flavicans, sp. n.

Female.—Testaceous yellow, slightly shining. Head
fuscous, orbits, face, and cheeks with white pruinescence ;
palpi fuscous; antennz yellow, second segment darker.
Thoracic dorsum with four reddish vitte, the intervening
spaces yellowish pruinescent. Dorsum of abdomen with
very faint traces of a pair of spots on tergites 2 and 3.
Tarsi barely darker than tibie. Wings clear, veins yellow,
darker apically. Calyptre and halteres yellow.

Eyes with microscopic hairs ; frons at vertex about one-
fifth of the head-width, nearly twice as wide anteriorly ;
interfrontalia with a pair of weak cruciate bristles ; anterior
orbital bristle much stronger than the others; arista long
plumose. Thorax without differentiated presutural acro-
stichal bristles ; postsutural dorso-centrals 4; prealar bristle

238 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Evotite Muscaride.

very short; sternopleurals 1:2; hypopleura bare. Basal
abdominal sternite bare; seventh sternite with a pair of
short stout bristles at apex. Fore tibia unarmed at middle ;
mid-tibia with two posterior bristles; hind femur with a
few bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface ; hind
tibia with one antero-dorsal and two weak antero-veutral
bristles. Third wing-vein with some rather strong setulie
at base; fourth vein but slightly curved forward at apex.

Length 8 mm.

Type, South Queensland, 1911 (Dr. T. L. Bancroft).
One specimen,

This is the only species of this genus known to me which
is pale in colour. It is apparently a typical species of
Mytospila, possessing the wing-characters of the genotype
and the cruciate interfrontal bristles as well as the ventral
bristles near apex of abdomen, which this genus has in
common with Mydea in the female sex.

Genus IDIOHELINA, nov.

Generic characters.—Belongs to the subfamily Phaoniine,
and is closely related to Helina, Robineau-Desvoidy. Differs
from all allied genera known to me in having the marginal
cell of uniform width almost to its apex, whereas in other
genera it is gradually narrowed from apex of first vein to
its apex, the apical balf of the cell being narrowly wedge-
shaped. The scutellum has some fine hairs below at apex—
a character almost invariably found ‘in Anthomyiime, but
rarely in Phaoniine. In other respects as Helina. Prealar
absent.

Genotype, the following species.

Idiochelina nubeculosa, sp. n.

Female.—Testaceous yellow, shinimg. Third antennal
segment and the abdomen largely fuscous. Wings yel-
lowish, cross-veins conspicuously infuscated, apices of wings
with a faint fuscous cloud.

Frons about two-fifths of the head-width; orbits not
differentiated, each with about five unequal-sized bristles ;
face almost vertical ; parafacial not as wide as third antennal
segment, at middle half as wide as height of cheek; arista
with sparse long hairs; antennz extending to three-fourths
the length of face; palpi normal. Thorax without any
strong presutural acrostichal bristles; postsutural dorso-
centrals 3; sternopleurals 1:2. Fore tibia without a
median posterior bristle; mid-tibia with one posterior

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hwotic Musearide. - 239

median bristle; hind femur with one preapical antero-
ventral bristle; hind tibia with one antero-ventral and one
antero-dorsal bristle, the postero-dorsal surface sometimes
with a weak setula. Outer cross-vein straight. Lower
calyptra not much larger than upper.

Length 5-6°5 mm.

Type, Wanganui, New Zealand, 20, iii. 1920. Paratype,
topotypical.

Subfamily Ca@yosrivz.
Pygophora minuta, sp. n.

Male.—Black, densely pale grey pruinescent. Inter-
frontalia pale yellowish testaceous; antenne yellowish,
third segment brown except at base; palpi yellow. Thorax
not vittate. Abdomen black, basal tergite except in middle,
apices of tergites 2 and 3, sides of all tergites, hypopygium,
and entire venter yellowish testaceous. Legs entirely yellow.
Calyptre and halteres yellowish. Wings clear, veins pale.

Frons at vertex about one-fifth of the head-width, widened
anteriorly ; each orbit with the normal four bristles, the
upper one very weak, the next two not so closely placed as
in the genotype; third antennal segment extending almost
to mouth-margin, about three times as long as second;
arista plumose at base, bare apically. Thoracic chetotaxy
normal. Abdomen compressed apically ; third, fourth, and
fifth tergites each with a number of flattened bristles
resembling minute feathers on sides, those on fourth much
larger than on third and fifth; processes of fifth sternite
bare, longer than wide and but little dilated at apices; the
processes at base of excavation very short, barely stalked.
Antero-dorsal bristles on fore tibia very short and weak ;
all tibial bristles as in genotype, but much weaker. Last
section of fourth wing-vein nearly twice as long as
penultimate.

Length 3°5 mm.

Type, Kuranda, North Queensland, 21. vi.—24. vii. 19138,
1100 feet (R. EZ. Turner).

This species is the smallest of the genus known to me.
It has no protuberance at apex of hind tibia on ventral
surface, but is a true Pygophora, and may be separated
from its allies by the peculiar flat bristles on sides of the
abdomen,

240 Mr. H. Campion on some

XXV.—Some Dragonflies and their Prey—Il. With Re-
marks on the Identity of the Species of Orthetrum involved.
By HersBert CAMPION.

In an earlier volume of the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 8,
vol. xiii. pp. 495-504 ; 1914) a number of cases were reeorded
illustrating the exact nature of the food consumed by adult
dragonflies. More recently a series of observations on the
same subjeet has been made in Nyasaland by Dr. W. A.
Lamborn, while studying the bionomics of Glossina on
behalf of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. ‘These
observations were made at two points on the western shore
of Lake Nyasa, and an account of them was published in the
‘Bulletin of Entomological Research,’ vol. vi. p. 252 (1915).
The more northern locality—the Lingadzi River—was visited
in February 1915, and Monkey Bay, some 60 or 70 miles to
the south, in April and May of the same year. At each
locality the dragonflies most frequently seen to take prey
belonged to a single species of Orthetrum, and, as is usual
with the African members of that genus, the determinations
have proved to be a matter of some difficulty. The two
species in question resemble one another very closely, and I
can see nothing to separate them either in the form of the
abdomen and the female genitalia, or in the coloration of the
pterostigma, membranule, and the base of the hind wing.
They may be distinguished, however, by certain differences
in the male genitalia, and, taking these as the criterion, I call
the series from the Lingadzi River Orthetrum brachiale,
P. de B., while to the series from Monkey Bay I apply the
name OQ. chrysostigma, Burm.

The shape of the hamule in the male is sufficiently constant
for immediate recognition throughout each of the two collec-
tions. The Monkey Bay series has the form figured by
Dr. F. Ris for chrysostigma (Coll. Selys, Libell. fase. x.
p. 206; 1909). That form seems to be the common one for
the species, but I have seen specimens from West Africa which
show that the hamule is subject to a certain amount of varia-
tion in this as in other species of the genus. It may be said,
in passing, that the species here called chrysostigma, and
figured by Ris under that name, is somewhat different in the
form of the hamule from the type-material from Teneriffe.
The difference will be appreciated when comparison is made
with Calvert’s figure of the genitalia of Burmeister’s paratype
(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxv. pl. 1. fig. 11; 1898), in which
the anterior branch of the hamule is represented as being
“without any hook at tip, straight, blunt”’ (loc. cit. p. 86).

Dragonjlies and their Prey. 241

The only male of this species from the type-locality which
I have had an opportunity of examining is the one from
Teneriffe preserved in the British Museum (Natural History),
and referred to by M‘Lachlan in Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool.
xvi. p. 177 (1882). The hamules of this specimen do not
correspond very exactly either with the hamule figured by
Calvert or with that figured by Ris, but recalls the hamule
seen in one or two specimens belonging to a series in the
National Collection from Prang, Northern Territories, Gold
Coast, in which the hamules are particularly variable in form.
This series has been examined by Ris, and referred to
Orthetrum chrysostigma (Coll. Selys, Libell. fase. xvi. (2)
p. 1081; 1916-1919), although the white juxtahumeral band
which especially characterizes that species is not very well
defined in any of the individuals composing it.

In the series from the Lingadzi the hamule agrees very
well with what is found in two Gold Coast specimens deter-
mined for me as brachiale by Dr. Ris, who pointed out that
in those specimens the hamule is larger than in the male
from Nossi-bé figured in his monograph (loc. cit. p. 199) and
in others seen by him from the Congo, ete. In these Nyasa-
land and Gold Coast males of brachiale the hamule, viewed
in profile, is more like that of chrysostigma, but differs from
it in having the hook terminating the internal branch shorter
and slenderer, and also in having the external branch larger,
rounder, and more prominent.

In addition to the nine males captured with prey, Dr. Lam-
born sent home forty-two others taken in the same locality.
Of these fifty-one specimens, forty-nine prove to have a more
or less common type of hamule (of which fig. 2 may be taken
as an example), one has the form figured by Ris for brachiale
(fig. 1), and the remaining example may be referred to
chrysostigma (fig. 3). It may be observed that the kind of
hamule represented in fig. 1 is barely distinguishable from
that of O. stemmale wrighti, from Seychelles. Moreover, the
antenodals of that particular specimen of O. brachiale happen
to be dark, like those of the other insect mentioned. Never-
theless, the two species can always be distinguished from
each other by the difference in the coloration of the head and
the costa.

When not obscured by pruinosity or by post-mortem
changes, the coloration of the thorax is normally quite
different in the two species, although the pattern itself
remains much the same in both. In chrysostigma the dorsum
is yellowish brown as far as the dark brown antehumeral
streak, and the lower part of the mesepisternum is pale
brown ; a broad ivory-white stripe lies just below the humeral

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. vit. 16

242 Mr. H. Campion on some

suture, and is bordered on each side by a streak of dark
brown; otherwise, the sides of the thorax are yellowish
brown.

In characteristic examples of brachiale, on the other hand,
the ground-colour is greenish throughout, with dark markings
as in ehrysostigma, added to which there are two dark stripes
crossing the metathorax; but in Nyasaland, at least, the
dorsum tends to become very pale, and the mesepimeral
stripe tends to take on a whitish hue. Just as the Lingadzi
specimens of brachiale vary in the direction of chrysostigma,

Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

Genitalia of three males of Orthetrum from the Lingadzi River,
Nyasaland.
Fig. 1.—O. brachiale, P. de B., 23. ii. 15.
Fig. 2.—O. brachiale, P. de B., 4. tii. 15.
Fig, 3.—O. chrysostigma, Burm., 8. ii. 15.
P. Highley, cam. luc. et del.

so do the Monkey Bay examples of chrysostigma vary in the
direction of brachiale, and in many cases the thoracic colour-
scheme affords little guidance to the identification of the
species.

The black markings on the abdomen are distributed in
different ways in the two species, but, as they are seldom
visible in dried specimens, they are not of much value as aids
to identification. When semi-adult individuals are met with,

Dragonjlies and their Prey. 243

however—individuals, that is, which are free alike from
pruinosity and discoloration—it is seen that chrysostigma
lacks the mid-dorsal black line and certain other black
markings which characterize the abdomen of brachiale.. The
condition of the Nyasaland specimens now under considera-
tion does not permit of any useful comparison of abdominal
markings being made, either between themselves or with
suitably preserved material of chrysostigma and brachiale
from other localities.

The older males of braehiale from the Lingadzi have the
distal two-thirds of their wings tinged with brown. In the
female sex the colour is more intense and suffuses the entire
wing. In the males of chrysostigma from Monkey Bay the
wings remain clear, and very little colour makes its appear-
ance in the wings even of the females,

The eyes of the Lingadzi brachiale are decidedly green in
both sexes, whereas the eyes of the chrysostigma from Monkey
Bay are consistently brown. I have no notes as to the eye-
colours in the living insects.

The entire collection of captors and prey, set out in the
subjoined tables (pp. 243-245), has been presented to the
British Museum (Natural History) by the Imperial Bureau
of Entomology.

From the Lingadat River District, Nyasaland (Dr. W. A. Lamborn).

eect : Species of Odonata. Species of Prey. Date.
42a, Orthetrum brachiale, P. de B., 3.) Glossina morsitans, Westw. 8. 11. 15.
42 6, O. brachiale, 3. G. morsitans. 10, ii. 15.
42 ¢, O. brachiale, 3. An undetermined Asilid fly. CO), soi, 155,
42d. O. brachiale, 3. | A Tachinid fly (Seted?a fasciata,| 11, ii. 15.
| Meig.). Identitied by Dr. J.
| Villeneuve.
42e. O. brachiale, 3. | A Tachinid fly (Tachina sp.—in | 12. ii. 15.
| poor condition).
42 f. O. brachiale, 3. A Tachinid fly (Sarcophaga sp., | 12. ii. 15.
* —indeterminable).
429. O. icteromelas, Ris, 9. The Tabanid tly Tabanus fuscipes,| 14. ii. 15,
Rie.
42h. O. icteromelas, 2. | Glossina morsitans.
427, O. chrysostigma, Burm., 2. A Tachinid fly (Setulia faseiata,
| Meig.). Identified by Dr. J.
| Villeneuve.
AQ). O. brachiale, 3. | An undetermined Asilid fly. -
42 k, O. brachiale, 3. | A Syrphid fly (Lathyrophthalmus
| sp., near metallescens, Loew).
42 1, O. brachiale, 3. | A Syrphid fly (Melanostoma ? flori-

peta, Speis.).

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246 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

XXVI.—Diagnoses of some Lichens.
By Prof. Dr. C. MERESCHKOVSKY.

Durineé the last ten years I have described, in various publi-
cations, quite a number of new lichens. As, with a few
exceptions, I did not conform with the international con-
vention requiring a Latin diagnosis, I have considered it
desirable to add here to my previous descriptions in Russian
or French short Latin diagnoses for the greater number of
new forms.

All my collections and notes having been left in Russia, I
regret that in some cases the diagnoses are not so complete as
they might be.

Usnea florida, var. divaricata, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Addit. Lichenogr. Ross. i., Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 1921.

Thallus mediocris, circiter 7-8 centim. longus, erectus, ramis divari-
catis, fibrillis numerosis ut in Usnea barbata typica munitis.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) * in herb. meo Kazani.
Rossia Media, Esthlandia.

Usnea hirta, forma minutissima, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. Flecht. Reval, Kazan, 1909, p. 10;
id. Lich. Rossiz exsicce. no. 53. 4

Thallus minutus, 2-3 centim. haud superans, pulvinulas haud
formans, parce sorediatus vel nudus, semper sterilis.

Spee. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Rossia Media, Fennia, Tauria. Etiam in Gallia! et
Helvetia!

Usnea plicata, forma vagans, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. Flecht. Reval, Kazan, 1909.

Thallus elongatus, subscabrosus, liberus, substrato haud affixus.

Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani.

‘The absence of any trace of damage shows that they are
not simply fragments torn off from normal specimens.

Esthland ; Reval, living on trunks of Pinus.

_ * “ (numeros.)” means at least twenty good, identified specimens ;
“(numerosissim.)”’ about one hundred specimens,

of some Lichens. 247

Ramalina calicaris, var. taurica, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, ‘‘ Notes sur quelques Ramalina de Russie,” Bull. Soc.
bot. d. Genéve, t. xi. 1919, p. 152, fig. 1, e.c.

Thallo parvulo, altitudine circiter 3 centim., laciniis angustis, circiter
1-1'5 millim. latis, haud canaliculatis, Apotheciis ramulis
appendiculariis, latitudine 1-5-3 millim., cupuliformibus. Sporis
rectis vel interdum subasymmetricis.

Conf. cum Ramalina elegans (Bagl.-Car.), Stizenb.
Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Tauria, Ad ramulos Celtidis australis.

Forma macrocarpa, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. c. p. 153, fig. 1, 8.
Apotheciis majoribus, latitudine circiter 5 millim., marginibus

tenuioribus, haud involutis, receptaculo subtus reticulatis, ramulo
appendiculario destitutis.

Spee. ortg. in herb. meo Kazani.
Tauria. Ad ramulos Celtidis australis.

Forma tenella, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. p. 153, fig. 1, a.
Laciniis angustioribus, vulgo 0°5 millim. (0°3-0°7 millim.) latis, ad

apicem attenuatis acuminatisque; apotheciis minoribus, latitu-
dine 0°5-0°8 millim.

Spec. orig. in ‘herb. meo Kazani.
Tauria. Ad ramulos Celtidis australis.

Ramalina pollinaria, forma elegantella, Mer.

_Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenliste aus d. Umgegend Reyvals,
Kazan, 1918, p. 59.

Thallus pulvinulas parvas formans, lete cinereo-glaucescens, coria-
ceus, laciniis brevibus, erectis, passim latioribus, apicibus sub-
erosis,

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Esthlandia, Reval.

Var. humilis, forma conglobata, Mer.
Mereschkovslry, /. c. Hedwigia, 1919, p. 190.

Thallus minor quam in var. humili, densior, pulvinulos subglobosas
formans.

248 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb, meo Kazani.
Esthlandia, Reval.

Ramalina populina, forma laxiuscula, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913 ;
id. Contrib. fl. lich, Crimée, Ann, d. Se. nat. Botanique, 1921 (cum

fig).
Thallus ut in typo, sed laciniis magis laxiusculo dispositis.

Spec. ortg. in herb. meo Kazani.
Esthlandia, Tauria.

Evernia thamnodes, forma furfurascens, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 193.

Thallus obscurior, cyanescente-viridis, dense isidiis elongatis sore-
diosisque omnino obtectus.

Spec. orig. (uumeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Kazan (Rossia Media).

Forma parva, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. lich. gouv. Vladimir, Arbeit. (Trudy) d.
Naturforschges., Univ. Kasan, 1911; etiam in Hedwigia, 1919, p. 193.

Thallus parvus, altitudine circiter 1-2 centim.
Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
A form analogous with the forma minutissima, Mer., of
Usnea hirta, with which it is often associated.
Rossia Media.
Forma subnuda, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib, fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 193,

Thallus letior, stramineus, levis, esorediosus vel vix sorediosus.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Comparanda cum forma esorediosa, Hue.

Rossia Media (Kazan) et Sibiria.
Cetraria crispa, forma albinea, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Addit. Lichenogy. Ross. i., Oest. Botan. Zeitschr. 1921,

Thallus erectus vel suberectus, ceespitosus, haud vel parce crispus,
albidus, subtus interdum passim albus, basin versus fulvescens.

Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Sibiria.

of some Lichens. 249

Forma vagans, Mer.

Mereschkoysky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913.

Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani.

Cetraria tenuissima, forma stepposa, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lich. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Botanique,
1921.

Thallus liberus, opacus, laciniis paullulum minus attenuatis.
» P} ;

Spee. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Rossia meridio-orientalis, Tauria.

Forma vagans, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913.
Thallo libero, nitido, spheeroideo-rotundato, ramulis circa ut in typo.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.

Esthlandia, Reval.

Parmelia camtschadalis, forma ampliata, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Addit. Lichenogr. Ross. ii., in Annuaire du Conservat.
et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1921.

Laciniis latioribus, lanceolatis ; apotheciis minoribus, circiter
1:5 millim. latis, ad superficiem thalli disseminatis.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. bot. Genevee, (2) in herb.
Brit. Mus.
Camtschatka.

Forma subnuda, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢.

Thallus laciniis abbreviatis, subtus glabris, rhizinis destitutis vel
rarissime brevissimis, ad margines hine inde parce rhizinis ornatis.

Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee.
Camtschatka.

Parmelia conspurcata, forma subdispersa, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Sched. ad Lich. tic. exs. (no. 82), in Annuaire du
Conservat. et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1919, p. 200.

Thallus paullulum letior, castaneus, e lobis subdispersis, rosulas
haud vel raro formantibus, compositus. CaCl,0,+.

250 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Spec. ortg. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee, (2) in
Mereschkovsky, Lich. ticin. exs. no. 82.
Geneva (Helvetia).

Forma velutina, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. lich. Vladimir Arbeiten (Trudy) d. Naturf.-
Ges. Univ. Kazan, 1911.

Pars centralis thalli ob iridio denso velutina.

Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.

Rossia Media.

Parmelia physodes, forma compacta, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Beitr. Kenntn. Flecht. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1909.
Thallus compactus, laciniis mutuo pressione longitudinaliter sub-

carinatis, centro irregulariter contortu-plicatis.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Spec.a Long

missum haud optimum.
Esthlandia, Fennia.

Forma elegans, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 97,
tab. il. figs. 3, 4.

Thallus rosulas 1:5-5 centim. latas formans, tenuiter elegantiorque
dissectus, incisiones foraminas rotundas formans.

"Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Ad saxa arenacea in Fontainebleau (Gallia).

Forma pinnata, Mer.
Mereschkoysky, Addit. Lich. Rossiz, i., Oesterr. Botan. Zeitschr, 1921,

Thallo superne albido, nitidiusculo, lobis planiusculis, angustioribus,
discretis, pinnatiforme dissectis a forma typica valde differt.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Sibiria.
Forma vittatoides, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. Flechtenl. Umgegend. Revals, Kazan, 1913 ;
id. Contrib. fl. lichén, envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 197, tab. ii.

fig. 2.
Thallus effusus, rosulas nondum formans, laciniis valde discretis,
laxe ad substratum affixis, subimbricato-superpositis, angustis,

of some Lichens. 251i

0°7-1 millim., raro ultra latis, sublinearibus, palmatim subdicho-
tomice divisis, hinc inde nigro-marginatis ; thallus haud soredi-
osus, colore ut in typo.

Spee. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb, meo Kazani.
Confer. cum forma stenophylla, Harm. Lich. d. Fr. p. 507.
Esthlandia ; Austria.

Parmelia proliaa, var. tenuitsecta, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén, d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Bo-
tanique, 1921.
Thallus liberus vel laxe rhizinis brevibus rarisque ad granulos

terre stepparum adfixus, minutus, circiter 4 centim. latus,

nigrescens, nitidus, valde irregulariterque dissectus, laciniis
discretis, angustis, irregularibus, marginibus quasi erosis; subtus
pallidus, subcaniculatus. Sterilis.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
‘Lauria.

Parmelia sawatilis, forma plumbea, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913.

Thallo cinereo-obseuro vel cinereo-plumbeo, isidiis ut in forma
aizonit.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Esthlandia, Reval.

Parmelia sorediata, forma tenuatula, Mer. i
Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913.

Thallo minore, lobis angustissimis a typo differt.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Esthlandia, Reval.

Parmelia sulcata, forma nitida, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Flecht, Umgeb. v. Reval, Kazan,
1909 (sub var, levis) ; vide etiam Hedwigia, 1919, p. 199.

Thallus cinereus ut in typo, haud albidus, nitidus, levis vel passim
rugulosus, esorediatus, laciniis discretis, elongatis, adnatis,
linearibus, 2-3 millim. latis, apicibus haud fuscescentibus,

Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani.
Rossia Media ; Esthlandia.

252 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Forma tuberosa, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Flecht. Umgeb. vy. Reval, Kazan,
1909; id. Contrib. fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 199,
tab. ii. fig. 1.

Thallus rosulas parvas, 2-3 centim. (usque ad 4°5 centim.) latas
formans, compactus, laciniis brevibus, late-rotundatis, circiter
4 millim. latis, concretis, subimbricatis, centro irregulariter
tuberosus.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb, meo Kazani.

Rossia Media; Esthlandia *.

Parmelia taurica, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Rossiz exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913;
id. Contrib, fi. lichén. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Botanique, 1921 (cum

fig.).

Thallus liberus, circiter 2°-5—3-5 (1:5-5) centim. latus, plus minus
compressus, parce irregulariterque ramosus, fuscus, opacus,
utrinque similis, interdum ad apicem solum ambi lateris sub-
inelibus; superficie inequaliter subplicato-rugosus, neque soredio-
sus, nec isidiosus; laciniis circiter 0°5 millim. latis, subteretis
vel tereti-compressis, apicibus spe breviter bifurcatis, rhizimis
omnino destitutus. Semper sterilis.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 7.
Tauria et in steppas Kirgisorum.

Forma congesta, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, in Ann. d. sc. nat.
Botanique, 1921 (cum fig.).

Thallus minor, circiter 1-5-2 centim. (0°7-2°6 centim.), congestus,
verrucoso- vel granuloso-perrugatus, ambitu lobis discretis desti-
tutus vel parce sparsim abbreviatis.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Tauria.

Parmelia vagans, forma elegans, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Schedul. ad Lich. Rossiz exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913
(no. 58),

Thallo minore, subtus nigro, laciniis angustioribus, marginibus
magis revolutis, sepe conniventibus a forma typica differt.

* The forma farinosa, Mer., which I have described in ‘ Hedwigia,’
1919, p. 198, is nothing else but the var. prainosa, Harm. (‘ Lichens de
France,’ p. 567).

of some Lichens. 253

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Lich. Ross. exs, no. 58.

Rossia Media; Astrachan: T'auria ; Caucasus.
’ J bi

Var. sibirica, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Additam. ad Lichenogr. Rossi, i., Oesterr. Bot.
Zeitschr. 1921.

Thallus minor, magis applanatus, rosulas cireiter 1°5-2 centim.

latas formans, laciniis brevibus, planiusculis, subtus pallidus.
Sterilis,

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.

Sibiria: Irkutsk (Vercholensk).

Squamaria crozalsiana, Mer.

Thallus crassiusculus, effusus, pallido-albescens, centro irregulariter
gyroso-areolatus, areolis convexis, confertis, ambitu laciniis
parum eyolutis. Apothecia rarissima; spore simplices, incolores.
Ad saxa calcarea murorum.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.

Beziers (Hérault), Gallia.

Squamaria muralis, var. brunneola, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad. Lich. Ross. exsiecatos, Kazan, 1913.

Thallo lobis applanatis sicut in forma typica et colore thalli
brunneolo ut in Squamaria garovaglii,

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 14, (3) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve.

Tauria, Helvetia (Lugano) ! .

Comparanda cum forma riparium, Flot. Koerber Syst.
p. LS:

Forma tenu/secta, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib, fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo-
tanique, 1921 (cum fig.).

Laciniis angustioribus, circiter 0-2-0°3 millim. latis, tenuiter
dissectis.
Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Tauria.
Var. maroccana, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. lich. Vladimir Travaux (Trudy) d. 1. soe. d,
Natural. d. ’? Univ. d. Kazan, vol. xlii. 1911.

Apotheciis convexis, pallidis.

254 Prof. Dr. C. Mererchkovsky’s Duag noses

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.

Gubernia Astrachan. Etiam in Marocco occurrit! (vide
exempl. in herb. meo). Forsan melius ut forma con-
siderenda.

Var. orientalis, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad Lichenogr. Rossiz, i., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
1921.

Thallus stramineus, nitidus, lobis carinato-convexis,

Spec. or’g. in herb, meo Kazani.
Asia Media, in jugo Mugodshary in provincia Ural.

Squamaria pruinosa, var. chersonensis, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Bo-
tanique, 1921. ;

Thallus parce vel vix pruinosus, centro versus obscurior, sublividus,
apothecia fusco-nigra, nuda vel leviter pruinosa.

Spee. ortg. in herb. meo Kazani.
Tauria.
Var. griseola, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad lichenogr. Rossie, ii., in Annuaire du Con-
servatoire et Jard. bot, d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1921.

Thallus dense pruinosus, griseolus (haud albus ut in typo), apothecia
pruinosa. ;

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Tauria.

Forma conferta, Mer.
Mereschkoysky, 7. c.

Thallus griseolus, apothecia numerosissima, conferta, elevata, mutuo
i ’ ? b]
pressione irregulares flexuosaque.

Spec. orig. ibidem.

‘Vauria.

Squamaria rubina, forma monophylla, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad lichenogr. Rossiz, i., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
1921.

Thallus monophyllus rosulas parvas subapplanatas formans,

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Ural in gubern. Perm.

of some Lichens.

bo
Or
or

Squamarta teichotea, forma obscura, Mer.
Apotheciis obscurioribus, nigricantibus vel nigris.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Italia, Capri, ad saxa calcarea.

Lecanora albella, var. peralbella, forma superfusa, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenliste Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913.

Apothecia parva, distantes, haud angulosa, disco plano, ‘dense
pruinoso.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Ksthlandia: Reval.

Lecanora albescens, forma confertiuseula, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora.
Lecanora albescens, forma verrucosa, Mer. Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umg,
Revals, Kazan, 1913 (errore).

Thallus parum evolutus, haud effusus, insulas interdum plus minusve
orbiculares formans. Apothecia ut in typo, sed agglomerata
confertaque, mutuo pressione plus minusve présertim centrum

versus valde elevata, pulvinulos formans, nondum in thallo
immersa.

Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Tabule Generum Lichenum (1913), Leeanora, 1. no. 32.
Ksthlandia: Reval.

Forma granulosa, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, /. c. etiam in hujus Tabula Generum Lichenum, Le-
canora, 1. no. 33.

Thallus albus; e granulis minutis subdispersis vel dispersis com-
positus, apotheciis minoribus.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani et in Tab. Gen. Lich.
Esthlandia: Reval.

Var. dispersa, forma aggregata, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, /. c. etiam in hujus Tabule Generum Lichenum, Le-
canora, i, no. 36 (e Pyren.-Orient.).

Thallo albo, hine inde visibili, apotheciis partim aggregatis.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani et in Tab. Gen. Lich.
Ksthlandia: Reval. Pyren.-Orient. (Gallia).

bo
Or
lor)

Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Var. muralis, forma obscura, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢.
Apotheciis obscuris, nigricantibus. Ad muros caleareo et cementum

earum.

Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve.
Geneva (Helvetia).

Lecanora atra, var. wrceolata, Mer. (Mass. in herb.).

Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913
(no. 60).

Apothecia thallo immersa, habitu valde apothecia Aspiciliarum
commemorant. Ad saxa dioritica.
Spee. orig. (1) in herb, meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,

Lich. Ross. exs. no. 60.
Tauria.

Lecanora campestris, forma sulimmersa, Mer.

Mereschkoysky, /. c., etiam in hujus Tabulee Generum Lichenum (1913),
Lecanora, ii. no. 41 (ex Agde, Hérault (Gallia)).

Apotheciis nigrescentibus, in thallo cinereo subimmersis.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Tab. Gen.
Lich. no. 41.

Agde (Gallia).

Var. docellina, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Tabule Generum Lichenum (1918), Lecanora, ii.
no. 38 (ex Gallia, Docelle, Vosges).

Thallus parum eyolutus, dispersus, granulatus. Ad saxa arenacea,

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Tab. Gen.
Lich, no. 38.

Gallia.

Lecanora carpinea, forma carneopallida, Mer.
Mereschkoysky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1915.

Apotheciis disco cervino-carneo vel late brunneolo, semper letiore
quam in forma nuda, Elenk., plus minus (sed semper leviter)
pruinoso, rarius nudo.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Hsthlandia: Reval.

of some Lichens. 257

Forma distantella, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Enum. lich. in prov. baltica hucusque cognitorum,
Kazan, 1913.

Apothecia minores, orbicularia, semper valde distantes, margine
bene evoluto, disco plano, pruinoso, Comparanda cum forma
leptyrodem, Ny}.

Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.

Esthlandia: Reval.

Forma obscura, Mer.
Mereschkoysky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913,

Apotheciis obscuris, nigrescentibus, nudis vel subnudis.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb, meo Kazaui,
Hsthlandia: Reval.

Var. latericola, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919,
p- 202.

Thallus parum evolutus, evanescens, cinereo-albescens, H,O—.
Apothecia parva vel submedia, disco convexo, livido-griseo,
pruinoso, margiue thallino integro, In lateribus.

Spec. orig. (wumeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Kiazin.

Var. fusconigra, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora,

Thallus cinereus. Apothecia parva, 0°3-0°7 millim, lata (1-2 millim,
haud superantes), numerosa, conferta, angulosa, primum ap-
planata, demum elevata et mutuo pressione nonnihil flexuosa,
disco primum plano vel concavo, demum convexo, livido-fusco,
fusco vel fusco-nigro, interdum nigrescente, leviter pruinoso vel
subnudo. Apothecia disco CaCl,O,-+ flavescente, margine thallino
tenui, albido-cinereo, rarius subevanescente.

Spee. ortg. in herb, Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulam
Lecanore carpinee) .
Geneva.
Var. minuta, forma eaxpallida, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /, ¢.
Spee. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevze (vide Tabulam
Lecanore carpinee).

Ann. & Mag. N. Mist. Ser. 9. Vol. vii. 17

258 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Lecanora chlarona, forma albinea, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora.

Thallus determinatus vel subeffusus, crassiuseulus vel sat crassus,
granuloso-verrucosus, haud pulverulentus, lacteo-albus, colore
griseo vel glaucescente (ut plus minus in typo videtur) omnino
destitutus; apothecia media, circiter 1 (usque ad 1°3) millim.
lata, parum elevata vel subapplanata, subconferta vel contigua,
interdum mutuo pressione subangulosa, disco planiusculo vel
convexiusculo, brunneo vel rufo-fusco (ut in forma applanata,
Mer.), nudo, margine thallode mediocre, parum vel vix discum
superante, distincte minuteque granulato-crenulato.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide
Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus.
Lugano (Helvetia italica).

Forma applanata, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, /. e.

Thallus indeterminatus, sat tenuis, crassitudine ut in forma typica,
ambitu in hypothallo albo evanescens, granulosus, albidus (simul
ut in forma albinea), in herbario tempore sordide lutescens ;
apothecia mediocria, vulgo 0°8-1°3 (usque ad 1°5) millim. lata,
orbicularia, numerosissima, conferta, sed haud compressa, nec
angulosa, plana et arcte adnata, quasi adpressa, una altera haud
superantes, disco plano (statu juvenili concaviusculo), rufo-fusco
vel lete brunneolo (couleur de cuir), nudo; margine mediocri
vel subtenui (ut in forma typica), disco parum superante, albo
(thallo concolore), tenuiter, distincte regulariterque granulato-
crenulato (valde distinctior quam in Lich. ticin. exs. no. 14 et 15).

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide
Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus.

Forma griseola, Mer.
Mereschkevsky, /. c.

Thallus bene evolutus, haud albus; apotheciis dense griseo-pruinosis,
’ disco rugoso.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Austria Inferior.

Forma pallescens, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢.

Thallus subevanescens, albus; apotheciis pallide testaceis, seepe
subdifformibus, margine tenui, albo, minute granulato-crenulato.

of some Lichens. 259

Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulas
Lecanore chlarone).
Lugano (Helvetia italica).

Var. coronata, forma livida, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Nachrag z. Flechtenl. a.d. Umgeg, Revals, Kazan,
1918.
Apotheciis disco livido.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Ksthlandia: Reval.

Var. incurvodentata, Mer,

Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. ticin. exsiccatos, in Annuaire d.
Conservat. et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1919, p. 152.

Thallus et margo apothecierum obscuriores (quam in typo), glauco-
cinerei. Apothecia latitudine ut in typo sed minus regularia,
margine tenuiore, inciso-crenulato, crenulis incurvo-dentatis,
simul ut in Zecanora allophana. LEpithecium granulosum ut in
typo, superne strato amorpho haud instructum.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in
Mereschkovsky, Lich, ticin. exs. no. 16.
Geneva (Helvetia).

Forma convera, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, J. c. p. 216.

Thallus cinereus ; apothecia brunneola, convexiuscula vel convexa,
interdum subbotryosa, margine tenui vel subevanescente, thallo
concolore.

Spec. orcg. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulas
Lecanore chlarone).
Geneva (Helvetia).

Forma obscura, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢.

Thallo et margine apotheciorum griseo-plumbeis, disco obscure
fusco-nigro, apotheciis 0°8-1°6 millim.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneva (vide
‘Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus.
Geneva (Helvetia),

17*

260 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses
Forma subpruinosa, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, JZ. ce.
Thallus sordide albescens vel griseolo-albineus ; apothecia brunnea,

margine tenui; integro, vel vix crenulato et tum crenulis
incurvo-dentatis.

Spec. orig. in herb. Brit. Mus.

Var. lividula, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢.
Thallus cinereus, tenuis; apothecia mediocria, 0°5-1 millim. lata,
sparsa vel subconferta, applanata, disco livido vel livido-cervino,

conyexo, interdum ruguloso, nudo vel subnudo, margine tenui,
integro vel vix crenulato.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide
Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. eos Mus.
Lugano (Helvetia italica).

Var. minor, forma minutissima, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢.

Thallus sordide albo-cinerascens; apothecia minora, 0:08-0°5 millim.,
vulgo invisibilia oculo nudo.

Spec. ortg. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide
Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) i in herb. Brit. Mus.
Lugano (Helvetia italica).

Lecanora coarctata, forma depauperata, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Tabulee Generum Lichenum, Lecanora, iii. no. 59 (ex
Austria),

Thallus griseus, parum evolutus, e granulis minutis rare sparsis,
interdum subcrenulatis compositus ; superficie levi, haud farinosa
nec sorediosa.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Tab. Gen. Lich.
no. 09.

Esthlandia: Reval. Austria Inferior (M@6nichkirchen),

Lecanora coilocarpa, forma xylita, subforma pruinata, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora.

Apotheciis pruinosis (in forma wylita apothecia semper nuda sunt).

Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee.
Lugano (Helvetia italica).

of some Lichens. 261

Var. fuscorufa, Mer., forma conveviuscula, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢.

Thallus cinereus, minute granulosus; apothecia sparsa, minora
quam in typo, circiter ut in forma virella hujus varietatis, disco
convexlusculo vel convexo, testaceo-rufescente vel fusco-rufo vel
fusco, nudo, margine tenui vel tenuissimo vel demum subevan-
escente, integro vel seepius plus minus minute crenulato. Unacum
varietate fuscorufa.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee (vide
Tabulam Lecanore cotlocarpe), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus., (3) in
herb. Parisii (Muséum), (4) in herb. Univ. Upsale, (5) in
herb. Harv. Univ. Cambridge (U.S.A.).

Lugano (Helvetia italica).

Forma subprutnosa, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, J. c.
Apothecia paullum majora, discreta, regulariter orbicularia, disco
fusco, leviter subpruinoso, convexiusculo. Ditfert a Lecanora

atrynea, in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn, no. 182, apotheciis
haud planis vel concavis, ut in atrynea, sed convexiusculis.

Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee (vide Tabulam
Lecanore coilocarpe).

Lugano (Helvetia italica).

Lecanora crenulatissima, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Excurs. lichénol. dans les steppes Kirghises (Mont
Bogdo) ; Troudy (Travaux) d. 1. Soc. des Natur. d. l’Univ. d. Kazan,
Année 1911.

Thallus albineus, mediocris, subgranulatus; apothecia mediocria,
orbicularia, disco nigro, nudo, margine albido, granulato-crenu-
latissimo, crenulis minutis, numerosis, moniliformibus, valde
regulariter dispositis. Ad saxa arenacea.

Spec. ortg. in herb. meo Kazan.
Gubernia Astrachan ; ‘l'auria.

Forma pezizoidea, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad lichenogr. Rossie, i., Oesterr. Botan. Zeitschr.

aide

Margine thallode apotheciorum ut in forma typica at apotheciis
majoribus, usque ad 3-4 millim, latis, cupuliformibus, disco atro,
nudo, Ad saxa arenacea.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Rossia, gubern. Astrachan.

262 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Lecanora dispersa, forma obscura, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Flecht. Umgd. y. Reval, Kazan,
1909.

Apotheciis obscurioribus.

Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.

Esthlandia: Reval.

Lecanora elenkiniit, Mer.

Mereschkoysky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos (no. 31), Kazan,
1913; id. Contrib. fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo-
tanique, 1921.

Thallus tenuis, parum evolutus, lutescente-albidus ; apothecia media
vel submedia vel mediocria, elevata, margine concolore, tumido,
discum valde superante, involuto, disco plano vel concaviusculo.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Lich. Rossiz exs. no. 31, (3) in ejusdem Tabulze Generum
Lichenum (1913), Lecanora, i. no. 29 (e Tauria).

Tauria.

Forma albinea, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Bo-
tanique, 1921.

Thallo et margine apotheciorum albo; thallo pulverulento.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Tabule Generum Lichenum (1913), Lecanora, i. no. 30
(e Tauria: Sinferopolis).

Tauria. Austria meridionalis!

Lecanora gangaleoides, forma ornata, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Tabule Generum Lichenum, Kazan, 1918, Lecanora,
ii. no. 52 (ex Gallia, Docelles (Vosges)).

Apotheciis foliolis thallinis ornatis. Est forma potentialis (vide
Hedwigia, 1919, p. 206).

Spee, orig. in herb. meo Kazani.

Forma plumbea, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, 7. ¢. no. 53 (e Gallia, Docelles (Vosges)).

Thallo plumbeo.
Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani ; vide etiam in Tab. Gen.

Lich. no. 53.
Gallia: Docelles (Vosges).

of some Lichens. 263

Lecanora hageni, forma brunneola, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Menogr. d. genre Lecanora.

Apotheciis obscurioribus, fusco-brunneolis. Ad saxa granitica.
Comparanda cum Lecanora brunneola, Mer., in Mereschkovsky,
Tabule Generum Lich. Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, i. no. 37 (ex
Austria, Ménichkirchen),

Spee. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve.
Lugano.

Forma microcarpa, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Schedule ‘ad Lich. ticin. exsiccatos, Annuaire du
Conservatoire et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi, 1919, p. 165,

Apothecia minuta, sat uniformia, distantes, vulgo 0°3 millim. (0:2-
0-4 millim.) lata, margine sepius subcrenulato vel crenulato.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in
herb. Parisii (Muséum), (3) in herb. Brit. Mus.

Is certainly not a young state of the type.

Lugano; Geneva (Helvetia).

Forma perplecoides, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora.

Thallus parum evolutus, albidus, subgranulatus, hypothallo albo;
apothecia media, 0°6—1 millim. (0°4—1-2 millim.) lata, concreta,
mutuo pressione elevata, orbicularia vel subflexuosa, margine
tenui integro, interdum leviter crenulato discum parum superante,
albido; disco plano vel interdum subconvexo, pallide livido-
brunneolo, nudo. Habitu nonnullum Lecanoram perplexam,
Mer., commemorans. Ad saxa granitica.

Spee. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in
herb. Brit. Mus.

Lugano (Helvetia italica).

Lecanora perplexa, Mer.

Syn. Lecanora crenulata, multor. auctorum, precipue rossicorum.
Lecanora galactina, Harm. Lich. Lothar. no. 564.
Lecanora galactina, forma ligniaria, Nyl. in Norrl. et Ny]. H. L. F.
no. 139 (vide Harmand, Lich. d. Fr. p. 1006).
Lecanora albella, var. hagent, in Mudd, Exsice. no. 115.
Lecanora galactina, Ach. in Hepp. Flecht. Eur. no. 180.
Exsicce. Mereschkovsky, Licht. Ross. exsicc. no. 9 (sub Lecanora crenu-
lata (Dicks.), Wain. ; ejusdem Tabule Gen. Lich, Kazan, 1918,
Lecanora, i. no. 21 (sub nomine vero),

Ad saxa calcarea, presertim supra muros.
Thallus parum eyolutus, e granulis paucis applanatis vel plus

264 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

minusve convexis in vicino apotheciorum dispositis compositus,
vulgo obsoletus vel invisibilis, albicans vel griseo-albicans, opacus.
Reactione KOH-—, CaCl,0O,—, KOH(CaCl1,0,)—, H,O—. Apo-
thecia vulgo media vel majuscula, latitudine valde variabili, 0-3—
3:7 millim. lata, vulgo 1-2 millim. lata, numerosissima, conferta,
mutuo pressione irregulares, flexuosa, valde elevata, basin versus
constricta, haud arcte adfixa et tum facile cadescentes, margine
thallo concolore, mediocri, integro vel leviter irregulariterque
crenulato, disco sordide brunneolo, pruinoso. Paraphyses tenues,
filiformes, haud articulate, arcte coherentes. Spore 8ne, sim-
plices, ellipsoideze vel ovoideo-ellipsoidex, longitudine 0-0110—
0:0138 millim., crassitudine 0°0048-0°0072 millim. (usque ad
0-0164 millim., longit. et 0°0096 millim. crassit. ).

Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovskv,
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 9, (3) in ejusdem Tab. Gen. Lich. no, 21.

Rossia Media; Esthonia; Fennia; Tauria. Etiam in
Anglia, Gallia, Germania et Austria occurrit.

Forma delicata, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan,
1913.

Apotheciis minoribus, magis applanatis regulariterque rotundatis,
haud flexuosis, basin versus minus constrictis. Ad muros cal-
careos et cementum earum,

Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Tabule Generum Lich. Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, i. no. 20
(e Reval).

Esthlandia: Reval. Gallia: Docelles (Vosges).

Var. grisea, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan,
1913 (sub Lecanora crenulata, var.).

Colore griseo thalli et marginis apotheciorum constanter a typo
differt. Ad saxa calcarea.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 10, (3) in ejusdem ‘Tabulee Gen. Lich.
Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, i. no. 22 (e Reval).

Esthlandia: Reval.

Var. wasmuthi, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Excurs. lichénol. dans les steppes Kirghises (Mont
Bogdo), Kazan, 1911 (sub Lecanora wasmuthi, Mer.).

Colore thalli et apotheciorum sordide lutescente-brunneolo con-
stanter a forma typica differt. Thallus KOH et CaCl,0,+.

of some Lichens. 265

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Tabule Generum Lich. Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, i. no. 23 (ex
gub. Astrachan).

Gubern, Astrachan. Tauria. Saxicola.

Lecanora subfusca, forma griseola, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Addit. lichenogr. Ross. i., Oesterr. Botan. Zeitschr.
1921.

Thallo griseolo (in typo thallus constanter albescens), sec. specim.
meo.

Spec. orig. in Malme, Lich. Suec. no. 69 (sub Lecanora
subfusca).
Kazani. Suecia.

Forma coilocarpoides, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora.

Thallus tenuis, albineus ; apothecia dispersa, orbicularia, vulgo 0-8—
1-2 millim. lata (usque ad 1°5 millim.), disco fusco-nigro, made-
facto rufo-fusco, subconvexo, nudo, margine thallino mediocri,
haud inflexo, crenulato.

Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulam
Lecanore subfusce), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus.
Prope Geneve.

Forma microcarpa, Mer., subforma umbrinula, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, J. c.

Apotheciis confertis, 0°5-1 millim. latis, convexiusculis vel convexis,
umbrino-fuscis vel fusco-nigricantibus, nudis, nitidiusculis, mar-
gine tenui vel tenuissimo, griseo-cinerascente, tenuiter crenulato,
Thallus et margo apotheciorum KOH + flavescens.

Spec. orig. in herb. Brit. Mus.
Lugano, supra Fagum.

Var. brachyspora, Mer.

Thallus tenuissimus; apothecia 0-6-1 millim. lata, margine crassi-
usculo, integro vel vix crenulato, disco rufo, plano, nudo; epi-
thecium granulatum spore late ellipsoidex, subspherice, longi-
tudine 10-12 m., crassitudine 9-10 m. Est Lecanora subfusca,
var. Pinastri anzi, Lich. minus rari Ital. super., no. 186, descripta
a Hue (Caus. s. le Lecan. subfusca, Bull. Soc. bot. d. Fr. 1903,
p. 81) sine nomine. Verisimiliter species peculiaris est.

266 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Var. minor (Oliv.), Mer., forma decussata, Mer.

Thallus, apothecia et spore ut in varietate (vide specim. a me
determin. in herb. Conservat. bot. Genevee et in herb. Brit. Mus.),
at thallo lineis nigris distinctissimis decussato. Supra corticem
fagi.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide
Tabulam Lecanore subfusce), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus.
Grand Saléve, prope Geneva.

Lecanora umbrina, forma subbotryosa, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 203; id. Matér. p. une Monogr. d.
genre Lecanora.

Apotheciis convexis, subbotryosis. Supra corticem cerasi.

Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan, Genevee.
Lugano (Helvetia).

Aspicilia asterias, Mer.

Thallus determinatus, placas rotundas vel subrotundas formans,
ambitu pseudoeffiguratas, sordide albidus vel lacteo-candidus,
levigatus, opacus, rimoso-areolatus; areolis quadrangularis vel
multangulis, marginem thallinum versus in radiis regulariter
dispositis, rimis dichotomice subdivisis, lobos radiantes eemulan-
tibus. Apothecia immersa, nigra, nuda plus minusve pruinosa.
In rupe calcarea.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Tauria. Gallia meridionalis prope Nice.

A spicilia cerebroides, Mer.

Thallus liberus, glebulas irregulariter rotundatas, 15-28 millim.
longas et 9-20 millim. latas formans, superficie gyrosa ex areolis
tumidis elongatisque hypertrophyce crescentibus, circumvolutiones
cerebrales in memoriam revocantibus contextus. Intus in sectione
thallus albus, haud marmoreus ut in Aspicilia esculenta. Apo-
thecia non visa. Vide figura in Elenkin, Wanderflechten, in
Bullet. Jard. Botan. d. St. Pétersb. t. i. tab. i. linea iv. fig. 6, 8,
linea v. fig. 6, 7.

Spec. orig. (1) in Mereschkovsky, Tabula Generum Li-
chenum, Kazan, 1913, Aspicilia, i. (Spherothallia) no. 18
(e Tian Schan); (2) in herb. meo Kazani (sub Asprcilta
alpicola).

of some Lichens. 267

Aspicilia desertorum, forma ferruginea, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, no. 17, Kazan,
1913

Thallus et apothecia sicut in forma typica, at colore ferrugineo
thalli ab hee differt. Saxicola. Potius lusus est.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 17, (3) in ejusdem Tabule Gen. Lich.
Aspicilia, 1. (Spherothallia) no. 2 (e Monte Bogdo).

Gubernia Astrachan.

Forma sublevata, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Excurs. lichénol, d.]. steppes Kirghises (Mont Bogdo),
Kazan, 1911 (cum fig.).

Apotheciis planioribus, marginibus tenuioribus minusque elevatis,
disco dense pruinoso.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Tabule Gen. Lich. Kazan, 1913, Aspiedlia, i. (Spherothallia)
no. 3 (e Mons Bogdo).

The apothecia, quite Lecanorine in the type, present a more
Aspicilian aspect in this fom.

Gubernia Astrachan. Ad saxa argillaceo-schistosa.

Var. aspera, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, J. c. (cum fig.).

Thallus asperus, spinulis vel protuberantiis spinulosis brevibus
irregularibusque plus minus instructus. Saxicola et terricola.

Spec. orig. ibidem (Tabulze Gen. Lich. no. 6) (Mons Bogdo).
Gubernia Astrachan. ‘Tauria. Asia Media.

Forma hispidoides, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. c. (cum fig.).

Thallus haud liberus, subfruticulosus, ramulis elongatis, erectis
subramosis, superficie irregulariter rugoso, aliquantulum <Aspi-
ciliam hispidam, Mer., in memoriam reyocans, Terricola et
saxicola.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Gubernia Astrachan. Asia Media,

268 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Var. ineisa, Mer.
Mereschkovysky, J. c. (cum fig),
Apotheciis minoribus, immersis, crateriformibus, margine thallino

acuto, inciso, sepe fere totum discum obtecto. Forsan potius
species peculiaris sit. Saxicola.

Spee. orig. (1) in herb, meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Tabulee Gen. Lich. Kazan, 1918, Aspicdlia, 1. (Spherothallia)
no. 4.

Gubernia Astrachan. Asia Media.

Var. nigrescens, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. c. (cum fig.).

Thallus crustaceus, effusus, crassus, e tuberculis mastoideis,
2-3 millim. (vel plus) longis, circiter 1-2 millim., latis, confertis,
contextus ; nigrescens vel olivaceo-nigrescens, cyphellis albidis
ornatus. Sterilis. In rupibus arenaceis.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Gubernia Astrachan.

Var. semivagans, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Z. c. (cum fig.).
Thallus pro parte crustaceus, pro parte glebulos minutos formans

statu libero viventes. Areolz thalli sat similis species sed super-
ficie paullo nitidiusculo et cyphellis magis immersis.

Spee. ortg. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Tabule Gen. Lich., Asptcilia, i. no. 5.

Aspicilia dubia, Mer., var. microphyllina, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad Lichenogr. Ross. i., in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
1921.
Tuberculis thalli minutis.

Spec. orig. in Mereschkovsky, Tabula Gen. Lich. Kazan,
1913, Aspicilia, i. (Spherothallia) no. 16 (e Tian-Schan).

The type of the species is represented in my ‘ Tabule
Generum Lichenorum’ by no. 15. The var. microphyllina
(no. 16) has the tubercule one-half or one-third the size of
those in the type.

Aspicilia esculenta, forma retusa, Mer.

Thallo minore, vulgo 10 millim. (8-15 millim.) lato, sordide griseo-
albescente, squamulis minoribus, minus prominulis, retusis,

of some Lichens. 269

passim subverrucosus. Apotheciis crateriformibus, minutis vel
minutissimis punctiformisque, vulgo 0:3-0°5 millim. (0:1-1
millim.) latis, in verrucis plus minusve conicis profunde immersis,
margine inciso-crenulato, disco nigro, leviter pruinoso.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee, (2) in
Museo Botan. Univ. Geneve, (3) in herb. Brit. Mus.
Provincia Ural.

Aspicilia fruticulosa, forma minor, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913, p. 14.

Thallo minore, circiter 1 centim. lato (0°8-1°6 millim.), ramulis
paullulum tenuioribus, sed dense contextis ut in typo, granulis
ad superficiem thalli circiter 16-20 in uno centimetro (in typo
10-14 in 1 centim.).

Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Tabule Gen. Lich. Kazan, 1913, Aspiedlia, i. (Spherothallia) ,
no. 10, (3) in herb, Conservat. botan. Genevee.

In desertis Kirgisorum. ‘Tauria. Asia Media (Akmo-

linsk).

Forma taurica, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢.

Thallo minore, circiter 1-1} centim. lato, laxiusculo, ramis ramu-
lisque discretis a forma typica bene differt. Semper sterilis.

Spec. orig. ibidem (‘Tabulee Gen. Lich. no. 9). Etiam in
Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exsice. no. 21.
Gubernia Astrachan. Tauria.

Var. tenuatula, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. conn. lich. gouv. Vladimir, Troudy (Travaux),
d.1l. soc. d. Natur. de ?Uniy. d. Kazan, 1911; id. Schedule ad Lich.
R. exs. Kazan, 1915, p. 14; id. Contrib. fl. lich. Crimée, Amn. d. se.
nat. Botanique, 1921 (cum. fig.).

Thallus magnitudine ut in forma typica speciei, sed ramulis valde
tenuioribus, confertis, granulis ad superficiem thalli circiter
18-22 in uno centimetro (in typo 10-14 in 1 centim.).

Spec. orig, (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in herb. eryptog.
Horti Petropolit. (sub alio nomine).
‘Tian-Schan.

270 Prof, Dr. ©. Mereschkovsky’s Datgnoses

Aspictlia hispida, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913
(no, 34).

Thallus liberus, fruticulosus, latitudine circiter 2 centim., ramis
tenuis, cylindricis, glabris, laxe ramosis, apicibus sensim
attenuatis tenuisque in spinis terminatis. Semper sterilis.
Supra terram statu libero.

Spee. ortg. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 34.
Rossia meridio-orientalis.

Forma cespitosa, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Excurs. lichénol. d. 1. steppes Kirghises (Mont Bogdo),
Kazan, 1911 (cum fig.).

Thallus czespitosus, radiculoidis ad terram adfixus.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Gubernia Astrachan (Rossia).

Forma parvula, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1903
(no. 85); id. Contrib. fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Bo-
tanique, 1921 (cum fig.).

Thallo liberus, minor, irregulariter parciusque ramosus, interdum
centro placas formans. Supra terram, statu libero.

Spec. orig. (1) in herb, meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 35.
Tauria.

Aspicilia lacunosa, Mer.

Mereschkoveky, Excurs. lichénol. dans les steppes Kirghises (Mont
Bogdo), Troudy (Travaux), d. 1. soc. d. Natur. d. l’Univ. d. Kazan.

Thallus liberus, sordide griseus, glebulas irregulares parvas circiter
5 millim. in diametro, subcomplanatas vel rotundato-subangu-
latas formans, opacus levis, glaber, hinc inde depressionibus
lacunosis vel foveolis plus minusve profundis munitus, neque
lobatus, nec areolatus, nec gyrosus ut in Aspicilia cerebroides,
Mer. Sterilis. Supra terram statu libero.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Asia Media: provincia Semipalatensk, distr. Zaisan.

of some Lichens. 271

Aspicilia mirabilis, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d, 1. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat.
Botanique, 1921.

Thallus determinatus, crassiusculus, ceesio-cinereus, punctis obscuris
adspersus, levigatus, subnitidus, rimoso-areolatus, ambitu sub-
effiguratus, areolis quadrangulis in radiis margine versus dicho-
tomiz subdivisis et plus minusve in lineis concentricis regulariter
dispositis. Fulcribus valde ab Aspicilia asterias, Mer., differt.
Ad saxa calcarea (circ. 1000 m. altit.).

Spec. orig. (unicum) in herb. meo Kazani,
Tauria.

Candelaria medians, forma sordida, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Aun. d. se. nat. Bo-
tanique, 1921.

Thallus indeterminatus, valde expansus, crassiusculus, diffracto-
areolatus, subverrucoso-inequalis, griseo-luteus, sordidus, lobis
obsoletis. Reactio thalli KOH—. In rupibus calecareis.

Spee. orig. in herb. neo Kazani.
Tauria.

Candelariella vitellina, var. pulvinata, forma macrior, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913.

Granulis thalli valde majoribus quam in var, pulvinata typica. Ad
saxa erratica.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
E-thlandia: Reval.

Theloschistes brevior, var. caspicus, Mer.

Thallus brevis, 1-14 centim. altus, pallide carneo rufescens vel
rufescens (terra concolor?), superne glaber, opacus, subtus
pallidior, albicans, haud nervosus, dichotomice laciniatus, laciniis
convolutis, angustis, limearibus, convexis, circiter 1 millim. latis

vel paulo majus, canaliculatis, apicibus subtruncatis. Sterilis.
Supra terram argillosam.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Baku, Caucasus.

ho
a |
bo

Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Var. halophilus, Mer.

Thallus major et crassior quam in var. caspico, Mer., circiter 3-5
centim. altus vel plus, pallidus, livido-lutescens vel livido-
albescens, cartilagineus, subtus concolor, nervoso-reticulatus,
arbusculos ramosos formans, laciniis subdichotomice divisis et
subdivisis, compressis, planis vel leviter canaliculatis, circiter
2-3 millim, latis, sublinearibus vel apicem versus paullum dila-
tatis, plus minusve furfuraceo-rugosis prasertim apicem versus,
Semper sterilis.

Spec. ortg. in herb. meo Kazani.

Gubernia Astrachan. Asia Media (Djungaria),

Xanthoria parietina, var. adpressa, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1915; vide
etiam Hedwigia, 1919, p. 209.
Thallus rosulas usque ad 1 decim. formans, tenuior ut in typo, arcte
ad substratum adpressus, lobis vulgo paullulum angustioribus.
Ad corticem arborum.

Spec. ortg. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,

ich. Ross. exs. no. 40.
Rossia Media. Esthlandia. Tauria. Gallia. Austria.

Helvetia.

Var. aureola, forma isidiotyla, Mer.

Thallus aureo-aurantiacus, centro minute papillato-isidiosus ; apo-
thecia magna, margine isidiis brevibus ornato. Ad trabes.
Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (a Léveillé

in Tauria lectum),

‘Lauria.

It is possibly the same as the var. is¢dioidea (Belts.), Zahlbr.,
which, however, cannot be ascertained without a comparison
with the original specimen of the latter.

The following is a list of all known European forms of
AXanthoria parietina :-—

1. Xanthoria parietina (L.), Th. Fr., type.

, forma dispersa, Oliv. Bull. Soc. bot. d. Fr. 1894, p. 94.
,. ——+ ——_, ” forma imbricata (Mass.), Zahbr. Crypt. exs, no. 1979.

2 , forma aurata (Mass.), Lich. ital. exs. no. 33.

3. — , forma chlorina (Chev.), Oliv. Mereschk. Lich. tic.
exs. no. 83,

4, —— , forma cinerascens (Leight.), Sandst. Crombie Brit.
Lich. i, p. 298.

5

6

of some Lichens. 273

7. Xanthoria parietina, forma nodulosa (Floerk.), Hillm, Ann.
Mycol. 1920, p. 15.

8, —— , forma. pycnocarpa (Miill. Arg.), Mer. in herb. Boissier
Genevae.

9, —— , var. adpressa, Mer. Lich. Ross. exs, no. 42.

10, —— , var. angusta, B, d. Lesd., Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross.
exs. no, 41.

11. —— , var. aureola (Ach.), Th. Fr., Mereschkovsky, Lich.
Ross. exs. no. 40.

12, —— ——,, forma congranulata (Cromb.), Brit. Lich. p. 298.

13. —— —— ’ forma tsidiotyla, Mer., vide supra.

14, —— — forma tunida (Wedd. ), Hillm. Boistel, ii. p. 70.

16. —— » var. “coralloides (Flot.), Hillm. J. c. p- 19.

16. ——~- ——, var. ectanea, Molbr. et auct. (haud Ach.).

17, —— —— , forma ectaneordes (Nyl.), Oliv. Zahlbruckner
Patag. p. 50.

18. —— , var. elegantissima, Zahlbr. Denkschr. Ak. Wiss.
Wien, 1915, p. 39.

19, —— , var. macrophylla, Zahlbr. F 1. Dalm. vii. 1919.

20, ——- ——., var. prolifera (Humb.).

21, —— , var. retirugosa, Stnr. apud Zahlbr. Fl. Dalm. ii. 1903,

. 333.
22, —— z , var, rutilans (Ach.), Synops. p. 210.
23, —— ——, var. splendidula, Zallbr. Trausbaik. Lich, 1909.

Xanthoria substellaris, forma lychneoides, Mer.

Mereschkoysky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, Hedwigia, 1919,
p- 210.

Thallus lobis brevibus, adscendentibus vel subadscendentibus, con-
fertis ad oras arcte sorediatis ; apothecia plana, disco thalli in-
tensius colorato, aurantiaco vel fulvescente-aurantiaco, margine
spe sorediato.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo. Kazani; spec. a me determin, in
herb, Conservat. botan. Geneve.
Kazan, Helvetia.

Gasparrinia aurantia, var. brevilobata, forma illobata, Mer.

Thallo, apotheciis et sporis ut in var. brevilobata, Nyl., sed lobis
periphericis omnino constanterque destituto.

Over twenty good specimens of this form will be found in
my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘ Tabulee Generum

Lichenum.’
Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani.
Pyren.-Orient. prope Port Vendres, Collioure (Gallia), ad

saxa micaceo-schistoso.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 18

274 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Var. papillata, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Bo-
tanique, 1921.
Thallus papillis elongatis cylindricis vel subcylindricis obtectus.
Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani,
Tauria.

Gasparrinia callopisma, forma dispersa, Mer.

Thallo e fragmentis loborum dispersis discretisque, rosulas haud
formantibus composito.

IT have seen several rocks, about 4-2? metr. in height,
entirely covered with this form in an apparently healthy state,
without any trace of the type-species, which, however,
occurred in the vicinity.

Over twenty good specimens of this form will be found in
my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘ Tabulee Generum
Lichenum.’

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.

Beaulieu, prope Nice (Gallia), 300 m. altit. Ad saxa

calcarea jurassica.

Forma purpurea, Mer.
Mereschkovskzy, J. ¢.
Thallo colore purpuraceo-aurantiaco a forma typica differt.
Spec. orig. ibidem.
Tauria. Italia (Capri).

Gasparrinia cirrochroa, forma roseola, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢.
Thallo colore plus minusve roseolo et lobis paullulum latioribus et
magis applanatis a forma typica differt.

Spec orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in herb. Conservat.
botan, Geneve (specim. a me determin.), (3) in herb. Brit.

Mus.

Tauria, Lugano (Helvetia italica).

Forma subleprosa, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, /. c.
Thallo pro maxime parte in crusta leprosa dissoluto.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem.
Tauria. Lugano (Helvetia italica).

of some Lichens. 275

Gasparrinia decipiens, forma fulva, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib, fl. lichénol. d. envir. d. Kazan, Hedwigia,
1919, p. 212.
Colore thalli aurantiaco vel rubigineo-aurantiaco distincte a typo
differt. Ad trabes et ligna artefacta.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.

Rossia Media (Kazan).

Forma gracilior, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, JZ. ¢.

Thallo lobis gracilioribus a forma typica bene differt. In lateribus,

Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem.

Rossia (Kazan).

Gasparrinia flava, Mer.

Thallus citrino-fAlavus (colore ut in Gasparrinia decipiente vel sub-
simile), KOH +, esorediosus, rosulas regulares formans, lobis bene
evolutis, radiantibus, adpressis, planiusculis, concretis ; apothecia
concoloria, bimarginata. Comparanda cum Gasparrinia aurantia,
forma sulphurata (Harm.), Mer. (Harmand, Lich, d. Fr. p. 810).

Spee. orig. in herb, meo Kazani.
‘lauria, prope Sinferopolin, ad saxa calearea nummulitica.

Gasparrinia granulosa, var. perminuta, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross, exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913.
Thallus minutus, fulvo-aurantiacus, granulosus (ut in forma typica),
rosulas minutas 2-4 millim. latas formans, seepe confluentes et

tum thallus diffusus; lobis tenuissimis, oculo nudo invisibilibus.
Semper sterilis. Ad saxa calcarea.

Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Lich. Ross. tiein. no. 63.
Tauria.

Gasparrinia jailensis, Mer.

Thallus aurantiacus, parte centralidiffracto-areolato, areolis subeffigu-
ratis vel effiguratis, lobis periphericis parum evolutis.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazan.
Having left all my collections and notes in Russia, I am
unable to give a more detailed diagnosis of this species here.

Le

276 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Gasparrinia murorum, forma albula, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan,
1913.

Thallo albulo vel hinc inde levissime flavescente. Adsaxa calcarea.

Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Esthlandia: Reval. Germania.

Forma pulvinulum, Mer.

Thallus orbicularis, crassus, centro valde elevatus, pulvinulas
formans, sporis angustis sunt in var. tenuispora, Mer.

Over twenty good specimens of this form will be found in
my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘Tabula Generum
Lichenum.’

Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.

Soemmering: Adlitzgraben (Austria), in rupibus calcareis.

Growing at a short distance from var. tenudspora, into
which it gradually passes.

Var. tenuispora, Mer.

Thallus crassitudine configuratione, colore, ete., ut in typo speciei
sed sporis angustis, subcylindricis, crassitudine circiter 0-004—
0-005 millim. (in typo 0°006-0°007 millim.).

Over twenty good specimens of this variety will be found in
my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘ Tabula Generum
Lichevum.’

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.

Soemmering : Adlitzgraben (Austria), in rupibus calcareis.

Var. subjulva, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, ‘Contrib, fl. lich, d, 1. Crimée, Ann. d. se, nat, Boe
tanique, 1921,
Thallus fulvo-aurantiacus, centro vulgo pallidiore et seepe partim
cinerascente; apothecia intensior colorate, seepe convexa, im-
marginata, Differentia minima, sed constantissima esse videtur,

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,
Tabule Gen, Lich., Gasp arrinia, i. no, 77 (exist. only in
Mus. bot. Acad. of Se. of Petrograd and in the herb, Horti
Petropolitani),

Esthlandia: Reval. Tauria.

The observation of a great number of specimens of the type
(Reval) and of the variety (Crimea) in natural conditions,
sometimes growing side by side, has shown the latter to be

of some Lichens. 277

a very constant form, constituting rather a variety than a
form.

Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh.), Zahlbr., var. holocarpa,
forma fulva, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p, 214.
Apotheciis fulvis a forma typica varietatis holocarpz differt. Ad

ligna.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Kazan.
Cladonia alpestris, forina tenella, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, 7. ¢, p. 215.
Podetiis minoribus tenuioribusque, haud colore thalli a forma typica
differt.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Kazan.
Cladonia cornuta, forma fuscata, Mer.

-Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad Lichenogr. Ross, i., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
1921.

Podetiis fuscescentibus vel fusco-rufescentibus.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Sibiria: Tomsk.

Cladonia fimbriata, forma crustulosa, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. aus d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan,
1913, p. 40.
Thallus foliis erectis, densissime confertis, crustam compactam
diffractam formans. Podetia abbreviata, scyphifera. Ad truncos
arborum frondosarum basin versus.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Esthlandia: Reval.

Var. arboricola, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢.

Podetiis paucis, minutis vel minutissimis, cylindricis, scyphiferis,
scyphis angustis, minntis, parum eyolutis, margine scyphorum
integro. Ad truncos arborum (quercus) usque ad 3 metr, altitu-
dine et ultra, haud et basin etiam supra ramos transiens. Compa-
rauda cum forma tenuzpes (Del.), Malbr.

Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) ibidem.
Esthlandia: Reval.

278 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Cladonia floerkeana, var. carcata, forma deflewa, Mer.

‘* Podetiis albido-cinerascentibus, densissime granuloso-isidiosis vel
minute granuloso-squamulosis.—KEtiam Olivier, Herb. Lich. de
VOrne (1880), no. 254, teste Arnold, Flora, 1884, p. 81, hue
pertinet.” Wainio, Monogr. Clad. i. p. 83.—Est Norrl. et Ny-
land, Herb. Lich. Fenn. no. 444 (t. Wainio).

Fennia,

Cludonia furcata, var. pinnata, forma tenutor, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1918.
Podetiis minoribus et tenuioribus.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazaui.
Esthlandia: Reval.

Cladonia rangiferina, forma cerulea, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén.envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 217.
Thallus ceespites subspheericas formans, Colore podetiorum ccerules-

cente et omnibus partibus tenuioribus et minoribus a forma typica

bene differt; apicibus ramorum ut in typo unilateraliter vergenti-
bus. Supra terram.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Rossia Media (Kazan).

Forma denudata, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, 2. ¢. p. 218.

Ramis ramulis parcis precipueque parte inferiori denudatis a
forma typica differt ; colore podetiorum ut in typo.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Belgia.
Forma intricata, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, 7. c. p. 217.
tamulis superioribus tenuioribus, densioribus et subintricatis a

forma typica distincte differt. Colore podetiorum ut in typo,
normalis.

Spee. orig. (numeros.) ibidem.
Rossia Media (Kazan).

Forma subarbuscula, Mer.
Mereschkoysky, 7. ¢. p. 218.

Ramulis lateralibus modo subverticillato ad ramos primarios

dispo-
sitis a forma typica differt. Colore podetiorum normalis.

of some Lichens. 279

Spec. orvg. (numeros.) ibidem.

Rossia Media (Kazan).

Var. albinea, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, /. c. p. 218; etiam Addit. Lich. Ross. i., Oesterr. Bot.
Zeitschr. 1921.

Colore podetiorum albineo vel albo et crassitudine majore constanter
a typo valde differt. Forma polaris esse videtur.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.

Gubern. Archangelsk (Rossia). Sibiria (Tomsk).

Physcia farrea, forma delabrata, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lich. envir, Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 222.

Thallo pallidiore, laxiusculo, laciniis longioribus, minus fornicatis,
passim subpalmate divisis. Ad basin truncorum arborum frondo-
sarum (Betule albe).

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Rossia Media (Kazan).

Forma furfurascens, Mer. .
Mereschkoysky, /. ¢. p. 223.

Thallus minor, obscurior, fusco-nigricans, seepe rosulas 14-3 centim.
latis formans, laciniis brevioribus, magis congestibus, margine
passim parce furfurascentibus. Ad truncos arborum frondo-
garum.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem.

Rossia Media (Kazan).

Physcia labrata, Mer., var. capitulata, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. p. 224.

Thallus indeterminatus, valde extensus, rosulas haud formans (aut
forsan statu juvenili), virescente griseus, madefactus lete viridis
(H,0+), e laciniis brevibus subincurvatis, apice terram versus
spectantibus, apicibus recurvis. Laciniew apice capitulato-sore-
diosz, sorediis viridis, capitulas majuscules elevatas, sphzrico-
inflatas, circiter 1-2 millim. latas formantibus. Sterilis. Ad
truncos arborum frondosarum, precipue betule.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem.

Rossia Media (Kazan).

280 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Var. detrita, forma albescens, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. p. 224.

Thallo sordide albescente vel griseo-albescente. Ad sepimenta.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem.
Rossia Media (Kazan).

Forma nigrescens, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, J.

Thallo obscuro cinereo-nigrescente vel nigrescente ; apothecia parva,
disco nigro, nudo, margine integro. Ad sepimenta.

Spee. ortg. (numeros.) ibidem.

Rossia Media (Kazan).

In order to make the distinction between the two allied
species—Physcia labrata, Mer., and Physcia virella (Ach.),
Mer.—more clear, I give here two figures showing the peri-
pheral lobes, and below a longitudinal section along a lobe.
The darkened parts represent the sorals, being superficial
in Ph. virella and terminal or lateral in Ph. labrata.

Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

Fig. 1.—Physcia virella (Ach.), Mer.
Fig. 2.—Physcia labrata, Mer.

Physcia obscura, forma dispersa, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. envir. d. Kazan, Hedwigia,
1919, p. 226.

Thallo cinereo, sicut in forma typica, sepe valde extenso, laciniis
brevibus, sparsis, rosulas haud formans, sorediis destituto; apo-
thecia mediocria vel sat parva, disco fusco-nigricante, nudo,

of some Lichens. 281

margine integro. Ad corticem levigatam precipue tiliz (etiam
populi juven.).

Spee. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani.

Rossia Media (Kazan).

Physcia pulverulenta, forma granulosa, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. c. p. 227.

Thallus epruinosus, griseus vel subglaucescente- vel olivascente-
griseus, lobis latis concretisque ut in typo, superne granulis
elevatis nudis plus minusyve numerosis obtectus ; apothecia vulgo
passim parce foliolis thallinis munito.

Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb, meo Kazani.

Rossia Media (Kazan). HEsthlandia.

Subforma fruticulosa, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. p. 228.

Thallus erectus vel subdecumbens, fhiticuloauy e ramulis elongatis,
teretiusculis, pro parte e granulis evolutis, laxe subramosis, con-
sistens; lobis adpressis quasi destitutus. In rimis corticis
arborum frondosarum, locis umbrosis.

Spec. orig. ibidem.
Rossia Media (Kazan).

Forma rugosa, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. p. 229.

Thallus colore et forma laciniarum ut in typo vel interdum sub-
fuscescens vel cervino- vel cinereo-olivaceo-rufescens vel cinereo-
subfuscescens, leviter pruinosus vel nudus; apothecia margine
crasso, irregulariter rugoso- vel granuloso-crenulato.

Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) (1) ibidem, (2) in herb. Con-
servat. botan. Genevee (speci. a me determin.).
Rossia Media (Kazan). Helvetia.

, Forma venustoides, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag z. Flechtenliste a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan,
1913.

Thallus nudus, brunneo-rufescens vel rufescens vel cinereo-brunneus,
laciniis latis concretisque ut in typo; apothecia margine integro
ut in typo, sed foliolis thallinis passim parce ornato.

Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani.

Rossia Media (Kazan), Hsthlandia.

282 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

Var. angustata, forma nuda, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. ticin. exsiccatos, in Annuaire du
Conservat. et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1919, p. 192.

Thallo fusco, nudo vel hine inde leviter pruinoso,

Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani (numeros.), (2) in herb.
Conservat. botan. Geneve, (3) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. ticin.
exs. no. 70.

Rossia. Helvetia.

Var. argyphea, forma centrofusca, Mer.
Mereschhovsky, Schedulee ad Lich. Ross. exs. Kazan, 1913 (no. 50) ;
Hedwigia, 1919, p. 230.
Thallus albo-suffusus, centrum versus sordide griseo-fuscescens,
epruinosus, laciniis interdum leviter angustioribus; apothecia ut
in var. argyphea.

Spee. orvg. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky,

Lich. Ross. exsice. no. 50:
Rossia Media (Kazan).

Forma granulata, Mer. ;
Mereschkoysky, Coutrib. fl. lichénol. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919,
p- 231.
Thallus albo-pruinosus, granuloso-diffractus, laciniis periphericis vix
ullis vel brevissimis.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in herb.
Conservat. botan. Geneve.
Rossia. Helvetia.

Var. imbricata, forma microphyllina, Mer.
Mereschkoysky, 7. e.
Laciniis brevioribus angustioribusque, minus quam 1 millim, latis.

; rae, 3 ;
Spec. ortg. in herb. meo Kazan.
Rossia Media (Kazan).

Var. rufescens, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, /. c.

Thallus brunneus, fuscus vel rufo-fuscus; apothecia disco plus
minusve pruinoso, marginibus thallinis destitutis in quid a var.
venusta differt. Forsan est melius forma considerenda.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.

Rossia Media (Kazan).

of some Lichens. 283

Physcia stellaris, forma albo-granulosa, Mer.

Mereschkovsky, Contrib. connaiss. lich. gouv. Vladimir, Troudy (Tra-
vaux), d. 1. soc. d. Natur, d. ’' Univ. d. Kazan, 1911; id. Contrib. fl.
lich. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 232.

Thallus albus, granuloso-inzequalis precipue centrum versus.

Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.

Rossia Media. Estilandia: Reval.

Physeta tribacia, var. labrosa, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p.284.

Thallo griseo-virescente, laciniis magis erectis, irregulariter sub-
confertis, labroso-sorediatis a typo valde differt. Forsan ad
Physciam labratam pertinet. Ad corticem arborum.

Spec. orig. (uumeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.
Rossia Media. Esthlandia: Reval.

Physcia virella, var, setosoides, Mer.
Mereschkovsky, 7. ec. p. 236.

Thallus cinereo-virescens, rosulas seepe confluentes formans, sore-
diosus, sorediis viridis ; lacinie ciliis marginalibus plus minus
numerosis, bene visibilibus modo Physcie setose munite. Sterilis.
Ad corticam tilie.

Spee. orig. (numeros.) ibidem.
Rossia Media (Kazan).

Rhizocarpon geographicum, var. microareolata, Mer.

Thallus intense flavescens, areolis minutissimis, circiter 0:4—0°5
millim. latis (vel minor), confertis, planis; apotheciis minutis
inter areolis immixis.

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani.
Austria Inferior (Ménichkirchen) *,

Verrucaria calciseda, forma roseola, Mer.
““Thallo roseolo.”
Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani.

Austria Inferior (Wiener Wald).

Numerous new forms of Graphis scripta, with Latin dia-
enoses, have becn or are to be described by the author in his

* Without my notes, left in Russia, I am not quite sure of the locality :
it is either Austria or Gallia meridionalis,

284 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

paper, “ Matériaux pour une Monographie du Genre Graphis,”

in ‘Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin botanique de
Genéve,’ vol. xxi. 1921. Another set of new species,
varieties, and forms of different kinds of lichens, also accom-
panied with Latin diagnoses, can be found in my _ paper
“ Schedule ad Lichenes ticinenses exsiccatos” in the same
‘Annuaire du Conservatoire botan. &c.,’ vol. xxi. 1919,
pp. 145-216.

In my previous paper in this Magazine, “On some new
Forms of Lichens”? (Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. vi.
p. 482, Nov. 1920), the two following should be added to
the list of forms belonging to Physcia pulverulenta (pp. 484-
485) :—forma nigricans, |] Mill. Arg. (Classif. p. 35; Flavey,
Lich. d. |. Franche-Comté, i. p. 182), and forma nuda, Harm,
(Lich. d. Fr. p: 634).

CORRECTION.

While my paper “On some new Forms of Lichens,’’
recently published in this Magazine (vol. vi. 1920, p. 482),
was in the press, I sent to the editors two supplementary
forms to be added to those belonging to the species Physcia
pulverulenta (/.c. p. 484), of which one—forma nigricans,
Mill. Arg.—has been erroneously put as a form of the var.
angustata, to which it does not belong, being a form of the
species itself, while the other—forma nuda, Herm.—has
been omitted altogether.

After correcting these errors “and ‘adding another form
which I previously omitted (forma deminuta, Cromb.), the
list of forms belonging to Physcia pulverulenta will now read
as follows :—

1. Physcia pulverulenta (Schreb.), Ny].

, forma delicata, Mer.
3. —— ——, forma deminuta, Cromb. Brit. Lich. i, p. 306.

4, —— , forma granulosa, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 227).
5. —— —— , Subforma fr uticulosa, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 228).
6. —— —, forma nigricans, Mull. Arg. (Classif. p. 35).
7. —— , forma nuda, Harm. Lich. d. Fr. p. 634,
3. —— forma polita, Flot.
3, — —— ) forma rugosa, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 229).
10, —— , forma subvenusta (Nyl.).
11. —— —-, ’ forma turgida (Schaer.), Harm,
12, —— , forma turgidula, Mer.
13. —— , forma venustoides, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 229).
14, —— —--, var. angustata (Hoffm.), Ach.
15. —— —— , forma convexa, Mer.
16, —— —— , forma elegantella, Mer.
17, —— —— ; forma nuda, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 230).
18, —— ——, var. “aquiloides, Mer.

of some Lichens. 285,

19. Physcia pulverulenta, var. argyphea, Ach.
20 , forma centrofusca, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 230).

21, —— —— , forma granulata, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 231).
22, —— , var, ¢mbricata, B, de Lesd.

23. —— —— , forma microphyllina, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 231),
24, —— , var, lepidota, Mer.

25. —— ——,, var. rufescens, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 281).

26, —— , var. subpapillosa, Cromb. Brit. Lich. i.

27, —— ——, var. venusta (Ach.).

On page 484 of the above-mentioned paper the name
Physcia pulverulenta placed before forma e/egantella, Mer.,
must be deleted, this form belonging to the var. angustata,
and not to the species itself,

On page 485, line 9 from the bottom, for ‘‘ minoribus ”’ read
* tenuloribus.”

APPENDIX.

‘ Lichenes Rossie exsiccati.’ Edited by Prof. Dr. C.
MerescHKOVSKY. Kazan, 1913. Fasciculi I.-III.

This exsiccata work, of which Harmand wrote to me “ je le
trouve idéal sous tous les rapports,” is very little known.
It cannot be purchased now ; but, when the Jewish domina-
tion in Russia is over and order established, those who want
to acquire it are requested to apply to Dr. John Briquet,
Director of the Botanical Garden in Geneva (Switzerland),
to whom I have transferred my rights in this work.

The three fascicules that have already appeared contain the
following species * :—

Fasciculus I.

. Ramalina fraxinea, var. calicariformis,
populina.

polymorpha.

. Parmelia proliva.

tubulosa.

ryssoled.

taurica, sp. Nn.

. Lecanora tristis, sp. 0.
perplexa, sp. n.f.

, var. grisea, Nov.
crenulata t.

PO IS OV go BO

10, ——

* T am introducing some necessary corrections into this list, viz. :—
No. 9. Lecanora perplexa, sp. n., instead of LZ. crenulata.

No. 11. Lecanora crenulata, instead of L. eestoalba.

No. 36. Lecanora carpinea, which is the right name of LZ. angulosa,
No. 59. Parmelia caperata, which is the right name of P. cyl?sphora,
+ This name must be put in place of the old one.

286 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

12. Sguamaria muralis, forma albomarginata,
13. —— , var. diffracta.

, var. brunneola, nov.

15, Aspicilia cinerea, forma dendritica, nov.

16. desertorum,

17. —— , forma ferruginea, nov.
18. —— esculenta.

19. —— affinis.

20. —— fruticulosa.

yA ——., forma taurica, nov.

22. Caloplaca brachyspora, sp. n.
(Pyrenodesmia) chalibea.
24. Xanthoria lobulata.

. Lepraria flava.

Fasciculus II.

26. Ramalina fraainea.

27. Parmelia isidivtyla.

28. Evernia thamnodes.

29. Lecanora umbrina, vay. cesio-pruinosa.
30. +— subcarnea.

elenkinit, sp. 0.

32. —— dispersa.

glaucella, var. nigrescens.

34, Aspicilia hispida, sp. n.

, forma parvula, nov.

36. Lecanora carpinea (syn. angulosa).

37. Candelaria concolor, var. granulosa.

88. Candelariella cerinella, var. unilocularis.
39. Stereocaulon paschale.

40. X. parietina, var. aureola.

——, var. angusta,

, var. adpressa, nov.,

43. Caloplaca cerina.

, var. holocarpa.

45. Gasparrinia decipiens.

murorum,

- ——, var, scopularis.

48, Physcia pulverulenta.

, var. argyphea.

50. —— —— , forma centrofusca, nov.

Fasciculus ILI.

51. Umbilicaria pustulata.
52, Usnea florida, forma humilis.

53. , var. dirta, forma minutissima, nov.
54. Parmelia centrifuga.

dd. consperst.

56. —— vagans.

57. —— , var. desertorum.

58. —— , forma elegans, nov.
caperata (Hoffm.), Nyl.
60. Lecanora atra, var. urceolata, nov.
61. A. cinerea.
2. Xanthoria polycarpa.
63. Gasparrinia granulosa, var. perminuta, noy.

of some Lichens. 287

64. Cladonia sylvatica,

65. alpestris.
66. rangiferina.
67. verticillata.
68. turgida.

69. Buellia epipolia.
70. Physcia trebacia.

a virella.
72. , forma georgiensis.

73. Graphis seripta, var. pulverulenta.
74. Arthopyrenia rhyponta.
75. Lepraria cinereo-sulphurea.

My collections in Kazan contain material for ten more
fascicules. It is hoped that some lichenologist will undertake
the continuation of this work after my death.

‘Tabule Generum Lichenum?
Edited by Prof. Dr. C. MerescuKovsky.

This work is still less known than the previous one. Only
five tabulze have been issued, but material exists, gathered
during my travels through the whole of Europe, for about
thirty-five tabulee.

The tabule that have already appeared—they can also be
obtained later on through Dr. J. Briquet, Geneva—include
the following genera :—

Lecanora, I., II., and III.
Asprerla, I. (Spherothallia).

Gasparrinia, I.

These have been acquired by (1) the Academy of Science
of Petrograd, (2) Hortus botanicus petropolitanus, (3) Univer-
sity of Kazan.

I give here the contents of these five tabula, and add the
localities (which they do not contain) as far as I can remember,
all my notes having been left in Russia :—

Asprcixra I, (Spheerothallia),

_

. Aspicilia desertorum (Kremplh.), Mer. Bogdo in gubernia
Astrachan (Rossia).

, forma ferruginea, Mer. Ibidem.

, forma sublevata, Mer. Ibidem.

, var. tncisa, Mer. Pr. p. ibidem, pr. p. Provincia Syr.

Darja, prope locum Kyzil-Khul (Rossia),

semivagans, Mer, Tauria: Ai Petri (Rossia),

, var. aspera, Mer. Bogdo in gubernia Astrachan

(Rossia).

esculenta (Kiversm.), Mer. Ibidem.

7 ge mobs

288 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses

8. Aspicilia fruticulosa (Eversm.), Mer. Ibidem.

9. , forma taurica, Mer. Tauria prope Sinferopolin
(Rossia).

10. -—— , forma minor, Mer. Tauria, prope Sinferopolin ;
C. Akmolinsk in Asia Media (Rossia).

ad; affinis (Eversm.), Mer. Bogde in gubernia Astrachan
(Rossia).

12, —— , var. intermedia, Mer. Akmolinsk in Asia Media
(Rossia).

13. hispida, Mer. Bogdo in gubernia Astrachan (Rossia).

14. —— , forma parvula, Mer. Tauria, prope Sinferopolin
(Rossia).

15 dubia, Mer. Tian-Schan, Asia Media (Rossia).

16, -— , var. microphyllina, Mer. Ibidem.

7. — , var. fruticuloso-foliacea (Elenk.), Mer. Ibidem.
cerebroides, Mer.*. Turkestan, prope Kaschgaria (Rossia).
Jussufii (Link), Mer. Algeria.

Lecanora (sp. Saxicole), I.

20. Lecanora perplexa, Mer., forma delicata, Mer. Reval (Rossia) ?,
vel Docelles, Vosges (Gallia).

21. —— , Mer. Reval ( Rossia).
22, —— , var. grisea, Mer. Ibidem.
23. wasmuthi, Mer. Bogdo in gubernia Astrachan (Rossia),

24, —— tristis, Mer. Kazan (Rossia). -

25, —— , forma obscurata, Mer. Ibidem.

26. albescens, var. dispersa (Nyl.), Mer. Collioure, Pyren.-
Orient. (Gallia).

27 erenulata (Dicks.), Wain. ‘Tauria, prope Sinferopolin
(Rossia).

28, —— , forma dispersa, Flot. Soemmering: Adlitzgraben
(Austria).

29 elenkinit, Mer. Tauria: Monasterium St. Georgii (Rossia).

380, —— , forma albinea, Mer. Tauria, prope Sinferopolin
(Rossia).

31. —— albescens (Kofim.), Th. Fr. . Reval (Rossia).

32. —— , forma confertiuscula, Mer. Ibidem.

33. —— ——, forma granulosa, Mer. Ibidem.

34, —— , var. deminuta (Stenh.), Th. Fr. Ibidem.

35. —— , Var. monsaurt (Mass.), Mer. Tauria: Chersones
(Rossia).

36. —— , var. dispersa, forma aggregata, Mer. Collioure,
Pyren.-Orient. (Gallia).

37. —— brunneola, Mer. Monichkirchen (Austria).

LECANORA (sp. Saxicolz), I.

388. Lecanora campestris, var. docellina, Mer. LDocelles, Vosges

(Gallia).
39. —— (Schaer.). Concarneau (Gallia).
40, —— ——, forma atrata, Nyl. Agde, Hérault (Gallia).

* The former name, Aspicilia alpicola, Elenk., must be replaced by
this new one.

of some Lichens. 289

41. Lecanora campestris, forma subimmersa, Mer. Ibidem.

42 , var. effiyurata, Mer. Pyren., Amélies les Bains
(Gallia).

43. cenisea, var, atrynea (Ach.), Nyl. Monte Amiata, Sienna
(Italia).
\

44, —— ,» Ach. Wechselgebiet, Ménichkirchen (Austria).

45, —— , var. melacarpa, Nyl. Monte Amiata, Sienna (Italia).

46, —— atra, var. grumosa (Pers.), Ach. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia).

47, —— , var. urceolata, Mer. Tauria: Castel (Kossia).

48, —— (Huds.), Ach. Tauria (Rossia), pr. p.

49, —— yangalevides, Nyl. Ibidem.

60, —— atra, var, calcarea, Jatta. Capri (Ita‘ia), pr. p. Tauria.

51. —— gangalevides, formy albonigra (Stnr.), Mer. Tauria, Castel
( Rossia).

62, —— , forma ornata, Mer. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia).

53. —— , forma plumbea, Mer. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia).

LECANORA (sp. Saxicolee), IIL.

54. Lecanora polytropa, var. alpigena, Schaer. Wechselgebiet,
Monichkirchen (Austria).
(Ehbrh.), Th. Fr.

55. ——

56. —— ——, forma dluseria, Ach. Reval?, vel Ménichkirchen
(Austria).

57. —— ——, var. intricata (Schrad.), Nyl. Wechselgebiet
(Austria).

58, —— , forma robusta, Mer. Wechselgebiet, Ménich-

kirchen (Austria).

59. coarctata, forma depauperata, Mer. Wechselgebiet, Mi-
nichkirchen (Austria).

60. —— (Sm.), Ach. Reval (Rossia).

61. —— , var. elachista, Ach. Ibidem.

62. latzelit, Zablby. Valmatia.

63. coarctata, var. elaschista, forma cotaria, Ach. Reval
(Rossia) ?.

64 sordida (Pers.), Th. Fr. Wechselgebiet, Ménichkirchen,
(Austria).

65. —— , forma leptoplaca, Ny]. Reval (Rossia).

66. —— , forma complanata, Leight. Wechselgebiet, Ménich-
kirchen (Austria).

67, —— , var. sulphurata, Ach, Tauria, Castel (Rossia).

68. —— , forma subradiosa (Nyl.), Mer. Pyrén., Amélie-
les-Bains (Gallia).

69. —— , var. swartzit(Ach.), Mer. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia).

70. —— , forma pseudosubcarnea (Harm.), Mer. Ibidem.

71. subcarnea (Sm.), Ach. Tauria (Rossia).

GasPARRINIA I,

72. Gasparrinia murorum (Hoffm.), Tornab. Reval (Rossia),

73. , var. tenwspora, Mer, Soemmering: Adlitzgraben
(Austria).

74, —— , var. scopularis (Nyl.). Reval (Rossia).

75, —— —, var. tenuispora, forma pulvinulum, Mer. Soemme-
ring: Adlitzgraben (Austria).

76. corticicola (Nyl.), Mer. Planta Saxicola, Reval (Rossia),

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 19

290 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

- ee
77. Gasparrinia murorum, var. subfulva, Mer. Tauria, prope Sin-
feropolin (Rossia).
corticicola (Nyl.), Mer. Planta lignicola. Astrachan
(Rossia).
79. —— murorum, var. miniata (Hoffm.), Th. Fr. Gallia.

80. —— , var. baumgartnert (Zahlbr.), Mer. Austria.

‘sill aurantia, var. thallincola (Wedd.), Mer. Concarneau
(Gallia).

82 tegularis (Ehrh.), Mer.*. Agde, Héranlt (Gallia).

83 aurantia, var. brevilohata, forma illobata, Mer. Collioure,
Pyren.-Orient. (Gallia).

84 tenuata (Nyl.), Mer. Beaulieu, Alp. Marit. (Gallia).

85. —— pusilla (Mass.), Tornab. *Tauria, prope Jalta (Rossia).

86 aurantia (Pers.), Syd. Tauria, e Jastel (Rossia).

87, —— , forma centrifuga (Mass.), Mer, Capri (Italia).

88. —— ——, forma mesoleuca (Mass.), Mer.t. Beaulieu, Alp.
Marit. (Gallia),

89. —— , var. brevilobata (Nyl.), Mer. Collioure, Pyren.-

Orient. (Gallia).

XXVII.—WNotes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. An-
drews.—No. XLII. By Prof. M‘Invosu, M.D., LL.D.,
DSc. EuS., ce:

Recent Additions to the British Marine Polycheta.

Since the publication of the earlier parts of the ‘ Mono-
graph of the British Marine Polychets’ was commenced
(nearly fifty years ago) many additions have been made, and
some of these have already been described in the ‘ Annals
and Magazine of Natural History.? Others will be indicated
in the following notes.

Of the Euphrosynide, a post-larval form was procured ;
by Mr. Chadwick in the surface tow-net off Port Erin in
December 1905.

Anteriorly, in the microscopic preparation, the head con-
sists of a somewhat shield-shaped lobe, broad and slightly
dimpled in front, narrower behind, and with a more deeply
stained clavate band along each side, at the anterior end of
which is a minute dark eye. This shield-shaped region is
minutely streaked and dotted, apparently from the minute

* The former name of no. 82, Gasparrinia lobulata (Sommf.), had
to be changed for this new one.

+ In addition to this form, there exists undoubtedly a forma centro-
leuca (Mass.), Mer., which I have observed in Italy, distinct from the
forma mesoleuca by the absence of concentric zones of yellow and white
coloration on the thallus.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 291

cells and granules taking in the stain. On each side of this
area is a tentacle, the base of which is enlarged and the tip
filiform and tapering.

The entire body has a more or less circular outline, and
the four pairs of feet radiate outward characteristically, the
anterior pair being wide apart and directed almost straight
outward, or with a slight obliquity forward, whilst the last
pair is somewhat smaller and more nearly in atransverse line.
Each foot consists of a setige:ous process tapered toward the
tip, so that it resembles a long cone with a tuft of translucent,
slightly curved, simple bristles issuing from it in a fan- like
manner. Each bristle has a translucent straight shaft, the
curved region at the tip being finely spimous on its convex
edge. Amongst these is a shorter, stouter form also curved
at the tip, but smooth. Shorter and more slender bristles
apparently represent the dorsal series, aud, in all, these form
a group at the tentacle, their tips, which are finely serrated,
curving inward at the side of the head. A similar tuft
occurs on the dorsum of each foot, though in the smallest
(youngest) they are not visible on the two posterior feet.
The curvature of these bristles may be partly due to preser-
vation. The alimentary canal seems to go straight backward
to the vent, the last portion, occupying a little less than a
third of the length of the body, being more deeply stained.
A median fissure separates two minute and somewhat ovoid
lobes between the bases of the posterior feet.

So far as can be observed; this would seem to be the pelagic
young of Huphrosyne, probably of EF. foliosa, the common
species of the more southern waters. The general outline,
the cephalic lobes, so largely developed in the young, the
ovoid anal processes, and the nature of the feet and bristles
all point to this conclusion. Such young examples seem to
be rare, and I am indebted to Mr. Chadwick’s courtesy for
the slide containing the examples.

Hab. A single example of Chrysopetalum debile of the
family Palmyride was dredged on a bottom of sand and
shells in Clew Bay (Souther n).

The occurrence of a representative of a genus character-
istic of the warmer seas on the west coast of Ireland
indicates the richness of this remarkable region, and the
possibility of further interesting discoveries yet in store for
the marine zoologist. Inthe description of Palmgra aurifera,
Savigny, in the ‘ Challenger’ Annelids, Chrysopetalum debile
is alluded to * in connection with the presence of scales.

* Rep. Annelida, p. 55,
1 ig.

292 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

Of the Polynoide, Lepidasthenia argus was found in the
tube of Amphitrite edwardsi at Plymouth (Hodgson). The
cephalic region is reddish with a median longitudinal groove.
The median tentacle is long, stout, enlarged near the filiform
tip; lateral tentacles more slender and the swelling indistinct.
Tentacular cirri similar to the lateral tentacles. All the fore-
going are smooth with a dark band at the distal part of the
enlargement, which has a belt of opaque white. The palpi
are long and tapered—exceeding the tentacular cirri in length.
Hyes four, anterior pair wider apart and slightly larger than
the posterior. The proboscis in extrusion is a firm cylin-
drical organ fully a centimetre in length, with a transverse
slit at the tip, guarded by about a dozen papille on each
margin, most of them with pigmented patches. ‘Two slightly
curved horny jaws occur above and below, and when locked
they are alternate. The basal region of the organ in
extrusion is marked dorsally by two brown bands.

The Jody is elongate (84 inches), and with upwards of two
hundred segments, tapered a little anteriorly, and more dis-
tinctly posteriorly, where it terminates in an anus with two
short cirri. In life the colour is a brown of varying degrees
of intensity with a tendency: to a purplish hue. ‘lhe
intervals between the segments have a transverse bar of dark
brown, and the cirrus-bearing feet have a diffused patch of
the saine pigment, scarcely perceptible on those carrying
elytra. The ventral surface is nearly colourless, except fora
median longitudinal line of red.

The scales are subcircular or, in a few, reniform ; surface
and margin smooth. Hach has a dark brown patch immedi-
ately behind the scar and spreading inward toward the
posterior border, near which is a curved streak of opaque
white. Arborescent nerve-twigs are spread over the entire
elytron. One example, 84 inches long, had 67 elytra and
189 segments.

Iu the first foot the dorsal division is represented by a
papilla, to which the spine goes. The ventral division carries
thirty or more bristles, which have slender shafts and elon-
gated spinous tips with, in some, traces of a cleft. The
spinous border is directed ventrally. The ventral cirrus
is long. In the typical foot the dorsal division may carry
four or five long, slender, and smooth bristles. In the
ventral division are three groups of bristles, an upper with
long slender shafts and elongate spinous tips, a median of
numerous stout bristles with shorter tips, and a ventral series
with still shorter tips. All the bristles with the exception
of the first two feet are bifid. The segmental papille are

Gratty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 293

very prominent in the posterior part of the body, and
the segmental organs indicated. The dorsal cirri resemble
the tentacular cirri, aud extend nearly to the tips of the
bristles.

It is an interesting fact in the history of this genus that
one species from the Antarctic seas resides in a tube formed
by the branches of a coral, the tough nature of the reticulated
walls of the tube thus making an <flicient protection for the
elongated annelid. The twigs of the coral seem to adapt
themselves to the tunnel of the worm.

Pregeria remota, Southern, one of the Pisionide, was
dredged on tlie west coast of Ireland (Southern). Southern
agrees with Ehlers that Pregeria most nearly approaches the
Aphroditidz, resembling the Sigalionide “in the reduction
of the head and its appendages, the forward position of the
buecal segment, the shape of the compound sete, and the
presence of jaws.” ‘‘I am of opinion that the elongate
ventral anterior cirri of the Pisionidz are homologous to tlie
palps of the Sigalionine, that the slender dorsal and globular
median cirri, together with theswollen bases which contain
the prominent spines, constitute the parapodia and cirri
of the buccal segment, the whole being homologous to the
segment bearing tentacular cirri in Pholoé and the first
setigerous segment in Sihenelais. The first setigerous
segment in the Pisionidz would then be homologous to the
first setigerous segment in Pholvé and to the second in
Sthenelais. In ail three cases the ventral cirrus of this seg-
ment is elongate and functions as a tentacular cirrus, a
remarkable resemblance, which is best. explained by the
theory of close relationship.”

Whilst these views are full of interest, it has to be added
that no known Sigalionid, or other allied form, shows any-
thing approaching the condition in the cephalic region of
Pregeria with its remarkable spines, though the proboscis,
its circlet of papille, and its jaws have a near resemblance to
those in the Polynoide and allied forms. The length of the
feet and the proportionally great size of the bristles, which
stretch far inward into the tissues of the body, are more in
consouance with a pelagic habit than are the bristles and feet
of the Sigalionide. Further, the bristles themselves have a
closer approach to those of the Syllids than to any other
group, even to tle serrations on the enlarged distal region of
the curved shafts. The simple condition of the dorsal bristle
is akin to that observed in Syllis spengicola and S. gracilis,
whilst even a more complex arrangement is seen in Ancistro-
syllis greenlandica. Onthe other hand, the presence of teeth

294 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

diverges from anything at present known in the Syllids—even
from the condition in the parasitic Sy/lis on the eel.

Were the facial tubercle present in P. minuta, then the
other characters of P. tuberculata might reasonably be cou-
strued as those of a variety of the common form, viz., the
‘‘absence of papilla on the tentacular cirri” (since some
occur at their base), the more numerous papill on the feet
and the ventral surface, and the shorter papille on the scales.
The occurrence of white pigments in the palps and scales is
a feature of the variety. No facial tubercle has been made
out in the common form, therefore Southern’s species stands.

The post-larval examples of Pelagobia longicirrata, Greef,
procured in the Irish Sea *, present two stages—different
from those figured by Reibisch, but agreeing in general
structure. The younger has three bristled segments, the.
large head (for at its posterior border it is equal to the
diameter of the body) is broadly shield-shaped, the narrower
border being anterior. ‘lwo eyes—antero-posteriorly elon-
gated—occur toward the posterior border and are widely
separated. <A tentacle projects on each side of the anterior
margin. The second pair arise behind each eye, are subulate
in shape, and slant forward. A pale area in the centre of
the snout indicates the mouth, which is at the anterior
extremity, and a small ovoid area occurs in the lateral region
and probably indicates the nuchal organ, which is conspicu-
ous in Greef’s form. The head thus differs from Greet’s in
the antero-posteriorly elongated eyes and in the brevity
of the tentacles, but it has to be remembered that his form
is much more advanced.

The body is nearly cylindrical, though the two terminal

segments are considerably narrower, and has three bristled
sesmenits, the first feet being the shortest, a brief interval
separating them from the head. Hach forms a simple blunt
cone standing at right angles to the body and furnished with
a series of delicate translucent bristles with articulated
terminal pieces like those of Phyllodocids. The second feet
are considerably larger, also stand nearly at right angles to
the body, and their’ bristles are longer ‘and stronger. The
third pair slope distinctly backward. Each foot except
the last has a small subulate dorsal cirrus, which projects
only a little beyond the tip of the setigerous lobe, and is
in contrast with the two long cirri of Greet’s type.

Behind the third foot is a narrow segment with a slight

* For these examples I am indebted to Mr. Chadwick of the Port
Erin Marine Laboratory.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 295

lateral projection, from which a single bristle projects. Then
follows the still narrower anal segment, which has two sub-
ulate anal cirri. If Reibisch’s figures are to be trusted this
species would appear to differ, since he shows only two
conical processes terminating the body, but perhaps the cirri
had been lost. In the original description of Greef the anal
cirri are almost bulbous at the base with a terminal, slender,
subulate process.

The proboscis occupies the first bristled segment, is nearly
circular in outline, with a median fissure from which trans-
verse striz pass. A narrow process of the gut joins this to
an enlargement between the second and third feet, after
which the intestine diminishes to the terminal vent.

The second example has advanced a little, since the fourth
foot uow projects with its tuft of bristles, the anal segment
remaining as before. The anal cirri spring close together
on the ventral surface, and extend backward as short sub-
ulate processes, their total length being about the transverse
diameter of the anal segment. They present no bulbous base

_as in Greef’s species, and differ from the stumpy conical
condition shown throughout all the stages of Reibisch’s
examples.

Greef’s * specimens were procured in the Bay of Arrecife,
Canary Islands, from January to May. ‘The body had fifteen
segments and was 3 mm. in length. The head and first seg-
ment had a reddish tint, the rounded reddish-brown eyes,
situated a little behind the bases of the dorsal tentacles, had
lenses, whilst the mouth opened at the tip of the snout. On
each side of the posterior part of the head is a ciliated,
lobate, nuchal organ. The first segment bears a pair of
rather long cirri and a setigerous process ; the second has
shorter cirri, but the third, again, bas somewhat longer cirri,
and they get broader posteriorly. The bristles borne by the
setigerous process have straight shafts, a bifid spur with a
longer and a shorter sharp process, and a serrated terminal
process with the spikes directed distally. He describes a
dorsal vessel, as in Pontodora, in ripe examples, which has
either ova or sperms. The alimentary canal has a muscular
pharynx with a glandular (?) central region. He was
uncertain as to the position of the species, but thought it
might be near the Syllids.

Vigniert (1886) found the same form in the Bay of
Algiers from December onward throughout the year. He

* Zeitsch. f. w. Zool. Bd. xxxii. p. 247, Taf. xiv. figs. 28, 24, & 25,
t Archiy Zool, Expér, 2 sér. t. iv. p. 377, pl. xxi, figs. 1-13,

296 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

points out that the mouth is not terminal, but on the inferior
surface of the head, behind the ventral pair of tentacles, a
ciliated furrow passing in front of the inferior tentacles and
terminating superiorly in frout of the dorsal tentacles. The
groove separating the prostomium is al-o ciliated. He shows
that the antero-posteriorly elongated eyes rest on the cephalic
ganglia, which are bar-like from transverse extension. ‘The
nuchal organs form two lateral ciliated processes on each
side between the first foot and a point opposite the eye.
The proboscis has a series of parallel longitudinal glands
with enlarged or bulbous ends posteriorly in the centre of
the organ, and when the latter is extruded these bulbous
ends are distal, the tip of the organ having a smooth border.
He describes and figures the pygidium as a short cone with
a minute process in the centre and.a circle of cilia a little in
front. The foot has a spine and a group of bristles, the tips
of the shafts being bevelled, and a serrated terminal blade
articulated with it. The generative elements fill the coelom,
and even pass forward into the sides of the proboscis in ex-
trusion. He considers that the form belongs to the Phylio-.
docide. The figures of this author are excellent, and mm
contrast with those of Reibisch, who, however, bad only
preserved materials.

In general outline Pelagobia resembles the larval stages
of Spherodorum, but differs in certain details, such as the
median cephalic and caudal processes and the papille on the
body, whilst the bristles seem to be proportionally longer.

Reibisch (1895) gave an account of the development of
what he considered to be the same species (P. longicirrata)
as Greef’s, though slight differences are apparent. He
figures the eggs and the young without tentacles, but with
two eyes, two feet, and two anal cirri, and various stages up
to the longest with twenty-four segments, and considers
that it approaches the young of Eteone. Its distribution is
almost cosmopolitan.

Pelagobia is extensively distributed abroad, chiefly in the
warmer seas of both hemispheres, yet it occurs in the waters
of Greenland and ranges through the intermediate area to
the South Pacific, and appears at various seasons.

Eulalia pusilla, Ghrsted, a minute species, has probably
been overlooked in the collections of British observers until
Southern’s careful investigations showed that it is not un-
common on the west coast of Ireland, whilst De St. Joseph
dredged it frequently at Dinard. The dorsal cirrus is elon-
gate-ovoid, and the two anal cirriaresimilar. The setigerous
process bears a fascicle of slightly curved, short bristles with

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 297

enlarged ends of the shafts and tapered terminal pieces with
serrations. A female bore ova of considerable size in July.

Mystides limbata, De St. Joseph, was obtained by Southern
off the west coast of Ireland and at Plymouth by Allen.
It is a small form, the head bearing four minute tentacles in
front and two large reddish eyes posteriorly. The buccal
segment has two slender tentacular cirri, and the following
segment has another pair, the ventral presenting a slight
enlargement. The proboscis has a ring of about ten papille,
and its inner surface is coated with large conical papille.
The anal segment has a pair of fusiform cirri. The foot has
oval dorsal and ventral cirri and a bifid setigerous lobe.
The short stout bristles are curved, and the distal end of
the shaft has a strong tooth and a series of spines on each
side. The terminal blade is coarsely serrated and obliquely
striated. Mature specimens have swimming-bristles.

Southern distinguishes it by the fan-shaped array of spines
at the end of the shaft of the bristles (a feature, however,
found in other forms), and by the winged expansion of the
veutral tentacular cirrus on the second segment. Allen ob-
serves that a female with dark green eggs occurred in May,
and that a small median tentacle exists as in Eulalia, “ but
in the majority of specimens it is difficult if not impossible
to make it out.”

De St. Joseph points out that certain Phyllodocids, such as
Eulalia problema, Mgrn., have capillary bristles as in Syllids,
and that Hulalia gracilis, Verrill, showed signs of scissiparous
development. ‘The presence of large eyes and capillary
bristles in M. limbata is another example, and he thinks it
probable that at maturity these will be fully developed as
swimming-bristles. Gravier, however, found females with
much-developed eggs in which these bristles were dis-
appearing.

Mystides bidentata, Langerhans, also occurred on the west
coast of Ireland (Southern). ‘Che head is elongate, and the
tentacalar cirri long. The body has about 190 segments,
and measures from 5-25 mm., the colour being greenish
yellow, and a dark brown spot exists at the base of each
foot ventrally. The anal segment has two slender cirri
enlarged at the base, and a long papilla between them.
The feet have ovate cirri, and the setigerous lobe is bifid.
The ventral bristles are thicker than the median,
and the terminal pieces shorter; dorsal bristles inter-
mediate. The dilated and bevelled tip of the shaft bears
two unequal claws, and is spinous. The bristles are longer
and more slender than in M. liméata, and the ventral cirri

298. Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

of the second segment are large. Mature forms have
swimming-bristles. In contrast with M. limbata the colora-
tion of this species differs, and the dorsal and ventral cirri
appear to be proportionally larger.

Mystides borealis, Théel, from the west coast of Ireland
(Southern), is another of the minute examples (54 mm.
long) of the genus, which can best be studied in the living
condition, and it is possible that revision may alter certain
of the views at present held. Southern’s careful descrip-
tions, however, will aid materially in their elucidation.
The broadly oval cirri of this form are conspicuous. The
bristles are slender and of moderate length (Southern).

Mystides elongata, Southern, is a remarkably elongate
Irish form, with long setigerous processes, long segments,
and peculiar bristles. The head is twice as long as broad,
and has two eyes devoid of lenses in the postero-lateral
angles, The body is minute (6 mm.) and has 80 seg-
ments. ‘he colour is yellowish or dark green. The first
segment has a single pair of long tapering cirri, the second
has two pairs, but there are no traces of spines or bristles.
The third segment has a setigerous lobe and a ventral cirrus.
The setigerous lobe generally is bluntly pointed, and has a
spine and four bristles, whilst the dorsal cirri are small
and fusiform; ventral cirri longer. Three of the bristles in
each foot are compressed, the shaft being thick, curved,
bevelled (but not swollen at the tip), and bifid. Mature
females have bluish-gieen eggs (Southern).

In Oxydromus propinquus, Marion and Bobretzky, from
the west coast of Ireland (Southern), one of the Hesionide,
the head is somewhat cordate in outline, broad posteriorly
where the dimple is, nearly straight at the narrower anterior
end, and having four eyes in a trapezoid about the middle,
the anterior pair being bean-shaped, larger, wider apart, and
furnished with lenses. The median tentacle is short and
slightly fusiform, the lateral more than twice as long, a
little tapered toward the tip, and separated from the rest
of the head by a ciliated depression. The palpi have two
‘articulations, a basal and a longer distal. Four tentacular
cirri occur on each side, the largest and longest being the
posterior dorsal, and in each a nerve is distinct. The pro-
boseis, which has a minutely papillose surface,is of a bright
orange hue, and extends to the fifth setigerous segment.
Anteriorly it has a series of serrated papilla. It is followed
by the intestine, which is constricted at each dissepiment.
The body varies in length from 6-10 mm., is typical in out-
line, and terminates posteriorly in two long articulated anal

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 299

cirri and a median process. The general aspect is pale,
with symmetrical brownish bars and two median touches in
each segment. De St. Joseph describes the proboscis as
unarmed, and furnished with numerous papille at the tip.
The feet are well developed and, at the reproductive season,
the ova pass into them. Dorsaily is the long articulated
cirrus, and ventraily the shorter ventral cirrus. At the
base of the former is the dorsal setigerous process bearing a
series of long simple bristles, slightly curved, with a ser-
rated (spinous) edge, the process being further stiffened by
two spines, one of which, curved in the young form, projects
amongst the bristles. The ventral series has articulated
terminal pieces, more or less bifid, and longer or shorter
according to position, the longer dorsal and the shorter
ventral. The foregoing description is chiefly that of
Marion and Bobretzky. Southern states that it swims
gracefully through the water, stops, and even swims back-
ward when its progress is arrested.

Castalia fusca, Johnston.—l'wo varieties of this species
were found by Southern on the west coast of Ireland. The
first was dredged in Clew Bay in 24 fathoms, on a bottom
of sand and shells, and differed from the ordinary form in
having red eyes, the absence of spines on the terminal
portions of the bristles which are shorter and thicker, the
terminal pieces tend to be bifid at the tip, and the bevelled
end of the shaft is bifid. In the second variety from
Ballynakill Harbour, the bristles are similar, but longer,
the tips of the shafts pointed, not bifid, the terminal pieces
are longer, with fine spikes, and tie bifid nature of the tip is
more distinct, the coarse spikes on the terminal pieces being
absent. Further, in a number of segments in the middle
of the body the dorsal division has a large curved spine
(Southern).

In Microphthalmus sezelkowit, Mecznikow, the head is
rounded in front, indented posteriorly, with a single pair of
black kiduey-shaped eyes posteriorly and four slender
tapering tentacles anteriorly. A median tentacle occurs
at the posterior indentation. The three pairs of tentacular
cirri are somewhat enlarged at the base. The body-seg-
ments are about forty, and the length 6 mm. The dorsum
has ill-defined bands of brown pigment. The dorsal cirrus of
the third segment is the longest, and all are about twice as
long as the ventral. The dorsal division of the foot carries
a single slender spine and a single small bristle with a
lyrate tip ; ventral division with a single large spine and
a group of Hesionid bristles.

300 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

This is one of the interesting additions made by Southern
on the south-western shores of Ireland. The structure
generally is that of a Hesionid, but its special featur s
consist in the peculiar lyre-shaped dorsal bristle and the
hood-like extension of the pygidium. Mecznikow’s original
description is diagnostic, and he mentions that he found a
female with eggs in segments 13 to 24.

In the family of the Sytirp#, Caullery and Mesnil* pro-
pose to institute a new genus, viz., Parexogone, for the
Pedophylax hebes of Webster and Benedict, which Southern
has procured on the west coast of Ireland, the head being
formed into a sort of cone with fused palps. The anterior
region of the alimentary canal is muscular, with proboscis,
crop, and gizzard. The cuticle is thick. ‘he animals fre-
quent compact sand, and the habit for Syllids is thus peculiar.
Moreover, an important paper on the group, with excellent
illustrations, has recently been published by Prof. Haswellf,
in which both systematic and structural features, as well as
developmental investigations, are detailed. Amongst other
interesting structural points he found that in some the
nephridia of each pair unite completely at sexual maturity.
In Kxogone fustifera the extruded egg becomes a:tached by
one end to the area on which the ducts of the pedal gland
open—internal to the ventral cirrus. He points out that in
Exogone fustifera the formation of the ccelom differs from
that of the Polycheta generally, since the stomodzeum ends
behind a mass of tissue (syncytium) in which the large yolk-
granules are embedded. The changes in this take place
before the young anuelids become free.

In Parexogone hebes, var. hibernica, Southern, the head
is separated from the palpi and buccal segment by faint
grooves, and the length exceeds the width. Three tentacles
—a long subulate median and two small laterals, which are
about one-fifth as long as the median. Three pairs of eyes
outside the lateral teutacles, and they vary in size ; exterior
to them are conspicuous, ciliated, nuchal organs. Palpi
large and fused dorsally, a shallow groove between them
ventrally. Brain elongated and bilobed. Buccal segment
as large as the head, bearing a pair of small bulbous ten-
tacles with stiff cilia at the tip. The body is about 7 mm.
long, with thirty-one bristled segments, somewhat fusiform,
creamy white in colour, without other pigment. The pro-
boscis extends from the second to the fifth bristled segment,

* Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xlii. p. 127, 5 figs. (1918).
+ Journ. Linn. Soe. vol. xxxiv. p. 217, pls. xvii., xviii.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 301

is covered with dark pigment except a narrow strip in the
fourth segment. Anterior part of proventriculus long and
narrow, with twenty rows of glands, the succeeding portion
being muscular and non-glandular, with two small ciliated
sacs. The proboscis has ten soft papillz anteriorly and a
conical tooth. Colour grey or flesh-colour, eyes dark red or
black. The foot has an unequally bilobed setigerous
process, the dorsal portions with the spine being the smaller
and having a rounded papilla near the tip. Dorsal cirrus
small and bulbous with stiff cilia distally. Bristles in a fan-
shaped series: shafts curved, swollen and bevelled at the
tip ; terminal pieces coarsely spinous proximally, and some
distance below the tip is a broad tooth. A single spine is
present, its tip being enlarged and smooth. <A simple dorsal
bristle appears in the seventh foot, and is joined in the
posterior seven segments by a similar ventral bristle, this
type being curved and pointed with a spur at the base, as in
various Syllids. A female in May had two ova in each
segment from the tenth to the twenty-second (Southern).

Grubea linbata, Claparéde, comes from low water and
the laminarian region at Plymouth (Allen). The head has a
similar arrangement of the tentacles to that in G. clavata,
the two lateral being anterior, the median posterior, and
they are somewhat fusiform, the base being enlarged, whilst
the distal region is tapered. Four large brownish eyes
oceur posteriorly, the anterior being wider apart, and all
have lenses. The proboscis occupies segments 2—5, and has
no denticulations on the anterior rim, but the lateral walls
are crenulate. The pigmented layer is marked by a pale
ring as in G. tenuicirrata, and the organ presents a glandular
appearance. ‘The proventriculus is in segments 6-8, and
has twenty rows of glands; its anterior part seems as if
clothed with a horny coat, which may be a contin@ation of
the proboscidian tissue. The stomach is in segment 9 and
has a pair of glandular pouches. ‘The chloragogenous
intestine follows.

The head of Grubea pusilla, Dujardin, from the west
coast of Ireland and Plymouth, has long soldered palps ;
four lateral tentacles towards the anterior part of the head,
the longer median in front of the posterior border, all
having the fusiform enlargement at the base, whilst they
are tapered distally. The four eyes are furnished with
lenses, and the anterior are wider apart. There are four
tentacular cirri. The proboscis is smooth with tooth near
anterior end. The body is about 2-5 mm. in length, and
has from twenty-eight to thirty-four segments. Posteriorly

302 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

Langerhans describes an unpaired median appendix between
the anal cirri.. Feet with the fusiform dorsal cirri trun-
eated, with bacilli in the interior. Ventral cirri filiform,
short, the ventral bristle is bidentate, and with spines along
its margin distally.

Reproduction.—Ripe females were found by Dujardin,
Marenzeller, and Langerhans, the latter stating that in one
with thirty segments two eggs occurred in each segment
from the eleventh to the twenty-second. De St. Joseph
(1886) mentions that the males .have swimming-bristles and
sperms ; whereas the females are devoid of swimming-
bristles, and carry two eggs ventrally on segments 10-26.
But he has also met with one devoid of swimming-bristles
carrying embryos on the dorsum from the tenth to the
fifteenth segment (six segments). Usually they are fixed
by their anal segment to the ventral surface of the parent,
near the ventral cirrus, and so placed that thir dorsal sur-
faces are in keeping with that of the mother. They have
four eyes in a line, three tentacles, four teutacular cirri on
the buccal segment, rudiments of proboscis and proventri-
culus, whilst a mass of orange yolk occupies the position of
the intestine. There are four setigerous segments and the
anal has two small cirri. The dorsal cirri have the trun-
cated form of the adult, but contain no bacillary bodies ;
and they are absent from the second setigerous segment,
thus differmg from the adult. ‘lhe minute ventral cirri
are present on four segments. The palpi, longer than the
head, are less attenuate in front than in the adult. He
further notes, as a distinction between this species and
G. clavata, that the embryos are developed in eggs on the
dorsum of the parent, whence they escape when sufficiently
oe whereas in G. pusilla they are developed on the
ventral strface of the mother, to which they remam adherent
after leaving the egg. He adds a caution, however, that
possibly variations occur in both.

Prof. Haswell has found a hermaphrodite condition of the
species in Australia (Port Jackson), for one or two male
segments are followed by a number of female ones, thus re-
sembling such Serpulids as Filograna. In G. quadrioculata
he found the ova attached dorsally between the cirrus and
the foot. Mr. Southern met with a mature male in March,
whilst specimens with embryos attached occurred in May.

Spherosyllis erinaceus, Claparéde, comes also from the
west coast of Ireland. It was introduced by Claparéde
(from Normandy) as having a body about 2 mm. long.
Palpi broad, almst club-shaped when viewed from the

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 303

dorsum ; six eyes—four median forming a square and the
other two external. Anal cirri slender. There are twelve
segments. The body is from 1°40 to 2 mm. in length, arfd
has about twenty-two bristled segments.

De St. Joseph found a single ripe female, 1-40 mm. long,
at Dinard at the depth of 26 metres. ‘There were twenty-
two setigerous segments. The median tentacle arises in a
line with the posterior eyes—a single pair of tentacles occur
on the achetous segment fused with the head. The eyes
agreed with the type, and so with the dorsal and anal cirri.
No dorsal cirri on the setigerous segments. The ventral
bristles have long tips with a simp ey extremity—long and
pectinate. At the seventh segment is a Simple dorsal bristle.
Seventeen rows of glands (points gris) occur on the pro-
venticulus ; stomach with lateral pouches. From the ninth
to the eighteenth segment four eggs in each, but no swim-
ming-bristles. He doubts if the form of Langerhans is the
same, since it differs in the palps which are higher, and in
the position of the tooth in the pharynx which is in the
middle. Moreover, the bristles differ in stiucture, though
it must be said that neither is drawn with sufficient detail.
The number of eggs in each segment also differs. There is
perhaps room for doubt as to the separation of some of these
minute forms, even though they are apparently mature.

Mr. Southern found ‘another species, viz., Spherosylls
bulbosa, on the rich western coast of imelana In this the
head is oblong, with rounded corners, and bearing four large
eyes with lenses. The fused palpi are long and broad with
a faint dorsal furrow, but a conspicuous ventral groove.
Between the head and peristomium are the nuchal organs.
The proboscis has a bluntly rounded tooth in front and a
series of soft papilla. ‘There are fourteen rows of glands in
the proventriculus. The body is 5-6 mm. long, and has
forty-eight setigerous segmeuts, widest in the anterior third
and tapering toward each end. No papilla occur on the
body, only on the feet and anal segment, which has two
cylindrical papille with slightly enlarged bases. The spines
are stout with a bulbous tip, and the compound bristles are
few and have short terminal pieces.

Spherosyllis oviyera, Langerhans, is another minute form
from the west coast of Ireland (Southern) and from
Plymouth (Allen). In this form the head has four large
eyes, the posterior pair nearer each other, the auterior a
little j in front. The three tentacles are in a transverse line,
the median often in front of the anterior eyes. The palpi
are broad and flattened. The body is about 1°5 mm, in

304 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

length, and the mature form has from twenty-four to twenty-
eight segments, the surface being beset with papille and
encrusted with sand and mud, a feature which enabled
Dr. Allen to separate it from S. Aystriv found along with it.
The dorsal cirri are short, with enlarged bases, so as almost
to be pear-shaped, and there are two thick anal cirri. The
pharynx has a tooth anteriorly and the proventriculus has
ten rows of glands. The dorsal bristles are simple, slightly
curved at the tip. The terminal process of the ventral
bristles is somewhat long with a curved end and spikes ;
moreover, the end of the shaft is dilated, with a process in
front.

Langerhans found two males with swimming-bristles and
sperms. A female carried eggs on segments 12-15, whilst
another had on its ventral cirri either ova or embryos. ‘The
f male had no swimming-bristles. He thought that it
approached S. pirifera and S. hystrix, but the great size
of the palpi and the shape of the median tentacle are
characteristic. ;

This species is entered in the list from Plymouth, but
some uncertainty exists, though it may yet be found on the
southern coasts. As mentioned on page 159 of vol. 1.
Part I. of the Monograph, Dr. Allen’s preparation showed
that the structure of the foot, the presence of a single
slightly curved and pointed bristle, and the structure of the
compound bristles all agree with S. hystrix. The example
from Plymouth did not show the spine on the enlarged
terminal region of the shaft as figured by Langerhans.

In connection with the Syllids the recent interesting
remarks of MM. Caullery and Mesnil* on viviparity and
parthenogenesis may be mentioned. They found a form,
Lhlersia nepiotocat, sp. n., amongst Lithothamnion at La
Hague, with young at different stages of development and
to the number of a dozen in the celom—and without traces
of any male or of hermaphroditism. They are inclined to
suppose that in certain forms of these and other Syllids a
life-cycle occurs, in which, after normal reproduction, par-
thenogenesis takes place, as in Aphides and Cecidomya in
some generations. A considerable number (over a dozen)
have been added to the British Fauna lately, and more will
probably yet be found by a further minute search of shore
and sea.

* Compt. Rend. t. 163, p. 756 (1916).
} vnios, young, and roxos, viviparous.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 305

Pierantoni* has also extended the list of species of Piono-
syllis bearing ova or larve. His P. gestans has a series of
fourteen or fifteen well-developed larvee along the ventral
surface; P. eleyans bears -eleven or twelve laterally ;
P. papillosa carries a large ovum on each side for twenty-
one segments ; whilst P. minuta has fewer ovigerous seg-
ments. The dull purplish ova of Spherosyllis hystriz again
are borne below the dorsal cirri.

In the genus Pionosyllis is P. serrata, which Southern
procured on the west coast of Ireland. It has six eyes,
tie anterior mere specks at the bases of the lateral tentacles,
the middle large, with the lenses directed forward, the
posterior nearer each other and the lenses directed backward.
The body is minute, 2°5 to 8mm. long with twenty-seven
setigerous segments. The anal segment has two slender
subulate cirri. The dorsal cirri of the first setigerous segment
are the longest of all the appendages. Foot with a bluntly
pointed setigerous lobe bearing a small dorsal papilla at the
tip. The bristles have the ends of the shafts enlarged and
bevelled, with conspicuous spines, lower bristles simply
hooked. Of the sixteen bristles in each foot, five to seven
are bifid.

In Syllis (Typosyllis) variegata, Grube, which Southern
distinguishes from P. prolifera by its colour-pattern, the tips
of bristles are less boldly bifid and the edge more serrate ;
whilst the spines in the posterior feet are very thick and
bluntly pointed, especially in young specimens.

Streptosyllis webstert, Southern, from the same region,
has the feet prominent, five characterising the anterior
region, the spine in the first segment being thin as in the
posterior segments. In segments 2-5 the spines are large
and thick. A single simple bristle is present in the dorsal
region throughout. At the sixteenth foot the setigerous lobe
is smaller, but the ventral cirrus is longer than in the anterior
region. Bristles in segments 1-5 shorter and thicker than
in the others. Behind these the bristles are thinuer, have
serrate terminal pieces, and the end of the shaft is serrated
on one edge and has four sharp processes, whilst the spine is
slender with a bulbous tip. Capillary bristles begin at the
11th segment and extend almost to the tip of the tail in the
mature males (the only forms found).:

Southern states that this species is most closely allied to
S. varians, De St. Joseph. It resembles it in having five

* Arch. Zool, Napoli, vol. i. pp. 231-252, taf. 10 & 11 (1911).
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 20

306 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

setigerous segments in the anterior region and in having
simple tips to the compound bristles. It differs in the
presence of a slender spine in the first setigerous segment, in
the shape of the terminal pieces of the anterior bristles,
in the occurrence of simple dorsal bristles in all the seg-
ments, in having three anal cirri, and in other details.
These differences, however, require further investigation.

Streptosyllis bidentata, Southern, is characterised by the
broad head, four large eyes with lenses, the median tentacle
arising between the anterior pair, the palps fused at the
base, invisible from above, and with slender papille on their
tips. ‘The body is minute—about 2°5 mm. Proboscis short
and broad, proventriculus with forty-five rows of glands.
The feet of the six anterior segments differ from those
behind. The foot has dorsally a simple bristle, winged and
curved distally. The compound bristles are short, thick,
and the ends of the shafts have three or four blunt teeth,
whilst the terminal pieces are bifid and coarsely serrated.
The structure of the simple, serrated, winged bristle recalls
that of Staurocephalus. It differs from S. varians in the
length of the proboscis and proventriculus, in the moniliform
condition of some of the dorsal cirri, in the larger palps, in
the minute structure of the bristles, and in the greater
number of the anterior segments with thick spines. It
differs from S. wedsteri in having six segments in the
anterior region and in the structure of the bristles
(Southern).

In Opisthodonta pterocheta, Scuthern, the palps are free
distally, but united at the base. The buccal segment has
two pairs of tentacular cirri, all cylindrical and smooth.
The body is more than 6mm. long and has forty-nine
segments, the pharynx stretches through sixteen segments
and has a sharp lateral tooth about its middle, the proventri-
culus has forty-five rows of glands, ‘The bristles have
enlarged spinous ends to the shafts and simple curved
tips. Swimming-bristles occur on the 3lst foot. In the
middle region the foot is biramous, dorsally having capillary
bristles, ventrally a single upper winged bristle, four or five
compound, and a single bristle without wings below.

Southern found, on the west coast of Ireland, a mature
female of Hhlersia ferruginea, Langerhans, in March, with
a long tuft of swimming-bristles on the twenty-eighth seg-
ment and no sign of a bud, so that it is probable it repro-
duces directly and may pertain to Pionosyllis lamelligera,
De St. Joseph. It differs from Sy/lis cornuta, Rathke, in

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 307

having smooth dorsal cirri and in the structure of the
bristles, which, however, diverge very little from those of
#. cornuta, Rathke. The figures of Langerhans, representing
the bristles of the second and twenty-third segments, are the
only ones available.

Of LEusyllis lamelligera, Marion and Bobretzky, Allen
observes that it is a well-defined species, distinguished by
the enlarged and leaf-like shape of the first ventral cirri.
He dredged a female with nearly ripe eggs in July on
Mewstoune Ledge, Plymouth. Marionand Bobretzky procured
a ripe male in January without swimming-bristles. They
consider that, though it approaches H. blomstrandi in the
non-moniliform dorsal cirri, in the fusion of the palpi at the
base, and in the presence of six distinct eyes on the head, it
is different. The first dorsal cirrus is long and the first
ventral cirrus is foliaceous. The bristles, moreover, differ.
No example has been seen by the writer, but Dr. Allen
intends to publish an account of this and other forms he has
recently procured.

Eusyllis monilicornis, Malmgren, was dredged by Allen at
Plymouth, and it 1s apparently more common in the south
on both sides of the channel. It has six eyes, two being
small, and the palps are long, but fused at the base. There
are from fifty-two to sixty-seven segments of the body,
which is from 10 to 15mm. long. The dorsal cirri of the
second and fifth segments are longer than the following,
which are unequal amongst themselves. The feet have two
kinds of bristles, viz., those with long and those with short
tips. The colour is pale orange with a patch of dark brown
or black on the hind part of the head.

Autolytus macrophthalmus, Marenzeller, occurs both at
Plymouth and on the west coast of Ireland. The head
is distinguished by the large size of the eyes which cover a
considerable portion of the surface, and there are occasionally
a few additional specks. The length of the body varies from
8-20mm. ‘The violet or reddish proboscis is barrel-shaped
and has forty-four rows of violet points. The colour is light
orange and the tips of the tentacles are orange.

De St. Joseph met with an example of 20mm. in length
in which the sexual elements covered the dorsal vessel and
fell into the cceelom ; and another of seventy-two segments
in which the head of a female bud with four eyes appeared
at the fourteenth segment, yet it had no ova, no swimming~
bristles, and no modification of the intestine. A third

example, a nurse-stock of thirteen segments, had a female
20*

308 Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.

stolon of fifty-eight segments with the head well developed,
the body filled with eggs from the third segment to within
twenty of the tail. Its swimming-bristles were developing.
From the fourteenth segment of other examples a male bud
depended, with or without natatory bristles and altered or
unaltered intestine, according to the development of the
spermatozoa. In the sexual buds there were many red
points on the ventral surface, and the segmental organs
were developing. The French author is inclined to think
with Langerhans that the A. macrophthalma and A. luxurians
of Marenzeller refer to the same form.

Southern also considers A. duxurians, Marenzeller, synony-
mous with this species, the only difference being that
A. luxurians has small reddish-brown eyes, whereas in this
the eyes are large and red.

Autolytus brachycephala, Marenzeller, is another species
from the west coast of Ireland (Southern). The head has
four large eyes, occasionally with additional specks. The
tentacular cirri and cirri of the second segment are longer
than the following. The reddish-violet pharynx has thirty
marginal papilla. Each segment has a double row of
pigment-grains. The dorsal cirri are alternately long and
short.

Autolytus punctatus, De St. Joseph, comes both from
Plymouth and the west coast of Ireland. The head is of
moderate size, the anterior eyes large, the lenses projecting
in front, the smaller posterior pair having the lenses directed
posteriorly. The body is colourless, except for a faint tinge
of orange. Each segment, except the buccal, bears a double
transverse row of small greyish glands. The proboscis has
twelve obtuse denticulations anteriorly, alternating with
another twelve pointed processes. The feet are typical.

Autolytus edwardsi, De St. Joseph, likewise was procured
both at Plymouth and the west coast of Ireland. Four eyes
occur behind the slender tentacles. The length of the bud
is about 14mm., and it has a longitudinal streak of orange
on each side of the dorsum in the nurse-stock; the
appendages of the head and the first three segments have
orange tips. The dorsal cirrus of the second segment is
long, that of the third much shorter, whilst the following
are nearly equal. The proboscis has twenty-four small
denticulations and the reddish proventriculus is elongate,
occupying segments 7-9.

De St. Joseph observes that he occasionally met with
an Awutolytus which he could not distinguish from this

. On new or little-known Tipulidee. 309

species except by the absence of the two reddish-orange
bands on the anterior segments. It also bore stolons, and
he considered it a variety of this species.

Allen found the breeding-season from March to June at
Plymouth.

Autolytus lugens, De St. Joseph, from Plymouth (Allen),
has a comparatively small head, surmounted by a massive
median tentacle, the lateral tentacles being much smaller.
Four eyes. The body is small, but typical ; the proboscis
has only six denticulations. The proventriculus has twenty-
six to thirty rows of grey points and occupies segments 8-11.

This is one of several of the Syllids which requires
re-investigation, since 1t may be connected with other known
forms. De St. Joseph met with specimens having male
buds. Allen observed early stolons in January and February
at Plymouth, and a well-developed one in July.

Six specimens of Procerastea halleziana, Malaquin, were
procured amidst Ascidians from a raft moored in Caw-
.sand Bay, Plymouth, in September (Allen). <A brief, but
excellent, summary of the stolonisation of this form is
given by Mr. F. Potts* along with other types of repro-
duction in the Syllids. In Procerastea halleziana, as shown
by Malaquin, the twelve to fifteen new segments are iuter-
calated in the middle of the stock, and not at the posterior
end as usual in the Syllids. Thus there may be in front
twenty to twenty-two original segments, fourteen to sixteen
of recent formation, and then eighteen to twenty more of
the original stock, the middle showing the more advanced
development of the foot.. The head of the stolon is formed
on the fourteenth segment. The parts soon assume the
condition of the adult. Dr. Allen has a further com-
munication on this subject lately, an abstract of which
appeared in the notice slip of the Royal Society (1921).

XXVIUL—Mw or little-known Tipulidee (Diptera).—VI.
Ethiopian Species. By Cuarues P. Atexanper, Ph.D.,
F.E.S8., Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.

Tur material considered in the present instalment was
received for study from the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburg,
through the kindness of the Director, Dr. W. J. Holland, and

* Spengel’s ‘ Ergebnisse und Fortschritte Zoologie,’ Bd. iii. p. 30.

310 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

the Curator, Mr. Hugo Kahl, and from the Staatsmuseum
in Vienna, through the kindness of the Custodian of the
Diptera, Dr. Hans Zerny. The latter collection was one of
the very greatest importance. The location of the types
of the new species described herein is designated after each
description.

Dicranomyia mascarensis, sp. 0.

General coloration brown ; wings greyish hyaline, stigma
oval, pale brown; pale brown seams at origin of Rs and
along the cord; Sc, ending immediately before the origin
of Rs; cell lst My, closed ; basal deflection of Cu, imme-
diately before the fork of M7.

Male.—Length about 4:2 mm.; wing 5°2 mm.

Rostrum aud palpi dark brown, Antenne dark brown.
Ifead dark brown, discoloured in the type.

Mesonotum dark brown, any possible pruinosity dis-
coloured in the type. Pleura and sternum dark brown.
Halteres rather elongate, brown, the basal portion of the
stem obscure yellow, the apices of the knobs a little paler.
Legs with the coxe dark ; trochanters obscure yellow ;
remainder of legs testaceous-brown. Wings greyish sub-
hyaline ; stigma oval, pale brown; a brown cloud at the
origin of Rs; very indistinct brown seams along the cord
and outer end of cell lst M,; veins dark brown. Venation:
Sc, ending immediately before the origin of Rs, Sc,
apparently close to the tip of Sce,;; Rs gently arcuated ;
r faint, at the tip of R, ; inner end of cell R; far proximad
of cell R;; cell lst M, closed, about as long as vein M,,.
beyond it ; basal deflection of Cu, a short distance before
the fork of M.

Abdomen dark brown, the basal sternites paler. Male
hypopygium with the pleurites very short and stout, the
proximal face near the apex with three cylindrical fleshy
lobes that are tipped with long bristles, one of these lobes
slender, arcuate, the others shorter and stouter ; proximal
side of pleurite extended caudad into a fleshy arm that is
setigerous on proximal face. Ventral pleural appendage
much larger than pleurite, pale, subcircular in outline, the
proximal margin extending proximad into a fleshy lobe with
two spines on the caudal margin near mid-length of the lobe.
Dorsal hook conspicuous, almost straight, the distal third
gently curved, the tip suddenly narrowed to an acute point.

new or little-known Tipulide. 311

Hab. Mascarene Islands.
Holotype, 3, Reunion (Sikora).
Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Gonomyia (Leiponeura) mascarena, sp. n.

General coloration brown, the pleura plumbeous, striped
longitudinally with pale yellow; posterior femora yellow
with two brown subterminal rings; wings clouded with
pale brown and whitish subhyaline ; small brown spots and
seams along the cord ; Sc, ending opposite the origin of Rs ;
cell lst M, closed ; abdomen dark brown, the caudal margin ©
of the segments conspicuously white.

Female.—Length about 5mm.; wing 4°8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne brown, the
second scapal segment obscure yellow apically. Head pale
whitish, the vertex darker medially.

Pronotum white. Mesonotal prescutum light brown with
three confluent darker brown stripes ; scutum brown, the
proximal margin of each lobe obscure yellow ; scutellum
obscure yellowish, darker basally; postnotum obscure
yellow, darker posteriorly. Pleura plumbeous; a conspicuous
pale yellow longitudinal stripe extending from behind the
fore coxe to the base of the abdomen; dorsal-pleural
membrane light brown. Halteres whitish, the knobs slightly
darkened. Legs with the coxz and trochanters yellowish ;
only one hind leg remains, femora obscure yellow with a
broad brown subterminal ring with a narrow and less
distinct brown ring before this at about three-fourths the
length of the segment, the yellow ring enclosed, narrow ;
tibie and metatarsi yellow, the tips narrowly infuscated ;
remainder of the tarsi dark brown. Wings with a faint
brownish tinge, variegated with whitish subhyaline and
brown; stigma oval, grey; small brown spots beneath
arculus ; at tip of Sc, and origin of Rs; along cord and
outer end of cell lst M,and at tip of R,,33 costal margin
of wing indistinctly whitish subhyaline, this including cells
C, Se, and R,; vague subbyaline areas at the wing-tip, in
cell lst M,, and at the end of vein lst A; veins dark brown.
Venation: Sc, ending opposite origin of Rs, Sc, close to tip
of Sc,; Rs long, angulated and spurred at origin, only a
little shorter than R,,;; basal deflection of Ry,; a little
longer than 7-m; cell lst MW, closed; m longer than the

312 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

deflection of M,; basal deflection of Cu, before the fork of
M a distance about equal to m.

Abdominal segments dark brown, the caudal margins
conspicuously ringed with white; genital segment and
ovipositor horn-coloured.

Hab. Mascarene Islands.

Holotype, 2, Reunion (Sikora).

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Trentepohlia (Mongoma) metatarsatra, Alexander,

1920. Trentepohlia metatarsatra, Alex. Ann, & Mag, Nat. Hist. ser. 9,
vol. vi. pp. 41, 42.

The unique type of 7. metatarsatra was in poor condition
when described. A male is at hand, which is here charac-
terised as allotypic. The specimen differs from the descrip-
tion of the unique type in the following regards :—

Head obscure yellow, slightly greyish pruinose adjoining
the inner margin of the eyes. The white tibial bases are
broad and pass insensibly into the brown tibial ring. Wings
with 7 close to the fork of R,,3. Abdomen uniformly pale
brownish yellow, including the hypopygium.

Male.—Leneth 8-8:°2 mm. ; wing 8°4 mm.

Allotype and two additional males from Bukoba—Usum-
bura, between Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika, 1910
(Grauer).

Allotype in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Lecteria tanganice, sp. u.

General coloration reddish fulvous, the prescutal stripes
inconspicuous ; head bluish plumbeous; legs obscure yellow,
the tips of the femora, tibie, and metatarsi narrowly infus-
cated ; wings yellow, the origin of Rs, the cord, and the
tip of R, rather narrowly seamed with lrown; abdomen
brownish fulvous, including the hypopygium.

Male.— Length 21-22 mm. ; wing 18-19mm.; abdomen
alone 16°5-17°5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne with the scapal
segments obscure brownish yellow; flagellum light brownish
yellow. Head bluish plumbeous, paler behind.

Pronotum dark brown medially. Mesonotum deep reddish
fulvous, the lateral preescutal stripes indicated, brown ;

new or little-known Tipulidee. 313

the median preescutal stripe is indicated only as a narrow
line near the anterior margin of the sclerite ; remainder
of the mesonotum obscure fulvous, slightly pruinose, the
scutal lobes darkened. Pleura brown, sparsely pruinose.
Halteres light brown, the knobs dark brown. Legs with
the coxe and trochanters light brown; femora yellow,
the tips abruptly and conspicuously black; tibize and
metatarsi yellowish brown, the tips passing into dark brown ;
remainder of the tarsi dark brown. Wings with a strong
yellowish tinge, cells C and Sc more saturated yellow; con-
spicuous brown clouds at the origin of Rs, fork of Ry,3;
paler clouds and seams at fork of Fs, along the cord, and at
the tip of R,; wing-tip faintly darkened ; wing-veins faintly
seamed with darker; veins brown. Venation: As about
one-third longer than the deflection of Ry,;; cell Ist M,
subrectangular in outline; petiole of cell M, about as long
as the cell; Cu g shorter than or subequal to the deflection
of Cu.

Abdomen brownish fulvous, including the hypopygium ;
sternites obscure yellow.

Hab. Ex-German East Africa.

Holotype, &, north-west of Lake Tanganyika, 1910
(Grauer).

Paratopotypes,5 3 3.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Lecteria vasta, sp. n.

Size very large; length of female about 40 mm. ; meso-
notal preescutum yellowish anteriorly, the preescutal stripes
indicated behind; wings brownish yellow with conspicuous
darker brown clouds and washes; fusion of M; and Cu,
extensive; abdominal tergites fulvous-yellow, trilineate with
brown.

Female—Length 40 mm.; wing 28mm.; abdomen alone
33mm. Fore leg: femur 16 mm.; tibia 19 mm.; tarsus
15°38 mm. Hind leg: femur 205 mm.; tibia 20°5 mm. ;
tarsus 10°5 mm.

Rostrum short, dark brown. Antennz with the basal
segment dark brown, sparsely dusted with greyish-yellow
pollen; basal segments of flagellum brownish, fading into
yellow, the terminal segments dark brown ; flagellum with
conspicuous verticils. Vertex obscure brownish yellow with
a conspicuous, capillary, dark brown median line, darkest on

314 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

the anterior part of vertex behind the antennal bases, sub-
tended by a pale mark adjoining the inner margin of eyes;
gene dark brown.

Pronotum prominent, brown, the scutellum = sparsely
pruinose. Mesonotal prascutum buffy yellow, clearer
anteriorly, and here bisected by acapillary dark brown line ;
three ‘brown stripes, the median one broadly divided and
indicated only posteriorly, the anterior half replaced by
yellow ; lateral stripes broad ; pseudosutural fovez con-
spicuous, bicolorous; scutum brown, the centres of the
lobes darker brown; an indistinct, capillary, brown median
line on the scutellum and postnotum. Pleura brownish
testaceous, the dorsal margin of the pleurites narrowly
darkened; area surrounding base of halteres pruinose.
Halteres brown, the knobs dark brown, base of the stem
yellow. Legs with the coxs and trochanters relatively
small, reddish brown; femora obscure yellow, becoming
clearer yellow before the conspicuous dark brown tips ;
tibiz obscure yellow, the tips narrowly and indistinctly
darkened ; tarsi obscure yellow; legs hairy; metatarsi
unarmed at base ; hind tarsi short. Wings brownish yellow,
the costal and subcostal cells light yellowish brown; con-
spicuous aud extensive brown clouds and washes on the
wing-disk ; washes in the bases of cells R and J/ and on the
basal half of cell R,; large and conspicuous dark brown
clouds at the origin of Rs, at Sc,, and at 7; paler but exten-
sive clouds along the cord, at the end of vein R,, along the
longitudinal veins, and as a conspicuous blotch beyond mid-
length of vein ls¢ A im cell lst A. Venation: Fusion of
Cu, and M, extensive, longer than the outer deflection
of M; alone. The right wing of the type has an irregular
cross-nervure extending across the base of cell M; from vein
M; to Cuy.

Abdominal tergites bright fulvous-yellow, the tergites
narrowly trilineate with dark brown; lateral stripes also
including dorsal margins of sternites; sternites obscure
yellow with an interrupted, paler brown, median stripe.

Hab. Cameroun.

Holotype, 2, Lolodorf, February 27, 1914 (A. I. Good).
Carnegie Museum, Accession No. 5264.

Type in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

Lecteria vasta is the largest member of the tribe Erio-
pterini as yet made known. In the other species of the
africana group in which both sexes are known (a/ricana,
Alexander, atricauda, Alexander, pluriguttata, Alexander) the

new or little-known Tipulidee. 315

two sexes are approximately equal in size. By analogy, the
dimensions of the male of ZL. vasta should be approximately
those given for the type-female.

Conosia malayasya, sp. n.

General coloration fulvous-buff, the abdomen more yel-
lowish ; wings light yellow, the longitudinal veins with
series of conspicuous brownish-yellow spots; 7 and the
basal deflection of Cu; short and straight.

Male.—Length 17 mm. ; wing 13°5 mm.

Rostrum fulvous ; palpi dark brown. Antenne with the
basal segment brown; second segment and the fusion-
segment of the flagellum dark brown; remainder of the
autennz brownish yellow. Vertex dull grey with a capil-
lary, dark brown, median line; gene and occiput fulvous-
buff.

General coloration of thorax fulvous-buff, the przescutal
interspaces with brown setigerous punctures. Pleura
brownish yellow. Halteres brownish yellow. Legs brown-
ish yellow throughout. Wings light yellow, the costal
cross-veins seamed with darker yellow ; conspicuous brown-
ish-yellow washes at the origin of Rs, along the cord, and
vein R,; series of brownish-yellow dots along the longi-
tudinal veins; a brown cloud near mid-length of costa and
at the tip of vein 2nd A; veins yellow, the areas traversed
by the brownish-yellow spots slightly darker. Venation: a
series of cross-veins and spurs in the costal cell; Sc, far
from the tip of Sc,; 7 short, subtransverse; r—m immediately
proximad of m; vein 2nd A slightly angulated at tip ;
basal deflection of Cu, short and straight.

Abdomen obscure yellow.

Hab. Madagascar.

Holotype, 8 , collected by Sikora.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Compared with the smaller C. irrorata (Wiedemann), the
present insect is notable by its large size and yellowish
coloration, especially of the wings. The spots along the
longitudinal veins are relatively larger and fewer in number.

Psrupotimnopuita, Alexander.

CALOLIMNOPHILA, subgen. nov.

Similar to Pseudolimnophila, Alexander, s. s., differing in

316 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

the possession of a supernumerary cross-vein in cell Ry.
The case is entirely analogous to the subgenus Dicrano-
phragma, Osten-Sacken, in the genus Limnophila, Macquart.

Type of the subgenus.— Pseudolimnophila (Calolimnophila)
rex, Alexander (Uganda).

Pseudolimnophila (Calolimnophila) princeps, sp. u.

General coloration yellowish brown ; first flagellar sez-
ment pale ; mesonotum with acapillary, dark brown, median
line; wings brown, spotted and clouded with darker, the
costal margin alternately yellow and brown; abdominal
sternites bicolorous.

Male.— Length about 9 mm.; wing 10°5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne with the first
segment pale, sparsely silvery-pruinose ; second segment
brown; first flagellar segment conspicuously light yellow ;
remaining flagellar segments dark brown with a conspicuous
white pubescence. ‘Head brown with a greyish-yellow
pollen ; vertex very strongly narrowed behind.

Pronotum browuish yellow, dark brown medially. Meso-
notal prescutum yellowish brown with a capillary brown
median line; lateral margins of prescutum broadly paler
brown, enclosing a circular yellow spot immediately behind
the pseudosutural fovess ; extreme anterior margin of prae-
scutum narrowly darkened ; scutum light yellowish brown,
the median area and each lobe indistinctly lined with brown ;
a brownish-black spot on the lateral margin of the pre-
scutum above the wing-root; scutellum and postnotum
light yellowish brown with an indistinet brown median line.
Pleura yellowish testaceous, the dorsal pleurites largely
suffused with brown. Halteres short, dark brown, the base
of the stem paler. Legs with the coxe pale, testaceous, the
extreme bases darkened; remainder of legs pale brownish
yellow. Wings with a strong brownish tinge, spotted and
clouded with still darker brown, these areas distributed as
follows: At origin of Rs, tip of Sc, above the fork of Ry, 3,
tip of R,, at the supernumerary cross-vein in cell A, tip of
R,, along the cord and outer end of cell 1st M,; more diffuse
clouds at ends of the longitudinal veins ; a series of about
five small spots behind vein Cu; the anterior region of the
wing in the radial cells is variegated with yellow, these spots
lying between the brown spots, the most conspicuous beyond
Sc, and R,; veins dark brown. Venation: A supernu-
merary cross-vein in cell R, at about two-thirds the length

Se eS eS

ee eee

new or little-known Tipulide. 317

of vein R,; petiole of cell M, about twice m; basal deflec-
tion of Cu, beyond the fork of M.

Abdomen dark brown, the caudal margin of the tergites
very indistinctly paler ; sternites dark brown, a little more
than the caudal half of each segmeut pale brownish tes-
taceous.

Hab, Cameroun.

Holotype, 8, Lolodorf, January 28, 1919 (J. A. Reis).
Carnegie Museum, Accession No. 6305.

Type in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

Pseudolimnophila (Pseudolimnophila) fulvipennis, sp. n.

General coloration dark brown; mesonotal prascutum
with conspicuous erect sete; halteres light yellow; legs
dark brown; the femoral bases conspicuously yellow ; wings
strongly fulvous; abdominal tergites light brown, narrowly
trilineate with darker brown, sternites obscure yellow.

Female.—Length 10°5 mm.; wing 10°4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne with the
scapal segments dark brown; basal flagellar segments
yellow basally, becoming darker apically ; remaining flagellar
segments light brown, darker towards the end of the organ.
Head grey, the vertex darker medially.

Pronotum dark grey, pruimose. Mesonotal prescutum
dark brownish grey, the median area brown; entire surface
of prescutum with conspicuous erect sete; remainder of
mesonotum dark brown ; scutellum with conspicuous erect
sete ; postuotum naked. Pleura dark brown, sparsely
pruinose. MHalteres light yellow. Legs with the cox
dark brown, sparsely pruinose ; trochanters light yellow ;
remainder of legs dark brown, the femoral bases broadly
and conspicuously yellow. Wings with a strong fulvous
tinge, more saturated, and becoming almost brown in the
cells distad of the cord; stigma. elongate-oval, brown ;
velus brown. Venation: Sc, ending immediately before
the fork of Rs, Sc, at tip of Sc,; Rs elongate, strongly
arcuated at origin; A,,, a little less than one-half Rs,
rather strongly arcuated; 7 near tip of #, ; petiole of cell
M, a little longer than the basal deflection of Cw, the latter
at between two-thirds and three-fourths the length of ceil
lst Mj.

Abdominal tergites light brown, narrowly trilineate with
darker brown ; sternites obscure yellow. Genital segment
obscure yellow dorsally, dark brown ventrally ; valves of
the ovipositor horn-coloured.

318 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Hab. Madagascar.
Holotype, 2 , collected by Sikora.
Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Pseudolimnophila (Pseudolimnophila) recens, sp. n.

General coloration light brown, postuotum and thoracic
pleura sparsely pruinose; wings nearly hyaline, stigma
scarcely apparent; 7 at tip of R, and near mid-length
of R,. -

Male.—Length about 5 mm. ; wing 7°2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi hght brown. Antenne short, brown,
the basal scapal segment darker; first flagellar segment
brightened at extreme base. Head light brown, more
greyish adjoining the inner margin of eyes; head not
strongly narrowed behind.

Mesonotal prescutum with three light brown, confluent
stripes ; humeral region and lateral margins broadly paler ;
pseudosutural fovez small, oval, pale reddish ; scutum and
postuotum light grey pruinose ; scutellum obscure yellow.
Pleura light yellowish brown, sparsely grey pruinose.
Halteres pale, the knobs slightly infusecated. Legs with the
coxe and trochanters pale whitish yellow; femora light
brown ; tibiz brown, the tips rather broadly dark brown ;
tarsi brown. Wings nearly hyaline; stigma scarcely
apparent; veins pale. brown. Venation: Sc ending oppo-
site the fork of Rs, Sc. longer than Sc, and near its tip;
Rs angulated and more or less spurred at origin; R,,3
approximately one-half of Rs, not conspicuously arcuated,
about twice the basal deflection of Cu,; 7 at extreme tip of
R, (which is subatrophied beyond it) and just before mid-
length of R,; petiole of cell MM, a little shorter than R,,.;
m shorter than the deflection of Ms; inner end of cell
ls¢ M, rather conspicuously arcuated ; basal deflection of
Cu, near two-fifths the-length of cell lst Mo.

Abdomen light brown; a brownish-black subterminal
ring; hypopygium obscure yellow. Male hypopygium with
the pleural appendage broad-based, pale, the apex a short,
recurved, black hook. .

Hab. Madagascar.

Holotype, 3, collected by Sikora.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Limnophila sikorai, sp. n.

Mesonotum testaceous-yellow, thoracic pleura infuscated ;
halteres yellow ; wings with a greyish-yellow tinge, spotted

new or little-known Tipulidee. 319

with light brown, this pattern including a series of spots at
the ends of the longitudinal veins around the wing-margin ;
As long, in alignment with R,,,; 7 far from tip of R,; cell
M, about as long as its petiole; basal deflection of Cu, at
from one-fourth to one-fifth the length of cell 1st M,.

Female.—Length 6°8 mm.; wing 7°] mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne short, brown, the
flagellar segments with a dense white pubescence. Head
brown, sparsely grey pruinose.

Pronotum brownish testaceous. Mesonotum light testa-
ceous-yellow, unmarked. Pleura infuscated, contrasting
with the pale mesonotum. Halteres yellow. Legs yel-
lowish. Wings with a greyish-yellow tinge ; stigma brown ;
wing-membraune spotted with light brown, distributed .as
follows: Conspicuous brown clouds around the wing-margin
at the ends of the longitudinal veins ; seams along the cord
and outer end of cell Ist M,, origin of Rs, fork of M,,,;
pale washes in the bases of cells R to 2nd A and in the anal
cells opposite the origin of Rs; cells C and Se light yellow ;
veins brown, those in the costal region paler. Venation :
Sc, ending shortly before the fork of Rs, Sc, at its tip ; Rs
long, gently arcuated at origin, in alignment with R,,3 ;
R,,3; shorter than the basal deflection of Cu, ; r very faint,
removed from the tip of A, to a distance a little longer than
the basal deflection of Cu, and on R, about its own length
beyond the fork of Rs; inner ends of cells Rz, R;, and Ist
M, about in alignment; cell lst M, elongate-rectangular,
slightly widened distally ; petiole of cell 1M, approximately
as long as cell; basal deflection of Cu, at about one-fourth
to one-fifth the length of cell lst M,.

Abdomen dark brown, the basal sternites a little paler.
Ovipositor with the valves very long and straight, horn-
coloured.

Hab. Madagascar.

Holotype, 2, Fort Dauphin (Sikora).

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

This interesting crane-fly is dedicated to the collector, who
bas discovered many interesting species of tliese flies in
Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. The fly should
probably be referred to the genus Pilaria, Sintenis, rather
than to Limnophila, and the discovery of a male specimen
would presumably confirm this reference.

Eriocera evanescens, sp. 0.

General coloration brownish black; antennze short in
both sexes; wings with a strong brown tinge, most intense

320 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on

along the costal region; Se long, cell ls¢ M, relatively
small, tending to be open by the atrophy of m; cell M,
lacking.

Male.—Length 12 mm. ; wing 1] mm.

Female.—Lenugth 20 mm.; wing 15 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antenne short in
both sexes, black. Head brownish black, paler adjoining
the inner margin of the eyes.

Thorax brownish black, sparsely dusted with brown.
Halteres and legs brownish black. Wings with a stroug
brown tinge, the costal region more saturated, this intense
coloration including the costal and subcostal cells and the
radial region to the wing-apex; veins dark brown. Vena-
tion: Se very long, Se, ending approximately opposite 7,
Sc, some distance from the tip of Sc,, the latter alone being
wbout equal to the deflection of R,,;; Rs elongate, arcuated
at origin; cell lst M, open or closed, m tending to be
evanescent ; veins beyond cell lst Mg very long ani parallel;
cell M, lacking; basal deflection of Cu, beyond the fork _
of M; Cu, and the basal deflection of Cu, subequal.

Abdomen black with a brown pollen. Abdomen of
female relatively elongate; valves of ovipositor elongate,
acicular, black, the apices of tergal valves horn-coloured.

Hab. Cameroun.

Holotype, 8, Metet, 200 miles inland, east of Batanga,
June 20, 1918 (A. I. Good).

Allotopotype, § , in copula with type.

Carnegie Museum, Accession No. 6317.

Type in the collection of the Carnegie Museum.

XXIX.— On the Colacanth Fish.
By D. M. 8. Watson, University College, London.

For some years I have been interested in Ccelacanth fish,
because, although commonly included with the Osteolepids,
they differ from those forms in many respects, and have in
s me ways marked resemblances to the Teleosts. I therefore
investigated the structure of MJacropoma in specimens partly
of my own, partly lent me by Mr. G. E. Dibley, F.G.S.
Whilst I was actually writing this paper I received from
Dr. E. A. Stensio a copy of his great work on the ‘ Triassic
Fishes from Spitzbergen’ (Vienna, Adolf Holzhausen, 1921),

the Celacanth Fish. 321

which is, in my opinion, one of the most important contribu-
tions ever made to fish morphology. I find, to my great
pleasure, that Dr. Stensio has been able to describe in the
new genus Wimania nearly all the structures which occur
in Macropoma, and that his interpretation is in nearly all
points in complete agreement with that which I had
reached.

In some respects, however, my material is more complete
than his, and I therefore give an account of the head of
Macrepoma as an introduction to a discussion of the relation-

ships of the group to which it belongs.

Fig. 1.

Macropoma mantel, Ag. Lateral view of the skull, with the dermal
bones and pterygoidal apparatus of the left side removed. x 1.
Ec.Pr., ectopterygoid; Ex.Oc., exoccipital; Or.Pr., foramen probably
for the opthalmicus profundus nerve; P.V., “prevomer” and
its tooth-plate; Pau., palatine tooth-plate; Par.Sp., para-
sphenoid; Pr.Or., prootic; Pr., pterygoid; Qu., quadrate;
IIT., foramen for third or sixth cranial nerve; IV, foramen for

fourth cranial nerve (?).

Basioccipital.—TVhe basioccipital is a small very thin bone,
with nearly flat dorsal and ventral surfaces, which are square.
It only ossified in full-grown individuals. Its anterior aud

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii, 2

Bee Prof. D. M. 8. Watson on

posterior surfaces are free, the sides being clasped by back-
ward projections of the prootics.

“ Basisphenoid.” —The “ basisphenoid ” is a massive ossifi-
eation which has invaded the side-walls of the anterior part
of the brain-case and extends up to the skull-roof.

It is a massive bone whose posterior surface is convex, and
resembles a condyle in surface-structure ; the rounded surface
faces downwards and backwards towards .the basioccipital,
but is separated from that bone by a gap of more than 1 cm.
The lower part of the bone in adults is massive and is
covered by the hinder end of the parasphenoid. ‘The upper
surface, immediately above the condyle, is concave and has
a smooth surface, which terminates at a strong rounded ridge,
in front of which the bone is so deeply excavated as to consist
essentially of two lateral walls. The hinder end of this exca-
vation runs back behind the ridge, and is, without doubt, the

ne 9
Fig. 2.

Pi,
Ls L U|

ue By

= DB

ia” RG LLM
TULL

ill ALS WIE
Far.or. one B.Oc.

Macropoma mantel. The right side of the neural cranium and parietal
in sagittal section, xX 1.

Reference-letters as before, with :—B.Oc., basioccipital ;
8.0c., supraoccipital.

pituitary fossa. The cavity becomes very narrow as it is
traced torward, its floor contracting until the nearly straight
side-walls meet in an acute angle. The side-wall of this
cavity is pierced by four large foramina, three of which pass
obliquely forward and outward, the fourth going dorsally.
A pair of very minute foramina pierce the floor of the pitul-
tary fossa.

in most individuals the lower part of the basisphenoid is
unossified, so that it is not in contact with the parasphenoid
in the middie line.

“The outer surface of this sphenecidal element is mainly

the Celacanth Fish. 323

formed by two strong rounded ridges, which subside into the
flat outer surface anteriorly.

The ventral ridge overhangs a deep smooth groove,
running along the side of the bone immediately above the
upper edge of the parasphenoid. ‘This ridge is overlapped
posteriorly by the anterior end of the prootic.

Between the upper and lower ridges is another deep
rounded groove, which passes backward and is very nearly
converted inte a foramen by a bowing outward of the anterior
edge of the prootic; the aperture so "formed is revarded by
Stensio as the place of exit of the facial nerve, a view which
is undoubtedly correct.

The upper ridge dorsally turns forward and outward
until it terminates in a rounded process, regarded by Stensio
as a basipterygoid process, an interpretation which I once held,
but found it necessary to abandon. This process lies close
under, but is not in contact with, the skull-roof. From its
inner anterior face a thin lamina—Stensio’s alisphenoid
—runs almost directly forward, terminating in a truncated
extremity, which lies immediately below the hinder end of
the frontal, but which is not fused with that bone, as ft 1s
in Wimania. This lamina is pirtially separated from the
“basipterygoid” by a deep, very narrow slit,

The sphenoid is completed by a pair of very thin long
walls, which arise from-a feebly ossified common base lying
over the parasphenoid and rise toward the roof of the skull.
The external surface of each of these plates is pierced by tliee
foramina.

Otic Region.—The lateral walls of the hinder part of the
brain-case are largely formed by the great bones called
prootico-opisthotic by Stensio. I prefer to call these bones
prootic, because there is very little reason for believing that
they include a real opisthotie.

Kach consists of a body whose flat inner surface articulates
with the lower ridge of the sphenoid in front and with the
side of the basioceipital behind,

From the outer surface of the body posteriorly a strong
ridge gradually rises as it is traced forward, until it turns
dorsally and then backward, sweeping round so as to form
a deep backwardly directed pocket, bounded mesially by the
body of the bone. The hinder end of this ridge comes into
contact and in adults fuses with a special descending flange
from that dermal bone, called by Stensio the supratemporo-
extrascapular, ‘his descending flange of the supratemporal
is continued forward by a deep slender ridge.

21%

324 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on

Separated from the process of the prootie above described
by a V-shaped notch is another upstanding process, which
rises from the outer surface of the body of the bone, so as to
leave a notch which continues the middle groove on the
sphenoid and gives exit to the facialis.

This process touches, and in adults fuses with, a slender
descending process from the parietal, the bar so formed being
separated from the hinder border of the upper part of the
sphenoid by a slit.

Three other bones occur in the neural cranium of old
individuals. The mutual relations of these elements is clear,
but-their exact position in the skull cannot be determined.

One of these bones is bilaterally symmetrical, and can only
be asupraoccipital. Itis known to me only from the visceral
surface in one very large skuil.

It is a small hexagonal bone, lightly ossified, but of con-
siderable thickness. ‘he dorsal surface has a considerable
extension, the smooth endocranial surface being very small.
Tt was undoubtedly separated from all other bones by a great
deal of residual cartilage.

The posterior of the two remaining pairs of bones is the
first of the series to ossify.

It consists of an almost square, vertically placed sheet of
bone with a flat admesial surface. The upper margin of this
sheet is turned outward, so that it lies horizontally. The
posterior lateral corner of this région projects as a definite
process of comparatively small antero-posterior width.

The vertical part of this bone is pierced near its hinder
margin by two small foramina, the anterior and larger of
which lies at the upper end of a deep well-detined groove.

‘The third element is attached to the lower two-thirds of
the anterior margin of the vertical part of that just described.

It also is a mere sheet of bone standing vertically, but is
placed nearly transversely in the skull. he inuer border
is smoothly rounded and cut out into a wide shallow bay
round the brain-cavity.

From the middle point of the upper edge of the inner
suiface of this bone a special very thin bony spicule arises
and runs directly forward parallel to the middle line.

Palato-quadrate.—'l'wo ossifications occur in the palato-
quadrate cartilage—a quadrate and the bone called hyoman-
dibular by most authors, which has been correctly determined
by Stensio as a metapterygoid.

‘The quadrate is a dcep slender bone, a large part of whose
inner surface is covered by the pterygoid, the two bones

the Celacanth Fish, 325

uniting by deeply striate sutural surfaces. The quadrate
stands out nearly transversely, but the inner condyle—an
almost hemispherical head—lies a little in front of the cylin-
droid outer condyle, whose lateral surface is slightly concave.
The metapterygoid is a relatively large sheet of bone lying
on the outer surface of the pterygoid. Its hinder margin is
turned outward and ends dorsally in a process which touches
the lower surface of the parietal. The upper border is divided
into two concavities by a low elevation in the middle of its
length. his general concavity surrounds the process of
the sphenoid called basipterygoid by Stensio. In three cases

Fis! 3.

Macropoma mantelli, Left pterygo-quadrate apparatus seen from
without. x 1.

Reference-letters as before, with Pau.T'H., the tooth-bearing plate
attached to the palatine, represented displaced. The epiptery-
goid is also slightly twisted backward.

where I have removed the metapterygoid in exposing the
brain-case, I have satisfied myself that there is no contact
between the two elements, which are always separated by a
layer of chalk and do not bear any articular facets.

The anterior end of the metapterygoid is produced into a
long process of nearly cylindrical section, whose lower and
part of whose admesian surfaces are supported by a long
splint of bone projecting from the upper margin of the
pterygoid,

326 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on

Pterygoid.—The structure of the pterygoid has long been
well known. It is a triangular bone, very deep posteriorly,
where it extends down to the quadrate and up to the meta-
pterygoid. Between these two bones its outer surface bears
a deep groove, bounded anteriorly by a strong rounded ridge.
In front of this ridge the upper border is nearly straight, lies
parallel to the upper edge of the parasphenoid, and must
have been very powerfully attached to that bone by a tough
membrane during life, because specimens are not uncommon
in which the whole skull, except the sphenoid, parasphenoid,
and pterygoids, has been lost. In a specimen of this sort
in my collection both metapterygoids were removed before
burial without any displacement of the pterygoids.

Anteriorly the lower edge of the pterygoid turns outward,
so that the oral surface of the bone becomes inclined at only
a small angle to the horizontal.

The lateral margin of the pterygoid anteriorly is grooved
for the reception of the ectopteryyoid.

Palatine.—The palatine is a small quadricylindrical bone
whose hinder end is underlain by the pterygoid. The inner
part of the bone stands vertically and lies against the wall of

_the anterior end of the parasphenoid.

The anterior end of the bone is pointed and lies in a groove
on the lateral and under surface of the bone called by Stensio
a pre-ethmoid.

The palatine has no teeth attached to it, and might, if
viewed in the light of teleost morphology, be regarded:as an
autopalatine—that is, an ossification in the palato-quadrate
cartilage. ‘The texture of the bone and the details of its
suture with the pterygoid differ, however, from those of the
metapterygoid, and there is really no sound reason for re-
garding it as other than a strict homologue of the Tetrapod
palatine.

Loosely attached to the oral surface of the palatine is
a thin bony plate, consisting mainly of the fused bases of a
multitude of minute teeth; this element bears a single large
tusk, which lies in an area, also including a shallow coneavity
for the development of its alternative tooth, surrounded by a
circle of denticles somewhat larger than those which cover
most of the bone. ‘This element might be considered a
dermo-palatine if the palatine be called auto-palatine ; but,
although probably homologous to that element in Teleosts, I
prefer to regard it merely as a product of the fusion of teeth.

Vomer (?).—The element which for the moment I regard as
a prevomer is that which is described by Stensio as a pre-

the Cawlacanth Fish. 327

ethmoid. It is a thin shell of bone consisting of an oral
plate which continues that of the palatine, and 1s perforated
antero-laterally by a small foramen; and a lateral vertical
plate which anteriorly passes gradually into the oral part,
but posteriorly is sharply marked off by a ridge, the lateral

MUTT

Il

Macropoma mantellt. The palate. x 1.
The reference-lines of P.V, and Paw. end
on the tooth-plates.

Reference-letters as before.

surface being recessed to receive the anterior edge of the

palatine.
The hinder end of the prevomer passes dorsally to the

anterior end of the parasphenoid.

398 ProfeDi AIS Weeonion

‘The oral surface supports a bone formed of fused tooth-bases
which exactly resembles that which rests on the palatine.
The large tusk is, however, placed at the caudal end.

Ectopterygoid.—The ectopterygoid is the bone which has
usually been called maxilla. It is a long, very delicate
element attached to a groove in the outer margins of the
pterygoid and palatine. It bears a single row of small,
recurved, sharp-pointed teeth, and its outer surface, which
faces towards the inner surface of the suborbital, is covered
with a granulation of small denticles like those on the
pterygoid,

It is quite clear that this element cannot be the maxilla,
because there is no evidence of the attachment of any bone to
the lower margin of the suborbital.

That in B. M. N. H. no. 39070 (A. 8S. Woodward, pl. xxxv.
fig. 10) it lies below and parallel to the suborbital is explained
by the fact that the outer margin of the pterygoid is very
nearly parallel to the lower edge of the suborvital in the
articulated skull, and in the specimen referred to a slight
inward disp'acement of that bone has brought the two into
one plane.

Premaxilla.—The recognition of a complete series of
palatal bones shows that the curious median tooth-bearing
element x of Huxley’s figure and Smith Woodward’s vomer
must be the fused preemaxillee.

In no. 39070 and other specimens in the British Museum .
it stands vertically at the end of the snout, with the elongated
teeth of its lower lateral corner directed downward. Its exact
mode of articulation is not, however, determinable.

A Ceelacanth from the Solenhofen stone, in the Royal
Scottish Museum, shows a similar premaxilla in situ.

Septomaailla (?).—Within the nasal cavity, lying freely,
dorsal to the prevomers and below the dorsal surface, are a
pair of bones which together form an arched roof. I know

these only in transverse section, and can give no account of
~ their shape. ‘They may be true septomaxille, but are more
probably ossifications in the ethmoidal cartilages.

Dermal Bones of the Outer Surface of the Head.—The
general shape of the parietals is well known. ‘They terminate
anteriorly in a transverse margin whose edge is rounded,
entirely unlike a suture and always separated from the
similar hinder edge of the frontal by a space.

There is, in fact, no doubt possible that the. Coelacanths
had a movable joint between these two bones, which were in
lite connected by a ligament.

the Celacanth Fish. 329

The produced postero-lateral corners of the parietal plate
are not in any specimens I have seen separated by distinct
3 sutures, but as they are not present in three young individuals
of my series, they are no doubt in origin separate bones,

eae

Fife: Se Dens Rifle Ge Ale |

Macropoma mantelli. Meconstruction of the right side of the anterior
end of the fish. x 1.

Reference-letters as before, with:—Ana., angular; Cuav., clavicle ;
Curr, cleithrum ; Cor., coronoid; DEN., dentary; E.Pr., epi-
pterygoid= metacoracoid ; Gu., gular; Pr.Arr., prearticular ;
S.Cx., supracleithrum; Sp., splenial. The small tooth-bearing
bones above the prearticular and dentary are described in the
text.

called by Stensio supratemporo-extrascapula. For the present
I shall call them supratemporals.

The supratemporal has projecting from its lower surface a
ridge which is produced caudally into a descending point and

330 Prof. D. M. 8S. Watson on

anteriorly into a lamina which fuses with the prootic. The
bone terminates in a transverse suture with the last of the
parafrontals at a point behind the middle of the parietal. In
front of this spot the parietal is continued out laterally as a
thin shell of bone, which in the articulated skull is completely
concealed by the two posterior parafrontals. From the lower
surface of this part of the parietal a descending process
reaches, and in adults fuses with, the prootic.

As has long been known, the narrow frontals of Macro-
poma are continued forward by a series of small square
elements, which seem to be either four or five in number in
different individuals.

From the lateral borders of the lower surface of these
elements and of the frontals thin flanges of bone pass outward
below the parafrontals.

The parafrontal series of bones begin at sutures with the
supratemporals, and continue forward as straight rows lying
on the flanges of the parietals, frontals, and preceding bones
until they turn inward and meet in the middle bone imme-
diately behind the premaxille.

The number of parafrontals in each row is extremely
difficult to determine, and appears to be variable in different
individuals ; it is of the order of ten.

There may be a median parafrontal in the front (Stensio’s
inter-rostral), and the second of the paired series (Stensio’s
nasalo-antorbital) is always large, although in Macropoma it
is never perforated by narial openings.

Attached to the lateral margin of this large second para-
frontal is a remarkable and very characteristic bone, which
can be recognized in Undina. This bone stands nearly
vertically on the side of the face. Its anterior border is
vertical and no doubt supported the hinder edge of the pre-
maxilla. ‘The lower border is produced downwards into a
long slender process, which ends freely and perhaps separated
the two nasal apertures.

Above and caudally to the process the outer surface of
the bone is depressed and is smooth, in marked contiast
to the extremely rough dorsal part and parafrontals.

The hinder end of the suture between this bone and the
parafrontal with which it articulates is widened out into a
large nearly circular hole, which, as it continues one of the
deep grooves on the suborbital, is certainly merely for part of
the lateral line apparatus.

The suborbital is already well known and sufficiently
shown in fig. 5. Anteriorly it articulates with two para-

a

the Celacanth Fish. BB!

frontals and with the undetermined bone described above.
Just behind its articulation it is excavated by two deep
channels, which plunge down into the bone.

The postorbital and other cheek-plates are sufficiently ex-
plained by fig. 5.

There is, however, i in one of my specimens and in B. M.N.H.
no, 49834 a small bone covered with “ denticles” like a seale
lying below the quadrato-jugal and in front of the lower end
of the operculum.

Lower Jaw.—The lower jaw has been already well described
by Smith Woodward. The long straight prearticular extends
forward from the hinder end to the symphysis, where it meets
its fellow as a massive rounded bone on the dorsal surface of
the jaw.

The articular and the postglenoid ossicles have already
been described by Smith Woodward, although in my speci-
men they are not visibly separated by sutures from the
angular. The dentary, splenial=infradentary, and coronoid
are also well known.

I find, however, that the dentaries do not quite meet at
the symphysis; they are separated by the prearticulars for a
space of about 8 mm. in a large skull.

The upper surface of the prearticular and dentary for a
distance of about 1 cm. from the sy mphysis is covered by a
series of three small bones built up of fused tooth-bases. The
anterior of these, at any rate, supports a single larger tusk on
its posterior surface.

The opereular apparatus and shoulder-girdle are so well
known as to require no further description.

Shcpe of Head.—Specimens of Macropoma are in general
only very slightly distorted. The height of the skull is fixed
very definitely by the pterygoidal apparatus, which extends
from the quadrate to the skull-roof. The width of the head
can be determined with considerable accuracy, because the
egwars obviously, as in Polypterus, fill up the whole space
between the rami of the lower jaw. In transverse section
each gular is bent round very nearly for a quadrant of a
circle ; when placed together in natural position the ventral
surface 1s horizontal, aud in section there is a smooth tran-
sition into the vertical lateral surface of the angular—in
fact, the section between points at about half the height of the
angulars is rather accurately semicircular,

This fixes the position of the lower jaws, and that of the
pterygoids and sides of the face follows directly.

The anterior end of Macropoma so reconstructed is very

332 : Prof. D. M. S. Watson on

deep and remarkably narrow, differing considerably from the
much more usual shape of Wemania and Alewia.

General Discussion of the Colacanth Skull.

Although in general I accept Dr. Stensio’s interpretation of
the Coelacanth skull, [am unable to concur in some of the
identifications he makes.

A term like supratemporo-extrascapularis implies that
there has been an actual fusion of bones, and that we should
expect to find that the bone so called develops from two
centres. ‘l‘hat this is so there is no evidence in the case of
any bone which Stensio calls by a name of this type.

The evidence on which he relies is simply that the bone in
sl logy covers an area which in a more primitive form is
covered by two or more bones.

If this mode of interpretation were carried to its logical
conclusion, one would have to call the parietal of such a
mammal as lemur a parieto-post-fronto-postorbital, because it
occupies an area which in a Gorgonopsid is filled by these
three independent bones. It is, however, quite certain from
its development that the mammalian parietal is single, and
we have series of Anomodont reptiles which show a steady
reduction in size of the postfrontal until that bone is repre-
sented by an extremely minute strip partially separating the
parietal and postorbital.

In reptiles, at any rate, there can be no doubt that the
normal way in which the number of membrane-bones in the
skull is reduced is not by the fusion of neighbouring bones,
but by a gradual reduction in size and final loss of one of
them.

Tt seems to me most aes that this method of loss is
that which usually occurs in bony vertebrates, and as a
general policy I have always of recent years regarded a bone
as single and corresponding to a single bone in an ancestor,
unless there is very good direct evidence that it is formed by
fusion of two or more bones.

That such fusions do sometimes occur is certain ; in this
paper I record a fusion taking place quite late in develop-
ment between the parietal and supratemporal of Macropoma
and the formation of the interparietal in mammals by the
fusion of a pair of bones is familiar to everyone.

Thus, until he adduces direct evidence that they are formed
by fusion, I am unable to accept any of Dr. Stensio’s com-
pound names of bones.

the Celaeanth Fish. 333

The prearticular of Macropoma corresponds exactly to that
bone in Megalichthys; in both they form the greater part of
the inner surface of the jaw and in both they meet at the
symphysis.

The dentary of Ccelacanths is undoubtedly correctly
determined.

The three little tooth-bearing bones which rest on the
upper and lingual surfaces of the anterior ends of the pre-
articular and dentary are interpreted by Stensio as precoro-
noids. This view cannot be accepted; their relation to the
bones on which they rest are quite different to those held by
the precoronoids in Osteolepids and Tetrapods, and they are
much further forward than those bones ever are.

They can, it seems to me, be most usefully interpreted as
new formations, formed by the fusion of teeth. They agree
with the little tooth-bearing plates which occur on the copula
in Macropoma and on the branchial arches in other Ccela-
canths, which are certainly neomorphs.

The coronoid of Coelacanths is certainly that bone, and
the angular, although incapable of certain determination, is
one of the three posterior infradentaries.

Palate.—The pterygoid of Celacanthus is extremely similar
in its relation to the pterygoid of Osteolepids and Labyriutho-
dontia, and is determined with certainty.

The metapterygoid, certainly an ossification on the palato-
quadrate cartilage, is analogous and probably homologous
with the metapterygoid. It agrees closely with one of the
continuous series of ossification which occurs in the cartilage
in Osteolepids and rather strikingly with the epipterygoid of
au Embolomeious Labyrinthodont which I am describing
shortly.

There can be no doubt that the bay in its upper edge trans-
mitted the maxillary and mandibular divisions of the fifth
nerve, and that the ophthalmicus profundus passed out in
front of it.

These relations, considered in connection with the absence
of any direct contact with the sphenoid, show that the
so-called basipterygoid is not necessarily that process.

The palatine is considered by Stensio as an autopalatine—
a substitution-bone ; this view is founded presumably on the
fact that it does not support teeth directly. In Macropoma,
however, it has not the appearance of a cartilage-bone, and
the fact that the teeth are attached to aseparate element does
not provide conclusive evidence, because this bone is identical
in type with the tooth-bearing bones of the front of the lower

334 Prof. D. M. 8. Watson on

jaw and visceral arches, which we have seen to be neomorphis
without morphological importance. At the same time, [ think
it probable that we have in Mucropoma the beginning of the
process which results in Teleosts in the production of an
auto- and a dermo-palatine: all I wish to make clear is that
the palatine of Coelacanths is not to be regarded as an original
ossification in the palato-quadrate cartilage.

The so-called pre ethmoid of Ccelacanths resembles in
structure the palatine, with which it articulates, and, like that
bone, supports a tooth-plate. In position on the palate and
in the associated teeth it recalls the prevomer of an Osteolepid.
Iam extremely doubtful of its being an ossification on the
nasal capsule, and prefer to regard it as a prevomer, fully
recognizing that it is very unusual in passing on to the
dorsal surface of the parasphenoid, in extending so far
dorsally over the side of the olfactory capsule, and in its
perforation by a foramen.

The ectopterygoid is identified without difficulty.

The accurate determination of the homologies of the dermal
bones of the outer surface of the head in Ccelacanths seems
to me at present impossible. Only in Osteolepis, Megulichthys,
Eusthenopteron, and Dictyonosteus is the structure of the
snout known at all. In Osteolepis and Megalichthys, where
I have been able to examine considerable numbers of good
specimens, the number and arrangement of the bones in tle
auterior region of the skull vary enormously ; in the latter
genus especially they are seldom sytnmetrical, and I preter
not to attach independent names to them.

The skull of Husthenopteron repr esented in Stensio’s fig. 57
differs very greatly from Bryant’s restoration, which is borne
out by his photographic plates, and in the passage of the
supratemporal cross-commissure of the lateral line apparatus
over the tabulare and interparietal differs from all Osteolepid
skulls I have ever examined.

Mucropoma clearly presents a multiplication of dermal
bones, aud is not a favourable subject for study ; but I think
it probable that the peculiar bone with a downwardly directed
process and the second paired parafrontal are separated parts
of Stensio’s nasalo-antorbital, and that the process separated
the two narial apertures.

One of the most stiiking characters of the Coelacanth skull
is the hinge between the parietals and frontals, which is in
Macropoma coutinued outwards between bones of the para-
frontal series.

This hinge is exactly similar to that which occurs in an

———<— ee

————

the Celacanth Fish. 335

identical position in all Osteolepids, and by itself goes far
to establish a derivation of the Coelacanths from that group.

In a paper now ready for publication I have pointed out
that the long unossified region which separates the basi-
sphenoid and ‘basioccipital of " Osteolepids, as shown in Bryant’s
description of Husthenopteron, is functionally connected with
the hinge in the dorsal roof of the head.

The neural cranium of Ccelacanths is very difficult to
interpret. Dr. Stensio is, of course, perfectly correct in his
interpretation of the “sphenoid.” It is probable that the
most dorsal foramen passing through that bone is for the
opthalmicus profundus, and that the lower and most anterior
of these transmitted the third or sixth nerve. The remaining
foramen may have transmitted the trochlearius.

I am very doubtful of Stensio’s interpretation of the space
between the basisphenoid and parasphenoid as a myodome.
In Afacropoma the basisphenoid fades away gradually until
it is represented only by bony spicules. In different indi-
viduals there is some evidence that there is a progressive
growth of bone into this region, and the conclusion seems
obvious that it was in life occupied by cartilage which failed
to ossify. The basisphenoids of Macropoma, Wimania, and
Aelia are much less completely ossified than those of the
Coal Measure and Upper Permian Coelacanths. In these
forms the hinder surface of the basisphenoid is formed by a
large, nearly circular, concave condyle, extended Jaterally
aud upward by small additional faces ; it is entirely identical
with that of Megalichthys. In these forms it is most
probable that the lower surface of the basisphenoid is in
direct contact with the parasphenoid.

In any case, the position of this hole is not that of the
Pi leoniscid myod me which lies dorsal to the basipterygoid
process and lateral of the body of the basisphenoid.

The large bone called by Stensio the prootico-opisthotic
ecrresponds most accurately with the prootic in Hustheno-
pteron (Bryant, 1919). The two bones agree in articulating
with the lateral borders of the basioccipital, and stretching
forward in front of that bone along the sides of the great
unossitied tract of the basis cranii. In Osteolepids they do
not reach the basisphenoid as they do in Coelacanths. In
both forms there are anterior and posterior flanges trom the
skull-roof which meet or nearly meet the upper ‘edge of the
proouic. ‘The two bones differ, however, in the absence in
Lusthenopteron ot the pocket which occupies the hinder part
of the side of the Coelacauth prootic. ‘The function of this

336 On the Celacanth Fish.

pocket is not clear to me, but it may have surrounded the
labyrinth, the outer side of the otic capsule having been
unossified.,

Another important difference is that whilst a foramen for
the seventh nerve passes through the prootic in Hustheno-
pteron, that of Coelacanths is imperforate.

These comparisons show that Dr. Stensio is correct in finding
the points of exit of the seventh and fifth nerve between the
sphenoid and prootic. Consideration of the position of the
metapterygoid shows that he is probably: also correct in
placing the latter nerve very high up.

Of the other three elements of the brain-case, one—the
supraoccipital—is homologous with the ossified supraoccipital
region of Jegalichthys. ‘The large posterior paired element
agrees closely with the exoccipital of Husthenopteron, the
foramina piercing it being for two occipital nerves—that is,
essentially for a hypoglossus. The remaining element may
probably be an opisthotic.

Thus a fuller knowledge confirms the close similarity
between the neural crania of Osteolepids and Ccelacanthis
which Dr. Stensio has shown to exist.

The curious unossified region of the basis cranii and the
hinge in the dorsal surface which is funetionally connected
with it are not known4# any early bony vertebrates except
these forms; they are specializations which are specific to
the Osteolepids, and were developed in those fish after their
separation from the Amphibian, Dipnodn, and Actinopterygian
stocks.

‘The occurrence of these features in a typical form in Ccela-
canths seems, in my eyes, almost conclusive evidence of a
descent from Osteolepids,

Such descent allows us to draw most important conclusions
as to the kinds of structures which may be found in fish
derived from the Osteolepids.

As Stensio has pointed out, we have in Ccelacanths a
complete loss of the hyomandibular as a supporting element
of the jaw. ‘This loss is an exact parallel to that which has
occurred in Tetrapods and Dipnoi.

We have a separation of the teeth from the bones to which
they were formerly attached and their fusion into independent
ossicles, which is exactly parallel to that which occurs in
many Actinopterygians (e. g., Ama).

We have a great reduction or loss of the external tooth-
su} porting bones analogous to that of Dipnoi and certain
Urodeles.

This comparison lends additional support to the view, so

On the Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. 337

much used by Dr. A. S. Woodward, that in evolution the
dermal fin-rays become correlated with the endoskeletal fin-
supports.

Finally, as all Osteolepids have an archipterygial fin, with
only a single element articulating with the pectoral girdle, we
have to take into consideration the somewhat Teleost-like
skeleton of the pectoral fin found in Celacanthus according
to Wellburn and in an undetermined Coelacanth described by
Smith Woodward.

The whole literature is listed and discussed in E. A. Stensio,
‘Triassic Fishes from Spitabergen’ (Adolf. Holzhausen,
Vienna, 1921).

I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. G. EH.
Dibley for the loan of specimens, two of which proved
invaluable in my studies.

~ XXX.—On the Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. By Meio-
Leirao, M.D., Fellow of the Brazilian Society of Sciences.

THE genus Lastodora, C. Koch, is essentially neotropical, and
all its species but one (L. weijenberghi, Thorell, from Argen-
tina) are found in the Brazilian fauna. I have seen in the
collection of the Natural History Museums of 5. Paulo and
Rio de Janeiro specimens of all the Brazilian species.
Lasiodora differs from all the other Lasiodorese, Simon, in
having a stridulating-organ similar to that of Grammostola ;
but in Lasicdora the stridulating bristles are much less
numerous, and those on coxai. are situated only upon the
suture. ‘lhe characters of this stridulating-organ distinguish
the species, the number and disposition of the stridulating
bristles being variable. I give the following table of Bra-

zilian species :—

A. Falces with a rose-thorn-like spur in the
GRICHIANSUEIACE Ks. Hoereia sc obete a2 lle sts acanthognatha, sp. n.
AA. Falces without external spur,
B. Stridulating-organ with only three large
bristles upon the suture on coxai. .. dulcicola, sp. n.
BB. Stridulating-organ with more than
seven bristles upon the suture on
coxa i.
C, Stridulating-organ with some short
stout spines on the anterior side of
coxa i. amongst the stridulating ‘
bristles (median anterior eyes larger
than laterals).

Ann. & Mag. N. Litst. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. pies

338

Dr. Mello-Leitio on the

D, Anterior lateral eyes larger than
posteriors.

E. Inner surface of the tibie of
palps with eleven spines in
three longitudinal species ....

EE. Inner surface of the tibie of
palps with 2-3 spines........

DD. Posterior lateral eyes as large as
the anteriors.

E. Stridulating-organ consisting of
seven large distally duller
bristles; patella and tibia i. as
MOTs HESS 4 taj Veuin taser nashoasr tye bee

EE. Stridulating-organ consisting
of more than twelve incrassate
distally pink bristles; patella
aud tibia i. longer than iv.....

CC. No spines amongst the stridulating

bristles on coxa 1.

D. Posterior legs four times longer
than the carapace; patella and
tibia i. or iv. longer than the

carapace.
E. Anterior median eyes larger than
dstere)s Cicer idee au toler leas

KE. Anterior median eyes smaller
than laterals.

F. Posterior medians much
smaller than anterior me-
dians ; twelve large plumose
stridulating bristles upon the
suture on coxa i.

G. Legs with pale longitudinal
dorsal Vines: 02 sss. sae = :
GG. Legs without pale lines. .

FF. Posterior medians about as

large as anterior medians.
G. Stridulating-organ —con-
sisting of eight incrassate
but apically attenuate
bristles on coxai. upon the
BUDUES Ay vais outs = wltten
GG. Stridulating-organ con-
sisting of very many (even
more than twelve) plu-
mose bristles, almost
coming to distal border,
on coxa i. upon the suture.
DD. Posterior legs less than four
times longer than the carapace,
which is longer than or as long

- as patella and tibia iv.

KE. Anterior median eyes distinctly
larger than laterals (stridu-
lating-organ consisting of very
many plumose bristles) ......

MArIANNE, Sp. 1.

citharacantha, sp. 0.

eryptostigma, sp. 0.

Sracta, sp. n.

subcanens, sp. N.

klugii (Koch).
difficilis, sp. n.

striatipes (Ausserer).

curtior, Chamberlin.

erythrocythara, sp. n.

Grenus Lasiodora, C. Koch.

IK. Anterior eyes equal or the
medians smaller than laterals.

I’, Cephalothorax
shorter

distinctly
than patella and

tibia i.

G, Cephalothorax

GG,

slightly
longer than patella and
tibia iv.; eyes of the au-
terior row subequal, sepa-
rated from each other by
less than one diameter
Cepbalothorax as long as
patella and tibia iv.; an-
terior median eyes much
smaller than laterals and
about two diameters
apart.

H. Sternum about as wide

as lon

CDC Cur at yecdoy Jet it ah ea)

HH. Sternum much longer

thau wide (9°5X6 mm.).

IF. Cephalothorax as long as or
slightly longer than patella
and tibia i.

G. Posterior lateral eyes about

GG.

aslarge as anterior laterals.

Anterior lateral eyes dis-
tinctly larger than poste-
rior laterals.

H. Stridulating-organ con-

sisting of ten plumose
bristles, disposed in
three vertical _ files,
touching the suture on
COMATIE TS Saale hig ast om

HH. Stridulating-organ on

coxa i. consisting of
seven bristles, in a single
file, separated from the
suture by a bare longi-
tudinal band

CECE CCW ae

339

differens, Chamb.

pleoplectra, sp. n.

dolichosterna, sp. n.

parahybana, Mello-Leitao.

spinipes (Ausserer).

itabune, sp. n.

1. Lasiodora acanthognatha*, sp. n.

* axav@a, thorn, yvados,
apophysis of the falces.

? .—45 mm. ; ceph.19 x17 mm.; legs 63-58-56-68 mm. ;
patella+ tibia i, 23 mm., iv. 22 mm.

Carapace, falees, and legs brown-olive, the carapace with
some short golden hairs in the cephalic area ; falces and legs
with long, distally slight, rosy bristles, sternum and coxze
paler. Abdomen more velvety black above, with fine, long,
orange bristles.

jaw —an allusion to the thorn-like

22*

340 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the

Carapace low, longer than wide, shorter than patella and
tibia i. or iv., slightly longer than protarsus iv. ; fovea deep,
transverse. Eyes of the anterior row strongly procurved, the
anterior edge of the medians being a little behind the centre
of the laterals, the medians being the smaller, more than
a diameter apart and separated from the laterals by about a
diameter; posterior medians about as large as the anterior
medians, not very widely separated from them, closer to
pesterior laterals, which are smaller than the anterior laterals
and separated from them by a space which is quite equal to
half a diameter of the latter.

Falces with a thorn-like spur on the apical third of the
external surface; fang-groove with eleven teeth on inner
margin, the basal one granuliform. Posterior sternal sigille
separated from the margin by less than their long diameter.

Protarsus i, and ii. scopulated almost to base ; protarsal
scopula iii, covering 4, with two basal spines; iv. covering
about }—elsewhere strongly spined. Tibia i, with two short
apical spines ; ii. with three apical and one inferior spines ;
iil, with four apical, two inferior, and 1-1 anterior; iv. with
two apical, 1-1 inferior, and 2-1 posterior spines.

Hab. 8. Paulo.

Type in my own collection.

2. Lasiodora dulcicola*, sp. n.

?.—48 mm.; ceph. 22°5 x 21°5 mm.; legs 66-62-60-73
mm. ; patella+tibia i. 24:5, iv. 23°5 mm.

Carapace, chele, legs, sternum, and Jabrum mahogany-
brown; cox of the pedipalps slightly paler. Legs with
abundant sulphur-yellow bristles. Coxe of pedipalps and
margins of fang-groove with more yellowish and_ paler
bristles than usual. Abdomen narrower than carapace,
velvety black, with large light yellow bristles.

Carapace almost as wide as long, shorter than patella and
tibia i. or iv. ; fovea deep, transverse. Eyes of the anterior
row strongly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians
being a little behind the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly
spaced, the medians being much the smaller and separated
from each other by a space which equals their diameter ;
posterior medians about as large as the anterior medians, not
very widely separated from them, closer to posterior laterals,
which are smaller than the anterior laterals and separated

* Named after its habitat, the Doce River.

eS oe

Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. 341

from them by a space which is quite equal to the long
diameter of the latter.

Fang-groove with eleven teeth on inner margin, nearly
evenly spaced.

Stridulating-organ consisting of only three large, simple,
incrassate, but apically attenuate bristles upon the suture on
coxa i.

Protarsal scopula of i. and ii. covering the segment almost
to base, ili. covering 4, and iv. tied up at apex.

Hab. Rio Doce (Hspirito Santo),

Coll. EK. Garbe. Type in the 8. Paulo Museum (no. 142).

3. Lusiodora marianne *, sp. n.

3 .—55 mm.; ceph. 23 x 20mm.; legs 75-71-65-82 mm. ;
patella+ tibia i. 25 mm., iv. 28 mm.; protarsus iv. 23 mm.

The whole spider pitch-black ; the legs and abdomen with
large black-fulvous bristles. Sternum and coxe dark rusty
brown. Coxes and margins of fang-groove with fiery-red
bristles.

Carapace longer than wide, shorter than patella and tibia i.
or iv., as long as protarsus iv.; fovea deep, right transverse.

Hyes of the anterior row procurved, the anterior edges of
the medians being on a level with the centre of the laterals,
nearly evenly spaced, the medians being much the smaller,
separated from each other by about two diameters ; posterior
medians much smaller than the anterior medians, close to
posterior laterals, which are smaller than the anterior laterals
and separated from them by less than the long diameter of the
latter.

Fang-groove with twelve teeth (4+5+1+4+1+41) on inner
margin—six large and six very small,

Stridulating-organ consisting of large plumose bristles,
with short stout spines among them, but without clavate
bristles intermingled.

Spurs of tibia 1. well developed, the upper stout, straight,
cylindrical, blunt, and bearing a long sinuous spine on its
underside ; the lower crescently cylindrical, curved at the
apical third ; protarsus1. distinctly bowed at its proximal end,

Protarsus i. and il. scopulated almost to base. ‘Tibise of
pedipalps with eleven spines, disposed in three longitudinal
series, on the inner surface.

* Named after its habitat—Marianna, a town in Minas Geraes.,

342 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the

? .—55 mm.; ceph. 22x 20 mm.; legs 60-53-44-64 mm. ;
patella + tibia 1. 22 mm., iv. 21 mm.

Colour, eye-disposition, and stridulating-organ as in the
male.

Carapace as long as patella and tibia 1. and slightly longer
than patella and tibia iv. Legs shorter and stronger, Pro-
tarsus 1. terete, shorter than tibia.

Hab. Marianna (Minas Geraes).

Coll. Dr. Godoy. Type in the S. Paulo Museum (no. 151).

4. Lasiodora citharacantha*, sp. n.

? .—57 mm.; ceph. 21x19 mm.; legs 67-62-57-72 mm. ;
patella + tibia i. 24 mm., iv, 22°5 mm.

Integument of the carapace brown-red, with blackish dusky
clothing of short hairs ; falces and legs mahogany-brown,
with abundant curly brick-red bristles. Abdomen velvety
black, with very abundant long pink bristles. Sternum and
coxe mahogany-brown.

Cephalothorax longer than wide, shorter than patella and
tibia i. or iv. Eyes of the anterior row strongly precurved,
the anterior edge of the medians being a little behind the
centre of the laterals, nearly evenly spaced, the medians being
the smaller, separated from each other by a space which
equals their diameter ; posterior medians not much smaller
than the anterior medians, closer to the posterior laterals,
which are smaller than the anterior laterals, and separated
from them by a space which surpasses the long diameter of
the latter.

Stridulating-organ consisting of seven plumose bristles,
disposed in two longitudinal series, and of five proximal
spines beneath them.

Protarsal scopula 1. and ii. covering the segment almost to
base ; 111. covering 2, with one spine at its base; iv.
covering about }—elsewhere strongly spined. Tibia i. with
1 apical spine ; 11. with 3 apical ; 111. with 2 apical, 2 infe-
rior, 1-1-1 anterior and 1-1-1 posterior; iv. with 2 apical,
1-2 inferior, 1-1 anterior, and 1-1-1 posterior spines.

Hab. S. Paulo.

‘l'ype in my own collection.

5. Lasiodora cryptostigma, sp. n.

? .—63 mm.; ceph. 24 x 22 mm. ; legs 68—62-60-73 mm. ;
patella+ tibia 1, 24 mm., iv. 24 mm.
The whole spider dusky black ; the large bristles of the

* «Oapa, lute; dkav@a, spine.

as Ore pee

Genus Lasiodora, €. Koch. 343

falces and the legs with yellow-brown ; those of the abdomen
brick-red. Sternum, coxze of the legs, and the abdomen
below chestnut-black.

Carapace longer than wide, as long as patella and tibia i.
or iv.; fovea deep, transverse. Eyes of the anterior row
slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being
a little before the centre of the laterals, the medians being
the smaller, nearly a diameter apart, and separated from the
laterals by more than 14 diameter ; posterior medians about as
large as the anterior medians, close to the posterior laterals,
which are about as large as the anterior laterals and separated
from them by a space which is quite equal to the long
diameter of the latter.

Fang-groove with fourteen teeth on the inner margin, the
distal three close to the fang-base.

Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of seven large
plumose bristles upon the suture, intermixed with five spines
irregularly disposed. Sternum slightly longer than wide,
with little, almost obsolete, submarginal posterior sigillee.

Protarsus 1. and ii. scopulated nearly to base; ili. on 2;
and iv. with little distal scopula. Tibia i. with 2 apical
spines; ii. with 2 apical, 1 inferior, and 1-1 anterior ; ili. with
4 apical, 2-2 inferior, 1-1 anterior, and 1-1 posterior ; iv.
with 2-2-1 anterior, 2-2—2-2-2 inferior, and 1—1-1-2-1
posterior spines.

Hab. 8. Paulo.

Type in my own collection.

6. Lasiodora fracta *, sp. n.

2 .—55 mm. ; ceph. 24 x 22 mm.; legs 70-65-62-78 mm. ;
patella+ tibia i. 25 mm., iv. 24 mm.

The whole spider dusky black, with the large bristles of
the falces, legs, and abdomen dark brown. The bristles
of the coxee of pedipalps and margins of the fang-groove fiery
red.

Cephalothorax longer than wide, shorter than patella and
tibia 1., as long as patella and tibia iv. Eyes of the anterior
row slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians
being a little before the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly
spaced, the medians being the smaller, separated from each
other by a space which equals their diameter; posterior
medians much smaller than the anterior medians, but not
very widely separated from them, closer to posterior laterals,
which are about as large as the anterior laterals and separated

* Broken,

344 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the

from them by a space which is quite equal to the long
diameter of the latter.

Posterior sternal sigillae conspicuous, submarginal.

Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of more than
twelve plumose bristles, with pink tips, and of four spines
beneath.

Protarsus 1. and ii. scopulated nearly to base; iil. at
apical 2; iv. only at apex. Tibia i, with 1 apical spine; 1.
with 2 apical, 1 inferior and 1 posterior ; iii, with 2 apical,
2 inferior, 1-1-1 anterior, and 1-1 posterior ; iv. with many
apical, 1-2 inferior, 1-1 anterior, and 1-1-1 posterior spines.

Hab. Bahia.

Coll. Dr. Olympio da Fonseca Filho.

Type in my own collection.

7. Lasiodora subcanens*, sp. n.

3g .—55 mm.; ceph. 24x 23 mm.; legs 92-93-85-99 mm. ;
patella + tibia i. 33 mm., iv. 32 mm. ; protarsus iv. 27 mm.

Integument of the carapace dark red, with a mouse-
greyish clothing of short hairs; falees with large greyish
bristles. Sternuin and coxe fulvous blackish. Coxe of
pedipalps and margins of fang-groove with fiery-red bristles.
Abdomen below wholly black. Legs with very abundant
and very large bristles with dark chestnut-brown bases
and pale greyish tips, and with pale lines of short hairs.
Abdomen dusky black, with large ‘bristles, dark chestnut-
brown below and fulvous testaceous at the tips.

Cephalothorax about as wide as long, much shorter than
patella and tibia i. or iv. and than protarsus iv.

Ocular tubercle very high, much wider than long. LHyes
of the anterior row strongly procurved, the anterior edge of
the medians being a little behind the centre of the laterals,
nearly evenly spaced, and a little unequal in size, the medians
being the larger, and separated from each other by a space
which equals their diameter; posterior medians almost as
large as the posterior laterals and nearly evenly separated
from them and from the anterior medians ; posterior laterals
as large as the anterior laterals, less than a long diameter
apart.

Stridulating-organ consisting of eight or nine plumose
bristles, disposed on coxa i. in two transverse series, without
spines and without bacilliform bristles.

Protarsal scopulee of soft mouse-grey hairs; i. and ii.
covering the segment nearly to base ; ill. covering 3, with

* Of greyish hairs.

Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. 345

three spines at its base; iv. covering about j—elsewhere
strongly spined.

Spurs of tibia i. well developed, the upper stout, straight,
cylindrical, blunt, and bearing three long sinuous spines
obliquely ranged on its underside; the lower crescently
cylindrical, slightly curved to the inner border.

Hab. Rio Doce (Espirito Santo).

Coll. E. Garbe. ‘Type in the S. Paulo Museum (no. 132),

8. Lasiodora klugit (Koch).

Mygale klugit, C. Koch, 1842, Die Arachniden, vol. ix. p. 25, pl. cexev.
tig. 708.

Lusiodora klugit, C. Koch, 1850, Uebersicht d. Arach. Syst. vol. v.

«12

Lasiodora klugit, Ausserer, 1871, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. xxi.
p. 209,

Lasiodora klugii, Simon, 1892, Hist. Nat. Ar. vol. i. p. 161.

Lasiodora klugn, Pocock, 1901, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. viii.
p. 544.

Lasiodora klugit, Strand, 1907, Jahres. Vereins vaterl. Naturk. Wiirtt-
emberg, vol. lxiii. p. 54.

Lasiodora bahiensis, Strand, 1907, id. ibid. p. 57.

Lasiodora klugu, Petrunkevitch, 1911, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
vol, xxix,

Lastodora kluguv, Strand, 1912, Wiesbaden Jahrb. nassau. Ver. Naturk.
p. 175. :

Hab. Bahia, where it is the most common Aviculariid. I
have seen some typical specimens, and I believe Lastodora
bahiensis, Strand, to be synonymous with Lasivdora klugii

(C. Koch).

9. Lastodora difficilis *, sp. n.

3 .—d7 mm.; ceph. 25 x 25 mm.; legs 92-88-81-100 mm.;
patella + tibia 1. 31 mm., iv. 31 mm.; protarsus iv. 27°5 mm.

Integument of the carapace dark red, with a blackish-grey
clothing of short hairs, and with large marginal red hairs ;
falces dusky black, with yellowish bristles ; legs dusky black,
with very abundant large ochraceous bristles ; sternum and
coxe dusky brown. Abdomen with such abundant fiery-red
biistles as almost to conceal its velvety-black clothing.

Carapace as wide as long, much shorter than patella and
tibia i. or iv. and than protarsus iv. LKyes of the anterior
rew very slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians
being much before the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly
spaced, the medians being much the smaller and separated
from each other by a space which surpasses their diameter ;

* Hard, difficult,

346 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the

posterior medians much smaller than the anterior medians,
but not very widely separated from them, closer to posterior
laterals, which are much smaller than the anterior laterals
and separated from them by a space which is quite equal to
the long diameter of the latter.

Fang-groove with ten teeth on inner margin. Posterior
sternal sigillae very conspicuous, submarginal.

Stridulating-organ consisting of twelve large plumose
bristles on the suture, on coxa 1., and no spines or clavi-
form bristles.

The soft hairs of the scopula are basally pale and distally
black ; protarsal scopula i. and ii. covering the segment
nearly to base; ili. covering 2, with two spines at its base;
iv. covering about 1—elsewhere strongly spined.

Spurs of tibia i. well developed, the upper straight, blunt,
bearing three sinuous spines on its underside; the lower
crescently cylindrical, curved, blunt.

? .—60 mm. ; ceph. 25 x 24 mm. ; legs 75-67—65-80 mm. ;
patella+ tibia i. 25 mm., iv. 25 mm.

Colour as in male. Carapace slightly longer than wide, as
long as patella and tibia 1. or iv. The anterior row of eyes a
little more procurved. Stridulating bristles as in male.

Hab. 8. Paulo.

Coll.’ Mr. Cleophas. Type in the 8. Paulo Museum
(no. 139).

10. Lasiodora striatipes (Ausserer).

Eurypelma_ striatipes, Ausserer, 1871, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
vol, xx. p. 212, pl. i. figs. 15, 16.

Lastodora striatipes, Ausserer, 1875, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
vol. xxv. p. 190.

Lasiodora striatipes, Simon, 1892, Hist. Nat. Ar. vol. i. p. 161.

Hab, Ausserer only gives Brazil as habitat. I have seen,
in the collections of the S. Paulo Museum, specimens from
S. Paulo and Bahia.

11. Lastodora curtior, Chamberlin.

Lasiodora curtior, Chamberlin, 1917, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard
Coll. vol. 1xi. p. 58, pl. iv. tigs. 6, 7.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

‘he type has been described by Chamberlin from Vas-
souras. I have seen, in the collections of the National
Museum, an adult female from the neighbourhood of Rio de
Janeiro.

a

Genus Lasiodora, C. Koeh. 347

12. Lastodora erythrocythara*, sp. n.
? .—72mm.; ceph. 27°5 x 25mm.; legs 76—70-65-52 mm.;

patella + tibia i, 25 min., iv. 25 mm.

Carapace fulvous-black. Falces and legs of the same
colour, with large yellowish-brown bristles ; the legs with
pale longitudinal bands on the upper surface. Carapace with
an edge of long yellowish hairs. Abdomen velvety black,
with long orange bristles.

Carapace longer than wide, longer than patella and tibia i.
or iv. ; fovea deep, distinctly recurved. Hyes of the anterior
row very slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians
being before the centre of the laterals, the medians much
the larger, less than a diameter apart, and separated from
the laterals by a space which equals their diameter ; poste-
rior medians not much smaller than the anterior medians,
nearly at the same distance from them and from the posterior
laterals, which are a little larger than the anterior laterals
and separated from them by about half a diameter.

Stridulating-organ en coxa i. consisting of a great many
simple, incrassate, but apically attenuate red bristles in
several series, without basal spines, upon the suture.

Protarsal scopula i. and ii. covering the segment nearly to
base; 11. covering 3 segment, with three spines at its base;
iv. covering about }—elsewhere strongly spined. All the
tibize poo:ly spined.

Hab. S. Paulo.

Type in the National Museum.

13. Lasiodora differens, Chamberlin,

Lasiodvra differens, Chamberlin, 1917, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard
Coll. vol. lxi. p. 56, pl. iv. figs. 4, 5.

Hab, Lagéa Santa (Estado de Minas Geraes).

14. Lasiodora pleoplectra t, sp. n.

?.—68mm.; ceph. 26 x 24 mm.; legs 70-65-60-75 mm. ;
patella + tibia i, 25 mm., iv. 24 mm.

Integument of the carapace dark violet, with a dusky
blackish clothing of short hairs and with an edge of long
brown hairs ; legs dusky blackish, with longitudinal, dorsal,
bare, dark fulvous bands and long brown bristles. Abdomen

* épvOpos, red; KOdpa, lute.

+ zhews, very many ; zAjKrpor, the little staff for striking the strings
of the lyre—in allusion to the numerous bristles of the stridulating-organ.

348 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the

velvety black, with long pink bristles. Sternum and cox
dark chestnut-brown ; falces greyish.

Carapace longer than wide, slightly longer than patella and
tibia i. or iv. ; fovea deep, recurved.

Ocular tubercle very high, twice as wide as long. Eyes
of the anterior row distinctly procurved, the anterior edge
of the medians at the level of the centre of the laterals,
the medians much the smaller, separated from each other
by a space which equals 15 diameter, and separated about
two diameters from the laterals; posterior medians not
much smaller than the anterior medians, and not very widely
separated from them, closer to posterior laterals, which are
much smaller than the anterior laterals and separated from
them by a space which is not quite equal to the long diameter
of the latter.

Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of very many
short plumose bristles, forming a triangular pad upon the
suture, almost touching the distal end.

Sternum almost as wide as long, with conspicuous sub-
marginal sigilla. Protarsal scopula disposed as in Lastodora
erythrocythara, mihi. Tibia i. with 1 apical spine; ii. with
3 apical, 1 lower, and 1 inner; iti, with 3 apical, 1 lower,
2-2-2 inner, and 1-1-1 outer spines ; iv. strongly spined.

Hab. S. Paulo.

‘l'ype in my own collection.

15. Lasiodora dolichosterna, sp. n.

? .—60mm.; ceph. 22°5 x 21 mm.; legs 70-65-61-76 mm. ;
patella+ tibia i. 25 mm., iv. 22°5 mm.

Integument of the carapace mahogany-brown, with close
clothing of short dusky hairs, Legs dark chestnut-brown,
with long pale brownis: bristles. Abdomen velvety black,
with abundant long brick-red bristles ; underside fulvous-
black.

Cephalothorax longer than wide, as long as patella and
tibia iv., much shorter than patella and tibia i.; fovea deep,
strongly recurved. Ocular tubercle very high, almost twice
as wide as long. Eyes of the anterior row very strongly
procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being much
behind the centre of the laterals, separated from each other
by a space which surpasses their diameter, and from the
laterals by about two diameters ; posterior medians about as
large as the anterior medians, nearly at the same distance
from them and from the posterior laterals, which are much
smaller than the anterior laterals and separated from them by

Genus Lasiodora, (. Koch. 349

a space which is quite equal to half the long diameter of the
latter.

Sternum narrower than in some other species, much longer
than wide (9°2 x 6°5 mm.), with small submarginal posterior
sigille.

Stridulating-organ similar to the preceding species. Fang-
groove with thirteen teeth on inner margin. Protarsal
scopule and spinulation of the tibiae as in preceding species.

Hab. 8. Paulo.

Type in my own collection.

16. Lastodora spinipes, Ausserer.
Lasiodora spinipes, Ausserer, 1871, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges, Wien, vol. xxi.
p- 209.
Lasiodora spinipes, Simon, 1892, Hist. Nat. Ar. vol. i. p. 161.
Hab. S. Paulo (8. Paulo Museum) and Santa Catharina
(National Museum).

17. Lasiodora parahybana, Mello-Leitao.

Lasiodora parahybana, Mello-Leitao, 1917, Broteria, Serie Zoologica,
vol. xv. p. 75.
The stridulating-organ on coxa i. consists of very many
plumose bristles, disposed in three transverse series, with
some intermixed clavate bristles.

Hab. Campina Grande (Paralyba do Norte).

18. Lasiodora itabune*, sp. n.

? .—75 mm.; ceph. 29 X 27°5mm.; legs 83-75-75-89 mm.;
patella+ tibia i, 29 mm., iv. 27 mm.

Integument of carapace blackish violet. A close black
clothing of short hairs covering the body and limbs ; the legs
with long brownish setze and bare dorsal longitudinal bands
of a reddish-violet hue. Abdomen with no abundant long
fulvous bristles. Coxe of pedipalps and margins of fang-
groove with vinous-reddish bristles,

Cephalothorax longer than wide, as long as patella and
tibia i, and longer than patella and tibia iv. ; fovea deep,
wide, slightly recurved. Ocular tubercle very high, nearly
as long as wide. yes of anterior rows procurved, the ante-
rior edge of the medians being much slighter before the
centre of the laterals, nearly evenly spaced and a little unequal
in size, the medians the smaller, separated from each other
by a space equal to their diameter ; posterior medians

* Named after its habitat—Itabuna, a little town in Bahia State.

350 On the Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch.

much smaller than the anterior medians, close to the posterior
laterals, which are distinctly smaller than the anterior
laterals and separated from them by a space which is quite
equal to the long diameter of the latter.

Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of seven simple
incrassate but apically attenuate plumose bristles, disposed in
a single series and separated from the suture by a bare band.

Protarsal scopula of i. and ii. covering the segment nearly
to base, iii. covering 4, and iv. only the tip.

Fang-groove with eleven teeth on inner margin.

Hab. Itabuna (Bahia).

Coll. E. Garbe. Type in the 8. Paulo Museum.

There are twelve other large spiders described under the
genus Lasiodora, and belonging respectively to :—

GRAMMOSTOLA, Simon.

Lasiodora rosea, C. Koch,= Grammostola spatulata, F. Cam-
bridge.
Homa@omma, Ausserer.

Lasiodora versicolor, ©. Koch,= Homeomma stradlingi, O.
Cambridge.

PAMPHOBETEUS, Pocock.
Lasiodora augusti, Simon, = Pamphobeteus augusti (Simon),

Pocock.
benedeni, Bertkau,= Pamphobeteus benedeni (Bertkau),
Mello-Leitao.
ferox, Ausserer, = Pamphobeteus ferox(Ausserer), Pocock.
fortis, Ausserer, = Pamphobeteus fortis (Ausserer), Pocock.
—— nigricolor, Ausserer,= Pamphobeteus nigricolor (Aus-
serer), Pocock.
vespertina, Simon, = Pamphobeteus vespertinus (Simon),
Pocock.

MEGAPHOBEMA, Pocock.
Lasiodora robusta, Ausserer, = Megaphobema robusta (Auss.),

Pocock.
XENESTHIS, Simon.

Lasiodora immanis, Ausserer,= Xenesthis immanis (Auss.),

Pocock.
PHORMICTOPUS, Pocock.

Lasiodora cauta, Ausserer,=Phormictopus cautus (Auss.),

Pocock.

On some Japanese Cephalopods. 351

XXXI.—WNotes on some Japanese Cephalopods.—A Review of

Sasaki’?s ‘Albutross’ Report*. By 8. STILLMAN Berry,
Redlands, California.

THE important collection of Cephalopods obtained by the
‘ Albatross’ in the North-western Pacific in 1906, originally
in the hands of Prof. S. Watasé for study, was by him
turned over to Prof. Sasaki, from whose pen new comes the
present welcome paper.

Although the unfortunate brevity of many sections would
not ordinarily so indicate, this evidently constitutes the long-
awaited final report on the collection. The author is under-
stood to be engaged upon a monographic survey of the
cephalopods of Japan, in course of which it is but fair to
suppose that he intends to elucidate the characters of the
species eoncerned in much greater detail. Be that as it may,
the forty and odd pages of the ‘ Albatross’ report record a
collection. of sixty species (an astounding number of these
animals for so narrowly delimited a region, and one which
could probably be duplicated by similar expenditure of time
and energy nowhere else in the world, unless in some of the
little-known areas of the South Pacific), apportionable among
twenty-nine genera. Of these no less than eighteen species,
two subspecies or varieties, and two genera are described as
new. Watasedla, the first of the new genera, is based upon
an extraordinary cirroteuthid, in which a “ tubular pouch,”
enclosing a curious filamentous organ, “exists between the
first and second arms on either side, running radially through
the umbrella, and opening externally on the umbrella edge.”
Although the significance of such an arrangement can hardly
be guessed at from the scanty information given, it seems to
the reviewer that the creation of a new family principally on
this basis, as Sasaki seems to have done, is possibly prema-
ture. The conservative and more fundamental features of
the Cirroteuthoidea are so much more impressive than their
divergencies that there is certainly ground for the feeling
that their relationships are better expressed by the inclusion
of all within the confines of a single family than by the sepa-
ration into two or more families on the ground of purely
adaptive characters, such as the presence or absence of an
odontophore, the width of the pallial aperture, the compression
of the body, and so on, as has been attempted in various

* “ Report on Cephalopods collected during 1906 by the United States
Bureau of Fisheries steamer ‘ Albatross’ in the North-western Pacific.”

By Madoka Sasaki. (Proceedings United States National Museum,
vol. 57, pp. 168-208, pls. 23-26, 1920.)

352 On some Japanese Cephalopods.

ways by Thiele, Grimpe, and other recent German writers.
Further investigation of the filamentiferous pouches of
Watasella, its skeletal features, and buccal organs, will be
awaited with interest. There seems indeed no vanguard to
the procession of astonishing novelties being continuously
brought to light from the Japanese fauna.

‘he second new genus, Gonatopsis, is likewise somewhat
of a puzzle. Its most extraordinary peculiarity, and that
which has suggested the name of its type-species, octopedatus,
is dismissed with a curt two words, “ Tentacles absent.”
But the same condition has been described so frequently in
the history of cephalopod taxonomy that one may be pardoned
a little healthy scepticism until more conclusive evidence can
be brought forward to show that this loss is not the result of
accident or otherwise a secondary or ontogenetic circumstance.

Chunella is proposed as a new generic name for Bolitena
diaphana (Hoyle), Chun, on the suggested rather than
proven ground that the typical Bolitena of Steenstrup is
related to Alloposus rather than to Eledonella, as maintained
by Chun. This is an interesting view, and should be in-
quired into further by someone in a position satisfactorily to
settle the point raised, but the argument advanced requires
much elaboration to be altogether convincing.

A great preponderance of the new forms described (12 out
of 20) are members of the genus Polypus. It is impossible
at present to give any rational discussion of the probable
relationships of these, but attention should be called to the
fact that two of the new names proposed are unfortunately
preempted for use elsewhere. As Prof. Sasaki has most
courteously expressed a wish that the present reviewer
rechristen them, the name Polypus hokkaidensis is here
proposed for Polypus glaber, Sasaki, 1920, not P. glaber,
© Ruippell,’ Wiilker, 1920 (prior publication), and the name
Polypus madokai* for P. pustulosus, Sasaki, 1920, not
Octopus pustulosus, ‘* Peron,” Blainville, 1826.

An interesting feature of the paper is the discovery in
Japanese waters of the genus Sewurgus, hitherto known only
from the Hawaiian Islands and the Mediterranean. In view
of the several discrepancies noted by Sasaki, its specific
identity with the Hawaiian form is probably not certain.

It is worth noting that by all ‘odds the most. abundant
species in the collection, represented by about 100 specimens,
was Lossia pacifica. .

* Named in honour of Prof. Sasaki in recognition of his work as a

student of Japanese Cephalopoda, as well as in some degree to acknow-
ledge the recent receipt of several signal courtesies from his hands.

On South-African Species of Melyris, Fabr. 353

XXXII.— Further Notes on various South-African Species of
Melyris, Fabr. [ Coleoptera]. By G. C. CHAMPION.

SINCE the publication of my “ Notes on the African and
Asiatic Species of Melyris, Fabr.” [Ann. & Mig. Nat. Hist.
(9) iv. (Oet. and Nov. 1919)], I have been able, through the
kindness of Dr, L. Péringuey and Dr. Y. Sjéstedt respectively,
to see the type of M. imbata, Péring., and types or co-types
of the four species named or described by Boheman. The
result of this examination shows that my interpretation of
these authors’ descriptions was incorrect in several cases, and
the following emendations to the synonymy are required :—

M. rufomarginata (Dej. Cat.), Champ. (No. 4, p. 164)=
M. limbata, Péringuey, whose name will have to be
adopted, that of Dejean being a nomen nudum.

M. pubescens, Oliv. (No. 5, p. 164).—This is the species
named and described by Boheman as M. lineata, F.
Whether Boheman had correctly identified the Fabrician
insect it is impossible to say without comparing his
Caffrarian specimens with the type. In any case,
Olivier’s name (1790) has two years’ priority.

M, lineata, F. (No. 6, p. 165)=M. sulcicollis, Boh. Several
? 2 were doubtfully referred by me to MM. lineata, F.
I have since seen a 2 from Reenen, Natal (dus. Dur-
ban), and a ¢ from Grahamstown (coll. Pic) of the same
species; this latter has ventral segment 5 deeply
arcuate-emarginate at the apex and arcuately excavate
above, and 6 lobed on each side at the tip.

M, natalensis, Boh. (No. 12, p. 170).—This species was
wrongly identified from the description. The type, 3,
except in colour, is very like JM. violacea, Clamp.
(No. 10), differing from it in having the prothorax more
rounded at the side and its surface strongly tuberculate
between the reticulations. The ¢ terminal ventral
segments are similarly formed in these two insects.

M. sulcicollis, Boh. (No. 13, p. 170) =. lineata (F.),
Champ. Fortunately the Dejean Catalogue name
M. interstitialis is available for the Common Transvaal
and Natal insect incorrectly referred by me, with a
var. varipes, to M. sulcicollis. It is recognizable by the
closely, finely punctured elytral interstices. My so-
called J. natalensis, Boh., is connected with it by inter-
mediate forms, and it is perhaps best treated as an

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. vii. 23

354 Mr. O. Thomas on
extreme variety of J. interstitialis. A fresh description
is not required.
M. rufiventris, Boh. (No. 14, p. 171). The type, g, agrees
with the specimens thus named in my “ Notes.”
The revised synonymy will stand as follows :—
4, M. limbata, Péring. (1885).
rufomarginata (Dej. Cat.), Champ. (1919).

5. M. pubescens, Oliv. (1790).
lineata, Fabr. (1792) (nec Champ., 1919).

6. M. sulcicollis, Boh. (1851).
lineata (F.), Champ. (1919).
12. M. natalensis, Boh. (nee Champ., 1919).
12. M. interstitialis (Dej. Cat.), Champ. (1919).

sulcicollis and var. varipes, Champ. (nec Boh.).
Var. natalensis, Champ. (nec Boh).

XXXIII.—New Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys
from Colombia. By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

By the kindness of Frére Nicéforo Maria of the Colegio de
San José, Medellin, the British Museum has been enabled to
acquire by exchange a number of small mammals from the
neighbourhood of that town. Among them there oceur
examples of the three following new species :—

Cryptotis medellinius, sp. 0.

Most nearly allied to C. meridensis ; larger than C. thomasi
and equatoris.

Size about as in meridensis, the skull slightly shorter, but
more robust. Proportions about as in that animal, though
the tail of the single specimen is a little shorter. Fur as
usual, hair of back about 4°8 mm. in length. General colour
dark mouse-grey, less brown than in the other three
S. American species. Ends of digits, both fore and hind,
whitish. Tail with a few whitish hairs terminally, otherwise
dark brown.

new Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys. 355

Skull rather shorter and more robust than in meridensis,
the muzzle shorter and the interorbital region broader. As
an indication of the shortening of the muzzle, the distance
from the back of i to the front of p* is only 2°0 mm. as com-
pared with 2°6 in the type of meridensis. Brain-case more
inflated upwards, a marked angle at the junction of brain-
case and face.

Anterior upper incisor shorter and more proclivous ; large
unicuspids more vertical, less oblique, in order to crowd into
the shorter space available.

Dimensions of the type, taken on the skin :—

Head and body 92 mm.; tail 30; hind foot 15.

Skull: condylo-basal length 21°7 ; condylo-incisive length
22°7 ; interorbital breadth 5°3; breadth across brain-case 11;
length trom nasal notch to foramen above olfactory fossa 9:2 ;
upper tooth-series 10; front of p* to back of m3 5:8.

flab, Medellin region of Colombia ; type from San Pedro,
30 km. north of Medellin,

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21. 7.1.9. Original num-
ber 10. Collected December 1919 by Frére Nicéforo Maria.

The Panama Cryptotis described by Mr. Goldman as
C. merus is considerably smaller than C. medellinius.

Thomasomys nicefori, sp. n.

Near 7. aureus, but smaller and with smaller teeth.

General appearance very much as in 7. aureus, though
the head and fore back are rather less richly fulvous, but the
colours are essentially the same, with the same butfy or
ochraceous suffusion above, becoming richer on the rump,
and with the same buffy washing of the belly. Feet com-
paratively light and delicate, buffy whitish, with darker
patehes on wrists and metacarpals, ankles and metatarsals.
Tail well haired, uniformly brown, not so long as in the
allied species.

Skull smaller throughout than in 7. aureus, therefore much
smaller than in 7. princeps of Bogota. Muzzle slender;
nasals narrow. Interorbital region comparatively broad, less
sharply defined and ridged than in the other species. Palatal
foramina as usual larger and open. -Molars small and
delicate, both shorter and narrower than in the other members
of the group.

Dimensions of the type, measured on the skin :—

Head and body 150 mm.; tail 187; hind foot (wet) 32 ;
ear 19,

Skull: greatest length 36°5 ; condylo-incisive length 33°8 ;
zygomatic breadth 19; nasals 13°2 x 4; Sage breadth

:

356 On new Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys.

5:3; palatilar length 15°2; palatal foramina 8:2; upper

molar series 6; breadth of m’ 1°5.

Hub. Medellin. Type from San Pedro, north of the town.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21. 7.1.20. Original num-
ber 9. Collected December 1919. One specimen.

This fine rat is a member of the J’. aureus group, of which
I have before me examples of all the described species. Its
skull and, especially, its molars are so much smaller than the
corresponding parts in aureus that it clearly needs a new
name. The JZ. princeps of Bogoté is larger than aureus,
while Allen’s 7. popayanus is of about the same size as the
latter, and is perhaps rather doubtfully separable from it.

I have much pleasure in naming this handsome animal in
honour of the naturalist to whom we owe its discovery.

Oryzomys intectus, sp. Nn.

A small species with short tail, somewhat like QO. balneator,
but with larger molars.

Size rather larger than in balneator. Fur soft and fine,
hairs of back about 7 mm. in length. General colour above
uniform dark mouse-grey, very like that of Mus musculus,
the hairs finely ticked with drabby. Sides more drabby.
Under surface slaty grey, the ends of the hairs dull whitish.
Face more blackish, a blackish area round the eyes, below
and behind which the light colour of the throat extends
rather high up towards the ear, forming a light whisker-
mark. Hands and feet whitish above. Tail unusually short,
apparently not as long as the head and body, very finely
haired, almost naked, brown above, dull whitish below.

Skull peculiarly shert, broad, and rounded, with broad
interorbital region, Indeed, it is almost precisely like that of
a Melanomys, with the important exception that there is no
trace of the supraorbital beading so conspicuous in that group.
Brain-case similarly low, smooth, and without ridges. Palatal
foramina short, about the length of the tooth-row. Molars
stout and heavy, large for the size of the animal, their struc-
ture more like that in A/elanomys than in the smaller species
of Oryzomys, but many of the larger species of Oryzomys
also have quite similar molars.

Dimensions of the type, measured on the skin :—

Head and body 100 nt tail 91; hind foot (wet) 22.

Skull: greatest length 26°2; condylo-incisive length 23°5 ;
zygomatic breadth 14 3. ni AAG 10°3 ; interorbital breadth =
breadth of brain-case 12° 2; palatilar length 11:4; palatal
foramina 4:2 (46 in an older specimen) 3; upper molar
series 4°2.

ee

—_-

On a new Pseudochirus and Phascogale. P|

Hab. Medellin. Type from Santa Elena.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.7.1.17. Original num-
ber 29. Collected January 1920. ‘Three specimens.

This is a remarkably distinct species, whose systematic
position is not at present easy to determine. Its peculiarly
broad low skull distinguishes it from any Oryzomys known
to me, while the entire absence of supraorbital ridges separates
it from Melanomys, to which its short tail and the general
shape of its skull perhaps indicate some affinity. Many
Oryzomys, however, have no supraorbital ridges, and I there-
fore provisionally place it in that genus.

XXXIV.—WNew Pseudochirus and Phascogale from
N.W. New Guinea. By OLpFieLD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

A FURTHER small consignment of Mammals has been received
from the Pratt Brothers, who have been collecting in the
Weyland Mountains, N.W. New Guinea (approximately
135° 40’ E., 3° 40’ 8.), a region hitherto almost untouched.

The collection includes examples representing the two
following new mammals :—

Pseudochirus caroli, sp. n.

A large member of the canescens-forbesi group ; most nearly
allied to Ps. larvatus ; a white tip to the tail.

Size larger than in any of the species allied to canescens,
more as in some of the members of the albertist group.
General colour above more “ buffy-biown ” or rather darker ;
an indistinct darker median dorsal line from withers to rump.
Underside white, the hairs creamy white to their bases.
Face greyish brown, not rufous, without defined median dark
line ; chin blackish. Back of ears and a patch in front of
them black ; a prominent white patch below and behind them.
Fore limbs with the whole of their outer as well as their
lower side white, in continuation with the white of the belly,
the white extending on to the outer halves of the metacarpals ;
warm brown of body-colour extending in a rather narrow
line down the front of the forearm to the wrist ; proximal
part of digits blackish, lightening terminally. Behind the
outer sides of the legs and the whole of the feet are white.
Tail well furred proximally, brown for its basal three inches,
then darkening nearly to black for its next three inches, and

358 On a new Pseudochirus and Phascogale.

then changing abruptly to white, the white corresponding in
length to the part which is naked below.

Skull larger than in darvatus, but of similar form. Nasals
widely expanded behind. Interorbital region narrow, with
the usual parallel rounded ridges, Posterior part of bulle
unusually swollen, projecting nearly as far backward as the
condyles do.

Teeth with the usual well-marked diastemata characteristic
of the group. Molariform teeth narrow.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 300 mm. ; tail 370, its white terminal part
170; hind foot 45; ear 22.

Skull: condylo-basal length 61:7 ; zygomatic breadth 35 ;
nasals, length 18, least breadth 4°3, greatest breadth 10°3;
intertemporal breadth 7 ; palatal length 33; length of three
anterior molariform teeth L0°6.

Hab. Weyland Mountains, N.W. New Guinea. Type
from Mt. Kunupi, Menoo Valley. Alt. 6000’.

Type. Adult male. B.M, no, 21. 8.1.15. Original number
49. Collected 16th November, 1920, by Messrs. Pratt Bros.
One specimen.

“ Came to the bright light used for attracting moths.”—
Cx Buf

This most distinct species presents an interesting mixture
of the characters of the different “subgenera” of Pseudo-
chirus. Clearly most nearly related, to /seudochirulus, it is
as large as the smaller species of Pseudochirops ; it has the
white-ended tail said to be confined to Pseudochirus, while its
brown instead of fulvous face is like Pseudochtrops and not
Pseudochirulus. Its white under surface and the white
outer sides of its forearms are peculiar to itself.

I have named it in honour of Mr. Charles B. Pratt, who
has taken great interest in the collecting of mammals in the
little-known parts of New Guinea where he and his brothers
have been working.

Phascogale lorentzi venusta, subsp. n.

Very like P. lorentzi, as described from normal non-
melanistic specimens in 1912 *, the original dorentzi having
been based on a melanoid example. General colour less
rufous owing to the tips of the underfur being more bufty
than rufous, but otherwise the mixture of buffy and black
ticked with white is essentially similar. Under surface, how-

ever, very much less rufous, the rich rufous wash on the

* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix. p. 91.

Descriptions and Records of Bees. 359

chest and middle area of belly replaced by dull pale cinnamon,
while that on lower aspect of the forearms and legs, very
prominent in lorentzi, is quite absent, these parts being
simply dull greyish brown. Head mixed buffy and black.
Kars almost naked internally, the metentote with a few
ochraceous hairs; externally they are finely clothed with
whitish hairs, which extend on to the sides of the neck and
form a prominent whitish patch. Limbs not very different
from the body, the forearms above more cinnamon; upper
surface of hands and feet like body on the metapodials, the
digits dark brown.

Skull very like that of lorentz?, but the bulle are less
swollen. Incisors slightly smaller, so that the row of four
measures about 4°2 instead of 5 mm.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 187 mm.; tail 188; hind foot 39; ear 23.

Skull: condylo-basal length 46°5 ; zygomatic breadth 36 ;
nasals 19°4 x 6 ; interorbital breadth 9°5 ; palatal length 25:5 ;
maxillary tooth-row 18; length of three anterior molariform
teeth 7°9.

Another much damaged skull has a condylo-basal length
of 53°5 mm.

Hab. Weyland Mountains, Dutch New Guinea. Type
from Mt. Kunupi. Alt. 6000’.

Type. Adult male. B.M.no. 21.8.1.11. Original num-
ber 51. Collected 20th December, 1920, Four specimens.

Assuming the identity of the Goliath Mountain specimens
described in 1911 with the melanistic P. lorentzi, the present
handsome animal may be readily distinguished by the white
patches behind its ears, and by the brown instead of rufous
lower aspect. of the forearms and thighs.

XXXV.—Descriptions and Records of Bees —XCI.
By T. D. A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado.

Mesonychium dugest, Cockerell.

Garden Cafion, Huachuca Mts., Arizona (W. H. Mann)
U.S. Nat. Museum.
Genus new to the United States.

Nomia (Crocisaspidia) muscatensis, Cockerell.
Aden (Muir). Cambridge University Museum,

360 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and

Nomia aurifrons, Smith.

On comparing Smith’s type 2 with the type of my
NV. andrenina, I find them identical.

Nomia exagens (Walker).
Flalictus timidus, Smith, from Ceylon, is the same, as

Meade- Waldo had determined from the types in the British
Museum, and I can confirm.

Nomia zebrata, Cameron.

The types of N. zebrata, Cameron, and N. .frederict,
Cameron, in the Rothney collection at Oxford, represent the
same species.

Noma pulchriventris (Cameron).

Bingham says of Halictus pulchriventris, Cameron: “type
(3) in coll. Rothney.” I found it there, and it is a Nomia
with claviform abdomen ; hind basitarsi yellowish white.

I also found one, marked type, in the British Museum.
Anterior wing 7 mm. long, dusky, darker at apex. Hind
legs simple.

Sphecodes cameronti (Bingham).

Halictus cameronii, Bingham, 1897 (decorus, Cameron), is
a small Sphecodes, as shown by the type in the Rothney
collection.

?.—No caudal rima; first three abdominal segments
bright chestnut ; face very broad; mesothorax and scutellum
shining.

India.

Sphecodes tridescens, n. n.
Sphecodes cameroni, Schulz, 1906 (tridipennis, Cameron). S. Africa,

Halictus kalutare, Cockerell.
Meade-Waldo (1916) found that Nomia vincta, Walker,

was an Halictus, and placed my kalutare asasynonym. On
comparing the types in the British Museum I find that they
are distinct. In kalutare the sharp rugz on anterior part of
mesothorax on each side of middie line bend backward, to

Records of Bees. 361

meet the opposite ones and form a series of V’s; this is not
the case with vinctus. HH. kalutare also has a larger head,
elevated iposteriorly, and sides of vertex shining (dull in
vinctus). hey are, however, allied.

Halictus matheranensis, Cameron, 1907.

H, emergendus, Cameron, 1908, is a little larger, but is
the same species.

Postscutellum densely covered with pale ochreous-tinted
tomentum.

India,

Hlalictus inoa (Cameron).

Andrena inoa, Cameron, 1904 (type, g, in British Mu-
seum), belongs to Halictus.

Face broad, with subparallel eyes; stigma and nervures
bright ferruginous; middle of scutellum with moss-like
bright ferruginous hair; abdominal segments with basal
hair-bands.

Himalayas.

Halictus pseudopectoralis, Cockerell,

Halictus notaticollis, Friese, 1916, from Costa Riea, is a
synonym. The U.S. National Museum has specimens of
notaticollis from Friese.

Halictus oppositus (Smith).

The type (2) of Smith’s Noma opposita from China, in
the British Museum, is a species of Halzetus. -

Mesothorax and scutellum entirely dull. Wings brownish,
first r, n. meeting second t.-c., third s.m. subquadrate, very
broad above. Hind spur dentate. Hntire creamy-white
bands at bases of abdominal segments 2 to 4.

Halictus sepositus, sp. n.

S$ (type).—Length about 12 mm.

Slender, black ; clypeus produced, convex, rugoso-punc-
tate, glistening, entirely black except for a pair of very
obscure reddish marks near apex; in lateral profile of head
the clypeus is entirely out of line with eyes; mafar space
distinct. Head broad, oval, facial quadrangle much higher

362 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and

than broad, orbits nearly parallel; front dull and granular;
antenne: long, joints 4 to 9 clear ferruginous beneath ; head
and thorax with long, thin, pale fulvous hair ; mesothorax
and scutellum closely and finely punctured, somewhat
glistening ; area of metathovax finely rugose, posterior
truncation not defined; tegule dark rufous, with a piceous
spot. Wings faintly reddish, stigma bright ferruginous,
nervures fuscous; third sm. long, fully as broad on mar-
ginal as second; second s.m. about square, receiving r.n.
beyond middle; outer r.n. and t.-c. strong. Legs black,
with knees, tibiee, and tarsi ferruginous ; hind tibia with a
very faint dusky shade posteriorly, Abdomen glistening,
extremely finely punctured, hind margins of segments with
dull white hair-bands.

9 —About 12 mm. long.

Robust ; hair-bands confined to sides of abdominal seg-
ments ; posterior truncation of metathorax nowhere sharply
defined, longitudinal striz on each side of its median sulcus ;
area of metathorax with coarse rugose hide-like sculpture ;
clypeus shining, with large punctures, flagellum very
obscurely reddish beneath; hind spur with five erect saw-like
teeth; third s.m. not quite so broad on marginal as second ;
surface of abdomen thinly hairy, first segment shining.
Wings reddened. Hind tibize and tarsi densely covered with
fulvous hair.

Madeira (7. V. Wollaston). Oxford Museum.

This stands in the Wollaston. collection as H. qguadri-
strigatus, Latr. (which is guadricinctus, Fabr.), and is closely
allied to that variable species, yet evidently distinct, espe-
cially by the dark clypeus in the male. It was examined
years ago by KE. Saunders and Vachal, and they agreed that
it was distinct from guadristrigatus. Another female stands
in the collection as H. zebrus, Walck. ; it is not so large, the
mesothorax is more finely sculptured, but the hind legs have
the same fulvous hair and the same spurs. After careful
comparisons I concluded that all the specimens represented a
single species.

Neocorynura pubescens (Friese).

Halictus pubescens, Friese, from Costa Rica, is represented
in the U.S. National Museum by material from Friese. It
is identical with a Neocorynura from Costa Rica named
years ago by Vachal, but, so far as I can find, not published.

Thorax emerald-green, the mesothorax with short moss-like

Records of Bees. 363

red hair; hind spur of 2 with very few long stout spines ;
apex of flagellum bright red ; eyes deeply emarginate ; area
of metathorax with very fine radiating strie.

Agapostemon virescens (Fabricius).

The type is in the Banks collection at the British Museum,
and is our common American species. The name dates from
1775, virtdulus (Fabricius) from 1793. Moses Harris, in
his ‘Exposition of English Insects’ (1782), figures and
describes a male as Apis vitreus. The names of Harris have
generally been ignored, but they are as valid as those of
Drury, after whose work that of Harris was modelled. The
binomials appear in the index.

Prosopis maderensis, sp. n.

2 .—Length about 7 mm.

Black, with a broad, elongate, pale yellow mark on each
side of face, its ends rounded, the upper end level with
antennee, the lower (more mesad) above middle of clypeus ;
clypeus elongate, dull, finely aciculate ; mandibles and an-
tennze black, scape not swollen; thorax with very scanty
white hair; mesothorax dull, very minutely and densely
punctured ; area of metathorax with irregular, rather weak,
raised reticulation on basal middle, otherwise finely rugose ;
tevulee black. Wings slightly brownish, nervures and
stigma piceous; b.n. falling a little short of t.-m.; second
sm. broad, receiving first r.n. near its base. Abdomen
shining, extremely finely punctured, without hair-patches.

Madeira (7. V. Wollaston). Oxford Museum.

It was labelled “n. sp. allied to signata.” It is easily
known from ségnata by the delicate sculpture of the abdomen.

Allodape miata (Smith).

The type of Prosopis leucotarsis, Cameron, in the Rothney
collection, is an Allodape. LIassume that Bingham is correct
in referring it to the older name mivla, Smith.

Length about 5 mm.

Clypeus creamy white, with very small lateral face-marks
next to the lateral notches in clypeal colour: tongue long,
linear ; tarsi creamy white, front ones reddened ; .nervures
pale, stigma dark-margined.

364 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and

Bombus rubriventris, Lepeletier.

At Oxford, in material belonging to the Hope collection,
which had passed through the hands of Lepeletier, I found a
B. rubriventris, probably the type. It is labelled “ St. Do-
mingue.” It isa remarkable Bombus, black, with abdomen
beyond first segment covered with very bright blood-red hair
as far as end of fourth segment (red hair overlapping fifth),
but black on fifth segment. Malar space moderate (rather
shorter than in brasiliens?s) ; ocelli small; top of head and
mesothorax in front with black hair, but behind the broad
band on front of mesothorax, abruptly, the short hair is dull
grey; long grey hairs at sides of scutellum ; pleura with pale
greyish hair; anterior wing about 18 mm., dark reddish
fuliginous (not so dark as in brasiliensis); hind tibie dark
red, with black hair.

Euglossa analis, Westwood.

I found a specimen, evidently the type, at Oxford. Clypeus
with the usual three keels; labrum &c. creamy white ; dark
purple-blue, apex of abdomen (beyond fourth segment)
broadly and abruptly emerald-green.

Length 10 mm. or a little over.

Friese gives this as a doubtful synonym of L. cordata (L.),
but it is evidently the prior name for L. azurea, Ducke.

Megachile bicolor (Fabricius).

In 1919 I published Megachile fletchert from India,
believing it to be closely allied to but separable from bzcolor.
Mr. T. B. Fletcher wrote that he considered it to be identical
with bicolor, and sent for comparison both sexes from Coim-
batore (Fletcher), Pusa, Behar (G. D. O.), and Chapra,
Bengal (Mackenzie). I took these to the British Museum,
and, on comparing them with the series there, could only
conclude that all were one species—J/, bicolor.

Megachile semipleta, sp. n.

¢ .—Length about 10 mm.

Black, with small joints of tarsi reddened, the last bright
ferruginous; antenne entirely black ; head ordinary, face
and cheeks with long creamy-white hair, vertex with dark
chocolate-brown hair ; mesothorax glistening, closely punc-
tured, with brownish-black hair, but other parts of thorax

Records of Bees. 365

with creamy-white hair; anterior tarsi simple and anterior
cox without spines; claws bifid. Abdomen glistening,
short and broad, first two segments with pale hair ; segments
3 to 5 with bands of pale hair, but in front of these the hair
is brown-black ; appressed pale hair at base of fifth ; sixth
segment retracted, with thin, erect, inconspicuous hair,
dullish, with minute sculpture, and with a strong depression
above the keel, which is shallowly emarginate but not dentate.

Madeira (Wollaston). Oxford University Museum.

As E. Saunders remarked, it seems to be nearest to JL. versi-
color, Smith.

Megachile xylocopoides, Smith.
Buena Vista, Florida (Chas. Mosier). U.S. Nat. Museum.

Megachile hematopus, n. n.

Lithurgus rufipes, Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus, i. (1853) p. 145. Not
Megachile rufipes (Fabricius).

I examined the type, from Port Natal, in the British
Museum.

Mandibles mainly red; clypeus strongly transversely
depressed above margin; tegule bright ferruginous ; white
pubescence in scutello-mesothoracie suture, and spots behind
tegule ; legs bright red, tarsi darkened ; second abdominal
segment metallic green dorsally ; ventral scopa white, black
on last segment and part of penultimate ; abdomen short and
broad ; marginal cell and apex of wing fuliginous. ¢?.

Lithurgus lissopoda (Cameron).

Megachile lissopoda, Cameron, 1908, is a Lithurgus.

Tubercle on face hardly indicated ; a robust species, with
very robust hind femora; hind basitarsi bread at end, the
broad part exposed and shining.

Length about 11 mm.

British Museum.

Lithurgus nigricans (Cameron).

Megachile nigricans, Cameron, 1898, from Ceylon, is a male

Lithurgus. 1 examined the type in Rothney collection at
Oxford.

Length 11 mm.

366 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and

Seutellum with much black hair; tongue and labial palpi
extremely long, the tongue would reach tip of abdomen,
labial palpi about 6 mm.; a polished punctureless space on
each side of ocelli: flagellum remarkably short ; hind tibise
very thick; no pulvilli; b.n. falling far short of t-m,

Lithurgus taprobane (Cameron),

Megachile taprobane, Cameron, 1904, from Ceylon, is
represented by the 2 type in the British Museum. It is a
Lithurgus.

Silky white hair on clypeus and sides of face ; supraclypeal
area with transverse gibbous lower margin; abdomen smooth
and shining, with the white hair-bands very narrow, last
segment with fuscous hair.

The males placed with it, from Kandy (2. Turner), are
Megachile.

Heriades spiniscutis (Cameron).

Megachile spiniscutis, Cameron (male type in British Mu-
seum), is a Heriades with large curved spines at sides of
thorax posteriorly ; pulvilli distinct; eyes slate-colour or dark
grey (not green) ; b.n. nearly reaching t.-m.

S. Africa,

Standing next to this in the British Museum is Megachile
suavida, Cameron, 2. It has pulvilli, and is a Heriades.
Ventral scopa yellowish white; b.n: meeting t.-m.; eyes
lilac.

The name J. suavida was published by Cameron in 1908,
based on a male from India.

Osmia leptodonta (Cameron).

Megachile leptodonta, Cameron, 1908, in British Museum,
is an Osmia.

Flagellum bright red beneath; mandibles peculiar, with
dense white hair at base, middle pale red, and apical margin
and teeth abruptly dark; pulvilli present ; abdomen more or
less red along the margins before the entire white hair-bands,

Heriades pulchripes (Cameron).

Megachile pulchripes, Cameron, 1897, from India, is a
Fleriades, as shown by the ? type in the Rothney collection
at Oxford.

Length about 6°5 mm.

Records of Bees. 367

Pulvilli present; basin of first abdominal segment with
sharp edge; middle and hind femora and tibiz clear chestnut-
red ; facial quadrangle much longer than broad, with a broad
band of white pubescence at each side; stigma ferruginous.

Meade- Waldo has placed M. e/froma and saphira, Cameron,
with this species in the British Museum. These are males,
with abdomen curled under apically, and shining testaceous
borders to the closely punctate segments ; the b.n. fails to
reach t.-m. The tibia and tarsi are mainly red in saphira,
darker in e/froma, but they are certainly one species. I could
not seé any pulvilli in e/froma.

Gronoceras denticulata (Reiche).

Friese’s description of the male Alegachile denticulata in
‘Das Tierreich’ is quite wrong. It is a Gronoceras, and has
very broad pale anterior tarsi. The last ventral segment has
a stout truncate spine, and apex has two long curved spines
and a brush of black hair. I examined specimens in the
British Museum which agree with the original description
and figure.

Ceratina dimidiata, Friese, 1910.

Specimens in the U.S. National Museum, received from
Friese, show that this is identical with @. azteca, Cresson, as
determined (I believe correctly) by Crawford.

Colletes dudgeonit, Bingham, 1897.

C. dentata, Cameron, 1898, is the same species. The male
has a short malar space.

Colletes reticulatus (Cameron).

Andrena reticulata, Cam., and A. saevissima, Cam. (mis-
printed sacrissima in Bingham’s work), are females of one
species of Colletes. ‘The malar space is about twice as broad
as long; upper ‘part of supraclypeal area highly polished.
Specimens of both supposed species are in the Rothney
collection at Oxford and in the British Museum.

Colletes phedra (Cameron).

Andrena phedra, Cam., is a male Colletes, with darker
tegulee than reticulatus. I decided that it was the male of
reticulatus, but found a male placed with saevissima in the

368 Descriptions and Records of Bees,

British Museum a good deal larger than phedra, with the
malar space a little broader than long (in phedra it is more
shining and fully as long as broad). The phedra abdomen is
more shining, with finer punctures. They agree in venation.
Assuming this saevissima male to belong with reticulatus, it
‘seems probable that phedra is distinct.

Andrena sodalis, Cam., published at the same time, is
evidently the insect standing in the Rothney collection under
a slightly modified name, sodalis having been earlier used by
Smith. Itis a Colletes, with the dorsal hair of thorax bright
fox-red, and the first abdominal segment perhaps more
distinctly punctured than in phedra. I believe it is con-
specific with phedra.

Anthophora whiteheadi, Cockerell.

Yalauer Archipelago, Celebes (Hickson). Cambridge
Museum.

A 2 in poor condition, having been in liquid, but appa-
rently not distinct from this Philippine species.

Chalicodoma sicula, Rossi.

El Arabah, Abydos, Upper Egypt (Baron A. von Hiigel).
Cambridge University Museum.

Lithurgus echinocacti, Cockerell.

Sabino Basin, Sta. Catalina Mts., Arizona, Aug. 30
(C. H. T. Townsend).

Pseudopanurgus fraterculus, Cockerell.

Sabino Basin, Sta. Catalina Mts., Arizona, Sept. 3 and 28
(Townsend).

Nomioides facilis (Smith).

Hlalictus facilis, Smith, from Malta. Nomiotdes fallax, -
Handlirsch,

Thygatina fumida, Cockerell.

The following note is attached to the specimens in the
British Museum :—“ I found these tunnelling in a bank and
storing their nest with pollen. The tunnel went into the
bank about 8 to 10 inches. Kandy, Ceylon, Jan. 1908.
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XXXVI.—Records and Descriptions of South African Grass-
hoppers of the Groups Arcyptere and Scylline. By B. P.
Uvarov, F.E.S., Assistant Entomologist, Imperial Bureau
of Entomology.

Tue present paper is the first of a series based on the
collection of South African Acridians recently sent to
the Imperial Bureau of Entomology for identification by
the Division of Entomology, Pretoria,.and made chiefly by
Messrs. Ch. P. Lounsbury and J. C. Faure. In working out
this collection it has been found practicable to include also
the South African material of the British Museum Collection,
where many unnamed accessions have recently accumulated.
The number of new species and genera amongst the South-
African grasshoppers has proved to be astonishingly large,
and further collecting, especially of the smaller forms, must
lead to the discovery of still more novelties; even amongst
the large-sized ones new forms are not infrequent, which
indicates that our knowledge of the South African Ortho-
pterous fauna is still very inadequate.

Tue Grover Arcyrrerz™.

There is only one African genus of this group—Pseudo-
arcyptera, Bol., with one species im it, P. carvalhoi, Bol.,

* I. Bolivar, ‘‘ Les Truxalinos del antiguo Mundo,” Trab. Mus. Nac.
Madrid, ser. Zool., Num. 20, 1914, pp. 44 & 54.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 24

370 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on

but in the collection before me now there are two species
which undoubtedly belong to the.genus A ulacoboturus, Bol.,
known hitherto from India only; both these species are
new and described below.

1. Pseudoarcyptera carvalhoi, Bol.

The species was described by I. Bolivar from Lourenco
Marquez, and a single male in the British Museum from the
same locality agrees perfectly with the description. The
venation of the elytra in this species is very much like that
in Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol. (see fig. 1, A).

2. Aulacobothrus africanus, sp. 0.

¢. Smaller, but less slender, than any of the known
Indian representatives of the genus. Antenne a little
longer than the head and pronotum together. Head
strongly reclinate; frontal ridge in profile perfectly straight,
forming a rounded acute angle with the fastigium, distinctly
sulcate and rugosely punctured throughout ; its margins
raised, not punctured, parallel, slightly convergent at the
fastigium. Fastigium of the vertex rotundo-pentagonal,
distinctly broader than long; its surface slightly concave ;
median keel low, rather thick, but irregular, interrupted in
the middle of the fastigium, prolonged all across the occiput;
lateral occipital keels distinct, but very irregular, not nearly
reaching the pronotum ; temporal foveole very distinct,
much longer than broad, parallel, with the apex obliquely
rounded, Pronotum rather compressed laterally, but with-
out a constriction; its disc smooth, but dull in the prozona,
and strongly rugosely punctured in the metazona, median
keel running throughout the pronotum, distinctly raised,
shining, cut just behind its middle by the third sulcus ;
lateral keels rather feeble and irregular, slightly convex and
feebly convergent between the fore margin and the first
sulcus, scarcely perceptible, subparallel between the first
and second sulci, distinctly convex and not strongly
divergent behind the latter, not reaching the hind margin ;
fore margin of the pronotum rounded ; hind angle straight ;
lateral lobes very coarsely punctured, less so in the middle
where the punctures are not dense, and two elongate spots
near the upper margin are not punctured at all, smooth;
lower margin of the lobes obtusely angulate behind its
middle ; their hind angle straight, rounded; the fore angle
obtuse, rounded. Mesopleuree and metapleure very coarsely

South Ajrican Grasshoppers. 371

punctured. Elytra extending just a little beyond the hind
knees; mediastinal area occupying the basal third of the
fore margin, dilated in its middle, with a distinct false yein ;
scapular area occupying a little more than three-quarters of
the fore margin, strongly dilated beyond its middle, with
regular oblique reticulation ; externo-median area distinctly
dilated, the middle radial vein being slightly bisinuate ;
discoidal area extending far beyond the middle of elytra,
narrow, sparsely but irregularly reticulate, with a very
irregular false vein interrupted in many places; interulnar
area much broader than the discoidal area, with sparse
subparallel transverse venules, Hind femora rather slender,
only slightly dilated basally. Supra-anal plate rotundato-
triangular, slightly longer than its basal width, with
margins convex. Cerci straight, extending a little beyond
the apex of the supra-anal plate. Subgenital plate obtusely
conical.

General coloration brownish. Head with a pale median
fascia above, which is scarcely perceptible on the pronotum.
Lateral lobes of the pronotum of a darker shade than its
disc, somewhat blackish, except the lower fourth part, which
TS pale. Elytra hyaline, with veins brownish; the cells in
the apical part with small brownish clouds. Wings hyaline,
with a very faint yellowish tint at the base ; apex feebly
infumate. Hind femora on the outside unicolorous ; the
upper inner area with three blackish fasciz, which extend
also on to the upper outer area, but are there scarcely
perceptible ; the imside yellowish; the lower inner area
orange-yellow ; the knees entirely black inside and blackish
with brownish lobes outside. Hind tibize brownish yellow,
with the base and the pe half of the spines black.
Abdomen reddish.

3 (type).
mm.
Eenpthioi body. its. s....05 6a 14
5. pronotum .........6-. 35
- Sly h apa, ate care ete etee 115
- Indien Onan sensi 9
Maximal width of hind femora .. 25

The type is unique; it was taken at Bloemfontein,
Orange Free State, 24. 11. 1918.

3. Aulacobothrus (?) crassipes, sp. n.

3. Of the same size but slightly more robust than
A, africanus, Uvar. (Antenne in the type broken). Head
24*

arZ Mr. B. P. Uvarov on

distinctly reclinate; frontal ridge in profile slightly convex
above the middle ocellum, forming a widely rounded
right angle with the fastigium of the vertex; its surface
strongly punctured throughout, distinctly impressed
below the middle ocellum, slightly convex between the an-
tenne ; its margins slightly raised, not punctured, gradually
and feebly divergent from fastigium to the clypeus. Fasti-
gium of the vertex rotundato-pentagonal, distinctly longer
than broad; its surface distinctly impressed; the median
keel starts from its hindmost part and extends almost
to the pronotum, very feeble throughout ; the lateral
occipital keels feeble, very irregular, distinctly diver-
gent backwards. Temporal foveolz distinctly but not
much longer than broad, with the apex widely obliquely
rounded. Pronotum only feebly compressed laterally, not
constricted, rounded ; the median keel strongly raised, cut
by the third sulcus in its middle ; lateral keels very feeble
and irregular, distinctly convergent between the fore margin
and the first sulcus, divergent behind the latter, on the
metazona developed in its foremost part only; the disc of
pronotum distinctly tectiform, dull, indistinctly rugulose
throughout; hind angle straight; lateral lobes indistinctly
rugulose throughout, except in the hind upper part of the
metazona, which is densely and rather coarsely punctured ;
their lower margin is very widely rotundato-angulate behind
the middle ; their fore angle obtuse, hind angle straight,
both widely rounded. Mesopleurz and metapleure slightly
rugulose. Elytra reaching the hind knees ; the mediastinal
area extending almost to the middle of the fore margin,
dilated in its middle, with a very distinct, straight, false
vein; scapular area occupying more than three-quarters of
the fore margin, strongly dilated beyond its middle, with
very oblique, sparse veinlets ; externo-median area slightly
dilated ; the first and second radial veins perfectly straight ;
the discoidal area extends distinctly beyond the middle of
the elytra, rather broad, its transverse veinlets thick, more
regularly disposed than in A. africanus, the false vein well
developed, straight; the interulnar area about as broad as
the discoidal, with two rows of cells and an irregular,
interrupted false vei. Hind femora short, thick, and
dilated basally. Supra-anal plate triangular, distinctly
longer than broad, with margius straight. Cerci straight,
about as long as the supra-anal plate. Subgenital plate
obtusely conical.

General coloration greyish brown. Head above ash-grey,
with two irregular brown fasciz adjoining the lateral

South African Grasshoppers. 373

occipital keels externally ; broad blackish postocular fascize
running right across the lateral lobes of the pronotum,
occupying their upper half; their lower parts, as well as the
face and cheeks, ash-grey. Elytra feebly infumate through-
out, with all veins and veinlets brown. Wings hyaline, with
a scarcely perceptible yellowish tint; the apex distinctly
infumate. Hind femora with the area externomedia
whitish, gradually merging into yellow towards the apex ;
its lower carina with three elongate brewn spots before the
preapical ring, while the upper carina is blackened ; the
upperside grey, with two brown bands behind the middle
and a yellow preapical ring extending all round the femur ;
the inside reddish, with two black bands; the outer lower
suleus orange-yellow; the inner lower sulcus red; the
knees shining black all over, except the upper side, which is
dull brown. Hind tibiz bright red, with shining black
condylus and apices of the spines, with a yellow subbasal ring
and the apex, as well as the hind tarsi, pale olive. Abdo-
men reddish.

3 (type).
mm,
Hengthioh God 7. ke. ss’ eis 15
a BLONOGHM Gs vole sale ris 3°5
ES Clysrae. Fane evacuees 12
i ind fenaurs. cc. see cas 9
Maximal width of hind femur ., 3

The type is unique; it is from Bloemfontein, Orange
Free State, 24. 1. 1918.

I am not quite sure whether this species actually belongs
to the genus Awlacobothrus or is a member of the group
Scylline, near to Phorenula, since the inner lower spur of
its only tibia is broken.

Tue Group Scrziiv#.

Prof. I. Bolivar in his recent revision of the Oid World
Truxaline founded a new group for the genera characterised
by the inner lower spur of the hind tibize being much longer
than the inner upper one and straight, with the apex only
curvate (see fig. 2,B); he called this group Prostethophyme*,
but it is more reasonable to adopt for that group the name
Scylline, which has been long applied to the group of
American genera characterised by the same shape of the
tibial spurs.

This peculiar group seems to be fairly well represented in

* Lc. pp. 44 & 48.

374 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on

South Africa, whence three genera (i. e., Prostethophyma,
Berengueria,and Phorenula) have been described by I. Bolivar,
and two more are described in the present paper.

1. Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol. (Fig. 1, A.)

This species is represented in the British Museum by a
good series of specimens taken by Dr. G. A. K. Marshall at
Salisbury, Mashonaland ; Bolivar’s type belongs evidently
to the same lot, and the Museum specimens proved to be
entirely identical with the specimens in the Oxford collection
designated by Bolivar himself as cotypes.

Fig. 1.

AN

Sense Oona
PLT TTT LER

Seer HUTT PP REE ESR

SER GRR oa ee TE RO

Wace we
CHER GR OS CO EQ

A, Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol.; B, P. minor, sp. n.

As I. Bolivar gives the dimensions of the female only,
I think it useful to give a full table of dimensions, as
follows :—

3. 15
mm. mm.
Length of body ........ 19 25
= GRAM hoe sos 3°5 4
pronotum.... 4 5
i SIV EEA hice ss 16 19
hind femur .. 12°5 15°5

”
The dimensions are taken from cotypic specimens.

South African Grasshoppers. 375

2. Prostethophyma minor, sp.n. (Fig. 1, B.)

g. Smaller and more slender than P. cephalica, Bol.
Antenne extending well beyond the hind margin of the
pronotum. Head very strongly reclinate; frontal ridge
parallel throughout, scarcely narrowed at the fastigium,
where it is strongly convex and sparsely punctured, while
the rest is flat, with a very shallow impression below the
middle ocellus and covered with strong, though not dense,
impressed points ; face strongly punctured, but less so than
in P. cephalica ; facial keels reaching the clypeus. Fas-
tigium of the vertex as in P. cephalica ; temporal foveole
scarcely perceptible, indicated by puncturation. Median
keel of the pronotum low and rather thick, interrupted in
its middle by the typical sulcus; lateral keels feeble,
distinctly (and more than in P. cephalica) convergent
towards the first sulcus, strongly divergent behind, not
reaching the hind margin, both front and hind part of
each keel being straight; hind angle of the pronotum
obtuse. Venation of the elytra much like that in P. cepha-
lica, but differing in the following points: externo-median
area more dilated, twice as broad as the scapular area and
subequal in its width to the interulnar area, which is less
dilated than in P. cephalica; discoidal area a little wider
than in P. cephalica, and regularly transversely venulated
except the very base.

Coloration as in P. cephalica, but paler. Lateral lobes of
the pronotum with only an elongate pale callous spot below
the middle, instead of a more narrow longitudinal callous
line extending across the lobes as in P. cephalica. Elytra
hyaline, spotless, with the apex strongly infumate and with
a pale callous streak in the basal half of the scapular area,
Wings as in P. cephalica. Hind femora on the outside
greyish yellow, with brownish points along the upper
carina; the upperside with very indistinct transverse
fasciee ; the inside orange-red, with a blackish fascia before
the apex and a blackish spot at the middle of the upper
margin ; the lower sulcus of the femora yellowish; the hind
knees black. Hind tibiz with black condylus, pale basal
third, bright red in the rest.

? (paratype). Differs from that of P. cephalica by the
smaller size and some characters in the venation of the
elytra: the hind radial vein is more bent backwards and the
externo-median area is therefore broader and with regular
transverse reticulation ; the discoidal area is regularly trans-

376 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on

versely reticulated, without a false vein at all (or with but
an irregular one in the basal half).

& (type). 2 (paratype).
mm. mm.
Length of body ........ 16°5 20°5
5. a(dieadies tena 3°5 35
- pronotum ..., 4 4:5
i GLY GIE 2 ee tes 14 16
7 hind femora .. 10 13

The type and paratypes (3 ¢ g and 2 ? 2) were taken by
Messrs. C. P. Lounsbury and J.C. Faure at Boshof, Orange
Free State, 17-18. v. 1917.

Key to the Species of the Genus Prostethophyma, Bol.
(Fig. 1, A & B.)

1 (2), go. The externo-median area of the elytra twice
as broad as the scapular area and subequal
in its width to the interulnar area; the
discoidal area with regular transverse
venulation.
@. The externo-median area broader than in
the second species, regularly transversely
venulated; the discoidal area regularly
transversely reticulated, without a false
WOU aa 'ctereie wis ou toreie/sinat« eke asters ate sil » P. minor, Uvar.
2 (1). g. The externo-median area less than twice
as broad as the scapular area and much
narrower than the interulnar area; the
discoidal area irregularly reticulated.
©. The externo-median area narrower than in
the preceding species, rather irregularly
reticulated; the discoidal area with ir-
regular reticulation and a more or less
developed false Vein |. 0.0. B28 cele tile oe P. cephalica, Bol.

3. Phorenula cruciata, Bol.

I refer to this species a series of specimens in the British
Museum from Zomba, 2000-3000 ft., though I cannot be
quite sure of my identification, because Bolivar’s description
contains nothing but colour characters, which are, according
to his own remark, very variable ; anyhow, the Zomba speci-
mens agree with the description fairly well, and I do not
feel justified in describing them as another species. The
correct interpretation of Bolivar’s unsatisfactory description
of this species is rendered still more difficult because he com-
pares it with PA. vitiata, which has never been described.
Fortunately, I have received from the Oxford Museum one

South African Grasshoppers. 377

specimen labelled by I. Bolivar as the cotype of Ph. vittata,
which enables me to give a description of it below.

In the first place, however, I may make some remarks on
the genus Phorenula. In I. Bolivar’s opinion, the principal
distinction between this genus and Prostethophyma is in
the structure of the temporal foveole, which are supposed
to be well developed, impressed, and perfectly marginated in
Phorenula, and imperfectly, or not all marginated, shallow
and punctured in Prostethophyma. My study of a rather
long series of Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol., which is the
type of the genus Prostethophyma and of Pr. minor, sp. n.,
enables me to conclude that this character is far from being
constant in these species, not even being reliable as a
specific character, and therefore quite useless for separating
the genera. There remains, therefore, only one character
for separating Phorenula from Prostethophyma, and that is
in the venation of the elytra, especially in the shape of the
discoidal area, which is equally wide throughout in Phorenula
and narrowed apically in Prostethophyma ; the difference is
a very striking one in the case of the males, but the females
of the two genera are extremely alike, and the question
arises whether the genera Phorenula and Prostethophyma
should not be better united. I prefer, however, to keep them
separate in the meantime, till more species are made known
(and I am sure that this group is represented in South
Africa by a far greater number of species than is at present
recorded), and especially because 1 have not yet had the
opportunity of studying the genotype of Phorenula, for
which I should take PA. dorsata, Bol., as the first of the two
species described under this genus,

4. Phorenula vittata, sp. n.

eae erie vittata, I. Bol. in litt., Mém. Soc, Ent. Belg. xix.
Pp. O-.

3. Rather small for the genus, distinctly compressed
laterally. Antenne scarcely longer than the head and pro-
notum together, rather thick. Head strongly reclinate.
Frontal ridge rather broad, parallel, feebly narrowed at the
fastigium, where it is distinctly convex, while elsewhere it is
flat, with the margins obtuse, not reaching the clypeus;
surface of the ridge not densely punctured. Fastigium of
the vertex perfectly rounded, slightly impressed, with a
median keel beginning from its middle and running across
the occiput, but not reaching the pronotum; the lateral

378 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on

margins strongly convergent behind, and prolonged into two
irregular lateral occipital keels; temporal foveolz shallow,
rhombeidal, with rounded angles. Pronotum laterally com-
pressed but not constricted; median keel very well
developed, rather thick and distinctly raised, interrupted by
the hind sulcus just before the middle; lateral keels well
developed, callous, distinctly convergent towards the first
sulcus and strongly divergent behind it, deeply cut by all
three sulci, not reaching the hind margin of the pronotum ;
fore margin distinctly convex ; hind margin rectangular ;
surface of the disc uneven, with rather large impressed
points, with callous rugosities between the sulci; lateral
lobes strongly rugulose and punctured, with a callous
irregular longitudinal keel in the middle, starting just
behind the front margin, slightly sinuate in the middle and
almost reaching the hind margin. Elytra extending a little
beyond the hind knees; mediastinal area reaching the apex
of the basal third, dictinctly dilated beyond its middle, with
a false vein; scapular area almost reaching the apex of the
elytra, well dilated in the middle and strongly attenuate
apically, with sparse oblique veins; externo-median area
narrow, feebly widening towards the apex, with sparse trans-
verse reticulation ; discoidal area distinctly shorter than
half the whole elytra, scarcely hyaline, with rather scarce
but not parallel transverse venules, without a regular false
vein ; interulnar area a little broader than the discoidal,
sparsely but irregularly reticulated, with a very irregular
and only partly-developed false vein. Hind femora narrow,
with the apical third attenuate.

General coijoration light chocolate-brown. Occiput with
two longitudinal rows of brown points. A broad castaneous-
black fascia starts from the hind margin of the eyes and
runs across the upper half of pronotal lobes ; sides of meso-
notum and metanotum also partly black ; the lower part of
the pronotum lobes pale, with brown punctures, and sharply
separated from the dark upper part by the longitudinal keel,
which is ivory-coloured; disc of the pronotum with brown
points; lateral keels and a little interspace between them
and the castaneous lateral fascia ivory-coloured. Elytra
light fawn; scapular area with oblique venules partly brown ;
discoidal area shining black, with a few hyaline spots in the
apical half; three irregular and not sharply-defined brownish
spots along the middle of the apical half. Wings hyaline,
scarcely infumate apically. Pectus and abdomen brownish
beneath, with brown points ; abdomen of the same colour
above, but more strongly dotted with brown. Fore and

South African Grasshoppers. 379

middle legs with dark grey and brown points and streaks.
Hind femora with the area externomedia whitish, with a
grey median longitudinal streak ; upperside with more than
the apical half brown, interrupted in the middle of the femur
by a narrow pale fascia; the upper inner area with black
base ; inner median area blackened apically ; lower areas
buff; the knees spotted with black, more so on the inside.
Hind tibiz black from beneath, the colour gradually diluting
towards the apex ; the upperside is yellowish grey, dotted
and spotted with brown; an incomplete black subbasal
ring.
Female unknown.

d (type)
mm.
Length of body.......... 155
as Heads. sop sedans 3
+ pronotum .... 35
= GINGER ois se alas 14
A hind femora .. 10

The type is from Pretoria, iv. 1921 (J. C. Faure). A
cotypic male in the Oxford collection, labelled by I. Bolivar
as a cotype of Ph. vittata, I. Bol. (undescribed), is from
Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 ft., 1899 (G. A. K. Marshall) ;
it agrees with the type in all characters, but is in less good
condition, which caused me to draw up the description from
another specimen.

5. Phorenula marshalli, sp. n.

1911. Phorenula marshalli, I, Bolivar in htt., Mém. Soc. Ent. Belg.
xix. p. 81.

3. Antenne a little longer than the head and pronotum
together. Head strongly reclinate ; frontal ridge flat, sub-
parallel, slightly widened above the middle ocellus and feebly
narrowed at the fastigium, coarsely punctured except at the
base, at the apex, and along the margins, which are scarcely
raised. Fastigium of the vertex regularly oval, scarcely
shorter than broad, slightly impressed, with a feeble arched
transverse sulcus, with margins perfectly rounded, incurved
behind and emitting two irregular callous occipital keels ;
the median keel starting from the apex of the fastigium,
but lowered in its middle, prolonged into an occipital keel,
which is connected with the lateral keels by several irregular
callous transverse ridges; temporal foveole rather well
developed, longer than broad, elongato-trapezoidal, with
rounded angles. Pronotum scarcely compressed laterally,

380 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on

without a constriction ; prozona a little shorter than meta-
zona; median keel well developed, rather sharp; lateral
keels rather feeble and irregular, subparallel between the
fore margin and the first sulcus, feebly divergent between
that and the third sulcus, and more strongly divergent and
better developed in the metazona, reaching the hind margin ;
obtusangularly rounded ; hind angle straight, with the sides
slightly concave; lateral margins of the dise not coincident
with the lateral keels, but indicated by a slightly raised
line running outwardly and below the lateral keels ; surface
of the dise neither punctured nor rugulose, smooth but
shining ; lateral lobes rugulose throughout. Elytra extend-
ing a little beyond the hind knees; their venation very
much like that of the above-described Ph. vittata, Uvar.,
but the discoidal area a little longer, though still not reach-
ing the middle of the elytra, with an irregular false vein
throughout ; interulnar area with only one row of rather
regular cells and without any trace of a false vein. Hind
femora thick and short, with only apical fourth attenuate.

General coloration greyish fawn, with a brown and black
design. Along the head and pronotum runs a paler median
fascia, included between two velvety black fasciz, which
start from the sides of the fastigium, coincide with the
lateral keels in the prozona, and run within these on the
metazona, where the keels are pale. -Face, sides of the
head, lateral lobes of the pronotum, mesonotum, and meta-
notum unicolorous, indistinctly dotted with grey points.
Pectus and the base of the abdomen of the genera] colour,
though of lighter shade; the apical half of the abdomen
reddish both above and beneath, but the apex itself
yellowish. Fore and middle legs fawn, without any spots
or points. Hind femora with three well-pronounced black
fascize on the upperside, the hindmost of them being partly
extended on the externo-median area; that area of the
general coloration with a few black points along the lower
carina; the inner side bright red, except the preapical ring,
which is ivory and extends all round the femur ; the knee
brown above, black inside, black with brown lobes on the
outside. Hind tibie bright red, with black base, a broad
ivory subbasal ring, and black-tipped spines. Hind tarsi
buff. Elytra with the basal half of the mediastinal area
slightly darkened ; discoidal field with a row of irregular
brown spots; an oblique brownish fascia beyond the middle;
the apical fourth infumate, with a faint indication of oblique
fascize. Wings distinctly infumate at the apex and to the
middle of the outer margin.

South African Grasshoppers. 381

3 (type). Q (paratype).
mm, mm.
Length of body ........ 16 20°5
2 HRC? 2 wialnons 3 3°75
rc pronotum .... 3°5 45
- elytracire dams 14 18
rr hindfemur .. 11 14

The type is from Salisbury, Mashonaland, 11. xi. 1905
(G. A. K. Marshall) ; four other paratypic males and two
females are from the same locality; one female from
Pretoria, iv. 1921 (J. C. Faure) ; one female from Morico,
Transvaal, 1. 1918.

The dimensions of the female given above are taken
from the specimen labelled by I. Bolivar as a cotype of
Ph. marshalli, Bol. (undescribed). This specimen and some
others of the series are not so vividly coloured as the type ;
the black fasciz on the head and pronotum may be very
little developed or altogether wanting. The inside of the
hind femora is sometimes orange-red. The interulnar area
in the male is sometimes less regularly reticulated and with
au indication of a false vein.

6. Phorenula gracilis, sp. n.

g. Smaller than any other known species. Antennz
extending a little beyond the hind margin of the pronotum.,
Frontal ridge flat, with very obtuse margins, feebly narrowed
at the fastigium, with rather large but sparse puncturation.
Fastigium of the vertex oval, with the apex somewhat acute,
feebly impressed, with a very feeble, arched, transverse sul-
cus; its margins convergent behind and emitting irregular
lateral occipital keels; median keel beginning behind the
arched sulcus and prolonged on to the occiput, but not
reaching the pronotum ; temporal foveole fairly well de-
veloped, rotundato-rhomboidal, narrowed anteriorly and
posteriorly. Pronotum neither compressed laterally nor
constricted ; median keel strongly raised, cut by the typical
sulcus just before the middle; lateral keels well developed,
distinctly convergent between the fore margin and the first
sulcus and strongly divergent behind that sulcus, almost
reaching the hind margin ; actual lateral margins of the
pronotal disc indicated less distinctly than in Ph. marshalli,
Uvar. ; fore margin of the pronotum rounded ; hind angle
straight; the surface of the disc neither rugulose nor
punctured, smooth but not shining; lateral lobes coarsely
punctured and rugulose. Elytra extending a little beyond
the hind knees ; their venation as in PA. marshall, but the

382 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on

interulnar area is narrower, not broader than the discoidal
area, with an irregular reticulation and an irregular false
vein. Hind femora narrower than in PA. marshalli, but
broader than in Ph, vittata, Uvar., with the apical third
attenuate.

General coloration brownish with black design; the latter
much like that of Ph. marshaili. A light buff median fascia,
included between the two dark castaneous fascie, runs
across the head aud pronotum ; lateral keels of the latter
pale throughout ; lateral lobes brownish, variegated and
dotted with brown. Elytra with a longitudinal median row
of rectangular black spots along the discoidal area and
almost to the apex. Wings with the apex but feebly
infumate. Head beneath, pectus, and the base of the
abdomen light olivaceous; the rest of the abdomen orange-
reddish beneath and above. Fore and middle legs varie-
gated with brown. Hind femora on the upperside with a
basal brown spot and with the whole apical half brown,
except a narrow transverse fascia just beyond the middle of
the femur, and a narrow pale subapical ring; the externo-
median area brownish, with numerous indistinct brown
points, with a row of elongate black spots along the lower
carina ; the inside brownish with a faimt reddish shade,
with indistinct brown points ; lower sulcus greyish oliva-
ceous ; the knees brown, with the upperside and lobes of
a lighter shade. Hind tibiz greyish olivaceous, with brown
base and numerous indistinct brownish points ; their spines
black. Hind tarsi somewhat reddish.

2? (paratype). Differs from the male by the far darker
coloration, being almost black above, but lateral keels of the
pronotum still pale; lateral Jobes with the lower margin
and a streak in the middle pale; their whole median part
black. LElytra mostly shining black, with a median row of
hyaline spots along the discoidai area; the base of the
scapular area buff. Wings a little more infumate than in
the male. Abdomen and the inner and lower side of the
femora more orange-reddish. Hund tibize slightly reddening
towards the apex.

3 (type). ? (paratype).
mm. mm.
Length of body ........ 14 20
nH Ler ese nieere 2°5 3
fs pronotum .... 3 4
a OLVERA Nise: nance 13 16
hind femora .. 10 13

South African Grasshoppers. 383

The male type and the only paratypic female are from
Salisbury, Mashonaland, xi. 1905 (G. A. K. Marshall).

This species seems to be closely related to Ph. cruciata,
Bol., and may prove even to be conspecific with it, but the
question cannot be solved without the examination of
Bolivar’s type, and I prefer to give here a description of my
specimens which will render it possible later to establish
the synonymy. If my specimens are actually conspecific
with Ph. cruciata, Bol., then the insect from Zomba men-
tioned above represents a distinct and undescribed species.

As I have not seen both of Bolivar’s species of the genus
Phorenula, I think it inadvisable to attempt to draw up a
key to the species, which must be necessarily incomplete
and therefore might only mislead. :

PacHyYcaRvs, gen. nov.

Small and middle-sized grasshoppers, with a thick head,
somewhat resembling in habitus and type of coloration
certain species of the Palearctic genus Dociostaurus, Fieb.

Antenne filiform, with the subbasal joints slightly com-
pressed, but not at all dilated, in 9 distinctly, in ¢ very much
longer than the head and pronotum together. . Head large
and thick, distinctly prominent above the pronotum, in g
strongly, in ¢ distinctly reclinate. Frontal ridge in the
male flat or feebly impressed, gradually widened towards
the clypeus, almost reaching the latter ; in the female it is
‘more convex, with margins obtuse and disappearing shortly
below the middle ocellus. Fastigium of the vertex dis-
tinctly sloping forwards, pentagonal, more or less distinctly
marginate and impressed; temporal foveolz visible from
above, longer than wide, shallow, imperfectly marginated.
Occiput without median carina. Eyes shortly ovoid; their
height exceeds only a little their length and is subequal to
the height of the infra-ocular part of cheeks. Pronotum
short, rounded, feebly selliform ; median keel very low, in
prozona undeveloped or distinctly more feeble than in meta-
zona ; the first and second transverse sulci not reaching the
median keel, which is cut by the typical sulcus in its
middle ; hind margin widely rounded; lateral lobes dis-
tinctly higher than long, narrowed downwards, with the
lower margin rotundato-angulate on the middle, and both
fore and hind angles obtuse, rounded. Prosternum with
a low transverse swelling on its fore margin. Meso-
sternal lobes perfectly transverse, about twice as broad as
long, with hind angles very widely rounded; interspace
scarcely more narrow than the lobes, widened posteriorly.

384 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on

Metasternal lobes separated by a subquadrate interspace.
Tympanum semi-open. Elytra developed, but not exceeding
the hind knees ; mediastinal area with a basal dilatation ;
scapular area dilated, especially in the males, extending
almost to the apex of elytra; discoidal area reaching
beyond the middle of elytra, parallel; interulnar area
subequal in width to the discoidal. Wings hyaline, with
normal venation. Hind femora short and thick ; the knee-
lobes rounded. Hind tibiz very slightly thickened apically,
rounded above, bicarinate below, armed with 8-9 outer and
10-11 inner spines; the lower inner spur almost straight,
almost as long as the first tarsal joint, slightly incrassate
near the apex, which is short and recurved. Supra-anal
plate of the male obtusely triangular, about as long as
broad, with the sides slightly convex ; cerci rounded, obtuse,
subequal to the supra-anal plate; subgenital plate short,
obtusely conical. Subgenital plate of the female much
longer than broad, widened posteriorly ; its hind margin
with an obtuse triangular projection in the middle ; valve
of the ovipositor very short, thick, and obtuse.

Genotype: Pachycarus stauronotus, sp. n.

To the same genus belong two more South African
species: one of them has been described by W. F. Kirby as

Fig. 2.

A, Pachycarus stauronotus, sp. n.; B, P. medius, sp. n.

Heteropternis (sic!) pallida, Kirby (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
vol. x. no. 57, 1902, p. 241, no. 4), and the other, which
has been recorded by Kirby as Calliptamus minor, Walk.
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1902, p. 240), has nothing to do
with the genus Calliptamus, and is described below as Pachy-
carus intermedius, sp. Ni.

South African Grasshoppers. 385

Key to Species of the Genus Pachycarus, Uvar.
(Figs. 2 & 3.)

1 (2). The sides of the fastigium (tempora) dis-

tinctly sloping sideways, narrow and

occupied entirely by the temporal foveole,

which are distinctly narrowed anteriorly

and imperfectly margined below.
3 (4). g. Elytra without false veins in the dis-

coidal and interulnar areas. Fastigium of

the vertex distinctly longer than broad.

(@. Discoidal area irregularly reticulated

without a false vein; the interulnar area

with an irregular false vein, Fastigium of

the vertex slightly longer than broad.) .. stawronotus, sp. 0.
4 (3). g. Elytra with false veins in the discoidal

and interulnar areas. Fastigium of the

vertex only a little longer than broad.

(Qo abo wits)aie cba wing a ows <e Borcher ase medius, sp. 0.
2 (1). Q. The sides of the fastigium only feebly

sloping sideways, broad, with broad obtuse

margins; temporal foveole parallel, not

narrowed anteriorly, obtusely but com-

pletely margined all around. The media-

stinal, scapular, discoidal, and interulnar

areas with false veing...............+-- pallidus (Kirby).

SEE Sa Seria
avai

QPEL hogbta ie

MM Ze

PT TT TT)
SLOT IT ITS
Da vara m

3
AN

A, Pachycarus stauronotus, sp. n.; B, P. medius, sp, n,

7. Pachycarus stauronotus, sp.n. (Figs. 2,A; 3, A.)

¢. The smallest of the three known species. Antenne
reaching well beyond the middle of the abdomen. Head

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viu. 25

386 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on

longer and thicker than the pronotum, strongly reclinate
and very prominent above. Frontal ridge with the margins
closely approximate at the fastigium ; facial keels reaching
the clypeus. Pronotum very finely and closely punctured
in the prozona, and more distinctly in the metazona, which
is a little shorter than the prozona ; median keel scarcely
perceptible on the prozona and more distinct, though still
very low, on the metazona. Elytra a little longer than the
abdomen ; mediastinal area with but very feeble basal dila-
tation and reaching to the apical fourth of the fore margin ;
scapular area fairly dilated, extending a little beyond the
end of the mediastinal, with sparse transverse nerves ;
externo-median area gradually widening towards the apex,
but distinctly narrower than the scapular area; discoidal -
area fairly broad, sparsely, though not very regularly trans-
versely, reticulated ; interulnar area a little narrower than
the discoidal, sparsely and still less regularly reticulated,
without a regular false vein.

General coloration greyish brown, with grey and whitish
design. Head brown above and whitish beneath. Pro-
uotum brown above, with a very faint indication of a pale
eross-like design (as in Dociostaurus yenei, Ocsk.) ; lateral
lobes with a reniform ivory spot beneath and a little behind
their middle, with the fore angle white and the lower
margin whitish. Elytra with a row of rather large quad-
rangular brownish spots along the middle, with the base of
mediastinal area and the whole of the anal area brownish.
Wings hyaline, with the principal veins in the fore part
brownish. Sternum and abdomen bright yellow beneath ;
upperside of the abdomen bright red. Fore and middle
legs spotted and fasciated with grey. Hind femora bright
yellow beneath and on the inside ; the externo-median area
whitish, with a row of several small brown spots along the
lower margin; superno-median area brownish, with a grey
spot in the middle, another smaller and less distinct grey
spot adjoining the pale base, and the third one still less
distinct, just before the pale preapical ring; the median
and preapical spots are also prolonged into the superno-
interior area; knees black. Hind tibiew pale greyish, with
black base and a brown streak in the basal third beneath ;
the spines brown. Hind tarsi bluish white.

? (paratype). Antenne extending well beyond the hind
margin of the pronotum, but not reaching the middle of the
abdomen. Head a little longer and distinctly thicker than
the pronotum, very prominent dorsally. Facial keels not
reaching the clypeus. Prozona of the pronotum with the

South African Grasshoppers. 387

median keel a little more distinct than in the male. Elytra
reaching the apex of the abdomen, but a little shorter than
the hind femora; mediastinal area feebly dilated basally,
with an incomplete false vein ; scapular and externo-median
areas dilated about in the same degree as in the male ;
discoidal area fairly dilated, with two rows of cells and an
irregular false vein ; interulnar area slightly narrower than
the discoidal, with the cells in two rows and an irregular
false vein. General coloration more varied than in the
male; face dotted with brown; head with a pale median
line and two postocular fasciz of the same colour; the pale
cross on the pronotum more distinct. Hlytra with more
numerous brown and black spots. Pectus and abdomen
greyish yellow beneath; upperside of the abdomen red,
but not so bright as in the male. Hind femora with three
distinct dark brown transverse spots on the upperside, and
with three indistinct oblique greyish streaks along the
middle of the externo-median area; knees grey, with pale
lobes dotted with brown. Hind tibiz as in the male, but
their base is grey instead of black.

S (type). 2 (paratype).
mm. mm.
Kength. of jody. i324). \s 13 18
- INCAG eae e 3°25 3°5
- pronotum.... 2°75 3°25
- Clytiaaare cea 85 12
5 hind femora ,. 9°5 dial

The type and several paratypes are from Petrusville,
23.1.1919; other paratypes are from Boshof, 17-18. v. 1917 ;
Paardeburg, 31.v. 1917 ; and Dealesville to Bloemfontein,
19.v.1917. The series consists of 10 ¢ g and9 2? 2.

The morphological characters are rather constant in the
whole series, but the size and coloration vary. Thus, the
above-described female is rather small, since there are speci-
mens measuring 22 mm. in length of body. The general
coloration is sometimes more brownish or even ochraceous,
with more or less numerous dark spots ; the cross-like figure
on the pronotum is always more pronounced in females than
in males, but also varies in its distinctness. The abdomen in
some females is not reddish above. On the whole, the species
is extremely hike Dociostaurus genei, Ocsk., but easily dis-
tinguished from it by the spurs of the hind tibiz and by
the form and position of temporal foveolve.

25*

388 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on

8. Pachycarus medius, sp.n. (Figs. 2, B; 3, B.)

dg. Larger and more robust than P. stauronotus, Uvar.
Antenne reaching to the middle of the abdomen. Head
about as long as the pronotum and only a little thicker than
it, strongly reclinate and distinctly prominent upwards.
Frontal ridge at the fastigium narrowed, but vot as strongly
as in P. stauronotus. Facial keels reaching the clypeus.
Metazona of the pronotum rugulose; median keel or pro-
zona hardly perceptible, on metazona well developed though
low. Elytra a little longer than the abdomen and almost
reaching the hind knees ; mediastinal area with the basal
dilatation more prominent than in P. stawronotus ; discoidal
area more dilated than in that species, with an irregular but
complete false vein ; interulnar area distinctly narrower
than the discoidal area, with an irregular false vein ; anal
area with an indication of a false vein.

General coloration reddish brown, Face ash-grey. Pro-
notum with a very faint indication of a paler cross ; lateral
lobes with a rather indistinct oblique dark streak, their lower
part somewhat paler than the rest. Sternum buff ; abdomen
yellow beneath and red above. Elytra and wings as in
P. stauronotus. Hind femora yellow beneath, reddish else-
where, especially so on the inside ; the upperside with three
grey transverse fasciz ; knees black. Hind tibize muddy
yellow, with brown spines. Hind tarsi brownish.

d (type).
mm.
Length of hody.......... 175
e Headset gots 4
Ay pronotum...... 4
e ClVATA a. heen trie nts 12°5
hind femora.... 12

The type is from Pretoria (W. L. Distant) ; another para-
typic male is labelled Zoutpansberg (Aaessner), and differs
from the type in the reddish shade of its coloration, the hind
tibiee being red. Both were identified by W. F. Kirby as
Calliptamus minor, Walk., and recorded by him as females
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1902, p. 240).

9. Pachycarus pallidus (Kirby).
1902. Heteropternis pallida, Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x.
no. 57, p. 241, no. 4.

This is the largest and most robust species of the genus,
easily separated from the other two by the structure of the

South African Grasshoppers. 389

tempora. As its coloration has been already described by
Kirby, I will give here only a few principal morphological
characters which are entirely lacking in Kirby’s description.

9. Head subequal to the pronotum in length, but
distinctly thicker, feebly reclinate. Frontal ridge convex,
disappearing just below the median ocellus, very feebly
narrowed at the apex ; facial keels not nearly reaching the
clypeus. Pronotum with the median keel developed
throughout, though on the prozona it is somewhat less sharp
than on the metazona. Elytra scarcely reaching the end
of the abdomen and much shorter than the hind femora ;
mediastinal area very distinctly dilated, with a well-developed
false vein ; scapular area well dilated, with an irregular false
vein; discoidal area rather broad, with an irregular but
rather thick false vein ; interulnar area much narrower than
the discoidal, with a false vein; anal area with a well-
developed, thick false vein.

As for the coloration, it has been described by Kirby
fairly correctly, though I should call the general coloration
ochraceous rather than light brown, and the design on the
pronotum and hind femora is not blackish but brown ; there
is on the disc of pronotum a faint indication of a pale cross,
not mentioned by Kirby. The hind tibiz are dark yellow ;
the phrase in Kirby’s description—“ hind femora with black-
tipped spines ”—means, of course, not femora but tibiz.

The type of this species (from Figtree, Barberton) is still
unique.

{ 7 , /
Faureia, gen. nov. (Fig. 4.)

Body distinctly compressed laterally. . Antenne with the
joints 3-7 distinctly flattened, feebly dilated, and almost
smooth; the rest of the antenne composed of cylindrical
joints, strongly and densely punctured; the antenne in J
slightly longer, in 2 a little shorter than the head and pro-
notum together. Head strongly reclinate ; frontal ridge
with the sides obtuse, perfectly parallel, slightly approximated
at the fastigium ; fastigium of the vertex forming a rounded
angle with the frontal ridge, nearly horizontal, pentagonal
with the apex rounded, in ¢ longer than broad, in 9? as long
as broad, with an arched transverse impression ; its margins
raised, obtuse, in ¢ feebly, in 2 more distinctly convergent
backwards, not prolonged into occiput; a feeble median
carinula begins from behind the arched impression and runs
towards pronotum, but does not reach the latter; temporal
foveolz well seen from above, distinctly though not deeply

390 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on

impressed, marginate, more than twice as long as broad, with
the upper and lower margins straight and parallel, hind
angles straight, the apex obliquely rounded ; eyes oval, with
the fore margin straight, their height exceeding the height
of the infra-ocular part of cheeks more than twice. Pro-
notum strongly compressed laterally ; its dise nearly flat,
slightly widened posteriorly and forming straight though
rounded angles with the lateral lobes ; the median keel well
expressed throughout, rather thick, interrupted in about the
middle by the typical sulcus ; no distinct lateral keels, which
are replaced by the smooth, straight lines along the lateral
margins of the strongly punctured disc ; fore margin of the
dise very widely rounded, slightly prominent; hind margin
rounded in the female and rotundato-angulate in the male ;
lateral lobes a little higher than long, feebly narrowed down-
wards, with the lower margin obtusely angulate in the middle,
its hind part being horizontal, slightly excavate, and the fore
part obliquely ascendant. Elytra fully developed, in both
sexes extending a little beyond the hind knees, hyaline
throughout; mediastinal area with the basal dilatation ;
scapular area strongly dilated in the male and less so in the
female ; discoidal area parallel, with an irregular and in-
complete false vein; interulnar area in the male a little
dilated, without false vein, in the female only slightly wider
than the discoidal area, with a false vein. Wings with
normal venation, coloured at the base. Prosternum with a
large, though feebly prominent, transverse swelling. Meso-
sternal lobes in ¢ only slightly, in the ? distinctly trans-
verse ; their inner margins strongly rounded ; hind angles
rounded ; hind margins nearly perpendicular to the sides of
the sternum ; mesosternal interspace much longer than its
narrowest width, strongly widened anteriorly and posteriorly.
Metasternal lobes in both sexes contiguous; their median
suture long, straight. Tympanum semi-open. Hind femora
only feebly incrassate basally ; their apical third attenuate.
Hind tibiz distinctly widened towards the apex, armed with
8-9 outer and 10-1] inner spines ; the lower inner spur
almost straight, half as long again as the upper inner one
and subequal to half the first tarsal joint. Supra-anal
plate of the male much longer than broad, lance-shaped,
with small lateral angles near the apex ; cerci straight,
slightly compressed la erally, a little longer than the supra-
anal plate ; subgenital plate obtusely conical. Upper valves
of the ovipositor without, the lower with rounded teeth ;
the apices of all valves strongly curved, sharp; subgenital
plate of the female much longer than it is broad, widened

South African Grasshoppers. 391

towards the apex, which is rounded witha triangular median
projection.
Genotype: Faureia rosea, sp. n.

Faur'eia rosea, sp. n.

10. Faureia rosea, sp.n. (Fig. 4.)

6. Frontal ridge between the antenne slightly convex,
with a few tiny impressed points ; from a little above the
median ocellus downwards it is impressed and coarsely
punctured ; the lowest part is again almost smooth and flat.
Occiput feebly transversely rungulose. Pronotal disc coarsely
punctured, especially on the metazona, where the points are
smaller but more dense than on the prozona; the middle
part of the latter is without puncturation but not shining;
lateral lobes rugulose throughout, with three oblong dull
impressions in the fore upper part. Elytra with the media-
stinal area reaching a little beyond the basal third of the
fore margin, with a dilatation in the middle and a well-
developed false vein; scapular area extending to the apical

392 On South African Grasshoppers.

fourth, strongly dilated, with rather dense and irregular
reticulation at the base and with a few sparse oblique venules
in the apical two-thirds ; externo-median area feebly dilated,
with sparse transverse venules ; discoidal area narrow,
slightly narrowed and feebly. bent backwards apically,
irregularly and rather densely reticulated in the basal two-
thirds, where an irregular false vein is perceptible, while the
apical third is entirely hyaline, with a few transverse
venules ; interulnar area about twice as broad as the discoidal,
with sparse, not very regular, transverse venules; axillar
area with a false vein. ;

General coloration buff. A darker fascia runs from the
hind margin of the eye across the upper half of the lateral
lobes of pronotum and the sides of mesonotum and meta-
notum. Wings with the basal half rose, the colour gradually
fading outwardly. Hind femora pale, unicolorous, with ash-
grey semilunar spots on the knees. Hind tibie pale
sanguineous; their base pale, with a dark streak on the
upperside; the spines white with the apical half black.
Hind tarsi sanguineous.

? (paratype). Frontal ridge less distinctly impressed than
in the male. Mediastinal area of the elytra reaching the
base of the apical third; discoidal area a little broader than
in the male, with the irregular false yein almost reaching its
apex ; interulnar area only a little broader than the discoidal,
with two rows of rather large but ‘irregular cells, separated
by a false vein reaching the apex. In other respects agrees
with the male type, but without the dark lateral fascia on
the head and pronotum ; this fascia is not constant in both
sexes and the general coloration is sometimes with a greenish
shade.

& (type). 2 (paratype).
mm. mm,
Length of body .......0.5 19 23
iy pronotum...... 4 3)
i. GL YEER Ve eS 'shegsrs 17 20
» hind femora.... 12 14

The male type and 9 paratypic specimens of both sexes
were taken in April 1921 near Pretoria by Mr. J. C. Faure,
and I have great pleasure in naming this very distinct new
genus after that entomologist. Thereisalso one male in the
British Museum, taken also at Pretoria by Mr. W. Distant
and named by Mr. F. Kirby as Anthermus granosus, Stal
(this is one of three specimens recorded in Trans. Ent. Soc.
London, 1902, p. 101, no. 99, the two others being named

correctly).

Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 393

XXXVII.—Brief Descriptions of new Thysanoptera.—X11.
By Ricuarp 8. BaGNat, F.R.S.E., F.L.S.

THIS is continued from Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 9,
vol. vii. pp. 355-368, and the following species are de-
scribed :—

Physothrips minor, sp. 0. Elaphrothrips antennalis, sp. a.
+5 andrewst, sp. 0. Dicaiothrips crassiceps, sp. a.
Megathrips honoris, sp. 0. + breviceps, sp. n.

Bactridothrips serraticornis, sp. 0.

Suborder TEREBRANTIA.

Physothrips minor, sp. 0.

2? .—Leneth about 1:0 mm.

Belonging to the P. usttatus group.

Colour dark brown; fore-tibize pale yellowish, lightly shaded
with grey-brown basally, intermediate and hind-tibie at tips
and all tarsi pale yellow; third antennal joint pale yellow,
for the most part shaded with grey. Fore-wing daik grey-
brown, excepting basal fifth or thereabouts, where it is light.

P. antennatus type.—Eyes coarsely facetted, pilose ;
ocelli large, interocellar setee situated between posterior
ocelli, long and stout. Maxillary palpi long and slender.

Antenne as in antennatus, Bagn., but joints 3 and 4 not so
strongly produced distally ; 4 longer than any other joint ;
3 apparently short on account of being very broad near
middle ; 5 with a very short stem-like constriction ; relative
lengths of 3 to 8 approximately 39 (with stem) : 46:33; 41:
8:13. Forked trichomes on 3 and 4 stout.

Upper vein with a series of setee running to the distal third
and two at tip; those of posterior vein long, commencing at
the second sete of the upper vein.

Abdominal segments 8-10 obconical ; terminal sete long
and strong, those on 9 approximately 1°4 times the length of
the segment. Eighth tergite posteriorly without fringe.

This species comes near to P. antennatus, Bagn., and
P. antennalis, Karny, and is distinguished from both by the
small size and the relatively shorter joint 4 of the antenne.

Type. In Coll. Bagnall.

394 Mr. BR. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera.

Hab. Inpta, Maddur, Mysore, 30. viii. 1918, and Coimba-
tore, 7. ix. 1918, single females with Dendrothripoides ipomea,
sp. ined., on Zpomea staphylina (Ramakrishna),

Physothrips andrewst, sp. n.

? .—Length c. 14 mm.

Belonging to the P. vulgatissimus group, having the an-
tennal joints 3 and 4 long, slender, and fusiform.

Colour uniform dark brown; fore-wings brown, with the
basal fourth or more light, practically clear. Antenne
brown, joint 2 yellowish distally, 3 wholly light greyish-
yellow, and 4 basally greyish-yellow to light yellowish-
brown. Anterior legs wholly light greyish-yellow, inter-
mediate pair also light, but with the fore margin shaded
to a deepish brown—chiefly medianly ; posterior pair with the
femora dark brown, lighter distally, and the tibie greyish-
yellow.

Head transverse, dorsal surface irregularly transversely
striated ; ocelli placed well back, interocellar sete short and
stout, about equal in length to the width separating them.
Antenne about 2°5 timesas long as the head, relative lengths
of joints 2-8 approximately as follows :—44 : 72 (with pedi-
cel) :68:44:65:5:7. Intermediate joints slender, very
approximately of uniform breadth. Maxillary palpi long,
relative lengths of joints approximatély 21 : 12: 20.

Pronotum transverse, approximately 1:3 times as long as
the head and about 08 as long as broad. Surface tran--
versely striated, sparingly and minutely setose, bristles at
each hind angle subequal in length, long and stout, between
0°55 and 0°6 the length of the pronotum. Legs somewhat
stout, especially the anterior pair; regularly setose. Hind
tibies with series of spines in the distal two-thirds (or there-
abouts) within, closely set, moderately long and stout, and
numbering a dozen or more, the terminal pair very long and
stout. Sete of fore-wing somewhat long and stout, 1+1+1
in the distal half of the upper vein, 24—26 and 12-15 on the
costa and lower vein respectively.

Abdomen oblong-ovate, terminal bristles long.

Easily distinguished from vulgatisst¢mus by the coloration
of wingsand legs. It comes very near indeed to the Japanese
P. pallipes, Bagn., and differs chiefly in the coloration of head
and thorax, the longer intermediate antennal joints, the longer
pronotum (14 : 10), the longer pronotal bristles, whilst there
are differences in the cheetotaxy of the head. Both pallipes

Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 395

and albipes possess a stoutish pair of setee behind posterior
ocelli which are not developed in this species, whilst the
interocellar pair is longer and not placed so far forwards in
andrewsi.

Type. British Museum of Natural History (Imperial
Bureau of Entomolovy).

Hab. InvIA, Ringtong, T. E., Darjiling Dist., India; on
rose, 14. vi. 1916, 2? ? only. Reg. no. 287.

Suborder T'UBULIFERA.

Megathrips honoris, sp. n.
Syn. M. quadrituberculatus in part.

In referring Jdolothrips quadrituberculatus to the genus
Megathrips 1 described a g example which, despite certain
colour-differences, I presumed to be referable to the species
quadrituberculatus. ‘This male example is described in this
series of descriptions, Part VIII. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 8, vol. xvil., May 1916, pp. 406-407), but further
material has produced ¢ examples of another species of
Megathrips agreeing in the type of coloration with J. quadri-
tuberculatus aud undoubtedly referable to that species.

g .—Length (including tube) 4°55 mm.

Fore-tibiz brown excepting at apex and basally; inter-
mediate tibie brown except at apex, and hind-tibia brown
except the extreme base and distal third, which are yellow.
Antenne more than twice as long as the head; relative
lengths of joints 3 to 8 as follows:—61:50:45:33:16:14.

Abdominal segment 6 furnished with a pair of lateral
spine-like tubiform processes at auterior angles, slightly
outwardly directed, but scarcely curved, and not quite
reaching the line of the posterior margin; 8 with a pair of
lateral tooth-like processes near posterior angles.

Tube about 1°5 times as long as head, stout near base, but
sharply narrowed in the first fourth, more strongly setose
(and with longer setee) than in guadrituberculatus. ‘Terminal
hairs short.

Type. In Coll. Bagnall.

Habs Japan, Kobe; 1 g, April 1915. Reg. no. 139
(J. HE. A. Lewis).

396 Mr. R. S. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera.

Megathrips quadrituberculatus (Bagn.).

As shown above, the ¢ example referred to this species
proves in the light of further material to be another species.
Mr. Lewis captured two examples of each sex of the true
M. quadrituberculatus by sweeping grass at Kobe on June 30th,
1916—so I am able to characteriz2-the male.

g.—Asin ?. Sixth abdominal segment widened before
middle and furnished with a pair of stout tubiform processes
curving outwards and not reaching the line of the posterior
margin of 7; 7 with a minute tooth at each posterior angle,
and 8 slightly widened near middle and then produced to a
stout tooth before posterior angles,

Differs from MM. honoris in the coloration of the tibia, the
more massive armature of abdominal segments 6 and 8, in
the weaker chatotaxy of the tube, which is also longer in
this species compared to the length of head,

Genus Bacrrorurips, Karny.
Syn. Krinothrips, Bagn, 1918.

On account of the pressure of the past five years, due to
war conditions, [ am afraid that in my last contribution to
this series I erected the genus Avinothrips quite overlooking
Karny’s Bactrothrips, though it was previously known to
me. <Arinothrips must be regarded as a synonym of Bactro-
thrips, but the description establishes the fact that Karny’s
diagnosis was based upon a male example, the ¢ differing
from the @ in exactly the same way as do f ¢ of Megathrips
and allied genera.

Bactrothrips divergens (Bagn.).

Bactrothrips longiventris, Karny, is a smaller insect than
B. divergens (Bagn.), and differs in several directions, in-
cluding the colouring of the tibize, which are all yellowish in
the distal half in Karny’s species. The tubiform abdominal
processes of the male appear to vary in size.

I have recently received examples of B. divergens from the
Imperial Bureau of Entomology (no. 163), taken in plenty
on cacao in the Belgian Congo (ft. Mayné).

Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 397

Bactridothrips serraticornis, sp. n.

Karny has recently diagnosed the genus Bactridothrips for
a Malayan inseet, the male differing from that sex in the
genus Bactrothrips in the longer processes of the sixth abdo-
minal segment and the armature of segments 7 and 8.

A single g example from Ceylon was recently sent me by
Mr. Green which would seem to differ from B. idolomorphus,
Karny, in several particulars.

3 .—Length about 7°0 mm.

Head 2°5 times as long as broad (as against 2°3 in idolo-
morphus) ; antenne very slender, nearly three times as long
as the head, with the joints 6 and 7 relatively longer than in
idolomorphus, the relative lengths of joints 3-8 being approxi-
mately 69 : 50: 43: 80:13:11, as compared with 68:48:
47:27:10: ?.

The tibize are golden-yellow in colour, the fore-tibie being
shaded with brown in the basal two-thirds and the inter-
mediate and hind pairs are dark brown in the basal half and
basal two-fifths (or thereabouts) respectively. All tarsi
similarly yellow, with the ends (or second joints) dark brown.

The horns of the sixth abdominal segment are much
shorter than in zdolomorphus (a line drawn across their tips
would only approximate the base of the teeth of the seventh
segment), whilst the inner margins are noticeably and irregu-
larly serrate in the basal three-fourths or thereabouts. The
teeth of the eighth abdominal segment are very much stronger
and stouter than those on the seventh, whilst the sides at
middle are inclined to be tuberculate.

The tube is approximately twice as long as the head and
8:0 times as long as broad at base; the surface is strongly
setose excepting in the distal fifth, the basal half only being
setose in Karny’s species.

The legs are not so long as shown in idolomorphus, and
upon careful measurement the intermediate and hind-tibize
(without tarsi) measure 0°9 mm. and 0°77 mm. respectively,
as compared with 1°25 mm. and 0°95 mm.

Type. In Coll. Bagnall.
Hab. CEYLON, Pundaluoya; 1 3 only (Z. E. Green).

398 Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera.

Elaphrothrips (Idolothrips) antennalis, sp. n.

$.—Leneth about 3°7 mm.

Colour blackish-brown, with the fore-femora distally and
all tarsi lighter ; antennal joints 3 and 4 yellow, with tlhe
apical two-fifths or thereabouts of 4 light brown; 5 yellow in
the basal half.

Form much as in the North-American species Jdo/othrips
tuberculatus and flavipes, Hood. Head much as in flavipes,
just upon twice as long as broad; cheeks with several short
spines; postocular bristles set well in and close to the eyes,
Jong and slender, at least 1°5 times the length of an eye.
First antennal joint stout compared to 2; the elongate-clavate
segment 3 peculiar because of a rounded swelling of the inner
wargin in the neighbourhood of the basal third; relative
lengths of the joints 3 to 8 approximately as follows :—
49:46:40: 28:19:18. Trichomes long and very slender.

Pronotum about 0°45 the length of the head, transverse,
and twice as broad as long. Mlid-lateral and _ postero-
marginal bristles at least well-developed, but difficult to make
out in the preparation ; pale. Outer posfero-marginal about
0°85, the inner pair shorter and more slender, and the mid-
lateral 0°5 the median Jength of the pronotum. TF ore-legs
not very strongly incrassate, fore-tarsus armed with a broad-
seated tooth. Wings practically colourless, broad, and
reaching to the sixth abdominal segment; fore-wings with a
series of thirty-five duplicated cilia. Pterothorax broad.
Abdomen heavy, broader than the pterothorax, and gradually
narrowing from the fifth segment. Tube about 0-9 the
length of the head ; somewhat heavy, with side subparallel
to the distal third, whence it narrows sharply ; about 0°65 as
wide at tip as across middle. ‘Terminal hairs weak, approxi-
mately 0°65 as long as the tube. Abdominal bristles long,
light yellow in colour, the longest on segment 9 as long as
the tube. Ninth sternite (or pleurites ?) apparently produced
in the form of a pair of blunt spine-like processes, one on
each side of the tube.

The shape of the third antennal joint is a peculiar feature
of this species.

Type. In Coll. Bagnall.

Hab. Japan, Kobe; 1 ¢, 11. vii. 1916, on grass (J. H#. A.
Lewis). Reg. no. 293.

Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 399

Dicaiothrips crassiceps, sp. n.

9 —Length about 5°5 mm.

Dark blackish brown, end of tube and tarsi somewhat
lighter. Segment 3 of antenne yellow, with a ring of light
brown at base, and the apex dark brown, concolorous with
the following segments ; wings apparently clear, at most
lightly tinged (the tips only protrude over the sides of the
body in the single preparation) ; cilia smoky.

Head short and broad, only 1:7 times as long as broad,
cheeks faintly incurved behind eyes and then as gently
arched, set with a few strong spines. HEyes prominent, finely
facetted, occupying about 03 the length of the head ; post-
ocular bristles long, 1:5 times as long as an eye. Antennee
2°3 times as long as the head, relative lengths of joints
approximately as follows :—51 : 40: 35: 30:19: 14.

Pronotum about 0°5 as long as the head; sete well-
developed, colourless, the outer postero-marginal pair about
0-8 and the mid-lateral 0°5 as long as the median length of
pronotum; pair at anterior angles shorter. Pterothorax
stout, transverse. Wings broad, reaching to sixth abdo-
minal segment, with cilia very closely set. Femora irregu-
larly spinose ; fore-tarsus with tooth.

Abdomen heavy, broader than pterothorax, gradually
narrowing posteriorly. Tube long and slender ; 12 times as
long as the head and about 4 times as long as broad near
base ; terminal hairs long and slender, 0°65 as long as the
tube, and abdominal bristles on segment 9 yellowish brown ;
very long, 1:4 times the length of the tube. Other abdominal
bristles moderately long, colourless or nearly so.

Recognized by the remarkably short and broad head.
Only three other species are known to me wherein only the
third antennal joint is yellow—namely, denticollis, Bagn.,
faleatus, Karny, and seychellensis, Bagn.

Hab. InptA, Myawadi, on the Burmo-Siamese frontier,
at 900 feet, 24-26. xi. 1911 (/. LZ. Gravely). 4303, Reg.
no. 174. One 9 only.

Dicaiothrips breviceps, sp. un.

? .—This species closely resembles D. crassiceps, m., but
the head is not so broad compared to the length, being 1:9
times as long as broad near base.

400 On a Freshwater Sponge from New Zealand.

Although the specimen is almost certainly female, the fore-
legs are fully developed, the fore-tarsus being armed with a
long stout tooth. The antennee are unfortunately broken off
in the unique example.

The tube is much shorter and stouter than in D. erassiceps,
being approximately as long or nearly as long as the head,
3:0 times as long as broad at base, and about 2°5 times as
broad at base as at tip. All abdominal bristles lightly
coloured (colourless), those on 9 being 0°8 the length of the
tube.

Comes near D. crassiceps, but readily distinguished by the
slightly narrower head, the shorter tube, and the shorter
bristles on the ninth segment of the abdomen. I hope to
describe this specimen more fully when dealing with
Messrs. Alluaud’s and Jeannel’s collection.

Hab. British East Arrica, Nairobi (Wa-Kikvyu et
Masai) (Ch. Alluaud, 1904).

XXXVIIT.—WNote on a Freshwater Sponge from
New Zealand. By R. KIRKPATRICK.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Recorps of freshwater sponges from New Zealand are so
rare that it seems worth while calling attention to any fresh
discoveries, even if only of new localities for a known species.

Early in the year numerous small specimens of a freshwater
sponge were sent to the Natural History Museum, London,
by Mr. H. Hill, of Napier, N.Z.

The specimens were gathered on the north shore of Lake
Taupo. ‘The lake, which is situated in the centre of North
Island, is 1210 feet above sea-level, has an area of 140 square
miles, and a depth of 300 to 530 feet.

The specimens had been stranded after a gale. They are
about a square inch in area and an inch high. Some specimens
form thin flat crusts without visible oscules, others are conical,
with one large oscule, and others, again, are irregular and
meandrine (see text-figure). The texture is fairly firm, and
the body permexted with fine sand. No gemmules were
present in this lot of material.

On the Anatomy of Hypsobia nosophora. 401

Two months later Mr. Hill sent a further consignment.
Gemmules were now found, and the sponge was at once
recognized as Ephydatia kakahuensis, Traxler (Termés.
Fiizetek. 1896, xix. p. 102, pl. ii.). The sponge described
by Traxler came from the River Kakahu in the South Island.

Ephydatia kakahuensis, Traxler.
a-f, specimens + natural size: a, b,c, conical, with one large oscule;
d, lamellar; e, thinly encrusting; f, irregular; g, spined tornote
oxeas, X 280; h, exceptional shape, viz. amphityle, x 280.

Accordingly, New Zealand continues to have only one
known species of freshwater sponge, this being found both in
the North and South Island.

Tt is to be hoped that Mr. Hill, who intends to dredge in
Lake Taupo, will add to the number of species.

XXXIX.—On the Anatomy and Affinities of
Hypsobia nosophora. By G. C. Rosson, B.A.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

INTRODUCTION.

In 1915 Leiper and Atkinson (6), in extending and con-
firming Miyairi’s original conclusions with regard to the
transmission of Asiatic Schistosomiasis (= Bilharziasis),

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 26

402 Mr. G. C. Robson on the

announced that part of the life-cycle of Schistosoma japont-
cum was passed in the tissues of a Japanese freshwater snail.
This snail was described by the present author (10) as
Katayama nosophora, and a short account of the radula, shell,
and operculum was given.

In May 1915 Pilsbry (9) referred this form to Blanfordia,
and in 1918 Annandale (2) placed the species in Heude’s
Hypsolia. “There can be little doubt that the mollusc in
question should be referred to the genus described by Heude
under that name.

As no complete account of the structure of this animal has
apparently been published, and the descriptions of Heude and
the present author were only slight and confined principally
to external features, it has been thought desirable to issue
some detailed account of its anatomy. In addition to its
role as intermediate host to Schistosoma japonicum and as a
member of a group of Mollusca the anatomy of which is very
little known, the discovery by Cort (4) of its powers of
resistance to dessication rendered the study of its respiratory
system an inviting subject.

It is not the object of this paper to discuss the nomen-
clature of this group of Gastropoda, as the amount of informa-
tion upon the structure of KE, Asiatic Paludestrina-like
molluses‘is too scanty to justify a taxonomic discussion.

It is open to those interested in nomenclature to criticize
Pilsbry’s reference of this form to Blanfordia or to inquire
whether Heude’s genus should not be called Blanfordia;
but, until we have a general knowledge of the structure of all
the genera involved in this question, such discussions appear
a little premature.

The publications of Bregenzer (3), Seibold (13), and the
present author (13, 12) serve to show that there are several
characters of fundamental importance which cannot be
neglected in the classification of the Paludestrina-forms ; and
it is very much to be regretted that in his admirable survey
of the freshwater Hydrobiidee of India (1) Dr. Annandale
should have ignored such characters as the nervous system
and female genitalia.

The author is indebted to Dr. W. W. Cort, of the Johns
Hopkins University, for sending living examples of the snail
and for information concerning its mode of life.

STRUCTURE.
I. Alimentary System.
The general disposition of the mouth and its adjacent area

Anatomy and Affinities of Uypsobia nosophora. 403

resembles that found in the Paludestrinidee. The mandibles,
the epithelium which secretes the oral cuticle, and the two
lateral diverticula of the mouth are in general like those of
Paludestrina jenkinsi (11) or ventrosa (12). The mandibles
consist of seventeen to twenty-one columnar pieces of
specialized cuticle.

The secretory epithelium is continuous With that of the
pharynx.

Posteriorly to the mandibles the mouth widens out and is
flattened over the oral cartilages. It shows the tripartite
arrangement seen in other Paludestrinids. ‘The median
portion has a thin non-ciliated roof, and the lateral portions dip
down beside the cartilages.

The salivary glands, of which there is a single pair, open
into the lateral divisions just behind the level of the radula
and cartilages. They come into intimate connection with
each other across the cesophagus ; but it is doubtful whether
actual organic fusion occurs.

The buccal cartiliges are symmetrical and joined in the
median line. Laterally they are somewhat flanged upwards,
while posteriorly they are divergent.

The radula has been described elsewhere (10), while that
of H. humida was figured by Heude (5). In the material
forwarded by Dr. Cort there was a tendency for the animals
to show one less denticulation on the two outer teeth than is
shown in the original description of H. nosophora.

The stomach corresponds in its general structure with that
of other Paludestrinida, though the apertures of the ceso-
phagus and hepato-pancreas are not so close together as in
Paludestrina. The point of entrance of the cesophagus was
rather variable in the individuals examined. The cuticular
lining, the marked transverse ridge of the upper portion of
the stomach, and the position and structure of the style-sac
are remarkably similar to the condition seen in Paludestrina.
The communication between the pylorus and style-sac charac-
teristic of the latter genus is also found in Hypsobia. The
layer of dark pigment-granules in the stomach epithelium of
Paludestrina and Bythinella (3, 12) was not found in this
genus, though its absence may be due to accidental causes.

The intesténe exhibits a typhlosole. The rest of the
alimentary and digestive system does not call for special
coniment.

Il. The Respiratory System.
The character of the gill constitutes the most remarkable
feature in the structure of this animal, and differentiates

26*

AOA Mr. G. C. Robson on the

Hypsobia at once from Paludestrina in this respect. The
author is not inclined, however, to regard it as of very great
taxonomic importance. The points of agreement between
the two genera are so numerous that the specialized nature of
the respiratory apparatus in Hypsobia may, on the whole, be
disregarded for classificatory purposes.

As in Littortha (8) and Hemibia (5), the filaments of the
gill are prolonged across the roof of the mantle-cavity to the
rectal border. This modification of the gill has been very
fully discussed by Pelseneer (loc. cit.) ; and according to his
description the condition seen in Hypsobia and Hemibia is
comparable exactly to the stage illustrated by Littorina, in
which each filament is reduced in height and continued right
across the pallial cavity, but has not yet broken up into the
vascular arborizations seen in Cerithidea.

Fig. 1.

ty b9 p,

H., nosophora (1, hom. imm. x 4 o¢.),

Section through two gill-lamelle. a, afferent vessel ; e, efferent vessel.

I propose to refer to the “ filaments ” or “ lamelle ” of the
true gill, and to call the ridges by which they are continued
“ paractenidial” folds or filaments. There are from forty-
eight to fifty-four Jamelle. Hach of these in side-view
appears as an oblong, slightly bent plate tapering to a
blunt point at the mght-hand end. This end is actually
free, though supported by the paractenidial filaments. The
vascular system of each filament consists, as usual, of dorsal
afferent and ventral efferent vessels, with an intermediary
system of lacune (fig. 1). In general, the condition seen
resembles that in Bythinella dunkert (3) and P. ventrosa (12),
though the walls are much thicker and the spaces more

Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora. 405

confined than in those forms. The paractenidial folds differ
from the above in having no expanded ciliated portion,
Otherwise they do not differ from the true gill. The lacunar
heap is continuous from the filaments into the paractenidial
folds (fig. 2).

Ay ts en vessels are derivatives of an irregular lacunar
system communicating with the ample rectal sinus.

Fig.2.
SJ.
——e SK. S Re
Senagss*areacgad ETE TES. oS Oo SP \2 = Qe2 298
SS&es ses 2 Ree S a jem § Same Sar
See ae DK =a ee Sy

HT. nosophora.

Horjzontal section through base of gill-lamelle (7) and paractenidial
filaments (p).

All that is known of the habits of this animal points to its
being amphibious. Heude says of the Chinese species that
it does not live in water, but on damp rocks. No such details
of the actual mode of life of the Japanese species are available ;
but Cort (4) has shown that it will leave the water voluntarily
and can resist dessication for about three months.

Ill. Renal System.

The kidney is rather remarkable among the Paludestrina-
like forms on account of its complexity. In all the specimens
examined it was possible to distinguish three areas, which
were, however, by no means constant in their distribution or
histological condition.

1, Trabecular Portion —This consists of a number of
cavities separated by a trabecular system covered by
the same type of epithelium as the open portion of the
kidney. In the walls of these cavities are found
numerous blood-spaces (fig. 3).

2. The ‘ blood-gland” is a compact stroma usually lying
near the renal aperture at the anterior end and on the
outer side of the kidney next to the body-wall.

406 Mr. G. C. Robson on the

3, The urinary cavity (Urinkammer”’) resembles that
found in the Paludestrinidee. It ramifies among the
other organs, and is lined by a characteristic epithelium
composed of vacuolated cells with basal nuclei.

HT. nosophora (+z hom. imm. X ; 0¢.).

Part of trabecular area of kidney. b=blood-spaces.

TV. Circulatory System.

The pericardium is situated in the usual position. No
trace of a reno-pericardial aperture was found, though it is
not certain that it 1s absent.

The auricle and ventricle are normal. The latter is very
muscular and its cavity is traversed by numerous muscle-
fibres. Some indication is seen of an auriculo-ventricular
valve.

The distribution of anterior and posterior aorte is normal,
the anterior running forwards over the roof of the pericardium
for some distance, then accompanying the cesophagus to open
into the cephalo-pedal sinus. The posterior aorta runs
backwards between the stomach and intestine. It would
appear that the portal vein enters the pulmonary vein before
the latter reaches the auricle; but it is impossible to be abso-
lutely certain of this point.

The cephalic and pedal portions of the anterior (cephalo-
pedal) sinus are incompletely separated by a_ horizontal

Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora. 407

septum [cf Robson (12) ], which, as in the Paludestrinid,
passes between the pedal ganglia and the cerebro-pleural
complex.

V. The Nervous System. (Figs. 4 & 5.)

(a) Sense-organs.

1. Osphradium.—This is a small rod-shaped organ lying,
as usual, on the left-hand side of the gill. It is
innervated by a conspicuous nerve rising from the
supra-intestinal ganglion.

rp.

72)
PP
as Ay IA

Hl, nosophora. Central nervous system (anterior aspect).

lc=left cerebral ganglion; /p/=left pleural ganglion; p=pedal ganglion;
rpl=right pleural ganglion; pp=(sc.) parapodial and propodial
ganglia; s¢=supraintestinal ganglion; sb’=subintestinal gan-
glion; 0=osphradial nerve ; ve= visceral commissure,

408 Mr. G. C. Robson on the

2. Otocysts——These are found in the usual position on the
posterior surface of the pedal ganglia.. They contain
a single otolith. The auditory nerve is very difficult
to follow, and is apparently fused with the cerebro-
pedal connective.

3. Eyes.—These are situated at the base of the tentacles
and on the outer side. They consist of inner and
outer cornea, a well-developed lens, and retinal layer.

(b) Ganglia and Nerves.

The cerebral ganglia are elongate and rather pointed ante-
riorly. They are placed with their long axes parallel to the
main axis of the pharynx. ‘They are conneeted in the median
line by a small commissure. ‘The pleural ganglia are closely
applied to the cerebral ganglia, but are not fused to the latter.
There are very short but distinct cerebro-pleural connectives
[ cf. discussion upon the latter in Paludestrina ulve, Robson

(12)].

Fig. 5.

TO “9

rol
fee Nr \
\ Wo

H. nosophora, Cere»ro-pleural connective.

rpl=right pleural ganglion ; reg=right cerebral ganglion ;
ppe and epe=pleural-pedal and cerebro-pedal connectives.

The cerebro-pedal and pleuro-pedal connectives are distinct,
though very closely applied to each other. The pedal
ganglia are rather round. ‘hey are closely approximated,
being joined by a small commissure.

The supra-intestinal ganglion is joined to the right pleural
ganglion by a commissure slightly longer than that figured
by Bregenzer for Bythinella dunkert (3). From this ganglion
are given off the ospliradial nerve and a connective to the
abdominal ganglion.

The subintestinal ganglion is very closely approximated to
the left pleural ganglion, but not fused to it.

Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora, 409

The abdominal ganglion is situated between the anterior
end of the kidney and the columellar muscle.

The cerebral ganglia give off anteriorly ocular, tentacular,
and labial nerves, and connectives to the buccal ganglia.

It would appear that the penis-nerve is of cerebral origin,
though it is impossible to make absolutely certain of this. It
is possible that the tentacular nerve supplies branches to the
musculature of the eye.

Each of the pedal ganglia gives off three main nerves, the
two anterior ones bearing small ganglia at a short distance
from their roots. These ganglia in their turn give off each
two nerves which apparently innervate the plantar muscu-
lature of the foot.

VI. Reproductive System.
Male Organs.

The spermatozoa have long and tapering heads, differing
therein from those of Paludestrina (12) and Bythinella (3),
and agreeing rather with P. taylori (sc.= Ammnicola) (Rob-
son MS.). Whether they possess the extraordinarily long
tail seen in the latter is, however, doubtful.

The vas deferens, after quitting the region of the testis,
becomes progressively more slender, It passes into the
prostate, which is of considerable size, and on quitting the
Jatter it passes over the floor of the mantle-cavity and up the
penis surrounded by a thick layer of circular muscle.

The prostate is very much folded. The cells lining its
cavity are sparsely ciliated. It is difficult to be very certain
about the histological elements composing this gland. In
the first place, it usually showed differential staining, certain
areas being more darkly stained than others. But it is
impossible to say whether this was due to the presence of
different types of cells or different physiological states of a
single type of cell. It was possible to distinguish (a) vacuo-
lated cells with the nucleus somewhat flattened out and found
very often at the interior end of the cell (the end next the
lumen of the gland), and (4) cells with eosinophilous granular
cytoplasm, with the nucleus more usually rounded and occu-
pying a more median position.

‘Lhe penis ts undivided, agreeing therefore with Paludestrina,
Hemibia, Delavaya, Stenothyra, and Tricula, and differing
from the Bythiniine (1). It is cephalic in position, In all
the examples dissected it was rather broader and stouter than

that figured for H. humida by Heude (5).

410 Mr. G. C. Robson on the

Female Organs. (Figs. 6 & 7.)

The oviduct follows the usual course downwards from the
ovary. In the neighbourhood of the stomach it gives off a
spermatheca of a rudely ovoid shape. The oviduct then
becomes convoluted as in P. ventrosa, straightens itself out
again, and runs parallel to the “uterus” and its glandular
annexe along the right-hand side of the pallial cavity
external to the “uterus.” Jt terminates in a small aperture
adjacent to the uterine aperture and anus. The lower end of
the oviduct is very slender and its aperture exceedingly

Fig. 6.

HH. nosophora, X 22. Female reproductive system.

..=ovary, oviduct, and spermatheca; — — - - — =accessory gland
and uterus; —.-.-—.-—.-—=rectum.

small, and it is very difficult to see how intromission is
effected. Tertilization is internal, however, as spermatozoa
may be frequently found in the spermatheca. It is similarly
difficult to imagine how the fertilized ova find their way into
the uterus, as they must first be shed into the pallial cavity
and then be drawn into the uterus. The problem is thesame
in such forms as Melania and Tanganyikia (Moore, 7), in
which a groove connects the oviducal aperture with the
brood-pouch.

Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora. 411

The author was at one time inclined to think that a
connection existed in Hypsobia between the upper portion of
the ‘uterus’? and the oviduct in the neighbourhood of the
receptaculum. But the connection between the two organs
at this upper level, which was found in one or two examples
only, appeared to be fortuitous, and, in any case, there was
no continuous passage from the cavity of the oviduct into that
of the “ uterus.”

Arising at a high level (occasionally adjacent to the lower
end of the ovary) an extensive gland is found which passes
downwards and eventually appears as an elongate mass on

H, nosophora (X4 oc. X 6 obj.). Diagrammatic transverse section
through median region of pallial eavity.

o=oviduct; r=rectum; v=“ uterus,”

the right-hand side of the last whorl. It has a continuous
cavity throughout the whole of its length, which opens to the
exterior close to the anus and oviducal pore in the anterior
right-hand corner of the mantle-cavity.

It is impossible to discuss the identity and function of this
gland without appropriately fixed material. It is evident,
however, that it is divisible into two parts—an upper,‘wholly
glandular portion, and a lower portion, less glandular, with a
more capacious lumen and the remarkable feature of a well-
developed muscular sheath imbedded in the glandular tissue.

412 Mr. G. C. Robson on the ,

The upper part usually stains a light blue with hematoxylin’
the lower part an intensely dark bluish purple.

The author is inclined to regard the lower portion as a
uterus * or brood-pouch. Although it is thick-walled and no
eggs have been found in it, its lower portion in its position
and relationship to the rest of the reproductive system
resembles organs adapted for the reception and nutrition of
the young, such as are found in neighbouring groups.

The spermatheca has a. thick investment of circular muscle,
and is usually composed of elongate secretory cells with basal
nuclei. Spermatozoa were found in numerous examples,
sometimes scattered throughout the cavity, sometimes clustered
round the sides with their heads towards the periphery.

AFFINITIES.

Along with Hypsobia Heude gave incomplete descriptions
of several new genera, such as Delavaya, Hemibia, and Le-
nouilia, some of which show certain points of resemblance
to Hypsobia.

We have only a very slight knowledge of the structure of
the other Asiatic Paludestrina-like forms. The information
as to the European forms is a little more complete. It must,
therefore, be admitted that these resources are scarcely
adequate to enable us to form a clear concept either of the
natural groups into which the Paludestrinidee (Hydrobiide,
auct.) may be divided or of the limits of the family itself +.
Admitting, then, that the family may be rather indefinite in
its boundaries, it nevertheless cannot be doubted that the
characters of the alimentary canal (including mandibles,
cartilages, and radula), nervous system, and genitalia at once
assign Hypsobia to the Paludestrinidee. In what subfamily
it should be placed is rather more uncertain. Some of its
characters suggest that it should take its place very near
Paludestrina itself, and at least in the same subfamily
(radula, mandibles, style-sac, nervous system, and male
genitalia). On the other hand, the specialized respiratory
system, the kidney, the female genitalia, and the character of
the spermatozoa do not seem to warrant its inclusion in the
Paludestrinine. Yet among the adjacent subfamilies—Bythi-
niine, Mysorelline, &c.—there is none in which it might be

* The upper portion may be an albumen- or a shell-gland, but for the
time being the author prefers to call it the ‘‘ accessory gland.”

+ The writer has had no opportunity of consulting Mr. B, Walker's
“Synopsis of the Classification of the Freshwater Mollusca of North
America,” Mus. Zool. Michigan University, Misc. Publ. 6, 1918, p. 1.

Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora. 413

placed with any confidence. If Heude’s figure of the nervous
system is to be trusted, Hemebia—with which Hypsobia
shows such remarkable likeness in its specialized respiratory
system—differs from Hypsobia in this respect as well as in
the shell.

It would seem better to regard Hypsobia as the representa-
tive of a subfamily distinct from the Paludestrinine, but
approximating to them more elosely than to other subfamilies
the structure of which is known to us.

CONCLUSIONS.

(1) Hypsobia is a genus referable to the Paludestrinide,
but probably representing a separate subfamily.

(2) It agrees with L/emibia and Littorina in showing an
adaptation to an amphibious mode of life in the
structure of its gill and pallial cavity, which is in
accordance with what is known of its habits.

(3) It possesses a crystalline style-sac exactly comparable
to that of Bythinella and Paludestrina,

(4) The female generative organs are peculiar in two
respects—the large accessory gland with (sc.) utering
termination opening separately from the oviduct, and
possibly comparable to the brood-pouch of other
forms, and the museular sheath imbedded in the
glandular tissue of the latter.

WORKS QUOTED.
) AnNANDALE, N. Records Ind. Mus. xxii. pt. i. p. 1 (1921).
) Mem. As. Soc. Bengal, vi. p. 306 (1918).
) Breerenzer, A. Zool. Jahrb. xxxix. Heft 2, p. 257 (1916).
) Cont, W. W. Journ. Parasitology, vi. p. 84 (1919).
5) Hevupr, P.M. Mémoire... histoire naturelle de Empire Chinois.
Shanghai, 1880 (passim).
(6) Lxrprr, R., and Arxinson, E, British Med. Journ., Jan. 1915,
(7) Moors, J. EH. S. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlii. (1899) p. 160.
(8) PELSENEER, P. Arch. de Biol. xiv. p. 351 (1896).
(9) Pirspry, H. The ‘ Nautilus,’ May 1916, p. 1.
(10) Rosson, G. C. Brit. Med. Journ., Jan. 1915.
(11) Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vol. v. p. 425 (1920).
(12) Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. (In the press.)
(13) Serpotp, W. Jahresheft. Ver. Vat. Naturk. Wurttemberg, Ix,
p. 198 (1904).

Note.—Miyairi’s original paper, with the first reference (without
description) to this mollusc, and [wakawa’s paper on the nomenclature
and hibernation (Zool. Record, 1918) were not available for reference.

414 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Fwotie Muscaride.

XL.—Ezotic Muscaride (Diptera).—IV.*
By J. R. Maxxocn, Urbana, IIl., U.S.A.

I nave not adhered to my previous method in segregating
the species from different continents under distinctive
headings in this paper, as I have had to list a number of
species under one generic name which have previously been
placed in another genus, and for clarity have run the notes
all under the generic name, thus preventing me from listing
the species as heretofore.

Subfamily Pzaonirz.

Phaonia peregrina, sp. n.

Female.—Black, shining, with grey pruinescence. Head
black. Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen faintly checkered.
Legs black. Wings clear, veins yellow basally. Calyptre
yellowish. Halteres yellowish brown.

Eyes pubescent ; frons normal ; parafacial as wide as third
antennal segment ; longest hairs on arista longer than width
of third antennal segment. ‘Thorax without differentiated
presutural acrostichals, with three pairs of postsutural dorso-
centrals, prealar very long, some hairs adjacent to noto-
pleurals, and hypopleura with some hairs on upper margin
in front of spiracle. Abdomen normal. Fore tibia without
a posterior bristle; fore tarsus without either long out-
standing sensory hairs or erect dense curled hairs on posterior
side of basal segment; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ;
hind femur with strong bristles on apical half of antero-
ventral surface ; hind tibia with one antero-ventral and two
antero-dorsal bristles, the apical postero-dorsal bristle short
and weak. Last section of fourth vein over twice as long
as preceding section.

Length 6 mm.

Type, Willbrook, Natal, 8. 11. 1914 (R. C. Wroughton).

One female.

Phaonia parvula, sp. n.
Female.—Entirely black, shining, with slight brownish-
grey pruinescence. Thorax inconspicuously vittate. Wings
clear, both cross-veins distinctly clouded. Calyptrae whitish.
Halteres black.

* For Part IIT., see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vol. viii., September
1921, pp. 225-239.

zm rere

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 415

Eyes almost bare; frons one-third of the head-width ;
each orbit with one backwardly directed supraorbital ; para-
facial at base of antenna nearly as wide as third antennal
segment, becoming linear at middle of face, the latter concave
in profile ; longest hairs on arista shorter than width of
third antennal segment. Thorax with two or three pairs
of stout presutural acrostichals, three pairs of postsutural
dorso-centrals, and no prealar; hypopleura bare. Fore
tibia without a median posterior bristle ; fore tarsus longer
than fore tibia, without outstanding sensory hairs on posterior
side of basal segment ; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ;
hind femur with four or five long bristles on apical half of
antero-ventral surface, and a few setulose hairs on basal half
of postero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with two antero-dorsal
and two or three antero-ventral bristles, calear long. Wings
normal.

Length 3°5 mm,

Type and paratype, Burpengary, Queensland, 5. xii. 1899
(T. L. Bancroft).
* I desire to state that the poor condition of the paratype is
due to an accident. When I had the specimen under the
microscope, holding it by the long pin through the mount
with my left hand, the electric lighting system suddenly
failed owing to a yiolent thunderstorm that was raging that
night and I was left in pitch darkness. In attempting to
take hold of the head of the pin with my right hand to place
the specimen back in the box I accidentally laid hold of the
wrong pin, that upon which the specimen was mounted, in
the dark, with the result that the specimen is now rather
badly crushed, though recognizable.

Phaonia thomsoni, sp. n.

Male.—Black, slightly shining, with rather dense grey
pruinescence. Head entirely black. Thorax quadrivittate.
Abdomen with markings as in serva, Fallen. Legs black,
the knee-joints reddish. Wings clear. Calyptre whitish
yellow. Halteres yellow.

Eyes densely hairy, separated at narrowest part of frons
by a distance but little over width of anterior ocellus ; para-
facial at base of antennz as wide as third antennal segment,
widened below, the vibrissal angle much produced ; cheek
over twice as high as width of third antennal segment ;
arista with its longest hairs equal in length to width of third
antennal segment. Thorax with three pairs of postsutural
dorso-centrals, no strong presutural acrostichals ; the pre-
alar long, and some hairs on upper margin of hypopleura in

416 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride.

front of spiracle. Abdomen ovate; basal sternite hairy.
Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle ; fore tarsus
much longer than fore tibia, slender, no long sensory hairs
along posterior side of basal segment; mid-tibia with four
posterior bristles ; hind femur with a series of antero-ventral
bristles, and some long fine bristles on basal half of postero-
ventral surface ; hind tibia with two antero-dorsal and three
or four antero-ventral bristles. Wings normal.

Length 7°5 mm.

Type, Kashmir, Gulmarg, 8500 feet, summer 1913 (F. W.
Thomson).

Dedicated to the collector.

Phaonia kashmirensis, sp. n.

Female.—General colour as in the preceding species. All
tibize and the hind femora reddish yellow, the latter infus-
cated apically.

Eyes short-haired ; frons less than one-third of the head-
width, with normal bristling, the interfrontalia almost baree
on sides ; parafacial wider than third antennal segment ;
vibrissal angle but little produced; longest hairs on arista
distinctly longer than width of third antennal segment ;
proboscis stouter than usual (slender and elongate in thom-
soni). Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals,
in other respects as in thomsoni. Fore tibia without a median
posterior bristle ; fore tarsus slender, longer than fore tibia,
with some outstanding sensory hairs along the posterior side
of basal segment; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ;
hind femur with a series of antero-ventral bristles; none on
postero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with two antero-dorsal
and two or three antero-ventral bristles. pine normal,

Length 8 mm.

Type, Kashmir, Gulmarg, 8500 feet, summer 1913 (F. W’.
Thomson).

This species belongs to the same group as errans, Meigen,
while the preceding one belongs to a group intermediate
between that group and the one containing serva, Fallén.

Phaonia flavomaculata, sp. un.

Female.—Shining black, with greyish pruinescence. An-
tennee black, second segment brownish ; palpi brownish
yellow. Thorax quadrivittate, humeri, anterior third of
pleura, and the scutellum testaceous yellow. Basal abdo-
minal tergite yellow except along posterior margin and on a
narrow line in centre, second with two round yellow spots

a

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Fwotic Muscaridee. 417

on dorsum, one on each side of median line. Legs yellow,
tarsi fuscous. Wings clear, veins yellow at bases. Calyptree
and halteres yellow.

Eyes with short sparse hairs ; frons one-third of the head-
width above antenne, narrower posteriorly, the bristling
normal; parafacial narrow ; vibrissal angle slightly pro-
duced; cheek not markedly higher than width of third
antennal segment, the latter fully three times as long as
second ; longest hairs on arista about as long as width of
third antennal segment. Thorax with three pairs of post-
sutural dorso-centrals ; presutural acrostichals absent, pre-
alar very long; hypopleura bare; no hairs adjacent to
notopleurals. Basal sternite bare. Fore tibia with two
posterior bristles ; fore tarsi slender, much longer than tibia,
without outstanding sensory hairs on posterior side ; mid-
femur without long bristles on ventral surface; mid-tibia
with two posterior bristles ; hind femur with two or three
preapical antero-ventral bristles and a few setulose hairs
on basal half of postero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with two
antero-dorsal bristles and four or five antero-ventral setulz,
the calcar short, about one-sixth from apex to tibia. Wings
normal.

Length 10 mm.

Type, Kashmir, Gulmarg, 8500 feet, summer 1913 (f. W.
Thomson).

Phaonia abnormis (Stein).

This African species was originally placed in the genus
Mydea by Stein, and named abnormis because it has a strong
postero-dorsal bristle on the hind tibia. As this is now
accepted as the character for separating Phaonia from his
concept of Mydea, tlie specific name is rather inappro-
priate now. .

I have seen a number of specimens from West Africa,
where it is, to judge from the material sent to me, the
commonest species of the genus, which is very poorly repre-
sented in Africa.

Genus PsiLocu#£rT4, Stein.

This genus is known to me only through a female of
chalybea, Wiedemann, and Stein’s description.

The species known to me agrees with Paonia in having
the hypopleura hairy on upper margin in front of spiracle,
the calcar present, prealar long, pteropleura bare, and in the
bristling of the trons of the female. The only characters

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. vii. ai

418 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride.

that appear to warrant its separation from Phaonia are the
almost bare arista, well-developed presutural acrostichals,
and the absence of long sensory hairs on basal segment of
fore tarsus.

I can see no reason to accept the genus as distinct, if we
do not also accept Euphemia, Robineau-Desvoidy, as such.

The specimen of chalybea before me bears a written label
with the words “ Coquimbo, Aristolochia” and the numbers
82-102.

Genus PrerocantuHus, nov.

Generic characters—Belongs to the same group as
Trichopticus, Rondani. Separable from it and allied genera
by the presence of some long fine hairs on lower surface of
first wing-vein at middle and on base of third vein above
and below, and by having the lower surface of scutellum
hairy—a character very rarely found in this subfamily.

Genotype, Aricia sundewalli, Zetterstedt.

Spilaria chetopygus, sp. 0.

Female.—Similar to lucorum, Meigen, in colour. Antenne
and palpi black. Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen with a
slender dorso-central vitta and poorly defined lateral spots
black. Legs black. Wings clear, not conspicuously yellow
at bases, the cross-veins not infuscated.

Parafacials seen from in front much wider than third
antennal segment. Prealar very short; postsutural dorso-
centrals 4; sternopleurals 2:2. Fourth tergite with
long but not dense bristles on disc. Fore tibia with a
median posterior bristle; mid-tibia with three or four
posterior bristles; hind femur with moderately long bristles
on almost the entire length of antero-ventral surface, the
postero-ventral surface almost bare. Outer cross-vein more
distinctly curved than in /ucorum.

Length 9 mm.

Type and paratype, Troodos, Cyprus, July—October 1902,
about 4500 feet (Miss D. M. Bate).

Differs from ducorum in having the fourth tergite much
more conspicuously bristled and the fore tibia with a median
posterior bristle. Like all species which 1 have placed in
the genus Syilaria, this ove has a series of fine hairs on
hypopleura below the spiracle and some hairs on sides of
scutellum which invade the ventral surface slightly.

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Erotic Muscaride. 419

Spilaria punctifer, sp. n.

Female.—Black, subopaque, densely grey pruinescent.
Frons opaque ; antennz black ; palpi yellowish testaceous.
Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen checkered as in Jucorum,
Fallén. Legs yellowish testaceous, tarsi black. Wings
clear, cross-veins broadly infuscated. Calyptre whitish.
Halteres yellow.

Frons at vertex less than one-third of the head-width,
widened anteriorly, anterior orbital strongest ; orbits with
short setulz laterad of the bristles ; parafacial about as wide
as the narrow third antennal segment, the latter about four
times as long as second; arista with very long hairs above
and below ; eyes hairy. Thorax with three pairs of post-
sutural dorso-centrals ; prealar very small; scutellum with
short hairs below on sides; sternopleurals 2:2, the lower
anterior one small ; hypopleura with short weak hairs below
spiracle. Fore tibia with one or two posterior median
bristles, the apical half of antero-dorsal surface with some
short setulz ; mid-femur with one or two bristles on antero-
ventral and four or five on postero-ventral surface on basal
half; mid-tibia with four irregularly arranged posterior
bristles ; hind femur with four or five widely spaced antero-
ventral bristles, and one near base on postero-ventral surface ;
hind tibia with two or three antero-dorsal and antero-ventral
bristles. Costal thorn short ; outer cross-vein straight.

Length 85 mm.

Type, Zomba, Nyasaland, ix. 1910, in house (Dr. H. S.
Stannus).

One female.

The description of this species ought to have been included
in a previous part of this series, but was accidentally over-
looked when the manuscript was sent to the editor.

Genus Dicuzromyta, Malloch.

In describing this genus I placed particular emphasis
upon the number of postsutural dorso-central bristles, and,
in fact, used this character as the basis for the generic name.
I find, however, that this is not a constant character, though
there are very few exceptions to the rule in the series of the
genotype species before me, only one specimen having three
strong bristles, the others having either two strong bristles
only or two strong and two very weak bristies behind the
suture. I have arrived at the decision that other characters
must be used to define the genus, and, in doing so, I have
-~») 7*

420 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hzotic Muscaride.

been forced to admit a large number of species from the
African and Oriental regions which have always more than
two strong postsutural dorso-centrals behind the suture.

The presence of hairs on the sides of the prosternum and
on the pteropleura, some weak setulze on base of third wing-
vein on lower surface, and the forward curvature of the
fourth vein apically distinguish the genus from its allies.
The hind tibia has no ecalcar, but there are at times some
short setulz on the postero-dorsal surface. The hypopleura
is either bare or there are some hairs near the lower posterior
angle, and in a few cases there are some very short hairs on
the latero-posterior declivous portion of the mesonotum in
front of scutellum.

Dichetomyia polita, Malloch.

This species varies very strikingly in colour sometimes,
being at times almost entirely glossy black, and in several
examples before me yellowish testaceous with a distinctly
vittate thorax and the apical half of abdomen blackened.

I have before me a good series taken at Obuasi, Ashanti
(Dr. W. M. Graham).

Dichetomyia bifasciata (Stein).

Like all the species except the genotype this one was
originally placed in Mydea by its describer.

I have before me a male of this species which bears the
written iabel “* Aricia bivittata, Walker, MS.,” and another
label, presumably in the handwriting of Walker, with the
name “ bivittata.”

Locality, New Guinea,

Dichetomyia niveipalpis (Stein).

A very distinct species, which is readily recognized, at
least in the female, by the large, flattened, whitish palpi.
The species has somewhat similar coloration to bifasciata,
the thorax being brown vittate, but the abdomen is largely
blackened on dorsum.

One specimen from Talum, Siam (H. C. Robinson and
N. Annandale).

Dichatomyia fasciculigera (Stein).

I have before me four specimens from the Seychelles
Islands, Sans Souci, 2. 11. 1906 (P. R. Dupont).

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaridee. 421

A yellow species without black thoracic vitte and with
black marks on dorsum of abdomen similar to these of the
two preceding species.

Dichetomyia pectinipes (Stein).
I have seen one male from Peradeniya, Ceylon, which I
am certain belongs to this species.

Dichetomyia apicalis (Stein).
One male from Cameroon, Africa, which I consider is
undoubtedly referable to this species.

Dichetomyia distanti, sp. n.

Male and female.—Shining rufous yellow. Frons fuscous;
antenne yellow, third segment brownish apically; palpi
yellow. Thorax indistinctly vittate, slightly whitish pruin-
escent. Abdomen with a large crescentic spot on apical
half of third tergite and all of fourth tergite black. Legs
yellow. Wings clear. Calyptre and halteres yellow.

Male.—yes almost bare; head-structure normal. Thorax
with 2+3 strong dorso-centrals; prealar short; anterior
intra-alar long; scutellum bare below ; prosternal and ptero-
pleural hairs yellow. Basal sternite hairy. Fore tibia with
a posterior bristle; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ;
hind femur with two or three preapical antero-ventral
bristles and some fine bristles on apical third of postero-
ventral surface. Fourth vein very slightly curved forward
at apex.

Female.—Frons not over one-third of the head-width.
Hind femur without fine bristles on apical part of postero-
ventral surface; hind tibia as in male, with one antero-
dorsal and one or two antero-ventral bristles and a postero-
dorsal setula at middle.

Length 7 mm.

Type, male, and allotype, Johannesburg, South Africa,
vi. 1901 (W. L. Distant).

Dichetomyia fuscitibia (Stein).
The tarsi and usually a part of tibice in this species are

blackened.
I have before me seven specimens from Obuasi, Ashanti

(Dr. W. M. Graham).

422 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Eaotic Muscaride.

Genus Papuata, nov.

Generic characters.—Similar to Dichetomyia, differing in
having the pteropleura bare, the hypopleura with some long
hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle, metathoracic
spiracle without setulose hairs overlying spiracular flap, and
the prealar bristle absent. The anterior intra-alar bristle
is absent in the only specimen I have before me.

Genotype, Mydea rufescens, Stein.

The specimen bears labels similar to those borne by
Dichetomyia bifasciata, Stein, but the name is Aricia
ochromyoides, Walker, MS.

Genus SPILOPTEROMYIA, NOV.

Generic characters.—Similar to Papuaia. Differs from
it in having the hypopleura bare. Prosternum bare ; ptero-
pleura with some hairs in centre, scutellum with the hairs
invading ventral surface from the sides; no hairs along
lower margin of metathoracic spiracle; third wing-vein
setulose at base below ; anterior intra-alar and _ prealar
present, but not strong; fourth vein distinctly bent forward
at apex; hind tibia without postero-dorsal bristles, the apical
dorsal bristle very short.

Genotype, Spilogaster apicata, Stein.

I have before me two specimens from Colombia, South
America (Dr. A. Balfour).

In order to make clear the distinctions between the three
genera just dealt with, I append a synopsis of the characters
for their separation. All have the pteropleura hairy in
part :-—

1. Prosternum with hairs on sides; meta-
thoracic spiracle with setulose hairs
along lower margin and overlying the

spiracular flap . asfohanactucvatericeae eons Dichetomyia, Mallech.
Prosternum bare ; ; " metathoracie spiracle
without setulose overlying hairs ...... 2.

2. Hypopleura with hairs on upper margin

in front of spiracle; scutellum w ithout

aS VOM SUGGS) S Giaen is w cise. ohiwnes ote agers Papuaia, gen. nov.
Hypopleura bare; scutellum with hairs

on sides which invade ventral surface

latarallive ae. pete te bune ba wis> d es Spilopteromyia, gen. nov.

Limnophora spreta, sp. n.

Male.—Black, slightly shining, with dense whitish pruin-
escent markings on thorax and abdomen. Thorax with

Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaridee. 423

three contiguous black vitte in front of suture, the usual
spaces between the vittae brownish, the area laterad of the
vittee and a small transverse spot in front of suture on each
side of median line whitish pruinescent; vittee behind suture
contiguous on anterior half or more, a patch of whitish
pruimescence on each side of median vitta just in front
of scutellum; pleura largely whitish pruinescent, margins of
sclerites blackish; scutellum whitish on margins apically.
Second and third abdominal tergites each with a pair of
large subtriangular black spots, which are narrowly sepa-
rated centrally and extend from anterior to posterior
margins; fourth tergite with a large subquadrate black
central spot and a less distinct brownish spot on each side.
Legs black. Wings brownish. Calyptre and halteres
yellowish.

Eyes at narrowest part of frons separated by about width
of anterior ocellus; parafacial very narrow; longest hairs
on arista longer than width of third antennal segment.
Anterior two pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals weak.
Bristles on posterior margins of second, third, and fourth
tergites, and median bristles on fourth strong; basal
sternite with a few hairs. Fore tibia unarmed at middle;
mid-femur with some long fine hairs on basal half of postero-
ventral surface ; mid-tibia with a posterior bristle; hind
femur with some fine hairs on basal half and four or five
long bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface, the
basal half of postero-ventral surface with some bristles ;
hind tibia with one antero-dorsal and one antero-ventral
bristle. Fourth vein distinctly curved forward apically.

Female.—Differs from the male in having the opaque
black frons about one-third of the head-width, the thoracic
vittze more brownish, and the dorsal spots on abdomen
larger.

Length 6-7 mm.

Type, male, allotype, and one male paratype. Thereso-
polis, Brazil, ix. 1887.

I believe this is the species recorded from Brazil by Stein
as corvina, van der Wulp. I have before me a paratype of
van der Wulp’s species and it has the arista much shorter-
haired, the abdomen differently marked, and the wings

hyaline.

Genus EmMMEsINA, nov.

Generic characters.—Most closely related to Ilydea, the
third wing-vein bristly at base, prosternum bare, and hind

424 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Faotic Muscaride.

tibial calcar lacking, but the eyes of the female are not more
widely separated than are those of the male, the genital
segments of that sex are not spinose, the fifth sternite of
the male is almost transverse at apex, the prealar bristle is
absent, the third vein is slightly curved forward apically, and
the arista is subnude.

Genotype, the following species.

Emmesina annandalei, sp. n.

Male and female.—Blackish brown, slightly shining, grey
pruinescent. Antenne and palpi black. Thorax with three
contiguous brown vitte, the dorsum appearing almost entirely
brown. Abdomen dark brown, with a wedge-shaped grey
pruinescent area on each side of each tergite at anterior
margin. Legs pitchy black. Wings faintly brownish.
Calyptree and halteres yellow.

Male.—Kyes bare, facets larger in front ; frons narrow,
but about twice as wide as width across posterior ocelli ;
interfrontalia distinct on entire length ; orbits uniform in
width, with fine bristles on their entire length, a pair in line
with anterior ocellus directed forward; parafacial linear ;
cheek about as high as width of third antennal segment, the
latter about 2°5 as long as second ; arista swollen at base.
Thorax without strong presutural acrostichals, and with four
pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals, the anterior two pairs
weak; both intra-alars weak, the anterior one conspicuously
so. Abdomen elongate-ovate ; hypopygium small. Fore
tibia with one posterior bristle; mid-tibia with two posterior
bristles; hind femur with about seven fine bristles on
antero-ventral surface, postero-ventral surface bare ; hind
tibia with one antero-dorsal and antero-ventral bristle.

Female.—Similar to male, the genitalia normal.

Length 4°5-5 mm.

Type, male, allotype and one male paratype, Bulsit Besar,
Siam (H. C. Robinson and N. Annandale).

Subfamily Awruouriya.
Pegomyta magna, sp. n.

Female.—Black, slightly shining, densely grey pruines-
cent. Antenne and palpi black, apex of second segment of
former reddish; frons black. Thorax when seen from
behind with two broad fuscous vitte laterad of the dorso-
centrals, a narrow brown central vitta, and a faint dark line
along the bases of the dorso-centrals. Abdomen checkered,

Notes on Australasian Rats. 425

with a dark dorso-central vitta which is visible from almost
any angle. Legs yellow, tarsi black. Wings clear, veins
yellow basally. Calyptrz and halteres yellow.

Frons slightly less than one-third of the head-width ;
orbits each with three supraorbital bristles and two infra-
orbitals ; cruciate interfrontals lacking ; parafacial at base
of antenne wider than the rather broad third antennal
segment ; longest hairs on arista distinctly longer than
width of third antennal segment; palpi narrow. Thorax
with about three pairs of closely placed presutural acro-
stichals; prealar very long; sternopleurals 1:2. Fore
tibia with one anterodorsal and one posterior bristle well
apicad of middle; basal segment of fore tarsus slender, as
long as next three, second, third, and fourth segments
dilated, of about equal width, fourth less than twice as long
as wide; mid-femur with two anterior, one antero-ventral,
and three postero-ventral bristles basad of middle ; mid-tibia
with one antero-dorsal, one postero-dorsal, and two posterior
bristles ; hind femur with six antero-ventral bristles, a wide
space between third and fourth, and one or two postero-
ventral bristles; hind tibia with one antero-ventral, two
antero-dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles. Costal thorn
short; last section of fourth vein not longer than preceding
section.

Length 11 mm.

Type, Lower Ranges, North Khasi Hills, Assam, 1878
(A. Chennell).

One female.

The largest species of the genus known to me,

XLI—WNoies on Australasian Rats, with a Selection of
Lectotypes of Australasian Muride. By OLpFIELD
THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

WHILE determining a rat from Mt. Compass, in the neigh-
bourhood of Adelaide, sent to the British Museum by
Prof. Wood Jones, I have had occasion to study the various
South-Australian species described by Grey and Gould, which
were largely based on the material sent home by Capt. (later
Sir) George Grey.

These specimens have been somewhat indiscriminately
labelled Mus (now to be called Rattus) fuscipes and greyi,

A426 Mr. O. Thomas— Notes

not to mention the larger forms related to R. lutreola. But
examination shows that no §.-Australian specimens are
really referable to fuscipes, which seems quite peculiar to
Western Australia.

The S.-Australian series, however, is none the less divisible
into two, one, the true FR. grey, of which [I now designate
no. 41. 1266, one of the co-types, skin and imperfect skull,
as the lectotype, being the form sent home by Prof. Wood
Jones, so that this native rat at least is still existent.

It is the smaller of the two species, the molars are deci-
dedly smaller, the supraorbital edges are not ridged, even
posteriorly, and, externally, the fur, though long, is not so
excessively long as it is in the other species.

At least eight of the Museum specimens are referable to
greyi, all received in 1841-1845, Prof. Wood Jones’s example
being the first additional specimen that has come home.

The other South-Australian species belongs to a type of
rat widely distributed in the interior from Adelaide to North
Queensland, in which latter region it has received the name
of culmorum. It would appear to be divisible geographically
into three forms, from Queensland, Interior New South
Wales, and South Australia respectively. The three are
alike in most essential characters, but there is a progressive
increase southward in the softness and length of the hair, and
a decrease in the size of the bulle ; the more southern forms
also have greyer bellies and shorter feet.

Rattus culmorum vallesius, subsp. n.

General characters of true culmorum, but the fur thicker
and softer; hairs of back about 15 mm. in length. Colour
above very much the same, but below the belly is much
greyer, the hairs slaty for most of their length, while in
culmorum they are either wholly whitish or else merely have
their extreme base greyish. Feet rather shorter than in
culmorum.

Skull essentially similar to that of culmorum, but the
tooth-row is shorter and the bulle rather smaller.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body (on skin) 160 mm. ; tail (as recorded by
Sir T. L. Mitchell) 140 ; hind foot 28; ear 19.

Skull: greatest length 36°5 ; condylo-incisive length 35:2 ;
zygomatic breadth 20 ; nasals 13°5 ; interorbital breadth 5;
palatal foramina 7°5 ; bulla 8:3 ; upper molar series 6°6.

Hab. Interior of New South Wales. Type from Duck
Creek, Macquarie River, Upper Darling; 31° 10’ S.,
147° 40’ E. A skull in the Gould collection from the
Darling Downs.

on Australasian Rats. 427

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 47. 8.14. 5. Collected on
February 7th, 1846, during Sir T. L. Mitchell’s 1845-46
expedition into Tropical Australia. Two specimens.

“ Ooba” of the natives.—Sir T. L. Mitchell.

Rattus culmorum austrinus, subsp. n.

Fur again still longer than in vallestus, the hairs of the
back commonly 20 mm. in length, while the longer piles
overtop them by some 10 mm. General colour rather greyer
and less definitely fawn-coloured. Below equally grey, as
distinguished from the whitish of culmorum.

Skull with teeth as in vallesius, but the bull are still
smaller.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body (skin) 155 mm. ; tail 120 ; hind foot 28.

Skull: condylo-incisive length (c.) 34; back of parietals
to gnathion 32°5; zygomatic breadth 18; nasals 13 ; inter-
orbital breadth 4:5; palatal foramina 7°5; bulla 7-4 ; upper
molar series 6°8.

Hiab. South Australia; type probably from Kangaroo
Island *.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 55. 12, 24. 336. Collected
by Dr. J. B. Harvey and presented by him in 1841 to the
Zoological Society’s Museum. Five further specimens pre-
sented by Sir George Grey, and one (a lectoparatype of
R. greyt) in the Gould collection.

Evidently a common rat in South Australia in the forties,
but whether it still exists in any out-of-the-way part of the
colony we have no evidence to show.

All the forms of cu/morum are readily distinguishable from
greyt by their distinctly beaded supraorbital edges, their
larger teeth, and much larger bulle.

Allied in a general way to culmorum is the following new
species from Melville Island, North Australia :—

Ratius melvilleus, sp. n.

Most like R. tunneyt of the mainland of North Australia,
but considerably larger.

Fur coarse and harsh, liberally mixed with flattened semi-
spinous hairs ; hairs of back about 13 mm.inlength. General

* I am informed by the authorities of the Zoological Society that
Dr. Harvey’s address in 1889 was Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, while it
was Port Lincoln in 1842. As the specimen was sent to the Zoological
Society’s Museum in 1841, it is probable that it was obtained at or near
the former place.

428 Mr. O. Thomas—WNotes

colour more strongly ochraceous than in the allied species; an
indistinct ochraceous-buff line edging the upper colour, this
line particularly noticeable along the cheeks and sides of the
neck. Under surface dull buffy whitish, the hairs mostly
whitish to their bases. Ears almost naked, their fine hairs
white. Hands and feet white. Tail very thinly haired,
brown above, slightly lighter below. Mamme normally
2—3=10 as usual, but on one side of one female there
appears to be an additional pectoral mamma.

Skull like that of R. tunney?, but considerably larger, more
strongly built, and more heavily ridged. Palatal foramina
surpassing the first third of m’. Bulle very large.

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—

Head and body 173 mm.; tail 135; hind foot 30;
ear o:

Skull: greatest length 40; condylo-incisive length 39:4 ;
zygomatic breadth 21°8; nasals 15 x 5°2; interorbital breadth
5°8 ; breadth across parietal ridges 15 ; palatal foramina 9-2 ;
bulla 10:2 ; upper molar series 7°5.

Hab. Melville Island, off the Northern Territory of South
Australia ; type from Biro, Apsley Strait.

Type. Adultmale. B.M. no. 13.6. 28.33. Original num-
ber 14. Collected 27th November, 1911, by Mr. J. P.
Rogers. ‘Three specimens, of which one is not fully adult.

Readily distinguishable from all other members of the
group by its large skull and large bulle.

Rattus mondraineus, sp. n.

Nearly allied to &. fuscipes of Western Australia, with
which it shares the general size, long loose fur, and brown
colour. But, externally, the colour is greyer, the buffy sub-
terminal rings on the hairs (which give the brown tone to
fuscipes) being less developed, so that the blue-grey of the
underfur is more perceptible. Under surface lighter, the
ends of the hairs more whitish. Throat noticeably more
whitish than rest of under surface. Hands and feet whitish
above, without tinge of brown. ‘Tail as in fuseipes, mode-
rately haired, brown above and below.

Skull with the nasals of normal proportions, not so
unusually narrowed behind as they are in fuscipes. Inter-
orbital region broader, its edges squarish, not sharply angular,
and not ridged. Palatal foramina of medium length, rather
narrow. Buile rather small. Molars decidedly smaller than
in fusctpes.

Dimensions of the type (taken on the skin) :—

Head and body 160 mm.; tail 188; hind foot 30.

on Australasian Rats. 429

Skull: greatest length 37°5; condylo-incisive length 35°5 ;
zygomatic breadth 18°5 ; nasals, length 13°7, breadth at halt
their length 3:8; interorbital breadth 5:2 ; breadth of brain-
case 16°3; palatilar length 16°8 ; palatal foramina 7:2 x 2°2 ;
upper molar series 6.

Hab. Mondrain Island, off Esperance, south coast of
Western Australia.

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 7.7. 18.3. Collected 29th
April, 1906, by J. T. Tunney. Presented by the Western
Australian Museum, Perth. Two specimens.

This island rat is alone related to R. fuscipes, a species
which, in spite of various references from other parts of the
continent, I believe to be strictly confined to Western
Australia. The new form, while very similar externally,
may be readily distinguished by the cranial details above
described.

This species and the true R. greyi of S. Australia are
exceptions to the statement made by me* that all Australian
members of ftaitus have supraorbital ridges; but it is quite
evident that they really are Lattus, and not Pseudomys.

Hydromys nauticus, sp. n.

Size rather small, about as in H. beccarii, General colour
above dark greyish brown, near “ hair-brown,” the middle
dorsal area more blackish, quite black on the forehead, crown,
and nape. Sides greyer. Under surface drabby, the hairs
pale slaty at base, with “ pinkish buff” ends. Hands pale
brownish. Feet almost naked, their fine hairs dull whitish.
Tail, as usual in the northern forms of the genus, with nearly
half of the short-haired portion white.

Skull about as in H. beccarii, with similarly broad heavy
muzzle. Incisors very pale yellow in front. Molars rather
small.

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—

Head and body 265 mm.; tail 215, its white terminal
portion 79; lind foot 50; ear 22.

Skull: greatest length 55; condylo-incisive length 52°5 ;
zygomatic breadth 27; breadth of muzzle on premaxillo-
maxillary suture 10°8; nasals 17 x 6°6; intertemporal breadth
6°8 ; breadth of brain-case 20 ; palatilar length 253; palatal
foramina 6°1 x 3:7; upper molars 8°1; breadth of m’ 2°8.

Hab. Aru Islands ; type from Dobo.

Type. Old female with worn teeth. B.M. no. 10.3.2. 14.
Original number 758. Collected 8th April, 1909, by W.
Stalker; presented by the New Guinea Expedition.

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vi. p. 604 (1910).

430 Mr. O. Thomas—Notes

* Caught on the fore-shore at night.’—W. S.

This species differs from the Key-Island species, H. beccarii,
by its much darker colour, especially below, that animal
having the under surface of a buffy whitish. In fact, so far
as colour is concerned, it more nearly resembles the
N.-Australian species H. caurinus and the Melville-Island
form next to be described.

Hydromys melicertes, sp. n.

Apparently a small island representative of HZ. caurinus.

Size and general appearance very much as in the geogra-
phically distant H. nauticus. Colour above rather greyer
than hair-brown, the crown and median dorsal area not
specially darker. Sides lighter grey. Under surface very
pale grey, “pale olive-grey,” the hairs pale grey for the
greater part of their length, their tips faintly buffy. Hands
and feet dark brown. Tail with the proportions of black
and white as in H/. nauticus.

Skull as in H. nauticus, except that the muzzle is more
slender. Nasals narrow. Anteorbital foramina less high.
These differences, however, may in part be due to age.

Incisors strongly orange in front. Molars small, about as
in nauticus, much smaller than in cawrinus,

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—

Head and body 232 mm.; tail 206; hind foot 54;
ear 20. i

Skull: basilar suture to gnathion 40; zygomatic breadth
25; nasals 16°3x5°5; breadth of muzzle on premaxillo-
maxillary. suture 8°3; interorbital breadth 6°8; breadth of
brain-case 19 ; height of anteorbital foramen 5°8; palatilar
length 23°5; palatal foramina 5°8; upper molars 8:2;
breadth of m? 2:9.

Hab. Melville Island. Type from Biro, Apsley Straits.

Type. Young adult female, the teeth fully up, but little
worn, B.M. no. 13.6. 28.37. Original number 15*,
Collected 9th December, 1911, by J. P. Rogers.

“Trapped near the ey among which the natives

say it lives.’—J. P

Although meats so close to the N.-Australian
HI. caurinus, this animal is of the same small size as the more
distant Aru-Island form, from which it differs by its
unblackened head and fore back, its browner feet, and its
more slender muzzle.

on Australasian Rats. 431

Conilurus melibius, sp. n.

Closely allied to C. penicdllatus, but with shorter feet.

Size about as in penicillatus. Colour of body quite the
same buffy grey, with a more strongly buffy patch on the
occiput and nape, this coloration being common to both penz-
cillatus and hemileucurus. Under surface dull whitish, the
hairs white to their roots. ands and feet white. Tail
greyish, blackening distally to a point three-fourths of its
length, then abruptly white for its terminal fourth, tufted as
in the allied species.

Skull, as compared with that of hemileucurus, of which
alone good specimens are available, smaller, more strongly
bowed, with less concave interorbital, the supraorbital edges
evenly divergent behind, while in hemileucurus the inter-
orbital region is comparatively parallel-sided, evenly concave
in front and behind. Palatal foramina to the middle third
of m!, Molars small, as in penzcillatus, considerably smaller
than those of hemileucurus.

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—

Head and body 154 .mm.; tail 177; hind foot 37;
ear 23.

Skull: greatest length 38°2; condylo-incisive length 35°4 ;
zygomatic breadth 21; nasals 15 x 3°9 ; interorbital breadth
6:7; palatilar length 18; palatal foramina 9; upper molar
series 7°3; breadth of m* 2°3.

Hab. Melville Island, N. Australia; type from Biro,
Apsley Straits.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 138. 6. 28.36. Original
number 8. Collected 9th October, 1911, by Mr. J. P. Rogers,

This species differs from C. penicillatus, with which it
shares the comparatively small teeth, by its much shorter
feet, that animal having the feet of the same length as in the
larger-toothed C. hemileucurus. ‘To this latter I new refer a
good series from the §. Alligator River, collected in 1903 by
J. T. Tunney, and hitherto referred to C. penzcillatus. It is
interesting to notice that in this series some specimens have
broadly white-tipped tails, as in the type of hemilewcurus, and
others with this organ wholly black, as in the original
penieillatus.

The inconvenience and confusion that is always liable to
arise from species being represented by a number of co-types
(as exemplified by the presence of both &. c. austrinus and
LR. greyi among the co-types of the latter form) have made me
think it advisable to draw up the following list of lectotypes
of such Australian Muridee as were described on two or more

432 Notes on Australasian Rats.

co-types. This was commonly the case with many of Gray’s
and Gould’s species, and the reduction to a single specimen
of each for use as a type will certainly tend to the simplifica-
tion of future work on the group.

These lectotypes have been carefully selected after com-
parison with the original ‘descriptions and with the fine
figures given by Gould.

In one or two cases the same specimens have already been
selected by me in previous papers, but it seems advisable, for
the sake of completeness, to repeat the selection here.

Genus HyprRomys.

H, fulvolavatus, Gould. Lectotype g. 56.10, 28.14. Murray R., 8.
Australia. J. Gould.

fuliginosus, Gould. Q. 56. 10. 28. 15. K. George's
Sound, W.A. (J. Gilbert). Gould Coll,

Genus Uromys.

U. cervinipes, Gould. @. 652.12,15.1. Stradbrook Isld.,
(Ff. Strange). Gould Coll.
rufescens, Alst. ONG 18227, ° uke of (York

Isld. Rev. G. Brown.

Genus Rattus.

RK. assimilis, Gould. Go: 08. 24, 10: Clarence | Ry,
N.S.W. (Ff. Strange). Gould Coll.
brownt, Alst. 0. .-77.7. 18. 26.. Duke sof, York

Isld. Rev. G. Brown.

greyi, Gray. dg. 41.1266. S. Australia. aa
Oll,
leucopus, Gray. ©. 67.5.6.4. Cape York (Da-
mon). Higgins.
lutreola, Gray. 6. 41.1258. Mosquito Isld., Hun-
ter R., N.S.W. Gould Coll.
sor'didus, Gould. 6. 58.11. 24.6. Darling Downs,
N.S.W. Gould Coll.
vellerosus, Gray. do. 47.3.1.2. 8. Australia. Sir
G. Grey.
velutinus, Thos. Oath led cle Le Tasmania. A.
Simson.

Genus PsEUDOMYS.
Ps. albocinereus, Gould. 44,7.9.16. Perth, W.A. (J.
Gilbert). Gould Coll.
delicatulus, Gould. 42,5. 26.17. Port Essington

(J. Gilbert), Gould Coll.
gouldi, Waterh. ©. 55.12.24.149. Hunter R.,
N.S.W thea Zool. poe. Mus.

lineolatus, Gould. 8.
N. S.W, Gould Coll.
44,9, 30.10. Victoria Plains,
W. A. (J. Gilbert). Gould Coll.

novehollandie, Waterh. 43,2. 24.513 5) DSMe ea
oll.

nanus, Gould.

On Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 433

Genus LEPORILLUS.

L, apicalis, Gould *, @. 63.10.22.15. 8S. Australia
; (F. Strange). Gould Coll.

Genus Noromys.

N, cervinus, Gould. 63. 10; 22. 7. °29° 6S. 141° E.
(Sturt). Gould Coll.

gouldi, Gould. ¢. 1.17 136.. \W. Acistralia, (7.
Gilbert). Tomes Coll.

longicaudatus, Gould. 44, 7.9.15. Moore’sR., W.A.

(J. Gilbert). Gould Coll.

Genus CoNILURUS.
C. constructor, Og. O. 68. 2720.1, N.S. WartGG:, Ca-
ley). Linnean Society.

XLUL.—On Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus dredged by
the ‘Challenger’ in 1874 at Kerguelen Island. By W.G.
RIDEWOOD.

[Plate XII.]

THE genus Cephalodiscus was founded upon material dredged
by the ‘Challenger’ in January 1876 from Station 311 in
the Straits of Magellan; the material was deseribed in 1887
by M‘Intosh and Harmer in the Reports of the ‘ Challenger’
Eixpedition (12), but preliminary accounts were published in
1882, 1883, and 1885 (10, 11, 3). For many years this
material of Cephalodiscus dodecalophus remained the sole
representative of the genus, and it was not until 1903 that
Andersson (1) announced a rediscovery of Cephalodiscus by
the Swedish South-Polar Expedition, and Harmer (5) notified
the securing of new species of the genus by the ‘ Siboga’
Iixpedition. Since that year numerous species have been
founded upon material obtained by the ‘Siboga’ Expe-
dition (6), by Dr. Gilchrist (13), by the ‘ Discovery’ lx-
pedition (9, 14), by the Swedish South-Polar Expedition (2), °
by Dr. Schepotieff (19), by the Second French Antarctic
Expedition (3, 4), by the Scottish National Antarctic Kxpe-
dition (7), and by the British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’)
Expedition (16).

Up to the present time sixteen species of Cephalodiscus
have been described, but some of the specific names may have
to be regarded as synonyms (see 16, p. 14, footnote). A
synopsis of all the species of Cephalodiscus at present known

* The Museum received from Gould two specimens of this animal,
though he stated that he had only one. It seems, therefore, advisable to
nominate the specimen that best tits the description as the lectotype.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 28

434 Mr. W. G. Ridewood on

is given on pages 66-77 of the ‘Terra Nova’ Report (16),
together with a list of all recorded specimens and details of
the localities from which they were severally obtained. A
key for the ready identification of the various species was
published last year in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural
History’ (18).

The first-recorded specimens of Cephalodiscus densus were
obtained on the Swedish South-Polar Expedition of 1901-
1903, and were described by Andersson in 1907 (2); other
specimens have since been secured on the British Antarctic
(‘Terra Nova’) Expedition of 1910-1918 (16), and on the
Australasian Antaretic Expedition of 1911-1914 (17). It is
of particular interest now to be able to record tie dredging
of material of this species as far back as 1874—that is to say,
two years before the classical material of Cephalodiscus
dodecalophus was obtained. While, however, the specimens
that form the subject of the present communication must be
admitted to be of exceptional interest, by reason of the fact
that they were obtained earlier than those of Cephalodiscus
dodecalophus, they nevertheless do not constitute the first
specimens of Cephalodiscus dredged, for it is almost certain
that material of Cephalodiscus nigrescens was obtained on the
‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror’ Antarctic Expedition in either 1841
or 1842 (15).

Previously recorded material of Cephalodiscus densus shows
that the species has a wide distribution in the Antarctic seas,
specimens having been obtained in Ross Sea by the ‘Terra
Nova’ Expedition, off Graham Land by the Swedish South-
Polar Expedition, and off Queen Mary Land by the Austral-
asian Antarctic Expedition. It is interesting to be able now
to add to these a fourth locality—Kerguelen Island. Should
Gravier’s species Cephalodiscus anderssont prove to be the
same as Andersson’s Cephalodiseus densus, the known distri-
bution of the species is not thereby greatly extended, for the
localities from which Gravier’s material and Andersson’s
material were obtained are on the west coast and east coast of
Graham Land respectively—see map, pl. vi. in ‘ Terra Nova’
Report (16).

‘he material now under consideration is contained in two
bottles, and, though all was obtained from the same locality—
Kerguelen Island, Stat. 149, January 1874,—the subsequent
histories of the two parts of it prove to have been different.
The larger bottle contains seven fragments, four of which
might have come from the same colony ; these are of a sandy-
grey colour. ‘he other three pieces are of a rather more
rufous tint; they are ‘‘ dead,” with no zooids in the tubes,
and the common ccencecial substance between the tubes is

Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 435

partly perished, so that the tubes readily separate from one
another. Photographs of the two best pieces of the grey
material are reproduced in Pl, XII. The largest piece
(B) is viewed from the internal or torn surface, ¢. ¢., the
surface by which it was connected with the rest of the
colony ; on the external or natural surface the tubes are
shorter. The upper photograph (A) is a top view of a
smaller piece, having shorter tubes.

The material in this, the larger bottle, was in the first
instance sent from Edinburgh, where the distribution of the
‘Challenger’ material took place, to Mr. 8. O. Ridley, to
whom was entrusted the writing of the report upon the
Monaxonid sponges of the expedition. The original ‘ Chal-
lenger’ label, still on the bottle, reads :— Sponge ; 17 Jan.
1874; Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, 25 fms.” Inside
the bottle is a parchment label giving the same particulars,
although the “Jan.” of the date looks like “Jun.,” and
might be taken to stand for “June’’; even in the external
label the month of the date looks like “Jane.” ‘The ‘ Chal-
lenger,’ however, was not at Kerguelen Island in June, but
in January. ‘There is, further, a small parchment label
bearing the words “ Chall, 159, Royal Sound, Kerguelen,
25 faths.” But Station 159 is between Termination Land
aud Melbourne, with date March 10th, 1874, and depth
2150 fath.—so that there is evidently here a clerical error,
the 159 being a mistake for 149, which is the Kerguelen
Island Station. According to the “ Summary of Results,”
part 1, p. 460, the ‘Challenger’? was off Kerguelen Island
from January 9th to January 29th, 1874, and “a great many
soundings, dredgings, and trawlings were taken .. . in depths
varying between 20 and 150 fathoms.”

This bottle of material was sent back by Mr. Ridley on
June 4th, 1883, marked “ Hydroid?.” When the part of
the ‘ Challenger’ Collection known as the “ Supplementary
Collection”? was despatched from Edinburgh to the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.) in 1890, the material referred to was
registered as 90.4. 11.13—7. e., the thirteenth specimen
registered on April 11th, 1890. It was still regarded as a
kind of Hydrozoan allied to Spongicola jistularis, and re-
mained among the Hydrozoa until it was recognized by
Mr. R. Kirkpatrick in February 1919 as a form of Cephalo-
discus. Mr. Kirkpatrick reported his discovery to the
Director of the Museum, Sir Sidney Harmer, who, in July
1921, was good enough to hand the bottle over to me fora
description of the contents.

A few days afterwards, by a strange coincidence, Sir Sidney

Harmer submitted to me the second bottle, which had just
28*

436 Mr. W. G. Ridewood on

been received from Prof. W. C. M‘Intosh in a collection of
specimens taken over from him by the Museum. In the
letter that accompanied the collection Prof. M‘Intosh
writes :—‘* There are also some annelids, a few of which
require working up, a Cephalodiscus? from Kerguelen, and
sundry other things.” The original ‘Challenger’ label on
the bottle bears the words ‘“‘ Kerguelen, 20-60 fms.” in ink,
and in pencil, in Prof. M‘Intosh’s handwriting, “ Cephalo-
discus? and a curious Polyzoan.” The Polyzoan, which is
attached to the coencecial tubes of the Cephalodiscus, is, I am
informed by Sir Sidney Harmer, probably Beania ma-
gellanica.

This second bottle has a capacity of 70 c.c. only, and the
eight fragments that it contains are all small. Judging from
the difference in the records of the depth—20-60 fath. on
this bottle, and 25 fath. on the larger bottle—it would seem
that the two lots of material did not come up in the same
dredging; indeed, it is possible that they were not obtained
on the same day, for the ‘ Challenger’ remained off Kerguelen
Island for three weeks.

Of the two best pieces in the larger bottle, shown on
Pl. XII., the larger (B) measures about 57x 44x 30 mm.
The coeneecial tubes vary from 20 to 45 mm. in length, and
have a uniform internal diameter of 1:0 mm. The external
diameter of the upper parts of the tubes that stand out
freely, and are not connected by common ccencecial substance,
is 16 or 1'7 mm. Some of the tubes are bulbous at their
lower, blind ends, the greatest diameter observed in a bulb
being 14mm. The long tubes show a few concavo-convex
septa, irregularly disposed, but confined mainly to the lower
ends. The extent to which the free part of a tube stands out
from the common ccencecial substance varies considerably,
mostly within the limits of 10 and 30 mm. Sand-grains
occur embedded in the walls of the tubes and in the common
coencecial substance.

The upper ends of the tubes differ from those of Cephalo-
discus densus dredged by the ‘Terra Nova’ in occasionally
showing a lateral lip. The majority of the tubes resemble
those represented in the accompanying text-figure, a and b,
and have the terminal ostium transverse or oblique, without
any marked lateral extension; in this respect they resemble
the tubes of the ‘Terra Nova’ material (16, p. 42, text-fig. 4),
although there is a larger proportion of strongly oblique ostia
than in the latter. But some of the tubes have a laterally
extended ostium (text-fig., ¢), or a tongue-shaped lateral
process (g), or even a funnel-shaped ostium (@). A peculiar
feature, represented in the text-figure, e, f, g, suggests that in

Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 437

some of the tubes there has been a cessation and subsequent
resumption of growth, for the more terminal parts are paler
and more transparent than the rest, with a sharp line of
demarcation between the two.

In the ‘Terra Nova’ material of Cephalodiscus densus some
groups of tubes were found to be flanged externally (16, p. 41,

Cephalodiscus densus from Kerguelen Island.

Upper ends of ccencecial tubes, about x 6.

and pl. v. fig. 6), and an explanation of the origin of the
flange may be afforded by the occurrence of infundibuliform
ostia such as here shown in the text-fig., d. If the growth of
such a tube were resumed, and the new part were narrow, like
that shown in the text-fig., e, the margin of the funnel would

438 Mr. W. G. Ridewood on

then appear as an external flange set at some distance below
the upper end of the tube.

The other specimen figured (Pl. XII., A) measures about
28 x 44x 30 mm. Nowe of the tubes are more than 20 mm.
in length, and the ostia are almost all transverse, like those
shown in the text- fig., re

The zooids agree in size with those of Cephalodiscus densus
described in the ‘Terra Nova’ report (16). In the table
below, the first numeral represents the length in millimetres
from the tips of the arms to the cecal end of the body—that
is to say, the total length of the body, not counting the stall 5
the second stands for the length from the bases of the arms—
1. é., the anal region of the body: —to the ceecal end; the third
is the average width of the body. The constancy in the a
measurement is evidently associated with the uniformity it
the internal diameter of the eccencecial tubes from which ite
zZooids were extracted :—

5:8 3:4 0-9 52 3°6 0:9
57 4] 0-9 48 30 0-9
56 4-0 0-9 4:6 3°0 0-9

There is no reason to suppose that anything but alcohol
was employed for the .preservation of the material, and con-
sidering that, except for an occasional inspection, thie specimens
have been untouched for nearly fifty years, the condition of
the zooids is remarkably good. For general purposes ¢ alcohol
still remains one of our most satisfactory preservative fluids ;
in the ‘Terra Nova’ material of Cephalodiscus densus it was
noted that the zooids were in a better state of fixation in the
alcohol-preserved material than in that preserved in formalin
solution (16, p. 47).

In colour the zooids are ochreous, but if removed from the
tubes and kept in alcohol in the light they become darker
and assume a greenishi-brown tint. Four selected zooids were
eut into eee sections, but they present no new features.
The notochord measures from 0°24 to 0°29 mm. in length and
from 0°02 to 0°03 mm. in sagittal diameter; the cavity of
the basal part is discontinuous, there being four or five
irregular partitions.

The arms are in most cases sixteen, but two zooids were
found to have seventeen, two eighteen, and one nineteen. In
two of the zooids examined one of the marginal arms, next
to the edge of the oral lameila, was a diminutive, arrested
arm with not more than ten or twelve pairs of tentacles
(cf. 16, p. 45, text-fig. 6, H). The tentacles in a fully-
developed arm consist of forty to fifty pairs.

In the tubes of the piece of colony shown in Pl. XIL., B,
there occur ‘three kinds of zooids—those with two ovaries,

Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 439

those with two testes, and those with an ovary and a testis.
The gonads vary in their state of maturity in different zooids.
The young ovaries are rather longer and straighter than
those figured as C and D in text-fig. 7 of the ‘ Terra Nova’
Report (16, p. 46), and the pigment-granules around tlhe
oviducal aperture are black rather than red. In the material
in the smaller bottle, received from Prof. M‘Intosh, all the
zooids that were examined had ripe gonads. Free ova occur
in this material; they are found among the buds, in the
deeper end of the coencecial tube, there being not more than
one ovum in any one tube. ‘he ova are free, and not
attached by a stalk; they measure 0°9 mm, in length and
0°6 mm. in width, and the two ends are similar. In two
cases where a free ovum was present in the coencecial tube
among the tangle of buds it was found that the zooid in-
habiting the tube was hermaphrodite, and the ovary and
testis were both ripe (¢f. 16, p. 47, and 17, p. 23). It would
be interesting to ascertain if a free ovum ever occurs in a tube
inhabited by a male zooid—probably-not ; the present material
is too limited in bulk to permit of a more extended search in
this direction.

The greatest number of buds found attached to any one
zoold is s eighteen ; ; this group includes buds of all stages of
development, from the very young stage before the appear-
ance of the red line of the shield up to a large bud with small
tentacles appearing on the arms (¢f. 16, p. ae text-fig..8, ¢
and K). The youngest buds, however, are not buds of the
main zooid, but arise from the side of the extremity of the
stalk of a large bud—that is to say, the larger buds begin
producing the next generation of buds before separating from
the parent zooid. ‘The largest bud of the group of eighteen
just mentioned had two small buds of its own.

REFERENCES.

(1) AnpErsson, K. A. “Hine Wiederentdeckung von Cephalodiscus.”
Zool. Anz. xxvi. 1903, pp. 368-369.

(2) “Die Pterobranchier der Schwedischen Siidpolar-Expe-
dition, 1901-1903.” Wiss. Frgebn. Schwedischen Siidpolar-
Expedition, a (Stockholm, 1907) pp. 1-122, 8 plates.

(3) Gravigr,C. “Sur une espéce nouvelle de Cephalodiscus (C. an-
derssoni, nov. Sp. ) provenant de la Seconde Expédition pope
Frangaise.” Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1912, xviii. 3, pp. 146—
150, 2 text-fizures,

(4) ——- ‘ Deuxiéme Expédition Antaretique Fran¢aise, 1908-1910;
Sci. nat., Documents scientifiques; Ptérobranches.’ Paris, 1913,

71-86, 5 text-figures.

(5) H ARMER, S.F. “On new Localities for Cephalodiscus.” Zool. Anz.
XXVI1. 1903, pp. 593-594,

(6) ——. “The Pterobranchia of the ‘Siboga’ Expedition, with an

440 On the Jerboa of Museat.

Account of other Species.” . Résultats des Explorations entre-
prises aux Indes Néerlandaises Orientales en 1899-1900 a bord du
‘ Siboga,’ livr. xxii. monogr. 26 bis, Leiden, 1905, pp. 182,:14 plates
and 2 text-figures.

(7) Harmer, 8. F., and Ripewoop, W.G. “The Pterobranchia of
the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902-1904.” Trans.
Roy. Soc. Edinb. xlix. 3, 7, 1913, pp. 581-565, 2 plates and 5 text-
figures.

(8) Lanxester, E.R. Article ‘ Polyzoa,” Encycl. Britann, ed. 9, xix.
1885, pp. 429-441. (Contains the first published figures of
Cephalodiscus, made from drawings supplied by Prof. M‘Intosh.)

“On a new Species of Cephalodiscus (C. nigrescens) from

the Antarctic Ocean.” Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 1905, Ixxvi. B,
pp. 400-402, 1 plate.

(10) M‘InrosH, W.C. “Preliminary Notice of Cephalodiscus, a new

Type allied to Prof. Allman’s Rhabdopleura, dredged in H.M.S.
‘Challenger.’ *”? Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) x. 1882, pp. 837-348.

(9)

(11) . “Preliminary Note on Cephalodiscus, anew Form allied to
Prof. Allman’s Rhabdopleura.” Rep. Brit. Assoc. (Southampton,
1882) 1883, pp. 596-597.

(12) “Report on Cephalodiscus dodecalophus.” ‘Challenger’

Reports, Zool. xx. 62, 1887, with an Appendix by 8. F’. Harmer,
pp. 48, 7 plates and 6 text-figures.

(13) Riprwoop, W.G. “A new Species of Cephalodiscus (C. gilchristi)
from the Cape Seas.” Marine Investigations, South Africa, iv.
(Cape Town, 1906) pp. 178-192, 3 plates and 5 text-figures,

“ Pterobranchia; Cephalodiscus.” National Antarctic Expe-

dition [‘ Discovery ’], Nat. Hist. ii, (London, Brit. Mus.), 1907,

pp. 1-67, 7 plates and 17 text-figures.

““On Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens supposed to have

been dredged in 1841 or 1842.” Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) x.

1912, pp. 550-555, 1 text-figure.

British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Expedition, 1910; Nat.

Hist. Reports, Zool. iv. 2, Cephalodiscus (London, Brit. Mus.), 1918,

pp. 11-82, 5 plates and a map, and 12 text-figures.

Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-1914, Sci. Reports,
ser. C, iii. 2, “* The Pterobranchia,” 1918 (Sydney), pp. 25, 2 plates
and 3 text-figures.

(18) ——. “A Key for the Ready Identification of the Species of
Cephalodiscus.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) v. 1920, pp. 407-410.

(19) Scurpotrerr, A. “Die Pterobranchier des Indischen Ozeans.”
Zool. Jahrb., Abth. Syst. xxviii. 4, 1909, pp. 429-448, 2 plates.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.
Photographs, of the natural size, of two specimens of Cephalodiscus densus,
Andersson, dredged by the ‘Challenger’ in Royal Sound, Ker-

guelen Island, Jan. 17th, 1874, froma depth of 25 fath. A, top
view; B, side view.

(15)

(15)

(17)

XLUI.— The Jerboa of Muscat. By OLDFIELD THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
WHILE determining an example of Jaculus loftusi obtained
near Baghdad by Major Cheesman, my attention has been
drawn to the examples from Muscat presented by Dr. Jayakar
aud hitherto referred to the same species. But with six

= Se

On a new Short-tailed Opossum from Brazil. 441

skulls of true loftusi, ranging from Karyatein. (Carruthers)
to Mohammorah (Loftus), before me, and three of the Muscat
form, @ find that there are certain cranial differences between
the two and would suggest that the latter should be distin-
guishedas

Jaculus loftusi vocator, subsp. n.

External characters quite as in loftus7, but, the specimens
being or having been in spirit, the exact tone of colour cannot
be observed.

Skull of about the same size as in loftusi. Anteorbital
foramina smaller, of more equal breadth above and below,
not expanded above as in loftusi ; greatest breadth across
the two foramina in four specimens of loftwsi 15°8, 16°2, 15-2,
and 15:4, in three specimens of vocator 14°2, 14:0, and 14:0.
Front edge of zygomatic plate outside the foramina more
vertical, nearly at right angles (88°, 89°) to the line of the
tooth-row, while in loftusi it slants back considerably (75°,
76°). Interparietal smaller, averaging about 4°5 x54 as
compared with 5°5x7:0 mm. Other characters apparently
quite as usual.

Dimensions of type, measured on the spirit-specimen :—

Head and body 95 mm.; tail 164; hind foot 57 ; ear 21.

Skull: greatest median length 29°7; greatest diagonal
length to back of bulle 32 ; greatest breadth across face 22°4 ;
interorbital breadth 12 ; bimeatal breadth 23°2 ; anteorbital
foramen, height 5:4, breadth across the two foramina 14:2 ;
upper molar series 4°8,

flab. Coast region near Muscat ; type from Sohar, others
from Seeb.

Type. Adult male in spirit. B.M. no. 0. 5. 22. 3.
Presented by Dr. A. 8. G. Jayakar.

Although the two co-types of loftus: (of which 55. 1. 6. 82
may now be formally selected as a lectotype) have the
zygomatic plate broken away, enough remains to show that
the anteorbital foramina are of quite the same shape as in
our series from Karyatein.

XLIV.—A new Short-tailed Opossum from Brazil.
By OLpFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Monodelphis theresa, sp. n.
Most nearly allied to M. thering.
Size about as in theringi; fur similarly short and close,
hairs of back about 4 mm. in length. Coloration on the

442 On a new Cotton-tail from Colombia.

same general plan, but the ground-colour is dark grizzled
ervey, which, however, is only present on the anterior two-
thirds of the body, the head and rump deep chestnut-fifous.
Dorsal lines almost obsolete, the median one represented by
segments of a few millimetres on the nose and nape and an
ill-defined line on the posterior back ending level with the
hips ; the outer lines only about an inch in length, ill-defined
and scarcely perceptible. Under surface soiled greyish, the
ends of the hairs drabby white. Cheeks, like crown, rich
rufous; chin pale rufous. Hands brown. Feet with the
outer side of the metatarsus brown, inner dull whitish; digits
naked. Tail brown above, lighter below.

Skull not so flattened as in thering?, more of the general
shape of that of americana, the brain-case comparatively high
and rounded.

Dimensions of the type (measured on a spirit-specimen) :—

Head and body 80 mm.; tail 36; hind foot 14;
ear 10. ‘

Skull: greatest length 25:2; condylo-basal length 25;
zygomatic breadth 13°55; nasals 10x 3°8 ; _ interorbital
breadth 5°4 ; palatal length 14°5; maxillary tooth-row 10°7 ;
three anterior molariform teeth 4°6.

Hab. Theresopolis, Organ Mts., Brazil.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21.8.6.2. Received
in exchange from Prof. J. P. Hill.

This pretty little species is readily distinguishable from
M. thering?t by its rufous head and rump, its greyish fore-
back, and its obsolescent dark dorsal lines.

XLV.—A new Cotton-tail (Sylvilagus) from Colombia.
By OuprieLp THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

THE British Museum owes to Frére Nicéforo Maria of
Medellin an example of a fine Sylvilagus which seems to be
different from any described species, It may be called

Sylvilagus nicefori, sp. n.

A member of the short-eared group, the tail almost obsolete.

Fur fairly soft, hairs of back about 23-25 mm. in length.

General colour dark, mixed buffy and blackish, the buffy
comparatively pale; not strong and ochraceous. Sides paler
buffy. Under surface dull whitish anteriorly, dull butfy
posteriorly, the hairs slaty at base. Forehead and nape
buffy ochraceous, the nape-patch extending beyond the ends
of the short ears. Proectote blackish, slightly suffused with

On a new Willow-Titmouse from Northern Italy. 443

buffy ; metentote dull whitish, its edges inconspicuously
buffy. Sides of head grizzled greyish, very slightly suffused
with buffy. Chin dull whitish, interramia white. Neck-band
broad, the ends of the hairs deep buffy, the underfur dark
slaty blackish. Front of fore limbs and upper side of feet
ochraceous, inner side of thighs buffy, not white as in apolli-
varis. Tail almost obsolete, its situation marked by a small
tult of brownish hair amid the buffy of the rump.

Skull about as large as that of S. purgatus, larger and,
especially, broader than that of S. salentus. Interorbital
region flat, parallel-sided, not broadened anteriorly. Post-
orbital processes well developed, slender. Bullce small.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body 420 mm.; tailabout 5; hind foot 76; ear 45,

Skull: greatest length 75; condylo-incisive length 68 ;
zygomatic breadth 36°5 ; nasals, oblique length 31°5, greatest
breadth 16°3 ; interorbital breadth 16; intertemporal breadth
12; palatal foramina, length 18°7, breadth 7; breadth of
palate between anterior premolars 11:3; cheek-tooth series
(alveoli) 14°5.

Hab. Medellin. Type from San Pedro, another specimen
from Concordia (7. A. Salmon).

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.7.1.26. Original num-
ber 12. Collected December 1919. Received in exchange
from Frére Nicéforo Maria.

This Sy/vilagus is nearly allied to S. apollinaris of Bogota,
but is duller-coloured, with less prominently white under
surface, especially posteriorly. From 8S. salentus, Allen, of
which Mr. Anthony has kindly furnished me with some
additional details, it is distinguished by its broader nasals
and interorbital region, and its even shorter tail.

XLVI.—On a new Willow-Titmouse from Northern Italy.
By Percy R. Lowe, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S.

In July last, during a short visit to the Valtournanche Valley
in Northern Italy, I shot six willow-tits one morning on a
steep forest-grown slope at an elevation of 7000 feet, and
was struck by their peculiar and very dark appearance. Two
of the birds were fully adult and much worn, while the
remaining four were birds of the year in fresh plumage ;
but both young and adults exhibited the same striking dark
coloration.

On comparing them with our series of the Pecile atri-
eapillus group in the British Museum, I could find nothing

444 Mr. C. Chubb on new

like them, nor, as Dr, Hartert informed me, had they anything
comparable in the fine series at Tring.

I propose, therefore, to distinguish this new form by the
name of

Peeile atricapillus elene, subsp. n.

Adult. Differs from P. a. montanus in having the upper
parts smoky grey washed with olive-brown—the top of the
head and the nape pure dull black, as compared with brownish
black,—the white cheek-patches more restricted, and the
black of the throat extending further on to the breast (as in
P. a. atricapillus).

The underparts are greyer and the flanks only very faintly
washed with fawn.

Freshly moulted wing- and tail-feathers in the adults are
dark slaty in coloration, darker than in P. a. borealis and
very much darker than in P. a. montanus.

In the four “ birds of the year” the general coloration is
still darker, the contrast between young examples of P. a.
elene and P. a. borealis being very striking and obvious
indeed (mantle dark olive-grey, as contrasted with pale grey-
brown).

Young P. a. elenw are very noticeably darker even than
young birds of the Japanese form P. a. restrictus, while, as
an indication of their dark coloration, they are darker than
P. palustris pecilopsis, Sharpe.

Type in Brit. Mus. 2 juv. Breuil, Valtournanche, N. Italy,
27. vii. 21. Coll. P.R. Lowe. Reg. Brit. Mus. 1921. 8.2.7.

I note little in the measurements as between P. a. borealis
and P, a. elene.

In choosing a juvenile example as the type, I do so because
it seemed to be possible to gain a more accurate perception of
colour-differences in fresh-plumaged juveniles, and it is just
as easy to compare juveniles with juveniles as adults with
adults of various races.

XLVII.—On new Forms of South-American Birds.
By C. Cuuss, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S.

Sturnella magna monticola, subsp. n.

Adult male. Differs from S. magna meridionalis, Sclater,
and S. magna paralios, Bangs, in being chestnut-brown on
the upper surface instead of blackish and the general
measurements smaller.

Forms of South-American Birds. 445

Total length 230 mm., exposed culmen 32, wing 106,
tail 70, tarsus 38, middle toe and claw 33.

Adult female, "Similar to the adult male, but smaller.
Wing 98 mm.

fab. Mount Roraima, British Guiana.

The type, as also the female described, are both in the
McConnell Collection, and were collected by Mr. McConnell
at Mount Roraima during his expedition in Oct. 1898.

Sturnella magna praticola, subsp. n.

Adult male. Differs chiefly from S. magna monticola in its
smaller size, brighter coloration on the under surface, and
more white in the tail.

Total length 225 mm., exposed culmen 30, wing 101,
tail 62, tarsus 38, middle toe and claw 33.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but smaller.
Wing 93 mm.

Hab, Abary River, British Guiana.

The type and the female described are both in the
McConnell Collection, and were collected on the Abary River
in Sept. 1906.

Saltator cayanus tnterjector, subsp. n.

Adult male. Differs from S. cayanus cayanus in being paler
erey on the sides of the face, sides of the neck, and sides
of the body. It is darker, however, on these parts than
S. cayanus bolivianus. “ Bill bluish black; feet brown;
iris dark blue” (A. Robert).

Total length 210 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 96, tail 88,
tarsus 26.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 95 mm.

Hab. Matto Grosso, South Brazil.

The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected at
Serra da Chapada (900 metres), Matto Grosso, in June 1902,
by A. Robert, during the Percy Sladen Expedition to Brazil.

Sallator cayanus bolivianus, subsp. n.

Adult male. Differs from S. cayanus cayanus in being
paler on the under surface, the lower throat cinnamon-buff
instead of fawn-colour, the breast, sides of body, and thighs
pale ash-grey instead of dark lead- -erey, the abdomen cream-
white instead of pale buff; the under tail-coverts and under
wing-coverts are also much paler, and the white supraloral
streak wider. ‘Bill black; feet slate-colour ; iris dark
brown” (P. O. Simons).

446 On new Forms of South-American Birds.

Total length 211 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 103,
tail 93, tarsus 25.

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 95 mm.

The type and female described, which are in the British
Museum, were collected at Chulumani, Bolivia, 2000 metres,
Jan. 1901, by P. O. Simons.

Hab. Bolivia.

Saltator cayanus santaritensts, subsp. 0.

Adult male. Allied to S. cayanus cayanus, but differs in
being paler in general coloration both on the upper and under
surface, and differs from S. cayanus bolivianus in having the
fawn-colour on the lower throat continued down the middle
of the breast and middle of abdomen to the under tail-coverts.

Total length 217 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 102, tail 99,
tarsus 26,

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but smaller.
Wing 96 mm.

The type, which is also in the British Museum, was
collected at Santa Rita, Ecuador, by “ Villagomez per”
C. Buckley, Salvin-Godman Collection.

Hab. Santa Rita, Ecuador.

Piranga saira macconnelli, subsp. n.

Adult male. Differs from P. satra saira in having the
general coloration paler. General colour of the upper surface
orange-red, somewhat brighter on the top of the head and
upper tail-coverts, darker on the back, wings, and tail ; inner
webs of upper wing-coverts and bastard-wing dark brown,
darker and inclining to black on the inner webs of the flight-
quills, which have the margins rose-pink ; mner webs of tail-
feathers reddish brown ; entire under surface bright scarlet-
red, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; under
surface of flight-quills hair-brown with rose-pink edges;
lower aspect of tail similar to its upper surface.

Total length 182 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 97, tail 75,
tarsus 23.

Hab. British Guiana. :

The type is in the McConnell Collection, and was collected
in the Upper Tukutu Mountains, 1908.

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface dull
yellow, tinged with green on the back ; inner webs of flight-
quills dark brown margined with pale yellow; sides of face,
throat, and underparts bright yellow. Wing 90 mm.

The female described was collected by the late Henry

Bibliograph tcal Notice. 447

Whitely at Quongo, November 18, 1887, and is now in the
British Museum.

Immature male. Similar to the adult in its first plumage.
The first signs of the male plumage in the present bird are
the approach of orange-red feathers on the sides of the face,
throat, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and tail.

The young male described is in the McConnell Collection,
and was collected in the Takutu Mountains,

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.
The Life of Alfred Newton. By A. F. R. Woxtasrton..

Turre must be few ornithologists of any standing within the British
Empire who have not been waiting with what patience they might
possess for a ‘Life of Alfred Newton’ to appear. And now, at
last, after unavoidable delays, it has appeared, and Mr. A. F. R.
Wollaston must be heartily congratulated on having drawn for us,
out of the mass of facts and correspondence which it was his difficult
task to sift and condense, a life-like sketch of the man as he was,
and of the great influence which he exerted for the good of orni-
thology.

In his capacity as a Professor of Zoology in the University of
Cambridge, Alfred Newton could never be said to have reached the
high-water mark of academic fame; but as an English ornithologist
he occupied an authoritative position which was not only somewhat
peculiar, but which it is sate to say will never be surpassed for
many a long day.

In the comparatively narrow circles of ornithology he made
himself famous and ever memorable, first, by his ‘ Dictionary of
Birds’ and its masterly Introduction, probably one of the best
things which has ever been written by an ornithologist ; secondly,
by his enormous correspondence and the unsparing, unselfish way
in which he imparted his knowledge of birds, bird-lore, and bird-
literature to those who sought his aid; thirdly, by his Sunday
evening gatherings in his college rooms at Magdalen; and, fourthly,
by his whimsicalities.

Newton did not suffer fools gladly, but once his friend you were
always his friend. Like all notable men he had his little ways,
his little peculiarities, and his little prejudices. It is probable that
these only endeared him the more to those who really knew him.
With his passing the curtain may be said to have been rung down
upon a stage across which passed a school of leisured men who may
be said to have revivified the study of ornithology in the British
Isles, and also by their indefatigable and enthusiastic efforts laid a
sure and solid foundation upon which their younger and no less
enthusiastic followers of the more modern school are surely building
worthily and well. Of the older school, Newton may be said to
have been the inspiration and the doyen. Not only did he travel

448 Bibliographical Notice.

and collect and write about his discoveries, but he was probably
the prime mover in the launching of the British Ornithologists’
Union and its well-known quarterly journal ‘The Ibis,’ which may
be said to have been conceived in his rooms at Cambridge. To the
devoted band of ornithologists who put their heads together to
launch that publication upon the world those must have been happy
days. They were the spacious days of ornithological adventures,
expeditions, and research in the open field; spacious days of
discovery ; days of the constant recording of new species as con-
trasted with subspecies ; days of romance, when it was still possible
to live buoyed up by the hope that one might discover the Great
Auk alive and “in the flesh”; days when maps had still many vast
spaces to be charted and foreign countries were veritable eldorados
for the happy ornithologist eager to ransack them of their treasures,

Newton may, in a sense, be said to have been born and bred
upon one of these happy hunting-grounds in the form of his father’s
estates at Elvedon, where he first acquired, with his brother
Edward, his taste for ornithology. In those early days of the last
century the great Bustard, though on the verge of extinction, still
survived in the brecks of Norfolk—the last of the resident stock
was killed in 1838,—and Montagu’s Harrier might be fairly
commonly met with in the fens of Cambridgeshire. In such an
early environment there need be little wonder that the ornitho-
logical factor in Newton’s mental complex soon developed. It led -
him, in spite of physical disabilities, further afield—to Norway,
Lapland, Spitzbergen (when an expedition to that boreal region
was in the nature of a considerable adventure), Iceland, the West
Indies, the Orkneys, and Faroe Islands, and on many yachting
excursions along the west coast of Scotland.

By the happy accident of his brother Edward’s position at
' Mauritius he was led to study, through the acquisition of a fine
collection of fossil bones, the extinct Dodos of the Mascarene Islands,
and as a result we haye his article on the Dodo in the ‘ Dictionary
of Birds,’ an exposition which ‘‘may be cited as an illustration of
the learning and the exhaustive criticism with which he could
discuss a matter which strongly appealed to him,” to say nothing
of the almost complete skeleton which is one of the*cherished
possessions of the Cambridge University Museum. It would be
beyond the scope of these few remarks to dwell on the fact of how
much that Museum owes to Newton’s efforts. Indeed, we would
rather recommend Mr. Wollaston’s book for the admirable way in
which he has been able to catch the spirit of the ornithological
period through which Newton lived and worked, and to depict for
us the very nature of the man as he was , than as a serious attempt
to record in an exhaustive way his work as a zoologist.

The book cannot fail to fascinate any reader who has a soul
above the mere systematic side of ornithology, and for whom the
memory of such men as the Newtons, Tristram, the Godmans,
Sclater, Wolley, Lilford, Gurney, Salvin, Taylor, Eyton, and a host
of others of their time marks a very notable and a very happy
period in the history of British ornithology. Purcy R. Lowe,

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XLVIII.—Revision of the African Species of Hedybius, Er.,
and its Allies, with an Account of their accessory
6 -characters [Coleoptera]. By G. C. Campion, F.Z.S.

[Plates XIIT. & XIV. }

Tris paper is based upon a study of the species of the
Malachiid genera Hedybius, Er., I/lops, Er., and Philhedonus,
Gorh., represented in the Cape Town Museum, the Durban
Museum, the British Museum in London, and the Hope
Collection at Oxford. The Cape Town material, which
includes the types of the various forms described or named
by Abeille de Perrin in 1900 and examples of most of the
species here enumerated, has been communicated by Dr. L.
Péringuey, who has allowed me to retain co-types or
duplicates for our National Collection. These genera, like
many others of the group, are based almost entirely upon
6 -characters, and it is therefore impossible in some cases
to locate with any certainty a @ example when that sex
only is available for examination. Again, the head, antenne,
prothorax, or pygidium is sometimes differently coloured,
or otherwise maculate, in the two sexes, at least in the
genus Hedybius. The result is that several species have
been described two or three times under different names.
Paired examples of various S. African forms sent by
Dr. Péringuey, and the abundant material obtained by

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 29

450 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Dr. Marshall and the late H. C. Dollman in Rhodesia, &c.,
have fortunately enabled me to allocate one ¢ and several -
2 ¢, described as new species, to their respective partners.
Illops aud Hedy bius have 5-jointed, and Philhedonus 4-jointed,
auterior tarsi in ¢; the antenne are distinctly 11-joimted in
each of them, in both sexes, a character separating these
genera from Hapalochrus. Under Hedybius, Erichson included
species with simple anterior tarsi in ¢ and others with the
second joint prolonged or raised at the apex above the base
of the third in the same sex; H. hirtus, F. (=oculatus,
Thuab.), is here taken as the type, although only one-fourth
of the species now known agree with it in the tarsal structure,
the others, which would be almost equally well placed under
Iilops, having the tarsi formed as in Aftalus. Two im-
portant ¢-characters in Hedybius have hitherto been over-
looked: (1) The strongly binodose and sulcate superior
apices of the anterior femora (H. marshalli, Gorh.) ; (2) the
presence of a shining black area above or beneath one or
two of the basal joints (usually on 3 and 4) of the antennz
(H. amenus, Gorh., &c.), in addition, in some cases, to a
sharply-defined line or apical marking on the upper surface
of five or more joints in the same sex. Another ¢ -pecu-
harity in certain Hedybw is the tooth (H. dentatithoraz,
Pic, &c.) or notch (H. marshalli) at the sides of the
prothorax, which is wanting in 9. The extraordinary
erosion, plication, or armature of the head in the males
of these insects is difficult to describe ; but it may be stated
that, in the species with a central tuft of hairs on the
anterior margin of the prothorax, the head is plicate or
raised immediately in front of it. The structure of the
head in this sex separates the numerous species belonging
to the second section of Hedybius from Attalus s, str., the
latter, as defined by Abeille de Perrin in 1891, having the
“‘frous in mare simplex,” e.g. formed as in the 9. ‘The
elytra of the ¢ are without apical plication or excavation in
all the species enumerated in the present paper; one of
them, however (Hl. jlavocinctus), has a sharp humeral plica
in this sex.

Ittoprs.
Illops, Erichson, Entomographien, p..87 (1840); Abeille de Perrin,
Rey. d’Ent. xix. p. 170 (1900) [type L. cornicudatus, Er.}.
Hedonistes, Gorham, P. Z. 8. 1905, u. p. 278.

A genus scarcely separable from the second section of
Hedybius, and only differing from it in the greatly thick-
ened or dentate fifth and sixth antennal joints in the @.

the African Species of Hedybius. 451

. The elytra are coarsely punctured (as in Hedybius diversi-
pennis, Pic), and the second joint of the anterior tarsi in
is raised above the base of the third, as in Aftalus.

1. Illops corniculatus.

Lliops corniculatus, Er. loc. cit. p. 88 (¢)1; Ab. de Perrin, loc. cit.
pp. 163, 170 (¢ 2) ?.

Malachius trabeatus, Fairm. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxviii. p. 654 (2)
(1894) %, :

Hedonistes letus, Gorth. P. Z. 8. 1905, ii. p. 278 (¢ 2)*.

3. Antenne (Pl. XIII. fig. 1a) long, joints 1-4 testaceous,
the others black, 1 elongate, much thickened, 2-4 short,
rapidly widening, 3 and 4 subconnate, 5 and 6 greatly
dilated, 5 transverse, obliquely articulated to 4, 6 broader than
5, oblong-subquadrate, shining, somewhat concave above,
7-11 narrow, 11 very elongate ; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 1) with a
very deep, smooth, inter-ocular excavation, the latter with
two small dentiform tubercles in front and another in the
centre, and a stout, erect prominence on each side anteriorly,
the vertex sharply, triangularly raised and deeply sulcate
down the middle, the raised space preceded by two small
porrect fascicles of yellowish hairs ; anterior tarsal joints 1
and 2 slightly thickened, 2 at the apex raised above the base
of 3.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Cape of Good Hope’ (type of Erichson),
Willowmore* (Dr. Brauns), Matjesfontein?* (4. Simon),
Maritzburg, Natal (Mus. Cape Town).

The above description of the ¢-characters is taken from
specimens from Willowmore, whence Gorham’s type of
H. letus was obtained, the latter agreeing well with
Erichson’s diagnosis of the same sex. Various ? 2 doing
duty for J. corniculatus in the British Museum and in the
Hope Collection at Oxford are, however, referred to a
different species, J. duplocinctus. This is a hairy, nigro-
violaceous insect, with a granulate prothorax and very
coarsely punctured elytra, the latter with a suturally-
interrupted ante-median fascia and the apex orange-red.
Two ¢@o and four 2 2? of IF. corniculatus have been
communicated by Dr. Péringuey, and these are all I have
seen. M. Simon found it in numbers on an Afriplex, in the
dried-up bed of a river, on a stony arid plateau, 30 leagues
N.E. of the Cape. In the accompanying fig. 1 (Pl. XIII.)
the head is drawn forward from its normal position.

29%

452 Mr. G. C. Champion on

2. Illops dentiger, sp. n.

g. Extremely like J. corniculatus, Er., and very similarly
coloured—nigro-cyaneous, the elytra with a suturally-
interrupted ante-median fascia and the apex orange-red,
the antennal joints 1-5 and clypeus testaceous ; head
(Pl. XIII. fig. 2) opaque, densely, rugulosely punctate,
broadly depressed and strongly, transversely, sinuato-
lamellate anteriorly, the ridge hollowed in the middle and
near the sides above (appearing quadridentate when viewed
from behind), and preceded by a deep transverse sulcus ;
eyes convex, prominent ; antenne (Pl. XIII. fig. 2a)
long, joint 1 very elongate, stout, 2 short, narrow, con-
stricted at the base, 8 and 4 stouter than 2, subtriangular,
5 much broader, triangular, dentate at the outer apical
angle, 6 produced into a long, curved, pointed tooth at
the apex externally, 7-11 narrow, 11 elongate ; prothorax
transversely subcordate, convex, closely, rugulosely punctate
(smoother than in J. corniculatus) ; elytra very coarsely,
closely punctate ; anterior tarsi as in J. corniculatus.

Length 44 mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Seymour, Cape Colony (Mus. Cape
Town).

Two males. Separable at once from J. corniculatus, ¢,
by the very differently formed head and antenne, the latter
with the basal half testaceous, the less rugose prothorax,
the more prominent eyes, and wholly opaque head.

3. Illops duplocinctus, sp. nv.

?. Broad, robust, shining, clothed with long, semierect,
soft, pallid hairs ; nigro-violaceous or nigro-cyaneous, the
clypeus and the antennal joints 1-4 or 5 testaceous, the
other joints and the legs black, the elytra orange-red, with a
basal and subapical fascia (which are narrowly connected
along the suture) violaceous. Head much narrower than
the prothorax, closely, rather coarsely punctate, deeply
excavate in the middle anteriorly ; antennz short, rather
stout, joint 2 very short, 4 and 5 somewhat twisted and
broader than the following joints. Prothorax transversely
cordate, rugosely punctured at the sides, sparsely so on the
disc. Elytra much broader than the prothorax, very
coarsely, closely punctate, smoother at the base and apex,
the punctures here and there transversely confluent.

Length 44-5 mm.

the African Species of Hedybius. 453

Hab. 8. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope (Mus. Brit., Mus.
Oxon.).

Five 9 2: three, labelled “C.G.H.,” im the Oxford
Museum ; two in the British Museum—one obtained from
the Entomological Club in 1844, without locality, the other,
purchased with the Bowring collection in 1863, labelled
“Java,” obviously in error. These insects are named in
each collection J. corniculatus, Er., 9, from which they
differ in their much larger size, the non-granulate disc of
the prothorax, aud the greater extension of the reddish
coloration on the elytra. The metallic, less rugose head,
the much smoother disc of the prothorax, and the more
coarsely punctured elytra separate them from J. dentiger,
with which I was at first inclined to associate them.

Hepysivs.

Hedybius, Erichson, Entomographien, p. 92 (1849) [type Cistela

hirta, F.= Cantharis oculata, Thunb. |].

Forty-two species are enumerated under this genus, nearly
all the described forms, including males of thirty-two of them,
being represented in the material examined. 4H. ethiopicus,
Pic (1907), type ¢, from Uomba, Ethiopia, and H. limbati-
pennis, Pic (1915), types d 2? , from Abyssinia, are unknown
to me. H. (Flabellohedybius) maculatipennis, Pic (1917),
type ¢, from Chindar, an insect with transversely plicate
apices of the elytra, must belong elsewhere. WH. cavifrons,
Boh. (=ferov, Ab., and natalensis, Gorh.), is a Dino-
metopus.

The following Table will assist in the identification of the
species of Hedybius, of which the ¢ g are available for
examination; five others are known from the @ only, and
three from imperfectly described ¢ ¢, aud their correct
position is therefore uncertain :—

dd *.
1 (14). Anterior tarsi simple. {HEpyBrvus s. str.]
2 (8). Prothorax cristate in the middle in front,
testaceous, maculate on disc; elytra and
abdomen metallic; legs testaceous........ Species 1.
(2). Prothorax not cristate in front.
. Elytra uniformly metallic.
(6). Elytra tuberculate; prothorax testaceous,
sharply nigro-bivittate; legs testaceous;
SDAOMER META cet e kbar occas Species 2.

Ou co
=
co
—

* The structure of the ¢ anterior tarsi in Nos. 6, 7, 37 has not been
described; 9 2 only known of Nos. 28, 30, 35, 36, 38,

454

6 (5).
7 (8).
8 (7).

9 (4).

11 (10).
12 (18).

13 (12).

14-0).

15 (16).

18 (35).

19 (34).
20 (21).

21 (20).

22 (28).

23 (22).
24 (25).

Mr. G. C. Champion on

Elytra not tuberculate.

Prothorax metallic, except in front; legs
partly or wholly black or metallic: species
Malachittorm: give’ on sent og screens Celene

Prothorax testaceous; antenne partly testa-
ceous, joints 1 and 2 or 1 only with a
shining black mark above ; head cristate ..

). Elytra not uniformly metallic.
10 (11).

Elytra immaculate, whitish or testaceous, like
the test Ol tap MOBY 2) ccna.s. ve see ee > se

Elytra maculate.

Prothorax, legs, and antenne testaceous ;
elytra whitish, with longitudinal or inter-
rupted black markings on disc ....4,.+..

Prothorax and legs black; elytra metallic, with
a common median space or transverse
lateral patch testaceous or orange-red .

Anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 a little stouter
and longer than those following, 2 raised at
the apex above the level of 3 or prolonged
over the base of the latter, nigro-pectinate
at tip. [Subgen. HEpYBIINUS, n. |

Anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 imbricate;
prothorax and elytra green, the former
testaceous at the base; posterior tibia
partly black; abdomen metallic..........

. Anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 not imbricate.
. Elytra uniformly metallic (except in No. 22,

vars.); prothorax testaceous, in most of
the species nigro-maculate on the disc.

Legs (except in No. 29) testaceous, wholly or
in part. ’

Terminal dorsal and ventral abdominal seg-
ments without projecting hooks or spines.
Antenne pectinate or acutely serrate, stout ;

prothorax very little broader than long in
No. 18, cristate or horned in front, testa-
ceous (maculate in No. 14)..............
Antenne serrate, dentate, or subfiliform;
prothorax transverse, not cristate.
Anterior femora binodose and sulcate at the
apex above; prothorax notched at sides
Anterior femora simple.
Prothorax dentaté laterally; antennal joints
7-11, and the others in part beneath, black,
in No. 16; antenne testaceous, joints 8 and
4 each with a shining black area beneath,
RO TN GO. UGC ciara cal enor Woe cle tekuata SeeebthS oie ete ee

. Prothorax rounded or subangulate laterally,

slightly notched in No, 27.

. Antenne maculate or lineate above.
. Antennal joints 1-11 or 5-11 nigro-maculate

at the apex above, 3 and 4 each with a
black shining area beneath in No.18 ..,.

. Antennal joints 1-11, 1-5, or 3-7 nigro-

lineate above, 3 and 4 each with a shining
black area beneath in No. 21 .........4:.

Species 3, 4.
Species 5.

Species 6, 7.

Species 8.

Species 9-11.

Species 12.

Species 13, 14.

Species 16.

Species 16, 17.

Species 18-20.

Species 21-23.

29 (26).

30 (31).

31 (30).

32 (33).
33 (32).
34 (19).

35 (18).

36 (17).
87 (40).

38 (39).
39 (88).

40 (37).

41 (42).

42 (41).
43 (44).
44 (43),

the African Spectes of Hedybius.

Antenne in great part or entirely testaceous
above: the joints 3 and 4 in No. 25, and 4
only in No, 26, with a shining black area
beneath.

Fifth antennal joint dilated, triangular ......

Fifth antennal joint not dilated.

Pygidium not suleate ..... Serchee ster elevates ey

Pygidium sulcate (emarginate in No. 29) ....

Terminal dorsal and ventral segments of
abdomen furnished with projecting black
hooks or spines; prothorax cristate in
No. 31, or angularly raised in No. 82, in
the middle in front ; legs wholly or in part
black in Nos. 31, 32, testaceous in No. 33..

Legs black; prothorax red, sometimes nigro-
maculate on. the disc anteriorly; elytra
subtuberculate in No. 34, finely punctured
in Nos. 35, 36; abdomen black in Nos. 34,
Soe Ted DBM OGG Fs axl te,dn alot Moy lees. seks

Elytra maculate or fasciate.

Legs wholly or in part, prothorax, and elytra
rufous or testaceous, the elytra violaceo- or
czruleo-maculate at base and at or towards
apex.

Elytral puncturing coarse; head with a
EUV DIRE SITS ce niet tf ere erate «eet S coc Pe

Elytral puncturing fine ; head without spine .

Legs black or metallic.

Prothorax and elytra violaceous, the latter
each with a broad orange lateral patch...

Prothorax at sides or base testaceous or rufous.

Elytra maculate, without humeral plica

Elytra narrowly unifasciate, with humeral
[Ter on em CINE Cen cine oA Meg

1. Hedybius hirtus.

Q. Cistela hirta, Fabr. Spec. Ins. i. p. 149 (1781) }.
Hedybius hirtus, Blair, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) v. p. 162 (1920) 2.
2. Cantharis oculata, Thunb. Dissert. iii. p. 202 (1801) *.

6. Hedybius oculatus, Kr. Entomographien, p. 98 (1840) +

455

Species 24.

Species 25, 26.
Species 27-80.

Species 31-33.

Species 34-36,

Species 37.
Species 38, 39.
Species 40.
Species 41.
Species 42.

3d. Antennz moderately long, stout, tapering towards the
tip, testaceous in their basal half, the other joints black or
more or less infuscate, 4-10 triangular; head (as in @?)
testaceous, nigro-maculate at the base in some specimens, nar-
rower than the prothorax, depressed between the eyes, trans-
versely angulato- or sinuato-plicate above, and sometimes
raised in the centre beneath the prothoracic tuft (Pl. XIII.
fig. 3) ; prothorax testaceous, with two small black spots on
the dise and often two other smaller spots near the base, and
furnished with a spiniform, porrect or upwardly-curved,
matted fascicle of long black hairs in the centre in front ;

456 Mr. G. C. Champion on

elytra blue or bluish-green, rugulose, and rather closely
punctured; anterior tarsi simple, 5-jointed.

¢. Antennz short, rather slender, coloured as in ¢;
head flattened, in some specimens slightly tumid between
the eyes above, this tumid space depressed in the ceutre.

Var. 1. Prothorax usually with four small black spots ;
head and antenne as in J of //. hirtus; head im ? witha
stout, transverse, mesially-interrupted ridge between the
eyes above.

Hedybius quadrimaculatus, Pic, L’Echange, xix. p. 178 (5 @) (1993) 5.

Var. 2. Smaller, the head nigro-maculate or black at the
base, the two black spots on the dise of the prothorax some-
times coalesceut and forming a transverse patch, which is
produced into a dentiform projection in the centre behind,
the two basal spots constantly present; the elytra less
uneven and more closely punctured; head and antenne
of g as in H. hirtus; coxee testaceous. (J ?.)

? Hedybius simplicifrons, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xxv. p. 2 (?)
(1917) °.

Hab. S. Arnica (Dr. Smith, in Mus. Brit.), Cape of
Good Hope’’®*** (coll. Fry; Mus. Oxon.; C. Darwin), Pirie
Bush (Mus. Brit.), Saldanha Bay, Houwhoek, Caledon,
Giftsberg, Cape Town, Willowmore,‘Algoa Bay (J/us. Cape
Town), Rapenburg, Cape Flats, Ceres (R. EH. Turner: x.
1920), Reenen, Bedford (Mus. Durban).

The males of this variable insect, a long series of which is
before me, agree perfectly znter se in the structure of the
head ; but some of the larger females (from Pirie Bush, &c.)
exhibit an unusual development of the vertex, which is
wanting in the type. The two additional spots on the pro-
thorax are evanescent, and those on the disc are sometimes
coalescent. The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the abdomen
are metallic. The type (2) of //. hirtus is contained in the
Banksian collection in the British Museum, and it is still in
a fair state of preservation.

H. simplicifrons, Pic, seems to be based upon a similar 3,
with the coxee testaceous.

The Var. 2 is represented by 5 ¢ go and 6 2 9; it has
been found at Ceres, Cape Province, and at Houwhoek in
the Caledon district.

the African Species of Hedybius. 457

2. Hedybius verrucosus, sp. 0.

?. Elongate, broad, widened posteriorly, shining, some-
what thickly clothed with long, erect, blackish hairsintermixed
on the elytra with closely-set whitish pubescence ; blue or
bluish-green, the head (except at the extreme base), antenne,
prothorax (two rather broad, laterally-angulate, black vittz
on the disc excepted), coxze (the anterior pair excepted), and
legs testaceous; the head and prothorax very sparsely,
minutely punctate, the elytra closely, finely punctured and
rather strongly verrucose. Head comparatively short, much
narrower than the prothorax, transversely depressed between
the eyes anteriorly; antenne short, serrate. Prothorax
much broader than long, convex, rounded at the sides.
Legs hairy.

&. Antenne longer and stouter, joints 4-10 more or less
infuscate above, 4-10 rounded at their inner apical angle ;
head (PI. XIII. fig. 4) not, or scarcely, wider than in 2, with
a broad, deep, transverse excavation between the eyes above,
which is limited on each side by an oblique sinuous ridge,
the excavation (two testaceous spots excepted) black and
opaque within, bifoveate in front, and interrupted at the
middle by a short longitudinal plica; prothorax somewhat
produced in the middle in front; anterior tarsi simple,
5-jointed.

Length 5-54 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. S. Arnica, Grootfontein, Middelburg, Cape Province
(Mus. Brit.: S 9 ‘3 Willowmore cand Hex River (Mus. Cape
Town: g 2), Transvaal (ex coll. Fry).

Twelve examples seen, five of which are males: six from
Willowmore were captured by Dr. Brauns on Aug. 15th,
1902; four from Grootfontein, received at the British
Museum during the present year, are labelled as having been
found with H. clypeolus, Er. The simple anterior tarsi and
the relatively small head bring this species near H. hirtus, F.
(= oculatus, Thunb.), from which it is separable by the
sharply angulato-bivittate prothorax and the verrucose
elytra, the ¢ with a black cephalic cavity and a non-cristate
prothorax.

3. EHedybius billbergi.

3. Malachius billbergi, Thunb. in Schonherr’s Syn. Ins. i. 2, p. 79
(1806) *.
Hedybius elongatus, Er. Entomographien, p. 96 (2) (1840) *.

458 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Var. Hedybius elongatas, var. luteonotatus, Pic, L’Echange, xxvii.

p- 157 (¢) (1911) ’.
Hedybius sp.?, Dixey & Longstaff, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907,

p. 380+.
o. Head (Pl. XIII. fig. 5) broad, testaceous between and

before the eyes, black at the base, the epistoma metallic ;
with a very deep oblique excavation on each side between the
eyes and a transverse one in the centre, the former bordered
externally by a very prominent oblique ridge and tlie central
one by two small tubercles in front. Antenne (PI. XIII.
fig. 5a) long, joints 1-6 (except 1 above and the basal
half of 5) testaceous, 7-11 black, 2 short, 3 much longer
and stouter, 4 shorter than 3, dentate within, 5 elongate,
abnormal, constricted at the middle, and with the basal
portion dentate within, 6 not longer than 4, subdentate,
7-11 elongate, 7-10 widened, subtriangular, 7 slightly
dentate at the tip within. Anterior tarsi simple.

2. Head smaller, metallic; antenne short, rather
slender, joints 1-6 (except 1 above) more or less tes-
taceous.

Hab. S. Arrica, Blauwberg, Saldanha River, and Kalk
Bay (Mus. Cape Town), Cape of Good Hope’? (Mus. Brit.),
Rapenburg, Cape Flats (R. H. Turner: x. 1920), Simons
Bay! (G. B. Longstaf, in Mus. Oxon.) ; BK. Arrica®,

A long series of both sexes of this common Cape insect
has been lent me by Dr. Péringuey.. The ¢ is readily dis-
tinguished from the same sex of H. smaragdulus by the
abnormally formed, basally maculate antenne, and the
metallic epistoma ; the ? by the paler basal joints of the
antenne. Thunberg’s type (¢ ?) has paler tibiz and
tarsi, but no reliance ueed be placed on tiis character, the
tarsi, at least, being testaceous in some of the examples

before me.

4. Hedybius smaragdulus.
Hedybius smaraadulus, Ey. Entomographien, p. 96 (dg) (1840).

g. Head (Pl. XIII. fig. 6) broad, bluish-black at the base,
for the rest (the labrum excepted) flavo-testaceous, deeply
excavate and transversely trifoveate in the middle, obliquely
raised on each side between the eyes, the flavous portion
smooth. Antenne (PI. XIII. fig. 6 a) long, black, joints 2-5
sometimes obscurely reddish, 2 very short, 3 and 4 mode-
rately elongate, subequal, 5 much longer than 4, 6 shorter,
not longer than 8, 7-11 elongate, 7-10 wider than the
preceding joints, subtriangular. Anterior tarsi simple.

the African Species of Hedybius. 459

2. Head smaller, metallic; antenne short, rather slender,
joints 6 and 7 subequal.

Hab. 8. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope (Mus. Brit., coll.
Fry), Cape Town, Blauwberg, Saldanha Bay (Mus. Cape
Town), Rapenburg (R. EH. Turner: x. 1920).

I have seen numerous examples of this species, including
ten males. It occurs with the much commoner H. billbergi,
and is distinguishable therefrom by the smooth, flavous epi-
stoma, and the normally-formed antenne (joimt 5 being
simply elongated) of the ¢. The red space on the anterior
part of the prothorax is perhaps more strongly bilobed
posteriorly than in H. billbergi. Three smaller females from
Cape Town (Péringuey), nigro-eneous in colour, thickly
clothed with whitish pubescence and long, erect, darker
hairs, with more densely rugulose elytra, and the anterior
and posterior margins of the prothorax very narrowly tes-
taceous, may represent another allied species ?

5. Hedybius variicornis.

Hedybius variicornis, Boh. Ins. Caffraria, i. p. 467(¢ 2) (1851)1; Gerh.
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii. p. 869(¢ 2) (1901) ?; P.Z.S. 1905,
ABET os
oe fasciculatus, Ab. de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 178
(3d 2) (1900) *; Pic, L’Echange, xxiii. p. 1381 (1907) °.

3. Antenne long, moderately stout, variable in colour,
usually with the basal four or five joints testaceous—a
shining black spot or streak on the upper surface of 1 and 2,
or on 2 only (wanting in one Natal ¢), excepted,—the other
joints infuscate or black, 8 and 4 immaculate beneath,
equal, 5-ll elongate; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 7) about as broad
as the prothorax, flavous in front, the base and inter-ocular
excavation black, the latter deep, bifoveate and obliquely
plicate within, bordered on each side by a small angular
elevation, aud bearing a matted or scattered tuft of
long, erect, black hairs in the middle ; prothorax, apical half
of abdomen, and legs (except the tarsi and posterior femora
in some specimens) testaceous or rufo-testaceous; elytra
blue or green, densely punctured ; anterior tarsi simple.

?. Antenne short, rather slender, varying in colour as
in ¢; head with the basal half black; pygidium black.

Hab. S$. Arrica, River Gariep*; Salisbury ?*, Lonely, and
Mwengwa, Rhodesia; Makapan*, Bulawayo®, Transvaal ;
Malvern, Frere, and Estcourt, Natal; Nyasaland.

I have seen about eighty examples of this species, in-
cluding the types of Boheman and Abeille de Perrin, twenty

460 Mr. G. C. Champion on

males in all. Jt is recognizable amongst the allied forms
by its small size, reddish prothorax, and the nigro-macuiate
one or two basal joints of the antenne; the ¢ with the
inter-ocular excavation bifoveate and bearing a tuft of erect
black hairs, and the anterior tarsi quite simple.

Paired examples from Mwengwa are contained in
Dollman’s collection.

In one ? from Bulawayo the prothorax has an oblong
blackish patch on the dise.

6. Hedybius lividus.
Hedylius lividus, Gorh, Ann. Mus, Genova, xviii. p. 598 (¢' 9) (1883).

3. “Capite fronte lamelli duplici dentiformi approximata; epi-
stomate retrorsum in cornu duo producto, antennis articulis tertio
ad sextum serratis intus nigro acuminatis.”

Hab. Asysstnta (Mus. Genoa; Mus. Brit.).

A ? captured by Raffray is contained in the British
Museum. It is narrower than A. albipennis, Gorh. (2) ;
the prothorax is more angulate laterally and the erect inter-
mixed hairs on the elytra are soft, fine, and wholly pale.
Dr. Gestro lent me a ¢ of it some time ago, but this
specimen is not available now for study. The anterior tarsi
in this and the following species are probably simple in the
two sexes, as in H. formosus ; their structure was not noted

by Gorham.

7. Hedybius albipennis.

Hedybius albipennis, Gorh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii. p. 860
(3 2) (1901).

3. “Antennis sesquilongioribus, ad apicem ‘magis infuscatis ;
capitis vertice lamina transversa irregulari utrinque subinvoluta,
occipite ab oculis fortiter excavata, in medio quasi bicarinato,
postice elevato plano.”

Hab. 8. Arxica, Salisbury [type] and Bulawayo, Rhodesia
(Dr. G. A. K. Marshall), Kashitu, north of Broken Hill,
N.W. Rhodesia (H. C. Dollman: 26. iv. 1915).

A robust, broad, testaceous insect, with whitish elytra,
the abundant pubescence on the latter intermixed with
long, scattered, erect, black sete, a character separating
H. albipennis from the very closely allied Abyssinian
Hi, lividus. Highteen specimens are before me, all 9 9;
the ¢-type was retained by the author, and it has pre-
sumably passed into the collection of M. Pic.

the African Species of Hedybius. 461

8. Hedybius formosus.

Malachius formosus, Reiche, in Galinier’s Voyage Abyss., Ins. p. 290,
t. 17. fig. 8.

Hedybius formosus, Gorh. Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii. pp. 597, 598(g 2)
(1883).

Hedybius formosus, var. bi-interrupta, Pic, L’Echange, xxvi. p. 5
(1910).

6. Head (PI. XIII. fig. 8) flavous, very broad, wider than
the prothorax, the inter-ocular excavation deep, sharply
defined, divided by a strong, smuous, transverse ridge, and
bordered laterally by an angular, externally-convex, vertical,
supra-ocular elevation, the excavation with a small, smooth,
triangular cavity in the middle, in front of which is a short
convex plica ; antennz rather slender, long, serrate ; pro-
thorax angularly dilated laterally, the margins strongly
reflexed; anterior tarsi simple, 5-jointed; pygidium
testaceous,

?. Head not so wide, flattened, black in its basal half;
antenne more slender, short; pygidium black ; prothorax
less angulate at the sides.

Hab. Asyssinta (Mus. Genoa; Mus. Brit.).

One ¢ and two ? ? seen. There appears to be a long
series of it in the Genoa Museum. UH. limbatipennis, Pic
(1914), from the same country, is said to be near the
present species.

9. Hedybius maculifer.
Q. Malachius bimaculatus, Boh. Ins. Caffraria, i. p. 465 (1851) (nec
Erichson, 1840) ?.
Hedybius (?) maculfer, Ab. de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 174
(2) (1900) 2,

3. Head (PI. XIII. fig. 9) as wide as the prothorax, testa-
ceous in its anterior half, very deeply, transversely arcuato-
excavate between the eyes, the excavation obliquely plicate
on each side in front, extended in the middle anteriorly,
and with a small raised point in the centre; antennz
short, rather stout, moderately serrate, joints 1-4 testa-
ceous beneath; anterior tarsi 5-jointed, simple.

2. Head black, flattened.

Hab. S. Arrica (Mus. Cape Town), River Limpopo},
Hamman’s Kraal, near Pretoria”.

Dr. Péringuey has lent me the type (2 ) of H. maculifer,
Ab., and also two males of the same species. The former
agrees well with the description of H. bimaculatus, Boh.,
the type of which must be @. Asmall (length 3-3} mm.),

462 Mr. G. C. Champion on

hairy, nigro-violaceous insect, with a large crange-yellow,
outwardly-dilated patch at the sides of the elytra before the
middle, as in H. (Malachius) erichson, Boh. The cephalic
cavity is deep and broad, and the vertex ‘is without tubercles.
The antenne are short in both sexes.

10. Hedybius flavinasus, sp. n.

3d. Moderately elongate, rather convex, shining, closely
pubescent without longer erect hairs intermixed ; black, the
basal jomts of the antennz testaceous, the head in great
part flavous (the base only black), the elytra violaceous,
with a common, broad, angulate, outwardly-dilated orange
fascia before the middle; the head at the base and the pro-
thorax closely, very minutely, the elytra finely, distinctly,
punctured. Head (Pl. XIII. fig. 10) as broad as the pro-
thorax, the flavous anterior portion glabrous, almost smooth,
and with a deep, transverse, arcuate excavation between the
eyes auteriorly, the epistoma also excavate down thie
middle and bearing an erect compressed spine in the centre
behind; antennze rather short aud stout, serrate. Prothorax
transverse, convex, rounded at the sides. Elytra com-
paratively short, shghtly widened posteriorly, broader than
the prothorax. Anterior tarsi 5-jointed, simple.

Length 24 mm.

Hab. 8. Arnica, Bulawayo, Matabeleland (Dr. G. A. K.
Marshall : xii. 1903).

One male. Closely related to H. maculifer, Ab. (=
bimaculatus, Boh., nec Er.), and with similar ¢ -characters ;
the elytra much more finely punctured, and with a complete
orange ante-median fascia, the hairs much shorter and less
erect.

ll. Hedybius trilobatus, sp. n.

3. Moderately elongate, slightly widened posteriorly,
shining, sparsely cinereo-pubescent, the elytra with long,
soft, pallid, semierect hairs; black with a slight bluish
lustre, the antennal joints 2-4 in part, the head (the basal
portion behind the median cavity excepted), the elytra
(except at the base and apex), and the dorsal surface of the
abdomen to about the middle, testaceous or orange-red, the
rest of the elytra nigro-violaceous—the basal fascia narrow,
widened towards the suture, the apical patch broader, bi-
excised anteriorly ; the basal portion of the head and the
prothorax sparsely, minutely, the elytra closely, rather

the African Species of Hedybius. 463

coarsely punctate. Head (text-fig. 1) a little broader than
the prothorax, the frontal excavation broad, very deep,
almost smooth and opaque within, trilobate anteriorly—the
median lobe erect, the others oblique, angulate, compressed,
dentate at the tip,—limited on each side by an angular
supra-ocular prominence, and basally by a bisinuate ridge ;
antenne very long, rather slender, the outer joints elongate,
subfiliform. Prothorax transverse, obliquely narrowed
posteriorly. Hiytra moderately long, much wider than the
prothorax, parallel at the base, rounded at the tip. Legs
rather slender; anterior tarsi 5-jointed, simple.
Length 34 mm.

Head of Hedybius trilobatus, 3.

Hab. Souru Arxica, Cape of Good Hope (Mus. Brit., ex
coll. Fry).

One male. Separable from the males of H. maculifer, Ab.
(=bimaculatus, Boh., nec Er.), and H. flavinasus, the only
allied S. African forms known to me, by its larger size, the
very long antennz, the more extended, anteriorly trilobate
frontal excavation, the greater development of the rufo-
testaceous portion of the elytral surface, the coarser
puncturing of the latter, &c. These insects bear some
resemblance to various species of Dinometopus, which have
a basally-constricted longer prothorax, &c.

12. Hedybius clypeolus.

Hedybius clypeolus, Kr. Entomographien, p. 95 (9) (1840)?.

Hedybius coronatus, Fairm, Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 181 (¢ 9)”.

3g. Antenne moderately long, strongly serrate, black,
joints 1-5 partly testaceous (1 nigro-lineate above, 2-5 black
along their inner edge); head broad (Pl. XIII. figs. 11, 11a),
flavous in frout, the inter-ocular space and vertex tes-
taceous, nigro-maculate before and behind the lateral
prominences, the latter also with a black spot within, the
inter-ocular cavity very deep, limited on each side by a
stout, vertical, horn-like elevation, which is produced into

464 Mr. G. C. Champion on

a curved hook at the tip, the face large, tumid, truncato-
bidentate above, each tooth bifid at the apex; prothorax
strongly transverse, metallic green, the anterior and lateral
margins narrowly, the basal margin rather broadly, testa-
ceous ; elytra green or bluish-green, densely rugulosely
punctured, subparallel; abdomen metallic; legs set with
very long hairs, testaceous, the posterior tibiz to near the
tip, and the intermediate tibiz at the base, black, the
posterior tarsi sometimes infuscate; anterior tarsal joints
1 and 2 imbricate, 2 nigro-pectinate at the tip.

?. Antenne short, rather slender, feebly serrate, testa-
ceous to near the tip; head angularly viridi-bimaculate at
the base.

Length 54-64 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. 8. Arrica, Cape of Good Hope’ (type of Erichson :
?), Grootfontem, Middelburg (Mus. Brit.: 3), Kimberley,
Prieska (Mus. Cape Town: 8 2), Damara? (types of Fair-
maire: 3 ¢).

Nine specimens of this species are before me: 5 ¢ ¢ and
4 9 9. The latter agree with Erichson’s description of
H. clypeolus (his type wanting the posterior legs), except
in their rather larger size, and the two sexes with Fair-
maire’s H. coronatus. The ¢ anterior tarsi appear at first
sight to be 4-jointed, owing to the second joint being
articulated to the first near the base. The posterior tibiz
are in great part black in both sexes. The Grootfontein
examples were found with H. verrucosus upon a species of
Melanthus. Figs. 11, lla (Pl. XIII.) show the head from
in front and behind.

13. Hedybius lamelliger, sp. un.

3d. Elongate, subopaque, the elytra shining, clothed with
long, erect, black bristly hairs intermixed on the elytra
with an abundant whitish pubescence; head (the anter-
ocular cavities and base excepted, which are black), antenne,
palpi, prothorax (the black fovea in front excepted), and
legs (except the intermediate tarsi in part, and the posterior
tibiz and tarsi entirely, which are infuscate) testaceous or
flavous; scutellum, metasternum, and abdomen metallic,
the elytra blue; the prothorax almost smooth, the head
very finely, the elytra densely, rugulosely punctured. Head
(Pl. XIII. fig. 12) broad, a little narrower than the pro-
thorax, long as seen from in front (owing to the broad
clypeus, and the vertical trifid face), with two large, black,
sharply-defined, plicate, subtriangular cavities hetween the

the African Species of Hedybius. 465

eyes above, the cavities separated by an elongate, parallel-
sided, concave lamella, which is curved upwards into a short
horn-like prominence behind ; antenne long, stout, joints
3-5 strongly serrate, 6-10 pectinate. Prothorax nearly as
long as broad, rounded-subquadrate ; deeply transversely
foveate, binodose, and angularly raised in the middle in
front, and with a tuft of short hairs arising from the central
prominence. LElytra parallel, blunt at the tip. Legs hairy ;
anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 extending over
the base of 3 above, black at the apex.

Var, 3. Antennal joints 3-10 strongly, acutely serrate;

prothorax shorter, transverse; elytra green.

?. The basal half of the head, an elongate, scuti-
form patch on the dise of the prothorax, and
the elytra green; the prothorax obsoletely
bi-impressed in the centre in front.

Length 5-54 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. 8. Arrica, Ceres [type, g ], O’Okiep [ o 9, var.]
(Mus. Cape Town).

The specimen, g, selected as type was captured by
Mr. L. M. Lightfoot in 1918, the others, 2 ¢ ¢ and 1 9,
were found in November 1885. The variation in the ¢
antennal structure is unaccompanied by any difference in
the form of the head in the same sex, and the Ceres and
O’Okiep examples must therefore be treated as forms of
the same species. H. lamelliger is not very closely allied to
any of the Hedybi described by Gorham and others, but the
following, H. plicatilis, is nearly related to it.

14. Hedybius plicatilis, sp. n.

d. Elongate, somewhat shining, thickly clothed with
whitish pubescence intermixed with long, erect, blackish
hairs ; bluish-green, the head (except the frontal cavities
and base, which are black) and prothorax (except a large
triangular patch on the basal half of the disc, the transverse
fovea in front, and a streak along the sides extending from
the middle forwards, which are black or metallic) flavous,
the antennze (a streak on joints 1 and 2 excepted) and palpi
(the tip excepted), and the intermediate tibiz and tarsi,
testaceous, the posterior tibiz and tarsi slightly infuscate ;
the head and prothorax very finely, the elytra densely,
rugulosely punctured. Head (PI. XIII. fig. 13) broad, nar-
rower than the prothorax, with two extremely large, deep,
oval excavations between the eyes above, the excavations
separated by a long narrow lamella, which is raised and

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 30

466 Mr. G. ©. Champion on

spoon-shaped behind, and bordered on each side by aslender
rectangular plica (the three together forming a cruciform
flavous prominence), the space in frout of the two excava-
tions raised (the face appearing long and bifid above, as
seen from the anterior aspect); antenne long, stout,
pectinate. Prothorax transverse, obliquely narrowed from
the middle to the base; abruptly depressed, deeply trans-
versely foveate, and produced into a flattened, raised, horn-
like prominence in the centre in front, the fovea preceded
by an angular elevation. Elytra wider than the prothorax,
subparallel, bluntly rounded at the apex. Anterior tarsal
joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3, black
at the tip. ;

Length 5 mm.

Hab. 3. Arxica, Beaufort West (Purcell, in Mus. Cape
Town).

One male. A very remarkable insect, difficult to describe,
and comparable only with H. lameliiger, from which it is at
once distinguished by the shorter, posteriorly-narrowed,
sharply trimaculate prothorax, the metallic femora, and the
elongate cavities on the head (these appearing triangular
when viewed in profile), which are separated by a narrower
anteriorly-depressed lamella, this being bordered by JI-L-
shaped flavous folds, together forming a cruciform elevation.

15. Hedybius marshall.
Hedybius marshalh, Gorh. Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (7) v. p. 81 (3 9)
(1900),
? Hedybius inarmatus, Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1917, p. 234 (?)%.

6. Antenne very long, rather slender, wholly testaceous,
joint 3 perceptibly longer than 4, 8 and 4 without smoother
area beneath ; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 14) very broad, in great
part testaceous, the inter-ocular excavation extremely deep,
transversely nigro-lineate within, the vertical juxta-ocular
prominence compressed, dentiform, rather small, and sepa-
rated from a larger, oblique, black elevation behind it by
a deep oblique groove ; prothorax transversely subquadrate,
notched at the sides before the base, with an extremely
large, broad, triangular, opaque space on the disc, extending
from near the anterior margin to the base, for the rest
testaceous ; elytra blue or bluish-green, densely punctate ;
abdomen and legs testaceous ; anterior femora thickened,
obliquely suleate and strongly binodose at the apex above ;
anterior tarsal joint 2 slightly raised over the base of 3,
nigro-pectinate at tip.

the Ajrican Species of Hedybius. 467

?. Antenne short, rather slender, testaceous ; head with
an anteriorly-bilobed black mark on each side at the base ;
prothorax shining, rounded at the sides, with two coalescent
oblong black spots on the disc ; pygidium testaceous, some-
times obsoletely sulcate at tip and with a small black spot on
each side.

Hab. 8S. Arrica, Estcourt}, Natal (Mus. Brit.: g 2),
Port Natal*, Mpanzi Mvoti (Mus. Durban: 2? ).

Six ¢ ¢ and five 9 ? seen, the latter corresponding
with the description of H. inarmatus, Pic. The males have
two black angular elevations on each side of the head, and
a laterally-notched prothorax, the disc of which is almost
covered by a very large, triangular, opaque, black patch.
The head is nigro-maculate on each side at the base in both
sexes. ‘The two small spots on the pygidium and the apical
depression are conspicuous in one of the females from
Kstcourt. ;

16. Hedybius curvidens, sp. n.

gd. Elongate, shining, clothed with pallid or whitish
pubescence intermixed on the elytra with erect, black, bristly
hairs ; antenne (Pl. XIII. fig. 15 4) about as long as the
body, moderately stout, tapering outwards, joints 1-6 (a
black line on 1 above, and on 1-5 beneath, excepted) testa-
ceous, for the rest black, 3 and 4 short, 4 triangular, longer
and wider than 8, 5 elongate, twice the length of 4 and
broader than 5, parallel-sided, 6-10 elongate-subtriangular ;
head (Pl. XIII. figs. 15, 15 a) broad, flavous, the base, eyes,
and median cavity black, the cavity very deep, broad, opaque
within, and limited anteriorly by an irregular V-shaped
ridge, in front of which are three fovex, the flavous raised
walls of the excavation curving backwards on each side
above the eyes and terminating in a stout, sinuate, sharp
tooth; prothorax transversely subquadrate, dentate at the
sides behind the middle, the lateral margins obliquely
reflexed and ciliate anteriorly, the dorsal black patch very
large, scutiform, dentate in the middle behind, the rest of
the surface testaceous; elytra subparallel, blue, densely,
rugulosely punctured ; metasternum metallic; abdomen and
legs (except the tarsi of the intermediate pair, and the bases
of the tibiz, apices of the femora, and tarsi of the posterior
pair, which are black) testaceous ; anterior tarsal joints 1
and 2 thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3, black at the
tip.

@. Antennze short, rather slender, joints 1-5 (a darker

30*

468 Mr. G. C. Champion on

streak on 1 above excepted) testaceous, 6-11 black; head
black in more than its basal half; prothorax rounded at
‘ the sides, the dorsal black patch reduced to two oval
spots ; elytra slightly widened posteriorly; pygidium nigro-
maculate.

Length 5-54 mm. (¢ ?.)

Ba Nava, Ulundi, Drakensburg (Dr. G. A. K. Mar-
shall: 8 2: 1. 1893), Frere (Mus. Cape Town: o@).

Two males and three females. A species easily recogniz-
able by the structure of the antenne, head, and prothorax
in the g. The sides of the prothorax are dentate in this
sex, as in H. dentatithorax, Pic. The 2 may be known
from that of H. amenus, as here restricted, by the wholly
black outer joints of the anteunz and the black posterior
knees. The long parallel-sided fifth antenna! joint of the
$ is a striking character. The nigro-maculate pygidium
of the ¢ is common to many Hedydii with testaceous
abdomen. Figs. 15, 15a (Pl. XIII.) show the head from
in front and behind.

17. Hedybius dentatithoraz.

Hedybius dentatithorax, Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1917, p. 284 (gd 2)’.
? Hedybius amenus, Gorh. P. Z. 8. 1905, il. p. 277 (part.) *.

g. Antenne (PI. XIII. fig. 16a) nearly as long as the
body, rather slender, testaceous, joints 3 and 4 together
about as long as 5, each with a polished, concave, black
area beneath ; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 16) broad, testaceous,
black at the base (a spot in the middle of the vertex
excepted), the inter-ocular excavation black along the centre,
pubescent, extremely deep, with a recurved, dentiform plica
in the middle in front and a smooth fovea behind it, the
juxta-ocular elevations stout, angular, concave within (the
excavation as seen from the anterior aspect limited in front
by a curved ridge, which extends backward over and around
the lateral prominences, enclosing an oval concave space) ;
prothorax transversely subquadrate, dentate at the sides
behind the middle, and with the lateral margins obliquely
reflexed and ciliate anteriorly, the dorsal black patch traus-
verse, dentate in the centre behind, the rest of the surface
testaceous, the margins sometimes with a small black spot ;
elytra blue or green, densely, rugulosely punctured; abdo-
men, coxe, and legs testaceous, the metasternum green ;
anterior tarsal joint 2 produced over the base of 3, black at
the tip.

@. Antenne short, more slender, joint 11 black at the

the African Species of Hedybius. 469

tip ; head with about the basal half black, the black portion
biangulate anteriorly; prothorax subangulate at the sides,
the tooth wanting, the dorsal black patch mecised in the
middle in front and a little smaller; pygidium testaceous.

Length 44-5 mm. (df 2.)

Hab. S. Arzica, “ Interior” (Mus. Brit., ez coll. Earl of
Derby: 3 2); Bothaville? {g 2], Newcastle, Natal [ J 2 ],
Smithfield, Orange River {| 2 |], Transkei [ 2 |] (Mus. Cape
Town) ; Transvaal! (types of Pie: g 2).

The twelve specimens (six of each sex) from which the
above particulars are taken agree with the description of
H. dentatithorar, except that the author does not ailude to
the polished black space beneath the third and fourth
antennal joints in the g. The only other S. African
species with toothed sides to the prothorax represented in
the collections before me is H. curvidens, a very different
insect. The ? is extremely like that of H. marshalli,Gorh.
(=inarmatus, Pic), the latter having the black basal portion
of the head reduced to two spots. Fig. 16a (Pl. XIII.)
shows a ¢ antenna from beneath.

18. Hedybius amenus.

Hedybius ameenus, Gorh. in Distant’s Nat. in Transvaal, p. 197, pl. i.
fig. 2 (2) (1892)*; Ann. & Mage. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 80 (5 2)
(1900) (part.)?; [? P.Z.S. 1905, ii. p. 277 (¢ 2)*}

? Hedybius atropygus, Pic, Mélanges exot. entom. xxv. p. 2 (2)
(1917) *.

¢. Antenne very long, rather slender, tapering outwards,
testaceous, joints 3 and 4 widened, subequal, rounded at
their inner apical angle, each with a long, shining, black
area beneath, 5-11 elongate, nigro-maculate at the apex
above ; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 17) testaceous, black at the base
and in the centre of the inter-ocular cavity, the latter broad,
pubescent, deeply, transversely excavate and fasciculate in
the middle anteriorly, and limited on each side by a stout,
erect, angular prominence, in front of which is a tuft of
hairs; prothorax testaceous, with a broad, oblongo-quad-
rate, posteriorly-bifurcate, black discoidal patch ; elytra and
metasternum blue or bluish-green ; legs and abdomen testa-
ceous, the pygidium included, the posterior tarsi sometimes
infuscate ; anterior tarsal joint 2 raised above the base of 3,
nigro-pectinate at tip.

@. Antenne short, more slender, testaceous, joints 6-11]
more or less black or infuscate at the tip; head black in
its basal half, the black portion biangulate in front; pro-
thorax with the discoidal patch more or less cleft or divided

A70 Mr. G. C. Champion on

down the middle, sometimes followed by two small spots ;
pygidium black.

Hub. S. Arrica, Estcourt? and Frere, Natal (Dr. G. A. K.
Marshall: 3 ?), Pretoria}, Transvaal (type, 2, of Gorham),
Johannesburg and Florida, Transvaal, Parys, Reenens Pass,
Vredeport (Mus. Cape Town: & ?), Kroonstad, Orange
River! (Mus. Brit.), Reenens (Mus. Durban: & ?).

H. amcenus, as here restricted, may be described as a form
of H. plagiocephalus, Er., with the antennal joints 3 and 4
widened, and with an elongate shining black area beneath,
and 6-1] sharply nigro-maculate at the tip, in the ¢ ; the
2 also has the outer joints similarly maculate. Nine ¢
from various localities are before me, two of them having
an additional dark mark at the sides of the prothorax. The
specimens from Bothaville (gd ¢), subsequently referred by
Gorham? to H. amenus, probably belong to H. dentati-
thorax, Pic.

19. Hedybius bimaculatus.

Hedybius bimaculatus, Er. Entomographien, p. 94 (2) (1840) *.
Hedybius maculicornis, Pic, L’Echange, xxvii. p. 157 (3) (1911)?.

g. Antenne very long, tapering towards the tip, mode-
rately serrate from joint 3 onwards, testaceous, joints 3-11
at the apex above and beneath, and | with a streak above,
black (the black mark beneath 3 and 4 rugulose and
opaque), 3 and 4 triangular, subequal, each a little shorter
than 5, 5-11 elongate; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 18) black, except
in front, very deeply eroso-excavate between the eyes, the
excavation finely pubescent within, raised and fasciculate
in the centre in front, limited anteriorly by a prominent
curved ridge and laterally by a sharp, angular, ciliated,
erect tooth, the face rather short; prothorax rounded at
the sides, testaceous, with two small black spots on the
disc ; elytra and metasternum blue or green, the former
rather coarsely punctured; legs and abdomen testaceous ;
anterior tarsal joimts 1 and 2 thickened, 2 extending over
the base of 3, biack at the tip.

9. Antenne short, more slender, the joimts from 4
onwards more or less infuscate or black at the apex, above
and beneath; head with the exposed basal half black,
testaceous in front; prothorax as in ¢; pygidium black.

Hab. 8. Arnica’, Cape of Good Hope! (type of Erichson ;
Raffray, in Mus. Cape Town; Mus. Owon.), Stellenbosch,
Ceres, Rondebosch, Mooresbosch, Hopefield (Mus. Cape
Town).

the African Species of Hedybius. 471

Redescribed from a pair from Stellenbosch (mounted on
the same piece of card) communicated by Dr. Péringuey,
the sexes agreeing with the respective published descrip-
tions ; three other males are also available for examination,
the one from Ceres 4 mm. only in length. Very like
H. amenus, Gorh., but easily separable, in the male sex, by
the absence of the shining oblong black areas beneath the
antennal joints 3 and 4 (these joimts being simply maculate
above and beneath in H. bimaculatus), the more rounded
sides of the prothorax in both sexes, the discoidal marking
reduced to two small spots, and the more coarsely punctured
elytra. Two ¢ 2 in the British Museum are without
locality-label. The g in the Oxford Museum, from an old
collection, is correctly named.

20. Hedybius quadricornis.
Hedybius quadricornis, Gorh, P. Z.S. 1905, ii. p. 276 (¢ Q).

g. Antenne long, stout, tapering, testaceous, joints 1-11
nigro- or fusco-maculate at the tip above, 38-10 triangular,
3 as long as 4; head (PI. XIII. figs. 19, 19a) broad, testa-
ceous, green at the extreme base, very deeply eroso-excavate,
the cavity limited on each side of the anterior margin
by two shining tuberculiform prominences, and laterally by
two horn-like processes—the upper one very stout, erect,
nigro-setose in front, the lower one curved downward, long,
more slender, ciliate at the tip; prothorax arcuately pro-
duced in the middle in front; anterior tarsal joint 2 with
a claw-like prolongation extending over the base of 38;
abdomen testaceous at the apex, above and beneath.

@. Antennz much shorter, rather slender, the basal
joints testaceous, the others infuscate ; pygidium black.

Length (to tip of elytra) 35 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. S. Arrica, Willowmore, Cape of Good Hope (Dr.
Brauns : 1. Ve 1903).

A rather small form, with the head (except at the extreme
base), prothorax, and legs (the posterior tarsi except: d)
testaceous; the elytra greenish or seneous, densely, finely
punctate, with a few erect hairs intermixed with the close
silvery pubescence ; ; the prothorax convex, dull, minutely
punctate. The ¢ cephalic armature is very different from
that of any of the allied species. Two pairs of H. quadri-
cornis have been lent me for examination by Dr. Péringuey.

Figs. 19, 19 a@ (Pl. XIII.) show the head from above and in
profile.

472 Mr. G. C. Champion on

21. Hedybius lineaticornis, sp. n.

. Antenne stout, tapering, nearly as long as the body,
joints 1-11 more or less distinctly nigro- or fusco-lineate
above, 3 and 4 triangular, each with a shining black area
beneath, 4 broader and slightly longer than 3, 5-10 elon-
eate-subtriangular ; head (Pl. XIV. fig. 20) broad, flavescent,
transversely, sinuately nigro-lineate within the median
cavity and black at the base, the excavation deep, pubescent,
and divided by a transverse pallid plica, the anterior walls
of the cavity curving backwards on each side over the eyes
and enclosing an oval depression behind ; prothorax testa-
ceous, with two confluent oblong black spots on the disc, the
transverse patch thus formed dentate in the middle behind ;
elytra and metasternum green or bluish-green, the former
densely punctured ; abdomen and legs testaceous ; anterior
tarsal joint 2 slightly produced over the base of 3, black at
the tip.

?. Antenne short, rather slender, joints 6-11 infuscate
towards their apices ; head black in its basal halt’; ; pygidium
black.

Length 34-42 (g 9:

Hab. oonce ine Cotony, Bloemfontein Kopje and
near Norvals Pont (£. B. Poulton : ix. 1905), Likhoele,
Basutoland, and Smithfield, O.R.C. (Mus. Cape Town).

The above description is taken from three pairs captured
by Prof. Poulton, a pair from Likhoele, and two males from
Smithfield. Pic’s “description abrégée” of H. atropygus
(1917), type 2, from Orange River, may apply to this
species or to H. amenus, the black pygidium being common
to the females of these and other allied forms; but in the
absence of the ¢ it would be impossible to locate his
insect with certainty.

22. Hedybius deliquescens, sp. n.

Hedybius amenus, Gorh. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 80 (3)
(part.) (1900) *.

g. Antenne (PI. XIV. fig. 21a) long, shorter than in
H. amenus, stout, tapering outwards, testaceous, joints 3-6
or 7 nigro-lineate above, 3 and 4 without shining black area
beneath, 8 a little narrower than 4, 4-8 somewhat rounded
on their inner edge (4-8 not subangulate at the apex as in
H. amenus); head (Pl. XIV. fic. 21) broad, testaceous,
except at the base, very deeply excavate between ‘the eyes, the
excavation with two shining, angular, black spaces and a

the African Species of Hedybius. 473

central, dentiform, erect plica (the depressed area appearing
trisulcate), the juxta-ocular prominences large, dentiform,
ciliate anteriorly, the face shorter than in H/. amenus; pro-
thorax also shorter and more transverse, broadly explanate
at the sides behind the middle and then abruptly narrowed
to the base, the black discoidal patch subquadrate, excised
in front, the rest of the surface testaceous ; elytra blue or
bluish-green, with the apex narrowly testaceous in some
specimens, densely, rugulosely punctate; legs and abdomen
testaceous, the metasternum metallic, the pygidium nigro-
bimaculate; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 slightly thickened,
2 black at the tip.

2. Antenne short, slender, joints 6-9 obsoletely nigro-
maculate ; head with the basal half black ; pygidium black.

Var. The elytra with two broad bluish-green fascize—one
basal and the other subapical, the latter narrowly interrupted
at the suture,—for the rest testaceous. (.)

Length4mm. (0 ?.)

Hab. Nata, Estcourt! and Frere (Dr. G. A. K. Mar-
shall) ; Mfongosi, Zululand (W. HE. Jones, in Mus. Cape
Town: var.).

Described from 5 ¢ g,one 2,and a ¢ of the maculate
variety, the males of the two forms agreeing precisely in
their structural characters. Gorham, in his second account
of H. amenus', noticed the colour of the antenne of one of
these males; but he failed to observe the difference in struc-
ture of the antennz themselves, as well as that of the head
in the same sex. JH. lineaticornis and H. braunsi also have
some of the antennal joints similarly lineate above in @.
The variation in the colour of the elytra is quite exceptional
in the present genus.

23. Hedybius braunsi, sp. n.

do. Moderately elongate, shining, clothed with whitish
pubesceuce intermixed with long erect hairs; the head and
prothorax sparsely, minutely, the elytra densely, finely,
rugulosely punctured. Antenne slender, tapering, nearly
as long as the body, testaceous, joints 1-4 or 5 unigro-
lineate above, 3 and 4 without shining black area beneath,
3-5 elongate-subtriangular, equal in length, 6-11 still
longer, 11 longer than 10; head (PI. XIV. fig. 22) broad,
flavous or testaceous, black at the base (except at the middle
of the vertex), depressed and trifoveate between the eyes
(the two anterior fovez oblique and usually black), the
depression limited on each side by a concave, oval, raised

A74 Mr. G. C. Champion on

space, the face (as seen from in front) bifoveate above ;
prothorax strongly transverse, rounded at the sides, testa-
ceous, nigro-bimaculate on the disc, the black markings
sometimes narrowly produced behind; elytra and meta-
sternum green, the elytra parallel and comparatively short ;
legs and abdomen testaceous ; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2
thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3, nigro-pectinate
at tip.

i Antenne short, rather slender, testaceous; prothorax
with two rather small oblong black spots; pygidium black,
not sulcate.

Length 34-44 mm. (3 2.

Hab. S. Arrica, Willowmore (Dr. Brauns: & 2), Prieska
[ g], Kimberley [ ¢ ] (Mus. Cape Town).

Four males and three females, communicated by Dr.
Péringuey. A small form resembling H. lineaticornis, but
differing from it in the more slender, differently-coloured
antenne in the ¢, the third and fourth joints of which are
elongate and want the shining black area beneath. The 9
is smaller than that of H. erosus, Er., and wants the deep
median sulcus on the pygidium.

24, Hedybius sculpticeps.
Hedybius sculpticeps, Gorh. P. ZS, 1905, ii. p. 275 (5 Q).

&. Antenne (PI. XIV. fig. 23 a) very long, tapering ont-
wards, testaceous, joint 11 at the tip and the inner edge of
2-5 black, 8 longer than 4, 4 triangular, 5-11 elongate, 5
much widened, triangular, 6-10 more or less angulate at their
inner apical angle; head (Pl. XIV. fig. 23) large, in great
part flavous, very deeply eroso-excavate, the cavity with an
X-shaped black patch which is continued backwards to
behind the eyes, the face or anterior portion vertical, greatly
developed, deeply sulcate in the middle above; anterior
tarsal joint 2 raised above 3 at the tip, nigro-pectinate at
apex.

@. Antenne much shorter, slender, feebly serrate, joints
5-11 more or less infuscate, 3 and 4 subequal, 5 a little
wider than 6.

Length (to tip of elytra) 44-5 mm. (3 2.)

Hab. S. Arnica, Willowmore (Dr. Brauns: x. 1915).

Dr. Péringuey has lent me a male and two females of this
species. The triangular dilatation of the fifth antennal
joint is a remarkable character in the g. The prothorax is
strongly transverse, flavous, with a broad nigro-ceruleous
patch extending across the disc; the elytra are densely,

the African Species of Hedybius. 475

rugosely punctured, brilliantly metallic cupreo-violaceous,
tinted with green or blue; the abdomen is metallic; the
intermediate aud posterior legs are partly infuscate in both
sexes. Gorham’s measurements must have included the
projecting tip of the abdomen. The 2 of the present insect
is very like that of Phi/hedonus coriaceus (Er.), one of the
specimens from Willowmore having been mounted with a ¢
of the latter on the same stage.

25. Hedybius plagiocephalus.
Hledybius plagiocephalus, Er. Entomographien, p. 93 (¢ 2) (1840) 1.

g. Antenne very long, rather slender, slightly tapering
outwards, testaceous, joints 3-10 more or less angulate at
their inner apical angle, joints 3 and 4 subtriangular,
subequal in length, each with a small shining black area
at the apex beneath, 5-11 elongate, 11 black at the tip ;
head (Pl. XIV. fig. 24) testaceous, black at the base and in
the centre of the deep pubescent inter-ocular cavity, which is
shaped as in H. amenus, and bordered laterally by an
angular, erect prominence preceded by a tuft of hairs;
prothorax testaceous, with a large black, posteriorly-bifur-
eate discoidal patch, which is sometimes greatly extended
outwards ; elytra and metasternum blue or bluish-green ;
legs and abdomen testaceous, the posterior tarsi infuscate ;
anterior tarsi as in H. amenus.

?. Antenne short, more slender, the outer joints some-
times infuscate ; pygidium black.

Hab. S. Arrica (Mus. Brit.: 3), Cape of Good Hope?
[3 ¢], Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage [2] (Mus. Oxon.),
Howick, Natal [¢] and Caffraria [ 2 ] (Mus. Brit.), Algoa
Bay [3d ¢] and Transkei [ ¢] (Aus. Cape Town), Grahams-
town (ex coll. Fry and Mus. Durban: 8).

The nine males seen agree with Erichson’s description in
having long, testaceous antenne in the @, the small black
marks beneath joints 3 and 4 being almost invisible from
above. The ? seems to be separable from that of H. amenus
by the non-maculate antennze. The ¢ cephalic cavity wants
the hook-like prominence in the centre in front visible in the
allied H. dentatithoraz, Pic, the 2 of the latter, moreover,
having the pygidium testaceous in the two sexes. The pair
from Algoa Bay, communicated by Dr. Péringuey, has
enabled me—as was the case with A. dbimaculatus, Kr.—to
define with certainty the sexes of the present species.

476 Mr. G. C. Champion on

26. Hedybius superciliosus.

3. Hedybius supercitiosus, Boh. Ins. Caflraria, i. p. 466 (1851) *.

Hedybius anceps, Gorh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 81 (¢ 2)

(Jan. 1900) ?.

Hedybius prenotatus, Ab. de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 173

(3) (Oct. 1900)’,

? Hedybius pygidialis, Pic, L’ change, xxvii. p. 157 (2) (1911) *.

dé. Antenne very elongate, as long as or longer than the
body, tapering towards the apex, testaceous, joint 4 with a
shining black area beneath (noticed by Boheman and not
mentioned by Gorham), 11 black at the tip above; head
(Pl. XIV. fig. 25) very broad, the interocular excavation
extremely deep, fasciculate in the centre in front, black
within, the vertical, anteriorly-ciliate, juxta-ocular promi-
nences testaceous, thickened and very conspicuous; prothorax
usually immaculate, rarely with two very small black spots
on the disc ; elytra blue or bluish-green, densely punctate ;
abdomen (pygidium included) and legs testaceous ; anterior
tarsal joint 2 extended over the base of 3, nigro-pectinate
at tip.

?. Antennz short, rather slender, slightly infuscate in
their outer half; head black in more than the basal half;
pygidium nigro-maculate.

Hab. 8. Arnica, River Limpopo', Vryburg in Bechuana-
land *, Estcourt, Malvern, Frere, and Durban, Natal, Trans-
vaal 4,

Numerous examples of each sex are before me, the males
showing the shining black area beneath the fourth antennal
joint noted by Boheman. The type (2 ) of H. prenotatus,
Ab., lent me by Dr. Péringuey, agrees exactly with the
same sex of H. anceps, Gorh.; the “spots” near the anterior
margin of the prothorax in the former are due to portions
of the base of the head showing through the transparent
chitin of the pronotum, the true spots, which are rarely
present in either sex, arising from the convex disc. A
from Natal in the Cape Town Museum is marked as having
been compared with Boheman’s type.

27. Hedybius erosus.
Hedybius erosus, Er, Entomographien, p. 93 (dg ) (1840) *.
Hedybius sycophanta, Ab. de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 172 (2)

(1900) 2. ;
? Var. Hedybius multimaculatus, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xxv. p. 2

(2) Galo.
¢. Antenne very long, tapering outwards, moderately
serrate, testaceous, joint 1 streaked with black above, 3 and

the African Species of Hedybius. 477

4 without black area beneath; head (except in front and
behind the eyes) in great part black, broad, the inter-ocular
space very deeply eroso-excavate, the excavation shining,
with a testaceous mark (which is flavo-ciliate behind) in the
middle in front, and limited on each side posteriorly by a stout
-angular prominence, the epistoma sulcate (Pl. XIV. fig. 26) ;
prothorax testaceous, with a spot beneath the anterior
angles, a broad, laterally-excised, posteriorly-bifurcate
median vitta, and a small spot on each side of it (these
sometimes coalescent with the mediau stripe) black, the
lateral margins in some specimens distinctly notched behind
the middle ; elytra and metasternum green or bluish-green,
the elytra densely, rugulosely, rather finely punctate ; legs
and abdomen in great part testaceous, the pygidium nigro-
bimaculate and deeply sulcate; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2
thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3, black at the tip.

?. Antenne short, rather slender, wholly testaceous ;
head flattened, testaceous, nigro-bimaculate at the base ;
prothorax with the black median vitta broken up into two
oblong patches on tbe anterior part of the disc and two
small spots near the base (the latter sometimes obsolete),
the adjacent spots wanting ; pygidium black, deeply sulcate
asin 6.

Length 5-55 mm. (¢ ?.)

Hab. S. Arrica, Cape of Good Hope}!, Matjesfontein ?,
Lion’s Head, Cape Town, Willowmore, Dunbrody *, Smith-
field, Orange River Colony, Likhoele, Basutoland.

An imperfectly known insect, distinguishable in both
sexes by the deeply sulcate pygidium. Dr. Péringuey has
lent me paired examples of H. erosus and the unique type
(2) of H. sycophanta, the 2 9 agreeing perfectly iter se.
H. multimaculatus (type 2) has two small additional spots
at the base of the prothorax. The series in the Cape Town
Museum includes six males.

28. Hedybius longicoxis.
Hedybius longicoxis, Ab, de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent, xix. pp. 164, 172 (2)
(1900).

flab. 8. Arnica, Pretoria.

This species, the type ( ¢ ) of which is before me, seems to
be nearly related to H. erosus, Er. It has the head, antennze
(the extreme tip excepted), prothorax, coxe, legs, and
abdomen (the nigro-fasciate pygidium excepted) flavous, the
elytra and metasternum bluish-green ; the head with two
very large patches at the base, and the prothorax with a

478 Mr. G. C. Champion on

broad median vitta (which is cleft in front and obliquely
biramose behind), black; the head and prothorax are opaque
and the elytra shining, the latter densely, finely punctate ;
the head is very large. The pygidium is feebly sulcate at the
tip (as in some 2 ¢ of H. marshall), the groove being
much shorter and shallower than in H. erosus and H. sulci-:
pygus. The type is labelled, in the author’s handwriting,
“* Hedybius lonyicoccyx,” the specific name obviously refer-
ring to the shape of the broad prothoracice vitta, which
resembles that of H. erosus, Er., g ; the published name
“ longicoxis”” must therefore have been a misprint, but, un-
fortunately, it cannot now be changed.

29. Hedybius kabetensis, sp. n.

3d. Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, thickly clothed
with cinereous pubescence which is abundantly intermixed
with long, erect, soft, blackish hairs; black, the antenne
(except at the base and apex) testaceous, the prothorax
flavous, the elytra with a bluish or greenish lustre, the
ventral segments 1-4 wholly or in part rufescent ; the head
and prothorax extremely finely, the elytra densely, roughly
punctate. Head (text-fig. 2) broadly hollowed above and
with three large deep foveze between the eyes, two small
foveze in front of these, and a stout, angular, post-ocular

Head of Hedybius kabetensis, 3.

prominence on each side, the central fovea bordered poste-
riorly by an arcuate ridge; antenne moderately long,
serrate. Prothorax transverse, a little wider than the head,
rounded at the sides, obliquely narrowed behind, transversely
excavate anteriorly, and with the anterior margin produced
in the middle into a long, triangular, dentiform, porrect
process, the black hairs on the disc condensed into a scattered
tuft behind the cavity in one specimen. Elytra moderately
elongate. Pygidium constricted and abruptly narrowed

the African Species of Hedybius. 479

beyond the middle, the produced apical portion deeply sub-
triangularly emarginate at the tip, and raised on each side
from near its base. Anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened,
2 extending over the base of 3.

ae Autenne almost wholly black; pygidium not con-
stricted posteriorly, simple.

Length 44 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. E. Arrica, Kabete (T. J. Anderson: 28.11. 1918).

Two pairs. Near #. hamatipygus, from Rhodesia and the
Transvaal, the elytra densely, roughly punctured, and the
legs black ; the g with antenne almost wholly testaceous,
the frontal cavity deeply trifoveate, and the pygidium black
and very differently shaped. H. cucullatus and H. acantho-
pygus are also nearly related to the present insect. Adtalus
grandis, Ab., from Abyssinia (type ??) (1890), a ¢ of
which, found by Raffray, is before me, will perhaps prove
to be congeneric, when the ¢ is found.

30. Hedybius sulcipygus, sp. n.

9. Moderately elongate, rather broad, widened poste-
riorly, shining, the elytra clothed with whitish pubescence
intermixed with long, erect, blackish bristly hairs, the rest
of the surface and the legs with long, soft, pallid hairs ;
testaceous, the eyes, two small oblong spots on the disc of
the prothorax, scutellum, anterior coxe, and pygidium in-
fuscate or black; the head and prothorax very sparsely,
minutely, the elytra densely, finely, subrugulosely punctate.
Head nearly as wide as the prothorax, transversely excavate
anteriorly ; antennze short, slender. Prothorax strongly
trausverse, rounded at the sides. Elytra moderately long.
Pygidium sulcate.

Length 3? mm.

Hab. S. Arrica, Salisbury (Dr. G. A. K. Marshall).

One specimen. Separable from all the allied S. African
forms by the wholly testaceous head. The only other
species known to me with a sulcate pygidium are H. ervosus,
Er., and H. longicoxvis, Ab., which are much larger forms,
the former having more coarsely punctured elytra.
H, (Malachius) viridipennis, ¥., from the Cape of Good
Hope, a species not identified by Erichson or myself, has a
red head, but its identification with the insect before me is
too doubtful to be accepted ; the description is as follows :—
“M. pubescens rufus elytris pectoreque viridi-eueis. ...
Statura omnino precedentium [Collops 4-maculatus, F.}.
Caput rufum, immaculatum. Thorax rufus macula mcdiana

480 Mr. G. C. Champion on

obscura. Elytra viridia, nitida, immaculata. Corpus rufum
pectore viridi.”’

31. Hedybius hamatipygus, sp. n.

¢. Elongate, much widened posteriorly, shining, thickly
clothed with whitish pubescence intermixed with long, erect,
darker hairs; head (the labrum excepted), the terminal
three or four outer joints of the antenne, the scutellum,
tibize, and the tarsi in part in one specimen black, the rest
of the antennz (except joint 1 above), the prothorax, the
femora to near the tip, anterior coxee, and abdomen rufous
or testaceous, the elytra and metasternum blue or bluish-
green; the head and prothorax obsoletely punctulate, the
elytra uneven and densely, finely, subrugulosely punctured.
Head (Pl. XIV. fig. 27) narrower than the prothorax, with a
very broad, deep, shining, arcuate, frontal excavation, which
is limited on each side by a stout, subconical, supraocular
tooth, and anteriorly by a bisinuate plica, the plica inter-
rupted in the middle by a short, stout, cleft, ciliate, horn-like
prominence; antennze moderately long, stout. Prothorax
transverse, convex, obliquely narrowed posteriorly ; pro-
duced and transversely excavate in the centre anteriorly,
and furnished with a spiniform, erect, matted tuft of black
hairs in front. Elytra wider than the prothorax, incom-
pletely covering the abdomen. fPygidium abruptly con-
stricted before the apex; the apical portion narrow, tubulate,
deeply semicircularly emarginate, and armed on each side
with a stout, blackish, downwardly-curved hook, the terminal
ventral segment excavate and armed with similar upwardly-
curved hooks. Legs very hairy; anterior tarsal joints 1
and 2 thickened, 2 extending over the base of 3.

Length (to tip of elytra) 4-44 mm.

Hab. S. Arrica, Pretoria, Transvaal (ZL. MW. Bucknill :
1913: type), Salisbury, Rhodesia (Dr. G. A. K. Marshall:
ill. 1895).

Two males, precisely similar. This species somewhat
resembles H. hirtus, F. (= oculatus, Thunb.), which has
simple anterior tarsi, &. The ¢ pygidial armature is very
remarkable.

32. Hedybius cucullatus, sp. u.

3. Moderately elongate, shining, thickiy clothed with
pallid or whitish pubescence intermixed with long, erect,
soft hairs; brassy-black, the head above, the prothorax, and
abdomen testaceous, the antennz infuscate with the basal

the African Species of Hedybius. 481

joints testaceous beneath; the head obsoletely, the pro-
thorax somewhat closely, punctulate, the elytra shagreened
and rugulosely punctulate. Head (Pl. XIV. fig. 28) nar-
rower than the prothorax, with an oblique, deep, angulate
groove on each side between the eyes above, the two grooves
transversely coalescent on the vertex, and each limited
behind by a tuberculiform plica, the ceutral space raised,
triangular, and truncate posteriorly; antenne very elon-
gate, rather stout, sharply serrate. Prothorax transverse,
obliquely narrowed posteriorly; deeply foveate, binodose,
and produced in the middle in front, the anterior margin
triangularly raised in the centre. Hlytra broader than the
prothorax, rapidly widening posteriorly. Legs slender,
hairy ; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 extending
over the base of 3. Pygidium emarginate, and armed with
a stout black hook on each side at the tip, the terminal
ventral segment bifid.

Lenth 34 mm.

Hab. KH. Arnica, W. slopes of Kenya on the Meru—Nyeri
Road, alt. 6000-8500 ft. (S. A. Neave: 11. 1911).

One male. Near H. hamatipygus (g ), the antenne very
long and sharply serrate, the prothoracic tuft replaced by
a triangular elevation of the anterior margin, the legs black,
the head testaceous above.

The Abyssinian Aitalus grandis, Ab. (type 2 ?), is very
like the present insect, but it is larger and has longer elytra.
The @ cephalic structure is somewhat similar to that of
H, simoni, Ab., and H. acanthopygus.

33. Hedybius acanthopygus, sp. 0.

?. Moderately elongate, slightly widened posteriorly,
shining, thickly clothed with whitish or pallid pubescence
intermixed on the elytra with long, erect, bristly hairs ; testa-
ceous, the eyes, antennee (the basal joints in part excepted),
scutellum, and tip of pygidium black, the elytra and meta-
sternum blue or bluish-green; the head and_ prothorax
obsoletely punctulate, the elytra densely, very finely sub-
rugulosely punctured. Head narrower than the prothorax,
flattened; antennz short, serrate, rather slender. Pro-
thorax transverse, rounded at the sides. Elytra moderately
long.

3. Antenne longer and stouter, the basal five or six
joints usually testaceous ; head (Pl. XIV. fig. 29) shining
and flavescent anteriorly, subopaque at the base, with a deep,
irregular, arcuate furrow between the eyes above, and a

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. dl

482 Mr. G. C. Champion on

raised, transversely-cordate, deeply bifoveate space in the
middle, the lateral margins of which are sometimes elevated
into a small tooth behind; pygidium constricted at the
apex, and there armed with two long, curved, black spines,
the terminal ventral segment with two similar spines ;
anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 extending over
the base of 3, black at the tip.

Length 24-3} mm. (¢ ¢.)

Hab. S. Arnica, Salisbury, Rhodesia (Dr. G. A. K.
Marshall: i. 1895, i. 1906).

Five ¢ ¢,3°2 2. <A small form, with testaceous head,
prothorax, and legs, and bluish-green elytra; the male with
a transversely-cordate, bifoveate, raised area in the middle
of the head, followed by a deep subarcuate groove, and the
tip of the abdomen armed with four long black spines. The
antenne vary in colour, and in one ¢ there is a scutiform
dark patch on the dise of the prothorax. The ¢ cephalic
structure is very like that of H. stmoni, Ab,

34. Hedybius aulicus.

Q. Cistela aulica, Fabr. Spec. Ins. i. p. 148 (1781) *.

Hedybius aulicus, Blair, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) v. p. 162 (1920) °.

Cantharis collaris, Thunb. Dissert. iii. p. 208 °.

Hedybius collaris, Ey. Entomographien, p. 95 (g¢ 9) (1840)*.

Attalus rugipennis, Ab. de Perrin, Rey, d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 174 (9)
(1900) °.

ig Sareea rugulosus, Gorh. P.Z. S. 1905, ii. p. 278 (d ¢)°

Hedybius sp.?, Dixey and Longstaff, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1907,
mp Sio 7.
? Hedybius atripes, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xxv. p. 2 (1917) °.

g. Antenne long, rather stout, sharply serrate; head
(Pl. XIV. fig. 30) rather small, black, the space between the
labrum and epistoma (=clypeus of Erichson) testaceous,
the vertex with a very deep, smooth, transverse, somewhat
oblique furrow on each side, the two furrows coalescent and
extending forwards for a short distance at the middle, and
each bordered anteriorly by a curved ridge; anterior tarsal
joints 1] and 2 thickened, 2 extending over 3 above; pro-
thorax short, with a black patch of variable extent on the
anterior part of the disc.

9. Antenne short, rather slender, more feebly serrate ;
head about as broad as in @, slightly depressed in the
middle ; prothorax often wholly rufous.

Hab. S. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope!**® (type of Fabri-
cius, in Mus. Brit.), Lion’s Head, Cape Town®, Table Mt.’,
Dunbrody, Willowmore ‘, Ceres, Camps Bay, Port Elizabeth,

the African Species of Hedybius. 483

Grahamstown, Giftsberg, Saldanha Bay, Klipfontein,
Johannesburg, &c.

A common §,. African insect, the very long series
examined including the types (? ?) of C. aulica and A.
rugipennis, two specimens ( ¢ ) of P. rugulosus from Willow-
more, and numerous examples (¢ ¢ ) recently captured by
Mr. R, E. Turner in Cape Colony. Gorham described the
anterior tarsi of the ¢ of P. ruyulosus as 4-jointed, possibly
owing to the third joint being concealed beneath the
superiorly-elongated second joint; his description of the
head and antennz of that sex apply exactly to the species
before me. A. rugipennis, type 2, has the prothorax
wholly reddish, as in some of the females from Saldanha
Bay, Lion’s Hill, and Table Mt. A metallic blue or greenish
insect, with black antennze (the three basal joints in part
excepted) and legs, a partly or wholly rufescent, short pro-
thorax, and closely punctate, tuberculate elytra, the elytra
much widened posteriorly, with abundant silvery, sub-
fasciately-arranged pubescence, intermixed with erect
blackish bristly hairs. The head in the ¢ is small, compared
with that of the allied forms.

35. Hedybius (?) sericeus.
Philhedonus sericeus, Gorh, P.Z.S. 1905, ii. p. 277 (2)".

Hab. S. Arnica, Bothaville, Orange River Colony’ (Dr.
Brauns ; Mus. Cape Town, Mus. Brit.), Pretoria (Mus. Brit.),
Klerkadorp (#. G. Alston, in Mus. Cape Town).

Of this species I have seen seven examples: two from
Bothaville, two from Pretoria, and three from Klerkadorp,
all 9 9.

A rather broad, shining, cinereo-pubescent, czeruleous
insect, with a strongly transverse, red prothorax (a narrow
scutiform or wedge-shaped mark in the middle in front
excepted, this being obsolete in one of the specimens before
me), and black antenne (the testaceous lower surface of
joints 1-3 excepted) and legs; the elytra closely, finely
punctate; the antenne short, rather stout, serrate. P. seri-
ceus 1s almost certainly congeneric with Hedybius aulicus, F.,
and it is therefore provisionally transferred to the same
genus.

36, Hedybius (?) rujiventris, sp. n.

¢. Hlongate, much widened posteriorly, shining, thickly
clothed with whitish pubescence intermixed with long, erect,
che

A84 Mr. G. CG. Champion on

blackish hairs ; nigro-czruleous, the prothorax and abdomen
rufous, the autennze (the testaceous outer edge of joints 1-4
excepted) and legs black ; the head and prothorax sparsely,
minutely, the elytra densely, finely, rugulosely punctate,
the elytra with an indication of raised lines on the disc.
Head narrower than the prothorax, with an oval convex
space in the middle between the eyes ; antenne rather short,
stout, sharply serrate. Prothorax moderately transverse,
convex, rounded at the sides, obliquely narrowed posteriorly,
the margins narrowly reflexed. Elytra at the base much
wider than the prothorax, rapidly widening to near the apex.
Legs hairy.

Length 4 mm.

Hab. EK. Avrica, Mt. Kokanjero, 8.W. of Elgon, Uganda
Protectorate (S. A. Neave: viii. 1911).

One example. Very like the 8. African A. (Philhedonus)
sericeus, Gorh. (2 only of which is known), and separable
from it by the less transverse prothorax, the sharply serrate
antennee, and the red abdomen.

37. Hedybius diversipennis.
Hedybius diversipennis, Pic, L’Echange, xxiii. p. 131 (¢) (1907).

3. Téte large, rouge en avant noire en arriére, fortement
creusée et munie au milieu d’une épine (foncée en dessus) et
en avant d’un appendice avec 4, gibbosités dentiformes ;
antennes assez courtes, diminués a l’extrémité, noires avec
articules 1-3 rouges le premier épais. [ Pic.

9. Head rugose, rufous, black at the base, flattened,
depressed in the middle in front ; abdomen red, the terminal
one or two dorsal segments nigro-maculate.

Hab. Ruopesta, Plumtree (type of Pic: ¢), Empandeni
(Mus. Cape Town: 2).

A robust, shining, pilose, rufescent insect, with the base
of the head, the metasternum, the femora in part, aud the
pygidium in the ¢, black, and the elytra each with two blue
or violaceous patches—one basal, excised behind, the other
subapical, both nearly or quite reaching the suture,—and the
elytra themselves as coarsely punctured as in J/lops cornicu-
latus, Er. Dr. Péringuey has sent me two females of it for
determination.

38. Hedybius quadripustulatus, sp. n.

?. Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, thickly clothed
with pallid pubescence intermixed with long, erect, soft,

the African Species of Hedybius. 485

yellowish hairs; flavo-testaceous, the eyes, a small oblique
streak on each side of the head at the extreme base, an
elongate, scutiform patch on the disc of the prothorax (not
reaching the base), the scutellum, a transverse patch on the
pygidium, and the metasternum black ; the elytra each with
two large fusco-czruleous spots—one basal, subtriangular,
reaching the scutellum and inner margin, the other larger,
oblique, not reaching the suture, subapical ; the head and
prothorax very minutely punctulate, the elytra closely,
distinctly punctured. Head rather broad, narrower than
the prothorax ; antennze short, comparatively slender. Pro-
thorax strongly transverse, rounded at the sides. LElytra
moderately long, incompletely covering the abdomen, the
nigro-maculate pygidium thus being very conspicuous.

Length 5 mm.

Hab. W. Ruopvesia, Kafue River (J. Drury, in Mus. Cape
Town).

One ¢, captured in 1906. Larger, broader, and more
robust than H. simoni, Ab., the type of which (¢ ) is before
me, the latter having an immaculate head and prothorax
and ceruleo-bifasciate (basal and apical) elytra. The bi-
fasciate variety of H. deliquescens (No. 22) is also not unlike
the present insect. The elytral markings resemble those
of various species of Urodactylus, Thoms. (= Miwis, Ab.).
H., diversipennis, Pic, is a larger insect, with coarsely punc-
tured elytra.

39. Hedybius simoni.

3. Hedybius simoni, Ab. de Perrin, Rev. d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 171
(1900).

g. Antenne moderately long, rather stout, serrate ; head
(PI. XIV. fig. 31) short, nearly as wide as the prothorax, with
a V-shaped furrow between the eyes (the central area
appearing triangularly raised), limited on each side pos-
teriorly by a. transverse tumid space; prothorax deeply,
transversely excavate on the disc in front, the anterior
margin subangularly produced and obsoletely tuberculate
in the middle; anterior tarsal joint 2 raised above the
base of 3, black at the tip.

Hab, S. Arrica, Makapan, N.E. of the Transvaal, province
of Zoutpansberg (. Simon).

The unique type of this insect has been lent me by
Dr. Pérmguey. It is a small (length 3 mm.), testaceous
form, with a broad basal and apical fascia on the elytra and
the metasternum czruleous, the terminal joints of the

486 Mr. G. C. Champion on

antenne infuscate. The general coloration is very like that
of various species of Urodactylus, Thoms. (= Miwis, Ab.),
and of Philhedonus (Anthocomus) felix, Gorh.

40. Hedybius erichsoni.
Q. Malachius erichsoni, Boh. Ins. Caffraria, 1. p. 459 (1851).

2. Elongate, robust, widened posteriorly, shining, clothed
with fine scattered pubescence intermixed with numerous
long, erect, blackish, bristly hairs ; nigro-ceeruleons or viola-
ceous, the elytra each with a broad, outwardly-dilated, ante-
median, orange-red fascia (not reaching the suture, but
extending to the outer margin), the antenne and legs black
or metallic ; the head and prothorax very sparsely, finely (at
the sides more coarsely), the elytra coarsely, closely, rugu-
losely punctate. Head short, narrower than the prothorax,
deeply, transversely excavate anteriorly ; antennze moderately
long, rather stout, tapering. Prothorax strongly transverse,
rounded at the sides, obliquely narrowed posteriorly. Elytra
at the base slightly broader than the prothorax.

3. Antenne longer and stouter, rapidly tapering from
joint 4 onward, 1-3 testaceous beneath, 8-5 oblongo-
quadrate, 3a little longer and wider than 4; head (PI. XIV.
fig. 82) with two stout conical tubercles between the eyes,
and a very deep, large, trapezoidal excavation in front of
this, in the centre of which is a horn-like prominence, the
excavation extending to the vertical anterior margin of
the epistoma ; eyes convex and more prominent ; anterior
tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 extending to beyond the
middle of 3 above.

Length 4-53 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. S. Arrica, Pretoria (Mus. Brit.: 3 9), Shiluwane,
Potchefstrom (Mus. Cape Town: & 2), Salisbury (Dr.
G. A. K. Marshall, Mus. Cape Town), River Gariep (type of
Boheman), Gambesi and Transvaal (ea coll. Fry).

Redescribed from 2 6 ¢ and 12 ¢ ?. ‘This insect is
coloured like the much smaller H. maculifer, Ab. (= bimacu-
latus, Boh., nec Er.), the g of which has simple anterior
tarsi, short antenna, and a non-tuberculate head. The
elytral puncturing is coarse. The g-cephalic cavity is
shaped as in H. 4-yuttatus, Thunb., except that it is not
continued backward on each side. A co-type (?) has been
lent me by Dr. Sjéstedt.

the African Species of Hedybius. 487

41. Hedybius quadriguttatus.

Cantharis quadriguttata, Thunb. Dissert. iii. p. 205 (1801) 1.
Hedybius quadriguttatus, Pic, L’Echange, xxvii. p. 157 (¢) (1911) *.

*‘Thorace flavo macula nigra, elytris violaceis maculis quatuor
albidis.... Tota violaceo-nigra, exceptis antennis, thoracis
margine et maculis elytrorum albidis, Thorax orbiculatus, mar-
ginatus, LElytra singula in medio et apice notantur macula
majuscula albida.” [Thunberg. |

3d. Antenne long, stout, tapering outwards, black, joints
1-4 testaceous beneath, 3 and 4 equal im length, 5-10 elon-
gate-triangular ; head (Pl. XIV. figs. 33, 83a) bluish-black,
nearly as wide as the prothorax, with a very deep, eroded,
trapezoidal excavation between the eyes, and a deep oblique
furrow on each side behind them, the lateral furrows pre-
ceded by a vertical, dentiform, supra-ocular prominence, and
limited behind by a sharp oblique ridge, the vertex also an-
gularly raised and subfasciculate in the middle ; prothorax
convex and produced in the middle anteriorly, closely punc-
tulate, with strongly reflexed margins, black, the lateral and
basal margins broadly rufo-testaceous ; elytra moderately
long, parallel, transversely rugulose and finely, densely
punctate, cyaneo-violaceous, with a transverse whitish mark
at the middle of the disc and a larger flavous patch at the
apex; legs and under surface nigro-cyaneous, the anterior
tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, testaceous,

Length 4 mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Cape of Good Hope '? (type of Thunberg),
Umvoti, Natal (Aldus. Cape Town).

The above description is taken from a ¢ communicated
by Dr. Péringuey. Pic? also has given an account of this
insect, but he does not allude to the colour of the prothorax.
The sides of the head are deeply, obliquely sulcate on each
side, as in the ¢ of H. marshall. Figs. 83, 83a (Pl. XIV.)
show the head from above and in profile.

42. Hedybius flavocinctus, sp. n.

2? . Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent, without
longer hairs intermixed ; nigro-cveruleous or black, the basal
margin of the prothorax, and the basal joints of the antennz
beneath or in part (1 black above), testaceous, the elytra
violaceous or blue, each with a narrow, oblique, sinuate,
flavous median fascia not quite reaching the suture or outer

488 Mr. G. C. Champion on

margin; the head and prothorax sparsely, minutely, the
elytra densely, finely punctate. Head much narrower than
the prothorax ; antennze moderately long, feebly serrate.
Prothorax transverse, convex, rounded at the sides. Klytra
widened posteriorly.

¢. Antenne much longer, rather stout, strongly serrate ;
head (Pl. XIV. fig. 34) wider, transversely excavate above,
and with a smooth fovea on each side behind the eyes, the
excavation bituberculate within, its anterior margin deeply
trisinuate and also tuberculate in the middle ; prothorax
very broad, transversely subquadrate, nodose near each hind
angle; elytra subparallel, about as broad as the prothorax,
with a prominent, oblique humeral carina; anterior tarsal
joints 1 and 2slightly thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3.

Lengtii 23-3 mm. (5 2.)

Hab. S. Arnica, Darling, Cape Colony (L. Péringuey, in
Mus. Cape Town: x. 1905).

One male, five females. A very peculiar, isolated form,
provisionally included under Hedybius, the 9 having the
facies of a typical Attalus, the g with remarkable characters.

PHILHEDONUS.

Phithedonus, Gorham, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 82 (1900) [type
P. coronatus, Gorh. ].

Hedybiocephalus, Pic, L’Echange, xix. p. 144 (1903).

These genera are each based upon a single species with
4-jointed anterior tarsi in g, Pic’s type having a broader
head and angulate sides to the prothorax in the same sex,
characters insufficient for generic separation, similar specific
differences occurring amongst the numerous Hedybii *.

1. Philhedonus coronatus.

Philkedonus coronatus, Gorh. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 82
(SZ) (1900) (nec Fairm.).

g. Antenne short (as in 2), rather stout, moderately
serrate; head (Pl. XLV. fig. 35) much narrower than the pro-
thorax, flattened, rugulose, opaque, with four arcuately-
arranged, compressed tubercles extending across the vertex ;
prothorax angularly produced in the centre in front, and

* There is another allied monotypic 8. African Malachiid genus with
4-jointed anterior tarsi in g—Colpometopus, Ab., type pithecus, Ab.
(1900) (= Troglops bustcornis, Fairm., 1894),—but this insect has thehead
and antennie differently formed, an apterous 9, &e.

the African Species of Hedybius. 489

there furnished with an erect, matted, dentiform tuft of
hairs; anterior tarsi 4-jointed, 1 and 2 long, 2 simple.

Hab. Ruopesta, Salisbury.

Seven males and two females seen. A robust, elongate
imsect, with the head, antenne (the testaceous basal joints
excepted), legs, and under surface black ; the prothorax red,
a transverse black patch or two spots on the disc excepted ;
the elytra long, widened behind, blue or bluish-green, finely
punctured, pilose ; the antennz short in both sexes. The
head and prothorax are relatively smaller than in the similarly
coloured Hedybii. Gorham suggests that the angular
anterior production of the ¢ prothorax is a stridulating-
organ, but this cannot be the case.

2. Philhedonus natalicus, sp. nu.

3. Moderately elongate, much widened posteriorly, the
head dull, the prothorax opaque, the elytra shining, clothed
with fine pubescence intermixed with long hairs; black,
the antenne in part, prothorax, and anterior legs (the
bases of the femora excepted) testaceous or ruto-testa-
ceous; the head closely, minutely, the elytra finely and rather
-sparsely, punctured, the prothorax almost smooth. Head
(Pl. XIV. fig. 36) short, narrower than the prothorax,
flattened and uneven between the eyes, the vertex transversely
sinuato-excavate, the groove limited anteriorly by an angu-
late ridge, which is triangularly produced backward in the
centre; antenne short, rather stout, subserrate. Prothorax
transverse, rounded at the sides, convex, angularly extended
forward in the middle in front. Elytra comparatively short,
depressed on the disc below the base. Anterior tarsi
4-jointed,

@. Antenne shorter and more slender; head and pro-
thorax shining, the former smoother and simply flattened,
the latter not produced in the middle in front.

Length 34-4mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Navat, Malvern (.!/us. Cape Town).

One pair. Much smaller and less elongate than P. coro-
natus, Gorh., the head of the ¢ simply angulato-carinate and
excavate on the vertex, without tubercles, the prothorax
immaculate, the elytra rather short, more finely punctured,
the anterior legs in great part testaceous. The opaque
surface of the prothorax of g may be due to immaturity.

490 Mr. G. C. Champion on

3. Philhedonus coriaceus.

2. Hedybius coriaceus, Kr. Entomographien, p. 95 (1840)?.
Q. Hedybius coriaceus, var. obscuritarsis, Pic, L’Echange, xxvii. p. 157
(1911) 2.

3. Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, clothed with
fine whitish pubescence intermixed on the elytra with long,
erect, black hairs ; head (except two very small spots in front
in one specimen and the black basal portion, the latter
sharply defined and trisinuate anteriorly), antennee (except
joints 6-11, which are black), prothorax (except a very broad,
large, transversely-cordate, black space in front, not quite
reaching the anterior margin), and legs (the tarsi in part
excepted) testaceous, the scutellum and elytra czeruleo- or
cupreo-violaceous, the metasternum and abdomen green.
Head (Pl. XIV. fig. 37) broad, the testaceous anterior portion
flattened, subopaque, closely punctulate, the black basal
portion limited in front by a trisinuate ridge, the vertex with
a A-shaped, concave area in the centre, the space on each
side of this somewhat depressed ; antennz rather slender,
moderately long, joints 6-10 elongate-triangular. Prothorax
broad, as wide as the head and the basal portion of the elytra,
rounded at the sides, much narrowed behind; very sparsely,
minutely punctate, with a matted tuft of long, curled, erect
hairs in the centre in front. Elytra more or less uneven,
rugulosely punctate. Pygidium bidentate at the tip.
Anterior tarsi 4-jointed, 1 and 2 thickened, long. ;

9. Antenne shorter and more slender, the basal joints
sometimes nigro-lineate above; head simply flattened ; pro-
thorax with a similar transverse black space on the disc
anteriorly, which is biramose behind in one specimen ; inter-
mediate tibize and tarsi (or the tarsi alone), and the posterior
legs wholly or in part, black.

Length 4-54 mm. (¢ 2.)

Had. S. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope* (type of Erichson:
? ), Willowmore, Saldanha Bay, Cape Town, Clanwilliam,
Bechuanaland, Garies (Mus. Cape Town); E. Arrica?.

Three ¢ ¢ captured by Dr. Brauns at Willowmore are
referred to this species. The numerous ? ? seen vary
greatly inter se (three of these having very uneven, sparsely
punctured elytra), but some of them agree well with
Erichson’s description of that sex, these specimens having
the posterior legs black. The head, when partly withdrawn,
appears to have two black patches at the base in both sexes.

the African Species of Hedybius. 491

The prothoracic tuft of the ¢ resembles that of Hedybius
hirtus, F. The 2 may be known from that of Hedybius
sculptilis, Gorh., by the narrower fifth antennal joint and the
less transverse prothorax.

4, Philhedonus caffraricus, sp. 0.

gd. Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, cinereo-pubes-
cent, with longer blackish erect hairs intermixed ; black,
the oral organs in part, a transverse space on the epistoma,
joints 1-4 of the antennz (a streak on 1 excepted), the pro-
thorax, and abdomen (a patch at the apex of the pygidium
excepted) testaceous, the elytra nigro-violaceous ; the head
and prothorax very sparsely, minutely, the elytra somewhat
closely, finely punctate. Head (text-fig. 3) narrower than
the prothorax, with a smooth, deep, transverse, interocular
excavation, which is limited in front by the short, convex
epistoma, laterally by an angular ridge, and _ posteriorly
by a prominent, transverse, mesially-interrupted carina, the

Head of Philhedonus caffraricus, 3.

vertex also transversely excavate behind this, the cavity
divided by a short median carina ; antenne moderately long,
sharply serrate. Prothorax convex, transverse, rounded at
the sides, much narrowed behind, depressed in the middle in
front ; the anterior margin triangularly raised in the centre,
and with a pallid, acute, dentiform process arising from
beneath the central prominence. Elytra moderately long,
wider than the prothorax. Anterior tarsi simple, 4-jointed.

Length 4 mm.

Hab. Carrrarta (ex coll. Sharp).

One ¢, from an old collection. This insect is nearly
related to P. (Hedybius) coriaceus, Er., the ¢ of which has
a very differently shaped head and prothorax, a metallic
abdomen, &e.

492 Mr. G. C. Champion on

5. Philhedonus fossulifer.
3. Hedybiocephalus fossulifer, Pic, L’ change, xix. p. 144 (1903).

3. Head (Pl. XIV. fig. 38) large, broad, flattened, with a
compressed angular prominence in the centre of the vertex
and four transversely-placed, equidistant foveze in a line with
the posterior margin of the eyes; antennz rather short,
serrate, tapering outwards, joint 1 above and the apices of
6-11 sharply nigro-maculate ; prothorax broad, angulate
laterally, and angularly raised and feebly dentate in the
centre in front.

Hab. S. Arrica, Dunbrody, Uitenhage, Cape Colony
(O'Neil: Mus. Brit.; Mus. Cape Town; Mus. Durban).

I have seen fifteen examples of this species, all males.
An opaque (the somewhat shining elytra excepted), closely
cinereo-pubescent, black insect, with the anterior portion
of the head, the antennz in part, the prothorax (a broad
oblongo-quadrate median patch excepted), and sometimes the
anterior or intermediate tibiz and tarsi in part, testaceous.

6. Philhedonus felix.

Anthocomus felix, Gorh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii. p. 857 (¢ 2)
(1901).

3. Antenne rather short, stout, serrate; head (Pl. XIV.
fig. 39) testaceous, black at the base, transversely depressed
on the vertex, and with a V-shaped, laterally-prominent
carina between the eyes, the carina obliquely grooved on
each side behind, the front longitudinally bi-impressed ; pro-
thorax with a large triangular or scutiform black patch on
the anterior part of the disc, deeply, transversely foveate in
the centre in front, and with a triangular, erect prominence
arising from the m'ddle of the anterior margin ; terminal
dorsal segment of abdomen constricted and tubulate at the
apex, emarginate at the tip, a pair of long, slender, hook-
like processes projecting beneath it; anterior tarsi simple,
4-jointed.

?. Antenne shorter and more slender; prothorax with
the black patch on the disc reduced to a narrow line or
altogether wanting ; pygidium testaceous, asin @.

Hab. Ruovesta, Salisbury.

Three ¢ ¢ and two 2? 2? seen. Gorham noticed the
absence of the overlapping anterior tarsal jomt in the ¢ of
this species, but he failed to observe that the tarsi themselves

5s

]

the African Species of Hedybius. 49

©

were 4-jointed, and that the species really belonged to his
own genus Philhedonus, described during the previous year.
The ¢ -prothoracic prominence was also overlooked. A small
form not unlike Hedybius simoni, Ab., in great part testaceous
above, the elytra with the base and a large subapical patch on
the disc nigro-violaceous, the legs variable in colour in the
male.

Alphabetical numbered list of species of Mops, Hedybius, and
Philhedonus enumerated in the present paper; those
without generic indication belong to Hedybius, and those
marked with an asterisk are described as new.

*acanthopygus, 33.
albipennis, 7.
ameenus, 18.
aulicus, 34.
billbergi, 3.
bimaculatus, Er., 19.
*braunsi, 23.
*caffraricus (Philhedonus), 4.
clypeolus, 12.
coriaceus (Philhedonus), 3.
corniculatus (Illops), 1.

coronatus, Gorh,(Philhedonus), 1.

*cucullatus, 32.
*curvidens, 16.
*deliquescens, 22.

dentatithorax, 17.
*dentiger (Illops), 2.

diversipennis, 37.
*duplocinetus (Ilops), 3.

erichsoni, 40.

erosus, 27.

felix (Philhedonus), 6."
*flavinasus, 10,
*flavocinctus, 42,

formosus, 8.

fossulifer (Philhedonus), 5,
*hamatipygus, 31,

hirtus, l.
*kabetensis, 29,
#lamelliger, 13,
*lineaticornis, 21.

lividus, 6.

longicoxis, 28,

maculifer, 9.

marshalli, 16.
*natalicus (Philhedonus), 2.

plagiocephalus, 25,
*plicatilis, 14,

quadricornis, 20.

quadriguttatus, 41.
*quadripustulatus, 38.
*yufiventris, 36.

sculpticeps, 24.

sericeus, 3d.

simoni, 39.

smaragdulus, 4.
*sulcipygus, 30.

superciliosus, 26.
*trilobatus, 11.

variicornis, 5.
*verrucosus, 2.

SYNONYMS, VARIETIES, ETC,
anceps, 26,
atripes, 34,
atropygus, 18.
bi-interruptus, 8.
bimaculatus, Boh., 9.
collaris, 34.
coronatus, Fairm., 12.
elongatus, 3,
fasciculatus, 5.
inarmatus, 15.
leetus ({llops), 1.
longicoccyx, 28.
luteonotatus, 3.
maculicornis, 19,
multimaculatus, 27.
obscuritarsis (Philhedonus), 3.
oculatus, 1,
prenotatus, 26.
pygidialis, 26,
quadrimaculatus, 1,
rugipennis, 34,
rugulosus, 34.
simplicifrons, 1.
sycophanta, 27.
trabeatus (Lllops), 1.

494 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on Oculinaria australis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XIII. & XIV.

The figures, except those of the antennz, give an enlarged view of the
head and anterior margin of the prothorax, from above, the head in some
cases being also shown from in front (figs. lla, 15a) or in profile
(figs. 19a, 83a). They are all diagrammatic, it being impossible to
indicate the complicated structure in one figure. The antenne are shown
from above, 16a from beneath. The explanation of the figures of the
species illustrated on the two Plates is given under each insect in the text.
All are taken from ¢ ¢.

XLIX.—On the Discovery of the missing Type Specimen of
the Ascidian Oculinaria australis, Gray. By RK. Kirk-
PATRICK.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

THE type—and, until 1918, the only known specimen—of
Oculinaria australis, Gray, has been missing for over filty
years. The unique specimen, preserved in spirit, was
presented to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) by Dr. Bower-
bank, and was described by Gray in 1868 (P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 564), a text-figure of only a portion being given. Gray’s
description is as follows:—‘ The mass is cylindrical, about
8 inches long and 1} inch in diameter in spirits. It is white,
with ends rather tapering and rounded. It entirely consists
of a large number of more or less oblong cysts, placed closely
side by side on every side of an imaginary central axis, the
cysts covering the ends of the mass like the rest of the body.
‘The cysts are hard, cartilaginous, rather convex externally,
with two concavities having an opening at the base of each.
... The outer surface of the cyst is covered with a thick
hard skin, strengthened externally with embedded particles of
Bandeie ater

Nothing more was heard of Uculinaria till 1886, when
Herdman* placed the genus in his family Polystyelide ;
but, when examining the Tunicata in the British Museum,
he was unable to see the type of O. australis, because it
could not be found.

Later, Michaelsen and Hartmeyer had wished to see this
specimen in order to gain some knowledge of the affinities
of the genus; but they, also, were disappointed. Gray’s
diagnosis was wholly based on external characters, and no

* ‘Challenger’ Tunicata, part il. p. 323.

Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on Oculinaria australis. 495

clue whatever had been given concerning the essential
features.

In 1905, during the Hamburg South-west Australian
Expedition, Hartmeyer and Michaelsen collected near
Fremantle a number of specimens which appeared to have
all the characters of Oculinaria australis. The specimens
had been cast ashore after a storm, and evidently had been
torn up from the sea-bottom. A curious fact now became
revealed, viz., that elongated digitiform examples possessed
not an imaginary axis, but a solid one formed by a filament
of alga,

In 1918 Hartmeyer published a short preliminary account
of the Ascidian*, giving a description of the internal
anatomy. :

The genus has certain unique characters, which readily
distinguish it from all the other members of the subfamily
Polyzoina—for Oculinaria alone has four folds in the
branchial sae, all the rest of the genera of Polyzoine having
less than four. Further, the gonads are on one side only,
viz., on the right side,

To return to the missing type-specimen. When, in 1895,
the writer was entrusted by Mr. EK. A. Smith with the charge
of the British Museum collection of Tunicata, he made a
manuscript catalogue. A prolonged but futile search was
made for the type-specimen of Oculinaria australis, firstly
among the Tunicata and less thoroughly among the
Anthozoa.

Recently Mr. A. K. Totton has had a preliminary card-
index made of the Anthozoa, and the writer asked him if by
any chance the name Ocul‘naria had been entered. Happily
the name was found, and presently the long-lost type was
produced, Probably the specimen had been misplaced at the
time of the removal of the Natural History collections from
Bloomsbury to South Kensington in 1880. It was not
surprising the writer had overlooked the specimen in 1895.
Not only had it been placed amongst an alien group in a high
dark cupboard, but the original description was incorrect and
misleading—probably owing to a printer’s error. For Gray
records the diameter as 14 inch (33 mm.), but the correct
figure should be less than } inch (12 mm.). Hartmeyer had
already arrived at the conclusion that a mistake had been
made here. The length is 8 inches, but the slender specimen
had been doubled up and pressed into a small botile less than

* “Wine wiedergefundene Ascidie,”’ SB. Ges, naturf. Berlin, 1918,
no. 10, p. 3865.

496 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

an inch in diameter and only 6 inches high. The writer was
looking for a tough stout specimen 8 inches high and 14 inch
thick,

Gray had not noticed that at one of the tapering and

rounded ends there was a contracted opening with well-
defined margins that could easily be stretched several
millimetres.
- The writer failed to find the axial stem of sea-weed; but
there can hardly be any doubt that it has existed, and
possibly it still exists, but there is no need to mutilate the
specimen to find it.

A dissection of one of the polyps showed four folds in the
branchial sac, and gonads only on the right side of the body.
(Lhe writer only found two gonads, but one may have been
lost in removing the ascidiozooid from the very tough test.)
Accordingly, Hartmeyer’s identification of his specimens
collected near Fremantle is fully confirmed by comparison
with the recovered type.

L.—On the Anatomy of some new Species of Drawida.
By C. R. Narayana Rao, M.A.; University of Mysore,
Bangalore.

[Plates XV.-XVIIL]

Tre adult anatomy of this genus of Oligochete worms is
now fairly well established, especially by the investigations
of authors like Beddard, Benham, Bourne, Michaelsen,
Perrier, Rosa, and Stephenson. ‘The present communication
deals with certain glands associated with the reproductive
apparatus of some new species of Drawida not hitherto
recorded so far. as] am aware. The material at my disposal
has been a large collection of well-preserved worms collected
towards the middle of 1918 in the rain-forests of Coorg, at
elevations ranging from 2500 feet to 4000 feet. I do not
propose to add any remarks on the known species contained
in my collection, but will select for discussion the forms
hitherto undescribed. I have received from Dr. Stephenson
and Dr. Michaelsen, copies of their excellent papers relating
chiefly to those forms occurring in Ceylon and the Indian
Empire, and my thanks are due to them and also to Dr. N.
Annandale, who courteously permitted me in June 1919 to
examine the named collection of the Oligochete worms
belonging to the Zoological Survey of India.

~ some new Species of Drawida. AQT

Dr. Michaelsen, in his memoir on the Oligocheta of the
Indian Empire and Ceylon, remarks that S. India and
Ceylon are the proper home of the genus Drawida, and
perhaps the whole forest-clad elevated portion of western
India and Ceylon is its principal original habitat. In the
months of March and April, before the heavy showers
descend, the heat in this area is intolerable, and several
species of Drawida, perhaps meeting a rock or some other
impenetrable surface while burrowing deep down to escape
the dry heat, come out and perish in numbers all along
the jungle foot-paths. The immense thickening of the
anterior body-wall and the septa in all the species described
in this paper, and the provision for the storage of water in
the anterior nephridia (salivary glands) and the appendages
of the alimentary canal, must be closely correlated with the
conditions of life to which they are exposed. When a
specimen is put on a sheet of blotting-paper, it goes on
depositing drops of fluid exuding from the mouth as it
explores, and a few drops of such a fluid under the micro-
scope reveal cellular debris and corpuscles of the ccelomic
fluid. The mode of transmission of water from one segment
to the other must be partly by percolation through septal
crevices and partly by rapid cellular absorption, aided by
the contraction of the specially large transverse muscles
in the genital and anterior somites. The conspicuous
development of these circular muscles and the enteric
appendages are purely a secondary adaptation, and may vary
in individuals of the same species differently situated.

Drawida somavarpatana, sp. 0.

External Characters.—Length of spirit-specimens, 80 to
95 mm.; fully stretched live ones, 100 to 105 mm. ; maxi-
mum diameter in the preclitellar region, 5 mm. ; at about
middle of body, 3°5 to4:mm. Number of segments 80 tu 90:
no secondary annulations.

Colour, deep blue or almost black in the living condition.
Spirit-specimens grey with blue on the anterior somites.

Prostomium prolobous; dorsal pores absent. Sete very
small and closely paired; aa equals bc; d is on the mid-
lateral line of body in the postclitellar part aud below this
line anteriorly.

Nephridiopores large, placed on seta-line d; bases of setz
chiefly the ventral series surrounded by whitish sensory
papilla. The skin all along the line of nephridial apertures
has a glandular thickening.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. . 32

498 Mr. C.R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

Clitellum well marked over 43 segments (10, 11, 12, 13,
and 14/2). Inthe living specimens the grey of the clitellum
forms a striking contrast to the general blue background of
the body; a very deeply marked glandular fold on the sides
of segments 10 and 11 forming a sort of copulatory bracket
round the genital orifices. Between these folds in the
median line are more or less clearly defined oval elevated
glandular swellings on somites 10, 11, and 12.

The genital area varies markedly in individuals of different
degrees of sexual maturity. In the fully mature forms the
region between the male apertures, 7. e. the ventral part of
somites 10 and 11, may be completely hollowed out and
dark, which is occupied by glandular swellings in slightly
less mature forms. It is noticed that in several large
individuals the clitellar lateral folds on segments 10 and 11
are either feebly indicated or are not developed. It is in
the fully mature forms that the clitellum itself extends over
half of the segment 14, while in others only four segments
are affected. The other grooves and depressions present on
the ventral surface of the genital area must be due to the
disproportionate clitellar thickenings.

The male aperture is a large transverse slit between
segments 10 and 11, situated on spherical tumid elevations
in the furrow on or slightly external to seta-line 6. Female
apertures between segments 11 and 12, inconspicuous,
internal to seta-lme a. The spermathecal orifice in furrow
7/8, not easily visible, in line with the male openings.

Internal Anatomy.—There are no septa between somites
1 and 2, and 2 and 38. Those between 3 and 4, 4 and 5 are
fairly, and others (5 and 6, 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9) eon-
siderably thick. In some specimens the septa 6/7, 7/8, and
8/9 are only as thick as the anterior ones.

The Muscular System.—The internal longitudinal muscles
are tough, and are far more powerfully developed in the
anterior somites, where they are iridescent. In somites 9 to
12 are laid additional innermost transverse bands of muscles
such as are described in D. robusta, subsp. indica (Benham).

The cesophagus is a thin-walled narrow tube extending up
to somite 13, Gizzards from 3 to 5 with softer annuli
between them are placed in somites 14 to 21. The first
gizzard is usually small and thin-walled. The alimentary
canal is thin-walled, and bears dorsally finger-shaped
appendages which commence from behind the last gizzard.
These glandular structures, which we may term “enteric
appendages,” in the same position as the “ lymph
glands”’ of other worms like Pheretima, occur in most

some new Species of Drawida. 499

species of Drawida examined and described in this paper.
Commencing from behind the last gizzard, there are a pair
of these finger-shaped organs occurring in each segment
in various degrees of development. A reference to these
structures has rarely been made by previous authors, who
have described about forty and odd species belonging to
this genus. The mode of development of these organs is
best studied in young worms, such as those of )). paradoxa,
in which they occur in the middle and hinder portion of the
intestine in an incipient stage. The dorsal muscle-fibres
(Pl. XVI. fig. 4) of the alimentary canal, at the points where
the glands are developing, are laid or become disposed lke
the ribs of a fan, and are comparatively shorter than the
neighbouring fibres, which are certainly longer and are cir-
cularly disposed. In the middle of each of the former set
of fibres a swelling takes place, due to the accumulation of
lymph and lymph (coelomic) corpuscles. At the point
where these specialised muscle-fibres, which ultimately
change their muscular character, converge on the inner
border towards the dorsal vessel, there is a dense heaping up
of cells proliferating from the peritoneum. From this
source, these rapidly multiplying cells move outwards across
the metamorphosing muscle-fibres, becoming at the same
time incorporated with the coelomocytes. The number of
muscle-fibres affected at the beginning may be between 24
and 36, out of which about 6 to 12 may reach the final
stages of glandular development, while the others are detect-
able in a state of arrested growth. <A fully formed glandular
process thus derived from a muscle-fibre may attain a size
nearly over fifty times that of the latter. I could discover
10 peritoneal covering on the digitate processes or on the
basal lobe, even in sectional preparations, and there is no
other connection between these stuctures and the septa
beyond a few muscle-fibres. Both morphologically and
perhaps physiologically, too, these enteric appendages of the
species of Drawida described here would appear to be
distinet from the “lymph glands ” of Schneider.

It is noteworthy that these structures are best developed
in forms taken in places rather dry and exposed. Hach of
these appendages, looking white and disposed in the form
of tubules, is attached to the dorsal vessel partly by its own
connective tissue, but mainly by an arterial twig on either
side. ‘This is the principal source of blood-supply to them,
and histologically they are mesoblastic in origin. When an
entire appendage is cleared by acetic acid, “and examined

microscopically under the high power, more than two kinds
29%

500 Mr. ©. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

of cells can be discovered. The marginal portions of the
processes are fringed by fairly large club-shaped cells, not
unlike the solenocytes of polychete worms with perhaps
similar functions. Broken and degenerate sete are also
found obviously in the process of elimination through the
alimentary canal. The basal parts are occupied by large -
pyramidal and polygonal cells, with either a single large
vacuole as in the former or numerous smaller vacuoles as in
the latter case. The tapering portion of the pyramidal cells,
which is also the region of vacuoles, extends into the
peripheral portion of the appendage, while a fairly rich net-
work of capillaries surrounds the basal tissue elements.
The mode of elimination of sete must be through the

Text-fig. 1.

A portion of the enteric appendage mounted in glycerine.

C.c., club-shaped cells; S., broken set ; P.c., pyramidal cells; Pol.c.,
polygonal cells; B.v., blood-vessel; Vue., vacuoles; D., organic
debris.

blood-vessels entering the alimentary canal, while the
debris of waste matter also found in the appendages must
be carried to the nephridia by the blood-vessels to be
discharged outside. But their main function is probably to
act as water-storing organs. When fresh specimens are
examined, the large vacuoles present in the basal cells are
seen to contain quantities of water, apparently imbibed in
the heavy wet weather to be utilised during periods of more
or less prolonged drought. These appendages are not,
however, the only water-conserving organs. ‘The anterior
nephridia (Peptonephridia) in somites 3, 4, 5, which open
into the pharynx and accordingly are deemed salivary glands,
differ structurally in certain particulars from the segmental
reval organs. In the main lobes of the former nephridia, in
addition to the non-ciliated glandular wide tubes, we find
other similar wide canals which follow a tortuous course, and

some new Species of Drawida. 501

the narrow ciliated tubules are considerably wider than in
the nephridia of the hinder somites. The whole system of
draining tubes is connected by fairly wide vertical canals
and is adevice for the rapid absorption and diffusion of fluids
into the pharynx. It is doubtful whether, at least in this
genus and others affecting the hotter countries, the term
salivary gland used in certain text-books for the description
of these nephridia, correctly denotes their function, which at
any rate cannot be peptic. At least in the several species
of Drawida which I have observed and examined, these
structures would appear to be associated more with the
function of collecting and discharging water through the
mouth, both while feeding and burrowing, than with any
digestive function.

In the species of D. elegans and D. modesta described
below, the intestinal appendages, chiefly in the posterior
somites, are greatly enlarged, while the blood-vessels going
to them on either side, are also correspondingly elongated.
Usually a supra-intestinal (? typhlosolar) vessel is found in
these forms, and the appendages in such cases have a double
connection with the vessels—one with the dorsal and the
other with the supra-intestinal vessel. The enteric vessel
is derived in an arbitrary manner, either directly from the
longitudinal vessels or from the appendicular branch,

At the same time, these appendages in the several somites
are more or less confined to one border of the branch-vessel,
and developed in the form of separate lobes. It is hypo-
thetically possible to derive the recently described septal
nephridia of Pheretima posthuma from the enteric appendages
of Drawida, and the only fact available at present in favour
of such a hypothesis is the histological resemblance between
the two structures. The excretory water-conserving organs
of Drawida are certainly mesoblastic in origin, as is testified
to by their cellular structure, and for a similar reason the
septal nephridia also are of the same origin*. Moreover,
there is not any histological difference between the septal
organs of Pheretima and the meso-nephridia of genera like
Acanthodrilus, Pericheta, Meyascolex, Netoscolex, and other
forms which I have investigated. The process of the
evolution of septal nephridia may be illustrated as shown in
text-fig. 2. 1 am disposed to believe that the suggestion
of Dr. Woodland that the system of enteronephric tubules

* 1919. N. F. Woodland, Q. J. M.Sci. n. s. vol. lxiv. part 1, p. 101,
“But it seems to be evident that the septal nephridia of Pheretima
certainly cannot be developed from ectoderm, but must be mesodermal in
origin, since we can hardly suppose they are endodermal outgrowths,

502 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

ig a means of conserving water in tropical earthworms like
Pheretina is the more correct interpretation of their
function; for if these structures were concerned in the
elimination of waste through the gut, as is presumed to be
their function, then the chances of these waste particles being
repicked up by the chloragogenic or yellow cells of the
alimentary epithelium will have to be accounted for. The
yellow cells are present in the gut-wall and typhlosole of
the Pheretima quite as numerously as in the other examples
of earthworms like Pericheta or Megascolex. More than
this, the volume of the toxie products entering that part of
the gut where the digestion and absorption of food take
place must be so large, judging from the number of septal
nephridia in Pheretima, that it is certainly doubtful whether
these digestive processes occur without the ferments being

Text-fig. 2.

A B Cc D.

A shows the velation of dorsal blood-vessel (D.B.) and the appendage
(72.4.). In B the relation of the supra-intestinal vessel (S.Z.V.)
and the appendage is shown. C, D are hypothetically derived from
B. ad., nephridial duct; S.N., septal nephridia; Sep.c., septal
canal; $.J.2.C., supra-intestinal excretory canal.

destroyed. On these physiological bases alone, it may not
be quite correct to ascribe to these “ euteroncplhric” systems
an excretory function. If, in addition to the histological
affinity between the enteric appendages of Drawida and the
euteronephridia of Pheretima, embryological evidence also
is forthcoming, then there can be no doubt about their
being an adaptation for the conservation of water.

Vascular System.—The last hearts are in segment 9 and
the most anterior ones in segment 5. The dorsal vessel is
thickest over the region of gizzards and is connected with
the lateral longitudinal vessels by secondary vascular com-
missures in somites 9, 8, and 6. The lateral longitudinal
vessels, whenever present in this species, rarely extend

some new Species of Drawida. 503

beyond somite 20. A supra-intestinal occasionally and
a subneural vessel never present. Both the dorsal and
ventral vessels are full of muscular fibres and the pheno-
menon of the walls of the heart becoming opaque on pouring
spirit on freshly opened specimens, observed in D. grandis,
Bourne, is shared by the dorsal vessel over the gizzards in
this species and in D. elegans. The degree of development
of vasa vasorum in the walls of the heart diminishes as we
go forward and it is also present in the walls of the ventral
vessel, which picks up opacity under the spirit, though to a
less extent. I have been unable to discover any valves in the
course of the principal vessels, and the internal endothelial
layer in the dorsal and ventral trunks may be thrown into
folds simulating a valve-like structure in the regions anterior
to somites 10, where the mesenteries are thickest. It is also
in this part of the body that the powerful muscular con-
tractions, while burrowing or otherwise, are likely to reverse
the course of the blood-flow, and hence the need for valve-
like structures. The lumen of the arterial twigs going to
the enteric appendages is partially divided longitudinally by
a ridge-like elevation of the internal lining. This partial
division perhaps represents an incipient stage in the morpho-
logical differentiation of the vessel into afferent and efferent
ducts. The only other region where I have noticed a valve-
like fold is the point where the enteric twigs are given off
either directly from the longitudinal dorsal vessels or from
the appendicular branches. The valves are simple folds of
endothelium pointing towards the blood-flow. The lateral
longitudinal vessel supplies branches to the anterior nephridia
and all the reproductive organs and their associated glands.
From the ventral vessel are derived brauches for the nervous
system, the body-wall, and the ventral walls of the intestine
and the nephridia.

Nephridia.—I have only to add here that the vesicle
described as occurring in D. grandis, Bourne, is not present
in this and other species, except D. parado.wxa, described in
this paper, and the narrow ciliated tubules form complicated
loops in the periphery of the lobes, which, however, can be
easily made out from the plexuses of blood-capillaries. The
vesicles in these species bear the same microscopic structure
as the lobes, hence they are described as being absent as
such. The glandular part is disposed in distinctive lobes,
the enteric lobe lying on the sides of the intestine, the sub-
enteric below the intestine, and the parietal projecting into
the sides of the body-cavity. In the species of Drawida

504 Mr. ©. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

described in this paper and others* I have examined, I have
noticed that the preseptal funnel (Pl. XVI. fig. 5 a) is slightly
different in structure from that of D. grandis. The number
of marginal cells is about 10, rarely more ; the drain-pipe or
centrifugal cells are absent. Their place is taken by a secon-
dary funnel, placed at the bottom of the larger anterior one.
This secondary funnel is composed of more or less cylindrical
cells, placed transversely to the axis of the cavity of the
funnel-tube. The cell-boundaries are not evident even in
clarified preparations, and, judging from the number of nuclei
which are placed more towards the inner border of the funnel,
the cells themselves cannot be more than ten. Lach cell is
provided with a few stiff cilia, somewhat bent twice, stouter
and shorter than those of the marginal cells. *There is
a distinct flange or outer rim round this smaller funnel,
which, like the cells themselves, is full of granular cytoplasm.
The funnel-tube is ciliated and has a tunic of ccelomic
epithelium.

Reproductive System.—The ampulle of the spermathecze
are fairly large spherical vesicles, lying dorsally, closely
pressed against the dorsal vessel. Frequently they nestle in
pouch-like excavations on the posterior face of septum 7/8,
with an envelope of ccelomic epithelium. When rectified
spirit is poured on freshly opened specimens, this sac changes
its milk-white appearance into a pale yellow, and at the
same time the outer epithelial covering becomes transparent.
The duct is thin, much soiled, in its first course over the
septum 7/8, and then becomes a fairly long wavy tube, which
pierces the septum where it is inserted in the body-wall.
From either end of the muscular atrial chamber arise two
atrial diverticula + placed in segments 7 and 8. Each atrial or
copulatory sac, slightly pinkish with a strong muscular
shimmer, is a cylindrical long papilla, somewhat curved, and
does not come into view till pulled out from below the
cesophagus. In the fully mature worms the diverticula of
one side meet their fellow of the opposite side in the mid-
dorsal line.

Dr. Michaelsen, in his memoir on the Oligocheta of the
Indian Empire and Ceylon (pp. 136-139), discusses, after a
microscopical study of the ampulla and the tubular diverti-
cula of the atrium of Moniligaster perrieri, the morphological

* D pellucida, Bourne, D, chlorina, Bourne, D. ghatensis, Mich., and
D. brunnea, Stephen.

+ Such atrial sacs have been recorded in D. robusta subsp, ophidioides,
D. robusta subsp. indica, D, minuta, and D. shankarai. In ophidiotdes
the pouches are of unequal size,

some new Species of Drawida. 505
and functional significance of the different parts of the
spermathecal apparatus of Moniligastride, and finally attempts
to homologise them with those of the family Megascolicide.
He sets forth his conclusion in the followimg terms :—
“There can be doubt that the pear-shaped, long-stalked
pouch in the seventh segment of the Moniligaster perrieri,”
as well as of all other Moniligastridse, corresponds function-
ally with the diverticula of the Megascolecid spermatheca,
being the magazine of sperm -masses received in the
copulatory act. The atrial cavity, on the other hand, may
act as a copulatory pouch, corresponding functionally with
the muscular duct of the main pouch of, the Megascolecid
spermatheca, whilst in some species of Moniligaster a
secretory function is added, being confined to special
organs—the glandular branched tubes only in Moniligaster.”
It would require an examination of the spermathecal
apparatus of almost every genus of the two families before
one can confirm or disprove the view of Dr. Michaelsen. I
have microscopically investigated the teased preparations and
sections of every part of the spermatheca of the following
species of Drawida—D. pellucida, D. cholorina, D. brunnea,
and JD. ghatensis, and all the five species described in this
paper, which were all sexually mature,—and the results
obtained do not confirm the view that the spermathecal
atrial organs of the two foregoing families are functionally
different, though homologous. First, as regards the ampulla,
I must mention that in teased preparations and sections the
cavity was found filled with a mucilaginous matter in all the
species *, in which no sperms in any stage of development
could be detected. This contamed substance is easily
dissolved by aleohol. In point of microscopic structure the
ampulla is uniform in all the species, comprising an internal
lining of large columnar glandular cells, which, on clearing
by alcohol, shows in teased and sectional preparations
granular cytoplasm heavily loaded with mucin and staining
deeply (methylin-blue). The nucleus is large, and placed
at the middle of the cells. The cavity of the ampulla is not
uniform, being narrower at the end where the duct leads off.
The glandular layer is invested by a muscular coat, with the
fibres circularly disposed, and between it and the outer
membranous covering in the cleared preparations and sections
is a space filled with a deeply staining granular matter and a

* Dr. Stephenson (Rec. Ind. Mus, 1917, vol. xiii. p. 365), in his
description of D. kanarensis, mentions that the spermathecal ampullze
“were filled with a shining white opaque mass, doubtless spermatozoa.”

506 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

few corpuscles. The cells of the external covering are
irregular in outline, and the cytoplasm is only sparsely
granular, but mostly clear. This outer epithelium becomes
membranous when the cell-layers are numerous, and a few
connective - tissue fibres become incorporated into the
structure. The ducts also were empty im all the species, and
the epithelium of these tubes is composed of a lining of
non-ciliated cubical cells, with granular cytoplasm and a
centrally situated nucleus. The shimmer often noticeable
in the ducts is due to the muscle-fibres, wliich are circularly
disposed, rarely a few longitudinal fibres being present, and
held together between the internal lining and the excessively
thin external membrane (Pl. XVII. fig. 10a).

In the teased preparations of the atrium and the atrial
pouches of these species (Pl. XVILI. figs. 104, 102), [ could
discover nothing, except in one individual out of four (D. so-
mavarpatana subjected for examination), in which well-
developed sperms were found in a mucilaginous base which
clogged both the pouches. Dr, Michaelsen found, in his
preparations of the ampulla and the atrial appendices of
Moniligaster, fibrous and granular masses which he iden-
tified respectively as sperms and glandular secretions. He
next proceeds to establish the functional differences between
the ampulla and the copulatory vesicles of the two families
Megascolecidee and Moniligastride. From the observation
I have recorded above, 2. e., that the copulatory appen-
dices were full of sperms in one individual of D. somavar-
patana and from histological considerations of the ampulla
and the diverticula, it is quite possible to reach the
opposite conclusion. In D. ghatensis the cavity of the
atrial pouch is a trigonal chamber; in D. somavarpatana
it is irregularly divided up into very minute recesses ; in
D. elegans it is a wide chamber, disposed in a spiral; in
D. brunnea its surface bears a number of annular ridges ;
in D. chlorina the cavity is flask-shaped, and it is simply
wide in D. pellucida, D. modesta, D. scandens, and D.
paradowa. In all these species the epithelial lining near
the ectal ends of the pouches is composed of short cubical
cells full of granular cytoplasm and a large nucleus, while
in the ental end the cells tend to become syncytial and
the cytoplasm is present only very poorly (Pl. XVIII.
fivs. 10f, 10g). The cell-walls have a strong tendency to
become cornified and look like those of the epidermal layer.
The muscle-fibres are circularly disposed in a thick layer, and
the outer tunic in D. somavarpatana is distinctly a thin
cuticular layer with little cellular structure. The main fact

some new Species of Diawida. 507

I wish to point out here is that the structure of the copulary
vesicles in the species of Drawida examined enables them to
act as magazines of sperms received during copulation and
for expelling them for fertilisation later. On hypothetical
grounds, too, it is rather difficult to conceive the sperms
working their way up all along the most tortuous course of
the spermathecal duct, to be housed temporarily in ampulla,
and to be returned through the same passage. On examin-
ing the material in my possession, I should not hesitate to
adopt the view that the ampulla of Drawida, like that of
the family Megascolicide, has a secretory function, while the
atrium and its diverticula act as storing organs of sperms,
besides aiding in copulation.

Testes and Sperm-sacs.—The most important feature of the
male reproductive organs of this species to which I should call
aitention is the occurrence of two pairs of sperm-sacs, a fact
_ not hitherto noticed in any of the numerous species already
described. The first pair are very large, yellowish, massive,
irregularly subspherical bodies suspended by the septum 8/9
(Pl. XV. fig. 3a). They usually occupy segments 9, 10, 1],
and 12, and are never constricted by the septal walls, which,
however, are extremely thin in these somites. Frequently
they leave their proper position and descend backwards up
to segment 18, and wherever placed they repose on the
cesophagus and are connected to the septum 8/9 by the drawn-
out tubular extension of the wall of the mesentery, and i
the succeeding segments they are invested with septal
peritoneal outpushings. In somite 9 the cesophagus and
other organs are contained in the cavity between the double
wall of the thin septum 8/9, and this cavity of the mesenterial
sac is continuous all round tiiem. Hach of the posterior or
second pair of sperm-sacs is really a double, white, tubular
vesicle with a velvety appearance. They lie in somite 10,
having very early in development detached themselves from
the septum 9/10. They are bent in the form of a query-
mark, and usually lie hidden below the esophagus,
occupying segments 9 and 10. In one form, which has
developed clitellum over 44 segments, they are very long,
and exteud as far behind as segment 14. Rarely the tubular
vesicles on the same side are unequal.

There are certain interesting facts connected with the micro-
scopic structure of these two kinds of sperm-sacs (PI. XVII.
figs. 10a, 1006). A firm membrane, the mesentery of septum
8/9, encloses the anterior testis, and the rosette belonging to
somite 9 and the lower hinder surface of the sacs is bevelled
and bright yellow in appearance, which marks the position

508 Mr. ©, R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

of testis. The outer membrane can be easily removed by an
incision, and the contents are a large lobulated yellow testis,
in close contact with the rosette of the sperm-duct and
seminal cells in various stages of development, together with
large oval cells surrounded by a rich vascular plexus. In
the neighbourhood of the testis are bundles of muscle-fibres,
which surround the mass of seminal cells, which thus
obliterate the cavity of the sac. The sperm mother-cells
and sperm morula lie outside the vascular plexuses, and
they, however, are richly granular and contain a* large
centrally situated nucleus. In transverse sections of the sac |
the seminal cells appear to be more centrally placed, being
surrounded by muscular fibres and a very thick mass of
ovoid cells. The testis is seen attached to the anterior face
of the sac just in front of the funnel, the details of whose
cellular structure are better made out in teased preparations.
The funnel is certainly a large opening, only a part of which.
is, however, in contact with the testis, while the seminal
cells almost fill the other part of the funnel. The large oval
cells, which proliferate from the inner surface of the sac,
obviously act as unicellular organs for the storage of reserve
food-material.

Though in point of size and form the testis-vesicles
of somite 10 differ from the anterior ones, yet in point of
histological structure there is absolute identity . The outer
wall of the sac in the case of the tubular vesicles is
excessively thin and almost non-cellular, and accordingly the
large oval cells enclosed in vascular plexuses show through,
giving the organs a smooth veivety appearance. If xylol is
used for the clearing purposes, this cellular investment
easily comes off on applying needles for teasing, and the
testis in each lobe is seen to form a tubular structure.
This tubular testis stands out, because of the investment of
circularly disposed muscular fibres. At the point where the
two testis-tubes open into the common rosette they become
continuous, and in the sac they are disposed in the form of
three ridges of large hexagonal cells. .The cavity, which is
trigonal, is filled with masses of sperms. The main point in
the structure of these curious sperm-vesicles is that the
cavity is lined by a layer of large spermatocytes, which
almost become continuous with the funnel-like expansion of
the vas deferens. There is no seminal funnel in somite 10
beyond the sac-wall of the testis, over the base of which, as
we have noticed, the vas deferens is continued as a sort of
outer tunic, which obviously represents the funnel. The
sperm-duct belonging to somite 9 is long and lies in a

some new Species of Drawida. 505

secondary mesenterial tube. Each duct turns inwards and
pierces the very thin septum 9/10, and runs below the parietal
lobes of the nephridium and joins the spermiducal gland on
its upper anterior margin, just at the point where the
second seminal duct enters it. The latter is a shorter and
thicker non-convolute tube. In microscopical structure
they resemble one another, except for the fact that in the
shorter duct belonging to somite 10 there is an envelope of
circular muscle-fibres outside the cubical epithelium, which
is, however, ciliated in the longer duct belonging to the
anterior somite. In the funnel of the anterior sperm-duct,
the cells are more columnar and also ciliate. The cytoplasm
stains deeply, and the nucleus is large and centrally placed in
the funnel-cells. There is a distinct, though very thin,
peritoneal outer layer for the posterior sperm-duct, which is
simply an upward extension of the outer layer of the spermi-
ducal gland.

The prostate or spermiducal gland (Pl. XVIII. fig. 107) is
a comparatively small structure, spherical and yellowish, and
the greater part of the atrium is buried in the body-wall. It
has two sources of blood-supply, both from the subintestinal
and lateral longitudinal vessels, and small branches extend on
to the sperm-vesicles. There are the usual two kinds of club-
shaped glandular cells, the large and small ones, in addition
to the more spherical, also glandular, cells. The circular
muscles are confined to the duct-like prolongations of the
gland-cells. ‘There is a peritoneal investment, and groups
of cells are found near the necks of the glandular larger cells,
and the differences between these fourth group of cells and
the glandular cells in their contents are more clear, stain less
easily, and the spherical small nucleus is very clear in them.
The cubical epithelium of the atrium is more or less horny
on its inner surface. The outer lips of the male atrial
orifice are swollen and comprise a mass of smaller oval
glandular cells, which occur in great uniformity over the
whole clitellum and the copulatory brackets themselves,
which are several layers deep. In addition to these smaller
cells, there occur in equal abundance the more common
flask-shaped cells. Almost as a rule, whatever may be the
shape and size of these gland-cells the nucleus is pushed to
one side of the cell-body, and this position of the nucleus
becomes so pronounced that it may be used for distin-
guishing the epithelial cells with granular cytoplasm, in which
the cells are more centrally situated.

The occurrence of two pairs of sperm-vesicles in D. soma-
varpatna is not without significance in this genus, although

510 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

in other earthworms it is almost a normal feature. In
discussing the phyletic relations of the different genera
of the family Moniligastride, Dr. Michaelsen, who, in the
description of the species D. willsi, known from the Central
Provinces, Deccan (Hyderabad), and W. Himalayas, records
“* Haufig rudimentare Prostaten im 9 Segment,’ remarks
“that this structure confirms the statement of Rosa
(adopted by myself) that the genus Drawida has arisen from
the holoandric genus Desmogaster by the loss of the first
pair of male organs, as well as a dislocation of all the
generative organs, with the exception of the spermatheca.”
Dislocation of the generative organ there certainly has been
in D. somavarpatana, in so far as the anterior sperm-duct has
lost a separate exit (in the intersegmental groove 9/10), and
a portion of it hes in segment 10, where it opens into the
spermiducal gland, but the disappearance of one of the pairs
of male organs has not taken place. There can be no doubt
as to which pairs of seminal vesicles of Desmogaster those of
Drawida correspond, and, in order to homologise them, it is
necessary to assume that in its evolution Drawida has arisen
by the suppression of somites 8 and 9 in the archaic ancestral
Desmogaster. In one individual of D. somavarpatana in my
collection I notice a partial suppression of segment 8, and in
the Oligochzeta generally similar partial or total disappear-
ance of somites is not uncommon as individual variations.
Furthermore, the suppression of‘ somites must have pre-
ceded the disappearance of one pair of seminal vesicles in
the course of descent, as is evidenced by the anatomy of
sexual apparatus of both D. willsi and D. somavarpatana.
If the hypothesis of the suppression of somites 8 and 9
is correct, then the anterior pair of the spermatheca of
Desmogaster correspond with those of Drawida, the last hearts
(segment 11) of Desmogaster would in that case lie in segment
9 in Drawida. The seminal vesicles suspended from septa
10/11 and 11/12 in Desmogaster would be homologous with
those suspended by septum 9/10, and those lying in somites 11
in D. somavarpatana, and so with respect to the ovaries.
It is obvious that the holoandric sexual apparatus of
D. somavarpatana brings the genus Drawida nearer to
Desmogaster, besides pointing to a_ possible immediate
descent.

Egg-sacs.—They are large, trilobed (being constricted
more or less by septa), yellow structures lying on the
cesophagus and gizzards, and are suspended from the pos-
terior face of septum 10/11. They extend as far behind
as segment 16. The ovaries are greatly lobulated organs

some new Species of Drawida. 511

occupying the anterior end of sacs, and I have been com-
pletely unable to discover the oviducts. In the fully mature
forms, the ventral portion of the septal mesentery forming
the anterior end of the egg-sac has mostly atrophied, per-
mitting the escape of ripe ova into the coelomic chamber 11.
I cannot state with certainty how the eggs escape outside.
ach sac is full of granular matter, which escapes from it
on the rupture of the wall and comprises masses of yolk-
spherules. Under the microscope numerous ova in all
stages of maturity can be detected in the mass of spherules,
which obviously are reserve food of the egg as well as the
developing embryo. I have not obtained the cocoons of this
species, which must have a quantity of this reserve-food
laid up for it.

If an egg-sac, removed from a fresh specimen dissected
out of water, is passed through alcohols for fixing, it is seen
that the wall of the sac gradually becomes transparent and
the volume of yolk-material really occupies about 3 of the
sac, and the rest of the space is filled by a kind of albuminous
matter, which is soon dissolved. That it isan albumin can be
readily ascertained by the simple salt-solution test, and this
second class of proteinaceous substance does not belong
to the globulin series. I have not proceeded further in
the chemical analysis of the contents of the egg-sac of
this species of earthworm, and in microscopic structure
(Pl. XVII. fig. 10) the wall of the vesicles comprises
small glandular oval cells, which form the internal lining
covered over by the septal mesentery. In the mass of the
yolk-spherules is a rich network of blood-capillaries derived
from the ventral and lateral longitudinal vessels. The
albumin must be derived from the unicellular glands, which
are modified cells of the coelomic epithelium. It is an inter-
esting fact in the physiology of the egg-sac that a part of it
functions as vitellarium, and the female orifice must become
considerably large for the extrusion of the eggs and the
contents of the vesicles. The yolk is, however, the product
of the vitellin or lecithin degeneration of the cytoplasm of
the oogonia themselves. In the immature forms of this
species the teased preparations of the egg sac show only ova
as the principal contents of the vesicle, and the process of
the formation of yolk in the sac can be followed in the
slightly maturer worms. ‘The nucleolus of some of the
oocytes disappears in the nuclear sap, and perhaps escapes
into the general mass of the cytoplasm, while that of
others destined to become mature female cells remains un-
affected. These modified cells increase in size, owing to a

52 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

deposit of vitellin globules, and in the more advanced stages
of degeneration the nucleus also is indistinguishable, and the
modifying cytoplasm may be stained in certain areas of
the cell-body, which represent yolk-nucleus. The cell-wall
now degenerates also, and the mass of globules of yolk is
held together only by an excessively thin pellicle, which
breaks on the application of the slightest pressure.

The Nervous System.—Another feature of the anatomy of
this species of earthworm that is really noteworthy is the ex-
tremely generalized structure of the nervous system (Pl. XVI.
figs. 6, 6a). Thenerve-cord is composed of two lateral bundles
of fibres and cells, with clear fairly broad median hyaline
space not occupied by any tissueelements. It is easily noticed
by the naked eye that this median space is grey, and is thus
distinguishable from the white bundles on either side.
Among the fibres present in each division of the cord two
kinds are distinguishable, viz., the axons of neurons and the
giant fibres which are not traceable to any cells. The latter
are laid in four bundles in the cord, two marginal and two
internal sets. The internal bundles le on both sides of the
median dividing hyaline space. There are no ganglionic
swellings in any part of the cord, which is of uniform thick-
ness throughout. The nervous system of this species is
almost ideally constructed for the study of the details of the
structure of the cells and fibre-connections, and a slight
teasing and suitable staining with methylin-blue will
unravel the intricacies of the nerve-paths far too difficult
to be made out by a similar process in the other species of
earthworms. In paraffin sections the excessively thin
coelomic epithelium is found to form an investment of the
dorsal half of the cord only, the histological elements are
seen grouped on either side of the clear median space, and
interstitial spaces are occupied by a granular substance.
The granular mass must be in the nature of a matrix, which
together with the giant fibres and the muscular fibres must
help to bind the cells together. The hyaline membraue
forms the outer layer which, in the processes of imbedding,
usually breaks in all directions, appearing under magni-
fication like a network of fibrils. In so far as the two
lateral bundles remain apart the nerve-cord is a primitive
structure, but as regards its cytological contents it does not
appear to be so. Numerous kinds of cell-bodies are distin-
guished in the stained entire cord, and follow a strict law as
regards their position throughout the cord and also in
the cesophageal ganglia. Mention must be made of the
strikingly large spherical cells which I term “ Central Cells,”

some new Species of Drawida. 513

apparently without any axons, which I have not succeeded in
making out. There are four of them in each segmental
division of the cord, two in front and two behind the nerves,
and their position in the cord can be better understood
by reference to the figure. They are regularly repeated
throughout, and are situated on the central bundles of giant
fibres on either side of the median clear space. In regard
to the details of structure of these giant cells, I might
mention that the large, centrally placed nucleus bears a
deeply staining nucleolus. The nuclear membrane is thick
and clearly defined, and the chromatin granules are strung
out on the linin fibrils. The cytoplasm of these huge
neurons is full of tigroid or Nissl bodies, comprising masses
of neurochondrian granules in addition to less deeply-
staining granules, mostly aggregated near the periphery of
the cell. These latter, perhaps, represent the disintegrating
particles of reserve food-material. The usual network of
fibrils is also present, but apparently without any implan-
tation cone or axons. In line with these larger cells are
others which are indifferent in their structure and are fibro-
balsts. They occur also in the marginal portions of the
cord. The true neurons are of two kinds, those with one
only and others with two nucleoli. They differ from the
giant ceils in the possession of nerve-fibres, which lead
out from them. Each axon immediately after emergence
divides into two parts,,the neurite and the dendrite. Even
without teasing the nerve, it is easy to discover that there
are eight of these neurons in each side of the ganglia or the
point from which nerves are given off, and I have not
noticed any neurite or_dendrite crossing over from one side
to the other. This is, again, a primitive organisation, and
shows that each half of the cord is composed of self-con-
tained ganglionic nerve-units. In regard to the structure
of tbe nucleus and the cytoplasm, these axon-bearing
neurons and others which occur always in pairs resemble
the giant cells. Though there is no experimental or direct
structural evidence to prove that the two kinds of axon-
bearing cells are physiologically different, it is at least
certain that the cells with double nucleoli cannot be function-
ally identical with those with a single nucleolus. In the
prostomium it is possible to trace the neurites, both per-
ceptory and distributory ones, from their source or origin to
their insertion or ending, with breaks in the interval where
the stain is unable to pick them. The fibres arising from
the cells with double nucleolus are with difficulty traceable
to the epithelial or sensory cells and tactile organs, and

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9, Vol. viii. 33

514 Mr. C. R. Narayona Rao on the Anatomy of

obviously the fibres springing from the other kind of cells
with a single nucleolus must be motor in function. The
margins of the cord and ganglia are composed of small oval
cells with no fibres. The nucleus of these cells is small
and stains deeply.

In the esophageal ganglia the giant cells form almost an
outer layer of cortex, while the oval cells aggregate round
the bases of the nerves. The neurons are more deeply
situated, but always in groups of four and four. The paired
cells are absent from the two ganglia, and perhaps have been
modified into neuroglia tissue or, better, neuroglia cells.
Each of the neuroglia cells found associated with the groups
of sensory and motor neurons is conical in outline, with
nervous fine fibrils spread out among the other cells which
they bind. Their bi- and trinuclear condition shows the
syncytial tendency of these paired cells.

The communicatory dendrites of the sensory and motor
neurons form an intricate plexus round the giant cells, which,
perhaps in addition to the trophic function, may act also
as a centre of cognition, and, though the absence of any
processes from these large cells is not in favour of this view,
yet their serial repetition in the cord, their position, and
relation with the neurons on the esophageal ganglia
strongly point to their cerebral function.

The tactile bodies are the sensory epidermal swellings
round the setz, which just project beyond the surface of these
whitish cutaneous swellings (Pl. XVII. fig. 7). In sections
of skin taken in this region the swellings are noticed to
occupy the distal half of the setal follicle, and are composed of
two kinds of sensory elements. Those which are more filiform
are apparently associated with the perception of movements,
and hence are not sensory in the true sense of the term. They
are closely related with the muscle-fibres which move the |
sete and have also nerve-endings. ‘The other kind of cells
with which the filiform variety enters into intimate relation
are shorter, spindle-shaped, with a granular deeply staining
cytoplasm and central nucleus and nucleolus. These cells, at
whose proximal ends the sensory fibrils enter, are more
or less enclosed in a connective tissue vesicle, and hence
constitute a true tactile organ. Between these cells enclosed
in the vesicle is a small quantity of granular matter, which
perhaps represents coagulated mucus and cellular debris, to
which the whitishness of the papille must be due. Finer
perceptory hairy processes, which are without any cytoplasm,
project outside, forming a short hairy microscopic collar
round the seta.

some new Spectes of Drawida. 515
“

On the prostomium are found numerous aggregations of
filiform cells in a state of uniform distribution, while at the
tip and the sides of the tip are found curious pyramidal cell-
associations, usually three in number (PJ. XVII. fig. 8).
Their structure is identical with that of the spindle-shaped
cells. The apex of the pyramid points outward and the
sensory nerve-fibres enter the broad base. There is not any
vesicular investment for them, and therefore they must be
in the nature of primitive sensory organs, undoubtedly
tactile in function.

Locality. Somavarpatana, Coorg, 4000 ft.

Type in the British Museum. Syntypes in Hamburg
Zoological Museum, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and
in the Central College, Bangalore.

Drawida scandens, sp. n.

External Characters—Length 30 mm. to 48 mm.; dia-
meter at the thickest anterior part 2 mm. and at the
uarrowest posterior part 1:75 mm.; number of segments
115 to 145, Prostomium prolobous.

The sete are closely paired, none on first somite.
aa=bc; dd=% circumference of body. The sete on the
anterior fifty somites are 14 to 1? times bigger than those
on the hinder segments and are obliquely set. The longest
sete are ‘6 and ‘07 mm, at the nodule, and those from
the hinder parts of the body measure °382 and ‘04 mm. at
nodule. ‘The free ends of longer sete are spatulate and
those of the shorter set pointed, an adaptation obviously
connected with the scansorial habits of the worm, The base
of the longer seta-groups is surrounded by a circular or
slightly oval, discoidal, cutaneous, slightly raised marking.

Dorsal pores are present, fairly large, commencing from
somites 16 or 17. Nephridial apertures large on seta-line d.
The clitellum is well-marked, somites 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13
being affected ; frequently somite 14 is also involved.

The genital markings are not elaborate and cousist of an
elevated circular area around the male orifices. The two
areas may become confluent, producing a raised transverse
pad. Similar markings may be found around the female
pores. All these areas are bisected by intersegmental
grooves. Atrial papille occur, and frequently show through
the first pair of male apertures.

Spermathecal pores are simple, large in the intersegmental
furrow 7/8 on seta-line a.

Two pairs of male apertures on seta-line a) in 9/10

337

516 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

and 10/11. Each aperture is a large transverse slit with
tumid lips.

‘the female pores in 11/12 internal to seta-line a, con-
spicuous only in a few forms.

Colour.—Live specimens are bright deep green or almost
blue, the clitellum being distinguished by crimson-red. The
ventral median line is grey, almost transparent, throngh
which the nerve-cord is visible. The red of the clitellum
fades in the preserving fluids, and the warm blue degenerates
into a dull olive-green.

Internal Anatomy.—The skin of this species of Drawida
is structurally more complex than that of any other worm
with which I am acquainted. When a few drops of formalin
were added to the water in which the worms were plunged,
they became coated all along the dorsal line with a dense
milk white seeretion in large drops. Being somewhat
viscous, it dissolves in water with difficulty and hot water
coagulates it. Obviously it is rich in albuminous contents and
has a slight alkaline reaction ; when dried it forms minute
cubic crystals. This phenomenon, not noticeable in any of
the other species in my collection, led to a microscopic exam-
ination of the sections of skin (PI.X VIL. fig.9). It comprises
the usual layers of polyhedral epidermal cells ; the chromato-
phores form a fairly thick iayer below. I do not find any
difference as regards the structure between the chromocytes
bearing the green pigment on the body and those bearing
the red on the clitellum. In addition to the ampulliform
mucous cells situated between the polyhedral epidermal
cells, there occurs another type of glands composed of
syncytial aggregation of a large number of cells. ‘There are
a pair of such glands in each somite, placed at right angles
to the axis of the body on the dorsal surface. The border
of the gland is sinuous, indicating the incomplete fusion of
the cells, whose boundaries are not, however, recognisable
in the body of the structure. The spaces seen in the body of
the gland constitute the duct, which is intracellular, and the
external orifice is placed close to the dorsal pore on either
side. Microscopically examined, the secretion shows the
presence of coelomic corpuscles, which must have been added
to it outside the body. Many species of Megascolex, Acan-
thodrilus, and Octochetes are known to extrude quantities of
celomic fiuid under irritation besides the ordinary mucus,
but a specific secretion of this nature is remarkable in a
worm not distinguished much by size.

Muscular System.—Around the seta-follicles in the an-
terior somites the skin is disposed in discoidal form with

some new Species of Drawida. , i 517

a distinct annular rim. The disc is composed of circularly
arranged muscle-fibres, while, at any rate, some of them
belong to the transverse series, for a few of these sphincter-
hike fibres are continuous with the bundles composing the
transverse bands on the genital somites. There can be little
doubt that they must be associated with the habits of
climbing vertical surfaces. The additional internal trans-
verse bands of muscles in the genital somites are absent.

Septa 6/7, 8/9 are very thick, chiefly the last two; septum
9/10 only slightly so, while the succeeding ones are very
tender. Septa 8/9 and 9/10 may be dislocated backward and
forward respectively by a somite’s length (Pl. XV. fig. 3).

Alimentary Canal.—Pharyux is large and muscular, occu-
pying more than three segments, and the muscle-bands
have the usual thickened appearance of septa. Cisophagus
simple, slender, extending up to somite 10. Gizzards three,
fairly large, occupying somites 10-16 or 11-16. No dorsal
enteric appendages, or only a few are present. There is no
typhlosole.

Circulatory System.—There are five hearts, the last being
placed in segment 10. A lateral longitudinal vessel is
present, extending up to somite 22, connected to the dorsal
vessel by secondary commisures whicli are given off from
the hearts near their point of origin. The vessels are
mainly composed of connective tissue, the muscle-fibres
being confined practically to the hearts.

Genital System.—The male organs comprise two pairs
of testis-sacs, suspended by septum 9/10 on its anterior and
posterior faces, those of one side right or left in a state
of fusion. The septum 8/9 is usually very thick and
generally, thongh not as a rule, dislocated backwards, and
the seminal vesicle belonging to this septum leaves its place
of origin and becomes attached to the anterior wall of
septum 9/10. All the vesicles lie close together dorsaliy
over the cesophagus, or may lie separated below this
structure. The combined, yet distinctly bilobed, seminal
vesicles are restricted to their own somites, if the septum
8/9 is not backwardly deflected; the testis-somites are nearly
14 times larger than those in front or behind. In sectional
preparations (Pl. X VIII. fig. 10 c) the spermatocytes are seen
to occupy respectively the anterior inner border of their
vesicles, the seminal funnel being in intimate contact with
the testes. The other contents of the vesicles are sperms
and trophocytes in various stages of development. The
mesenterial wall forms a dense membrane, and is further
supported by the presence of muscle-fibres, mostly irregu-

518 Mr. C..R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

larly disposed. The sperm-ducts are led off from the inner
margins of the vesicles and are short, spirally coiled tubes,
hidden by the lobate sacs themselves and the nephridia.
Each duct enters the spermiducal gland near its anterior
base. The prostate gland of each duct is long, whitish,
soft in texture, pear-shaped or nearly cylindrical, readily
comes to view on opening the worm, and is attached to the
body-wall at the posterior face of septa 9/10 and 10/11.
In microscopic preparations, the gland is seen to be com-
posed of short club-shaped glands and circular muscle-
fibres with the cubical epithelial lining. The atrial papille,
developed more prominently in connection with the anterior
male apertures, consist of an outer cuboid cell-layer and two
sets of muscle-fibres derived from the body-wall. They are
free from glandular bodies.

There can be little doubt that this species of Drawida is
the most archaic of the known species, in possessing a more
complete holoandric sexual apparatus than even D. somavar-
patana, and indeed these two species render the generic
character of the reproductive organ of the group, at least
in one of their aspects, less universally applicable.

The ovaries are whitish-looking delicate bodies hanging
from the anterior face of septum 10/11 without being
contained in any specialized ovarian chamber, A greater
part of the ovary lies in the sac, which is slender, constricted
by septa 11/12 and 12/18, occupying nearly three somites, and
lying over the first two gizzards. An entire sac examined
under the low power of the microscope, even without much
clearing, shows oocytes in different stages of maturation.
I have not been able to make out an oviduct in any of the
six examples investigated, and the chamber of somite 11
perhaps acts as a provisional chamber for the reception and
extrusion of ova.

The spermathecal apparatus of this species approaches the
condition met with in Megascolex. There is not any well-
marked ampulla, possessing a structure comparable with
that of the other species described in this paper. The duct
has a slight dilatation which Jies on the posterior face of
septum 7/8 between the heart and the secondary vascular
commissure, and is thus ventral in position to the dorsal
vessel and the cesophagus. The duct is thin and spirally
coiled ; it penetrates septum 7/8 and enters the base of the
atrial vesicle on its inner- margin. The duct and its
dilatation do not differ structurally, and hence an ampulla in
the true sense of the term does not occur in this species,
which, so far as I know, is the solitary example of the genus

some new Species of Drawida. - 519

in this respect. The atrial or copulatory pouches are large,
flattened antero-posteriorly, slightly bifid at the top. They
occupy the greater portion of somite 7,1in close relation with
the lateral longitudinal vessel. The cavity of the pouch is
narrow and irregular, and is lined by a columnar layer
of glandular cells with large nuclei at the base. The cavity
extends right up to the bifid ends of the pouch. The layer
of circular muscles and the external layer of cells form a
dense investment, which accounts for the compact texture of
the organ. In sectional preparations the cavity was found
full of granular material, some staining deeper than others,
composing sperma and a mucous base.

Here is further evidence in support of my view that the
atrial pouch, wherever one is present in Drawida, acts as a
magazine of sperma, besides discharging a _ secondary
secretory function.

The Nephridial System, which is meganephric, is not
distinguished by any of the characters described in con-
nection with D. somavarpatana.

The Nervous System and Sensory Organs do not call for
any comments. The latter are filiform cells associated with
the perception of movement, occurring largely on the
prostomium and anterior somites.

Remarks.—I am unable to state precisely the nature of
the function of the thick cutaneous humour, which is
probably protective. At the time of collecting, which was
after a slight drizzle in the morning, the worms were found
either crawling about or climbing dense herbage, from which
most of my specimens were taken.

Locality. Bhagamandala, 4000 ft., Coorg, S. India.

Type in the British Museum. Syntypes in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, and the Central Coilege, Bangalore, and
Hamburg Zoological Museum.

Drawida elegans, sp. u.

External Characters.— Length of preserved specimens
135 mm.; fully stretched live specimen 155 mm.; maxi-
mum diameter in the preclitellar region 7 mm. and behind
5mm. Number of segments 200. The preclitellar somites,
which are strongly telescoped, are three times as long as the
postclitellar ones. Allthe segments bear annular ridges, on
which the setz are placed. These ridges are incouspicuous
on the hinder somites, which become extremely short in
front of anus.

Prostomium long and prolobous.

520 Mr. ©. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

Setze are small and closely paired in the anterior two-
thirds of the body, while those behind are slightly larger
occasionally. First somite free. @a=dc or broader in the
preclitellar region ; in the postclitellar region aa=2/3 be.

Dorsal pores present, commencing behind the clitellum.

Clitellum is definitely marked, extending over segments
10-13.

The genital markings are either completely absent or may
comprise short segmental grooves and thickenings in front
and behind the geuital orifices, which may be connected by
these grooves, as in some examples in the collection. Iva
few immature forms a faint dome-shaped swelling is present
between and in front of the female apertures, which in some
cases may be connected with the male pores by compara-
tively shallow grooves. Occasionally an oval thickening
marked whitish surrounds the spermathecal opening. In
some specimens which are fairly mature, there are slightly
raised, thick, white patches on somites 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10
without any genital significance, confined either to the
ventral or dorsal surface of the body-wall; such white
patches on the contiguous segments become confluent, and
do not in any case occupy more than 1/3 of the body-
diameter.

Spermathecal apertures in groove 7/8 in seta-line cd.

Male openings in intersegmental groove 7/8 are trans-
verse slits, surrounded by two swollen lips and are halfway
between bc. Atrial papille occasionally project through
the apertures.

Female orifices inconspicuous in furrow 11/12 on seta-
line a.

Nephridial openings large in seta-line d.

The colour of this species of earthworm is very widely
variable. Most specimens in the living condition were bright
pink with milk-white or olive-green on the posterior one-
third of the body. Occasionally the pink was replaced by
a pale violet or saffron-yellow with the same colour-mark-
ings as in the first case. In the preserved specimens the
pink and white entirely fade, but traces of the other colours
are retained.

Internal Anatomy.—In the larger worms the skin, specially
in the preclitellar and hinder regions of the body, is very
thick and is almost leathery, due to the development of the
muscles and a peculiar form of connective-tissue fibres. In
the macerated stained preparations of the skin, some of
these fibres which lie above the circular muscles possess a
beaded structure, showing their multicellular origin. Others

some new Species of Drawida. 521

are wavy and are disposed longitudinally—a fibre extending
over more than two somites. The wavy fibres are not
granular, while the cells included in the beaded variety,
which is an incipient fibre, are deeply stained (hzemato-
xylin). It is to these fibres that the toughness of the skin-
texture and its considerable elasticity are due. In sections
of the skin obtained from the posterior white portion, the
occurrence of large cubical cells with considerably thick
walls, either empty or full of a deeply staining mass, forms
a conspicuous feature. The granular mass is the coagulated
mucus whose presence accounts for the milk-whiteness of
this region of the body. In the specimens in which the
preserving fluids have thoroughly dissolved the lipochrome
pigments and the mucus of the cells, the skin, chiefly in
the anterior region, becomes transparent, through which the
reproductive organs, the nerve-cord, and the subneural
vessel can be seen. But the opacity of the skin in the
posterior part is due to the inaccessibility of the mucous
cells to the solvent action of spirit, for the superficial
epidermal cells in this region form a fairly thick corium.
Septa 5/6-8/9 are very muscular, about three times as
thick as the skin, are shifted backwards about the distance
of three somites, and are telescoped into each other. In
consequence of the backward deflection of septum 8/9 ex-
tending. as far behind as somite 1], septa 9/10, 10/11 are
absent or are only imperfectly developed. In the region of
the gizzards, a fusion of septa 13/14 and 20/21 may take place
in some mature forms, and only imperfectly so in others.
The succeeding septa are tender up to somite 120, when
they again become as thick as or thicker than the skin,
Septa 11/12 and 12/13 form an imperfect ovarian chamber.
There are generally four, occasionally five, hard-walled
yellow gizzards, occupying somites 13-21. Each gizzard is
very large and muscular, taking up two segments, and the
softer annuli between them are very greatly developed.
These are followed by a series of 3 to 6 softer gizzards,
smaller than the anterior ones, placed in segments 22 to 8U;
thus each of these secondary ones also taking up a segment.
The alimentary canal is thin and is without a typhlosole, and
behind segment 120 the intestine becomes conspicuously
white and thick-walled. In transverse sections the lumen
of the intestine appears as a narrow vertical slit, the walls
touching one another. The intestinal wall in this region is
composed of very greatly developed circular muscles, with
radiating bundles of the same tissue, which in the inter-
segmental constrictions spass into the septa. Scattered

522 Mr. C.R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

throughout the wall are oval cells, which form a definite
layer on the outer surface; each cell contains a deeply
staining protoplasmic mass and a central nucleus. Such
cells occur over the entire intestinal wall behind the
gizzards. The cavity of the intestine is lined by a double
layer of chloragogen and columnar cells. The latter are
irregular in outline, producing a jagged appearance on the
inner surface, Judged from the nature of the occurrence
and distribution of the oval cells, a great many of them are
found in the muscles of the body-wall, it is possible to infer
that they are associated with the absorption and trans-
mission of food.

Alimentary appendages are present ; those on the softer
gizzards are extremely vascular. The vessels of these
appendages are derived either from the dorsal vessel or from
the supraintestinal trunk.

The last heart is in somite 10. The dorsal vessel over the
gizzards and anteriorly is considerably stout, and follows a
more or less zigzag course. The most anterior heart is in
segment 6. In the majority of forms in my collection there
is a supra-intestinal vessel. The phenomenon of opacity is
common to the dorsal vessel and the last hearts. Secondary
commissures are only rarely present, as the occurrence of the
lateral longitudinal vessels is arbitrary. A supra- and an
infraneural vessel is present, the latter together with the
nerve-cord is visible through the transparent skin. The
distribution of the vessels is similar to the plan described
in D. somavarpatana.

The testis-sacs depend from the remains of septum 9/10,
and occupy segments 10 and 11. Hach sac is an irregular
oval body, more or less attached to the dorsal vessel and the
hearts by the mesenterial wall. Its histological structure
and arrangement of testis-cells and funnel are identical with
those of the anterior pair of vesicles described in D. soma-
varpatana. In the testis-sac the position of the funnel
is easily made out from the area of iridescent shimmer on
its wall.

The sperm-duct leads off from the posterior ventral
margin of the sac, and forms a dense matted structure
adhering to the wall of the vesicle, which it partly covers.
The duct, which when in the matted condition occupies
nearly three somites, is fairly thick, due to the large
development of the circular muscles around the internal
ciliated epithelium, and when uncoiled is over 65 to 70 mm.
long. The duct enters the prostate at its apex, which is
slightly indented. °

some new Species of Drawida. 523

The spermiducal gland, or the prostate, is a large pyriform
organ sessile on the body-wall, its vertical axis being twice
or slightly more than twice its antero-posterior diameter.
In some specimens the glandular part with its club-shaped
cells is really confined to the ental and ectal divisions, while
the rest of the wall is composed of a few muscle-fibres and
cubical epithelial cells, thus converting the glandular struc-
ture into a vesicle in which the sperm-duct lies in several
coils. The atrial papille are comparatively small.

There is an ovarian chamber, 7.e. segment 11 remains
closed on opening the worm, though sometimes the sides
may rupture on stretching the animal. ‘The ovisac, which
looks rather like the pistil of the pea, protudes from this
chamber into segments 12 to 14. The ovary is enclosed in
the sacs, which lie over or on the sides of the first two
gizzards, There is no oviduct, but the side-walls of the
ovarian chamber approximate so as to form s€parate ovarian
conduits. The female aperture is small in all the forms
investigated.

The spermathecal ampulle (Pl. XV. fig. 3c) are lodged in
depressions on the posterior face of the fat septum 7/8, and
are completely hidden by the equally thickened posterior
septum. Sometimes the depressions for the lodgement are
absent. The two ampulle are close together, being separated
only by the dorsal vessel. In shape they are subspherical and
are whitish-looking. In the teased preparations the contents
were only a coagulated albuminous mass easily dissolved by
alcohol and acetic acid. The microscopic structure of the
ampulla is identical with that of the similar structure of
D. somavarpatna. The spermathecal duct is fairly thick
and lies in a few coils in the large cavity of somite 8, and
penetrates the septum 7/8 at the base, and follows the some-
what tortuous course in the hinder part of somite 7. It
euters the atrial pouch at its apex, which it fairly deeply
pitted. The vesicle is a large, strongly muscular, pear-
shaped gland fixed to the body-wall by the narrow end. It
lies fore and aft to the long axis of the body. The sides
of septum 6/7 are greatly hollowed out for the reception of
these glands, in which the duct opens out into a large sac.
In the fully mature forms the atrial pouch looks like a
barrel with spiral hoops of muscle-bands, which form a con-
spicuous external feature. The glandular portion in such a
case is confined to the two ends of the organ. The cavity
of the vesicle is composed of a lining membrane (Pl. XVIII.
fig. 10 d), whose cells are much larger than than those of the
duct, and by their greatly irregular arrangement give rise to

524 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

recessesin thechamber. Surrounding thisinternal membrane
is a mass of subspherical cells, which on account of mutal pres-
sure may assume an oval shape. These and the lining cells
stain deeply, and the nucleus in them is large and centrally
placed. <A few of these surrounding spherical cells look
empty in sections, having previously discharged their contents
into the vesicular chamber. None of these glandular cells
possess any ductules. In the more mature forms, in which
the muscles of the pouch are gathered into spiral hoops, the
internal cavity is disposed into a slight spiral form, and in
those forms in which the muscles are not so aggregated
they form a close and continuous investment, which accounts
for the very tough character of the whole organ. The outer
membrane of the pouch is composed of numerous layers of
cubical cells, those at the surface being almost flat. The
protoplasm of these cells is granular, and the nucleus stains
deeply. The «blood-vessels run in all directions in the
substance of the gland, and in the transverse section they
appear cut across and also lengthwise. The whole wall is
further impregnated by a mass of white granular substance
ef an albuminous nature, staining with hematoxylin and
derived trom the glandular cells. It is the presence of these
bodies which gives a milky-white shimmer and opacity to
these organs, which become almost transparent on dissolving
them.

The nephridial system of this-species of Drawida 1s
remarkable. The nephridia in the hinder region of the
body, where the alitnentary canal becomes thicker, give off a
duct from the third lobe, which opens into the intestine.
The tubules from the two nephridia in any segment in this
region have a separate opening. Thus each nephridium
opens outside on the seta-line cd, as well as into the in-
testine. More auteriorly, the nephridia seem to have a
similar secondary opening into the intestine, at least into the
gizzards, but I have not succeeded in finding out if all the
nephridia have an intestinal opening. Depending from
the third lobe, close to the point where a vascular twig from
the subintestinal vessel enters it, is an accessory lobe, more
or less sacculated, containing minute bluish spherical bodies,
which lie on either side of the non-ciliated wide duct.
Possibly these bodies are concretions of waste matter. These
accessory lobes are absent from the more anteriorly placed
nephridia. In addition to the meganephridia, each somite
contains a pair of integumentary nephridia also. These are
composed of a much convoluted glandular tubule attached
to the peritoneal wall, being separated from its fellow on the

some new Species of Drawida. 525

opposite side by the dorsal and ventral mesenteries. They
occur throughout in all somites, except the first three
anterior ones. The lobes of the integumentary nephridia
are whitish-looking mushroom-like structures composed of
twisted tubules, aud are placed on the seta-line cd, where
they open along with the meganephridia. The lobes of the
integumentary nephridia are a characteristic feature of the
internal surface of the body-wall in the opened specimens.
I am not quite sure whether there are two independent
nephridiopores, and [ have not succeeded in making out
how the integumentary tubule opens outside. The integu-
mentary nephridium has not a funnel-like nephrostone,
which, however, 1s represented by a simple dilatation of the
inferior limb in the mid-ventral line. ‘The ductules of the
integumentary nephridia are absolutely narrower than those
of the meganephridia.

The nervous system and sensory organs do not call for
any further remark than that the latter are in every respect
like those of D. somavarpatana, 'The nervous system is
more highly organised than in the case of the two foregoing
species described here.

Locality. Bhagamandala, 4000 ft., Coorg, S. India. The
type is in the British Museum ; syntypes with Prof. Dr.
W.M. Michaelsen, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and in
the Central College, Bangalore.

Drawida modesta, sp. n.

External Characters.—Length 72 mm., diameter in the
pee region 6 mm. and in the postclitellar part
44 mm.; number of segments 221, those of the middle and
the hinder part of the body are very short.

The setee are moderately large, closely paired, aa=be. The
first somite is free from sete. dd is less than half the
circumference.

Prostomium very small and prolobous.

No dorsal pores.

Clitellum well-marked over segments 10-13. The genital
markings are simple. The ventral part of somite 7, between
the spermathecal openings, is hollow, terminating on either
side anteriorly in a conspicuous oval grey glandular lobe of
skin, a feature which I have not noticed in any other species
of Drawida with which I am acquainted. Around and
between the male orifices is a fairly deep oval groove. A
similar marking of grooves is present around the female
pores also. On somites 9 and 8 tlre are faint circular

526 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

markings in the line of genital pores. The male apertures
with thick lips are large transverse slits in the furrow 10/11,
extending nearly over half aa and outwardly nearly over
half dc. The slit is straight, and the depression surrounding
it is confined to the posterior half of somite 10. The female
orifice is as large as the male opening, situated externally to
seta-line b.

Each of the female pores extends inwards as far towaris
the median line as the male orifices do. The lips are
swollen. The body-wall in the mid-ventral line between
the depressions surrounding the genital pores is raised in
the form of a ridge. ‘The spermathecal pores are large, slit-
like, curved openings in line with the male pores, the chief
convexity being directed posteriorly. In front of each slit
is the already noticed glandular oval thickenings of the skin.
The nephridial pores are placed on seta-line cd.

The colour of live specimens was distinguished by a grey
clitellum, the preclitellar portion was a mixture of yellow
and brown. The rest of the body was deep yellow with
blotches of brown. In the preserved specimen the yellow
is present only poorly.

Internal Anatomy.—The skin is very tough and leathery,
and in point of histological structure is like the skin of the
foregoing species, D. elegans.

Additional internal circular muscles in the genital somites
are present. j

Septa 5/6-8/9 are very thick ; the posterior face of septa
7/8 and 8/9 bear deep aunular grooves with corresponding
ridges on the opposite surface. Septa 9/10 and 10/11 are
extremely tender or have atrophied. Subsequent ones are
excessively thin.

There are two gizzards occupying somites 10-14. The
anterior is soft-walled, occupies 14 segments, and the
posterior is large, thick-walled, taking up 34 segments.
The alimentary appendages are few and fairly large.

In regard to structure and disposition of vessels, the
circulatory system of this species is similar to those of
D. somavarpatana.

The testicular sacs are very large, and, instead of depending
from the posterior face of septum 9/10, are attached to the
body-wall. This is the first example of Drawida in which
a sessile seminal vesicle is reported. Each vesicle has
convex outer surface, the anterior and posterior faces are
either bevelled or are hollow, and the inner margin, which is
a narrow ridge, is transversely ribbed. In cross-section it is
like the sector of a circle with the radii bent in. The length

some new Species of Drawida. 527

of vesicles is greater than their breadth by about a fourth,
_and they occupy more than 24 segments (9, 10) and nearly
the whole of 11. The sacs, which are visible through the
translucent skin, are attached to the body-wall on the
ventro-lateral line, external to the prostates, and round
the base of attachment there is a furred white membrane
which represents the remnants of septum 9/10. Septum 8/9
is also deflected backwards over the testicular vesicles,
forming an additional external investment. The testis is
a large mushroom-like organ placed about the middle of the
vesicle. The funnel is closely attached to it, and the position
of the former is externally marked on the inner ridged
portion of the vesicle by a rectangular iridescent area, from
which the sperm-duct leads off. In the first part of its
course the duct is spirally twisted, and runs inwards. It
doubles backwards, and is entangled in the mass of tubules
belonging to the nephridial lobes, blood-vessels, and muscle-
fibres. ‘lhe duct enters the prostate on its posterior face.
The spermiducal gland is a white, cushion-like, spherical
body, sessile on the body-wall in segment 10 close to the
base of septum 10/11. In point of microscopic structure,
the gland is in every detail like that of D. somavarpatana.
The atrium is without a papilla.

The ovisacs are of considerable size, extending backwards
up to somite 14 and overlapping the gizzards in the mid-
dorsal line. On opening the worm, the contents, a mass of
yellow yolk, tumbled out; the wall of the sac, being exces-
sively thin, ruptures on the addition of the slightest pressure.
When examined microspically the yellow spherules were
found to form a dense covering for the very large ovum.
I have not been able to make out what the ovary is like.
The oviduct is large and convoluted, and its mouth com-
mences at the point of the non-fusion of septa 10/1] and
11/12, which, however, adhere everywhere, forming a kind of
spacious chamber. ‘The stem and the greater part of the
sac, together with the oviduct, are included in this chamber.
The duct opens at the base of the posterior face of
septum 11/12.

The ampulla of the spermathecal apparatus is situated
over the nephridial arch on the posterior face of septum 7/8,
to which, however, it is not attached. It is subtriangular
in shape, the apex being directed inwards, the anterior
and posterior faces converging towards the ventral ridge.
Thus in vertical section also the ampulle are triangular.
They are conspicuously white and nestle in the septal grooves,
and overlap the hearts and the dorsal vessel. From the

528 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

middle of the ventral ridge is given off the large duct, whose
coils are hidden by the ampulle, the nephridia, and the’
hearts, which are exceedingly thick-walled and large. The
duct enters the atrial pouch at its summit ; the pouch itself
is imbedded in the septal wall 7/8 (Pl. XV. fig. 2D). Conse-
quently the duct does not penetrate it. The pouch is cylin-
drical and thin-walled, into which the duct opens out into a
large chamber. The microscopic structure of the pouch is
in every detail like that which is met with in the ectal end of
the atrial pouch of D. somavarpatana already described. In
the preparations of the pouch and the ampulla I did not find
any sperma.

Nephridial System meganephric. The nephrostome has a
secondary funnel. None open into the intestine, except the
anterior ones in the pharyngeal region.

The nervous system is highly organized, like that of
D. elegans.

Locality. Moornad (Hill valleys, 3500 ft.), Coorg, S. India.

The type is in the British Museum; syntype in the
Central College, Bangalore. Only two specimens are
included in the Collection.

Drawida paradova, sp. 0.

External Characters.—Length 90 mm.; preclitellar dia-
meter 5 mm. 3; postclitellar diaméter 4 mm.; number of
segments, 152. Preclitellar somites telescoped and twice
as large as the postclitellar ones. No secondary annulations.

Prostomium very large aud prolobous.

Setze are small, closely paired ; aa=be generally through-
out, though in some specimens aa@ is less than bec in the
anterior somites ; dd=4 circumference of body. The seta-
lines are distinctly marked by broad longitudinal grooves,
produced apparently by the muscle-bundles slightly diverg-
ing from one another. The setal bases are surrounded by
conspicuous, white, papilla-like elevations, having the same
microscopic structure as those described under D. soma-
varpatana.

The limits of the clitellum are indefinite, but yet can be
marked by the slight thickening of the body-wall of
somites 10-13.

Dorsal pores are present, and commence from behind the
clitellum from somite 14 or possibly 15.

No genital markings.

Spermathecal and female apertures not visible. The male
orifice is equally indistinct in the majority of forms

some new Speeies of Drawida. 529

examined, and only in a few appear as curved slits in the
furrow 10/11 external to seta-line 6.

Nephridial pores on seta-line d.

The colour of these forms at the time of capture was a
deep chocolate anteriorly and greenish brown over the
posterior half of the body. In the spirit-specimens the
chocolate is rendered into a pale violet or mauve, and the rest
of the body is pale brownish.

Internal Anatomy.—The first recognisable septum is 2/3,
and is broken up laterally. Septa 3/4 and 4/5 have the
same ill-defined lateral walls, their place being taken by
powerful muscles, which form part of the pharyngeal mus-
cular system. Septa 5/6-8/9 are thick. The succeeding
ones are tender.

The pharynx is muscular and occupies four somites (2-5).
The retractor muscles, which connect the pharynx to the
parietes, bear masses of ylandular cells in somites 8-5 nearer
to their pharyngeal ends. In the species of Drawida de-
scribed and others to which reference is made in this paper as
having been subjected to investigation, I have noticed the
presence of white glandular masses of cells on the posterior
face of septa 2/3-4/5. Examined microscopically, the masses
are seen to be composed of spherical cells mainly aggregated
round the septal vessels, and may be therefore looked upon
in the nature of blood-glands, though in a very incipient
condition of developmeut. I have not been able to detect
any ductule issuing from these septal blood-glands, nor from
the gland-masses ‘agereeated on the muscle-bands of this
species. In seement 5, ‘however, of D. paradoxa are found
masses of distinct glandular lobes, white, more or less
flattened, and closely applied to the dorsal and lateral
pharyngeal wall, completely hidden by the forward deflection
of the septum 5/6. When an entire gland is removed with
its connections, cleared, and examined, a ramifying system
of canalicules, which obviously drain the cellular secretion,
may be detected. The cells themselves are large spherical
bodies fuil of granular cytoplasm, with a distinct, centrally
situated, large, rounded nucleus. A few muscle-fibres con-
stitute the matrix of these glands, which have no relation
with the septum. In the sectional preparations the discrete
openings of these glands into the pharynx and a glandular
pharyngeal epithelium, having essentially a cytologic ral struc-
ture similar to the glands, are detectable. There can be
little doubt as regards the glandular pharyngeal epithelium
discharging a digestive function, and in that case the glands
in somites 5 and those on the pharynge eal muscle-band may

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. a4

530 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy 0)

be simply water-conserving organs. Unfortunately, there
was not an opportunity to do any experimental work on the
physiology of these organs.

There are three bigger gizzards occupying somites 12-14,
_ the first one softer and more conically built, and the hinder

two firm and spherical. The fourth gizzard in somite 15 is
just half the size of the spherical one in front, and is hidden
from view. The wall of the intestine in somites 16-17 is
very muscular, and simulates the appearance of gizzards.
Enteric appendages are conspicuously developed, as in
D. somavarpatana and D. elegans, and the number of digi-
tate lobes present in any appendage may reach about - XO,
some of which at any rate are in an incipient stage of
development. The one feature about these appendages
which requires mention is the fact that these lobes become
in some forms enveloped in a distinct peritoneal membrane,
which passes over the dorsal vessel, thus becoming organised
into a lobate gland.

The dorsal vessel in somites 5-17 is greatly thickened,
and follows a greatly tortuous course in somites 12-17.
The last heart is in segment 9; occasionally an additional
one in segment 10. There is a subneural vessel.

The testicular sacs lying in segments 9-10 are large,
spherical, opaque bodies, rather greyish, covered over dorsally
by the backward detlection of septum 9/10 (PI. XV. fig. 3c).
They meet over the dorsal vessel in the median line. From
the inner lower border of each vesicle is given off the spermi-
duct, which is large, lying in two most intricately coiled
masses, each nearly as large as the testicular sac itself.
These spermiducal masses lie on the sides of, in close contact
with, the sacs and below the cesophagus. From the subceso-
phageal mass the coiled vas deferens issues to meet the pro-
state, which is engrafted on asecond testicular sac. The testis
of the spherical vessels is attached to their Jower inner border,
closely adherent to the funnel, whose position is easily
detected by the iridescent or golden-yellow area from which
the muscles of the sacs radiate. The engrafted prostate
surrounds the second tubular vesicles on the top and the
anterior and posterior margins, the sides being free, and
extending ventrally only up to the point where the thicker
second vas deferens commences. ‘The spermiduct belonging
to the spherical vesicle enters the engrafted prostate at
about half its height anteriorly. The cylindrical vesicle
pushes backward the septum 10/11 by about the length of
nearly two somites, and is encapsuled by it and two other
posterior septa. Owing to the prostates the entire structure

some new Species of Drawida. 531

is flat, From below, a stout bent tube, the second vas
deferens, is given off and is inserted into the upper end of
the posterior division of the sessile prostates. In the
sectional preparations the histological elements composing
the sessile prostates are also met with in those of the spermi-
ducal gland surrounding the tubular vesicle, in which the
arrangement of the second testis is same as what has been
described in the similar organs of D. somavarpatana. The
coiled vas deferens of the spherical vesicles enters the tubular
vesicle, and below this point the cells of the lining membrane
of the latter lose all the character of spermatocytes and
rather resemble those of spermiduct itself. Near the ental
end of the second tubular sacs the sperm parent-cells are
found in various stages of division.

The arrangement of the male reproductive apparatus of
tliis species is very like that of D. somavarpatana, but ouly
with such differences as have been indicated above. Strong
broad bands of muscles connect the second pair of vesicles
to the body-wall on both sides, such as have not been
observed in any other species. This mode of attaching
accounts for the difficulty of erecting the sacs for the
purpose of examination.

The egg-sacs, which lie over the first gizzard, are shifted
backwards by the length of two somites. They are slender
tubular structures, mainly composed of yolk-platelets ; the
ovaries, which are tufted organs, are attached to the stem of
the sacs, Septa 10/11 and 11/12 are juxtaposed, but do not
fuse, and the coelomic chamber of segment 11 is nearly a
shut cavity in which a coiled glandular oviduct lies, whose
funnel is indistinguishably situated in the ovarian mass.

The ampulla of the spermathecal apparatus is small,
oval, being situated on either side of the dorsal vessel in
somite 8, only loosely attached to the posterior face of
septum 7/8. The duct is thin and is only moderately coiled.
It runs outwards, penetrates the septum 7/8 considerably
over the ventral body-wall; the greater part of its further
course lies in the thickness of this septum, which it leaves
at the base for insertion dorsally into the anterior lobe of
the copulatory pouch. The pouch is double-lobed, with a
median constriction dividing the organ into unequal anterior
and posterior parts (Pl. XV. fig. 2E). The whole pouch lies
in segment 7, and pushes backwards considerably over half
a somite the septum 7/8. The cavity of the pouches is
divided into a number of incomplete horizontal compartments
with ridges, which, though running round the inner wall of
the lobes, are discontinuous. In sectional preparations the

34*

532. Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

ridges appear to be composed of a cord of small spherical cells
with longitudinally disposed muscle-fibres, the whole of the
ridge being compactly held by a thin ‘cuticular pellicle.
The entire pouch perhaps represents the greatly modified
atrial tubules of Moniligaster perrieri—a view which in some
measure receives support from the fact that these ridges are
canalised in the case of forms which are just developing the
spermathecal apparatus, and the peritoneal wall encapsuling
them is still thin and devoid of muscle-fibres (Pl. XVIII.
figs. 102 & 1072). The more complete organisation of the
peritoneal investment into the atrial pouch must synchronise
with the degeneration of the tubes lito incomplete ridges.
The Nephridial System.—The vesicle in this species is non-
glandular, unlike the other examples described in this paper,
and hence has the same structure as that described in
D. grandis (Pl. XVI. fig. 5). It is quite transparent, being
composed of a few circularly disposed muscle-fibres, aud, in
the case of auterior somites in the front of the clitellum and
even in some examples behind it, the vesicle opens by a broad
circular aperture into the respective coelomic chamber. <A
glandular vesicle is not, however, uncommon even in this
species. aud then they are white and perfectly opaque. The
nephridial lobes and their relation to the other structures -
are so different in this and the other species described in
this paper from the figure of D. grandis given by Bourne
(pl. xxvii. fig. 42, Q. J. M. Sci. vo]. xxxvi.), that a few words
respecting the renal organs will not be inappropriate here.
The two vesicles form nearly a complete ring round the
alimentary canal, almost meeting dorsally, but extending
only halfway ventrally below the intestine. From the lower
half of its stem is given off the slightly coiled muscular duct,
which runs outwards to open on the seta-line cd. Among
the glandular lobes we recognize the twisted and the looped
cones. ‘There are two of the former kind, one being longer
than the other, both ventral to the alimentiry canal, and the
longer twisted lubes on each side are only separated by
the uerve-cord, ‘There are three looped lobes: two of them
are in close relation to the sides of the alimentary canal on
the inner side of the vesicle, and the third more or less
attached to the muscular tube, and hence on the outer side
of the vesicle. ‘The funnel-tube enters the main glandular
mass at the point where the inner looped and the twisted
lobes diverge, and the duct of the funnel-tube also divides,
entering respectively tle two main divisions of the nephridial
structure. In regard to the histological structure of the
different parts, excepting the nephrostome, which is same as

some new Species of Drawida. Sage

in D. somavarpatana, the nephridia of this species do not
differ, from those of D. grandis, of which we have a most
elaborate account by Bourne.

The Nervous System.—Both the cord and the cesophageal
nerve-mass show the same disposition of the histological
elements discussed under D. somavarpatana, and perhaps the
only feature which distinguishes D. paradowxa is the absence
of the large spherical central cells occurring in the internodes
of the nerve-cord and also in cesophageal nerve-mass. This
primitive character of the nervous system, associated with the
presence of two pairs of testicular vesicles in two species of
Drawida, is a morphological fact worth calling attention to.

Locality. Madapur (Coorg, S. India), Hill forests, 3500 ft.
Type in the British Museum, syntypes, with Prof.. Dr.
Michaelsen, Hamburg, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
aud the Central College, Bangalore.

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE.

Bran, kN. (19199) * Ow “the Nephridia of Indian Earthworms.
Qa. Me St ve s.) vol. lxiv. part i.

BeppaRp, F. E. (1886.) ‘ Notes on some Earthworms icons Ceylon
and the Philippine Islands.” Aun, & Mag, Nat. Hist. (5)vol. xvii.
ote)

——, 11888.) “Preliminary Note on the Nephuidig of Pericheta.”

Proce. Roy. Soe. vol. xliii. p. 809.

. (1895.) ‘A Monograph of the Order Olig pete’ Oxford.

Benuam, W. B. (1891.) “The Nephridium of Lwmnbricus and its
Blood snpply, with Remarks on the Nephridia in other Cheetu-
poda.”’ Q.J . M.S. (a. 8.) vol. xxxii. p. 298.

——. (1893.) ‘On Moniliyaster indicus.” Q.J. M.S. (n.s.) vol. xxiv.
. 361.

Bocrneg, A.G. (1886) “ Preliminary Notice of Earthworms from the
Nilgiris and Shevaroys.” P.Z. 5. p. 662,

es) (1s91.) “On Meguscolex ceruleus Temp. from Ceylon ; together
with a Theory of the Course of the Blood in Earthworms.’
Q.J. M.S. (n. s.) vol. xxxii. p. 49.

—. ee “On Moniligaster grandis, A. G. B., from the Nilgiris,

S. India, together with ae Weueces of other Species of the Genus

Moniligester Q. J. M.S. (nu. s.) vol. xxxvi. p. 507,

—, (1894.) “On certain Points in the Dev elopment and Anatomy
of some Earthworms.” Q. J. M.S. (1. s.) vol. xxxvi. p. 11.

DAHLGREN, U., and Kepner, W. A. (1908.) ‘ Principles of Animal
Histology” New York.

Lanxestrer, EH. R. (1864.) “The Anatomy of the Earthworm.”
Q. J. M.S. (m. 8.) vol. iv. p. 258.

Micuarisen, W. (1897.) “ Die Terricolenfauna Ceylons.” Jahrb.
Inst. Hamburg, xiv. Beih. 2, p. 157.

——. (1900.) ‘Oligocheta (Das Tierreich),’

=) (L907 & Neue Oligochaten von Vorder—Indien, Ceylon, Birma
und den Andaman—Inseln” Jahrb. Anst. Hamburg, XXIV.
Reih. 2, p. 189.

——, (1910.) “Die Oligochitenfauna der Vorderindisch- ceylonischen
Region.” Abh. Naturw. Ver. Hamburg, xix. Band. 5 Heft,

9

534 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of

Rarr, J. W. (1910.) ‘Contributions to our Knowledge of Victorian
Earthworms. The Alimentary Canal.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria,
vol. xxii. p. 244.

SrrpHEnson, J. (1914.) Zoological Results of the Abor Expedition,
Oligocheta.” Rec. Ind. Mus. vol. viii. p. 365.

——. (1915.) “On some Indian Oligocheta, mainly from Southern
India and Ceylon.” Mem. Ind, Mus. vol. vi. p. 35.

—. (1916.) “Ona Collection of Oligochezta belonging to the Indian
Museum.” Rec. Ind. Mus. vol. xii. p. 299.

—. (1917.) “On a Collection of Oligochzta from various Parts of
India and Further India.” Ree. Ind. Mus. vol. xii. p. 358.
Sweet, G. (1900.) ‘On the Structure of the Spermiducal Glands and

* Associated Parts in Australian Earthworms.” Journ. Linn. Soe.,
Zool. vol, xxviii. p. 109.
THapar,G.§8. (1918.) ‘The Lymph-glands in the Genus Pheretima,
with a Note on the Coelomic Organ of Beddard.” Rec. Ind. Mus.
vol. xv. p. 69,

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XV.

Fig. 1 A, B,C,D, and E represent the genital markings and orifices
of D. somavarpatana, D. scandens, D. elegans, D. modesta,
and D. paradoxa, respectively.

Fig. 2 A, B, C, D, and E are the spermathecal apparatus of the species
in the same order as in fig. 1. The atrial pouch in fig. D is
contained in the septal wall 7/8. The pouches are cleared in
acetic acid, so as to show the nature of the internal cavity.

Fig. 3 a, 6, ¢ represent the dissections of D. somavarpatana, D.
scandens, and D. paradoxa. The septal deflections in the
genital somites are a marked feature.

Puate XVI.

Fig. 4. The left half of two somites’ length of alimentary canal of young
D, paradoxa, The anterior division shows the development
of an enteric appendage and the second half contains a fully-
developed appendage. A few of the multiplying cells have
migrated to the tips of the muscle-fibres. The reflected
membrane on the base of the appendage in the second half of
the figure is the outer connective-tissue wall of the dorsal
vessel,

Fig. 5, An entire nephridium of D. paradoru: at points a, b, and c the
structure of the vesicle and the different lobes is indicated in
optical section.

Fig. 5a, An entire nephrostome of D. somavarpatana, examined in
glycerine. ‘The secondary funnel is provided with stiff cilia.

Fig. 6. Transverse section of the nerve-cord of D. somavarpatana.

‘g. Ga. A length of one-half of the nerve-cord of the same species,
washed in silver nitrate and stained in methylin-blue,
illustrating the mode of dendritic connections. Each nerve
is composed of 8 to 10 fibres, of which only two are shown in
the figure. The relative positions of the different nerve-cells
and their dendritic connections have been drawn through
Spencer Lens camera lucida, x 75.

some new Species of Drawida. 535

PuaTE XVII.

Fig. 7. Vertical section of skin of D, somavarpatana through the seta-
follicle, showing the group of tall sensory cells which form
the white papillze round the seta (ad),

Fig. 8. Vertical section through prostomium of D. somavarpatana,
showing groups of two kinds of sensory cells, The nerye-
a in both preparations have been picked up by methylin-

lue.

Fig. 9. Vertical section of skin of D. scandens.

Fig. 10. Transverse section of the ege-sae of D. somavarpatana,

Fig. 10a. A teased preparation of the spherical testicular vesicle of
D. somavarpatana.

Fig. 10 6. Transverse section of the tubular testicular sac of D. somavar-
patana, :

Pruate XVIIL.

Fig. 10 ce. Vertical section of the double testicular sac of D, scandens,
showing their attachment to the septum 9/10.

Fig. 10d. A sectional preparation of the ampulla of D. elegans.

Fig.10e. An entire ampulla of D. scandens, cleared and stained
(hematoxylin).

Fig. 107. Transverse (a portion) section of the ectal end of the atrial
pouch of D. somavarpatana.

Fig. 10 g. Section across the ental end of the same.

Figs. 10h, 107. Section (a portion) across the atrial pouches of an adult
and a young D. paradoxa; in the latter the ridge appears
as a tube, the canal of which is obliterated in the former.

Fig. 107. A portion of the transverse section of the prostate of
D. somavarpatana at the ectal end.

Lettering.

amp., ampulla; @mp.c., ampulliform mucous cells; ‘as. albumin
space; at., arterial twig; 6.¢., basement-tissue; b.v., blood-vessel; e.c.,
coelomo- and hxemocytes; c.c.’, central cell; c.ep. and c.mes., coelomic
epithelium ; c.g., cutaneous gland; ¢.m., circular muscle-tibres; e.m.’,
membranous capsule; c.p. and cwt., cuticular layer; ch.ov., ovarian
chamber ; ch., chitinous layer ; ch.’, chromation fibres; cop.p., copulatory
pouch ; cor., cortical layer; d., dendrites ; d.p., dorsal pore; d.v., dorsal
vessel ; €.5., egg-sac ; em., epithelial membrane ; en.c., enteric appendage;
ep.c., epithelial cells; f., funnel; f’, fibrille ; fc., filiform cells (associated
with the sense of movement); f.0., female opening; f¢., funnel-tube ;
g.mus., genital muscle ; giz., gizzard; g.f,, giant fibres; gl.c., club-shaped
cells; gl.ep., glandular epithelium; gr. and gr.m., granules and granular
matrix; 2.c., undifferentiated cells; ¢z., intestinal wall; 2v./., inner looped
lobe; A.s., hayaline space; /.m., lining membrane of seta-follicle; /.2.2.,
longer twisted lobe; m. and m.f., muscles; m.c., marginal cell; mg,f,
marginal nerve-fibres ; m.i., muscles of the intestine; m/., layer of mega-
cytes (trophocytes) ; m.m., metamorphosing muscles arranged like the ribs
of a fan; m.o., male opening; m.¢., muscular tube; mé.c., motor cells;
m.w., mesenterial wall; »., nuclei of syncytial cells; n.c., nucleolus ;
n.p., nucleoplasm ; ol., incipient trophocytes ; op.c.g., opening of cuta-
neous gland ; o¢/., outer looped lobe; ov,, ova and ovary ; ovd., oviduct ;
out.ep., outer epithelial cells; p., perceptory processes; p.c., sensory
processes of tactile cells; p.c.’, proliferating peritoneal cells ; p.c.", paired

536 Mr. O. Thomas on

cells; per., peritoneum; pyr.c., pyramidal cells; s.c., sensory cells;
s.id.g.. spermiducal gland (prostate); sep, septum 7/8; sept. and
sept.m., septal membrane; s.f., secondary funnel; s.f.’, seta-follicle; sh.,
connective-tissue sheath round the dorsal vessel; s.0., spermathecal
opening; sp.b., sperm-blasts; sp.c., spherical cells; sp.d., spermiduct ;
sp.m., sperm-morula ; sp.s., sperm-sac; s.l., shorter twisted lobe ; 1.0,
tigroid bodies; ¢c., testis-cells; v., vesicle ; y.c., yolk-cells; y.sp., yolk-
p atelets.

LI.—Notes on the Species of Notomys, the Australian
Jerboa-rats. “By OLDFIELD ‘l’HOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

THE interesting jerboa-rats forming the genus Votomys have
long been in a state of considerable confusion as regards the
species that exist, or, rather, have existed; for it is to be
feared that few of them still survive, except in the centre
and north of the continent.

When Central Australia was being explored under the
direction of Prof. Baldwin Spencer, a certain number of
specimens were obtained, and Mr. Waite published some
valuable notes on these*. He formed on them the groups
Podanomalus and Thylacomys (which he afterwards renamed
Ascopharynx) ; but, as I have elsewhere T shown, these names
should be merged in the earlier Notomys of Lesson.

The throat-pouch described by Mr. Waite appears to be
present in most if not all of the species, and would seem to
be a skin-gland, such as many rodents, bats, and marsupials
possess in a similar situation. Its use is probably of a
sexually attractive nature, and I cannot at all accept the
suggestion of Mr. Waite that the pouch might be of use for
storing food, as is the case with the American Geomyide and
the European Hamsters. Its structure and general appearance
seem to me to preclude any such possibility.

The two main causes of the confusion that exists as to the
species are, firstly, the publication by Gray of several names
without descriptions, and, secondly, the fact that Gould, who
had an excellent hunter’s knowledge of the forms dealt with,
knew nothing and gave no descriptions of the skulls, by
which alone the species can be satisfactorily determined.

The following notes are based on a study of the series in
the British Museum, which contains specimens obtained by
* P. Roy, Soe. Victoria, (2) x. pt. i. p. 117 (1898).

+ Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvii. p. 83 (1906).

the Australian Jerboa-rats. 530

Sturt, Mitchell, and the earlier explorers, but, sad to say,
comparatively few recent examples, as these interesting
animals seem to have become very rare, if not altogether
extinct, in the more inhabited parts of Australia. The types
of all the species, except mitchelli and, if a Notomys, eonditor,
are in the Museum collection.

1. Notomys longicaudatus, Gould.
Hapalotis longicaudata, Gould, P. Z. 5. 1844, p. 104; id. Mamm. Austr.
il. pl. viii. (1845).

Largest of genus; hind foot about 45 mm.; skull about
39 mm.

The usual dull brown aboveand greyish below. Tail very
long, well tufted. Skull large, heavy, with large well-open
palatal foramina and large bulle. Upper molar series
6-5 mm.

Hab. Western Australia. Typical specimens from Moore’s
River, collected by Gilbert for the Gould Collection, A
third specimen received in the Tomes Collection.

Type (lectotype). Female. B.M. no. 44. 7. 9, 15.

2. Notomys sturti, sp. n.

A long-tailed species, rather smaller than N. longicaudatus.

Proportions about as in longicaudatus, though the feet are
relatively larger. Colour apparently about as in that species,
but the only specimen has had the distal part of the fur
singed off, so that the exact shade cannot be deseribed. Feet
very slender.

Skull apparently similar to that of N. longicaudatus, but
smaller in all dimensions. There is, however, no evidence as
to the size of the bull.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body 182 mm.; tail 200; hind foot 45.

Skull: back of frontals to tip of nasals 25°6 (in WN. longi-

=caudatus 28°5); nasals 13°8; interorbital breadth 6°5;
palatilar length 16°3; palatal foramina 8 x 2°3; upper molar
series 5°8.

Hab. Interior of New South Wales in the Lower Darling
region. ‘Type “ captured in the Coonbaralba Range about
85 miles from Laidley’s Ponds.” This would appear to be
in what is now Farnell Country.

Type. Adult female. B.M, no. 46. 5. 14.43. Collected
July 1845, and presented by Capt. Charles Sturt, in whose
honour Ll have thought it might suitably be named.

538 Mr. O, Thomas on

This interesting specimen is one of the remains of Capt.
Sturt’s famous expedition of 1844-45 into Central Australia.
Rats of this genus are frequently mentioned in the course of
his § Narrative,’ and were said to be then excessively common.
But I have not been able to find any reference which can be
certainly assigned to this particular animal.

The species is readily recognizable by its long tail and
other resemblances to NV. longicaudatus, combined with its
markedly smaller size.

“ A rat like a diminutive kangaroo, called Talamba by the
natives.’—O. Sturt.

3. Notomys gould’, Gould.

The synonymy of ‘this species almost defies elucidation,
owing to Gould’s misdeterminations, to Gray’s publication of
names without descriptions, and to the belated publication
of the plates of the *‘ Erebus’ and ‘ Terror’ in 1875, though
they were quoted by other authors farearlier. The following
appears to be an approximation to the truth :—

Hapalotis gouldi, Gray, Grey’s Journ. ii., Appendix, p. 404 (1841)

(nomen nudum). *
Id. List Mamm. B.M. p. 116 (1843) (nom. nud.).
Hapalotis mitchelli, Gould, Mamm. Austr. iii. pl. ix. (1845), W. Aus-
tralia; nec Dipus mitchelli, Og. Specimen B.M. no, 7. 1. 1. 135
received with the Tomes Collection.

Hapalotis gouldi, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 127 (nom. nud.).

Id. Mamm. Austr, iil., Introduction, p. xxxv (1863). “ Hl. gouldi
of Gray will be the correct designation of the animal I have
called H. mitchell.”

Hapalotis richardsoni, Gray, Voy. ‘ Erebus’ and ‘Terror,’ Mammals,
p- 12d, pl. xxviii. fig. 2 (1875). Swan River. Type, B.M.
no. 43. 8. 21. 3.

Notomys gouldi, Thos. P. Z. 8. 1906, p. 767.

Hab. Western Australia (Salt R., Dwaladine, Stockpool,
Albany).

Type. B.M. no. 7. 1. 1. 135.

Size rather small; hind foot about 36 mm.; skull attaining
32°5 mm. in greatest length. Palatal foramina and choane
arrow.

The common West-Australian species, found in some
numbers there by Shortridge in 1906.

4, Notomys macrotis, sp. n.

Hapalotis macrotis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. B.M. p. 171 (1862)
(nom, nud.); Gould, Mamm. Austr. i., Introd. p. xxxv (1863) (nom.
nud.).

Very similar to NV. gouldi, but larger, the hind foot about

the Australian Jerboa-rats. 539

40 mm., the skull some 2 or 3 mm. larger than in tliat
animal. Fur rather coarser. Colour apparently similar.
Interorbital space comparatively broad. Palatal foramina
large, open, about 2°6 mm. in breadth as compared with 18
in gouldi. Choane also markedly broader, nearly 3 mm, in
breadth. Orthodont; incisive index of type 68°.

Dimensions of type :—

Head and body (as originally stuffed) 118 mm. ; tail (im-
perfect) ; hind foot 40°5 ; ear 26.

Skull: upper length from back of parietals 30; length of
nasals 12°5; interorbital breadth 6°1; palatilar length 14;
palatal foramina 6°5 x 2°6 ; upper molar series 5:5.

flab. “Interior of Western Australia, on Moore’s River.”

Type. Adult skin with imperfect skull, B.M. no.44.7.9.14,
the skull formeriy registered as 44.10, 15.2. Collected by
Jolin Gilbert, and received with the Gould Collection.

This species was rightly distinguished by Gray from
JV. gouldi, but never described. I use, however, the suitable
name he selected for it.

It is readily distinguishable by its large and open palatal
foramina.

T'wo specimens of it are in the Museum. One, the type,
has its skull comparatively perfect, the back of the brain-case
only being gone. In the other, a skin also received in the
Gould Collection, the middle portion of the skull is alone
present, but this is enough to show the characteristic palatal
foramina and choane.

5. Notomys mitchelli, Og.
Dipus mitchelli, Ogilb. Trans. Linn. Soc, xviii. p. 1380 (1841).

Size comparatively small, the hind foot abont 33 mm., the
skull about 30 mm. in total length. Colour fawn above,
whitish below. Tail long, pencilled, bicolor.

Skull of average Murine proportions. Palatal foramina
rather smal], Choane not specially widened. Bulle rather
large. Incisors markedly opisthodont, the incisive index
about 54°.

Hab. Interior of Australia, ranging over a wide area from
the Northern Teriitory (Alroy), through Central Australia
(Killalpanima, Lake Hyre), to Western New South Wales.
Type-locality Reedy Plains, near the junction of the Murray
and Murrumbidgee.

Type in the Sydney Museum.

The common species over the greater part of Central and
Northern Australia, Distinguished by its opisthodont incisors
and narrow choane.

540 | On the Australian Jerboa-rats.

The following appears to be (or, more probably, to have
been) a definable subspecies of V. mitchelli :—

5a. Notomys mitchelli macropus, subsp. n.

Essential characters of true mitchellz, but the feet longer
and the fur longer and thicker; hairs of back about 8-9 mm.
General colour more bluey-grey, not so brown as in mitchellc;
the type, however, considerably faded. Under surface whitish
with slaty bases. Feet more thickly haired than in metchelli,
white. Tail well-haired, pencilled, prominently bicolor.

Skull of type, so far as remains, as in mitchell.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body 120 mm.; tail 153; hind foot 37; ear
(wet) 26.

Skull: nasals 11:3; interorbital breadth 5:1; palatilar
length 14; palatal foramina 6°2 ; upper molar series 5:1.

Hab. South Australia—believed to be Kangaroo Island.

Type. Adult. B.M. no. 55.12. 34. 361. Collected by
Dr. J. B. Harvey, who then lived in Kangaroo Island, and
presented by him in 1841 to the Zoological Society’s Museum.
One specimen only.

6. Notomys aquilo, sp. n.

A small pale species with thin fur.

Size slightly less than in mitchell’. Fur thin, poor, not
woolly. General colour pale sandy brown above, white
below, the hairs white to their bases. A well-marked neck-
gland present in the type. Feet thinly haired, flesh-coloured.
‘Tail sandy brown, not conspicuously bicolor proximally.

Skull delicately built. Interorbital region flat, more
parallel-sided than usual, less quickly broadening posteriorly.
Lacrymal bones unusually large in the type, though this may
be mainly due to age. Palatal foramina fairly large, well
open. Anterior end of mesopterygoid fossa narrow, parallel-
sided. Molarssmall. Incisors more or less orthodont, index
of type 70°.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body 108 mm.; tail (imperfect); hind foot
(wet) 35; ear (wet) 16.

Skull: back of parietals to front of nasals 26°3 ; nasals 11-2;
interorbital breadth 5°2; palatilar length 13:2; palatal
foramina 5-8; breadth of mesopterygoid fossa anteriorly 1°6 ;
upper molar series 5.

Hab. Cape York, N. Queensland.

— Type. Old male with worn teeth. B.M. no. 67. 9. 17. 2.
Purchased of the dealer Higgins ; collected by J.T’. Cockerell.

On Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum. 541

This small northern species has the orthodont incisors of
cervinus and the narrow choanee of mitchelli, but is clearly
distinct from both. It seems to be the only Motomys that
occurs on the eastern coast of Australia, all the others being
from west of the Dividing Range.

7. Notomys cervinus, Gould.
Hupalotis cervinus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 127.

Size small; colour usually pale. Skull of about the size of
that of N. metchellz, but the palatal foramina larger and more
open, the mesopterygoid fossa broader anteriorly, the bull
smaller and the incisors orthodont, index about 75° to 77°,
those of N. mitchelli being decidedly opisthodont.

Hab. The desert-region of Central Australia. Type from
about 29° 6’ §., 141° E.

Type (lectotype). B.M. no. 53.10.22.7. Collected 26th
March, 1845, by Capt. Charles Sturt. From the Gould
Collection.

This species and NV. mitchelli occur together over a large
area of Central Australia, and are often found in the same
localities.

Finally, Gould’s ‘ Hapalotis conditor” is possibly a
member of this genus, but there is no specimen of it in the
British Museum, and species belonging to several genera
were included in what he called ‘ //apalotis.”

There is, however, the skull of a quite distinct Notomys in
the collection, but, pending the discovery of any authentic
specimen of conditor, I will neither definitely assign it to that
species, nor, on the other hand, describe it as new.

LII.—Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.—VIL
By 'l. D. A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado.

A NEW lot of Burmese amber, presented to the Museum by
Mr. Swinhoe, contains only one insect which I am prepared
to describe, though there is a very interesting Psychodid fly
which I hope Mr. Edwards will find time to investigate.
The one insect is, however, of unusual interest, being a bee.
It is closely allied to a species occurring in Sicilian amber,
which is Middle Miocene. ‘he other fossils now described
are from the Gurnet Bay Oligocene,

542 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Fossil Arthropods

HEMIPTERA. (HETEROPTERA.)

Celantia (?) seposita, sp.n. (Tingidide.) (Fig. 1.)
Tegmina or elytra rather narrow, 2°9 mm. long, formed
nearly as in Celantia vagans, Distant, but with the anterior
costal region flattened, with one less row of cells. As pre-

served it is reddish, but this may be due to an iron stain.

Fig. 1.

Celantia (?) seposita, sp. n.

Gurnet Bay Oligocene, Isle of Wight, Hooley 134.

Hooley 572 is the same species.

This is not like any British species of to-day, and while it
probably is distinct from the Oriental genus Celaniia, the
differences are rather insignificant.

Tingis quinquecarinata, Berendt, from Baltic amber, is
entirely different. It does not appear to belong to the
Florissant genus Lotingis, to which it has been referred.
The tegmina agree in character with those of the genus
Phatnoma, Fieber, but the thorax differs.

Lygeites amabilis, sp.n. (Lygeide.) (Fig. 2.)
Tegmen somewhat over 2 mm. long, beautifully marked,
as shown in the figure. The corium has white marks on a
black ground; the membrane is light reddish brown, with
four curved, broad, white lines.
Gurnet Bay Oligocene, Isle of Wight, Hooley 1398.
I place this in Lygeites, a name devised for fossil Lygeids
of uncertain generic position, because I do not like to propose
anew genus from the tegmen alone. The markings on the

in the British Museum. 543

corium show a certain resemblance to those of Polyerates,
while those on the membrane can be seen suggested, much
more faintly, in Ligyrocoris.

Lygeites amabilis, sp. n.

There is a slight superficial resemblance to the Reduviid
genus Prostemma, species of which I saw in the British
Museum.

Similar markings on the membrane are faintly shown in
Zeridoneus costalis (Van Duzee).

Lygeites acourti, sp.n, (Lygeide?.) (Fig. 3.)

Width 4 mm.; length of scutellum 3°2 mm.; base of
scutellum to apex of membrane 7°5 mm.

Scutellum coarsely but not very densely punctured, the
punctures on disc more or less in transverse rows, those near

Lygeites acourtt, sp. n.

the sides denser and coarser; a pair of oblique, more or less
semilunar, pale bands, their concave faces directed toward
lateral margins ; corium punctured, with inner margin, next
to scutellum, pallid ; several more or less evident round pale
spots, a pair at each side of apex of scutellum, nearly midway
between it and outer margin; one in middle line, nearly
2 mm, beyond end of scutellum ; one on each side, laterad of

544 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Fossil Arthropods

and a little posterior to this ; and one marginal. The mem-
brane is dark, with fine parallel veins connected by cross-
veins.

Gurnet Bay Oligocene (Brodie collection). I. 8658.

The scutellar markings recall those of Gdancala dorsalis
(Say), but what can be seen of the membrane suggests a
Coreid rather than a Lygeid.

HYMENOPTERA.

Meliponorytes (?) devictus, sp.n. (Meliponide.)
: (Fig. 4.)

? .—Length about 5°7 mm.

Robust, black, the abdomen brownish, mandibles ferrugi-
nous ; anterior tarsi and small joints of the others ferruginous.
Hyes red, not hairy; head broad; ocelli large and distinct,
in a curve on vertex ; antenne: considerably below middle of
eyes, 12-jointed, scape long, curved; second joint moderately
elongate ; flagellum thick, rather short; mesothorax elevated,
distinctly gibbous in front ; scutellum convex, with a poste.

rior projecting edge; head and thorax almost hairless, but

Fig. 4.

Meliponorytes (?) devictus, sp. n. Hind leg.

there are scanty hairs on thorax above and rather long hairs
on apical part of scutellum ; femora robust ; tibia robust, the
posterior ones broadened and flattened, but less so than in
Trigona ; hind basitarsi large ; abdomen short and obtuse,
not hairy. Wings clear hyaline, with very large pale ferru-
ginous stigma; marginal vervure apparently failing to reach
wing-margin. Claws simple, pulvilli distinct.

In a bead of clear pale Burmese amber from the Hukong
Valley, received from Mr. R. C.J. Swinhoe. Brit. Mus.
In. 20702.

The details of the venation cannot be seen until the amber
is suitably cut, but the insect appears to agree very well with

—_—— =e .'

in the British Museum. 545

the genus Melponorytes, Tosi, from Sicilian amber. It is
larger than AZ. suecini, Tosi, and the stigma is more robust
(less lanceolate), but the structure of the head, anterior legs,
thorax, and many other features agree. The upper section
of the basal nervure is directed downward as in M. succint.
One hind tibia is surrounded by a whitish mass, which may
have been pollen. The abdomen shows no trace of a ventral
scopa. The cutting-edge of the mandibles appears to be
quite simple.

This bee can be regarded as directly ancestral to modern
Trigona, which abounds to-day in the tropics of both hemi-
spheres,

Polybia oblita, sp.n. (Vespide.) (Fig. 5.)

Thorax a little over 5 mm. broad; anterior wing, from
base to stigma, 14 mm.; length of basal nervure 8 mm.;
length of hind wing about 12 mm.

Venation as shown in figure.

Polybia oblita, sp. nu.

Oligocene of Gurnet Bay, Isle of Wight (a’ Court Smith).
On a piece of rock, about 5 mm. from a fragment of Typha.
Brit. Mus. In. 20530, and the reverse In. 17166.

The acute basal angle of first submarginal cell and the
distinct arching of anal cell of hind wing indicate Polybia
rather than Polistes. It is much larger than P. anglica,
Ckll., already described from Gurnet Bay.

ERRATA,

In the fifth paper of this series [Ann. & Mag. N. H. (9)
vii. 1921, p. 24] the smaller figure under Lhodites vetus is
from a recent insect, and shows the morphology of the sub-
marginal cell. In some of my earlier papers on the Gurnet
Bay fossils I cited the British Museum numbers without the
]. or In., which in every case should be prefixed.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 35

546 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

LIII.—New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera).—VII. Aus-
tralasian Species. By Cuarues P. Atexanper, Ph.D.,
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.

Tne species of crane-flies discussed in this instalment are
mainly from North Queensland, and were received through
the kindness of Mr. Alan P. Dodd and Dr. James F.
Illingworth. Mr. Edwards has sent me for study a few
specimens from Fiji, presented by the Imperial Bureau of
Entomology, and a few additional species from Tasmania.
I am very deeply indebted to the above-named gentlemen
for the privilege of studying these specimens. The types are
preserved in the collection of the writer, except where stated
to the contrary.

Dicranomyia (Thryplicomyia) microstigma, sp. n.

General coloration dark brown ; vertex silvery grey ; legs
dark brown, the tarsi white, the basal third of the metatarsi
dark brown; wings nearly hyaline, very slightly darkened
apically; stigma very small; Sc short, Sc, terminating a
distance before the origin of Rs that is approximately as
long as the basal deflection of Cu,.

Female.—Length about 5°5 mm. ; wing 5 mm.

Rostrum obscure yellowish testaceous ; palpi dark brown.
Antenne dark brown, the terminal pedicels of the flagellar
segments conspicuous, nearly one-half as long as the basal
enlargement. Head with the vertex clear silvery grey.

Mesonotum brown, the humeral regions and_ lateral
margins of the prescutum slightly paler. Pleura obscure
brownish yellow. MHalteres elongate, brown. Legs with
the coxe and trochanters testaceous ; femora and tibiz dark
brown; tarsi white, the basal third or slightly less of the
metatarsi dark brown. Wings nearly hyaline, the apex
beyond cell Ist J, very faintly clouded; stigma small,
brown ; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc very short for a
member of this subgenus, Sc, ending far before the origin
of Rs, the distance being as long as or longer than the basal
deflection of Cu, ; Scg some distance from the tip of Sc,, the
latter alone from one-half to two-thirds the basal deflection
of Cu,; Rs strongly arcuated to subangulate at origin ;
supernumerary cross-vein in cell Sc, rather indistinct, slightly
variable in position ; inner end of the elongate cell lst M,
about in alignment with the inner end of cell R;; cell
lst M, about as long as the longest veins issuing from it;
basal deflection of Cu, beyond mid-length of cell ls¢ My.

new or little-known TVipulidee. BS. Us

Abdominal tergites dark brown; sternites greenish
testaceous.

Hab. North Queensland.

Holotype, ? , Kuranda, Cairns District, altitude 1100 feet,
April 1921 (A. P. Dodd).

Paratype, ? , Gordonvale, March 1921 (A. P. Dodd).

* Holotype on tree-trunk ; paratype on spider-web.”’

Dicranomyia whitet, sp. n.

General coloration dark brownish black, the thoracic
pleura pruinose; wings nearly hyaline, the stigma con-
spicuously dark brown ; Sc; ending a short distance beyond
the origin of Rs; abdomen dark brown, this colour including
the hypopygium.

Male.—Length about 6°5 mm. ; wing 8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brownish black. Antenne
brownish black throughout; flagellar segments oval, be-
coming more elongate toward the end of the organ. Head
brownish grey.

Thorax very deep, the mesonotum unusually convex and
gibbous. Mesonotal prescutum dark brownish grey, with-
out distinct stripes, the median area more brownish, these
passing into grey on the sides of the sclerite ; remainder of
the mesonotum more pruinose. Pleura dark with a grey
pruinosity. Halteres not unusually elongated, dark brown,
obscure yellow at base. Legs with the coxe brown ; tro-
chanters obscure yellow; remainder of the legs broken.
Wings nearly hyaline ; stigma conspicuous, dark brown ;
veins dark brown. Venation: Se, ending a short distance
beyond the origin of Rs, Sc, far from the tip of Sc, the
latter alone only a little shorter than the basal deflection
of Cu,; Rs gently arcuated, about twice the deflection of
Ri,5; cell lst M, closed ; basal deflection of Cu, at the
fork of M.

Abdomen dark brown, including the hypopygium. Male
hypopygium with the ventral pleural appendage very large,
dark brown, the rostriform appendage on the inner face
reddish brown, provided with two spines; dorsal pleural
appendage comparatively small, gently arcuated, terminating
in a long straight point.

Hab. Tasmania.

Holotype, 3, Mangalore, September 25,1912 (A. White).

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural -
History).

This species is dedicated to the collector, the late Mr.
Arthur White. .

30*

548 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Dicranomyia cairnensis, sp. n.

Mesonotal prescutum obscure yellow, the median area
broadly shiny brownish black ; a dorsal brown pleural
stripe; wings tinged with brown; stigma a little darker
brown, small, subcircular; Sc long, cell lst M, closed.

Male.—Length (excluding head) 4 mm.; wing 5 mm.

Head broken in the type.

Mesonotal prascutum shiny obscure yellow, the median
area broadly shiny brownish black ; remainder of the meso-
notum crushed in the type, appearing to be almost uniform
brown, the scutellum a little paler. Pleura whitish testa-
ceous, the dorsal region infuscated to produce a brown,
dorsal, longitudinal stripe. Halteres brown. Legs with
the coxe and trochanters pale whitish testaceous ; femora
dark brown ; remainder of the legs broken. Wings with a
strong brown tinge; stigma small, subcircular, dark brown ;
veins dark brown. Venation: Se long, Sc; ending about
opposite four-fifths the length of the long Rs, Sc, at its
extreme tip; Rs arcuated at origin; cell 1st M, relatively
small, closed, pentagonal ; basal deflection of Cu, immedi-
ately before the fork of M.

Abdomen dark brown, the sternites a little paler. Male
hypopygium with the pleurites moderately stout, the pleural
appendage of each side produced proximad into a long,
slender, chitinized arm, the tips decussate across the median
line ; penis-guard yellow.

Hab. North Queensland.

Holotype, 3 , Kuranda, Cairns District, altitude 1100 feet,
April 1921 (A. P. Dodd).

*« Ex scrub.”

Dicranomyia cairnensis bears a considerable resemblance
to D. sedata, Alex. (North Queensland), differing chiefly in
the wing-pattern and structure of the hypopygium.

Dicranomyia amicula, sp. n.

General coloration pale brownish yellow; legs light
yellow, the terminal tarsal segments darkened ; wings nearly
hyaline, stigma pale brown; Sc long; cell 1st M, open by
the atrophy of the outer deflection of Mj.

Female.—Length 3°6 mm.; wing 4'2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi light brown. Antenne brown ;
flagellar segments oval. Head grey.

Mesonotum obscure yellow, the median area of the pre-
scutum brown; scutum and postnotum sparsely pruinose ;

vee

new or little-known Tipulide. 549

scutellum yellowish apically. Pleura whitish, more plum-
beous on the mesepisternum, Halteres pale, the knobs a
little darker. Legs with the coxe and trochanters pale ;
remainder of the legs light yellow, only the terminal tarsal
segments infuscated. Wings nearly hyaline ; stigma short-
oval, pale brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Se long,
Sc, ending about opposite two-thirds the length of Rs, Sc,
close to its tip; Rs straight, slightly bent near the extreme
base ; cell lst M, open by the atrophy of the outer deflec-
tion of M,;; basal deflection of Cu, about one-third its length
beyond the fork of M.

Abdomen light brown; sternites more yellowish. Ovi-
positor with the valves yellowish horn-colour ; bases of the
sternal valves conspicuously blackened.

Hab. North Queensland.

Holotype, 2 , Kuranda, Cairns District, altitude 1100 feet,
April 1921 (A. P. Dodd),

“¢ Ex scrub.”

Dicranomyia opima, sp. n.

General coloration dark brown; mesonotal prescutum
light clove-brown ; pronotum and a narrow dorsal pleural
line yellow; front and anterior part of vertex silvery; wings
faintly tmged with brown, heavily spotted with dark brown;
Sc very long.

Male.—Length 4-5 mm.; wing 4°8-6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown
throughout ; basal flagellar segments large, nearly globular,
the segments gradually passing into oval-cylindrical toward
the end of the organ; verticils long and conspicuous. Head
brown ; front and anterior part of vertex conspicuously
silvery white.

Pronotum conspicuous light yellow. Mesonotal pre-
scutum clear light clove-brown without markings, the lateral
margins narrowly light yellow; remainder of mesonotum
dark brown. Pleura dark brown, this including the pro-
pleura ; dorsal pleural region narrowly yellow. Halteres
dark brown, the base of the stem yellow. Legs with the
fore cox brown ; mid-coxe brown, the tips slightly yellow-
ish ; posterior coxze yellow; trochanters yellowish testa-
ceous; remainder of the legs brown. Wings with a faint
brown tinge, heavily marked with dark brown as follows: a
blotch before the pale arcular region ; bases of cells R and
M oceupied by a large blotch; large areas at origin of Rs,
tip ef R,, and at the ends of the anal veins ; a conspicuous

550 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

band across the wing along the cord, extending from the
end of vein Sc to the end of Cu,; outer end of cell Ist M,
similarly seamed; wing-tip broadly darkened; a similar
brown seam along vein Cu; veins dark brown. Venation:
Sc very long, Sc; ending beyond the fork of Rs, Sco at tip of
Sc,; Rs very strongly arcuated at origin; 7 from one to one
and one-half times its length from the tip of R,; cell ls¢
M, relatively large, closed; basal deflection of Cu, at the
fork of M; Cu, from two-thirds to four-fifths of the basal
deflection of Cu,; anal veins strongly curved proximad
at tips.

Abdominal tergites dark brownish black ; sternites black,
the segments ringed caudally with yellowish or greyish;
hypopygium dark.

Hab. North Queensland.

Holotype, 8, Gordonvale, Cairns District, January 1921
(A, P. Dodd).

Paratopotypes, 4 3 3.

“On fungus in scrub.”

Dicranomyia opima belongs to the peculiar group of the
genus typified by the West African D. recedens, Alex., and
D. recurvans, Alex., and the Sumatran D. trigonia (Edw.).
The collector’s notes would suggest that the larve might be
found in fungi.

Limnobia emacerata, sp.n.

yeneral coloration yellow; thoracic plenra with a con-
spicuous, longitudinal, brown stripe; legs brownish yellow
throughout ; wings with a faint grey tinge, stigma sub-
circular, dark brown; abdominal segments yellow, the apical
half of the tergites dark brown; hypopygium yellowish.

Male.— Length 5 mm.; wing 6°3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi yellow. Antenne dark brown through-
out, flagellar segments oval. Head greyish brown; eyes of
male large.

Mesonotal przscutum yellow, the median area behind a
little darkened ; scutum yellow, the scutal lobes suffused
with brown; remainder of mesonotum yellow. Pleura
yellow with a conspicuous, brown, longitudinal stripe begin-
ning at the cervical sclerites, passing above the fore coxe and
beneath the halteres to the base of the abdomen. Halteres
pale, the base of the knob a little infuscated, the apices of
the knobs conspicuously yellow. Legs with the coxe and
trochanters yellow; remainder of the legs pale brownish
yellow. Wings with a faint grey tinge; stigma subcircular,

—————————— ee

new or little-known Tipulide. 551

dark brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Se long, Sc,
.ending about opposite two-thirds the length of Rs, Sc, at the
tip of Sc,; Rs long, gently arcuated; 7 at the tip of R,;
cell lst M, elongate, slightly widened distally; m and the
outer deflection of M3 subequal; basal deflection of Cu, a
short distance beyond the fork of M; Cu, a little shorter
than the basal deflection of Cuy.

Abdominal tergites with the basal half of the segments
obscure yellow, the apical half dark brown to give the organ
an annulated appearance; sternites somewhat similar, but the
colours less distinct; hypopygium and penultimate segment .
yellowish.

Hab, North Queensland.

Holotype, , Gordonvale, Cairns District, February 1921
(A. P. Dodd).

“ Bx leaf in scrub.”

Limnobia semiermis, sp. 0.

General coloration yellow; mesonotal przscutum with
three brown stripes; femora light brown with a darker
brown subterminal ring ; wings subhyaline; stigma elongate,
brown; Se long; abdominal segments brown, the apical
fourth of each segment yellow.

Male.—Length 6°38 mm.; wing 8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown, Antenne with tle basal
segment dark brown basally, the apical half pale brown ;
flagellar segments dark brown, short-oval, each segment
clothed with conspicuous white pubescence. Front narrow,
light cream-yellow; vertex brown and obscure yellow
interspersed.

Pronotum yellow, dark brown medially. Mesonotal pre-
scutum obscure yellow with three dark brown stripes; re-
mainder of mesonotum brownish testaceous. Pleura yellowish
testaceous, indistinctly variegated with darker. Halteres
pale. Legs with the coxze aud trochanters yellow; femora
yellow basally, gradually passing into light brown; a con-
spicuous brown subterminal ring preceded by a very indistinct
pale annulus, the extreme tips very narrowly yellow; tibiz
and tarsi light brown; posterior tibiz longer than the tarsi.
Wings subhyaline, cells C and Se indistinctly yellow ;
stigma large, elongate, brown; origin of Rs and the cord
very indistinctly seamed with pale brown; veins brown.
Venation: Se long, S; ending nearly opposite r—m, S, a
short distance from the tip of S,; Rs gently arcuated; r at
tip of Ry, strongly angulated near mid-length ; deflection of

Boe Dr. C. P. Alexander on

R,,; about equal to m; cell lst M, elongate, rectangular ;
m arcuated, longer than the outer deflection of M;; basal |
deflection of Cu, at about two-fifths the length of cell lst Mg.

Abdominal segments dark brown with about the apical
quarter of each conspicuously yellow; hypopygium yellow.
Male hypopygium armed with four partly chitinized appen-
dages, the genital chamber open.

Hab. North Queensland.

Holotype, 3, Kuranda, Cairns District, altitude 1100 feet,
April 1921 (A. P. Dodd).

“ix leaf in scrub.”

Limnobia (?) dactylolabis, sp. n.

Antenne black; mesonotal preescutum obscure orange ;
pleura whitish testaceous with two narrow brown longi-
tudinal stripes; wings hyaline, stigma oval, dark brown;
Sc, ending before mid-length of Rs ; cell lst M, closed; male
hypopygium with a single pleural appendage appearing as a
long, slender, curved, blackened rod.

Male.—Length about 4°6 mm.; wing 5°2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne moderately
elongate for a member of this genus; first segment pale,
remainder of organ black ; flagellar segments oval with a
short, shiny pedicel. Head brownish orange, darker
adjoining the margin of the eyes.

Pronotum orange-brown. Mesonotal prescutum obscure
orange, unmarked; remainder of the mesonotum orange-
brown. Pleura whitish testaceous with two narrow, brown,
longitudinal stripes, the more dorsal passing beneath the
root of the halteres, the ventral stripe occupying the sides of
the mesosternum and extending from fore to the middle
cox, Halteres long and slender, dark brown, the base of
the stem paler. Legs with the cox testaceous, the outer
faces slightly infumed; trochanters testaceous ; remainder
of the legs broken. Wings hyaline; stigma small, oval,
dark brown; veins dark brownish black. Venation: Se
moderately long, Sc, ending before mid-length of Rs, Sc,
some distance from its tip, S,; alone about two-thirds the
basal deflection of Cu;, a little longer than the first section
of M,,.; As long, strongly arcuated at origin; r at tip of
R, and near two-fifths the length of R,,3 5; cell 1st M, closed,
rather small, pentagonal; basal deflection of Cu, at, or a
short distance before, the fork of M3; vein 2nd A close to
the wing-margin, cell 2nd A being linear.

Abdominal segments dark brown, paler caudally ; basal

new or little-known Tipulide. 553

sternites more extensively pale. Male hypopygium with the
pleurites broad-based, narrowed apically; a single pleural
appendage that is longer than the pleurite, appearing as a
pale broad base that narrows into a long, slender, black rod
that is bent proximad. On the inner face of each pleurite
is a small blunt lobe set with abundant sete.

Hab. Fiji.

Holotype, 8, Mountain, Latitoka, 11. 4. 1920 (H. Green-
wood).

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural
History).

Limnobia (?) dactylolabis is an aberrant member of the
genus, and might well be considered as representing a
distinct. subgeneric group.

Limnobia (2) teucholabina, sp. n.

Head yellow; antenne obscure yellow, four intermediate
flagellar segments dark brown ; mesonotal przscutum with
three confluent obscure orange-yellow stripes; pleura dark
brown; legs yellow, femora narrowly tipped with white and
with a broad brown subterminal ring ; wings subhyaline,
sparsely spotted with brown, this including a series of spots
along the margin at the ends of the longitudinal veins; Sc
long, Sc. at the tip of Sc.

Female.—Length 3°8 mm.; wing 4°3 mm.

Rostrum a_ little pronounced, about two-thirds the
remainder of the head ; rostrum and palpi black. Antennz
apparently with fourteen segments ; basal flagellar segments
obscure yellow, terminal two or three segments yellow, the
four intermediate segments before this yellow apex con-
spicuously dark brown. Head bright yellow, the centre of
the vertex shrunken, apparently slightly darker in colour.

Pronotum pale yellow. Mesonotal preescutum with three
confluent obscure orange-yellow stripes, narrowly margined
laterally with silvery ; humeral region and lateral margins
obscure yellow ; scutum obscure testaceous, the centres of
the lobes brown; scutellum obscure yellowish testaceous ;
postnotum pale with two dark spots at the posterior margin.
Pleura dark brown. Halteres brown, the knobs broken. Legs
with the cox dark brown, the tips conspicuously whitened;
trochanters white ; femora yellow, the tips rather narrowly
but conspicuously white ; a broad dark brown subterminal
ring, about four times as broad as the pale apex ; tibiz and
tarsi yellow, the terminal tarsal segments darkened ; tarsal

claws long, simple ; empodia distinct. Wings subhyaline,

554 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

sparsely spotted with brown ; a conspicuous brown area at
the stigma, continued caudad along the cord as a seam ;
a brown seam at m3 couspicuous brown spots at the wing-
margin at the ends of veins R,,3, Ay,5, Mi,9, My, Cu, Cus,
and the anal veins ; small brown spots at arculus, origin of
Rs and Sc,; veins pale yellow, brown in the infuscated areas.
Venation: somewhat as in the genus Teucholabis; Sc long,
Sc, ending a little beyond mid-length of Rs, Sc. at the tip of
S,; Rs long, gently arcuated ; 7 about its length beyond
the fork of Rs; R, beyond it about one-half of 7; deflection
of Ry,; feebly angulated at mid-length; R,,,; and Ry,;
diverging at wing-margin, so cell R, is trumpet-shaped ; cell
lst M, very long, longer than #s or any of the veins beyond
it; m less than one-half the outer deflection of M;; r—m on
M,,, about its own length beyond the fork of M; basal’
deflection of Cu, just beyond the fork of MZ.

Abdomen dark brown, the subterminal tergites con-
spicuously yellow. Ovipositor with the valves yellow,
flattened, upcurved to the acute tips.

Hab. Fiji.

Holotype, 2, Mountain, Lattoka, 11. 4.1920 (H. Green- -
wood).

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural
History).

Limnobia (?) teucholabina is a species of very doubtful
eenerie position. The type-specimen is a female in indif-
ferent condition. Mr. Edwards had arranged the fly im the
genus Teucholabis, which it resembles in a rather striking
manner, but there seem to be but fourteen antennal segments.
Until more material is available, it seems best to place this
very interesting fly as an aberrant Limnobia, with the indi-
cation that it will probably be found to represent a new
generic or subgeneric group when more specimens come to
hand.

Libnotes subequalis, sp. n.

General coloration yellow, pronotum and mesonotal pre-
scutum with a median darker stripe ; tips of femora pale ;
wings greyish yellow, the costal and stigmal regions more
strongly yellowish; Rs short, straight, in alignment with
the remaining elements of the cord; abdominal tergites
bicolorous.

Male.— Length 8 mm. ; wing 9 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne dark brown. Head

new or little-known Tipulide. 555

dark brown, narrowly yellowish silvery adjoining the margin
of the eyes.

Pronotum yellow, dark brown medially. Mesonctal
preescutum with a narrow brown median stripe, the lateral
margins broadly obscure yellow ; remainder of mesonotum
sunshiny yellowish brown. Pleura reddish yellow. Halteres
yellow, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the cox and
trochanters testaceous ; femora brownish testaceous , passing
into a darker subterminal ring, the apices narrowly obscure
yellow; tibiz and tarsi brown, the terminal segments of the
latter darker. Wings greyish yellow, cells C, Sc, lst Sc,
2nd Sc,, 1st R,, and along vein Cu strongly yellowish ;
stigma and a seam along the supernumerary cross-vein 10
cell Sc, strongly seamed with brown; an indistinct and
narrow infuscation along cord ; veins brown. Venation :
Sc short, Sc, extending to just beyond the fork of Rs, Sc, a
short distance from the tip of Sc,, beyond the origin of Rs ;
a supernumerary cross-vein in cell Sc; more than its length
before 7; the veins forming the cord (Rs, deflection of Rigs
r—m, and deflection of M,,. all subequal in length) ; veins
Riss and A,,; both turned strongly caudad beyond two-
thirds their length; cell Ist M, elongate, subrectangular ;
m about one-half longer than deflection of M3; basal de-
flection of Cu, before mid-length of cell lst M,.

Abdominal! tergites indistinctly bicolorous, the basal half
of each segment dark brown, the broad caudal margin
obscure yellow; sternites obscure brownish yellow.

Hab. North Queensland.

_ Holotype, 6, Green hills near Cairns, December 7, 1920
(J. F. Illingworth).

‘‘ In scrub on leaves near stream.”

Libnotes subequalis is closest to L. samoénsis; Alexander
(Samoa), differing chiefly in the venational details, ¢.e., the
longer Sc,, short and straight As, position of the supernu-
merary cross-vein in cell Sc,, the small cell 1st A/,, and the
stronger caudal deflection of the branches of the sector.

Amphineurus minusculus, sp. n.

Size small (wing, 3, under 4 mm.); head grey; thoracic
pleura with two broad, brown, longitudinal stripes that
enclose a slightly wider light grey area; knobs of the
halteres whitish; femora and tibie yellow ; wings tinged
with brown, the macrotrichiz white and dark brown.

Male.—Length 3-5 mm. ; wing 3°8 mm.

556 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne comparatively short
for a member of this group, if bent backward not attaining
the wing-root ; scapal segments brown, basal flagellar seg-
ments obscure yellow; intermediate segments indistinctly
bicolorous, the basal half of each segment being infuscated ;
terminal flagellar segments uniformly infuscated; flagellar
segments subcylindrical. Head dull grey.

Mesonotum light greyish brown, unmarked. Pleura
clear grey, bordered above and beneath by a broad, dark
brown, longitudinal stripe, the dorsal stripe beginning at the
cervical sclerites, passing above the root of the halteres to
the abdomen; ventral stripe occupying the sides of the
mesosternum ; the dark stripes only a little narrower than
the grey stripe enclosed. Halteres dark brown, the base of
the stem yellowish, the knobs whitish. Legs with the coxve
pale, the basal half infuscated ; trochanters yellowish testa-
ceous ; femora and tibie yellow, the femoral bases a little
darkened ; tarsi brown. Wings with a strong brown tinge,
the stigmal region darkened; veins brown ; macrotrichize
on wing-surface mostly pale, those along the cord, at origin
of Rs and less distinctly elsewhere on wing dark brown, the
effect produced being a very indistinct mottling. Venation:
Sc, ending opposite r, Sc, immediately beyond the origin of
Rs ; Ry,3 at a marked angle to the end of Rs, about twice
as long as the deflection of R,,;; 7 immediately before the
fork of Ro+3. ;

Abdomen light brown, the lateral margins of the tergites
broadly and conspicuously velvety black ; sternites pale
brownish yellow. Male hypopygium large and complicated.

Hab. North Queensland.

Holotype, 8, Kuranda, Cairns District, altitude 1100 feet,
April 1921. (A. P. Dodd).

* Ex scrub.”

Gnophomyia gloria, sp. n.

General coloration black with steel-blue reflections ; head
and thoracie pleura with a blue-grey bloom; legs dark
brown, the bases of the tarsi yellow; wings dark brown,
cross-banded with whitish hyaline, the extreme wing-tip
narrowly darkened ; cell lst J, sessile to short-petiolate.

Male.—Length 4°4-5 mm. ; wing 4°7-5 mm.

Female.—Length 5°4—6°2 mm.; wing 4°8-5°5 mm.

Coloration generally similar in the two sexes, in this
respect differing from the two other members of this group,
G. fascipennis (Thoms,.) and (G. cyanoceps, Alex.

new or little-known Tipulidee. 557

Rostrum and palpi dark brownish black. Antenne dark
brown, first scapal segment pruinescent above; second
scapal segment elongate-pyriform, pale basally. Head with
a clear blue-grey pruinosity.

Mesonotum black with brilliant steel-blue reflexions.
Pleura with a shimmering blue-grey pruinosity. Halteres
dark brown. Legs with the coxe black, sparsely pruinose ;
trochanters obscure yellow ; femora and tibiz dark brown,
the former pale basally ; first and second segments of the
tarsi obscure yellow, narrowly tipped with dark brown ;
remainder of the tarsi dark brown. Wings dark brown,
conspicuously cross-banded with whitish hyaline, these pale
areas arranged as follows: Wing-base to the level of the
arculus ; a large quadrate area in cells & and M before the
origin of Rs, together with a similar but smaller isolated
area near the outer end of cell 2nd A; a conspicuous band
immediately before the cord, this extending entirely across
the wing, although more yellowish in cell Sc,, of nearly
equal width throughout ; the terminal band is lunate with
the convexity lying distad, this band being close to the
wing-apex, extending from cell R, through cell 1/;; wing-
tip in cells Ry, R3, Rs, and 2nd M, narrowly darkened ; veins
dark, paler in the white areas. Venation: Sc, ending about
opposite mid-length of Rs, Sc. some distance from the tip of
Sc,; Rs long, almost straight ; R,,3; about twice r—m ; cell
lst M, closed, comparatively small, rectangular ; m very
short to lacking, so cell 2nd M, is narrowly sessile to short-
petiolate ; basal deflection of Cu, at near two-fifths the
length of cell lst My.

Abdomen black with conspicuous blue and purple re-
flexions. Valves of the rather elongate ovipositor reddish
horn-colour.

Hab. North Queensland.

Holotype, 3, Gordonvale, Cairns District, February 1921
(A. P. Dodd).

Allotopotype, ?.

Paratopotypes,6 § ° January 1921,4 5 ¢ February 1921.

“On foliage along edge of stream.”

Gonomyia (Leiponeura) terre-reging, sp. u.

General coloration dark brown, variegated with yellow ;
thoracic pleura striped brown and white; legs brown; wings
rather broad, strongly tinged with greyish; Se long, Se,
near tip of Sc,; cell lst M, closed ; male hypopygium with

558 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

two fleshy pleural appendages; gonapophyses and _penis-

guard forming a complicated mass that projects beyond the

level of the pleural appendages,

Male.—Length about 4 mm.; wing 4 mm.

Rostrum whitish; palpi brown. An'enveze dark brown ;
flagellar segments elongate, clothed with a long erect
pubescence and a few long verticils. Head dark grey.

Pronotum. white. Mesonotal prescutum dark brown
with a sparse pollen ; scutal lobes dark brown, the median
area and caudal margin of the lobes yellow ; scutellum dark
brown anteriorly, broadly margined with light yellow;
postnotum dark brown, sparsely pruinose. Pleura with a
broad white ventral stripe; a conspicucus greyish-brown
area on the mesepisternum, the mesepimeron pale. Meso-
sternum brown, sparsely pruinose. Halteres pale brown,
the extreme base of the stem paler. Legs with the coxse
obscure yellow, the fore coxz and base of middle coxe
darker ; trochanters brownish testaceous ; remainder of legs
brown, the tips of the femora indistinctly darker. Wings
rather ‘broad, strongly tinged with greyish, the stigma very
faintly indicated ; veins brown. Venation: Se of moderate
length, Se, extending to about opposite two-fifths the length
of the long sector, Sc, a little more than its own length
from the tip of Sc,; Rs long, straight, with four macro-
trichiz, only the extreme base arcuated; cell A; trumpet-
shaped ; cell lst M, closed ; basal ‘deflection of Cu, imme-
diately before the fork of M.

Abdomen dark brown ; sternites paler. Male hypopygium
with the pleurites stout, the caudo-lateral angles produced
caudad into stout fleshy lobes; two pleural appendages,
both pale; the largest appendage is fleshy, a little longer
than the pleural lobe but more slender, the surface with a
few strong sete, the tip with a very strong and powerful
bristle ; second pleural appendage small, triangular or
conical in outline. Penis-guard and gonapophyses forming
a large complicated mass that projects beyond the level of
the pleural appendages, the guard curved, the extreme tip
running out into a spine, the apophyses forming a large
shield at the apex, the angles produced laterad into obtuse
triangular points.

Hab. North Queensland.

Holotype, , Gordonvale, September 1920 (4. P. Dodd).

« Hix scrub.”

Gonomyia terre-regine is closest to the type of the sub-
genus, G. (L.) skuset, Alex. (gracilis, Skuse, preoccupied),
differing in the small size and broad wings.

_- .

Wile deed) ae oa. pad =

new or little-known Tipulide. 559

Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) media, sp. n.

Male.—Length about 6 mm.; wing 5°3 mm.

Belongs to the group of 7. trentepohlie, in most of its
characters intermediate between trentepohlie (Wied.) and
speiseri (Edw.).

Mesonotum shiny brownish yellow without distinct darker
markings. Wings with the cord distinctly seamed with
brown, this not including the extreme base of Rs or the
base of cell .ls¢ R, as im speisert; cells C and Sc, together
with their veins, yellow. Wing-apex darkened, this in-
cluding the entire cell A, as in speiseri and the distal part
of cell 2nd R,; cells R;3, R;, and M, of a slightly paler shade
of brown, but still plainly infuscated. Petiole of cell R;
indistinctly seamed with brown, dividing the broad yellow
anteapical cross-band. Venation: Rs shorter than the
deflection of Ry, ;.

Hab. North Queensland.

Holotype, 3, Gordonvale, Cairns District, February 1921
(A. P. Dodd).

Paratopotype, 3, January 1921.

‘On foliage in scrub.”

Lechria sublevis, Alexander.
+)

1920. Lechria sublevis, Alexander; Mem. Queensland Mus. vol. vii.
pt. 1, pp. 54, 55.

This interesting species was based on alcoholic material.
The following details of coloration may be added from a
series of five dried specimens [Gordonvale, North Queens-
land, January 1921 (A. P. Dodd); resting on trunks of
Eucalyptus in forest}. Head and thorax with a clear blue-
grey pruinosity, more brownish on the mesonotal preescutum,
Femora yellow, the tips conspicuously and abruptly dark
brown. Abdomen bicolorous, the segments dark brown
basally, yellowish ochreous apically. This small series
shows the following considerable range in size :—

Male.—Length 5°2-5°5 mm.; wing 6°5 mm.

Female.—Length 6°5-8 mm. ; wing 6-4-8 mm.

Genus Limnoruiza, Macquart.
PARALIMNOPHILA, subgen. nov.

Antenne with sixteen segments, the basal segments of the
flagellum slightly enlarged at apex. Cox large; legs and
tibial spurs bicolorous. Prosternum between fore coxe very

560 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

narrow. Wings with arculus semiobsolete; R, conspi-
cuously arcuated before tip; basal deflection of Cu, at or
before the fork of M; 2nd Anal vein sinuous.

Type of the subgenus :—Limnophila leucopheta, Skuse
(Australia).

This new group is apparently related to Dactylolabis,
Osten-Sacken, but shows some affinities with Pseudolimno-
phila, Alexander. The discovery of the male sex will be of
interest.

Limnophila (Paralimnophila) leucopheta cairnensis, subsp. n.

Female.—Length 10 mm.; wing 8°7 mm.

Similar to L. leucopheta, Skuse, differing as follows :—

Size slightly smaller. Pronotum and humeral region of ~
preescutum yellowish. Thoracic pleura largely dark brown. *
Wings pale yellowish subhyaline, the costal cell brown, more
yellowish at the tip; cell Sc largely yellowish ; veins and
cells conspicuously clouded with brown, distributed as
follows :—Two subhyaline areas in cell R before the origin
of Rs, these a little smaller than the dark area between; a
pale area before the stigma; cell lst M, pale. Venation :
Sc, extending to just beyond the fork of Ry,3, Sc, some
distance from the tip of Sc,, lying far before the fork of Rs,
Sc, alone longer than the basal deflection of Cu,; R,
arcuated opposite 7; 7 about twice its length before the tip
of R, and on R, a distance about three times R,,3 ; Rs very
long ; R,,3 shorter than the basal deflection of Ry,;; cell
Ist M, very small; basal deflection of Cu, before the fork
of M a distance about equal to r—m.

Hab. North Queensland.

Holotype, 2, Babinda, November 10, i920 (J. F. Iiling-
worth).

«On scrub leaves.”

It is probable that more material will give the present
form full specific rank.

Gynoplistia claripennis, sp. 0.

General coloration shiny coal-black ; thoracic pleura grey
pruinose ; femoral bases broadly yellow ; a broad yellowish-
white ring before the tips of the posterior tibie; wings
hyaline, stigma brown ; a faint brown cloud along the cord
and at the wing-tip ; hypopygium black, concolorous with
the remainder of the abdomen.

Male.—Length 8'7 mm.; wing 8°3 mm.

Head, with appendages, black. Antennz with seventeen

new or little-known Tipulide. 561

segments, all flagellar segments but the terminal two being
pectinate.

Mesonotum shiny black. Pleura black, grey pruinose.
Halteres obscure brownish yelllow, the knobs dark brown.
Legs with the coxze black, greyish pruinose; trochanters
black ; remainder of the legs black, the femoral bases
broadly yellow, on the fore legs including about the basal
half, on the posterior legs including about the basal two-
thirds; a broad yellowish-white ring before the tip of the
tibia, Wings hyaline; cell Se yellowish; stigma brown ;
a very faint brown clouding along the cord; wing-tip
indistinctly darkened; veins dark brown. Venation: Se
long, Sc; ending opposite the fork of Rs, Se, at the tip
of Se,; Rs long, strongly arcuated at origin; 2,3 short, a
little longer than 7m; cell M, present; petiote of cell M,
about equal to the basal deflection of Cu,, the latter at
about one-third its length beyond the fork of M.

Abdomen shiny black, including the hypopygium.

Hab. Tasmania.

Holotype, 3, Mt. Wellington, altitude 13800-2300 feet,
January 15-February 6, 1913 (R. H. Turner).

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural
History). ~

Gynoplistia doddi, sp. n.

Antenne with twenty-four segments, all flagellar segments
except the terminal two with long flabeilate branches, basal
three branches directed outward ; tarsi black ; wings grey,
marked with dark brown; abdomen black, cross-banded
with orange-yellow ; a subterminal black ring ; hypopygium
orange.

Male.—Length 8°5 mm.; wing 8:4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennze of the male large
with very long flabellate pectinations; flagellum with twenty-
two segments, of which all but the terminal two are pectinate;
pectinations of the basal three segments directed outward
(as in G. vilis); longest peetinations about one-half the
length of the entire antenna ; the 21st flagellar segment has
a small spur near mid-length; scape and basal flagellar
segments obscure yellow, the terminal segments and all the
pectinations black. Head broad, dark brown.

Mesonotum and pleura brownish yellow without distinct
markings. Halteres short, yellow, the knobs dark brown.
Legs with the coxee and trochanters yellow; femora yellow
with a broad (1°5 mm.) black subterminal ring, the extreme
apex pale; tibiz black, the extreme base pale; tarsi black.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 36

562 On new or little-known Tipulide.

Wings with a faint grey tinge, marked with dark brown ;
cell Sc brown ; a faint brown cloud in the base of cell R;
a conspicuous quadrate area at the origin of Rs; a broad
band occupying the space between the ends of vein Sc, and
R,, extending caudad to cell lst M,; both ends of cell lst M,
and the basal deflection of Cu, broadly seamed with brown ;
wing-apex broadly but indistinctly darkened, this coloration
continued around the wing-margin into the anal cells ;
veins dark brown. Venation: Rs strongly angulated at
origin, and more than twice its length from tip of R,; inner
end of cell R; far proximad of cell R;; cell lst I, relatively
small, roughly quadrate in outline; basal deflection of Cu,
at near three-fourths the length of cell lst Mg.

Abdominal tergites black, the extreme base of each
segment narrowly, the apex more broadly, orange-yellow ;
segments 6 and 7 entirely black; hypopygium orange;
steruites obscure brownish yellow, the sixth and seventh
segments black.

Hab. North Queensland.

Holotype, &, Yungaburra, Cairns District, altitude
2500 feet, April 121 (4. P. Dodd).

‘On leaf in scrub.”

This very distinct Gynoplistia is dedicated to the collector,
Mr. Alan P. Dodd, to whom I am indebted for many
interesting Tipulidee from North Queensland.

Ctenacroscelis fijiensis, sp. n.

General coloration yellow, heavily marked with brown ;
antennal flagellum fulvous ; thoracic pleura variegated with
brown; a pale dorso-pleural stripe continued caudad across
the postnotum ; femora with a conspicuous yellow sub-
terminal ring, the tips broadly dark brown.

Female.—Length about 21 mm. ; wing 23 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head obscure yellow above, the
sides darker brown ; palpi dark brown. Antenne short ;
first scapal segment brown; second segment light yellow ;
flagellum fulvous. Head dark brown, narrowly yellow
adjoining the inner margin of the eyes; vertical tubercle
brown, margined with yellow.

Pronotum dark brown, narrowly yellowish medially.
Mesonotal preescutum obscure yellow, this colour almost
entirely hidden by conspicuous brown stripes ; intermediate
pair almost confluent ; sublateral stripes elongate but con-
siderably constricted on the outer margin opposite the
pseudosutural fovez, the anterior ends confluent internally
with the intermediate stripes; lateral margins of preescutum

On new Mammals from Hast Africa. 563

of a darker brown than the four discal stripes, deflected
strongly proximad at the pseudosutural fovee, their anterior
ends confluent with the sublateral stripes; extreme lateral
and anterior margin of preescutum pale ; scutal lobes dark ;
scutellum pale basally, the caudal margin dark; postnotum
with a basal dark triang'e, the apex directed baekward,
followed posteriorly by a pale yellow transverse stripe ;
caudal margin of postnotum narrowly darkened. Pleura
grey, conspicuously variegated with brown, this not appearing
as a distinct dorso-pleural stripe as in C. conspicabilis; a
conspicuous light yellow dorso-pleural stripe passing beneath
the wing-root across the postnotum as described above.
Halteres broken. Legs with the coxe grey ; anterior cox
with two longitudinal brown lines; mid- and hind cox
with a single conspicuous brown blotch; trochauters yellow;
femora brownish yellow, the apices broadly dark brown; a
broad, couspicuous, yellow subterminal ring; tibize and
tarsi brownish yellow. Wings with a strong brownish
suffusion ; stigma brown ; a brown cloud at the fork of Cu
and at 7-m; veins brown. Venation as in the genus; the
tip of R; bent strongly cephalad, so that cell As is abruptly
widened outwardly.

Abdomen with the tergites dark brown, the lateral and
caudal margins very narrowly pale yellow. Ovipositor with
the valves horn-coloured.

Hab. Fiji.

Holotype, 2, Labea, October 1914 (R. Veitch).

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural
History).

Ctenacroscelis fijiensis differs from the Australian C. con-
spicabilis (Skuse) in the stouter and differently coloured
legs, the fulvous antenne, and the pale dorso-pleural stripe
that coutinues caudad across the mesonotal postnotum.

LIV.—On some new small Mammals from East Africa.
By P.S8. Kersuaw.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Elephantulus ocularis, sp. n.

A member of the rufescens group, with sternal gland,
bicoloured short-haired tail of moderate length, and short
sleek fur. ;

Colour of the head and back light fawn, between “ ecru-

drab” and “ vinaceous cinnamon’ (Ridgway), Beal to
36

‘

564 Mr. P. S. Kershaw on new

yevotli and deserti, but lacking the pinkish tone of those
species. There is none of the red tint of rufescens and
pulcher, which are its nearest northerly neighbours. Paler
on the sides. ‘lhe transition to the white of the under
surface is less abrupt than in rufescens and its allies. White
markings round the eye very large and conspicuous, and
interrupted posteriorly by a streak of “ mummy-brown.”
The white colour above the eye measures horizontally 23 mm.,
and vertically at the widest part behind the eye 4°7 mm.
There is a white tuft at the base of the ear and a cinnamon
patch behind it. Under surface in the type white, with
slaty bases to the hairs except in an area between the thighs
about 25 mm. longitudinally, where the bases of the hairs
are white. This slaty colour is a variable character, strongly
marked in some specimens and almost wanting in others,
while in one (out of thirteen specimens examined) the hairs
are white to their bases on the whole of the under surface.
In all cases the hairs in the area mentioned between the
thighs are white to their bases. There is a small white
patch of hairs visible from above on each side of the tail.
Below the tail a large triangular naked patch, the apex pointing
downwards, larger in the females than in the males. In the
type this patch measures from root of tail to apex of triangle
18 mm., and about 14 mm. across at its broadest part. Tail
clothed with brown hairs above and white hairs below. Of
the specimens examined, nine have the tail shorter than the
head and body, three have it longer, and in one specimen the
lengths are equal. The difference, in any case, is never
great—little more than 10mm. Feet in the type white, with
a suspicion of buff. This buffy tint is stronger in certain
specimens.

Skull and teeth as in rufescens.

Measurements of the type (taken in the flesh) :—

Head and body 140 mm.; tail 130; hind foot 32;

ear 23.

Average of twelve adult specimens (all from the type-
locality) : —

Head and body 130 mm.; tail 130; hind foot 33;
ear 23.

Skull: greatest length 35°8 mm.; condylo-incisive length
33°5; basal length 31°2; nasals, length 13°5 ; interorbital
breadth 6-4 ; 3 zygomatic breadth 20° 7; length of upper tooth-
row 18:2, of lower (to tip of incisor) 16°5.

: Eape locality. Dodoma, Tanganyika Colony, 86° 10’ K.,
6° 5
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 20. 9.5.10, Collector’s

Mammals from East Africa. 565

number 649. Collected by Mr. A. Loveridge on 7th De-
cember, 1918, and presented to the British Museum by Lord
Swaythiling,

Heller * treats all the forms in the rufescens group with
the large ehest-gland as subspecies of rufescens. The external
characters of ocularis—notably the large and conspicuous
white markings about the eye—and the large bare patch in
the sacral region fully entitle it, in my view, to rank as a
species.

Taterona swaythlingi, sp. n.

A long-tailed species, with small dark tail-tuft and small
bullee.

The colour of the dorsal region is fawn, finely grizzled
with black almost exactly as in 7. lobengule. ‘There is more
black on the face and round the eyes, however, and the tail is
of the vicina type, 2. e., black or very dark brown on the
upper surface through its entire length, with a small tuft at
the extremity. Under surface fawn-coloured, generally
without trace of white hairs, though these are present in one
or two specimens examined. Under surface and feet white.

Measurements of the type (taken in the flesh) :—

Head and body 130 mm.; tail 166; hind foot 35;
ear 21.

The average measurements of fifteen specimens are :—

Head and body 134 mm.; tail 164; hind foot 35;
ear 21.

Skull: greatest length 40°5 mm.; condylo-incisive 35-2;
condylo-basal 36°4; basal 34°53; basilar 31 ; condylo-basilar
32°4; palatal 21:5; palatilar 17-1; anterior palatal fora-
mina 8:0 ; posterior 1°6 ; space between anterior and posterior
palatal foramina 3°6; zygomatic breadth 20°7; breadth of
brain-case 17:0; interorbital breadth 7:2; nasals 17:2;
bullze 10°0; upper molar series 6.

The dorsal aspect of the skull is flattened. Grooves of
incisors well marked.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21. 9.5.31. Original
number 394. Collected by Mr. A. Loveridge on 25th Nov-
ember, 1918, and presented to the British Museum by Lord
Swaythling.

Type-locality. Morogoro, 150 miles west of Dar-es-Salaam.

T. swaythlingi has points in common with both 7. vicina
from the Kenya Colony and 7’, lobengule from Matabeleland.
It agrees with the former in the character of the tail, in the

* Smithsonian Mise. Coll, vol. lx. no. 12, p. 11 (Nov. 4, 1912),

566 Mr. P. 8. Kershaw on new

dark face-markings, and in the length of the posterior palatal
foramina, but differs in lacking the reddish body tint with
black washing of vicina, and in possessing small bullee.
With 7. lobengule it agrees in body-colouring, but ditfers in
tail and face-markings and in the length of the posterior
palatal foramina, which in lobengule, as in all the southern
forms, are very short.

Taterona tabore, sp. n.

A grey Taterona, with less ochraceous colour than in any
species hitherto described. Tail equal in length to head and
body, and untufted. Bulle large.

General colour of back mouse-grey, tinged with buff.
Sides clay-colour. Colour of head no darker than back.
Hairs of under surface with slaty bases as in liodon, except
in the sacral region, where they are white throughout. This
slaty colour is strongly marked, and gives a dirty greyish-
white appearance to the under surface, very different from the
pure shining white of most species of Taterona. Hands and
feet white. ‘l'ail greyish brown above, white below, untufted,
and with no black hairs. The average length of the tail in
six specimens examined is exactly equal to the length of the
head and body.

Measurements of the type (taken in the flesh) :—

Head and body 140 mm.; tail- 130; hind foot 32 ;
ear 21.

Skull: greatest length 39 mm.; condylo-incisive 36:5 ;
basilar 31:5 ; condylo-basilar 34; palatilar 18:2; anterior
palatal foramina 7:2 ; posterior 1:0; space between anterior
and posterior palatal foramina 5°0 ; interorbital breadth 7-0;
bullae 12°0 ; upper molar series 7°0.

Dorsal aspect of skull convex, not flattened. Groove of
incisors well marked.

Type. Adult male. B.M, no, 21. 9.5.14. Original number
585. Collected by Mr. A. Loveridge on 10th December, 1918,
and presented to the British Museum by Lord Swaythling.

Type-locality. Tabora, 5° 8., 32°40’ E., in the Tanganyika
Colony.

The predominance of grey colouring both above and below
in itself separates 7. tabore from all other species of the
genus. 7. liodon, which shares with J. tabore the distine-
tion—rare in this genus—of having slaty bases to the hairs
of the under surface, is at once distinguished by the slight
almost imperceptible grdoving of the incisors.

Mammals from East Africa. 567

Taterona cosensi, sp. n.

A species with long untufted tail and short posterior palatal
foramina, .

Colour above ochraceous. buff modified by black. Belly-
hairs white to the base. Feet white. ‘Tail short-haired,
brown above, white below, with none of the long black hairs
of more northern forms.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 20. 6.10.44. Collector’s ©
number 1071. Collected by Mr. H. H. Swinny on 10th July,
1919, and presented to the British Museum by Col. G. P.
Cosens,

Type-locality. Vihingo, near Ruvu Station, on the railway
some 40 miles inland from Dar-es-Salaam. ‘There are to
hand eight specimens from the type-locality and six from
Kisserawe Mission between Ruvu and Dar-es-Salaam.

Measurements of the type (taken in the flesh) :-—

Head and body 158 mm.; tail 179; hind foot 35;
ear 21.

Average measurements of thirteen specimens :—

Head and body 158 mm.; tail 173; hind foot 34-4;
ear Z0°7.

Skull: greatest length 43-4 mm.; condylo-incisive 39-2 ;
condylo-basal 39°7; basal 37:1; basilar 33°5; condylo-
basilar 35°8 ; palatal 23:7; palatilar 20°33; anterior palatal
foramina 8°5; posterior 15; space between anterior and
posterior palatal foramina 5:0; zygomatic breadth 22°7 ;
interorbital breadth 7°2; breadth of brain-case 17°5 ; nasals
on median line 16°9; bulle 12:0; length of upper molar
series 770. The average condylo-incisive length of the skulls
of eleven adult specimens is 38°3 mm.

Dorsal aspect of skull flattened. Groove of incisors well
marked.

T. cosensi is externally in colour and appearance very like
T. inclusa from the Gorongoza District of Portuguese East
Africa, but is distinguished from that species by the much
smaller hind foot and the large swollen bulle.

Since the late Mr. R. C. Wroughton wrote his monograph
on the genus Tatera* a large number of skins and skulls of
the African genus Taterona have been added to the British
Museum collection. In the preparation of the present paper
I have gone through all this material, and take this oppor-

* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist, (7) xvii. p. 474 (May 1906),

568 Mr. P. S. Kershaw on new

tunity of putting on record some conclusions I have
reached :—

(1) TYaterona can be divided into forms with tufted and
forms with untufted tails. The former are either heavily
tufted, as in the Asiatic genus Tatera, e. g., Taterona nigri-
cauda, or slightly tufted, e. g., 7. vicina.

(2) The tufted forms are all, with one exception (7. guinea,
from Gunnal, in Portuguese Guinea), confined to North-east
Africa. ‘These are all to the north of a line drawn from
Mombasa to Morogoro, and thence to Muansa on the south
shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza, and of a line drawn from the
north-east corner of that lake to Mt. Hlgon, and thence to
the Nile at the northern extremity of Lake Albert. The
untufted forms are found all over Africa except the north-
west, and share North-east Africa with the tufted forms.

(3) In the untufted forms the posterior palatal foramina are
shoit and in the tufted long. This is what we should expect
to find, since, in the heavily tufted Tatera of Asia, the
posterior palatal foramina are very long. In Tatera persica
they are almost as long relatively asin Taterillus. Where
the posterior foramina are long, the space between the anterior
and posterior foramina is short, and vice versé. In the
untufted forms, of which there are thirty-one type-specimens
in the British Museum, this space measures anything from
3 to 5 mm., except in nigrita from Uganda, where it measures
26mm. _ In the tufted forms, of which the Museum possesses
six type-skulls, it measures 2°5 te 3 mm., except in the
remote guinee (3°5 mm.) and in swaythling?, the southernmost
form (3°6 mm.).

I have treated as ‘“‘tufted” in this paper 7. robusta, ma-
cropus, nigricauda, vicina, mombase, phillips’, umbrosa,
shoana, pother’, guinee, and swaythlingi, and as “ untufted ”
all the other forms, ignoring the subgenus Gerbilliscus.

Vide also on this subject Hinton and Kershaw, Annu. & Mag.

Nat. Hist. (9) vi. p. 98 (July 1920).

Rattus pernanus, sp. n.

Among a collection of skins sent by the Nairobi Museum
in the Kenya Coloiy to the British Museum recently for
identification, there are two of a Rattus, which requires
description as a new form :—

Type. Young adult male. B.M. no, 21.9.6.15. Original
number 34. Collected by Mr. R. B. Woosnam on 3rd Nov-

ember, 1912, and presented to the British Museum by the
Nairobi Museum.

Mammals from East Africa. 569

Type-locality. Amala River (also called Mara River),
which rises at Kabalolot Hill in the Sotik, Kenya Colony,
and enters Lake Victoria Nyanza in the Tanganyika Colony
at 1° 30’S., 34° E.

Description.—This is a dwarf form of Rattus, in size a
trifle smaller than Mus musculus. The type measures :—
Head and body 76 mm.; tail 65; hind foot 15; ear 14.
The measurements of the other specimen are about the same.
The hair is soft and long, about 10 mm. in length on the
back. Colour very similar to that of Rattus coucha panya.
The sides and flanks are a rich brown, between “mummy ”
and “ Prout’s” (Ridgway); the back darker, owing to the
hairs being tipped with black or dark brown ; hairs of the
under surface slate-grey with white tips, resulting ina general
pearl-grey colour. There is a fairly well-defined tawny-
ochraceous stripe dividing the colours of the upper and under
surfaces. Tail shorter than head and body, thickly clothed
with short appressed hairs, longer on the terminal third, and
forming a perceptible pencil at the tip. Colour of tail brown
on the proximal two-thirds, and black clothed with whitish
hairs on the distal portion ; lighter below. Feet and hands
white. Large white spot behind the ear.

Skull: total length 23:3 mm.; condylo-incisive length 21 3;
greatest breadth (at posterior of zygomata) 12:0; breadth of
brain-case 10°3 ; length of nasals on median line 8°8 ; inter-
orbital constriction 4,

The palatal foramina extend back to about the middle of
the anterior central cusp of m!; m! equal in length (1°8 mm.)
to m* and m® combined. The incisors and molars are typical
of Rattus (as distinct from Mus), there being no distortion of
the first lamina of m! nor any subapical notch in the upper
incisor.

‘The two specimens received of this interesting diminutive
rat are both males, so that it is not possible at present to give
the mammary formula. The indications are that it will prove
to belong to the subgenus Mastomys, since it has little in
common with the other African subgenera of Rattus. In
general appearance it is like a dwarf L. (Mastomys) coucha,
and the propoition of tail to body—about 85 per cent.—is
characteristic of the multimammate rats. Practically all the
small mouse-like African rats belong to the subgenus Pra-
omys, all the known species of which have very long tails.

The teeth of the type are not much worn, and show that
the specimen, though adult, is young. ‘Thus, the measure-
ments given may prove to be on tle small side.

570 Dr. C. W. Andrews on a Theropodous

LV.—A new Hedgehog from the Island of Djerba, Tunis.
By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

By the kind intermediation of Dr. Hartert, the British
Museum has received, as a donation, from Mons. Blane, the
well-known naturalist of Tunis, a number of small mammals
from that still little-known country.

Among these there are examples of the following new
form of hedgehog :—

Paraechinus deserti blancalis, subsp. n.

Essential characters as in true desert’, but with a greater
amount of white. Under surface almost wholly white, a
small area in the inguinal region alone brown; in deserti the
lower surface is prominently brown as far forward as the
sternum. Ears whitish behind, with scarcely any brown on
them. Limbs also with less white, the terminal brown only
commencing on the wrists and ankles, while in deserti the
forearms and legs are also brown.

Skull as in deserted.

Condylo-basal length of skull 46 mm.; zygomatic breadth
28 ; upper tooth-series 21°7. }

fab. Island of Djerba, 8.E. Tunis.

Type. Adult female. B.M.no. 20.5.4.5. Original num-
ber $4. Presented by Mons. Blane of Tunis. Five ‘speci-
mens examined.

No doubt very closely allied to the desert: of the mainland,
bur distinguishable by its less brown underside.

LVI.—On some Remains of a Theropodous Dinosaur from the
Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar. By Cuartes W. ANDREWS,
D.Sce., F.R.S. (British Museum Natural History).

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Remains of Theropodous Dinosaurs in deposits of Liassic age
are of extreme rarity. Lydekker has described and figured
(Catal. Foss. Rept. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. (1888) p. 173, fig. 28)
a tooth from the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis, which he
doubtfully refers to the Triassic genus Zanclodon. Later,
Dr. Smith Woodward gave an account with a figure (Ann,
& Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i. (1908) p. 257) of a small
slender right tibia from the Lower Lias of Wilmcote,
Warwickshire. This he regards as belonging to a lightly-
built and active Megalosaurian Dinosaur, pointing out that

Dinosaur from the Lower Lias. 57

the great development of the anterior ascending process of
the astragalus shows clearly that this Liassic type is more
nearly related to the Jurassic members of the group than to
those from the Trias. Dr. von Huene (Paleont. Abhandl.
Suppl. 1, Lief. 5 (1908), p. 326) agrees with this view, and
goes so far as to refer the animal to the genus Megalosaurus.

These two specimens seem to be the only Megalosaurian
remains known up till now from the Lower Lias—at least,
of this country.

Recently Mr. 8S. lL. Wood has obtained from the Lower
Lias of Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, portions of the
pelvis, au imperfect left femur, and part of a vertebral
centrum of a small Theropodous Dinosaur: these specimens
form the subject of the present note.

The pelvis is represented by (1) the anterior portion of
the left ilium, with which is united the proximal end of the
pubis ; (2) the acetabular region of the right ilium, with
which are united portions of the proximal ends of the
pubis and ischium; (3) the posterior end of the right
ilium, the precise position of which in relation to the
anterior portion can only be approximately determined.
‘The femur belongs to the left side and is imperfect at both
ends. The vertebra is represented only by about half the
centrum and part of the neural arch; it probably belongs to
the dorsal region.

The tlium (fig. 1), so far as preserved, is very similar to
that of Megalosaurus bucklandi. Its anterior portion (a./.)
forms a broadly rounded lobe, the outer surface of
which is gently concave externally ; the bone in this
region is very thin, with a slightly thickened upper
border, the surface of which is somewhat roughened for the
attachment of muscle. ‘The anterior lobe is separated from
the relatively massive pubic process (p.p.) by a much
narrower preacetabular notch (p.%.) than in Megalosaurus,
and more nearly similar to what is seen in Ceratosaurus, in
which, however, the pubic process is less massive. ‘The
narrowness of this notch seems to be due partly to tlie
relatively large size of the pubic process aud partly to its
being directed more forwards and less downwards than in
the other forms referred to. The pubic process is tri-
angular in section, the ventral (acetabular) surface (ace?.)
being deeply concave from side to side. This concavity is
continuous with the rest of the acetabular surface of the
ilium, the outer edge of which forms a prominent and sharp-
edged lip, which increases in width towards the point of
union with the ischium. The anterior end of the pubic

By LY Dr. C. W. Andrews on a Theropodous

process unites with the pubis in a slightly convex surface.
Behind the acetabulum the ilium unites with the ischium,
but the details of the suture are not clear. The posterior
fragment of the right ilium (p./.) narrows gradually towards
its posterior end, which is gently convex, being some-
what thickened and roughened for the attachment of a
muscle, probably the ilio-caudal. The outer surface is
concave from above downwards, while on the inner face
there is a thickened and downwardly-reflected flange running
down from the postero-superior angle to the base of the
ischial process. The inner face of this flange is roughened,
and no doubt united with the posterior part of the sacrum,

Fig. 1.

Pelvis of Sarcosaurus woodi from the left side, partly restored from the
1

right side. + nat. size. acet., acetabulum; a.l., anterior lobe
of ilium; f., foramen in (?)ilium; zse., ischium; 0.n., obturator
notch; p./., posterior lobe of ilium; p.m, preacetabular notch ;
p.p., pubic process of ilium; pu., pubis; s., suture between ilium

and pubis.

The Pubis (fig. 1).—The proximal ends of both pubes are
preserved, that of the right side being the more complete.
his bone, which seems to have been larger in proportion to
the ilium than in later forms, unites to the pubic process of
the ilium in a slightly concave suture; below this it bears
on its posterior face a triangular surface, which forms the
anterior wall of the acetabulum (acet.) ; beneath this again
there is a short process, separated from the acetabulum by
a distinct notch and curving backwards to unite with the
pubie process of the ischium in a flat suture, triangular in

Dinosaur from the Lower Lias. 573

outline, the lower border being thin and sharp. Anteriorly
the ischial process of the pubis is limited by a large and
well-defined obturator notch (o.n.), which, when the bone
was unbroken, may have been a closed foramen, though this
does not seem likely. Distal to this notch, and separated
from it by the prominence forming its anterior border, the
shaft of the pubis narrows very rapidly and becomes com-
pressed from above downwards; this region is strengthened
by a ridge on its inner side continuous with the anterior
border of the obturator notch. The distal portion of the
bone is wanting on both sides.

The Ischium (fig. 1, ise.).—This bone is represented on
the right side by some fragments of its proximal end. A
portion of the pubic process is present: this forms the lower
border of the acetabulum. It thickens towards the junction
with the pubis; its ventral edge is thin and sharp throughout.
The relation of the ischium to the ilium is obscure ; there
does not seem to have been a definite ischial process on the
ilium. Immediately behind the acetabulum there is a deep
rugose pit, from which a foramen (f.) penetrates to the
inner face of the bone. It is doubtful whether this pit is
borne by the ilium or the ischium, but it seems to correspond
in position with the rugosity on the ischium of Ornitholestes
figured by Gregory and Camp (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
vol. xxxvill. (1918) pl. xlvi.), and regarded by them as
serving for the origin of the flexor tibialis internus (semi-
membranosus) muscle.

The Femur (fig. 2, A, B).—The femur of the left side was
found associated with the pelvis, but, unfortunately, it is
badly preserved. The head is broken away, as also is the
end of the fourth trochanter. ‘The distal end is much
crushed, and the condyles are wanting. The bone, as a
whole, is rather strongly curved, the convexity being in
front. The middle part of the shaft is nearly cylindrical,
but tends to widen out. towards the ends, particularly
distally. The summit of the bone, just external to the
fractured surface which marks the loss of the head, bears a
shallow pit (p.), beneath which on the outer side of the
bone there is a narrow flat surface running down to the
trechanteri¢ shelf (¢.s.), described below. The anterior face
of the upper end is also nearly a flat surface, terminating
below in the notch formed by the peg-like anterior (great)
trochanter (g.t7.). From the base of this projection a
shelf-like surface (¢.s.) runs back to the posterior border of
the bone. From the base of the trochanter a strong
roughened ridge runs down the shaft towards its inner

574 Dr. C. W. Andrews on a Therapodous

border, probably reaching the upper angle of the inner
condyle, but the distal portion is incomplete. The fourth
trochanter (4¢r.) forms a very prominent ridge on the
upper part of the posterior face of the shaft ; on its inner
side there is a large, slightly concave roughened area for the
attachment of muscle. The lower end of this trochanteric
ridge is at about the middle of the shaft. As already
mentioned, the distal condyles are wanting, but it can be
seen that, even allowing for expansion due to crushing, the
distal articulation must have been a fairly wide one. The
walls of the bone are relatively very thin, the central

A. Upper end of femur of Sarcosaurus woodi, from inner side ; B, Ditto
from outer side; C, Anterior face of imperfect dorsal vertebra.
z nat. size. az, anterior zygapophysis; dp., diapophysis ;
g.tr., great (anterior) trochanter; #., broken surface of neck of

femur; .c., neural canal; p., pit at upper end of femur; Zt.s.,
trochanteric shelf; 4 é., fourth trochanter (imperfect).

cavity being large ; thus in the middle of the shaft, where
its diameter is about 35 mm., the thickness of the bony
wall is only between 4 and 5mm. Towards the proximal
end of the bone a fracture shows that the central cavity
was divided up by irregular septa of bone.

The anterior half of a vertebra (fig. 2, C), -apparently
from the posterior dorsal region, is preserved. The neural
arch, with part of one of the diapophyses and the anterior
zygapophyses are present, but the neural spine is wanting.
The anterior face of the centrum is very slightly concave.
Its upper border beneath the neural canal (n.c.) is nearly

Dinosaur from the Lower Lias. 575

straight ; its height is about equal to its breadth. The
border of the articular face forms a sharp edge, behind which
the centrum contracts very rapidly in diameter; beneath
the pedicle of the arch the sides of the centrum are excavated
by a fairly deep elongated fossa. The anterior zygapophyses
(a.z.) are small, and project very little in front of the
anterior face of the centrum, their articular faces look
directly upwards. The diapophysis (d.p.), which is only
partly preserved on one side, projects upwards, making an
angle of about 45 degrees with the vertical plane. The
postero-ventral face of the diapophysis seems to have been
concave. There may have been a small parapophysial facet.

The enlargement of the anterior lobe of the ilium sharply
differentiates this Dinosaur from the Triassic Theropods.
This expansion seems to be the consequence of the necessity
for a larger surface for the attachment of the ilio-femoralis
externus muscle, the enlargement of which, as von Huene
has pointed out, is probably due to the adoption of an
upright bipedal mode of progression. This muscle is
inserted distally upon the great trochanter of the femur,
but, although this is better developed than in the Triassic
forms, it does not form the prominent flange of bone usual
in most of the later types *, but remains small and peg-like ;
in this respect the present species occupies an intermediate
position between the Triassic and later Jurassic forms, such
as might have been expected from the horizon at which it
occurs. The development of the anterior process of the
astragalus deduced by Dr. Smith Woodward from the
structure of the tibia, described by him and referred to above,
is no doubt correlated’ with the change in the mode of
progression.

The relatively large size of the pubes and probably of the
ischia seems to be a primitive character.

The Dinosaurian remains above described certainly belong
to a member of the Megalosauride, but at the same time
differ so considerably from the corresponding bones of
Megalosaurus itself that it seems necessary to refer the
species to a new genus, for which the name Sarcosaurus is
suggested, the specific name being Sarcosaurus woodi, in
honour of the discoverer, Mr. S. L. Wood. Probably the
tibia described by Dr. Smith Woodward is referable to the
same species.

* In Ceratosaurus the trochanter appears to have been considerably

smuller than in Anthrodemus (Allosaurus) or Megalosaurus, but, never-
theless, is larger than in the present species.

576 Dr. D. Keilin on the

The dimensions (in centimetres) of the specimens are :—

Height of anterior lobevof iliam o¢.. )i.0.ee eee eee a 7:0
Height of the proximal end of the pubis ......,....... 6:0
Width of the proximal end of the pubis (from within

OUT WELGS) |. 5 5,ccci anit aukole ware wide Gia e qa) aecdstae 71s eee Nf
Greatest width of the acetabular cavity (from within

OUtwards)i Lika seve cede eee stokes Fae FAS oo - 37
Length of the femur, so far as preserved: |.52.F 03), satire 315
Diameter of the middle of the shaft of the femur ...... 36
Width of the anterior face of vertebral centrum ........ 4:0
Height of the anterior face of vertebral centrum........ 4:0

LVIL.—On the Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz
(Diptera, Nematocera, Ceratopogonide), with some
Remarks on the Parasites and Hereditary Bacterian
Symbiont of this Midge. By D. Kuruin, Sc.D., Beit
Memorial Research Fellow (Quick Laboratory, University
of Cambridge).

[Plates XIX. & XX.]

CoNnTENTS.
Page
I. Habitat of the Larva of Dasyhelea obscura ......0..0eeee 576
Ps pesiand. Oviposition: 1.5 dais%x stepuergculd® nafs wile ae eee 577
Meaty ath cacicecue fn. 5 kre PE ace oe ce 578
(a) Head ; (0) Thorax; (ce) anaenak (d) Internal Organs.
TV), SRD eek ip cikte wig ie cte coe eit aad Ghats ete eed Rete eae aga ae 582
V. Larvee of other Species of Dasyhelea, recorded by various
hg PANIEIORS Acts Acadiant stom aiet Aoserdner ren a ner ee 583
VI. Predaceous Dipterous Larve living, upon the Larve and
Pupmlot Dasyheled Oscwr don a ses aae eck soi cei gertnle sks 587
VIEL Parasites of Dasyhelea Warve on5 cso. ons. ie ark tee 5.) Sh
VILL. Hereditary Bacterian Symbiont of Dasyhelea obscura...... 588
LX. References sx... caja vapeatne ae ied geet ie hep Ieee 588
X. Explanation of the Plates .......... Ree ane auteanene . 589

I. Hasirat or tHE Larva or LAsyHELEA OBSCURA.

Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz, is a very common midge, the
early stages of which are almost alw ays found in the decom-
posed sap filling the wounds of elm trees. The material
which was used “for the present study was obtained from a
wound of an elm tree standing on the Caius College ground
at Newnham (Cambridge) and facing Church Rate Walk.
In addition to Dasyhelea larvie, the decomposed sap of this
wound contained the larve and pupz of several other
Diptera: (1) Rhyphus fenestralis, Scop., (2) Mycetobia

Life-history of Dasyhelea obsenra, Winnertz. 577

pallipes, Meig., (3) Systenus adpropinquans, Loew., (4) S.
scholizi, Loew., (5) Aulacogaster rufitarsis, Meig., (6) Phaonia
cincla, Zett., and (7) an undetermined Syrphid larvze closely
allied to the genus Ceria. This wound was also visited by
the predaceous larve of two Staphylinide *—one belonging
probably to the genus Quedius sp. (subfamily Staphylinine),
the other being possibly a Thamiarea sp. (subfamily Aleo-
charinz).

Finally, the whole surface of the decomposed sap of this
wound, and especially its solidified portions, was covered by
myriads of a mite, Hericia hericia, Kramer (Tyroglyphide),
in all the stages of its development.

The larvee of Dasyhelea were also common in a similar
wound of a horse-chestnut tree standing on the ground
between the School of Agriculture and the Downing College
grounds, and Mr. W. F. Edwards has kindly communicated
to me the following unpublished records concerning the
various breeding-places of this midge :—

(1) J. E. Collin bred it with Culicoides varius, Winnertz,
and Culicoides fascipennis from débris of a chestuut tree
(Snailwell, Cambs).

(2) F. Jenkinson reared them from elm sap (Logie, Elgin
and Cambridge).

(3) F. W. Edwards himself obtained D. obscura: (a) with
Rhyphus fenestralis from the decaying roots of Angelica
(Knebworth, Herts), (6) from running sap of an oak, (¢) with
Mycetobia pallipes, Systenus sp., and an undetermined Syrphid
from running sap of hornbeam, and, finally, (d) with Rhy-
phus fenestralis and Mycetobia from stagnant water in a hole
in an oak tree (Epping Forest).

To find the early stages of Dasyhelea obscura it 1s sufficient
to collect a small quantity of semifluid exudate filling the
wound of an elm tree, to stir it in a petrie-dish with a little
tap water, and leave it for an hour or more to settle.
Examined under the binocular microscope, the eggs, larvee,
and pup of Dasyhelea are very easily detected on the
bottom of the dish.

II, Eaes anp Oviposition. (PI. XIX. fig. 4, and text-fig. 1.)

The female seems to oviposit only once in her life, and
the eggs, about 120 in number, are laid simultaneously
upon the solid particles sticking out from the exudate or
upon the moistened edges of the wound.

* The identification of these larve I owe to the kindness of
Mr. K. G. Blair of the British Museum,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. a

578 Dr. D. Keilin on the

Each egg is surrounded by a gelatinous layer, and they are
all embedded in a common gelatinous mass, somewhat
similar to that of various Chironomids or Rhyphids (Rhyphus
and Mycetobia). The egg is of a very dark brown colour
and of a peculiar shape, which to my knowledge has not
yet been encountered in any other insect. It is of elongate
oval shape, 500 ~ long and 75 win diameter, and sharply
bent in its middle so that its two branches come almost into
contact. The embryo and the young larva have the same
curvature as the egg. When the larva hatches, the egg is
split at one end, corresponding to the anterior and dorsal
side of the enclosed larva, and the two edges of the split
roll up externally, leaving a triangular opening through
which the larva escapes.

Text-fig. 1.

A small portion of an egg-mass of Dasyhelea obscura, showing the eggs
(a) before and (6) after the hatching of the larve; the gelatinous
mass covering the eges is not represented in the figure.

III. Larva.

The larva when it hatches from the egg is 0°7 mm. long;
it grows, undergoing several moults, and when ready to
pupate it reaches 4 to 5 mm. in length and 0:2 to 0°3 mm.
in diameter. The movements of the larva are very slow;
it does not swim, and, when immersed in water, it crawls very
slowly on the bottom of the dish, bending and unbending
its body. The latter is composed of a head, 3 thoracic and
8 abdominal segments, the last abdominal segment being
double (Pl. XIX. fig. 8).

Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. 579

(a) The Head.

The head of the larvais of a dark brown colour, triangular
in shape, 330 ~ long and 175 wide in its basal portion
(Pl. XIX. fig. 1). Examined from the dorsal side, it shows
clearly the suture which marks the dorsal plate or clypeus,
which, in the skin cast at the moults, is very easily separated
from the rest of the head, and then shows two pairs of short
sensory hairs emerging from the edges of its anterior
portion (text-fig. 2,B, 7 and 9). The head bears a definite
number (14 pairs) of sensory hairs and pits, the distribution
of which is shown in fig. 1 (Pl. XIX.).

The eyes are heavily pigmented and crescent-shaped.

Text-fig. 2.

8B

A, mandibule of the larva of D, obscura; B, its clypeus.

The antenne (a and Pl. XIX. fig. 5) are very small and
situated near the anterior end of the head; they are com-
posed of a basilar segment bearing a special sensory organ
corresponding to the bell-shaped papille of the antennz
of many other Dipterous larvee. The basal segment shows,
moreover, a short protuberance provided with four cylindrical
papillee.

The labrum, which follows the clypeal plate, is very short.
Its dorsal side (Pl. XX. fig. 10) shows a pair of sensory hairs
and a pair of sensory circular pits. The ventral side is of a
more complicated structure (Pl. XIX. fig. 2); it is provided

37*

580 Dr. D. Keilin on the

with 4 pairs of sensory circular papillz, followed by 3 pairs
of ordinary sensory hairs, one pair of pectinate hairs, one
pair of short conical papille, one single median transparent
papilla, and, finally, a median soft protuberance covered with
short chitinous hairs. Viewed by transparency the labrum
shows also a strongly chitinized structure, which serves for
the attachment of the labral muscles.

The maaille (P|. XIX. fig. 3) are very flattened and reduced
almost to a group of sensory organs, comprising (a) a cir-
cular papilla, (6) a sensory hair, (¢) a pit with 3 to 4 cylin-
drical papille, followed by (d) an ordinary circular papillee
and (e) a protrusible vesicle bearing 3 to 4 small papille.

The mandibles (text-fig. 2, A, and Pl. XIX. fig. 1,m.) are
very strongly chitinized and provided with 4 teeth, 3 of
which are clearly visible from the side.

The labium (text-fig. 8) has the form of a chitinous plate
ending in 17 to 19 teeth.

Text-fig. 3.

Dasyhelea obscura: labium of the larva, seen ventrally.

The hypopharynx is very well seen by transmitted light
as avery dark transverse chitinous sclerite occupying the
central portion of the head capsule (PI. XIX. fig. 1,h.). Its
structure is much more complicated than was described by
Goetghebuer (1914, p. 182, pl. 1. fig. 2) in a closely-allied
species of Dasyhelea. It does not form one solid chitinous
plate as represented by this author, but is composed of the
following four independent sclerites (Pl. XIX. figs. 6 & 7) :—
(1) A ventral triangular plate (v.) with its lateral edges
strongly chitinized and showing two ventral projections : one
near the base of the triangle and another near the anterior
angle of it, against the opening of the common duct (s.) of
the salivary glands. The basal portion of the ventral sclerite
forms a striated ridge (7.) from which originate numerous
brown sete directed backwards. The surface of this sclerite
when examined ventrally shows four successive zones:
(a) clear zone which receives the salivary duct, (6) an uni-
formly pigmented zone, (c) finely granulated zone, and (d)
a more roughly granulated zone.

(2) The dorsal sclerite (d.) is very strongly chitinized and
of almost quadrangular shape; it also bears posteriorly a

Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. 581

series of long sete of brown colour, which in places are
superposed with the set of the ventral sclerite.

(3, 4) Two lateral wing-like sclerites (/.) are articulated
with the dorsal sclerite and serve for attachment of well-
developed muscles. They are not evenly chitinized, and
show clear and dark patches of chitin. The whole structure
is connected with labium by means of two forked chitinous
rods (rd.), which lie in the lateral walls of the buccal cavity.
It is difficult to say, at present, if all the above-described
sclerites form the hypopharynx, or if the latter is formed
only by the ventral plate. This can only be settled by a
comparative study of this structure in several other species
of Dasyhelea and the closely-allied genera like Culicoides and
Forcipomyia.

* (b) The Thorax.

The thorax is composed of 3 segments of brownish colour ;
the latter is due to the brown granules filling the peripheral
fat body-cells which line the hypodermis ; clear unpigmented
Spaces remain only in the areas occupied by the imaginal
discs of wings, halteres, and legs. The segments are fur-
nished with a series of sensory hairs and pits, among which
special attention must be given to the 6 groups of ventral
sensory organs representing the remains of the thoracic legs
of Dipterous larvee. Each sensory group (Pl. XX. fig. 16) is
composed of two long hairs and 2 pits connected with the
imaginal discs of thoracic legs.

(c) The Abdomen.

The 7 first abdominal segments show a brownish colo-
ration, due to the underlying fat body-cells, which, being
more or less regularly distributed, produce a pigmented
pattern characteristic of this larva (Pl. XX. fig. 9). These
segments bear also a few sensory hairs and pits. The last
abdominal segment is double; its anterior portion differs
very little from the previous 7 abdominal segments, while
its posterior portion has a very characteristic structure, which
will be described below. It bears posteriorly the anus and
a series of strong chitinous hooks bent anteriorly. Eight of
these hooks, disposed in 2 groups of 4, are ventral (Pl. XX.
fig. 13), while 2 pairs of similar hooks are dorsal in position
(Pl. XX. fig. 12). Two small conical soft papille are seen
among the hooks on the ventral sides. Laterally and close
to its anterior boundary this segment shows two transverse
elliptical transparent prominences (Pl. XX. fig. 11, p.). The
space between the large hooks show a few rows of small
dark hooklets or spines bent anteriorly. By pressing a

582 Dr. D. Keilin on the

living larva between the slide and a cover-glass, four bifid
transparent papille make their appearance from the anal
opening. When completely everted from the larval body
these papillee are seen to arise in pairs from two large
transparent vesicular bodies (Pl. XX. fig. 14). These pro-
trusible papillz (rg.) are homologous with the rectal gills of
other Chironomid larve. In most cases when the larvee are
under observation, the rectal gills and the 6 pairs of hooks
are retracted inside the body of the larva,

(d) Internal Organs.

Alimentary Canal.—The pharynx is followed by the ceso-
phagus, which in the 3rd thoracic segment enters the
proventriculus. The mid-gut is a straight cylindrical tube.
The two pairs of Malpighian tubes arise at the junction of
mid- and hind-gut, the anterior pair being long while the
posterior pair is short. There is no intestinal coeca. The
salivary glands are well developed and extend from the 2nd
thoracic to the 6th abdominal segment. The cells of these
glands sometimes show in their protoplasm needle-shaped
crystals, the nature of which I was unable to determine.

The nerve system is composed of cerebral ganglia and 10
pairs of ganglia of the ventral chain, the last beg double
and composed of two pairs (10th and 11th) fused together.

The respiratory system is apneustic, with the trachee and
especially the peripheral thoracic and the rectal well
developed. The remains of the 10 pairs of non-functional
spiracles are connected with the main tracheal trunks by
means of 10 pairs of filaments without any lumen. The
vestiges of spiracles are found in the pro- and metathoracic
and in the 8 abdominal segments.

The fat-body, in addition to the peripheral sub-hypodermic
pigmented cells, comprises two longitudinal perivisceral
bodies devoid of brownish excretory granules.

PV. Por.

The pupa is completely free from the larval cuticle. It is
2°3 mm. long and of a brown colour. It becomes dark,
almost black, when the imago is almost completely formed,
but this coloration is due to the early pigmentation of the
hairs of the imago seen through the transparent cuticle of
the pupa.

The main characters of the pupa, which are of taxonomic
value, are shown in figs. 15 to 21 (Pl. XX.). Each wing of
the pupa bears near its terminal portion a small knob-like
protuberance (p.w., fig. 15, Pl. XX.). Two pairs of legs are

u

Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. 583

superposing one above the other, while the third pair (J. 3)
is curved and lies beneath the wings.

The respiratory tubes or horns (Pl. XX. fig. 15, p.., and
fig. 21) show numerous scale-like triangular plates and bear
from 21 to 22 respiratory papillee. The abdominal segments
are divided, each by a row of dark strongly chitintzed hooks
and plates, into two portions, anterior and posterior (Pl. XX.
fig. 19). The hooks grow in size near the lateral sides of
the segments, and become flattened and almost scale-like
near the dorsal and ventral median lines, Each hook or
scale bears a sensory hair arising from a small circular pit
(Pl. XX. figs. 17 & 18). In front of the row of hooks the
dorsal side of each abdominal segment shows 2 more or less
chitinized spots and, more laterally, 2 short sensory papille.

The whole surface of the abdominal segments is covered
with short hooklets or scale-like projections.

The last abdominal segment shows ventrally a longitudinal
split and dorsally four pairs of strongly chitinized papilla,
two of which are provided with sensory hairs (PI. XX. fig. 20).

The pupal stage is of a very short duration—six or seven
days only.

V. Larv& oF oTHER SPeEcIES oF DasyHELEA, RECORDED BY
vARIous AUTHORS.

The genus Dasyhelea is composed of several species, some
of which are difficult to identify as there still remains
some confusion about their nomenclature.

Mr. F. W. Edwards, of the British Museum, has kindly
supplied me with the following list and synonymy of a few
species of Dasyhelea, the early stages of which have been
recorded and in some cases described :—

1. Dasyhelea flavifrons, Guérin, 1833.
. Dasyhelea dufouri, Laboulbéne, 1869,
Dasyhelea hippocastani, Mik, 1888.
Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz, 1852.
D. homocera, Kieffer, 1919.
5. Dasyhelea obscura, var. goetghebueri, Kieffer.
D. versicolor, Goetghebuer, 1914 and 1920.
D. goetghebuert, Kieffer, 1919.
D, brevitibialis, Goetghebuer, 1919,
. D. versicolor, Winnertz, 1852.
D. sensualis, Kieffer, 1919.
D. bilineata, Goetghebuer, 1920,
. Dasyhelea halophila, Kieffer, 1911.
Dasyhelea coarctata, Kieffer, 1913, 1914,
. Dasyhelea diplosis, Kieffer, 1913, 1914,
Dasyhelea longipalpis, Kieffer, 19138.

fon B09 29

oDnMmN

584 Dr. D. Keilin on the

1. Dasyhelea flavifrons, Guérin, 1833.

This midge was bred by Guérin from pupe found in the
decomposed sap of an elm tree (in Paris). In his paper he
gives a figure of the pupa (pl. viii. fig. 2, e), which unfortu-
nately does not convey a single character of taxonomic
importance.

The same species was also bred by Dr. Sharp from beech-
tree sap in the New Forest, and by F. W. Edwards from
horse-chestnut tree sap at Sidmouth. Through the kindness
of Mr. F. W. Edwards, I was able to examine a few larvee
and pup of this species, and to compare them with those
of PD. obscura, Winnertz. The character of the larva of

Text-fig. 4,

Dasyhelea flavifrons; A, rectal gills; B, respiratory prothoracic horns.

D. flavifrons which enables one to differentiate it most
readily from D. obscura is in the structure of its rectal
gills. As text-fig. 4, A, shows, the 8 terminal branches in
D, flavifrons are much longer than those in D. obscura (cf.
Pl. XX. fig. 14). The prothoracic horns of the pupa in
D. flavifrons (text-fig. 4,B) each bear only 13 spiracular
papillee instead of 21-22, as is the case in DL. obscura.

2. Dasyhelea dufouri, Laboulbéne, 1869.

The larvee and pupz of this species were discovered by
Laboulbéne (1869) in the thick sap filling the wounds of
elm trees in Paris: his descriptions of larva and pupa are,
however, very incomplete, and do not contain any characters
of use in the identification of this species.

Lije-hisiory of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnerte. 585

3. Dasyhelea hippocastani, Mik, 1888.

This species was reared by Mik (1888) from larvee and
pup found in ulcerating wounds of Aisculus hippocastanum.
Unfortunately the larvee and pupe are very insufficiently
described and figured.

4. Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz, 1852.

The eggs, larvee, and pupe of this species are for the first
time described in the present paper.

5. Dasyhelea obscura, var. goetghebueri, Kieffer.

According to F. W. Edwards, the larvee and pupz of this
species were described by Goetghebuer (1914) under the
name of Culicoides versicolor, Winnertz. From Goet-
ghebuer’s description and figures it appears that the larve
and pup of this species differ in many respects from
those of D. obscura.

(a) The number of post-abdominal hooks of the larva in
Goetghebuer’s species is 14, while in D. obscura
there are only 12.

(6) The rectal gills are more elongated and of a type
similar to those of D. flavifrons (cf. text-fig. 13).

(c) The prothoracic horns of the pupa show the scales
oniy in their middle portion, and the number of
papillee is reduced to about 12, while in D. obscura
it is 21 to 22.

These differences show that the species described by
Goetghebuer under the name of C. versicolor cannot be
regarded as a mere variety of obscura, but has to be separated
as a new species; it would be better to reserve for it the
specific name of D. goetyhebueri, already given to it by
Kieffer (1919).

6. Dasyhelea versicolor, Winnertz, 1852.

This midge has been reared by Miss Stow from humus
surrounding the roots of Spireaulmaria (Grantham, Lines),
and by F. W. Edwards from the scum on the surface of an
aquarium (Hitchin, Herts). The pupz of this species which
I have received from Mr. F. W. Edwards differ very little
from those of D. obscura. All I can say at present is that
the few pupee of D, versicolor which I have examined are
more strongly chitinized, that the 3 medio-dorsal spots of
the abdominal segments are more prominent, and that the
scales and hooks covering the abdominal segments are
more developed than is the casein the pups of D. obscura.

586 Dr. D. Keilin on the

7. Dasyhelea halophila, Kieffer, 1911.

This species represents the type of the genus Dasyhelea.
The larvee and pupze of this midge were for the first time
found and described by Rhode (1912, pp. 24-26, quoted by
Rieth, 1915). According to Rieth (1915) the larve and
pupee of D, halophila were found by Prof. Steuer-Insbruck in
a rock-pool at Manera Bay near Ragozniea (Sabenico), and
also in rock-pools at Scoglio Mulo. The larva is 5 to
6 mm. long; the head is of a light brown colour and is about
twice as long as broad; the post-abdominal hooks are brown
and only slightly curved. The pupa is 4 to 5 mm. long;
the prothoracie horns are covered with triangular plates.
The forked post-abdominal protrusions are bifurcated (see
his text-figs.: 46, 48-50, 52, 53, 62, & 64).

8. Dasyhelea coarctata, Kieffer, 1913-1914.

According to Rieth (1915) the larva of this species was
found by Dr. Martin Hasper in a river at Monte San
Bernardo, near Ligano. The larva is 6 to 7 mm. long and
similar to that of halophila. The pupa is 5 to 6 mm. long.

9. Dasyhelea diplosis, Kieffer, 1913, 1914.

According to Rieth (1915) the larve and pup of this
midge were found by A. Thienmann in Westfalia, in
incredibly high numbers between the filamentous Alge,

The salt content of this water varied from 7:219 g. to
13°485 g. per 1., and at the end of May the pupze of this fly
were found in another pool with salt content 61°83 g. per |.
The larva and pupa of D. diplosis have been described and
figured by Rieth (1915, figs. 45, 47,51, 54, 61,63, & 65, A).
The larva is 6 to 7 mm. long, white and opaque ; the post-
abdominal hooks are transparent, short, and markedly
curved. The head is long, only one and a half times the
width. The pupa is 5 to 6 mm. long; the respiratory pro-
thoracic horns are devoid of scales, but are annulated along
two-thirds of their posterior portion. The forked protru-
sions of the last abdominal segment of the pupa are short
and simple.

10. Dasyhelea longipalpis, Kieffer, 1918.

According to Rieth (1915) the larvae and pupe of this
species were found by R. Schmidt upon the filamentous
Algze in a pool containing salt water. Similar pupz were
found by N. von Hofsten in Mistermyre, in Gotland Island,
and in the pools of Horstel (with salt content 28°890 per 1.).

Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. 587

The pupe of this species (see Rieth, pp. 424-425 and figs.
60 & 65) are 3 to 4mm. long; the prothoracic horns are
ribbon-like and throughout their length show a spiral
structure. The post-abdominal forked protrusions are short
and simple.

Finally, it can be added that several species of Dasyhelea
have been reared by Carter, Ingram, and Macfie (1920) in
the Gold Coast, Africa, from the rot-holes in various trees,
“such as the flamboyant, the silk cotton, the mango, a
species of Cynometra, ete: .:.. from partly decomposed
roots or bases of banana stumps, and from the rotted wood
at the sides and ends of canoes” (p. 202). The larvee and
pupe observed by these authors still await description, but
from the account of their behaviour it follows that they are
very similar to those of Dasyhelea obscura.

VI. Prepsaceous Drererous LARVA LIVING UPON THE
Larv# AND Pups or DasyHELEA OBSCURA.

The larve and pupe of D. obscura are destroyed in
great numbers by the three following species of carnivorous
Dipterous larvee :—

1. Phaonia cincta, Zett. (Anthomyide, see Keilin, 1917,
pp. 862-375).

2. Systenus adpropinquans, Loew (Dolichopodide).

3. Systenus scholtzii, Loew (Dolichopodide),

VII. Parasites or Dasywerzea LARVA.

The following is the list of the parasites which I have
found in the larve of D. obscura :—

Fungi.

1. Monosporella unicuspidata, Keilin, 1920.—A_ parasitic
yeast invading the whole body-cavity of the larve and des-
troying them before they succeed in pupating. The parasite
is characterized by having the asci with only one acicular
spore. There is only one other species of this genus:
M., bicuspidata, Metchnikoff, discovered by Metchnikoft
(1884) in Daphnia magna.

Sporozoa.

2. Allantocystis dasyheleit, Keilin, 1920.—An intestinal
gregarine with elongated sausage-shaped cysts, living in the
mid-gut of the larva between the peritrophic membrane and
intestinal epithelium. This gregarine does not seem fatal to
its host.

588 Dr. D. Keilin on the

3. Microsporidia.—-The alimentary tube and the salivary
glands of the larvee are sometimes invaded with a micro-
sporidian parasite, which will be dealt with separately. This
parasite destroys the epithelial cells of the organs, and
appears to kill the larvee before they succeed to pupate.

4. Helicosporidium parasiticum, Keilin, 1921, represents a
completely new type of Protist which invades the fat-body,
nerve-ganglia, and body-cavity of the larvee. This parasite
is very pathogenic aud destroys a good number of Dasyhelea
larvee.

5. The perivisceral fat-body of the larva on two occasions
showed the presence of a parasitic body resembling the
trophic stage of a gregarine. This parasite will be described
separately. 7

Nematoda.

6. In a few cases the larva of Dasyhelea contained a
female of a nematode worm lying in the body-cavity. This
nematode, of which I ouly know the females, seems to
belong to the family of Mermithide.

VIII. Herepirary Bactertan SyMBIONT OF
DAsSYHELEA OBSCURA, WINNERTZ.

All the larvee of Dasyhelea obscura contain in their thorax
four large bodies completely filled with bacteria. These four
masses of bacteria grow with the larva and pass into the
pupa and the adult fly. They are then transmitted to the
eges, and the small Jarvee which hatch from the eggs already
show the four bodies with bacteria in the perivisceral cavity
of their thoracic segments. The complete account of this
hereditary bacterian symbiont will be given in a separate

paper.
IX. REFERENCES.

Carter, H. F., Ineram, A., & Macrir, J. W.S. (1920). “Observations
on the Ceratopogonine Midges of the Gold Coast, with Descrip-
tions of new Species.—Parts I.-IL.” Ann. of Trop. Medic. and
Parasitology, vol. xiv. pp. 187-274, pls. iv.—vi.

Epwarps, F. W. (1921). MS. notes, see pp. of this paper.

GorTaurBuER, M. (1914). “Contribution a l'étude des Chironomides
de Belgique.” Annales de Biologie Lacustre, vol. vii. pp. 165-
229, pls. v.-vii.

Gufrin, F. KE, (18383). “ Notice sur les Métamorphoses des cératopogons
et description de deux espéces nouvelles de ce genre, découvertes
aux environs de Paris.” Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. vol. ii., see
pp. 165-167, pl. viii.

Life-history of Dasylelea obscura, Winnertz. 589

Kei1in, D. (1917). ‘Recherches sur les Anthomyides a larves carni-
vores.” Parasitology, vol. ix. pp. 8325-460, pls. v.—xv.

— (1920). “Ona new Saccharomycete, Monosporella wuceuspidata,
gen. n. nom., n. sp., parasitic in the Body- -cavity of a Dipterous
‘Larva (Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz).” Parasitology, vol. xii.
pp. 85-91.

—— (1920). “On Two new Gregarines, Allantocystis dasyhele?, n.¢.,
n, sp., and Dendrorhynchus systent, n g., n. sp., parasitic in the
Alimentary Canal of the Dipterous Larvae, Dasyhelea obscura,
Winn., and Systenus sp.” Parasitology, vol, xii. pp. 154-158,

Tek.

(1921). ‘On the Life-history of Heltcosporidium parasiticum, n. g.,
n. sp., a new Type of Protist parasitic in the Larva of Dasyhelea
obscura, innertz (Diptera Ceratopogonide), and in some other
Arthropods.” Parasitology, vol. xiii. pp. 97-113, pls. iv. -vi.

LABOULBRNE, A. (1869). “ Histoire des métamor phoses du Cerato-

pogon dufourt.” Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr, 4° série, vol. ix. pp. 157-166,

pl. vii.
Mix, J. (1888). “Zur Biologie von Ceratopogon, Meig. ., nebst Berschrei-
bung einer neuen "Art dieser Gattung.” Wien. Ent. Zeit.

vol vii. pp. 183-192, pl. ii.
Rizr, J. Ts. (1915). “ Die Metamorphose der Culicoidinen (Cerato-

pogoninen).” Archiv fiir Hydrobiologie, Supplement-Band ii.
pp. 877-442.

X. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
[All the figures concern Dasyhelea obscura, Winnuertz. }

PuLatTE XIX.
Fig. 1. Head of a full-grown larva, seen from the side: an., antenne ;
cl., clypeus; #., hypopharynx; /., labium; M., maxille;
m., mandibles; s., duct of salivary glands; /-1/, fourteen
pairs of sensory organs.

Fig. 2. Labrum, seen from the ventral side.

Fig. 3. Maxilla, seen from the side.

Fig. 4. Egg taken out of the uterus of the 9, showing the gelatinous
layer with small chitinous rods surrounding it.

Fg. 5, Antenna of the larva.

Fig. 6. Hypopharynx, seen ventrally: /., lateral wing-like processes ;

7., posterior ridge of the ventral plate; rd., lateral bifurcated
rods connecting the hypopharynx with the labium;
s., Salivary duct; v., ventral plate.

Fig. 7. Hypopharynx, seen laterally: d., dorsal plate; 0., cesophagus ;
other letters as in fig. 6.

Fig. 8. Larva, full-grown, seen laterally.

PLATE XX.

Fig. 9. Abdominal segments of the larva, showing the characteristic
pigmented pattern.

Fig. 10, Labrum, seen dorsally.

Figo ii. Posterior end of the larva, seen laterally, showing the hooks, A
and the lateral protuberance, p.

Fug. 12. ees end of the larva, seen dorsally, showing 2 pairs of

ooks

F%g. 13. gies end of the larva, seen ventrally, showing 4 pairs of
hooks

ay

590 Mr. N. D. Riley on Rhopalocera from

Fig. 14. Posterior segment of the larva, showing the protruded rectal
gills, 7.9.

Fg. 15. Anterior portion of the pupa, seen ventrally: 2.3, the third pair
of legs; p.h., prothoracic respiratory horns; p.w., terminal
protuberance of the wings.

Fig. 16. Sensory vestigial remains of thoracic legs of the larva.

Figs. 17 & 18, Abdominal hooks, with sensory hairs of the pupa.

Fig. 19. Abdominal segments of the pupa, seen dorsally.

‘wg. 20, Posterior abdominal segment of the pupa.
Fig. 21. Respiratory prothoracic horns, showing the spiracular papille.

LVIII.—Some undescribed Rhopalocera from Mesopotamia
and N.W. Persia ; and vther Notes. By N. D. Ritry.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Tue following notes are based on the very rich material
brought from Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia by Lt.-Col.
H. D. Peile, 1.M.S., F.E.S. Col. Peile is to be congratu-
lated highly on the excellent condition of the specimens,
the fullness of the data, and on the number of species
obtained, often under conditions not at all conducive to
entomological enthusiasm. The Museum also is greatly
indebted to him for the generosity with which he has pre-
sented not only the types of all the forms, but also “as
many as we want of everything else.”

Col. Peile hopes shortly to publish in the Journal of the
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. a fuller account of the Rhopalocera
of the regions in which he collected, and to figure the
majority of the new forms. Fuller particulars as to dates
and localities, &c., will be found therein. Only those speci-
meus of the species mentioned below, which have been
incorporated in the General Collection of the Museum, are
referred to here.

Pieridae.

1. Huchloé ausonia persica, Verity.
Rhop. Pal. p. 178 (1908).
73,7 9, Fathah, R. Tigris, 19-30. iii. 1920.
Verity says of his type specimen : “ La tache apicale, peu
étendue, mais trés noire et a limites trés nettes, rappelle

plutédt celle de delemia, tandis que le trait discoidal trés
réduit, trés droit et aussi éloigné de la cote que chez fallout,

Ue

Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. 591

aun aspect qu’on ne retrouve chez aucun autre Euchiloé ;
ce trait a la méme ampleur sur les deux surfaces.”

This description fits exactly the specimens collected by
Col. Peile, but its application by Verity to the specimens
from Schahrud in the B.M., which he figures at plate 67,
figs. 831 & 82, seems, in view of this additional material,
no longer justifiable. The two features on which he lays
stress are the sharp definition of the inner edge of the apical
patch and the reduction of the size of the discoidal spot.
In the Schahrud specimens the former is very broad and
diffuse, the latter large and almost quadrate, in both sexes.
This race from N.E. Persia may well be called vertryt, sp.n..
the types being the g and ? in the B.M. figured by Verity,
and persica, Ver., be restricted to the race from Western
Persia, Kurdistan, &c.

BM: AypessNo. Kh: 16l)' 4, 12.5783 162, 9s) to255 71,
Christoph. ex Coll. Elwes, Shahrud, N.E. Persia. ;

2. Zegris eupheme dyala, Peile.
Entomologist, liv. p. 151 (1921).

26 3, 26 2, Kizil-Robat, L. bank of R. Dyala, 10. iii—
6. iv. 1919.

Resembles the f. tschudica in the whiteness of the apical
area of the underside of the forewing, but can at once be
separated from it by the far greater reduction in the extent
of the green mottling of the underside of the hindwing.
The orange patch is usually much smaller, and the grey
apex very much blacker, than in f. menestho,.

There are three pairs of typical ¢schudica in the B.M.
from §S. Russia, and all of them agree far better with
Herrich-Schaffer’s figure of tschudica than do these speci-
mens from the R. Dyala. I suspect that the male mentioned
by Le Cerf (Ann. d’Hist. Nat. ii. (2) p. 29, 1913), taken
at Danah-Kouh in March 1908, is referable to this race
rather than to true ¢schudica.

B.M. types No. Rh. 163, ¢, 23.38.19; 164, 9, 15.38.19,
Kizil-Robat.

2a. Zegris eupheme tigris, subsp. n.

13g, 4 ¢, Fathah, R. bank R. Tigris, 18. 11-5. iv. 20.
This race, like the preceding, comes very close to
tschudica, H.-S. It can, however, be separated at once
from that form by the yellowness of the apical area of the
underside of the forewing, this area being, in Herrich-
_ Schiiffer’s figures (Schmett. Eur. ff. 449-353), white, with

592 Mr. N. D. Riley on Rhopalocera from

the exception of the extremes of the inner edge; uniformly
yellow in ¢igris. The mottling of the underside of the hind-
wing also has considerably more yellow in its composition
than is the case in true ¢tschudica.

Two males approach menestho in the richness of the under-
side coloration ; one approaches dyala in the poverty of it.
The extent of the orange in the apical patch of the forewing
above is, on the average, appreciably greater than is the case
in dyala.

B.M. types No. Rh. 165, 3, 25. 3.20; 166, ?, 30.38.20,
Fathah.

Satyride.
3. Pararge megera iranica, subsp. n.

2 3, Kizil-Robat, Mesopotamia, 23.3.19; 3 3, 6 3,
Karind Gore and Harir, 18. vii.-16. viii. 18, N.W. Persia.

Underside of the hindwing lighter and more yellowish
than in true /yssa, Bois., in that respect agreeing with
Herrich-Schaffer’s description of megerina. Herrich-
Schaffers states, however, that the upperside of his
megerina is that of Hiibner’s fig. 914, 1.e. lyssa. ‘The upper-
side of iranica is more that of Staudinger’s transcaspica, 1. e.
with the much obscured hindwing, but the underside of
the hindwing is much darker than in that form. The
specimens are all rather smaller than the ¢ranscaspica and
lyssa in the B.M.

B.M:wypes No. Rh. 167,035 Lied 183) 168, 2. a7 os:
Harir.

In addition there are in the B.M. one pair from Dizful,
Persia, and a further pair from Teheran which belong to
this race. A pair from Gulek, Taurus, though much larger,
agree in all other respects. It is probable, too, that the
specimens mentioned by Le Cerf (/.c. p. 41), from Persia,
should be referred to tranica.

The name megerina seems only tenable for the form of
lyssa with a yellower underside to the hindwing. The
“ differences”’ given by Herrich-Schaffer for separating it
are characteristics which apply equally to any form of
megera.

4, Satyrus persephone, Hiibn. (anthe, Ochs.), and
5. Satyrus enervata, Staud.

As there seems to be some confusion as to whether
enervata is a seasonal form or a geographical race of

Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. 593

persephone, it may be as well to mention that not only, as
its name implies, does it lack the white veining of the
underside of the hindwing, but also its genitalia differ from
those of persephone, and it has across the bases of areas 10
(part) to 3 of forewing above in the male a prominent black
sex-mark,

These seem sufficiently good grounds for maintaining it
as a good species.

6. Epinephelz telmessia pallescens, Butler.

Epinephele pallescens, Butler, Cat. Sat. B.M. p. 65 (1868).
LE. telmessia vay, oreas, Le Cerf, Ann. d’Hist. Nat. ii. (2) p. 46 (1913).

N.W. Persia, Karind Gorge, 18.7.18, 2 ?; Paitak,
6. Salo, Eo Ean lO Se clio ior,

There seems little doubt that Le Cerf unfortunately over-
looked Butler’s description of pallescens, and that his oreas
is the same thing.

7. Epinephele lupinus cENTRALIS, subsp. i.

15 g, 15 9, from Kizil-Robat, Jebel Hamrin; Sulei-
manyeh, Kermanshah, Harir, and Karind, iv., v., vi., vil.,
viil., & ix. 1918 & 1919.

Staudinger’s description of ‘ H. lycaon var. intermedia”
runs as follows :—‘‘ The almost universally common species
E. lycaon is a species very variable as to size, nature of hair-
scales, colour, etc. The large examples from S8.E. Hurope
with the forewing in the male more lightly covered with
long hairs was described long ago as var. dupinus, Costa. In
the lower-lying (hotter) districts of Asia and Asia Minor as
well as in S. Russia (according to Alphéraky) an inter-
mediate form occurs which I call intermedia. Specimens
are much larger than typical German lycaon and almost as
densely hairy as the still larger dupinus, but darker and mostly
with a broader (shorter) androconial stripe (or, rather, patch)
on the forewing. Also on the underside of the hindwing
they are almost always much lighter (more greyish-white)
than lycaon, especially examples from Samarkhand, almost
like typical lupinus. I have this var. intermedia ‘from
Samarkhand, Margelan; also one specimen each from
Saison and Lepsa (presumably taken in other hotter dis-
tricts) I must include with them. In the same way
examples from Amasia and Achal Tekke District would be
best included here, although the Amasia specimens are
darker on the underside.”

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 38

594 Mr. N. D. Riley on Rhopalocera from

From this typical Staudinger description it at least
appears that true intermedia is the Samarkhand, Margelan
race. Hence Turati’s margelanica must fall as an absolute
synonym of intermedia. In Mesopotamia, Kurdistan, and
Western Persia occurs a race somewhat similar to zntermedia,
but characterized by its smaller size, greyer appearance (the
females particularly being very dark above, with very little
orange as arule), and the greater uniformity of the markings
of the underside of the hindwing, the banded appearance
of intermedia being absent, or almost so, im the majority of
specimens. ‘This may be known as cENTRALIS, subsp. n.
(types + B.M.. types: No: Ath. 169. 6. 5. 19 7a
7.5. 19, Kizil-Robat, L. bauk of R. Dyala, H. D. Peile).
Somewhat similar, but characterized by a very much darker
underside to the hindwing, larger size, longer and yellower
hair-scales occupying a more extensive area, is the Asia
Minor race (caprus, subsp. n., B.M. types No. Rb. 171, 3,
1.7. 185 172, 9, 24.6. 18, Kedos, N.V.:L. Rybor). “this
race is very intermediate between dupinus and centralis in all
respects. It is also in the B.M. from Brussa, Kilishlar,
Gulek, and Yozgat, and, according to Staudinger, occurs at
at Amasia. Finally, the race from Cyprus may be men-
tioned. It represents the extreme in depth of coloration in
both sexes above and below, with the only exception of the
male of mauritanica, Oberth., which is blacker above. The
female has, by comparison, an almost sooty appearance
above and the yellow markings are of a very deep shade
(=cypriaca, subsp. n., B.M. types, No. Rh. 178, ¢, 25.5. 09;
Wp ey SS RS ae CoP Nicosia, Cyprus, J. A. Bucknill).

Nymphalide.
8. Melitea trivia persea, Koll.

12 6,3 2, 16.3. 19-3. 4.19, Kizil-Robat. Spring brood.

24,4 9, 27 & 28.6.18, Jebel Hamrin, L. bank R.
Dyana. Summer brood.

1 3g, Fathah, Jebel Hamrin, 19. 6. 20. Summer brood.

9. Melitea dedyma casta, Koll.

Tig, 1 9s 22 aS. farir, N.W.. Persia:

As Kollar’s original descriptions of WZ. casta and persea
are not usually very accessible, the following transcripts
may be of use :—

Denk. K.-K. Akad. Wissen, Wien, 1. p. 50 (1850).

Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. 595

Meltea casta. Wings above fulvous, the costal strigze
of forewing and a broad [repanda | submar ginal fascia
common to both wings, and the margin itself, black ; fore-
wings below with an irregular macular black ‘fascia ; hind-
wings pale yellowish, with two very pale yellowish ‘bands,
the broad stripes and the series of black marginal spots less
distinct.

Exp: bo ale.

Next to M. didyma, from which, however, it differs most
in that the wings above have fewer black bands and spots,
and that the bands of the underside of the hindwing have
almost disappeared.

Melitea persea. Wings above fulvous; forewings with
three black macular bands, hindwings two; below, the
apex of the former and the whole of the latter pale yellow,
the macular bands of the forewings below conforming with
those of upper surface, the hindwings with two pale fulvous
bands and black lunules and spots.

Exp. alar. 17'”,

Similar to the preceding, but the markings of the hind-
wings on the underside, which in casta are very similar to
didyma, in this manfestly differ and come closer to M. didyma
[ sic !], from which, however, it ought to be separated, owing
to the failure of the black spots, especially at the bases of
the wings.

Taking these two descriptions together, remembering that
Kollar also records M. phoebe from the same locality, and
assuming, I think with perfect justification, that the passage
in the above paragraph in italics must refer to some other
species, not didyma, it seems reasonable to suppose that
casta must be the Persian race of didyma and persea that of
trivia. This view is much strengthened by the material in
the B.M.

A character which may be found of some use in separating
these two species is the position of the black marks in areas
2 and 3 of the hindwing underside, between the orange
bands. These markings are generally, in each area, three
in number, and in érivia the middle one is nearer the distal
one, in didyma nearer the proximal one.

10. Polygonia egea, Cram., f. egea.
Karind Gorge, 13. 7. 18, 17. 7. 18, & 12.8. 18, each 1 ¢.

f. j-album, Esp.
Karind Gorge, 14. 7, 18, 17. 7. 18, each 1 ¢,

596 Mr. N. D. Riley on Rhopalocera from

11. Pulygonia c-album, Linn., f. hutchinsonti, Robson.

Karind Gorge, 12. 8. 18,1 ¢.

It will be noticed that all three forms mentioned above
were taken at the same locality within a week.

It may be of interest here to publish a note on the
Central Asiatic forms of this genus made by M. Andre
Avinofft shortly before the war and left at the B.M.; it
should help to clear up the muddle which surrounds
P. interposita, Staud. It runs :—“ Polygonia egea (tri-
angulum) is found in Europe; in the south begins, from
Caucasus, to get darker and gradually runs into the form of
Central Asia. It is not the ¢nterposita of Staudinger, as the
interposita is the c-album form with some character of egea
(I saw the type and studied the form by the Turkestan
material). Grum-Grshmailo gave the name wndina (Rom.
Mem. iv. p. 424) to the egea of Turkestan, but he was not
quite right on the distribution (all he says about Osch and
Margelan). In reality undina goes to Chitral by Bokhara
and flies with interposita. ‘The series of the B.M. contain
both species ; egea does not go to the south. Jnterposita is
darker in Chitral, Goorais, Thundiani (cognata), and brighter
and less dark in the South Himalayas (Nepal, Sikkim to
Ta-Tsien-Lu), where it is agnicula (tibetanus, Hiwes). Inter-
posita is very near to c-album, but it‘may be a distint species.”

From this, the series in the B.M., and indeed from
Staudinger’s original description (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1881,
p. 286), it is evident that interposita has nothing to do with
egea, although almost invariably associated with it by
authors. Staudinger’s description certainly is discursive to
a degree, but it is obvious he regarded interposita as a closer
ally of c-album than of egea. What has hitherto been
generally known as interposita must in future go by the
name undina, Gr.-Gr.

The position in the Himalayas seems to be that there are
three species, represented in the B.M. as follows :—

1. P. egea undina, Gyr.-Gr., from Chitral and Hunza.

2. P. c-album cognata, Moore, » Thundiana, Kulu, Nandar,
Simla, and Chumpur.

3. P. interposita interposita, Staud., ,, Chitral, Ladakh, Kylang,
Kulu, Goorais, Pangi,
Dugi, Goolmurg, and
Gurwhal.

3a. P. interposita agnicula, Moore ,, Nepal, Sikkim, Tibet to

(tebetanus, Elwes). Ta-Tsien-Lu.

It may be as well here to correct a further error, for

Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. 597

which Stichel (in Seitz, Macrolep. Pal. 1. p. 208) appears to
be responsible, with regard to the Japanese forms of c-album.
Fentoni, Butler, is not a synonym of hamigera, Butler ; it
is an older name than lunigera, Butler, for the form with
the light brown underside. Lunigera was based on a
specimen of this form with slightly narrower forewings and
more melanic upperside—an extreme of the form, in fact.

Lycenide.

12, Lycena dama KaRINDA, subsp. n.

73,7 2, 14.7.18.-9. 9. 18, Harir, Karind, and Karind
Gorge, N.W. Persia.

Differs from L. dama, Staud. (Iris, iv. p. 2384), in that the
discal series of spots on the underside of hindwing is always
complete, although the spots composing it are minute. The
marginal and submarginal markings also are more fully
developed. In the female the veins on the upperside are
conspicuously darker.

Le Cerf (Ann. d’Hist. Nat. 11. (2) p. 69) records one
female, under the name dama, from Deh-Tchechma,
Arabistan, Persia. This should probably be referred to
L. dama karinda, typical dama being only known from
Malatia.

B.M. types No. Rh. 175, g ; 176, 2, 16. 7. 18, Karind
Gorge.

13. Lycena damone DAMALIS, subsp. n.

12 ¢,12 2, Karind Gorge and Harir, 13. 7. 18-9. 8. 18.

Nearest the var. verves, Staud., in colour and in that the
hindwing underside is entirely devoid of any trace of the
longitudinal white stripe, but differs constantly in its much
larger size (30 mm. and more as against 23-24 mm. in
xerxes), aud in being entirely devoid of any trace of basal
green scaling on the underside of both wings. The upperside
coloration of the male is perhaps a shade paler and brighter
than in typical verves, and the hind-marginal orange lunules
in the female more pronounced. The general coloration of
the underside in the male is lighter, more greyish, less
brown than in werves ; in the female of a more yellowish
brown. The discoidal spot on the forewings is anteriorly
more acute than in any werzes examined,

BeMy types Nog l77, &,.13..7. 18/5. 1785.9, 16. 7s:
Karind Gorge.

598 Mr. N. D. Riley on Rhopalocera from

14. Lycena peilei, Beth. Baker.
Entomologists’ Record, xxxiii, p. 63 (1921).
B.M. types No. Rh. 179, ¢ ; 180, 2, 17. 7. 18; Karind

Gorge.

15. Heodes thersamon KuRDISTANICA, subsp. n.

18 9,18 2,15. 7. 18-14. 9. 18, Harir, Karind Gorge, and
Kermanshah.

These specimens, especially the September ones, are
characterized by their small size and the lack of any fiery
tinge in their coloration. They are also a much more
yellow-gold even than usaal in European thersumon, though
not nearly so golden as ochimus.

The underside coloration is more uniform than in typical
thersamon, the hindwing ground-colour approaching that of
the forewing, and the dark spots are much reduced in size.
The hindwing tails are comparatively long.

Var. persica, Bienert, was described from N.E. Persia. It
can at once be separated from kurdistanica by its large size,
its fiery reddish-golden colour, and its dark border.

B.M..types No. Rh. 181; ¢ 5,19. 8. 48; 182, 9 , 20.8: 18,
Harir,

16, Aphneus epargyros MARGINALIS, subsp. n.
2. 65-018, G& 7. 818,. Paitake 2 5.1. 9209) Salei-

manyeh.

Differs from typical epargyros (as represented in the B.M.
by 13 males and 8 females from Persia, Turkestan, &c.),
which was described by Eversmann from the Aral Sea area,
by its much smaller size, darker ground-colour, and the
great increase in the size of the black markings above. The
submarginal band of the forewing so wide as to join the
marginal line, thus forming a broad black band which, poste-
riorly, joins the median transverse band. ‘he triangular
patch of ground-colour so enclosed is nearly half filled by four
spots between vein 4 and the costa. The black markings of
the hindwing are correspondingly larger.

On the underside the ground-colour is greenish grey, not
silver-grey as in typical epargyros, and the irregular blotches,
which in epargyros are ochreous, are similarly slightly
greenish. The blotches themselves are more rounded,
neater, and the whole underside has a more delicate appear-
ance than in typical epargyros.

B.M. types No. Rh. 183, ¢ ; 184, ?, 6. 8. 18, Paitak.

N.B.—Since its description by Eversmann in 1854,

Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. 099

epargyros has always been regarded as a synonym of
acamas, Klug, which it is not, as the original descriptions
and figures clearly prove. -Acamas always has the base of
the forewing as far as the origin of vein 2, and usually the
whole (or greater part) of proximal half of hindwing, grey ;
in epargyros the yellow ground-colour extends right up to
the base of the wings. In epargyros any lighter yellow area
on the forewing is confined to area 6; in acamas these
lighter areas are sometimes white, and may extend into the
cell and areas 5and4. But the readiest means of separating
tle two species is by the shape of the submarginal band
of the forewing below. In acamas this is an even band (or
comparatively so) with a straight inner edge, or bordered
internally by a series of narrow straight lines; in epargyros,
as stated very clearly by Eversmann, it is made up of a
series of decided crescents, their convex sides inward.

Typical acamas can be separated from its better-known
Indian form hypargyros by its brighter colour and its much
less heavily marked upperside, and also by the underside
markings, which are cloudier than in hypargyros. It appears
to be confined to Syria and Arabia, and has a softer general
appearance than its Indian form.

Swinhoe’s figures of A. acamas in Lep. Ind. pl. 734 are
misleading. Figs. 1 and 1 4 are from a male of d. epar-
gyros of the typical form from Persia; fig. 1 @is from an
apparently very dry form of A. acamas hypargyros from
Chaman. Both specimens are in the B.M.

17. Zephyrus quercus LONGICAUDA, subsp. nu.
138 g,18 9,18. 7. 18-7. 8. 18, Paitak, Harir, and Karind

Gorge.

A well-marked local race. It is distinguished from the
typical European guercus most readily by its generally
rather larger size, the brighter and more brilliant colour of
the upperside of the male, and the great increase in the
length of the tails. These measure 3-4 mm. consistently, as
against 1-2 in European specimens. On the underside the
general coloration is much lighter grey and the transverse
white bands much straighter. The submarginal markings
of the forewing below, with the exception of tliose in areas
16 and 2, which are large, dark, and prominent, are almost
absent. ‘The anal lobe of the hindwing is much larger than
in typical quercus, and the black spot which covers it twice
the size.

600 On some undescribed Rhopalocera.

B.M. types No. Rh. 185, ¢, 186, 2,16. 7. 18, Karind
Gorge.

Three males and two females, one of the latter a beautiful
example of ab. dellus, Gerhard, taken at Suwarra by Capt.
Aldworth in early July O19: and one male from Lenkoran,
30. 6. 74, ea coll. Christoph., all of which are in the B.M.,
are also referable to longicauda,

18. Strymon MARCIDUS, Sp. 0.

12 515.7. 18, Hamr, BM. type No, Rho137.

19, 16. 7. 18, Karind Gorge.

2. Uyperside, both wings:—Dark brown, immaculate, a
fine darker anteciliary line more conspicuous on the hind-
wings, cilia whitish, especially on the hindwings. Hind-
wing: Anal lobe yellowish, and some yellowish scaling
close to margin in areas 1b and 2. Underside, both wings :—
Pale yellowish grey, cilia of same colour, preceded by a
very fine darker marginal line, which is separated from
a very indistinct submarginal shadowy dusky band by only a
narrow white line. Forewing: A band of white linear spots
runs from costa to vein 1, the spots being limited by the
veins and inwardly margined with black, the band following
almost exactly the curve of the hind margin; the lowest
spot, in area 1 J, is characteristic, being crescentic, the con-
cave side facing outward, and as fully developed as the other
spots in the series. Hindwing: The transverse band is
similar to that of the forewing, but slightly broader and less
interrupted ; it follows almost exactly the curve of the hind
margin, and in areas le, 2, and 3 is composed of V-shaped
spots, the apex directed inward. ‘There is also a sub-
marginal series of spots, of which that in area 2 is large and
black, inwardly bordered with yellow, black, then white;
those in areas 3, 4, and 5 are small, black, ringed with paler,
diminishing in size so that the one in area 5 is barely trace-
able. Anal lobe black, with some whitish and yellowish
scaling above it which merges into the last spot of the
transverse white band. Between anal lobe and the large
spot in area 2 there is black and bluish-grey scaling, the
exact nature of which, however, cannot be stated, as the
bulk of this area in both specimens is completely missing.

Length of forewing: 16 mm.

Comes near S. abdominalis, Gerhard, but the different
contour of the transverse band of underside and the
absence of the dark marks at anal angle of forewing
beneath readily separate it from that species.

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LIX.— On some Dipterous Larve infesting the Branchial
Chambers of Land-crabs. By D. Kurtin, Se.D., Beit
Memorial Research Fellow (from the Quick Laboratory,
University of Cambridge).

To the great variety of conditions under which Dipterous
larve of different kinds are found, Baylis (1915) * has added
an interesting record by his discovery of a novel habitat,
namely, within the branchial chambers of certain land-
crabs.

The record is as follows :—

(1) Of three specimens of a land-crab—Cardiosoma hirtipes
—from the Admiralty Islands (‘ Challenger’ Collection),
two were found to contain Dipterous larve within their
branchial chambers.

(2) A fragment of a Dipterous larva was found adhering
to the external surface of an example of the same species
from Christmas Island, near to the lateral opening of the
gill-chamber.

(3) Two small Dipterous larvee were found in the branchial
chamber of one of three specimens of a land-crab —
Gecarcoidea lalandii—trom Christmas Island (collected by
Dr. R. Kirkpatrick).

* Baylis, H. A. (1915). “ A parasitic Oligocheeta and other Inhabi-
tants of the Gill-chamber of Land-crabs,” Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 8, vol. xv. pp. 378-388.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 39

602 De. D. Keilin on

Mr. F. W. Edwards has suggested that the specimens
probably belong to the subfamily Eristaline.

In his note Baylis expresses some doubt as to whether or
not these larve can be actually parasitic ; he believes it is
possible that the larvee may have been living in the decaying
matter upon which the crabs feed, or that they frequent the
water of streams into which the crabs may go, but, whether
their presence in the branchial chambers of their hosts is
accidental or not, ‘‘ they would appear to have thriven there,
aud it is suggested as at least a possibility that they derived
sustenance from the blood of the crabs, their chitinous
‘jaws’ enabling them to puncture the epithelium of the
gills or of the vascular lining of the chamber” (p. 380).

Mr. F. W. Edwards has kindly invited me to examine
these larve discovered by Baylis, in order that, by com-
parison with other Dipterous larve, their true systematic
position might be determined, and an explanation found, if
possible, for their presence in the gill-chambers of their
hosts. The results of my investigation are embodied in this
communication.

Mr. Edwards sent me two tubes of material, the contents
of which, for convenience in the following descriptions, I
shall designate by the letters A and B respectively. The
first tube contained larve from the branchial chambers of
Cardiosoma hirtipes (Admiralty Islands), while the second
tube contained a single larva from Gecarcoidea lalandii
(Christmas Island).

Description of Larve A, from the Branchial Chambers
of Cardiosoma hirtipes.

The tube contained two small and two large larve, all
being already in the third stage of development. In each
case the body is very elongate, and furnished posteriorly
with a long respiratory siphon. The large larve (figs. 1
aud 2), with completely evaginated siphons, attain a length
of 19 to 22 mm., while their diameter at the widest part is

only 0°77 to 1 mm. In common with other Cyclorhaphous .

Diptera, the body comprises a small head, three thoracic,
and eight abdominal segments. The head, or pseudocephailon,
resembles in structure that of all the larvee of the Cyclorhapha
(fig. 3) ; itisa small, soft, bilobed segment which can be
retracted into the thorax, and is furnished with four pairs
of sensory organs: (a) the bell-shaped antenne ; (b) mazil-
lary palps, composed of several small papilla ; (c) special
sensory organs, similar to those previously described by me

—

LS a Pe ay 3

some Dipterous Larve. 603

(1915, pp. 173-177 *), and which are present in all Cyclo-
rhaphous larve; and (d) labial palps in the form of small
conical protrusions, each of which bears a single circular
papilla. The ventral surface of the head-lobes is raised in
several rows of rib-like projections, armed with strongly
chitinised, bifid, reflexed hooks. Each of the three thoracic
segments bears on its anterior part several sinuous rows of
small hooklets and a definite number of sensory hairs and
pits. The vestigial remains of the thoracic legs are repre-
sented by six groups, each consisting of three small sensory
hairs. The prothoracic segment bears the pair of well-
developed anterior spiracles. The first seven abdominal
segments are twice as long as broad ; they present a doubied
appearance, owing to the conspicuous zone of articulation,
where the segments are telescoped into each other. Each
segment bears at its anterior border several sinuous rows
of small reflexed hooklets. On the ventral surface of the
eighth and last abdominal segment is the anus, which divides
the segment into an anterior portion resembling that of the
preceding abdominal segments and a posterior portion
which is prolonged into the respiratory siphon. The
proximal portion of the siphon resembles the corresponding
portion of an ordinary abdominal segment ; it becomes
narrower posteriorly, forming an intermediate portion which
is covered with small, forwardly-directed hooklets. The
terminal portion of the siphon is slender, rigid, and tubular,
and bears the pair of postabdominal spiracles at its
extremity.

The respiratory system of this larva is amphipneustic ;
two pairs only of functional spiracles are present—the pro-
thoracic and the postabdominal pairs. The prothoracic
spiracles (fig. 3, s) comprise eight elongated papille which,
by means of a well-developed felt-chamber, communicate
with the two lateral tracheal trunks. The postabdominal
spiracles (fig. 4) are situated at the extremity of the respi-
ratory siphon, and, on account of the tip of the Jatter being
bifurcated, are separated from one another by a fairly deep
groove. Each spiracle appears to possess three spiracular
clefts, surrounded by long divergent hairs. ‘The felt-
chamber, through which the spiracles communicate with the
tracheal trunks, is very long and narrow.

The bucco-pharyngeal organ (fig. 3) shows the structure
typical of all the Cyclorhaphous Diptera ; it is comprised of

* Keilin, D. (1915). “ Recherches sur les larves de Diptéres Cyclo-
rhaphes,” Bull. Scient. de la France et Belgique, 7* série, vol. xlix.
pp. 15-192.

39*

604 Dr. D. Keilin on

c
oo
eres

ni

bao]

<A =

Larva A: Figs. 1] and 2.—Full-grown larve, seen laterally. Fig. 3.—
Anterior portion of the larva, showing the thoracic segments, the
head or the pseudocephalon, and the bucco-pharyngeal armature :
a, antenna; 6, maxillary palps; ¢, ventral sensory organ; d, labial
palp ; 2, hypopharyngeal sclerite; 7, intermediate sclerite; /, lateral
hooks; p, basilar or pharyngeal sclerite ; s, prothoracic spiracles.
Fig. 4.—Posterior end of the siphon, showing the postabdominal

spiracles. The scale represents only the magnification of the
figs. 1 and 2. :

Ue ee en

some Dipterous Larve. 605

three main portions :—(1) the basal or pharyngeal sclerite
(p), the lateral parts of which are strongly chitinised, while
the ventral part, which forms the floor of the pharynx, is
thin, transparent, and thrown into longitudinal ridges which
project into the pharyngeal lumen; (2) the intermediate
sclerite (i), in the form of an H, its anterior space being
occupied by a hypopharyngeal sclerite (h); (3) the lateral
hooks (1), which are well developed and each provided with
a single tooth only.

Description of Larva B, from the Branchial Chamber
of Gecarcoidea lalandi.

The single specimen of this larva which I have been able
to examine is in the second stage. It measures 2°3 mm. by

Larva B: Fig. 5.—The larva seen Iaterally. Fig. 6.—Prothoracic
spiracle during the moulting. Fig. 7.—Postabdominal spiracles.
Fig. 8.—Bucco-pharyngeal armature, The scale represents only the

magnification of fig. 5.

0°25 mm. Its body also is comprised of a smali pseudo-
cephalon, three thoracic, and eight abdominal segments
(fig. 5). The anterior and posterior margins of each seg-
ment bear several sinuous rows of small hooklets. The last

606 Dr. D. Keilin on

abdominal segment is prolonged beyond the anus so as to
form a respiratory siphon similar to, but much shorter than,
that of larvae A. The larva is amphipneustic; the pro-
thoracic spiracles (fig. 5) protrude slightly externally and
show traces of the spiracular papille, whose number I could
not determine. As in Larvee A, the respiratory siphon is
bifurcated at its extremity, and, in consequence, the post-
abdominal spiracles are separated by the groove of the
bifureation (fig. 7). The bucco-pharyngeal armature of this
specimen resembles that of Larve A, but the sclerites are
relatively more slender (fig, 8).

The Systematic Position of Larve A and B.

As already mentioned, these larve had been associated by
Mr. F. W. Edwards with the Eristaline (Syrphide). He
supplied, moreover, the following information (see Baylis,
p. 379) :— Dipterous larve from Cardiosoma hirtipes.—
These larve are evidently Syrphide, and apparently belong
to the subfamily Eristaline ; they differ from Fristalis in
the more elongate form and the lack of any obvious
separation into ‘ body’ and ‘ tail.’ ;

‘“‘ Larvee from Gecarcoidea lalandii.—These are also Syr-
phide, but in the present state of our knowledge it is
impossible to assign them definitely to any subfamily.
They appear to lack the extensile ‘ tail’ of Eristalis.”

The foregoing remarks show that Edwards was guided in
his identifications solely by the general conformation of the
body, and especially by the presence of a well-developed:
postabdomiual respiratory siphon. As a matter of fact, the
resemblance between larvee A and an Eristaline larva is
most remarkable. It must be remembered, however, that
the possession of a postabdominal siphon is merely evidence
of the fact that the larva inhabits a fluid or semi-fluid
medium, and the greatest caution must be exercised before
making use of it as acharacter for the purpose of systematic
classification. A well-developed postabdominal respiratory
siphon is known to exist in many totally different groups of
Dipterous larvee, e.g., Ptychopteridx, Psychodide, Culicidee,
Stratiomyide, Phoride, Eristalinee (Syrphidee), Antho-
myidee, Ephydride, Drosophilide, and others.

Being specially interested in the structure of Eristaline
larvee, I have had oceasion to examine many examples of
this subfamily, and, from my knowledge of their morpho-
logy, Iam forced to the conclusion that the larve under
consideration have no affinity whatever with the Hristaline,

some Dipterous Larve. 607

nor indeed with the Diptera Aschiza in general. For the
purpose of comparison, I tabulate below some of the more
important differences between Eristaline larve and these
examples from the gill-chambers of crabs :—

Eristaline larve. Larve A and B.

(1) Siphon not bifurcated, posterior (1) Siphon bifurcated, posterior
spiracles adjacent. spiracles separated.
(2} Prothoracic spiracles of small (2) Prothoracic spiracles well de-
size. veloped in laavee A, larva B
is in the second stage only.

(5) Antenna and maxillary palp (8) Antenne and maxillary palp

united to form a single sen- distinctly separated.
sory organ.

(4) Buceo-pharyngeal apparatus (4) Buecco-pharyngeal apparatus
exhibiting a special struc- of the ordinary type common
ture, quite different from the to all Cyclorhapha Schizo-
type usually found in Diptera phora.

Cyclorhapha.

All this shows that the resemblance between the larve
A and B and the Syrphid larva is only a superficial one—it
is nothing more than a case of convergence.

The question now arises: What is the correct systematic
position of these larvee ?

In the existing state of our knowledge of the larve of
Cyclorhaphous Diptera, it is always difficult, and often
impossible, to determine even the family to which a parti-
cular example belongs. Nevertheless, the structure of the
head, mouth-parts, and spiracles indicate, first of all, that
the larve A and B belong to the Diptera Cyclorhapha
Schizophora. They appear to show a close affinity with the
the family Ephydridae—this for the following reasons :—

(1) Larve of the Ephydride, like larvee A and B, are
always provided with postabdominal respiratory siphons.

(2) In this family the siphon is always bifurcated as in
larve A and B.

(3) The prothoracic spiracles are well developed in the
Saprophagous Ephydrid larve, similar to those of larva A.

(4) The mouth-parts of larve A and B are of the Ephydrid
type.

‘ (5) The ventral surface of the head in Ephydrid larvee, as
in larva A, is furnished with plates and dentate scales.

(6) Several species of Ephydrid larve are known to occur
in salt or brackish water.

It is, therefore, highly probable that the larve A and B,
discovered by Baylis, belong to the family Ephydride, or,
at least, are very closely allied to that family.

608 Mr. O. Thomas on

As to whether or not these larvee are parasitic in their
habitat is a matter of some doubt. It is probable that they
live in salt or brackish water, and that their presence in the
branchial chambers of crabs is purely accidental. The
structure of their bucco-pharyngeal organs, and especially
their possession of well-developed longitudinal pharyngeal
ridges, show that they are, to some extent at least, sapro-
phagous (see Keilin, 1915, J. c. pp. 127-182). They pro-.
bably feed on the detritus of variable nature, which they
find in the branchial chamber of crabs, but it cannot be
denied that they may also obtain food, in the form of blood or
mucus, from the gills of the crab, by inflicting wounds with
their well-developed lateral hooks and the dentate process
on the ventral surface of the head.

LX.—On a further Collection of Mammals from Jujuy
obtained by Sr. E. Budin. By OupFieLp THomas.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Durine April, May, and Jue of this year Sr. E. Budin
returned to the region where his first collection had been
made in 1913, as he knew of a number of species which he
had not succeeded in obtaining, and of which he wished to
procure examples.

In this respect he was exceedingly successful, as the
present collection, consisting of one hundred and seventeen
specimens, included examples of no less than five new species,
besides nice sets of various other forms which had been
previously obtained by him in this and neighbouring provinces.

How much Sr. Budin has contributed to our knowledge
of the mammalogy of this region is shown by the fact that of
twenty-two species in the present collection no less than fifteen
have been now or previously discovered by him, while of the
thirty others from Jujuy sent in earlier collections he was the
discoverer of eighteen, so that he is the first captor of no less
than thirty-three of the known mammals of Jujuy.

Of the collection now dealt with the most interesting are
the squirrel, never obtained before in the Argentine *, and
the Neotomys, a swamp-rat congeneric with a Peruvian
species, and a very striking addition to the fauna of Jujuy.

* Though recorded, on the evidence of natives and of gnawed nut-
shells, by Matschie, SB. Ges, Nat. Fr. 1894, p. 61.

Mammals from Jujuy. 609

The three localities at which the specimens were obtained

were :—

Alfarcito.—2600 metres altitude, situated about 15 km.
N.E. of Maimara, the place where Sr. Budin first
collected.

Sierra de Zenta.—Altitude 4500 m., a range of mountains
running north and south along the eastern edge of the
Tileara Department.

Higuerilla.—2000 m., in the Department of Valle Grande,
about 10 km. east of the Zenta rarge and 20 km. of
the town of Tilcara.

1. Pseudalopex culpeus, Mol.

g. 1410. Alfarcito, 2600 m.
Q. 1455. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m.

2. Conepatus ajax, Thos.
¢@. 1411. Alfarcito, 2600 m.

3. Sciurus (Mesosciurus) argentinius, sp. n.

6. 1496, 1506, 1516; 2. 1495, 1504, 1512, 1513. Hi-
guerilla, 2000 m.

A yellow-bellied squirrel with a strong resemblance to
S. hoffmanni and griseogena of northern S. America.

Size about. that characteristic of Allen’s Afesoscturus. Fur
rather short and coarse, hairs of back (winter) about 11-
12 mm. in length. General colour above buffy olivaceous
brown, approaching “* Dresden brown,” the colour quite like
that of many specimens of true hoffmanni. Under surface
clear “ ochraceous buff,” the hairs this colour to the roots ;
demarcation on sides rather sharply defined. Eyes with
their upper and lower lids buffy. Ears rich reddish (near
“‘ vinaceous tawny’’), a patch behind them cinnamon-buff.*
Hands and feet strong buffy, like belly. Tail broadly
washed with strong bufty or ochraceous buffy to the tip, the
hairs mostly black at base, then- buffy, with a black sub-
terminal band and buffy tip. No tendency toa blackish tail-
tip, the terminal hairs being the most broadly washed with
buffy of ali.

Skull of about the size of that of S. hoffmanni, but it is
less bowed and convex above, and (perhaps as a consequence)
tlhe incisors are rather more directed forwards (index §7°-90°,
as compared with 80°) than in other members of the group.

610 Mr. O. Thomas on

Dimensions of the type (measured by collector) :—

Head and body 189 mm.; tail 195; hind foot 47°5;
ear 27.

Skull: greatest length 51°5; condylo-incisive length 47;
zygomatic breadth 30; nasals 16 x 7°8 ; interorbital breadth
17°45; upper cheek-tooth series 5°6.

Hab. as above.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21,.11.1.8. Original
number 1504. Collected 15th June, 1921.

The capture of this squirrel by Sefior Budin is of great
interest, for, although an animal believed (and, we now know,
rightly believed) to be a squirrel was recorded fer Jujuy by
Matschie, no determinable specimens have previously been
obtained, and the nearest locality to the present hitherto
certainly known for them is Northern Bolivia (Sta. Cruz de
la Sierra), And even there the squirrel is of the ‘ Lepto-
sciurus”’ group, the nearest localities for M/esoscturus being
Peru and Colombia. And the species most like the present is
the S. griseogena, far away in Venezuela.

Besides the difference in the locality and the absence of
any blackening of the tail-tip, S. argentinius is distinguished
by its conspicuously reddish ears, a character not known in
any of its allies.

Dr. Allen’s great paper on §.-American squirrels being
naturally the chief work of reference about them, I pro-
visionally use his “ J/esosciurus” as asubgenus, but I should
very much doubt if it ought to be considered subgenerically
distinct from the far-earlier Guerlinguetus, and should in any
case not recognize either Guerlinguetus or Mesosciurus as a
genus distinct from Sedurus, with which teeth, penis-bone,
and general structure all fully agree.

In connection with this squirrel I should like to express
my serse of the great loss science has sustained in the death
of Dr. Allen, who had worked so much at this group. Both
personally and by correspondence he has been one of my

most valued fiiends and helpers, and the loss of so entliu-
siastic a worker makes a sad gap in the ranks of mammalogists.

Sr. Budin says of this squirrel :—‘ Native name ‘ Nuecero’
(which means walnut-eater). I have had much pleasure in
obtaining these animals which I have long wished to send.
They live among the walnut-trees, and I have had an oppor-
tunity of seeing one go into a hole made by the large wood-
pecker (Campophilus leucopogon), where it had its nest.
They are rare and difficult to see, as at sight of an enemy
they remain perfectly still, and are then almost invisible
among the branches. All those sent were shot, as I have
found it impossible to trap them.”

Mammals from Jujuy. 611

4, Oryzomys sp.

dS. 1462,1476, 1494; 9. 1471, 1474, 1483, 1498, 1502.
Higuerilla, 2000 m.

5. Andinomys edaz, Thos.

&. 1414, 1417. Alfarcito, 2600 m.
go. 1429; 9. 1432. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m.

6. Phyllotis nogalaris, sp. n.

3. 1472, 1485. Higuerilla, 2000 m.

A large species of rather dark colour.

Size large, only exceeded by Ph. magister. General colour
of the usual grizzled greyish, but darker than usual, about
as in dark specimens of Ph. tuewmanus. Under surface dull
whitish, slightly tinged with buffy, which may form a definite
patch on the chest. Kars rather smaller than usual, dark
brown. Hands and feet white. ‘Tail long, blackish above
and at the end, dull white for the proximal half below.

Skull nearly as large as that of magister, its upper outline
evenly convex, the middle part of the skull high. Inter-
orbital region very narrow, with well-marked vertically pro-
jecting edges, which add to the vertical height of the skull ;
these, however, have no resemblance to the divergent hori-
zontal beads characteristic of the genus Graomys. Zygomatic
plate with sharply cut straight front edge. Bulle propor-
tionately rather small.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 147 mm.; tail 164; hind foot 30;
ear 23.

Skull: greatest length 35; condylo-incisive length 32:5;
zygomatic breadth 19 ; nasals 14°5 x 5; intertemporal breadth
3°3 ; breadth of brain-case 15 ; height of crown from alveolus
of m’ 10°6; palatilar length 16; palatal foramina 8°5 ;
upper molar series 5.

Hab, as above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.11.1.22. Original num-
ber 1472. Collected 29th May, 1921.

Distinguishable by its size and comparatively dark colour.

““ Rata de los nogales.’—I call it this because it was only
found where there are nogales (=walnuts).—Appears to be
rare. —Z, B.

7. Phyllotis ricardulus, Thos.

d. 1407, 1412 ; 9. 1415, 1420, 1424. Alfarcito, 2600 m.
g. 1454. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m.

612 Mr. O. Thomas on

8. Euneomys (Auliscomys) leucurus, Thos.
9. 1428, 1443, 1445. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m.

The type came from La Lagunita, Maimara, in the near
neighbourhood of the present locality.

9. Neotomys vulturnus, sp. n.

3. 1452; 9. 1427, 1430, 1434, 1435. Sierra de Zenta,
4500 m.

Paler and with rather longer tail than ebriosus.

Size and general essential characters apparently quite as in
ebriosus. Fur long and fine, ordinary hairs of back about
12 mm. in length, overlapped by fine long piles attaining
24mm. General colour a fine grizzled mixture of grey and
buffy, almost as in pale forms of Sigmodon, the fore back
more grey, the rump becoming more and more buffy, and
culminating in a rich ochraceous patch at the base of the tail.
Sides greyer. Under surface slaty grey, finely washed with
whitish. Chin and interramia white. Muzzle with a ~
prominent patch of rich ochraceous. Ears brown, a few hairs
on and around them buffy. Hands and feet with pale buffy
metapodials and white digits. Tail longer than in ebriosus,
brown above, buffy on sides, dull whitish below.

Skull apparently quite as in ebriosus.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and. body 155 mm.; tail 73; hind foot 22:5;
ear 18.

Skull: greatest length 30; condylo-basal length 27:6;
zygoinatic breadth 17; nasals 12°26; interorbital breadth
3:1; palatilar length 12°6; palatal foramina 6°9; upper
molar series 6.

Hab. as above. Two specimens were previously obtained
by Sr. Budin at Lagunita, Maimara, 4300 m.

Type. Old female, B.M. no. 21. 11. 1. 34. Original num-
ber 1427. Collected 6th May, 1921.

The discovery of Neotomys in Jujuy is very unexpected,
as its only known locality has hitherto been Central Peru,
where Kalinowski got the type, a spirit-specimen, and P. O.
Simons, shortly afterwards, obtained a skin. The Jujuy
animal is remarkably like that of Peru, differing only in
having a longer tail and a paler general colour, while the
greyish fore back is less strongly distinguished from the
buffy rump, and the under surface is a duller grey, less
whitened on the sides of the belly, and without the dark
brownish sternal band which is present on the skin sent by

Mammals from Jujuy. 613

Mr. Simons. Altogether the differences do not amount to
very much ; but, in view of the wide difference in locality, I
consider it best for the present to distinguish vultwrnus as
species rather than subspecies.

The mamme of Nevtomys, which I was not able to record
originally, are 2—2=8 in number.

“ Not very abundant, and generally isolated from other
rodents. More or less aquatic, living on the banks of
streams and marshes, and one was caught among reeds on a
little islet ina lake. Have their holes under isolated rocks
on level ground, and are not found among the stony hills.’—

EB.

10. Akodon jucundus, Thos.
g. 1448; 9. 1442. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m.

11. Akodon cenosus, Thos.

3. 1459, 1463, 1477, 1479, 1480, 1491, 1500, 1507 ;
@. 1499, 1509.

“ Lives in humid soil, making its holes at the roots of the
trees.”"—L, B.

12. Bolomys albiventer, Thos.

3. 1401; ¢. 1406. Alfarcito, 2600 m.
_@. 14838, 1487; ¢@. 1440, 1447. Sierra de Zenta,
4500 m.

13. Chreomys bacchante sodalis, Thos.
3. 1425, 1438; 9. 1426, 1436, 1441. Sierra de Zenta,
4500 m.
The further series of this most beautiful Akodont bears out
the distinction of sodalis from true Bolivian bacchante by the
greater paleness of its general colour.

14, Hypsimys deceptor, sp. n.

6. 1458, 1460, 1464, 1469, 1478, 1486, 1487, 1488,
1489, 1492; ¢. 1461, 1470, 1482, 1490,1501. Higuerilla,
2000 m.

A species larger than H. budin?, and strikingly like
Akodon sylvanus externally.

Size considerably larger than in A. budini. General
appearance almost precisely as in Akodon sylvanus. Fur fine
and soft, hairs of back about 10 mm, in length. General

614 Mr. O. Thomas on

colour above dark, finely grizzled olivaceous, rather lighter
on sides. Under surface dull olivaceous grey, the hairs
slaty basally, with buffy or dull whitish tips, a few hairs in
the inguinal region more strongly buffy. Chin prominently
white, the hairs white to the roots, this being the only
external difference in colour from A. sylvanus.

Skull of the usual Akodont general shape, hardly so slender
as in H. budini, and considerably larger than in the latter.
Anterior edge of zygomatic plate decidedly slanted, much
more so than in most Akodons, though, as it happens, some
specimens of A. sylvanus have their plate more slanted than
is normal in the genus. Palatal foramina large, well open,
reaching nearly to the level of the middle of the large m’.
Bulle rather large, decidedly larger than in A. budind or
A, sylvanus.

Incisors fairly orthodont. Molars, as in H. budini, very
liypsodont, much larger than in that species. Front of m!
without trace of anterior central groove.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 114 mm.; tail 86; hind foot 24;
ear 16°5. ,

Skull: greatest length 30; condylo-incisive length 27°7 ;
zygomatic breadth 15; nasals 11°3 ; interorbital breadth 4°6 ;
breadth of brain-case 13°2 ; zygomatic plate 2°7; palatal
foramina 7°3; upper molar series 5.

Hab. as above.

Type. Adult, but not old, male. B.M. no. 21. 11. 1. 66.
Original number 1488. Collected 9th June, 1921.

This is a very interesting vole-mouse on account of its
striking resemblance to a normal Akodon, and especially to
A. sylvanus, which is found in Jujuy only some 100 km. to
the east, and may very likely occur in the close neighbourhood
of the present animal. Hxternally it is practically impossible
to distinguish the two, except by the presence in the Hypsimys
of a prominent white chin-spot—though even in the Akodon
there is a slight lightening in this region.

The teeth, however, are distinctly those of Hypsimys, and
confirm my distinction of the genus, while the slanting front
edge of the zygomatic plate is a further character common
to both species of Hypsimys. From J/1. budini, H. deceptor is
readily distinguishable by its larger size and longer tooth-row.

“ Dark Akodon, with a white chin, which I do not re-
member to have sent. Lives in holes, very open and visible,
at the foot of the trees in thick damp woods.” —JL. B.

Mammals from Jujuy. 615

15. Oxymycterus akodontius, sp. n.

3. 1465, 1515 (both slightly immature). Higuerilla,
2000’.

A dark-coloured species very like a large blackish Akodon.

Size about as in O. paramensis. General colour very dark,
closely resembling that of some of the dark Akodonts, such
as Hypsimys deceptor, though the colour is even blacker, less
olivaceous. Back dark blackish brown, finely ticked with
buffy, sides slightly lighter. Under surface daik slaty brown,
washed with buffy, the buffy more prominent than on the
upper su'face, but far less than in most of the species of the
present genus. Hands, feet, and tail blackish brown, darker
than in Akodonts, the last-named organ comparatively short.

Skull very similar to that of O. paramensis, but the brain-
case 1s larger and the muzzle more slender, with the super-
cilious upturn of the tip of the nose particularly well marked.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 116 mm.; tail 79; hind foot 26;
ear 18°5.

Skull: greatest length 31; condylo-incisive length 27;
zygomatic breadth 13°5; nasals 11°2 x33; interorbital
breadth 6; breadth of brain-case 13°7 ; palatal foramina 6°2 ;
upper molar series 5.

flab, as above.

Type. Young adult male (teeth in position, but unworn).
B.M. no. 21. 11.1. 72. Original number 1465. Collected
8th May, 1921.

This Hocicudo is quite without the rufous or ochraceous
coloration of most species of OUxymycterus, being a dark
finely grizzled blackish, as in many of the dark-coloured
Akodont forms.

“T caught five specimens of this Hocicudo, but could only
save two, as the others were eaten by rats and their skulls
totally destroyed. When rats attack a dead specimen they
always commence by eating the brain. One of these specimens
was caught in a Tuco-tuco hole. I have observed both these
animals dig their holes like the Yeorus of the south, making
small hillocks of earth over them. ‘The burrows are round
and clearly visible. Hocicudos live in humid places among
the hills, in the thickest parts of the woods.

“These specimens appear to be less rufous than those 1
obtained at Leon, Jujuy, and are probably a different species.”
[The Leon Oxymycterus was recorded as O. paramensis. |—
Eh. B.

616 On Mammals from Jujuy.

16. Octodontomys gliroides, VOrb.
3. 1403, 1408, 1419; 9. 1402, 1404, 1422. Alfarcito,
2600 m.

17. Abrocoma einerea, Thos.

3. 1431, 1450. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m.

This, the first of the Argentine species of Abrocoma to be
discovered, was previously only known from the type-
specimen, obtained by Sr. Budin in 1919 at Casabindo, about
100 km. to the west.

“Lives among the rocky volcanic mountains; is very
difficult to capture, as other rodents constantly spring the
traps set for it, and all efforts to obtain further examples were
without result.”—7. B.

18. Ctenomys budini, Thos.

@. 1451, 1456; 9. 1453. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m.
S. 1457, 1467; 9. 1456, 1475, 1493, 1503, 1508.
Hicuerilla, 2000 m. ;

“1 hope that in these Tuco-tucos you will find a new sub-
species, as it seems to me impossible that the same form
should occur on the bare sandy heights of the Sierra de Zenta
and the low damp vegetable soil on which those of Higuerilla
were found.” —“, B.

But the original budint was found at the same altitude as
the Sierra de Zenta specimens, so that the latter are no doubt
typical budini. Those from Higuerilla are a shade darker in
colour, as is natural, and appear to approximate more to the
low country woodland forms sylvanus and uiidbilis.

19. Lagidium tueumanum, Thos.
2. 1405 (immature). Alfarcito, 2600 m.
Quite of the greyish colour of the Maimara specimens, not
yellow as in L. vuleand from Casabindo.

20. Galea comes, Thos.
6. 1416, 1423; ¢. 1413, 1418, 1421. Alfarcito, 2600 m.
G. 1444; 9. 1436, 1439, 1449. Sierra de Zenta,
4500 m.
“Tu stony places.’—H. B.

On the Masked Civets of Western China. G17

21. Marmosa elegans sponsoria, ‘Thos.

3. 1468, 1473, 1484,1497; 2. 1481,1505. Higuerilla,
2000 m.

I am inclined to suppose that sponsoria should not have
been separated from cinderella, but will not definitely suppress
the name until a better series is available from ‘Tucuman,
the type-locality of the latter.

22. Marmosa elegans pallidior, Thos.
?. 1409 Gmm.). Alfarcito, 2600 m.

LXI.—The Masked Civets (Paguma) of Western China.
By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Tue British Museum has received two examples of Paguma
from Yunnan, collected by the Rev. W. N. Fergusson, and
these I find to be nearly allied to the form from Burma and
the Shan States, described by Wroughton as Paguma larvata
intrudens *,

This latter is an animal larger than the South and EHastern
China P. larvata, but I find that two specimens from Western
China (Sui-ling, Chung-king, and Ichang) are also of tlie
same comparatively large size, as is that from Yunnan, so
that it is evident that the Pagumas of the Upper Yang-tze
and of the Shan States are all consistently larger than true
P. larvata.

Inter se, however, these large Pagumas seem divisible
into three races, which might be treated as subspecies, as
follows :—

1. P. 1. intrudens, Wroughton.

General colour duller, browner. Suborbital white patch
large. White of nape at a maximum, passing down to or
past the withers. Tail black terminally for about 16 inches,

fab. Burma and Shan States,

2. P.l. yunalis, subsp. n.
General colour brighter, warmer, the ends of the hairs

* Journ. Bombay N. H. Soe, xix. p, 798 (1910).
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 40

618 Mr. O: Thomas on

almost ochraceous. Suborbital patch small, a mere vague
streak, White of nape barely rcaching withers, well defined,
more or less surrounded by black. Distal foot of tail blaele
Skull 120 mm. from occipital crest to gnathion.

Hab. Yunnan. Type from Yen-yuen-sien.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no, 21.10.15.1. Collected by
the Rev. W. N. Fergusson.

3. P. 1. rivalis, subsp. v.

General colour pale, the ends of the hairs buffy or buffy
whitish. Suborbital patch large, prominently white, extend-
ing practically up to the eye. “Nape- -patch irregular, whitish,
not surrounded by black, and not extending to the withers.
End of tail (about 8 inches in the Chung-king specimen)
above black.

Hab. Yang-tze from Chung-king to Ichang ; type from
Ichang.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no, 2.6.10.16. Presented by
F. W. Styan, E-q.

It is probable that these large western Pagumas should be
specifically separated from the smaller ones of Hastern and
Southern China, but owing to the absence of good skulls I
prefer to leave this question open for the present, and treat
them all as subspecies of P. larvata.

I am notin a position to check Prof. Matschie’s distinction *
of the Canton form as P. reevesi, but J may note that Reeves’s
specimen, the type of the latter mame, is still in the British
Museum, No. 81a.

LXII.—On Three new Australian Rats.
By OLpFIELD ‘THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

ARISING out of the recent gift to the British Museum by
Prof. Wood Jones of some South-Australian Muride, I have
had occasion to look at several of our Australian rats, and
now find the three following forms to need description :—

Leporillus jonesi, sp. n.

Near Z. apicalis, but larger and with shorter ears.
Size, as gauged by skull ‘and foot, decidedly larger than in

* Vilchner Exped., Mamm, p. 183 (1907).

new Australian Rats. 619

apicalis, Fur rather thin and poor, not so thick and woolly
as in apicalls, hairs of back about 17 mm. inlength. General
colour above dull brown (not far from “ Saccardo’s umber’ ay:
the withers tending more towards buffy. Under surface
slaty grey broadly washed with drabby whitish, the sides of
the belly more strongly drabby. Ears shorter than in apicalis,
dark brown. Hands with the metatarsals dark brown, the
digits lighter. Feet with the ankles, outer side of the
metatarsals (inner in made-up skin), and aia part of
the digits brown, the inner portion of the metatarsals, and
the tips of the digits white. Tail well haired but not tufted,
brown above, dull whitish below, throughout its length. Not
whitened at tip, as is also the case with apicalis, the original
description notwithstanding.

Skull larger and stouter than in apicalis. Maile broad
and heavy. Interorbital region broad, with comparatively
sharp-angled edges. Zyg omatic plate more projected for-
wards, Palatal foramina shorter, not reaching the level of
m', Bulle rather large—these organs not present in the
available specimens of ‘apicalis.

Incisors rather slender, not thicker than in apicalis, but
meeting each other at a wider angle, owing to the greater
breadth of the muzzle. Molars larger than in apicalis, but
apparently of similar structure—much worn down in the
type.

Dimensions of the type (measured on the skin) :—

Head and body 195 mm.; tail 178 (not quite perfect) ;
hind foot 48 ; ear (dry) 24.

Skull: greatest length 48; condylo-incisive length 46 ;
zygomatic breadth 23°5; nasals 18 x6; interorbital breadth
5°7; breadth of brain- ee 18°5 ; zygomatic plate 6; palatilar
length 13°6; palatal foramina 8° 8x 3'8 ; bulla 7°38; upper
inolar series 9°3.

Hab, Franklin’s Island, Nuyts Archipelago, 8. Australia.

Type. Old female. BM. no. 21. 7. 3. 2. Collected
23rd November, 1920, and presented by Professor F. Wood
Jones. An immature specimen also examined.

This fine rat forms a very interesting discovery, as it
represents a second species of the rare genus Leporiilus,
hitherto only known by the two examples of L. apicalis in
the British Museum, the latter species being in all probability
killed out on the mainland, and IL have great pleasure in
connecting with it the name of its captor and donor, Prof.
Wood Jones, to whom also we owe the modern specimen of
Rattus greyi vecently referred to in a previous paper.

Although Gould had in his collection two specimens of

40*

620 Mr. O. Thomas on

L. apicalis, both of which we now have, he seems only
to have done his describing from one of them (B.M. no.
53. 10. 22, 14)—the worst of the two, young, and with an
imperfect tail. Probably from memory, and certainly
wrongly, he stated that the species had a white-tipped tail,
but his overlooked second specimen—adult, with nearly
perfect skull and quite perfect tail (B.M. no. 53. 10. 22. 14)
—has the latter organ uniformly blackish or brownish above
and dull white below, and there is no indication of the white
tail-tip found in so many Australasian Muride.

When first making the genus Leporillus, I assigned
“« Hapalotis”” murinus to it as a second species, but have
since come to the conclusion that that animal should be
referred to Pseudomys, in which genus it is probably synony-
mous with Ps. australis.

The Long-haired Rat of Central Australia.

In his ‘ List of Mammals in the British Museum’ (1848)
Gray cited two rats from the Liverpool Plains, New South
Wales, under the name of Pseudomys greyi—a name, however,
which is doubly invalid, being a nomen nudum and there
having been already a Mus (= Rattus) greyi in existence.

These specimens I formerly assigned to Gould’s Mus
longipilis (= villosissimus, Waite), a species stated to have
been collected on the “ Expedition to the Victoria River.”
As may be gathered from the Diary of the Expedition*, the
Victoria River was the same as the Barcoo, or Cooper’s
Creek, which runs into Lake-Eyre, Central Australia. It is
therefore in very much the same region as that in which
Mr. Waite’s specimens were obtained, and is in the same
faunal area as Alexandria Station, Northern Territory, where
our large series of villosissimus was captured by Mr. Stalker T.

Compared with these latter, the Liverpool Plains examples,
in spite of their considerable geographical distance, prove to
be so similar that I should comsider them as being of the

same species, but would propose subspecific distinction for
them :—

Rattus villosissimus profusus, subsp. n.

Size rather less than in average villosissimus. Fur exces-
sively long, even longer than in vedlosissomus, and much
thicker and softer, quite different from the comparatively

* J. Geog. Soc. xxil. p. 228 et segg. (1852).
7 PB. ZS, 2906; p. 5387:

new Australian Rats. 621

harsh coat of that animal ; the ordinary hairs over 22 mm.
in length, and the longer piles attaining over 50 mm. General
colour browner and more strongly buffy than in the compara-
tively greyish villosissimus ; hairs of under surface slaty at
base, broadly washed terminally with yellowish white.

Tail more thickly hairy, the scales almost hidden by the
hairs.

Skull as in villosiss¢mus.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body (skin) 185 mm. ; tail —; hind foot 33.

Skull: tip of nasals to back of interparietal 38-4 ; nasals 15 ;
interorbital breadth 4°8 ; breadth across parietal ridges 13 ;
palatal foramina 8°43 upper molar series 7°5.

Flab. Liverpool Plains, New South Wales.

Type. Adultmale. B.M.no. 41.1262. Gould Collection.
Three specimens originally, but one given away in exchange
in 1858.

R. villosissimus is a native of the hot central region of
Australia, while this much thicker-coated form represents
(or used to represent) the species in the colder highlands of
New South Wales.

It is to be noted, however, that the Victoria River Expe-
dition actually passed through the Liverpool Plains on the
way to that River, and | have therefore thought it wise to
consult the authorities of the Sydney Museum as to the
characters of Gould’s type. In answer, Mr. Troughton has
been good enough to give me such particulars about that
animal that there can be no doubt that it really was the
Central Australian and not the Liverpool Plains form which
Gould described and Waite renamed.

In size of skull R. villosissimus is one of the most variable
species known to me, for in the fine series obtained at Alex-
andria examples, all fully adult, are to be found ranging from
36 to 44 mm. in total length—a variation only equalled in
R. norvegicus. The bulle also vary greatly—from 7°d to
9-2 mm. in length,—but, on the whole, it is an animal with
comparatively large bulla. It is unfortunate that the bullee
have not been preserved in the specimens of profusus, but,
being a native of a less desert area, it would probably have
had smaller bullee.

Pseudomys australis oralis, sp. n.

Closely allied to true australis, but rather larger, with
longer softer hair. Colour of the same dark grey above,
lower surface washed with yellowish white, without the

622 Mr. O. Thomas on

brown tone usually found in australis. Hars short, as in
australis, not as in auritus.

Skull longer than in australis, the interorbital region longer
and narrower, and more sharply square-edged. Palatal
foramina proportionally shorter, not or scarcely penetrating
between the molars, while’in australis they reach to the level
of the middle of m?. ‘Teeth averaging larger, though there
is some variation in this respect.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body (no doubt stretched) 165 mm. ; tail 139 ;
hind foot (wet) 32 ; ear (wet) 20.

Skull: tip of nasals to back of interparietal 34; condylo-
incisive length 31°5 ; zygomatic breadth 17°7; nasals 14 ;
interorhital breadth 3°6 ; breadth of brain-case 16 ; palatal
foramina 7°5 ; upper molar series 6°7.

Hab. Coast region of New South Wales. A specimen in
Liverpool Museum from the Hastings River (Gould Coll.).

Type. Young adult. B.M. no. 47.1. 20.2. Purchased
of Pamplin.

The rats variously termed Pseudomys, Mus, or Hapalotis
australis, murinus, and lineolatus 1 believe to be all one
species, and they certainly all come from one region—namely,
that of the Darling Downs and Liverpool Plains, on the
western side of the great dividing range. The present form,
on the other hand, as shown by a specimen (no. 409) in the
Liverpool Museum, occurs, or, at least, used to occur, on the
coast to the east of the range, that individual having been
collected on the Hastings River. The type, in the British
Museum, is quite like the Liverpool specimen in the peculiar
lengthening of the middle part of the skull and the compara-
tively short palatal foramina, the two specimens apparently
representing a definable geographical race.

LXILL—New Hesperomys and Galea from Bolivia.
By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Tue British Museum owes to the generosity of the Marquis
de Wavrin a further small collection of mammals obtained
during his S.-American expedition—this time from the
Parapiti region of Eastern Bolivia, south of Santa Cruz de
la Sierra. With the exception of the mammals obtained by

new Hesperomys and Galea from Bolivia. 623

Mr. Bridges at Santa Cruz some seventy-five years ago, and
a few odd specimens collected by Herr Steinbach, almost no
collections have been made in this area, so that all those
sent by the Marquis de Wavrin are very acceptable, and the
occurrence of these two new ones was quite to be expected.

Hesperomys muriculus, sp. n.

A comparatively large dark species, rather like Mus
musculus.

General size about as in HZ. musculinus. General colour
dark mouse-grey, the tips of the hairs inconspicuously buffy.
Under surface soiled greyish, the hairs slaty at base and
washed terminally with dull whitish, far less white than in
other species. Proectote of ears blackish, with buffy edges,
metentote buffy brown; no white ear-patch. Hands and
feet grey. Tail about as long as the body without the head,
dark grey above, rather lighter below. Number of mamme
not known.

Skull of the usual shape, the adult with very well-deve-
loped supraorbital ledges.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—

Head and body 89 mm.; tail 69 ; hind foot 20; ear 16.

Skull: greatest length 25°3; condylo-incisive length 24 ;
zygomatic breadth 13°2 ; nasals 10, interorbital breadth 4:2 ;
breadth of brain-case on ridges 10; palatilar length 10°3 ;
palatal foramina 6 ; upper molar series 4:1.

Hab. 5.K. Bolivian lowlands. Type from San Antonio,
Parapiti, on 20° 8., about 250 km. south of Santa Cruz de la
Sierra. Alt. 600 m.

Type. Adult male. B.M.no.21.11.6.12. Original num-
ber 75. Collected 7th February, 1921, and presented by the
Marquis de Wavrin.

This very distinct little species, found in company with,
and almost mistakeable for, Mus muscu/us, is represented in
the Marquis de Wavrin’s collection by four skins and two
extra skulls. The species is readily recognizable by its com-
paratively dark colour.

‘Trapped in a house surrounded by bush.’—W.

Galea boliviensis demissa, subsp. n.

General essential characters as in true boliviensis of the
high Andean plateau, but the skull with certain differences
in detail.

Skin no doubt as usual, but no specimen has been sent.

Skull longer and proportionally narrower than in doliviensis,

t

¥

624 Messrs. G. K. Gude and B. B. Woodward on

the zygomata less boldly thrown out, especially anteriorly.
Upper outline less strongly bowed. Muzzle longer, the
nasals longer and more parallel-sided, less contracted in
front and behind. Interorbital region with its edges more
openly concave, the strong back-to-back concavities of
the orbital edges far less abruptly contrasted. Brain-case
narrower. Choanee deeply and sharply V-shaped, instead of
heing more or less irregularly rounded. Bulle as in
boliviensis.

Incisors rather less strongly bevelled off laterally, this
iesulting in a different curvature of the cutting-edge.

Dimensions of the type (those of the animal recorded by
the collector on the label of the skull) :-—

Head and body 232 mm.; hind foot 36; ear 21.

Skull: median upper length 53:3 ; condylo-incisive length
49; zygomatic breadth 31:2; nasals 18:3 x 7:3 ; interorbital
breadth 12; breadth of brain-case 20°7 ; palatilar length 23°5 ;
length of bulla 12°5 ; upper molar series (crowns) 11°7.

Hab. Lowlands of S.E. Bolivia. Type from San Antonio,
Parapiti, Bolivia. Alt. 600 m.

Type. Adult skull (female). B.M. no. 21. 11. 6. 20.
Original number 64. Collected 18th January, 1921, and
presented by the Maiquis de Wavrin. A younger skull also
examined.

Believing it to be a common and well-known animal, the
Marquis did not send a skin of this cavy, but its skull shows,
as might be expected, sufficient differences from that of the
true Galea boliviensis of the high Bolivian plateau (altitude
3000 to 4000 m.) to indicate that the lowland form is different
subspecifically. The skull-differences are very similar in
type to those which I found in the genus Caviella to charac-
terize the different subspecies of C. australis.

LX1IV.—Some Hmendations to their Recent Paper “ On

Helicella, Férussac.’ By G. K. Gupe, F.Z.S., and
B. B. Woopwarp, F.L.S.

Ir has been pointed out to us that some regrettable oversights
occur in our paper * On Jlelicella, Férussac” (Proe. Malac.
Soc. xiv., Oct. 1921, pp. 174-190), which it is desirable to
rectify without loss of time.

In the multitude of changes and rearrangements entailed
in preparing the paper it was not observed that under the

their Recent Paper “ On Helicella, Pérussac.” 625

“Subgenus Capillifera, Honigmann, 1906” (p. 179) there
had been included (p. 180) ‘‘ Section 4: Perforatella, Schiliiter,
1838.” The latter will, therefore, become the name for the
subgenus, Capillifera being reserved, as before, for section 1.
Similarly, the “Subgenus Jacosta, Gray, 1821” (p. 183) and
“ Genus //el/copsis, Fitzinger, 1833” (p. 181) must exchange
rank,

Monachella, proposed by us (p. 179) in lieu of Monacha,
proves to be preoccupied for Aves (Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova, vi. 1874, p. 82). We now propose to substitute for
it Monachoides.

Trochoidea, Brown, 1827, was referred to by us in a note
(p. 183), when pointing out that it had been improperly
employed for Helia elegans, Gmelin, under the erroneous
belief that that species was a synonym for the Trochus
terrestris of Pennant. The latter, however, was undoubtedly ,
the same species as the Hela fulva of Miller. It has, there-
fore, been suggested to us that Brown’s Trochoidea should
have appeared in the synonymy under Petasina, Beck, 1847
(p.177). We think it should not, as will become apparent
from the following succinct history of the name :—

Pennant, in 1777 (Brit. Zool. iv. 8vo ed. p. 127, fig. 108),
described and figured under the name of Trochus terrestris a
shell that was undoubtedly the Heliw fulva of Miiller. DaCosta,
1778 (Hist. Nat. Test. Brit. p. 35), described but did not
figure a “ Trochus terrestris, Listeri,” which is also obviously
the H. fulva, Mill. Lister, of course, gave no such name,
but his ‘ Buccinum parvum, sive trochilus sylvaticus,” &c.,
is evidently the same thing. Montagu, in 1808, introduced
confusion in’o theease. On the one hand (Test. Brit. p. 287),
he gave Trochus terrestris, citing Pennant as above and also
Lister’s (Hist. Conch.) t. 61. fig. 58, which is clearly the
H. elegans ot Gmelin. On the other hand (op. cit. p. 427,
pl. xi. fig. 9), he created Helix trochiformis, under which he
cited Da Costa’s “ Trochus terrestris, Listeri,’” and reference
to Lister’s “ Hist. Anim. Angl.,” adding Helix trochulus,
Miller, which, however, is now held to be the young form of
Ena obscura, Brown, in 1827, followed in Montagu’s foot-
steps, for he has (Illust. Conch. Gt. Brit. pl. xl. fig. 2) the
felix trochiformis, Mont., which is manifestly Miiller’s fulva,
and also lis own T’rechoidea terrestre (op. cit. pl. xli. figs. 80
& 81), cited as of Montagu (not as of Pennant direct), whilst
his accompanying figures are evidently inventions, for they
were not taken either from Pennant or from Lister’s ‘ Hist.
Conch.,” nor do they resemble either fulva or elegans. In
tle second edition of his work Brown (p. 46, pl. xvii. fig. 2)

626 Ona supposed new Genus and Species.

changed the name of the former to HZ. fulva, whilst no allusion
to the latter appeared in the text; but in the explanation of
the plate, now renumbered xiv., figures 80 and 81 are called
Fleliz fulva. Brown had, therefore, seen and recanted his
error, but to avoid spoiling his plate refrained from erasing
the figures 80 and 81.

Despite the yet further complication introduced by Gray in
1847 (Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 173) when he made “ Trochidea
[sic], Brown, 1827,” a subgenus of Theba, and cited as type
“ Flelix elegans,” we consider that Brown’s Trochoidea cannot
be taken to refer definitely to either AH. fulva or LH. elegans,
and should be allowed to disappear from mollusean literature.

LXV.—Preliminary Account of supposed new Genus and
Species. By the Rev. THomas R. R. Sressrne, M.A.,
F.R.S.

Problemacaris spinetum, gen. et sp. n.

Though preliminary descriptions are, as a rule, objection-
able, the present instance is justified by the fact that the full
account, with the illustrations already prepared, cannot hope
for early publication.

For the genus, it may be said that it belongs to the
Carides in Borradaile’s ‘ Classification of the Decapod Cirus-
tacea,’ 1907, without exactly fitting:any of his subdivisions.
It appears to be an oversight in the Classification that the
Pandaloida lave the wrist of the second legs “ divided into
two or more joints,” while the “ Thalassocarine,” a subfamily
of the Pandalide, have the “second wrists undivided.”
Borradaile’s further ‘ Notes on Carides’ in 1915 do not
allude to this ambiguity, nor is it explained in the additional
notes (Tr. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. 1917).

The name adopted for the new genus refers to the obscurity
of its place in classification, and the specific name alludes to
the multiplicity of conspicuous spines in many parts of the
organism. The valpless mandibles have the cutting-edge,
spine-row, and a molar-edge in a continuous line. Flagellate
exopods are present on all appendages from first maxillipeds
to at least the fourth perezopods. Third maxillipeds slen-
derly pediform. First and second perzeopods with small
chelee and undivided wrist.

This form, while evidently distinct, superficially invites
comparison with Thalassocaris stimpsoni, Bate (¢ Challenger’
Macrura, pl]. exvii.), noted by Balss as a larval form of some
unknown genus. Suggestions as to these obscurities will be
welcome.

On Two new Species of Slow-Loris. 627

LXVI.—Two new Species of Slow-Loris.
By OLpFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Nycticebus incanus, sp. 0

A uniformly ashy-grey species.

Size comparatively large, approaching that of WV. benga-
lensis and cinereus. General colour uniform grey (a little
darker than “ pale ventral grey ”’), the body not contrasted
brown or rufous as compared with the head. It is true that
the head is lighter—whitish grey,—but it is not strongly
contrasted with the colour of the body. On the. posterior
back and rump there isa little brownish, but scarcely affecting
the general colour. Sides and under surface uniformly grey.
Median rufous-brown line well-marked, commencing on the
occiput and running down to the rump. Face white. Hye-
rings brown. LEars reddish brown. Arms and legs grey
like body ; hands and feet dull white.

Skull of the comparatively large size found in NV. benga-
lensis and cinereus, but the zygomata not so widely spread.
Sagittal crests, in an old female, not meeting on the crown,
Postorbital bar broad. Teeth about as in cinereus, smaller
than in bengalensis. Four upper incisors.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body 335 mm.; hind foot (wet) 70.

Skull: greatest length 67; zygomatic breadth 43:5;
breadth of postorbital bar 4°7; breadth between coronal
ridges 5 ; mastoid breadth 37:7; palatal length 25°3 ; front
of canine to back of m? 24.

Hab. Lower Pegu. Type from Kyeikpadein.

Type. Old female. B.M. no. 81.12.2.1. Collected
27th August, 1879. Presented by E. W. Oates, Hsq. One
specimen.

This animal is probably most nearly allied to N. cinereus,
the Siamese Slow-Loris, but differs by the absence of the
brown coloration on the back and sides, the whole animal
being a comparatively uniform grey, apart from the usual
dorsal stripe.

Nycticebus ornatus, sp. n.

A rather small species, with strongly contrasted head-
markings.

628 On Two new Species of Slow-Loris.

Fur very long, soft and fine, far softer and finer than in
NV. coucang. General colour greyish washed with dark buffy.
Dorsal stripe blackish, continued forwards on to the crown,
where it meets four blackish lines which rise from in front
of the ears, and from the black orbital rings on each side, the
spaces between these lines contrasted whitish. Temporal
area and sides of neck prominently whitish, in marked con-
trast to the black mesial band. Hands and feet dull buffy
whitish,

Skull rather small. Upper incisors two.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :-—

Head and body 290 mm.; hind foot 72; ear 23.

Skull: greatest length 58; zygomatic breadth 38; front
of canine to back of m? 21.

Hab. W. Java. Type from Batavia.

Type. Female with basilar suture not quite closed. B.M.
no. 9. 1.5.34. Original number 1371. Collected 21st
February, 1908, by G. C. Shortridge. Presented by W. E.
Balston, Esq. One specimen from the type-locality, and
another, very similar, said to be from “ Sumatra,” coll.
Raffles, but this cannot be implicity trusted.

This is, no doubt, the animal considered as javanicus by
Stone and Rehn and by Lyon in their respective papers on
the genus, andalso the “ variety C” of Blyth. But it would
seem not to be the real javanicus of Geoffroy, whose descrip-
tion is evidently based on one of the ordinary Malayan forms
without contrasted head-markings, which it is impossible to
believe that author would have omitted to mention. More-
over, there isin the Museum one of Horsfield’s Java specimens
which does agree with Geoffroy’s description, and this I con-
sider to be the real javanicus. ‘This Horsfield specimen is a

-uniform reddish brown, with inconspicuous face-markings
and a brown dorsal stripe—in fact, very like specimens of
malaianus,—and thus agrees precisely with the description
of gavanicus. Whether it really came from Java I cannot be
certain, but the island is quite large enough to contain two
different forms of the genus.

l’urthermore, I believe this Horsfield specimen of javanicus
represents the true original coucang, Bodd., which, as shown
elsewhere (J. Bombay Soc. Nat. Hist.), is certainly not the
Bengal and Assam form, as commonly asserted, but one of
the Malayan species. N. javanicus should therefore be con-
sidered as a synonym of N. coucang.

Mr. F. W. Edwards on Formosan Culicidee. 629

LXVII.—A. Sauter’s Formosan Colleetions: Culicide.
By F. W. Epwarps.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Durine@ the past summer I received for identification from
Dr. Walther Horn (Berlin-Dahlem) a number of Formosan
mosquitoes collected by Herr H. Sauter. The chief interest
of the collection lay in two new species of Megarhinus (sub-
genus Toworhynchites) which it contained, and which are
described below. Since little has been recorded concerning
the mosquitoes of Formosa, a list is given of the other species
contained in the collection. Additional specimens collected
by Herr Sauter were subsequently received from the Budapest
Museum through Mr. F. V. Theobald ; the records of these
are included in the list, and are distinguished by an
asterisk :—

Anopheles (Anopheles) hyrcanus (Pall.).—Toyen, Macuyama,
Anping, *Takao. Range of variation considerable, but
all of the typical Chinese form (rather light-coloured
body, narrow tarsal rings, fringe-spot usually present,
palpal rings moderately distinct).

Anopheles (Myzomyia) subpictus, Grassi.—*Takao.

Armigeres (Armigeres) obturbans (Walk.).—Taihoku, Choso-
kei, Macuyama, *'l'ainan.

Armiger es (Leicesteria) annulitarsis, Leic.—Macuyama,
Kankau.

Aédes (Stegomyia) argenteus (Poiret) (S. fusciata, F.).—
Anping, *Takao.

Aédes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse).—Macuyama, Hokute,
Taihoku.

Aédes (? Skusea) amest (Ludl.).—*Takao, 1 @.

Aédes (Ecculex) vewans (Mg.).—*Vakao, 1 g.

Tentorhynchus (Mansonvoides) uniforms, 'Theo.—Taihoku,
Hokuto, *Takao.

Lutzia concolor (Theo.).—Macuyama.

Culex mimeticus, Noé, var.—Macuyama. No basal arm to
tenth sternites; last joint of male palpi with the tip
rather more broadly pale than in the Kuropean form.
Specimens of this variety are in the British Museum
from Formosa (Shiraki), Hong Kong (Adacfarlane), and
India (Howlett, Fletcher).

Culex whitmored (Giles).—Toyen district, Sanshikyaku.

Culex biteniorhynchus, Giles. —Macuyama, Daitotei, Choso-
kei, Sanshikyaku.

630 Mr. F. W. Edwards on Formosan Culicids.

Culex sitiens, Wied.—* Takao.

Culex vishnui, 'Theo.—Taihoku, Daitotei.

Culex triteniorhynchus, Giles—Macuyama, Daitotei, San-
shikyaku, * l'akao.

Culex futigans, Wied.—A large number.

Culex fuseocephalus, Theo.—Hokuto, Sanshikyaku.

Culex (Lophuceratomyia) rubithoracts, Leic.—Taihoku.

Rachionotomyia sp. (? bambusa, Yam.).—* Polisha,

Megarhinus manicatus, sp. n.

@. Head clothed mostly with dark bronze-coloured scales ;
a silvery-white rim round the eyes. Proboscis and palpi with
purple scales, the latter slender, reaching to the base of the
fifth flagellar joint. Torus black, with white pollinosity.
First flagellar joint without scales. Thorax: prothoracic
lobes with greyish-silvery scales only. Proepimera for the
most part silvery-scaled, but some purple scales on the upper
part. Mesonotum rubbed, the remaining scales nearly all
metallic green, except on the scutellum, where they are
coppery golden. Pleura largely covered with silvery scales,
with a slight golden tinge in some lights. Abdomen clothed
with bluish-purple scales above; sides of the first tergite and
small lateral basal patches on the succeeding tergites shining
white. No lateral scale-tufts, but the eighth segment with
rather long and dense terminal golden bristles. Venter
mostly golden ; sternites 4 and 7 almost entirely purple, the
remaining sternites with a narrow median purple stripe.
Legs purple-scaled ; femora golden beneath almost to the
tips; front and mid tibie with indications of a golden stripe
on the outer or hinder side. All the tarsi with a broad
creamy-white ring, which on the front and mid legs includes
the tip of the second joint, the whole of the third and fourth,
and the base of the fifth, but on the hind legs includes only
the fourth joint and the extreme tip of the third ; in addition,
the first tarsal joint of the middle and hind legs has a distinct
though rather narrow creamy-white ring; fitth tarsal joint
on all legs mostly blackish. Wangs with brownish membrane
and a distinctly darker brown cloud over the cross-veins,
Wing-scales small and thinly spread, wings therefore appearing
almost bare. Longitudinal portion of the bent 1-m cross-vein
of the same length as the vertical portion; the m—cu cross-
vein slightly external to the vertical portion of r-m. Stem
of halteres orange; knob dark, clothed with golden scales,
Wing-length 7°5 mm.

Formosa: Toa Tsui Kutsu, v. 1914 (f7. Sauter).

Mr, F. W. Edwards on Formosan Culicidee. 631

Megarhinus aurifluus, sp. n.

3. Head: scales mostly greenish ; a paler rim round the
eyes. Proboscis dark blue on the stout portion, more coppery
on the slender portion, Palpi distinctly four-jointed, the
first joint the shortest; fourth joint scarcely half as long
again as the third ; scales dark blue, a narrow creamy ring
at the tip of the first joint and a second just before the tip
of the second joint. Antenne only moderately stout, the
joints distinctly swollen in the middle; torus clothed with
small white scales ; second joint with a few dark green scales,
less than twice as long as the third. Thorax: prothoracic
lobes, proepimera, and sides of mesonotum with light
metallic-green scales (middle of mesonotum rubbed). Pleuree
with light golden scales. Abdomen clothed above with
metallic-green scales towards the base, the colour shading
through blue to violet at the tip; a lateral pale golden stripe
which broadens out somewhat in the middle of each segment,
and on the fifth in one specimen forms an almost complete
but narrow transverse band. Sixth segment laterally with
some golden hairs on the basal halt, apical half with dense
black hair-like scales; seventh and eighth segments laterally
with long, dense, goldev, hair-like scales. Venter almost
entirely blue, the fifth and sixth sternites with lateral golden
patches, which are broadest on the posterior margin and do
not quite reach the base. Legs dark blue ; hind femora light
golden towards the base, except dorsally ; middle tibize more
or less conspicuously golden on a considerable area a little
beyond the middle, the same coloration being slightly indi-
cated in the hind tibiee of one specimen. Front tarsi with a
white ring embracing the apical third of. the first and the
whole of the second joint ; mid-tarsi with a white ring at the
base of the first joint, the whole of joints 2-4 white; hind
tarsi with one rather narrow whitish ring situated at the base
of the second joint. Wings with most of the veins dark-
bordered, especially those towards the costa; scales fairly
conspicuous on costa, subcosta, and radial veins. Longitu-
dinal portion of r-m quite twice as long as the vertical
portion ; m—cu variable in position. Wing-length 8-12 mm.

?. Palpi slender, purple-scaled, reaching to base of fifth
flagellar joint. First flagellar joint with a few golden scales
towards the base. Yellowish transverse band on fifth abdo-
minal tergite complete. “Venter much rubbed, but evidently
much more extensively yellow than in the male. Front legs
with the femora pale golden posteriorly, the white ring em-
bracing more than half of the first tarsal joint. Mid-legs

632 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Cichlid Fishes of

missing. Hind legs with the tibiae conspicuously golden
beneath beyond the middle; first tarsal joint pale golden
beneath and at the sides on the basal third, second tarsal
joint with a white ring as in the male. Wing-length 8 mm.

Formosa: Toa ‘T'sui Kutsu, v. 1914, 1 9; Kankau, 1912,
2g; and Toyenmongai, 1 g (H. Sauter) ; also 1 g without
definite data. Co-types in the Berlin-Dahlem Museum, the
Budapest Museum, and the British Museum.

This is apparently the species which Theobald described
as M. splendens, Wied., in 1901. Although I have not seen
the specimen on which this description is based, it is evident
that the determination was erroneous, since Wiedemann states
that the tufts of the seventh abdominal segment in lis species
are blackish. Through the kindness of Dr. H. Zerny, of the
Vienna Museum, I have recently been able to examine
Wiedemann’s type ¢ of AZ. splendens. It proves to be iden-
tical with J/. regius (Tennent), as might be supposed from
the description,

LXVIII.—The Cichlid Fishes of Lakes Albert Edward and
Kivu. By C. Tate Rea@an, M.A., F.B.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

ONLY two or three species of Cichlid are known from Lake
Albert, and these have also been found in the Balhr-el-Gebel.
Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu appear to have a more
interesting Cichlid fauna, each possessing a number of peculiar
forms of LHaplochromis, which appear to be more nearly
related to species found in Lake Victoria than to those of
the Nile.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Scales cycloid; pharyngeal apophysis formed by parasphenoid alone.
1. Trlapia.
II. Scales more or less distinctly ctenoid; pharyngeal apophysis
formed by parasphenoid in middle and basioccipital at sides.

Teeth conical, or outer bicuspid and inner tricuspid. 2. LZaplochromis,
An outer close-set series of enlarged teeth, with

strongly -incurved, flattened, rounded crowns,

followed by 2 series of minute tricuspid teeth,, 3. Schubotzia.

Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu.

1. TruaprA, A. Smith, 1840.

633

Seales cycloid. Teeth in several series, the outer usually

bicuspid, the inner tricuspid.
Africa and Syria.

1. Tilapia nilotica, Linn.
Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii, p. 162, fig. 106.

This species extends from the Nile through Lakes Albert,

Albert Edward, and Kivu to Tanganyika.

2. Tilapia eduardiana, Bouleng., 1912.
Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish, iii. p. 166, fig. 107.

Lake Albert Edward watershed of Mount Ruwenzori and

Lake Gangu.
Closely related to T. variabilis of Lake Victoria.

2. HAapLocuRromis, Hilgendorf, 1888.

Seales ctenoid. ‘Teeth in 2 or more series, conical,

outer bicuspid and inner tricuspid.

Africa and Syria.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Albert Edward species.
A. Jaws equal or lower feebly projecting.
1. 7 to 9 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch.
1. schubotz,
2. 9 to 12 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch.
Kye 33 in head (in specimens of 80 to 90 mm.) ;
maxillary not reaching eye ............+5 2. pappenheime,
Kye 3 in head (in a specimen of 80 mm.); scales
on chest very small, 8 between pectoral and
IG TMs 5 es, cea, aust evter se) orang ieee hte 5. eduardit.
Eye 23 in head (in a specimen of 80 mm.); scales
ou chest moderate, 4 between pectoral and
BORVAG MUG. oreverete aiccs)s ect. ors jasnist ciel e acta ee ot 4, negripinnis,

B. Lower jaw distinctly projecting........ 5. squamipinnis.

II. Kivu species.
A. Jaws equal or lower feebly projecting.

or

1. Teeth in 3 to 5 series, 40 to 60 in outer series of upper jaw (in
specimens of 75 to 120 mm.) ; 7 to 9 gill-rakers on lower part

of anterior arch.

Pectoral reaching vent, origin of anal, or a little
WeyOnUine: siete e tte. a dyes ORS s 6. grauert.

Pectoral reaching middle of anal .............. 7. adolphi-frederict.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 41

634 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Cichlid Fishes of

2 Teeth in 4 to 8 series, 40 to 70 in outer series of upper jaw (in
specimens of 75 to 115 mm.); 9 to 11 gill-rakers on lower

part of anterior arch ....... Wis yoo 8. astatodon.
2, Teeth in 3 or 4 series, 36 in outer series of upper jaw (in
specimens of 120 to 125 mm.) ...... 9. paucidens.
B. Lower jaw distinctly projecting........ 10. vittatus.

1, Haplochromis schubotzi, Bouleng., 1914.

Tilapia martiné (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr, Fish. 11. p, 239.
Haplochromis schubotzi, Bouleng. t. c. p. 288, tig. 196.
Haplochromis angustifrons, Bouleng. t. ¢. p. 292, fig, 198.
Pelmatochromis spekii (part.), Bouleng. t. ¢. p. 416.

Depth of body 22 to 24 in the length, length of head 24 to
33. Snout from shorter than to a little longer than diameter
of eye, which is 2? to 3% in length of head, greater than
preorbital depth, equal to or greater than depth of cheek ;
interorbital width 4 to 5 in length of head. Jaws equal or
lower slightly projecting ; maxillary about reaching vertical
from anterior eige of eye; teeth conical or cuspidate, in 3 or
4 series, 36 to 60 in outer series of upper jaw. 3 or 4 series
of scales on cheek. 7 to 9 gill-rakers on lower part of ante-
rior arch. Pharyngeal teeth small. 81 to 33 scales in a
longitudinal series, 5 to 7 from origin of dorsal to lateral line.
Dorsal XIV-XVI 9-10; last spine 2 to $ length of head.
Anal JII 8-9 ; third spine 4 to 2 head. Pectoral as long as
or a little shorter than head, reaching anal. Caudal tiuncate.
Caudal peduncle 1} to 12 as long as deep. Females silvery
white; males often greyish, sometimes with indistinct cross-
bars, usually with 2 bars across snout, 1 below eye, 1 on
occiput, and 1 on nape, pelvic fins blackish, and ocelli on
anal,

Lake Albert Edward.

Thirteen specimens, 70 to 135 mm. long.

2. Haplechromis pappenheimt, Bouleng., 1914.
Tilapia pappenheimt (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p, 232, fig. 153.

Depth of body 3} to 33 in the length, length of head 3}
1o 31. Snout as long as diameter of eye, which is 34 in
length of head, 13 depth of preeorbital, greater than depth of
cheek, equal to interorbital width. Jaws equal or lower
slightly projecting ; maxillary not extending to below eye;
teeth cuspidate, in 2 or 3 series, 46 in outer series of upper
jaw. 3 or 4 series of scales on cheek. 9 to 11 gill-rakers on
lower part of anterior arch. Pharyngeal teeth small. 33
scales in a longitudinal series, 6 cr 7 from origin of dorsal to

Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu. 635

lateral line, 5 or 6 between pectoral and pelvic fins. Dorsal

XV-XVI 9-10; last spine 2 length of head. Anal III 8-9;

third spine 4 to 2 head. Pectoral nearly as long as head,

reaching vent or analfin. Caudaltruncate. Caudal peduncle

1} to 1? as long as deep. Silvery ; dorsal greyish; caudal
spotted.

' Lake Albert Edward.

Four specimens, 80 to 90 mm. long.

3. Haplochromis eduardit, sp. n.
Tilapia pappenheimt (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p, 232.

Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 38. Snout
shorter than diameter of eye, which is 3} in length of head,
twice depth of preorbital, greater than depth of cheek ; inter-
orbital width 4 in head, Jaws equal; maxillary extending
to below anterior edge of eye ; teeth cuspidate, in 3 series,
45 in outer series of upper jaw. 3 series of scales on cheek.
11 or 12 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Pha-
ryngeal teeth small. 33 scales in a longitudinal series, 7 from
origin of dorsal to lateral line, 8 between pectoral and pelvic
fins. Dorsal XV 9; last spine nearly 4 length of head.
Anal III 9; third spine 2? head. Pectoral nearly as long as
head, reaching anal. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle
1} as long as deep. Greyish, with bars across upper part of
head and one below eye; two blackish blotches on basal part
of spinous dorsal ; pelvics blackish; oeelli on anal fin.

Lake Albert Edward.

A single specimen (¢), 80 mm. long.

4. Haplochromis nigripinnis, sp. n.
Tilapia pappenheimi (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr, Fish. iii. p. 232.

Depth of body 34 in the length, length of head 3. Snout
shorter than diameter of eye, which is 22 in the length of
head, 24 depth of preorbital, greater than depth of cheek ;
interorbital width 44 in length of head. Jaws equal + max-
illary extending to below anterior + of eye; teeth cuspidate,
in 2 series, 60 in outer series of upper jaw. 3 series of scales
on cheek. 11 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch.
Pharyngeal teeth small. 33 scales in a longitudinal series,
4 or 5 from origin of dorsal to lateral line, and the same
number between pectoral and pelvic fins. Dorsal XVI 9;
last spine nearly } length of head. Anal III 9; third spine
as long as last dorsal. Pectoral a little shorter than head,
reaching vent. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle 14 as

41*

636 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Cichlid Fishes of

long as deep. Greyish ; vertical and pelvic fins blackish,
the dorsal pale at the base.

Lake Albert Edward.

A single specimen (¢), 80 mm. long.

5. Haplochromis squamipinnis, sp. 0.

Pelmatochromis spekit (part.), Boulenger, Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 417
(1915).

Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 2% in length
of fish. Head 21 as long as broad; upper profile slightly
concave. Snout 14 diameter of eye, which is 44 in length of
head, greater than preorbital depth, less than depth of cheek ;
interorbital width 42 in length of head. Maxillary ex-
tending to vertical from anterior margin of eye; lower jaw
projecting ; teeth conical, 4 series in upper jaw, 3 in lower,
60 in outer series of upper jaw. 5 series of scales on cheek ;
10 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch ; pharyngeal
teeth slender. Dorsal XV 10; last spine longest, 4 length
of head; longest soft rays } length of head. Anal II1 9;
third spine stronger and nearly as long as last dorsal. Series
of small scales on basal part of posterior half of dorsal and
anal, between the rays. Pectoral # length of head, reaching
origin of anal. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle 14 as
long as deep. 33 scales in a longitudinal series, 7 from
origin of dorsal to lateral line.. Silvery; back darker ;
vertical fins dusky ; caudal with some clear spots ; anal with
2 ocelli posteriorly.

Lake Albert Edward.

One specimen, 170 mm. in total length.

6. Haplochromis grauert, Bouleng., 1914.

Tilapia burtoni (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 217.

Haplochromis angustifrons, var. gractlior, Bouleng. t. c. p. 293.

Haplochromis graueri, Bouleng. t. ¢. p. 298, fig. 202.

Depth of body 22 to 34 in length, length of head 22 to 3.
Snout, from a little shorter to longer than diameter of eye,
which is 3 to 4 in length of head, greater than depth of prie-
orbital or cheek ; interorbital width 4 to 43 in length of head.
Jaws equal or lower slightly projecting ; maxillary extending
to below anterior edge of eye or not quite so far; teeth
cuspidate or conical, in 3 to 5 series, 40 to 60 in outer series
of upper jaw. 3 or 4 series of scales on cheek. 7 to 9 gill-
rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Pharyngeal teeth
small. 82 to 33 scales in a longitudinal series, 5 or 6 from
origin of dorsal to lateral line. Dorsal XIV-XVI 9-10;

Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu. 637

last spine + to } length of head. Anal III 8; third spine 4
to } head. Pectoral nearly as long as head, reaching vent,
origin of anal, or a little beyond. Caudal truncate. Caudal
peduncle 14 to 12 as long as deep. Silvery or brownish ;
an opercular spot ; soft dorsal and caudal sometimes spotted ;
males with a bar below eye, blackish pelvic fins, and ocelli on
anal,

Lake Kivu.

Twelve specimens, 75 to 120 mm. long.

The caudal fin is broken into a rounded shape,in the largest
specimen.

7. Haplochromis adolphi-frederici, Bouleng., 1914.
Tilapia adolphi-frederici, Bouleng. Cat, Afr, Fish. iii. p. 220, fig. 148.

Apparently differs from A. grauert in the longer pectoral
fin. The coloration is of the “ bicolor” type, irregular black
bars extending on to the vertical fins; but I have found in
the Lake Victoria Cichlide that this occurs in individuals of
several species.

8. Haplochromis astatodon, sp. n.
Tilapia burtoni (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr, Fish. iii. p. 217.

Depth of body 24 to 3 in the length, length of head 3 to 33.
Snout nearly as long as or a little longer than diameter of
eye, which is 34 to 33 in length of head, greater than pre-
orbital depth, nearly equal to depth of cheek; interorbital
width 34 to 33 in length of head. Jaws equal anteriorly or
lower slightly projecting; maxillary extending to below
anterior edge or anterior } of eye; teeth cuspidate, in 4 to 8
series, 40 to 70 in outer series of upper jaw, the bicuspid
teeth very variable in form, the cusps nearly equal in some
specimens, in others the posterior cusp reduced and the
anterior cusp long, oblique, and curved inwards, the teeth
approaching the Bayonia, Hemitilapia, or Schubotzia types.
3 or 4 series of scales on cheek. 9 to 11 gill-rakers on lower
part of anterior arch. Pharyngeal teeth small. 30 to 32
scales in a longitudinai series, 5 or 6 from origin of dorsal to
lateral line. Dorgal XIV-XVI 8-9; last spine from less
than 2 to} length of head. Anal III 8-9; third spine as
long as or a little shorter than last dorsal. Pectoral a little
shorter than head, not reaching anal. Caudal truncate.
Caudal peduncle as long as or a little longer than deep.
Body with er without cross-bars ; an opercular spot and a
bar below eye.

Lake Kivu.

Fifteen specimens, 75 to 115 mm. long.

638 Mr. C. T. Regan on Cichlid Fishes.

9. Haplochromis paucidens, sp. n.
Tilapia burtoni (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. ili. p. 217.

Depth of body 22 to 24 in the length, length of head 33.
Snout slightly longer than diameter of eye, which is 32 in
length of head, greater than preorbital depth, equal to depth
of cheek ; interorbital width 34 to 32 in length of head.
Jaws equal anteriorly ; maxillary extending to below anterior
edge of eye; teeth in 3 or 4 series, 36 in outer series of
upper jaw, the anterior conieal and rather strong. 3 or 4
series of scales on cheek. 9 gill-rakers on lower part of
anterior arch. Middle pharyngeal teeth slightly enlarged,
subconical. 382 or 33 scales in a longitudinal series, 7 from
origin of dorsal to lateral line. Dorsal XV 10; last spine
nearly 4 length of head. Anal III 9; third spine 2 head.
Pectoral # length of head, not reaching anal. Caudal trun-
cate. Caudal peduncle 13 as long as deep. Dark cross-bars
on body ; 2 bars across snout and 1 below eye ; an opercular
spot ; soft dorsal and caudal spotted.

Lake Kivu.

Two specimens, 120 and 125 mm. long.

10. Haplochromis vittatus, Bouleng., 1901.
Paratilapia vittata, Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii, p. 330, fig, 221.

Depth of body 3 to 34 in length, length of head 23 to 2¢.
Snout 14 to 12 diameter of eye, which is 4 to 44 in length of
head, greater than preorbital depth, about equal to depth
of cheek ; inierorbital width 5 in length of head. Lower
jaw projecting ; maxillary extending to below anterior edge
of eye ; teeth conical, in 3 or 4 series, 40 to 60 in outer series
of upper jaw. 3 to 5 series of scales on cheek. 8 to 11 gill-
rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Pharyngeal teeth
slender. 33 scales in a longitudinal series, 6 from origin of
dorsal to lateral line. Dorsal XV-XVI 8-10; last spine 4
to 2 length of head. Anal III 8-9; third spine as long as or
a little shorter than last dorsal. Pectoral 3 length of head,
reaching vent or origin of anal. Caudal truncate. Caudal
peduncle 14 to 14 as long asdeep. A dark lateral stripe and
another above upper lateral line.

Lake Kivu.

Four specimens, 80 to 125 mm. long.

On a new Genus of Coccide, 639

3. ScHuporziA, Bouleng., 1914.

Scales ctenoid. A close-set series of enlarged teeth, with
strongly incurved, flattened, rounded crowns, followed by 2
series of minute tricuspid teeth.

Lake Albert Edward.

Schubotzia eduardiana, Bouleng., 1914.
Schubotzia eduardiana, Bouleng. Cat. Afr, Fish. iii. p. 500, fig. 347.

Near Haplochromis schubotat, differing especially in the
dentition.
Total length 95 mm.

LXIX.—On anew Genus of Coccide from the Indian Region.
By E. E. Green, F.Z.8., F.E.S.

CRIBROLECANIUM, gen. nov. (subfamily Lecaniine).

Adult female with rudimentary limbs and antenne. Spi-
racles communicating with the surface by means of a broad
enclosed channel, the sides of which are studded with short
glandular ducts. Dorsum with numerous, densely chitinous,
perforated plates, arranged in more or less symmetrical series.
Anal operculum surrounded by a densely chitinous area,
Anal ring with ten or more setee.

Nymph similar to adult, but with the limbs and antenne
still more rudimentary. Anal operculum not surrounded by
a densely chitinous area.

Larva with fully developed limbs and antenne. Dorsum
with series of clustered pores in place of the cribriform plates.

Male not observed in any stage.

Type, formicarum.

Cribrolecanium formicarum, sp.n. (Figs. 1 & 2.)

Fully matured adult female dark castaneous ; subcircular,
strongly convex, almost hemispherical; densely echitinous.
At this stage of development the structural characters are
obscured by the heavy chitinization, but the dorsum is seen
to be studded with small translucent pores, interspersed with
definite denser areas upon which the pores are more closely
crowded. Other characters can be observed more clearly by

640 Mr. E. E. Green on a new Genus of

an examination of the early adult insect. Diameter of fully
developed insect 4 to 5 mm.

Fig. 1.

Cribrolecanium formicarum, sp. D.

a. Early adult female: opt. sect. x 30.
6. Antenna, xX 450.

ce. Posterior spiracle. X 150.

d. Pores surrounding spiracle. x 450.
e. Cribriform plate. x 220.

f. Anterior limb. x 450,

g. Partof margin. xX 220.

h. Marginal spines. xX 450.

Early adult female (fig. 1, a) pale purplish brown; broadly
ovate, narrower in front. Derm (after treatment with boiling

Coccidee from the Indian Region. 641

potash) soft and colourless, except on well-defined cireum-
- scribed areas, Antenna (fig. 1, b) rudimentary, without
definite segmentation; some longish stout setse on the apex
and sides. Legs (fig. 1, /) minute and rudimentary, con-
sisting of a broad basal segment, representing the combined
coxa and femur, and a narrower tibio-tarsal segment sur-
mounted by a well-developed claw ; both ungual and tarsal

Cribrolecanium formicarum, sp. 0.

a. Auterior leg of nymph. x 450.

6. Posterior stigmatic area of nymph. x 130.

c. Larva: opt. sect. x 50.

d, Larva: group of pores. x 460.

e. Larva: antenna. xX 220.

Ff. Larva: stigmatic spines and marginal sete. x 450.

digitules are present, the former slightly expanded at their
distal extremities. Buccal apparatus large and conspicuous.
Spiracular channels closely studded with tubular ducts of the
form shown in fig. 1,d; the channel usually curved and
opening on the venter at a considerable distance within the
margin of the body. Dorsum with a subdorsal and sublateral

642 Mr. E. E. Green on a new Genus of

series of densely chitinous, rounded, perforated plates
(fig. 1, e), varying in size and form. Derm closely studded -
with minute pores, and with scattered, larger, thick-rimmed
pores; also with scattered spiniform sete. Valves of anal
operculum together forming an oval, the base and outer edge
of each valve describing an uninterrupted curve; the whole
surrounded by a broad, densely chitinous zone, which is
irregularly perforate around its inner margin. Anal ring
with at least ten stout setee. Stigmatic clefts shallow, without
specialized stigmatic spines. Margin of body with a close
fringe of strong spines (fig. 1, g, 2), which are interrupted
only at the stigmatic clefts.

Nymph very similar to the early adult insect, but distin-
guishable by the absence of a denser chitinous area surrounding
the analaperture. Antennzeand limbs still more rudimentary,
the latter (fig. 2, a) -being without definite claw or digitules.
Cribriform plates as in the adult. Spiracular channels
opening directly on to the margin at the stigmatic clefts
(fig. 2, 6). Marginal spines similar to and as large as those
of the adult insect. No stigmatic spines. Anal ring with
eight sete.

Larva (fig. 2, c) with well-developed limbs and antennae.
The cribriform plates of the adult nymph are replaced by
small groups of relatively large pores (fig. 2, d), interspersed
with which are some isolated pores of a similar structure.
Margin of body with simple, short, curved setee. Stigmatic
clefts with two stout spines (fig. 2, /), of which the anterior
one is lanceolate and acuminate, while the posterior one is
clavate and obtuse. Anal ring with six sete.

Length 1 mm.

Peradeniya, Ceylon.

In hollow branches of Stereospermum chelonioides ; asso-
ciated with ants (Cremastogaster sp.). ‘The branches had
originally been tunnelled by some boring larva (probably of
a Longicorn beetle), and had subsequently been occupied by
the colony of ants.

Cribrolecanium radicicola, sp.n. (Fig. 3.)

Fully mature adult female, pale fulvous (dried examples) ;
rather broadly ovoid (fig. 3, a), moderately convex, the
medio-dorsal area raised sharply into a broad rounded carina;
derm soft and wrinkled, not densely chitinous. Antenna
(fig. 3, 2) small and rudimentary, but distinctly 4- or 5-jointed,
the joints separated from each other by broad bands of softer

Coccide: from the Indian Region, 643.

tissue, the narrow basal joint often incomplete. Legs
(fig. 3, 6) small and rudimentary, but relatively stout;
coxa represented by an irregular narrow band, which is often

Fig. 3.

fe}

Cribrolecanium radicicola, sp. n.

a. Adult female. x 30.

b, Adult female: anterior leg. x 450.

ec. Adult female: cribriform plates. x 220,
d. Adult female: antenna. x 450,

e. Nymph: anterior leg. x 450.

incomplete ; femur, tibia, and tarsus all distinct, as broad as
or broader than long; claw strongly developed, approxi-
mately equal in length to the tarsus; ungual and tarsal
digitules slender, gradually dilated towards the extremity.

’

644 Mr. R. Gurney on some

Spiracular channels broad, opening directly on to or close
to the margin, closely studded with tubular ducts. Dorsum
with irregularly disposed series of small, densely chitinous,
cribriform plates (fig. 3, c) varying in size, form, and number
of pores, but always much smaller and less conspicuous than
those of formicarum, each plate with a narrow, sharply defined,
paler outer border. Derm of dorsum with smaller and larger
pores (the latter thick-rimmed) and with transverse series “of
spiniform setz, which are larger and more numerous on the
abdominal segments. Anal operculum surrounded by a
densely chitinous zone, sprinkled with small pores and larger
ovoid lacunz. Anal ring with sixteen (or more) stout sete.
Margin of body without fringe of spines or sete. Stigmatic
clefts obscure, without stigmatic spines.

Length of average examples 2°5 mm.

Nymph very similar to the adult, but smaller and flatter,
and without a denser chitinous area surrounding the anal
aperture. Antenna 5-jointed, the basal joint in the form of
a narrow band, second joint largest. Legs (fig. 3, e) reduced
to conical points, with obscure traces of partial segmentation ;
with a minute apical claw. Cribriform plates asin adult, but
often less strongly chitinized. Anal ring with ten sete.
Spiracular channels opening directly on to the margin. No
stigmatic spines. No marginal spines or sete.

Larva not observed.

Coimbatore, India. -

On roots of Cassiasp. Coll. T. v. Ramakrishna (no. 204),
9. iii. 1921.

LX X.—Some new or rare British Crustacea.
By Roxpert Gurney, M.A.

1. Canthocamptus echinatus, Mrazek.

In July 1919 a few specimens of a species of Canthocamptus
resembling C. echinatus were taken at Flordon Common near
Norwich, but I was unable at the time, with the scanty
material available, to determine its identity with certainty,
and I was unable to find the species again on a second visit
to the spot. In 1920 the same form was ; found in considerable

new or rare British Crustacea. 64

Fig. 1.

Canthocamptus echinatus, Mrazek.

Fig. 1.—Male dorsal view, showing arrangement of cilia on cuticle.
Fig. 2.—First antenna of female.

a)

646 Mr. R. Gurney on some

number in Sphagnum-moss on Buxton Heath, and a careful
comparison with Mrazek’s description leaves no doubt that
my provisional identification was correct. The specimens
differ in some small details from Mrazek’s description, and,
as the species has not previously been found in Britain, some
description and figures may prove useful to others.

‘he species was described by Mrazek in 1893 from speci-
mens taken in Bohemia, and in 1894 Schmeil recorded the
occurrence in Switzerland of a variety, which he named

Fig. 3. Fig. 4.

Canthocamptus echinatus, Mrazek.

Fig. 3.—First leg of female.
Fig, 4.—Third leg of male.

var. luenensis, differing from the type only in the possession
of an additional seta on the basal joint of the fifth foot of the
female. This var. lwenensis has been found by others in
Switzerland, in the Dauphiné Alps and at Lunz in Austria,
but the typical form has not been met with again, neither
has any description of the species been published other than
that of Mrazek.

new or rare British Crustacea. 647

The segments of the body are not toothed, but are charac-
terized by the possession of numerous transverse groups of
hairs or spinules on the dorsal surface of the two last thoracic
and first three (or four in male) abdominal segments (fig. 1).
Such dorsal rows of delicate hairs are also found in C. crassus,
C. pilosus, and other species, but they are more conspicuous
in C. echinatus, which owes its name to their presence,

Fig. 5.

—
ae =
ae
=
BEC
=

LEE

SS ‘ia “Stes
or Sp

SSSA:

=

Canthocamptus echinatus, Mrazek.

Fig. 5.—Fifth leg of female
Fig. 6.—Fifth leg of male.

As regards the appendages, my own specimens agree with
those of Mrazek, with the following exceptions :—

(1) First pair of legs: The agreement in general form is
complete, but the first joint of the inner branch bears a short
seta which is not shown in Mrazek’s figure.

(2) Fifth leg of female: The basal joint bears six sete
instead of five, as is also the case in the var. lwenensis. In
other respects the agreement is close,

(3) Fifth foot of male: Here there is no difference in the
nuwber of sete, but their relative length is not the same as
that shown by Mrazek. The two strong spines of the basal

648 Mr. R. Gurney on some

joint are somewhat variable, the outermost being sometimes
scarcely more than half as long as the inner one, as figured
by Mrazek, but usually it is about two-thirds of the length,
as in var. duenensis. In the second joint the innermost seta
is long and slender, as in var. lwenensis, whereas Mrazek figures
it as a minute spine.

I have met with this species in three localities in Norfolk
—namely, Flordon Common near Norwich, Buxton Heath
(Hevingham), and Holt Lowes. At Flordon it was found in
calcareous mud from a pool, nearly dry, but in the other two
places it was living in Sphagnum-moss, and it is probably to
be regarded as a species preferring Sphagnum and water in
which Desmids occur.

The resemblance between this form and C. praegert,
Scourfield, which Mr. Scourfield has recentiy described from
a single female taken on Clare Island *, is very close, but the
form of the furcal rami and the presence of hairs instead of
spines on the anal operculum in C. praegeri, together with
the divergence of the furcal setae, sufficiently separate the
two species.

2. Canthocamptus webert, Kessler.

Kessler, Zool. Anz. xliv. 1914, p. 474; Thallwitz, Zool. Anz. xlviii.
1917, p. 159.

A few specimens of this rare species were found in July
and August 1920 in pools on Newton St. Faith’s Common
near Norwich. There were at that time many small pools
an inch or two deep with Sphagnum growing round the
edges, and in most of them MJoraria brevipes, Sars, was
abundant, but C. webert was only found in one or two of the
pools in which the bottom was covered with a thin felt of the
liverwort, Gymnocolen inflata. The few specimens observed
were obtained by squeezing this liverwort. These pools
occupy depressions in the heather-covered common, and are
generally dry in summer. The summer of 1920 being parti-
cularly wet and cold the pools remained supplied with water
throughout July and August, whereas in 1921 nearly all
were entirely dry in May and C. webert was not to be found.

C. weberi is an exceedingly small species, *38 mm. long, and
very closely resembles C. typhlops, Mrazek. It was described
by Kessler in 1914 from specimens taken in moss in North

* Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1912, p. 14.

new or rare British Crustucea. 649

Saxony, and, so far as I am aware, it has not been taken
elsewhere.

The points of difference between C. typhlops and C. weberi
have been very carefully described both by Kessler and
Thallwitz, and the latter has gone fully into the relation
between these two species and C. zschokkei and C. pygmeus,
to which they seem to be related.

The most striking characteristic of the species is the form
of the anal operculum, which bears three, or occasionally
two, very large spines. These spines in C. typhlops are
stated by Mrazek to be actually prolongations of the oper-
culum itself, whereas in C. weberi, according to Kessler,
they are spines set on the operculum in the usual way.
Although my specimens belong unquestionably to C. webera,
I have not seen in any case any line of division between
spines and operculum, and am therefore of opinion that this
difference is more apparent than real. Thallwitz mentions
that in one specimen of C. typhlops the outer spines appeared
to be distinctly divided from the operculum.

I have compared my specimens with the descriptions of
Kessler and Thallwitz, and find the agreement between them
and the specimens from Saxony to be complete in every
detail, with the exception of the opercular spines as mentioned
above.

3. Canthocamptus cuspidatus, Schmeil.

Taken in Sphagnum-moss at Holt Lowes in Norfolk in
June 1921, in company with C. echinatus and Moraria
brevipes.

C. cuspidatus is a widely distributed species, but is charac-
teristic of mountainous or northern regions. It has been
found in various parts of Scotland, but not hitherto in any
part of England, and its occurrence in Norfolk is therefore of
rather special interest.

The locality in which it was found is a fold in the gravelly
slope bounding the valley of Holt Lowes, at the head of
which are springs the water from which trickles through beds
of Sphagnum or supplies small shallow pools in the moss.
‘The conditions are exceptional for this county, and approxi-
mate to those natural for the species. It is probably no more
than a coincidence that the characteristically northern orchid
Goodyera repens grows in the immediate neighbourhood of
Holt Lowes.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 42

650 Editorial Note.

4, Leander longirostris (Milne-Edwards).
Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, ii. 1837, p. 392.

In some notes on the Crustacea of the East Norfolk rivers,
published in 1907*, I recorded the occurrence of Leander
squilla in one of the Broads over 20 miles from the sea, and
the same species has from time to time been taken since then
at various points in these rivers, while it is known to be
abundant at times in Breydon Water and in Oulton Broad.
Having recently had occasion to re-examine my old specimens,
and to compare them with a number recently taken from
Breydon Water, it at once became evident that my original
identification was not correct. The work of Stanley Kemp f
and of De Mant has now made the identification of the
European species of Leander comparatively easy, and there
can be no doubt that this Norfolk prawn is really L. longi-
rostris, M.-Edw., a species which has not hitherto been
recorded as British. It is common in the rivers Bure and
Waveney, and probably also in the Yare, and prefers water
of low salinity. It is known on Breydon as the “Jack
Shrimp,” and is regarded as a freshwater species, since it
is most abundant when the water is least salt. It is not
found in the sea nor anywhere on the coast of Norfolk, its
place being taken in the salt-marshes from Hunstanton to
Cley by Leander squilla. :

I have been able to obtain most of the stages of the larval
development both of L. longirostris and also of L. squilla,
but there are certain points with regard to life-history and
distribution which require further investigation and to
deserve more detailed treatment on a later occasion.

Epitor1at Note.

Tux Editors desire to draw the attention of Contributors to the
Recommendation of the British Association Committee on Zoological
Bibliography and Publication that the ordinal (or class) position of
a group treated in any paper should be clearly given in the title or
in parentheses following the title. It is felt in many quarters that
the value of papers appearing in these pages would be much in-
creased if this course were more generally followed, and an appeal
is therefore made to Authors to adopt the Recommendation.

* Trans. Norf. & Nor. Nat. Soc. viii. p. 48
+ VWisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest. 1908, i. 1910,

1
-16,

ol.

C

Vv

{ Tijdschr. Ned. Dierk. Vereen. xiy. 1916

651

INDEX ro VOL. VIII.

ABROCOMA, new species of, 216.

Achzea, new species of, 15.

Alexander, C. P., on new or little-
known Tipulide, 161, 3809, 546.

Ainphineurus, new species of, 555.

Amphipoda, notes on, 116.

Andrews, C. W., on a Theropodous
Dinosaur from the Lower Lias,
570.

Aphneeus, new species of, 598.

Arcypterz, new, 369.

Asiline, new, 175.

Attatha, new species of, 18.

Aulacobothrus, new species of, 370,

Austen, HE. E., on the prey of the
yellow dung-fly, 118.

Azanus, new species of, 208.

Bactridothrips, new species of, 397.

Bagnall, R. 8., on new Thysanoptera,
393.

Batracharta, new species of, 28.

Berry, S., on a new Neotreme Bra-
chiopod from California, 210; on
some Japanese Cephalopods, 351.

Bibliographical notice, 447.

Blenina, new species of, 8.

Blosyris, new species of, 29.

Brachiopoda, new, 210.

Brevicosta, characters of the new
genus, 254.

Calolimnophila, characters of the
new subgenus, 315,

Campion, H., on Odonata from New
Caledonia, 53 ; on some dragonflies
and their prey, 240.

Carea, new species of, 15.

Celantia, new species of, 542.

Cephalodiscus densus, on specimens
of, 435.

Cephalopoda, notes on, 351.

Champion, G. C., on species of Laius
from the Malayan Region, 193;
on South-African species of Me-
lyris, Fabr., 355; on the African
species of Hedybius, Er., 449,

Chilton, C., on abnormal antennee
in the Crustacea Amphipoda, 116.

Chubb, C., on new forms of South-
American birds, 444.

Coccidee, new, 639.

Cockerell, T, D. A., descriptions and
records of bees, 359; on fossil
Arthropods in the British Mu-
seum, 541.

Ccelacanth fish, on the, 320,

Coleoptera, new, 193, 449; notes on,
393.

Conepatus, new species of, 221.

Conilurus, new species of, 431.

Conosia, new species of, 515.

Crania, new species of, 210.

Cribrolecanium, characters of the
new genus, 659.

Crustacea, new, 644.

Cryptotis, new species of, 354.

Ctenacroscelis, new species of, 111,
562.

Ctenomys, new species of, 218.

Culicidze, new, 629.

Curculionidee, new, 145.

Dicaiothrips, new species of, 399.

Dichzetomyia, new species of, 421.

Dicranomyia, new species of, 161,
310, 546.

Diptera, new, 67, 99, 161, 225, 546,
576.

Dipterous larvee, notes on, 601.

Dolichopeza, new species of, 170.

Drawida, new species of, 497.

Editorial note, 650.

Edwards, F. E., on Formosan Culi-
cide, 629.

Edwards, F. W., on Eriocera in the
British Museum, 67 ; on new and
little-known Tipulide, 99.

Eleeodes, new species of, 21,

Ilaphrothrips, new species of, 398.

Elephantulus, new species of, 563.

Emmesina, characters of the new
genus, 428,

652

Fpinephele, new species of, 593.

KEremnus, new species of, 145.

Keriocera, new species of, 81, 319.

Kuspilaria, characters of the new
genus, 228,

Eutelia, new species of, 6.

Kvotomys, new species of, 128.

Faureia, characters of the
genus, 389.

Freshwater sponge from New Zea-
land, note on a, 400.

Galea, new species of, 623.

Geological Society, proceedings of
the, 145, 223.

Geranomyia, new species of, 101.

Gnophomyia, new species of, 555.

Gonomyia, new species of, 311, 557.

Green, KE. E., on a new genus of
Coccide, 639.

Grisonella, new species of, 213, 215.

Gronops, new species of, 150.

Gude, G. K., and Woodward, B. B.,
on their recent paper “On Heli-
cella, Férussac,” 624.

Gurnery R., on some new or rare
British Crustacea, 644,

tynoplistia, new species of, 560.

Halictus, new species of, 361.

Haplochromis, new species of, 635.

Hedybius, new species of, 457.

Helius, new species of, 103.

Heodes, new species of, 598.

Herpestes, new species of, 134.

Hesperomys, new species of, 623.

Heteroptera, new, 542.

Hinton, M. A. C., on a new bank-
vole from Esthonia, 128;.0n the
klipspringers of Rhodesia, An-
gola, and Northern Nigeria, 129.

Hulodes, new species of, 27.

Hydromys, new species of, 429.

Hylophilodes, new species of, 12.

Hymenoptera, new, 359, 544.

TLyposomus, new species of, 157.

Hypsimys, new species of, 613.

Hypsobia nosophora, on the anatomy
of, 401.

Idiohelina, characters of the new
genus, 238.

Idiopygus, characters of the new
genus, 229.

Illops, new species of, 452.

Isosticta, new species of, 38.

Jaculus, new species of, 441.

Keilin, D., on the life-history of
Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz, 576 ;
on some Dipterous larvee, 601.

new

INDEX.

Kershaw, P. S., on some new mam-
mals from Hast Africa, 563,

Kirkpatrick, R., on a freahwater
sponge from New Zealand, 400;
on Oculinaria australis, Gray,
494,

Lagidium, new species of, 219.

Lains, new species of, 195.

Lasiodora, on the genus, 337.

Lathy, P. L., on new species of Ly-
cenidze from Madagascar, 208,

Lecteria, new species of, 512.

Leporillus, new species of, 618.

Libnotes, new species of, 554,

Limnobia, new species of, 550.

Limnophila, new species of, 104, 318,
560.

Limnophora, new species of, 422.

Lithacodia, new species of, 6,

Lophoruza, new species of, 5.

Lowe, P. R,, on a new willow-
titmouse from Northern Italy,
443,

Lyceena, new species of, 597.

Lyceenesthes, new species of, 208,

Lyceenide, new, 208.

Lygvites, new species of, 542.

Maceda, new species of, 13.

M‘Intosh, Prof., on notes from the
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. An-
drews, 290.

Malloch, J. R., on exotic Muscaride,
225, 414.

Mammals, new, 128, 129, 134, 136,
139, 140, 212, 214, 221, 354, 357,
425, 440, 441, 442, 536, 563, 570,
608, 617, 618, 622, 627.

Marine Polycheta, recent additions
to, 290.

Marshall, G. A. K., on new Curecu-
lionidee from South Africa, 145.

Megachile, new species of, 364,

Megarhinus, new species of, 630,

Megathrips, new species of, 395.

Meliponorytes, new species of, 544.

Mello-Leitao, Dr., on the genus
Lasiodora, C. Koch, 337,

Mereschkovsky, C., on diagnoses of
some lichens, 246,

Metaphya, new species of, 64.

Microlarinus, new species of, 155.

Molophilus, new species of, 104:

Monodelphis, new species of, 441.

Muscaridee, new, 225, 414.

Myiospila, new species of, 237,

Neotomys, new species of, 612.

Noctuide, new, 1.

INDEX,

Notodelphys, characters of the new
genus, 137.

Notogronops, characters of the new
genus, 153.

Notomys, new species of, 537,

Nycticebus, new species of, 627.

Octomys, new species of, 217.

Odonata, new, 33.

Oligochzeta, new, 496.

Oreotragus, new species of, 131.

Ormosia, new species of, 103.

Oryx, new species of, 209.

Oryzomys, new species of, 356,

Oxymycterus, new species of, 615.

Pachycarus, characters of the new
eenus, 383.

Paguma, new species of, 617.

Papuaia, characters of the
genus, 422.

Paraechinus, new species of, 570.

Paralimnophila, characters of the
new subgenus, 559.

Parallelia, new species of, 17.

Pararge, new species of, 592.

Pegomyia, new species of, 236, 424.

Phaonia, new species of, 235, 414.

Phascogale, new species of, 358.

Philhedonus, new species of, 489.

Philodicus, new species of, 179.

Phorenula, new species of, 377.

Phyllotis, new species of, 611.

Physothrips, new species of, 393.

Piranga, new species of, 446,

Pisces, new, 632.

Platyja, new species of, 27.

Plumulites, new species of, 125.

Plusia, new species of, 24.

Peecile, new species of, 444.

Pogonomyia, new species of, 235.

Polybia, new species of, 545.

Polycheta, recent additions to ma-
rine, 290.

Problemacaris, characters
new genus, 626.

Proechimys, new species of, 142.

Promachus, new species of, 175,

Promops, new species of, 139.

Prosopis, new species of, 363.

Prostethophyma, new species of,
375.

Prout, Miss A. E., on some Noctuide
in the Joicey Collection, 1.

Pselliophora, new species of, 105.

Pseudochirus, new species of, 357.

Pseudolimnophila, new species of,
316,

Pseudomys, new species of, 621.

new

of the

653

Pterocanthus, characters of the new
genus, 418,

Pygophora, new species of, 289.

Rao, C. R. N., on the anatomy of
some new species of Drawida, 496,

Rattus, new species of, 426, 568,
620

Regan, C. T., on the Cichlid Fishes
of Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu,
632.

Rhesalides, new species of, 31.

Rhopalocera, new, 590.

Ricardo, Miss G., on South-African
and Oriental Asiline, 175.

Ridewood, W. G., on specimens of
Cephalodiscus densus, 453.

Riley, N. D., on Rhopalocera from
Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia,
590.

Risoba, new species of, 9.

Robson, G. C., on the anatomy and
affinities of Hypsobia nosophora,
401.

Rothschild, Lord, on two new races
of Oryx, 209.

Safia, new species of, 19.

Saltator, new species of, 445,

Sciurus, new species of, 609.

Scylline, new, 369.

Serrodes, new species of, 30.

Spilaria, new species of, 227, 418.

Spilopteromyia, characters of the
new genus, 422.

Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., on a sup-
posed new genus and species, 626.

Stictoptera, new species of, 7.

Strymon, new species of, 600.

Sturnella, new species of, 444.

Sylvilagus, new species of, 442.

Synthemis, new species of, 55,

Taterona, new species of, 565,

Thomas, O., on the geographical
races of Herpestes brachyurus,
134; on a new genus of opossum,
136; ona new bat from Peru, 139 ;
on spiny rats from South-eastera
Brazil, 140; on the “ Huron” of
the Argentine, 212; on mammals
from San Juan, Western Argen-
tina, 214; on two new Argentine
forms of skunk, 221; on new
Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Ory-
zomys, vot; on a new Pseudo-
chirus and Phascogale, 357; notes
on Australasian rats, 425; on the
jerboa of Muscat, 440: on a new
short-tailed opossum from Brazil,

441; on a new cotton-tail from
Colombia, 442 ; on the Australian
jerboa-rats, 536; on a new hedge-
hog from the island of. Djerba,
Tunis, 570; on mammals from
Jujuy, 608 ; on the masked civets
of Western China, 617; on three
new Australian rats, 6 618; on new
Hesperomys and Galea from Bo-
livia, 622; on two new species of
slow-loris, 627,

Thomasomys, new species of, 355,

Thysanoptera, new, 395.

Tipula, new species of, 106, 174,

Tipulidae, new, 67, 99, 161, 309.

INDEX.

Trentepohlia, new species of, 165, 559,

Trupheopygus, characters of the new
genus, 225.

Uvarov, B. P., on South-African
erasshoppers, 369,

Watson, D. M.8., on the Coelacanth
fish, 320.

Withers, T. H., on the “ Cirripede ”
Plumulites, 123,

Woodward, B. B., see Gude, G. K,

Xenotipula, characters of the new
genus, 171.

Zale, new species of, 20.

Zegris, new species of, 591.

Zephyrus, new species of, 599.

END OF THE EIGHTH VOLUME,

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLELT STRELT.

PROUT.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S, 9. Vol. VALE eRe E

NEW NOCTUIDA2.

ila!

PROUT. Anne dg Mage Nat eHusimss 2. Vol. VILE Ei a:

NEW NOCTUIDAL.

PROUT. Ann & Mace Nat. HistsnJs. Vol VET. Pieri

NEW NOCTUIDA.

PROUT, Ann cd Mag.’ Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. VIII. PL hVe

5

NEW NOCTUIDA.

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PROUT.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S.

NEW NOCTUIDA,

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PROUT Ann. §- Mag. Nat. ist. S. 9. Vol. VII. PI. VI.

GENITALIA of NOCTUIDZ.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. VII. PO VIL

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CAMPION. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. VIII. Pl. VIII.

CORDULIINE DRAGONFLIES FROM NEW CALEDONIA.

CAMPION, Anny é Mag. Nat. Hist.71s..9> Vol. VILE Pier

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CHAMPION Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. VI. Pl. XU.

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KEILIN. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vols Vi APA

D. Keilin del.

Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz.

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CONTENTS OF NUMBER 48. = eh See

7 : % SG - ~ és Pag
LIX. On some iiaeets Larye ialeeaa’ ae Blane Chamber: Soe
of Land-crabs. By D. Keruty; Se.D., Beit Memorial Research Fellow a :
(from the Quick Laboratory, University of Cantbridge) are

LX. Ona farther Collection of Mammals from J By uy obiained by
Sr. EK. Budin. By Otprretp Tuomas ............ of anita 2 -

LXI. The Masked Gismh Paras of Western China, ps oe
FIELD PHOMARES Phin Siew. Ae ee eee a ae ee foes an ete tt ees

-LXIL. On Three new Australian Rats. By Deppsee Tuomas 2. 618 aS

LXIII. New Feratn ys aed Gillen from Bolivia. BY Owen ;
PAOMAB NS cee Kral Bee pote aes: Ve hh a en eae Renee a

LXIV. Some icaandstiond to their Recent; Paper “On Helicella,
Férussac.” By G. K. Gupe, F.ZS., and B. B. Wenner, F.LS.., 624

LXY. ‘Preliminary Account of supposed new Genus and Species.
By the Rev. uous H.R Sree pig, Mes BBB. eas Seka ai 626

LXVI. Two new Pee of Slaw-1otis, By Ones Tuomas 5 OT

LXVil. H, ciel ke Formosan. Collections : “ Cubicides. By P. W. .
Kowarps . Psa a Te Pee peeve dea NEL ee Ee oe oe

LXVII. The Cichlid Fishes of Lakes. Albert: Edward and ca

By C, Tarr Reean, M.A., Sa: ar AIR fy suse alee pay eaaiteel Se 632
LXIX. On a new Aosta of Chooilee from the Tadlata Region. ae :

E. E, Green, F.Z.5., BABS cements ee cas fig Viton i "699
LXX. Some new or rare British Crastacea. By Ronzne Guns, .

MA ge ea 5S ae ee ee eee em NW oe ee ee eite es oes Ode:
ditorvial Note: o.o7's. 5. Pia ees ee we es Cee

Eadex 27a) eae See ae Sie ee ie ah ree

«,* It is requested that all SGeuahedeouinne for hie Ww ork may
post-paid. to the Care of Mesers. Taylor and ee Printing Ottive,
Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London. Ri eS

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