Aran ale Hest wbtinateanert ye “ ele Tiplae i-parer rts - * ? Swat * ym, : Cus Fas ete ona irtenate AABN OSA ae odin Lae vs ot 3 u ¢ Aas Sand Sota fet n- ahs eter tals note sherrae- my s m4 ” ou te Pe outa} Sethe Ay ate Mos riecie , pete ES eislartarioeapea tats ror Aick Tener obsess mete aw ode sapere roy ns 2 Oe net Pern x MoT TS Ow oh zie Fett Eye me ONIN AS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM W. J. HOLLAND, 4ditor PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE BoARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OCTOBER, 1922 a j } \ "4 , ig - ; NA in ete i TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGES Mitleopage mastic es Setaaes LEE NAT AREA MN ETRE ac its o's i-ti Mikcilo Lem ttan @ONLEENES rotor. tory tecreteye tee Ore rece otc alelc oko Hs HR eae cesaae ili—vi eS SURE RIGGS ie kee eh ae tn OG Mh TL sale ik Gide AIR BO Gh a wo vi ars (wa tea eet ecr tine CIE tees 4,0. 00 cise nik 6-2-4 oo wos win celeron h “alctatem gate eae aes vii PIC RUMNEICT* TOk SCIORCE ye cach. sfavow F.ctkw als «ds sive s eR RYAN Sesh ss Vili Re AMEE COLE ACH OAT < sicia Ns o cule ee om Se SORTS OR ES blots aPeradet tei Viil HOLOWOLG AE Ve VV Cm en ELOlL Aric crane wesy-roseres ors telerers. cheretareie ei selec hetereleedehens: eves I-2 The Birds of the Santa Marta Region of Colombia: A Study in Altitudinal Distribution. By W. E. Clyde Todd and M. A. Garrikers *iecice terre A cemiseecice bisiniec! ro mitarceler aloes svetera easter omters 3-582 Iakneeralotcaverel Gag orion op mOnGo des BaOOD EOC cc a eo tooo dnc Geographyaandwehystornaphivaericnccmielosiee me ec satis ocr eeerteeree 6 Georraphicalacimitsi mine cose sce 06 siecle oles «ev ehnmioteiete yotsiete sc 6 Mout bas SY SEOM 2. areata ns a(n ie eiee os th os apis crim oes <= 7 [RIAA 5 6 dn COCR OO CUA DO Ree OR EPS Raion ena: oom aoe 8 Walkcesearicle Swati Sic »,.ccals:< 0 ces ciere lose fe seo ones) i chetencl ebay alee esistobe sis 10 GEGlLOSICaleM IIStQ type chi s Bets cieiais Sects oo vee oc loneys lapsuslettedetmoretes ela 10 (CHES — cho cau Oo 0 torcn DOE Enea SoS meron adcomaconedd II Reateatell Merri clenltatmilityovs ates clave als ii arcteielereiel el telersielvele erchers herons II SOME canig sein du BP CEO OCOD Tae Sen ont or aem Aone onenane II PREMADE Lat Cum artEs hey sua) acres eisrolaNe, aie aushshone'S etoed eagustawstherenenelelave 12 BRopulatironmanideResOurcesm criss vores scr cieieioe sive asieicialow aval safels 13 Bicol oct cali Conditiomse mm cvs cis iors cic) elarnie ues cvoretere cteteloleis asroter stare 14 (Carib beanwlbo vw aid Somme sieier aie.te clcla ckanite slew suaveiereieereaerehemision 14 TOO WON “serdier atte. oclen DORIC ec ICO Ieee ee ena rer aie 14 WWiesternelanttonaleands Foothills: anes cece crs i-delaw eles oie 15 shew MacdalencdmDeltalctestiac. pvoclein Gicatolamscle oc taeioem sain stee 16 SEMANAS. eiotdln.c cldid.0 00 BIOEO RCO GRE ane en, eee ee 16 Mountain Horestsmmmn yey eyeceis cine iciaye ywieks (0a g) so Salter cr swis felsinia take 17 IPEVREINNOSY Gotacthndks 600.06 oo 300 See AOI OEE bn ESE oer 20 Historical Review of Santa Marta Ornithology................. 21 Bias live ©o llecttonshr ctretraceiret ace raseaicloned cee ae tees cies a 21 INECORdSuOLe Oa du andm WWivabterarink siete clei s+ cepa cvsiel ee Sysvers sjeles 22 avs (Shinnteine: - 1D>.qa’cteblinto) Nevtoreapion Gott nS ODES oe abn Toraapian 22 ill Pe ee iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. DRE eI EE DOCICION unre troie sow xo oS ates nbs 27 We eet» FUR POCITION « § 4 cide shoe cosines wo ae ee eee 36 The University of Michigan Expedition.................... 39 EMC UANGIYS. COMECHONS... 25 Sa.cads vay teaded -/sanie oaww Jaslene 39 Ornithological Explorations of the Junior Author.............. 40 Species Described from the Santa Marta Region................ 49 Motaerimesican Miptagtss (65060008 oak de dda c a bumewnns ees oe 55 ire fones of the: santa Marta Rerton....: (on csuttasdatduaderhbe 57 Se DE GDICAl A BONE: sis warcciccrcane svartte tee sie picks om Rei forearms 50 (Sharactervand wxtent st. -sccien sav steele tetek aa ean eee 50 WOnStPUeHtS PCCles..... canis sae sisters kee ciele oe ee alec eee 60 Pulettadinal RAnwess*. «x ace aeshed snc cease coe eA oe ee 66 Littoral; or Lower bropicall arash on iar 1e ete ee chi 67 Predmont, oreUipper “Gnopicall. re: aortic et ee 69 Patunal Adhnitiess 34.):c ara fetta catake men eee ae ee oe 70 The: Subtropical’ Zoné.2.35..0- 0 SA oe LS ne eee 81 Chardeter atid (Bavteht.c. «oso bbmine cone uals ica ee ee Prarinal eA titra OS ix cosas ce 2 oho aeex tej arehatavs error hat ot eee eae 84 Origin ‘of, the Subtropical: Zone Fauniay. +. 0.00035 0. ite ee 80 The Subtropical Fauna of the Santa Marta Region.......... go ThetLemperate -Zonin iste cue 2 coma soe oLrs trot owe aii cal rete ett he sede 04 Gharacter andwEsxtents<.cce: comet cre ee eer Barnet 04 Ratinal VAthinitiese. +s noccie-c ee WEA icky Ret ORS ATR IO E 95 The Paramo;, ZOMGA. sc nrarrnceais acts tae atte ace Rrcn eo siefeedotente srereions 99 Gharacter ‘and Tectetit2,... 0.\.c0 tus ste vaca tvs ‘ee cee eee 99 Hautial: Amaittes oss Gites ut eek oes «tte are As eee ee eee 100 Summary, anew Conclusion... a) 6.08 hort ates dee nces coe le eee 102 DSISEVOE (OcaIITIES sine nat eo cee he Onin cera TM A Ae tet nae eee 106 LAist (Of: “Species. x.cisk a sock 5 care eine ny Sateicie ate cis area em D Fanily Anhinorde sDarterSoos.. ett tata meen nce ener eters 131 Family Phalacrocoracide. Cormorants...........0:..22-seeees 132 Bamily Pelecanidse,. ‘Pelicans foc-t)c cones otarete totes ste eae 132 Matoily: Ardetdze: > Elerons. |... sc wavs ceteris ateets scoe esc mre eee 132 Banhiy Plataleidze, -Spconbillsiii 0 a..den newc.s cee es eeweeley ame 139 Panty“ T breskiornithids: Ubises',).% 04 ..%t sss >t araals See tes 139 amily. Gicontidzen) ‘Stores rae se ies creldiy cow «tosh one eset ae 140 Family Anatidz. Ducks,.Geese, Swans... 0.00: seseucsreesecnns 140 Raguiy: Vilturide. iAmerican Vitlturesy 2.0 ia occ: Caeawiewie wa tae I4I Hatin y ACcipieridse,. EAA WESi sag ee wer ebay Sah same ey sis eee 143 Family. Palconids, “Balcons; Cardcaras......0.0% vere eee tc viet 157 Patty: Pangea,» FOSOLCSS. dian ciel > «>> deat. ve wea peas aoe tiee 164 Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family TABLE OF CONTENTS. Ainatnidcesaielinatil Olicmrerercaamiecleds siete cel clbeie-weld oe s evclsvee @dontophoridzeym@ valle waco aosse ees sos ee (Gracidceweme SuLassOw Seren ne te ecient eletesatele wadles Neenvareben” (COUia EN Bisco o-ntd oct bio oO Choe OOS AOC Ralilidaes Sikatlseecets- Bh cap Suto ente, RISERS Eh cea eee ae ene Laride. Gulls, ‘Terns........ OPEN EERO ER! ss IRECURVILOSthiday MAVOCEISk tL emits ati-re on ace ce.s © Scolopacide. ‘Snipes, ‘Sandpipers.....0-.¢.02.2.).2...%. @hraracritdasqwe te lOviersi tar cer ers ier croruceetae asi hehe eich cheater cos eetmatopodids. «Oyster-catchers 00). site ees seieanin's @idicnenitdasns ehick-kneesaermacwiacurecbelessiertmalocise cle ors « Iiceatiiacene i) AGATIASS chr aa Se age Riis ole che eels pee) aimee eda whee) Golumbidaes sRiceomsis ccs oencieacuterteraicn ecacterc castor ter: PsittactdceseParnOtsann oe. chee ae oer cena Guculide as Cuckoosiuacoeshe eee ci eee og Btabomidzese iO wilsees ce teicrece crore ete ons oe cre eck eee eo RR polar Steatonmithidsws (aiachanosmarieerie > sine one caccieicbem create Caprimulgide: -Goatsuckers..-2.......:.-.- Bn 4 a IMIgyeevetatakias IN WolsonVOliGe 4 tan pee om nosonettn Sole ov oo ae.o0r piicedinidee a ine fishers.) <..\. 2ac00.). osncinoes seme ene s: BiEreeeriaka, Jewiidoidsews seeder sa cuab oso 10 ocopedod Gal bithidce sg aeaniar se! 2 siaysce <2 Seley narsy acc aucun eterna ilar Ramiphasticaes » LOUCauIS 5 sa scot erie S srocaemercatelctoen hes ts ae ; ieee . WWicouhice ean memoria coe oospodeoo ls loeduodad Nroporninks, * Uiteyeqolnsaeeaeaite ae demo Gicic autor oo ooo un oo iMberroneaiaks, | S\iuhiGQeemppemaooenvetdss oe ucapcloetecde cs Ibaoclmiticks, lelectra only y gooneco coocumonsd canoes acc Dendrocolaptide. Woodhewers................. ie rehehens Rumoercincke, . O\peloyicse asec aooupeemoocueod sco GacorboT levotiirceyritake, civics ogoe oo ano DO BmaGoe omaoeFoodoacee PLETOPUIE MEE eT APACHIOS sek Saute nurs) a oie, did:e ebayer are aes Ciofainenaka, (Caintteiias oanedan seec coaca noe em ooo berccce Eaten igii eens WALT UATE S or PG a) Vokes ortho act cin 0 ohare os che alias BMeATe ee by rani -cemlay ratte EliyCatChenscc 1s isles wie csi. eoete Mimidse’ S Mocking: Mhrushese h.)2.2 <6 joy eccierle eos 0.0 (Mardis) Siiershes cic ce tin. A es face setae s vs ae Syilvitde avian lensemeena i cteitiane cca ne # sco sldinuretiere does sve Cinrclidaae Dinpeuseppe rn saree has + acide farsi ke weed ss op lodytidas em Wat en semen rater ees ote ole leclerere Pate cy soci epee Re EVA We LOWS LAN SA Meteo sis dio ora gisitheuncide oa « strates WatCOnieaeame WALGUGE rors. alain Gee slew.p « anceeecs sp sre wbltdare vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. Family ‘Hiarandinides. Swallows i. 5. .ccaakvarh s16eeceaabecekews 435 Family Tersinide. Swallow-Tanagers..........cceccecccccececs 438 Family Mniotiltide. Wood-Warblers..............cseeeceeeeee 439 © Family Coerebidz. Homney-Creepers........0..ccecccvanccvucccs 459 Famigamcerioa. “Th ronpialss ét3.0 ce ncn eee ee ee eee 466 Family praeaetiie. Lanagersss,’.% sis) need obowveackeuore 482 Family: peeiiiie: \FInChess! ; isa vate dco os ah ekentactabs aha 501 Family Catamblyrhynchide. Plush-capped Finches............ 535 ES SRR ret a cra ncn pac ata cha vd Shes clei tk sae Pin ca eee fens hy en cae 536 SPD PI MRMIIERIT hrc gis Gaia ns. a/are Steck RA atta aie wma ie in eda ae he a 577 RB ER: 6 ccc tiSatbicke owe debe 1cas ote uaMeank Melee oe ate wanes See 583 LIST, OF PLATES. J. Map of the Santa Marta Region of Colombia, to show the Life- ONES asa eR cts eae nae Cee dare TE eo ean eee Frontispiece II. Penelope colombiana Todd, male.................. Facing page 174 III. Pyrrhura viridicata Todd, female................0 Facing page 204 TY. Gratlonia: bangst- “Allen: vices. ce teteul see. sae ewes Facing page 300 V.. Octhodieta permx Tangs. 5s 6 soc vac etal tadeens Facing page 392 VI. Hemispingus basilicus Todd, male................. Facing page 446 VII. Catamenia alpica Bangs, adult male and juvenal male Facing page 510 VIIL. Fig. 1. Foothill Region (dry forest) on road to Minca, 1,500 feet above sea-level. (Cf. pp. 14-15.) Fig. 2. Ordinary lower Subtropical forest. 6,000 feet above sea- level. (Cf. p. 19.) IX. Fig. 1. Eastern Snow Peak of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. (Cf..p. 120) Fig..2. Lake Macotama. (Cf. p: 120.) Eid OF PIGURESIN TEXT. Fig. 1. Range of Richmondena phenicea, a characteristic species of the Arid ‘Tropical Zone of Venezuela, but which does not pass beyoudsthes Goayimasresiton. ine @olombiaeacsscesscioe one -sece cc. «- - Fig. 2. Range of Microrhopias intermedia (1), a species of the Arid Tropical Zone which enters the Santa Marta region from: the east, but is replaced in the Magdalena Valley by an allied form, M. ACH TILE OMAE ACI) = a tatec Nana eee ace aren cee Sakae oa takoe ie is Hae dive Wels Fig. 3. Range of Thamnophilus nigriceps, a species of the Humid Cauca-Magdalena Fauna which reaches the Santa Marta region DG EA MUL TC 5 SOUUBII a / are yafers io ere eiaea te lnera:é nies Sao RAR late ore eA eave Fig. 4. Range of Pheugopedius letus (1), a species peculiar to the Santa Marta region, and of its probable antecedent, P. rutilus Fig. 5. Range of Phaethornis longirostris susurrus (1), a characteristic form of the Humid Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region, and of its nearest ally, P. longirostris cephalus (2), to show their GiISCOMMMUG IS MAIS hb UtOnmer eee ce celieia ie ose aaa oem icine nies Fig. 6. Discontinuous range of Aulacorhynchus calorhynchus, a Sub- tropical Zone species found in the Venezuelan Andes and the Sierra paca wees cniicl MOM AIAN, "2 2 iaete' ss aicte lara atstes adelore ale cibigberambe mrsiefohese Fig. 7. Range of NXenicopsis montanus striaticollis (1), X. montanus venesuelanus (2), and X. montanus anxius (3), to show the de- velopment of a distinct Subtropical Zone form in the coast range of Venezuela and in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta respec- IIE Arete Bie 6 Soe gral aCe cae eee BARRA Hanmer tat oF Fig. 8. Ranges of the northern forms of Octhodieta, a genus of the Temperate Zone with a representative each in the Colombian Andes, the Venezuelan Andes, and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. (MON jumgata- (2) O. lugubriss (3) OF pernia: .... cack sc oees Fig. 9. Range of Oxypogon, a genus of the Paramo Zone, to illustrate the breaking up of the group into distinct species in the several parts of its range. (1) O. stuebeliti; (2) O. guerinii; (3) O. lindentt; (4) O. cyanolemus Vii 71 72 77 79 FORM NEW TO SCIENCE DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME. Hypnelus ruficollis decolor Todd, subsp. nov............eseeeeeeeeees 228 ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA. . 3 Page 22, line 8, for “ erythromelena” read erythrolema. Page 28, line 4, for “1879” read 1897. Page 34, line 11, for “criticizing” read criticising. Page 65, line 10, for “ Thraupis cana cana” read Thraupis episcopus cana. Page 65, line 32, for “ Amblycercus holosericeus flavirostris” read Am- blycercus holosericeus subsp. Page 87, line 6, for “ Chlorophanes” read Chlorophonia. Page 157, line 28, for “ CaracaraAs” read FAaLcons, CARACARAS. Page 170, line 11, for “ cajanea” read cajaneus. Page 176, under Crax alberti, insert line as follows: Five specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, La Tigrera, and Cincinnati. Page 302, line 33, for “ Columbian ” read Colombian. Page 425, line 16, for “ grieseus” read griseus. Page 493, line 34, for “ desmaresti” read viridissima toddi. Vili in de Guia Jeo EGION Ge S a < = < = 5 OF COLOMBIA HOW THE LIFE Scale of Miles cal Tropi . ~ - wgene Bilge obutiynod ie —— ANNALS OF THE Ook NE GIE MUSEUM VOLUME XIV. FOREWORD. By W. J. HoLvanp. The present volume is set aside for the presentation of a mono- graphic paper on the Birds of the Santa Marta Region of Colombia by Messrs. W. E. Clyde Todd and M. A. Carriker, Jr. Long before the buildings which now house the Carnegie Institute were even planned, much less erected, the question of the scope and special work of the Carnegie Museum was taken up and carefully dis- cussed with the generous Founder by the writer, and it was decided that among other things it would be especially desirable to carry on researches upon the natural history and resources of tropical America. Mr. Carnegie always was deeply interested in the republics of the south, and signally evidenced his interest by the gift of the Pan-Amer- ican Building in Washington, and by active participation in all efforts tending to bring about friendly and harmonious relations with our sister republics, which lie beneath the Southern Cross. At the very initiation of our work in the Museum special attention was paid to these regions, and a number of competent explorers and collectors were enlisted in the task of gathering material to illustrate the archzology and the biology of Central and South American lands. The late Mr. Herbert Huntington Smith and his accomplished wife were as early as 1896 sent to Santa Marta, Colombia, to undertake the making of natural history and ethnological collections. In 1903 Prof. C. V. Hartman began his extensive and fruitful archeological investi- gations in Costa Rica. Mr. M. A. Carriker, Jr., shortly afterwards 1 2 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. began his exploration of the avifauna of the same country, resulting in the ultimate publication in 1907 of his fine paper upon the Birds of Costa Rica. Mr. Carriker soon after the appearance of his work upon the avifauna of Costa Rica repaired to Santa Marta, where he has since made his home, while continually collecting for the Carnegie Museum. It is not necessary in this connection to do more than make allusion to the extensive journeys and collections made at later dates by John D. Haseman, S. M. Klages, José Steinbach, and numerous other “naturalistes voyageurs,” who have been in our employment; nor to the piscatorial labors of Dr. C. H. Eigenmann and his associates, who have made extensive contributions to our knowledge of the freshwater fishes of South America. The present volume of the ANNALS reflects in part the results of the efforts of the Carnegie Museum to give to the world a knowledge of one phase of the natural history of an interesting South American re- gion, one of many which have been and are being systematically ex- plored in the interests of science by the Museum, which bears the name of that great lover of his kind, Andrew Carnegie. Mr. W. E. C. Todd is the senior author and Mr. M. A. Carriker, Jr., the junior author of the publication, the former having devoted him- self to the study of the material from a taxonomic standpoint; the latter having supplied numerous notes in regard to the localities where the collections were made and to the habits of the species. Mr. George Miksch Sutton deserves great praise for the drawings of species hith- erto unfigured, which have been reproduced upon Plates II to VII. CARNEGIE MUSEUM, April 4, 1922. THE BIRDS OF THE SANTA MARTA REGION OF COLOMBIA: A STUDY IN ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTON. By W. E. CLiypE Topp ann M. A. CArRRIKER, JR. (Pirates I—IX.) INTRODUCTION. The concerted attack of late being made by ornithologists upon South America is yielding results of great scientific interest and value, and bids fair to give us in due course as good a knowledge of the avifauna of the “ Great Bird Continent” as we possess of any other of the primary zodlogical regions of the earth’s surface. Unlike much of the work of the last century, which had for its principal aim the dis- covery and description of new species, the ornithological exploration of today is being carried on more along faunal lines, and directed toward a different end, namely, the discovery of the geographical relations of species and groups. Whereas systematic ornithology is concerned with the placing of the various species of birds in their proper and natural position ‘in the avian series, and with the working out of their genetic relationships, regional ornithology seeks to discover the sig- nificance of the association of such species as they exist in nature, how this association was brought about, and the laws which govern their distribution in the present and their dispersion in the past. Not that these two lines of research are independent of each other; they are, indeed, closely related problems, in which investigation often meets on common ground and leads to mutually complementary results. South America, with its great diversity of physical and climatic conditions, its lofty mountains and wide river valleys, its extensive forests, marshes, and open plains, presents an unusually inviting field for zoogeographical studies of this kind, the more so as this phase of the subject has received so little attention hitherto, and until very recently has been known only in its broad general outlines. But the field to be covered is so vast, and much of it still so imperfectly ex- plored, that as yet there has been little time and opportunity in many 5) 4 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. cases for more than a cursory and preliminary survey. It is accord- ingly a matter for self-congratulation that we find ourselves able to present herewith in integral form, and to such good advantage, the scientific results of an intensive faunal study of a restricted area in Colombia, the Santa Marta region. No other part of that country has received such long-continued attention from a trained collector as has this particular region from the junior author, as Dr. Frank M. Chap- man justly remarks. Its geographical position, lying as it does right at the gateway, so to speak, from the plains of Venezuela into northern Colombia, its semi-insular character, the isolation of its mountains, and their different trend and greater height as compared with the neigh- boring Andean system, all combine to make the study of its bird-life a problem of exceptional interest. The general laws and principles laid down by Dr. Chapman in his recent work on “ The Distribution of Bird-Life in Colombia” (to which the present paper may be re- garded as in a sense complementary) have been confirmed and ampli- fied by this study, which is offered as the first of a series of contribu- tions to regional South American ornithology to be published by the Carnegie Museum. : The present joint paper is based primarily on the large collection of birds made in the Santa Marta region by the junior author from IgIrt to 1915, by far the greater part of which is deposited in the Carnegie Museum, the balance having mostly gone to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with a few specimens still remaining in the collector’s hands. This collection was made at various eleva- tions from sea-level up to snow-line, and in all the various kinds of habitat represented. It is much to be regretted that our knowledge of the bird-life of the southern slopes of the mountains, and of the valley at their base, still remains so meager, but it is believed that even in this field sufficient work has been done to permit us to judge of its faunal relationships. In addition to the collection made by the junior author, the material received by the Carnegie Museum from Mr. Herbert H. Smith, and not previously reported upon, is here formally listed. There have also been available the specimens of Mr. Smith’s collecting in the American Museum of Natural History, as well as many of those sent in by Mr. Wilmot W. Brown to the Bangs Collec- tion, which have been freely consulted where necessary in the prepara- tion of this report. In this connection the literature of the subject has Topp-CArRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLompBta. 5 been completely gone over and the Santa Marta records collated in the effort to give a full summary of our present knowledge of each species, so far as this particular region is concerned. The work of identifying and reporting upon the collection has been greatly facili- tated by the high quality of the specimens themselves, and by the cir- cumstance that the Carnegie Museum possesses an unusually fine series of the birds of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the moun- tains of Venezuela, which specimens have naturally been very im- portant for purposes of comparison. The senior author is responsible for that part of the report which is of a technical nature, namely, the compilation of the references and bibliography, the identification and listing of the specimens, the critical notes under each species (including the ‘entire treatment of such as were not found by Mr. Carriker), and the theoretical discussion of the life-zones. The historical chapters are also nearly all his work. To him also have fallen the main labor of composition and revision of the manuscript, and the incorporation of much additional matter from various sources not accessible to the junior author. Mr. Carriker has contributed the notes on the habits and local distribution under each species (usually paragraphed separately), the general description of the region (in part), the account of his explorations in the field, the descriptive list of localities (in part), and the preliminary descrip- tive discussion of the life-zones. Each author, however, has examined and checked the work of the other, so that it is hoped that few inac- curacies or inconsistencies have escaped notice. For our knowledge of the geography of this region we are mainly indebted to the researches of the late Frederic A. A. Simons, whose two papers? on this subject have been of great service in the prepara- tion of the present report, and also to the work of Dr. Wilhelm Sievers, whose article on ‘“ Die Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta und die Sierra de Perija” 2 is even more valuable. -We have to thank Dr. Arnold E. Ortmann and Dr. Otto E. Jennings of the Carnegie Museum 1 Simons, F. A. A., “ Notes on the Topography of the Sierra Nevada of* Santa Marta, U. S. Colombia,’ Proceedings Royal Geographical Society, I, November, 1879, 689-701, one map.—‘ On the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta and its Watershed (State of Magdalena, U. S. of Colombia), Proceed- ings Royal Geographical Society, III, December, 1881, 705-723, one map. 2 SIEVERS, WILHELM. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin, XXIII, 1888, 1-158, two maps. 6 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. for an abstract of the geological and botanical matter respectively found in this last article. Our acknowledgments are also due to the following parties for their courtesy in the loan of specimens required in this connection: Dr. Frank M. Chapman and Mr. Waldron DeWitt Miller of. the American Museum of Natural History; Dr. Witmer Stone of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Dr. Charles W. Richmond of the U. S. National Museum; Mr. E. W. Nelson of the Bureau of Biological Survey; the late Mr. Charles B. Cory of the Field Museum of Natural History; Messrs. Outram Bangs and Thomas FE. Penard of the Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy; and Mr. James H. Fleming of Toronto, Ontario. In addition, Mr. Bangs and Dr. Richmond have aided us by forwarding data for specimens in the collections under their care, and by making certain suggestions and criticisms of value. Dr. Harry C. Oberholser has also given assistance of this latter kind. The originals for the plates and maps which accompany this report have been prepared by Mr. George M. Sutton under the direction of the senior author. And finally, we have to thank Mr. Wilmot W. Brown and the late Mr. Herbert H. Smith (and Mrs. Smith) for much detailed information of value con- cerning their work in this region, particularly with reference to the localities where they collected. Mr. Smith’s published account of the region (in Allen, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XX, 1904, 408-414), has also been very useful. GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY. Geographical Limits;-—The Department of Magdalena comprises , that part of the Republic of Colombia lying between the Magdalena River and the Venezuelan boundary, fronting on the Caribbean Sea, and with a narrower strip extending south to a line a little below the eighth parallel of north latitude. On its extreme northeastern frontier lies the Goajira Peninsula, a low, sandy, arid region, constituting the northernmost point of the South American continent, thrust out be- tween the waters of the Caribbean on the one hand and those of the Gulf of Maracaibo on the other. Omitting this area in general from consideration, our main concern is with the northern portion of the Department in question, comprising an area roughly triangular in outline, bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, on the west by the swamps of the Magdalena Delta, and on the southeast by the Topp-CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGron, CoLomsta. 7 Eastern Andes, known here as the Sierra Negra. What we are actu- ally discussing, therefore, is the isolated mountain mass known as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, together with its contiguous lowlands. These lowlands include the entire littoral from Rio Hacha, in the ex- treme northeast, around to Cienaga on the west, as well as the low country in the vicinity of the Cienaga Grande and in the valleys of the Rio Rancheria and Rio Cesar, south as far as the village of Cam- perucho. The Eastern Andes, therefore, while not formally. included in the region under consideration, are incidentally touched in referring to the available records for two localities situated in their western foothills. A Mountain System.—The dominating feature in the topography of the region is, of course, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, the main axis of which runs east and west, parallel with the coast-line, instead of north and south, like the Cordillera of Colombia. The range, in- deed, is not a part of the great Andean system, either geographically or geologically; it is separated from the latter by the broad plains of the Magdalena River towards the south, and by a long, open valley on the southeast. “Earthquakes are common in the Andean chain and their vibrations are sometimes felt simultaneously from Peru to the Caribbean Islands; but they do not affect the Sierra Nevada. The oc- casional slight tremors recorded are purely local” (Smith). The mountains rise very abruptly from sea-level to the regions of perpetual snow, attaining an altitude of not less than 17,500 feet at a point only thirty miles from the coast. The apex of the range, at the Snow Peaks, is about forty-five miles in an air-line southeast of Santa Marta, but an outlying spur extends to within a comparatively short distance of the town. This spur culminates in two principal peaks, the San Lorenzo and the Horqueta, the former rising to 9,300 feet and the latter to about 7,000 feet. “To the northwest of the principal range are several lower ridges, roughly parallel to it and abutting diagonally on the northern coast. This portion of the coast is remarkably pic- turesque, a succession of rocky headlands with deep bays between the ridges; the bays are often backed by sand beaches and mangrove swamps of no small extent. Further east the headlands are no longer seen, and low, rolling lands extend back to the base of the Sierra Nevada” (Smith). The San Lorenzo is connected to a massive 38,400 feet, according to Mr. Smith, but this is clearly a mistake. 8 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. buttress of the Sierra Nevada by a ridge having a minimum altitude of 5,000 feet, while its connection with the Horqueta is higher still. A second spur of the main range, which extends southward from the Snow Peaks, maintains an even greater mean elevation, there being several peaks near its southern end 10,000 feet or more in height. Be- yond these again, and separated by a valley having an elevation of only 3,000 feet, is another, isolated ridge, rising to 10,000 feet. Towards the east the altitude of the Sierra Nevada gradually diminishes, until it is Jost in the low foothills of the Goajira Peninsula. Rivers“ As may be easily imagined, from a range capped with eternal snow, the Sierra Nevada gives birth to innumerable rivers. Few States in the world can boast such a natural or more easily ap- plied irrigation, and few tropical countries have such a supply of ice- cold water laid on to their very doors, as the seething hot valley of Dupar and the towns along the Cienaga [Grande] to Santa Marta. “The Rio Cesar is, after the Cauca and Sogamozo, the largest tributary of the Rio Magdalena. It rises in a comparatively low por- tion of the Nevada, the fountain-head being scarcely 3,000 feet above the sea. ... The three principal tributaries of the Rio Cesar, viz., the Badillo, the Guatapuri, and the Ariguani, each almost as large as the parent river, are from the [south slopes of] the Nevada, whereas the watershed from the Andes is exceedingly scant, consisting only in small rivulets, dangerous enough perhaps when swollen by continu- ous and excessive rains, but usually all dried up the better part of summer. “Rio Badillo, the first important affluent of the Rio Cesar, springs somewhere from the snowy regions, east of the Guatapuri, although I have never been able to find out exactly where. It is a much larger river than its neighbour and brings down an enormous mass of water, being in the driest summer two to three feet in depth... . “Rio Guatapuri, although not so large as the preceding, makes up by its impetuosity for any want of water, and is the most dangerous river in the whole State, rising in a few hours as many feet. It springs from several lakes in the eternal snow region and passes among the highest peaks of the Nevada, thus its waters are at a very low temperature, even at its junction with the Rio Cesar” (Simons). Be- yond this point the Rio Cesar becomes a river of respectable size, Topp-CARRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA MARTA REGION, COLOMBIA. 9 flowing southwestward through a broad belt of forest and savanna. The Rio Ariguani, its last and largest tributary, springs from Mount Chinchicua, at the end of the southern spur of the Sierra Nevada, and curves around the outlying mountain mass lying off to the southward. The rivers of the main western slope of the Sierra Nevada all drain into the Cienaga Grande, a large lake of brackish water, which is a part of the delta system of the Magdalena. There are a number of streams descending this slope, which combine into two main rivers, the Rio Frio and Rio Aracataca, before finally reaching the Cienaga. Little is known about the upper reaches of these rivers, beyond the fact that the Aracataca has its source in the region south of the Snow Peaks, while their lower courses are through impenetrable forest. The streams on the northwest and north sides of the San Lorenzo and the Sierra Nevada proper, where the slopes are more precipitous, are much shorter in general than those coming down the southern and western slopes. The Rio Manzanares, which takes its rise on the north slopes of the Horqueta, and flows down to the sea at Santa Marta through a well-wooded valley, where are located a number of small towns and villages, is one of the best known. The Rio Gaira, which is larger even than the Manzanares, receives nearly all its water from the San Lorenzo, falling down from its source in a long series of cascades to reach the sea near the town of Gaira. On the north slopes of the Sierra Nevada there are not less than six streams of considerable importance between Santa Marta and Rio Hacha. The first of these, the Rio Piedras, drains the eastern slopes of the Horqueta and San Lorenzo, and enters the Caribbean at the point where the humid forest first descends to the coast. Then follow the Mendiguaca, Buritaca, Don Diego, Palomina, and Ancha, of which the last three are known to have their sources in the snow-fields of the Sierra Nevada. Of these the best known is the Rio Ancha, which take its rise to the northeast of the Snow Peaks, and which the trail follows in making the ascent from this side. Considerably beyond this again is the Rio Rancheria, which drains the southern slopes of the Sierra Nevada in part, curving around their eastern flank to flow into the sea near Rio Hacha. The valleys of the Rio Cesar and Rio Rancheria are practically conterminous, so that a depression of less than a thousand feet would suffice to isolate the Sierra Nevada com- pletely from the South American continent. 10 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Lakes and Swamps.—There are several small mountain lakes in the paramos near the crest of the Sierra Nevada, fed by the melting snow- fields above, and feeding in their turn certain of the rivers which take their rise here. Aside from these, there are no true lakes in this region, but only lagoons at various points along the coast. Isolated marshes occur at intervals in connection with these, while the entire country surrounding the Cienaga Grande is one immense marsh, and during the rainy season is often completely overflowed for several miles inland. GEOLOGICAL HtstTory.* In general structure and in the character of its rock- formations the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta resembles most other sections of old land found in the Caribbean region (northern Venezuela, the West Indies, and Central America), and there is reason to believe that at one time it constituted a part of the Antillean land mass, of which the islands of Curagao, Aruba, etc., are also remnants. At any rate, it is a very old section of the earth’s crust, having been elevated above sea- level since the beginning of the Palzozoic (at least), and not there- after submerged. The region east and south of the Sierra Nevada was probably covered by the sea in the Mesozoic, surely during the Cretaceous, as evidenced by the presence of marine deposits of that age. Subsequently, this region was elevated above the sea, and the Sierra de Perija (Sierra Negra) was folded up. The folding did not extend to the Sierra Nevada, except in its northeastern part. This movement took place in the second half of the Tertiary, as is known to be the case with the Andean uplift in general, while the region to the east of the Sierra Nevada was land already in the first part of the Tertiary. The two mountain systems, therefore, are entirely distinct and inde- pendent in their respective origins, the Sierra Nevada being very old - (geologically speaking), the Sierra de Perija (a branch of the Andean system) very young; only at the northern end of the latter did the forces which caused its elevation slightly encroach upon the older mountain. All the evidence goes to show that all through the Ter- tiary and thereafter the valley of the Rio Cesar (and its northern con- tinuation) has been in existence, and that at no time could it have 4 Ex Sievers, by Dr. Arnold E. Ortmann. Topp—CARRIKER: Brirps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsra. 11 stood at an elevation sufficient to connect the Subtropical Zones of the two mountains. CLIMATE, Rainfall and Hunudity—Throughout the greater part of the region the rains begin in March or early April and continue almost daily until some time in December, while even during the intervening dry sea- son a few showers fall from time to time. In the semi-arid belt of the northwest coast and foothills the rains begin much later, and showers rarely fall oftener than once or twice a week, except during October, when they are of nearly daily occurrence; but all rain ceases after the end of October or middle of November. There are some years, however, when little rain falls in this section, and the vegetation be- comes completely parched for months. On the other hand the north- ern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, from the Rio Piedras eastward to Dibulla, are very humid down to the very coast, the rains beginning earlier and not ceasing until the end of December, while the total pre- cipitation is vastly greater. This condition is due to the fact that the mountain ridge intercepts the winds blowing in from the Caribbean Sea and condenses the moisture they contain. A somewhat similar condition, the result in this case of the land breeze from the Mag- dalena basin, obtains on the south slopes of the Sierra Nevada, in the valleys of the Guatapuri and Badillo, if one may judge from the re- marks of Simons, who adds that “ the first rains begin in April; May is very wet, June to September showery. The second rains begin in September; October is the worst month; and November is sometimes wet.” The lowlands on the west slope of the main divide have more or less the same rainy season as the highlands, except that the precipi- tation is slightly less. The whole of the Goajira Peninsula is prac- tically a desert, the rainy season being yeu short and the total pre- cipitation very small. Snow.—As seen from the sea, the Sierra Nevada appears covered with snow for a considerable distance from the crest, but it is fairly certain that “a good deal of the supposed snow .. . is only reflected light from micaceous granite” (Simons). During the rainy season the snow-line doubtless drops down for a time to about 15,000 feet, but during the latter part of the dry season it ascends, except in the sheltered valleys and northwest slopes, to a height of 16,000 feet. 1 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Snow often falls as low as 12,000 or 13,000 feet during December and January, and Simons says he has seen it down even to 9,000 feet at this season, but it never remains on the ground more than a day or two under such circumstances. Temperature.—The lowlands of the present region, which is about eleven degrees north of the Equator, are one of the hottest regions in South America. In January, which is one of the cooler months at Santa Marta, the temperature usually varies, according to Sievers, from, 70, = at 7 A. Mi. to 84°F; at 2 POM: talline to S15 ~ Eat g P. M. The month of May is said to be the hottest at Santa Marta. At Rio Hacha the average temperature at the end of April and during the second half of May, taken at the same intervals during the day, was respectively 80.5°, 86°, and 84°. In the Rio Cesar Valley some- what higher figures, with greater extremes, prevail, the highest tem- perature recorded being 95°, which was reached on two occasions. Coming now to localities in the Subtropical Zone, the temperature at Cincinnati (4,500 feet), according to the experience of the junior author, varies through an extreme range of from 59° to 85°, although the general average is between 62° and 80°. On the summit of the San Lorenzo (9,300 feet) a minimum during two nights of 46° was observed. It was found that the temperature at Pueblo Viejo (2,000 feet), on the north slope of the Sierra Nevada, corresponds very closely to that of Cincinnati, which would account for the general lowering of the Subtropical Zone on that side. Sievers gives the figures for this point, taken from May 6 to 8, as follows: 7 A. M., 75°35 2 Ps MY 74°= o PY Mi, 725°. (Bigures tor the higher altitudes show a considerably greater daily range, as might be expected, but the available data are not so satisfactory. At Aduriameina (11,050 feet) the average for five days in February was: 7 A. M., 40°; 2 P. M., 55-5°; 9 P. M., 46.5°, with an observed minimum of 33° and a maxi- mum of 64.5°, while there was a difference of 3.6° between the lee- ward and windward exposures respectively. At the base of the snow- fieidsthe figures: were: 7 Ay Me, 737.5° > 4-P. Mo 50°56. Raavieeeo. lowest, 33°. In general, the temperature of points on the southern slopes of the Sierra Nevada presents a greater range of variation than those on the northern slopes. Topp-CARRIKER: BIRDS OF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLomBiIA. 13 POPULATION AND RESOURCES. With the exception of parts of the encircling lowlands, the whole region is very sparsely populated. Santa Marta, the capital city, is exceeded in size only by Cienaga, the two being connected by a rail- way, which continues on to Fundacion, with several towns and settle- ments along its course. Rio Hacha is the most important town on the north coast, and is the gateway to the Rio Rancheria-Rio Cesar Valley, where are located numerous towns and villages. The principal oc- cupation of the inhabitants is agriculture and cattle-raising, commerce being in a backward state. The chief products are coffee, sugar-cane, cacao, plantains, bananas, etc. A few plantations have been opened up on the north and west slopes of the San Lorenzo and Horqueta, but for the most part the cultivated districts are confined to the lower levels. Most of the elevated interior region (all in fact except the San Lorenzo and its connecting ridge) is included in the “ Territorio Na- cional de la Nevada,’ an Indian reservation under a separate ad- ministration from the rest of the State. Its inhabitants are mostly Indians of the Arhuaco tribe, whose villages are scattered here and there on both slopes of the mountain, and can be reached only by fol- lowing narrow and difficult trails through the forest. One such trail enters the Sierra Nevada at Dibulla, ascending the Rio Ancha to its head and crossing over the Paramo de Chiruqua, to the east of the Snow Peaks, and thence descending the south slope to Valle de Upar by way of San José and Atanquez. Another trail ascends from the town of Rio Frio (on the railway) and follows the river up to the paramos, crossing the latter and descending the north slope to the village of Palomina, and thence eastward to Santa Rosa and Pueblo Viejo. A third trail follows along the southern spur of the main range, going by way of San Sebastian and Aduriameina, and eventually reach- ing the Snow Peaks from that side. With the exception of the latter trail (in part), of that from Dibulla to San Miguel, and that from Valle de Upar to San José, these trails are impassable for horses and mules, and even the exceptions in question are so bad that only very small loads can be carried by pack-animals. There is absolutely no other means of penetrating the Sierra Nevada to the higher altitudes except by these trails. 14 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. EcoLoGIcAL CONDITIONS. The ecological conditions in the region under discussion are ex- tremely diverse, ranging from arid, cactus-covered wastes to humid tropical forest, and from torrid lowlands to eternal snows. Since a knowledge of this subject is essential to a proper understanding of the distribution of bird-life in the region we propose to discuss it at some length. Caribbean Lowlands—The general physical and floral aspect of the littoral and lower foothills exhibits a wide variation according to locality. The northeastern portion, where it adjoins the Goajira Pen- insula, is an arid, sandy waste, with very little rainfall. Except im- mediately along the streams the vegetation consists of a variety of cacti and thorny scrub. Of the cacti there are two species in great abundance, the giant cactus and a variety of prickly pear, the former growing to a height of from twenty to thirty feet, with many branches, and with the main trunk often ten to twelve inches in diameter. The thorny scrub consists of several kinds, but practically all the trees and shrubs are furnished with thorns to a greater or less extent. ‘The fringe of vegetation along the streams consists largely of deciduous trees and shrubs, many of which are represented in the “ dry forest ” of the semi-arid lowlands and foothills contiguous to Santa Marta. The section of semi-arid lowlands and foothills extends along the coast from the Cabo de San Juan de Guia to a point near Rio Frio, south of Cienaga, and thus occupies the northwestern part of the gen- eral region. The flora of this part differs but little in species from that of the arid portion just described, but greatly in the relative propor-~ tions of the various species represented. Cacti are present on the coastal plain, but are much less abundant, and consist largely of the giant cactus, while the more arboreal forms of a thorny nature are preponderant. Along the streams-there are the usual deciduous trees, with additions of other non-deciduous kinds which have followed the watercourses down from the hills. On the whole the coastal plain here has relatively less sand and a much greater density of vegetation. That part of the coast lying between these two sections is heavily forested, and will be described in detail further on. Foothills—The semi-arid foothills are of two classes, those lying contiguous to the sea and separated from the main mountain mass, and the foothills of the San Lorenzo and Horqueta and of the Sierra Topp-CarRRIKER: Birps oF SANTA MaArtTA REGION, CoLoMBIA. 15 Nevada proper on the western and southern sides. The outlying foothills are thickly covered with shrubbery and low trees, largely of a thorny character, and almost without exception deciduous, presenting a parched and leafless aspect during the greater part of the year. Bui with the first heavy rains they burst into leaf and flower with marvel- ous rapidity. In fact this flora is more properly that of an arid than a semi-arid region. It has been aptly called by Mr. Herbert H. Smith the “ dry forest,’ and is believed to represent an ancient and vanishing flora. _ The foothills proper, on the other hand, are clothed with forests composed of mingled deciduous and non-deciduous trees, together with a great variety of shrubbery in the form of undergrowth. Few thorn-bearing species are present. This the writer regards as the true “dry forest,” which is, properly speaking, characteristic only of the foothills. This flora extends upwards to an extreme altitude of per- haps 3,000 feet, but attains such an elevation only on narrow ex- posed ridges and in but few places. It interdigitates with the humid forest above, the latter always extending downward in the valleys, gradually narrowing in width until at the lower edge of the foothills it persists only along the immediate banks of the streams. This condi- tion is found not only in the foothills of the Horqueta and San Lorenzo, but also extends around on the west and south sides of the Nevada, but not on the north coast for some distance, where the humid forest extends practically unbroken down to the sea. Western Littoral and Foothills—On the west side of the mountains, from a point about midway between the town of Cienaga and Rio Frio southward, the littoral is clothed with heavy, humid, tropical forest, which in turn is separated from the humid forest of the upper Tropical Zone by the dry forest of the intervening foothills. This littoral forest is a continuation of that of the Magdalena basin, and does not extend around to the south side of the Sierra Nevada beyond Valencia, the valley of the Rio Cesar above that point being largely occupied by open savannas, interspersed with clumps of more or less “dry forest,’ and with the usual fringe of humid forest along the banks of the streams, its width varying with the nature of the con- tiguous terrain. If this is low and flat, then the: fringe of forest will be wide; if shelving or sloping, it will be narrow. However, the “dry forest ” of the western foothills is more luxuriant than that of the 3 16 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. northern foothills, and contains a greater percentage of non-deciduous trees, and in some places along the southwestern portion it only per- sists on the narrower ridges as islands in the humid forest flowing down from above and joining that of the littoral. The humid forest of the Magdalena basin differs decidedly from that on the north coast, which is not properly a lowland forest, but consists almost entirely of species ordinarily found at higher alti- tudes, and which have descended from above on account of the greater humidity and consequent lower temperature of the lowlands and foot- hills on this side. This mountain forest is composed of taller trees, set more closely together, with less undergrowth, and supports a much more limited fauna than the forest of the Magdalena basin. The lat- ter is composed of fewer large trees, more undergrowth, vines, and succulent-leaved plants, with a corresponding abundance of insect life and of fruits to support the more varied and abundant fauna. The Magdalena Delta—Practically the entire delta system of the Magdalena is involved in the section between the main channel and the Cienaga Grande. It is very evident, even to the casual observer, that the area now occupied by the latter, together with the network of lagoons lying between it and the river, was at one time, doubtless in the present geological epoch, a portion of the Caribbean Sea, shal- low perhaps, but nevertheless an arm of the ocean. It is also evident that this area, as well as the littoral to the eastward, has been raised at no very remote period. The proof that this uplift has been compara- tively recent is present in the form of numerous small saline areas on the western littoral, within a few miles of the foot of the hills around Rio Frio and farther south, which are many miles from the present shore-line of the Cienaga Grande. The steady stream of sedi- ment carried down by the Magdalena and the rivers draining the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, which has been pouring into the Cienaga Grande for past centuries, is gradually filling up this brackish lake. Mangroves have secured a foothold on all sides, thus holding the sediment and aiding the process of filling in. There are thou- sands of acres of mangrove swamp today in this region, interspersed with endless waterways, affording cover and food to myriads of aquatic and semi-aquatic birds. Savannas.—The savannas of the Rio Cesar Valley are extensive, and reach up over the foothills and even into the Sierra Nevada it- Topp-CARRIKER: BrirDs OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomsta. 17 self, replacing to a large extent the “dry forest” of the foothills. Savannas are also found on the north slopes of the Sierra Nevada, beginning at Pueblo Viejo on the Rio Ancha and extending upward to the paramos, at least in the valleys of the watershed of this stream. The presence of these savannas is rather puzzling, and has not hitherto been satisfactorily explained. It is almost a certainty that where such savannas occur, at least at points above 2,000 feet, and are in an area obviously belonging to and surrounded by a forest belt, they are due to artificial causes, deforestation and persistent burning over. The fact that in regions of extensive savannas the humidity and pre- cipitation is less, is an effect, rather than the cause of the formation of the savannas, because the absence of forest lessens the atmospheric condensation and thus diminishes the rainfall. Colombia is an old country, a fact often overlooked by authors and travellers, and was settled before North America. Cutting of timber and systematic burning covering a period of from one.to three cen- turies must inevitably have destroyed large areas of forest, while the flora following in such cases would be the hardy grasses, which consti- tute the vegetation of the savannas of today. Several instances tend- ing to prove this theory have come under the observation of the junior author within a period of only eight years, so that, if obvious results can be obtained in that length of time, what might not have taken place during one to three centuries? Mountain Forests—The “dry forest” of the foothills gradually and almost imperceptibly merges into the dense, cool, humid forest of the higher altitudes, which with the exception of the areas of savanna previously noted, covers everything between the altitudes of 2,000 to 3,000 feet upward to timber-line. At least this is true on the Caribbean slope; but according to Sievers the case on the whole south 5 Sievers appears to lay much stress on the fact that the savanna appears only on the south slopes, while the north slopes are wooded. This is only added proof of my theory of the origin of these savannas, since it is a well- known fact that the Indians always select the south slopes first for their cul- tivations, as they get more sun at the time it is needed for the crops. This same process is going on today, for the Indians of the Macotama Valley have to go farther and farther each year to fell forest for their cultivations, as under their primitive mode of agriculture the soil soon becomes unproductive, and the land is burnt over every year when they burn the savannas to get fresh new grass.—M. A. C., Jr. 18 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. — slope is very different, the vegetation being mostly confined to the river valleys, creek beds, and ravines where there is water. The woods and bushy growth thus appear in strips on the grassy moun- tains. It is thus between San Sebastian and Atanquez, at Rosario, in the Chinchicua range, in the marginal ranges, at Marocaso, and also at San José in the valley of the Guatapuri. In fact, on the whole south slope of the Sierra Nevada there is only one large forest, that of the Alguacil on the Chinchicua range above Pueblo Viejo. This is a forest of the cinchona zone, and is always fresh and moist, form- ing a welcome exception to the rule in the southern Nevada. Two kinds of humid forest may be distinguished, that of the Upper Tropical and of the Subtropical Zone respectively. Temperate Zone forest, such as is represented throughout the Central and Eastern Andes of Colombia, is practically wanting, at least in that portion of the Sierra Nevada explored by the junior author, timber-line descend- ing as a rule to more or less the altitude at which the Temperate Zone forest begins in the Andes. Whether this circumstance is due to climatic conditions, or to some extent also to a difference in the under- lying rock, is not entirely clear. It has an important bearing upon the character and local range of the alticoline forms of bird-life, as will be pointed out later. The forest of the Upper Tropical Zone, as already stated, consists largely of tall straight trees set closely together, and with very little .tangled undergrowth as a rule. Palms are not abundant, and grow largely along ridges where there is an outcrop of clay. They are more abundant on the east slopes of the Horqueta and San Lorenzo than on the north and west slopes, also over the whole north slope of the Sierra Nevada proper. The undergrowth consists of shrubs of various species, but very few small palms, such as are so abundant in the Subtropical Zone. Ferns are abundant, but epiphytes are not so much in evidence, neither is there a great abundance of moss and lichens, such as are prevalent in the Subtropical. It is a forest of this character which extends upward to 4,500 feet (more or less), or to the edge of the “Cloud Zone,” but does not drop down into the littoral, except for an interval along the north coast, where it actually reaches the sea. Naturally there can be no hard and fast line drawn between the Upper Tropical and Subtropical forests, since the one merges imper- Topp-CARRIKER: BirpDs OF SANTA MaArtA REGION, Cotompia. 19 ceptibly into the other. The first changes to be noticed are the ap- pearance of certain different species of trees and the disappearance of certain others, accompanied by an increase of epiphytes, mosses, and lichens. Coincident with this there is a gradual diminution in the size of the trees, while the shrubby character of the undergrowth gives way to a low, broad-leaved palm known locally as “cola gallo” (rooster-tail). Entering the Subtropical and ascending through it, we get little or no change in species up to 6,000 feet, but at the latter eleva- tion the species of trees begin to change rapidly. Cedar, alligator- pear, caratillo, and laurel trees disappear entirely, and are replaced by other forms, smaller in size and of decidedly different general appear- ance. The trees are farther apart, while the undergrowth is denser, and with a greater variety, while vari-colored lichens and mosses adorn the trunks and branches of the trees. The epiphytes have dropped down to the trunks of the trees, instead of being confined to the branches, as usual at the lower levels. Ascending still higher, the trees keep gradually diminishing in size; their branches begin nearer the ground; they are more twisted and gnarled, especially where they grow on the exposed ridges; wild cane of several varieties, resembling bamboo, puts in an appearance, while the epiphytes are now on or near the ground. On the east slopes of the San Lorenzo and the ad- joining Sierra Nevada, where the humidity is much higher, the con- ditions are slightly different: the forest between 6,000 and 8,000 feet, especially on exposed ridges, is fairly smothered with moss of an olive- brownish color, with filaments from two to six inches in length. Slender shrubs, and branches the size of a man’s finger or smaller, will have a solid covering of moss from two to three inches in thickness. Naturally this abundance of moss practically eliminates all lichens and epiphytes, and even tends to stunt the forest growth itself. Under such -conditions bird-life is practically non-existent, except in the tree-tops. Conditions like these are to be met with above Las Vegas and on the ridge connecting the Sierra Nevada with the San Lorenzo. On the southeast and east slopes of the latter, between the altitudes of 5,000 and 6,000 feet, are numerous groves of a magnificent palm, much resembling the famous royal palm in every way, except the fruit. This palm was not observed in any other portion of the Nevada, but is probably present along the east slopes at this altitude. In the upper Subtropical Zone of the San Lorenzo there is also to be 20 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. found in large numbers a tall, slender, beautiful palm, known locally as the wax-palm, very similar, if not identical with the palm found so abundantly in the Central Andes in the vicinity of the Quindio Pass. The writer has no note or recollection of the presence of this par- ticular palm in the Sierra Nevada proper. The arboreal species composing the forests of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta are to a great extent different from those found in the Andes of Colombia, although there are species common to both, especially in the Eastern Andes. However, the species of oak so abundant in Santander and Boyaca, as well as the nogal and other characteristic Andean forms, are entirely wanting in the region under consideration. As far as the junior author has been able to judge, while having little technical knowledge of the flora, the higher the alti- tude, the greater the resemblance between the arboreal flora of the Eastern Andes on the one hand and that of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta on the other. Paramos.—Timber-line in the Sierra Nevada is at about 10,000 feet in most places, and is abrupt and well marked, changing rapidly in an ascent of not more than five hundred feet from heavy woodland to scattered shrubs and stunted, wind-twisted trees. Above timber-line we have paramo conditions, where the vegetation is very characteristic, with little or no resemblance to the tropical flora of the lowlands. Gnarled and stunted trees in the sheltered valleys and ravines are the only arboreal representatives. Stiff, harsh shrubbery, with short branches and small, closely set leaves is the dominant type, while several kinds of coarse, hardy grasses are everywhere abundant, cov- ering the wind-swept ridges and steeper slopes. The shrubbery is largely confined to the more level areas and the valleys, where there is more moisture, and it is less exposed to the bitter tempests of. these regions. Practically all the shrubs bear large and brightly colored flowers, while small flowering annuals with blossoms of brilliant hues are very abundant. From 10,000 or 11,000 feet up to snow-line is found in varying abundance the peculiar mullein-like plant known as “ frailejon,” the flowers of which afford a large portion of the food for the hummingbirds of the paramo, especially the beautiful Orypogon cyanolemus. There seems to be but one species of “ frailejon” pres- ent in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, the tawny yellow variety, with golden yellow flowers, which here attains but a fraction of the Topp-CARRIKER: Birps OF SANTA Marta ReEGIon, CoLtompia. 21 size which it reaches in the eastern and central Andes. All the finches of the paramo feed on the seeds of this plant, but the abun- dant seeds of the grasses form the bulk of their food. Above the snow-line there is nothing to be seen on the ridges and slopes except masses of broken rock. HIsToricAL REVIEW OF SANTA MartTA ORNITHOLOGY. Early Collections—Apparently this region did not begin to figure in ornithological: literature until as late as 1847, when Lafresnaye de- scribed two new species, Cardinalis granadensis and Dendroplex pici- rostris, from specimens brought back by the French traveller A. De- lattre, and supposed to have come from Rio Hacha. But it is an open question whether Delattre himself actually collected these’ specimens or others credited to him at Rio Hacha, since there is no direct evi- dence (known to the writer) going to show that he ever visited this point at all. The type-specimen of Trochilus floriceps, described by Gould a few years later (1853), appears to have been brought to Eu- rope as a curiosity by an orchid-collector who had entered the Sierra Nevada. At just about this time, however, so-called Santa Marta specimens began coming into the natural history establishment of the brothers Jules and Edouard Verreaux, through whom they soon reached the working ornithologists of that day. It does not certainly appear who collected these specimens, many of which, bearing the characteristic Verreaux labels, still exist in the various museums of Europe and America. It may possibly have been one Fontainier, whose name occurs in connection with several of the early published Santa Marta records, and for whom Bonaparte named a supposed new species of Accipiter. At any rate, specimens from this source have been the chief basis of numerous references scattered through the papers of Bonaparte, Sclater, and various other authors, down even to more recent years. A number of new forms were described, based on this material, while there are also a few records attributed to other parties, such as Bonnecourt and Bouchard. A collation of the avail- able records shows that down to the year 1871 no less than seventy- five species had been recorded from the region in question. With but one or two exceptions these were all Tropical Zone forms, most of which, it is true, have subsequently been found more or less commonly 2, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. in these parts by recent collectors. The exceptions to this rule are so conspicuous, however, as to suggest that nearly all these early records ought to be received with reservations. The brothers Verreaux were notoriously careless in the labelling of such specimens as passed through their hands, and must often have got their birds mixed. There can be no question whatever, for instance, in the light of our present knowledge, that the types of such forms as Momotus semirufus, Euphoma fulvicrissa, and Phenicothraupis erythromelena could not have come from Santa Marta at all, since they are obviously confined to a different faunal region in each case. Several other species, as will be shown in detail in the systematic part of this paper, are similarly involved. In one case an African species was even attributed to Santa Marta on the strength of one of these mis-labelled Verreaux specimens! In short, the ‘ Santa Marta” of these earlier references | was, in many cases at least, of as uncertain and indefinite application as the “ Bogota ” of that day. Records of Joad and Wyatt.—“ In 1870 Mr. G. Joad, F. Z. S., rode round the Sierra Nevada from Santa Marta, and collected a few bird- skins. Amongst these was the type of the new Furnarius, described by us in the ‘ Nomenclator ’ as F. agnatus, which was obtained at. Valle Dupar ” (Salvin and Godman). This gentleman is also credited with having secured a few other birds, among them the type-specimen of Ortalida ruficrissa, described by Sclater and Salvin in 1871, and which came from the same place. About this time appeared an extended paper in the Jbis by Claude W. Wyatt, giving the results of his explora- tions in the Eastern Andes of Colombia. Wyatt landed at Santa Marta in December, 1869, en route for the interior, and spent a few hours in the immediate vicinity of the city, going to Cienaga the next day. Fifteen species were recorded during his brief stay. These records by Joad and Wyatt are practically the first from this region upon which full dependence can be placed. The Simons Expedition—As we have already seen, with but one or two exceptions all the species of birds thus far attributed to this region came from the lowlands; nothing was known of the avifauna of the Sierra Nevada proper. Wyatt, indeed, had called attention to the possibilities from an ornithological standpoint, and Salvin and God- man, perhaps influenced by his remarks, or by independent con- siderations, reached the same conclusion: “ Here, then, was a promis- Topp-CARRIKER: BrrDs oF SANTA MaArTA REGION, CoLompia. 23 ing field for an ornithologist—this isolated mass of mountains, whose snowy peaks, visible from far out on the Caribbean Sea, form so strik- ing a feature in the scenery of the northern coast of South America.’ Their exploration was intrusted to Frederick A. A. Simons, a young man with the training of a civil engineer, and who had had some previous experience in tropical Africa. He landed at Rio Hacha in January, 1878, and at once proceeded overland to Valle de Upar, which he made his headquarters for some time, using it as a base for his excursions in various directions. During February and March his operations extended to Atanquez and San José, on the southern slope of the mountain, and west to the Valley of Chinchicua and San Sebas- tian. For the month of May he was located at Manaure, a coffee plantation in the foothills of the Eastern Andes. His first attempt to ascend the Sierra, by way of San Sebastian, appears to have been made in June of that year, on which occasion he reached the foot of the large field of snow which covers the highest point, above the sources of the Rio Aracataca. A second attempt made in July by way of the Rio Guatapuri took him across the pass over the Paramo de Chiruqua and down the northern slopes to the Caribbean Sea. He seems to have been at Chirua in August, and at San Antonio and Guallabal in August and September, but very few birds were collected on this trip. In December, 1878, and up until April of the following year, he collected at Santa Marta and its vicinity, going as far south as Arihueca, and later in the season retraced his route of the previous year over the high Sierra Nevada, doing considerably more bird collecting on this occasion, up to an altitude of 14,000 feet. It is not possible at present to trace Simons’ movements in detail after the end of July, 1879, inasmuch as Salvin and Godman’s report on his collections, from which the above summary has been mainly worked out, does not carry the subject beyond that date. We know, however, that he continued work for some time thereafter, both from his own account and from the circumstance that in various later volumes of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum we find listed additional species and specimens which are attributed to him. He returned to England in 1881, after three and a half years’ residence in the Santa Marta region, but it does not appear that all of this time was devoted to natural history work. In later years he seems to have entered the service of the Colombian Government to do surveying ‘and mapping. His death occurred in 1917. 24 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Before entering upon any appreciation of Simons’ work as an ornithologist we propose to insert at this point a quotation from his descriptive paper “On the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta and its Watershed,” because of its interest in this connection. After speak- ing here of the snow conditions in the Sierra Nevada, apparent and actual, he goes on to say: “ The most picturesque view of the Nevada is certainly from the sea; I shall never forget the first glimpse I caught of it, while crossing from Curacao to Rio Hacha in a Dutch schooner. A glorious tropical sunset had tinged the fantastical line of snowy needles a delicate rose colour, while, lower down, the many interesting ramifications stood out distinctly in a fine glow of purple on a dark blue base. From the many points in the interior where the higher portion is visible, the view of the Nevada is decidedly what the Amer- icans would call ‘mean, and I was rather surprised at finding a general belief among the country people that the sprinkling of snow was in reality chalk. “After several vain attempts I was enabled last year definitely to determine the exact height of the Sierra Nevada. Provided with a complete set of Wollaston’s boiling-water apparatus and aneroids, kindly supplied me by this Society, besides my own instruments, I set out from San Sebastian, accompanied by three Indians and their fam- ilies, on the 1st of August. The four of us were mounted on Indian horses, the women and children following on foot, and driving bul- locks laden with a fortnight’s provisions, as little can be had in the high regions. These horses are wonderful climbers and as sure footed as mules, going up and down the worst places without the least trouble; wearing no bit, they feed as they go along, and often, if the start is to be early the next morning, are kept tied up without food all night; they never taste Indian corn nor any other grain. The Indians. dislike donkeys, and will have nothing to do with mules, although they breed them sometimes. The Arhuaco Indian is not a good horseman; on a journey he always wears some ten to twelve gaily coloured bags full of dainties, which make mounting a difficult task, for the saddle of course gets its share of bags, too, and the help of a large stone is necessary to assist him up. We travelled very slowly, stopping at every convenient shelf or resting place in the ascent to readjust saddles, and overhaul the contents of these mysterious bags, as the Indians, when they can, indulge in a dozen or so meals in a day. Topp—CarRIKER: Birps OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLtompta: 25 “ Towards sunset, after having scaled two passes, 10,000 and 12,000 feet respectively in height, we were not sorry to reach the lovely green pastures of Adureimeina, where the Government have had a hut built, open to all travellers, a most commendable and useful inst- tution, and there is not a path in the whole territory of the Nevada that has not these huts at half-day stages. Should they be burnt down or otherwise destroyed, every Indian must contribute his mite for their immediate reconstruction. Starting early the next morning, we man- aged, after much fatigue, partly on foot and partly on horse, to reach the third pass, 14,000 feet high, before the afternoon clouds obscured the view. It had threatened rain all the morning, so I was agreeably surprised to find the clouds breaking, and the whole snowy range of peaks standing boldly out on a deep blue sky. The scenery of the Sierra Nevada is excessively grand, but it is too desolate, too barren, to be really beautiful; even the loveliest flowers at this time of year so abundant, appear small and insignificant, and are entirely lost amid the general desolation. Late in the afternoon we arrived at headquar- ters, an Indian cattle corral on the Rio Cataca, the highest habitation in the Nevada. The mean boiling-point here was 194.4°, giving a height of 9,500 feet; this is considerably below the aneroid observations of my previous visits, which were often as high as 11,000 feet above sea- level. The Indians feed large herds of cattle and sheep on the rich pastures of the Nevada, but do not attend to them, so they run com- pletely wild, and are for commercial purposes totally lost. Pigs, not the indigenous wild pig, but domestic animals brought up by the Indians and then abandoned, are plentiful, and, together with a red buck, which is also pretty common, afford capital sport. The only drawback is the trouble of getting up plantains, maize, and other bread-stuffs from San Sebastian, the time we were able to remain be- ing regulated by their supply, for nothing will induce the Indian to stay after the last plantain is consumed. After spending a few days in reconnoitring the surrounding heights, we started on the 6th, and made our way up one of the numerous valleys, which all run north and south, at right angles to the central or snowy range; these again are cut by the river Cataca and two of its affluents which follow parallel to the snowy peaks. “Five hours of rather dangerous riding, along mountain ridges and the banks of deep blue lakes, brought us into a sort of cul-de-sac, 26 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. where all further progress on horseback was stopped by perpendicular masses of rock. An observation here showed the boiling-point of water 188.1°, or 13,000 feet. Singling out a promising looking crevice in the rock, we managed, after sundry gymnastic performances, which reminded me very much of wriggling up a somewhat narrow chimney, to reach the foot of a large field of frozen snow, the long-sought-for goal of my journeys. Indians have a most determined objection to walk in snow, they complain (and with very good reason too) that it burns their feet, so I left them to await my return and pushed on alone, another terrible four hours of hard work. What hitherto ap- peared as terraces and fields of hard smooth snow most inviting to the eye, now became a tumbled up, heterogeneous mass of frozen snow and ice, with frightful precipices, bridges, caverns full of brilliant icicles, and all the other splendours and charms that make glacier travelling so enticing and so dangerous. Each step had to be cut in the soft yielding snow, and well stamped down to secure a footing. Thus after many futile attempts I reached a small sheltered spot right in under a projecting rock, the foot of the highest peak. Here all further prog- ress was barred by the nature of the rock, and I discovered, to my great mortification, as far as the dense white clouds would permit, that. although near to the summit the last bit of rising ground was inaccessible. The view, obscured by mists at this time of the year, must at all other seasons be truly magnificent; but, nearly blinded by the snow reflection and enveloped in a dense white fog, I could scarcely see a couple of feet ahead, and with the bitter cold, besides being wet through with snow-digging and frequent involuntary tumbles, man- aged with difficulty to take an observation. The temperature of boil- ing water proved to be 181.2° Fahr.; we were, therefore, nearly 17,000 feet above the sea. I was now far above the general chain of snow- fields and minor peaks, and allowing at the most 500 feet for the rock and patch of snow that still separated me from the summit, would give a maximum height of 17,500 feet for the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta.” Not only was Simons the pioneer explorer and ornithologist in this particular field, but also it is to him that we are mainly indebted for such knowledge as we have of the fauna of the southern slopes of the mountains, later workers (with one exception) having confined | their investigations to the northern slopes. His collection as listed by Topp—-CARRIKER: BIRDS OF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLoMBIA. 27 Salvin and Godman numbers one hundred and sixty-four species, of which seven were described as new at the time, and one other later on. The only clue we have to the results of his later work (1.e., subse- quent to July, 1879) comes from the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum (beginning with Volume X), where we find no less than seventeen additional species (mostly alticoline forms) credited to him, including one described as new not long before. Assuredly during this time he must have also sent specimens belonging to other groups which had already been treated by the authors of the “ Cat- alogue,” and for which there is consequently no published record. Simons seems to have been content with a very few specimens of a kind, and he seems to have overlooked many of the inconspicuous forms, his collection being weak in such groups as the Formicariide, Dendrocolaptide, etc., for example, many of which are now known to be common in the region. He was evidently very accurate in his labelling, however, and (in most cases) in assigning altitudes to his specimens, as subsequent work has indicated. Of the one hundred and eighty-one species which he is known to have taken there are only four which still rest solely on the authority of his collection, and two of these, Ramphastos ambiguus abbreviatus (given as R. tocard by Salvin and Godman) and Sittasomus sylvioides levis (?) (“ oli- vaceus ”) came from Manaure, a locality in the foothills of the Eastern Andes, and therefore, strictly speaking, not included within the faunal limits of the present region. The third species is the hummingbird Campylopterus phainopeplus, which for some reason no subsequent collector has succeeded in detecting, and the fourth is the Plush-capped Finch, Catamblyrhynchus diadema diadema, also in the same category. The Brown Expedition—During the twenty years which passed after Simons began his work only one new form, Setophaga flavivertex, had been described from the Santa Marta region from material coming from other sources. Impressed by the conviction that the ornithol- ogical treasures of the region were still very far from exhausted, Messrs. Edward A. and Outram Bangs, the well-known ornithologists of Boston, Massachusetts, determined to send a new expedition into this promising field, and chose Mr. Wilmot W. Brown, Jr., to conduct it. He was already well known for his experience in tropical collect- ing and the excellence of his work. Mr. Brown’s own account of this trip, as contained in a letter of recent date, is of such general interest, 28 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. and throws so much light upon the conditions under which his work was done, that we propose to quote it here with but little alteration and excision, reserving comment until later. “On my arrival in Santa Marta in December, 1879, I went to Bonda, a small village in the foothills about eight or nine miles to the east- ward of the city, where I spent between two and three months collect- ing. From this point we worked up the mountain slopes [of La Horqueta] to about 6,000 feet. At Bonda I met with a severe acci- dent, burning my hands quite badly, so that I was obliged to depend on a native collector to help me—that is, shoot specimens; I did not allow my sore hands to keep me from skinning. In addition to my burns, I was suffering from about a hundred insect-bites, which festered in that hot climate; some of the sores were about the size of a quarter and I bear the scars on my body to this day. Bonda, as I remember it, is in a valley, well wooded and with a fine stream [the Rio Manzanares] flowing through it. Along this stream is where I did the most of my collecting. My native collector was reliable and obtained many fine specimens for me while my burns and sores were healing up. Bird-life was plentiful and I succeeded in making a fine collection. Upon completing my work here I returned to Santa Marta and shipped my collection of birds and mammals from there. “ After a few days at Santa Marta, where I collected some speci- mens within a short distance of the town, I embarked on a small schooner bound for Rio Hacha, which we finally reached after being at sea about ten days. Rio Hacha is an Indian trading town or port over near the Venezuela frontier, and has a population of about eight thousand. The country around Rio Hacha is low, flat, and dry, and covered mostly with bush. I did no collecting here, but outfitted and provisioned for my coming trip to the Sierra Nevada mountains, into a different region from that where I had already worked. Finally, when my plans were completed, I embarked in a big “‘ dugout” canoe, and after four days’ working along the coast reached Dibulla, a small village convenient to the mountains. I did not do any collecting at Dibulla, but it looked like a good collecting ground for lowland birds. The country around Dibulla is low, flat, and mostly covered with brush, but with woods along the river. There is a population of about five hundred, who live by farming and fishing. I spent several days here and managed finally to obtain pack-animals for my trip into the Topp-CARRIKER: Birps OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLompBia. 29 mountains to the Indian village of Pueblo Viejo. The trail from Dibulla extends along a wide sandy beach for about ten miles, now and then passing through shady groves of beach-plum, and then enters open woods, where the branches of many of the trees are fringed with small ferns, with orchids, and Spanish moss. Here jacamars, motmots, and hummingbirds were observed, and howling monkeys were heard in - the distance. After fording a river we emerged upon a grassy savanna, in some places marshy and in others grown up to palms; there was a stretch of about three miles through this kind of country, which is a favorite place for the jaguar. The trail then enters the typical tropical forest, dark and cool. We pass under beautiful tree- ferns, some of them fifteen feet high, with wonderful crowns of wide- - spreading fronds; and under alligator-pear and mahogany trees, the pack-animals halting now and then to pick up the fruit of the former, of which they are very fond. They know enough to spit out the large black stones instead of swallowing them. On account of the danger- ous mountain trails, with red clay in steep places and along the precipices, the Indians use oxen for pack-animals, since being cloven- hoofed they do not slip so readily. In many places in this forest the trail was barred by immense trees, blown down by a recent storm, the branches of which were adorned with beautiful orchids of many colors, pinks and yellows predominating, some of them doubtless rare species. It was while cutting a trail with our machetes around one of these trees (which sometimes required two or three hours) that I first saw the beautiful white-tailed hummingbird which Mr. Bangs described as a new species [Leucuria phalerata].6 A peculiar thing about this -dark, gloomy tropical forest is that one does not see or hear many birds while travelling through with a pack-train. To find birds in such a forest requires patience and plenty of time. In this forest live immense boa-constrictors, which seek their prey on the tops of the high wooded ridges. “On the fourth day after leaving Dibulla we reached Pueblo Viejo, in the heart of the Sierra Nevada mountains, and were pleas- 6 Almost certainly this was an error in identification. I have never seen this species below 4,o00 feet in the Sierra Nevada proper, and 5,000 feet is its extreme lower limit on the San Lorenzo. What Mr. Brown saw in this case was most likely Florisuga mellivora, which is fairly common in the region which he was traversing.—M. A. C., Jr. 30 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. antly received by the natives. This was about the middle of May. Pueblo Viejo is situated in a deep valley surrounded by mountains. On the east side of the village the mountain slopes are clothed with a coarse grass, on which the cattle of the Indians graze. On this grassy slope, high up, I collected swifts when the fog or clouds hung low; this was the only time I could get near them. On the west side of the village is a fine, swift mountain stream, full of rocks, and beyond this a high, symmetrical, cone-shaped mountain towers up, covered with a dangerous saw-grass, which cuts like a knife and is most difficult to traverse except by the aid of a machete. A peculiar thing about this mountain is that water flows from its summit and can be seen glisten- ing in the afternoon sun. No one has ever climbed it. On the north- west rises a very high mountain, which is densely forested to its sum- mit. To the south of the village the country is lower, but well wooded, and in places swampy. “The inhabitants of Pueblo Viejo are engaged in cattle-raising, farming, and trading with the Indians. They raise coffee, sugar-cane, and bananas. About a mile up the valley from Pueblo Viejo is San Antonio, the conditions being practically the same at both places, and the inhabitants similarly engaged. The strip of woods along the river between the two places is a famous resort for the deadly poisonous snake Craspedocephalus lanceolatus, known commonly as the fer-de- lance. I collected some fine specimens of this and other species of snakes. The Indians lose many cattle from snake-bites every year, not to mention human lives. Most of my work on this trip was done about Pueblo Viejo and the other villages higher up, and birds and mammals being plentiful there, I brought out a fine collection, includ- ing a number of new forms.” We interrupt Mr. Brown’s narrative at this point to insert, as an interesting sidelight, some additional information which we quote from an article by Mr. Bangs (Auk, XVI, 1899, 136) : “ Travelling in the Sierra Nevada is at best slow and laborious and in the rainy season is harder still. Mr. Brown, in order to go as light as possible, carried no tent with him, and cut down his outfit in other ways till much too small for his comfort. Night after night he slept out with no shelter, wet to the skin by the terrific thunder storms that rage in these mountains nearly continuously throughout the spring. His one pair of shoes was soon worn out by the rough Topp-—CARRIKER: BirRDs OF SANTA Marta ReEGion, Cotompta. 31 travelling, and for the greater part of the trip he went barefoot, his feet and legs exposed to the attacks of wood ticks and numerous in- sects, with every now and then a narrow escape from a fer-de-lance or a bushmaster. “ Many of the trails are fairly good, being used by the Indians, but occasionally Mr. Brown had to cut his way through the forest, and the mountain streams, swollen by the continuous rains to raging torrents, were often very hard to ford. Under these conditions Mr. Brown made a very creditable collection, sending in over a thousand bird skins and about three hundred and fifty mammals as the results of his six and a half months’ work.” Mr. Brown’s trip was broken up in the summer of 18908 by his hav- ing to return on account of illness in his family, but he came back again in January of the following year, and on this occasion succeeded in reaching a much higher elevation than on his first trip. He goes on to say: “ About a day’s trip above San Antonio is the interesting Indian village of San Miguel, situated on a grassy plateau about 5,000 feet above sea-level. This villag@ of little round houses with roofs of thatched grass and walls of woven branches is an interesting and unique sight to the traveller. At the time I was there the Indian population numbered about two hundred persons. One of their oc- cupations was making large rope bags, with wide meshes, for trans- porting goods on the backs of pack-animals. They also made smaller bags of pleasing design, used by the women to carry their children; the bag when in use being carried on the back, with its strap brought over the forehead. The Indians have little farms and raise onions and other vegetables. They are quite pacific by nature, but are expert at making poisons. They are said to eat snakes and frogs, and although I never saw them do so, I took no chances, doing my own cooking. They are fond of chewing a leaf said to be from the cocaine shrub or bush, but always take with it a white powder made of pulverized sea: shells. “ About half a day’s travel up the mountain beyond San Miguel is the Indian village of Macotama, which at the time of my visit had only a few families living there. They let me have a large round council house in which to live and prepare my specimens, and it was the coldest, darkest, most villainous place in which to work that I have 4 39 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ever had. One day when I was out hunting my Indian put a tray of my skins out in the grass in front of the wigwam to dry in the sun, and when he was not looking an Indian dog devoured every bird in the tray, leaving hardly a feather! My feelings upon my return may be imagined, if not expressed. Macotama is situated on a grassy plateau at about 8,000 feet’ above sea-level; near by in a canyon I found birds quite plentiful. At the time of my visit the trail passed over a shelf on the side of a cliff where the ground seemed to be held in place by roots; in places there were holes through which I could see the scenery about eight hundred feet below. “ Above Macotama, at about 15,000 feet altitude, the region is called by the Indian traders the Paramo de Macotama, and the Paramo de Chiruqua is in the same zone, but farther over [7.e., to the west]. It was cold, rainy, and exceedingly uncomfortable and disagreeable when I was up there, and we were in the clouds most of the time. {n crossing the Paramo de Macotama the Indians are sometimes caught in ice-water storms and perish miserably. On one occasion we were caught in a storm and got chilled to the bone; we had to run for our lives to find shelter in a cave. During*the period of my explorations in this region several Indians lost their lives in attempting to cross the paramos on the other side of the mountain. “Upon the completion of my work in this district, in April, 1899, I returned to Rio Hacha and shipped my collections to the Messrs. Bangs. I then outfitted and provisioned for my coming trip to the region on the southern side of the mountains. Leaving Rio Hacha with a pack-train of eight mules and two drivers we finally reached our objective, San Sebastian, after being two weeks on the way. The trail from Rio Hacha to Valle de Upar traverses a long valley, mostly flat country, but with occasional low hills, lying between the Sierra Nevada mountains on the one hand and the Sierra Negra on the other. The season being advanced and the birds beginning to moult, I did no collecting on the way, conserving my strength and time for the San Sebastian region. On leaving Valle de Upar for San Sebastian the trail for several miles passes through low, well wooded country, with here and there a small farm or cattle-ranch; then it comes to a very steep slope and goes up and up through the forest until within a short distance of Pueblo Viejo; from here on the trail is over grassy 7 Compare data given under this head in the List of Localities, page 117. Topp-—CARRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA MArtTA REGION, CoLompia. 33 slopes until it reaches San Sebastian. The village is situated on a level plateau or plain with mountains on either side... .8 It has a mixed population of about three hundred people, Indians and Colom- bians. The Indians appear to be more civilized than those living on the other side of the mountains, at San Miguel, etc. They raise vegetables, which they send to Valle de Upar on pack-animals, to be sold in the market. Most of the Colombians are traders, but some are there for their health. The climate while I was there was agreeable, although there were days when it was cold. The building in which I lived and prepared my specimens was known as the ‘old church,’ which I occupied alone. There was no way to heat the place, and it was roomy, sepulchral, and musty, and full of rats, so that I had to lock up my skins in the collecting chests every night. “In addition to my work at San Sebastian, I had a native collect some specimens for me at Templado and El Mamon, in the mountains. He found birds not only scarce, but also very shy. He reported the country in that neighborhood to be covered with grass, but with low woods along the mountain streams. Had my trip been earlier in the season, I would have endeavored to work the high snow-covered moun- tains above Templado, but with the birds in poor plumage and moult- ing, I decided not to undertake it. Well, about the middle of August, my work here being completed, I packed my collections, and engaging an outfit of pack-mules, bid my friends farewell, and started on the long return journey to the coast, reaching Rio Hacha two weeks later, where I shipped my collections to the United States, following myself some weeks later, after making an exciting journey through the Goajira Peninsula, on which, however, birds were not the object.” Mr. Brown surely deserves great credit for his work in the Sierra Nevada, as it was done at the time when that region was little known and not easy of access, being inhabited almost solely by Indians, who were, however, and still are, very honest and peaceably inclined. The total number of specimens of birds collected by Mr. Brown on his entire trip was between twenty-six and twenty-seven hundred, all of unusually high grade. Through the generosity of Mr. Bangs many of these skins found their way into the collections of other individuals and institutions, the U. S. National Museum receiving a goodly share. Unfortunately not all the specimens were cataloged before this was 8 For matter here elided see under List of Localities, page 126. 34 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. done, nor were all the species or specimens taken in 1899 duly listed in the published report on the collection. As a result numerous local- ity records for various species escaped publication. An effort has been made to collect these for insertion in the present paper, as else- where remarked, for their value from a faunal standpoint. The great criticism we have to make of Mr. Brown’s work in this region is that he was not sufficiently careful as to localities. In the first place, he seems to have depended entirely too much upon native hunters, so that he could seldom have had more than a vague idea as to the exact place or altitude from which certain birds came.® Again, there are 9 At this point I wish to state that, while I am criticizing the use of the native hunter by collectors, I want it understood that it is not this use in it- self to which I object, but the manner in which it is done. I employ a native hunter myself, and much of my success in the Sierra Nevada was due to the use of a more than ordinarily intelligent Colombian, a man whom I had been training constantly for over three years. What I do find fault with is the practice of so many collectors (and I speak from personal knowledge and ob- servation) of sending out native hunters with orders to shoot everything in sight, while they remain in camp preparing specimens, with the result that often twice as many birds are shot as are prepared, while the really desirable kinds are usually overlooked, on account of the hunter’s laziness and lack of intelligence. What I have always done is to keep nearly constantly in the field myself, covering alternately the same ground as my hunter, so that I can understand from his explanation exactly where and under what conditions every bird was taken by him in each day’s shooting, and also to see if he is doing his work properly. It often happens that he gets kinds which I have not seen, and vice versa, so that the work of one is a check on that of the other. There are many species of birds the habits and habitat of which render them extremely difficult to secure, and if the native hunter is inclined to be lazy (as most of them are) he will fail entirely to find such species, which for this very reason are the greatest desiderata. It takes more than an ordinary amount of patience and grit to stand motionless in a swarm of vicious mos- quitoes and call up a terrestrial ant-thrush out of the impenetrable jungle, and they are rarely secured in any other manner. Thus the only way for the collector to do thorough work is for him to learn by actual field experience the habitat, habits, and call-notes of as many species as possible, so that he will know more or less just what to look for in any given locality and know when he is getting everything there is to be had, for every kind of environment has its characteristic forms of bird-life. As a rule closely related species have similar characteristics, frequenting the same kind of cover, and having call- notes more or less alike, so that what is learned about one species in one locality can be utilized in searching for allied species in other localities. I am Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MaArtTA REGION, CoLomspia. 35 serious inaccuracies in the altitudes he assigns for his collecting sta- tions in the Sierra Nevada, and in the localities as they appear on his labels. For instance, all his skins taken at Bonda bear the label “Santa Marta,” which would be very misleading to anyone not know- ing the exact circumstances. As a matter of fact, none of his skins thus labelled can be used in determining the local distribution of species, since they were admittedly collected anywhere from near sea- level up to 6,000 feet on the slopes of the Horqueta, and therefore in two distinct life-zones. Similar inaccuracies are evident in other cases. Pueblo Viejo, where his first work in the Sierra Nevada was done, he gives as having an altitude of 8,000 feet, while as a matter of fact it is only about 2,000 feet above the sea, and we are left to conjecture whether or not his specimens may not (some of them) have come from higher up on the surrounding mountain slopes. The same question arises with reference to other of his localities in this region, and is later discussed more in detail. In fact, in the case of a number of alticoline forms the ranges he gives differ radically from those worked out by the junior author, and too much dependence nat- urally cannot be placed on such records. In the course of his work Mr. Brown took (as nearly as can be de- termined) two hundred and forty-five species and subspecies, of which no less than sixty were eventually described as new by Mr. Bangs, as material for comparison became available from time to time. Many of ‘these were new names for forms already recorded from the region by Salvin and Godman, but others were peculiar, characteristic, heretofore unknown birds. Mr. Brown’s collection, indeed, contained as many as one hundred and fourteen forms not taken by Simons, but out of this number there still remain only five resting solely on the authority of his specimens, namely, Neocrex colombianus, Aramides axillaris, Serpophaga cinerea cana, Mimus gilvus melanop- terus, and Vermivora pinus. Of the sixty new forms described from Mr. Brown’s material thirteen appear to have been based on insufficient speaking thus plainly not from personal motives, but with the hope that other collectors may be led to do more thorough work in the difficult field of the American tropics, where so many trying situations and adverse conditions confront the collector and make it so hard to secure a full representation of the avifauna and to accumulate thoroughly reliable data on their life-his- tory and distribution—M. A. C., Jr. 36 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. characters, or else to have received earlier names, so as to compel their relegation to synonymy. The Smith Expedition—Wholly unaware that any other parties had designs on the same field, the late Mr. Herbert H. Smith, so well known for his previous zodlogical work in various parts of the Amer- ican tropics, had been for some time, so Dr. Allen tells us, “ prepar- ing to thoroughly explore the Santa Marta district of Colombia, both zoologically and botanically, beginning at sea-level and later working up to the highest points of the Sierra, it being his intention to devote from three to five years to the work, aided by a number of assistants. . While to Mr. Smith is due the credit of organizing and equipping the expedition and directing its work, he has personally done very little of the actual work of bird collecting, which has been carried on by Mrs. Smith.” She was assisted by her niece, Miss Grace H. Hull, and by Mr. A. E. Edmondson, the latter doing most of the work on large birds, and on the nests and eggs. The expedition was under- taken under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural His- tory, to which the bulk of the collections was to come, but the Car- negie Museum was interested to the extent of a small representation of each species. Mr. Smith’s party landed at Santa Marta in March, 1898, but for several months thereafter he was himself laid up with a nearly fatal illness, superinduced by the bites of poisonous insects. Cacagualito was his first collecting station, but he soon located at Bonda (already described as the headquarters of Mr. Brown while working in this region a few months earlier), from which as a base excursions were made to various other points in the same general region. Later on he did some work at Valparaiso (now known as Cincinnati), and on the western slopes of the San Lorenzo and La Horqueta, up to 7,000 or perhaps even 8,000 feet. Although several places on the seacoast were apparently visited at intervals in 1808 and 1899, very little bird collecting seems to have been done at any of them with the exception of Cienaga, where a week’s work yielded a variety of shore-birds and a few other kinds. In t900 Mr. Smith’s activities were “almost wholly suspended in consequence of the dis- turbed condition of the region, due to a violent insurrection in the im- mediate neighborhood,” but in 1901 he made a trip to Don Diego, on the north coast, securing a considerable collection of both birds and mammals. He was obliged to return in September of that year with- out having fully accomplished the objects of his expedition. Topp-CARRIKER: BIRDS OF SANTA MArTA REGION, CoLomsBia. 37 The region covered by Mr. Smith’s party was therefore roughly triangular in outline, bounded on the west and north by the Caribbean Sea, and on the southeast by the San Lorenzo de Santa Marta. As most of his bird work was done at lower altitudes, and he secured few if any birds above 7,500 feet, it is not surprising that the number of Subtropical Zone forms in his collection is so much smaller in propor- tion than in the lists of Simons and Brown, while Temperate Zone forms are entirely absent. Mr. Smith also depended to some extent on native hunters for his specimens, and as they often made long ex- cursions in search of the same, he could not always be sure of the alti- tude at which a given specimen was taken; nevertheless, the junior author has found his labelling reliable by comparison, save in the case of such specimens as are found marked “ Bonda.” About forty-one hundred birds in all were returned by Mr. Smith, of which nine hun- dred and ten came to the Carnegie Museum, together with a set (one of each species) of nests and eggs; the balance were acquired by the American Museum of Natural History, whence a considerable num- ber have found their way into other collections by exchange. It so happened that Mr. Brown’s collections began to reach Boston and be reported upon long before Mr. Smith’s were received at New York; in fact Dr. Allen’s paper on the latter did not appear until August, 1g00, and his supplementary report not until October, 1905. After making the necessary corrections in these two papers, and listing the additional species represented in the Carnegie Museum by specimens received from this source, we find that Mr. Smith sent in no less than three hundred and fifty-four species from this region, of which as many as one hundred and thirty-two had not been previously recorded by Messrs. Simons or Brown. In view of the fact that he did so little work outside the Tropical Zone, and that his general area of opera- tions was restricted, this was doing very well. A special collection of birds of prey made by him for the Carnegie Museum is unusually fine and complete, including several rare species. A careful count shows that there are no less than thirty-two species which are attributed to the Santa Marta region solely on the strength of specimens received from Mr. Smith. A considerable number belonging to this category are here recorded in print for the first time. In connection with his report on the Smith collection proper Dr. Allen undertook to collate the records of Messrs. Simons and Brown, 38 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. and thus to give a complete, up-to-date list of the birds of the Santa . Marta region. He was greatly handicapped in preparing this paper by the lack of proper material for comparison, entailing unavoidable errors. The paper, moreover, bears internal evidence of undue haste in composition and publication in the form of a number of unfortunate lapses in the scientific names, etc. Three hundred and eighty-eight species are admitted to the list, and the number might have been con- siderably augmented had the early published records by Sclater and others, as well as all the later ones by Simons, been included. Nine forms were described as new. Nevertheless this paper, standing as it does for the first serious attempt to treat the birds of this interesting ' region from the faunal standpoint, is most valuable and instructive. An analysis shows that twelve species are entered under two different names, as will be indicated in detail beyond, but two of these errors were later corrected by the author. Two species were entirely over- looked, and several others misidentified. The record for Sporophila plumbea colombiana, quoted from Salvin and Godman, we regard as indeterminable. In a supplementary paper five species were added to the first list. With these corrections made, three hundred and eighty- three becomes the actual total number of species on the Santa Marta list, as the subject was left by Dr. Allen in 1905. Mr. Smith’s collection of nests and eggs, or rather that part of it which went.to the American Museum of Natural History, was listed and described by Dr. Allen in his supplementary report. Of these he writes: “ The labels rarely give anything beyond the date and place of collecting; there is unfortunately nothing to indicate the height above the ground at which the nest was placed, or the kind of tree or shrub in which it was found. The few notes found on the labels have been transcribed and are given in their proper connection, between marks of quotation.” The really unfortunate part about this collection, how- ever, would appear to be the unsatisfactory identification. The skins sent as “ markers ” for the determination of the nests and eggs are inno case the parent birds, but merely specimens supposed by the collector to belong to the same‘species. The risk of error was thus considerable, as is obvious in the case of Pitangus derbianus rufipennis, the nest and eggs of which were wrongly attributed to Megarynchus pitangua, as pointed out by Mr. George K. Cherrie. An examination of the set of nests and eggs sent to the Carnegie Museum discloses numerous Topp-CArRRIKER: BrrDs OF SANTA MARTA REGIon, CoLompia. 39 discrepancies, affecting in some cases the same species as are referred to by Dr. Allen, and suggests that the identifications must be received with caution, and discarded entirely where they fail to agree with facts already known. Nevertheless, with this understanding, we con- sider that these descriptions are of sufficient value as a contribution to the life-history of the species in question to quote them at greater or less length, and we have added some new ones taken from material in the Carnegie Museum. The University of Michigan Expedition—This expedition, as we learn from the Director’s “ Annual Report” for 1913-14, “ had for its object the exploration of the western end of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the adjacent lowlands, in Colombia. The party con- sisted of the Director [Prof. Alexander G. Ruthven], F. M. Gaige, Scientific Assistant in Charge of Entomology, and Dr. A. S. Pearse of the University of Wisconsin, Honorary Curator of Crustacea. The expedition arrived at Santa Marta on July 1 [1913], and at once pro- ceeded to the plantation of the Cincinnati Coffee Company, at an ele- vation of 4,500 feet on the Mountain of San Lorenzo. From this base a strip was carefully explored between 2,200 feet and the sum- mit at 8,300 feet, 26 days being devoted to the work. On July 27 the party moved to the foot of the range and continued the explored strip from 2,200 feet to the plain, and on August 6 went to Fundacion on the extreme western end of the range. Investigations were carried on at this place for fourteen days, and then about Santa Marta, Gaira, and on the Salamanca Coast near Cienaga until September 1, when the party left the field.” Birds were merely a secondary object of this expedition, which gave more attention to other groups, and to ecological studies. Neverthe- less one hundred and forty-nine specimens were secured, mostly by Mr. Gaige. These were all deposited in the U. S. National Museum, where they now are. New locality records based on this collection are duly listed in the present paper. The Ujhelyi Collections —Specimens collected by Mr. J. Ujhelyi, bearing such locality labels as Aracataca and “ Tagua” (Las Taguas), have found their way to the National Hungarian Museum at Budapest, and a few new forms have been described from this material by Dr. von Madarasz. This material comprised about one hundred and fifty skins (more or less), and was collected late in 1911 and early in 1912. 40 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS OF THE JUNIOR AUTHOR. The junior author began operations in the Santa Marta region in IQII, arriving at the city of Santa Marta late in May. His first work was done at the hacienda Cincinnati (formerly known as Valparaiso) on June 1. This is the largest coffee-plantation in the whole district, and lies on the western slopes of the San Lorenzo between 3,000 and 5,000 feet, with unbroken forest on all sides, extending downwards to the foothills and upwards to the crest of the mountain. More or less continuous collecting was carried on at Cincinnati and on the San Lorenzo during June and July, while in early August some work was done between Mamatoco and Cincinnati, at La Tigrera, Minca, and Agua Dulce. Work was suspended from August 7 until March 15 of the following year. On March 17 the attempt to reach the main Sierra Nevada by way of the ridge connecting it with the San Lorenzo was begun. Nearly three weeks were consumed in this attempt, which finally had to be given up, the project being next to impossible under the existing conditions. There was no trail of any sort, nothing but unbroken forest, and a trail had to be cut out with machetes. After ascending the ridge to an altitude of about 8,500 feet, further pro- gress along its crest was checked by an impenetrable tangle of brush and huge bromelias, reaching a height of from four to ten feet. Water was very difficult to secure and birds were scarce, so that after a couple of days of heart-breaking work in an attempt to pass this bar- rier, the trip was reluctantly abandoned and the party returned to Cin- cinnati. Work was continued here for a short time and then near Mamatoco until April 26, when the writer returned to the United States for a few months’ rest, having been collecting constantly in Trinidad and Venezuela from 1909 to 1911, before going to Colombia. He returned to Santa Marta in September, 1912, accompanied by Mrs. Carriker. Some intermittent collecting was done in the vicinity of Cincinnati during the remainder of that year and the early part of 1913. However, the following April he took the field again, accom- panied this time by Mrs. Carriker, who had by this time acquired some skill as a preparator, and work was continued almost uninterruptedly through 1913. The first locality visited was a point between Mama- toco and La Tigrera along the valley of Tamocal Creek, where two weeks were spent and nearly three hundred specimens collected. After Topp-CarRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA Marta REGIon, Cotompia. 41 that a short time was spent working between Mamatoco and Santa Marta, with a couple of trips to Gaira,. On May 27 a trip was made to the hacienda known as Las Vegas, situated on the east slope of a ridge joining La Horqueta, at the head- waters of the Rio Mendiguaca, between the altitudes of 3,000 and 6,000 feet. Two weeks were spent here and very thorough work done, re- sulting in a collection of nearly three hundred specimens. Birds were not abundant, however, while the ground was broken and the forest difficult to penetrate. The terrible snake known as the “ fer-de-lance” was far too common here to make it agreeable, and several very nar- row escapes from being bitten by it were had, so that taking it altu- gether collecting was no easy matter. After returning from Las Vegas camp was established at Minca for two weeks, and all the slopes between 1,500 and 2,500 feet were worked systematically. Two hundred and fifty specimens were taken here, but the heavy rains coming on interfered with getting the best results. From July 6 to August 3 work was done at Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, and in the vicinity of Mamatoco, nearly three hundred specimens be- ing secured and numerous forms new to the collection added, while many loose ends of distribution were caught up. On August 6 a trip was made to Fundacion, in company with Dr. Ruthven, Mr. Gaige, and Professor Pearse of the University of Michigan party. Two weeks were spent here, with splendid results. It proved to be a very rich and interesting field, and many species were secured which had not hitherto been recorded from the region in gen- eral. Four hundred specimens were collected, and birds were found not only numerous in species but also abundant in individuals, while such a diversity of ecological conditions as prevailed here was one seldom encountered. Upon returning from Fundacién some time was spent in looking for special forms in the vicinity of Mamatoco, Bonda, and Gaira, afte which, on September 25, a trip was made to the Cienaga Grande, with the idea of getting as complete a knowledge as possible of its denizens. The party embarked from Pueblo Viejo (near Cienaga) in a big “bonga”’ or dugout canoe, with a smaller canoe in tow for shooting purposes. The first stop was made at Punto Caiman, where camp was pitched on the narrow strip of sand-beach separating the sea from the Cienaga. All fresh water had to be brought in kegs from a small 42 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. fishing village lying between our camp and Pueblo Viejo, having been brought originally from the mouth of the Aracataca River. We were fortunate in securing several large deer, which gave us plenty of fresh meat, but life was a constant torture at all hours of the day and night, due to the hordes of mosquitoes and sand-flies, which not even a solid muslin canopy would keep out. Suffice it to say that all possible haste was made to get away from such an undesirable locality, and after five days of constant torture we again embarked and fled out into the Cienaga in the evening, hoping thus to get one night of peaceful sleep. But we had not reckoned with the vampire bats. Indeed, we did sleep, and so soundly that it was not until morning that we discovered that an attack had been made on us during the night, the whole party look- ing as if they had been in a trench-raid in the war zone, covered with blood-stains from head to foot from the innumerable bites of the loath- some vampires. It may seem unreasonable to think that we could be bitten in such a fashion and not be awakened, but the fact is, that when the vampire bites there is absolutely no pain produced at the time, the soreness developing later.?° However, we managed to get some one hundred and fifteen speci- mens during our stay at Punto Caiman, several of which were addi- tions to the list, among them the hummingbird subsequently described by Dr. Stone as Lepidopyga lillie. After a hurried bath and break- fast we set sail for Trojas de Cataca, a little fishing village at the mouth of the Rio Aracataca. The houses are all built on piles over about four or five feet of water, and we secured quarters in a compara-_ tively new one. The odor of drying fish was very disagreeable at first, but after a couple of days we did not mind it very much. It was a pretty sight to see the little fleet of fishing canoes sail away at dawn every morning in search of the great schools of “ Lisa.” When 10[ had ample proof of this while collecting them around Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. I caught them in an old tunnel formerly used for an aqueduct, using an insect-net for the purpose. After getting them into the net, I would carefully catch them by the nape of the neck and shove them into a cyanide bottle. They are very strong for their size, and the skin of their neck being loose, it so happened that in several cases the animal contrived to wriggle around and bite my thumb and finger before I could get it into the bottle. When thus bitten I was never aware of the fact until I saw the stream of blood coming from the wound. This wound is made by the four incisor teeth, which work like scissor blades and have the edge of a razor.—M. A. C., Jr. Topp-CARRIKER: BrirDs OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLompia. 43 luck was good they would return between three and four in the after- noon, loaded to the gunwales, and then there was pandemonium let loose in the village—singing, shouting, whistling, and laughter, while everyone big enough to handle a knife turned to the task of cleaning the fish for drying, which would usually consume half the night, the remainder of which was usually given over to dancing and drinking. Practically all the shooting in the region of Trojas de Cataca was done from a canoe, the shores of the Cienaga at this season of the year being inundated for miles inland. Herons, terns, and ducks were abundant, while the forests were filled with screaming parrots and howling monkeys. Occasionally a manatee was seen at the mouth of the river, but it was not secured. Trips were made up and down the shores of the Cienaga and the streams flowing into it, as far south as the Rio Palenque, which enters the Cienaga nearly at its southern end, and is. really the Rio Fundacion with the addition of several other streams. October 3 to 14 was spent in this section, and one hundred and fifty specimens were taken, the majority of which were large aquatic forms. Following our return from Trojas de Cataca practically no work was done until January of the following year (1914), when the trip to the Sierra Nevada proper was undertaken. On January to the writer, accompanied by Mrs. Carriker and a native Colombian assistant, left Santa Marta, going overland with pack-mules to Don Diego. The trail is a trail in name only, and was found to be almost impassable, so much so that three and one-half days were consumed on the trip to this place, where we arrived at dusk, after thirteen hours in the saddle, tired, hungry, and covered with bites of black flies, sand-flies, mos- quitoes, and ticks, the latter of which were still attached in myriads to our persons. A hurried rubdown with kerosene removed the ticks, after which a delightful sea-bath somewhat restored our flagging ap- petites, and a good supper with suitable refreshments provided by our genial host, Monsieur Barbier, completed the restoration. The whole north coast and lower slopes, up to 3,000 or 4,000 feet, contain more insect pests to the square inch than any place in Colombia known to the writer, excepting some portions of the Atrato basin; and Don Diego proved to be no exception to this rule. The attacks of the flies and mosquitoes can be prevented to a certain extent by the liberal use of “dope,” but the wood-ticks could not thus be avoided and were a 44 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. serious drawback to the best field-work. We had expected to spend but two weeks here, but to our great disappointment no boat could be secured, that belonging to the farm having been recently wrecked. Therefore it became necessary to go by land to Dibulla in order to secure a big canoe for the trip. The trail from Don Diego to Dibulla follows the open sea-beach, but between Don Diego and the mouth of the Rio Palomina are a series of cliffs, against which the sea dashes in furious breakers when it is the least bit rough, so that it is onty possible to pass them when the sea is absolutely calm and at low tide, and even then it cannot be done with loaded animals, since a dash must always be made to get through between rollers. We had sent our pack-animals back to Santa Marta, keeping only two saddle-mules, which we intended taking on the whole trip. Therefore the writer and his Colombian assistant set out with these two animals for Dibulla. We passed the cliffs in safety, but not without several thorough duck- ings, and one hard bump, when the writer was caught by a larger wave than usual, picked up bodily, mule and all, and slammed against the cliff. After two days of strenuous work in Dibulla a large sea- going canoe was finally secured, with a crew of five men, who agreed to make the trip for about double the ordinary price. We left in the evening and arrived at Don Diego before dawn, having had a brisk wind astern all night. Then followed a half day of frenzied packing, and at 4 P. M. we were loaded and attempted to put to sea. There is here no harbor of any sort, merely an open beach, and in passing the second line of breakers we were nearly swamped, and forced to return to the shore, with much of our outfit wet and damaged by the salt water. The next afternoon we made the attempt again and succeeded in getting through with a good drenching while passing the third line of rollers. Luck now seemed to have deserted us completely. A head wind sprang up, while at the same time we were fighting against a strong current, so that morning found us only in front of the Rio Palomina. The whole of that day and the following night was spent in reaching Dibulla, where we arrived at dawn, worn cut with thirty-eight hours of travel at sea in an open boat, and with nothing hot to eat or drink. We went at once to a nearby cocoanut- and cattle-plantation, to the manager of which we had a letter of introduction, and under whose hospitable ministrations we speedily recovered from our recent un- Topp-CARRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotompta. 45 comfortable experience. On account of the long delay in getting away from Don Diego we were now much behind our intended schedule, two whole weeks having been lost between the last day’s col- lecting at Don Diego and the first work at Dibulla. However, splendid results had been secured at Don Diego, where five hundred specimens were collected between January 14 and February 7. Pack-animals proved to be unobtainable in Dibulla and it was neces- sary to send to Pueblo Viejo for them. The resulting delay was very profitably utilized at Dibulla, eight days’ collecting yielding nearly two hundred specimens. As soon as the oxen arrived, we began to pack up and got started the next day for Pueblo Viejo, reaching the place about 2 P. M. on the second day, after passing the night in a rude hut in the forest, built for that purpose. With a good saddle- horse it is possible to make the trip from Dibulla to Pueblo Viejo in one day, but with oxen for pack-animals nearly two days are required, and in the rainy season perhaps even more. Leaving the beach, the road crosses a stretch of flat littoral of considerable width, perhaps eight or ten miles, before the foothills are reached. This littoral is interspersed with savanna and woodlands, and has many palms. These savannas are evidently due to deforestation and repeated burnings. After the foothills are reached the heavy humid forest begins, and continues unbroken to Pueblo Viejo, with only here and there a small clearing to break the monotony. It was a delightful change to reach the cool climate of Pueblo Viejo and escape the flies and mosquitoes of the lowlands, but we still had, as we soon -discovered, the omnipresent wood-tick, in even greater abundance than on the coast, the savannas around the village being alive with them, as well as the second-growth scrub where the cattle ranged. It was almost a daily occurrence, upon returning from the hunt, to have to take a bath in kerosene, and then boil one’s clothes tu kill the ticks. We pitched our tent on the bank of the Rio Ancha about a half-mile below the village, thus escaping too-frequent visits from the natives, as well as from their pigs and dogs. The vicinity of Pueblo Viejo presents an unusually fine field for operations, there being a great variety of ecological conditions within a few hours’ tramp from the village, situated as it is just at the upper edge of the foothills, and at the base of the higher ranges. Collecting was carried on here from March 4 to 21 inclusive, nearly four hundred specimens 46 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. being taken. From here the valley and the heights of Chirua were worked, as well as the valley of the Rio Ancha above the village, and the foot-hills below it. For the continuation of the trip to San Miguel and the higher alti- tudes, oxen were secured from the Indians of that village, negotia- tions to that end having been made with the old chief Aragonesis. It is a pleasant trip from Pueblo Viejo to San Miguel, the trail passing almost entirely through open country up the Macotama Valley, so that there is a cOnstantly changing panorama of magnificent scenery. I had gone up alone previously and selected a camp-site on the plateau opposite the village, so that upon our arrival camp was rapidly made. However, we spent the first night in the village itself, sleeping in the *‘ public house,” reserved for travellers, and crossed over to our camp early the next morning. Everything was made as snug as possible, to be prepared for the icy wind which sweeps down the valley during the night from the eternal snows above. We arrived at San Miguel on March 23, at which time the village was practically deserted, nearly all the inhabitants being far away in the mountains prepar- ing land for the spring planting in April and May. However, we were able to secure from the few who remained some fresh potatoes, onions, squashes, aracache. and a few eggs, also panela, or crude sugar, boiled down from cane-juice. Meat was unobtainable, and we were perforce dependent on what edible birds we could kill and on tinned meat brought from Santa Marta. Collecting conditions at San Miguel were very difficult. We were camped in a deep valley, surrounded by grassy mountain slopes for the greater part and with virgin forest far away; so far, indeed, that it could not be reached in time to do any collecting and return the same day. We were forced to pass many nights in some temporarily vacant Indian hut or in the forest in order to get the early morning shoot-~ ing, all of which meant climbing four or five thousand feet with a load of twenty-five or thirty pounds, sleeping out, collecting until noon, and then hurrying back to camp to care for the specimens se- cured. Thus, Mrs. Carriker was left many nights entirely alone in camp, while the writer and the native collector were off in the paramo, or far away in the forest of the Cerro de Caracas. This arrangement was made possible only because of the completely inoffensive nature of the Indians, the like of which I have never seen before or since Topp-—CARRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLomBIA. 47 in any aboriginal people. Not only are they entirely harmless, but also absolutely honest, never stealing from each other or from out- siders. When we made the first trip up to the snow, Mrs. Carriker was along, and we left our camp for three days alone and unprotected, returning to find everything exactly as we had left it. We had in- tended making another camp at about 10,000 or 11,000 feet in the upper Macotama Valley, but were unable to secure oxen from the Indians to carry our outfit. The old chief had promised this, but after I had refused to give him a jug of rum (which I did not have) he rose up in his chiefly dignity and not only refused us oxen, but abso- lutely prohibited us from going to the paramos or collecting on them, or at any point higher than San Miguel. Naturally this did not co- incide with our plans, so I called the old fellow’s “bluff” by going alone up the valley the next day to 11,000 feet. Needless to say, noth- ing happened then or thereafter, and we continued our excursions un- molested, except that whenever we went to the paramos, we were invariably “ shadowed ” by an Indian, whom we never appeared to see. Space does not allow, nor would it be exactly fitting, to here relate all the comic, serious, and near-tragic incidents which occurred during our five weeks’ stay at San Miguel. Suffice it to say that in spite of the great difficulties and the tremendous distance to be tramped over every day, we were able by the heroic assistance of Mrs. Carriker and the loyalty of our native assistant to accomplish the object of the expedi- tion, and to secure a most creditable collection of the birds of the region, but very few species which were known to inhabit these parts escaping us. The spring rains were now beginning, and our provisions becoming exhausted, we began packing on April 24 and broke camp the next day, having secured oxen from Pueblo Viejo. We arrived at Dibulla on April 28, after a day lost in Pueblo Viejo, making the journey without special incident. On the evening of April 29 we em- barked in a canoe for Rio Hacha, where we arrived at dawn the next morning. Landing was made at once, and as soon as quarters were secured at the hotel and breakfast was eaten, we were off shooting. Seven days were spent collecting here and great success was had, over three hundred specimens being secured. However, the sudden change from the more temperate conditions at San Miguel to the torrid heat of Rio Hacha was almost unbearable. It was not pos- sible to stay out under the broiling sun after 9 or 9:30 A. M., and 5 48 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. even then one would return nearly prostrated with the heat and thirst, while many birds shot early in the morning would be in bad shape for skinning by mid-afternoon. On the evening of May 9 we embarked in a small schooner for Santa Marta, and after a pleasant, uneventful voyage of thirty hours reached our destination, having been absent four months, and hav- ing collected almost two thousand specimens of birds and mammals. On this trip, as well as in subsequent work in Colombia, the eminently successful results attained have been largely due to the untiring energy, fearless courage, and unusual skill of Mrs. Carriker, who de- serves full praise and credit. The endless inconveniences, privations, and hardships which we were forced to undergo were enough to shake the stoutest heart, and I venture to say that few women would have stood up under them day after day and month after month without complaint or reproach. After our return to Santa Marta, other matters prevented further collecting for more than a year. However, on September 14, 1915, a trip was made to Tucurinca, on the western littoral, midway between Cienaga and Fundacion, where the writer spent ten days working alone, except for a native hunter. On October 5 a second trip was made to Fundacion, on which occasion Mrs. Carriker was along. Two weeks were spent there, and much valuable additional material secured. This work was practically the last done by the junior author in the Santa Marta region up to the summer of 1920, when he was able to spend a few weeks in a reconnaissance of the lowlands southeast of the Sierra Nevada. A full account of this expedition appears beyond.1+_ Much has been accomplished, but much still remains to be done, and the field cannot be regarded as exhausted. According to the record the collection of birds made by the junior author in the Santa Marta region consists of 5,355 specimens, of which 4,244 are deposited in the Carnegie Museum, 1,022 in the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and 89 in his own cabinet. The entire collection has been utilized in the preparation of the pres- ent report. Not only is this by far the largest collection ever made in this region, but it is also the most complete, including as it does representatives of no less than four hundred and fifty-eight forms out of the total of five hundred and fourteen on record. Of the remaining 11 See Appendix. Topp-—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MARTA REGIon, CoLompia. 49 fifty-six forms sixteen were positively identified in the field, but no specimens were secured. On the other hand no less than seventy- seven species and subspecies have been added to the Santa Marta list as a result of the work of the junior author, while thirty-six species and subspecies have been described as new to science on the basis of mate- rial collected by him in this region. Spectres DESCRIBED FROM THE SANTA MARTA REGION. It will be of interest at this point to give a list of the various species and subspecies which have been described from the Santa Marta region from 1847 down to the present time, one hundred and sixty-one in num- ber. Not all of these are valid names, of course, and not all of them represent forms which are confined to this region; in fact, it is known that in several instances the assigned locality must have been a mis- take. But even after all allowances have been made, few continental regions so restricted in area can boast so many peculiar forms. Of such no less than seventy-two are now known, and very probably more remain to be discovered. In addition there are fifty-four forms, now considered valid, which were originally described from the region, but have been found to range beyond its confines as here understood. List of Species and Subspecies of Birds which have been described from the Santa Marta region, with the names under which they are now known. Rupornis magnirostris insidiatrix Bangs and Penard, 1918. Crypturus soui mustelinus Bangs, 1905 = Crypturornis soui mustelinus. Crypturus idoneus Todd, 1919 =Crypturornis idoneus. Eupsychortyx cristatus littoralis Todd, 1917 Eupsychortyx leuco- pogon littoralis. Odontophorus atrifrons Allen, 1900. Chamepetes sancte-marthe Chapman, 1912. Ortalida ruficrissa Sclater and Salvin, 1871 = Ortalis ruficrissa. Penelope colombiana Todd, 1912. Penelope greeyit Gray, 1866 = Penelope marail. (Locality errone- ous. ) Crax annulata Todd, 1915. Neocrex colombianus Bangs, 1808. Parra melanopygia Sclater, 1857 Jacana nigra. 50 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Geotrygon linearis infusca Bangs, 1900 = Oreopeleia linearis infusca. Zenaida pentheria Bonaparte, 1854 Zenaida ruficauda ruficauda. Pionus sordidus saturatus Todd, 1915. Psittacula pyrilia Bonaparte, 1853== Pyrilia pyrilia. (Locality prob- ably erroneous. ) Psittacula passerina cyanophanes Todd, 1915. Pyrrhura viridicata Todd, 1913. Aratinga e@ruginosa occidentalis Todd, 1915 ==Eupsittula pertinax eruginosa. Glaucidium brasilianum. medianum Todd, 1916. Nyctidromus albicollis gilvus Bangs, 1902. Setopagis heterurus Todd, 1915== Setopagis parvula heterura. Momotus semirufus Sclater, 1853 == Urospatha marti semirufa. (Lo- cality probably erroneous. ) Momotus subrufescens Sclater, 1853 == Momotus subrufescens subru- fescens. Nonnula frontalis pallescens Todd, 1919. Hypnelus ruficollis decolor Todd, 1922. Galbula ruficauda, pallens Bangs, 1898. Aulacorhamphus lautus Bangs, 1898 = Aulacorhynchus lautus. Veniliornis oleaginus exsul Todd, 1920. Chrysoptilus ujghelyii von Madarasz, 1912 = Chrysoptilus punctigula ujhelyit. , Chloronerpes yucatenensis alleni Bangs, 1902== Chloronerpes rubigi- nosus alleni. Melanerpes wagleri sancte-marte Bangs, 1898 = Centurus rubricapil- lus rubricapillus. Pharomachrus festatus Bangs, 1899. Trochilus floriceps Gould, 1853 == Simonula floriceps. Acestrura astreans Bangs, 1899== Chetocercus astreans. Oxypogon cyanolemus Salvin and Godman, 1880. Metallura districta Bangs, 1899. Rhamphomicron dorsale Salvin and Godman, 1880= Ramphomicron dorsale. Lafresnayea liriope Bangs, 1910= Lafresnaya lafresnayt liriope. Leucuria phalerata Bangs, 1898== Helianthea phalerata. Panychlora russata Salvin and Godman, 1881 = Chlorostilbon russatus. Lepidopyga lillie Stone, 1917. Topp—CARRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA Marta REeEcGIon, Cotomsia. 51 Thalucrania calina Bourcier, 1856—Lepidopyga ceruleogularis. (Locality probably erroneous. ) ; Campylopterus phainopeplus Salvin and Godman, 1879. Phethornis longirostris susurrus Bangs, 1901 ==Phaethornis longi- rostris SUSUYTUS. Dendrocincla olivacea anguina Bangs, 1898 = Dendrocincla lafres- nayet lafresnayet. Picolaptes lacrymiger sancte-marthe Chapman, 1912—= Thripobrotus lacrymiger sancte-marthe. Xiphocolaptes fortis Heine, 1860— Xiphocolaptes procerus fortis. (Locality doubtful.) Dendroplex picirostris Lafresnaye, 1847 = Dendroplex picirostris pici- rostris. Automolus rufipectus Bangs, 1808. Xenicopsis anxius Bangs, 1902==Xenicopsis montanus anxius. Leptasthenura andicola extima Todd, 1916. Synallaxis albescens perpallida Todd, 1916. Synallaxis fuscorufa Sclater, 1882. Siptornis hellmayri Bangs, 1907 = Acrorchilus hellmayri. Synallaxis fuscifrons von Madarasz, 1913 Leptoxyura cinnamomea fuscifrons. Premnoplex coloratus Bangs, 1902==Premnoplex brunnescens colo- ratus. Cinclodes oreobates Scott, 1900. Furnarius agnatus Sclater and Salvin, 1873 =Furnarius leucopus ag- natus. Furnarius leucopus exilis Todd, 1920. Sclerurus albigularis propinquus Bangs, 1899. Grallaria spatiator Bangs, 1898 = Grallaria rufula spatiator. Grallaria varia carmelite Todd, 1915 = Grallaria regulus carmelite. Grallaria bangsi Allen, 1900. Conopophaga browni Bangs, 1899= Grallaricula ferruginetpectus. Formicarius moniliger virescens Todd, r9t5 = Formicarius analis virescens. Gymnocichla nudiceps sancta-marte Ridgway, 1908. (Locality doubt- ful.) Cercomacra nigricans Sclater, 1858. Ramphocenus sancte-marthe Sclater, 1862 Ramphocenus rufiven- tris sancte-marthe. 52 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Drymophila caudata hellmayri Todd, 1915. Myrmotherula sancte-marte Allen, 1900 Myrmopagis schisticolor sancte-marte. Hylophilus brunneus Allen, 1900== Myrmopagis schisticolor sancte- marte. Erionotus punctatus subcinereus Todd, 1915=Erionotus punctatus gorgone. Thamnophilus melanonotus Sclater, 1855 = Sakesphorus melanonotus. Hypolophus pulchellus phainoleucus Todd, 1915 =Sakesphorus pul- chellus. Scytalopus sancte-marte Chapman, 1915. Scytalopus latebricola Bangs, 1899. Tityra semifasciata columbiana Ridgway, 1906. Platypsaris homochrous canescens Chapman, 1912. Pachyrhamphus cinereiventris Sclater, 1862== Pachyrhamphus poly- chropterus cinereiventris. Attila rufipectus Allen, 1goo. Attila parvirostris Allen, 1900. Attila idiotes Todd, 1916. Pipreola aureipectus decora Bangs, 1899 —=Euehlornis aureopectus de- cora. Manacus manacus abditivus Bangs, 1899. Myiodynastes chrysocephalus intermedius Chapman, 1912. Myiodynastes nobilis Sclater, 1859 = Myiodynastes maculatus macu- latus. Sayornis latirostris fumigatus Todd, 1920. Myiobius assimilis Allen, 1900 = Pyrrhomyias vieillotioides assimilis. Leptopogon amaurocephalus diversus Todd, 1913. Mionectes olivaceus galbinus Bangs, 1902. Myiopagis placens pallens Bangs, 1902 = Elenia viridicata pallens. Elenia browni Bangs, 1898= Elema pudica pudica. Elenia sororia Bangs, 1898 = Elenia chiriquensis albivertex. Phyllomyias semifusca Sclater, 1862 Pheomyias murina incomta. Tyranniscus nigricapillus flavimentum Chapman, 1912. Tyranniscus chrysops minimus Chapman, 1912. Octheca olivacea Allen, 1900 = Tyranniscus improbus. Serpophaga cinerea cana Bangs, 1904. Hapalocercus paulus Bangs, 1899== Hapalocercus meloryphus, Topp-CarRIKER: Birps OF SANTA Marta ReEcrion, CoLtompia. 53 Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens exortivus Bangs, 1908. Rhynchocyclus flaviventris aurulentus Todd, 1913. Craspedoprion @quinoctialis flavus Chapman, 1914. Todirostrum nigriceps Sclater, 1855. Onychorhynchus mexicanus fraterculus Bangs, 1902. Myiopatis montensis Bangs, 1899 = Mecocerculus leucophrys setopha- goides. Octheca jesupi Allen, 1900 = Octheca diadema jesupi. -Octheca poliogastra Salvin and Godman, 1880 = Oetheca poliogastris. Octhodieta pernix Bangs, 1899. Orodynastes striaticollis columbianus Todd, 1913 —Orodynastes stria- ticollis striaticollis. Donacobius brachypterus von Madarasz, 1913 = Donacobius atricapil- lus brachypterus. Merula albiventris fusa Bangs, 1899== Turdus albiventer ephippialis. Planesticus luridus Bonaparte, 1854== Turdus grayt incomptus. Merula incompta Bangs, 1898== Turdus grayi incomptus. Merula pheopyga minuscula Bangs, 1898== Turdus pheopygus pheo- pygus. Planesticus olivater sancte-marte Todd, 1913 = Turdus olivater sanc- te-marte, Merula gigas cacozela Bangs, 1898== Semimerula cacozela. Catharus melpomene sierre Hellmayr, 1919 —Catharus melpomene aurantiirostris. Catharus fuscater sancte-marte Ridgway, 1904. Cinclus rivularis Bangs, 1899. Microcerculus corrasus Bangs, 1902 == Microcerculus squamulatus cor- rasus. Henicorhina hilaris bangsi Ridgway, 1903. Henicorhina anachoreta Bangs, 1899== Henicorhina leucophrys ana- choreta. Troglodytes monticola Bangs, 1899. Troglodytes musculus atopus Oberholser, 1904. Thryothorus letus Bangs, 1898 = Pheugopedius letus. Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris cognatus Todd, 1915 == Pheugopedius fasciatoventris fasciatoventris. Campylorhynchus pardus Sclater, 1858 = Heleodytes nuchalts. Buglodytes albicilius Bonaparte, 1854 —= Heleodytes minor albicilius. 54 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus Bangs, 1898. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis equalis Bangs, 1901. Basileuterus cabanisi indignus Todd, 1916. Basileuterus conspicillatus Salvin and Godman, 1880. Setophaga flavivertex Salvin, 1887 Mytoborus flavivertex. Hemispingus basilicus Todd, 1913. Dacnis napea Bangs, 1898 = Dacnis cerebicolor napea. Diglossa nocticolor Bangs, 1808. Sturnella magna paralios Bangs, 1901. Icterus mesomelas carrikert Todd, 1917. Cassidix orystvora violea Bangs, 1900. Ostinops decumanus melanterus Todd, 1917. Phenicothraupis. erythrolema Sclater, 1861==Habia fuscicauda ery- throlema. (Locality erroneous. ) Nemosia pileata hypoleuca Todd, 1916. Piranga faceta Bangs, 1868 = Piranga testacea faceta. Sporathraupis cyanocephala margarite Chapman, 1912. Pecilothraupis melanogenys Salvin and Godman, 1880. Tangara viridissima toddi Bangs and Penard, 1921. Euphomia fulvicrissa Sclater, 1857 == Tanagra fulvicrissa fulvicrissa. (Locality erroneous. ) Chlorophoma frontalis psittacina Bangs, 1902. Saltator plumbeus Bonaparte, 1853 = Saltator olivascens plumbeus. Cardinalis granadensis Lafresnaye, 1847 = Richmondena phenicea. Cyanocompsa concreta sancte-marte Bangs, 1898== Cyanocompsa cy- anoides cyanoides. : Catamenia oreophila Todd, 1913 ==/diospiza oreophila. Catamenia alpica Bangs, 1902. Sporophila haplochroma Todd, 1912. Sycalis brownt Bangs, 1898 = Sicalts citrina browni. Haplospiza nivaria Bangs, 1899 = Phrygilus unicolor nivarius. Buarremon basilicus Bangs, 1808. Buarremon melanocephalus Salvin and Godman, 1880 — Atlapetes melanocephalus. Arremonops conirostris canens Bangs, 1898 —= Arremonops conirostris conirostris. Spinus spinescens capitaneus Bangs, 1808. Topp-—CARRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotompia. 55 Besides the above there are a few species for which authors other than the describers have assigned type-localities in the Santa Marta region, as follows: Brotogeris jugularis jugularis, Chapman, 1917. Malacoptila mystacalis, Chapman, 1917. Hypnelus ruficollis ruficollis, Chapman, 1917 (error). Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafresnayei, Chapman, 1917. Icterus auricapillus von Berlepsch and Hartert, 1902. Arremon schlegeli, von Berlepsch, 1910. NortH AMERICAN MIGRANTS. No less than sixty-six species of North American birds have been recorded from the Santa Marta region—considerably more than have recently been found in all the rest of Colombia. In this number are included several species new to the South American list, recorded here for the first time. The groups most largely represented are the shore- birds, flycatchers, and wood-warblers. Most of these are true winter residents, but some few species, as for example the Bobolink, Doli- chonyx oryzivorus, go still farther south for the winter, and are known here only as transients. The great majority of the forms are those which come from the eastern United States and Canada, but some of the shore-birds are arctic in their breeding range. Vuireosylva flavo- viridis flavoviridis, which we here assign to the category of non-resi- dent species, seems to have come from Central America, however ; while Tyrannus curvirostris curvirostris, Vireosylva calidris calidris, and Vireosylva calidris barbatula are clearly from the West Indies. For several of the species on the list there are only one or two records each—a circumstance which is significant, indicating that these records pertain to waifs or strays, accidentally caught and carried along in the great tide of migrants which crosses back and forth at the proper seasons between this northernmost part of South America on the one hand and the West Indies on the other. On the basis of Palmen’s theory this would suggest the former existence of a land-bridge be- tween these two regions, but in any case there can be no question that this route is a favorite one for the entry of northern migrants into Colombia, and accounts for the large number of species of this class known from this restricted area. No particular attention seems to 56 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. be paid to zonal boundaries by these migrant birds. Of especial in- terest in this connection, as suggesting how certain boreal forms may have originally reached the Colombian highlands, may be cited the finding of Geothlypis trichas trichas on the Paramo de Chiruqua, at an elevation of 15,000 feet, on April 21, 1914. Nota few of the available records indicate an earlier date of arrival in the fall and a later date of departure in the spring than our experience in the north would lead us to expect. For example, Tringa solitaria solitaria has been recorded in the fall migration as early as August 15 (1913), while the latest date in the spring for Nuttallornis borealis is May 13, 1899. The few species in the subjoined list which are queried may possibly breed within the limits of the present region, but the evidence is not conclusive. List of North American Migrants. Capella delicata Charadrius senipalmatus (?) Ardea herodias subsp. (?)Butorides virescens virescens Buteo platypterus platypterus Falco peregrinus anatum Coccyzus americanus Tyrannus curvirostris curvi- Falco columbarius columbar- rostris ius Tyrannus tyrannus (?)Pandion halietus carolinensis Myiarchus crinitus Porzana carolina Empidonax trail brewstert (?)Chroicocephalus atricilla Empidonax virescens Hydrochelidon nigra surina- mensis Thalasseus maximus Bartramia longicauda Actitis macularia Tringa solitaria solitaria Neoglottis flavipes Neoglottis melanoleuca Pisobia minutilla Pisobia maculata Tryngites subruficollis Ereunetes mauri Ereunetes pusillus Micropalama himantopus Mytochanes virens Nuttallornis borealis Hylocichla fuscescens fusces- cens HAylocichla minima alicie A ylocichla ustulata swainsoni Lanivireo flavifrons Vireosylva olivacea Vireosylva flavoviridis flavo- viridis Vireosylva calidris calidris Vireosylva calidris barbatula Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Setophaga ruticilla Topp-—CARRIKER: BIRDS OF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLomsBiaA. 57 Geothlypis trichas trichas Seiurus noveboracensis nove- boracensis Seiurus noveboracensis nota- bilis Seiurus motacilla Seiurus aurocapillus auroca- pillus Oporornis philadelphia Oporornis agilis Oporornis formosus Dendroica c@rulescens ceru- lescens Dendroica estiva e@stiva Vermivora peregrina Vermivora pinus Vermivora chrysoptera Protonotaria citrea Mniotilta varia Dolichonyx oryzivorus Icterus galbula Icterus spurius Dendroica striata Piranga rubra rubra Dendroica castanea Hedymeles ludovicianus Dendroica fusca Spiza americana Dendroica virens virens LIFE-ZONES OF THE SANTA Marta REGION. While it has long been known in a general way that the bird-life of the median and higher elevations of the mountains in tropical America differed materially from that of the lower levels, and while many of these alticoline forms have been known to science for a considerable period, it would seem that practically no serious effort was ever made to study them from the distributional standpoint (on any extensive scale at least), or to correlate and systematize such faunal data as were already available, prior to the appearance of Dr. Chapman’s recent epoch-making work on the distribution of bird-life in Colombia. The discovery that the life of the Neotropical Region, taken as a whole, falls into four primary divisions, or natural life-zones, each char- acterized by its own assemblage of forms, marks the initial step in the development of the subject. The second step is properly the deter- mination of the minor faunal areas of each zone, involving a study of their respective characters, limitations, and relationships. We ac- cept the general conclusions reached by Dr. Chapman with reference to the faunal divisions to be recognized in Colombia, as well as with regard to the nomenclature to be employed. The same life-zones occur in the Santa Marta region as in the Andes, but owing to the differences in humidity and temperature existing on the several slopes of the Sierra Nevada and its encircling lowlands it is a more difficult matter 58 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. to assign exact altitudinal limits to these belts, which are of course primarily dependent upon the conditions in question. On the north slope of the Sierra Nevada, for instance, the several zones overlap to an extent unknown in the Andes, all the zones above the Tropical dropping down considerably below the usual limits, so far as their lower borders are concerned. Reserving this and other features of the case for fuller discussion further on, we would make the following zonal divisions in the Santa Marta region: AMropical ZONE . h..d/ OuOr ahs Bae eae te cles aie see 4,500 feet. Subtropical Zone... .. ASOOKEG Hise 2 secs hechoen rennet 9,000 feet. Temperate Zone ...... G,O00 “EO! ie ateutl outer reer ete 11,000 feet. PAraAMmG LONG seems 11,000 feet to the snow-line (15,000 feet). These figures are general and average only; they require modifica- tion to allow for local conditions. By far the larger number of species are confined to one zone, and few are known to range beyond two zones. Allowance must neces- sarily be made for the cases where the forms normally belonging to a given zone invade the limits of the adjacent zone and mingle with its constituents. The various zones are of course determined, not by any arbitrary altitudinal limits, but by their several characteristic ele- ments or species; if the ranges of these are not sharply defined, then the delimitation of the zones becomes indefinite to that extent. There is another phase of the distribution of bird-life in the tropics which must be taken into consideration in referring the various species to their respective zones, especially in the case of the three upper zones. This is altitudinal migration in search of food, or a natural tendency to wander about when not confined to one place by the rearing of young. In the lists which follow the effort has been, so far as our present knowledge and experience permits, to make allowance for these movements and to relegate each species to the zone in which it breeds, for this is its real habitat. With some species this is compara- tively easy, as with the terrestrial or semi-terrestrial dwellers in the forest, for these are almost entirely sedentary in their habits, but there are others, especially among the hummingbirds, fruit-eaters, and the dwellers in the tree-tops, which present a more puzzling problem. To solve this question accurately would necessitate continuous collecting throughout the year in all the different zones, a matter quite impossible Topp-CArRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReGIon, Cotomsta. 59 for the ordinary collector who hopes to achieve any large success or cover any extensive area. The Tropical Zone is the only zone in the Santa Marta region which is continuous with the same faunal area in the rest of Colombia, the upper zones all being isolated from the corresponding belts in the Andes by the interposition of the Tropical. The Tropical, being thus more accessible than the upper zones, has received by far the largest proportion of the total life of the region. The following table com- pares the number and relative percentages of the constituent elements of the resident fauna of the Santa Marta region with that of the Andes as a whole, species alone being considered. Zone. Santa Marta Region. Colombian Andes. No. of No of Species. Percentage. Species. Percentage. PRO IGAl tc crys s ow ietdiale 337 76.4 685 63.4 SVE TCREE 0) Col | eee er 75 17.0 273, 25.2 Mlemperaterss.c 252420! 0s 22 5.0 104 9.6 Hee O Pore ekjcis tS <4 '6 3Yeiai es 7 1.6 19 1.8 The falling off in the number of species with the progressive in- crease of altitude is thus seen to be more abrupt than in the Andes, and gives an insular character to the fauna of the Santa Marta region which we shall see hereafter is borne out in other respects. THE TROPICAL ZONE. Character and Extent—The Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region not only occupies a larger area than do the remaining zones combined, but also supports by far the most birds, both species and individuals, as well as the greatest variety. It comprises in general all that part of the region lying between sea-level and the lower edge of the ordinary cloud strata. On the San Lorenzo and its connecting ridge, as well as on the southern spur of the Sierra Nevada, this line falls at between 4,000 and 4,500 feet, but on the north slope of the main Sierra Nevada, facing the Caribbean Sea, it drops down to 2,000 feet or even lower. As a result of conditions already explained there is here a heavy humid forest extending right down to the seacoast, and a consequent lowering and very confusing overlapping of the life-zones. 60 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. So far as we are able to determine from the scanty data available the upper limit of the Tropical Zone on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada is normal, agreeing with that observed on the San Lorenzo, but local conditions may in some places tend to carry certain of the tropical species up to higher levels in this part. Even on the slopes of the San Lorenzo and Horqueta a considerable number of what must be considered as species of the Tropical Zone are known to advance up to 5,000 feet, which is the average altitudinal limit of this zone in the Andean system of Colombia, according to Dr. Chapman. Constituent Species—No less than three hundred and forty-four species and subspecies of resident birds have thus far been recorded from this zone in the Santa Marta region. This takes no account of a few species, evidently of Subtropical affinities, which are known to range lower down at intervals. In the subjoined list such species as are known to range upward into the Subtropical Zone or beyond are followed by an asterisk. Birds of the Tropical Zone. *Anhinga anhinga Sarcoramphus papa* *Phalacrocorax vigua vigua Cathartes aura aura* *Pelecanus occidentalis Coragyps urubu *Txobrychus erythromelas Chondrohierax uncinatus unci- *Doriponus agamti natus *Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis *Odontriorchis palliatus *Florida cerulea *Gampsonyx swainsont *Pilherodius pileatus Harpagus bidentatus *Butorides striatus Ictinia plumbea Tigrisoma lineatum *Rostrhamus sociabilts +Tigrisoma salmont *Geranospiza cerulescens *Nycticorax nycticorax n@vius +Accipiter superciliosus exitio- *Nyctanassa violacea violacea sus* Cochlearius cochlearius Accipiter bicolor bicolor *Ajaia ajaja *Astur poliogaster *Theristicus caudatus *Buteo abbreviatus *Phimosus berlepschi *Buteo albicaudatus subsp. Mycteria americana *Buteo brachyurus *Dendrocygna discolor *Hetcrospizias meridionalis meri- *OQuerquedula cyanoptera dionalis Topp—CARRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA Marta REeEGIon, CoLtomsra. 61 *Morphnus urubitinga *Morphnus anthracinus anthra- cinus *A sturina nitida nitida Rupornmis magnirostris insidia- trix *Busarellus nigricollis *Urubitornis solitarius *Spizaétus ornatus *Spisactus tyrannus Oroaétus isidori* *Herpetotheres cachinnans cach- imnans Micrastur brachypterus brachyp- terus Falco albigularis albigularis *Falco fuscocerulescens fusco- cerulescens Falco sparverius isabellinus* *Polyborus cheriway cheriway *Milvago chimachima cordata *Ibycter americanus Tinamus major ruficeps Crypturornis soui mustelinus *Crypturornis idoneus *Eupsychortyx cristatus cristatus *Eupsychortyx leucopogon littor- alis *Eupsychortyx leucopogon decor- atus *Ortalis garrula *Ortalis ruficrissa Penelope equatorialis *Crax annulata Crax alberti *Aramus scolopaceus scolopaceus *Aramides cajaneus chiricote *Aramides axillaris +Neocrex colombianus Creciscus albigularis *Tonornis martinicus *Phetusa chloripoda *Thalasseus sp. *Himantopus mexicanus *Charadrius collaris *Pagolla wilsonia crassirostris *Belonopterus cayennensis cayen- nensis *Hematopus palliatus palliatus *(Edicnemus bistriatus vocifer *Jacana nigra +Oreopeleia violacea albiventer Oreopeleia montana Leptotila verreaux? verreauxt Claravis pretiosa Chamepelia rufipennis rufipen- nis *Chamepelia passerina albivitta *Scardafella squammata ridgwayt *Crossophthalmus gymnophthal- mos Lepidenas speciosa *Chlorenas rufina pallidicrissa *Amazona ochrocephala pana- mensis *Amazona amazonica amazonica *Pionus menstriuus *Psittacula passerina cyano- phanes *Psittacula spengeli *Brotogeris jugularis jugularis *Eupsittula pertinax eruginosa +Aratinga wagleri* *Thectocercus hemorrhous neox- enus Ara militaris 62 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. *Ara chloroptera *Ara ararauna Crotophaga ani *Crotophaga sulcirostris sulciros- tris *Crotophaga major *Tapera nevia nevia Piaya columbiana *Coccycua rutila gracilis *Coccyzus lansbergi *Coccyzus melacoryphus *Glaucidium NUM brasilianum media- Ciccaba virgata virgata Pulsatrix perspicillata perspicil- lata *Otus choliba margarite +Rhinoptynx clamator Steatornis caripensis caripensis *Chordeiles acutipennis acutipen- nis *Nyctidromus albicollis gilvus Antrostomus rufus rufus* *Setopagis parvula heterura *Thermochalcis cayennensis albi- cauda Momotus subrufescens subru- fescens *Chloroceryle @nea e@nea *Chloroceryle inda Chloroceryle americana amer- 1cana *Chloroceryle amazona *Megaceryle torquata torquata *Nonnula frontalis pallescens *Aypnelus ruficollis ruficollis *Hypnelus ruficollis decolor *Notharchus hyperrhynchus subsp. *Galbula ruficauda pallens Pteroglossus torquatus nuchalis Ramphastos piscivorus brevi- carinatus *Picumnus cinnamomeus cinna- momeus *Picumnus squamulatus *Veniliorms kirki cecilit Scapaneus melanoleucus malher- bir* Ceophleus lineatus mesorhyn- chus *Chrysoptilus punctigula ujhelyit *Chloronerpes chrysochloros au- rOSUS *Centurus rubricapilus rubrica- pillus Chrysotrogon caligatus colum- bianus *Curucujus melanurus macrourus +Chetura spinicauda spinicauda +Streptoprocne gonaris albicincta Chrysolampis elatus Florisuga mellivora +Chlorostilbon russatus *Chlorostilbon haeberlinii *Chlorostilbon caribeus *Lepidopyga lillie *Lepidopyga luminosa *Damophila julie julie Colibri delphine* Anthracothorax nigricollis nigri- collis Saucerottia saucerrottet warsce- wicst *Amazilia tzacatl tzacatl *Loucippus fallax fallax Chalybura buffoni eneicauda Hylocharis cyanus viridiventris Topp—CARRIKER: BrirRDS OF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLompiIA. 63 Anthoscenus longirostris longi- rostris *Threnetes ruckeri subsp. *Glaucis hirsuta affinis +Phaethornis striigularis striigu- laris *Phaethornis anthophilus antho- philus +Phaethornis longirostris susur- rus Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafres- nayet *Campylorhamphus trochilirostris venezuelensis *Thripobrotus albolineatus Xiphorhynchus nanus nanus *Dendroplex picirostris piciros- tris *Pecilurus candet candet *Pecilurus candet veneguelensis Synallaxis albescens albigularis* *Synallaxis albescens perpallida *Leptoxyura cinnamomea fusci- frons Xenops genibarbis neglectus *Furnarius leucopus agnatus *Furnartus leucopus exilis *Formicarius analis virescens Myrmeciza longipes panamensts *Cercomacra nigricans *Ramphocenus rufiventris sanc- te-marthe *Microrhopias intermedia *Myrmopagis melena melena _Erionotus punctatus gorgone *Thamnophilus nigriceps *Thamnophilus cristatus 6 radiatus nigri- *Sakesphorus melanonotus *Sakesphorus pulchellus *Taraba transandeana granaden- SIS Tityra semifasciata columbiana *Erator albitorques Platypsaris homochrous canes- cens +Pachyrhamphus albogriseus or- natus *Pachyrhamphus | polychropterus cineretventris *Pachyrhamphus magdalene cinnamomeus *Pachyrhamphus rufus Attila parvirostris *Attila idiotes Schiffornis amagonus stenorhyn- chus +Pipra erythrocephala erythroce- phala Chiroxiphia lanceolata Manacus manacus abditivus Muscivora tyrannus Tyrannus melancholicus chloro- notus *Pitangus lictor *Pitangus sulphuratus rufipennis Megarynchus pitangua pitangua Myiodynastes maculatus macula- tus Myiarchus tuberculifer tubercu- lifer *Myiarchus ferox panamensis *Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannu- lus Sayornis latirostris fumigatus +Myiophobus fasciatus fasciatus 64 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Empidochanes fuscatus cabanist Myiochanes brachytarsus subsp. *Terenotriccus erythrurus fulvi- gularis *Pyrocephalus rubinus saturatus *Capsiempis flaveola leucophrys *Leptopogon amaurocephalus di- versus tMionectes olivaceus galbinus* Pipromorpha oleaginea parca Myiozetetes similis columbianus *Mytozetetes cayanensis hell- mayri Legatus leucophaius *Elenia viridicata pallens *Elenia gaimardiu bogotensis *Elenia gaimardi macilvainit tElema chiriquensis albivertex Elenia flavogaster flavogaster *Sublegatus glaber Phyllomyias griseiceps grisei- ceps *Camptostoma pusillum pusillum Pheomyias murina incomta *Pheomyias tenuirostris *Microtriccus brunneicapillus di- lutus tT yranniscus chrysops minimus *Tyrannulus elatus panamensis *Inezia caudata intermedia +Hapalocercus meloryphus Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens ex- ortivus Rhynchocyclus flaviventris auru- lentus Craspedoprion @quinoctialis fla- vUuS +Platytriccus albogularis neglec- tus Atalotriccus pilaris pilaris *Todirostrum sylvia superciliare Todirostrum nigriceps *Todirostrum cinereum cinereum *Oncostoma olivaceum *Euscarthmus impiger Onychorhynchus mexicanus fra- terculus *Machetornis rixosa flavigularis *Arundinicola leucocephala *Fluvicola pica *Mimus gilvus columbianus +Mimus gilvus melanopterus *Donacobius atricapillus brachyf- terus +Platycichla flavipes venezuelen- SIS Turdus albiventer ephippialis *Turdus grayi incomptus Turdus pheopygus pheopygus +Catharus rostris *Polioptila plumbiceps *Polioptila bilineata bilineata +Microcerculus squamulatus cor- melpomene aurantit- rasus *Thryophilus albipectus venesue- lanus *Thryophilus leucotis leucotis Thryophilus rufalbus minlosi Troglodytes musculus atopus Pheugopedius letus *Pheugopedius fasciatoventris fasciatoventris *Heleodytes nuchalis *Heleodytes curvirostris *Heleodytes minor albicilius Cyanocorax affinis affinis* *Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus Topp—CARRIKER: Birps OF SANTA MArtTA REGION, CoLtomeptia. 65 Pachysylvia aurantiifrons au- rantiifrons *Pachysylvia flavipes flavipes Vireosylva chivi vividior *[ridoprocne albiventer *Stelgidopteryx ruficollis equalis *Progne chalybea chalybea +Tersina viridis occidentalis* Basileuterus delatrii mesochry- SUS +Basileuterus cabanisi indignus *Dendroica erithachorides eritha- chorides Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegans *Ateleodacnis bicolor *Ateleodacnis leucogenys Cereba luteola luteola *Dacnis cerebicolor napea Cyanerpes ceruleus ceruleus Cyanerpes cyaneus Sturnella magna paralios *Leistes militaris *Agelaius icterocephalus ictero- cephalus *Icterus mesomelas carrikeri *Icterus nigrogularis nigrogularis *Icterus auricapillus *Icterus icterus ridgwayt *Megaquiscalus major assimilis *Molothrus bonariensis cabanisit Cassidix oryzivora violea +Amblycercus holosericeus flavi- rostris *Cacicus cela *Cacicus vitellinus Ostinops decumanus melanterus tSchistochlamys atra atra Eucometis cristata cristata *Tachyphonus luciuosus mensts tTachyphonus rufus Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidi- atus *Nemosia pileata hypoleuca +Piranga testacea faceta Thraupis palmarum atripennis *Thraupis glaucocolpa Thraupis cana cana pana- +Tangara viridissima toddi* Tanagra crassirostris *Tanagra trinitatis Saltator striatipictus striatipic- tus Saltator maximus *Saltator olivascens plumbeus *Saltator orenocensis rufescens *Richmondena phanicea +tOryzoborus funereus Cyanocompsa cyanoides cyanot- des Sporophila gutturalis *Sporophila minuta minuta *Sporophila grisea grisea +Sporophila haplochroma *Tiaris bicolor omissa Volatinia jacarini atronitens +Sicalis citrina browni* *Sicalis flaveola flaveola Arremon schlegeli *Arremonops conirostris coniros- tris *Arremonops tocuyensis *Coryphospingus pileatus brevi- caudus +Emberizoides herbicola sphenu- rus 66 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Myospiza humeralis meridana +Astragalinus psaltria columbianus Altitudinal Range.—In the above enumeration all the species not known to range (in the Santa Marta region) above (approximately ) 1,000 feet are preceded by an asterisk, while those not recorded be- low this limit !* are designated by a dagger. Species without any sign prefixed have been recorded from both belts, but comparatively few of these have an altitudinal range coextensive with the recognized limits of the Tropical Zone. Some of the forms in this category, however, range upward into the Subtropical Zone and possibly even beyond. Careful collation of the present list with the data obtained for the same species in other parts of Colombia indicates that a considerable num- ber of forms may very possibly go higher or lower than our present information admits; nevertheless, it is obvious that in the Santa Marta region at least two divisions or belts may be recognized more or less plainly in the area covered by the Tropical Zone. These belts depend primarily upon altitude and humidity, and correspond in a general way with the limits of the several kinds of forest already described under the head of Ecological Conditions. Taking into consideration the local distribution of the species of the Tropical Zone, therefore, it has seemed advisable to divide the same into (1) the Littoral, or Lower Tropica!, comprising the coastal plain in general, the basin of the Magdalena, the valley of the Rio Cesar, and the lower reaches of the foothills encircling the mountains, up to an altitude of (more or less) 1,000 feet above sea-level; and (2) the Piedmont, or Upper Tropical, embracing that part lying above this elevation, extending to the upper limits of the Zone. The distinctions which we thus recognize are not to be regarded as comparable with the zonal subdivisions known as faunas (using this word in its restricted sense), but rather imply that the Tropical Zone is not altitudinally homogeneous. There is considerable evidence (some of which we hope to present in another connection) going to show that such a grouping of species as is here indicated is by no means peculiar to this particular region. Nevertheless, we agree with the latest authority on the subject that no formal division of this zone should be attempted on this basis alone. With this understanding, therefore, we proceed to a fuller consideration of the 12 Except as stated beyond (page 69). Topp—CARRIKER: BirDS OF SANTA Marta REGION, Cotomera. 67 Littoral, or Lower Tropica!.—The Littoral is characterized by the great diversity of habitat within its limits, each of which has its peculiar species of birds. (There are some forms, however, which are present in nearly all situations.) There are the arid plains of the Goajira Peninsula, the semi-arid woodland and scrub of the northwest and south slopes of the mountains, the savannas of the Rio Cesar Valley, the endless lagoons and mangrove swamps around the Cienaga Grande and the delta of the Magdalena, and lastly the humid forest of the Magdalena basin and of the north coast, as fully described under the head of Ecological Conditions. As already explained, this diversity of conditions is due in the main to the topography of the region, differences in the relative humidity, etc. This very diversity of conditions naturally makes for a corresponding diversity in the bird-life. Beginning in the west, we have the mangrove-lined shores and water- ways of the Cienaga Grande and Magdalena delta, inhabited by many ~ species of aquatic birds, some of which are rare or absent elsewhere in this general region. The characteristic land birds, however, are few in number. Among such may be mentioned Chloroceryle @nea enea, Lepidopyga lillie, Dendroica erithachorides erithachorides, and Ateleodacnis bicolor. Most of the water birds on the list have a more or less extended distribution in tropical America, and their presence depends mainly upon suitable habitat and local conditions, not upon zone, so that there would’ appear to be no sufficient justification for the recognition of a minor faunal area covering their range in these parts. The lowlands east of the Cienaga Grande, from the lower foot- hills of the San Lorenzo south for an indeterminate distance, are covered by a humid forest, where many species of birds not elsewhere detected in this general region were secured. Some of the more characteristic forms are: Amazona ochrocephala panamensis, Amazona amazonica amazonica, Ara ararauna, Coccyzus lansbergi, Nonnula frontalis pallescens, Picumnus squamulatus, Veniliornis kirkii cecilii, Chrysoptilus punctigula ujhelyii, ‘Curucujus melanurus macrourus, Lepidopyga luminosa, Damophila julie julie, Formicarius analis vires- cens, Cercomacra nigricans, Myrmopagis melena melena, Thamno- philus nigriceps, Taraba transandeana granadensis, Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus magdalene, Attila idiotes, Capsiempis flaveolaleucophrys, 68 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Elenia gaimardiu macilvainu, Pheugopedius fasciatoventris fasciato- ventris, Heleodytes nuchalis, Heleodytes curvirostris, Ateleodacnis leucogenys, Icterus mesomelas carrikeri, and Cacicus vitellinus. Most of the above are forest species, but there are considerable areas of marshy ground in this section also, yielding such forms as [vobry- chus erythromelas, Phimosus berlepschi, Creciscus albigularis, Belonop- terus cayennensis cayennensis, Leptoxyura cinnamomea fuscifrons, Arundinicola leucocephala, and Agelaius icterocephalus icterocephalus. The coast region in the immediate vicinity of Santa Marta, com- prising the northwest corner of the general region, east as far at least as Cape San Juan de Guia, is semi-arid in character, and con- stitutes still another ecological area. This section has been more thoroughly studied than any other part, and its avifauna is conse- quently better known. Aside from a number of aquatic and rap- torial species there appear to be very few forms actually confined (so far as the Santa Marta region is concerned) to this section, or at least unrecorded elsewhere. They areas follows: Crypturornis idoneus, Eupsychortyx leucopogon littoralis, Crotophaga sulcirostris, Coccyzus melacoryphus, Steatornis caripensis, and Setopagis parvula heterura. Very possibly, when more is known about these particular forms, they will for the most part be found to have a wider local range. The avifauna in general is what might be expected to occur in a region which partakes of both arid and humid characters: it is an obvious mixture of both types. Many of the most characteristic forms of the Arid Tropical, as represented in Venezuela, however, are con- spicuous by their absence, while some of the birds of the Humid Tropical are still able to maintain themselves under the drier condi- tions. The resulting assemblage of species, partaking as it does of both elements, is unique for the Santa Marta region, if not also for the whole northern coast of Colombia. The fauna of the littoral has a tendency in this part to ascend into the foothills, following the ridges to beyond the usual limit of 1,000 feet. Passing by for the moment the humid northern littoral, we come to the arid plains of the Goajira Peninsula, which begin near the town of Camarones on the north coast, and extend eastward into Ven- ezuela, with an arm reaching down to the southwest in the valleys of the Rio Rancheria and Rio Cesar. Here we get such characteristic forms of the Arid Tropical Zone as Eupsychortyx cristatus cristatus, Topp—CARRIKER: Birps oF SANTA MARTA REGION, Cotompia. 69 Chamepelia passerina albivitta, Scardafella squammata ridgwayi, Psittacula passerina cyanophanes, Eupsittula pertinax @ruginosa, Chlorostilbon caribeus, Leucippus fallax fallax, Pecilurus candei ven- esuelensis, Synallaxis albescens perpallida, Pyrocephalus rubinus satu- ratus, Pheomyias murina incomta, Mimus gilvus columbianus, Poliop- tila plumbiceps, Heleodytes minor albicilius, Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus, Icterus icterus ridgwayi, Saltator orenocensis rufescens, Richmondena phenicea, Tiaris bicolor omissa, Sicalis flaveola flaveola, Arremonops tocuyensis, and Coryphospingus pileatus brevicaudus, with numerous others of more general distribution. Water birds for the most part are conspicuous by their absence, while only ten species of all kinds are common to both this region and the Cienaga Grande section. Piedmont, or Upper Tropical—The Piedmont belt may be said to occupy that part of the Tropical Zone lying above a mean altitude of 1,000 feet, at least under normal conditions. There ‘are circum- stances under which its upper limit may drop lower, as when it follows the course of a stream down from the hills. It has been studied mainly in the San Lorenzo district, and in the northern foot- hills of the Sierra Nevada proper. In this latter part, by reason of the greater humidity and consequent lower temperature, as already ex- plained, all the zones have moved downward more or less, so that the Piedmont belt practically overlaps the Littoral, and the Subtropical Zone occupies the place of the former to a large extent. The Pied- mont belt contains few species of its own, but is rather characterized by the forms which it lacks as compared with the Littoral.1* The number of species which occur within its limits is thus decidedly smaller than in the Littoral, and there is a gradual diminution with the increasing altitude. Species of both arid and humid predilections are included, with many which are common to both. In this connection it may be well to consider the fauna of the humid forest of the north coast, which is completely cut off by many 13 Unquestionably some of the forms in the list of Tropical Zone species are incorrectly allocated in this respect. For instance, Mr. Smith sent in a great many birds labelled “ Bonda”’ which the junior author never met with so low down, and which it is all but certain were not collected in that im- mediate vicinity. For this reason considerable allowance must be made for the list as it stands, based as it is on data from all sources indiscriminately. In a few cases, however, these ‘‘ Bonda” records have been disregarded. 70 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. miles of arid and semi-arid country on both ends. As a result of this isolation we find that this area, although in fact more humid in char- acter than the forest section east of the Cienaga Grande, has fewer typical representatives of the Humid Tropical than the other. In order to bring out this difference more clearly, the following figures, based on a careful tabulation of the species recorded at Fundacion and Tucurinca on the one hand, and at Don Diego and Dibulla on the other, are presented herewith: UNI e OSE CLES TIStERs s2t5,. - eto ane ae acaecnee 5 acres 220 Mundacwon- and Tweutitica tia... acct: sce neces ole es 167 Don Diegvovand ‘Dibullajisccuas ocd iek es daeteteee s Site 134 Common to both restos. 742 oo oie ane ie ero ete 82 Representative tormssim each Tegioniese.. aces ae eee 2 It appears, therefore, that out of 167 species observed in the region of Fundacién only half extend to the humid region of the north coast, while only about forty per cent of the avifauna of the latter reach the other—a circumstance which is significant indeed. On the other hand, there are a number of forms which, although normally confined to the Piedmont belt, habitually drop down to sea-level in this north coast region, such as Oreopeleia violacea albiventer, Phae- thornis striigularis striigularis, Pipra erythrocephala erythrocephala, Tyranniscus chrysops minimus, Hapalocercus meloryphus, and Micro- cerculus squamulatus corrasus. Faunal_ Affinities. are now ready to discuss the larger question of the origin and rela- With this review of the local distribution we tionships of the fauna of the Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region as a whole. Obviously it is a composite fauna, made up of two Only towards the east, in the arid plains of the Goajira Peninsula, and including also different elements, mingled in varying proportions. the upper Rio Rancheria-Rio Cesar Valley, where the conditions are known to be very similar, is there a practically homogeneous fauna. Here we get the following forms, all of which, except those marked with an asterisk, are otherwise confined to Venezuela: Eupsychortyx cristatus cristatus *Ortalis ruficrissa *Psittacula passerina cyanophanes Thectocercus hemorrhous neox- enus *Hypnelus ruficollis decolor Chlorostilbon caribeus Leucippus fallax fallax Pecilurus candei venezuelensis *Synallaxis albescens perpallida Topp—CARRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA Marta REcion, CoLompia. 71 Furnarius leucopus agnatus Pyrocephalus rubinus saturatus Icterus icterus ridgwayt Saltator orenocensis rufescens San tg Tirta 3 Carthacers, YW st we = Paves IOS oes ? \ WN WA ee ANY Sy Mo SS Richmondena phenicea Arremonops tocuyensis Coryphospingus pileatus brevi- caudus Caracas Fic. 1. Range of Richmondena phanicea, a characteristic species of the Arid Tropical Zone of Venezuela, but which does not pass beyond the Goajira region in Colombia. None of these forms are known to range beyond the aforesaid limits in the present region: they are all strictly arid in their distribution, entering our region from the east, and not going very far. Figure 1.) (Compare But there is another and larger class of species, just as clearly Arid Tropical in their affinities, which have penetrated farther— some of them much farther—to the west. Geranospiza caerulescens Pagolla wilsonia crassirostris Leptotila verreauxi verreauxi Chamepelia passerina albivitta Scardafella squammata ridgwayi Crossophthalmus gymnophthalmos Brotogeris jugularis jugularis Eupsittula pertinax eruginosa Otus choliba margarite These are as follows: Thermochalcis cayennensis albi- cauda Hypnelus ruficollis ruficollis Galbula ruficauda pallens Picumnus cinnamomeus cinna- momeus Leptoxyura cinnamomea fusci- frons Furnarius leucopus exilis 12 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Microrhopias intermedia Polioptila plumbiceps Sakesphorus pulchellus Heleodytes minor albicilius Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus Pachysylvia aurantiifrons auran- Elenia gaimardit bogotensis tiifrons Pheomyias tenuirostris Cereba luteola luteola Euscarthmus impiger Cacicus cela Mimus gilvus columbianus Thraupis glaucoco!pa Some of the above we know do not range westward beyond the semi-arid region of the northeast coast, as for instance Microrhopias intermedia, which is replaced in the lower Magdalena Valley by a distinct species, Microrhopias alticincta honde; Cacicus cela, which is similarly replaced by Cacicus vitellinus; and Elenia gaimardii bogo- tensis, replaced by Elenia gaimardii macilvainti. (See Figure 2.) Fic. 2. Range of Microrhopias intermedia (1), a species of the Arid Trop- ical Zone which enters the Santa Marta Region from the east, but is replaced in the Magdalena Valley by an allied form, M. alticincta honde@ (2). The presumption is strong, therefore, that the species in this list have reached their present range in the littoral of Colombia by extending their range westward along the coast, some having gone farther than others. At any rate, few of these forms are yet known from the Topp-CarRRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLompia. 73 valley of the Rio Cesar, and none from far up the Magdalena. We must assume, therefore, either that they have been able to cross the long stretch of humid forest country on the north coast, whereas the species on the first list have not been able to do so, or else that these conditions were not always present. But why, in the latter event, should not all of the Arid Tropical forms have passed over, supposing for the moment that they were able to adapt themselves to a semi-arid habitat? Evidence is not wanting, however, to indicate that some of the Arid Tropical forms have entered this region from the west and south. There is reason to believe, for example, that Eupsychortyx leucopogon leucotis is the parent from of E. leucopogon decoratus, and this in turn of E. lewcopogon littoralis, which latter has a very restricted range, occupying the semi-arid region of the northeast coast, and is replaced in the Goajira Peninsula by a distinct species, E. cristatus cristatus. This happens to be the only case in which a peculiar form has been developed in the Santa Marta region from an antecedent inhabiting the lower Magdalena Valley, but there are several other very suggestive cases in the category under consideration. Ortalis garrula, Psittacula spengeli, and Chlorostilbon heberlinit, all of which are replaced by a distinct species on the northeast coast, seem to have entered from this direction, and doubtless others also, which are not thus replaced. In the case of by far the larger number of semi-arid forms, how- ever, we are not now able to say just where they entered the Santa Marta region. The Rio Cesar Valley is known to be Arid Tropical, at least for its upper part, and may have formerly sufficed to carry this zone into the lower Magdalena Valley, whence its fauna may have reached our region from the west or south. Unfortunately our knowl- edge of this particular region is imperfect, but while it is most un- likely that the Arid Tropical connection here is unbroken, as said by Dr. Chapman, it may very well be that some at least of the forms having such affinities have reached the northwest coast region in- directly by this route, under different climatic conditions. We now come to a large class of species which are clearly Humid Tropical in their faunal affinities. These occupy the forest regions to the east of the Cienaga Grande and on the north coast respectively, as already shown, although some of them are able to exist also in 74. ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. the semi-arid northwest section around Santa Marta, often side by side with forms of more arid habitat. Not only are these two respective areas of humid forest separated from each other, but also, if the physical and faunal characters of the Rio Cesar Valley were as Dr. Chapman has supposed, they would be isolated from the main Humid Tropical of Colombia by the interposition of many miles of arid country. In the list which follows are included only such forms as are not known to range into Venezuela, and whose Colombian origin, so far as the Santa Marta region is concerned, is therefore undoubted."# Tigrisoma salmoni Crax albertt: Neocrex colombianus Creciscus albigularis Jacana nigra Amazona ochrocephala panamen- SIS Ara militaris Coccycua rutila gracilis Notharchus hyperrhynchus subsp. Veniliornis kirkii cecil Scapaneus melanoleucus malher- bit Chloronerpes chrysochloros auro- SUS Chrysotrogon caligatus columbi- anus Lepidopyga lillie Damophila julie julie Phaethornis longirostris susurrus Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafres- nayet Formucarius analis virescens Cercomacra nigricans Ramphocenus rufiventris sancte- marthe Myrmopagis melena melena Thamnophilus nigriceps Attila idiotes Myiarchus ferox panamensis Pipromorpha oleaginea parca Myiozetetes cayanensis hellmayri Elema viridicata pallens Platytriccus albogularis neglectus Todirostrum nigriceps Oncostoma olivaceum Onychorynchus mexicanus fra- terculus Thryophilus leucotis leucotis Pheugopedius fasciatoventris fas- ciatoventris 14 It must be clearly understood that these lists of Tropical Zone forms are only partial and provisional, and intended to be suggestive rather than final. With the exact faunal affinities of so many species still more or less uncertain, it has been thought best to restrict the lists to some of the characteristic forms in each category, since these will serve our purpose to indicate the origin of the fauna as a whole. Too much dependence, it may be remarked in passing, should not be placed on Dr. Chapman’s faunal lists as a basis for comparison, since his work in the Caribbean Fauna is admittedly incomplete. Topp—-CARRIKER: Birps OF SANTA Marta ReEcIon, CoLomsia. 75 Heleodytes curvirostris Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidia- Cyanocorax affinis affinis tus Icterus mesomelas carrikert Oryzoborus funereus Cacicus vitellinus Although it is a fact that the north coast region of humid forest is apparently better adapted to these and other forms of similar tastes than is the region east of the Cienaga Grande, we find that a consid- erable percentage of such forms apparently do not enter it, being confined to the latter region. Even making due allowance for the possibility of certain species having been overlooked in one region or the other, the discrepancy is striking, and in our opinion signifies that these forms of the Humid Tropical must have entered this region from the south, since not all of them have been able to complete their distribution by passing the intervening semi-arid strip and occupying the area of suitable habitat on the north coast. Turning now to Dr. Chapman’s list of Tropical Zone species which enter the Humid Cauca- Magdalena Fauna from the east, we find that of seventy-six species which he gives no less than fifty-six reach the Santa Marta region either unchanged or as slightly modified forms. On the other hand, of the fifty-nine species which he gives as entering the Humid Cauca- Magdalena Fauna from the west, only five are known from the Santa Marta region. This in itself is a striking confirmation of the theory that the tide of Tropical Zone life which flowed into this region came originally from the east, around the head of the Eastern Andes. Un- fortunately our knowledge of this latter region is exceedingly scanty, as Dr. Chapman remarks.1® Sievers, however, reports that the forest in the Sierra Perija and Sierra Negra (local names for parts of the Eastern Andes opposite the Santa Marta region) generally begins at about 1,200 to 1,400 meters (4,000-4,600 feet), although at Manaure it is down to 1,100 meters (3,600 feet). At this height woods appear everywhere on the whole range, forming a dark green crown as seen from a distance. Between 1,600 and 2,500 meters (5,250-8,200 feet) these woods are very dense (i.¢., they are Subtropical Zone). We 15 This is largely owing to the circumstance that it is inhabited by the Motilone Indians, a savage tribe who permit no intruders into their domain, and whom not even the Colombian Government has been able to subdue. The region has been recently entered, however, from the Venezuelan side (com- pare De Booy, Geographical Review, 1918, pp. 385 et seq.). 76 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. can be fairly sure, therefore, that there is at least a narrow strip of Humid Tropical Zone forest extending around the northern end of the Eastern Andes, as suspected by Dr. Chapman, which would probably suffice to carry the forms of this zone in from the east. We have no certain knowledge of the birds of this narrow strip, however, beyond a list of seventeen species given for Manaure by Simons, some of which may have come from the forest zone.1® Of the twenty-four species given by Dr. Chapman as characterizing the Humid Cauca-Magdalena Fauna (i.c., not found elsewhere) no less than nine have penetrated to the Santa Marta region. (These are in addition to the forms already specified as having entered this Fauna from either side.) (See Figure 3.) As recently ascertained by the junior author, there is every indication of a direct connection existing between the humid forest areas of the Santa Marta region on the one hand and those of the middle Magdalena and the western slope of the Eastern Andes on the other, which would of course readily account for the intrusion of so many characteristic and semi-charac- teristic Humid Cauca-Magdalena forms in the Santa Marta region. Such a connection would of course destroy the continuity of the Arid Tropical, and would oblige us to suppose either that certain forms of that zone had in fact been able to cross the intervening unsuitable humid belt to establish themselves in the available areas beyond, or else that their dispersion was effected prior to the change in condi- tions which permitted the Humid Tropical forms to enter. We are inclined to favor the latter view, while at the same time admitting that unsuitable habitat may not necessarily be an absolute barrier against the dispersal of species in the Tropical Zone. This is probably par- ticularly true in the case of birds, which are able to traverse great distances with such comparative ease. The evidence derived from a study of the present distribution of the forms of the Tropical Zone in the Santa Marta region goes to show that the Arid Tropical Venezuelan 16 The species represented are as follows: Jctinia plumbea, Falco sparverius isabellinus, Pteroglossus torquatus nuchalis, Ramphastos ambiguus abbreviatus, Ramphastos piscivorus brevicarinatus, Chlorostilbon russatus, Chalybura buf- foni eneicauda, Sittasomus sylvioides levis?, Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafres- nayet, Chiroxiphia lanceolata, Muscivora tyrannus, Myiodynastes maculatus maculatus, Onychorhynchus mexicanus fraterculus, Tersina viridis occidentalis, Basileuterus delattrii mesochrysus, Cyanerpes cyaneus, and Cassidix oryzi- vora violea. Topp-CaARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLoMBIA. 77 element was probably the first to enter, and came in from the east, followed in due course by the Colombian element from the south, while the Humid Tropical forms are a later infusion, and all came in from the south, extending their range from the middle Magdalena to reach Senta [Tarta & 2 ¥, % G Gy y UL 1g Fic. 3. Range of Thamnophilus nigriceps, a species of the Humid Cauca- Magdalena Fauna which reaches the Santa Marta Region from the south. the forest country which was gradually being formed as the land raised to the east of the Cienaga Grande. From here some of them have crossed over to the humid forest area on the north coast. 78 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. There are several cases, some of which we have already noticed, where a species or group is represented in different sections of our region by different forms. We bring these together here in tabular form. West Coast. North Coast. (Including upper Rio Cesar ; lley. Eupsychortyx leucopogon litto- Valley.) ralis Eupsychortyx cristatus cristatus Eupsychortyx leucopogon deco- Ps) ‘ ratus 2 Ortalis garrula Ortalis ruficrissa Psittacula spengeli Psittacula passerina cyanophanes Hypnelus ruficollis ruficollis Hypnelus ruficollis decolor Chlorostilbon haeberlini Chlorostilbon caribeus Pecilurus candei candet Pecilurus candei venezuelensis Furnarius leucopus exilis Furnarius leucopus agnatus Elenia gaimardu macilvainu Elenia gaimardu bogotensis Polioptila bilineata bilineata Polioptila plumbiceps Thryophilus leucotis leucotis Thryophilus albipectus venezue- lanus Cacicus vitellinus Cacicus cela No less than seventeen species and subspecies are supposed to be con- fined to the Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region, as here defined. They are as follows: Rupornis magnirostris insidiatrix Phaethornis longirostris susurrus Crypturornis idoneus Synallaxis albescens perpallida Eupsychortyx cristatus littoralis Attila parvirostris Ortalis ruficrissa Attila idiotes Crax annulata Microcerculus squamulatus cor- Psittacula passerina cyanophanes rasus Setopagis parvula heterura Pheugopedius letus Hypnelus ruficollis decolor Basileuterus cabanisi indignus Lepidopyga lillie Tangara viridissima toddi Some of these, however, almost certainly have a wider range than is here indicated. Of the more common forms actually known to be Topp—CARRIKER: BIRDS OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLtomria. 79 confined to the region Phaethornis longirostris susurrus, Attila par- virostris, and Pheugopedius letus are perhaps the most isolated from their congeners, and when more is known of certain. other forms on Senta De OGY" Pr glans VMI Fic. 4. Range of Pheugopedius letus (1), a species peculiar to the Santa Marta Region, and of its probable antecedent, P. rutilus (2). the list they may likewise prove to be actually as well as apparently isolated. (See Figures 4 and 5.) In nearly every case the derivation of these peculiar forms is evident, and will be considered more in detail beyond, under the head of the several species in question. While we are discussing the peculiarities of the Santa Marta Trop- ical Zone fauna it may be well to call attention to its lacune, which are fully as marked as its positive characteristics. It is of course pos- sible that further intensive field-work will close some of these lacune, but on the other hand it is not conceivable that the apparent ab- sence of so many genera and superspecific groups from the region is not without significance. Not to go beyond such forms as are known to have a comparatively extensive range in the Tropical Zone, occur- ring on both sides of the Santa Marta region, it is difficult to account for the apparent absence in the latter of any representative of the Columbine genus Zenaida, of such well-known and widely distributed aquatic forms as Gallinula, Heliornis, Colymbus, Podilymbus, Ryn- 7 80 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. chops, Hoploxypterus, Eurypyga, Plegadis, Harpiprion, Jabiru, Hero- dias, Chauna, Nomonyx, and Fregata, or of birds of prey such as Parabuteo, Leucopternis, Thrasaétos, Spiziastur, Elanus, Bubo, Speo- tyto, and Tyto. Among “ Picarian” forms Capito, Jacamerops, Mo- nasa, and Celeus are conspicuous by their absence, and among Passerine birds such well-known genera as Hylophylax, Sittasomus, Placostomus, Myiobius, Querula, Geothlypis, Pitylus, Chlorophanes, “ Phanico- 1, WS % aittiasl la: § patel Nea Sand ew 4 \ < “\ ENS 43. Morphnus anthracinus anthracinus (Nitzsch). Urubitinga anthracina ScuLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, 129, in text (cf. footnote) (“Santa Marta”).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 177 (Santa Marta)—Atiten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 130 (Bonda). Fourteen specimens: Bonda, Playa Concha, and Cinto. Adults differ from two specimens from British Honduras in having the feathers of the back with concealed buffy white bases, but whether a series of northern birds would bear out this difference remains to be seen. As this character is one of those upon which Mr. Clark re- lies for separating the bird from the Lesser Antilles, called by him cancrivora (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XVIII, 1905, 63), further comparisons are naturally desirable. Mexico is the type-locality, and the only other available name for the southern form, if valid, is Urubitinga subtilis Bangs (Bulletin Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, XLVI, 1905, 94). The relative position and width of the white tail-band appears to be subject to considerable variation in the series examined, but the variation in question seems to be purely individual. Topp—CarRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA Marta ReEGIoNn, Cotomsta. 153 This species was first recorded from this region by Sclater many years ago, on the authority of Verreaux. It was recorded by Simons also, while Mr. Smith sent in no less than seventeen specimens, all from the coast region. For some unexplained reason Mr. Carriker failed to meet with it in this part, or indeed anywhere except in the Rio Rancheria-Rio Cesar Valley, where it was observed in small numbers in July and August, 1920, at Rio Hacha, Arroya de Arenas, and Valencia. A nest was secured by Mr. Smith’s collectors at Bonda, April 3. It is merely a platform of twigs, all nearly the same size, and is about two feet in diameter. The single egg measures 61 X 47, and is pale bluish white, with spots and blotches of chocolate and brown, chiefly about the larger end. 44. Asturina nitida nitida (Latham). Asturina nitida ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 129 (Bonda). Nineteen specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Mamatoco, and Dibulla. There is some variation in adults, but none are quite so pale and white below as the type of A. mitida pallida of Bolivia (cf. Proceedings Biologica! Society of Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 170), the charac- ters of which are the exact opposite of those of A. plagiata of Mexico and Central America, which may also eventually prove to be con- specific. The series of immature birds shows all the various stages of the moult from the streaked young into the barred adult plumage. They were taken at dates ranging from February 24 to April 22. The series collected by Mr. Smith came from Bonda and Don Diego. The writer found the species fairly common at the latter locality, as well as at Fundacion. It is a Tropical Zone bird, evidently regularly found only in the heavier forest of the lowlands. 45. Percnohierax leucorrhous (Quoy and Gaimard). Rupornis leucorrhoa ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 129 (EI Libano). A fine adult male of this hawk was received from Mr. Smith, col- lected at El Libano, May 23, 1899. The species was described from Brazil, and appears to be still rare in collections. The locality whence it was procured in this region lies well within the Subtropical Zone. For the generic name used here see Ridgway, Smithsonian Miscel- laneous Collections, LX XII, No. 4, 1920, 2. 154 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 46. Rupornis magnirostris insidiatrix Bangs and Penard. Asturina magnirostris (not Falco magnirostris Gmelin) SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., I, 1874, 207 (‘Santa Marta”)—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 176 (Santa Marta and Minca; habits; food). Rupornis magnirostris BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (“Santa Marta ’’).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 129 (Bonda) ; XXI, 1905, 280 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Rupornis magnirostris insidiatrix BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., LXII, 1918, 36 (‘Santa Marta Mountains”; orig. descr.; type in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.)—Swann, Syn. List Acciptres, iii, 1920, inserted page (ref. orig. descr.). Seventeen specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Don Diego, Punto Cai- man, Tierra Nueva, Minca, Fundacion, and Dibulla. Comparison of the above series with another from French Guiana and eastern Venezuela, typical of magnirostris, shows that the Santa Marta birds represent a well-marked race, easily distinguishable by its paler, purer gray coloration. Selecting specimens in fresh plumage for comparison, we find that in true magnirostris the pileum and upper surface in general are deep neutral gray, while in the new form these parts are light neutral gray. There is a corresponding difference in the color of the throat and breast, while the posterior under parts are not so heavily barred, the white predominating, and usually with less rufescent shading, in insidiatrix. Fortunately our series of both forms is sufficiently large to eliminate the factor of individual and age variation, which is considerable in this species. The characters here assigned, however, seem to hold good even for immature birds, mak- ing due allowance for their peculiarities. Several examples from northern Venezuela show an approach to the characters of this new form, but specimens from the interior of Colombia are perfectly typical magnirostris. Not having seen birds from the coast region of Colombia farther to the westward at this writing, we are unable to say whether they belong here or not; if not (as one may judge from the remarks of Dr. Chapman in his recent paper), then the range of imsidiatrix would be restricted to the Santa Marta region. One of the most abundant of all the hawks of this region, where, however, it is restricted to the lowlands and lower foothills of the Tropical Zone, rarely straggling up to 2,000 feet. It is found in the forest and open woodland, especially along streams, and is rather tame Topp—CarRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA Marta REGION, Cotomsta. 155 for a hawk, according to the experience of the writer. Simons, how- ‘common in the forest, but hard to shoot, as it is ‘ ever, says that it is very wary and not easily seen among the foliage. In the throat of the Santa-Marta specimen I found a large green lizard; they are also very fond of snakes. In the stomach of the specimen from Minca I found fourteen scorpions.” Mr. Smith sent in two nests, each with one egg, collected at Bonda, April 13 and 18. “The nests are rudely constructed of sticks, placed in the fork of a branch, and are rather small for the size of the bird. The two eggs vary greatly in color. The ground color is a rather dull grayish white, specked and blotched with pale chocolate, sparsely over the small end, more thickly about the middle, while the large end in one is palely washed and mottled with chocolate over the greater part of the surface; in the other, the large end is more heavily washed with a much darker shade of chocolate and heavily streaked with lines of dark umber. They measure 42.5 & 35 and 42 X 34, the eggs being oval.” In addition to the localities above specified, this hawk was observed at Arroya de Arenas, Badillo, and Valencia, in the valley southeast of the Sierra Nevada, in July and August, 1920. 47. Busarellus nigricollis (Latham). Busarellus nigricollis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 130 (Bonda). Additional records: Fundacion (Univ. Mich. Exp.). Five specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, and Trojas de Cataca. Here, as elsewhere throughout its range, this hawk is partial to swampy places or the vicinity of water. One was shot on the shore of the Cienaga Grande, and another near a small marsh in a pasture. Mr. Smith sent in five specimens, all from Bonda. 48. Urubitornis solitarius (Tschudi). Geranoétus melanoleucus (not Spizaétus melanoleucus Vieillot) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 130 (Agua Dulce). One specimen (exact locality unknown). Unfortunately the label of this specimen (sent in by Mr. Carriker) has been lost and the exact locality and date of capture are unknown. Together with the Agua Dulce bird received from Mr. Smith, it was forwarded to Dr. Charles W. Richmond of the U. S. National Museum 156 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. for examination, who reports as follows: “The specimens appear to be adult and immature of Urubitornis solitarius. We have one im- mature bird from Guatemala, but no adult specimen. However, ref- erence to Gurney, /bis, 1876, 491; Salvin and Godman, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Aves, III, 1900, 87; and Kothe, Ornithologische Monatsberichte, XX, 1912, 1-5, seems to leave no doubt of this identi- fication.” Measurements are as follows: No. Sex. Locality. Date. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. 732291 (2 im.) Agua Dulce April 26, 1899 520) 270) 6 42) 8 25 625892 (of ad.) B ? SLO! 230.) 361) L19 The adult fits Dr. Kothe’s and Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s descrip- tion very well, being nearly uniform dark gray (slate-gray), with faint brownish tips to the feathers of the upper parts. There is no crest, but the feathers of the occiput are white at the base. The remiges are indistinctly barred with paler gray, and the tail is as de- scribed, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white. The young bird was inadvertently identified by Dr. Allen as Geranoétus melanoleucus. From its measurements, which agree with those given by Dr. Kothe, it is probably a female. It is dark brown above, the scapulars, wing- coverts, etc., mottled with lighter brown. The crown is also dark brown, but the hindneck, sides of the neck behind the eye, and upper back is buffy, with brown shaft-streaks, expanding to spots posteriorly ; the throat is buffy, below which there is an interrupted brown band extending forward up to the eye on either side; the rest of the under surface is buffy white, with much brown spotting, mostly terminal on the feathers; the tibiz are wholly brown; the tail is dull brown with much paler mottling, especially on the lateral rectrices; the upper tail- coverts are tipped with white, as in the adult. The new feathers in this plumage are all deeper brown than the others, but not slaty as in the adult. The axillaries are buffy, and the remiges extensively buffy white at the base beneath. Little is on record concerning this hawk, which is rare in collec- tions. It was confused by Sharpe and other authors with Harpyhali- actus coronatus (Vieillot). It is known to range from southern Mex- ico to Peru. 1 Collection American Museum of Natural History. 2 Collection Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Topp—CARRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA Marta REGION, Cotompta. 157 49. Spizaétus ornatus (Daudin). One specimen: Bonda. A fine female, shot at Bonda, March 13, 1899, constitutes the only record for this region up to date. The species is known to have an extensive distribution in South and Central America. 50. Spizaétus tyrannus (Wied). One specimen: Bonda. This example was shot March 12, 1899. It is an adult female in full plumage. Like S. ornatus, this species is found throughout trop- ical South America, north to Guatemala in Central America. It has been suggested by Messrs. F. P. and A. P. Penard (Vogels van Guyana, I, 1908, 415) that possibly this is merely a melanistic phase of S. ornatus, but our specimens do not support such a view. S. tyran- nus has a relatively as well as absolutely longer wing than S. ornatus, while its tibiz and tarsus are much shorter. 51. Oroaétus isidori (Des Murs). Lophotriorchis isidorii ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 130 (Bonda). One specimen: Las Nubes. On the use of the generic name here adopted consult Ridgway, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, LX XII, No. 4, 1920, 1. Two specimens of this fine large hawk were received from Mr. Smith, an adult female shot at Bonda, May 27, 1898? (or 1899), and an immature specimen from Las Nubes, December 21, 1899. It ap- pears to have an extensive altitudinal range, being recorded by Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 248) from the Western Andes at 11,000 feet. Family FALCONID/E. Caracaras. 52. Herpetotheres cachinnans cachinnans (Linnzus). Herpetotheres cachinnans Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, 134 (“Santa Marta’’)—AtLLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 131 (Bonda). Herpetotheres cachinnans cachinnans CuHapMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, 1915, 638, in text (Santa Marta [region]; crit.). Herpetotheres cachinnans fulvescens (not of Chapman) Aprorinar Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, IV, 1916, 38 (‘Santa Marta,” in range). 158 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Six specimens: Bonda, Neguange, Don Diego, and Fundacion. Indistinguishable from a specimen from French Guiana. Birds from the Pacific coast region of Colombia and Ecuador have been dis- criminated as a distinct race, H. cachinnans fulvescens Chapman. The Laughing Hawk is not a very common bird in this region, and is confined to the more heavily wooded parts of the lowlands, never ascending to the hills. It has a peculiar characteristic cry, easily recognized at a long distance, whence its name. Its food consists largely of snakes. 53. Micrastur zonothorax (Cabanis). Micrastur ruficollis (not Sparvius ruficollis Vieillot) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 130 (Valparaiso and El Libano). Eight specimens: Cincinnati, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (8,000 feet), Las Vegas, San Lorenzo, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. Four adults and four young birds are referred to this species, which was originally described from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. The upper parts of the adults are deep brown (the exact shade varying some- what), the pileum and nape duller, and in one specimen dusky slate, in abrupt contrast. Two of these have four white bands on the rec- trices (not counting the terminal one), the proximal one more or less concealed by the upper tail-coverts, while the other two specimens have but three such bands. A specimen from northern Venezuela (La Cumbre de Valencia) is similar, but has five bands on the tail. The lower parts are barred with black and white, in more or less uni- form pattern; the sides of the throat and breast are more or less shaded with the brown of the upper parts. It is clear that notwith- standing these variations only one species is represented, which is sufficiently distinct both from M. guerilla on the one hand and from M. gilvicollis on the other, but in the absence of authentic specimens of M. ruficollis for comparison, and in view of the confusion in which the several members of this group still seem to be involved, despite the work of Messrs. Ridgway, Gurney, and others, we are unable to discuss the matter further. This hawk is not uncommon in the heavy forest of the Subtropical Zone, both on the San Lorenzo and in the Sierra Nevada. In the former locality it ranges between 5,000 and 7,000 feet, and in the latter between 2,000 and 5,000 feet. It has a characteristic call-note, often Topp-—CaRRIKER: BirDs oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, CoLtompia. 159 heard when one is in the vicinity of its haunts. It is a shy bird and very difficult to approach, perching high up in the trees and sitting quietly. 54. Micrastur brachypterus brachypterus (Temminck). Micrastur semitorquatus (not Sparvius semitorquatus Vieillot) SAtvin and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 177 (Valencia)—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, XII, 1898, 132 (“Santa Marta’’).—ALzien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 130 (Bonda). Nineteen specimens: Bonda, Neguange, Cincinnati, Mamatoco, Di- bulla, and Fundacion. ; The true explanation of the color-variations so conspicuous in this species would seem to be simply dichromatism. Thus, of nine adults in our collection four are white below, while five are buffy, varying from buffy white to deep buff. Of ten young birds two have the ground-color of the under parts pure white, in two others it is slightly tinged with buffy, and in the remaining six it is decidedly buffy. There is only one specimen (No. 41,813, Mamatoco, April 15) which does not entirely lend itself to this explanation. This is a young bird which is assuming the adult dress by moult. The throat, breast, and chest are rich buffy, immaculate, while the rest of the under surface is white, in abrupt contrast, barred with dusky black. But perhaps this merely goes to show that the white and buff phases are interchange- able by moult. We have not seen Ecuador specimens, which have lately been de- scribed as a distinct race (Swann, Synoptical List of the Accipitres, II, 1919, 15), but Colombian birds are precisely like those from Bolivia. This Micrastur is not an uncommon bird in the Tropical Zone low- lands, apparently on all sides of the mountains. It was secured by Simons at Valencia, and by Messrs. Smith and Brown in the neighbor- hood of Santa Marta, while the writer has traced it from Dibulla on the north coast to Fundacion on the south. It is found only in the forest or open woodland, and keeps rather low down, often in the tangled thickets. 55: Faleo peregrinus anatum Bonaparte. One specimen: Bonda. The only record for the Duck Hawk in this region is based on a single specimen in immature dress secured at Bonda, October 20, 12 160 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 1899, by one of Mr. Smith’s collectors. It is doubtless to be listed as a winter resident. 56. Falco columbarius columbarius Linnzus. Four specimens: Bonda, Mendeguaca, and Rio Hacha. The Pigeon Hawk is probably a winter resident in this region, but all the records were made in April and May. Mr. Smith’s collection contains specimens from Bonda, April 15 and 22, and from Mende- guaca, May 1, 1899. The writer took a single individual, the only one he has ever seen in this section, near the mouth of the river at Rio Hacha, May 2, 1914. Every one of these birds is in worn winter plumage, the only male still in the brown immature dress, suggesting that they may have been individuals in poor physical condition, re- tarded in their migration. 57. Falco albigularis albigularis Daudin. Hypotriorchis rufigularis ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, 134 (“Santa Marta ”’). Falco rufigularis BAancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 92 (La Concepcion).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 131 (Minca). Five specimens: Bonda, Cincinnati, and Mamatoco. This little falcon is a rare bird in this region, where it is mainly confined to the Tropical Zone, ranging from sea-level up to 5,000 feet. It is, however, more common in the foothills than in the lowlands, and is always seen in open country among scattered trees or in cultivated lands. We are unable to distinguish specimens from this region from others from elsewhere (except those from eastern Bolivia), although Mr. Chubb has recently seen fit to further subdivide the species (Bul- letin British Ornithologists’ Club, XX XIX, 1918, 22). 58. Falco fuscoccerulescens fuscocerulescens Vieillot. Two specimens: Mamatoco. Paraguay is the type-locality of this form, and our specimens from Bolivia may doubtless be considered typical. Colombian and Bolivian skins are similar, although there is some individual variation. Some specimens, probably younger birds, have the chest more or less streaked with dusky black, while in others it is immaculate. The two specimens above recorded are in fresh dark slaty dress above, except for some of the remiges and rectrices, which are still brown and worn. The avail- Topp-—CArRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGIoNn, Cotompra. 161 able South American series of this hawk differs materially in size from northern birds, as the following table of comparative measurements will show. Only specimens in comparatively unworn plumage have been utilized. Falco fuscocewrulescens fuscocerulescens : No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail, Bill.5 Tarsus. 420221 g Mamatoco, Colombia................ 238 155 16 44 Ren@uleh gy ete, (Coll einssoeponauuco0Gcs 230 150 16.5 44 EAA SO uy ee Aguachica, (Coloma cys om -e)siiees 241 149 16 44 AROS Sema, a DUeHAwISta. MD OliVIal i. cis esesl sche ley sae > 240 154 16 45 ABQ0O ei Que Bienavistay BOlVidect.. <0. « 248 162 15 45 HOOKS laacy ebienavasta, Boliviatyc cc acces 240 152 16 43 Azo2ints Oe Mamatoco,, Colombia)... > --- 270 177 19 46 2g Ibe, Colloymlreigsneonuncpoudd donor 271 175 20 48 PEC COmm oe bnuenavista, Bolivia. ema ace ase 267 169 18 45 H2070 eng) Miraflores; Argentina. ...--..-2..6-- 263 178 19 47 Falco fuscocewrulescens septentrionalis : BOOOS aie cameron County, Dexds....- 0. s-- 253i E76 a 46 PEACGIA, 1 eBrownsville; Texas. 0.0. c-.00.0- 6 0: 258 174 17, 49 AVES EEE OW NS Ville. A OXAS tee eles <1 eile) 1s) 21 263 173 17 47 BAZ em TOWNS lley WeXAS. «4244 ses 40s) pis 263 177 17.5 50 200s 3) gy AEM, IMIS SoS ooaco se ooo a oNo. 257 177 15.5 49 Bg074.8 4 (Cameron County, Texas............. 258 179 16 50 t1z485 4 g@ Fort Huachuca, Arizona (Type)... 267 180 16 47 ZOoooe(D)) | Brownsville; Dexasiea...5...tas-0 50% 290 193 20.5 50 Popo ta Cameron County, Dexas.....--s. 2... 283 189 19 50 Braga2e On Brownsvilles MexaSis ceccr. ose. oes 294 201 20 49 nave) Brownsville, “MexaSt jee. oenecc ss s5 me 290 200 20 52 The northern birds as a rule have the black area on the lower parts more extensive, but in any case their markedly superior size would seem to entitle them to formal recognition, and they have accordingly been described under the above name by the writer in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, XXIX, 1916, 98. A pair of these handsome falcons were taken near a small stream 1 Collection Carnegie Museum. 2 Collection Dr. Louis B. Bishop. 3 Collection Dr. Jonathan Dwight. 4 Collection U. S. National Museum. 5 Exclusive in this case of the cere. 162 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. in an open pasture near Mamatoco, May 23, 1913. These were the only ones ever noted in this region. 59. Falco sparverius isabellinus Swainson. Tinnunculus sparverius (not Falco sparverius Linneus) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 206 (Manaure; plum.); 1880, 177 (Valencia) —GurRNEy, Ibis, 1881, 548, in text, 549, 553 (Manaure; meas.; crit.) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 131 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references) .— APOLINAR Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, II, 1914, 105 (Santa Marta localities). Falco sparverius Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 172 (Palo- mina and San Miguel). Additional records: Macotama, La Concepcion (Brown); Taquina (Carriker). Fifteen specimensi: Mamatoco, San Miguel, Fundacién, Pueblo Viejo, and Macotama. Although both Mr.:Cory (Field Museum Ornithological Series, I, 1915, 311-335) and Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXIV, 1915, 372-382) have recently reviewed the races of the Sparrow Hawk found in northern South America, neither had access to any specimens from the Santa Marta region of Colombia. Dr. Chapman, however, had before him a pair of birds from Turbaco (near Cartagena), Colombia, which he was unable to place satisfac- torily. We have one adult male from Cartagena; it agrees absolutely (save for a rufous crown-spot) with a specimen from Maripa, Rio Caura, Venezuela, identified (we think rightly) by Dr. Chapman as isabellinus. The series from the Santa Marta region certainly be- longs to the same pale form, the range of which is thus shown to ex- tend westward along the coast from eastern Venezuela. The males show all the variations in the marking of the outer rectrices to which these authors have called attention; the under surface, too, is paler in some individuals, more rufescent in others, showing an approach to F. s. ochraceus, the range and status of which will be discussed in an- other connection. This is not a common bird in the immediate vicinity of Santa Marta, and, indeed, was not taken at all by Mr. Smith’s collectors. It ranges over the whole region from sea-level up to 8,o00 feet, but is more common in the parts where open egrass-lands or pastures prevail. It was very common from San Miguel up to. Macotama in the valley and Topp-CARRIKER: BIRDS OF SANTA MARTA REGIon, CoLtomsia. 163 adjoining mountain slopes, and was noted also at Rio Hacha and Valencia. Grasshoppers of several species, as well as the migrating locust, are very common here, which probably accounts for the abund- ance of the Sparrow Hawk, the food of which consists largely of these insects. 60. Polyborus cheriway cheriway (Jacquin). Polyborus cheriway SALvIn and GopMawn, Ibis, 1880, 177 (Valencia; habits).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 131 (Bonda). Polyborus cheriway cheriway Banes, Auk, XXXV, 1918, 433 (Punto Caiman; crit.). Additional records: Fundacion (Univ. Mich. Exp.). Three specimens: Bonda and Punto Caiman. The Caracara is a common bird in the more arid portions of the lowlands, especially around Cienaga Grande. Simons gives the fol- lowing account of it as observed at Valencia: “Local name ‘ Cari- care.’ Frequents the extensive savannas at the foot of the Sierra ; flies very little and low, running about in the grass in search of lizards, etc.; usually associated with cattle; said to seize sick lambs and young goats.” 61. Milvago chimachima cordata Bangs and Penard. Milvago chimachima (not Polyborus chimachima Vieillot) Satvin and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1880, 177 (Valencia; habits) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 131 (Salvin and Godman’s reference). Eight specimens: Bonda. These differ as stated by Messrs. Bangs and Penard (Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, LXII, 1918, 35) from a specimen from Bolivia, presumed to be typical chimachima. Immature birds bear dates between March 15 and April 12. Simons, who collected several specimens at Valencia, on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada, says that its “local name [is] ‘ Garra- patero’ or ‘ Piopio,’ from its feeding on the ticks (garapata) of cat- tle, and from its peculiar cry of pi-i-o, pi-i-o. Frequents palm trees, where it builds its nest. A young male which could scarcely fly I knocked down with a stone.” Mr. Smith met with it at Bonda, but Mr. Carriker failed to find it in this region until his second visit to Rio Hacha in July, 1920. The species has an extensive South Amer- ican range. 164 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 62. Ibycter americanus (Boddaert). One specimen: Tucurinca. A single specimen of this hawk, heretofore unrecorded from the Santa Marta region, was taken at Tucurinca, September 17, 1915, in the dense forest of the alluvial plain. Others were heard here but not secured. Evidently the bird is confined in this region to the swampy forest of the Tropical Zone contiguous to the Cienaga Grande and the Magdalena River. Family PANDIONIDAE. Ospreys. 63. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis (Gmelin). One specimen: Bonda. The date is October 17, 1899. Whether the species is resident all the year round or merely a winter visitor from farther north does not appear. Family TINAMIDA®.. Tinamous. 64. Tinamus major ruficeps Sclater and Salvin. Tinamus ruficeps ALLEN, Bull, Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., X{II, 1900, 124 (Cacagua- lito). Tinamus major ruficeps CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, -1917, 187 (“Santa Marta’’; crit.), Six specimens: Valparaiso, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, and Pueblo Viejo. Unquestionably this form is very close to T. major major of French Guiana, of which we have one topotypical specimen. The present series is quite uniform, and is barely separable from another from eastern Venezuela, with which latter our French Guiana example agrees. J. major castaneiceps, the range of which it touches on the west, is very different, however. For a further discussion of the various races of this group Dr. Chapman’s paper, above cited, should be consulted. This, the largest tinamou of the region, is found throughout the Tropical Zone, ranging from sea-level up to 5,000 feet. It is seem- ingly as much at home in one place as another, provided heavy forest is present. It is strictly a ground bird, feeding and spending most of its time on the ground, but probably roosting in trees, as it would scarcely survive long if it were to spend the night on or near the ground. It is a very shy bird, flushing suddenly and darting off Topp-—CarRIKER: BirpDs OF SANTA Marta REciIon, CoLompia. 165 through the forest like a rocket. Still-hunting is the only possible way to secure specimens. Three eggs of this species, found by Mr. Smith’s collector “on the ground” at Valparaiso, May 26, are of the spheroidal shape usual in this family, very glossy in texture, and deep bluish glaucous in color. They measure 59 X 46. 65. Crypturornis soui mustelinus (Bangs). Crypturus pilcatus (not Tetrao pileatus Boddaert) SALvAporr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXVII, 1895, 522 (Pueblo Viejo).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, XII, 1898, 132 (‘‘ Santa Marta”; crit.). Crypturus soui (not Tinamus soui Hermann) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 124 (Minca and Bonda).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol, Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1904, 454 (Pueblo Viejo). Crypturus soui mustelinus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVIII, 1905, 151 (‘“ Mountains near Santa Marta” [type-locality] and La Concepcion; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 277 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.), 279 (Don Amo; descr. nest and eggs).—CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 378, 379 (‘‘ Santa Marta”; descr.).—CHaPMaAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XI. 1912, 141, in text (Santa Marta [region]; crit.); XXXIV, 1915, 636, in text (range; crit.).—BRABOURNE and CHusBB, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), XIV, 1914, 319 (diag.)—APpoLINAR Marra, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, IV, 1916, 38 (range, ex Chapman). Crypturus mustelinus BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 3 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Five specimens: Don Amo, Don Diego, Cincinnati, and Minca. Crypturornis sowi is a species which varies immensely in various parts of its extensive range, no less than eleven geographical races having been described up to date. Of these C. soui mustelinus, pro- posed for the Santa Marta bird by Mr. Bangs, is one of the best marked. The females of C. soui soui, C. soui mustelinus and C. sout cauc@ are all very much alike so far as the colors of the under parts are concerned, but they can be separated by the color of the pileum, which is brown in mustelinus, and grayish or dusky in the other two forms. The upper parts in general also average slightly paler. Males of mustelinus are paler, more buffy, less rufescent brown both above and below than the same sex of either soui or cauce. A small series from northern Venezuela indicates that the range of mustelinus ex- tends to that section also. This little tinamou is not a rare bird at all, but is next to impossible 166 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. to secure by ordinary means, frequenting as- it does the thickest kind of second-growth or scrub, and being moreover excessively shy. It ranges through the Tropical Zone, or from sea-level up to at least 5,000 feet, but is more common in the lower foothills and the coastal plain. It was found to be fairly common at Loma Larga in July, 1920. Mr. Smith sent in two eggs, found on the ground in a thicket at Don Amo, August 6, and described as “nearly uniform ecru drab.” 66. Crypturornis idoneus (Todd). Crypturus columbianus (not of Salvadori) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, XII, 1898, 131 (“Santa Marta”; crit.) —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 124 (Bonda). Crypturus idoneus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, rg919, 117 (Bonda; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Two specimens: Bonda. Description—Adult male: pileum dull brown (nearest bone-brown), passing into warm sepia on the hindneck, and into cinnamon on the sides of the head; chin and upper throat white, sometimes washed with cinnamon or buffy laterally; lower throat and breast dull neutral gray, more or less washed with buffy, and passing into pale buff on the chest and abdomen; flanks variegated with black subterminal and buffy white terminal bars, and under tail-coverts rich buff, with ir- regular black bars and lines; back vandyke-brown, passing into sepia posteriorly, and becoming barred with black, the bars increasing in width posteriorly, and followed by buffy white terminal bars on each feather; scapulars, wing-coverts, and tertiaries sepia, with irregular black and buffy white bars and markings like the lower back; primary- coverts deep or dark neutral gray, unmarked; primaries externally dusky brown, also unmarked; secondaries dusky or grayish brown, with irregular buffy spots on the outer webs, giving a barred effect to the closed wing; under wing-coverts grayish white, the outer ones dusky ; “ feet and legs coral pink.” Female similar, but much more richly colored throughout, the pileum and hindneck rich chestnut-brown, with obscure black barring; back carob-brown, with the scapulars, tertiaries, and lower back conspicu- ously barred with black and buffy white, the latter color passing into ‘rufescent anteriorly, this barring much heavier than in the male; lower throat and breast strongly shaded with buffy, and chest and under parts also rich buffy (between cinnamon-buff and clay-color). Topp-CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGIon, CoLompBia. 167 MEASUREMENTS. No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill. - Tarsus. PAS Opal (co) ns ONG As ft egexeie cns.5, seomelche: ove wi ate eyeisieie oa wle 168 50 28 47 20022, Se BON GAM arte wrccepaley tec gnhe stare tralels adeieelnions 166 51 28.5 43 30.0) a (PMS OMG Ae ye rayese sis anstetovciessiat eicysloxsiestte a eeneiey. 167 52 28 45 ROOmsi i= 9h Santa Warta, (rsoortts) cm. 05 AGwse 3h 46 The difference in color of the sexes corresponds to that in C. sout and other species, and it is pretty certain that No. 5,001 of the above table was wrongly determined. This is the specimen which Mr. Bangs says “agrees exactly with the description of the species” [columbianus], but a careful comparison of the present series with the description in question discloses too many discrepancies to permit the acceptance of this statement. Count Salvadori’s descriptions of the various forms of this difficult group are unusually full and ac- curate; judging by this circumstance, it is scarcely possible that his type of columbianus could have been the same as the Santa Marta bird. He compares his bird with C. boucardi, whereas the Santa Marta form is more closely related to C. cinnamomeus of Central America and C. dissimilis of British Guiana. From the former it dif- fers in its very much paler under surface, with grayer throat and breast, more rufescent and more uniform back, and more rufescent pileum; from the latter it differs in its paler under surface and the conspicuous buffy barring of the wings and back. Messrs. Brabourne and Chubb (Annals and Magazine of Natura! History (8), XIV, 1914, 322) have described a tinamou from Venezuela under the name Crypturus cinnamomeus spencei, the diagnosis of which, however, scarcely fits our bird, which we therefore have no alternative but to describe as new. Nothing is on record concerning its haunts or habits. All four of the known specimens came from the Tropical Zone in the vicinity of Santa Marta. Unfortunately Mr. Carriker failed to meet with the species. Crypturornis adspersus (Temminck). (¢)Crypturus adspersus BONAPARTE, Tabl. parall. ordre Gallinacées, 1856, 12, 16 (“Santa Marta”; crit.)—SALvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. -Mus., XXVII, 1895, 529 (“Santa Marta’’; crit.). Without examination of the specimen upon which the above record is based 1 Collection American Museum of Natural History. 2 Collection Carnegie Museum. 3 Collection E. A. and O. Bangs. 168 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. it would be idle to hazard an opinion, beyond observing that it could scarcely be either C. adspersus or C. idoneus. Family ODONTOPHORID. Qual. 67. Eupsychortyx cristatus cristatus (Linnzus). Eupsychortyx cristatus cristatus Topp, Auk, XXXVII, 1920, 214 (Rio Hacha; Crit.) Eight specimens: Rio Hacha and Fonseca. The capture of these birds extends the range of this species to the Goajira Peninsula and Rio Rancheria Valley in Colombia, where the conditions are similar to those it enjoys in Venezuela. The specimens are not typical, however, showing unmistakable signs of admixture with the leucopogon strain. Males have rather more antique brown feathers in the superciliaries than is usual with cristatus, while in fe- males the buffy color of the under parts is paler, and the markings of the throat tend to streaks rather than to scale-like feather-edgings. This quail is an abundant bird in the scrub around Rio Hacha, espe- cially along the river in the more fertile and to some extent irrigated lands. 68. Eupsychortyx leucopogon littoralis Todd. Eupsychortyx leucopogon (not Ortyx leucopogon Lesson) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 127 (Bonda). Eupsychortyx cristatus littoralis Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXX, 1917, 6 (Mamatoco; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APOLINAR Marra, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, VI, 1917, 147 (reprint orig. descr.). Colinus cristatus littoralis CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917. 198, in text (Bonda; crit.). Eupsychortyx leucopogon littoralis Topp, Auk, XXXVII, 1920, 211, pl. V, fig. 7 (Santa Marta localities and references; diag.; crit.). Fifteen specimens: Bonda, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Gaira, and Santa Marta. As shown by the writer in the monographic paper above cited, this form has all the ear-marks of a hybrid between FE. cristatus cristatus and FE. leucopogon decoratus, showing the excessive amount of indi- vidual variation which such a hybrid might be expected to do. Such an explanation of its characters, however, seems inadmissible in view of the circumstance that its range is cut off to the eastward from con- tact with that of cristatus by the strip of Tropical Zone forest which Topp-CARRIKER: BrirDs OF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLtomsta. 169 reaches right down to the coast, while the high Sierra Nevada would constitute a sufficient barrier to its spread to the southeast. Dr. Allen referred Santa Marta examples to leucopogon, but comparison with authentic specimens of that form as well as of lewcotis indicated that they were distinct from either, and they were accordingly provided with a name by the writer in 1917. At that time their true relation- ship was not perceived, and they were considered to be a race of cris- tatus, whereas a study of the entire group makes it evident that they are much more nearly allied to lewcopogon instead. The Santa Marta Crested Quail is found commonly over the whole of the lowlands, wherever these are suited to its needs. It is most numerous in the drier parts of the coastal plain, and does not ordinar- ily range higher up than Cacagualito (1,500 feet), where it was taken by Mr. Smith’s collectors. It is hunted very little, there being few foreigners in Santa Marta who care for this sport, while the natives shoot it only occasionally, when they can get a “ pot-shot.” 69. Eupsychortyx leucopogon decoratus Todd. Eupsychortyx leucopogon decoratus Topp, Auk, XXXVII, 1920, 210 (Funda- cion). One specimen: Fundacion. The single specimen of quail collected by the junior author at Fundacion, in the southwestern part of the Santa Marta region as here understood, proves to be referable to this recently described form, the range of which includes the lower valleys of the Magdalena and Sinu Rivers. The Fundacion specimen is not quite so richly colored as the type, but clearly belongs with it. 70. Odontophorus atrifrons Allen. Odontophorus atrifrons ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 127 (Valparaiso; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).—Duvueots, Syn. Avium, II, 1902, 822 (Valparaiso, in range; ref. orig. descr.).—Bra- BOURNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 14 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Six specimens: Cincinnati, Cerro de Caracas, and Heights of Chirua. The type of this very distinct Odontophorus has hitherto been unique. The present series agree very closely with the original speci- men, allowing for the usual range of variation in this genus. The scapulars and tertiaries are tipped with triangular buffy spots, not 170 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. mentioned in Dr. Allen’s description. Females are smaller than males, and much more rufescent, especially below. It is obviously the Santa Marta representative of the recently de- scribed Odontophorus variegatus (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXXII, 1919, 116), from the Eastern Andes. This is a Subtropical Zone species, found only in the dense forest between 4,000 and 9,000 feet, but is a very rare bird everywhere within its range. Mr. Smith’s collector secured a single specimen at Val- paraiso (Cincinnati), where also most of those taken by the writer were secured. Its call is almost identical with that of the Wood Rail (Aramides cajanea chiricote), for which, indeed, it was always mis- taken until on one occasion when collecting on the Cerro de Caracas, where one of the birds was secured in the very act of uttering this call. It is a loud rattling note, and can be heard for some distance through the forest. The bird is more often met with in pairs than in small flocks, and is at all times exceedingly shy. Family CRACID/A®. Curassows. 71. Chamepetes sancte-marthe Chapman. Chamepetes goudoti (not Ortalida goudotii Lesson) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (El Libano and Valparaiso). Chamepetes sancte-marthe CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXJ, 1912, 141 (El Libano; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).—APOLINAR Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, II, 1914, 244 (ref. orig. descr.). Twenty-six specimens: El] Libano, Las Taguas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, Cerro de Caracas, Paramo de Mamarongo, San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. Although obviously related to C. goudotii, this species is very dis- tinct, and only confused with that form by Dr. Allen because of the inadequacy of the description in Volume XXII of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Upon the receipt of topotypical mate- rial from the interior of Colombia Dr. Chapman at once recognized the distinctness of the Santa Marta bird and provided it with a name. Two chicks (Nos. 8,802-3), secured April 23, may be thus described: general color chocolate-brown, below paler; middle of breast and ab- domen, and a short line on the flanks buffy white; superciliaries, be- ginning in front of the eye and joining behind to form a collar around Topp—CARRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA MaArtTA ReEGIon, CoLtomsia. 171 the hindneck, rusty buff, enclosing a crown-patch of rich chocolate; forehead, lores, chin, and sides of head. sooty black; throat washed with sooty; sides of the head densely feathered. ‘ In the adult the iris is “ carmine; feet bright salmon red; bill black; bare skin of sides of head bright cobalt blue.” The series includes several young birds (July 13-21), distinguished by their smaller size, duller colors, and incompletely feathered throats, This species is characteristic of the Subtropical Zone of this region, to which it is confined, being largely abundant on the San Lorenzo as well as in the Sierra Nevada between 5,500 and 9,000 feet, wher- ever forest is present. Curiously enough, Mr. Brown failed to meet with it, while Mr. Smith’s collectors secured a good series. Unlike the species of Penelope, it feeds much on the ground, from which it is more apt to be flushed than from the trees. It has a peculiar rattling, clucking call-note, very different from that of Penelope. When dis- turbed it more often endeavors to escape by concealment than by flight. 72. Ortalis garrula (Humboldt). Ortalida garrula Gray, List Spec. Birds Brit. Mus.,. V, 1867, 12 (“New Granada”’).—SciaTer and Satvin, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, “1870,” 1871, 539 (“Santa Marta ’’). Ortalis garrula OctLvrE-GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXII, 1893, 515 (“ Santa Marta’’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (Bonda). Additional records: Donjaca (Carriker). Eight specimens: Mamatoco, Fundacion, and Trojas de Cataca. Considerable variation is shown in this series, some specimens being more rufescent, others more grayish, in general coloration. Novem- ber birds are not so purely white below. A species characteristic of the littoral Tropical Zone, fairly com- mon in the lowlands from Santa Marta southward along the coast to the Cienaga Grande, going inland as far at least as Fundacion. It is clearly a form of the lower Magdalena basin, as indicated by the avail- able extralimital records. Invariably it keeps to the thickest and most impenetrable cover, preferring open woodland where there is a dense undergrowth of scrub and vines. It is very hard to shoot on account of its shyness and the character of its haunts. Three eggs sent in by Mr. Smith are labelled Bonda, April 12. They are pale creamy white in color, the shell with a conspicuous granular texture, and average 60 X 40 mm. 17 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 73. Ortalis ruficrissa (Sclater and Salvin). Ortalida ruficrissa SCLATER and Satvin, Proc. Zoédl. Soc. London, “ 1870," 1871, 538, footnote (Valle de Upar; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—ScraTEer and Satvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 137 (range).— GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 765 (“Santa Marta”; ref. orig. descr.; syn.). Ortalis vetula (not Penelope vetula Wagler) Ocitvie-GRanT, Cat. Birds Bru. Mus., XXII, 1893, 512 (Valle de Upar; crit.). Ortalis ruficrissa BRABOURNE and CuHugp, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 12 (ref. orig. descr. ; range). MILLER and Griscom, Auk, XX XVIII, 1921, 49, 50 (Dibulla; Chits): One specimen: Dibulla. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant relegates this name to the synonymy of O. vetula without any misgivings, but as he declines to recognize any of the geographical variants of this species, several of which at least are ob- viously perfectly valid races, as shown by the material in our collec- tion, undue importance need not be attached to this conclusion. Up to the present time this form appears to have been known only from the type, described by Sclater and Salvin in 1871, and the acquisition of a second specimen is therefore of some interest. Messrs. Miller and Griscom, who have recently handled this specimen, have reached the conclusion that the form which it represents should be regarded as specifically distinct, although obviously close to O. vetula. It is cer- tainly very distinct from O. vetula intermedia, differing therefrom in its white-tipped tail, in which respect it resembles O. vetula vetula, but the white tips are broader, and the upper parts in general, flanks, and crissum are much more rufescent. With O. cinereiceps, from the intervening country of Costa Rica, it requires no comparison. “Mr. Joad, F. Z. S., obtained two examples of this Ortalida in De- cember, 1863, during his expedition in the vicinity of S. Martha. Only one skin was preserved, which is now in the collection of Salvin b] and Godman,” whence it later went to the British Museum. A single male was taken by the writer at Dibulla, April 28, 1914, and the species was common at that point. It proved to be a common and character- istic bird in the region traversed by the writer in July, 1920, east of the mountains, having been recorded at Arroya de Arenas, Loma Larga, Fonseca, and Badillo. Several specimens were shot, but un- fortunately not preserved. It seems to replace O. garrula on this side of the Sierra Nevada, extending around the mountains as far at least as Valle de Upar, where the type-specimen was taken. Topp-CARRIKER: BIRDS OF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLompia. 173 74. Penelope colombiana Todd. (Plate II). Penelope argyrotis (not Pipile argyrotis Bonaparte) SCLATER and SALvIN, Proc. ’ Zool. Soc. London, “ 1870,” 1871, 528 (“ Santa Marta ’’).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (“‘ Santa Marta ’”’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (El Libano). Penelope colombiana Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1912, 213 (Las Taguas [type-locality], Valparaiso, and Cincinnati; orig. descr.; type in coll. Car- negie Mus.; meas.; crit.) —-HELLMAYR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 162, footnote (Santa Marta [region]; ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: Chirua (Brown). Twenty-five specimens: Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, San Lorenzo, and San Miguel. “This fine new species has heretofore been confused with Penelope argyrotis (Bonaparte) of northern Venezuela, from which it is per- fectly distinct, as shown by a comparison of specimens. In P. argy- rotis the feathers of the crest are much broader, blunter, and browner, and only those growing on the forehead are margined with grayish white, while in the new species these feathers are linear and acuminate, and all margined with grayish white for their entire length. More- over, the grayish white superciliary and malar stripes, so’conspicuous in P. argyrotis, are entirely wanting in P. colombiana, these parts being almost the same as the crown. In the latter, also, the feathers of the neck and mantle are more conspicuously edged (laterally) with white, and the middle rectrices are decidedly more coppery, while all are broadly tipped with chestnut, instead of narrowly tipped with buffy rufous, as in argyrotis. The abdomen and tibiz are also de- cidedly more rufescent than in the latter form. “Bonaparte’s original description of Pipile argyrotis (Comptes Rendus de lV’ Académie des Sciences, XLII, 1856, 875) is very brief and unsatisfactory, but the species was later identified by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin (Proceedings Zoélogical Society of London, 1870, 528) from an examination of some of his authentic specimens. Mean- while it had been given two other names, Penelope montana Reiche- now (Tauben, 1862, 151, ex Lichtenstein, MS.), and Penelope lichten- stein Gray (Proceedings Zodlogical Society of London, 1860, 269), both based upon material from Venezuela.” Contrary to the surmise advanced in the original account of this species (quoted in part above), it proves to be peculiar to the Santa 174 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Marta region, specimens from the region to the southward turning out to be P. argyrotis. The series includes a chick (No. 41,770, Cincin- nati, April 7), which is buffy brown below, the throat grayish white, the abdomen dull white; wings dusky, with a buffy spot at the tip of each feather; upper parts varied with two shades of brown, the top of the head brownish black, enclosing an irregular patch of chestnut; tail varied with chestnut and black. Nos. 42,116 (June 2) and 42,424 (July 6) are older birds, beginning to show the adult characters, the general coloration duller, however. Adults are fairly uniform in their characters. Like Chamepetes sancte-marthe, this Penelope is essentially a Subtropical Zone species, but ranges a little lower down, being found commonly as low as 3,000 feet, and extending up to 6,000 feet, rarely higher. It seems to keep in the trees most of the time, seldom being flushed from the ground. 75. Penelope equatorialis Salvadori and Festa. Penelope cristata (not Meleagris cristata Linneus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (Bonda).—Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 382 (Santa Marta [region]; crit.)—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., MOXX Vi, 1917, 195) (Bonda); crit.) Twelve specimens: Las Tinajas, Bonda, Don Diego, and Minca. These agree with Costa Rican specimens, and are very uniform in their characters. On the change of name for this species consult Chubb, /bis, 1919, 16. This species is a Tropical Zone form, ranging far below P. colom- biana. It is found from sea-level up to about 2,500 feet, but is more abundant in the coastal plain, and especially in the humid forests of the coast to the northeast of Santa Marta. It was particularly numerous at Don Diego; in fact, nowhere has the writer seen any species of this family so abundant as was this one at that point. As many as forty or fifty birds could be encountered in a half day’s tramp through the woods. It was very abundant also at Valencia, in the valley of the Rio Cesar, in early August, 1920, and was noted as far east as Loma Larga. Only rarely is it seen on the ground, feeding as it does more on fruit and berries in the tree-tops. The margins of lagoons, such as abound in these lowland forests, are one of its favorite haunts. Annals Carnegie Museum Vol. XIV, pl. Il Penelope colombiana Todd, & (One-fourth natural size) # 4 a 4 z : ? ne i 4 " i] Lea a Topp-CARRIKER: BirDs OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLtompra. 175 Penelope marail (Miller). Penelope greeyii Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, 206, pl. 22 (“ Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.)—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., V, 1867, 7 (“Santa Marta”).—Gray, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 250 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—ScLATER and Savin, Proc. Zo6dl. Soc. Lon- don, “ 1870,” 1871, 523 (“ Santa Marta”; diag.; crit.) —ScLaTER and SALVIN, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 136 (range) —HretitMayr, Abhand. K. Bayer- ischen Akad. Wiss., II Kl., XXII, 1906, 689, in text (crit.). Penelope jacupeba OGILVIE-GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXII, 1893, 494 Gasanta, Marta 7). The name Penelope greeyit was based on an individual received alive in the Gardens of the Zodlogical Society of London in July, 1865, but which soon died, and was thereupon presented to the British Museum. It was named after ‘Mr. Edward Greey, F. Z. S., to whom the Society is indebted for this and other interesting novelties from Sta Martha.” The description and plate indicate that the bird in question is no other than that now called Penelope marail; the true habitat of which is eastern Venezuela, Guiana, and lower Amazonia. It is practically certain that the bird could not have come originally from the Santa Marta region. 76. Crax annulata Todd. Crax incommoda (not of Sclater, 1875) ScLaTER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, X, 1879, 544, pl. 93 (“ South America ”’). Crax pinima (not of von Pelzeln) OciLviE-GrRaAntT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXII, 1893, 477, part (descr.; crit.). Crax annulata Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 170 (Don Diego; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Two specimens: Don Diego. Description—Adult male: black, with a dark greenish gloss, as in C. alberti; lower abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white; all the rectrices except the central pair tipped with white (10-20 mm. wide) ; greater and median wing-coverts and feathers of upper abdomen and tibiz with narrow and indistinct white tips; crest composed of feathers with spatulate, recurved tips, all except the longest median ones with , a small bar or two opposite spots of white on the narrowest part. Wing, 350; tail, 319; bill, 40; tarsus, Ior. \ Adult female: black, with a dark greenish gloss, as in the male; rectrices (probably except the central pair) tipped with buffy white; wings and their coverts prominently barred with white-or buffy white externally, the bars broadest on the outermost feathers: longer upper tail-coverts with broken and indistinct white barring; under surface, from the chin to the lower breast, broadly barred with white, the bars 13 176 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. on the lower breast very broad and continuous, and strongly tinged with buffy; abdomen and flanks immaculate buffy; tibiae and under wing-coverts black, barred with buffy white; elongated feathers of crest extensively white, the extreme base and terminal fourth black; “iris brown; feet dusky flesh-color; bill black,’ wing, 348; tail, 317; bill, 44; tarsus, III. The female type agrees fairly well with the colored figure of the supposed Crax incommoda in the Transactions of the Zoélogical So- ciety of London, X, 1879, pl. 93, and with Mr. Ogilvie-Grant’s later description of the same specimen. As suggested by the latter author, Sclater was doubtless wrong in referring this particular specimen to his C. incommoda (== C. pinima von Pelzeln), the type of which was a very different looking bird, as may be seen by comparing the above plate with the figure of the said type in the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 1X, 1875, pl. 49. The acquisition of a second specimen showing these peculiarities; coming from a definite locality, would seem to prove this beyond a doubt. The present bird differs from C. pinima in having much more white beneath, the barring being carried up to the chin, while there is more white on the crest also. The male gives the impression at first glance of being a minia- ture of C. alberti, but the female is of course very different from the same sex of that form. The pair of birds upon which the above descriptions are based were taken at Don Diego, January 26, 1914, in the heavy forest at the lower edge of the foothills. The discovery of a second species of Crax in this region is an event of unusual interest, the larger birds of the con- tinent being relatively so much better known than the smaller forms. 77. Crax alberti Fraser. “ce Crax alberti SCLATER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, “ 1870,” 1871, 517 (“Santa Marta”).—Sciater, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, IX, 1875, 280 (“Santa Marta ”).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (“Santa Marta”)—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 127 (Bonda and Naranjo; descr. natal plum.). The adult male of this fine curassow is a precise counterpart, so far as color alone is concerned, of the Venezuelan C. daubentom. The bill, however, is differently shaped and colored, and the crest is rather better developed. The females (which in this genus seem to furnish better differential characters than the males) of the two forms are Topp—CARRIKER: BrrDS OF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLomsia. 177 very unlike respectively, that of C. alberti being extensively buffy brownish below. The Albert Curassow is not a common bird anywhere in this region, but is perhaps most numerous around Don Diego, or rather through- cut the humid lowlands of the north coast. It appears to belong to the Tropical Zone, being found sparingly in the foothills and lower mountain slopes of the San Lorenzo up to about 4,0co feet, but more commonly below 2,000 feet. In its feeding habits it is mainly ter- restrial, and is often flushed from the ground. Sclater and Salvin state that there is a Santa Marta specimen of this species in the Paris Museum, received from M. Bonnecourt. It ap- pears to have an extensive distribution in Colombia outside of the Santa Marta region, but unfortunately there are only a few specimens on record with definite localities attached. Mr. Smith sent in but three examples (one adult and two chicks, taken in July), and Mr. Brown but one. Family ARAMIDZZ. CourLans. 78. Aramus scolopaceus scolopaceus (Gmelin). Four specimens: Bonda, Fundacion, Gaira, and Trojas de Cataca. This species (which has apparently not been recorded from Colom- bia heretofore) was found in small numbers along the shores of the Cienaga Grande and up the rivers flowing into it. Several were seen also in a marshy pasture near Gaira, while Mr. Smith sent in a speci- men labelled Bonda. The birds feed on the ground, but when disturbed alight on tall trees. Family RALLIDAS. Ratts. 79. Aramides cajaneus chiricote (Vieillot). Aramides cajanus (not Fulica cajanea Miller) Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 125 (Minca). Five specimens: Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Trojas de Cataca, and Fun- dacion. These agree perfectly with a series from northern Venezuela, as well as with another from Bolivia. Two Cayenne specimens, how- ever, are obviously different, being more deeply colored throughout, the back and scapulars medal-bronze rather than dark buffy olive. The geographical variation in this species is still imperfectly under- 178 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. stood, but on the assumption that the peculiarities of Cayenne skins should prove to be constant (as there is good reason to believe), it is clear that Venezuelan and Colombian examples cannot well be re- ferred to the typical form. Mr. Cory (Field Museum Ornithological Series, I, 1915, 296) has lately proposed the name venezuelensis for a bird from Encontrados, State of Zulia, Venezuela, which is doubt- less the same. In view of the fact that Bolivian specimens are in- distinguishable from northern ones, however, it is entirely likely that Vieillot’s name chiricote, based on the bird of Paraguay, would be available for this pale form. In fact, Mr. Chubb (Jbis, 1910, 65) explicitly states that he has compared specimens from Paraguay with others from “ New Granada,” and finds them identical.2° Under such circumstances we think that Vieillot’s name may provisionally be adopted for the form under consideration. ; This bird is found throughout the lowlands up to 1,000 feet, but is confined to those parts where there is heavy forest, even although it may be only a narrow strip along some stream. It is not at all abund- ant in its chosen haunts, and, as usual, is exceedingly shy. 80. Aramides axillaris Lawrence. Aramides axillaris Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 92 (Chirua). —Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 125 (Bangs’ reference).—Bancs, Am.' Nat., XLI, 1907, 178 (Chirua; meas.). A single example of this rare wood rail was taken by Mr. Brown at Chirua, March 13, 1899. It was described originally from Barran- quilla, Colombia, and is known to range eastward as far as British Guiana, and northward to Mexico. 81. Neocrex colombianus Bangs. Neocrex colombianus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 171 (Palomina; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.; meas.; crit.) —SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, I, 1899, 106 (ref. orig. descer.; range).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 125 (Bangs’ reference) .— BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 25 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Porzana colombiana Dusotis, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 969 (ref. orig. deser.; range). This is a very distinct species, described by Mr. Bangs from a speci- 26 Since the above was written, however, Mr. Chubb has recognized the bird from Colombia as distinct (Jbis, 1919, 53), but we are unable to follow him in this so far as Santa Marta specimens are concerned. Topp—CARRIKER: BirRDS OF SANTA Marta ReEGion, CoLompia. 179 men collected by Mr. Brown at Palomina, at an altitude of 5,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada, May 22, 1898. For some years the type was unique, but more recently the species has been traced to western Colom- bia and southward into Ecuador. It was noted by the junior author on several occasions on the Heights of Chirua, but unfortunately none were secured. 82. Porzana carolina (Linnzus). Two specimens: Fundacion. The Sora Rail is a winter resident in this section. It was found in the marsh at Fundacion from October 12 to 14, 1915, two birds being taken and about four more seen. The specimens show fresh feathers coming in on the throat and breast. 83. Creciscus albigularis (Lawrence). Porzana albigularis BAnes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 157 (Pueblo Viejo), 172 (Palomina) —ALien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 125 (Bangs’ references). Additional records: La Concepcion (Brown). Three specimens: Mamatoco and Fundacion. This little rail is found wherever there are marshy grass-lands, from near sea-level up to (according to Mr. Brown) 5,000 feet. It was common in the marsh at Fundacion, but hard to secure. It is difficult to say just where Mr. Brown secured his Pueblo Viejo specimen, but probably it was in the lower parts of the savannas. 84. Ionornis martinicus (Linneus). Eight specimens: Mamatoco, Fundacion, and Trojas de Cataca. A few Purple Gallinules live in a small marsh near Mamatoco, where specimens were secured both by Mr. Smith’s collectors and by the writer. At Trojas de Cataca they were common along the lower course of the river, haunting the tall grass and aquatic plants lining both banks. They were most numerous, however, in the marshes at Fundacion, where, on October 10, 1915, two nests were found. One contained four eggs and one chick, the other three eggs and two chicks. Upon visiting the nests two days laters all the eggs had hatched and the chicks had disappeared. The nests were merely bulky masses of grass placed in a cluster of wild plantain and Para-grass, about three feet above the water. 180 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Family LARIDA. Gutts, TERNs. 85. Chroicocephalus atricilla Linnzus. Eleven specimens: Buritaca and Trojas de Cataca. Mr. Smith sent in a single specimen from Buritaca, September 19, 1899. It was quite common around the fishing village of Trojas de Cataca, October 5-11, 1913, at which date the adults shot were all in winter dress, while one of the young birds was still in postjuvenal moult. It was not met with at any other place except Cienaga, where a few were seen near the town. The specimens secured appear to be- long to the smaller or typical race, as discriminated by Mr. Noble (Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, LX, 1916, 367), but there is a great deal of individual variation in size, even among our north- ern specimens from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. 86. Phztusa chloripoda (Vieillot). Phetusa chloripoda Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VIII, 1919, 541 (Punto Caiman and Trojas de Cataca). Five specimens: Punto Caiman and Trojas de Cataca. This large tern was common along the narrow strip of beach be- tween the ocean and the Cienaga Grande, but was seen fishing for food only in the Cienaga, in the sheltered bays and inlets. Specimens are precisely the same as Bolivian examples. 87. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmelin). Six specimens: Trojas de Cataca and Tierra Nueva. The Black Tern was fairly common on the Cienaga Grande, six specimens being secured on October 10 and 12, 1913, although it was ° not seen along the sea-beach at Punto Caiman. Evidently the fish offal thrown into the water was the attraction which drew the birds to the vicinity of the fishing village of Trojas de Cataca. Here, as elsewhere in tropical America, it is of course only a winter resident. All the specimens secured proved to be adults just completing the winter plumage by assuming new remiges and rectrices. 88. Thalasseus?’ maximus (Boddaert). One specimen: Cienaga. A single immature Royal Tern was shot near the shore of the Cie- 27 On the use of this generic term compare Oberholser, Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XLIX, 1915, 517. Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps OF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLtomsra. 181 naga Grande, not far from the town of Cienaga, October 18, 1913. A few others were seen, but evidently it is not a common species, and is of course a winter resident only. 89. Thalasseus sp. Thalasseus eurygnathus Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VIII, 1910, 474 (Buritaca). One specimen: Buritaca. A single specimen of a tern in juvenal dress, collected September 19, 1899, appears to belong to some species of this generic group, but in the absence of suitable material for comparison it cannot be cer- tainly identified at present. Mr. Ridgway, who handled the specimen some years ago, indeed referred it to Sterna eurygnatha Saunders, but it seems much too small for this species, having a wing only 250 mm. long, and a bill not at all corresponding to the description. These peculiarities may of course be due to the youth of the individual in question, which was probably reared not far away from the locality where it was taken. Family RECURVIROSTRID. Avocets. go. Himantopus mexicanus (Miiller). Himantopus nigricollis Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 383 (Cienaga). Five specimens: Punto Caiman and Gaira. A few were seen around the salt ponds at Gaira on May 21, 1913, while it was fairly common along the sea-beach at Punto Caiman in late September and early October of the same year. Wyatt says that he met with this species in the shallows of a lagoon near Cienaga in December, 1869, and several specimens were taken at the same locality in August, 1913, by the University of Michigan party. Both of the Gaira specimens are birds of the year, one of them so young as to render it very probable that it was hatched in the immediate vicinity. All but one of the Punto Caiman specimens are also immature. Family SCOLOPACID/E. Swipes, SANDPIPERS. gi. Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein). Bartramia longicauda ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 125 (Cie- naga).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Cienaga).—Cooke, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 35, 1910, 64 (Cienaga, ex Allen). The only record of the Bartramian Sandpiper for this region per- 182 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. tains to a single specimen sent in by Mr. Smith, taken at Cienaga, Sep- tember 15, 1898. Doubtless this was a transient individual only, the species not being known to pass the winter so far north. g2. Actitis macularia (Linnzus). Tringoides macularia SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXIV, 1896, 468 (Valle de Upar). Actitis macularia Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 92 (La Concepcion).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 125 (Cie- naga).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Cienaga; La Concepcion, ex Bangs).—Dwicut, Auk, XVII, 1900, 371, in text, 375 ([Cienaga], Colombia; plum.). Three specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, and Fundacion. The Spotted Sandpiper is a winter resident here as elsewhere in tropical America. The Fundacion specimen, which was secured Au- gust 16, 1913, represents the earliest recorded date of arrival in the fall migration. An example taken at Bonda on February 2 is renew- ing the remiges by prenuptial moult. 93. Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson. Rhyacophilus solitarius SALVIN and GopMaAN, Ibis, 1880, 178 (Santa Marta). Helodromas solitarius SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.. XXIV, 1896, 444 (Santa Marta). Totanus solitarius ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (Cie- naga).—ALtEen, Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Cienaga; Santa Marta, ex Salvin and Godman). Eight specimens: Bonda, Cienaga, Mamatoco, and Fundacion. The Solitary Sandpiper is a winter resident in this section. Simons speaks of it as being “common near the seashore and sandbanks of the rivers,” which is correct. In fact, it is common wherever condi- tions are suitable, being found along creeks, irrigation-ditches, ponds and puddles. The earliest recorded date of arrival in the fall is Au- gust 15 (1913), the latest spring date is April 18 (1990?). 94. Neoglottis flavipes (Gmelin). Totanus flavipes ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (Cie- naga).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Cienaga). Eight specimens: Bonda, Cienaga, Gaira, Mamatoco, and Punto Cai- man. The Yellow-legs is fairly common in the fall migration in Septem- ber, being found wherever there is water of any kind. Earliest and latest dates are respectively August 22 (1913) and October 31 (1899). Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps OF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLompBia. 183 95. Neoglottis melanoleuca (Gmelin). Totanus melanoleucus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXIV, 1896, 759 (Santa Marta). . One specimen: Rio Hacha. A flock of about twelve birds of this species was seen along the river at Rio Hacha on May 4, 1914, of which one was secured. This is a date when the bulk of the species is well on its northward way. 96. Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot). Tringa minutilla ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (Cie- naga).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Cienaga). Seven specimens: Cienaga, Don Diego, Punto Caiman, and Gaira. The Least Sandpiper is a common winter visitor, frequenting mainly the sea-beach and the shores of the Cienaga Grande, there be- ing few other suitable feeding-grounds. It has been taken at Gaira on September 11 (1913) by the writer, and at Cienaga on September 10, (1898) by Mr. Smith’s collector. 97. Pisobia maculata (Vieillot). Tringa maculata ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (Cie- naga).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Cienaga). Pisobia maculata Cooke, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 35, 1910, 35 (Allen’s record). One specimen: Cienaga. For the Pectoral Sandpiper there are but two records ae the. Santa Marta region, referring to single examples shot at Cienaga on September 12 and 14, 1808, respectively. Probably it is only a tran- sient here, wintering farther south. According to Cooke the Cienaga record is the only one from Colombia, or rather was at the time it was published, since Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 224) has recently recorded the spec‘es from Quibdo, on the Atrato River. 98. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot). Tryngites subruficollis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 125 (Cienaga).—AtiLen, Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Cienaga)—Cooxe, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 35, 1910, 67 (Cienaga, ex Allen). Two specimens of this relatively rare sandpiper, shot by Mr. Smith’s collector at Cienaga, September 12 and 17, 1808, are the only records for this region. The winter home of the species lies far to the south- ward, so that these were doubtless transients only. 184. ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 99. Ereunetes mauri Cabanis. Four specimens: Buritaca and Punto Caiman. The South American records of the Western Sandpiper are very few indeed, the Caribbean coast apparently being the extreme limit of its range in this direction. There is a single specimen from Buritaca, September 20, 1899, in the collection received from Mr. Smith, and three others taken by Mr. Carriker, at Punto Caiman, September 28 and October I, 1913. 100. Ereunetes pusillus (Linnzus). Ereunetes pusillus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (Cie- naga).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Cienaga). Four specimens: Buritaca and Rio Hacha. Mr. Smith sent in two specimens of the Semipalmated Sandpiper from Cienaga, September 12, and three from Buritaca, September 20, 1899. Mr. Carriker shot one at Rio Hacha, May 4, 1914, on the salt plain near the mouth of the river. It is probably a winter resident along the coast. 101. Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte). Micropalama himantopus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (Cienaga).—ALLeN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Cienaga).—Cooxke, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 35, 1910, 29 (Cienaga, ex Allen). The only record for the Stilt Sandpiper in this region pertains to a single specimen received by the American Museum of Natural History from Mr. Smith, shot at Cienaga, September 13, 1898. The bird is rare, and its winter range is imperfectly known, but probably includes this region. 102. Capella jamesoni (Bonaparte). Gallinago jamesoni Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXIV, 1896, 661 (Sierra Nevada [de Santa Marta]).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 183 (Sharpe’s reference). One specimen: Taquina. The specimen agrees with an example from Ecuador collected by Mr. Samuel N. Rhoads, but the bill is 86 mm. long instead of 66, as in the other. What the significance of this discrepancy may be cannot be determined at present. One fine male of this large snipe was shot March 29, 1914, in the same little marsh at Taquina in which the Wilson Snipe were taken. Topp—CArRRIKER: Brirps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLompia. 185 No more were there, as the whole tract was gone over as with a comb. Another individual was seen on the Paramo de Chiruqua at about 14,000 feet altitude, where it was flushed twice, shot at once, and in the end escaped quite unharmed. The Paramo Zone is of course the regular range of this species, but towards the end of the dry season, when the paramos become so dry, the birds move downwards in search of food. This would account for the presence of the one at Taquina (7,000 feet), as well as for their scarcity on the paramos at the time of the writer’s visit. 103. Capella delicata (Ord). Three specimens: Taquina and Pueblo Viejo. One was shot at Pueblo Viejo on March 17, and two at Taquina, in a bit of grassy marsh on the table-land, on March 29, 1914. In addi- tion it was seen at Fundacion in October, and at Cincinnati, also late in October. It is doubtless a winter resident, but is not abundant in this region, as observed in Costa Rica and Venezuela, for instance. Family CHARADRIIDE. PLovers. 104. Charadrius collaris Vieillot. Zigialitis collaris SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXIV, 1896, 747 (“Santa Marta ”).—ALtLENn, Bull. Am. Hus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (Cienaga). Eleven specimens: Cienaga, Don Diego, Punto Caiman, Gaira, and Fundacion. ‘it This little plover is common along the sea-beach and salt-water lagoons, wherever there are any stretches of sandy beach. Specimens are quite indistinguishable from Bolivian examples. 105. Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte. Six specimens: Buritaca, Cienaga, Gaira, and Don Diego. No. 43,098, September 13, shows moult in progress in the remiges, rectrices, and pectoral band, and Nos. 43,291-2, October 18, show moult in the latter, which is changing to black. But Nos. 44,357 and 44,380, taken much later in the season (January 15 and 16) show no signs of moult, and the pale edgings of the feathers of the upper parts have almost worn off. The Semipalmated Plover is usually found in company with its rela- tive C. collaris, and like it occurs inland as well as coastwise, wherever 186 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. suitable conditions, involving shallow water and exposed mud-flats, occur. It is of course only a winter resident. 106. Pagolla wilsonia crassirostris (Spix). Octhodromus wilsonius crassirostris Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, 1911, 416, in text (Buritaca; crit.). Additional records: Cienaga (Univ. Mich. Exp.). Five specimens: Buritaca and Punto Caiman. On the name of this form consult the present writer’s remarks in the above reference. Two of the above series (Nos. 43,138 and 43,196) obviously belong to the southern rufous-naped form. A third speci- men (43,139), shot at the same time of year (September ) is excessively worn and faded. The other two skins are in immature plumage, in- distinguishable from specimens shot in the Isle of Pines. There is nothing to show that the two forms are distinguishable at this stage, and the presumption is that all of the above specimens belong to the resident race.-> , This plover appears to be rare, and was met with only on the beach at Punto Caiman from September 28 to October 2, 1913. In addition Mr. Smith sent in a single specimen from Buritaca, collected Septem- ber 18, 1899. 107. Belonopterus cayennensis cayennensis Gmelin. Two specimens: Fundacion. A single pair of this species (the only ones observed) were in the drier part of the marsh at Fundacion, The specimens compare favor- ably with others from the Caura River, Venezuela, assumed to be typical cayennensis. It was not recorded again until the summer of 1920, when a single pair were noted in a marshy place along the river, several miles inland from Rio Hacha. On the savannas between Va- lencia and Camperucho, however, it was found to be abundant a little later, in August. 28 Since the above was written Mr. Ridgway (Bulletin U. S. National Museum, No. 50, 1919, 113) has described the Wilson Plover of the northern coast of South America under a new name, cinnamomina, quoting crassirostris of Spix as doubtfully the same. We see no necessity for renaming the form in question under the circumstances, nor can we agree with Mr. Peters (Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, LXI, 1917, 405) that rufinucha is the proper name for the West Indian bird, even if distinct. It will be noted that the name rufinucha has been repudiated by Mr. Ridgway himself. Topp—CARRIKER: BrirDs OF SANTA MarTA REGION, CoLompta. 187 Family HAAMATOPODIDE. OystTER-cATCHERs. 108. Hematopus palliatus palliatus Temminck. One specimen: Rio Hacha. A single specimen, the only one seen, was shot at the mouth of the river at Rio Hacha on May 2, 1914. It has an extensive distribution on the Atlantic coast of tropical America, but so far as we are aware this seems to be the first record for Colombia. Family GQZEDICNEMIDZ. THICK-KNEES. 109. Cdicnemus bistriatus vocifer L’ Herminier. This species is admitted to the list on the strength of having been ebserved (although not actually collected) by the junior author in the savanna region along the trail northeast of Camperucho, where it was common, in company with Belonopterus cayennensis cayennensis, on August 8, 1920. A few had been noted at Rio Hacha in July also. Family JACANID®. Jacanas. Jacana spinosa spinosa (Linneus). Parra gymnostoma (not of Wagler) Scrater, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, “ 1856,” 1857. 1253 G \Santa Marta”). Probably the specimen upon which this record was based, like others re- ceived through Verreaux, did not come from Santa Marta at all, but from Panama. There are no authentic records for this species from South Amer- ica (cf. Todd, Annals Carnegie Museum, X, 1916, 218-219), although Messrs. Brabourne and Chubb (Birds of South America, I, 1912, 44), for reasons which they fail to explain, use the name in place of J. jacana—a mistake un- fortunately followed by Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 225) in identifying a specimen from La Morelia, Co- lombia. 110. Jacana nigra (Gmelin). Parra melanopygia Sciater, Proc. Zoédl. Soc. London, “1856,” 1857, 283 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type in coll. Verreaux; crit.).—Gray, Hand- List Birds, III, 1871, 70 (“ Santa Marta,” in range).—ScraTer and SALvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 142 (range).—von BeRLepscu, Journ. f, Orn., XXXVII, 1889, 320 (“ Santa Marta,” ex Sclater).—Satvin and GopMaAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, III, 1903, 341 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Parra hypomelena Scrater, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, se TOSO = LOS 7 268 (“Santa Marta ’’).—Gray, Hand-List Birds, III, 1871, 70 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—Scrater and Sarvrn, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 142 (range). 188 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Jacana nigra Exviot, Auk, V, 1888, 296 (“Santa Marta”; crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 126 (Cienaga)—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 226 (“ Santa Marta ”’; crit.) —RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VIII, 1919, 15 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.). Jacana melanopygia BRABOURNE and CuHusp, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 45 (ref. orig. descr., range). Seven specimens: Cienaga, Mamatoco, Don Diego, and Fundacion. This species has had an eventful nomenclatural history, having been described under at least three specific names at different times. Al- though Gmelin (Systema Nature, I, 1788, 708) erroneously ascribes it to Brazil, it is clear both from his description and some of the refer- ences he quotes that he had in mind this species and no other, which is now known to be confined to the Caribbean coast-region of Colom- bia, ranging thence northward into Panama. The species remained unrecognized for many years, until it was figured by Gray (Genera of Birds, 111, 1846, 589, pl. 159) under the name Parra hypomelena, In 1857 Sclater, in the course of a review of the genus, described speci- mens from the Verreaux Collection, and purporting to-come from Santa Marta, as a new species, Parra melanopygia, which he distin- guished from P. hypomelena mainly by the purplish brown color of the interscapular region. It is significant that Sclater records both hypomelena and melanopygia from Santa Marta, while Salvin (Pro- ceedings Zoological Society of London, 1870, 218) records both from Veragua, and remarks that probably a larger series of specimens would serve to connect the two forms, not only with each other, but also eventually with P. intermedia Sclater. In his review of the group pub- lished in 1888 Elliot refers melanopygia to nigra as a synonym without hesitation, but it is clear from his remarks that he did not have before him a specimen representing the former. Dr. Chapman seeks to keep the two forms distinct, saying that all his specimens from the Cauca Valley are melanopygia and all from Santa Marta are nigra, and in- timating that probably the type of the former did not come from Santa Marta at all. He admits, however, that a specimen from Cala- mar, near the mouth of the Magdalena River, is intermediate between the two forms, while two other specimens from the same locality are nigra. We have one specimen (No. 9,027, Bonda) which clearly represents melanopygia, having the scapulars and interscapulars deep maroon, al- Topp—CarRRIKER: BrirpS OF SANTA Marta ReEGIon, CoLtompra. 189 most as in Venezuelan specimens of J. jacana. The under wing- coverts are black, although Sharpe (Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, XXIV, 1896, 84), describing specimens from Pan- ama, says that these parts are deep maroon, only the marginal lower coverts and lower primary-coverts being black. While the balance of our series are easily referable to nigra, several of them show more or less distinct traces of maroon on the scapulars. In short, a summary of the evidence available goes to show that not only are the characters of melanopygia most variable, but also that it occurs together with typical nigra at many (probably all) places throughout the range of the latter. The presumption is strong that it is merely a color-phase of nigra, as suggested by Salvin in 1870. The case has many points in common with that of Jrobrychus exilis and I. neoxenus. There is also a possibility that J. nigra itself may be merely a black phase of J. jacana, in which case the individuals showing maroon feathers on the upper parts (“melanopygia”) would be considered individual in- termediates, such as occur occasionally in other forms having two distinct color-phases. We are not inclined to adopt this view of the case at present, however, largely on account of the restriction of J. nigra to a definite geographic area, although admitting that this is not an insuperable argument. A very common bird in the Tropical Zone, wherever there are fresh- water marshes or sluggish streams choked with aquatic plants. Family COLUMBIDAZ. PIGEons. 111. Oreopeleia linearis infusca (Bangs). Geotrygon linearis (not Columba linearis Prévost and Knip) Banocs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 157 (Pueblo Viejo). Geotrygon linearis infusca BANGS, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1900, 108 (Chirua [type-locality], La Concepcién, and Pueblo Viejo; orig. descr. ; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.; meas.; crit.) —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, r900, 120, 128 (Valparaiso, El Libano, and San Lorenzo). —HELLMAYR and von SeILterN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 161, in text (crit.). Geotrygon infusca BRABOURNE and CuHusps, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 21 (ref. orig. descr. [error]; range). Twenty specimens: El Libano, San Lorenzo, Las Vegas, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, and Pueblo Viejo. 190 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. The present form was discriminated by Mr. Bangs after comparing his Santa Marta specimens with four “ Bogota” skins in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Unfortunately only one of these four skins turned out to be adult, as shown upon re- examination, so that it became desirable to make comparison with fresh material. Thanks to the courtesy of the authorities of the American Museum of Natural History, this has recently been made possible. It appears that the Santa Marta bird is an easily recognized race of O. linearis, differing from the typical form in its generally paler color above and more uniform and more vinaceous-tinged under parts. In infusca the whole pileum is paler than in linearis, being cinnamon rather than walnut brown, and the occiput in particular is decidedly paler gray; the purplish wash on the upper back is paler also; the lower back and wings are more brownish, less reddish; and the tail is paler. The anterior under parts, which in fully adult linearis are more or less washed with gray, are tinged with orange cinnamon in infusca. Inci- dentally the fact is revealed that the character upon which Count Sal- vadori relies to separate the Venezuelan bird is conspicuously incon- stant. Venezuelan specimens (including several from the Merida region) average a trifle more olivaceous on the lower back and wings than those from the interior of Colombia, but the difference is too slight to take into account. A young bird (No. 42,125, June 2) is barred with black both above and below, except where the first winter plumage has come in, and the general coloration is. darker and duller. One of the species which is characteristic of the Subtropical Zone, being found more or less commonly at all points on the San Lorenzo, between 4,500 and 7,000 feet. It occurs also in the Sierra Nevada, where it ranges somewhat lower, between 2,000 and 6,000 feet. It is solitary in its habits, and usually stays on or near the ground, perching on a low limb when disturbed. It is very shy, and must be hunted with great caution, because as a rule if it sees the hunter first it is off like a woodcock through the forest, and a successful shot on the wing is next to impossible. 112. Oreopeleia violacea albiventer (Lawrence). Oreopeleia violacea albiventer Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 484 (Cacagualito and Don Diego, in range; meas.). Two specimens: Cacagualito and Don Diego. Topp—CARRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLompta. 191] Mr. Smith’s collection contains one specimen, a young bird in the barred juvenal dress, taken at Cacagualito on September 25, 1900. A single female was taken by the writer at Don Diego, January 28, 1914, in the heavy forest. Another individual, probably the mate of the one secured, was seen here, but eluded capture. These constitute the first Colombian records for this race, heretofore supposed to be confined to Central America, from Nicaragua to Panama. There is apparently an immense gap in the range of the species, before the typical form is reached in Brazil. 113. Oreopeleia montana (Linnzus). Geotrygon montana ALLEN, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 128 (Bonda). Oreopeleia montana RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 478 (Bonda, Don Diego, Don Amo, La Tigrera, and Las Vegas, in range; Allen’s reference). Five specimens: Don Amo, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, and Don Diego. No characters can be found for distinguishing these from specimens coming from other parts of the extensive range of this species. A very rare bird, the local distribution of which is not exactly known. It is doubtful if it goes above 3,000 feet, and it is probably more nu- merous if anything at lower altitudes. At La Tigrera it was found in the heavy woodland which fills the narrow valley of the Tamocal Creek. One pair each were noted at Loma Larga and Valle de Upar, on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, during the writer’s recent visit to this part. Like the other members of this genus, it keeps on or close to the ground, and is very shy. 114. Leptotila verreauxi verreauxi Bonaparte. Leptotila verreauxi SALVIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 178 (Minca).—SaLvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893, 548 (Minca).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (“Santa Marta’).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1r900, 128 (Bonda); XXI, 1905, 279 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Leptotila verreauxt verreauxi CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, 1912, 142, in text (Santa Marta [region]; crit.).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 446 (Bonda, Don Diego, Santa Marta, and “Sierra Nevada, at 2,000 feet,” in range; references; meas.).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 211, in text (Santa Marta [re- gion] ; crit.). Additional records: Santa Marta (Carriker). 14 192 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Twelve specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Minca, and La Tigrera. The characters shown by this series are very uniform, showing no approach to those of L. verreauxi occidentalis of western Colombia. Venezuelan specimens, on the other hand, average darker colored and are possibly separable. The most abundant and generally distributed (within its altitudinal range) of the entire family in the whole Santa Marta region. Al- though Simons failed to record it on the southeast side of the Sierra Nevada, the writer found it to be a very common bird there in July and August, 1920, the conditions seeming to be ideal for its presence. It is abundant over the whole of the coastal plain, from Dibulla on the north to Fundacién on the south, ascending into the foothills up to about 2,000 feet. Rarely is it found in the heavy forest, although pres- dry forest” of the foothills back of Santa Marta. Open (a3 ent in the country, where shrubbery and waste land abound, is much more to its liking. It is nearly always seen on the ground, although when flushed it will usually first alight on a low tree. Twelve nests with eggs were sent in by Mr. Smith, all from Bonda, ‘ March 30 to May 1, and September 10 (two sets), “ apparently indicat- ing two breeding periods, a spring and a fall period. “The nest, placed in the fork of a small tree or shrub, consists of a quite substantial mass of small twigs, the amount varying considerably in different nests. The eggs are nearly pure white, slightly glossy, and vary considerably in size in different sets.” 115. Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez). Claravis pretiosa ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 128 (Minca, Cacagualito, and Mamatoco). Four specimens: Bonda and La Tigrera. After again going over our series of this species we are unable to separate the South American birds under the name /ivida, the alleged differences being too slight and too inconstant for recognition. Speci- mens from western Colombia might possibly be sufficiently different, as claimed by Dr, Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural His- tory, XXXVI, 1917, 210), but we prefer to follow Mr. Ridgway in this case. Mr. Smith secured a few specimens of this dove at Bonda, Minca, Cacagualito, and Mamatoco, and the writer shot a single one at La Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps OF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLompia. 193 Tigrera. It had been noted by him only in the lower foothills back of Santa Marta (and is apparently a rare bird in these parts), up to the summer of 1920, when it was again encountered, this time on the other side of the Sierra Nevada, below Loma Larga, and later at Fonseca and Valencia. 116. Chamepelia’’ rufipennis rufipennis Bonaparte. Chamefelia rufipennis SALvIN and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 178 (Santa Marta).— Satvapor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X XI, 1893, 487’ (Santa Marta). Columbigallina rufipennis BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (“Santa Marta”)—Atren, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 128 (Bonda, Masinga Vieja, and Cienaga) ; XXI, 1905, 280 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Chemepelia rufipennis rufipennis Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1913, 586, 602 (Santa Marta references and localities; crit.) —CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.. XXXIV, 1915, 367, in text (Santa Marta [region]; crit.). —Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 424 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.). Additional records: Fundacion (Univ. Mich. Exp.). Twelve specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, Don Diego, ‘Mamatoco, and Santa Marta. A young female in juvenal dress is dated October 9. This specimen shows the squamate character of the plumage very distinctly, but at a later stage (first winter plumage), after this light feather-tipping is lost, the bird corresponds very closely to the description of C. rufipen- nis cauce Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXIV, 1915, 367). We have specimens from Venezuela answering the description of cauce@ perfectly, and certainly a much larger series of specimens will be required to demonstrate its validity. A common bird throughout the lowlands, being much more numerous in fact than C. passerina albivitta, and present in the forested portions wherever clearings have been made. Mr. Brown secured specimens at Pueblo Viejo, Chirua, and La Concepcion, localities on the north slope 29 The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Smithsonian Institution Publication No. 2256, 1914, 145) has decided that the original or- thography of this particular generic name is to be altered to conform to what was the evident intention of its proposer. This decision, although by no means unanimous, implies that an author has the right to correct a typographical error or lapsus calami affecting a name proposed by him in an earlier publi- cation, even if not “ evident’ at the time. Such a decision denotes a gratify- ing tendency to use common sense in applying the rules of nomenclature. 194 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. of the Sierra Nevada lying at altitudes of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet. Farther south in Colombia it ranges still higher up. Mr. Smith sent in “five nests, with two eggs each, collected at Bonda, April 9 and June 2, 3, and 5.” They are similar to those of C. passerina albivitta. ; 117. Chamepelia passerina albivitta Bonaparte. Chamepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linneus) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, B83) (Santas Manta. Columbigallina passerina pallescens (not Chamepelia pallescens Baird) BANGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (“Santa Marta’’). Columbigallina passerina granatina (not Chamepelia granatina Bonaparte ? ) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 128 (Bonda); XXI, 1905, 280 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Chemepelia passerina albivitta Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1913, 551, 597 (Santa Marta localities and references; crit.) —RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 408 (Santa Marta localities and references). Fourteen specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Gaira, Dibulla, and Rio Hacha. fj Our specimens agree with those from Cartagena, the type-locality of this race, in pale coloration, sharply bicolor bill, etc. This little dove is distributed over the whole of the lowlands from Fundacion to Rio Hacha, entering also the Rio Rancheria-Rio Cesar Valley, but is more numerous in the semi-arid portions, although not very abundant anywhere in this region. It is strictly a species of the littoral Tropical Zone, seldom going above the coastal plain, so that the specimen collected by Mr. Brown, and purporting to have been taken on the Paramo de Macotama, as recorded (I.c.) by the senior author, is certainly incorrectly labeled. There is one specimen in the collec- tion of the American Museum of Natural History which was taken as high as Minca (altitude 2,000 feet). Mr. Smith sent in three sets of eggs to the same institution, taken at Bonda on April 23 and 29, and June 3. “The nests consist of a mass of small twigs and plant stems, placed in the fork of a branch or shrub. The eggs are clear white, and measure about 21 x 16.” 118. Scardafella squammata ridgwayi Richmond. Scardafella squamosa (not Columba squamosa Bonnaterre) SALvIN and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1880, 178 (Valencia).—SaAtvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893, 464 (Valencia).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 129 (Salvin and Godman’s reference). Topp—CARRIKER: BIRDS OF SANTA Marta REGION, Coomera. 195 Eighteen specimens: Rio Hacha, Dibulla, and Gaira. These are indistinguishable from specimens from San Esteban and the Caura River, Venezuela. There is some variation in the intensity . of the squamate markings above and below. In common with Mr. Hellmayr (Novitates Zodlogice, XV, 1908, 92), we fail to see why Lesson’s name squammata should not be used for this species. This dove belongs properly to the arid Tropical Zone, which invades our region from the northeast. It is mainly confined to the Goajira Peninsula, running along the coast as far as Dibulla at least, and ex- tending around the Sierra Nevada to the southward, as shown by Simons’ record for Valencia, which the writer has recently confirmed. It is primarily a bird of the semi-arid and semi-desert regions, as at- ready said. There is one record for Gaira, however, and in Decem- ber, 1918, three individuals were seen beside the road about a mile from Santa Marta. They were observed during that month on several occasions, always near the same place, but since then have not been noted. It is rarely observed perching off the ground, except when go- ing to roost for the night. Zenaida ruficauda ruficauda Bonaparte. ; Zenaida pentheria BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, II, 1854, 84 (“ Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type in coll. Paris Mus.).—Bonapartre, Compt. Rend., XL, 1855, 98 (descr.), 220 (in list of species). Zenaida ruficauda SAtvaporti, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893, 387 (crit. on type). + Bonaparte says that his type of Zenaida pentheria was a Santa Marta specimen collected by Fontainier, and Count Salvadori, who has examined the specimen in question, refers it to Z. ruficauda, remarking on its large size. Dr. Chapman has shown that typical ruficauda is a form of the Temperate Zone, confined (so far as known) to the Eastern Andes of Colombia, and while, in common with other species of that zone, it might reappear in the Santa Marta region, it is unlikely that Fontainier secured it there, judging by analogy. At any rate, no other collector has ever met with a Zenaida in this region, so that it seems best to relegate the record to the hypothetical list for the present. 119. Crossophthalmus gymnophthalmos (Temminck). Columba gymnophthalma ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 129 (Taganga; crit.).—Harrert, Nov. Zool., XXIII, 1916, 341 (Santa Marta region, fide Todd and Ridgway). Crossophthalmus gymnophtalmos Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, 196 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. VII, 1916, 321 (Taganga, Gaira, and Donjaca, in range; meas.; Allen’s ref- erence). Additional records: Cienaga (Univ. Mich. Exp.). Three specimens: Gaira and Donjaca. Besides the above we have examined a specimen from Barranquilla, Colombia, two from Tocuyo, Venezuela, and five from Curagao. There is no constant difference between specimens from the latter local- ity and those from the mainland, although individual, age, and sexual variation is obvious. The proper habitat of this species, which is still very rare in collections, was discovered by Dr. Hartert, in 1892, to be the Dutch West Indies, and in combating the use of the name Columba corensis Jacquin for it he undertook to show that it was unknown on the mainland. That this is not the case is proved by the specimens in our collection, which had just been duly recorded by Mr. Ridgway, while the Taganga record had been published by Dr. Allen in 1900, On calling Dr. Hartert’s attention to this matter he at once published a correction. But the possibility that Dr. Hartert may still be in error regarding the application of Jacquin’s name is increased by reason of the fact that the U. S. National Museum has recently received a muti- lated but easily identifiable specimen of the present species from the Coro Peninsula in Venezuela. We prefer to retain Temminck’s name, however, on the principle that a certainty is better than an uncertainty. Mr. Smith sent in a single specimen from Taganga. The only place on the west coast where the writer has seen this bird is along the beach between Gaira and Donjaca, where the country is very dry, with a great deal of giant cactus growing. It is doubtless found along the coast as far as the mouth of the Rio Piedras in small numbers. It was not uncommon at Rio Hacha and Fonseca, on the edge of the arid Goa- jira Peninsula. In Venezuela and Curagao it occurs only in arid sec- tions where giant cacti abound, being strictly a bird of the arid Trop- ical Zone. The University of Michigan Expedition obtained a pair at Cie- naga, August 23, 1913. 120. Lepidcenas speciosa (Gmelin). Columba speciosa ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 129 (Bonda). —CAarRRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 392 (Santa Marta [region]; crit.). Lepidenas speciosa Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 316 Topp—CARRIKER: BrirRDS OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomsBia. 197 (Bonda, Minca, Cincinnati, and Las Taguas, in range; meas.; references). Eight specimens: Bonda, Minca, Cincinnati, Agua Dulce, and Las Taguas. The series shows the usual wide range of variation for this species. This beautiful pigeon is rarely seen in the coastal plain, inhabiting instead the foothills and mountains up to 5,000 feet, but being more numerous below 3,000 feet. It is not common as a rule, but on Novem- ber 3, 1913, on the road from La Tigrera to Minca, the writer found a flock of not less than a hundred birds, which had gone to roost in the scrub on the hillside, at about 1,500 feet altitude. 121. Chloroenas rufina pallidicrissa (Chubb). Columba rufina (not of Temminck) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 129 (Bonda).—CarrIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 393 (‘‘ Santa Marta ”; crit.). ; Chlorenas rufina pallidicrissa RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1916, 305 (Dibulla, Fundacion, Gaira, Bonda, Punto Caiman, and Mamatoco; meas.; references). Eight specimens: Bonda, Fundacién, Punto Caiman, Mamatoco, Di- bulla, and Gaira. Santa Marta specimens agree with those from Central America in the pallor of the posterior under parts as compared with a single ex- ample of true rwfina from French Guiana. The tail of the latter, how- ever, is by no means sharply bicolor, but possibly a larger series might give a different result. This is the common pigeon of the lowlands, not going beyond the lower edge of the foothills. It prefers more or less open country with scattering trees. At Valencia, on the south side of the Sierra Nevada, it was found to be fairly common in August, 1920. 122. Chlorcenas albilinea albilinea Bonaparte. Columba albilinea Satvapvorr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXI, 1893, 294 (‘‘ Santa Marta ”).—Banocs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 172 (Palomina). —Bancs, Proc. New England Zodél. Club, I, 1899, 75 (San Sebastian and El Mamon). Columba albilineata (lapsus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 129 (Valparaiso). Additional records: La Concepcion ( Brown). Twelve specimens: San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, Paramo de Ma- marongo, Taquina, San Lorenzo, Las Vegas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), and Cincinnati. 198 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Variation in both sexes is excessive, apparently exceeding the dif- ference on which the Central American form, C. albilinea crissalis, is based. Thus, two males are deep purplish vinaceous below, with the under tail-coverts strongly washed with the same color, while other specimens are of a decidedly more plumbeous cast, with the under tail- coverts gray. Indeed, these latter birds are not certainly distinguish- able from the single adult male crissalis with which they have been compared. Females vary in the same way, but average darker than four female crissalis. ' This fine pigeon ranges in this region through the Subtropical and for a distance into the Temperate Zone, or from 5,000 up to 10,000 feet, wherever forest or scrubby woodland is found. It is fairly common at all such points in its habitat, but is very shy and must be shot at long range as a rule. A nest was found on the San Lorenzo, at about 7,500 feet altitude. It was a frail, flat structure, placed in a small tree about ten feet from the ground, and contained two creamy white eggs. Family PSITTACIDZ. Parrots. 123. Amazona ochrocephala panamensis (Cabanis). Amazona ochrocephala panamensis RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 249 (Fundacion). Five specimens: Fundacion. Easily distinguished from A. 0. ochrocephala by its smaller size and paler yellow crown, with the forehead also yellow, not green. One specimen shows numerous parti-colored dull red and yellow feathers on the throat. The local range of this parrot is almost the.same as that of A. ama- gonica amazonica, than which, however, it is less common. It has been detected also in the Rio Cesar Valley at Valencia, and even as far east as Fonseca, along the river. 124. Amazona mercenaria (Tschudi). Amazona mercenaria Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 92 (Paramo de Chiruqua).—-ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 132 (Bangs’ reference). Eleven specimens: Cerro de Caracas and Paramo de Mamarongo, Judging from Tschudi’s description and plate, these may belong to a separable form, for which the name canipalliata of Cabanis would be Topp—CARRIKER: BrirDS OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLompia. 199 available. The Peruvian bird is described as having the feathers of the lower parts showing a good deal of yellow, which is not true of the present series, although several of them have scattering red feathers on the crown, throat, and upper breast. The red at the base of the outer secondaries is mostly concealed. (Compare Sclater’s remarks in the Jbis, 1881, 412.) The range of this parrot extends from the upper part of the Sub- tropical well through the Temperate Zone. Mr. Brown secured two specimens from the Paramo de Chiruqua, at an altitude of 11,000 feet, and the writer found it common in the same general region, wherever woodland remained above 8,000 feet, and thence up to the lower edge of the paramos, say 11,000 feet. It is a very shy bird, however, and hard to secure except early in the morning. Several nights were passed at 9,000 feet on the Cerro de Caracas, at the edge of the forest where the birds roosted, in the effort to obtain them, so that a good series of specimens was eventually secured without much trouble. The species has lately been discovered on the San Lorenzo also, a flock of about twelve birds having repeatedly been observed by the writer frequenting the highest peak (9,300 feet), in November, 1920. They were seen and heard late in the evening and at dawn, indicating that this was their permanent home. | 125. Amazona amazonica amazonica (Linnzus). Chrysotis amazonica SALvIN and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 176 (Arihueca).—Sat- vADoRI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XX, 1891, 283 (Arihueca). Amazona amazonica ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, .132 (Sal- vin and Godman’s reference). Seven specimens: Fundacion, Trojas de Cataca, and Tucurinca, The Colombian skins agree with those from French Guiana in our collection. Both series show considerable variation, affecting the ex- tent and intensity of the orange color on the tail and wings, and the yellow and blue areas on the head. | . A common parrot in the Tropical Zone lowlands around the Cienaga Grande, back to the edge of the foothills, but not yet recorded, from the plains south of the Sierra Nevada. 126. Pionus sordidus saturatus Todd. Pionus sordidus (not Psittacus sordidus Linneus) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“Santa Marta”; crit.), 172 (San Miguel).— 200 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Bancs, Auk, XVI, 1899, 137, in text (“ Santa Marta Mountains”; range). —Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 75 (San Sebastian).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 132 (Valparaiso). Pionus sordidus saturatus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 81 (Cincinnati; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—ApoLinar Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, III, 1915, 88 (ref. orig. descr.). —Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 503 (refs orig. descr.). —Cory, Field Mus. Zodl. Series, XIII, 1918, 92 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: La Concepcion, Chirua (Brown). Eight specimens: Cincinnati, Minca, Pueblo Viejo, Las Vegas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (8,000 feet), and Heights of Chirua. Psittacus sordidus of Linnzus (Systema Nature, Ed. to, I, 1758, 99) was based on the “ Dusky Parrot” of Edwards (Natural History of Birds, IV, 1751, 167, pl. 167), the habitat of which was incorrectly given as “ Mexico.” Its true habitat, however, was presently dis- covered to be Venezuela, beyond the limits of which country it was apparently unknown until brought to light in the Santa Marta region of Colombia through the activities of Messrs. Brown and Smith. It would appear to be a rare bird, only nine specimens in all having been taken by these collectors, while Count Salvadori had before him but three skins when he wrote Volume XX of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Only one of these was an authentic specimen, the exact origin of which was known: this was specimen “cc,” evi- dently the example which he says “has been kept distinct by Mr. Sclater on account of ‘ the whole back, nape, and wing-coverts being of a sordid yellowish olive-colour, with the edgings of the feathers lighter’; but it appears to me to have the plumage faded and worn out.” However, the single Venezuelan skin before us (No. 35,080, La Cumbre de Valencia, October 10, 1910), in fresh plumage, corres- ponds very well with this description, while the under parts are buffy olive, each feather subterminally pinkish vinaceous, this color being very prominent on the breast, next the blue area—a character which 1s barely indicated in two of the Colombian skins. That the peculiarities of this particular specimen are due to immaturity it is difficult to be- lieve.“ On the other hand, Count Salvadori’s description, based on a specimen in the Massena Collection, corresponds very closely with the Colombian examples before us, which differ from the Venezuelan bird in their much darker, greener coloration, both above and below, the feathers of the upper parts being without conspicuous paler olive brown Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REeEGIon, CoLtompta. 201 or olive grayish edgings, and the under surface also much darker and more uniform green, with little or no brownish or vinaceous tinge. Messrs. Brabourne and Chubb (Birds of South America, I, 1912, 91) have suggested that Venezuela be considered the type-locality of P. sordidus; if this be accepted, a new subspecific appellation is required for the Sartta Marta bird, which is readily separable by the characters already pointed out, which hold good in the series examined. Females are rather duller and paler than males. Apparently this ‘parrot is essentially Subtropical in its faunal affini- ties. It ranges over the whole of this region between 2,000 and 6,009 feet, but is not commonly seen below 4,000 feet on the San Lorenzo, although regularly present as low as 2,500 feet in the Sierra Nevada. 127. Pionus menstruus (Linnzus). Pionus menstruus ScuLaTerR, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, 19 (‘‘ Santa Marta ’”’).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (‘‘ Santa Marta ’’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus: Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 132 (Bonda).— Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 210 (Gaira, Don Diego, Santa Marta, Bonda, and Mamatoco, in range; meas.; references). Seven specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Don Diego, and Gaira. Santa Marta specimens of this species average smaller than three skins from the Caura region of Venezuela, besides being noticeably paler and duller, both above and below, the blue not being nearly so in- tense. As, however, both Mr. Ridgway (l.c.) and Mr. Hellmayr (Pro- ceedings Zoological Society of London, 1911, 1202), who have examined a much larger amount of material from various sections, are of the opinion that these differences are without geographical significance, we follow them in this case. Some Panama skins examined are also very richly colored, with red throats, while others are pale, with little red. A Tropical Zone species, fairly abundant in the lowlands all around the Sierra Nevada, at least from Dibulla to Fundacion, but perhaps most common at the edge of the foothills back of Santa Marta, around Mamatoco and Bonda. It was recorded from this region many years ago on the strength of a specimen received by Sclater through Ver- reaux, and both Mr. Brown and Mr. Smith secured a few additional specimens. It proved to be a common species at Valencia, in the Rio Cesar Valley, in August, 1920, and was detected also at Arroya de Arenas, on the edge of the Goajira country. 202 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Pyrilia pyrilia (Bonaparte). Psittacula pyrilia BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XXXVII, 1853, 807, footnote (“ Rio Hacha’”’; orig. descr.; type in coll. Paris Mus.). Caica pyrilia SCLATER and Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 381, footnote (‘‘ Rio Hacha’’). This parrot was described by Bonaparte from a specimen said to have been collected at Rio Hacha by Fontainier. Mr. Carriker failed to meet with it either here or elsewhere in the Santa Marta region, and from the circum- stance that the species is known to affect humid ‘rather than arid conditions it is probable that if it occurs anywhere in this region it would be in the vicinity of Fundacion. 128. Psittacula passerina cyanophanes Todd. Psittacula cyanoptera (not Psittacus cyanopterus Boddaert ¢ ) SaAtvin and GopmaNn, Ibis, 1880, 176 (Valle de Upar and Valencia). Psittacula guianensis (not Agapornis guianensis Swainson) RipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1888, 543 (“Santa Marta”; crit.).—Satvapor1, Cat. «Birds Brit. Mus., XX, 1891, 251 (Valle de Upar and Valencia).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 132 (Salvin and Godman’s reference). Psittacula guianensis viridissima (not of Lafresnaye) Hrerimayr, Nov. Zool., XIV, 1907, 88 (Valencia and Valle de Upar; crit.). Psittacula passerina cyanophanes Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 81 (Rio Hacha; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APpoLINnaR Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, III, 1915, 88 (ref. orig. descr.). —Ruipeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 503 (ref. orig. descr.). —Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 77 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Psittacula spengeli (not of Hartlaub) Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 194, part (Valle de Upar and Valencia, in range). Fifteen specimens: Rio Hacha. Mr. Ridgway was the first to remark the peculiarities of Santa Marta specimens of what was then called Psittacula guianensis, and both Count Salvadori and Mr. Hellmayr have referred to the same circum- stance. The adult male of this newly described form, of which several fine specimens are before us, differs from a series of the same sex of P. passerina viridissima from Venezuela (including two from close to the type-locality) in the following respects: there is much more hya- cinth blue on the primary and secondary coverts, forming a conspicu- ous patch in the closed wing, while this color is more extended on the under wing-coverts also. In viridissima the hyacinth blue of the upper coverts is mostly concealed, being confined to the inner webs of the feathers, while on the under surface of the wing it seldom spreads be- yond the secondary coverts. Females of the two forms are quite in- distinguishable, however. Topp—CarRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomsBia. 203 The range of this form is confined to the arid Tropical Zone of the northeast part of the Santa Marta region, extending around to the low country south of the mountains, where Simons secured a few speci- mens. It was very common around Rio Hacha, both in the open wood- land and in the thorny scrub and cacti, occurring always in pairs or flocks, and was noted also at Fonseca and Badillo on the occasion of the writer’s visit to these points in July, 1920. 129. Psittacula spengeli Hartlaub. Psittacula cyanoptera (not Psittacus cyanopterus Boddaert?) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 382 (Cienaga). : Psittacula spengeli Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, ‘VII, 1916, 194, part (Cienaga and Fundacion, in range; Wyatt’s reference). Eight specimens: Cienaga and Fundacion. No characters appear to be available for separating the females of this species from those of P. passerina cyanophanes except the slightly smaller size. The males from Fundacion have somewhat less blue on the wings than the Cienaga specimen; the blue of the rump is not so intense, and the general coloration is lighter, more yellowish green. They agree with a series from Calamar and Cartagena. The local range of this exquisite little parrot is the complement of that of P. passerina cyanophanes. Both belong to the littoral Tropical Zone, but the present form occupies the region to the west and south- west of the mountains. The species is characteristic of the Caribbean coastal zone from the Magdalena River eastward, reaching our region only in the neighborhood of the Cienaga Grande. The birds taken at Fundacion were all shot in the open woodland and shrubbery. 130. Brotogeris jugularis jugularis (Miiller). Brotogerys tovi SALvIN and GopMaAn, Ibis, 1880, 176 (Santa Marta). Brotogeris jugularis Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XX, 1891, 259 (Santa Marta).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (“Santa Marta ’’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 132 (Bonda).— Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 183 (Santa Marta lo- calities and references; meas.).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 261 (Bonda suggested as type-locality). Fifteen specimens: Bonda, La Tigrera, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Dibulla, and Fundacion. These agree with Costa Rican specimens in having the orange chin- spot well developed, and the posterior under parts with a more or less 204 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. decided bluish cast, differing thus from the Venezuelan form, B, jugu- laris exsul (described by the writer in the Proceedings of the Biolog- ical Society of Washington, XXX, 1917, 129), in which the whole under surface is green without any bluish tinge whatever, the chin- spot is small and pale, and the back and wings are more deeply and extensively washed with brown. Bonda has been suggested as the type-locality for typical jugularis in lieu of the deficiency in the orig- inal description. This parrot is a very common bird throughout the whole of the low- lands-in the Tropical Zone, but is rarely if ever seen above 1,000 feet. It prefers the open woodland and cultivated districts, and is very de- structive to all fruit, especially mangoes. 131. Pyrrhura viridicata Todd. (Plate III). Pyrrhura viridicata Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVI, 1913, 174 (San Lorenzo; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 68 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Two specimens: San Lorenzo. Description—Above, including wing-coverts and outer webs of secondaries, bright green (between Scheele’s green and grass green), duller on the crown and nape, and brighter (Calliste green) on the forehead; narrow frontlet scarlet; auricular patch dull madder brown; sides of head and neck, together with entire under surface, bright green, with scattering scarlet and orange feathers on the lower breast; feathers of the throat and abdomen more or less tinged with dull mad- der brown basally ; primaries externally sailor blue, with narrow outer margins of Capri blue, their inner webs and tips dusky, and the outer- most primary entirely dusky; secondaries progressively more greenish, with dusky tips; primary-coverts Capri blue; lesser under wing-coverts and edge of wing mottled flame scarlet and orange chrome; greater under wing-coverts and inner webs of primaries underneath dull olive brownish; tail parrot green above, most of the feathers more or less tinged (especially on the inner webs) with dull maroon or coppery, and chestnut or bay below; “iris brown; feet dull black, soles yellow; bill ivory white, tinged with olive.” Wing (male, type) 143; tail, 116; bill, 19; tarsus, 12. Female (No. 42,534): wing, 138; tail, 121; bill ’ (broken) ; tarsus, 12. The female example is rather brighter than the type, the plumage Annals Carnegie Museum Vol. XIV, pl. III Pyrrhura viridicata Todd, 9? (Four-fifths natural size) t io ‘ \ i - , ‘ b) . . i * . t 2 : > : a) 1 c fe < ibs : . = ’ = 2 na =. pe ho = 7 7 a . i 7 « ~ 7 . t : ‘ : 2 " ¢ 8s i Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomsia. 205 being less worn; the lower tibial feathers are pinkish; some of the scapulars are orange scarlet; and there are rather more reddish feath- ers on the under surface. These scattering feathers are undoubtedly merely an individual character, as in numerous other species of this family. The discovery of a new and very distinct species of Pyrrhura in the Santa Marta region, to which so far as known it is confined, is of more than passing interest. Apparently it has no very near relatives, al- though it approaches, or rather resembles, several other species in dit- ferent respects. In the brilliancy of the under wing-coverts it is like P. egregia of British Guiana, but there is no trace of barring on the under surface—not as much even as in P. hoffmanni, from which it differs conspicuously in its plain pileum, darker auricular patch, dif- ferently colored wing-coverts, etc. From P. hematotis and P. rhodo- cephala it is still more different. The male was shot July 27, 1911, the female July 19, 1913, both being secured on the Cerro Quemado peak of the San Lorenzo Moun- tain, between 7,000 and 8,000 feet, in the Subtropical Zone. Others were seen here also, but always on the wing, and no more could be se- cured. It was seen also in the forest on the mountainside, east of Taquina, at the foot of the Paramo de Mamarongo, but always flying out of gunshot. No doubt it is confined to the Santa Marta region. Since the above was written the junior author has succeeded in ob- taining a third specimen, a female, on the crest of the San Lorenzo, in November, 1920. A flock of perhaps sixteen birds were present here, but all very wild. 132. Eupsittula pertinax ezruginosa (Linnzus). Conurus eruginosus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 381 (Cienaga).—ScLaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, 493 (Cienaga; crit.). Aratinga eruginosa occidentalis Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 81 (Rio Hacha; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APOLINAR MartiA, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, III, 1915, 88 (ref. orig. descr.). —CuarmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 258, note (crit.). Eupsittula pertinax occidentalis RrpGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 503 (ref. orig. descr.; crit.). Aratinga @ruginosa eruginosa CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, HOLZ257, (¢ santa Marta = (crits). Eighteen specimens: Rio Hacha and Dibulla. Le 206 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. These specimens, when compared with a series of twelve skins from the Orinoco region of Venezuela, differ as follows: the blue color of the pileum is more pronounced; the frontal region, bordering the base of the upper mandible, is dusky brownish, never white; the orbital ring is paler, with scarcely any (sometimes no) yellow tinge; and the wings externally are more bluish, less greenish. They clearly repre- sent a form subspecifically distinct from the Orinoco birds, and were accordingly described as new in the belief that Messrs. von Berlepsch and Hartert (Novitates Zodlogice, 1X, 1902, 107) were justified in designating Cumana, Venezuela, as the type-locality for Psittacus eru- ginosus Linnzeus.*° A series from northern Venezuela (States of Cara- bobo and Lara), while showing ‘a tendency toward the characters of the Colombian birds, are easily referable to the Orinoco form, from which it was inferred that specimens from Cumana would also be the same. Now Dr. Chapman comes forward with good evidence to show that Messrs. von Berlepsch and Hartert were not justified in their designation of a type-locality for Psittacus eruginosus. This name was based on Edwards’ “ Brown-throated Parrakeet,”’ said (in error) to have come from the “ West Indies,” the description and figure of which clearly indicate a bird without any yellow on the orbital region, so that it is obvious, as Dr. Chapman claims, that the name eruginosa ought to be used for the, Colombian form now under consideration. Although Eupsittula pertinax xanthogenia of the island of Bonaire, 20 Messrs. Brabourne and Chubb (Birds of South America, I, 1912, 82) have ignored the first fixing of the type-locality in this case, as in numerous others, substituting Cayenne instead. There is no rule in nomenclature governing procedure in such cases, but to leave every author free to follow his own ideas and predilections in these matters, without reference to the work of his prede- cessors or regard for any fixed principles of procedure, is bound to result in more or less confusion whenever it becomes necessary, as in the present case, to subdivide certain species which were described from an unknown or mis- taken source. The fixing of a type-locality is as important for each species and subspecies as the fixing of a type-species for each genus, and ought to be governed by formulated rules. (Compare, in this connection, my remarks upon the case of Chemepelia passerina, ANNALS CARNEGIE Museum, VIII, 1913, 533). My opinion is that, all other things being equal, priority should govern in such cases. For instance, had Dr. Chapman not shown the true application of the name @ruginosa, it would make considerable difference which authority was accepted as to the type-locality, since tne birds from Cumana are recognizably distinct from those from Cayenne !—W. E. C. T. Topp—CARRIKER: BirRps OF SANTA Marta ReEGion, CoLompia. 207 Dutch West Indies, is certainly a very different looking bird from the present form, the two are connected by an unbroken chain of interme- diate, intergrading forms, and are therefore provisionally regarded as conspecies. The inter-relationships of the various races of this group present some interesting questions, and will be discussed on another occasion. This paroquet is a common resident in the littoral Tropical Zone from Dibulla eastward into the Goajira Peninsula. It is more abun- dant at Rio Hacha than at Dibulla, evidently preferring the more arid region. Wyatt speaks of having shot it also in the cactus thickets near Cienaga, south of Santa Marta, and it has been obtained at the same locality in 1913 by the University of Michigan party. On the opposite side of the Sierra Nevada, on the edge of the Goajira coun- try, there are recent records of observation for Arroya de Arenas, Fonseca, and south even to the savannas of Valencia. 33. Aratinga wagleri (Gray). Conurus wagleri Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 206 (Atanquez).—Sat- vaporI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XX, 1891, 184 (Atanquez).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 172 (Palomina and San Miguel).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 132 (Valparaiso). Additional records: La Concepcion, Chirua, San Antonio (Brown). Two specimens: Las Taguas and Las Vegas. One of these has the lower part of the tibiz tinged with red, while in the other they are wholly green. The same variation occurs in Venezuelan examples of this species, which are otherwise precisely like the above. On the north and west slopes of the San Lorenzo this paroquet is found only as a rare straggler. It was not rare, however, in the vicin- ity of Las Vegas, on the east slope, feeding in the valley below and roosting on the mountainside above the hacienda. One was taken also. at Las Taguas, on the south slope of the mountain. In the Sierra Nevada Mr. Brown took a series of specimens from various points on the north slope, while Simons found it at Atanquez on the south slope. The writer saw the bird several times between San Miguel and Maco- tama, and shot one from a flock flying ovér the valley, but it fell into the gorge below and could not be found. All of the locality records for the present species in this region lie in the upper part of the Trop- ical or else in the Subtropical Zone. I on 208 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 134. Thectocercus hemorrhous neoxenus (Cory). One specimen: Rio Hacha. This is a species of the Arid Tropical Zone of Venezuela, which finds its western limit in the Goajira region. The single specimen agrees well with a small series from western Venezuela, which we refer provisionally to the form described a few years ago by Mr. Cory from Margarita Island. The junior author found it fairly common at Rj _ o Hacha and Arroya de Arenas in July, 1920. 135. Ara militaris (Linnzus). Ara mulitaris Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (“ Santa Marta ’’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 133 (Bonda; Sal- vin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references). Four specimens: Bonda and Las Nubes. Mexican specimens average a little larger, it is true, but we cannot see our way clear to recognizing them as subspecifically distinct on that ground alone. This is the most common species of macaw in the vicinity of Santa Marta itself, ranging from sea-level up to the lower edge of the Sub- tropical Zone, to 5,000 feet at least. 136. Ara chloroptera Gray. Ara chloroptera SaLviIn and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 176 (Valle de Upar).—Sat- VADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XX, 1891, 156 (Valle de Upar).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (“ Santa Marta ”’)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 133 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 125 (“Santa Marta,” Dibulla, Fundacion, and Valle de Upar, in range; meas.; references). Five specimens: Fundacion and Dibulla. This is the common species of macaw in the lowlands and lower foot- hills of the region between Santa Marta and Rio Hacha, and is also found, although less commonly, in the forested country about Funda- cion. Simons secured it on the south side of the Sierra Nevada, at Valle de Upar, while the writer has observed it at Valencia, in the same general region, as well as at Arroya de Arenas, farther north. ¢ 137. Ara ararauna (Linnezus). Ara militaris (not Psittacus militaris Linneus) SALvIN and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 176 (Arihueca). Topp—CArRRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLompia. 209 Ara ararauna SALvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XX, 1891, 152 (Arihueca).— Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 122 (‘‘ Trojas de Cataca ”’ [i.e., Tierra Nueva], Fundacion, and Arihueca, in range). -Five specimens: Tierra Nueva, Fundacion, and Tucurinca. Agreeing in all respects with specimens from Bolivia, the species being remarably uniform throughout its extensive range. It is a com- mon bird in the lowland forest region of the Tropical Zone between the Sierra Nevada on the one side and the Cienaga Grande and Mag- dalena River on the other, where it is more numerous than A. chlorop- tera. It was noted also at Valencia, in the Rio Cesar Valley, in August, 1920. Family CUCULID. Cucxoos. 138. Crotophaga ani Linnzus. Crotophaga ani Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 172 (Palo- mina).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 134 (Bangs’ refer- ence). Additional records: La Concepcion, San Antonio (Brown) ; Funda- cién (Univ. Mich. Exp.). A wide-ranging species in the West Indies and tropical South Amer- ica, for which there are a few records from the Santa Marta region, referring to examples taken at Palomina, San Antonio, and La Con- cepcion, in the Sierra Nevada, by Mr. Brown, and at Fundacion by the University of Michigan party. 139. Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Swainson. Crotophaga sulcirostris Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 175 (Santa Marta; habits).—SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 432 (Santa Marta).— Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“Santa Marta ”).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 144 (Santa Marta and Bonda). —Banes and Penarp, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXIV, 1921, 365 (‘ Santa Marta ”’). Additional records: Mamatoco (Univ. Mich. Exp.); La Tigrera (Carriker ). Four specimens: Bonda and Santa Marta. These specimens are at the extreme of small size for this species, but this appears to be a character which cannot be correlated with locality, as shown by the table of measurements given by Mr. Ridgway (Bul- letin U. S. Nationa! Museum, No. 50, VII, 1916, 94). 210 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The Groove-billed Ani is one of the most common and widely dis- tributed species with which the writer is acquainted. It is found throughout the lowlands and foothills of Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela, everywhere in open country, either natural or cleared. It is always seen in pastures with the cattle, feeding on the large wood- ticks which infest them when living in the hot lowlands. The nest is built in some thick thorny tree, several females using it at once. A curious and degenerate species of cuckoo. Simons says that it is “known here as ‘ Lucia,’ also ‘ Gallinazito,’ from its scavenger-like habits. Very common all along the sea-shore, congregating in troops and making a great noise. On alighting they always wag their tail three times.” 140. Crotophaga major Gmelin. Twenty-five specimens: Mamatoco, Fundacion, Trojas de Cataca, Dibulla, and Tucurinca. In two young birds (Fundacion, August 10) the glossy edgings of the feathers are less developed, especially on the head and under parts; the ridge of the culmen is much less prominent. According to the experience of the writer this species is found only near sea-level, along the banks of the larger rivers or lagoons. It is an abundant bird around the marshes at Fundacion, as well as along all the larger streams between the railroad and the Cienaga Grande, staying in or near the vegetation over the water. Like C. sulcirostris, it always goes in flocks, but unlike its relative it is.a very shy bird as a rule, and hard to approach closely. The call-note, too, is quite dif- ferent from that of the other species. 141. Tapera nevia nevia (Linneus). Two specimens: Fundacion. At first glance Colombian specimens appear to differ from topotyp- ical Cayenne birds in their generally lighter, more buffy upper parts, but when care is taken to compare only those specimens which are in the same state of plumage the differences tend to disappear. A series from Bolivia is rather grayer above, but it is by no means ciear that they represent a recognizable form. At the northern limit of the range of the species the maximum of size is reached, and this large form is recognized by Mr. Ridgway under the subspecific designation of excellens. Seasonal and age variation plays so large a part in any Topp—CARRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta ReEGIon, CoLompia. 211 attempt to work out the possible geographic variants of this species in the South American continent that we prefer to leave the matter in abeyance. This is not a common bird anywhere, and moreover is most difficult to secure. It has been heard in nearly all the localities visited in the lowlands where more open conditions exist. It prefers the thick second-growth, abandoned pasture-lands, etc. It has a very character- istic whistling call of two musical notes, but of such ventriloquistic properties that it is next to impossible to locate the bird by following it up. 142. Piaya columbiana (Cabanis). Piaya cayana (not Cuculus cayanus Linneus) SALvIN and Gopmaw, Ibis, 1879, 206 (Valle de Upar) ; 1880, 175 (Minca).—SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 373 (“Santa Marta,” Minca, and Valle de Upar). Piaya cayana mehleri (not of Bonaparte) Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“ Santa Marta’’)—Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian) —Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XIII, 1900, 134 (Bonda). Piaya cayana columbiana Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, 498 (“Santa Marta” and Bonda).—CuHaApMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 319 (Santa Marta [region]; crit.). Piaya columbiana Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 47 (diag.; Bangs’ reference). Additional records: La Concepcion, San Francisco (Brown). Twenty-one specimens: Bonda, Cincinnati, Fundacion, La Tigrera, Mamatoco, Las Vegas, Minca, and Don Diego. We follow Mr. Ridgway in keeping this form specifically distinct from P. cayana, although intergradation between the two has been as- sumed or asserted to exist by some other authorities. Certain it is that there is a great deal of variation shown in the amount of subter- minal black on the rectrices, this color being highly developed in some specimens, covering practically the whole of the exposed portions of the outer feathers in some individuals, while in others it is not as wide as the black tips. The general coloration, too, varies with the season, July and August birds, for example, being very pale when compared with those taken in January, and this fact must naturally be borne in mind in making comparisons. No. 42,989 (Fundacion, Au- gust 17) is peculiar in having the central rectrices uniform chestnut, without any sign of a differently colored tip. 22 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. A widespread and fairly common species in the Tropical Zone, tound from sea-level up to 5,000 feet on the slopes of the San Lorenzo, but not (if we except Mr. Brown’s record for San Sebastian) going above 3,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada, where moreover it is very rare. It is partial to open woodland, scattered trees, and cultivated land in general. Once a bird of this species was seen with a large “ walking- stick’ in its mouth, a circumstance which out of curiosity led to the habit of examining the stomachs of all killed since that time, to find that their food consists almost exclusively of these insects, especially the larger kinds. A set of three eggs sent in by Mr. Smith from Bonda, July Io, are of the usual rough texture of shell for this family, and dull white in color. In shape they are rather elongate oval, like those of the Yellow- billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), measuring 37 X 24, 35 X 25, and 33 < 24. The nest is a frail platform of coarse twigs, without special lining, placed in the fork of an oblique branch of a Banisteria laurt- folia, and so thin that it would easily be possible to count the eggs from below. 143. Coccycua rutila gracilis (Heine). One specimen: Trojas de Cataca. The single specimen is worn and faded, but is apparently referable to this form, the range of which extends through western Colombia into Ecuador. A single male was taken at Trojas de Cataca, October 6, 1913, no others being seen. It was shot in low, tangled woodland among the masses of vines so common in such places. Probably it occurs through- out the alluvial plain surrounding the Cienaga Grande. 144. Coccyzus lansbergi Bonaparte. Coccysus landsbergi ScLatER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1864, 122 (‘‘ Santa Marta’’); 1870, 169 (“Santa Marta”; diag.).—Atvten, Bull. Am. Mus Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 134 (Cienaga). Coccysus lansbergi SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 303 (“ Santa Marta ’’).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, -1916, 41 (“ Santa Marta” and Cienaga, in range; references). One specimen: Tucurinca. Very few specimens of this rare cuckoo appear to be on record, so that the present fine example is of exceptional interest and value. It Topp—CARRIKER: BirpS oF SANTA Marta REGION, Cotomepta. 213 agrees with two other specimens from the north coast of Colombia, whence Bonaparte’s type probably came, instead of from the Bogota region. It appears to be a species of the littoral Tropical Zone, rang- ing from Venezuela to Ecuador. It was recorded from this region many years ago by Sclater, on the strength of a Santa Marta speci- men in the British Museum received from Verreaux. The specimen above recorded was shot September 22, 1915, in the dense matted jungle lying below the railroad at Tucurinca, toward the Cienaga Grande. 145. Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot. Coccyzus melancoryphus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 134 (Bonda). Coccyzus melacoryphus RipGcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916. 35 (Bonda; Allen’s reference). The only record is that above quoted, pertaining to a single speci- men received from Mr. Smith, collected at Bonda, August 1, 1898, and agreeing with examples from Argentina. 146. Coccyzus americanus (Linneus). Coccyzus americanus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 134. (Bonda).—Atten, Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Bonda). Coccyzus americanus americanus RipGcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VII, 1916, 12 (Bonda, in range). Seven specimens: Bonda, Punto Caiman, and Fundacion. We can see no sufficient reason for subdividing this species, the dif- ference in size between eastern and western birds being surely too slight and too inconstant for recognition in nomenclature. Both ex- tremes occur in our South American series. The Yellow-billed Cuckoo is evidently a regular winter visitor on the north coast and the lowlands around the Cienaga Grande, inhabit- ing the more open woodland. The specimens on record were all se- cured between October 1 and November 21. Family BUBONID. Owzs. 147. Glaucidium brasilianum medianum Todd. Glaucidium ferox (not Strix ferox Vieillot) SHARPE, Ibis, 1875, 51, 52, 57 (“ Santa Marta’’; meas.; crit.) SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., II, 1875, 1900, 132 (Bonda). 214 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Glaucidium brasilianum [subsp.] Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 801, footnote (Bonda; meas.). Glaucidium brasilianum medianum Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, 1916, 98 (Bonda; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 46 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Glaucidium brasilianum phalenoides (not Strix phalenoides Daudin) CHApP- MAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 255 (Bonda; crit.). Seventeen specimens: Bonda, La Tigrera, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Fundacion, and Gaira. The series shows a certain amount of variation, paralleling that ex- hibited by the Central American and Mexican form. No. 8,956, al- though in the brown phase, has the tail decidedly tinged with rufous. No. 42,630, also in the brown phase, has the pileum plain, except in front. No. 41,964 is as gray above as the average Central American bird, and differs further in having the pileum and back conspicuously spotted with white. No. 41,847, May 1, is a young bird in the rufescent phase, with the tail only about half grown, but coming in wholly ru- fous, unbarred; the striping on the under surface is less distinct. Sharpe referred the four Santa Marta specimens of this owl which came under his notice to the Brazilian form, called by him G. ferox, but this would seem to be a mistake, judging from the material ex- amined in this connection. G. brasilianum brasilianum, as this south- ern form must be called, is characterized by its relatively larger size, richer, browner coloration above, more decidedly punctate pileum, and ‘ heavier, more “ solid” streaking below in the brown phase. The last- named character may also serve to distinguish it in the rufescent phase also, but with only one specimen in this phase one cannot be sure. Comparison of the present series from the Santa Marta region with another from Trinidad and northern Venezuela on the one hand, and with one from Central America, Mexico, and Texas on the other, shows that they represent a form distinct from either, as already sur- mised by Mr. Ridgway. In the brown phase the new form differs from G. brasilianum phalenoides by its paler, more buffy brown color above, less heavily streaked under parts, and more decidedly and more regu- larly barred tail, the bars usually running across the feather, or at least touching the shafts, while in phalenoides they seldom are more than a pair of spots on the outer webs. In the rufescent phase there is apparently no difference in color, but the streaking of the under parts averages less broad in medianum than in phalenoides. From G. Topp—CarRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGION, Coomera. 215 brasilianum ridgwayi (brown phase) it differs conspicuously in the much browner, less grayish tone of the upper parts, and in the de- cidedly more rufescent, less grayish color of the streaks on the under surface. With only one specimen of ridgwayi in the rufescent phase at present available we are unable to give any character for the sepa- ration of the respective forms in that phase. In G. b. medianum the streaks below are almost as rufescent in one phase as in the other, while in all the other forms of this species (except, apparently, true brasilianum) the two phases differ greatly in this respect. While agreeing with Dr. Chapman in the “ belief that there is-little or nothing to be gained in proposing forms where geographic varia- tion is so slight, and individual variation so great that subsequent identification, except at type-localities, becomes largely a matter of opinion,” we feel that our conclusions in this particular case, supported as they are by an array of well-prepared specimens representing the several forms discussed, are worthy of acceptance. This little owl is fairly common in the Tropical Zone lowlands from Santa Marta around to Fundacion. Apparently it is absent or very rare on the north coast, as none were noted here whatever. It pre- fers the thorny scrub and tangled undergrowth. 148. Ciccaba virgata virgata (Cassin). Syrnium virgatum BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 157 (Pueblo Viejo).—ALLEen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 132 (Bangs’ ref- erence). Ciccaba virgata virgata Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 763 (“San Lorenzo,” [i.e., Cincinnati] and Pueblo Viejo; meas.; crit.). Three specimens: La Tigrera and Cincinnati. No. 41,815, Cincinnati, April 15, is in the downy stage, the wing- and tail-feathers just coming in. The other two are adults in the dark phase, indistinguishable, so far as we can see, from specimens from Venezuela and Costa Rica. A young bird in the down was taken at Cincinnati, April 15, 1913. An adult was taken at the same place July 20, 1911, and another in the woodland along the banks of the Tamocal Creek a couple of miles be- low La Tigrera, May 9, 1913. It seems to be a rare bird, with a tange extending through the Tropical Zone. 216 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 149. Pulsatrix perspicillata perspicillata (Latham). Syrnium perspicillatum BaAncs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 132 (“Santa Marta’’).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 131 (Bonda; plum.). Five specimens: Bonda and Dibulla. These agree in all respects with a topotypical example from Cayenne. The species seems to belong to the littoral Tropical Zone, here as else- where in Colombia. The Dibulla specimen was taken near sea-level, in the heavy forest. 150. Otus choliba subsp. One specimen: Las Taguas. This individual is apparently referable to O. choliba, judging from the buffy tinge of the under plumage, which is said to be characteristic of this species, but it certainly differs from all of the rest of the series in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Mr. Waldron De Witt Miller has kindly compared it with the material in the American Museum of Natural History, and reports as follows: “I have com- pared the skin of Otus with all our specimens of the genus, and find nothing very closely resembling it; it differs from all our specimens of O. choliba in the finer streaking of the underparts; in this respect it agrees much more closely with our single skin of O. ‘ fulvescens’ from Matto Grosso, but the general tone of coloration of your bird is much less fulvescent.’”’ Coming as it does from a locality within the Subtropical Zone, it may very well represent a distinct form, but until more specimens have been collected it would be unwise to for- mally characterize it. 151. Otus choliba margarite Cory. Three specimens: Bonda. An adult female and two young birds, still in juvenal dress, but with wings and tail fully. grown, collected at Bonda May 1, 1899, together with a specimen from Calamar, Colombia (near the mouth of the Magdalena River) differ from a series of specimens from Costa Rica and Panama in being paler, more buffy, less rufescent above, and also in being slightly smaller. The adult from Bonda is paler below, with the dark cross-barring less distinct than in the Calamar bird, but obvi- ously belongs to the same form. They agree fairly well with two other specimens from Margarita Island, but not with the type of Topp—CaARRIKER: BirDS OF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLomBiaA. 217 margarite, kindly loaned by Mr. Cory. The type is in fact an unus- ually dark individual, scarcely to be matched in the extensive series accumulated for this investigation. This material indicates that there are really three color-phases in this species, instead of two, as com- monly recognized—a gray, a brown, and a rufous. Of these only the brown phase appears to be represented in Central America, but all three occur in our small series from Bolivia. Specimens in the brown phase from Paraguay (the type-locality of choliba) are scarcely dif- ferent from Central American skins, but a series from Guiana, Trini- dad, and Venezuela average considerably darker, especially above, and are probably separable under the name cruciger Spix, based on the bird of the lower Amazon. The type of margarite is a bird in this gray phase, but the name may be accepted to ‘cover the pale littoral tace which apparently ranges along the coast and islands of Venezuela into Colombia. 152. Rhinoptynx clamator (Vieillot). Rhinoptynx clamator Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 671 (Don Amo; meas.). One specimen: Don Amo. A female in the Smith Collection, shot at Don Amo May 7, 1899, is the only record for this rather rare but widely distributed owl in this region. The specimen compares favorably with other specimens from Costa Rica, Bolivia, and central Colombia. Family STEATORNITHID#. Guacwaros. 153. Steatornis caripensis caripensis Humboldt. Steatornis caripensis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 137 (Bonda). The only published record of the Guacharo for this region is that just quoted, which refers to a single bird sent in by Mr. Smith, and labelled Bonda, September. A pair were seen by the junior author on the road near Cincinnati, at close range on a moonlight night, in November, 1912. They were readily recognized also by the charac- teristic call-note, with which he became familiar while in Trinidad. 218 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Family CAPRIMULGIDAE. GoatsucKers. 154. Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis (Hermann). Two specimens: Rio Hacha. A species which has a wide distribution in tropical South America, and has been taken twice in our region, a single example having been secured by Mr. F. M. Gaige, of the University of Michigan Expedi- tion, at Cienaga on August 22, 1913, and two young birds by the writer at Rio Hacha on July 16, 1920. 155. Nyctidromus albicollis gilvus Bangs. Nyctidromus albicollis (not Caprimulgus albicollis Gmelin) Satvin and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1880, 174 (Arihueca; habits) —Harrert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 587 (Ariflueca)—Banecs, Proc. Biol, Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta”)—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 137 (Santa Marta and Bonda). Nyctidromus albicollis giluus Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, III, 1902, 82 (“Santa Marta’’; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.; crit.) —Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1065 (ref. orig. descr.)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1ro0s, 277 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.), 281 (Bonda and Don Diego; descr. nest and eggs).—CHaAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat: Hists” XXXVI, 1017.) 274,, im text (“Santa Marta 7:) crit.).——-Corw, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 127 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Nyctidromus gilvus BRABOURNE and CuHupss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, too (ref. orig. descr.; range). Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 537 (Santa Marta [region]; meas.; references). Twenty-five specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, Agua Dulce, Fundacion, Don Diego, Mamatoco, and Dibulla. For a long time we were not disposed to accord recognition to this race, believing that it was not different from true albicollis, but the receipt of a magnificent series of thirty-five specimens of the latter from the type-locality (French Guiana) has necessitated a revision of former conclusions. We now find that the separation of the Santa Marta bird can be maintained on the general grounds indicated by Mr. ‘Bangs. It is true that there is very little if any difference between the two forms in the color of the upper parts in either phase of plumage, but the lower surface appears lighter colored, more buffy, less rufes- cent, and the barring is narrower, and obsolescent posteriorly. The differences (as in many other species of this family) are difficult to express exactly, but are sufficiently obvious upon actual comparison of Topp—CaArRRIKER: Brrps OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLompra. 219 a series, despite the fact that occasional specimens are hard to place considered alone. Individual variation is considerable in this species, and due allowance must be made therefor in making comparisons. The Central American bird, as represented in our collection by a series from Costa Rica, obviously cannot be referred to true a!bicollis, although resembling the latter in its relatively heavily barred under parts, by which token it differs also from gilvus. In the rufous phase it seems to be merely a little paler above than albicollis or gilvus, but in the gray phase it is decidedly different from both, being more rufes- cent, less grayish above, while the black streaks on the middle of the pileum and back are wider, and the under parts average less rufescent. It would be unwise to name this form, however, until the status of certain of the Mexican races lately described can be reinvestigated. The present race appears not to be strictly confined to the Santa Marta regicn, but to extend along the coast to the westward, as far as the Rio Sinu at least, and up the Magdalena Valley for an unknown distance. Specimens from the interior of Colombia, referred to typical albicollis by Dr. Chapman in the absence of material for comparison, certainly do not.belong to that form, judging by the few specimens ex- amined in this connection, and probably represent another unnamed race. A common bird over the whole of the littoral Tropical Zone, except in the heavy forest itself. It frequents thickets, shrubbery, and dense second-growth by day, always roosting on the ground. Its call is not unlike that of the Poor-will. Mr. Smith sent in two sets of eggs, of two each, collected respectively at Bonda on April 15, and at Don Diego on May 15. The latter set was found in a shady place in a coffee-orchard, on alluvial land, near sea-level. ‘“‘ The eggs are oval to elongate-oval, the ground-color vinaceous buff, irregularly blotched and clouded with a darker shade of buff, interspersed with faint shades of lavender. Some of the eggs are much more heavily marked than others, in one there being a few superimposed streaks of pale hazel. In each set one of the eggs is much less strongly colored than the other.” There are in the Carnegie Museum series two young birds in juvenal dress, collected at Bonda on June 26 and 27. 156. Antrostomus rufus rufus (Boddaert). Antrostomus rufus Bancs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 78 (San Sebastian).—ALien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 137 (Bangs reference). 290 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Antrostomus rufus rufus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIV; ror1, 188 (“Santa Marta Mts.”; meas.).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 510 (San Sebastian and Matajira, in range; references). Three specimens: Matajira, Mamatoco, and Valencia. A very rare species, for which there are only four records for this region. Mr. Brown took one at San Sebastian on July 15, 1899; Mr. Smith sent in a single specimen, collected at Matajira on April 16, 1899; and the writer secured a third in a tract of woodland near Mama- toco, July 31, 1913. The fourth record is based on a bird shot by him near Valencia, in the Rio Cesar Valley, August 7, 1920. The female collected by Mr. Smith was brooding a set of two eggs, which are now in the Carnegie Museum. They resemble in general those of the Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus), but are more scrawled than splotched with dull lilac, the shell-markings being very conspicuous. Size, 3023 mm. They were laid on the bare ground, in a thicket in open land. 157. Setopagis parvula heterura Todd. Setopagis heterurus (sic) Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 81 (La Tigrera; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APOLINAR Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, III, 1915, 88 (ref. orig. deser.). —Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 135 (ref. orig. descr.; range). One specimen: La Tigrera. This bird is obviously so closely related to S. parvula (Gould), of which we have six Bolivian skins and the American Museum of Nat- ural History three from Brazil, that it should doubtless be regarded as conspecific. In the color and markings of the upper surface the two forms are entirely similar, but the under parts in the new form are somewhat darker. The tail is broadly tipped with white, the two outer rectrices on each side having white on both webs, 15 to 18 mm. wide along the shafts. The next two pairs have only the inner webs so tipped, while the middle pair have no white at all. In S. p. parvula the white is mostly confined to the inner webs on all the rectrices (ex- cept of course the middle pair), and is much less in extent, running only 11 mm. or less along the shafts. The white patch on the wings is also decidedly larger in heterura than in parvula. Measurements: wing, 138; tail, 90; bill, 11; tarsus, I5. The type and only specimen (a male) was taken May 6, 1913, about a mile below La Tigrera, where it was flushed from a thicket in the daytime. Topp—CARRIKER: BrirDS OF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLomprIaA. 22] 158. Systellura*! ruficervix (Sclater). Stenopsis ruficervix Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 584 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta). Ten specimens: San Miguel, Macotama, Paramo de Chiruqua, and San Lorenzo. Agreeing with specimens from Venezuela and the interior of Co- lombia. | This species appears to be more characteristic of the Temperate Zone, although extending down to the upper Subtropical. A pair we-e secured on the San Lorenzo at 8,000 feet, where they were breeding. The eggs were laid out on an open ridge on the bare ground, under the shelter of a small bush. In the Sierra Nevada it was fairly com- mon from San Miguel on up the valley to an altitude of 12,000 feet, and seven specimens were secured. A pair were breeding near our camp at San Miguel, the eggs being laid on top of a bare rock with high grass all around. 159. Thermochalcis cayennensis albicauda (Lawrence). Nine specimens: Punto Caiman, Don Diego, and Dibulla. Unfortunately only one male is included, and this looks as if it were not fully mature. In its darker coloration above and buffy suf- fusion below as compared with an adult male of JT. c. insularis it answers to Mr. Ridgway’s diagnosis of albicauda. The outer rectrices are conspicuously banded with black, but in view of the variation shown in this respect by a series of true cayennensis from French Guiana we are not inclined to attach much if any importance to this character. Females differ conspicuously from a series of the same sex of the typical form in being more buffy below, with the dark barr- ing and mottling much less distinct; they are also paler above, with the black spots and streaks smaller. They agree well with a female lbicauda from Costa Rica, but have the black streaks on the pileum less “solid.” They are indistinguishable from female examples of insularis, however. The preponderance of evidence thus favors the reference of the Santa Marta birds of this genus to albicauda, to which form Mr. Ridgway doubtfully refers a specimen from Barranquilla, Colombia. 31 The combination “ Thermochalcis ruficervix’’ (cf. Chapman, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 275) is of course inad- missible, Systellura having priority. 222, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. An exceedingly rare bird everywhere, except at Dibulla, where it was nearly as common as Nyctidromus albicollis gilvus. Six speci- mens were taken here, nearly all around the cattle corrals, to which they were doubtless attracted by the insects about the animals. Prob- ably it is present at Rio Hacha also, but it was not possible to hunt there at night. Family MOMOTIDZE. Mormots. Urospatha martii semirufa (Sclater). Momotus semirufus SCLATER, Rev. et Mag. Zodl., (2), V, 1853, 489 (“Santa Marta’”’; orig. descr.; type now in coll. ?).—-ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1855, 136 (crit.); “1857,” 1858, 254 (“Santa Marta ’’).—ScLaTER and Satvin, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1864, 363 (“Santa Marta,’ in range). —GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 611 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.). Baryphthengus martii (not Momotus martii Spix) Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1895, 462 (‘‘ Santa Marta”; syn.). Urospatha semirufa BraBouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 96 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Urospatha martii semirufa Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 468 (“Santa Marta,’ in range; references)—CuHapMaAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. HHistp=OonVilA rom 267) (Santas Mantala=sciite): Of this species Sclater writes as follows: ‘‘ This fine, large Motmot I first saw in 1853 in the hands of MM. Verreaux, who had then lately received two specimens of it from their collector at S. Martha. .. . I at that time considered _the bird as without doubt unnamed, and descriped it accordingly in Guérin’s “Revue et Magazin de Zoologie.’”’ It is now recognized as a northern race of Urospatha martii, but it is exceedingly doubtful if the type ever came from Santa Marta. Not one of the collectors who have visited the region from the time of Simons up to the present has detected it, and Dr. Chapman points out that its known range in Colombia is restricted to the humid Tropical Zone west of the Eastern Andes, and very probably the original specimens came from some point in this latter section, or else, like Tanagra fulvicrissa, from Panama. The present whereabouts of the type-specimen is not known to the writer. 160. Momotus subrufescens subrufescens Sclater. Momotus subrufescens ScLater, Rev. et Mag. Zool., (2), V, 1853, 489 (‘‘ Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc, ondonwem i957 amos, 252 \csantalViantal ))h——s GUAmrRas Gata Acne Birds, 1862, 261 (‘‘Santa Marta”; references)—SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays- Bas, III, Momotus, 1863, 3 (“‘Santa Marta,” in range).—Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 79 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—S‘cLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 102 (range).—G1EBEL, Thes. Orn, ID 21875), ore (“Santa Marta”; references).—SaLviIn and GopMaAn, Ibis, 1880, 174 (Santa Topp—CARRIKER: Brirps OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomBIA. 223 Marta).—SuHaArPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, 321 (Santa Marta).— SALVIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1895, 459 (Santa Marta, in range).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“Santa Marta ’”’).—Bancs, Auk, XVI, 1899, 137, in text (“Santa Marta ’’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 135 (Bonda).—THAYER and Bancs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLVI, 1906, 215, in text (“‘ Santa Marta’’; crit.). Momotus momota subrufescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 1893, 125 (“Santa Marta”’)—HerEt~Mayr and von SeEILern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 155, in text (Santa Marta, in range; crit.; ref. orig. descr.). Momotus bahamensis subrufescens HettmMayr, Noy. Zool., XIII, 1906, 41, in text (Santa Marta, in range; crit.). Momotus subrufescens subrufescens Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 455 (diag.; range; references), 462, footnote (“Santa Marta”; meas.).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 271 (“Santa Manta: (crits). Additional records: Tucurinea (Carriker). Twenty-five specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Santa Marta, Las Vegas, Fundacion, and Don Diego. A study of this fine series has led to several conclusions, which seem worthy of record. First, M. subrufescens is clearly specifically distinct from M. momota, differing in smaller size, larger amount of terminal black on the rectrices, distinctly greenish throat, more rufes- cent posterior under parts, paler, more buffy-tinged upper parts, and more concealed, more cinnamon rufous area behind the nape-cincture, which latter also averages narrower. Second, among the forms studied in this connection, MW. subrufescens seems most closely allied to M. nattereri, but should probably be kept specifically distinct therefrom. Unfortunately we have not seen either MW. microstephanus or M. igno- bilis. Third, there is one specimen (No. 44,411) from Don Diego, on the north coast, which differs so decidedly from the general run as to suggest that it may represent a local form. It is very richly colored below, about like M. bahamensis, and above is strongly shaded with the same rich rufous tawny color as overspreads the upper parts in M. s. conexus Thayer and Bangs (which we find no difficulty in distin- guishing when smoothly made up specimens are compared), which, on the other hand, is purer green above than the typical form. This is strictly a Tropical Zone species, ranging over the whole of the lowlands from Dibulla to Fundacion, as well as those of the Rio Cesar-Rio Rancheria Valley. It is essentially littoral in its local dis- tribution, for while it ascends into the hills in some places up to 3,000 16 224 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. feet, it 1s ordinarily not found above 1,000 feet. It was one of the first species from this region to be described as new, the type being a specimen received from Verreaux, which came into Sclater’s hands and was given a distinctive name in 1853. All the collectors who have worked in this region have met with it here, and good series of speci- mens are extant. According to the experience of the writer it fre- quents the forest and heavier woodland, especially where there is plenty of undergrowth, keeping near the ground. The birds are al- ways found in pairs, and are very tame; they feed on the ground a good deal, digging into the earth for worms, etc. The nest is made in a hole dug in the bank along a stream, but the writer has not seen the eggs. Family ALCEDINID. KINGFISHERS. 161. Chloroceryle enea enea (Pallas). Ceryle enea enea CaARRIKER, Ann, Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 493 (Santa Marta [region]). Five specimens: Don Diego, Punto Caiman, Trojas de Cataca, and Dibulla. These appear to have the abdominal white patch more restricted, and the white spots on the inner webs of the rectrices larger, than in two males from French Guiana, but whether a series from the latter locality would bear out these differences is an open question. A species which is strictly confined to the Tropical Zone lowlands, and is fairly common along the innumerable waterways around the Cienaga Grande, but always in the mangroves. One was taken at Don Diego and another at Dibulla, both in the heavy forest along small creeks. 162. Chloroceryle inda (Linnzus). Ceryle inda ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 276 (Don Diego). Two specimens: Buritaca and Don Diego. Apparently the rarest of the family in this region. Mr. Smith is the only ‘collector who has met with it, securing only three specimens in all, two at Don Diego, May 3, 1899, and one at Buritaca, September 18, 1899. All of these are females, not distinguishable from a series from Panama and Dutch and French Guiana. Topp—CARRIKER: BirpDS OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLompBria. 225 163. Chloroceryle americana americana (Gmelin). Ceryle americana SAtvIN and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 174 (Minca).—SHARpPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, 131 (“Santa Marta” and Minca).— Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“Santa Marta ”).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Bonda and Cienaga). Ceryle americana septentrionalis (not of Sharpe) CarrIKer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 492 (Santa Marta [region]; crit.). Chloroceryle americana [subsp.] Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 432, footnote (Santa Marta [region]; meas.). Twenty-one specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Minca, Mamatoco, Tro- jas de Cataca, Fundacion, and Santa Marta. According to Mr. Ridgway “ birds from Venezuela and Colombia are recognizably different from the Guiana form,” and probably deserve to be named. At the present writing only three specimens of topo- typical americana from French Guiana are available. The single male is certainly not distinguishable in any way from Colombian males, but oddly enough the two females show a character not evident in the other sex, namely, the practically unspotted condition of the outer webs of the remiges. Not one of the Colombian females approaches these two examples in this respect, all being prominently spotted with white on the wings. But until the constancy of this character can be demon- strated by a larger series we are unwilling to take the responsibility of making a formal separation. This kingfisher is a bird of the Tropical Zone, ranging over the whole of the lowlands and up into the foothills to at least .2,000 feet, along the streams. 164. Chloroceryle amazona (Latham). Alcedo amazona ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, III, 1874, 2 (“Santa Marta”’). Ceryle amazona Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (‘ Santa Marta ”).—AtLeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Bonda). Six specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Dibulla, Fundacion, and Santa Marta. We are unable to discover any geographical differences in a series of this species coming from various parts of its range. Nos. 43,039, September 5, and 44,780, February 27, are young males, with the rufous pectoral band merely indicated. This species is found throughout the Tropical Zone lowlands along all streams of sufficient size. 226 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Megaceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnzus). Ceryle alcyon SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, 125 (“Santa Marta ’’).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., II, 1895, 472 (‘Santa Marta,” in range, ex Sharpe). i A specimen in the British Museum (received from the Tweeddale Collection), purporting to have come from Santa Marta, is the only record for the Belted Kingfisher for Colombia, and. one of the very few from South America, this being beyond its normal winter range. 165. Megaceryle torquata torquata (Linnzus). Ceryle torquata SALvVIN and Gopmawn, Ibis, 1880, 174 (Rio Manzanares).— SHarpPeE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, 121 (Santa Marta).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (‘ Santa Marta ”’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Bonda). Seven specimens: Bonda and Punto Caiman. The Punto Caiman specimen is albinistic, having many white feath- ers among the rufous ones of the under surface. Some of the speci- mens show a good deal of white on the secondaries in the form of spots, as in M. t. stictipennis. Simons took a single specimen of this species along the Rio Manza- nares near Santa Marta. Mr. Brown and Mr. Smith secured a few in this same section, and the writer shot a single example at Punto Caiman. It is found only in the lowlands about the lagoons and larger streams. Family BUCCONID.. Purrsirps. 166. Nonnula frontalis pallescens Todd. Nonnula frontalis pallescens Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, 19109, 116 (Fundacion; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Seven specimens: Fundacion and Tucurinca. Three specimens from the State of Santander, Colombia, corres- ponding closely to the original description of Malacoptila frontalis ‘ Sclater (described from the “interior of Colombia’) show that the bird of the coast region is a strongly marked form, differing in the much paler coloration of the under surface. In the typical form the throat and breast are rich ochraceous tawny, passing into buffy pos- teriorly and into white on the under tail-coverts, while in the new form the throat and breast are cinnamon buff or clay-color, and the abdomen as well as the under tail-coverts nearly white. The upper parts are the same in both. Males average a little more richly colored below Topp—CARRIKER: Brirps OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomBIA. 227 than females, but the type has been chosen from the latter sex be- cause it so happens that all the comparable specimens of true frontalis ‘belong to that sex. The specimen from Algodonal, on the lower Magdalena River, referred to by Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 344), undoubtedly be- longs to this same pale race, while the Panama examples may be dif- ferent again. Besides the above, we have three specimens from the Sinu region of Colombia, farther to the eastward along the coast. On the first trip to Fundacion this bird was not met with at all, but on the second it was one of the first birds shot. It was more numer- ous at Tucurinca, in the heavy forest of the alluvial plain, and prob- ably ranges over the whole of this plain surrounding the Cienaga Grande, and thence over into the Magdalena basin. 167. Malacoptila mystacalis (Lafresnaye). Malacoptila mystacalis BANcs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“ Santa Marta ”)—AtLtrien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 134 (Onaca, Valparaiso, and Las Nubes).—CuaApMaN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 342 (“Santa Marta Mountains ’’). Thirteen specimens: Onaca, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, and Las Taguas. In juvenal plumage, illustrated by Nos. 42,476 and 42,589, Cincin- nati, July 10 and 25, the color-pattern is like that of the adult, but the colors are duller, the rufous of the throat and breast being still imper- fectly developed. This species has thus far been taken in this region only in the Sub- tropical Zone of the San Lorenzo and Horqueta, between 4,000 and 6,000 feet, apparently not reaching the main Sierra Nevada. It is confined to the heavy forest, and is not at all abundant, being a quiet and rather stupid bird.» The nest is placed at the extremity of a hole in a bank of earth, excavated by the birds to a depth of nearly two feet (in the case of the one examined). The tunnel proper is from two to three inches in diameter, while the nest-chamber at the end is enlarged to be about six inches across and four inches high. The nest is very slight—merely a few twigs and dead leaves. The one examined was in a bank by the roadside, where people and ani- mals were passing daily; it contained one young bird, nearly fully fledged. 228 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 168. Hypnelus ruficollis ruficollis (Wagler). Bucco ruficollis SctatER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), XIII, 1854, 361 (“ Santa Marta’’).—Scrater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 270 (‘‘ Santa’ Marta ”’). —WyartT, Ibis, 1871, 374 (Santa Marta).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Valle de Upar); 1880, 175 (Santa Marta).—ScriatEer, Mon. Jacamars and Puffbirds, 1880, 89, pl. 29 (Sant# Marta and Valle de Upar; meas.).— ScLaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 187 (Santa Marta and Valle de Upar).—SALvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1896, 514 (Santa Marta, in range).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (© Santa Marta’’?).—Atren, Bull; Am: Mus, Nat. Hist.) XIII, 1oqo00, 135 (Santa Marta and Bonda); XXI, 1905, 280 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Hypnelus ruficollis ruficollis Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 382 (Santa Marta localities and references)—CHapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 341 (Bonda suggested as type-locality). Twenty-eight specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Funda- cion, Punto Caiman, Dibulla, and Rio Hacha. There is some individual variation apparent, affecting the intensity of the tawny color on the throat and the amount of spotting on the flanks. The type-locality of the present form, according to Sclater, is Cartagena, whence came the specimens collected by Haeberlin con- stituting Wagler’s types. An abundant bird throughout the whole of the littoral Tropical Zone, except in the forested section of the north coast, being most numer- ous in the drier portions. It prefers the open scrub, with scattering trees. It is very sluggish and stupid, sitting quietly for long periods, pajaro bobo” ““ and is very easily approached. The natives call it (foolish bird). Mr. Smith sent in a set of three eggs, collected at Bonda, May 17. They are “clear dull white, sub-spherical.”” They were found in the clay nest of Furnarius leucopus exilis. 169. Hypnelus ruficollis decolor subsp. nov. Six specimens: Rio Hacha. The Rio Hacha birds differ from the Santa Marta series proper in their paler coloration throughout. The upper parts are paler, duller brown, and the lower parts are also paler, less buffy, nearly white in fact. The ochraceous wash on the throat is conspicuously paler and less extended, and the nasal plumes are usually dull whitish, with little o1 no buffy tinge. The new form thus varies in an opposite direction from Hypnelus ruficollis coloratus, of the humid section south of Topp—CARRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLtompra. 229 Lake Maracaibo, and is probably restricted to the arid coast region of the Goajira Peninsula, where it is one of the characteristic birds. Type, No. 45,649, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult female; Rio Hacha, Colombia, May 6, 1914; M. A. Carriker, Jr. 170. Notharchus hyperrhynchus subsp. Five specimens: Mamatoco and Fundacion. Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 340) has recently called attention to the differences be- tween Nicaragua specimens of this species on the one hand and those from Panama southward on the other. He adopts for the latter the name leucocrissus, and the writer has verified his conclusions after an examination of the same material. Quite unexpectedly, Nicaraguan skins, assumed to represent dysoni, prove to be appreciably different from those from Costa Rica, which latter agree in all essential respects with specimens from Panama, western Colombia, Ecuador, and Bo- livia. Curiously enough, the Santa Marta specimens are clearly not leucocrissus; they are in fact practically indistinguishable from dy- som, having the same narrow pectoral band and less heavily marked flanks. The only difference is that the outer primary has less white in the present series, but this by itself seems to be too trifling a char- acter upon which to base a formal separation. To refer these birds to dysoni, on the other hand, would leave the distribution of that form discontinuous, so that for the present it seems necessary to hold the matter open for further data. This bird was first met with at Fundacion, where four in all were taken, and later a single specimen was shot at Mamatoco. It is not at all common at the former locality, being found in the open wood- land among the tangled masses of vines and low trees. Family GALBULID/. Jacamars. 171. Galbula ruficauda pallens Bangs. Galbula ruficauda (not of Cuvier) SALvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Valle de Upar); 1880, 175 (Santa Marta)—Scrater, Mon. Jacamars and Puff- birds, 1879, 15 (Valle de Upar; meas.).—Sctater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 166 (Santa Marta and Valle de Upar). Galbula ruficauda pallens BaNncs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll, Mus. Comp. Zool.; crit.)—Dusots, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1056 (Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.). 230 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Galbula ruficauda pallida (lapsus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 135 (Cienaga and Bonda); XXI, 1905, 280 (Bonda; descr. eggs). Galbula pallens SuarpE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 194 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BRABOURNE and-Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 161 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: Tierra Nueva (Carriker). Twenty-nine specimens: Bonda, Cienaga, Dibulla, Rio Hacha, Ma- matoco, Fundacion, and Tucurinca. In this form the bill (all the measurements, in fact) averages longer than in true ruficauda; there is more buffy tinge on the throat, there is a more decided color-difference between the sexes; and the under parts, posterior to the pectoral band, are noticeably paler, sex for sex. The race was described from this region, but is now known to range over into the lower Magdalena and Sinu Valleys. A species characteristic of the littoral Tropical Zone, ranging over the whole of the lowlands, but more abundant in the drier portions, where the woodland is open above and filled with tangled undergrowth below. In its feeding habits it is not unlike the flycatchers, selecting a perch in the open and catching insects on the wing. Many but- terflies are eaten. A set of two eggs, collected by Mr. Smith at Bonda on April 17, are described as clear glossy white. Simons says that it ‘builds its nest in the banks of streams.” Family RAMPHASTIDZE. Tovucans. 172. Aulacorhynchus lautus (Bangs). Aulacorhamphus albivitta (not Pteroglossus albivitta Boissonneau) SALVIN and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 206 ([Valley of ? ] Chinchicua; crit.). Aulacorhamphus albivittatus ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 157 (“ Santa Marta” and [Valley of ? ] Chinchicua). ; Aulacorhamphus lautus Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 173 (San Miguel; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.; meas. ; crit.); XIII, 1899, 92 (Chirua and La Concepcion).—ALien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 133 (Valparaiso, San Lorenzo, El Libano, and Las Nubes).—Duvesois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1056 (ref. orig. descr. ; range).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 1908, 158, in text (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; crit.)—BRABOURNE and CHupsp, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 160 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, 1915, 640, in text (Santa Marta [region]; crit.).— Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1919, 378 (references: range). Topp—CarRIKER: Birps OF SANTA MArTA REGION, CoLomBIA. 23] Thirty-one specimens: Las Nubes, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Maco- tama,-San Miguel, Las Vegas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Taguas, San Lorenzo, Cerro de Caracas, Paramo de Mama- rongo, and Heights of Chirua. Salvin and Godman remarked on the peculiarities of the first pair: of these birds received from this region, but did not venture to separate them from 4. albivitta, so that it remained for Mr. Bangs to give the form a distinctive name. In its characters it is almost exactly inter- mediate between 4. albivitta albivitta of Central Colombia and A. ceruleogularis of Central America, but is manifestly entitled to stand alone. The throat is gray, tinged with blue posteriorly, instead of white or deep blue, as in the other two forms respectively, and there is no red on the bill, which is black, the culminal ridge (except at base) olive yellow, the base of both mandibles narrowly white, with a triangular patch of black at the base of the culmen. Males are notice- ably larger than females, the bill especially. This species is found under exactly the same conditions as A. calor- hynchus, except that its local range is higher, although overlapping that of the other species at its lower edge. On the San Lorenzo it ap- pears to inhabit the region between about 5,c00 and 8,000 feet, and in the Sierra Nevada that between 5,000 and 9,000 feet, in the Subtrop- ical Zone. 173. Aulacorhynchus calorhynchus (Gould). Aulacorhamphus calorhynchus SAtvIn and GopMAN, Ibis, 1879, 206 ([Valley of ?] Chinchicua)—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 155 ([Val- ley of ?] Chinchicua).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1808, 134 (“Santa Marta”), 158 (Pueblo Viejo; crit.), 172 (Palomina; crit.; type- ’ locality).—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 137, in text (“ Santa Marta Mountains”; range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 133 (Valparaiso). Additional records: La Concepcion, San Antonio (Brown). Twenty-three specimens: Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. é Santa Marta examples are precisely like those from the Andes of Merida, Venezuela, whence came Gould’s types. Females have con- stantly smaller bills than males. This toucan was added to the fauna of this region by Simons, who secured a specimen in the Valley of Chinchicua, at an altitude of 6,500 feet. Mr. Brown took it in the highlands above Santa Marta, and later Dae ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. got specimens also at La Concepcion, Chirua, San Antonio, Pueblo Viejo, and Palomina. Mr. Smith obtained a series at Valparaiso (Cincinnati). It seems to be a bird of the Subtropical Zone, ranging between 4,000 and 6,000 feet on the forest-clad slopes of the San Lorenzo, but coming down as low as 2,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada proper. It generally goes in pairs or small bands, sometimes high up in the trees, sometimes lower down. It is noisy and active, very in- quisitive, and not at all shy. 174. Pteroglossus torquatus nuchalis Cabanis. Pteroglossus torquatus (not Ramphastos torquatus Gmelin) SALVIN and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1880, 175 (Santa Marta and Minca).—Sc ater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 141 (Santa Marta and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).— SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1896, 555 (Santa Marta, in range).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (“Santa Marta ’”’).—AtLten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 133 (Bonda).— CaRRIKER, Ann, Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 574 (Santa Marta [region]; crit.). Pteroglossus torquatus nuchalis RrpGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 341 (Santa Marta references). Eleven specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Mamatoco, Fundacion, Tu- curinca, La Tigrera, and Santa Marta. Every one of these specimens shows the characters ascribed to this form by Mr. Ridgway in his diagnosis when compared with Central American examples. A skin from northern Venezuela, whence came Cabanis’ type-specimen, is similar, so that we find no difficulty in rec- ognizing nuchalis, although it may be necessary to restrict the name to the bird of these two regions alone. A species characteristic of the Tropical Zone, inhabiting the whole of the lowlands, but only the Jower reaches of the foothills. It is perhaps more numerous in the semi-arid parts of the littoral area, al- though fairly common also at Fundacion, on the other side of the mountains. It is almost always seen in pairs or flocks of from four to ten birds, and is not at all shy, and very inquisitive. Like all of the family, it is strictly a fruit-eater. Ramphastos ambiguus abbreviatus Cabanis. Ramphastos tocard (not of Vieillot?) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 206 (Manaure). Ramphastos ambiguus (not of Swainson) Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 128 (Manaure).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 339 (Manaure, in range; ex Sclater). Topp—CaRRIKER: Birps OF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLompBia. 233 Simons secured an adult male on May 12, 1878, at Manaure, in the foot- hills of the Eastern Andes, at an altitude of 2,700 feet. No recent col- ‘lector has met with the bird in the Santa Marta region proper. The record is referred to this form on geographical grounds (compare Chapman, Bul- letin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 329), although Mr. Ridgway, on page 336 of his great work, has inadvertently placed it under R. piscivorus brevicarinatus. 175. Ramphastos piscivorus brevicarinatus Gould. Rhamphastos carinatus (not of Swainson) SAtyrn and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 206 (Manaure; range); 1880, 175 (Minca).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, t900, 133 (Salvin and Godman’s reference; crit.). Rhamphastos brevicarinatus ScLaTerR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 126 (Manaure; crit.)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1896, 553 (Manaure, in range).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1808, 134 (Santa Marta), 157 (Pueblo Viejo) —Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 133 (Bonda and Cacagualito). Ramphastos piscivorus brevicarinatus RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 334 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.). Additional records: La Concepcion (Brown). Eighteen specimens: Bonda, Cincinnati, Minca, La Tigrera, Funda- cion, Don Diego, and Las Vegas. Not different from Costa Rican examples. This handsome large toucan is found in all parts of the Tropical Zone, from sea-level up to about 5,0co feet, wherever the forest is suf- ficiently dense. In the drier portion of the lowlands it keeps to the woodland along the narrow valleys of the various streams. It is rather shy, and not so abundant as some of the other species of this family, probably for the reason that it is hunted a great deal for food by the natives. It has a loud, rather mournful call-note, usually heard in the evening or early morning. ‘ A set of two eggs, taken from a “nest in a large hollow tree,’ are in the Smith collection, labeled Bonda, May 12. - They are soiled white in color, and measure 35 X 27.5, which seems small for the size of s the bird. Family PICIDAZ. WooppeckeErs. 176. Picumnus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus Wagler. Picumnus cinnamomeus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., III, iii and iv, 1868, 27 GeSantaye Mata )t—Harcrnn Cat. Birds) Brit. Mus, XVIII, 1800, 527 (“Santa Marta” and Valle de Upar; descr.; references).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 137 (Bonda). 234 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Eighteen specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Fundacion, Tierra Nueva, Dibulla, Rio Hacha, Tucurinca, and Fonseca. This tiny little piculet is a very distinct, isolated species, and ap- pears to be confined to the northern littoral of Colombia. In the Santa Marta region it ranges over the whole of the littoral Tropical Zone from Rio Hacha to Fundacion, not going above 1,000 feet. Simons found it at Valle de Upar, on the south side of the mountains. It is rare everywhere, and being so small easily escapes notice, the more so from its habits of frequenting the most tangled parts of thickets and masses of vines. It is very tame and may be approached quite closely with a little care. 177. Picumnus squamulatus Lafresnaye. One specimen: Fundacion. This specimen agrees in size with a good series from the coast region of Venezuela, considered by Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern (Ar- chiv fiir Naturgeschichte, LX XVIII, I912, 152) to represent P. s. obsoletus Allen. These Venezuelan birds average a little smaller than a series from the State of Boyaca, Colombia, assumed to be practically topotypical squamulatus, but we fail to make out any difference in coloration whatever, although considerable seasonal variation exists. The name obsoletus is almost certainly based on an individual variant, judging by the description above, since Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern state that specimens from the State of Bermudez are like those from Caracas and Las Quiguas. A single female was taken at Fundacion, August 14, 1913, in the tangled undergrowth of the open woodland, this being the only one seen. The record is interesting as extending the range of this species to the Caribbean coast region of Colombia. 178. Veniliornis kirkii cecilii (Malherbe). Fourteen specimens: Fundacion, Punto Caiman, and Tucurinca. These compare favorably with specimens from the interior of Co- lombia, although some of them have the wing-coverts slightly tinged with red, verging thus toward the Panama form. The outer rectrices are in some examples distinctly barred, in others nearly plain. The color of the upper parts also varies considerably. The local range of this woodpecker covers the lowlands contiguous to the Cienaga Grande, back to the lower edge of the foothills of the Topp—CARRIKER: Birps OF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLoMBIA. 235 Sierra Nevada. It is found only in the heavy forest of the alluvial plain and in the mangroves along the borders of the Cienaga Grande, and has doubtless entered the region from the Magdalena basin. 179. Veniliornis oleaginus exsul Todd. Veniliornis oleaginus exsul Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXIII, 1920, 74 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 6,000 feet; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie’ Mus.). Four specimens: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Cerro de Caracas, and Paramo de Mamarongo. The series of the several forms of Veniliornis fumigatus examined in this connection shows an astonishing amount of variation in color, which must be taken into account in any attempt at discriminating the geographical races. There are apparently two phases, not correlated with sex or season, although possibly age may have something to do with them. One is golden brown, the other is much darker, between raw umber and mummy brown, in the case of V’. oleaginus fumigatus. Some individuals in the light phase are almost or quite as bright as duller colored examples of V’. oleaginus aureus of western Colombia. Santa Marta specimens are close to fumigatus, but average darker, deeper brownish olive below in the dark phase, and obviously more uniform. The race from the coast region of Venezuela, inadvertently described by the writer (Proceedings Biological Society of Washing- ton, XXIX, 1916, 97) under the name eriguus (long antedated by reichenbachi of Cabanis and Heine), differs from the Santa Marta bird in having much more white on the remiges, and in being smaller and generally duller. The first specimens of this species to be taken in this region were two males, shot on the north slope of the Sierra Nevada back of the San Lorenzo, at about 6,000 feet. Later a male was taken on the Cerro de Caracas, on the slope back of San Miguel, at about 6,000 feet, and another at the upper edge of the forest at the foot of the Paramo de Mamarongo, at perhaps 9,000 feet. No others were seen. It is evidently a species characteristic of the Subtropical Zone, and it is very doubtful if it ever goes below 6,000 feet. 180. Scapaneus melanoleucos malherbii (Gray). Campephilus malherbii Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Atanquez).— Harcitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVIII, 1890, 472 (Atanquez).—SALVvIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1895, 448 (Atanquez, in range).— 936 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (“Santa Marta ’”’).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 137 (Bonda, Valparaiso, and El Libano). Scapaneus malherbit Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 172 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.). Nineteen specimens: Bonda, Las Nubes, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Minea, Cincinnati, and Fundacion. With a fair series of specimens, representing various localities in Bolivia, French Guiana, Venezuela, and the interior of Colombia, at our command, we find that intergradation between S. melano!eucos and S. malherbiit is complete, necessitating the reduction of the latter to subspecific rank. There is usually a trace of black on the lores of the male, indicating its close affinity to the other form. No. 41,923, La Tigrera, May 8, is a female in juvenal dress, with the barring be- low less distinct, more like spotting, especially posteriorly; the lores and malar stripe are buffy brownish white, and the crest is shorter. A fairly common and very conspicuous species of the Tropical and lower part of the Subtropical Zones, ranging from sea-level up to 6,000 feet on the San Lorenzo, and possibly to about the same altitude in the Sierra Nevada, where, however, the writer has never met with it above 3,000 feet. 181. Ceophloeus lineatus mesorhynchus Cabanis and Heine. Ceophleus lineatus (not Picus lineatus Linneus) Harcritr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, OVI 1890, S508 (Santa Miarta’’)\=——BAncs) Proc: Biolls|Soc: Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (“Santa Marta’”).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Minca and Valparaiso). Ceophleus lineatus mesorhynchus Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50. VI, 1914, 148 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.)—CHAPMAN, Bully Am: Mus) Nat. Elst, XX@OVi, tom7, 356 (Santa Marta a-icnit.)) Additional records: Cienaga (Univ. Mich. Exp.); San Antonio (Brown). Three specimens: Bonda and Pueblo Viejo. This form was based on Costa Rican specimens, with which the above agree. It differs from typical lineatus in average smaller size, more decidedly buffy suffusion of the under parts, darker colored bill, and in particular in the heavier streaking of the throat. The barring of the under parts is also more frequently broken up into spots, but this is not the case with every individual. This must be a rare bird here, for although the writer was on the Topp-CaArRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MaArtTA REGION, CoLomBia. 237 watch for it continuously and killed many specimens of Scapaneus mel- anoleucos malherbu by mistake for it, he secured but one specimen, at Pueblo Viejo. The available records indicate that it is mainly a bird of the foothills and lower mountain slopes of the Tropical Zone. 182. Chrysoptilus punctigula ujhelyii von Madarasz. Chrysoptilus guttatus (not Picus guttatus Spix) Hareitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVIII, 1890, 117 (“ Santa Marta ’”’).—ALteEn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Cienaga), Chrysoptilus ujhelyii VON Maparasz, Orn. Monatsber., XX, 1912, 97 (Aracataca ; orig. descr.; type in coll. Budapest Mus.).—BRraBourRNE and Cuusps, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 171 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Chrysoptilus punctigula ujhelyii CHAPMAN, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XIII, 1914, 612 (“‘ Santa Marta”; diag.).—Cory, Field Mus. Orn. Series, I, 1915, 306 (Aracataca, in range; diag.)—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XOXO TOL7 SAO (ee Santal iWlantal- ss) crit.) Four specimens: Fundacion. This form, which occupies the lower Magdalena basin, west along the coast to the Rio Sinu, whence we have specimens, is apparently most closely related to C. p. striatigularis Chapman (Bulletin Amer- ican Museum of Natural History, XX XIII, 1914, 611), but differs in having the posterior under parts paler, with the spots smaller, while the bars on the back, wings, and tail are narrower and less distinct. The type-specimen was collected by Mr. J. Ujhelyi at Aracataca, between Fundacion and Tucurinca, in January, 1912, and promptly named for this party by Dr. von Madarasz, into whose hands it fell. Mr. Smith had previously collected a single bird at Cienaga, which is probably the extreme limit of its range in this direction. It seems to be confined to the Tropical Zone lowlands around the Cienaga Grande. The four shot at Fundacion were all that were seen; they were met with in rather heavy woodland. 183. Chloronerpes chrysochloros aurosus Nelson. Four specimens: Fundacion, Don Diego, and Tucurinca. Up to date this form has been known only from the type, described from eastern Panama. The specimens here recorded, together with two more from Gamarra, Colombia, have been compared with the type and found to agree, most of the characters assigned by Mr. Nel- son proving constant on comparison with an equal series of true chrysochloros from Bolivia and Argentina. Indeed, awrosus is a de- 238 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. cidedly well-marked race, differing in its brighter, more golden olive coloration above and on the sides of the head, and deeper, more golden orange hue of the under surface, including the tail. The red of the pileum is also perceptibly brighter, but the dusky area on the distal portion of the primaries is about the same. Measurements are as fol- lows: No. Sex. Locality. Date. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. 42715 6 Bundacion) 2... % «2 ATISUSE OQ) TOTS. 0. 4 123 63 23 17 42782) Gim. Fundacion J.-... - August 11, 1913.... 124 67 24 ES 44616 of Done Diego 2.5... Bebruaty, 2; ordre...) 120 64 25 17.5 49467 Mucurincay a. ei September 20, 1915 122 60 25 17 54230 6 Gamlannrayaeeeve een Web? ©; NORKGoseonec 128 65 23cm 54231 of Gamarraeerceece ullyoepenO 1 Gea ee 122 69 24 17 Three adult G¢ of C. c. chrysochloros average..... 125 75 25 18.4 There is thus very little difference in size between this and the typical form, except that the tail is a little shorter in aurosus. The present records constitute a considerable extension of the known range of this woodpecker, heretofore known only from eastern Pan- ama. It is evidently a Tropical Zone form, apparently most numerous in the region around the Cienaga Grande, where three of the four specimens were taken. They were all found near water or marshy ground, and very likely farther out, nearer the Cienaga Grande and Magdalena River, the bird may be more numerous. The securing of a single example at Don Diego, on the north coast, was most unex- pected. One bird was noted at Valle de Upar, in the Rio Cesar Valley, early in August, 1920, but not secured. 184. Chloronerpes rubiginosus alleni Bangs. Chloronerpes yucatanensis uropygialis (not of Cabanis) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 93 (La Concepcion and San Miguel; range; crit.) —BaAncs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian). —ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Valparaiso). Chloronerpes yucatanensis alleni BANGs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, III, 1902, 83 (San Sebastian; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo0l.; crit.) —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Oak 1905, 277 (ref, orig. descr. ; syn.). Chloronerpes alleni BRABOURNE and CHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 170 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Chloronerpes rubiginosus alleni Ripaway, Bull. U, S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 126 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.) —Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1919, 439 (ref. descr.; range). Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CotomsBta. 239 Twenty-four specimens: Valparaiso, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, San Miguel, and Chirua. The first specimens of a Chloronerpes hailing from this region were referred to the Central American form, uropygialis, by both Dr. Allen and Mr. Bangs, but shortly thereafter the acquisition of a good series of the latter race induced Mr. Bangs to describe the Santa Marta form as distinct. Not all of the characters he assigns hold good in the above series. For instance, there is considerable variation, ap- parently of a purely individual nature, in the extent of the brownish area on the inner webs of the outer rectrices. Again, the barring of these feathers is a very inconstant feature, varying. greatly in charac- ter and extent in different individuals. Taken as a whole, however, the series 1s conspicuously different, not only from C. r. uropygialis, -ut also from any other of the numerous races into which this wide- ranging and unusually plastic species has been‘divided. It is much brighter, more suffused with golden orange,-above than true rubigi- nosus, and has the red patch on the head wider, while the dark bars on the under surface are more dusky, less greenish, and the outer rectrices have more or less brown on their inner webs. The two characters last named also serve to distinguish it from the form inhabiting the region immediately to the southward, in the State of Santander, Colombia. This woodpecker was found most abundantly on the slopes of the San Lorenzo between 4,000 and 7,000 feet, nearly always in the heavy forest, but rarely out in the coffee-plantations in the guama trees. In the Sierra Nevada it ranges somewhat lower down, mainly between 3,000 and 5,000 feet, but may be considered essentially a species of the Subtropical Zone. It was found breeding at San Miguel (5,500 feet) — near our camp, but few were seen above that altitude. Mr. Brown, however, met with it as high up as San Sebastian (6,600 feet), on the south slope of the mountains. 185. Centurus rubricapillus rubricapillus Cabanis. Centurus subelegans (not of Bonaparte) ScLatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, 162 (“Santa Marta”). Centurus tricolor (not Picus tricolor Gmelin) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 115, 381 (Santa Marta).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Valle de Upar); 1880, 174 (Santa Marta). Melanerpes tricolor Harertt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVIII, 1890, 174 (Valle de Upar). a 17 240 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Melanerpes wagleri sancte-marte BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (“Santa Marta”; orig. desct.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zodl.; meas.; crit.)—Bancs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, II, 1900, 18 (‘‘ Santa Marta ”’; crit.) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 136 (Santa Marta and Bonda). Melanerpes sancte-marte Suarrr, Hand-List Birds, II, tooo, 211 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S, Am., I, 1912, 172 (ref orig. descr.; range). Centurus subelegans sancte-marte Dusots, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1058 (Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.).—R1pDGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 53 (diag.; range; references), 74 (meas.). Centurus wagleri sancte-marte ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 281 (Mamatoco; descr. nest and eggs). Melanerpes terricolor sanctea-marte HELLMAYR and von SerLern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 150, in text (Santa Marta region;-crit.). Melanerpes rubricapillus rubricapillus CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., KOCK LOW 7s Sir (Bonda ; Crit). Twenty specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Don Diego, Rio Hacha, and Fundacion. The proper name for this woodpecker has been the subject for con- siderable difference of opinion, as the above list of references shows. It was described by Mr. Bangs in 1898 under the name sanct@-marte, but this designation is long antedated by Centurus rubricapillus Caba- nis, 1862, a name provisionally applied to a bird from Barranquilla, Colombia, which we now know is precisely the same as that from the Santa Marta region. If, as claimed by Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern, Centurus subelegans Bonaparte is not pertinent, Cabanis’ name must be adopted as the earliest valid specific designation for the mem- bers of this group, as already said by Dr. Chapman. With a series of sixty-two specimens, representing various parts of the general range of the species, we find great difficulty in discriminating any of the several geographic races commonly recognized. There is certainly no constant difference in general color correlated with locality, although there is considerable seasonal variation. The differences in size are too slight and inconstant to be seriously considered. Costa Rican ex- amples (waglert) seem to have the abdominal red patch more re- stricted, and to have rather more white on the lateral rectrices, than the typical form, but it is a question whether it is worth while to recognize this difference in nomenclature. Birds from Venezuela (terricolor), on the other hand, have rather less white on the lateral Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLtompBta. 24] rectrices, while there is a tendency for the red of the crown to be . separated from that of the nape by a grayish brown band. Many ex- amples are practically indistinguishable, however, and it is doubtful if terricolor ought to be granted recognition. Specimens from the in- terior of Colombia (neglectus), so far as we can see, present no special peculiarities. This is the common woodpecker of the Tropical Zone lowlands. It is found over the whole of the low country surrounding the Sierra Nevada, but is rarely seen over 1,000 feet above the sea. It prefers the more arid parts, especially where there is plenty of the giant cac- tus, in which it often digs its nest. Wyatt recorded it in the mimosa thicket near Santa Marta in 1870, and Simons secured specimens here and at Valle de Upar during his trip. Mr. Smith sent in a section of a tree-trunk containing a nest, together with one egg, secured at Mama- toco, on April 10. It was observed at Fonseca and Valencia by the writer in the summer of 1920. Tripsurus pucherani pucherani (Malherbe). Zebrapicus pucherani MALHERBE, Mon. Picidées, II, 1862, 227 (‘ Santa Marta,” in range). The only authority for the inclusion of this species in the present list is that above quoted. Malherbe gives no particulars, and it is very doubtful if this Pacific Coast form ever ranges so far to the eastward as such a record would imply. Family TROGONIDA£. Trocons. 186. Chrysotrogon caligatus columbianus Chapman. Trogon caligatus (not of Gould) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 174 (Minca; crit.) —OGILvIE-GrAnT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, 465 (Minca).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 135 (Cacagualito and Minca). Chrysotrogon caligatus Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, ro11, 786 (Minca and Cacagualito, in range; references). Chrysotrogon caligatus columbianus CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXXITI, 1914, 607 (“Santa Marta”; meas.; crit.); XXXVI, 1917, 317 (“Santa Marta”; crit.)—Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1919, 330 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Nine specimens: Bonda, Cincinnati, and Fundacion. The adult males of this series agree with others from Colombia in having the purplish blue sheen of the nape extended over the posterior part of the crown, and the pectoral band of the same color apparently 242 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. narrower. Some Costa Rican specimens approach them closely in these respects, and the differences appear to be fully bridged over by indi- vidual variation in both series, and to be merely of an average char- acter. Females of the present form, however, are more purely gray, less blackish, and the form is doubtless entitled to recognition. ; Simons secured this trogon at Minca, and Mr. Smith also took it at the same place, as well as at Bonda and Cacagualito. With the ex- ception of a single specimen shot at Cincinnati, June 13, Ig11I, the writer failed to find it in the region around Santa Marta, all his speci- mens having been taken at Fundacion, where it was fairly common (as trogons go). Here it was found in the open woodland as a rule, and high up in the trees. It was recorded as far east as Loma Larga by the writer in July, 1920, and was not rare at Valencia. 187. Trogonurus personatus personatus (?) Gould. Trogon personatus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 93 (Chirua, La Concepcion, and Macotama).—ALteNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 135 (Valparaiso, Las Nubes, and El Libano). Twenty-five specimens: Las Nubes, El Libano, Valparaiso, Cincin- nati, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Taguas, Pueblo Viejo, Las Vegas, San Lorenzo, San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. These agree with Gould’s plate (Monograph of the Trogonide, Ed. 2, 1875, pl. 10), purporting to represent the type. According to ven Berlepsch and Taczanowski (Proceedings Zoological Society of Lon- don, 1884, 307), the Ecuador bird is appreciably different. The series includes two immature females from Las Vegas, May 31. A fairly common species throughout its range, which lies in the Subtropical Zone, in the forest-clad slopés of the mountains between 4,500 and 7,000 feet. It is a quiet bird, remaining motionless on its perch for long periods at a time, then flying suddenly for a distance of fifty or a hundred feet. It keeps well up in the trees, but not in their very tops. Like all of the family, it is strictly a fruit-eater. 188. Curucujus melanurus macrourus (Gould). Sixteen specimens: Fundacion, Tucurinca, Tierra Nueva, and Tro- jas de Cataca. These are larger than Bolivian specimens, assumed to represent true melanurus; the red below is paler and more pinkish, especially pos- teriorly, in both sexes; and the crown, upper tail-coverts, and middle Topp—CarriKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta ReEGrion, Cotompia. 243 rectrices average more greenish or bronzy, less bluish. A young fe- male (October 10) has the outer webs of the outer rectrices barred and the secondaries with coarsely mottled webs, while the finely barred area on the wing-coverts is faintly indicated in gray and black. A Magdalena Valley form, invading our region only in the lowlands around the Cienaga Grande. It was fairly common at Fundacion, also at Valencia, in the valley of the Rio Cesar, where the conditions are somewhat similar. 189. Pharomachrus festatus Bangs. Pharomacrus fulgidus (not Trogon fulgidus Gould) Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Valley of Chinchicua). Pharomacrus antisiensis (not Trogon antisiensis D’Orbigny) OGiLvIE-GRANtT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, 433 (Chinchicua Valley).. Pharomachrus festatus Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 92 (LHeights of] Chirua; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 135 (El Libano).— SuarPE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 146 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Dvuepots, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1059 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 735 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.).—HELL- MAYR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 153 (range; ref. orig. descr.; crit.) —BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 149 (ref. orig, descr.; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zoél. Series, XIII, 1919, 320 (ref. descr.; range). ; Eight specimens: El Libano, Valparaiso, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet) Las Vegas, and Heights of Chirua. The single specimen of a Pharomachrus secured by Simons in the Valley of Chinchicua was a young bird, and was not recognized as belonging to an undescribed form by either Salvin and Godman or the author of the “ Trogones” in the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. It remained for Mr. Bangs to describe adult specimens sent in by Mr. Brown from the Heights of Chirua. It is a very distinct species, the male differing from those of both P. antisiensis and P. auriceps in the color-pattern of the tail, which is black, with the three outer rectrices white for their terminal third or more, the color ex- tending obliquely in towards the shaft of each feather. The present series bears out all the other characters assigned to the species by the describer. The upper tail-coverts are certainly relatively longer in this form than in either of the two allied species, extending more than an inch beyond the tail in the adult male. No. 38,608 (March 20) is 944 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. apparently an immature male, having the middle wing-coverts and middle rectrices tipped with buffy. The tail-pattern is like that of the adult male, except that the white is more restricted; otherwise the plumage is like that of the adult female. This magnificent trogon is a Subtropical Zone species, confined to the heavy forest between the altitudes of 5,000 and 8,000 feet, and is a rare bird. During the ripening season of the coffee the birds gather along the edges of the upper part of the hacienda Cincinnati (5,000 to 5,500 feet) and feed on the ripe coffee berries. A nest was noted at this point, built in an old cavity made by Scapaneus melanoleucos malherbii in the top of an old dead stub of a tree, about fifteen feet from the ground. Unfortunately the writer was unable to return to investigate it further. It was thought at first that this species was peculiar to the Santa Marta region, but we now know that it occurs in northern Venezuela also, from which country the Carnegie Museum has several specimens. Family MICROPODIDE. Swirts. 190. Chetura spinicauda spinicauda (Temminck). Chetura spinicauda ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 137 (Ca- cagualito). Chaetura spinicauda fumosa (not of Salvin) Hrt~tMAyr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, VIII, “ 1907,” 1908, 161 (Cacagualito, in range, ex Allen). Chetura cinereiventris fumosa Ripcway, Bull. U. S, Nat. Mus., No. 50, V T9111, 725 (Cacagualito, in range). Nine specimens: Las Vegas. These agree substantially with authentic specimens from Trinidad and Cayenne, both in size and color. C. s. fumosa, of which we have six specimens from Costa Rica, differs from spinicauda in its larger size, brighter, blacker coloration, and darker gray rump-patch. It 1s clearly conspecific with spinicauda, but not with cinereiventris, as given by Mr. Ridgway. Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Nat- ural History, XXXVI, 1917, 277) speaks of specimens from western Colombia as being larger, whereas his measurements show them to be the reverse, and to agree with the Las Vegas skins here recorded. This swift, like its larger cousin Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta, is here today and gone tomorrow, perhaps feeding over the San Lorenzo in the morning and over the Snow Peaks of the Sierra Topp—CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA MArtTA REGION, CoLomBiaA. 245 Nevada in the afternoon. It has never been noted except on the wing, and the flocks have the habit of circling repeatedly over some hill or ridge in quest of insects, at which time they are not easily frightened away by shooting until ready to leave. On one occasion (June 9, i913) at Las Vegas eight birds were secured out of one flock under such circumstances. 191. Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta (Cabanis). Hemiprocne zonaris (not Hirundo zgonaris Shaw) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 158 (“Santa Marta’’; crit.)—ALLEeN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 137 (Bangs’ reference). Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta RrpGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 697 (Sierra Nevada and La Concepcion, in range). Additional records: San Lorenzo, 4,500 feet (Univ. Mich. Exp.). Three specimens: Pueblo Viejo and San Miguel. These specimens agree well in size and color with Costa Rican skins, showing no approach to the characters of S. sonaris a'tissima Chap- man. This species doubtless ranges over the whole of this region, from sea-level up to the higher altitudes, in its search for food. While blasting out the intake for a flume at Cincinnati on March 19, 1917, a colony of this large swift was discovered nesting in a shallow cavern behind a waterfall. The place was absolutely inaccessible, so that no idea of the number of nests could be had. Only one nest, which hap- pened to be near the top, was secured, together with the occupants, which had been stunned by the blasting, and proved to be an adult fe- male and two recently hatched young. The nest resembled very closely that of the Chimney Swift, being composed of twigs fastened together with saliva. The birds entered and left the cavern by dash- ing through the curtain of water falling over the front of it. The altitude of the site was about 4,300 feet. Family TROCHILIDA. Hummineapirps. 192. Simonula floriceps (Gould). Trochilus floriceps Goutp, Atheneum, No. 1329, April 16, 1853, 481, in text (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 5,000 ft.; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, “1853,” 1854, 62 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; descr.).—Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 142 (“ Columbia ’’?).—G1EBEL, Thes. Orn., III, 1877, 677 (references). 246 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Metallura floriceps RetcHENBACH, Aufz. der Colibri, 1854, 8 (in list of species).—REICHENBACH, Troch. Enum., 1855, 5 (in list of species). Adelomyia floriceps BoNaparTE, Rev. et Mag. Zodl., (2), VI, 1854, 253 (in list of species)—Gouxp, Mon. Trochilide, III, 1855, pl. 202 and text (San Antonio; descr.; references)—Mutsant and VERREAUX, Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, XII, 1866, 215 (in list of species). Anthocephala floriceps CapaNis and Heine, Mus. Heineanum, III, 1860, 72, footnote (references).—GouLp, Introd. Trochilide, oct. ed., 1861, 115 (ref- erences; range).—GouLp, Mon. Trochilide, I, 1861, Ixxviii (references; range).—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 87 (range).— Mutsant, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. s., XXII, 1875, 220 (in list of species). —Mutsant, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches, III, 1876, 125 (descr.; references; range).—ELLioT, Smithsonian Contr. to Knowledge, XXIII, Art. V, 1879, 183 (syn.; descr.; ex Gould; range).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1881, 595 (San José; crit.)—von BeErLEpscH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 335 (Valle de Upar [error!] fide Gould and Simons).—Boucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 74 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 172 (San Antonio and San José; descr.; references).—SAtvin, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, III, 1893, 8, in text (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; crit.).— Boucarp, Gen. Humming Birds, 1893, 51 (references; descr.; range).— Stmon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1897, 23 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—S1Mon, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, (3), XXVII, 1897, 173 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—Banocs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 158 (Pueblo Viejo).—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 137, in text (Santa Marta [region], 138 (San Antonio, San José, and Pueblo Viejo).— Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 94 (Pueblo Viejo, Santa Cruz, La Concepcion, San Francisco, and Chirua; plum.).—Dusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 146° (ref. descr.; range).—Hartert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 102 (references; descr.; range).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 119 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range)—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Valparaiso).—BRABOURNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 124 (ref. descr.; range).—S1mMon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 139 (descr.), 347 (references; range). Simonula floriceps Cory, Field Mus. Zo6l. Series, XIII, 1918, 226 (references ; range). Four specimens: Las Taguas, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. One adult and one immature male, and two adult females. Females are slightly paler, less grayish, below. This was the first of the several species of hummingbirds peculiar to the Santa Marta region to come to the notice of naturalists, and still remains one of the rarest. Gould tells us that his type, which he received from Mr. Linden of Brussels, had been collected by the brother-in-law of that gentleman near the Indian village of San An- Topp—CARRIKER: BIRDS OF SANTA MARTA REGION, CoLoMBIA. 247 tonio, in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta at an altitude of 5,000 feet. In describing it he did not indicate its exact systematic position, but later on, following Bonaparte, he placed it in Adelomyia, while Reich- enbach referred it to Metallura. A few years later Cabanis and Heine made it the type of a new genus, Anthocephala, where by com- mon consent it has remained ever since, but unfortunately this name is preoccupied in Vermes (with a masculine termination, however), and has recently been replaced by Simonula*? Chubb (Birds of British Guiana, I, 1916, 413). The species continued to be known from the type alone (a male) until 1881, when Salvin and Godman reported the capture of a second specimen, a female, by Simons at San José, March 30, 1880. Two other examples listed under this species by Salvin in 1892 proved to belong to a different one, shortly described as A. ber- lepschi. Mr. Brown took a single male at Pueblo Viejo on his first trip, and later on succeeded in securing no less than nine additional specimens from various points in the Subtropical Zone of the Sierra Nevada. Mr. Smith secured a single specimen at Valparaiso (Cin- cinnati). To the above list of specimens we now add four more, making seventeen in all. A rare bird, usually found in the forest, or in smaller tracts of woodland. The only localities in the San Lorenzo district for which there are any records are in the vicinity of Cincinnati, at about 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation. In the Sierra Nevada, however, it ranges lower down, from 2,000 to 5,500 feet. It was noted, but not secured, at San Miguel, feeding from the blossoms of a banana. As a rule it keeps rather low down, feeding about the flowers in the undergrowth. 193. Chrysolampis elatus (Linnzus). Chrysolampis moschitus (not Trochilus mosquitus Linneus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Bonda). Chrysolampis mosquitus Ripacway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 666 (Bonda, in range; meas.). Nine specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Cincinnati, and Dibulla. Of this widely distributed Tropical Zone species three specimens were taken in June at Cincinnati, where they were feeding from the flowers of the guamas (shade-trees for coffee). At Dibulla two were ‘taken, while Mr. Smith secured a series at Bonda and Don Diego. We 32S. “ chloriceps”’ is named as the type, but this is of course a mere slip of the pen for floriceps. IAS ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. are inclined to think that the bird is a regular although rather rare resident of the lowlands and lower foothills, ascending into the moun- tains in search of food when not breeding. 194. Cheetocercus astreans (Bangs). Acestrura mulsanti (not Ornismya mulsanti Bourcier) SALvIN and Gopmav, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Atanquez).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 406 (Atan- quez).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 403, 404, note (crit.). Acestrura astreans Banos, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian [type-locality] and El Mamon; orig. deser.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; meas.; crit.)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 137 (Valparaiso and Bonda). Chetocercus astreans BRABOURNE and CuHusp, Birds S. Am., I, ror2, 145 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 301 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Acestrura astrans Simon, Cat, Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 239 (descr.), 404 (ref. orig. descr. ; range). Twenty-two specimens: Cincinnati and Las Taguas. Only one of the females in this series shows any trace of an inter- rupted pectoral band of greenish, as mentioned in the original descrip- tion. This diminutive hummingbird is evidently a species belonging to the Subtropical Zone, and is confined to the west and south slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Lorenzo. Simons secured a female at Atan- quez, as low down as 2,700 feet, however, and Mr. Smith sent in a specimen purporting to come from Bonda, which locality, if not an error, is certainly a most exceptional record. The writer first took a pair in the forest at Las Taguas at 5,000 feet, and saw others, but later found it abundant in the coffee hacienda of Cincinnati in July, the season when the shade trees were in bloom. During flight the wings of this bird make a buzzing sound exactly like that made by a big bumblebee. M. Simon says that the female specimen sent in by Simons from Atanquez is referable to C. mulsanti, but we venture to doubt this determination on geographic grounds. 195. Oxypogon cyanolemus Salvin and Godman. Oxyvpogon cyanolemus Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 172, pl. 4, fig. 2 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.).—REICHENOW and SCHALOw, Journ. f. Orn., XXVIII, 1880, 316 (re- print orig. descr.) —SuHaArPE, in Gould’s Mon. Trochilide, Supplement, 1883. Topp=—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MARTA ReEGIon, Cotomsra. 249 pl. [41] and text (descr. and range, ex Salvin and Godman).—p’Hamon- VILLE, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, VIII, 1883, 79 (descr.; crit.)—von BeEr- LEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 335 (Santa Marta [region], ex Salvin and Godman).—Boucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 74 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.) —Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 341 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; descr.; references).— Boucarp, Gen. Humming Birds, 1895, 65 (references; descr.; range).— Sr1mon, Cat. Fam. Trochilides, 1897, 35 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range)—SI1MON, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, (3), XXVIII, 1808, 5 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 138 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; Salvin and Godman’s record).—Dupsors, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 159 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—HarTeErRT, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 167 (references; descr.; range).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 133 (“Santa Marta,’ in range).—ALLENn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, r900, 120, 138 (Salvin and Godman’s reference).—BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 139 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Cory, Bield) Mus, Zool! Series, XIII, 1018: 273) (Santa Marta”; references; range).—Si1mon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, r921r, 205 (descr.), 384 (references; range). Nineteen specimens: Paramo de Mamarongo and Paramo de Chiru~ qua. This interesting species is the representative of O. guerinii of the Eastern Andes, which it closely resembles in pattern of coloration. Both sexes have the outer rectrices (except terminally) white on both webs, while the throat-plumes of the males are deep blue instead of green. It was discovered by Simons in the Sierra Nevada in July, 1879, at altitudes ranging from I1,000,to 14,000 feet, and up to the present time has been known to science only by the specimens secured by that collector, Mr. Brown having failed to meet with it. It was found very sparingly in April, 1914, on the Paramo de Mamarongo from 10,000 feet upwards. Bushes and shrubbery are scarce on this paramo, hence the few birds found there. On the Paramo de Chiru- qua it was more common, and was taken as low down as 12,000 feet, and thence up to 16,000 feet, being most abundant between 13,000 and 15,000 feet. It is therefore essentially a species belonging to the Paramo Zone. Almost invariably it alights on the flower from which it is feeding, hanging on by its strong feet, instead of hovering before it like most hummingbirds. It is very shy. 250 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 196. Metallura districta Bangs. Metallura smaragdinicollis (not Orthorhynchus smaragdinicollis D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye) Savin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Valley of Chinchicua; crit.)—von Berterscu, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 335 (Santa Marta [region], ex Salvin and Godman).—Satvyin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 154 (Chinchicua Valley).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilides, 1897, 32 (Santa Marta [region], in range).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 174 (Palomina and San Miguel).—Harrtert, Noy. Zodl., VI, 1899, 73, in text (“Santa Marta”; crit.)—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 139, in text (Palomina and San Miguel; crit.).—Dusors, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 156 (Santa Marta [region], in range; references). Metallura districta BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 94 (Pueblo Viejo, La Concepcion, San Miguel [type-locality], Paramo de Macotama, Macotama, and Paramo de Chiruqua; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).—Banes, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, I, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian and Templado).—Suarpr, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 133 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 140 (El Libano and Valparaiso).—Dvuzois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1067 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Laticauda districta BRABoURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 138 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Metallura smaragdinicollis districta Cory, Field Mus. Zo6él. Series, XIII, 1918, 271 (ref, orig. descr.; range).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 202 (diag.), 381 (ref. orig. descr.; range). ; Forty-one specimens: El Libano, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, San Lor- enzo, Las Taguas, Cerro de Caracas, San Miguel, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 and 8,000 feet), and Heights of Chirua. The first specimen of a Metallura collected in the Santa Marta re- gion was referred by Salvin and Godman to M. smaragdinicollis with some misgiving. Mr. Bangs pointed out its distinctive characters in due course, and gave it a name as soon as he was sure that these were really constant. It is very closely related to M. smaragdinicollis of Bolivia and Peru, and might readily stand as a subspecies of that form, were it not for the fact that another and different bird, M. tyrianthina, occupies the intervening region. In the several races of this latter species the tail is bronzy or coppery, while in M. districta it is more purplish or violet. There is, however, considerable variation shown in the present series as regards the precise shade of color, in both sexes. Females vary also in the amount of green spotting on the under parts. No. 45,292, San Miguel, April 13 (sexed as a male but more probably a female, judging by the rufescent underparts), is a Topp-CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, Cotompia. 251 partial albino, the wings, most of the tail, and some of the feathers of the back being white, the two former much worn. The most abundant .and generally distributed hummingbird of the higher altitudes of this region, to which it is strictly confined, rang- ing through the Subtropical and Temperate Zones. It is abundant on the open summit of the San Lorenzo as well as in the forest down to 5,500 feet, and occurs down as low as Cincinnati (4,500 feet). In the Sierra Nevada Mr. Brown reported it from Pueblo Viejo, but the writer did not meet with it so low as that. The lowest point was the Heights of Chirua at about 4,000 feet elevation, from which it ranges upward to the limit of the forest, probably about 11,000 feet. It is a very tame, rather sluggish little bird, and often hangs on by the feet to the flower from which it is feeding upon insects and nectar. It has _a curious little song, often heard when the bird is at rest on a twig in the shrubbery. 197. Ramphomicron dorsale Salvin and Godman. Rhamphomicron dorsale Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 172, pl. 5, figs. 1-2 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.; habits)—RrEICHENOow and Scuatow, Journ. f. Orn., XXVIII, 1880, 317 (reprint orig. descr.).—SHARPE, in Gould’s Mon. Trochilide, Supple- ment, 1883, pl. [43] and text (descr. and range, ex Salvin and Godman).— VON BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 336 (Santa Marta [region], ex Salvin and Godman).—Satyin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 343 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; descr.; references) Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilides, 1897, 35 (Sierra Nevada de Santa: Marta, in range).—S1Mon, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, (3), XXVIII, 1898, 44 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range) —BaNncs, Auk, XVI, 1899, 138 (Salvin and God- man’s record).—Banecs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 94 (Par- amo de Chiruqua and La Concepcion; plum.).—AtLien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 137 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references).— Dusors, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 158 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 275 (references; range). Ramphomicron dorsale Boucarpd, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 75 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.)—Boucarp, Gen. Humming Birds, 1895, 86 (references; descr.; range). Rhamphomicrum dorsale Hartert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 171 (references ; descr.; range).—SuarpPE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 134 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—BRABOURNE and CuHuss, Bitds S. Am., I, 1912. 140 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Rhamphomicrus dorsalis Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 199 (descr.), 380 (references; range). 252 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. This is one of the four interesting new species of hummingbirds dis- “covered by Simons in the Sierra Nevada, and duly described by Salvin and Godman, who remark as follows: “ Of this beautiful species Mr. Simons sends two specimens, marked male and female. Both are in perfect plumage. The female, first obtained, was found flitting about a small stream in a wood. The male was shot on the grassy slope of a hill far from bushes and trees.”” The female was taken at an eleva- tion of 8,200 feet, the male at “2,000” feet, but this latter is clearly a slip for 12,000 feet. The species continued to be known from this pair alone ,until 1899, when Mr. Brown succeeded in securing four more specimens. “An adult female and two adult males were taken at Paramo de Chiruqua, at the edge of the snow, on March 25 and Febru- ary 25, 1899, at an altitude of 15,000 feet. A young male taken at La Concepcion, February 16, 1899, at 3,c00 feet, is much like the adult female, having a green back and spotted underparts; its tail, however, is like that of the adult male, except that the ends of the feathers are decidedly tipped with white.” The upper parts in the male have been described as black; they are only so when seen in one position (held away from the light, the bill pointing toward the eye). In a sidelight they show changing reflections of dark bluish, greenish, and flame- color, and on the upper tail-coverts rich coppery. Below the gorget the ground-color is buffy cinnamon. So little is known about the migration habits of this species that it is uncertain to which zone it really belongs. The available records in- dicate that it is a bird of the Temperate and Paramo Zones, but it is difficult to reconcile this alignment with the La Concepcion record un- less a local migration takes place at certain seasons. 198. Florisuga mellivora (Linneus). Mellisuga mellivora Satvin and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 172 (Minca). Florisuga mellivora Satvtn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 329 (Minca).— Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (‘‘ Santa Marta ”’).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 138 (Bonda and Cacagualito). —Ruipveway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 576 (Santa Marta lo- calities and references; meas.). Additional records: Tucurinca (Carriker). Twenty-four specimens: Don Diego, Don Amo, Minca, Cincinnati, La Tigrera, and Dibulla. This species seems to be remarkably constant throughout its exten- Topp—CarRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGIoN, CoLtomsBia. 253 sive range. It is true that Mr. Ridgway (Proceedings Biological So- ciety of Washington, XXIII, 1910, 55) has described the Tobago bird’ as distinct on account of its supposed larger size, but some of the Santa Marta specimens above listed are fully as large. Some indi- viduals are more or less glossed with bronzy above, while others are plain dark green. Another Tropical Zone hummingbird, fairly common from the edge of the foothills back of Santa Marta up to 5,000 feet at Cincinnati. Probably it goes up to the altitude of Cincinnati only to feed on the guamas, for at other times it is scarcely seen above 2,500 feet. It was common in the forested lowlands at Don Diego and Dibulla, on the north coast, and fairly common also at Loma Larga, in the eastern part, but less numerous on the west side of the Sierra Nevada, at Tucurinca. It is entirely a forest-dweller, and partial to the vicinity of water, always being seen near or over some small stream in the forest. 199. Lafresnaya lafresnayi liriope Bangs. Lafresnayea gayi (not Trochilus gayi Bourcier and Mulsant) Satrvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 327 (San José).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 94 (Macotama, San Miguel, and Paramo de Chiru- qua).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist:, XIII, 1900, 138 (Salvin and Bangs’ references). Lafresnayea liriope Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIII, rg10, 105 (Paramo de Chiruqua, 11,000 ft.; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.)—BrapourNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 131 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 249 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Lafresnayea gayi liriope Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 160 (descr.), 358 (references; range). One specimen: San Miguel. This individual is an immature male, as shown by the buffy upper throat, spangled with green. It agrees in other respects with the type and one other male specimen in the collection of Mr. Bangs, but the status of the form represented by these birds is open to question. It was described as intermediate between the two recognized species of the genus, having the straight bill and more bronzy central rectrices of L. lafresnayi, and the white outer rectrices of L. saul. Now, it so happens that the difference in the shape of-the bill between these two species to which Mr. Bangs alludes simply does not exist, as shown by 254 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. examination of the ample series studied in this connection. The cen- tral rectrices average more bronzy, less greenish, in L. lafresnayi than in L. saul, but some specimens are practically indistinguishable in this respect. The color of the outer rectrices seems to vary through wide limits, too, as shown by a series of specimens in the collection of the Carnegie Museum from the State of Santander, Colombia. In some of these the outer rectrices are as white as in topotypical specimens of L. saul from Quito, Ecuador, while in others they are rich buffy white, comparing favorably with Bogota skins of L. lafresnayi. In short, all the characters serving to separate these two forms are so evidently unstable that the forms in question can scarcely be regarded as more than conspecies. Clearly, therefore, a form resting on a combination of these characters is open to suspicion. Asa matter of fact, the only character by which liriope may be recognized is the deeper, more cop- pery bronze tinge of the central rectrices, and even this might fail in a larger series. Simons took a single example of this hummingbird at San José, in the Sierra Nevada, while Mr. Brown obtained three, at altitudes rang- ing from 7,500 to 11,000 feet. Although the writer was continually on the watch for it he secured only the one specimen, shot at San Miguel in March, feeding from the blossoms of a tree near the river. From the known records it is fair to assign the species to the Subtrop- ical Zone, ranging upward to the Temperate Zone, or from about 5,000 to 11,000 feet. 200. Helianthea phalerata (Bangs). Leucuria phalerata Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc: Washington, XII, 1898, 174 (“ Macotama”’; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; meas.).— Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 138, pl. 2 (‘‘ Macotama”; habits) —Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 93 (Paramo de Macotama; crit.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 139, 184 (El Libano; plum.; crit.).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 165 (descr.), 358 (ref- erences; range). Helianthea sp. ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 139 (El Libano). Helianthea phalerata Hartert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 131 (references; descr.; range).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 126 (Sierra [Nevada] de Santa Marta, in range).—Dusors, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1067 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Hert~Mayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XIX, 1906, 29 (crit.) —BRABOURNE and CHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 128 (ref. orig. descr. ; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 243 (references; range). Topp-—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MArtTaA REGIon, CoLtompia. 255 - Thirty-nine specimens: El Libano, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet) San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, and Heights of Chirua. A very distinct, isolated species, but scarcely entitled to generic separation from Helianthea. Fully adult males appear to have the tail wholly pure white, like the type, but many of the specimens of our series have the feathers more or less shaded and tipped with bronzy— markedly in some cases, as for instance in No. 38,626, in which the middle rectrices are more than half of this color. This condition is accompanied by the presence of cinnamon-tipped feathers on the abdo- men—clearly indicative of immaturity. Two such specimens (Nos. 38,004 and 44,890) also lack the glittering crown, the feathers being “dark green like the rest of the upper parts. This is clearly an indi- vidual variation, and is precisely analogous to the case of a specimen of H. helianthea in the series now before us. The young male, il- lustrated by No. 45,140 (March 30), is like the adult female, but with a few green feathers coming in below, and indications of the glit- tering crown. Young females are duller cinnamon below than the adults, with more dusky spotting. This beautiful bird is one of the interesting discoveries made by Mr. Brown in the Sierra Nevada. His first specimen, from which Mr. Bangs described the species, was taken at San Miguel, instead of Macotama, as erroneously given on the label, under the following cir- cumstances: “After a difficult march through the forest, the way barred by swollen torrents and fallen trees, I arrived at the Argoneous town of San Miguel. Here hummingbirds of many species were seen, and on that day [June 17] I collected the only specimen of this beauti- ful white-tailed species that I have seen in these mountains. I first detected it hovering above an orchid. Its flight was rapid and strong, and it uttered a twittering note as it darted from flower to flower in search of its food, its gorgeous plumage shining in the morning sun. As I only watched this little gem a few minutes before shooting it, I detected nothing in its habits to distinguish it from the numerous other hummingbirds that were about me.” Later Mr. Brown secured another male at an altitude of 11,000 feet on the Paramo de Macotama. Mr. Smith traced it to the San Lorenzo, securing nine specimens at El Libano (6,000 feet), including three females, which were duly de- scribed by Dr. Allen.’ According to the writer’s experience the species 18 256 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. is not abundant on the San Lorenzo, where it occurs as a bird of the Subtropical Zone, between 5,000 and 8,000 feet, in the virgin forest only, almost always keeping high up in the trees. It was more com- mon at San Miguel and the Cerro de Caracas, at the former place occurring out in the open, feeding from the flowers of the banana-plant. At the latter locality it was found in the forest or along its edge, between 9,000 and 11,000 feet. On no occasion was it seen above 11,000 feet, and it is rare above 10,000 feet. It is very swift on the wing, darting ahout with dazzling quickness, and hovering but an instant over a flower. It is very fond of feeding from the blossoms of the bromelias, which grow so abundantly on all the trees from about 3,000 feet upwards. 201. Chlorostilbon russatus (Salvin and Godman). Panychlora sp. SALvIN and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Manaure; crit.) ; 1880, 174 (San Sebastian and Manaure). Panychlora russata SALVIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 1881, 597 (Manaure, San Sebas- tian, and San José; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.) — REICHENOW and ScHALow, Journ. f. Orn., XXX, 1882, 216 (reprint orig. descr.).— SHARPE, in Gould’s Mon. Trochilide, Supplement, 1883, pl. [58] and text (descr.; range, etc., ex Salvin and Godman).—von BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn. XXXV, 1887, 336 (Santa Marta [region], ex Salvin and Godman).—Boucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 80, (Santa Marta [region], in range; ref. orig, descr.).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 71 (Manaure, San José, San Sebastian, and Atanquez; descr.; references ).— BoucarD, Gen. Humming Birds, 1895, 131 (references; descr.; range).— Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 174 (San Miguel and Palo- mina).—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 138 (San Miguel, Palomina, and “ Santa Marta”; Salvin and Godman’s record).—Banes, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, I, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—A tren, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 141 (Bonda).—BRABouRNE and CuHussB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 120 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 59 (descr.), 288 (references; range). Chlorostilbon russatus Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilides, 1897, 18 (range).— Dusois, Syn, Avium, I, 1900, 142 (range; references).—Harrert, Tier- reich, Lief. 9, 1900, 78 (references; descr.; range).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 114 (range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 207 (references; range). Additional records: San Francisco, La Concepcion, San Antonio (Brown). Eleven specimens: Cincinnati, Minca, Pueblo Viejo, and San Miguel. A very distinct species, readily distinguished from its congeners by Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MArtaA REGION, CoLomBia. 257 ra the rich coppery or bronzy gloss of the tail and wing-coverts, more or less obvious in adults of both sexes. It was discovered by Simons at Manaure, near the foot of the Eastern Andes, and encountered later at various points on the southern slope of the Sierra Nevada. Mr. Brown found it on the north slope also, as well as in the foothills back cf Santa Marta, while Mr. Smith sent in two specimens labelled as coming from Bonda. According to the experience of the writer it seems to range over the whole of the region between 2,000 and 5,000 feet, straggling a little lower down in the foothills back of Santa Marta. It is not common anywhere, however, and frequents shrub- bery along roadsides, the edges of woodland, etc. 202. Chlorostilbon haeberlinii (Reichenbach). Chlorostilbon haeberlinit Exvxtot, Ibis, 1875, 160 (“Santa Marta’’).—Satvin, Catebindsa brite eviuss, XeVilh S925 53) (Co Santas Matta ~).——Smmon, Cat. Fam. Trochilides, 1897, 17 (‘‘ Santa Marta,’ in range).—Simon, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, (3), XXVII, 1807, 144 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—HarTerRT, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 75 (‘Santa Marta,’ in range). SHarPe, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 113 (‘Santa Marta,’ in range).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 141 (Bonda).—Dvusots, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 141 (“Santa Marta,” in range; syn.)—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 290 (Bonda suggested as type- locality). Chlorostilbon sp. SALvIN and Gopmawn, Ibis, 1880, 174 (Valencia). Chlorostilbon atala (not Ornismya atala Lesson) Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 55 (Valencia). (+) Chlorostilbon chrysogaster Boucarpd, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 79 (‘ Santa Marta ’”’).—Boucarp, Gen. Humming Birds, 1893, 121 (‘“‘ Santa Marta ’’).— Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 292 (‘Santa Marta”; crit.). Five specimens: Mamatoco and Fonseca. The two adult males from Bonda sent in by Mr. Smith are apparently correctly identified. The Mamatoco skins, both females, are referred here provisionally, mainly on geographical grounds. The true home of the present species is the lower Magdalena Valley, the Santa Marta region being on the edge of its range. Dr. Chapman has recently pro- posed to substitute Bonda as the type-locality, but Reichenbach dis- tinctly gives Carthagena as such. Carthagena is also the assigned type-locality for Trochilus chrysogaster Bourcier (Revue Zoologique, 1843, 101), which has been synonymized with Chlorostilbon gibsoni, apparently on the strength of Gould’s and Salvin’s statements that they had compared Bourcier’s type (now in the British Museum col- 258 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. lection), and found it absolutely identical with the type of C. angusti- pennis (= gibsoni). We now know, however, that C. gibsoni comes from another part of Colombia, and that the only form of this group occurring in the lower Magdalena Valley is C. haeberlinit. It follows either that Bourcier’s supposed type has been misidentified, or that it did not come from Carthagena. Boucard, indeed, distinctly says that the type in question is in his collection, and that it came from Santa Marta! If he is correct, then chrysogaster would become the proper specific appellation for the species now known as C. haeberlinii. It thus is desirable to determine which of these two specimens has the better claim to be the actual type of Bourcier’s description. Since the above was written M. Simon has gone into this case also, and we venture to give a translation of his remarks: “ Bourcier’s de- scription leaves a little doubt because of his statement ‘ bill of a brown- ish-black,’ but the rest corresponds to the bird most often designated under the name C. haeberlini Reichenbach; the indication of Cartha- gena conforms to the habitat of this species to the exclusion of any other. The bird in the Boucard collection, labeled ‘C. chrysogaster de Sta Martha, Nouvelle Grenade, 1853, type de Bourcier,’ is certainly not the type of Bourcier described in 1843, but it has perhaps been determined by him in the old collection of Riocourt. In the British Museum another supposed type of 7. chrysogaster Bourc. is, accord- ing to Salvin, C. gibsoni.” The several individuals of this species above recorded were shot in scrubby woodlands at Mamatoco and Fonseca. It was common also at Valencia, in dpen spots in the forest. A female taken at this latter locality by Simons has been referred to C. “atala” (==caribeus) by Salvin, but inasmuch as it is C. haeberlinii which occurs at Fonseca, farther northeast, we feel safe in referring this record to the present species. 203. Chlorostilbon caribeus Lawrence. Three specimens: Rio Hacha. This is one of the species of the arid coast district of northern Ven- ezuela, reaching the Santa Marta region in the extreme northeastern part, at Rio Hacha, where the same conditions obtain. The three specimens (all males) agree with a series from Curagao in small size and shape of the tail, but the bill (in the skin) is pale underneath, al- most as in C. haeberlinit. ° Topp—CarriKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGion, CoLtompra. 259 These three individuals were taken in the scrub-growth around Rio Hacha. Unlike most of the characteristic birds of this arid section, the species does not appear to range into the valley of the Rio Ran- cheria, at least to any great extent. 204. Lepidopyga lilliz Stone. (?) Sapphironia ceruleogularis (not Trochilus ceruleogularis Gould, 1850) Goutp, Mon. Trochilide, V, 1860, text to pl. 346 (“Santa Marta ”).— Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 378 (Cienaga). (?) Lepidopyga. ceruleogularis Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 539 (Cienaga, in range, ex Wyatt). Lepidopyga lillie Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1917, . 204 (Punto Caiman; orig. descr.; type in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia). —Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 181 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Sapphironia ceruleigularis duchassaingi (not Trochilus duchassaingi Bour- cier) Srmon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 299 (crit.). Two specimens: Punto Caiman. Two male hummingbirds collected by the junior author in the man- groves at Punto Caiman on September 27 and 29, 1913, and sent to ~ the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, proved to belong to a very distinct species, and were accordingly described by Dr. Stone under the above name, given in honor of his wife. They differ from authentic specimens of L. caruleogularis in having the entire under parts (except the under tail-coverts) glittering blue, and seem to be specifically distinct. It is probable that the examples of supposed ceruleogularis to which Gould refers as having been received by Ver- reaux “in tolerable abundance from Santa Martha” were really of the present form (it does not appear that Gould ever saw these birds him- self). Very likely, too, Wyatt’s record from Cienaga pertains to the same form, since there is absolutely no satisfactory evidence going to show that L. cewruleogularis ranges beyond the lower Atrato Valley in Colombia. The known range of L. lillie is thus restricted to the vicinity of the Cienaga Grande, east of the Magdalena River. Lepidopyga ceruleogularis (Gould). Thalucrania [sic] celina Bourcier, Rev. et Mag. Zodl., (2), VIII, 1856, 553 (“Santa Marta’; orig. descr.; type in coll. B))e Thalurania celina G1EBEL, Thes. Orn., III, 1877, 616 (syn.; ref. orig. descr.). Sapphironia celina Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 299, part (ref. orig. descr.). 260 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Bourcier’'s name above cited was based on a supposed Santa Marta speci- men. Unfortunately its present whereabouts are unknown, but Gould must have handled it at one time, since he says “I have not placed the Trochilus Duchassaigni and Thalurania Celina among the synonyms of the present species without due consideration and a careful comparison of the typical specimens one with the other. ... The specific name Calina not having been given till a year later than my own of ce@ruleogularis, it must give place to that term; besides which, the bird is not a Thalurania.” Following Gould, the name has been considered as a synonym of L. ceruleogularis by all authors up to 1909, when -M. Simon (Revue Francaise d’ Ornithologie, 1, 1909, 66) sought to transfer it to the species described by Lawrence under the name’ Sapphironia luminosa (Annals Lyceum Natural History New York, VII, 1862, 458), intimating that the difference indicated in the respective descriptions was probably due to age. Although M. Simon’s determination has been followed by such authorities as Mr. Ridgway, Messrs. Brabourne and Chubb, and Dr. Chapman, we can in nowise indorse it. With a good series of both the blue-throated and the green-throated species available for study, it is inconceivable that Bourcier’s description, “ Gorge, devant du cou, thorax d’un beau bleu brillant, verdissant sur les cotés du cou. Abdomen vert bronzé”’ could apply to anything but the former. M. Simon, indeed, brings. forward no new evidence in support of his position, and in the absence of any valid proof to the contrary we believe that Gould’s statement should be accepted at its face value. The only difficulty in so doing arises from the fact that Bourcier assigns the vicinity of Santa Marta as the type-locality of his new species calina, whereas we now know that the region in question is inhabited by a form in which not only the throat, but also the entire under parts are glittering blue. Bourcier’s description being so explicit, so obviously applicable to an adult bird, and so fully confirmed by Gould, we have a right to conclude that his type could not possibly have come from Santa Marta as he believed. Since we know that sundry other species ascribed to Santa Marta by various authors really came from Pan- ama instead, this difficulty is not insuperable. 205. Lepidopyga luminosa (Lawrence). Six specimens: Fundacion and Fonseca. In accordance with the foregoing considerations, we are obliged to restore Lawrence’s name, based on a specimen from Barranquilla, Colombia, to the form with wholly green under parts. For a long time the species appears to have been known only from the type, and even as late as 1909 only three additional specimens had come to light, according to M. Simon. As a result Lawrence’s name was quoted doubtfully, or sometimes as a synonym. The species appears from re- cent researches, however, to be a common resident in the Caribbean Topp—CARRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomBia. 261 coast region of Colombia, extending up the Magdalena Valley as far at least as Aguachica, and westward to the Atrato. Fundacion, where four male specimens were taken in open woodland, is apparently well within the limit of its range, and brings it into the present list. More recently it has been traced into the Rio Rancheria-Rio Cesar Valley, having been detected at Valencia and Fonseca in the summer of 1920. 206. Thalurania colombica colombica (Bourcier). Thalurania columbica Satvin and GopmMan, Ibis, 1880, 172 (Minca and San José).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 79 (Minca, San José, Pueblo Viejo, and Chinchicua Valley).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta”), 174 (San Miguel and Palomina).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 141 (Bonda, Onaca, Minca, Cacagualito, Las Nubes, Valparaiso, and El Libano).—Simon, Cat, Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 306 (“‘ Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,” in range). Thalurania colombica colombica Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 532 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.). Additional records: Chirua, San Francisco, La Concepcion (Brown). Thirty-nine specimens: Las Nubes, Onaca, Don Amo, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, and Don Diego. Immature males, distinguished by their green crowns and dusky and greenish abdomens, with little or no blue, are dated variously from April to to July 27... These are in first nuptial dress. This well-known species is widely distributed within its range, and is moreover one of the most abundant of the hummingbirds with which the writer is acquainted. Its normal range appears to lie wholly in the Subtropical Zone, but it is continually straggling downwards in search of food wherever the forest descends to lower levels. Mr. Smith got two at Bonda, while the writer took one at Don Diego, prac- tically at sea-level. It is found only in the forest or heavier woodland, and keeps well up in the trees as a rule, although occasionally feeding from some flower in the undergrowth. It is very pugnacious, driving other species away from a favorite tree with the greatest animosity. Perhaps this very trait is one of the reasons for its relative abundance. A nest received from Mr. Smith, labeled Onaca, December 19, is of the usual hummingbird type, saddled on the fork of a small branch, and composed of fine plant down, the outside partly covered with lichens. The eggs measure 13.5 X I0. 262 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 207. Damophila julie julie (Bourcier). Eighteen specimens: Cincinnati and Fundacién. There is considerable variation in the amount of bronzy or coppery sheen on the upper tail-coverts and upper parts generally. Two males in transition dress are included (August 9 and 13). A single male was taken in the coffee-plantations at Cincinnati (4,500 feet), but no others were ever seen there. At Fundacion it was the most abundant of the family in August, being found in the forest. It is a Tropical Zone form, evidently ranging in this region over the alluvial plain around the Cienaga Grande and into the Mag- dalena basin. .208. Colibri delphine (Lesson). Petasophora delphine Satvin and GopMawn, Ibis, 1880, 173 (Minca).—Sat- vIN, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 111 (Minca).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta ”)—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Bonda). Colibri delphine Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 486 (Santa Marta localities and references). Twenty-two specimens: Bonda, Cincinnati, Dibulla, and Heights of Chirua. Although this species appears to-be subject to considerable variation of an individual character, as well as that due to age, there do not seem to be any essential differences between specimens from extremes in its range, dark and pale birds occurring indifferently anywhere. The guttural spot varies considerably in size and color, but is present in all specimens examined. Individuals with buffy lores are probably imma- ture. This hummingbird ranges through the Tropical into the lower Sub- tropical Zone in this region. The only place where it has ever been observed in any numbers is the hacienda Cincinnati, where it is always abundant during the blossoming season of the guamas. It was fairly _common at Dibulla also, feeding among the flowers of a tree used for shade in the cacao-plantations. It is evidently a dweller in the forest under natural conditions. It is one of the few hummingbirds which has a sort of weak little song, often repeated while the bird rests in the shade of the guamas. Topp-—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLtomsBia. 263 209. Colibri cyanotus cyanotus (Bourcier and Mulsant). Petasophora cyanotis SALvIN and GopMawn, Ibis, 1880, 173 (Minca and San Sebastian ).—SALvIN, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI,‘ 1892, 110 (Minca and San Sebastian)—Bancs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—ALLeEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Valparaiso and El Libano). Colibri cyanotus Harrert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 94 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 484 (Santa Marta localities and references). Eight specimens: Cincinnati and San Lorenzo. Caracas, Venezuela, is the type-locality of this form, so that speci- mens from the coast region of Venezuela may therefore be considered typical; they agree essentially with a series from the State of San- tander, Colombia. Eliminating the females and young birds, and com- paring adult males alone, it appears that Costa Rican birds differ in having the under parts markedly brighter, more bluish, less yellowish green, with frequently a decided dark blue area on the middle of the breast. These differences, to which Mr. Bangs has called attention (Proceedings New England Zodlogical Club, III, 1902, 30) in the case of Panama specimens, have been discounted both by Mr. Ridgway and more recently by Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 294), but they are certainly far too prominent and constant in the series examined to be ignored. Santa Marta specimens prove to be distinctly intermediate between this north- ern form (for which we accept the name cabanidis Heine) and typical cyanotus, although perhaps nearer the latter. The under tail-coverts are more or less edged with pale buffy in all these examples, while in a young bird (No. 38,001, Cincinnati, August 4) the buffy margins are very broad. This is not a rare bird on the San Lorenzo in the heavy forest of the Subtropical Zone, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet, rarely coming out into the coffee-plantations. It has been taken on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada by Simons, and also by Mr. Brown, but there are no records for the north slope. The first-named collector took it as low down as Minca, but this must be an exceptional case. 210. Colibri iolotus brevipennis Cory. Petasophora anais (not Ornismya anais Lesson) SALvin and GopmMan, Ibis, 1880, 173 (San Sebastian and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta), Petasophora iolata (not of Gould) Satvrn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 264 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. 107 (San Sebastian and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Bancs, Proc Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 173 (Macotama and San Miguel).— Bancs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, [, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—AtLten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references). Here as elsewhere throughout its extensive Andean range this fine large hummingbird appears to inhabit the Subtropical Zone, reaching up to the Temperate Zone at certain points. Simons took many speci- mens at San Sebastian (6,700 feet), and some in the Sierra Nevada as high as 10,000 feet. Mr. Brown secured it at Macotama and San Miguel, and sent back no less than one hundred and thirty-eight speci- mens from San Sebastian and El Mamon, on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada—a circumstance sufficiently attesting its abundance there. Notwithstanding, Mr. Carriker’s collections do not contain a single example of this species, for which fact it is hard to account. He writes that a single individual was once seen between Macotama and Taquina, feeding on the flowers of the sisal plant, out in the open. It was exceedingly shy, and was shot at twice, but finally escaped en- tirely. He has recently (November, 1920) encountered the species on the summit of the San Lorenzo, associated with other Subtropical Zone hummingbirds, about a large tree which was in flower at the time. 211. Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot). Lampornis violicauda (not Trochilus violicauda Boddaert) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (‘“ Santa Marta’’).—Atren, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 141 (Bonda, Cacagualito, and Masinga). Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 459 (Santa Marta localities and references). Nine specimens: Bonda, Don Amo, Cincinnati, and Fundacion. This wide-ranging South American hummingbird is probably only a straggler as high up as Cincinnati, its regular range being in the Trop- ical Zone lowlands and lower foothills of the north and west sides of the San Lorenzo, there being no record for the Sierra Nevada proper. It is partial to the more open woodland rather than the deep forest. 212. Saucerottia saucerottei warscewiczi (Cabanis and Heine). Saucerottia warszewiezt SALVIN and GopMAn, Ibis, 1880, 173 (Santa Marta, Minca, and Valencia). Pyrrhophaena warszewiczi VON BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 336 (Santa Marta [ex Salvin and Godman]). Topp—CArRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MArtA REGION, CoLtomsta. 265 Saucerotia sophie (not Trochilus sophie Bourcier and Mulsant) Boucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 81 (Santa Marta, in range). Amazilia warszewiezi SALvIN, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 222 (Santa Marta, Minca, Atanquez, Manaure, Valencia, and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 18098, 135 (‘‘ Santa Marta ’’).—Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 78 (San Sebas- ian) e Amizillis warszewiezi ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 139 (Bonda, Minca, and Cacagualito). Saucerottea warscewiczi (typica) Hartert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 52 (Santa Marta, in range). Saucerottia saucerottei warscewiczi HrLttMayr, Nov. Zool., XX, 1913, 251 (Santa Marta region, in range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 183 (Santa Marta region, in range). Saucerrotea mellisuga warszewiczi Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 333 GsSanta Marta”): Thirty-two specimens: Bonda, Don Amo, Cincinnati, Agua Dulce, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Fundacion, and Dibulla. Females of this form have the under tail-coverts grayish, glossed with blue, approaching thus typical saucerotte: from western Colombia. No. 38,807, Mamatoco, April 25, a young bird, has the posterior under parts buffy, and the feathers of the lower back tipped with the same color; otherwise it resembles the female. Mr. Hellmayr has suggested that Trochilus caligatus Gould (Pro- ceedings Zoological Society of London, 1848, 14) may be an earlier name for this form. It is true that in the original description noth- ing is said about the color of the lower back in particular, but later (Monograph of the Trochilide, V, 1861, text to pl. 322) Gould himself says that he could find no difference between his type-specimen, the type-specimen of Trochilus sophie Bourcier and Mulsant, and an au- thentic skin of Hemithylaca hoffmanni Cabanis and Heine. Since the alleged type of Trochilus sophie is known to belong to the Central. American race Gould’s statement is perfectly consistent with the facts in the case. As Gould at the same time recognized warscewiczi as distinct from the form in question it is scarcely probable that he would nave misidentified his type of caligatus. It is true that the measure- ments he gives do not agree with those for either the Costa Rican or north Colombian bird, also that the alleged locality (“ New Grenada ”’) raises a further question, but the chances are that the name caligatus belongs to the Central American race at present known as hoffmanni. 266 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The examination of the type-specimen, if extant, would readily settle the matter. It is a curious fact that in the Tierreich and the Cata- logue of the Birds in the British Museum the name Trochilus caligatus appears in the synonymy of both “ Amazilia” (Saucerrottia) sophie and “ Spathura” (Ocreatus) underwoodi. The most common species of the family in the lowlands and foot- hills back of Santa Marta. Its local distribution is rather puzzling, but probably its occurrence anywhere above 2,000 feet may be at- tributed to an altitudinal migration in search of food, as it appears there only during the season when the guama is in flower. It is resi- dent all the year round in the lowlands and foothills of the San Lor- enzo and Horqueta, but it has not been recorded from any point on the north slope of the Sierra Nevada proper, although there are several records from the south slope. It was not very abundant at Don Diego or Dibulla, and was not seen at all after the coast was left behind. Simons took it at Valencia, and the writer has lately met with it at the same place, as well as at Fonseca and Loma Larga. 213. Amazilia tzacatl tzacatl (De la Llave). Amagzilia fuscicaudata Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta ”).—HArtert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 58 (“ Andes of Santa Marta,” in range). Amizillis fuscicaudata ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,. XIII, 1900, 139 ._ (Bonda and Cacagualito). Amizillis sp. ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 139 (Bonda). Amizilis tzacatl tgacat! Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 408 (Santa Marta references and localities). Amazilis tzacatl Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 323 (‘‘ Santa Marta,’ in range). > Nineteen specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, Don Amo, Don Diego, Fun- dacion, Mamatoco, Dibulla, and Fonseca. Santa Marta specimens of this well-known hummingbird are pre- cisely like others from Central America. There is much variation, apparently merely individual, in the amount of bronzy tinge on the upper parts. Females average duller than males, but the dark-colored maxilla is not characteristic of the female sex, as stated by some au- » thors. | A species which in this region is strictly confined to the lowlands of the Tropical Zone on both sides of the Sierra Nevada, being most Topp—CarRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, Cotompia. 267 abundant in the more humid portions. Open woodland and shrubbery are its favorite haunts, instead of the heavy forest. 214. Leucippus fallax fallax (Bourcier and Mulsant). Doleromyia fallax von BrERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 335 (‘ Santa Marta ”’).—Boucarp, Humming Bird, II,. 1892, 83 (‘Santa Marta,’ in range).—SALViINn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 177 (‘‘ northern Colom- bia”’).—Atzien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Salvin’s record; crit.). Five specimens: Rio Hacha. This plainly colored hummingbird is a littoral form, invading the Santa Marta region from Venezuela. The exact locality where Simons took his specimens is not stated, but was probably some point at the foot of the south slope of the Sierra Nevada. It is not uncommon at Rio Hacha in the thorny scrub, and is doubtless confined in this region to the Goajira Peninsula and the drier portions of the country south of the Sierra Nevada. 215. Chalybura buffonii eneicauda Lawrence. Chalybura buffonii (not Trochilus buffonii Lesson) Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Manaure); 1880, 171 (Minca).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 388 (Santa Marta localities and references; exit): Hypuroptila buffoni Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 87 (Minca and Manaure) “—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta”).—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 141 (Bonda, Minca, Jordan, Cacagualito, and Valparaiso). Chalybura buffonii eneicauda HEttMAyr and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Na- turg., LXXVIII, 1912, 140 (“Santa Marta”; crit.).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 341 (Salvin and Godman’s record). Twenty-four specimens: Bonda, Don Amo, Don Diego, Cacagualito, Cincinnati, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Minca, and Dibulla. Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern have shown that the Trochilus buffonti of Lesson was based on the Bogota form, in which the tail is wholly bluish black. The bird from the coast region of Venezuela and Colombia, in which the middle rectrices are glossed with dark green or bronzy, they recognize as subspecifically distinct under the name eneicauda. With this conclusion we agree, after examining, in addi- tion to the above, an ample series from Venezuela, although there is, to be sure, considerable individual variation. Although Mr. Ridgway intimates that Santa Marta examples differ from those from Vene- area 268 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. zuela, and while it is true that in the former the middle rectrices aver- age more greenish, and in the latter more bronzy, so many specimens are indistinguishable that there does not seem to be sufficient ground for their separation. A common bird in the more humid lowlands of the north coast, as well as in the foothills back of Santa Marta, going up to 4,500 feet at least. It was noted at Loma Larga on the east side, but was not observed anywhere in the lowlands on the southwest side of the Sierra Nevada. Around La Tigrera and Don Diego it was particularly abundant. It always keeps low down in the forest, and is very partial to the flowers of the wild plantain as a source of food. 216. Hylocharis cyanus viridiventris von Berlepsch. Aylocharis cyanea (not Trochilus cyanus Vieillot) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta’’)—Atten, Bull. Am, Mus. Nate Hust.) Xai sooo 1385 (Bonda: Cacagualito, and Jordan). Additional records: Las Vegas (Carriker). Twenty-six specimens: Buritaca, Don Amo, Dibulla, Don Diego, and Loma Larga. A very distinct subspecies, described originally from Venezuela, which appears to have entered the Santa Marta region from the north- east, and is unknown in any other part of Colombia. It is the most abundant hummingbird at Don Diego and Dibulla,,but is confined strictly to the forest and the shade-trees on the cacao plantations. It is a rare bird so far west as Santa Marta, but there are a few speci- mens collected in that vicinity by Messrs. Brown and Smith. 217. Campylopterus phainopeplus Salvin and Godman. Campylopterus phainopeplus SALtvin and GopMAN, Ibis, 1879, 202 (San José [type-locality], Atanquez, San Sebastian, San Miguel, and Sierra Nevada up to 15,000 ft.; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; range, habits, ex Simon).—REICHENOW and ScHALow, Journ. f. Orn., XXVII, 1879, 429 (reprint ‘orig. descr.).—SaALvIN and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 171, pl. 4, fig. 1 (San Sebastian).—p’HaMonviL_Le, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, VIII, 1883, 78 (deser.; crit.)—SHarpr, in Gould’s Mon. Trochilide, Supplement, 1883, pl. [3] and text (descr., habits, etc., ex Salvin and Godman).—von BER- LEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 316, footnote, and 335 (‘‘ Santa Marta ”).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 294 (Atanquez, San José, and San Sebastian; descr.; references).—-S1MoN, Cat. Fam. Trochil- ides, 1897, 8 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range)—Simon, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, (3), XXVII, 1897, 88 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Topp—CarriKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLtomsBia. 269 Marta, in range).—Banecs, Auk, XVI, 1899, 138 (Salvin and Godman’s record).—Duvusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 134 (ref. orig. descr.; range).— Hartert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 33 (references; descr.; range).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 102 (Santa Marta [region], in range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 138 (Salvin and Godman’s references).—BRABOURNE and CuHusB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 110 (ref. orig. deser.; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 168 (ref- erences; range), Sepiopterus phainopeplus Boucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 86 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.)—Boucarp, Gen. Humming Birds, 1895, 358 (ref. orig. descr.; descr.; range).—SiMon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 32 (descr.), 267 (references; range). This beautiful large hummingbird is one of those which is peculiar to the Santa Marta region, where during the spring months it inhabits that part of the Subtropical Zone lying on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada, but apparently ranges higher up at other times. Simons ap- pears to be the only observer who has met with it, and it is known only from the specimens collected by him, most of which are now deposited in the British Museum, the only examples in this country being a fine male in the'collection of the American Museum of Natural History and another specimen in the Field Museum of Natural His- tory. It was described in 1879 by Salvin and Godman, from whose account we quote as follows: “Of this beautiful species Mr. Simons has sent several specimens, all but one of them shot, unfortunately, a little before their plumage had become complete, the wing-feathers being still not fully grown. He has since sent us the following note concerning it: “* During an eight months’ sojourn in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta I had frequent opportunities of observing this interesting and brilliant Humming-bird, which I believe is migratory, spending the months of February, March, April, and May in the banana-plantations of the Lower Nevada, from 4000 to 6000 feet above the sea-level. From June to October I found it in the more elevated regions up to nearly the snow-line, or 15,000 feet above the sea-level. While explor- ing.a mountain-gorge near Atanques (4000 ft.) I obtained my first specimen, in March. It was resting on a bent twig in the shade of a banana-leaf, and appeared very tame, allowing me to retire some dis- tance before firing. The species was unknown to most of the inhabi- tants of Atanques, and excited much admiration from its beauty. A few days afterwards I had the pleasure of meeting with it again among 270 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. the banana-groves of San José. These plantations of the Indians are very extensive along the banks of the Guatapuri, at an elevation of 6000 feet, and are the highest banana-cultivation in the Nevada. This Humming-bird is pretty common here, but solitary; and I seldom saw more than three or, at the most, four in an afternoon. It betrays its presence, not only by the well-known bur-rr of the wings, but also by a sharp double note uttered as it flits from flower to flower. Alighting suddenly on a branch in the shade, it will remain minute after minute without the slightest movement. On these occasions I used to watch them carefully, but never could see them fly away, they disappeared as they came, like phantoms. “*Visiting San Sebastian in June, I was surprised to find the same little beauty, identical in plumage but with totally different habits. Instead of shunning the sun, as among the bananas, it establishes it- self on the topmost twig of some dead branch or scantily clothed tree, and passes the day filling the air with its loud plaintive note in answer to its mate. Every now and then, as a sort of exercise, it would shoot up into the air like a rocket, sound a very pretty twit-twit, turn a few somersaults, and descend gracefully with tail-teathers spread out like a fan. These aerial movements are excessively beautiful, and always resorted to, even if the bird is disturbed. In this latter case it does not return to its accustomed perch, but seeks another tree close by, where it sings on merrily till all danger is past; it always, however, returns to its old haunt. I watched one for a fortnight, and it never forsook its adopted perch. Another I fired at four times successively without effect; in spite of this it always returned to the same tree. They are very wary and difficult to shoot; and I have spent days dodg- ing them backwards and forwards without getting near enough for a shot. June and July are the flowering months in the elevated re- gions. This may attract them; for I have met with them in all parts of the Nevada, especially in a valley at an elevation of 11,000 feet, where they were abundant, but so shy that there was no approaching them within a hundred yards. On crossing to the northern flank I found them as low down as San Miguel, 6000 feet. At San Antonio, 3450 feet, not ten miles distant, they were unknown. | “*On previous visits to San Sebastian in February and March this species was not there; but the Indians told me that after the forest rains a very beautiful “Chupa-flor” puts in an appearance, without, e Topp—CarrRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGIoN, CoLompia. 271 however, being very common. Passing a couple of days in San José in August, I found they had disappeared.’ ”’ 218. Anthoscenus longirostris longirostris (Vieillot). Floricola longirostris Bancs, Proc. Biol, Soc. Washington, XII, 1808, 135 (“Santa Marta ”)—AtLiten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 139 (Bonda and Cacagualito). Anthoscenus longirostris stewarte CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 311 (“Santa Marta”; crit.).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochil- ide, 1921, 392 (“ Santa Marta,” in range). One specimen: Dibulla. This specimen, an adult male, differs from Venezuelan and Costa Rican skins in the rich coppery bronze color of the upper tail-coverts, the middle rectrices also being strongly tinged with this color, while the lateral rectrices are not green at the base, as is usual. The coppery bronze of the nape is also more intense. These characters are all probably attributable to high plumage. A single specimen was taken at Dibulla, feeding about the blossoms of the shade-trees in the cacao plantation. Mr. Smith took only four specimens in all, at Bonda and Cacagualito, while Mr. Brown secured but one, which is labelled as having been collected at an altitude of 6,000 feet above Santa Marta. Probably there is some mistake about this, as the species is not known to range as a rule beyond the lowlands of the Tropical Zone. 219. Threnetes ruckeri (?) subsp. One specimen: Don Diego. This example agrees with two others from the State of Santander, Colombia, in the pale coloration of the under surface in general, with the cinnamon area more restricted, and in the greener, less bronzy up- per parts, as compared with Costa Rican specimens. The Colombian birds are clearly entitled to subspecific recognition, but the matter of naming them is complicated by the uncertainty regarding the proper application of the name ruckert.. We agree with Mr. Hellmayr (Pro- ceedings Zoélogical Society of London, 1911, 1177, note) that Bour- cier’s description can scarcely apply to the species at present known under this name. Furthermore, Panama birds differ somewhat from those from Costa Rica, so that until we know more about the char- acters of the type-specimen of ruckeri it would be unsafe to make any 19 D3} ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. formal separation. Should this name be found not pertinent both the Costa Rican and Colombian forms would have to stand as subspecies of T. fraseri (Gould). One individual of this species was taken and two others seen in the heavy forest of the coastal plain at Don Diego. They were feeding as usual from the flowers of the wild plantain. They were noted dur- ing the last days of the collecting at this point, and possibly further search would have revealed more. This record involves a consider- able extension of the range of the species. 220. Glaucis hirsuta affinis Lawrence. Glaucis hirsuta (not Tyrochilus hirsutus Gmelin) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (“ Santa Marta’).—Atren, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 142 (Bangs’ reference); XXI, 1905, 276 (Don Diego; Bangs’ record), 281 (Don Diego; descr. nest and eggs). Glaucis hirsuta affinis RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 333 (Don Diego, in range; references). Twenty-six specimens: Don Amo, Don Diego, Tierra Nueva, Tro- jas de Cataca, Fundacion, and Dibulla. In this fine series the difference in the colors of the sexes, referred to by Mr. Ridgway under typical hirsuta, is well illustrated. The present form differs from /irsuta in its generally duller, paler colora- tion, the abdomen and under tail-coverts being mostly grayish white, with little or no rusty color except on the flanks. No. 44,552, Don Diego, January 23, is a partial albino, the abdomen being almost wholly white, as well as many feathers on the head. A Tropical Zone species, found throughout the lowlands, but very scarce in the semi-arid portions. It is entirely a bird of the forest, keeping low down. It is very partial to the blossoms of the wild plan- tain, feeding from them exclusively in season. Mr. Smith sent in a nest with two eggs, collected at Don Diego on May 19. “The nest, attached to the under surface of a wild banana leaf, is composed of fine vegetable fibers and partly covered externally with large strips of a greenish gray lichen. The eggs measure 15 X 9 mm., being very elongate oval, the two ends similar in form.” 221. Phaethornis striigularis striigularis Gould. Pygmornis striigularis BAncs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 93 (La Concepcion).—ALLEeN, Bull. Am? Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 138 (Bangs’ reference). Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLtomsta. 273 Phethornis striigularis striigularis RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 327 (La Concepcion, in range; Bangs’ reference). Two specimens: Don Diego and Chirua. Agreeing well with specimens from the interior of Colombia. In the male of this species the throat and breast are noticeably darker, with the stripes more distinct, than in the female. In addition to the localities above specified, the writer has seen this species in the foothills back of Santa Marta as well as in the valley above Bonda, towards Don Amo, and in the valley below Las Vegas, but it is very scarce and most difficult to secure. It keeps in the heavy forest, always near the ground and amongst thick undergrowth. Often a bird will suddenly come up to within a yard of one’s face and hover for a few seconds, then dart off and disappear, not to return. The species evidently ranges over the lowlands and lower foothills of the mountains on the north and west slopes, from sea-level up to 3,000 feet. 222. Phaethornis anthophilus anthophilus (Bourcier and Mulsant). Phethornis anthophilus REIcHENBACH, Aufz. der Colibri, 1854, 14 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—REICHENBACH, Troch. Enum., 1855, 12 (‘Santa Marta,” in range).—SAaLv1In and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Valle de Upar and Valen- cia)—-Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 275 (Valle de Upar and Valencia).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (‘‘ Santa Marta ”).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 138 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references); XXI, 1905, 276 (Don Diego; Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ records).—HEtLMAyR and von SEILERN, Arch. ieNatiros) LOOX tora. 1397 ((oSanta Martasceinerange): Ten specimens: Buritaca, Don Amo, Don Diego, La Tigrera, Tro- jas de Cataca, Tucurinca, and Loma Larga. A species which is distributed over the whole of the littoral Tropical Zone, extending around to the low country on the south side of the Sierra Nevada. Simons says that he found it “in the forest on flowers; rare and very shy,” which accords with the experience of the writer. Like all of this genus it is accustomed to keep low down in the forest, near the ground. It was most abundant at Don Diego, where it was feeding from the flowers of the wild plantain. 223. Phaethornis longirostris susurrus Bangs. Phethornis longirostris (not Ornismya longirostris Delattre) Satvin and Extiot, Ibis, 1873, 5 (“Santa Marta”; crit.)——von BERLEPSCH, Journ. 274 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 334 (“Santa Marta,” fide Elliot).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 272 (Pueblo Viejo) —Harrext, Ibis, 1897, 425, in text (“Santa Marta,” in range; crit.)—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, “XII, 1898, 134 (“Santa Marta’), 173 (Palomina).—ALuEn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 138 (Cacagualito and Las Nubes). Phethornis longirostris susurrus BANGS, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, II, 1901, 64 (Chirua [type-locality], Pueblo Viejo, San Francisco, and La Concepcion; orig. descr.; type’ now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6él.: meas.; crit.).—OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 190z, 313. (“ Santa Marta,’ in range).—Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1064 (‘Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.) +—-ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 320, footnote (Santa Marta [region]; meas.). Phethornis susurrus BRABOURNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 107 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Phethornis longirostris susurrus Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 156 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Phethornis cassini susurra Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 254 (refer- ences; range). Thirty-one specimens: Onaca, Cincinnati, Minca, Las Taguas, Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, Chirua, and Heights of Chirua. The peculiarities of Santa Marta examples of P. longirostris were not detected until the acquisition of a good series from that region, collected by Mr. Brown, enabled Mr. Bangs to point them out and dis- criminate the bird as a new subspecies. The characters he assigns hold good in the present fine series, which is decidedly more buffy below than:a series of the Costa Rican form. So far as known P. longiros- tris susurrus is confined to the Santa Marta region, where it ranges over the north and northeast. slopes of the San Lorenzo and Sierra Nevada between 2,000 and 5,000 feet, the latter altitude being based oh a record from the Heights of Chirua. Its area of greatest abun- dance, according to the experience of the writer, is lower down in the Sierra Nevada than on the San Lorenzo. Two specimens were even taken at Don Diego, on the north coast. It is more addicted to tangled woodland and the fringes of trees and shrubbery along streams, al- though found in the heavy forest as well, and is usually seen low down. During the breeding season the males are almost continually. singing their quaint little chirping song of two or three notes. At such times they conceal themselves in a tangle of vines or shrubbery, open their bills widely, twist their heads about and twitch their tails up and down in a perfect ecstacy of song. Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLtompta. 275 Family DENDROCOLAPTIDZ. WoopHEwERrs. 224. Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafresnayei Ridgway. Dendromanes meruloides (not Dendrocops meruloides Lafresnaye) SALviNn and GopmMan, Ibis, 1879, 202 (Manaure; crit.). Dendrocincla olivacea (not Dendrocops olivaceus Eyton) ScLater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 166 (Manaure). Dendrocincla olivacea anguina BaNGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (“Santa Marta’; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.; crit.); XIII, 1899, 100 (Palomina, Chirua, and La Concepcion).— ALLEN; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121 (Bangs’ record). Dendrocincla meruloides ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 156 (Salvin and Godman’s reference). Dendrocincla olivacea lafresnayei ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 156 (Minca, Onaca, Las Nubes, and Valparaiso; crit.) —OBERHOLSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1904, 457 (Santa Marta region; syn.; Gxt.) Dendrocincla anguina Swarre, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 75 (ref. orig. descr.; range; syn.).—Dvusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1070 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.). Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafresnayei Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 288 (diag.; syn.).—CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 418 (Valparaiso; crit.). Dendrocincla meruloides lafresnayei Hrtumayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, 1156 (Manaure; range; crit.). Additional records: Tucurinca (Carriker). Thirty-one specimens: Don Diego, Valpataiso, Cincinnati, Las Ta- guas, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Minca, Mamatoco, Pueblo Viejo, and Fundacion. Dr. Oberholser and Dr. Chapman have both remarked on the varia- tions shown by the respective series of this form studied by them. There is certainly a considerable range of variation in color, some specimens being more olivaceous, others more brownish by comparison. It is fairly certain, however, that an olivaceous cast indicates imma- turity, as also does a dark-colored bill. As will be seen from the above list of references, the present form has suffered numerous nomenclatural vicissitudes. Salvin and God- man referred their single specimen to D. meruloides, from which it seems specifically distinct. Sclater confused it with the Panama form, adopting therefor a name which turns out to be preoccupied. Mr. Bangs described it as a new subspecies. Dr. Allen and Dr. Oberholser 276 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. referred it to D. lafresnayei, a species described by Mr. Ridgway from a specimen in the Lafresnaye collection supposed to have come from the “ Upper Amazon,” but which must have really come from some place in western or northern Colombia, as indicated by Mr. Hellmayr. Dr. Chapman now proposes to make Valparaiso (i.c., Cincinnati) the accepted type-locality for the form, to which there certainly can be no objection. This is a bird of the Tropical Zone, and is probably the most com- mon and widespread species of the family in the Santa Marta region, ranging from sea-level up to 5,000 feet, but more abundant in the low- lands of the northeast and southwest sides of the Sierra Nevada. It is a forest-dweller entirely, and is gregarious in its habits, being rarely seen alone, but rather in pairs, small flocks, or in company with other kinds. It is one of the species which are invariably seen following the swarms of foraging ants in the forest, feeding on the insects which are thus driven out of the rubbish on the ground. 225. Campylorhamphus trochilirostris venezuelensis (Chapman). Two specimens: Valencia. A single pair of birds were taken at Valencia on August 7, 1920, these constituting the first record of a Campylorhamphus for this re- gion. They agree closely with Venezuelan specimens. Sittasomus sylvicides levis Bangs (?). Sittasomus olivaceus (not of Wied) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 202 (Manaure).—ScraTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 119 (Manaure).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 157 (Salvin and Godman’s reference). é The only record for a Sittasomus in the vicinity of our region is that quoted above, referring to a single specimen shot by Simons at Manaure, May 7, 1878. This example was referred to S. olivaceus both by Salvin and Godman and by Sclater, but as the latter author confused several easily dis- tinguishable forms under that name it is impossible to be sure to which of these the bird in question belongs without actual examination. The chances are, however, that it will turn out to be S. sylvioides levis, described from Chiriqui, of which there is a perfectly typical example in the Carnegie Mu- seum collection from Jaraquiel, Bolivar, Colombia. 226. Thripobrotus lacrymiger sancte-marthe (Chapman). Picolaptes lacrymiger (not Dendrocolaptes lacrymiger Des Murs) SALvIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 171 (San Sebastian) —SciaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Topp—CarRRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLoMBIA. 277 Mus., XV, 1890, 148 (San Sebastian).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, XIII, 1899, 100 (La Concepcién).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 156 (Valparaiso, El Libano, Las Nubes, and San Lorenzo). Picolaptes lacrymiger sancte-marthe CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, 1912, 150 (Valparaiso; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.); XXXVI, 1917, 423, in text (crit.)—ApoLiInaR Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, II, 1914, 245 (ref. orig. descr.). Thripobrotus lacrymiger sancta-marte CHAPMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XXXII, 1919, 262, in text (crit.). Twenty-seven specimens: Las Nubes, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, San Lorenzo, Pueblo Viejo, Cerro de Caracas, Chirua, and Heights of Chirua. The characters to which Dr. Chapman calls attention hold good in the above series upon comparison with another from the interior of Colombia, the broader striping below, upon a paler ground, being a fairly constant if not a very conspicuous feature. Seasonal variation is much less than would be expected. This is essentially a species of the Subtropical Zone, although des- cending sometimes to the upper part of the Tropical. It is found only in the heavy forest where such exists between 3,000 and 7,000 feet. It is rare below 4,000 feet, however, and sometimes straggles up to as high as 9,coo feet. It is fairly common throughout its range under favor- able conditions. 227. Thripobrotus albolineatus (Lafresnaye). Sixteen specimens: Mamatoco, Fundacion, Don Diego, Tucurinca, and Valencia. Due allowance being made for seasonal variation, we can see no dif- ference between the above series and a considerable number of other specimens coming from various parts of Venezuela and Colombia. Al- though no specimens from the State of Cumana in the former country have actually been examined, it would seem unlikely, judging from the variation exhibited in our series, that a recognizable form inhabits that region, as said by Messrs. Hartert and Goodson (Novitates Zodélogice, XXIV, 1917, 417). The alleged type of Dendrocolaptes albolineatus Lafresnaye in the Paris Museum was examined by Sclater, and found to be identical with a specimen from Carupano, Venezuela (cf. Cata- logue of the Birds in the British Museum, XV, 1890, 152). A speci- men with a better claim to be Lafresnaye’s type is in the collection of 278 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and agrees substantially with a specimen from Las Quiguas, Venezuela, forwarded to Mr. Bangs for comparison. There can therefore be no doubt as to the proper ‘appli- cation of the name. It is difficult to understand how this bird could have been overlooked by all previous collectors in this region. It is true that it is very rare in the lowlands back of Santa Marta, but it is certainly common enough at Don Diego and Fundacion. It prefers the open woodland, and at Don Diego was taken mostly in the cacao- and coffee-trees. It was met with on the other side of the mountains also, at Loma Larga and Valencia. 228. Xiphorhynchus nanus nanus (Lawrence). Dendrornis susurrans (not Dendrocolaptes susurrans Jardine) SALvINn and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Minca).—ScLaTer, Ibis, 1889, 353, in text (“Santa Marta ”).—ScraTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 133 (Minca). Dendrornis nana ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 157 (Caca- gualito). Xiphorhynchus nanus nanus RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, I9II, 250, 252 (Santa Marta localities; meas.). Additional records: Mamatoco (Carriker )- Nineteen specimens: Don Diego, Trojas de Cataca, Fundacion, Cin- cinnati, Las Vegas, Agua Dulce, and Tucurinca. Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern (Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, LXXVIII, 1912, 110) reduce this to a subspecies of X. guttatus, and it must be admitted that the similarity between X. guttatus sororius of the Orinoco region and the present form is close. However, X. nanus is decidedly smaller in all its dimensions, the throat is more buffy, and the general coloration is more olivaceous, less brownish, than in so- rorius, so that for the present at least we prefer to follow Mr. Ridgway in recognizing it as a distinct species. Deferring until a future occasion a discussion of the propriety of recognizing a Venezuelan form, it may be stated that the Santa Marta series agree substantially with Panama specimens. Such variation as obtains is due partly to season, partly to age. In fresh plumage speci- mens are more olivaceous, less rufescent. Immature birds have dark- colored bills, and the markings of the under parts are more distinct, with some tendency to cross-barring. No. 9,386 (Don Diego, May 17) is peculiar in having the shafts of the rectrices white toward the base. — Topp—CarRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGION, Cotompta. 279 Mr. Brown failed to meet with this bird at all, and Mr. Smith se- cured only a few specimens. The writer did not take it at any point in the Sierra Nevada proper after leaving the coast. It was most abundant at Don Diego, but was found sparingly in the woodland on the west side of the Sierra Nevada, as well as in the foothills of the San Lorenzo. It is confined to the Tropical Zone, running up oc- casionally as high as 4,500 feet, but rarely above 2,500 feet. It is a typical tree-ereeper, rather solitary in its habits, spending its time in climbing in spirals up the trunk of a tree, and then flying to the foot of another and repeating the performance. | 229. Xiphocolaptes procerus fortis Heine. Xiphocolaptes fortis Hrtne, Journ. f. Orn., VIII, 1860, 185 (Cartagena or Santa Marta[?]; orig. descr.; type in coll. Heine Mus.; crit.) —Ru1pcG- WAVE tocs iW. 9. Nate Mus. Xl p18oe" 19) (Santa Marta [+ reprint orig. descr.).—ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 142 (ref. orig. descr.).—Dusot1s, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 188 (ref. orig. descr.).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 82° (in list of species) —BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 253 (ref. orig. descr.). Dendrocolaptes fortis Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 176 (in list of species). —GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 25 (ref. orig. descr.). Xiphocolaptes procerus (not of Cabanis and Heine) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 177 (Macotama).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 157 (Valparaiso, El Libano, San Lorenzo, and Las ~ Nubes). , Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus procerus HErELLMAYR and voN_ SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 111 (Santa Marta [region], in range). Additional records: San Miguel, Chirua (Brown). Thirty-one specimens: Las Nubes, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, San Lor- enzo, Cerro de Caracas, Las Taguas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, Paramo de Mamarongo, and Heights of Chirua. The splendid series of Xiphocolaptes from Venezuela and Colombia in the collection of the Carnegie Museum has made possible the eluci- dation of the various forms inhabiting these regions with some degree of finality. To begin with, we have twenty-six skins of X. promeropi- rhynchus, which, with its relatively short bill and more heavily streaked under parts, may be regarded as specifically distinct. Of X. procerus procerus, described from Caracas, Venezuela, we have twelve speci- mens, including one from the type-locality. The Santa Marta speci- 280 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. mens above listed are a most interesting series. Several specimens in juvenal plumage (June 19 and 26) may readily be distinguished by the looser character of their plumage, by their shorter bills, and by the tendency of the buffy shaft-streaks of the pileum, throat, and breast to be indented by dusky spots, giving a partially barred effect. These shaft-streaks, too, are wider and more deeply buffy than in the adult. Some of the adults are decidedly brownish in general coloration, while others are more olivaceous. Some of the latter are scarcely distin- guishable from the Venezuelan skins except by the somewhat longer bill, which is a very constant feature. Asa series, however, the Santa Marta birds average more finely streaked below, with less spotting pos- teriorly. X. fortis was described from a specimen of unknown locality, but supposed to be from Cartagena or Santa Marta. MHeine’s descrip- tion and comparisons apply so well to the present series that we feel little doubt as to the correctness of his guess with reference to the source of his type. While by no means a strongly marked form, it may be allowed recognition. Further west along the coast of Colom- bia it is replaced by another and very distinct form, X. procerus ros- tratus Todd (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXX, 1917, 5), easily recognized by its larger bill, rich rufescent coloration, and more heavily streaked under parts. A not uncommon species in the forested parts of the Subtropical Zone, between the altitude of 5,000 and 9,000 feet. It is usually met with in pairs or family groups, but seldom in the company of other wandering species. It is especially fond of hunting among the brome- lias, where there are always insects, salamanders, frogs and frogs’ eggs to be found. 230. Dendroplex picirostris picirostris Lafresnaye. Dendroplex picirostris LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., X, 1847, 76 (Rio Hacha; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia).—ScraTer, Gat Aman Birdsh186n) 165. (“Santas Manta %).— Viv Aare sill 1Sea co 7inemmtericy 331 (Santa Marta).—Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Avium. Neotrop., 1873, 68 (range).—GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 35 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).— SAtviIn and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Santa Marta).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit.- Mus., XV, 1890, 139 (Santa Marta).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 138 (“Santa Marta”).—Stonr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1899, 51 (crit. on type)——ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1901, 157 (Bonda); XXI, 1905, 288 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). —BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 252 (ref. orig. descr. ; range). Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGion, Cotomspra. 281 Dendrocolaptes picirostris Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 177 (range). Dendroplex picus picirostris CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 422 (Bonda; crit.)——Bancs and PeENarp, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., LXIV, 1921, 370 (Rio Hacha and “Santa Marta”; crit.). Additional records: Tucurinca (Carriker ). Twenty-eight specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Gaira, Fundacion, Punto Caiman, Dibulla, and Santa Marta. We consider this form specifically distinct from the more southern D. picus. It was described by Lafresnaye in 1847 from specimens purporting to come from Rio Hacha, in the northeastern corner of the region covered by the present paper, his types being still extant in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and of the Museum of Comparative Zoology respectively. Some specimens of the present series are decidedly rufescent below, while others are more olivaceous, but this difference is apparently not dependent on either locality, age, or season. Immature birds (August to October) may readily be told by their darker and shorter bills, while there is a ten- dency for the stripes on the breast to continue down over the abdomen. A Tropical Zone species, confined entirely to the lowlands and lower edge of the foothills, and not often seen outside of the semi-arid sec- tion or the drier parts of the forested section. It was recorded by the writer at Rio Hacha, the type-locality, in July, 1920, and also at Arroya de Arenas, Fonseca, and near Badillo. It prefers the thorny scrub and cacti, and is never seen in dense forest. Dr. Allen describes the nest as placed in an abandoned woodpecker hole in the top of a dead stump, and built of a felted lining of plant-down mixed with bits of plant-stems at the bottom of the cavity. The eggs are three in number, pure white. 231. Dendrocolaptes validus seilerni Hartert and Goodson. Dendrocolaptes validus (not of Tschudi) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 156 (Valparaiso, El Libano, and Las Nubes). Dendrocolaptes validus validus ? RipGway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXII, 1900, 73 (Santa Marta [region]; crit.) —Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No: 50, V, 1911, 229, 233, footnote (Santa Marta region;. crit.). Dendrocolaptes validus multistrigatus (not of Eyton) HrtimMayr and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 118 (‘ Santa Marta” [rf], in range). Seventeen specimens: El Libano, Las Nubes, Cincinnati, San Lor- enzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, and Heights of Chirua. 282 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The subspecific determination of this series has been until very re- cently an open question, depending on what the type of Dendroco- laptes multistrigatus might turn out to be. Messrs. Hartert and Good- son (Novitates Zodlogice, XXIV, 1917, 416) now report that the type in question agrees absolutely with Colombian skins from Bogota collec- tions, and they accordingly describe as new the form from the north coast of Venezuela, the characters of which had already been indicated by Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern. This disposition of the case is supported by the series in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. In addition to the characters claimed for seilerni it may be added that the bill (in the skin) is much lighter in color, and the upper parts are a shade browner, than in multistrigatus. Santa Marta specimens prove to be inseparable from those from northern Venezuela, although their bills average a little longer. This bird is found only in the highlands of the Subtropical Zone, be- tween about 4,500 and 7,000 feet. Since it is confined to the heavy forest, it is rarely seen in those parts of the Sierra Nevada worked by Mr. Brown and the writer, for the reason that there is very little heavy forest left at these elevations. It is not abundant anywhere, ‘ and is a solitary, noiseless bird. Family FURNARIID/E. OveEnpsirps. 232. Thripadectes flammulatus (Eyton). = Thripadectes flammulatus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (El Libano). One specimen: Heights of Chirua. So few specimens of this species have thus far found their way into collections that it is impossible to determine whether or not there is geographic variation. Scarcely any two examples of those ex- amined in this connection are exactly alike in color and markings, but the difference may well be individual rather than geographical. In the above specimen the pileum and.nape are black, distinctly different from the color of the back. Evidently this is an extremely rare bird. Mr. Smith got but one specimen, at El Libano, at about 6,000 feet altitude, while the single bird secured by the writer was taken at about 5,000 feet above Chirua, in dense, humid forest. It seems to be a bird of the Subtropical Zone. Topp-CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta ReEGion, CotomsBia. 283 233. Automolus rufipectus Bangs. Autemoius rufipectus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 158 (Pueblo Viejo; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.; meas.; crit.) ; XIII, 1899, 99 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 3,000-7,500 ft.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 158 (Bangs’ reference). —Durois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 194 (Santa Marta [region], in range; ref. orig. descr.)—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, III, to01, 68 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Hettmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XV, 1905, 55, in text (crit.).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, 1911, 213 (diag.; range; references).—BRABOURNE and CuHusB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 241 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: La Concepcion, San Antonio (Brown). Seventeen specimens: Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Agua Dulce, Pueblo Viejo, Chirua, and Heights of Chirua. F This series bears out the characters ascribed to this species by the original describer. In immature dress, illustrated by specimens dated March 6, 7, and April 12, the throat and upper breast are slightly squamate from the narrow brown edgings of the feathers. No. 42,232, June 17, is moulting both remiges and rectrices; No. 42,557, July 22, is just completing the postnuptial moult of the remiges, and is in fine fresh plumage. In the Sierra Nevada this Automolus ranges from 2,000 to 6,000 feet (7,500 feet, according to Mr. Brown), and in the San Lorenzo be- tween 3,000 and 5,000 feet, or from the upper Tropical into the Sub- tropical Zone. It is partial to the heavy forest or thick second-growth, and is fond of dark tangles and ravines. It does little climbing, but keeps hopping about on or near the ground. It was perhaps most numerous at Pueblo Viejo in the thick scrub, but cannot be considered a common bird anywhere. 234. Xenicopsis montanus anxius Bangs. Anabazenops striaticollis (not Anabates striaticollis Sclater) Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, XIII, 1899, 99 (Chirua, San Miguel, and La Con- cepcion.— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (Onaca, Val- paraiso, El Libano,’and Las Nubes). Xenicopsis anxius Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, III, 1902, 83 Chirua; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zodol.; crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus.+Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).— Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 207 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.)—Cory, Auk, XXXVI, 1919, 273 (crit.). ; Anabazenops anxius Duxsots, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1072 (ref. orig. deser.). 284 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Philydor montanus anxius HetuMayr, Rey. Francaise d’Orn., II, 1911, 49, in text (ref. orig. descr.; meas.; crit.).—HrELLMAYR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 103 (range).—CuHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 412, in text (crit.). Philydor anxius BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 243 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Twenty-seven specimens: Las Nubes, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, and Heights of Chirua. The Xenicopsis collected in the Santa Marta region by Messrs. Brown and Smith was at first presumed to be X. striaticollis, the form . inhabiting central Colombia, until Mr. Bangs pointed out its distine- tive characters in 1902. There is little difference between the two forms in the color of the upper parts, but anxiuws is markedly yellower below, the throat and superciliaries being mustard yellow. It is clearly only subspecifically distinct from striaticollis, and according to Dr. Chapman and others the latter is similarly related to the Peruvian form, montanus. A species which is found in the heavy Subtropical Zone forest be- tween about 5,000 and 8,000 feet in the San Lorenzo, dropping down as low as 3,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada. It is an active, noisy bird, continually scrambling and hopping about among the branches of the trees, but unlike the stiff-tailed species doing little real climbing. It is fond of rummaging about in the bromelias for insects. 235. Leptasthenura andicola extima Todd. Lebptasthenura andicola (not of Sclater, 1869) Satvin and GopMman, Ibis, 1880, 170 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 10,000 ft.).—ScLaTEeR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 36 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 159 (Salvin and Godman’s ref- erence). Leptasthenura andicola andicola HrtuMayr, Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, 333 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range). Leptasthenura andicola extima Toop, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, 1916, 97 (Paramo de ‘‘ Macotama’”’ [i.e., Chiruqua]; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—Aportnar Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, IV, 1916, 118 (reprint orig. descr.)—CHaPpMAN, Am. Mus. Nov., No. 18, 1921, 9 (in list of species; range). Three specimens: Paramo de Chiruqua. Leptasthenura andicola was described by Sclater (Proceedings Zoological Socicty of London, 1869, 636) from Ecuador, and specimens Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomBiaA. 285 trom Mt. Pichincha in that country agree in general with his figure. The three examples from the Paramo de Chiruqua, however, differ from the Ecuador birds in having the remiges and their coverts more extensively rufous-edged, the superciliaries narrower and less promi- nent, and the throat more extensively streaked, leaving only the chin immaculate. From L. andicola certhia von Madarasz (Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, I, 1903, 463), from the Andes of Merida (of which L. montivagans Riley, Proceedings Biological Society of Wash- ington, XVIII, 1905, 219, is a synonym), it differs in its darker upper parts, darker color of the streaks on the pileum, and greater rufescence of the remiges and their coverts. Measurements are as follows: No. Sex. Locality. Wing. sale Bill. Tarsus. AC ROSME PM bacamlo: sew Chinuqitar saci ee ototte et 65 93 II 20 Aga g. Wergbrotoy Cle Cinsqeemesogocdnoccabucoudus 69 95 Il 21 ALS OOO mm caramom dea Ghinuquass sx. sracesere siete sie 65 94 II 19 This interesting form is peculiar to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, where it occurs in the Paramo Zone. Simons marked his speci- mens as having been taken at 10,000 feet, but the three examples above listed were all secured between 12,000 and 15,000 feet. They were shot along the edges of tiny rivulets, where they kept hidden in the matted vegetation, and would not flush until almost stepped upon. Perhaps the bird is more abundant than it seems, owing to this habit of con- cealing itself and its dislike of flushing from cover. 236. Peecilurus candei candei (Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny). Synallaxis cande@i Satvin and GopMAn, Ibis, 1880, 170, part (“Santa Marta’’). Seven specimens: Fundacion. This series, collected in August and October, are all in rather worn plumage, and therefore not strictly comparable with a series of speci- mens from Cartagena, the type-locality of the species, and its vicinity. They appear to have the black of the throat more extended, and the white chin-spot and maxillary stripe correspondingly more restricted, than Cartagena examples, which, however, vary somewhat among themselves. If this is not due to wear, it indicates an approach to the charactérs of the recently described P. atrigularis (Proceedings Bio- logica! Society of Washington, XXX, 1917, 129), which, however, is otherwise very distinct. 286 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. This species, with its broad, rounded, terminally expanded rectrices, of soft, closely webbed feathers, certainly cannot belong in Synallaxis. In the paper just cited the writer has accordingly proposed to make it the type of a new genus, Pecilurus.** . A Tropical Zone species, with a very restricted local distribution. It was taken by the writer only in the waste land and weed-grown pas- tures along the Fundacion-River below the village of that name, and was not common even there. It is wont to keep close to the ground in the clumps of shrubbery and weeds, seldom coming out into the open. 237. Peecilurus candei venezuelensis (Cory). Synallaxis candei (not of Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) Scrater, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1859, 194 (Rio Hacha); 1871, 85 (Rio Hacha); 1874, 15 (Rio Hacha).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 170, part (Valencia).— ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 54 (Valencia).—ALueNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900,\158 (Salvin and Godman’s reference). Twenty specimens: Rio Hacha, Fonseca, and Valencia. These specimens agree well with a series from Tocuyo, northern Venezuela, which are readily referable to this form, lately discrimin- ated by Mr. Cory (Field Museum Ornithological Series, 1, 1913, 292). It differs from typical candei in its generally paler coloration, both above and below; in the cap being more restricted posteriorly ; in hav- ing more white on the throat, with a corresponding reduction in size of the black patch; and in the tail being more sharply bicolor. This is one of the forms peculiar to the arid Venezuelan coast strip which reaches the Santa Marta region at its northeastern extremity. Many years ago Sclater recorded it from Rio Hacha, and it is certainly an abundant bird along the river there, favoring the stretches of salt plain and the outer fringes of the mangroves. It is found also in the thorny scrub and cacti in almost equal abundance, and here spends most of its time on the ground, hopping about and scratching a great deal. ' Simons secured a specimen at Valencia, in the Rio Cesar Valley, and his record has recently been confirmed by the writer. 238. Synallaxis albescens albigularis Sclater. Synallaxis albescens (not of Temminck) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, XII, 1898, 177 (Palomina).—ALLEeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XII, 1900, 159 (Bangs’ reference). * 33 Unfortunately, through inadvertence, given a masculine instead of a feminine termination. Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MArta REGIon, CoLtompia. 287 Additional records: Chirua, San Miguel, La Concepcion, San An- tonio (Brown). Seven specimens: Fundacion, Pueblo Viejo, and Heights of Chirua. The Fundacion specimens differ from the rest, and from a series from Venezuela, in having the cinnamon rufous area on the cap more restricted and more or less overlaid with brown, while the cinnamon rufous of the wings averages paler and less extensive also. Other material in the Carnegie Museum collection indicates the existence of an imperfectly differentiated littoral form possessing these characters in the lower Magdalena Valley. The case will be discussed more fully on another occasion. The local distribution of this species is rather peculiar. It was found on the north slope of the Sierra Nevada at from 2,000 to 4,000 feet elevation, and in the lowlands only at Fundacion. In the former locality it was taken in the shrubbery and tall grass in the valleys as well as in similar situations on the mountainside. At Fundacion it was encountered in a pasture near the marsh, where tall weeds abounded. 239. Synallaxis albescens perpallida Todd. Synallaxis albescens perpallida Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, 1916, 97 (Rio Hacha; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—Apot- INAR Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, IV, 1916, 118 (reprint orig. descr.). Eleven specimens: Rio Hacha. A small, pale local race of S. albescens, known only from the above specimens, and doubtless restricted in its range to the Goajira Penin- sula. It is markedly whiter below than S. albescens albigularis, ap- proaching thus S. albescens hypoleuca of eastern’ Panama, with the type of which it has been compared. The latter, however, is more rufescent, less grayish on the upper parts, wings, and tail; the cin- namon rufous of the pileum and wing-coverts is deeper and more extensive; and the forehead is brown, like the back, instead of gray. Specimens from Margarita Island differ still more, so that the form seems well worthy of recognition. This bird was fairly common on the salty flats along the lower reaches of the Rio Hacha, where various shrubs and weeds abound. 20 288 . ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 240. Synallaxis fuscorufa Sclater. Synallaxis fusco-rufa Sciater, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1882, 578, pl. 13, fig. r (San Sebastian; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.).— REICHENOW and ScuHatow, Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 387 (reprint orig. descr.).—ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 53 (San Sebastian).— Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 177 (San Miguel; crit.).— Banes, Proc. New England Zodél. Club, I, 1899, 79 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—ALLEen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 159 (Sclater’s and Bangs’ references)—Dusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 198 (Santa Marta [region], in range; ref. orig. descr.).—BRABOURNE and Cuupp, Birds S Am., I, 1912, 231 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: Chirua, Macotama (Brown). Thirty specimens: San Lorenzo, Pueblo Viejo, Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, Paramo de Mamarongo, San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. In adults of this handsome species the wings and tail are deep cin- namon rufous or hazel, with the pileum and nape paler; the under parts are ochraceous tawny, lightening into clay-color posteriorly ; and the back is dark olive gray. Young birds (of which there are several specimens, shot in June and July), on the contrary, have the cinnamon rufous pileum merely indicated, usually by a rufescent posterior mar- gin, while the under parts are tawny olive, palest posteriorly, with faint indications of barring. Both adults and young have the inner webs of the rectrices toward the tips dusky brownish. One albinistic adult has numerous white feathers in the body-plumage. The type of this Synallaxis was taken by Simons at San Sebastian, on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada, where later Mr. Brown se- cured additional specimens, as well as at El Mamon and San Miguel. In the vicinity of this latter place and Chirua it was probably the most abundant species of its family, according to the experience of the writer. It is restricted to the Santa Marta region, where it is essen- tially a species of the Subtropical Zone, ranging between 2,500 and 9,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada, and from 7,000 feet upwards in the San Lorenzo. It is almost entirely confined to the open, preferring bushes and shrubbery and tangled thickets. It is tame and easily ap- proached. 241. Acrorchilus hellmayri (Bangs). Synallaxis antisiensis (not of Sclater) SALtvIn and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 170 (Santa Marta region; crit.). Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomBiaA. 289 Siptornis antisiensis SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 59 (“ Santa Marta ’”’).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 99 (Santa Cruz, Paramo de Macotama, and Paramo de Chiruqua).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (Valparaiso). Siptornis hellmayri Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX, 1907, 55 (Par- amo de Macotama; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zo6l.).—Bra- BOURNE and CuHups, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 233 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Acrorchilus hellmayri Ripaeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 184, footnote (sp. opt.). Cranioleuca hellmayri Cory, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, 1919, 151, 156 (diag.; range). Twelve specimens: San Lorenzo, Cincinnati, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, and Cerro de Caracas. A specimen secured by Simons from some point in this region was referred to the species now called Acrorchilus antisiensis both by Sal- vin and Godman and by Sclater, and when additional specimens came to hand as a result of the work of Messrs. Brown and Smith they were referred to the same species. Mr. Hellmayr presently discovered that the Santa Marta bird was really distinct from A. antisiensis, and upon his calling the attention of Mr. Bangs to the matter the latter at once de- scribed the new form, naming it after Mr. Hellmayr. It differs from A. antisiensis at a glance in having the pileum distinctly streaked, not plain, and in other details of coloration. As shown by the present series, the species is ‘subject to considerable variation as regards the amount of rufous on the crown, dependent no doubt on sex and age. One worn specimen has scarcely any of this color visible. Mr. Cory, the latest reviewer of this very difficult group, would re- duce both Acrorchilus and Asthenes to synonyms of Cranioleuca. Tak- ing into consideration the Santa Marta forms alone, we are. scarcely prepared to follow him in this, believing that while Acrorchilus may be the same as Cranioleuca (the type of which we have not yet seen), it is certainly distinct from Asthenes, not only in its much shorter tarsus, but also in having a differently shaped wing, with the outer primary conspicuously reduced, and the wing-tip relatively longer and more pointed. We are inclined at least provisionally to regard these differ- ences as generic in character. Although Mr. Brown claims to have taken this species on the Para- mos de Macotama and Chiruqua, the writer has found it to be a Sub- tropical Zone form, ranging from 5,000 up to 9,000 feet. It occurs 290 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. wherever forest is found between these limits, but does not seem to be abundant in any section visited. Like many other of the smaller species of this family, it is accustomed to hop about among the branches a great deal, instead of merely climbing. It is also fond of feeding among the bromelias which are so common at this elevation. 242. Asthenes wyatti wyatti (Sclater and Salvin). Synallaxis wyatti SALVIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 170 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 10,000-12,800 ft.).—BERLEPSCH and TaczANowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, 299 (“‘Santa Marta’’; crit.). Siptornis wyatti ScLater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 71 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 99 (Paramo de Chiruqua).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references). Cranioleuca wyatti Cory, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, 1919, 151, 157 diag.; range). Siptornis wyatti wyatti CHAPMAN, Am. Mus. Nov., No. 18, 1921, 4 (Paramo de Chiruqua; crit.). Twenty-six specimens: Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, Paramo de Mamarongo, and Paramo de Chiruqua. The type of this species came from the Paramo of Pamplona in the Eastern Andes of Colombia, a region from which no other specimens are yet available for comparison. Salvin and Godman ascribe the differ- ence between their Santa Marta skins and the type to variation in age, but Dr. Chapman reports that they are “essentially identical.” Ac- cording to von Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Ecuador specimens are different, and they have recently been given a name. In any case, it is certainly a mistake to describe the lower parts as “ pale ochraceous,” when they are really pale buffy brown. Considerable variation is shown by this series in the color of the throat, which in some specimens is nearly white, and in others rich orange rufous. No. 45,275, April Io, is in juvenal dress, with short bill and tail; it is like the adult above, but a little more buffy below, the breast with indistinct narrow dusky bars. This is essentially a species peculiar to the Paramo Zone, being found regularly on all the paramos from 10,000 to 15,500 feet, al- though straggling down to 8,000 feet, as proven by one specimen taken in the valley just above the village of Macotama. Simons secured a few specimens at these altitudes, and Mr. Brown took a pair on the Paramo de Chiruqua at 15,000 feet. It is in fact perhaps the com- Topp—CARRIKER: BirDS OF SANTA Marta Recion, CoLompra. 29] monest bird on the paramos with the exception of Phrygilus unicolor nivarius, being invariably found either among the low bushes and shrubbery or in the great heaps of boulders so abundant in these areas. In its general habits it much resembles the various species of Synal- laxts. 243. Leptoxyura cinnamomea fuscifrons (von Madarasz). Synallaxis cinnamomea (not Certhia cinnamomea Gmelin) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (Cienaga). Synallaxis fuscifrons von Maparasz, Orn. Monatsber., XXI, 1913, 22 (Aracataca; orig. descr.; type in coll. Budapest Mus.; crit.). Twenty-seven specimens: Fundacion and Trojas de Cataca. In this species the rectrices are twelve in number, which at once rules it out of Synallaxis, where it has been left by most recent authors. Moreover, the wing is longer than the tail, and much rounded, the secondaries being almost as long as the primaries, so that it can hardly be referred to Acrorchilus. It seems less out of place in Siptornis, but on the whole it seems best to recognize it as belonging to a distinct genus, Leptoxyura Reichenbach. Dr. von Madarasz has very properly separated the form found in Colombia and northern Venezuela from the typical Guiana bird, select- ing as a type a specimen from our region collected by J. Ujhelyi. The new form fuscifrons differs, as its name implies, in having the fore- head brown like the lores, instead of uniform with the crown; the upper parts, too, are more rufescent, less brownish, and the throat- spot is brighter yellow. Young birds, of which there are severai in the present series, may be told by their pale under mandible, buffy suf- tusion on the under parts, buffy white superciliaries, and extension of the brown of the forehead over the pileum. _ An abundant bird in the marshes at Fundacion and in the inundated shrubbery and tall grass along the lower course of the Aracataca River. It frequents the thorny scrub and weeds growing in the marsh, and evidently feeds entirely on various small forms of aquatic life. The nest is characteristic of all the species of this group thus far ob- served by the writer, at least in the shape and mode of its construction, only the material used being different. It is a tunnel-shaped affair from twelve to fifteen inches in length, widening out at the far end to a diameter of about seven or eight inches, where the nest-cavity is placed. The entire structure is built of thorny twigs interwoven in a 292 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. remarkable manner, so that one end of each twig projects outwards, giving the nest a bristling appearance. There is no lining of any sort, the two or three pure white eggs being deposited on the rough twigs. 244. Premnoplex brunnescens coloratus Bangs. Premnoplex brunnescens (not Margarornis brunnescens ScLaTER) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 100 (San Miguel and Chirua). Margarornis brunnescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 157 (El Libano, Las Nubes, and Valparaiso). Premnoplex coloratus BANGS, Proc. New England Zool. Club, III, 1902, 84 (San Miguel; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; crit.) —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.)— BRABOURNE and CHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 247 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Premnoplex brunnescens coloratus BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 1908, 159 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; diag.).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus:, No: 50, V, torr, 181 (diag): range: references), 182, foot- note (meas.).—HELLMAyR and von Seirern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 109 (‘“ Tagua” [Las Taguas]; descr.; range; crit.; ref. orig. descr.). —CuHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 417, in text GoSanta Marta) Twenty-seven specimens: Las Nubes, El Libano, Cincinnati, San Miguel, Paramo de Mamarongo, Las Taguas, San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), and Heights of Chirua. This race, which in Colombia appears to be virtually confined to the Santa Marta region, is very distinct from the Central American P. brunnescens brunneicauda, being in fact much more closely allied to true brunnescens. It differs from the latter in the color of the upper parts, wings and tail, which are brighter, more rufescent brown, with the dusky edgings of the feathers of the back less. prominent, and in the paler color of the throat. A Subtropical Zone species, ranging from 5,000 to 9,000 feet wher- ever heavy forest is found, but rare above 7,000 feet. The more humid the conditions, the better this bird likes it. In its habits and behavior it is wren-like, haunting dark ravines and the bases of trees, keeping near or on the ground. It usually goes in pairs, or in the company of other kinds of similar haunts and habits. Its only note is a weak chirp, often repeated as it hops about in search of food. 245. Xenops rutilus heterurus Cabanis and Heine. Xenops rutilus (not of Lichtenstein) Atzten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (Las Nubes). Topp—CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGion, Cotompta. 293 Xenops rutilus heterurus Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 175 (Las Nubes, in range). Three specimens: Cincinnati and Las Vegas. These agree closely with specimens from Trinidad, Venezuela, etc. Two were taken in the vicinity of Cincinnati in the heavy forest above 5,000 feet elevation, and one at Las Vegas. Mr. Smith secured a single bird at Las Nubes. Apparently it takes the place of X. geni- barbis neglectus in the Subtropical Zone. It is an inconspicuous, quiet bird, easily overlooked where not common, and is usually to be found feeding more among the upper branches of the tall trees than about their trunks. 246. Xenops genibarbis neglectus Todd. Xenops genibarbis (not of Illiger) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Minca).—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 111 (Minca).— Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (‘““Santa Marta ”’).— Aten, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 157 (Bonda, Minca, and Cacagualito). Xenops genibarbis mexicanus (not of Sclater) RrpGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 172: (Santa Marta region; crit.). Twenty-one specimens: Minca,:Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Cincinnati, Fundacion, Don Diego, Dibulla, and Tucurinca. These agree well with specimens from northern Venezuela, upon which X. genibarbis neglectus (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXVI, 1913, 173) was based. It is a pale race, readily distinguishable from typical X. g. mexicanus by being less brownish, more olivaceous in general coloration, with the wings and tail also paler, more cinnamomeous. Costa Rican examples are intermediate be- tween the two forms aforesaid: they have recently been named ridg- wayt by Messrs. Hartert and Goodson (Novitates Zodlogice, XXIV, 1917, 417). As claimed by these authors, neglectus is really much closer to littoralis of western Ecuador and Colombia. The writer has not yet been able to consult a satisfactory series of this latter form, but all Ecuador specimens so far examined appear to be appreciably darker in general coloration than the Venezuelan and Santa Marta skins in comparable plumage, with the wings and tail more rufous, less cin- namomeous. Although not a strongly marked race, neglectus may nevertheless be allowed to stand. A Tropical Zone bird of wide altitudinal distribution, ranging from 204 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. sea-level up to 5,000 feet on the San Lorenzo, but apparently wanting in the central Sierra Nevada, no collector having ever found it there. It has recently been detected, however, at Loma Larga, on the eastern slope. It was most abundant in the forest at Don Diego and Funda- cion, as a rule keeping high up in the trees, and usually in company with other species. 247. Cinclodes oreobates Scott. Cinclodes fuscus (not Anthus fuscus Vieillot) Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 23 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta). Cinclodes fuscus albidiventris (not of Sclater) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, XIII, 1899, 98 (Paramo de Chiruqua; crit.)—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 159 (Bangs’ reference). Cinclodes oreobates Scott, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, X, 1900, 62 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; orig. descr.; type in coll. Brit. Mus.) —SHaARPE, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 50 (range).—Dusots, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1073 (ref, orig. descr.; range).—BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 225 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Twenty-four specimens: Paramo de Mamarongo and Paramo de Chiruqua. Simons took at least three specimens of a Cinclodes at some point or points in the Sierra Nevada, as duly recorded by Sclater, who, how- ever, “lumped” several very distinct forms under the name C. fuscus. When Mr. Bangs came to identify the two specimens received from Mr. Brown he referred them to C. albidiventris, but apparently with- cut having seen authentic examples of this form, which he considered to be only conspecific with C. fuscus. It remained for the late W. E. D. Scott to differentiate and name the Colombian form, which he did in 1900, his description being based on the Santa Marta specimens in the British Museum received from Simons. The description of the posterior under parts as rufescent is inaccurate, however, for while in some individuals these parts are shaded with buffy, in others they are merely soiled white. C. albidiventris, as represented by specimens from Mt. Pichincha, Ecuador, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, is by comparison more rufescent above than C. oreobates; the bill is shorter; the under parts are tinged with buffy, and the spotting on the throat and breast is less decided; the cinnamomeous areas on the wings and tail are darker; and the superciliaries are more decidedly buffy. Although the status and re- Topp—CarrRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsra. 295 lationships of the various forms of this genus are still involved in much obscurity, we are inclined on the whole to keep the present form specifically distinct. The series at hand shows considerable variation affecting the amount of spotting on the throat and breast. This most interesting bird belongs to the Paramo Zone, having been found by Mr. Brown on the Paramo de Chiruqua at 15,000 feet, and by the writer in the same general region, from 12,000 to 16,000 feet. It is found only where there is water, as for example along the streams coming down from the lakes and melting snow. It always occurs in pairs, and is not particularly shy. It keeps to the rocks in and along the edge of the water, and evidently feeds entirely on aquatic insects. ‘248. Furnarius leucopus agnatus Sclater and Salvin. Furnarius agnatus ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 61, 159 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 197, foot-note, and 1880, 170 (Valle de Upar).— VON PELZELN, Ibis, 1881, 408, part (Valle de Upar and “ Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta”; descr.; references) —ScLaTerR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 14, part (Valle de Upar; descr.) —Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 137, in text (“Santa Marta’’).—SHarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 47, part (range).—BRABOURNE and Cuusps, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 222, part (ref. orig. descr.; range). Furnarius leucopus var. agnata Dusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 205, part (ref. orig. descr.; range). One specimen: Rio Hacha. Furnarius agnatus was described from two specimens secured by G. Joad in 1870, at Valle de Upar and Santa Marta respectively. In the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Musewm these two examples are designated as cotypes, but Salvin and Godman distinctly state that the type came from Valle de Upar, and the measurements quoted in the original description, and later by von Pelzeln, apparently bear this out. The question of the type-locality becomes very important in view of the discovery that the birds inhabiting the Goajira Peninsula, and ex- tending eastward into the arid coast region of Venezuela, are sub:pe- cifically separable from those of the restricted Santa Marta region and Magdalena Valley. Our single Rio Hacha specimen (No. 45,637) is very pale throughout, with the cinnamon rufous shading below much paler and more restricted; the wing is longer also, and the bill notice- ably longer (26 mm.). The measurements correspond well with those given by von Pelzeln for the type, and also in general with those given 296 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. by Mr. Cory for his Furnarius agnatus venezuelensis (Field Museum Ornithological Series, I, 1913, 291), which is almost certainly a pure synonym of agnatus. By analogy, the bird of Rio Hacha and Valle de Upar would be the same, leaving the form from west of the Sierra Nevada to be described as new. Both races prove on comparison to be so close to F. leucopus Swainson that they should probably stand as subspecies thereof, unless the circumstance of their isolation from that form should be held to forbid such an arrangement. About the only difference of any moment between the Santa Marta races (considered together) and leucopus is in the color of the cap, which is decidedly grayish in the former, but brownish in the latter. This bird was noted at several points in the valley of the Rio Ran- cheria and Rio Cesar during the season of 1920, namely, Arroya de Arenas, Badillo, Fonseca, and Valencia, but unfortunately no additional specimens were secured. 249. Furnarius leucopus exilis Todd. Furnarius agnatus (not of Sclater and Salvin) von Petzetn, Ibis, 1881, 408, part (Santa Marta).—ScLatTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 14, part (Santa Marta).—Banecs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (“ Santa Marta’”’)—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 159, excl. syn. part (Bonda and Santa Marta) —SunHarpr, Hand-List Birds, III, I90I, 47, part (range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.-Hist., XXI, 1905, 289 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs).—BraBouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 222, part (range).—CuHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 400 (Santa Marta [region]). Furnarius leucopus var. agnata Dusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 205, part (range). Furnarius leucopus exilis Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, 1920, 74 (Fundacion; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Twenty-seven specimens: Bonda, Cienaga, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Tierra Nueva, Gaira, Fundacion, and Tucurinca. In accordance with the foregoing considerations, it has become necessary to apply a new name to the Furnarius inhabiting the semi- arid region in the vicinity of Santa Marta, and which is now known to range for some distance westward along the coast, and up the valley of the Magdalena River. Compared with agnatus, it is much more richly colored throughout, and has a constantly shorter wing and bill, the latter member averaging only about 21 mm. in adult males. It has been met with by all the later collectors in this region, but has Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGIon, Cotompita. 297 heretofore been confused with agnatus, mainly because of the lack of topotypical specimens of that form. A Tropical Zone form, confined to the lowlands, but apparently not present in the forested section between Rio Piedras and Dibulla. It is partial to wet places, but only such as are more or less in the open, such as irrigation-ditches, banks of small streams, and puddles of rain- water, and it is seldom seen in the forest. The bird spends most of the time on the ground, hopping about in the mud or shallow water, but when flushed will usually alight in a tree. It has a peculiar low call-note, not often heard. Mr. Smith sent in two nests, each with two eggs, collected at Bonda on May 15 and September 18. “The nests are of the usual Furnarius style, made of layers of mud and saddled on a branch of a tree, form- ing a rounded, domed structure, with the entrance on one side near the bottom, communicating with an interior nest-chamber, lined with plant- stems, apparently mostly petioles of leaves. The nests are about 8% to 9 inches high, and about the same in diameter. “The eggs are clear white, elongate oval, and measure 24.5 X 17.5, 25 Gls 25-55 18°25 18.42” 250. Sclerurus albigularis propinquus Bangs. Sclerurus albigularis (?) (not of Swainson) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 177 (Palomina; crit.). Sclerurus albigularis propinquus BaANncs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 99 (Chirua; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zod6l.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 157. (Las Nubes and Valparaiso; crit.).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 164 (diag.; range;. ref. orig. descr.)—HELLMAYR and von SeiLerN, Arch, f. Natucc: EX XViIIIT, “ror2, 106, in’ text (Valparaiso; range; crit:; ref: orig. descr.). Sclerurus propinquus Swarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 72 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 246 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Sixteen specimens: Las Nubes, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, and Pueblo Viejo. Mr. Bangs remarked on the characters of the first specimen ex- amined by him, and described the form as new upon the receipt of a second example, comparing it with S. canigularis of Costa Rica and S. albigularis of Venezuela. As a matter of fact it is easily distin- guished from either of these, but is so close to S. scansor as to be 298 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. separable therefrom only with difficulty, despite the gap existing be- tween their respective ranges as at present known. S. scansor (which is certainly specifically distinct from S. wmbretta) is a little larger than the present form, however ;:its throat is whiter; and the color of its upper parts is a shade less rufescent, especially on the crown. No. 44,907, Pueblo Viejo, March 9, is a young bird, resembling the adult, but darker and duller, with the throat dusky grayish. Apparently this Sclerurus is a raré bird everywhere. Mr. Brown took but two specimens, while Mr. Smith got thirteen. The writer secured only fourteen in all his collecting. It is found only in the very humid parts of the Subtropical Zone forest, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet on the San Lorenzo, and somewhat lower down in the Sierra Nevada, where it was met with only in the damp forest region to the southeast of Pueblo Viejo. It always stays on or very close to the ground, rarely perching on a low shrub or exposed root of a tree. Evidently all its food is secured out of the soft ground and humus, for the bill is invariably found soiled when the bird is shot. ‘The nest is placed at the end of a tunnel-shaped excavation, made by the birds themselves, in a more or less perpendicular bank of earth along some small creek or road through the heavy forest. Three such nests were taken along the road between Cincinnati and Las Taguas at 5,000 feet elevation. The cavity is about fifteen inches in length, the main portion being about two inches in diameter, while the nest cavity is enlarged to about twice that amount. The two ovoid, white eggs are deposited on a scant bed of dead leaves. All the nests were found in May and June. Family FORMICARIID/AE. Anr-sirps. 251. Grallaria rufula spatiator Bangs. Grallaria spatiator Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 177 (Macotama; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zodél.; meas.; crit.)—ALLEN, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 159, 184 (Bangs’ reference).—Dusors, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 170 (Santa Marta [re- gion], in range; ref. orig. descr.).—SHaARpPE, “Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 44 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 218 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Three specimens: San Lorenzo and Cerro de Caracas. The San Lorenzo specimen, shot in July, and in fresh plumage, is Topp-—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLtompra. 299 decidedly more rufescent than the other two from the Sierra Nevada, taken in March and April, so that due allowance must be made for seasonal variation in comparing this with other forms. It appears to be so closely allied to G. rufula of the Colombian Andes that its rela- tionship thereto is best expressed by a trinomial. Practically the only constant difference between them is in the color of the abdomen, which is soiled white in spatiator, and decidedly buffy in rufula. Measure- ments of these three specimens are as follows: No. Sex. Locality. Date. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. Drisigs. Oe Seraellords:¥40) pa aan Intlbyp al, MO Seéa6or 79 42 19 44 45155 o Cerro de Caracas ...March 30, 1914 .... 81 AI 19 46 A223 99) Cerro de Caracas ....Apml 4) Tod asa a7, 40 19 47 This is one of the rarest species of the family in the Santa Marta region, and frequents the most inaccessible cover. The records indi- cate that it is a species which inhabits the lower elevations of the Temperate Zone. The type and heretofore the only known specimen was secured by Mr. Brown at Macotama, at 8,000 feet. The writer took one female on the San Lorenzo at about the same altitude, in the thickest kind of growth of bromelias, ferns, and shrubbery. It was only by accident that this particular bird was secured, since while climbing a steep hillside over a recently cut trail it suddenly darted across the way about fifteen feet ahead, and was brought down with a snap-shot. Three years later two others, male and female, were se- cured near the top of the ridge at the Cerro de Caracas at 9,000 feet under very similar circumstances. The species seems to have no spe- cial call-note so far as known at present, nor will it come to any call, so that it is only by the most careful kind of still-hunting that it can be secured at all. 252. Grallaria regulus carmelite Todd. Grallaria varia carmelite Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 10915, 81 (Pueblo Viejo; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APoLINAR Marra, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, III, 1915, 88 (ref. orig. descr.). Two specimens: Pueblo Viejo. At the time the preliminary diagnosis of this form was published no specimens of Grallaria regulus were available, and Dr. Oberholser, to whom the specimens were sent for comparison, reported that they rep- 300 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. resented an undescribed race of Grallaria varia. With topotypical mate- rial of both these species now before us it is obvious that the form in question is conspecific with G. regulus of Ecuador, instead of with the much larger and paler G. varia of Cayenne. In fact, carmelite is merely a dark race of regulus, differing in the darker, more brownish, less olivaceous color of the upper parts, and in being darker, more brownish, less ochraceous below, with more dark mottling. The throat and sides of the head are also darker and more uniform. The feet are marked as “ bright leaden blue,” the bill as “ blackish horn, the extreme base below flesh-color.” The male (type) measures: wing, 100; tail, 38; bill, 21.5; tarsus, 45. Female: wing, 103; tail, 35; bill, Zi tarsus, 42: This fine species was one of the surprises of the trip to the Sierra Nevada. Both birds were taken in a tract of almost impenetrable forest on the southeast bank of the river below Pueblo Viejo. It is a mass of gigantic boulders, tangled with vines and undergrowth inter- mingled with heavy forest, and traversed by numerous small creeks. The taking of the first specimen was scarcely more than accidental, and then came the search for more. Four half-days were spent in the search, with the result that one more was secured and another was seen which escaped. They seemed to have no special call-note, and could not be “ whistled up.” 253. Grallaria bangsi Allen. (Plate IV.) Grallaria bangsi ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, r900, 159 (El Libano [type-locality] and San Lorenzo; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.) —SuHarper, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 43 (ref. orig. descr.; range).— Duszots, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1068 (Santa Marta [region], in range; ref. orig. descr.)—BRavouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 218 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Fourteen specimens: El Libano, San Lorenzo, San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. ‘ Mr. Ridgway, in his dismemberment of the genus Grallaria, admit- tedly did not have a good representation of the species before him, and his diagnoses are thus not always satisfactory. Here, for instance, is a species which is exactly intermediate in style of coloration and structural characters between Hypsibemon and Oropezus. To which should it be assigned? To refer it to either one would necessitate a modification of the diagnosis, while the only other alternatives would Annals Carnegie Museum Vol. XIV, pl. IV Grallaria bangsi Allen (Four-fifths natural size) =~ : = a 4 ' i oe ae ‘ 7 f { — ‘ - F t . if ; * i * Pa " Hil , a f any fi ; oe L r 7 , : ; : AE F : H Je = " “4 é co = - ! ba = a a ; f “+ li i mK i 1 : Pi - : : vu iV i} , y i i h\ i i a : / eli i i i / i i: : | ue i 5 _ : es mdi nl ral : x / j ; i f 1 > = - i) eT) 7 ~~ ’ h sey *. : Vee Pr on ce re ed aah nee ‘ial 7, es i i \ ‘thy arc 2 aN ‘Ae a) Wy 7 Oc aeeeh) tga a ds PP ial A ay ) a aa i ; R a 1 ; rs { . ; om > mea oh es ak - oe pet 7 7 an Ts ar Tan 7 Ta : exc é Le ie ay ul A > ~ y i) t - , i 0, 5 fi bent uy i ; tr i a ive iy : noes _ a 1 tnt 1 i f A has i _ Pa) ae Topp—CaARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, Cotomsia. 301 be to unite these two groups or merge them both with Grallaria. We prefer to take the latter course. The present series supports the characters assigned to the species, and is fairly uniform, although there is a slight variation in the amount of flammulation below. One specimen (May 25) shows slight rufes- cent edgings and tipping to the wing-coverts—doubtless a sign of im- maturity. This fine species was described from a single pair of birds forwarded by Mr. Smith to the American Museum of Natural History, these, to- gether with another pair received by the Carnegie Museum from the same source (all taken on the slopes of the San Lorenzo), constituting the only examples known to science for some years. The writer was able to secure a series of twelve skins in July, 1911, and March and April, 1914. It is a bird of the Subtropical Zone, occurring on the San Lorenzo in small numbers between 6,000 and 8,000 feet, and in the Sierra Nevada between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. It is confined to the heavy forest, where it prefers dense tangled undergrowth, and is en- tirely terrestrial in its habits. Although very shy, the birds may be “whistled up” like Formicarius analis virescens, but it takes greater care and“a quick finger on the trigger to get them. 254. Grallaricula ferrugineipectus (Sclater). Conopophaga sp. BanGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 159 (Pueblo Viejo; crit.). Conopophaga browni Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 100 (Chirua; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.)—ALLEN, Bull. Am) Miuist Nat: Hist.,. X11, roo0, 121 Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 9 (ref. orig. descr.; range)—Dusors, Syn. , 161 (Bangs’ reference).—SHARPE, Avium, II, 1903, 1068 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Grallaricula ferrugineipectus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 159 (Las Nubes).—SuHarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, r901, 45 (‘Santa Marta,” in range) —Ruipcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 144 (diag.; range; references)—HeEtiMAyr, Nov. Zool., XX, 1913, 248 (Chirua; syn.; CLUt) Eleven specimens: Las Vegas, Cincinnati, and Pueblo Viejo. The first specimens of this bird received by Mr. Bangs were inad- vertently described by him as a new species of Conopophaga, and it was not until 1911 that the mistake was discovered and corrected by Mr. Ridgway, and a little later, independently, by Mr. Hellmayr. There is absolutely no difference between the above specimens and a 302 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. series from Venezuela in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. There is a slight variation in color, however, some individuals being a little more rufescent than others. This handsome little ant-thrush is rather rare and found only at certain favored localities. Mr. Brown took it first at Pueblo Viejo, and later at Chirua. By the writer it was met with first at Las Vegas, where it was not uncommon in the very humid forest between 4,000 and 5,000 feet, the so-called “cloud belt.” Only one was taken at Cincinnati, at the same altitude. At Pueblo Viejo five were taken in the same tract of forest in which Grallaria regulus carmelite was found, at only about 2,000 feet elevation. While essentially a bird of the Subtropical Zone, it extends down into the upper part of the Trop- ical under favorable circumstances. It is found as a rule in the more open parts of the forest, that is, where it is freer of undergrowth, and is usually seen perched in low trees or shrubs. It is not very shy, and when once seen is easy to secure. A nest and two partly incubated eggs of this handsome little ant- thrush were taken on the plantation of the writer at Cincinnati, at an altitude of 5,500 feet, on October 10, 1916. The nest resembles that of Manacus, but is larger, and is saddled on a horizontal fork of a bush, about two feet from the ground, in heavy forest. It is a thin, almost transparent structure, made of rather coarse fibers, with a thin lining of finer material of the same sort. The eggs are pale greenish white, heavily blotched with burnt umber, especially at the larger end; they are strongly ovoid in shape. 255. Formicarius analis virescens Todd. Formicarius moniliger virescens Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 000 feet,’ but the altitude here assigned is clearly a mistake. Like all of the genus, this species is largely a fruit-eater. 324. Elenia flavogaster flavogaster (Thunberg). Elainea pagana Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 216 (“Santa Marta ’’).— SALVIN and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 124 (Minca).—ScuLaTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 137 (Santa Marta and Minca).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (“ Santa Marta’’). Elenia pagana Bancs, Proc. New.England Zool, Club, I, 1899, 78 (El Mamon). —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 147 (Bonda, Minca, Onaca, Santa Marta, and Cacagualito); XXI, 1905, 285 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Elenia flavogaster von BrRLEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 384 (Santa Marta ref- erences and localities). Elenia martinica flavogastra RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 430, footnote (Santa Marta; meas.). Additional records: La Concepcion (Brown). Eighteen specimens: Bonda, Minca, Cincinnati, La Tigrera, Tierra Nueva, and Fundacion. These agree with specimens from other parts of the range of the species in northern South America, and run through the same varia- tions in color according to season, worn breeding birds always being duller than those in fresh plumage. This Elenia ranges from near sea-level up to 4,000 feet, but is more common between 1,000 and 2,500 feet. Its haunts and habits are practically the same as those of E. chiriquensis albivertex. Dr. Allen Topp—CarrikER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGIoN, Cotompta. 367 describes a nest collected by Mr. Smith at Bonda on April 16 as “ sus- pended against a small upright branch, to which it is fastened strongly on one side at the top only. It has the form of an inverted, short- necked retort, with the entrance at the bottom, on one side, produced to form the neck of the retort. The exterior is composed of a thin layer of stiff, fine, black vegetable fibers, by means of which and a few coarse grass leaves it is bound on one side to the upright twig that gives it support. The inner part or main body of the nest is woven of coarser vegetable fibers of a different color, with much cot- tony plant down woven in around the entrance. The small leaves are attached to the exterior, being held in place by the horse-hair-like fibers that compose the exterior. . The eggs [two] are grayish white, nearly covered with specks and blotches of very dark brown and lavender, the egg thus greatly resembling those of the North American Oven-bird (Seiurus aurocaphillus). The form of the eggs is short ovate.” 325. Sublegatus glaber Sclater and Salvin. Sublegatus glaber Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 333 (Santa Marta).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (‘‘Santa Marta’”).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, t900, 147 (Bonda).—RripGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 421 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.). Twelve specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Mamatoco, Punto Caiman, Dibulla, and Rio Hacha. Variation in this species mainly affects the color of the posterior lower parts, which are much brighter yellow in fresh-plumaged birds taken in September and October. In its local distribution this species is strictly littoral, not reaching the foothills at all, nor has it been detected on the south side of the Sierra Nevada. It is found chiefly in the fringe of woodland along the streams, and in the more open forest, but is not a common bird. 326. Phyllomyias griseiceps griseiceps (Sclater and Salvin). Sublegatus incanescens (not Muscipeta incanescens Wied) Satvin and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1880, 124 (Minca; crit.). Sublegatus platyrhynchus (not Phyllomyias platyrhyncha Sclater and Salvin) SciaTErR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 158 (Minca; crit.).—BANcs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136, in text (‘“‘Santa Marta”, ex Sclater; crit.)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 147 (Sal- vin and Godman’s reference). 25 368 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Tyranniscus griseiceps Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (“Santa Marta ’”’).—ALLEeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 148 (Minca). Phyllomyias griseiceps VON BrRLEPSCH and HELLMAyr, Journ. f. Orn., LIII, 1905, 5, in text (Minca; syn.; crit.) —HELtiMayrR, Nov. Zool., XV, 1908, 48 (crit.). Phyllomyias griseiceps griseiceps CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, rors, 646, in text (Minca; meas.; crit.); XXXVI, 1917, 450 (Minca; crit.). Two specimens: La Tigrera. Evidently a rare species in this region, and confined to the lower foothills in the “dry forest” section of the Tropical Zone. Simons secured a single specimen at Minca, where also two were secured by Mr. Smith’s collectors. Mr. Brown got one specimen at “ Santa Marta,” which in this case may mean anywhere from sea-level up to several thousand feet. Only two individuals were seen by the writer; these were a pair, shot in the woodland along the Tamocal Creek a short distance below La Tigrera. 327. Camptostoma pusillum pusillum (Cabanis and Heine). Ornithion pusillum Banecs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (“Santa Marta”).—ALLEeN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 148, part (Bonda). Ornithion inerme (not of Hartlaub) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 149 (Bonda). Camptostoma pusillum pusillum Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 418, footnote (“ Santa Marta’’; meas.).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nap MENS exe Vill TonzwdAse Ge Santa Manta 2 erits). Fifteen specimens: Bonda, La Tigrera, Fundacion, Dibulla, Tucur- inca, and Rio Hacha. These agree in all respects with topotypical Cartagena skins. Males average conspicuously larger than females in this form. Dr. Allen, indeed, identified the males in the series he examined as Ornithion inerme, and the females as O. pusillwm, including among the latter, however, a specimen of Pheomyias tenuirostris (Cory). A rare bird, but found sparingly throughout the whole of the drier parts of the lowlands, wherever heavy forest does not exist, being partial instead to open woodland and shrubbery. Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REeEGIon, CoLtomsia. 369 328. Pheomyias murina incomta Cabanis and Heine. Phyllomyias semifusca SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc.- London, “‘ 1861,” 1862, 383, pl. 36, fig. 1 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.).—ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 214 (“Santa Marta ”’)—Sc Larter and Satvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 48 (range).—SaLvin and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1879, 201 (Atanquez), Elainea semifusca Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 355 (Santa Marta, in range). Myiopatis semifusca ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 123 (‘Santa Marta” and Atanquez).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (“Santa Marta’”’).—ALtEeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 149 (Bonda and Cacagualito).—Ripecway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 420, footnote, in text (Santa Marta; crit.). Pheomyias murina incomta vON BERLEPSCH and HeELti~MAyr, Journ. f. Orn., LIII, 1905, 3 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; syn.; crit.) —von BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., XV, 1908, 135 (“Santa Marta ~; crit.). Thirty specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Minca, Rio Hacha, Arroya de Arenas, and Valencia. A specimen of this dull-colored bird, supposed to have come from Santa Marta, fell into Sclater’s hands in 1861, and was described as new under the name Phyllomyias semifusca, this specific name remain- ing in current use until 1902, when it was definitely shown by von Berlepsch (Novitates Zodlogice, 1X, 1902, 41), to be a synonym of Elainea incomta Cabanis and Heine, described from Cartagena, which was later found to be conspecific with the Platyrhynchus murinus of Spix. At the same time von Berlepsch established a new genus, Pheomyias, to include this species. Sclater’s figure, it may be remarked in passing, is a very poor rep- resentation. In fresh plumage the yellow of the under parts is more pronounced, and the brown of the back richer. In juvenal dress the species is much duller and paler, with scarcely a trace of yellow be- low. This bird is found mainly in the drier parts of the semi-arid low- lands and lower edge of the foothills of the Tropical Zone. Simons, however, took it at Atanquez, at 2,700 feet, on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada, and the writer has taken it as high up as 2,000 feet at Minca, but it is more common below 1,000 feet. Its favorite haunts are open woodland, the edges of savannas, in low trees and shrubbery, and roadsides. 370 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 329. Pheomyias tenuirostris (Cory). Ornithion pusillum (not Myiopatis pusilla Cabanis and Heine) ALten, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIIJ, 1900, 148, part (“ Bonda.”’ [i.e., Cienaga]). Seventeen specimens: Gaira, Dibulla, and Rio Hacha. Through the courtesy of Mr. Cory we have been able to compare the above specimens, together with a small series from Venezuela, with the type of his Camptostoma pusillum tenuirostris (sic), de- scribed in the Field Museum Ornithological Series, 1, 1913, 289, and find them absolutely identical. But this bird cannot be a subspecies of Camptostoma pusillum, the bill being so very different, and it seems to be referable instead to the genus Pheomyias. Possibly it may have been already described under some other name, but if so’ we fail to find it. A Tropical Zone species, found sparingly in the semi-arid lowlands contiguous to Santa Marta, but more abundantly in the humid forest area of the northeast coast, and also, strange to say, around Rio Hacha and Loma Larga. It was not met with on the west side of the Sierra Nevada, nor is there any record for the foothills. Mr. Smith sent in a single specimen (No. 73,571, Collection American Museum of Natural History, Cienaga, September 10, 1898), which was inadvertently recorded by Dr. Allen as “Ornithion” pusillum. Its local habitat is open woodland, roadsides, and shrubbery in general. 330. Microtriccus brunneicapillus dilutus Todd. Eleven specimens: La Tigrera, Don Diego, and Dibulla. The type of this supposed race, described by the writer a few years ago (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXVI, 1913, 171), came from the north coast of Venezuela. It differs from all the Central American specimens so far examined in its paler, duller coloration, especially below, with less greenish shading on the sides, but there is nothing to show that a series from this locality would be exactly the same. The Santa Marta series are nearer the Venezuelan skin, although varying somewhat among themselves. The subspecies is not strongly marked, but may be allowed to stand, at least pro- visionally. No. 44,732 (Dibulla, February 24) is in juvenal dress—white be- low, faintly tinged with buffy yellowish, the pileum grayish brown, passing into olivaceous green on the back, and the remiges and rec- trices edged externally with buffy. Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, Cotomsia. 371 This diminutive species was taken only in the lower foothills back of Santa Marta, and in the lowlands around Dibulla and Don Diego, being most numerous at the latter place, but rare everywhere. It fre- quents open woodland and shrubbery. 331. Tyranniscus nigrocapillus flavimentum Chapman. Tyranniscus nigricapillus (not Tyrannulus nigrocapillus Lafresnaye) Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 98 (La Concepcion and Chirua).— Aten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 148 (El Libano and San Lorenzo). Tyranniscus nigricapillus flavimentum CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, 1912, 154 (San Lorenzo; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.)—Aportinar Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat, Inst. La Salle, II, 1914, 246 (ref. orig. descr.). Ten specimens: San Lorenzo, San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, and Heights of Chirua. A well-marked form, as shown by an independent comparison of this fresh material. Four specimens were taken on the San Lorenzo, in the heavy forest, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet. It is a rare bird there, or at least seldom seen, perhaps from its habit of keeping high up in the trees. Mr. Smith’s collectors got but four specimens here. In the Sierra Nevada it proved to be equally scarce, only six specimens in all being taken, and it seems that Mr. Brown did not succeed in getting more than two. It ranges somewhat higher here, running up to 9,000 feet on the Cerro de Caracas. It is thus a species characteristic of the Subtrop- ical Zone in this region. 332. Tyranniscus chrysops minimus Chapman. Tyranniscus chrysops (not Tyrannulus chrysops Sclater) Satrvin and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1880, 124 (Minca).—von BrERLEPScH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 301 (“Santa Marta ”).—ScraTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 135 (Minca and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 175 (Palomina).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 148 (Minca). Tyranniscus chrysops minimus CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, 1912, 153 (Minca; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., meas. ; crit.) ; XXXVI, 1917, 454, in text (Santa Marta region; range).—APOLINAR Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien, Nat. Inst. La Salle, II, 1914, 246 (ref. orig. descr.). Additional records: La Concepcion, San Francisco (Brown). Nine specimens: Minca, Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. 372 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. MEASUREMENTS, No. Sex. Locality. Date. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. A237 7am ime NCAR ries + =: June 255 romameertseree 52 45 8 16 AAAS 7 On OD OnMMDIeEgONn..... +s Web ACY siz! 5 ohoooHe 52 44 8 15 44840. pe Rueblo Viejo. ....... March iGaeno mere ee 5B 45 8 1 7E5 A237 See OuMVIT CAMs Se cca. ss malibu: IG WENGE Ho oaea 48 40 8 14.5 44331 Ome Mone DIEgO) .....--.-- WEG! Zl, NOR So son5e 46 40 8 14 AA6CAm Oe Don Diego ........- Hebe 2) Wom are aaier. 47 38 os UG Five adult males of T. chrysops chrysops, average ... 57.6 49.6 88 17.6 Three adult females of T. chrysops chrysops, average 50 41 Gein TS The existence in the Santa Marta region of a small race of Tyran- niscus chrysops is a very interesting circumstance, but is apparently well substantiated by the material at hand. The form was based by Dr. Chapman on the four specimens from Minca forwarded by Mr. Smith, all unfortunately unsexed. As pointed out by the describer, sexual variation in size in this species (as in several others of this generic group), is considerable, and must be taken into account in making comparisons, especially in a case like the present, where a separation is attempted on this character alone, the color admittedly being the same. Judging from the measurements presented herewith il seems very likely that all of the Smith specimens must have been females, but even on that supposition it is still possible to discriminate the Santa Marta bird on the ground of size alone, and although the difference is not so marked as it was at first believed, it is neverthe- less quite obvious in a series. Measurements of the total length, taken in the flesh by the collector, also bear out the above remarks. The bird belongs to the Tropical Zone, preferring the foothills be- tween 1,500 and 3,000 feet, but dropping down to sea-level in the humid forest of the northeast coast. San Francisco (4,000 feet) appears to be the highest point at which it has been recorded. Like the other species of this genus, its favorite haunts are in the forest, keeping rather high up in the trees. 333. Tyranniscus improbus Sclater and Salvin. Octheca olivacea ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 152 (Valparaiso; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).—SHarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 93 (ref. orig, descr.; range).—Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1075 (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.).—von BERLEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 470 (crit.). Tyranniscus improbus Hettmayr, Nov. Zool., XX, 1913, 242 (Valparaiso; crit.; syn.). Topp—CArrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, Cotomsia. 373 Five specimens: Cincinnati and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (8,000 feet). Mr. Smith was the first collector to meet with this species in the Santa Marta region, securing five specimens at Valparaiso (Cincin- nati) in April, 1899. These were duly described as a new species of Octheca by Dr. Allen, and it was not until 1913 that Mr. Hellmayr, after an examination of the type, discovered that they were the same as Tyranniscus tmprobus of Sclater and Salvin, a species described from Merida, Venezuela, and soon afterward traced to the Andes of Colombia. The specimens above recorded agree well with examples from both of these regions in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. As in other species of this genus, there is a sexual difference in size of considerable amount. The nearest ally of the species would seem to be Tyranniscus peterst von Berlepsch of Venezuela. Two females of this species were taken on the north spur of the Sierra Nevada next to the San Lorenzo, at about 8,000 feet, and three males at Cincinnati, near which place also all of Mr. Smith’s speci- mens were secured. All were found in the heavy forest, rather high up. The species seems to belong to the Subtropical Zone. 334. Tyrannulus elatus panamensis Thayer and Bangs. Tyrannulus elatus (not Sylvia elata Latham) ALiten, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 148 (Bonda). Tyrannulus elatus reguloides (not of Ridgway, 1888) Rripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 794 (Bonda; meas.; crit.; references). Three specimens: Mamatoco, Don Diego, and Dibulla. After having examined, in connection with the above, a series of twenty-four specimens, including the type of T. reguloides and one other Brazilian skin, two other specimens from northern Colombia, two topotypes of T. reguloides panamensis, the Cayenne skin handled by Mr. Ridgway, ten additional authentic Cayenne specimens, two from “Guiana,” and five “ Bogota” skins, we have reached the following conclusions. First, reguloides is not a valid race, the name having been based on an imperfect specimen, probably a female, which was compared with a Cayenne skin which looks as if it had been long ex- posed to the light. The series now available from Cayenne, as well as the two Guiana specimens, are indistinguishable from an authentic Brazilian specimen from near the falls of the Rio Purus, nor can these be distinguished in turn from the “ Bogota” skins. 374 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Second, the Panama birds, allowing for their state of plumage, agree best with the specimens from the north Colombian coast in having the abdomen brighter, purer yellow than the Cayenne birds, the breast and sides paler green, and the throat rather whiter, less grayish; the back is a little brighter green, and the sides of the pileum more dis- tinctly grayish. There is thus no other course open except to recog- nize panamensis, and to place reguloides as a synonym of elatus. The question of the distribution of the races of this species is thus con- siderably simplified. This appears to be a Tropical Zone form, evidently restricted to the lowlands, and very rare. Mr. Smith took two at Bonda, and the writer one each at the three localities listed above. 335. Serpophaga cinerea cana Bangs. Serpophaga cinerea grisea (not of Lawrence) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XIII, 1899, 97 (Chirua, San Miguel, and La Concepcion; crit.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 149 (Bangs’ reference). Serpophaga grisea SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 112 (‘‘ Santa Marta,” in range). Serpophaga cinerea cana Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVII, 1904, 113 (Chirua [type-locality], La Concepcion, and San Miguel; orig. descr. ; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.) —ALLEeN, Bull. Am.: Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).—voN BERLEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 488‘ (ref. orig. descr.).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 397 (diag.; range; references). Serpophaga cana BRABoURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 282 (ref orig. descr.; range). This is one of the species of which Mr. Carriker failed to secure specimens in the Santa Marta region, although an ample series is available from Venezuela and other parts of Colombia, and Mr. Bangs has very courteously loaned his type-series for use in this connection. Comparison with birds from Panama and Costa Rica shows that the difference in general coloration, on which reliance has mainly been placed in discriminating cana and grisea, is practically a negligible quantity, and is certainly of no diagnostic value. The slight differ- ence in average size is scarcely worthy of mention, either. In fact, the only difference of any account lies in the color of the wing-bands and external margins of the inner secondaries, which are whiter and broader, and therefore more conspicuous, in cana than in grisea. It has not been possible as yet to compare either of these with true cinerea. Topp—CaARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGion, Cotomsia. 375 The four specimens of this bird secured by Mr. Brown were taken at altitudes ranging from 3,000 feet at La Concepcion up to 5,500 feet at San Miguel, and the species appears to be here, as elsewhere, char- acteristic of the Subtropical Zone. 336. Inezia caudata intermedia Cory. Seven specimens: Fundacion, Mamatoco, Dibulla, Arroya de Are- nas, and Valencia. These, together with a series from the coast region of Colombia west of the Magdalena River, agree closely with the type of this race, kindly loaned by Mr. Cory, and described from near Maracaibo, Ven- ezuela (Field Museum Ornithological Series, I, 1913, 289). It is a pale race, differing from typical cawdata (as represented in the col- lection of the Carnegie Museum by a large series from French Guiana) in being more olivaceous, less brownish above, with the lower parts more uniform, less shaded with buffy, and brighter yellow, the chin paler. The other characters mentioned by the describer do not seem to hold good, but the form appears to be an excellent one. The generic name Jnezia Cherrie (Museum Brooklyn Institute Sct- ence Bulletin, I, 1909, 390) may provisionally be accepted for this species, but the writer is not prepared to indorse its reference to the Cotingidz, for the reasons stated on page 321. This little flycatcher was taken only in the lowlands, and apparently ranges over the whole of the littoral Tropical Zone, although evi- dently rare. It was found only in the forest, and is a bird of incon- spicuous habits. 337. Hapalocercus meloryphus meloryphus (Wied). Hapalocercus paulus Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 96 (Chirua [type-locality], La Concepcion, and San Miguel; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).—ALLeN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 150 (Bangs’ reference).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 109 (ref. orig. descr.; range)—Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1075 (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.)—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 339, footnote (crit.)—BRABOURNE and CuHusB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 279 (ref. rig. descr.; range).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 444 (Chirua and La Concepcion; meas.; crit.). Hapalocercus meloryphus paulus von BERLEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 487 (crit. Seven specimens: Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, and Fonseca. 376 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Sclater (Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, XIV, 1888, 93) diagnoses Hapalocercus meloryphus as having the sides of the head ashy brown, while in H. fulviceps these parts are fulvous. Evi- dently misled by this, Mr. Bangs compared his Santa Marta specimens of Hapalocercus with H, fulviceps. The type of H. meloryphus, kindly loaned by Dr. Chapman, is in poor condition, being much faded and worn, but the buffy sides of the head are clearly indicated nevertheless. A specimen from the Rio Parana (No. 20,993, Collection U. S. National Museum) is similar, as well as a series of no less than fifteen specimens from Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Venezuela in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. After very careful compari- son of the entire series we can find no sufficient characters for divid- ing it, and do not believe that paulus is worthy of recognition, even as a race. The amount of rufescent edging on the wings and tail is a variable feature, probably depending on age and season. According to von Berlepsch H. fulviceps is only subspecifically separable from the present form. Mr. Ridgway suggests that Hapalocercus may belong to the Formi- cariide, but for the purposes of this paper we propose to retain it provisionally in the Tyrannidz. Evidently this is a rare bird. The one taken at Don Diego was shot in a tract of waste land, overgrown with shrubbery and weeds, near the beach. The three taken at Pueblo Viejo were all secured in the same place—a tract of second-growth and shrubbery on the out- skirts of the village. Mr. Smith sent in two specimens from Don Diego also. Mr. Brown claims to have taken it in the Sierra Nevada at an altitude of 7,000 feet, but it may well be doubted if it regularly goes so high up, being a bird of the Tropical Zone. 338. Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens exortivus Bangs. Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens (not Platyrhynchus sulphurescens Spix) SCLATER, Cat; Am) Birds, 1862, 220 (Santa Marta ’):—=Scrarer, Cat. Birds) Brit: Mus., XIV, 1888, 168 (“Santa' Marta ’’).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 136 (“Santa Marta’’), 176 (Palomina).—ALien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 146 (Bonda and Minca). Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens exortivus BANGS, Proc. Biol. Sotc. Washington, XXI, 1908, 163 (La Concepcion; orig. descr.;' type now in coll. Mus. Comp, Zool.) —HartTert and Goopson, Nov. Zool., XXIV, 1917, 415 (crit.).— CHapMaN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 434, in text (“ Santa Marta’’; crit.).—Cory, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, 1919, 218 (ref. orig. descr.; range; diag.). Topp-—CaARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MArtTa REeEcion, Cotomsia. 377 Rhynchocyclus exortivus BRABOURNE and CHuBB, Birds S, Am., I, 1912, 271 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: San Francisco, Pueblo Viejo (Brown). Nineteen specimens: Mamatoco, Cincinnati, La Tigrera, Fundacion, Don Diego, Dibulla, Tucurinca, and Arroya de Arenas. Typical Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens from southeastern Brazil is a large, richly colored, dark bird—more greenish, less yellowish be- low, and darker green above than the Santa Marta bird, to which Mr. Bangs has accordingly applied the name exortivus. It would seem to be sufficiently distinct also from R. sulphurescens assimilis von Pelzeln, judging from the description alone. Recently Messrs. Hartert and Goodson have reviewed the races of this species, reaching con- clusions which in the light of our material we are unable en- tirely to accept. Our series shows that there is considerable indi- vidual and seasonal variation in the depth of the yellow below, the gray of the pileum, etc., and doubtless if these authors had had a good series of Santa Marta specimens for comparison they would not have been led to describe so many additional forms. (Compare, in*this con- nection, Mr. Cory’s recent paper, above cited.) This species does not range above the Tropical Zone, and is most numerous in the foothills, although it is not so abundant as R. flaviven- tris aurulentus. While it was present in small numbers at Don Diego and Dibulla on the north coast, it was commoner between Mama- toco and La Tigrera. It keeps higher up in the trees than the other species, and prefers either shady forest or woodland along streams. 339. Rhynchocylus flaviventris aurulentus Todd. Rhynchocyclus flaviventris (not Muscipeta flaviventris Wied) Satvin and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 124 (Santa Marta and Arihueca)—ScraTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 171 (Santa Marta and Arihueca)—Banocs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (“Santa Marta’).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 146 (Bonda and Cacagualito); XXI, 1905, 284 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Rhynchocyclus flaviventris flaviventris HrtitMayr, Nov. Zool., XVII, 1910, 206 (Santa Marta, in range).—Cory, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, 1919, 222 (Santa Marta localities; crit.). Rhynchecyclus flaviventris aurulentus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVI, 1913, 171 (Mamatoco; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).— Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 437 (“ Santa Marta”; Crit.) ; 378 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Thirty-five specimens: Bonda, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Fundacion, Tucurinca, Santa Marta, and Arroya de Arenas. In originally describing this form it was compared with specimens from Venezuela and Trinidad, supposed (on the authority of Mr. Hellmayr) to be typical. A series of fresh specimens from Bahia, Brazil (the type-locality ), however, shows that these more northern birds are by no means typical, and probably constitute a recognizable race. Hence the diagnosis of aurulentus will have to be modified somewhat. Above it is slightly brighter, more yellowish green than flaviventris, but this difference is inconsequential. Below it is ob- viously paler, purer, and more uniform yellow, the sides and flanks with scarcely any greenish tinge, and the throat and breast with much less gamboge yellow shading. These differences are well marked when series are compared. With the other described forms it requires no comparison, since these are said to differ in having greenish instead of yellowish wing-coverts, and in other particulars. The range of the new form is of course not confined to the Santa Marta region, but extends to the westward in the littoral area. An inhabitant of the semi-arid lowlands and lower foothills, up to 1,500 feet at least. It was accordingly not found in the humid forests about Don Diego and Dibulla, but is common in the vicinity of Fun- dacion, in the drier foothills. It prefers open woodland and shrub- bery, and is always seen near the ground. Mr. Smith sent in no less than nineteen nests of this species, all from Bonda, and taken at dates ranging from April 22 to June 6. The majority had two eggs each, but several had three. “The nest is retort-shaped, hung apparently from the end of a slender, drooping branch, with the entrance at the bottom. It is com- pactly woven of soft flexible fibers of dead grass, coarse at the top and superficially but, for the most part, very fine and soft, in some nests almost as fine and soft as tow. The entrance forms a short neck at the bottom on one side, through which the bird passes upward to the nest proper, which occupies the bulbous portion of the bottom. The nest is supported and fastened to the branch by quite a long, slender, tapering neck. The nests vary in vertical length from about six inches to a foot, according to the length of the neck, with a dia- meter across the bulbous portion, near the bottom, of about four to six inches. Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REeEGion, Cotompra. 379 “The eggs, usually two or three to the set, have the ground-color creamy white, with a few small scattered, roundish spots of dark chocolate, varying from reddish-brown to blackish-brown, clustered mostly about the larger end. The eggs are rather pointed ovate, and measure in the average about 14 X 7.5.” In connection with a nest of this species received by the Carnegie Museum Mr. Smith sends the following interesting note: “ After my collections were sent I found that this bird generally if not always makes its nest within a foot or two of the nest of a small yellow wasp. I had not noticed this before, as I was not personally working on the nest collection near Bonda, but I have now verified the fact in a number of cases, and it is well known to the hunters. The wasp, a common species of the dry forest region, appears to fly at night as well as during the day; at any rate, it is sometimes attracted by lights ° and I have often seen it when out ‘mothing’ at night. If this is the case the vicinity of the wasp’s nest must be a decided protection against the nocturnal opossum rats. As far as I have observed the bird builds on a twig farther out on a branch which holds the wasps’ nest, and consequently a small animal to reach the bird’s nest would have to pass directly over that of the wasps. The wasps do not appear to be in .any way dependent on the birds, as their nests are often found alone.” 340. Craspedoprion zquinoctialis flavus Chapman. Rhynchocyclus equinoctialis (not Cyclorhynchus equinoctialis Sclater) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 146: (Onaca). Craspedoprion e@equinoctialis Ripcway, Bull. .U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 387 (Onaca, in range). Craspedoprion e@quinoctialis flavus CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.. XXXIII, 1914, 175 (Onaca; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). —APOLINAR Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, II, 1914, 247 (ref. orig. descr.). Eight specimens: Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Minca, Pueblo Viejo, and Don Diego. The two specimens forwarded by Mr.. Smith, both collected at ‘Onaca, were referred by Dr. Allen to “ Rhynchocylus” cquinoctialis (Sclater), a species described from the Rio Napo, eastern Ecuador. Upon comparison with specimens coming from the same faunal region as the type these two birds proved to be recognizably distinct, being more brightly colored throughout, and were accordingly given a tri- 380 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. nomial designation by Dr. Chapman. The present series agree well with the type. It is not yet clear whether the race is confined to the Santa Marta region. It is a rare bird, ranging over the lowlands and lower foothills, rarely going as high as 2,000 feet. It is partial to the heavy forest and to woodland along streams. In its habits it is soli- tary and very quiet and inconspicuous. 341. Platytricus albogularis neglectus Todd. Platyrhynchus albogularis (not of Sclater) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XIII, 1899, 96 (La Concepcion).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 150 (Bangs’ reference). Platytriccus albogularis Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 384 (La Concepcion; meas.; references). Twelve specimens: Cincinnati, Las Vegas, and Pueblo Viejo. Platyrhynchus albogularis Sclater was described from western Ecua- dor. It is a richly colored form, with much brownish suffusion both above and below. Specimens from western Colombia, although some- what duller in color, obviously belong to the same form. But a series from the Santa Marta region are so decidedly paler and duller as to be readily separable, and with them are to be ranged specimens from the State of Boyaca in Colombia. These agree in having the upper parts in general paler olivaceous; the pileum (laterally), as well as . the circumauricular region, is not so dark in color, and therefore less strongly contrasted with the surrounding parts; the under parts are markedly paler, with much less buffy and brownish suffusion, par- ticularly on the breast and sides. All in all the birds of this region seem to constitute an excellent subspecies, recently described by the writer in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, XXXII, 1919, 114. Two of the specimens sexed as females show traces of the yellow crown-spot so conspicuous in the male. This diminutive flycatcher ranges over the forested slopes of the whole region between 2,000 and 5,000 feet, or through the upper Trop- ical Zone. As a rule it occurs only in very small numbers, and only at Las Vegas was it found to be fairly common, in the valley below the hacienda. Its habits and habitat both render it very inconspicuous, so that it is doubtless often overlooked. It inhabits only the dark, humid forest, keeping low down in the deep shade, and is moreover very quiet, moving about in short hops through the undergrowth. A\I- though it has a loud, harsh call-note, this is seldom heard. The nest Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, Cotomsia. 381 is a tiny cup-shaped affair placed in an upright fork not far from the ground. The eggs, however, have not been seen as yet. 342. Atalotriccus pilaris pilaris (Cabanis). Colopterus pilaris SatviIn and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 124 (Minca).—Sc ater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 90 (‘ Santa. Marta” and Minca).— SALVIN and GopmMaNn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1888, 18 (Minca).—Banecs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (‘‘ Santa Marta’’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.. Hist., XIII, r900, 150 (Bonda, Minca, and Cacagualito), Atalotriccus pilaris pilaris R1ipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 374 (Santa Marta localities and references) CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 444 (‘Santa Marta”; crit.). Colopteryx pilaris pilaris HELLMAYR, Rev. Francaise d’Orn., III, No. 22, 1911, 25 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Twenty-five specimens: Bonda, La Tigrera, Mamatoco, Minca, and Fundacion. The use of the trinomial designation in this case is questionable, since it is very doubtful if the form described under the name of 4. pilaris venezuelensis has any real standing, while the Orinoco Valley form (griseiceps) seems specifically distinct. The case will be more fully discussed in another connection. A rare bird at Rio Hacha, but fairly common in the semi-arid low- lands and foothills, extending from Santa Marta around to Fundacion, being more abundant at the latter place than elsewhere. The birds keep rather low down in the shrubbery and smaller trees, and are usually found in pairs. They have a loud harsh call-note entirely out of proportion to their size, and much resembling that of certain species of Thamnophilus. 343. Todirostrum sylvia superciliare Lawrence. Todirostrum schistaceiceps (not of Sclater) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, XII, 1898, 135 (“ Santa Marta”).—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 150 (Bonda).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 367 (Bonda and ‘‘ Santa Marta,” in range; references). Todirostrum schistaceiceps superciliare CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 438 (Bonda; crit.). Thirteen specimens: Bonda, Fundacion, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Tu- curinca, and Valencia. A careful study of the available series (fifty-five skins) of the bird lately known as Todirostrum schistaceiceps shows that three geo- graphic races can safely be recognized. First, there is the form rang- 382 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. ing from Mexico to Panama, in which the sides, flanks, and crissum are strongly tinged with greenish yellow. This is of course the true Todirostrum schistaceiceps of Sclater, described from Oaxaca, Mexico. Colombian specimens (including, besides those listed above, a number from other parts of that country), on the other hand, are markedly paler and whiter below, with the greenish yellow tinge fainter and more restricted. They agree exactly with the type of Todirostrum superciliaris Lawrence, kindly loaned by Dr. Chapman, and which is and not Venezuela, as given in the original de- ’ labelled “ Carthagena,’ scription. Then there are the Venezuelan birds, from both the north coast and the Orinoco region, which agree in having the under parts more deeply and extensively gray, the throat more decidedly lammulated, and the greenish yellow of the posterior under parts duller. This is the form described a few years ago by the writer (Proceedings Biolog- ical Society of Washington, XXVI, 1913, 170) under the name Todi- rostrum schistaceiceps griseolum, but Mr. Hellmayr writes that this name is unquestionably a synonym of the Todus sylvia of Desmarest: (Histoire Naturelle de Tanagras, des Manakins et des Todiers, 1805, pl. 71), a species described from Cayenne (cf. Hellmayr, Abhand- lungen der Koéniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenchaften, Math. phys. KI., XX VI, 1912, 89, footnote). This being the earliest name applied: to any member of the group will naturally supplant schistacei- ceps as the specific name. Like the other members of this generic group this little flycatcher is a species of the Tropical Zone, inhabiting the lowlands from Santa Marta around to Fundacion, but more numerous on the west side of the Sierra Nevada. It frequents shrubbery and woodland, keeping rather low down as a rule, and is quite tame. Most of its food is taken on the wing, in true flycatcher style. It has the same harsh note as the other species of the genus. 344. Todirostrum nigriceps Sclater. Todirostrum nigriceps ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, 66, pl. 84, fig. 1 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.) ; 1857, 84 (“Santa Marta’’; ref. orig. descr.)—SciaTErR,, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 207 (“Santa Marta”).—ScrLaTer and Satvin,: Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, 358 (“Santa Marta ’”’).—Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 348 (“ Santa Marta,” in’ range).—ScLaTer and SAtvin, Nom.-Avium Neotrop., 1873, 45 (range).—GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., III, 1877, 641 (ref. orig. descr.).—ScLATER, Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, CoLtompta. 383 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 72 (“Santa Marta’’).—Satvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1888, 13 (“‘ Santa Marta,” in range). — Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta ’’).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 150 (Bonda).—Suarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 103 (range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 286 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 366 (Bonda and “ Santa: Marta,” in range; references).—BRABOURNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 273 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—-CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 438 (“Santa Marta ’’). Sixteen specimens: Bonda, La Tigrera, Tierra Nueva, Don Diego, Fundacion, and Loma Larga. The type-specimen of this species, described by Sclater in 1855, was a specimen received from Verreaux, and supposed to have come from the vicinity of Santa Marta. Since then it has been traced northward to Costa Rica, and southward to Ecuador. In the region under con- sideration it is restricted in the main to the lowlands, ranging from Fundacion around to Don Diego, and probably as far east as Dibulla, although not actually detected there. A single bird, however, was shot as high up as Loma Larga, at 2,500 feet. It is more abundant in the more humid parts of the lowlands, but is not common anywhere. It is more partial to the forest than the other species of Todirostrum, and keeps well up in the trees, where it moves around a good deal, and is easily detected when present by its loud characteristic note. Mr. Smith sent in one nest from Bonda, collected June 6, and described by Dr. Allen as a “globular nest, with the upper surface firmly at- tached to a twig, and the entrance on one side at the bottom, forming a slightly projecting neck. It is composed of rather fine grass-like plant fibers, a considerable layer of which is carried over the top of the twig which gives the nest its support. The whole material of the nest is soft, of a yellowish brown color, interwoven with which is more or less whitish plant down, which is mixed to a considerable extent with the soft fibrous material that constitutes the lining. ... The [single] egg is regularly ovate, clear white, with a few yellowish brown or rust-colored specks over the larger end.” 345. Todirostrum cinereum cinereum (Linnzus). . Todirostrum cinereum ScvaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, 83 (‘‘ Santa Marta ’’).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 207 (“Santa Marta’). — ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 69 (“Santa Marta ’”’)—ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 150 (Cienaga). 26 384 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. Eleven specimens: Fundacion and Punto Caiman. Santa Marta specimens, while obviously intermediate between T. cinereum cinereum and T. cinereum finitimum, are on the whole best referred to the former. Some individuals have the back clear gray, while others show more or less greenish suffusion. Judging from the authentic records, this species is found only in the lowlands contiguous to the Cienaga Grande, up to the edge of the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, and is probably restricted to the Mag- dalena basin. It proved to be fairly abundant at Fundacion, in waste lands and abandoned pastures, always keeping to the open in weeds and shrubbery. 346. Oncostoma olivaceum (Lawrence). Ten specimens: Don Diego. This record is of considerable interest, marking as it does an exten- sion of the heretofore known range of this species, which up to the time von Berlepsch’s specimen from Bucaramanga was recorded (Ibis, 1886, 57) was supposed to be confined to Panama. The present series agree in every respect with skins from that country. This little flycatcher was found to be fairly common at Don Diego, where ten specimens were taken, but was not seen at any other locality. It was encountered among the shade-trees of the cacao-plantations and in open situations along the little streams, seldom in the forest itself. 347. Euscarthmus granadensis (Hartlaub). Euscarthmus granadensis Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 96 (La Concepcion).—ALteNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 150 (El Libano). Twenty specimens: El Libano, Las Taguas, San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. Some of these show more or less greenish yellow suffusion invading the white of the throat, while in all the lores are more or less buffy instead of white. A species of the Subtropical Zone, ranging from 5,000 to 8,000 feet on the San Lorenzo, where, however, it was not common. In the Sierra Nevada it was found at practically the same elevation. It isa solitary little bird, and very quiet, with only a harsh call-note, which is very difficult to locate. As a rule it keeps about midway up in the trees, moving about very little, and then only in short hops. Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, Cotomspia. 385 348. Euscarthmus impiger impiger Sclater and Salvin. Euscarthmus impiger BANcs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (“Santa Marta ”).—ALLEeN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 150 (Bonda and Cacagualito) ; XXI, 1905, 286 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). —CuHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XIII, 1914, 176, in text (Bonda; crit. ). : Twenty-nine specimens: Bonda, La Tigrera, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Rio Hacha, and Fonseca. Euscarthmus impiger was described originally from a specimen col- lected by Goering, and said to have been taken near Caracas, Vene- zuela. It has been traced eastward to Margarita Island (Cory, Field Museum Ornithological Series, I, 1909, 246), and westward to include the Santa Marta coast region, from which the great majority of the specimens at present known to science have been obtained. . Its range is thus strictly littoral, and it is entirely probable that specimens from higher altitudes will be found upon examination to belong to E. sep- tentrionalis Chapman. ‘The present series agree well with a specimen in the American Museum collection from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. There is considerable variation evident in the color of the upper parts, due at least in part to season, September and October birds being de- cidedly more rufescent than those shot in April and May. A con- siderable sexual difference in size is also indicated. The iris is vari- ously marked as white, straw-color, and brown in different specimens. A Tropical Zone form, ranging from near sea-level up to not more than 1,000 feet, but commoner on the coastal plain and at the lower edge of the foothills. Although numerous at Rio Hacha, it was not seen at Don Diego or Dibulla, being partial to the drier sections, and places where there are open savannas with scattering trees and shrubbery. It keeps near the ground in small trees and shrubs, and has a call- note loud and harsh for such a small bird. Mr. Smith sent in eight nests of this species, all collected at Bonda from May 5 to June 2. “The nests are suspended from a drooping twig, of a shrub or herbaceous plant, to which they are strongly at- tached by the twig being heavily enclosed in the substance of the upper part of the nest, which sometimes forms a pointed projection upward beyond the main body of the nest. The small circular entrance, how- ever, is on the side, near the top of the nest, instead of at the bottom through a slightly produced tube, as in Elenea, Todirostrum, Rhyn- 386 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. chocyclus, etc. Externally, the nest is formed of blades of dead grass and finer vegetable shreds and fibers, lined with a large quantity of soft plant down, varying in color from soiled white to deep rusty buff. In some instances the nest consists principally of plant down, mixed, especially externally, with enough fibrous material to give firmness. “The vertical length of the nest proper is about 4 to 4% inches, with sometimes in addition a pointed projection upward, forming the attachment, one to two inches in length. In other cases support is ob- tained by simply weaving into the outer wall on one side the slender plant stems or twigs to which it is fastened. “The eggs [one to three in number] are clear dull white, nearly un- spotted, or with only a few widely scattered rusty specks near the greater end. They measure about 18 X 13.” 349. Onychorhynchus mexicanus fraterculus Bangs. Muscivora mexicana (not of Sclater, 1857) SaLtvin and GopMaAN, Ibis, 1879, 202 (Manaure; crit.)._-SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 193 (Manaure and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 (‘Santa Marta’”’).—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 137, in text (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 145 (Bonda, Minca, and Cacagualito). Onychorhynchus mexicanus fraterculus BAncs, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, III, 1902, 86 (“Santa Marta’; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.; meas.; crit.)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.)—voNn BERLEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 482 (ref. orig. descr.).—Rripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 356 (Santa Marta localities and references). Onychorhynchus fraterculus BRABOURNE and CuusB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 295 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Twenty-five specimens: Bonda, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Mincea, and Don Diego. This southern race of O. mexicanus differs in averaging slightly smaller and in being a little paler below, but the differences are not so constant or well marked as the describer would have us believe, judging from the present series. The propriety of referring Costa Rican birds to this form may well be questioned. There-is one male specimen (No. 38,771, Mamatoco, April 22) in which the crest is nearer orange than scarlet. A Tropical Zone species, ranging from sea-level up to 3,000 feet, Topp—CaARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLomsia. 387 and most common in the foothills between 500 and 1,500 feet. Being a forest bird, however, it avoids the coastal plain in the semi-arid section, favoring more the north part, where the forest reaches the beach. It is rarely seen far away from the banks of a small stream, and the nest may even be suspended over the water. It is a long pendant affair resembling that of Ostinops decumanus melanterus, ex- cept that the entrance is a hole in one side well down towards the bot- tom, instead of at the top as in Ostinops. 350. Machetornis rixosa flavigularis Todd. Machetornis rixosa (not Tyrannus rixosus Vieillot) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 151 (Cacagualito). Machetornis rixosa flavigularis Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1912, 210 (Santa Marta region; crit.). Fifteen specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Don Diego, Fundacion, Tro- jas de Cataca, Dibulla, Punto Caiman, and Rio Hacha. These are similar to a series from northern Venezuela, whence came the type of this very distinct form, which evidently occupies all of the northern part of South America. A widely distributed bird throughout the coastal plain section of the Tropical Zone, and recorded also at Fonseca and Valencia, but no- where abundant. It invariably occurs in pairs, and usually only one pair to any given locality. It prefers pastures, the edges of lagoons, or even the sea-beach, and is almost entirely terrestrial in its habits. Individuals of this species have been noted taking ticks from cattle. 351. Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnzus). Eight specimens: Fundacion, Punto Caiman, and Trojas de Cataca. These agree with Venezuelan specimens. They are in more or less worn breeding dress (August and September). This flycatcher was detected only along the coast of the Cienaga Grande and in the adjacent lowlands. Invariably it was seen along the edge of the water, either salt or fresh, preferring places where shrubs or trees extended out beyond the edge. 352. Fluvicola pica (Boddaert). Fluvicola pica ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 151 (Cienaga). Additional records: Punto Caiman (Carriker). Nineteen specimens: Cienaga, Fundacion, Dibulla, and Trojas de Cataca. 388 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Not distinguishable in any way from examples from Venezuela and Trinidad. There is some variation affecting the relative proportions of black and white on the upper parts, as in specimens from these other regions. The. present series includes several young birds, shot in August. With practically the same range and habitat as Arundinicola leu- cocephala (except that it was found at Rio Hacha and Dibulla on the north coast), this species is more abundant, haunting the margins of sluggish streams, lagoons, and marshes, and is very tame.* It was breeding in the marsh at Fundacion in August. The nest is a tiny, thin-walled, cup-shaped structure, made of fine grasses and the fibers of wild plantain, interwoven with thorny twigs and lined with vege- table down, and placed in the fork of a small thorny shrub, two feet over the water. Three white eggs are laid. 353. Mecocerculus leucophrys setophagoides (Bonaparte). Mecocerculus leucophrys (not Muscicapa leucophrys D’Orbigny and Lafres- naye) ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 27 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—von BERLEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 489 (“Santa Marta”; crit.; syn.). Myiopatis montensis Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 97 (Paramo de Macotama [type-locality], Macotama, and Paramo de Chiruqua ; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.) —ALLENn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 149 (Bangs’ reference).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, III, r901, 119 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Pheomyias montensis Dusors, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1076 (‘Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.). Mecocerculus leucophrys setophagoides HELLMAYR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LX XVIII, 1912, 73 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Mecocerculus leucophrys nigriceps BANGS and PENARD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XXXIV, 1921, 90 (Santa Marta region). Twenty-seven specimens: San Lorenzo, San Miguel, Paramo de Ma- marongo, and Cerro de Caracas. These average paler yellow below than a series from the interior of Colombia, but the difference is certainly only seasonal. In fresh plumage the wing-bands are more buffy.*° 35 Since the above was written Messrs. Hartert and Goodson (Novitates Zoélogice, XXIV, 1917, 494) have undertaken to show that the birds of the mountains of Venezuela are subspecifically separable from topotypical setoph- agoides, described from “ Bogota.” As such a conclusion would naturally leave the status of the Santa Marta birds open to question, we have again gone Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, Cotomsra. 389 Simons secured two specimens of this species in the Sierra Nevada, as recorded by Sclater in the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Mr. Brown took a series of eighteen specimens in the same region, which were duly described by Mr. Bangs as a new species of Myiopatis, its true position escaping notice up to 1912, when it was indicated by Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern. On the San Lorenzo this flycatcher was seen only above 6,000 feet, and was rare below 7,000 feet, and not common even above that point. It is partial to open situations, the edges of the forest, and ridges dotted with shrubbery. In the Sierra Nevada a few were seen as low as 5,000 feet at San Miguel, but on the Cerro de Caracas and up the Macotama Valley between 9,000 and 11,000 feet the bird was abun- dant, frequenting the scattered shrubbery and the edge of the forest. Mr. Brown took it on the Paramo de Chiruqua at 12,000 feet, and it is essentially a species of the Temperate Zone, extending down into the Subtropical at certain places where local conditions favor. 354. Octhceca diadema jesupi Allen. Octheca jesupit ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 151 (San Lorenzo [type-locality], Valparaiso, and El Libano; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.)—SuHarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 93 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Duso1s, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1075 (Santa Marta [region], in range; ref. orig. descr.).—voN BERLEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 470 (crit.) —BRABOURNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 263 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Octhaca diadema jesupi HettMayr, Nov. Zool., XX, 1913, 242 (San Lorenzo; Crits)e Octheca gratiosa jesupi CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 430; in text (crit.). Nine specimens: San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Over our series with care. Six males from Venezuela average as follows: wing, 68; tail, 66. Ten males from the Santa Marta region average: wing, 68; tail, 70. They differ, therefore, from Venezuelan birds in having the tail slightly longer than the wing, instead of the reverse. A series of nine males from the Eastern Andes measure:, wing, 72; tail, 72. This latter series were mostly taken in September and October; they are appreciably yellower below and darker above than the Santa Marta birds, which were collected in March, April, and July, but the few specimens which are comparable in season are practically indistinguishable, and the same is true of the Venezuelan series in relation to the others. Under these circumstances we feel that a good case for recognizing more than one form has not yet been made out. 390 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. (8,000 feet), Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, and Paramo de Mama- rongo. In describing his new species Dr. Allen compared it with O. gratiosa (Sclater) from Ecuador, but its nearest relative would seem to be rather O. diadema (Hartlaub) of Colombia and Venezuela. After careful comparison with a good series of the latter it is obvious that jesupi is not more than subspecifically distinct. The two birds are oi about the same color below (diadema averaging slightly brighter yel- low), but differ above, the pileum being plain olive green in jesupi, while in diadema it is much darker, more dusky olive green. The back in the latter is rather darker also. There is no difference in size of moment. Precisely the same conclusion has independently been reached by Mr. Hellmayr from an examination of the type, which appears to be an immature bird. The brown wash on the flanks, to which he refers, appears on one of our specimens, and is evidently indicative of youth. Dr. Chapman has lately proposed to call this form O. gratiosa jesupi, but as he does not mention diadema at all it is possible that some of his specimens may belong to the latter form. The type of this species was taken by Mr. Smith’s collector on the San Lorenzo at 7,000 feet, and others were secured at El Libano (6,000 feet) and at Valparaiso (Cincinnati), as low down as 5,500 feet. It seems to be a rare bird everywhere, and to be confined to the Subtropical and Temperate Zones. On the San Lorenzo it is most numerous at 7,000 feet, flitting about among the shrubbery and lower branches more like a warbler than a flycatcher. Two were shot in the shrubbery on the edge of the forest at 10,000 feet on the Cerro de Caracas, and three under the same conditions on the lower edge of the Paramo de Mamarongo. 355. Octheca poliogastris Salvin and Godman. Octheca poliogastra SALvIN and GopMan, Ibis. 1880, 123 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 9,200-10,000 ft.; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.).—-REICHENOW and ScHatow, Journ. f. Orn., XXVIII, 1880, 318 (re- print orig. descr.).—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 24 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; descr.).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 174 (Macotama); XIII, 18909, 96 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 9,000-12,000 ft.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 151 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references; local range).—SHARPE, Hand- List Birds, III, 1901, 92 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).— BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 262 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Topp—CarRRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGIon, CoLtompta. 39] Octheca lessoni \poliogastra Dusots, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 226 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.).—voNn BERLEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 470 (crit.). Additional records: Paramo de Macotama (Brown). Twenty-seven specimens: Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, Paramo de Mamarongo, and Paramo de Chiruqua. This species is quite distinct from its nearest ally, O. lessoni of the main Andes of Colombia. Besides being larger, the pileum is mummy brown (instead of dusky neutral gray), the abdomen light neutral gray, not white, and the ochraceous tawny breast-band is much broader and a little deeper in color. The superciliaries, too, are not white, as stated in the original description, but gray in front, and indistinct, becoming wider and whiter posteriorly, and strongly tinged with buffy, which color tends to coalesce across the nape. This interesting alticoline species is one of those discovered by Simons in this region in 1879, four specimens having been secured in July of that year in the Sierra Nevada, at altitudes ranging from g,200 to 10,000 feet. These, with another taken later, were the only ones known to science until Mr. Brown’s researches yielded a series of fifteen specimens, duly recorded by Mr. Bangs. Its range is practically restricted to the Temperate Zone, between about 8,000 and 11,000 feet. Mr. Brown, indeed, records it up to 12,000 feet, but while this may be true of stragglers it is certainly not the usual thing. It proves to be a common bird along the edge of the forest and in the scattered shrubbery of the valleys at these elevations, occurring in pairs. A nest was found on the Paramo de Chiruqua at about 11,000 feet, with young nearly ready to fly. It was built of moss, lined with soft vegetable down, and placed on a projection on the side of a huge boulder, sheltered by some stunted trees. 356. Octhodieta pernix Bangs. (Plate V.) Octhodieta pernix BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 95 (Maco- tama; orig. descr.; type now in Mus.' Comp. Zool.).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 152 (San Lorenzo).—Suarre, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 91 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Dvusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1074 (Santa Marta [region], in range; ref. orig. descr.).—VvON BER- LEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 469 (crit.).—BrRABOURNE and CuHusB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 260 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Five specimens: San Lorenzo and Cerro de Caracas. An alticoline species, restricted to the Temperate Zone of this re- 392 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. gion. It was described from a single specimen obtained by Mr. Brown in the neighborhood of Macotama, at an altitude of 9,000 feet. Mr. Smith’s collector took a second example on the San Lorenzo, as duly recorded by Dr. Allen. The third known specimen was secured by the writer on the very crest of this same mountain, at 8,300 feet alti- tude, in some shrubbery on the sharp ridge. No others were ever seen there, but two pairs were taken along the edge of the forest on the Cerro de Caracas. All four of these were shot on the same day (March 30, 1914), and the species was not encountered elsewhere, so that it is evidently very rare. 357. Orodynastes striaticollis striaticollis (Sclater). Myiotheretes striaticollis BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 174 (Macotama).—Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 78 (El Mamon).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 152 (Bangs’ references). Orodynastes striaticollis columbianus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVI, 1913, 171 (San Lorenzo; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Thirteen specimens: San Lorenzo, Cerro de Caracas, San Miguel, and Paramo de Mamarongo. Several of these have the two outer primaries abruptly emarginate near their tips, and with but one exception this condition is correlated with the shape of the dark area on the tail, which is cut squarely off. This is not a sexual character, as suggested by Sclater, but probably depends upon the age of the bird. The first specimens of this species received from the junior author were described as a new race, on the ground of a slight difference in color, which since the receipt of more ample material proves to be en- tirely of a seasonal nature. July specimens are as a rule paler and duller than those secured in March and April, but Ecuador specimens run through the same range of variation. In the light of these facts it is evident that the distinction sought to be established cannot be maintained. On the San Lorenzo, where this species was first met with by the writer, it was found only above 7,000 feet, in the deforested portion and along the crest of the ridge, which supports only stunted trees and shrubbery. In the Sierra Nevada, however, it was traced down to about 5,000 feet, although rare below 8,o00 or 9,000 feet. Its center of abundance lies between 8,000 and 11,000 feet, while the highest Annals Carnegie Museum Vol. XIV, pl. V Ochthodizta pernix Bangs (Three-fourths natural size) Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGION, Cotomsia. 393 point at which it has been taken is the Paramo de Mamarongo, at about 12,000 feet. Dr. Chapman says of this species that it “inhabits the Paramo Zone of all three ranges” of Colombia, but it certainly comes lower down in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. It is a very shy bird, keeping in the open or along the edges of the forest, and is very difficult to approach within gunshot range. It has a loud, but rather musical call-note. Family MIMID. Mocxine THRUSHES. 358. Mimus gilvus columbianus Cabanis. Mimus melanopterus (not of Lawrence) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 115, 320 (Santa Marta; habits). Mimus gilvus (not Turdus gilvus Vieillot) SAtvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, I, 1879, 36 (Santa Marta, in range).—SaLvIN and Gopmavn, Ibis, 1880, 116 (Santa Marta; crit.) —SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., VI, 1881, 350 (Santa Marta; crit.). Minus gilvus columbianus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 180 (Bonda and (ienaga).—Ripcway, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue, XLVII, 1904, 113, footnote (Santa Marta region; meas.).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 236, part (Santa Marta localities and references). Eighteen specimens: Bonda, Santa Marta, and Rio Hacha. Mimus gilvus is a species which has received considerable attention at the hands of students of geographic variation. Without attempt- ing here to go into the question of the number of races it is profitable -to recognize, it may be stated that the Santa Marta bird is to be dis- tinguished by its relatively small size and purer white under parts— characters which may be held to be of subspecific value on comparison. Wyatt remarks that “this was the first bird we saw in the Mimosa thicket at the back of Santa Marta. It generally chooses one of the highest boughs for a perch, and there displays its powers of song and mimicry.” Simons met with it in the same locality, and speaks of it as being “a favourite songster here, its notes being more harmonious than those of the Trupial.” According to the writer’s experience it is fairly common in the semi-arid coast belt from Cienaga around to the Rio Piedras, rare along the beach from the Rio Piedras to Dibulla, but becoming common again in the arid region of the Goajira Pen- insula, whence it extends into the valley country southeast of the Sierra Nevada, as far at least as Valencia. It sticks close to the flat 394 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. country, not even going into the hills to the west. It is partial to tracts of dry, thorny scrub, giant cactus, and open plains, dotted with scat- tering low trees. 359. Mimus gilvus melanopterus Lawrence. Mimus gilvus columbianus (not of Cabanis) Banes, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, I, 1899, 80 (San Sebastian and El Mamon). Mr. Brown secured a series of fifteen specimens of a mockingbird from San Sebastian (6,600 feet) and El Mamon (8,000 feet). This. series has been placed at our disposal by Mr. Bangs, but unfortunately they are all in more or less worn plumage (July and August), and some are in juvenal dress, so that they are unsatisfactory for compari- son, but even at that it is clear that they cannot safely be referred to columbianus, which is strictly a form of the low country. In fact they agree much better with a series from Venezuela, for which we accept the name melanopterus Lawrence, the type of which has been ex- amined in this connection. This form differs from columbianus in its rather larger size, grayer under surface, and less extensively white rectrices. In all probability M. g. tolimensis Ridgway (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Quarterly Issue, XLVII, 1904, 113) is the same, judging from the material examined. 360. Donacobius atricapillus brachypterus von Madarasz. Donacobius atricapillus (not Turdus atricapulus Linneus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 180 (Cienaga). Donacobius brachypterus von Maparasz, Orn. Monatsber., XXI, 1913, 22 (Aracataca; orig. descr.; type in coll. Budapest Mus.; crit.). Donacobius atricapillus albovittatus (not of Lafresnaye and D/’Orbigny) CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 531 (Cienaga; crit.). Thirty-four specimens: Fundacion, Trojas de Cataca, and Tucu- rinca. The present series are virtual topotypes of the form .recently de- scribed by Dr. von Madarasz under the name brachypterus, the local- ity Aracataca (misspelled by him “ Aracatuca”) lying between Fun- dacion and Tucurinca. Dr. Chapman admits the validity of the form, but adopts for it the earlier name D. albovittatus Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny, on the ground that the type of the latter, as claimed by Mr. ' Hellmayr (Novitates Zoélogice, XXI, 1914, 158), is a young example of D. atricapillus. But we are in a position to show (and will do so Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MArta ReEGIon, Cotomsia. 395 in another connection) that D. albovittatus, described from Bolivia, is a form entirely distinct from D. atricapillus, which will permit the use of the name brachypterus for the northern and western form, the characters of which have been fully indicated by Dr. Chapman. Com- pared with a Brazilian specimen in fine fresh plumage (No. 39,423, Collection American Museum of Natural History), the present bird is less buffy below; the upper parts are not so dark, and there is no buffy wash on the rump. In juvenal dress, represented by several skins taken between September 20 and October 15, the pileum is brown, somewhat darker than the back, and there is a broad buffy white superciliary stripe. None of the adult birds show any trace of this stripe. This interesting bird was found only in the fresh-water marshes and in the rank growth of grasses and aquatic plants in the alluvial plain surrounding the Cienaga Grande. It was abundant along the inundated shores of the Aracataca River near its mouth, as well as in the marshes near Fundacion. It is not at all shy, and when disturbed in its retreats will emerge from the thick growth of water plants to perch in a conspicuous position and scold at the intruder. It is always seen in pairs or families. No nests were ever located. Family TURDIDAt. THRUSHEs. 361. Platycichla flavipes venezuelensis (Sharpe). Platycichla flavipes carbonaria BaNncs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 108 (Chirua, La Concepcién, and San Miguel).—ALien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 181 (Bangs’ reference). Seven specimens: Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. Even in this small series there is considerable variation affecting the amount of black on the under parts in the male. In two specimens this color covers all of the under surface except the flanks and upper tail-coverts, these examples thus agreeing well with the description of Platycichla venezuelensis atra Cory (Field Museum Ornithological Series, I, 1909, 251). Others can be matched very closely by skins from Trinidad, Venezuela, etc. It seems very unlikely, judging from the available series studied in this connection, that there is more than one form in northern South America—a conclusion already reached by Mr. Hellmayr (Journal fiir Ornithologie, L, 1902, 66). This bird is apparently found only on the north slopes of the Sierra 396 ; ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Nevada, and on the east slopes of the San Lorenzo, where the humid- ity is greater than elsewhere. Mr. Brown took no less than seven specimens in the former region. It was rare at Las Vegas, where it was seen only in a single deep, heavily wooded valley at about 4,000 feet. It seemed to be more numerous, although far from common, in the vicinity of Pueblo Viejo and Chirua, where virgin forest still exists. It keeps to the tree-tops, and is moreover very shy. Its song is heard but rarely, but once heard can never be forgotten, being dis- tinctly thrush-like in its quality, and loud, liquid, and clear, combining the style of certain of the species of Turdus with that of Hedyme- les ludovicianus. 362. Turdus albiventer ephippialis Sclater. Merula incompta (?) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 182, in text (Palomina; crit.). Merula albiventris fusa Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 107 (Chirua [type-locality], La Concepcién, San Miguel, and San Francisco; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.) —AtLten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 182 (Bonda); XXI, 1905, 2904 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs).—von Breriepscu, Noy. Zool., XV, 1908, 105, in text (“‘ Santa Mantas’; (crit.): Turdus albiventer (not of Spix) Herritmayr, Journ. f. Orn., L, 1902, 61 @ Santa Marta’; syne; crit): Turdus fusus SEEBOHM and SHARPE, Mon. Turdide, II, 1902, 237 (reprint orig. descr.; crit.). Turdus albiventer var. fusca [sic] Dusots, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1093 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Planesticus albiventer ephippialis CuarMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXOOVEE or7, 536 (“Santa Marta’ erit.): Six specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Pueblo Viejo, and Loma Larga. On the use of Turdus in this connection compare Oberholser, Pro- ceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXXIV, 1921, 105. These agree well with a series from northern Venezuela, the Ori- noco region, and French Guiana, which collectively differ from a skin from Bahia and another from Paraguay in being somewhat grayer, less brownish, the head in particular being decidedly gray, different from the back, while in the southern birds these parts are not so strongly contrasted, the gray being duller and more brownish. Wear and fading, however, cause considerable change in color in this species, which must not be overlooked when making comparisons. Some of Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIoN, CoLomsBra. 397 these northern birds are very strongly washed with brownish below, so that it is very doubtful if this character can be relied on to separate them from true a/biventer of Brazil. The name applied to this north- ern form by Mr. Bangs, using an example from this region as the type, is long antedated by the Turdus ephippialis of Sclater, described in 1862, but it is not yet entirely certain that this can be maintained as a valid form, owing to the lack of a sufficient series from the type- locality of albiventer (fixed as Para by Mr. Hellmayr) for compari- son. Mr. Smith’s collectors took nine specimens of this thrush at Bonda, and Mr. Brown secured a series of fifteen examples from various lo- calities in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, but the writer has found it to be very rare, having taken but one each at Mamatoco, Pueblo Viejo, and Loma Larga. He expected to find it common at Don Diego or Dibulla, but none were seen there, nor yet around Cin- cinnati or Minca. As nearly as could be judged from the few indi- viduals met with, its habits and haunts are the same as those of T. grayi incomptus, frequenting as it does open woodland and the vicinity of streams. Dr. Allen has described the nests and eggs sent in by Mr. Smith as very similar to those of this latter species. 363. Turdus grayi incomptus (Bangs). Planesticus luridus (not Turdus Iuridus Hermann) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., XXXVIII, 1854, 4, footnote (‘“ New Granada’; orig. descr.; type in coll. British Mus.).—Scrater, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1859, 330 (crit.).— Bairp, Rev. Am. Birds, 1864, 27, in text (crit.)——BRABOURNE and CHUBB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 344 (ref. orig.'descr.; range). Turdus lwridus Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, 132, in text (“ Santa Marta”; crit.)—ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 2 (range).—GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., III, 1877, 714 (syn.).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, I, 1879, 19, in text (Santa Marta; crit.). Turdus grayi (not of Bonaparte) SALVIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 115 (Santa Marta; crit.)—SEEBOHM and SHARPE, Mon. Turdide, I, 1902, 261 (Santa Marta; crit.). Merula incompta Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 144 (‘‘ Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6él.; meas.; crit.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 181 (Bangs’ reference). —Dvuesots, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 395 (Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.). Merula grayi lurida ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 181 (Bonda; local range; crit.); XXI, 1905, 294 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). 398 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Turdus grayi luridus Hetimayr, Journ. f. Orn., L, 1902, 49, 50, 53 (Santa Marta; syn.; meas.; crit.). Turdus grayi var. lurida [sic] Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1093 (ref. orig. descr.; range; syn.). Merula lurida Suarpe, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 122 (range; syn.). Planesticus grayi luridus RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 95 (diag.; range; references). Twenty-eight specimens: Bonda, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Tucu- rinca, Fundacion, Santa Marta, and Fonseca. This form, originally described by Bonaparte in 1854, was soon af- terwards referred by Sclater to P. grayi of the same author, opinion wavering back and forth as to its validity for many years. The first specimens received from this region by Mr. Bangs were inadvertently described under a new name, Merula incompta, but Mr. Hellmayr soon corrected this mistake, and Dr. Allen had in the meantime indicated the application of Bonaparte’s name luridus to the present bird. Un- fortunately, however, as recently shown by Dr. Oberholser (Proceed- ings Biological Society of Washington, XXXIV, 1921, 106), this specific term is antedated when used with Turdus. It differs from T. grayi casius of Central America chiefly in slightly smaller size and paler coloration of the under parts. Several birds in juvenal dress, taken between August 17 and October 18, resemble the adults, but are rather more tawny buff below, with obscure spotting; above with nar- row tawny shaft-streaks, and the tips of the wing-coverts with large triangular spots of the same color. A Tropical Zone species, found only on the coastal plain and up to the lower foothills, scarcely going over 1,000 feet, and'seemingly con- fined to the low country on the western and the southeastern sides of the Sierra Nevada, never having been observed on the coast between Santa Marta and Dibulla. Simons did not meet with it in the Rio Rancheria-Rio Cesar Valley, but it has recently been found here by the writer, at Fonseca and Valencia. Judging from this, its range would appear to be limited to the lower Magdalena basin, extending eastward as far as the Santa Marta region along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It was fairly common, according to the writer’s experience, around Fundaci6én, but could not be considered abundant in the vicin- ity of Santa Marta. It frequents groves of scattered trees, open woodland, and the edges of the forest. Its song resembles that of the Robin, but unlike that bird it is very seldom seen on the ground. Mr. Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLtomsBia. 399 Smith sent in no fewer than eleven nests, with complements of eggs ‘ varying from one to four. Dr. Allen describes them as “ solidly built of mud, plant roots, and stems, and are of the typical Merula char- acter. The amount of mud used varies in different nests, as does the size of the structure. ‘ ‘. . . The eggs are pale blue, thickly spotted and blotched over the larger end with reddish chestnut, and sparingly over the rest of the egg. The eggs vary greatly in the tint of the ground-color, and also in the amount of spotting, and also in size.” 364. Turdus pheopygus pheopygus Cabanis. Merula pheopyga Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 160 (Pueblo Viejo; crit.). Merula pheopyga minuscula BaNncs, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, XII, 1898, 181 (Pueblo Viejo [type-locality] and Palomina; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zool.; meas.; crit.); XIII, 1899, 108 (La Concepcion and Chirua).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900,.121, 182 (Bonda and Valparaiso; plum.). Turdus pheopygus var. minuscula Dusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 402 (‘ Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.). Turdus pheopygus minusculus HeLtMayr, Journ. f, Orn., L, 1902, 63 (‘ Santa Marta ”; crit.) —HELLMAYR and von SEiLERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, Nomzes7a in text (er“itas rel. Orie. descr). Turdus minusculus SEEBOHM and SHARPE, Mon. Turdide, II, 1902, 235 (descr., ex Bangs; crit.). Merula minuscula SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 122 (ref. orig. descr. ; range). Planesticus minusculus BraBoURNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 344 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Thirty specimens: Valparaiso, Cincinnati, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Minca, Agua Dulce, Don Diego, and Pueblo Viejo. Comparison of the present series with an equally good one from the Caura region and the north coast of Venezuela, which according to Mr. Hellmayr are true phcopygus, fails to confirm any of the color- characters assigned to “ minusculus” either by that author or by the original describer, or yet to discover any others by which it may be distinguished. The variation in the color of the upper parts in both series exceeds the difference between them, and is apparently due mainly ‘to season, examples taken from September to December being more brownish above than those shot in the spring and summer months. There is a slight average difference in size, but it is certainly 27 400 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. of no particular importance, considered by itself, so that there can re- main no valid reason for maintaining the distinctness of the Santa Marta bird in a nomenclatural sense. Specimens from the interior of Colombia appear to be in nowise different. The series includes six specimens in juvenal plumage, like the one described by Dr. Allen, and which were taken at dates ranging from June 4 to July 24. A common bird within its range, which extends from about 1,000 to 5,000 feet, thus not going much beyond the Tropical Zone, and being most abundant between 2,000 and 4,000 feet. Occasionally it strag- gles down to sea-level, as at Fundacion and Don Diego, where the semi-arid lowlands are replaced by forest (damp and heavy at the latter locality). It keeps in the cool depths of the forest, and is rarely seen near the ground. This bird has the curious habit (for a thrush) of building its nest in a shallow cavity under the overhanging bank along a roadside or stream, especially the former. It is composed of roots and green moss, and lined with fine black rootlets and weed- fibers. As a rule two eggs are laid, sometimes three; they are pale greenish blue, with markings of brown of various shades. 365. Turdus olivater sanctee-marte (Todd). Merula olivatra (not of Lafresnaye) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 107 (La Concepcion; crit.).—ALLEeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 181 (Valparaiso and Las Nubes; plum.).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 120 (‘Santa Marta,” in range). Turdus olivater HeLLMayr and von SeiLern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 36 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; references; crit.). Planesticus olivater sancte-marte Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVI, 1913, 170 (Cincinnati; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Museum). Thirty-two specimens: Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. Mr. Brown secured two specimens of this thrush, which were com- pared by Mr. Bangs with Lafresnaye’s type of Merula olivatra, de- scribed from Caracas, Venezuela, of which species little appeared to be known at the time, there being so few specimens extant. Mr. Bangs remarked on the larger size of the Santa Marta birds, but con- sidered that the slight color-differences were due to fading. However, with a good series from the type-locality available for comparison with Topp—CaRRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, Cotomsra. 401 the Santa Marta series, it is evident that the latter represent a well-marked race, to which the subspecific name sancte-marte@ has re- cently been applied by the present writer. It differs from the typical form in the following particulars: the size averages a little larger; the upper parts are darker, more olivaceous, less brownish; the under surface is also darker, light brownish olive rather than isabella-color ; and the black of the head and throat in the male is not so sharply de- fined posteriorly, gradually passing into the color of the back and breast. In this latter respect the form resembles T. olivater roraime Salvin and Godman of British Guiana, but this is a much lighter- colored bird, as shown by the plate in Seebohm and Sharpe’s Mono- graph of the Turdide, and by a direct comparison of specimens for which the writer’s thanks are due to Mr. C. E. Hellmayr. In com- paring specimens of thrushes care must of course be used to choose only those in good plumage, wear producing marked variations in color, and often in wing- and tail-measurements. Five adult males average: wing, 121; tail, 98.5; bill, 23; tarsus, 31. Five adult males of true olivater in comparable condition from the vicinity of Caracas, Venezuela, average: wing, 115; tail, 91; bill, 22; tarsus, 29. In juvenal plumage, illustrated by two specimens from Las Vegas, May 28, and one from Cincinnati, June 16, the lower parts are rich buffy, spotted and barred with dusky, in irregular pattern, most thickly on the breast; the back has very narrow buffy shaft-streaks; and the wing-coverts are tipped with triangular spots of ochraceous. There is no trace of the black head at this stage. Two specimens from Cin- cinnati, July 4, are in postjuvenal moult. In what appears to be im- mature (first winter and first nuptial) dress the black throat of the male is less “solid,” owing to the paler edgings of the feathers. This is a species which in this region ranges from the upper edge of the Tropical into the Subtropical Zone, or from about 4,000 to 7,000 feet, wherever there is forest, being most numerous, however, between 4,000 and 5,000 feet. It is fairly abundant throughout its range, but is confined almost exclusively to the forest, although it seems to have adapted itself to the coffee-plantations and the shade- trees to some extent. During the heat of the day it is rarely observed, but is always in evidence, if present, in the early morning and espe- cially just before dusk, at which time its vocal efforts are most fre- quently heard. The song much resembles the evening song of the AQ? ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Robin, but is softer and sweeter in tone. It is shy and hard to ap- proach, concealing itself in a tree-top when singing. A nest with one egg sent in by Mr. Smith is labelled Valparaiso, May 29. The nest is composed almost wholly of moss, lined with fine wiry rootlets, and the egg bears a striking resemblance to that of the Olive-backed Thrush (Hylocichla ustulata swainsonit). A second nest with eggs was taken by the writer on his plantation “ Vista Nieve,” near Cincinnati, on May 5, 1916, by the roadside in the forest. It is of the usual thrush construction—a little mud in the bottom, and then a few leaves and vegetable fibers, the main body, however, being composed of green moss, lined with fine blackish rootlets and plant- fibers, mixed with moss. The eggs resemble those of Turdus pheopy- gus pheopygus, but are larger and more heavily marked. 366. Semimerula cacozela (Bangs). Turdus gigas (not of Fraser) SaLtvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 198 (San Sebastian ; crit.). Merula gigas cacozela BaNnGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 181 (Macotama; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.; meas.; crit.) ; XIII, 1899, 107 (San Miguel, Paramo de Chiruqua, and Paramo de Maco- tama).—Bancs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 80 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 181 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references).—Dusgors, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 398 (Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.). Turdus cacozela voN BERLEPSCH, Orn. Monatsber., X, 1902, 71, in text (crit.). Semimerula cacozela SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 130 (ref. orig. descr.; range) —BRABOURNE and CuHusB, Birds S. Am., I, m12, 347 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Merula cacozela SEEBOHM and SHARPE, Mon. Turdide, II, 1902, 61 (Santa Marta references and localities; descr.; crit.). Turdus fuscater cacozela Hetimayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XVI, 1906, 92 (range). Planesticus fuscater cacozelus HrtumMayr, Nov. Zool., XXVIII, 1921, 234 (San Miguel and Paramo de Chiruqua; crit.). Twenty-three specimens: San Lorenzo, San Miguel, Cerro de Cara- cas, and Paramo de Chiruqua. The first specimen of the Giant Thrush of the Santa Marta region was taken at San Sebastian, at an altitude of 6,700 feet in the Sierra Nevada, by Simons. Later on he secured two other specimens at 9,000 feet, as we are told by Sharpe. “Messrs. Salvin and Godman re- marked on the paler colour of the Santa Marta specimens, but did not Topp—CarriKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 403 consider them worthy of specific separation.” Sharpe was on the point of describing it, however, in the winter of 1898, but was antici- pated by the publication of Mr. Bangs’ name, based on two specimens secured at Macotama by Mr. Brown. Later this collector secured a considerable series of specimens from sundry other localities in the Sierra Nevada. The fine series secured by the junior author amply confirm the characters ascribed to this form, which differs so strik- ingly, indeed, from the other members of the group as to justify its being raised to specific rank. There is one bird (No. 37,952, San Lorenzo, July 22) in juvenal dress, the spots below being arranged in the forms of bars, on a buffy ground. This handsome large thrush is found from the Subtropical through the Temperate Zone in the Sierra Nevada, or from 5,000 up to 12,000 feet, wherever conditions are suitable, as well as on the San Lorenzo from 7,000 feet upwards, in places where the mountain has been de- nuded of forest, and a semi-paramo condition exists. It is not found in the forest, but rather in open grassy places where scattered shrubs and stunted trees are growing, and in tracts of shrubbery and bushes interspersed with small open spots. In the early morning the birds come out in the open and become very active, also late in the eve- ning, or when the mountain mists have blotted out the landscape, but they are almost never seen during the heat of the day. They hop about on the ground a great deal, hunting for worms, as does our Robin, and their song is very similar also. 367. Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens). Hylocichla fuscescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 182 (Bonda).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 367 (Bonda). Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 64 (Bonda, in range; references). One specimen: Bonda. In all probability the Wilson Thrush is a winter resident in this region, although so far the only records for its occurrence fall in the month of October, beginning with October 5. These all pertain to specimens taken at Bonda by Mr. Smith, and which appear referable to the typical eastern race. 404 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 368. Hylocichla minima alicie (Baird). Turdus alicie Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 144 (‘‘ Santa Marta ”’). Hylocichla alicie ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 183 (Bonda, Las Nubes, Onaca, and Valparaiso).—AtLien, Auk, XVII, 1900, 367 (Bonda, Las Nubes, Onaca, and Valparaiso; “ Santa Marta,” ex Bangs). Hylocichla alicie alicie Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 59 (Bonda, ete., in range; references). Five specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, and La Tigrera. For the change of the specific name see Bangs and Penard, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, LXIII, 1919, 30. The Santa Marta series of this species in the collection of the American Museum vary greatly in color, some being decidedly rufes- cent above, others more olivaceous. No. 97,609 (Bonda, January) was identified by Dr. Allen as H. ustulata swainsoni, doubtless on that account, but unquestionably belongs here instead. A common winter visitant throughout the lowlands and foothills back of Santa Marta, preferring the more open woodland and shrub- bery of the semi-arid belt of this region to any other locality, although seen rarely around Don Diego and Dibulla, on the north coast. It seldom goes above 2,000 feet, although it has been noted, rarely, as high as 4,000 feet. It is a shy and silent bird, arriving as early as October 7, and remaining as late as May 3 (1913). 369. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Cabanis). Turdus swainsoni SAtvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 115 (Minca; crit.). Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni BaNnGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 107 (Chirua).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 182, part (Bonda).—Atten, Auk, XVII, 1900, 367 (Bonda; Chirua, er Bangs; Minca, ex Salvin and Godman). Two specimens: Onaca and Valparaiso. A winter resident, apparently not common, however. Simons se- cured a single specimen at Minca on January 22, 1879, and Mr. Brown got another at Chirua on February 16, 1899. At least one of the specimens recorded by Dr. Allen under the head of this species belongs to H. minima alicie instead, as already remarked; the other example has not been seen. The specimens here recorded were both received from Mr. Smith; they bear dates of December 30, 1898, and March 24, 1899, respectively. The species occurs as far south at this season as Brazil and Argentina. Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLtompia. 405 370. Catharus melpomene aurantiirostris (Hartlaub). Catharus aurantiirostris Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 160 (Pueblo Viejo), 181 (Palomina).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 183 (Bangs’ reference). Catharus melpomene aurantiirostris HELLMAyYR, Journ. f. Orn., L, 1902, 46 (“Santa Marta ”’). Catharus melpomene sierre HELLMAyR, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, XIV, 1919, 126 (La Concepcion; orig, descr.; type in coll. Munich Mus.; crit.). Additional records: San Francisco (Brown). Seventeen specimens: Cincinnati, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. This series agree well with another (fifty specimens) from northern Venezuela, whence came the type of auranttirostris. Compared with a series of C. melpomene birchalli from Trinidad, they are less rufes- cent, more olivaceous above and on the wings. There is, however, considerable variation in the color of the tail, which in some individ- uuals is fully as rufescent as in birchalli. The dusky streaking on the throat is well pronounced in some skins, but scarcely evident in others. The form is sufficiently distinct, although only subspecifically sepa- rable, from C. melpomene costaricensis Hellmayr. This species is a rare bird around the San Lorenzo, where it is found between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, frequenting dense second-growth in ravines and along the edges of the forest, but not in the midst of the forest itself. It is much more abundant on the north slopes of the Sierra Nevada, where it ranges between 2,000 and 5,000 feet, keeping practically within the confines of the upper Tropical Zone. The con- ditions in this latter region are very favorable to its existence, owing to the prevalence of thick second-growth in the old abandoned cultiva- tions of the Indians. Strange as it may appear, it seems to prefer the vicinity of human habitations, being nowhere so abundant as in the thick brush growing up to the very edge of one side of the village of Pueblo Viejo. Like all of the genus, it is very shy and retiring in its habits, and is rarely seen or heard except in the early morning. The song is very pleasing, consisting of a variety of low sweet notes. The birds never sing in the open, but only when hidden in a thicket, and when approached at such times stop at once and slip noiselessly away. Several were heard at Las Vegas. 371. Catharus fuscater sancte-marte Ridgway. Catharus fuscater (not Myioturdus fuscater Lafresnaye) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 108 (Chirua; plum.).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 183 (El Libano; plum.). 406 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Catharus fuscater sancte-marte RipGway, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue, XLVII, 1904, 112 (El Libano; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—Ruipeway, Bull. U. S, Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 20 (diag.; range; references). Catharus sancte-marte BRABOURNE and CHuBsB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 348 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Eight specimens: El Libano, Las Taguas, Sierra Nevada de Sania Marta (6,000 feet), San Lorenzo, Pueblo Viejo, and San Miguel. Specimens of this Catharus received from the Santa Marta region were determined by both Mr. Bangs and Dr. Allen as C. fuscater (La- fresnaye), described from “ Bogota,’ Colombia. They differ con- spicuously from typical fuscater, however, as shown by a comparison in series, in having the ventral surface much more uniform grayish, the white more restricted, and with practically no tinge of buffy. The form was described by Mr. Ridgway in 1904 from one of the above specimens, being compared with the Central American race, C. fuscater hellmayri von Berlepsch. The acquisition of additional material shows that the characters ascribed to it are not entirely constant, the throat being slightly paler than the breast in some cases, and the under tail- coverts varying somewhat also. There is less white below, however, than in /ellmayri, and more black on the chin, so that the form is recognizable, although not well marked. As pointed out by Dr. Allen, males average darker and more richly colored than females. This thrush was taken by Mr. Smith’s collectors at El Libano, on the San Lorenzo, at an altitude of 6,000 feet, while Mr. Brown got one specimen at Chirua. By the writer it was met with on the forest- covered slopes of the San Lorenzo between 4,500 and 7,000 feet, being most frequent between 5,000 and 6,000 feet, but rare everywhere. It was occasionally heard, but rarely seen, in the Sierra Nevada, some- times as low as 2,000 feet, as in the forest to the east of Pueblo Viejo, and as high up as 7,000 feet on the forested slope to the east of San Miguel. In its faunal distribution it is therefore essentially a species of the Subtropical Zone. It is at all times an extremely shy bird, never venturing out of the dark forest, where it keeps close to the ground, slipping away like a shadow when approached. Its song 1s not at all like the other members of the genus which the writer has heard, so that it was a long time before he was able to connect the song with its author. It resembles more the clear whistling notes of certain of the manakins, and is almost impossible to locate. Topp—CarRRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLompta. 407 Family SYLVIIDAZ. Wars_ers. 372. Polioptila plumbiceps Lawrence. Polioptila nigriceps (not of Baird) Satvin and Gopmawn, Ibis, 1880, 116 (Valencia; crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 181 (Sal- vin and Godman’s reference). Polioptila sclateri SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 449 (Valencia).— SHarPE, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 241 (“Sierra [Nevada] of Santa Marta ”’). Polioptila nigriceps sclateri HEtitMAyr, Nov. Zo6l., VII, 1900, 537, in text, 3G. Salta lanai seri). Twenty-five specimens: Rio Hacha and Valencia. These differ from a good series of Venezuelan specimens in averag- ing whiter below, in which respect they approach P. livida (Gmelin) of Cayenne. The latter, however, has the tertiaries and rectrices much more extensively white, and the greater wing-coverts margined with white, while the primaries are wholly black, and not edged with gray, as in the present form, which had best be kept specifically distinct. A fairly common bird around Rio Hacha, as well as in the valley southeast of the mountains, frequenting all sorts of growth. It is very restless in its habits, hopping continuously about in the branches in its search for insecis, and is not at all shy. The note is a faint, insect- like chirp. 373. Polioptila bilineata bilineata (Bonaparte). Polioptila bilineata BanGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 144 (“Santa Marta’”).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 181 (Bonda).—HELEMAYR, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1903, 224 (‘‘ Santa Marta,” in range).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 726 (Bonda and “ Santa Marta,” in range; references). Four specimens: Bonda and Fundacion. A rare bird in this region. Mr. Brown secured a single specimen, taken probably near Bonda, and Mr. Smith’s collectors secured only two. Although the writer has watched closely for the species in this vicinity he has never succeeded in detecting it there. Three specimens were taken at Fundacion, in August and October, 1915. They were shot in open woodland, and in habits resembled P. plumbiceps. 408 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Family CINCLIDAE. Drppers. 374. Cinclus rivularis Bangs. Cinclus rivularis Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 105 (Chirua [type-locality] and Paramo, de Chiruqua; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 181 (Bangs’ reference)—Duvsois, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 419 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 102 (ref. orig. descr. ; range).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 677 (diag. ; range; ref, orig. descr.) —STEJNEGER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Quarterly Issue, XLVII, 1905, 424 (diag.).—BRABOURNE and CHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 340 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Four specimens: Macotama, San Miguel, and Taquina. Although clearly an offshoot from C. leuconotus of the Andes of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, developed no doubt through isola- tion, this species is perfectly distinct, having much less white on both the upper and under parts. The color of the pileum is the same in both, but the back is almost uniform dusky slate-color, with concealed shaft-streaks of white at the bases of the feathers, instead of the large white blotch of C..leuconotus. The wings, tail, and lower parts from the throat down are uniform with the back, except that all but one of the specimens in the present series have more or less white mottling below, possibly indicative of immaturity. In this odd specimen the throat is much shaded with dusky slate-color; in the others it is pure white. Mr. Bangs has noted similar variation in his specimens, which were the only ones known to science up to the time the present series were secured. Of the three specimens of the Santa Marta Dipper taken by Mr. Brown two were said to have come from Chirua, at 7,000 feet, and the third from the Paramo de Chiruqua, at 11,000 feet. However, the Chirua specimens either were not taken at that place, or else they came from a much lower altitude. The species properly belongs to the Temperate Zone, but is one of the few which is known to extend its range downward into the Subtropical, following its habitat. It was not noted by the writer above 9,000 feet, this record referring to the Macotama specimen, but on the other hand it was found in the river at Pueblo Viejo, as low as 2,000 feet. It is a rare bird and very hard to secure, because of its shyness and its habit of keeping among the rocks of the rapid mountain streams, being partial to the spray-drenched Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLtomsia. 409 boulders beneath falls and among tumbling rapids. When wounded the birds will dive and swim under water like a grebe, and unless killed outright are rarely secured. Family TROGLODYTID/Z. Wrens. 375. Microcerculus squamulatus corrasus Bangs. Microcerculus marginatus (not Heterocnemis marginatus Sclater) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 107 (Chirua).—ALien, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 180 (Onaca). Microcerculus corrasus Bancs, Proce. New England Zool. Club, III, 1902, 87 (Chirua; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; crit.).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 98 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 666 (diag.; range; references; crit.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.). —BRABOURNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 340 (ref. orig. descr. ; range).—HELLMAYR and voN SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 45, footnote (ref. orig. descr.; crit.). Microcerculus squamulatus corassus [sic] CHApMaN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, 1915, 647, 648, in text (“ Santa Marta” and Don Diego; meas.: crit.). Two specimens: Don Diego. The various forms of Microcerculus are still involved in great con- fusion, due largely to paucity of material, the plumage-variations in the group being very imperfectly understood. Mr. Bangs (Proceed- ings Biological Society of Washington, XXII, tg09, 34) has adduced good reasons for suspecting that there may be but one form in Central America, and it is altogether likely, reasoning by analogy, that some changes will have to be made in the status of the currently recognized South American forms also. It seems clear, for instance, that the form inhabiting the Santa Marta region will require reduction to a subspecies of MW. squamulatus, as has already been proposed by Dr. Chapman. It differs from typical squamulatus in its paler brown, less rufescent color of the upper parts and flanks, and by its more narrowly barred under surface, with the brown wash of the sides and flanks more restricted. Both our specimens appear to be fully adult; they are ap- proached’ by immature examples of squamulatus in the color of the upper surface, but adults of the latter are sufficiently different. This wren was described by Mr. Bangs from a single specimen col- lected by Mr. Brown at Chirua, March 13, 1899, and labelled as having 410 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. been taken at 7,000 feet, although this figure is undoubtedly a mistake. Mr. Smith sent in a single specimen from Onaca, shot January 7, 1899. The writer took a fine pair at Don Diego on January 31, 1914. These were the only ones seen or heard, and were found in a ravine in the heavy forest a short distance up in the hills above the coastal plain. The four specimens just enumerated are the only ones known. Like all the forms of this genus, it is very rare and very hard to find, on account of its shyness and retiring habits. Since the above was written the species has been noted not uncom- monly in the heavy forest of the dark ravines on the north and east slopes of the San Lorenzo, from 2,000 up to 4,000 feet. It has a very characteristic song of several clear liquid notes, which have such a pronounced ventriloquistic quality that the bird is very difficult to lo- cate by its song. The bird invariably keeps on or very near the ground, while the song appears to come from up in the trees. The most recent record is that of several individuals heard singing at Loma Larga, on the eastern flank of the Sierra Nevada, in July, 1920. 376. Thryophilus albipectus venezuelanus (Cabanis). Thryophilus albipectus bogotensis (not of Hellmayr) OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, 66 (Don Diego; descr.; crit.). Twenty-six specimens: Buritaca, Don Diego, Dibulla, Arroya de Arenas, and Fonseca. The Thryophilus albipectus group has always given a great deal of trouble to ornithologists, several authors having struggled with the problem, with more or less success. We have to do here only with the Santa Marta bird, misidentified, as it now appears, with. T. a!bipectus bogotensis Hellmayr by Dr. Oberholser some years ago, after examin- ing a specimen from Don Diego (No. 9,365, Collection Carnegie Museum). Fortunately we have for comparison a good series from various points on the north coast of Venezuela, whence came the type of Thryothorus venesuelanus Cabanis. These are quite indistinguishable from the Santa Marta series, and with them are barely separable from typical Cayenne birds, differing only in being a shade more brightly rufescent above. The ashy gray sides of the neck, to which Mr. Hell- mayr refers (Novitates Zoédlogice, X1V, 1907, 3), are not a diagnostic character, being precisely the same as in the Cayenne examples. T. Topp-—CArRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 411 albipectus venesuelanus is a very poor subspecies at best, scarcely worthy of recognition. While thus so close to T. albipectus albipectus, it is easily told from T. albipectus bogotensis of the Bogota region of Colombia, the latter being by comparison far more deeply rufescent, both above and below. In juvenal dress, represented by Nos. 9,372 (May 14) and 44,494 (January 20), the colors are much duller, the streaking on the sides of the head indistinct, and there are faint indications of dusky streaks on the throat. ; This species is confined in the Santa Marta region to the Rio Ran- cheria-Rio Cesar Valley and to the coastal plain of the north shore, where the heavy humid Tropical Zone forest descends to sea-level. It frequents the tangled undergrowth along the shores of the lagoons, old clearings, and similar situations. Like all of the family it is noisy and active, climbing about from the ground to the tops of the vine- covered trees, but not coming out into the open. It has the usual wren song of clear liquid notes, rather weak in this case, and is more ad- dicted to uttering its harsh rattling chirp than to singing. A nest received from Mr. Smith is marked Don Diego, May 8. It is a bulky affair, loosely constructed of small twigs and tendrils, lined with very fine grass-tops. It is built at the end of a horizontal branch of a lime-tree, and surrounded almost completely by the leaves, so that it must have been pretty well concealed. The eggs are three in number, about 19 X 14 .mm.; they are white, spotted with brownish and with lilac shell-markings, chiefly around the larger end. 377. Thryophilus leucotis leucotis (Lafresnaye). (?) Thryothorus albipectus (not of Cabanis) ScrLater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, 1860, 273 (“Santa Marta’’).—ScLatTEerR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 20 (“Santa Marta’’).—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, CY icm Ge Santa Miata: (?) Thryothorus leucotis ScLater, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1870, 328, in text (“Santa Marta”; crit.). (?) Thryophilus albipectus galbraithii (not Thryothorus galbraithii Lawrence) Hetimayr, Nov. Zool., XV, 1908, 16, in text (‘‘ Santa Marta,” in range). Eleven specimens: Bonda, Fundacion, and Tucurinca. All of the above references pertain to a specimen from Verreaux which came into Sclater’s hands, and which may possibly have been T. albipectus venezuelanus instead. 412 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The proper application of Lafresnaye’s name Thriothorus leucotis (Revue Zodlogique, 1845, 338) was long a matter of conjecture. The type, while included with the others of that author in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, has not actually turned up until very recently, so Mr. Bangs informs us. Sclater (Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1870, 328) identified the species in question with the Thryothorus galbraithiu of Lawrence, described from Panama, and Dr. Oberholser (Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XXV, 1902, 67) indorsed this view, but apparently without having examined Colombian specimens. Mr. Hellmayr (Verhandlungen der k. k. zodlogische-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 1901, 768) was the first author to correctly apply the name and to present a full and diag- nostic description. While carefully distinguishing leuwcotis from re- lated forms, he at the same time makes galbraithii conspecific with albipectus, ignoring the close affinity existing between leuwcotis and gal- braithi. The present series, which correspond very closely both with Lafresnaye’s original description and with the later one by Mr. Hell- mayr, have been compared with the type and a considerable series of galbraithii. The latter is much more rufescent below, but even the palest specimens are darker than the Colombian birds here recorded. The differences are only of subspecific value in the judgment of the writer, and the two forms should stand as Thryophilus leucotis leucotis and T. leucotis galbraithi. The type of Thryophilus pallescens Ridg- way (Bulletin U. S. National Museum, No. 50, III, 1904, 624), which has been examined in the present connection, proves to be nothing more or less than an example of the former race. It may well be doubted if it occurs as far inland as Bogota, as it seems to be relatively a lowland if not a littoral form. This wren takes the place of the preceding species on the west side. It was taken and seen only at Fundacion and Tucurinca, where it is found along the lower edges of the foothills rather than on the alluvial plain. It frequents tangled undergrowth and masses of vines, where it is fairly abundant, and much in evidence, being rather noisy as a tule, and having a pleasing song of several low liquid notes. Mr. Smith sent in a single juvenal example from Bonda (October 6). All but one of the specimens secured by the writer are more or less worn and faded. Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLtomsia. 413 378. Thryophilus rufalbus minlosi von Berlepsch. Thryothorus rufalbus (not of Lafresnaye) ScLater, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1855, 143 (“Santa Marta ’”’).—Scrater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 20 (‘Santa Miata: Thryophilus rufalbus Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 116 (Minca).—von BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 281, in text (“Santa Marta,” in range). Thryophilus minlosi Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 144 (“ Santa Marta ’”’). Thryophilus rufalbus castanonotus (not of Ridgway) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 179 (Bonda, Cacagualito, and Minca; crit.).— Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 633 (Santa Marta lo- calities and references).—HELLMAYR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., XX VILE, tore, Ar in text CoSanta Marta,’ ex Ridgway; crit.). Twenty-seven specimens: Bonda, La Tigrera, Minca, Mamatoco, Don Diego, Fundacion, Tucurinca, and Tierra Nueva. Birds of this species vary considerably according to season. Thus, a series from Don Diego collected in January and February are ap- preciably darker above than May and June specimens from La Ti- grera and Minca; in fact, they are scarcely to be distinguished from Costa Rican examples referable to T. rufalbus castanonotus, so far as this character is concerned. A large series from the north coast of Venezuela vary precisely in the same way. There would be some ex- cuse for referring all the Colombian birds to castanonotus, as has been done by Mr. Ridgway, were it not for the fact that they may be separated by the much whiter under parts, the throat and breast lacking the gray wash so much in evidence in castanonotus, while the brown of the sides and flanks averages more restricted. Venezuelan skins are similar in all respects, and to them the name cumanensis has been very properly applied by Messrs. Chapman, Ridgway, and Hellmayr and von Seilern. It would seem, however, as if an earlier name, Thryophilus minlosi von Berlepsch (Journal fiir Ornithologie, XX XII, 1884, 249, pl. 1, fig. 3) ought to be considered in this connection. This is described (cf. page 280) and figured as similar to T. rufalbus, but differently colored above, rufescent earthy brown, instead of chestnut rufous, the abdomen not rufescent, the upper tail-coverts banded, and the bill longer. The describer was at considerable pains to point out its distinctive characters, notwithstanding which no ornithologist has been able to satisfactorily identify the form, and the type has been considered unique. Although naturally it has not been possible to 414 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. examine it in this connection, it is scarcely likely that it will prove to be anything more than a freak or off-colored example of the ordinary race of rufalbus inhabiting Colombia. The evidence on this point is made practically conclusive by reason of the circumstance that a series of specimens is now available from the same general region whence came von Berlepsch’s type, and these are precisely like Santa Marta and Venezuelan skins. Under these circumstances we accept the name minlosi in place of cumanensis. Three young birds with more or les§ squamate under parts are dated January 22, June 24, and August 8. This is strictly a bird of the Tropical Zone, being found from the coast up to 2,500 feet, but more abundant between 500 and 1,500 feet, although wherever the forest extends lower, as at Don Diego and Fundacion, it is common lower down. It was noted at Valencia, in the Rio Cesar Valley, but was rare. It is curious to note that while T.. albipectus venezuelanus and T. leucotis leucotis are found almost exclusively in the flats running back from sea-level, this species is rarely found there, but instead occurs along the little valleys of the ‘ foothills, being especially partial to the small tangled flats or “ vegas” in the bends of the creeks. It is not so shy as most wrens, is easily “ squeaked up,” and oftener comes out into the open. The song is loud and clear, and of very deep, pure, liquid notes, which have a bell-like quality or timbre. The nest is domed over, and the eggs are white, faintly speckled with reddish brown. 379. Henicorhina hilaris bangsi Ridgway. Henicorhina leucophrys (not Troglodytes leucophrys Tschudi) Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 160 (Pueblo Viejo), 181 (San Francisco, Palomina, and San Miguel).—Bancs, Proc. New England Zod6l. Club, I, 1899, 83, 84 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, up to 8,000 ft.; deser.; meas.). —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 180 (Valparaiso and El Libano). Henicorhina hilaris (not of von Berlepsch and Taczanowski) HELLMayrR, Journ. f. Orn., LI, 1903, 531 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; crit.). Henicorhina hilaris bangsi Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVI, 1903, 168 (San Francisco; orig. descr.; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 610 (diag.; range; ref.; crit.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.), 293 (Valparaiso; descr. nest). Henicorhina bangsi BRABOURNE and CHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 339 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomspta. 415 Additional records: San Miguel, Chirua, La Concepcion (Brown). Thirty-four specimens: E] Libano, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Ta- guas, Las Vegas, Minca, Pueblo Viejo, and Heights of Chirua. Henicorhina is a most puzzling genus, and authorities differ as to the number of specific types to be recognized. The best arrangement would seem to be that proposed by Mr. Ridgway in 1904, in which the forms with pale grayish white under parts are segregated both from H. leucosticta, H. prostheleuca, and H. inornata on the one hand, and from H. leucophrys on the other, although in a linear sequence they should probably occupy an intermediate position between these two groups. With only a partial representation of the various forms avail- able for examination at this time, it is difficult to suggest any improve- ment upon this arrangement in so far as the present form is concerned. The first specimens of a Henicorhina from the Santa Marta region received by Mr. Bangs were referred to H. leuwcophrys. But typical H. leucophrys of Peru has the breast deep gray and the pileum nearly black, characters which do not fit the Santa Marta bird, which Mr. Hellmayr accordingly referred to H. hilaris, described from western Ecuador. Fortunately there happened to be a cotype of this latter form in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, whereby Mr. Ridgway was enabled to distinguish the Santa Marta bird under the name Henicorhina hilaris bangsi.8®° The present fine series show con- siderable variation as regards the color of the under parts, some in- dividuals being practically white below, and some showing faint streaking on the throat. Two specimens in juvenal dress (June 6 and 25) are darker and duller brown above, the pileum almost the same as the back, the latter with faint indications of bars; below they are duller grayish white than in the adult, with faint dusky squamations, while the black and white markings on the sides of the head and neck are less distinct, the superciliaries terminating behind in a fulvous spot. 36 The only objection to such an arrangement is that entailed by the dis- continuous distribution of these two conspecies, which are separated by the interposition of other forms not so closely related. It may very well be that Henicorhina hilaris is the Subtropical Zone representative of H. prostheleuca, surviving in two separate regions, but elsewhere eliminated through competi- tion with H. leucophrys. At any rate, it is unlikely that H. leucophrys anachoreta of the Temperate Zone has been derived from H. hilaris bangsi of the zone below, although their respectiye ranges are now approximate, but not actually contiguous. 28 416 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. This interesting little wren is peculiar to the Santa Marta region, where it ranges from the upper part of the Tropical well into the Sub- tropical Zone, or from 2,000 to 7,000 feet, although most abundant between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. It is found only in heavy woodland, having a preference for dark ravines and thickets, where there are heaps of half rotted branches of fallen trees. It always keeps near the ground, and like many others of this family is very inquisitive and noisy, having a call-note, an alarm-note, and a beautiful whistling song of clear liquid notes. The nest is a domed-over structure, placed either on the tip of a horizontal limb or in a tangle of roots under an overhanging bank. Like certain other species of wrens it builds many false nests, which are always placed in conspicuous positions, while the real nest is most cunningly hidden away. The eggs are white, and vary from two to four in number, but are usually three. 380. Henicorhina leucophrys anachoreta Bangs. Henicorhina anachoreta Bancs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 84 (Paramo de Chiruqua; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zool.; meas.). —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 180 (Bangs’ reference). —HetrimMayr, Journ. f. Orn., LI, 1903, 530, in text, 531 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; crit.)—SHaRPE, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 95 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Henicorhina hilaris anachoreta Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 609 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.). Eight specimens: San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 and 8,000 feet), San Miguel, Macotama, and Paramo de Mama- rongo. Through the courtesy of Mr. Bangs these have been compared di- rectly with two specimens from the type-series. The latter are paler brown above and on the flanks than most of the above, and the tail is also paler brown, but otherwise they agree well enough. The present form differs conspicuously from H. hilaris bangsi of lower altitudes in its shorter bill, grayer throat and breast (with the former more or less streaked with black), paler, less rufescent, more russet shade of the upper parts, tail, and flanks, and in particular in the greater ex- tent of this brown color on the posterior under surface. It is clearly an offshoot of the H. leucophrys group as defined by Mr. Ridgway, being in fact most nearly related to H. leucophrys guttata (Uartlaub) of central and western Colombia, as already indicated by Mr. Hell- Topp—CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, Cotomstia. 417 mayr. It is easily distinguished from this latter form, however, by the much paler, less rufescent shade of the upper parts and flanks, and by the paler gray of the breast. The single San Lorenzo speci- men differs from the rest of the series in the color of the pileum, which is sooty olive instead of russet, and in having the brown of the flanks more restricted, as in H. hilaris bangsi, but in other char- acters it agrees much better with the present form. This individual is the only one even suggesting intergradation between the two forms, and in the absence of further evidence it seems best to keep them specifically distinct, as Mr. Bangs insists. This wren is so similar to H. hilaris bangsi as to be practically in- distinguishable in life. There is a decided difference, however, in their altitudinal distribution, the present form occurring higher up than the other, as a bird of the upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones. On the San Lorenzo it probably does not range much below 8,000 feet, for the other species is plentiful there at 7,000 feet. In the Sierra Nevada, however, on account of the relatively lower tempera- ture at corresponding altitudes, it is found as low down as 6,000 feet. It was not noted by the writer above 10,000 feet, although Mr. Brown’s specimens were taken on the Paramos de Chiruqua and Macotama, at 11,000 to 12,000 feet. It is not a rare bird, but is difficult to secure on account of its habit of keeping near the ground in the most im- penetrable thickets and in dark ravines, especially the latter. The song is very similar to that of H. hilaris bangsi, but is seldom heard, while the other species is constantly whistling, and is: moreover very inquisitive. 381. Troglodytes monticola Bangs. Troglodytes monticola Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 106 (Paramo de Chiruqua [type-locality] and Paramo de Macotama; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 178 (Bangs’ reference).—Dusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 426 (ref. orig, descr.; range).—OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII, 1904, 200 (crit.)—Rripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 572 (ref. orig. descr.; diag.; range).—BRABOURNE and CuHups, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 338 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Hemiura monticola Suarre, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 94 (ref. orig. descr.;. range). Four specimens: Paramo de Chiruqua. This handsome Troglodytes belongs to the alticoline group of species 418 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. having broad and distinct superciliaries, of which T. solstitialis is the best known form. It appears to most closely resemble T. brun- neicollis of Mexico, but is a perfectly distinct, isolated species. It is confined to the Paramo Zone of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, having been discovered by Mr. Brown on the Paramos de Chiruqua and Macotama, at elevations ranging from 11,000 to 15,000 feet, al- though it has not been detected below the latter altitude by the present writer. It is found in the low, thick shrubs and bushes in the more sheltered parts of the paramo. It is a very shy bird, rarely coming out into the open, and being silent is easily overlooked. 382. Troglodytes musculus atopus Oberholser. Troglodytes furvus (not Motacilla furva Gmelin) ScLaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 137 (‘Sania Marta ”’)—ScLater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 23 (“ Santa Marta’’).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am,, Aves, I, 1880, 7AM text, LoL (Santa Marta +: crit). Troglodytes tessellatus (not of D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye) SALvIN and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1879, 198 (Marocaso; crit.) ; 1880, 117 (Santa Marta). Troglodytes rufulus (not of Cabanis) SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., VI, 1881, 258 (Marocaso and Santa Marta; crit.). Troglodytes musculus rufulus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 179 (Minca, Cacagualito, Cienaga, and Bonda; crit.), Troglodytes musculus atopus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXViI, 1904, 207 (Cacagualito; orig. descr.; type in coll, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; crit.).—ALLEeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr. ; syn.). Troglodytes atopus BRABOURNE and CuHusp, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 337 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: Fundacion (Carriker). Thirty-one specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Cincinnati, Gaira, Rio ~ Hacha, and Tucurinca. Considerable discussion has arisen in the past over the proper name of the Santa Marta House Wren, as evidenced in the above list of references. Sclater referred the single specimen obtained from Ver- reaux to the species then called Troglodytes furvus. The examples se- cured by Simons twenty years later were considered by Salvin and God- man to be the same as the Peruvian and Bolivian form (now known as T. musculus tecellatus), and by Sharpe to belong to T. rufulus, through a misidentification of the latter name. The latter author was the first to point out the peculiarities of the bird of the Santa Marta region, Topp-CArrRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta ReEcron, CoLtompBia. 419 which was formally described by Dr. Oberholser in 1904 under the name here adopted. It is to be distinguished from T. musculus clarus of Venezuela by the generally deeper, more uniform ochraceous shade of the under surface, evident on comparison of a series, but subject to considerable seasonal variation, worn specimens being appreciably paler, both above and below, than those in fresh plumage. There is also a great deal of variation affecting the spotting of the under tail- coverts. The Rio Hacha series are perhaps a little paler than the others. Individuals in juvenal dress, with short bills and faintly vermiculated under parts, bear dates of February 6 and May 9. A species of the Tropical Zone, being found under practically all ’ conditions from sea-level up to 4,000 feet, but most abundant in the lowlands, particularly in the desert region around Rio Hacha, and in the Rio Rancheria-Rio Cesar Valley. It was quite common also at Don Diego, in the old clearings. In its general behavior and song it reminds one very much of the House Wren of the eastern United States, which it resembles also in its nesting habits and eggs. A set of four eggs, collected at Don Amo, May 28, was received from Mr. Smith; they are a little larger, and rather more coarsely marked than the average egg of the House Wren of the north. The nest is com- posed of an indiscriminate mass of sticks and rubbish, with feathers much in evidence and wholly used for lining. Several pairs have lately been observed on the plantation of the junior author (near Cincinnati), at nearly 6,000 feet. A pair ap- peared there in a new felling two years ago, and now there are several pairs. The place is completely surrounded by virgin forest, the nearest clearing being two miles distant. 383. Pheugopedius letus Bangs. Thryothorus letus BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 160 (Pueblo Viejo; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; meas.; crit.), 180 (Palomina and Pueblo Viejo; plum.; descr. yg.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. _ Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 179 (Onaca, Cacagualito, and Minca; plum.).— SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 84 (ref. orig, descr.; range).—Bra- BOURNE and Cuusp, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 335 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Pheugopedius letus Rrpcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 529 (Santa Marta region; diag.; ref. orig. descr.). ; Additional records: La Concepcién (Brown). Thirteen specimens: Bonda, Minca, Agua Dulce, Pueblo Viejo, and La Tigrera. 420 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The relationship of this form to P. rutilus (Vieillot) is certainly very close, although it may be allowed to stand as a distinct species for the present. It differs from rutilus in the dusky spotting of the breast—a character which, however, varies greatly in different indi- viduals, being scarcely apparent in No. 42,390, for instance, while in No. 38,086 the markings of this part are so heavy as to appear as streaks, and the middle of the abdomen is also distinctly spotted. In juvenal dress the spotting appears to be wanting, and it may become more prominent with age. An occasional individual of rutilus has the breast spotted, and it may very well be that the two forms intergrade. A resident of the foothills section of the Tropical Zone, but not abundant anywhere in its range. It is partial to the low, tangled woodland growth lying between the semi-arid coast belt and the heavy forest of the higher altitudes, frequenting the undergrowth and masses of fallen trees and vines which abound in such situations. As a rule it is a silent bird, but occasionally it gives utterance to a rather pleas- ing song. 384. Pheugopedius fasciatoventris fasciatoventris (Lafresnaye). Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris Batrp, Rev. Am. Birds, 1864, 134 (“ Santa Marta ”’). Thryothorus fasciato-ventris albigularis (not Cyphorhinus.albigularis Sclater) Ripcway, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIII, 1888, 388, in text (“ Santa Marta ”’). Thryothorus fasciativentris [sic] CHERRIE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, E2tGeoania Marta 4s cLite). Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris albigularis Rrpaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, r904, 531 (“ Santa Marta,” in range). Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris cognatus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, ro15, 80 (Fundacién; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).— ApoLtINaR Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle; Wil, rows), 87) (et: orig. descr.). Ten specimens: Fundacion and Tucurinca. The proper disposition of the Santa Marta Banded-bellied Wren, as represented by a single specimen in the collection of the U. S. National Museum purporting to come from that region, has been the subject of considerable discussion in the past, to which the present writer, although with more ample material before him than was available to his pre- decessors, has more recently made an unenviable contribution. The difficulty all along has been that Lafresnaye’s type-specimen of fascia- Topp—CarriKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REcion, CoLtompia. 421 toventris, which has been examined by Mr. Ridgway, and also by the writer in this connection, happens to possess characters which are purely individual in their nature. For a long time this type was the only other specimen from Colombia available for comparison in any American museum, but very recently a small but illuminating series of this form has come to hand from the States of Bolivar and San- tander in that country. These prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the extent of the barring on the under surface, upon which authors have laid so much stress, is a variable feature, and is not in the least correlated with locality. In some individuals the barring extends right up to the white of the breast, while in others there is a black band, unbarred, on the chest, as in P. fasciatoventris albigularis oi Panama. The barring on the tail also varies greatly, all the rectrices being uniformly thus marked in some individuals, while in others the markings are confined to the outer webs. Typical fasciatoventris dif- fers from albigularis as follows: color of upper parts brighter, more rufescent; tail more regularly barred, and decidedly more rufescent ; and upper part of auriculars dusky rufescent brown, lower part white. In the latter respect, as well as in the character of the barring in the tail, it curiously enough approaches the Costa Rican form, melano- gaster, but differs of course in the more decided barring of the under parts. All four adults from Fundacion (August 14-18) are in rather worn and faded plumage. Two specimens from Tucurinca (September 18) are in juvenal dress, with ashy gray throat and breast, yellow bill (below), and indistinct bars on the posterior under surface. A third example taken on the same date, and another shot at Fundacion on October 20, are in postjuvenal moult, the throat having become white and the bill dark, with some heavy barring on the abdomen. This handsome wren was found only about Tucurinca and Funda- cion, in the heavy forest of the alluvial plain. It is evidently a bird of the littoral Tropical Zone, since but one example was taken in the higher ground of the lower foothills. It frequents masses of vines and tangled thickets in the heavy forest, keeping close to the ground. Like all the members of this genus, it is very shy and keeps well hidden from sight. The song was not heard, as the breeding season was over at the time. 422 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 385. Heleodytes nuchalis (Cabanis). Campylorhynchus pardus BoNaPARTE, Compt. Rend., XXXVIII, 1854, 61, foot- note (“New Granada”; nomen nudum).—ScratTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, “18s727 ress, 270 (Santa Marta’; orig. descr. s type inicoll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; crit.)—SciaTer, Cat, Am. Birds, 1861, 17, footnote (“ Santa Marta”; ref. orig. descr.).—Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 192 (“New Granada’*’).—Gr1EBEL, Thes. Orn., I, 1872, 563 (ref. orig. descr. [error].).—ScLaTeR and Sarvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 5 (range).— SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., VI, 1881, 204, pl. 12, fig. 1 (‘“‘ New Granada ” [i.e., “Santa Marta’’]; descr.; references). Heleodytes pardus Suarpr, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 76 (range; syn.).— BRABOURNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 332 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Heleodytes nuchalis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 180 (Cienaga). ; Heleodytes nuchalis nuchalis CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, nOUaNSus (santa Marta * 5 -erit.)). Four specimens: Tierra Nueva and Fonseca. Bonaparte named (but failed to describe) a supposed new wren from “ New Granada” in 1854, calling it Campylorhynchus pardus. Sclater formally described the species under the same name a few years later, his type being a bird in the Lawrence collection said to have come from Santa Marta, whence Bonaparte’s specimen had come also, ac- cording to Sclater. The type-specimen in question, kindly loaned by Dr. Chapman, agrees well in size and other characters with the above, differing only in having the upper parts more broadly streaked with white, and the buffy ochraceous wash on the nape more pronounced— doubtless owing to its fresher plumage. The plate in the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, possibly based on Bonaparte’s original specimen, is a very good representation indeed. Sharpe ex- presses a doubt as to whether pardus is really distinct from nuchalis, described from Venezuela by Cabanis in 1847. The Carnegie Museum is fortunate in having a large series from that country, as well as ad- ditional specimens of pardus from other parts of Colombia, affording an ample basis for comparison. At first sight it would seem as if pardus had more white on the rectrices, but there is a great deal of individual variation in this respect in both series, so much, indeed, that no valid separation could be maintained on such a ground, nor, indeed, on any other character, since the spotting below and above is precisely the same in both, making due allowance, of course, for the effects of wear, which is marked in birds of this group. H. pardus Topp—CarRIKER: Brirps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotompia. 423 (Sclater) will therefore fall as a synonym of H. nuchalis (Cabanis), the range of which extends from the lower Orinoco along the northern coast region of Venezuela into Colombia. This bird was not uncommon along the Aracataca River some six or eight miles above its mouth. Three specimens were secured at this point, and more could easily have been taken, had they not been thought to be H. curvirostris at the time. It proved to be abundant also in the flood-plain forest of the Rio Rancheria at Fonseca in July, 1920. In habits it resembles that species. Mr. Smith’s collector secured one at Cienaga, and it doubtless ranges over the lower Magdalena basin in the littoral Tropical Zone, not reaching as far east as the edge of the foothills. 386. Heleodytes curvirostris (Ridgway). Campylorhynchus curvirostris RipGway, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIII, 1888, 385 (“New Granada’”’; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.; ex Lafresnaye, MS.).—Dvusots, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 420 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Heleodytes curvirostris SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 75 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BRABOURNE and CuHusps, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 331 (ref. orig. descr.; range), Twenty-eight specimens: Fundacion, Tucurinca, and Valencia. This species was described by Mr. Ridgway from a single mounted specimen in the Lafresnaye collection (now deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts), and in the thirty years which have elapsed, to the best of the writer’s knowl- edge and’ belief, no other examples have come to hand except those of the above series, here recorded for the first time. These have been compared with the type in question, and found to agree well, due allow- ance being made for the faded condition of the latter, the size being the same, also the spotting beneath. The under surface in the type is paler, and the wings and tail browner, although both these parts show the same buffy tinge so characteristic of the present form. Compared with skins of H. gonatus brevirostris in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History from the Magdalena River, the present form differs in its smaller size, and in having the throat and breast more decidedly tinged with buffy, while the under tail-coverts are much richer ochraceous, the tail, wings, and upper tail-coverts more de- cidedly buffy or ochraceous (wanting in brevirostris), and the pileum 494 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. tinged with brownish. In juvenal dress, illustrated by three examples dated August 8, September 15, and September 21, the markings on the back tend to streaks rather than bars, and the under parts are nearly immaculate, the throat and breast being slightly squamate from dusky tips to the feathers, and the bars on the flanks faintly indicated. The exact locality whence came the type-specimen of this species is not known. It proved to be a common bird in the vicinity of Funda- cion and Tucurinca, in the littoral Tropical Zone, and was taken also at Valencia, in the Rio Cesar Valley. It is partial to open woodland, where there are scattered large trees with much brush beneath, and is always found in pairs or families, climbing about the trunks and branches of the trees, chattering, scolding, and quarreling almost as noisily as a flock of paroquets. The nest is similar to that of H. minor albicilius, being domed over, with a tunnel-like approach six to eight inches long, and is built of straws, weed-stalks, and rubbish, the whole presenting a most untidy appearance, an effect perhaps sought by the birds in order to divert attention from it. The nests examined had no eggs as yet. 387. Heleodytes minor albicilius (Bonaparte). Buglodytes albicilius BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., XXXVIII, 1854, 57, footnote (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type in coll. Paris Mus. [?]).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, 97 (‘‘ Santa Marta”; crit.).—Gr1EBEL, Thes. Orn., I, 1872, 504 (“Santa Marta”; ref. orig. descr.). Heleodytes griseus (not Furnarius griseus Swainson) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 115, 321 (Santa Marta; nesting)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 180 (Santa Marta, Cacagualito, and Bonda; plum:); XXI, 1905, 294 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Campylorhynchus griseus SALVIN and GopMaNn, Ibis, 1880, 116 (Santa Marta; habits; crit.). Heleodytes albicilius SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 72 (Santa Marta, in range).—BRABOURNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 331 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Heleodytes minor? (not of Cabanis) CHERRIE, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Sci. Bull., II, 1916, 145 (Santa Marta region; crit.). Fifteen specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Fundacion, Dibulla, Rio Hacha, and Tucurinca. The history of this bird goes back to 1854, when Bonaparte de- scribed a specimen obtained from Verreaux, and purporting to come from Santa Marta, under the name Buglodytes albicilius, both genus and species being new. Two years later, after examining the type, Topp—CarRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recron, Cotompia. 425 Sclater identified it with Furnarius griseus Swainson, and this ref- erence was accepted by most subsequent authors, including Dr. Allen in 1900. Shortly thereafter, however, Messrs. von Berlepsch and Hartert (Novitates Zoologica, IX, 1902, 4) pointed out that Swain- son’s name had been misapplied by Sharpe in the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, and really belonged to the gray-backed bird of Guiana and the lower Orinoco, which was specifically distinct from both Heleodytes minor Cabanis and H. bicolor von Pelzeln. “ Bogota” skins were found to agree with the type of the latter. No specimens of this group from the interior of Colombia have been available for comparison in this connection, but it is clear both from von Pelzeln’s original description and from Messrs. von Berlepsch and Hartert’s remarks that such must be different as regards both size and color from the Santa Marta bird, as represented by our series. On the other hand Baird (Review of American Birds, 1864, 96) described the Santa Marta bird accurately, referring it to H. grieseus with reserva- tions. The correct allocation of the present form has been recently in- dicated by Mr. Cherrie, who, however, seems not to have been aware that it had been provided with a name long ago. It is a strongly marked geographic race of H. minor, differing in its generally darker coloration, the feathers of the upper back being blackish brown cen- trally, uniform with the nape, while the lower back, rump, upper tail- coverts, and wings externally are much deeper, more rufescent brown. The white markings on the tail vary considerably in both forms, but there is less of the barred effect on the middle rectrices so much in evidence in most specimens of minor. Aygommon and characteristic representative of the semi-arid and arid coast region of the Tropical Zone, as well as of the more humid lowlands to the west of the Sierra Nevada, reaching also the valley country on the opposite side of the range, as has lately been deter- mined. It frequents shrubbery, cacti, and scrubby trees, but keeps nearer the ground as a rule than H. nuchalis or H. curvirostris, al- though like them it is a noisy, inveterate scold, and very inquisitive, with a partiality for the vicinity of farmhouses and the outskirts of little villages. Wyatt speaks of finding a pair building their nest high up in a gigantic cactus in a mimosa thicket near Santa Marta, and Simons found it very common there also. Mr. Smith’s collectors se- cured a few nests and eggs from the vicinity of Bonda, all taken in 426 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ‘ April. The nests are described by Dr. Allen as a mass of “grass, flag leaves, [and] soft, more or less distintegrated vegetable fiber of various kinds,’ with the entrance near the top, on one side. The ‘ eggs, from two to four in number, “vary greatly in the tone of the ground-color and in the color of the markings, the ground-color vary- ing from nearly white to cream-color, and the markings in the palest set, are very pale lavender, deeper lavender in another set, and olive brown in the darkest set. In one set, they are pinkish lavender. The markings, very fine and more or less blended, cover almost uniformly the whole surface of the egg.” 388. Cistothorus alticola Salvin and Godman. Twenty-six specimens: San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, and Ta- quina. The present record involves an enormous extension of the known range of this species, heretofore supposed to be confined to the Ro- raima region of British Guiana. The Carnegie Museum had previ- ously received a suite of specimens from northern Venezuela, however, so that it probably occurs at suitable altitudes throughout the inter- vening country. The Santa Marta birds differ from these Venezuelan specimens slightly, being grayer, less rufescent, above, with the super- ciliaries less distinct, while the sides and flanks average a little duller, less rufescent, but it is likely that these differences are due to their somewhat more worn condition, they having been taken later in the season (March 26-April 6), whereas the Venezuelan birds were se- cured March 1 to 3. Fortunately, it has been possible to compare the series directly with topotypical material in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with which they have been found to agree in every respect. Cuistothorus alticola belongs to that section of the genus having the pileum plain brown (or nearly so), and appears to be most closely related to C. equatorialis Lawrence (of which C. brunneiceps Salvin is a synonym, according to Mr. Hellmayr) from western Ecuador. It differs from that form in its generally darker, less buffy coloration, and in having the tail less regularly banded with black, most of the rectrices, indeed, having a large unbarred black area on their inner webs.. A few individuals show quite distinct spots on the under tail-coverts, and even on the flanks, Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLompBia. 427 approaching thus the form described by Mr. Hellmayr from the Andes of Merida under the name Cistothorus platensis merid@.** This little wren is.an abundant bird in grassy lands throughout the Macotama Valley, between 4,500 and 8,oo00 feet. It may straggle above and below these limits, but not in any numbers, being essentially a species of the Subtropical Zone. It is hard to understand how it was overlooked by Mr. Brown in this section, although it is, to be sure, a very shy bird and difficult to shoot. It lives in the rank grass of the savannas, and cannot be flushed except early in the morning and just at dusk, when individuals will occasionally make short flights over the tops of the grass-stalks, dropping precipitately back again after flying from twenty to fifty feet. Most of the specimens secured were shot on the wing at such times, as it was seldom that any could be seen in the grass. There was a pair near our camp at San Miguel, which when all was quiet would creep up quite close in the grass, often scold- ing in an odd little rasping chirp, sounding more like an insect than a bird, but the moment anyone:stirred they would be off like a flash, simply vanishing completely out of sight in the thick covert. Family CORVID/E. Crows, Jays. 389. Cyanocorax affinis affinis von Pelzeln. Cyanocorax afinis Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 201 (Valle de Upar and Atanquez; crit.)—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (“ Santa Marta’’).—Atten, Bull..Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 162 (Bonda, Minca, Las Nubes, Onaca, nad Cacagualito); XXI, 1905, 290 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Cyanocorax affinis afinis CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 6360) GuSantanVianta ss crit.) > Additional records: La Concepcion (Brown). Eighteen specimens: Bonda, Las Nubes, Mamatoco, Las Vegas, San Miguel, Minca, Agua Dulce, Cincinnati, and La Tigrera. The series includes two birds in juvenal dress, collected on May 20 and June 13 respectively. The color-pattern is that of the adult, but the black of the head, throat, and breast is replaced by brown, and the blue color on the head is scarcely evident. 37 Since the above was written Dr. Chapman (American Museum Novitates, No. 2, 1921, 6) has described what appears to be the present bird under the name Cistothorus platensis caracasensis. Mr. Hellmayr (Novitates Zodlogice, XXVIII, 1921, 255) insists that alticola is very close to polyglottus. 428 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. A common and widely distributed bird, ranging from sea-level up to 6,000 feet over all kinds of country, wherever some woodland is present. The only apparently suitable locality where it was not re- corded was Don Diego, where its absence was soon noticed, nor was a single individual observed during a three weeks’ stay. Mr. Smith sent in no less than eleven nests, with three to five eggs each, collected at Bonda between April 5 and May 15. “The nests are bulky structures of sticks and coarse twigs, lined with finer twigs, placed in the fork of an upright branch. They are of the usual Jay style of architecture, but differ much among themselves in the char- acter of the materials utilized, some being constructed externally of very coarse sticks, the largest of which have a diameter of 5 to 7 mm., while others are built wholly of fine twigs, and thus are much smaller and more artistic, with a breadth of about 9 inches, instead of 12 to 14 as in the nests of coarser material. In all the lining consists merely of fine twigs. “Of the eleven sets of eggs, five have three eggs each, four have four each, and two have five each. The number of eggs to the set is thus exceptionally large for a bird of this region. The buffy white ground-color is nearly concealed by spots and blotches of olfve brown, tinged more or less with grayish.” Family VIREONIDZ. VrreEos. 390. Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus Bangs. Cyclorhis flavipectus ScLatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, 448, part (“Santa Marta ”).—Scrater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 45 (“Santa Marta”). —BairpD, Rev. Am. Birds, 1866, 389 (“Santa Marta ’”’).—Satvin and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1880, 119 (Valencia).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, I, 1883, 212 (‘Santa Marta,’ in range).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit: Mus., VIII, 1883, 320 (“Santa Marta’; meas.)—ALLeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nateiiisiz@lieensso. 13n) intext Gasantas lata): eit). Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 142 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zool.; meas. ; crit.) —ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 171 (Bonda; crit.).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 227 (“Santa Marta’; diag.; references), 231, footnote (meas.).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hust, SOeuvil, To17, s41 Co Santa Marta’ crit): Cyclorhis flavipectus var. cantica Dusots, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 475 (‘‘ Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.). Cyclorhis canticus SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 257 (ref. orig. descr. ; range). Topp—CarriIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGion, Cotompra. 429 Cyclarhis gujanensis canticus HELLMAYR and von SeEILerN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, ror2, 50, in text (“Santa Marta”; ref. orig. descr.; crit.). Cyclarhis canticus BRABOURNE and CuusB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 352 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Seventeen specimens: Bonda, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, and Rio Hacha. Cyclarhis flavipectus was described by Sclater many years ago from specimens from Trinidad, northern Venezuela, Santa Marta, and Bo- gota. No particular type was designated at the time, but Dr. Gadow fixed on the Trinidad skin as such in 1883. Dr. Allen, writing a few years later, undertook to restrict the name flavipectus to the Colombian bird, describing that of Trinidad under a new name, ftrinitatis. This course would have been perfectly legitimate had it not been for Dr. Gadow’s prior action in restricting the type, even though the species was not formally subdivided, and attention was called to the matter by Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, VI, 1894, 27), who, however, referred the Colombian bird to the Cen- tral American form, subflavescens. It remained for Mr. Bangs, there- fore, to give the present bird a distinctive name, which he did in 1808. Exception has been taken in some quarters to this separation, but a study of the present fine series in connection with another from Trini- dad shows that it can be maintained. C. f. canticus is a pale form as compared with true flavipectus; the yellow of the throat and breast is paler, less greenish in tone, and averages more restricted; the posterior under parts are more decidedly buffy; the pileum is paler gray; and the back and wings paler, duller green. The size is practically the same. These differences, although subject, it is true, to considerable variation in both series, seem sufficiently constant on the whole to justify the recognition of two subspecies. The status of the Vene- zuelan birds will be discussed in another connection, as well as that of those from the interior of Colombia.** This bird seems to be partial to the semi-arid and arid coastal plain of the Tropical Zone, as indicated by all previous records as well as by the writer’s own experience. None were noted at Don Diego or Fundacion, but two specimens were shot at Rio Hacha, and it has re- cently been traced as far as Valencia, in the Rio Cesar Valley. It is 38 Since the above was written Dr. Chapman (very properly, as we think) has described the form from the interior of Colombia as a new race, Cyclarhis flavipectus parvus. 430 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. not found, however, among the cacti and thorny scrub of this section, but among the green trees and shrubbery along the banks of the streams and irrigation ditches. The birds usually go in pairs, and are inclined to be very quiet, climbing about among the branches and making short flights and hops. The song is very sweet, but is seldom heard. 391. Pachysylvia aurantiifrons aurantiifrons (Lawrence). Hylophilus hypoxanthus (not of von Pelzeln) Satvrn and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 118 (Valencia). Hylophilus aurantiifrons Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 142 (“Santa Marta ’).—Atiten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 172 (Bonda; crit.). Pachysylvia aurantiifrons aurantiifrons Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 220 (“Santa Marta”; references) —HeEttMayr, Nov. Zodl., XIII, 1906, 12 (“Santa Marta”; in range) —HrELLMAyR and VON SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 49, in text (“Santa Marta’’; crit.). Thirty-eight specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Dibulla, Fundacion, | Minca, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Tucurinca, and Valencia. This Pachysylvia is strictly confined to the Tropical Zone, ranging from sea-level up to 2,500 feet, but seems more abundant at the lower levels. It was more numerous at Don Diego than at any other point, but strange to say was found only on the plantation grounds, among the rubber, cocoa, and other trees, none at all being seen in the forest. In other localities it was found in open woodland, and along road- sides, the banks of streams, etc. It is usually met with in pairs, and is very quiet and inconspicuous as it climbs about the branches in search of its insect food, sometimes sallying forth in a short flight and | seizing them with a snap, in true vireo style. 392. Pachysylvia flavipes flavipes (Lafresnaye). Hylophilus flavipes Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soe Washington, XII, 18098, r42 (“ Santa Marta ’”’).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 172 (Bonda; crits) Twenty-three specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Dibulla, La Tigrera, Fundacion, Rio Hacha, Santa Marta, and Valencia. There is some difference between specimens taken early in Septem- ber and those taken the latter half of April, spring birds being much less buffy below and less greenish, more grayish above, while the feet are also darker colored. October and November birds are inter- Topp-—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, CoLtomsia. 431 mediate. With so much seasonal variation thus obtaining, it is neces- sary to use caution in comparing series for geographic variation. Some of the Santa Marta specimens, indeed, are very close to examples of P. f. acuticauda from the Orinoco region of Venezuela. No. 38,164 (September 1) is a young bird in postjuvenal moult. It is very pale below and more brownish above (the crown especially) than the adult, while the edgings of the remiges and rectrices are brighter green. This species is even more strictly a bird of the lower Tropical Zone than its cousin P. auranttifrons aurantiifrons, since it does not range higher up than 1,000 feet, and, indeed, is rarely seen above 500 feet. It prefers the more open woodland, shrubbery along the streams, and like situations, going about in pairs as a rule, and often in the com- pany of other small birds of similar tastes and habits. 393. Lanivireo flavifrons (Vieillot). Vireosylvia flavifrons SaLtvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 118 (Minca). Vireo flavifrons SALVIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, I, 1881, 194 (Minca, in range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 173 (Onaca).—ALLen, Auk, XVII, 1900, 366 (Onaca; Minca, ex Salvin and Godman). Lanivireo flavifrons Rrpcway, Bull. U. S$. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 163 (Minea and Onaca, in range). This vireo appears to be of only casual occurrence in Colombia as a winter visitant, its migration ordinarily not extending beyond Pan- ama. Simons shot a specimen at Minca on February 13, 1879, and Mr. Smith sent back a single specimen also, taken at Onaca on De- cember 28, 1808. 394. Vireosylva josephe mirande (Hartert). Vireo josephe (not of Sclater) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 105 (Paramo de Macotama).—ALLeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 172 (Valparaiso, El, Libano, and Las Nubes). Vireosylua josephe chiriquensis (not of Bangs) Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 161 (Paramo de Macotama, in range; references). Vireosylua josephe josephe CuarMaN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 540 (“Santa Marta”; crit.). Fourteen specimens: Las Nubes, El Libano, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, and Heights of Chirua. Comparison of an ample series from various parts of the range of ' this species’ demonstrates that there are only three recognizable forms, 29 432 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSsEuM. costaricensis falling as a synonym of chiriquensis (unless, indeed, as is of course possible, specimens from southwestern Costa Rica, upon which the above assertion is based, do not really represent costari- censis, described from San José). At any rate, Mr. Ridgway is clearly mistaken in referring Santa Marta specimens to chiriquensis, as shown by an actual comparison with the type-series of this form. Birds from the Santa Marta region agree in their slightly paler coloration below with a series from the mountains of Venezuela (for which Dr. Hartert has recently proposed the above name), as compared with another series from the Eastern and Western Andes respectively, which may be regarded as true josephe. Summer specimens are more worn, and of course paler, than birds taken at other seasons, and due allowance must be made for this fact in making comparisons. At most the characters assigned to mirande are very slight, and entirely bridged over by individual variation in both series, so that it is often impossible to satisfactorily allocate a given specimen, and we are recognizing it only with reservations. ; Z This vireo ranges ordinarily from about 4,000 to 7,000 feet in the Subtropical Zone, so that the record by Mr. Brown from the Paramo de Macotama, at 11,000 feet, seems open to question. It seems to be a rare bird anywhere, in this region as well as in Costa Rica and Vene- zuela, judging from the writer’s experience. It is essentially a wood- land bird, being found in or along the edge of the forest, rarely in isolated trees. It keeps high up in the tree-tops, is rather quiet, and on account of its inconspicuous coloration is difficult to make out in the thick foliage. 395. Vireosylva olivacea (Linnzus). Vireosylvia olivacea SALvVIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 118 (Santa Marta). Vireo olivaceus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 173 (Salvin and Godman’s reference).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 366 (Santa Marta, ex Salvin and Godman).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 277 (Don Diego; Salvin and Godman’s record). Ten specimens: Mamatoco, La Tigrera, and Fundacion. This well-known North American bird is a common winter resident in the lowlands all around the mountains, but does not range into the foothills. It was first recorded from this region by Salvin and Godman, on the strength of a single specimen shot by Simons near Santa Marta, April 3, 1879. Only one of the above series was taken Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta RecGion, CoLtompta. 433 in the fall migration, this being the Fundacion specimen, shot Octo- ber 11, 1915. The dates for the remainder run from April 21 up to as late as May 5—a date when the van of the species has already reached the latitude of Pennsylvania on its northward migration. Mr. Smith sent in a specimen from Don Diego dated May 3, 1899, and there is another from the same collector, not recorded by Dr. Allen, from Buritaca, September 18, 1899. 396. Vireosylva chivi vividior Hellmayr. | “ireo chivi agilis (not Lanius agilis Lichtenstein) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 142 (“Santa Marta”).—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 172 (Bonda, Minca, Santa Marta, Quebra Concha, and Cacagualito).—Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, III, 1902, 73 (“ Santa Marta’’; meas.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 293 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, 1912, 159 (Santa Marta). bol Twenty-one specimens: Bonda, Minca, Mamatoco, Dibulla, Don Diego, Santa Marta, La Tigrera, and Valencia. This is the form which has passed under the name agilis of Lich- tenstein, until it was shown by Mr. Hellmayr (Novitates Zodlogice, XIII, 1906, 11) that this name was a pure synonym of chivi. Mr. Hellmayr forebore renaming the northern form until recently (Ver- handlungen Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern, XI, 1915, 315) when he called the Trinidad bird vividior. Comparison of the above series with another from Trinidad discloses no essential differences. The form appears to be well characterized as compared with a series . of true chivi from Bolivia. Such variation as obtains is due to sea- son alone, wear fading the bright colors of the fresh plumage. A fairly common bird throughout the whole of the lowlands, outside of the Goajira region proper, being characteristic of the Tropical Zone, and not going above 2,500 feet. Recently it has been found at Loma Larga, also on the flood-plain of the Rio Guatapuri, and at Valencia. Its habits and habitat are the same as those of the other species of the genus, and its nest also is similar. Dr. Allen describes the two nests sent in by Mr. Smith from Bonda, collected May 16 and June 2, as being of the “typical Vireo style, being suspended from the fork of a horizontal branch, the twigs supporting them being woven into the rim of the nest. They are composed of grass blades and soft vegetable fibers, mixed with a little plant down. ... The eggs [two] are white, with a few blackish dots, mostly about the larger end.” 434 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSsEuUM. 397. Vireosylva flavoviridis flavoviridis Cassin. Vireo flavoviridis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 173 (Bonda). Vireosylva flavoviridis flavoviridis RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, III, 1904, 144 (Santa Marta region; crit.). Seventeen specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, Mamatoco, Gaira, Punto Caiman, Tucurinca, and Fundacion. This species is fairly common throughout the lowlands, not going above 1,000 feet, and being especially numerous in the section from Santa Marta to Fundacion. There is no evidence, however, that it breeds anywhere in this region. Mr. Smith’s specimens were all shot between August 12 and October 13, while the dates for those above listed are also in the same months, up to October 20. Mr. Cherrie (Auk, VII, 1900, 329-331), writing of its habits as observed in the vicinity of San José, Costa Rica, says that it is only a summer resident there, disappearing at the beginning of the dry season (September), and not reappearing until April. Unfortunately very few of the South American records for this species have exact dates attached, but Salvin and Godman (Biologia Centrali-Americana, Aves, I, 1881, 189) inti- mate that the individuals observed in the far south may have been there for the winter only. At any rate, all the available information goes to show that V. flavoviridis is as strictly migratory as certain of its northern congeners, and it seems best to regard it as a winter resi- dent, or perhaps only a transient visitant, in the Santa Marta region. _ 398. Vireosylva calidris calidris (Linnzus). Vireo calidris calidris AttEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 277 (Bonda and Masinga [Vieja]; crit.). Dr. Allen records two specimens referable to this form, one from Bonda, August 19, and the other from Masinga Vieja, September 7. The writer has examined the specimens in question, and fully agrees with this determination. It is presumably a winter resident in the Santa Marta region, although both the records lie in the season of migration. 399. Vireosylva calidris barbatula (Cabanis). Vireo calidris barbatula ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 173 (Bonda) ; XXI, 1905, 277 (Bonda; crit.). Three specimens: Mamatoco and Tucurinca. After careful comparison we refer these three specimens to V. c. Topp—CarriKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta ReGion, Cotompta. 435 barbatula without hesitation, as well as the series collected by Mr. Smith, already studied by Dr. Allen. They agree precisely with a series from the Isle of Pines. Mr. Smith took eleven specimens of this form at Bonda between August 17 and September 18, and one also at Buritaca, as against only two of typical calidris. The writer has found it to be rare, al- though it may have been confused in life with V. chivi and others, all having more or less the same habits and haunts, preferring the banks of streams, edges of woodland, and scattered trees. The dates of capture of these three examples are April 15, 1913, September 17, 1913, and September 16, 1915, but the bird is almost certainly a winter resident. Family HIRUNDINIDZ. Swat tows. 400. Iridoprocne albiventer (Boddaert). Four specimens: Fundacion. This swallow was taken only at Fundacion, where it was found along the shores of the river, usually flying over the water, but occasionally perching on dead trees along the banks. Four birds were shot on August 10, 1913; they are precisely similar to others from Venezuela. The species has an extensive range in South America, but this is the first record for the Santa Marta region. In July, 1920, a few were noted at Rio Hacha, flying over the water. 401. Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Boddaert. Hirundo erythrogastra ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 277 (Buritaca). Ten specimens: Buritaca and Rio Hacha. Probably a winter resident, although the only available records were made during the season of migration. Mr. Smith sent in a series of young birds, all from Buritaca, collected from September 6 to 29, 1899. It was present in large numbers around Rio Hacha during the first week of May, 1914, frequenting the banks of the river near its mouth, circling about over the surrounding flats and perching on the dead mangrove stubs along the edge of the water. 402. Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot). Atticora cyanoleuca BANGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 105 (La Concepcion).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 171 (Bangs’ reference). 436 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEuM. Five specimens: San Miguel, Paramo de Mamarongo, and Rio Hacha. A fairly common bird about San Miguel and on the surrounding mountains up to 10,000 feet, circling tirelessly about over the cliffs and grass-covered slopes, and over the mesa around the camp. It breeds in crevices among the rocks of the cliffs, into which a pair were repeatedly seen to enter, at a point which was quite inacessible by ordinary means. It was never seen to perch anywhere else, and all the individuals secured were shot on the wing. A single young bird was shot at Rio Hacha on May 1, from the immense flock of Barn Swallows found there at the time. This was probably a bird which had strayed down from a higher altitude after the breeding season. Mr. Brown met with the species at La Concepcion, at an alti- tude of 3,000 feet, securing seven specimens. It is of course a Sub- tropical Zone form. 403. Orochelidon murina cyanophea (Cabanis). Three specimens: San Lorenzo. As shown by their soft skulls, all of these examples are immature. They correspond very well to the description of Atticora cyanophea Cabanis (Journal fiir Ornithologie, IX, 1861, 92), which Baird (Re- view of American Birds, 1865, 312) identified as the young of Petro- chelidon murina Cassin. Cabanis admitted that his specimens were immature, but considered that the adult bird would be readily distin- guishable from “ Atticora” (Pygochelidon) cyanoleuca, which is quite true. In the above specimens the under parts down to the cris- sum are almost uniform, the throat not being appreciably browner than the rest of the under surface, there being, however, a very faint suggestion of a brownish pectoral band. In this respect these speci- mens, therefore, would thus seem to differ very decidedly from the description and figure of the young bird given by Sharpe and Wyatt in their Monograph of the Hirundinide, II, 1894, 499, pl. 96. It is true that in this work, as well as in Volume X of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, two perfectly distinct species have been confounded under the head of Atticora cinerea (cf. Ridgway, Bulletin U.S. National Museum, No. 50, III, 1904, 27, footnote). Fortunately there are available (in the collection of the American Museum of Nat- ural History) a small series of adults of this swallow from the Bogota Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, CoLtomsia. 437 region of Colombia, which, when compared with topotypical examples from Ecuador, prove to be lighter (less sooty) and less uniform be- low, and are clearly entitled to subspecific recognition. They differ from the Santa Marta skins in being darker below and more glossy above; the tail, too, is more deeply forked, but there is every reason to believe that they belong to the same form. As pointed out by Baird (l.c.) and by von Berlepsch (Proceedings Zoological Society of Lon- don, 1884, 287) it is very doubtful if Hirundo cinerea of Gmelin really refers to the bird afterwards called Petrochelidon murina by Cassin. ; _ These birds were taken around the summit of the “ Cerro Quemado,” at an altitude of 8,300 feet, where they seemed to be breeding in the cliff which drops perpendicularly down from the summit on the south side. There seemed to be about thirty in this colony, but they were very hard to shoot. None were seen at any other point. 404. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis equalis Bangs. Stelgidopteryx uropygialis (not Cotyle uropygialis Lawrence) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 142 (“Santa Marta”).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 171 (Bonda). Stelgidopteryx ruficollis equalis BANGs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, II, 1901, 58 (“Santa Marta’; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).—Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1079 (‘Santa Marta,’ in range; ref. orig. descr.).—ALLeN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.) —HrEtitMayr, Noy. Zool., XIII, 1906, 13 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Stelgidopteryx @qualis BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 328 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Stelgidopteryx ruficollis uropygialis Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, [MP eToos Osa (Santas Wianta:.> meass: references). Fourteen specimens: Bonda, Santa Marta, Don Diego, Tucurinca, and Fundacion. September and October specimens are in the freshest plumage. May birds are worn and faded, with the yellow of the abdomen very pale, almost white. No. 49,604 (October 12) is just completing the moult of the remiges. The present form was described by Mr. Bangs in 1gor from a Santa Marta specimen, but is known to range over the most of northern South America. In the Santa Marta region it is a fairly common bird throughout the lowlands of the Tropical Zone, except in the arid Goa- . 438 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. jira Peninsula, reaching, however, Loma Larga and Fonseca, in the valley of the Rio Rancheria. It is perhaps most abundant around Fundacion and Tucurinca, but there are several records for other lo- calities to the northward. A nest was found beside the road between Mamatoco and La Tigrera on June 12, 1919. It was a flimsy affair, composed of twigs, vegetable fibers, and a few feathers, and placed in a small cavity excavated in the face of a nearly vertical bank. It contained four white eggs upon the point of hatching. 405. Progne chalybea chalybea (Gmelin). Three specimens: Mamatoco and Fundacion. A considerable flock of these birds lives in the town of Santa Marta, breeding around the housetops, where they can not be shot. At Fun- dacién a single one was seen and secured, and two more at Mamatoco, out of a half-dozen seen. It proved to be fairly common along the river at Fonseca in July, 1920, and was noted also at Arroya de Are- nas. The species has an extensive distribution in tropical America, and it is odd that it is not commoner in this particular region, Family TERSINIDZZ. SwaLLtow-TANAGERSs. 406. Tersina viridis occidentalis (Sclater). Procnias occidentalis SctatEer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 55 (‘Santa Marta’’). Procnias tersa (not Ampelis tersa Linneus) SAtvyin and Gopmav, Ibis, 1879, 199 (Manaure; crit.). Procnias tersa occidentalis Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 179 (Palomina, San Miguel, and San Francisco).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 50 (Manaure and Minca). Procnias viridis (not Hirundo viridis Temminck) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 173 (Minca and Valparaiso). Procnias cerulea occidentalis voN BERLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1o1o (“Santa Marta,” in range). Additional records: La Concepcion, Chirua (Brown). Forty-four specimens: Minca, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, La Tigrera, Mamatoco, Las Vegas, and Pueblo Viejo. On the proper name of this species consult Ridgway, Bulletin U. S. National Museum, No. 50, IV, 1907, 880, footnote. Santa Marta specimens are of course referable to the form occidentalis, described from “ Bogota.” The present series includes several immature male birds, in a peculiar plumage, variously intermediate between that of Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGIon, Cotompra. 439 the adult male and adult female. As all have hard skulls, and more- over were collected at various times of the year (August, October, and April), it is fair to presume that they represent birds in first nuptial dress. . This strikingly colored species ranges from the upper Tropical into the lower Subtropical Zone, being found on the north slopes of the San Lorenzo from the lower edge of the foothills up to 5,000 feet at least, but is most numerous above 2,000 feet. It was recorded by Simons from the foothills of the Eastern Andes, while both Mr. Brown and the writer have taken it on the north slopes of the Sierra Nevada. While the birds wander a great deal in search of food (be- ing fruit-eaters exclusively), they breed only between 3,000 and 5,000 feet. The nest is built in a hole in a bank excavated by the female, as shown by one found in such a situation at Las Vegas. In this case the nest was built at the far end of a tunnel about two feet long dug in the face of a bank along the road. The hole was about three inches in diameter, with the end slightly enlarged to take the frail nest of rootlets and other fibers. On May 14 it contained two slightly in- cubated eggs, which were pure white in color. On June 12, 1919, another nest in an almost identical situation was found by the road- side just above Agua Dulce at about 3,300 feet. It contained two newly hatched young. Family MNIOTILTIDAL3® Woop-Wars ers. 407. Basileuterus delattrii mesochrysus Sclater. Basileuterus mesochrysus SAtviN and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 198 (Manaure; crit.); 1880, 117 (Chirua).—SaAtvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, I, 1881, 176 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 396 (Manaure).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 144 (‘Santa Marta’’), 180 (Palomina).—ALtLEen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 176 (Bonda, Minca, and Cacagualito). Additional records: San Antonio, San Francisco, La Concepcidn (Brown). . Twenty-six specimens: Bonda, Minca, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Agua Dulce, Cincinnati, La Tigrera, and Pueblo Viejo. 39 It has recently been proposed (Oberholser, Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXXII, 1919, 46) to substitute Compsothlypide for this group. But by the International Code Compsothlypis itself would fall in favor of the earlier Parula, although there seems to be a tacit understanding to ignore the provision of the Code requiring such a change. 440 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. According to the writer’s views Basileuterus rufifrons (Swainson) and Basileuterus delattrii Bonaparte represent two specific types, with the latter of which Basileuterus mesochrysus Sclater is of course con- specific. . Nos.. 42,273-4 (June 19) are in juvenal dress, in which state the whole pileum is olivaceous, duller than the back, the superciliary stripe merely indicated. Other birds dated August 16 to 18 are in various stages of the postnuptial moult. Adults vary somewhat as regards the extent of the rufous on the pileum and the width of the grayish color on the hindneck. A species which is rarely seen outside of the “dry forest” of the foothills between 800 feet and 3,000 feet, but commoner above 1,200 feet, being thus essentially characteristic of the middle part of the Tropical Zone. In habits it is much like B. cabanisi indignus. 408. Basileuterus cabanisi indignus Todd. Basileuterus cabanisi (not of von Berlepsch) Satvin and GopMaAn, Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca).—von BrERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 283 (Santa Marta [region], er Salvin and Godman).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 384 (Minca; descr.).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 144 (“Santa Marta”).—AtLten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 176 (Minca, Las Nubes, and Onaca).—SHarpe, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 123 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Ams Mus, Nat, Hist... SOOGVil ror csr. (Onacals) crit.) Basileuterus cabanisi indignus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, 1916, 95 (La Tigrera; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APoLINAR Marta, Bull. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, IV, 1916, 117 (reprint orig. descr.). Fifteen specimens: Bonda(?), Las Nubes, Onaca, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, and Minca. Basileuterus cabanisi was described from specimens taken at San Esteban and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. Shortly thereafter a single specimen was received from Simons, collected at Minca, in the Santa Marta region of Colombia, which was identified by von Berlepsch as belonging to the same form. Mr. Brown secured only one specimen in this region, and Mr. Smith’s collectors only eight. Recently the Car- negie Museum has received a series of no less than nineteen examples from various localities in Venezuela, which, compared with the Santa Marta series, show that the latter may be recognized by having little or no Mars yellow on the crown, which is always so conspicuous 4 Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 441 feature in the Venezuelan birds. Some of the latter very closely ap- proach B. auricapillus olivascens of Trinidad, etc., but only one of the Santa Marta skins of the present form has more than a trace of Mars yellow on the middle of the crown, this part being nearly plain dull lemon yellow. While there are thus individual exceptions to the rule, the difference pointed out seems sufficiently constant to admit of the subspecific separation of the Santa Marta birds, which have been duly provided with a name by the writer, as above. A species which is essentially characteristic of the foothills section of the Tropical Zone, ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 feet above sea- level, but most abundant between 2,000 and 3,000 feet in the more humid forests on the northeast slopes of the San Lorenzo and Hor- queta. It has not been taken anywhere in the lower Macotama Val- ley, but was found to be fairly common at Loma Larga, at the eastern extremity of the main Sierra Nevada. Like all the species of this genus, it is found rather low down in the forest, flitting about from shrub to shrub and among the lower branches of the trees. A faint chirping and and twittering is the only sound it has ever been heard to make. 409. Basileuterus conspicillatus Salvin and Godman. Basileuterus conspicillatus SAtviN and GopMmaAn, Ibis, 1880, 117 (San José; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—RrIcHENOW and ScHatow, Journ. f. Orn., XXVIII, 1880, 323 (reprint orig. descr.)—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 389 (San José; descr.).—Satvin, Ibis, 1887, 130, in text (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hust. XOXXVI, 1917, 551, im text (crit)! Basileuterus cinereicollis (not of Sclater) Banecs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 160 (Pueblo Viejo), 180 (San Francisco-and Palomina).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 175 (Las Nubes, Onaca, Valparaiso, and El Libano; plum.; crit.)—SHarpr, Hand-List Birds, Ve 1909, 123 (range; syn.). Additional records: Chirua, La Concepcion, San Miguel (Brown). Twenty-eight specimens: Las Nubes, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, Las Taguas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, Minca, and Pueblo Viejo. The first two examples of this warbler taken in the Santa Marta region were promptly described by Salvin and Godman as a new spe- cies, Basileuterus conspicillatus, comparison being made with B. coro- 442 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. natus. Mr. Bangs, however, referred the four specimens received by him to B. cinereicollis without comment, while Dr. Allen, appar- ently following this lead, and with a large series at his command, went into the matter in considerable detail, calling attention to the varia- tion in the color of the crown-spot, which in some individuals is yel- low, in others decidedly orange, with all intermediate stages in evi- dence. As this was precisely the difference presumed to exist between B. cinereicollis on the one hand and B. conspicillatus on the other, Dr. Allen proposed to relegate the latter name to synonymy. It is fairly certain that this variation is not due to age. No. 38,138 (August 26), an individual which is emerging from the juvenal dress (in which all the colors would appear to be more brownish and buffy than in the adult), is acquiring an orange rufous, not yellow, crown-spot. More recently Mr. Hellmayr (as quoted by Sharpe, l.c.) has in- dorsed and emphasized Dr. Allen’s view of the case. But a series of specimens from the State of Santander, Colombia, lately received by the Carnegie Museum, were found to differ decidedly and constantly from Santa Marta examples, being darker, duller olive green above, with the lateral crown-stripes less distinct, and having the gray of the throat extended over the breast. It was clear that if Mr. Hellmayr was correct in his conclusions this interior form could not be typical B. cinereicollis, but would require a new name. Accurate colored sketches of both forms were accordingly prepared and sent to Dr. Ernst Hartert, with a request to compare them with the types in the British Museum and report the result. In reply Dr. Hartert writes as follows: “The bird from Santander agrees well with the type [of B. cinereicollis] and another specimen from Bogota collections and a similar one in our Museum, except that the grey is darker on the throat, but probably your drawing has the throat a bit too light, or it may be lighter in a clean well-made skin of recent date than in somewhat ancient native-made Bogota skins. “There is no doubt whatever that cinereicollis from Bogota col- lections is quite different from conspicillatus from Santa Marta, of which we have 6 and the British Museum 5 or 6 skins—agreeing well with your sketches. The Bogota form has the grey on the throat more extended over the jugular region, as far as the chest, and the upper- side is darker. Sharpe’s note in the Hand-List may be due to a mis- understanding, as our specimens are labelled as two subspecies in Topp—CarriKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta ReEcGIon, CoLtomsta. 443 Hellmayr’s own handwriting—moreover, why should Sharpe want Hellmayr’s opinion, as he could compare both types himself whenever he liked to do so?” This should suffice to settle the matter along the lines laid down by Dr. Chapman in his recent work on Colombian birds. Dr. Allen’s mistake was due to the fact that he had no specimens from the interior of Colombia for comparison. An abundant bird in the forest between 2,500 and 7,000 feet, but most numerous between 3,500 and 5,500 feet. It is always met with in pairs or families, flitting about among the shrubbery and low trees, and is usually silent until disturbed, when it chirps noisily. The nest is domed over, like that of the Ovenbird of the north, and is placed in a crevice under an overhanging bank or among the roots of a tree. The eggs are three or four in number, white, thickly speckled and dotted with chestnut brown. 410. Myioborus flavivertex (Salvin). Setophaga flavivertex Satvin, Ibis, 1887, 129, pl. 4 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 180 (Macotama).—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 137, in text (range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XII, 1900, 176 (El Libano).—Dusots, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 441 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Myioborus flavivertex Suarre, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 121 (ref. orig. descr. ; range).—BRABOURNE and CuHusB, Birds S. Am., IJ, 1912, 357 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Twenty-six specimens: El Libano, San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, Paramo de Mamarongo, and Heights of Chirua. These all have the front and short superciliaries decidedly tinged with tawny, especially above the eye, instead of pure white, as given in the original description and represented in the plate. The under tail-coverts vary from yellow to almost pure white. No. 37,914 (July 16) is completing the postjuvenal moult, the head being dull brown, not black, and the yellow crest being duller and more restricted. The first specimens of this handsome little warbler were received from one of Whitely’s correspondents in this region, and described and figured by Salvin. Mr. Brown obtained a pair at Macotama, and Mr. Smith’s collectors secured a few at El Libano, on the San Lorenzo. 444 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. It is found on this latter ridge wherever forest. exists, but according to the writer’s experience not below 7,000 feet. In the Sierra Nevada it ranges in the forest between 5,000 and 10,000 feet, being thus a species of the Subtropical Zone. It is not a common bird, and is usu- ally seen in pairs, keeping well to the tree-tops, flitting restlessly from branch to branch and from tree to tree. A nest sent in by Mr. Smith was collected at El Libano on May 20. It is a bulky affair, with every appearance of having been built on the ground, being composed outwardly of a layer of moss, succeeded by a mass of vegetable fibers of various kinds, and lined with fine weed- stalks. The two eggs are rather elongate oval, measuring 20 X 13, and are white, speckled with reddish brown, about like those of the Canadian Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis). 411. Myioborus verticalis (D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). Setophaga verticalis SAtvIN and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 118 (San Sebastian).— Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 420 (San Sebastian and San Sal- vador).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 180 (San Miguel). —Banes, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, I, 1899, 80 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—AtLten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 176 (Las Nubes, Valparaiso, and El Libano). Additional records: Macotama, La Concepcion, Chirua (Brown). Twenty specimens: Las Nubes, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, and Heights of Chirua. Some years ago Dr. Chapman described a supposed race of this spe- cies from northeastern Venezuela under the subspecific name pallidi- ventris (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XII, 1899, 153). Comparison of the type-series with Santa Marta birds shows that this form cannot be maintained, at least on the assumption that the latter are the same as typical verticalis (described from Bolivia). Some of the Santa Marta skins are practically as pale below as the type of pallidiventris, while one skin referred to the latter by the de- scriber is as much tinged with orange below as the majority of the Santa Marta birds. Moreover, a series from the Sierra de Carabobo, Venezuela, range from almost pure yellow below to pale orange, con- firming the impression gained from a study of the preceding series. Compare, in this connection, the remarks of Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern (Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, LXXVIII, 1912, 48), who Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotompia. 445 call attention to the inconstancy of the characters attributed to this form. The present series show considerable variation, apparently individ- ual, with regard to the extent of the chestnut crown-patch. The spe- cies is closely related to the Central American M. aurantiacus. On the San Lorenzo and Horqueta this species ranges in the heavy forest between 4,000 and 6,500 feet, being seen but rarely below or above that belt. In the Sierra Nevada, however, its range drops down to 2,000 feet, at least on the north slope. It is a common bird through- out its range, going about in pairs, twittering and chirping. It loves the company of other species having similar haunts and habits, and may invariably be found among the little bands of small birds which roam through the forest, after the manner so prevalent, and yet so peculiar, in the tropics. 412. Setophaga ruticilla (Linnzus). Setophaga ruticilla SAtvIN and GopMawn, Ibis, 1879, 199 (Atanquez); 1880, 118 (Minca; habits)—SuHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 411 (Atan- quez and Minca).—BAncs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 144 (“ Santa Marta ’”*).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 176 (Bonda and Valparaiso).—ALiLen, Auk, XVII, 1900, 366 (Bonda and Val- paraiso).—CooxeE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 132 (Santa Marta ref- erences). Additional records: Chirua, ‘La Concepcion (Brown) ; Dibulla (Car- fiker)): Fourteen specimens: Bonda, Cincinnati, La Tigrera, Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. An abundant bird during the winter months in the mountains, but much rarer in the lowlands. Its habits are practically the same as in the north, except that it does not sing. Simons speaks of finding it in the densest forest in the tops of the highest trees, where it is very hard to see, and can only be shot with very large charges. The first individual observed in the fall of 1914 was a male noted on September 19, at Las Vegas. The earliest date of arrival, however, is repre- ‘sented by a specimen in the Carnegie Museum sent in by Mr. Smith, which was collected on August 24, 1898. This is in line with what is known of the species’ migration at this season elsewhere. It was noted at La Tigrera, and the specimen secured, at the remarkably late spring date of May 1, 1913—a time when the bulk of the species has 446 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. reached the Middle States in northward migration. There are speci- men in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History from Las Nubes and Onaca. 413. Hemispingus basilicus Todd. (Plate VI.) Hemispingus basilicus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVI, 1913, 170 (San Lorenzo; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Nine specimens: San Lorenzo, Macotama, and Paramo de Mama- rongo. Description—Adult male: back, wings externally, and tail dark warbler green; whole head and neck black, with broad and conspicuous superciliary and vertical stripes of pale grayish white, the vertical stripe strongly tinged anteriorly with citron yellow; an isolated broad white stripe or patch behind the ear-coverts, and some white mottling below the eye; throat (narrowly) dull white, more or less speckled with dusky; rest of under parts lemon chrome, the sides and flanks darker, shaded with pyrite yellow; “bill black; feet brownish yellow or yellowish flesh-color; iris brown.” Adult female similar but rather duller. Immature male also similar, but the black areas of the head and neck duller, moré brownish, and the superciliary and vertical stripes, and postauricular and subocular spots tinged with buffy, and less sharply defined. Juvenat plumage: similar in general to that of the adult, but every- where darker and duller, the upper parts, etc., dark citrine; head and ’ neck brown, with the light markings warm buff; chin and upper throat dull white; lower throat, breast, and sides shaded with citrine; abdomen amber yellow, and under tail-coverts sulphine yellow. MEASUREMENTS. No. Sex: Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. 37939 1 re San Sorenzowmercier sree ae 67 66 Tiss 22 37991 1 rf San Lorenzo (ype) ieee 67 66 TNS 22 37992 1 Cuumroan) eoTrenzOmrm jeri citciiae 65 64 12.5 22 45285 1 eh Paramo de Mamarongo ...... 69 65 255, 23 45286 1 ret Paramo de Mamarongo ...... 70 67 13 22.5 63207 2 re Paramo de Mamarongo ...... 69 69 1255 24 45253 1 Q Macotaia! Sneemmecmeme sean. 66 61 1285 24 452761 fo) Paramo de Mamarongo ..... 63 63 1 23 1 Collection Carnegie Museum. 2 Collection Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Annals Carnegie Museum Vol. XIV, pl. VI Hemispingus basilicus Todd, 4 (Four-fifths natural size) Topp—CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotompia. 447 The discovery of a species of Hemispingus in the mountains of the Santa Marta region, to which apparently it is confined, is of more than passing interest. It is a very distinct form, differing from all the other known species of this group in having a broad vertical as well as superciliary stripe. H. atropileus (Lafresnaye) is perhaps its nearest relative. The first birds of this species, including the type and an example in juvenal plumage, were taken on the very crest of the San Lorenzo, east of the Cerro Quemado, at about 8,600 feet, on July 18 and 28, 1911. Four birds in all were shot, which were the only ones seen at that point, in the thick shrubbery growing on the crest of the moun- tain. One female was taken at Macotama in the shrubbery along a small creek on April 6, 1914, and later four more individuals were se- cured at about 9,000 feet, along the edge of the timber-line above that point. It is evidently a rare bird, and one entirely overlooked by previous collectors in this region. In its faunal distribution it would appear to belong to the Temperate Zone. 414. Geothlypis trichas trichas (Linnzus). One specimen: Paramo de Chiruqua. A single individual was taken on April 21, 1914, on the shores of Lake Macotama, at an altitude of 15,000 feet, in a clump of low shrub- bery growing out of a mass of great boulders, and was the only one seen. This astonishing record extends the range of the species to the South American continent, it not having been known heretofore to the southward of Chiriqui (Salvin and Godman, Biologia Centrali- Americana, Aves, I, 1881, 150), and being very rare even in Costa Rica (Cherrie, Auk, IX, 1892, 21). The late date of its occurrence, and the high altitude at which it was found, are no less remarkable. The specimen is an adult male bird, showing moult going on about the head. 415. Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin). Seiurus noveboracensis SALVIN and GopmaAN, Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 105 (La Concepcion and Chirua). —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 177 (Bonda and Cienaga). —Atten, Auk, XVII, 1900, 366 (Bonda and Cienaga; Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ records) ,—Cooke, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 102 (Santa Marta localities and references). Siurus nevius SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 652 (Minca). 30 448 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Ten specimens: Bonda, Gaira, Mamatoco, Punto Caiman, and Di- bulla. Most of these are unquestionably true noveboracensis, but a few tend toward notabilis. The series sent in by Mr. Smith (including a few additional specimens, not referred to by Dr. Allen, from Ma- matoco and Buritaca) all prove referable to the typical form upon comparison. Both of the races of this species are regular winter visitants throughout the lowlands, and even into the highlands up to 4,000 feet, although rare above 1,000 feet. They are almost invariably solitary in their habits, and shy and difficult of approach. They occur here under the same conditions as in the north, being partial to small creeks, mud-puddles along the roads, etc. The earliest fall migration date recorded by Dr. Allen is September 8, 1898, and one was taken by the writer at Gaira as early as September 13, 1913. . No specimens of this form happen to be on record later than March 17. 416. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis BANGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 105 (Chirua).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 177 (Bangs’ reférence)—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 366, in text (Chirua, ex Bangs).—Ruipeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. so, II, 1902, 645 (Chirua, in range).—CooxE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 105 (Chirua, ex Bangs). Four specimens: La Tigrera, Don Diego, and Fundacion. After careful study of the series collected by Mr. Carriker it seems best to refer these four specimens, bearing dates respectively of April 30, 1913, January 20, 1914, and October 12 and 18, 1915, to notabilis, with authentic examples of which they agree in their darker upper parts and whiter, less yellowish under surface. The specimen from Chirua mentioned by Mr. Bangs as having been collected by Mr. Brown on February 1, 1899, and which has been examined in this connection, belongs here also. The occurrence of this race here raises an interesting question as to its migration range, which will be discussed more fully in another connection. 417. Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot). Seiurus motacilla BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 143 (“ Santa Marta’’).—AL.en, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 177 (Bonda).— ALLEN, Auk, XVII. 1900, 366 (Bonda;. “Santa: Marta”; ex Bangs).— Ripcway, Bull..U..S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, -1902, ‘639 (Santa Marta re- Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotompia. 449 gion, in range).—Cooxe, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 106 (Santa Marta localities and references). ; Additional records: San Miguel, January (Brown), One specimen: Don Diego. There are only four records for this species in South America, all from the Santa Marta region. Two were taken by Mr. Brown (one near Santa Marta, the other at San Miguel); another at Bonda, No- vember 8, 1898, by one of Mr. Smith’s collectors; and a fourth ex- ample by the writer at Don Diego, January 31, 1914. From these records it will be seen how rare this species is in comparison with S. noveboracensis. 418. Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus (Linnzus). Seiurus aurocapillus Cooke, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 99 (Bonda). One specimen: Bonda. This individual, secured by one of Mr. Smith’s collectors on Octo- ber 4, 1899, constitutes the only record for this region, and, in fact, the only South American record for the species, which ordinarily does not pass to the southward of Costa Rica during the winter months. 419. Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson). Geothlypis philadelphia Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 105 (Chirua and La Concepcién; plum.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 176 (Bangs’ reference)—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 366 (Chirua and La Concepcion, ex Bangs).—Cooxer, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 112 (Santa Marta localities and references). Two specimens: Cincinnati and Dibulla. The Mourning Warbler, as remarked by Cooke, is apparently par- tial to the highlands in its winter habitat. Mr. Brown took ten speci- mens at La Concepcion and Chirua between February 12 and March 25, 1899. “ Most of these birds are moulting, and the series covers practically the complete spring moult.” The writer took one at Cin- cinnati on April I1, 1912 (a late migration date), in a small marshy tract of land on the mountainside, overgrown with wild cane and weeds. A second example was shot on the coast at Dibulla on Febru- ary 22, in the long grass beside a lagoon. In this specimen the black throat and ashy head are being acquired by moult, which has been al- most completed. This warbler is not a common bird, and its secretive habits render it more than usually inconspicuous. 450 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 420. Oporornis agilis (Wilson). Geothlypis agilis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 177 (Bonda). —A.tEeN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 366 (Bonda).—Cooxkg, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 110 (Bonda, ex Allen). Oporornis agilis Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 625 (Bonda, in range, ex Allen) —Suarpe, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 111 (Santa Marta [region], in range)—HrLt~MayrR and von SeILerN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 46 (Bonda, ex Allen). These references all pertain to a single occurrence, being the cap- ture of an immature example at Bonda on October 22, 1898, by one of Mr. Smith’s collectors. To the list of South American records enu- merated by Cooke Mr. Hellmayr has added two more, from Brazil and Venezuela respectively. Being a bird of retiring habits, and not to be considered common under any circumstances, even during migra- tion, it is not strange that it has escaped observation in its winter habitat. It is not yet clear whether it actually winters in this region or is merely a transient during migration. 421. Oporornis formosus (Wilson). Geothlypis formosa BANcs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 144 (“Santa Marta ”).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 177 (Bonda).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 366 (Bonda; “‘ Santa Marta,” ex Bangs). —CookE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 108 (Santa Marta localities and references). Oporornis formosa Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 622 (Santa Marta region, in range). Five specimens: Bonda and Don Diego. One of the rarer species, but, unlike O. philadelphia, it seems to be confined entirely to the lowlands. Mr. Smith’s collectors secured no less than nine specimens at Bonda, the earliest taken on October 7. Mr. Brown got but one specimen on his entire trip. The single speci- men taken at Don Diego by the writer was found on the shores of a lagoon in the forest on January 28, 1914. These appear to be the only South American winter records for the species. 422. Dendroica striata (Forster). Dendroica striata ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 177 (Bonda). —Atten, Auk, XVII, 1900, 366 (Bonda).—Cooxe, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 76 (Bonda, Mamatoco, and Cautilito; references). Twelve specimens: Bonda, Cautilito, Mamatoco, Punto Caiman, Cincinnati, Dibulla, and Fundacion. Topp—CarRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REeEGion, Cotometa. 451 Another winter resident species, of which Mr. Smith sent in a large series of specimens, collected between October 7 and November 22, indicating its relative abundance during that period. According to the experience of the writer, however, it is not so abundant as some of the other warblers, although found from sea-level up to 5,000 feet. As a rule it keeps high up in the tree-tops. Specimens were taken in September (September 29), October, and February 28, the example shot at the last date just commencing the prenuptial moult, a few new black feathers coming in. 423. Dendroica castanea (Wilson). Dendroica castanea ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 177 (Bonda). ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 367 (Bonda).—Cooxer, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 74 (Bonda, ex Allen). Four specimens: Don Diego. No. 44,579, Collection Carnegie Museum (January 29) and No. 63,500, Collection Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (taken on the same date) are in a very unusual plumage, not to be matched in an extensive series of breeding and migrant examples. The pileum and back are warbler green, broadly streaked with black, with the concealed bases of some of the crown-feathers chestnut. There is no chestnut below, except on the flanks, the breast being merely buffy, nor is there any sign of moult. This plumage appears to be that of the adult male in winter. No. 44,489 (January 20), however, is much worn, the back unstreaked, and has a few chestnut feathers on the crown. A female is dated February 5. The four specimens taken were the only ones seen of this winter resident species. It keeps high up in the trees, and may be more abundant than it appears. October 27 was the date of Mr. Smith’s only specimen. 424. Dendroica fusca (Miiller). Dendroica blackburnie ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 178 (Las Nubes and Valparaiso) —Atten, Auk, XVII, 1900, 367 (Las Nubes and Valparaiso).—Cooxe, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 80 (Las Nubes and Valparaiso, ex Allen). Six specimens: Las Nubes, Las Taguas, Cincinnati, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. No. 41,700 (February 5) is undergoing prenuptial moult, assuming 452 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. the black and orange head-stripes. The March birds, however, have apparently fully completed this moult, being in fine fresh plumage. Mr. Smith’s collectors secured a few specimens of this brilliant warbler at Las Nubes (5,000 feet) in December, but it was not en- countered by the writer except in February, March, and April. It was fairly common about the plantation at Cincinnati at this season, seeming there to prefer the shade-trees to the forest, although not rare in the latter between 3,000 and 5,000 feet. The winter range of the species is known to extend as far south as central Peru. 425. Dendroica virens virens (Gmelin). One specimen: Cincinnati. The winter range of this well-known warbler has not heretofore been known to extend south of Central America, and even in Panama and Costa Rica it is not common, according to Cooke (Bulletin Bio- logical Survey, No. 18, 1904, 87). The capture of a single specimen at Cincinnati on April 12, 1912, is therefore of peculiar interest, con- stituting as it does the first South American record for the species. The specimen is a male in perfect spring plumage, and the date is one when the species has already appeared in North Carolina and Kentucky on its northward migration. 426. Dendroica cerulescens cerulescers (Gmrlin). Dendroica caerulescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 177 (Las Nubes).—Atien, Auk, XVII, 1900, 367 (Las Nubes).—Cooxe, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 57 (Las Nubes, ex Allen). The Greater Antilles constitute the regular winter range of this warbler, and its occurrence in the Santa Marta region can only be regarded as accidental. The only known instance of its occurrence here, and in fact the only known record for the South American con- tinent, pertains to an adult male bird in the Smith collection, shot at Las Nubes, at an altitude of 5,000 feet, on December 16, 1808. 427. Dendroica erithachorides erithachorides Baird. One specimen: Punto Caiman. The single specimen secured was shot on the beach at Punto Cai- man on September 27, 1913, in company with other warblers which were flitting about among the shrubbery and low trees. Its sex was not determined, but it appears to be an immature female, being white Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReGion, CoLtompia. 453 below, with a faint tinge of buffy yellow. This is the first record for the Santa Marta region, although its occurrence here was to have been expected, since its range is known to include the Caribbean coast district of Colombia west of the mouth of the Magdalena River. 428. Dendroica estiva estiva (Gmelin). Dendreca e@stiva SatviIN and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 644 (Minca). Dendroica estiva BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 143 (“Santa Marta ’’).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 177 (Bonda).— Auten, Auk, XVII, 1900, 366 (Bonda).—Rrpeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 508 (“‘ Santa Marta,” in range).—CooxeE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 52 (Santa Marta localities and references). Twenty-five specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Gaira, Punto Caiman, Rio Hacha, and Dibulla. No. 41,782 (April 14) is a male in very high plumage, very heavily streaked below, and even with the crown and back streaked with orange chestnut. It is evidently a freak, as it cannot be matched in an extensive series. , A common winter resident throughout the whole of the lowlands and lower foothills, but rare above the coastal plain. It frequents shrubbery, open ground with scattering bushes, the low growth along the banks of streams and the sea-beach, etc.—the same kind of covert in general to which it is so partial in the breeding season. Most of the specimens secured were shot in September and April, the earliest date being September 11, the latest May 1. Mr. Smith’s collectors, however, secured specimens as early in the fall as August 27. In ad- dition to the specimens listed by Dr. Allen, as above, there are some sent in by Mr. Smith from Cienaga. 429. Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegans Todd. Parula pitiayumi (not Sylvia pitiayumi Vieillot) Satvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca).—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 643 (Minca). Compsothlypis pitiayumi pacifica (not Parula pitiayumi pacifica von Berlepsch) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 143 (“Santa Marta’’), 180 (Palomina).—ALieNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 178 (Onaca and Valparaiso). Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegans Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1912, 204 (Santa Marta region; crit.). Additional records: La Concepcion, San Miguel (Brown). 454 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Twenty-four specimens: Bonda, Minca, Don Diego, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, and Cincinnati. With a much larger series of specimens than were available at the time this form was discriminated (ANNALS CARNEGIE Museum, VIII, I9I2, 204) its characters are fully confirmed. While there are of course occasional examples which are quite indistinguishable from typical pitiayumi, as claimed by Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern (Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, LXXVIII, 1912, 46) the general dif- ferences are apparent at a glance when series are compared. Males are usually, although not always, more richly colored than females, but there seems to be little if any seasonal variation. This dainty little warbler ranges from the lower edge of the foot- hills up to 4,000 feet or more, being rarely seen below 1,000 feet. Its favorite haunts are the forest, open woodland, and especially along the streams in the foothills. In its habits it is a true warbler, always keeping well up near the tops of the trees, for which reason it is easily overlooked, being rather a silent bird. 430. Ateleodacnis bicolor (Vieillot). Dacnis plumbea AtitEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 174 (Santa Marta region). Fourteen specimens: Pueblo Viejo and Punto Caiman. Sclater’s description of the female of this species (Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, XI, 1886, 26) really applies to the immature bird of both sexes, as shown by the present fine series, which includes specimens in both juvenal (paler and duller) and first winter (brighter yellow) dress. Adult females resemble the adult males, but are somewhat duller in general coloration. Typical Cayenne skins are not available, but Bahia specimens in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History are absolutely indistinguishable from these and other Colombian birds. One of the specimens sent in by Mr. Smith is labelled as coming from Pueblo Viejo, near the entrance to the Cienaga Grande. “It has not been detected by the writer anywhere except in the mangroves along the shores of the Cienaga Grande at Punto Caiman. Although search was made for it at other points along the mangrove-lined shores of this body of water it was not found. It was one of the commonest birds among the mangroves at the aforesaid locality, and Topp—CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recron, Cotompia. 455 more could easily have been secured had it not been for the hordes of mosquitoes encountered at every step. It was always in pairs or family groups, and usually in company with other birds. 431. Ateleodacnis leucogenys (Lafresnaye). Nineteen specimens: Fundacion, Tucurinca, and Valencia. This is another of the additions to the Santa Marta list made by Mr. Carriker. The series differs from the description of A. leucogenys in certain particulars, being smaller, and having-a white patch on the rump, and a decided white spot at the base of the primaries (in most specimens). With regard to the question of size, the following table of measurements will throw some light on the question. Only adult males have been included. No. Locality. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. AAop Asset — [hence ystora. (Colloysdllpye, Goopaacoadcnocss Geoc 48.5 29 1355 MANG) lkorak ener (Collet) Go5oeeoscngacvod.donc 49 31 14.5 MeyAyeh IMwbeayckeroneia, (Colloyadorel Gaacoodounuoooudocc0c 49 30 13:5 A2ZQO7 ew ehtndactons (Colombiaw ae soci seie- aetcie ete 50 30.5 13 AQozo-aetuindacton wl Colombial sae cle see seers 47 Bat 14 AG/u it Iberia, (Ciolkoymoreh yoqueugneedaoos ooo0c 49 32 1355 AOL Omit actions COlOtmpici se oes s eieiciee cricrters iB 33 Tuy AGyAnG) = “Aenea. (Collormloney 5 os5og0deseaaods spot 48 31.5 E335 5760.28 Colombia ~ (Lype of species)) .......2.48 53-5 36 14 AGBOR 3B oysouy, Collomilsye, So neqhooecoosecnonucocc 54 34 15 HOSGAS Iopoe, Colamoe) Soogsduoosnopeooddcoboe 52 34 14 A0Zoies ab OgOtd ms COlompiay aecrce see cule se eee 53 35 1355) IAA lnloal. (Collovmlorey Se veodoaanandeescsusone 52 34 15 477302) ‘sierra de \Carabobo, Venezuela ...-.:..-.- 52 36 13 480821 Sierra de Carabobo, Venezuela ........... 53 a5 13-5 485301 Sierra de Carabobo, Venezuela ........... 51 34.5 14 It appears, therefore, that while birds from the Santa Marta region average a little smaller, the difference is not so great as to justify formal subdivision of the species. The white patch on the lower rump (a character entirely overlooked by the original describer) ap- pears in every male specimen of this bird examined, including La- fresnaye’s type, kindly loaned by Mr. Bangs, although its size varies 1 Collection Carnegie Museum. 2 Lafresnaye Collection, in Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. 3 Collection American Museum of Natural History. 456 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. somewhat. The white spot at the base of ‘the primaries is a more variable character, being large and conspicuous in some individuals, and entirely absent in others. Some examples have the blue of the upper parts very dark, or overspread with black. But none of these color-characters seem to be correlated with locality, and there are no valid grounds for attempting to subdivide the species. Two females, apparently adult, are duller above than the males, with the crown colored the same as the back; below they are whitish, tinged with buffy yellowish, as also are the ear-coverts. No. 42,996 (Au- gust 18), marked as a young female, is pale yellowish (sulphur yellow) below, the throat and breast shaded with buffy, and the upper parts tinged with greenish. A fairly abundant bird about Fundacion, but not many were seen at Tucurinca. The individuals secured were all taken in the lower reaches of the foothills, in the tangled woodland so characteristic of this section. It is always seen in pairs or family groups, and is not shy, being easily approached while climbing about the tips of the branches. Like the various species of Diglossa, it is fond of hunting among flowers, either for insects or for the blossoms themselves, it was not determined which. One was taken at Valencia, in the Rio Cesar Valley. 432. Conirostrum rufum Lafresnaye. Conirostrum rufum Scvater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 14 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 105 (Paramo de Chiruqua and Paramo de Macotama).—ALLeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 174 (Bangs’ reference). Four specimens: Paramo de Mamarongo and Paramo de Chiruqua. An alticoline form, peculiar to the Andes of Colombia, whence it was described by Lafresnaye in 1843. It was traced northward to this region by Simons, who collected three specimens in the Sierra Nevada (exact locality not specified) at an altitude of 9,200 feet. Mr. Brown succeeded in securing five specimens, all shot at about 11,000 feet. It was met with by the writer in the same general region, along the edge cf timber-line at about 9,000 feet, and also in the Macotama Valley at about 10,000 feet. It seems to be a rare bird, for not more than two more were seen besides the four secured. All were in low stunted trees, hopping about among the tips of the branches, rather sluggish in their movements, and not easily alarmed. Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLtompia. 457 433. Vermivora peregrina (Wilson). Helminthophaga peregrina SALvIN and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca).— SaLvin and Gopmaw, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, I, 1880, 117 (Minca, in range). Helminthophila peregrina SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 639 (Minca). —Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 143 (“Santa Marta ”).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 178 (Bonda, Onaca, Las Nubes, and Valparaiso).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 367 (Santa Marta re- gion).—CooxE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 42 (Santa Marta localities and references). Additional records: La Concepcion, Chirua (Brown). Eight specimens: Bonda, Las Nubes, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Di- bulla, Pueblo Viejo, and Fundacion. One of the commoner winter visitants, arriving in October (Fun- dacién, October 14, 1915), and remaining until April (Valparaiso, April 4, 1899). It keeps to the highlands as a rule, but is occasionally seen in the lowlands, especially where there is forest, to which it is always partial. 434. Vermivora pinus (Linnzus). Helminthophila pinus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 105 (Chirua).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XII, 1900, 178 (Bangs’ ref- erence).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 367 (Chirua, ex Bangs).—Rrpeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 455 (Chirua, in range).—CooxeE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 32 (Chirua, ex Bangs). The only South American record for this species pertains to a specimen shot at Chirua by Mr. Brown on March 21, 1899. Ordinarily it does not appear to go much beyond Guatemala in the winter season so that the record can scarcely be regarded as being other than that of a straggler. 435. Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnzus). Helminthophaga chrysoptera SALvIN and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca). Helminthophila chrysoptera SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 639 (Minca).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 160 (Pueblo Viejo).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 178 (Bonda and Las Nubes).—Atien, Auk, XVII, 1900, 367 (Bonda and Las Nubes; Minca, ex Salvin and Godman; Pueblo Viejo, ex Bangs).—Cooxe, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 35 (Santa Marta localities and references). Three specimens: Las Nubes and Chirua. This appears to be a rare winter visitor, more partial to the forests of the highlands than to those of the coastal plain. It was recorded 458 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. by Simons from Minca, and by Mr. Brown from Pueblo Viejo, both these localities lying at an altitude of about 2,000 feet. Mr. Smith sent in a few specimens from Bonda and Las Nubes (5,000 feet), while it was taken by the writer at Chirua (3,500 feet), on March 10 and 11. The earliest fall date represented by a specimen is Septem- ber 6, 1898. Mr. Brown’s Pueblo Viejo specimen was shot March 20, 1808. 436. Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert). Protonotaria citrea Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 26 (“Santa Marta ”).— SALvIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, I, 1880, 111 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 249 (“Santa Marta”), 641 (Valle de Upar).—Banocs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 143 (“Santa Marta”)—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 178 (Bonda).—Atien, Auk, XVII, 1900, 367 (Bonda; “Santa Marta,” ex Bangs).—Cooxe, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 22 (Santa Marta local- ities and references). Nineteen specimens: Bonda, Gaira, Mamatoco, Punto Caiman, and Fundacion. : One of the most abundant of the winter resident warblers within its local habitat, which is never far from the sea-beach or water of some kind. The earliest record is that by Sclater, quoted above, which re- fers to a specimen obtained from Verreaux. Mr. Brown secured no less than twenty-one specimens at some point not far from Santa Marta, and Mr. Smith also sent back a large series, including a few from Buritaca (September 19 and 21), a locality not quoted for this species in Dr. Allen’s paper. The writer saw quite a number at Don Diego in January, and it was common in October at Fundacion also. On the beach at Punto Caiman it was the most abundant bird. The earliest migration date in the fall is September 11, 1913, when a num- ber of specimens were taken at Gaira. That it is not absolutely con- fined to the coast region, however, but occasionally follows up some of the inland streams, is indicated by a specimen secured at Valle de Upar by Simons on September 25. As on its breeding grounds, it keeps close to the ground in bushes and shrubbery, and is never seen in any abundance far from water. 437. Mniotilta varia (Linnzus). Mniotilta varia Satvin and GopmMan, Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. X, 1885, 641 (Minca).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGion, Cotompia. 459 ton, XII, 1898, 143 (“ Santa Marta ”)—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 178 (Bonda, Las Nubes, and Onaca).—A.Luen, Auk, XVII, 1900, 367 (Bonda, Onaca, and Minca).—Cooxg, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 18, 1904, 18 (Santa Marta localities and references). Additional records: La Concepcion (Brown). Eleven specimens: Las Nubes, Cincinnati, Dibulla, Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. A common winter resident wherever there is forest, ranging from sea-level up to 5,000 feet, but most numerous between 1,000 and 4,000 feet. It was recorded by Mr. Smith at the remarkably early date of August 21. The latest spring date on which specimens were secured by the writer was March 12, at which time the birds were already in perfect spring plumage. It seems to be rather solitary in its habits, and Simons, who secured specimens at Minca, mentions that it is “found amongst high trees.” Family CGZREBID/AZ. Honey-Creepers. 438. Coereba luteola luteola (Cabanis). Certhiola luteola SALVIN and GopMaANn, Ibis, 1880, 119 (Santa Marta; habits). ScyaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 40 (Santa Marta and Valle de Upar). Cereba luteola BaNcs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 143 (‘ Santa Marta ”).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 173 (Cacagualito, Santa Marta, and Cienaga).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 406 (“ Santa Marta”; meas.).—Lowe, Ibis, 1907, 565 (Santa Marta; crit.). Additional records: La Concepcion, Chirua (Brown); Tucurinca (Carriker). Thirty-one specimens: Santa Marta, Cacagualito, Bonda, Mamatoco, Las Vegas, Fundacion, Punto Caiman, Don Diego, and Rio Hacha. As in other species of this genus, in juvenal dress the throat and superciliaries are yellow-tinged, as shown by several birds collected in May and June. In the next stage of plumage the upper parts are much browner. The series shows much variation in the depth of the yellow below, and in the size of the white wing-spot. Compared with a good series from Trinidad and northern Venezuela, no differences are observable when specimens of the same sex and condition of plu- mage are viewed side by side, and there certainly exists no reason whatever for regarding them as representing distinct forms, as claimed 460 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. by Dr. Lowe. . Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern’s remarks on this point (Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, LX XVIII, 1912, 52) are fully con- firmed by the series in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, although the writer agrees with Dr. Lowe that C. chloropyga and C. luteola should be regarded as distinct species. C. cerinoclunis Bangs should almost certainly stand as a subspecies of the latter. A dark, richly colored race from the mountains of Venezuela has been described by Dr. Lowe under the name C. luteola montana (Ibis, 1912, 509), of which the later C. luteola obscura Cory (Field Museum Ornithological Series, I, 1913, 291) appears to be a synonym. In view of the varia- tion observable in typical luteola further examination of the form in question is naturally desirable. Simons met with this little bird in the immediate vicinity of Santa Marta, saying that it was “found amongst bushes and dry twigs of dead trees; very lively in its movements.” Mr. Smith sent in a few specimens labelled “ Santa Marta,” as also did Mr. Brown; the birds so labelled by the latter collector, however, doubtless came from the vicinity of Bonda, as elsewhere explained. Oddly enough, the writer has never seen this bird around Santa Marta itself, or even along the road from that place to Cincinnati. At Fundacion and Tucurinca it is fairly common, also at Don Diego, and along the shores of the Cienaga Grande. Strangest of all, it is not rare at Las Vegas, and has even been recorded from two points in the Sierra Nevada proper. While the usual habitat of this species appears to be the lowlands ot the Tropical Zone up to about 1,000 feet, it was present at Las Vegas up to at least 4,500 feet along the edge of the forest. It is found in all sorts of cover, low and high, and has a faint, rasping, song-like note, easily recognized. 439. Dacnis corebicolor napzwa Bangs. Dacnis: napea Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 143 (“Santa Marta ”’; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; meas.; crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 174 (Bonda and Cacagualito).— SuarpeE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 349 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BRA- BOURNE and Cuusps, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 396 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Dacnis cerebicolor var: napea Dusotrs, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 688 (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.). Dacnis cayana napea HEtitMAyR, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, 1095, in text (“ Santa Marta’; range; .crit.). ’ Topp—CarrIKER: Birps of SANTA MARTA Recion, Cotompia. 461 Sixteen specimens: Fundacion, Tucurinca, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Trojas de Cataca, and Don Diego. The six forms of Dacnis cayana listed by Mr. Hellmayr (together with D. c. paraguayensis—not seen by the writer) fall naturally into two groups, characterized by a difference in color. The first group, composed of cayana, glaucogularis, and callaina, are decidedly more greenish (nearest beryl green) in general coloration, so far as the males are concerned, while in the second group, comprising ultrama- rina, napea, and cerebicolor, the color varies from light cerulean blue to phenyl blue. Of these ultramarina is the most variable, but is nevertheless easily referable to this group. Females differ in a cor- responding manner, those of the first group having the pileum and sides of the head much duller, paler, and more greenish blue than those of the second group. It is fair to presume that these two groups represent two specific types; at least, this would seem to be a more logical arrangement than to consider such dissimilar forms as cayana and cerebicolor to be conspecific. The only objection to such a course arises from the circumstance that the range of the first group would thus be rendered discontinuous, since callaina, from Chiriqui and southwestern Costa Rica, is isolated from its nearest allies by the interposition of a form belonging to the other group. Such a dis- tribution need not militate against the proposition here advanced, how- ever, in view of other similar cases which have long been rec- ognized, as for instance that of Thamnophilus doliatus and T. radiatus, which has certain points in common with the present case. Dacnis cerebicolor napea, as the present bird must be called if the above considerations are granted, is clearly an intermediate form be- tween D. c. ultramarina of Panama, eastern Costa Rica, etc., and D. c. cerebicolor of the Bogota region of Colombia, as already indicated by Mr. Hellmayr, examples from western Colombia being intergrades between cerebicolor and napea. Indeed, considerable variation in the shade of blue is shown by the present series, although none compare favorably with cerebicolor. Two females from Don Diego, on the north coast, differ from all the other birds of that sex from various localities in the Magdalena basin in having the pileum paler, more greenish blue—a fact which may or may not be significant. This species is mainly a bird of the Lower Tropical Zone, ranging over the whole of the lowland belt from Fundacion to Dibulla, as well 462 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEvuM. nl as into the lower foothills, up to perhaps 1,500 feet, but is a rare bird wherever found. It is usually seen in pairs or small flocks, often in company with the species of Cyanerpes or other small arboreal kinds, frequenting the tops of low trees and shrubbery. 440. Cyanerpes ceruleus ceruleus (Linnzus). Cereba caerulea SALVIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 119 (Minca).—ScraTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 33 (Minca). Arbelorhina cerulea microrhyncha (not Cereba cerulea microrhyncha von Ber- lepsch) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 143 (‘‘ Santa Marta). Cyanerpes ceruleus microrhynchus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII. 1900, 173 (Bonda, Minca, Onaca, Las Nubes, and Cacagualito). Fourteen specimens: Bonda, Agua Dulce, Las Vegas, Don Diego, and Pueblo Viejo. Only four adult males are included, which are not distinguishable in any way from a good series from French Guiana, assumed to represent true c@ruleus (described from Surinam). Reference of the Santa Marta bird to microrhynchus (a pale race described from Bucara- manga, Colombia), is apparently not justified. There are two males, dated January 24 and February 2, in the midst of the first prenuptial moult, and another taken at the latter date in which this moult is just beginning. Adult females apparently have a pale blue mystacal stripe. Although the writer has always been on the lookout for this bird, he has never met with it on the west or south slopes of the San Lor- enzo, but only on the northeast slopes and foothills, and along the humid coast belt to the east of Santa Marta. Its range is from sea- level up to 4,000 feet (at Las Vegas), and consequently takes in most of the Tropical Zone in this region. It is usually seen in small flocks— probably family groups, since immature individuals are nearly always present. The birds keep well up in the high trees as a rule, for which reason they are hard to secure, although fairly common. In their manner of climbing about among the branches they much re- semble vireos, but nearly always seem to feed in flower-bearing trees. 441. Cyanerpes cyaneus (Linnzus). (?) Cereba gularis (not Certhia gularis Sparrmann) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., XXXVIII, 1854, 258, footnote (“Santa Marta”). Cereba cyanea SALVIN and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 199 (Manaure); 1880, 119 (Minca).—ScuaTEeR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 32 (Manaure and Minca). Topp—CarrRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, Cotompia. 463 Arbelorhina cyanea eximia Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 143 GSantayMarta 2): Cyanerpes cyanea eximea (sic) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 173 (Bonda, Cacagualito, and Minca). Cyanerpes cyaneus eximia (sic) CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, 1915, 656, in text (Bonda; meas.). Cyanerpes cyaneus Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 386 (C Santa Marta ~; meas: ; crit:): Additional records: Tucurinca (Carriker). Thirty-nine specimens: Bonda, Cacagualito, Minca, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, and Don Diego. These are inseparable from Venezuelan specimens coming from near the type-locality of eximius, having the same long bills. In color they are precisely the same as Central American skins; in fact, the latter can be distinguished only by having shorter bills on an average, but numerous examples are quite alike in this respect also, and with the range of individual variation thus so great it is a grave question whether it is profitable to recognize either eximius or carneipes as dis- tinct races. Certainly neither can be distinguished by the color of the females, as claimed by Dr. Oberholser (Auk, XVI, 1899, 13), for, as shown by the present series, this is a variable feature in birds from all regions. Moreover, a series from French Guiana, which may, we think, be considered fairly typical of cyaneus, are not certainly dis- tinguishable from the Colombian and Venezuelan birds. This gorgeous little bird is found from sea-level up to 3,500 feet on ‘all sides of the mountains, although it is more numerous below 2,500 feet, preferring as it does the region of the Lower Tropical Zone. It was very common, for instance, at Minca and Don Diego, favoring the more open “dry forest,” especially where tracts of savanna were found. It goes about in pairs or flocks, often ten to twenty birds to~ gether, which are quite tame, and not easily frightened away, although when they do go they often fly a long distance. Like its cousin, C. ceruleus ceruleus, it has the habit of frequenting trees in blossom or those bearing small berry-like fruits. There is one species of tree, confined to the savannas, which bears a small fruit filled with red seeds, of which these birds are inordinately fond, gorging themselves to the point of sluggishness. The writer has never been able to lo- cate a nest of either species of this genus. 31 Me ay 464 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 442. Diglossa nocticolor Bangs. Diglossa aterrima (not of Lafresnaye) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 119 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 8 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—ALrten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 174 (Salvin and Godman’s reference; crit.). Diglossa nocticolor Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 180 (Maco- tama; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; meas.; crit.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 174 (El Libano).— Dusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 686 (Macotama, in range; ref. orig. descr.) — SuHarPE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1900, 346 (ref. orig. descr. ; range).—BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 393 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: Paramo de Macotama (Brown). Thirty-four specimens: San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, Par- amo de Mamarongo, Paramo de Chiruqua, and Heights of Chirua. Four specimens of a black Diglossa collected by Simons in the Sierra Nevada, at from 10,000 to 11,000 feet, were referred by Salvin and Godman, and later by Sclater, to D. aterrima Lafresnaye, a species which is described as being wholly black. A small series procured by Mr. Brown from Macotama proved to differ from the description in having the rump and upper tail-coverts slaty gray, and were ac- cordingly described as a distinct species by Mr. Bangs. Dr. Allen retained aterrima on his list on the ground that if Salvin and Godman’s specimens “‘ had been what Mr. Bangs has since described as D. noctt- color they could not have been referred by these authors to D. ater- rima.’ The distinguishing character of D. nocticolor, however, is one that might readily be overlooked in a skin, the gray area being entirely concealed when the wings are in place; moreover, it is exceedingly MF inlikely that two forms so closely allied would be found together. The question of the relationship of these two forms can not be dis- cussed further for lack of the necessary material. The series indi- cates that females of the present form average a trifle duller black and less glossy than males. On the open stretches of the summit of the San Lorenzo this is a characteristic and not uncommon bird, seeming to prefer the bushes and shrubbery out in the open to the edge of the forest, to which D. albilateralis is so partial. In the Sierra Nevada, too, it is abundant wherever conditions are suitable, being found as low down as 5,000 feet, although more abundant higher up, and ranging as high as 11,000 Topp—CarriKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta ReEGion, Cotomsia. 465 feet. They are active, nervous birds, flitting about almost constantly, except when feeding on a flower. Their food seems to consist chiefly of flowers and the insects which are found there. Indeed, the writer has seen them actually eating the petals of certain blossoms. 443. Diglossa albilateralis Lafresnaye. Diglossa albilateralis SALVIN and GopMaAn, Ibis, 1880, 119 (San Sebastian).— Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 9 (San Sebastian) —Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 179 (San Miguel).—Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 80 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—A LEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 174 (El Libano and Las Nubes). Additional records: La Concepcion, Paramo de Macotama (Brown). Thirty-four specimens: San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, San Lor- enzo, Taquina, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 and 8,000 feet), and Heights of Chirua. Several males of the above series are in first nuptial plumage, readily told by the duller, browner, and more worn remiges and their coverts. Females taken in March and April are much richer brown than those shot later in the season. The series as a whole is indistinguishable from another from Venezuela. A fairly common bird on the San Lorenzo above 7,000 feet, but most in evidence along the upper edge of the woodland around the Cerro Quemado. It was also common in the Sierra Nevada from 5,000 up to 9,000 feet, always in shrubbery, isolated trees, or along the edge of the forest. It is usually seen in pairs, and is rather shy, making long flights when alarmed. Simons encountered it at San Sebastian, and Mr. Brown secured specimens here also, as well as at San Miguel, La Concepcion, Paramo de Macotama, and El] Mamon. It appears to be a bird of the Subtropical Zone, here as elsewhere throughout its range. 444. Diglossa sittoides similis Lafresnaye. Diglossa sp. SALVIN and Gopmaw, Ibis, 1880, 119 (San Sebastian). Diglossa sittoides (not Serrirostrum sittoides D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye) SciaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 4 (San Sebastian). Diglossa sittoides similis BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 179 (San Miguel).—Bancs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 80 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—ALtteENn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 174 (Bangs’ references). Additional records: Santa Cruz (Brown). One specimen: Pueblo Viejo. 466 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. A series from this region placed at our disposal by Mr. Bangs agree exactly with specimens from Venezuela and the Eastern Andes of Co- lombia. The subspecific status of the northern form is indorsed by Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXVI, 1917, 579). This bird would seem to be more abundant on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada than on the north, having been recorded from San Se- bastian by both Simons and Mr. Brown. The latter collector also took specimens at El Mamon, Santa Cruz, and San Miguel. In all the writer’s collecting he took only one specimen, in some second-growth shrubbery near the village of Pueblo Viejo (2,000 feet), and this was probably merely a straggler, since the species is essentially a bird of the Subtropical Zone, and favors higher altitudes. Family ICTERIDA.. Trovuptiats. 445. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnzus). Dolichonyx oryzivorus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, 72 (‘‘ Santa Marta ”).—ScaTEer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 134 (“ Santa Marta ’’).—ScLaTER, Ibis, 1884, 2 (“Santa Marta ’”’).—SciaTter, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 331 (“ Santa Marta ”’)—Cuapman, Auk, VII, 1890, 39, 42 (‘ Santa Marta,” ex Sclater).—ALLeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 163 (Cienaga and Bonda).—Atrien, Auk, XVII, 1900, 365 (Cienaga and Bonda).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 276 (Bonda and Buritaca). Twelve specimens: Buritaca, Gaira, Mamatoco, Punto Caiman, and Fundacion. A common visitor in September and October in the lowlands, from Santa Marta around to Fundacion and all along the shores of the Cie- naga Grande. It was very numerous on the beach at Punto Caiman, and along the shore at Trojas de Cataca. The earliest date repre- sented by a specimen is September 11, and the latest October 14. The series comprises adult and immature birds of both sexes. 446. Sturnella magna paralios Bangs. Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linneus) SALvIN and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1879, 201 (San Sebastian). Sturnella ludoviciana meridionalis (not of Sclater, 1861) Scriater, Ibis, 1884, 26 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range). Sturnella magna subsp. meridionalis ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 360 (San Sebastian). Sturnella meridionalis Banas, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 79 Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLompia. 467 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—AtteEn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 163 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references). Sturnella magna paralios BANGS, Proc. New England Zool. Club, II, 1901, 56 (San Sebastian [type-locality] and El Mamon; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zoo6l.; meas.; crit.)—Dusoris, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1106 (San Sebastian, in range; ref. orig. descr.)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).—HELLMAYR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 70 (“Santa Marta”; ref. orig. descr.; Crit.) Sturnella paralios BRABOURNE and CuHusB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 437 (ref. orig. descr.; range). One specimen: Camperucho. Simons took a single specimen of this bird at San Sebastian, at an altitude of 6,700 feet, on April 5, 1878. This was referred to Stur- nella “ludoviciana” by Salvin and Godman at the time, but a few years later Sclater quoted the record under his Sturnella ludoviciana meridionalis. Mr. Brown met with the species at the same locality, San Sebastian, and also at El Mamon, securing six specimens in all, which Mr. Bangs provisionally referred at first to meridionalis, but later described as a new form, paralios. Mr. Carriker did not visit the south side of the Sierra Nevada, to which in this region the bird in question is apparently confined, until August, 1920, when he dis- covered it in some numbers on the savannas near Camperucho, secur- ing one example. The type-series, examined by the writer in this connection, are also in fresh plumage (July and August), and com- pare favorably with a series from Aguachica, Colombia, collected at about the same time of year. The name paralios has recently been extended to cover the bird of the coast region of Venezuela by Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern—a procedure which we are disposed to in- dorse. S. m. paralios may be distinguished from S. m. meridionalis of the Bogota region of Colombia by its smaller size, shorter, relatively stouter bill, and the rather paler, more rufescent coloration of the upper parts, with the black bars on the tertiaries and rectrices nar- rower. The last mentioned character, as well as the generally more rufescent tone of the upper parts, will also serve to distinguish it trom Panama specimens (S. m. inexpectata?), which it resembles in small size. 468 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 447. Leistes militaris (Linnzus). Two specimens: Fundacion. While none of the examples from Venezuela and Colombia are quite up to the measurements quoted by Mr. Bangs (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXIV, 1911, 190) for specimens from the Lower Amazon Valley, several approach the latter quite closely in this respect, and a subdivision of the species on such a basis does not seem to us advisable. Care must be used in comparing specimens, as the species is one which is greatly affected by wear. During the writer’s last day’s shooting at Fundacion two males of this handsome species were met with, both of which were secured. They were together and apparently alone, no others being seen before er after. The species is well known to have a wide distribution in South America, but this is the first record for the Santa Marta region. 448. Agelaius icterocephalus icterocephalus (Linnzus). Thirty-three specimens: Fundacion and Dibulla. These have nothing to do with the large form described by Dr. Chapman from the Bogota region of Colombia, with which they have been directly compared, but it is by no means certain that they belong to the typical form from Cayenne. Unfortunately no adequate series from the latter locality is yet available, but the few adult females from British Guiana studied are somewhat different from the Fundacion and Dibulla skins of that sex.. The latter are more brightly colored, and the yellow of the throat is extended over the breast and upper ‘ abdomen, growing paler and less “solid” posteriorly; the lower abdo- men, under tail-coverts, and tibiz are much paler gray by comparison, and are more or less tinged with yellowish olive. The auriculars are mostly bright yellow like the throat, leaving only a narrow postorbital streak of dusky greenish above them. There is also more yellowish olive suffusion and feather-edging on the upper parts, remiges, and rectrices. While all the specimens are in more worn plumage (Au- gust) than the available examples from farther east, it seems scarcely possible that season would account for all these characters. However, February specimens from Lorica, Bolivar, Colombia, fail to show these characters, while a bird in fresh plumage (February 13) from La Pedrita, Rio Uracoa, Venezuela (No. 58,666, Collection Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia), a locality close to the Guiana Topp—CarrikER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGion, Cotomsra. 469 frontier, is exactly like the Fundacion and Dibull: skins, so that until a good series from Cayenne has been studied it would be unsafe to make any further subdivision of the species. The sequence of plumages in this species appears to correspond with that in A. pheniceus, except that the adult male has no distinc- tive winter dress. In juvenal dress both sexes resemble the adult female, but the yellow color is duller and more buffy, and suffuses the entire plumage. At the postjuvenal moult the male assumes the black and yellow dress, but the remiges are dull and brown, and the feathers of the lower parts are veiled with greenish yellow. Not until the first postnuptial moult is the fully adult plumage gained. An abundant bird in the marshes at Fundacion, although rare at Di- bulla, where conditions are not so favorable. A small flock was noted in a marsh along the river, several miles inland from Rio Hacha, in July, 1920. In its general habits it is similar to the North American species of the genus, and the nest is similar also, being slung between the stalks of coarse grasses, weeds, or “wild platinos.” Two eggs are laid, of the usual pale blue color, with pitchy and lilac dots, speckles, and scrawls. ‘ 449. Icterus galbula (Linnzus). Icterus baltimore Satvtn and GopmMan, Ibis, 1880, 123 (Minca).—ScLaTER, Ibis, 1883, 354 (“Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,” in range).—ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 364 (Minca).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves; I, 1887, 460 (‘“ Santa Marta ”’). . Icterus galbula Banecs, Prac. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 139 (“ Santa Marta ”).—Atten, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 162 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references).—ALLEN, Auk, XVII, 1900, 365 (Minca, ex Salvin and Godman, and “Santa Marta,’ ex Bangs).—RrpeGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 310 (Santa Marta region, in range; ref- erences). One specimen: Don Diego. The Baltimore Oriole reaches its extreme winter limit in this re- gion, where it appears to be quite rare. Simons secured a specimen at Minca on February 12, 1879, and a second individual was shot by Mr. Brown in the same general region. The writer took a single highly plumaged male at Don Diego on January 26, 1914, in the forest at the base of the foothills. No others were seen there or elsewhere. A470 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEumM. 450. Icterus mesomelas carrikeri Todd. Icterus mesomelas (not Psarocolius mesomelas Wagler) ALLEN, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 162 (Cacagualito). Icterus mesomelas carrikeri Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXX, 1917, 4 (Fundacion; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APoLINAR Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, VI, 1917, 146 (reprint orig. descr.). Five specimens: Fundacion, The type of Cassin’s Icterus salvinii is a Costa Rican specimen, agreeing witha series from that country in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. From these all the Colombian specimens examined (in- cluding, besides the above, five skins from Jaraquiel, in the Depart- ment of Bolivar, and one each from “ Bogota” and the Rio Atrato) differ at a glance in their evidently smaller size (the bill especially), brighter, more orange general coloration, and more restricted black throat-patch. In all these respects they resemble /cterus mesomelas taczanowskit Ridgway, a series of which (including the type) has been examined in this connection, but differ therefrom in having the white edgings to the secondaries very narrow or wanting, precisely as in J. m. salvinti. This difference is clearly not seasonal, because the respective series compared were secured at the same time of year (September and November), and if mesomelas and salvini can be separated on this basis, so also can taczanowskii and the present form. Mr. Ridgway (Bulletin U. S. National Museum, No. 50, II, 1902, 307, footnote) refers to the peculiarities of birds from central Co- ‘lombia, intimating that they may be intergrades between salvinii and taczanowskii. His measurements show that Panama birds (males at least) average somewhat smaller than those from Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and it is of course possible that they too may belong to the form under discussion. MEASUREMENTS, No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. 49598 ret Pundacioneanceeeciecieecrl ie 95 102 21 28.5 49711 ref Bundacione(G@lsy.De) mee sel ieterel tere 95 102 FA 30 49747 ref Eiundaciones a acme em toreie arent 92 102 21 29 49748 rei Stim lav@1 O Mise trues el sees eetie nays gI 108 22 30 52801 ret Waraquiel: 4. eecopoticeieutsstercrscets 96 105 22 31 52872 ref Wiaraquiel “orice sac aero este oe 99 108 23 28 52873 iio, Meike Be nognooosuesose anbt 92 102 i 29 49599 2) Bundacion vasa emcee ceca 92 100 22 28 52802 ie) JEBREVGRORICIN BrtcreeAtatt o.ciiots psc OTe Cue 90 103 22 29 52871 Qi, EMAC! Goacegoocoogcns5o006 90 99 22 27 Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REcIon, Cotomsta. 471 The four races of this species here recognized may be diagnosed as follows: a. General coloration more yellowish; black throat-patch more extended. b. Smaller; secondaries with decided white edgings. (Mexico to Hon- duras. ) Icterus mesomelas mesomelas. b’. Larger; secondaries without white edgings. (Nicaragua to Panama.) Icterus mesomelas salvinii. a’. General coloration more orange; black throat-patch more restricted. b. Secondaries with white edgings very narrow or wanting. (Colombia and Venezuela.) Icterus mesomelas carrikeri. b’. Secondaries with conspicuous white edgings. (Western Ecuador and Peru.) Icterus mesomelas taczanowskii. Mr. Smith sent in one specimen of this bird from Cacagualito, and the writer searched for it at all localities visited, and was almost on the point of giving up getting it. when it was finally discovered on the last trip to Fundacion. First a pair were taken in a few trees near the shore of the marsh, and later four more were shot, also in the vicinity of the marshes. The Magdalena basin is evidently its center of abundance in this region, and the individual taken at Cacagualito was probably a rare straggler on that side. 451. Icterus nigrogularis nigrogularis (Hahn)”. Icterus xanthornus (not Coracias xanthornus Linneus) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IX, 1869, 272, in text (““Santa Marta ”’).—WyartT, Ibis, 1871, 329 (Santa Marta).—Satvin and Gopmawn, Ibis, 1880, 123 (Santa Marta; habits) —ScraTer, Ibis, 1883, 368 (Santa Marta, in range).—Runc- way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, 174, in text (“Santa Marta ”’).— ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 380 (Santa Marta).—RIcHMoND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1896, 675 (“ Santa Marta”; meas.).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (‘Santa Marta’’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., XIII, 1900, 162 (Santa Marta and Bonda); XXI, 1905, 290 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Icterus xanthornus xanthornus Rrpcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 300 (Santa Marta; crit.; references), Sixteen specimens: Santa Marta, Bonda, Mamatoco, Punto Caiman, Fundacion, and La Tigrera. No characters exist for separating the Colombian birds from more eastern examples of the species, as suggested by Mr. Ridgway. The examination of a large series from various parts of its range shows 40 Cf. Hellmayr, Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern DOVE TOO L392. 472 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. that there is much variation in the amount of white on the remiges and their coverts, even independently of season and wear. Moreover, this white is very evanescent, and soon wears away. There is much variation in general color also, some individuals being brilliant orange, and others much less intense. Two females from Fundacion (October It and 20) show the completion of the postjuvenal moult, the black throat-feathers just coming in, while a young male from Punto Cai- man (October 2) is not so far advanced. Wyatt recorded this well-known species from the immediate vicinity of Santa Marta in 1871, and later Simons met with it in the same locality. The latter collector says that it is, “after the ‘ Trupial,’ the greatest favourite here, and the best songster, piping every tune taught it. It prefers the hot valleys, among cacti and acacia, to the cool forests.” It is strictly a bird of the littoral Tropical Zone, being abundant in the semi-arid coast belt, and extending around into the valley of the Rio Rancheria, but not seen above 1,000 feet. Although present throughout the lowlands, it is not so abundant in the more humid portions. It frequents cultivated lands, open scrub-growth, and the borders of streams. The nest is often built in a cocoanut palm, hung from the long pendant leaves. Mr. Smith sent in no less than seventeen nests, collected in the months of April and May, six of which contained two eggs each, and ten three each, while one had five—an exceptional number. Dr. Allen says that “these nests are of the usual pendant, Jcterus style, with the entrance at the top, but they vary considerably in length and in the character of the materials used in their construction. They are composed principally of grass, but vary in color, being dull grayish brown, yellowish brown, or even bright reddish. brown, according to the kind of grass selected. One differs from all the others in being composed of a much finer and more wiry kind of grass than the others. They are all very compactly woven, the walls gradually thickening from the top to the bottom, the bottom. being from one-half to three-fourths of an inch thick, within which is a circularly woven thick lining of softer material than the walls, forming a sort of second nest at the bottom of the pouch. The nests vary in length from about 10 to 16 inches, with a diameter at the bottom of about 4% inches. “ The eggs are white, sometimes bluish white, scrawled with lines of purplish black, and sometimes with lavender, chiefly about the greater Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGion, CoLtompia. 473 end, the amount of marking varying greatly in different sets, and even in different eggs of the same set.” 452. Icterus auricapillus Cassin. Icterus auricapillus Satv1n and GopmMan, Ibis, 1880, 123 (Santa Marta).— Scrater, Ibis, 1883, 363 (Santa Marta, in range).—ScLaTeErR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 377 (Santa Marta and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).— Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 139 (“Santa Marta”) .— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 162 (Bonda and Cacagualito). Xanthornus auricapillus von BERLEPSCH and Hartert, Novy. Zool., IX, 1902, 31 (Santa Marta proposed as type-locality). Twenty-eight specimens: Bonda, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Funda- cion, Dibulla, Don Diego, and Santa Marta. This species is a near relative of [cterus cucullatus, from which it differs conspicuously in lacking any white markings on the wings and tail, and in having the lesser wing-coverts yellow. Its characters seem to be very constant throughout its range, which includes the greater part of Venezuela and Colombia. In juvenal dress, illustrated by four specimens taken at dates varying from February 21 and May 12 to August 12, the species is pale yellow (baryta yellow) below, the throat and sides of the head brighter (empire yellow to lemon chrome), the lower throat usually more or less veiled with dusky olive, the back and tail dull olive or buffy olive, the pileum and nape brighter, nearer citrine, and the wings dusky, with paler edgings and narrow yellowish white tips to the greater coverts. A species which is found only in the lowlands, as a rule below 1,000 feet. It is rather rare in the semi-arid district, but is commoner at Don Diego, Dibulla, and Fundacion. It frequents cultivated or open lands, or the trees along streams. Mr. Smith sent in three sets of eggs assigned to this species, of three each, labelled respectively Mamatoco, April 21; Bonda, May 23; and Jordan, June 4. They are not distinguishable from those of I. nigrogularis. The nest is of-the usual Icterus type, and is attached to the divided ends of a palm leaf, which continue beyond and partly conceal it. It is composed entirely of one kind of palm fiber, giving a very uniform appearance to the structure, with a few loose ends hanging down, like drapery. 474 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 453. Icterus spurius (Linneus). Two specimens: Dibulla and Fundacion. The Orchard Oriole is evidently a rare winter visitor in this region. The first specimen was a female, shot at Dibulla on February 25, 1914, and showing moult in progress on the crown and throat. A fine male was taken at Fundacio6n on October 15, 1915. This is a very inter- esting specimen, showing the completion of the postnuptial moult in the adult bird. The rectrices are about two-thirds grown, and the wings retain only the two outermost primaries of the old dress. Be- low the bird is exactly like spring specimens, but above it is very dif- ferent, the hind crown, back of the neck, and back being heavily overspread with buffy brown feather-tips, almost concealing the black color underneath; the secondaries are broadly edged externally with rusty chestnut, passing into buffy grayish terminally; and the rectrices are also slightly tipped with buffy grayish. 454. Icterus icterus ridgwayi Hartert. Icterus vulgaris (not of Daudin) Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 200 (Valle de Upar).—Sc ater, Ibis, 1883, 369 (Valle de Upar, in range).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 382 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and Valle de Upar). : Icterus icterus (not Oriolus icterus Linneus) Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 297 (“Santa Marta ”; crit.)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 162 (Salvin and Godman’s reference).—RipGWAy, Bull. U, S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II. 1902, 263 (Valle de Upar, in range). Xanthornus icterus ridgwayi Hartert, Nov. Zool., IX, 1902, 299 (“ Santa Marta ”’; crit.), Eight specimens: Rio Hacha and Fonseca. Dr. Hartert, in describing this form from Curagao, suggested that Santa Marta examples might be found to belong to it, which proves to be the case upon comparison. A series from Tocuyo, in west- central Venezuela, likewise belong here, but another from the State of Carabobo are much nearer typical icterus, as defined by Dr. Hartert. I. i. ridgwayi not only has a larger, relatively slenderer bill than the typical race, but is larger in all other dimensions, sex for sex, and averages paler in coloration also. Females of either form may gen- erally be distinguished from males by their smaller size and less bril- liant colors. Immature birds (i.e., those in first nuptial plumage) may be told by their browner, more worn wings (excluding the ter- tiaries). Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsta. 475 Simons secured a specimen of this species at Valle de Upar, and later on another at some point on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada, and these two records have up to date been the only ones for this entire region. It was found by the writer to be fairly common in the Goajira Peninsula, although rather scarce in the immediate vicin- ity of Rio Hacha, being so much sought after by the natives for a cage bird. It is much prized for this purpose, having a natural whist- ling song, and is capable of being taught many notes. In a wild state it loves the giant cactus and perches on it a great deal, feeding almost entirely upon its fruit when in season. It has recently been traced into the Rio Cesar Valley as far as Valencia, where three indi- viduals were seen in August, 1920. 455. Megaquiscalus major assimilis (Sclater). Quiscalus assimilis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 162, (Cien- aga). Megaquiscalus major assimilis CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, LOL Os SG asanta dlartay..). Nineteen specimens: Buritaca, Don Diego, Gaira, Mamatoco, Tro- jas de Cataca, Dibulla, and Rio Hacha. Megaquiscalus major is one of the species which has fared ill at the hands of the so-called “splitters,” but, oddly enough, the status of the Colombian form has been challenged by no less an authority than Mr. Ridgway—evidently, however, on insufficient data. The present fine series, together with ten additional skins from Cartagena and Punto Zapote, Bolivar, Colombia, show that assimilis is perfectly distinct from macrourus. Males of the two forms, it is true, are scarcely distinguishable, for while those of macrourus average rather more violaceous, less steel blue, than those of assimilis, this is not a constant feature. Females, however, are very different, those of assimilis being decidedly more buffy (between tawny olive and isabella- color) below, and more suffused with brownish above, than in ma- crourus. There is considerable seasonal variation, winter birds being much deeper and richer in color than those shot in May, but after al- lowing for all this the form is readily distinguished from macrourus as well as from the Mexican races, some of which, however, are much more closely related. It is true that Sclater’s type of assimilis was a “Bogota” skin, but that it came from that vicinity is exceedingly unlikely in view of the fact that the species is a bird of the Tropical 476 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Zone, and entirely littoral in its habitat. Dr. Chapman writes that he doubts if assimilis is ever found at any great distance from the coast. Further, it is altogether probable that the Costa Rican bird belongs here also. The series from western Costa Rica in the collection of the Carnegie Museum certainly agree best with the Colombian birds, but unfortunately there is only one female from the former country. Three males in first nuptial plumage, shot at Dibulla on February 21 and 27, are much duller than the adults, and the posterior under parts are mottled and suffused with grayish white. A fairly common bird all along the coast from the Cienaga Grande to Rio Hacha, and along the shores of the former. At the latter lo- cality it was common along the banks of the river, where a ‘narrow fringe of mangroves was growing. Indeed, the birds are rarely seen far from the mangroves. They are very shy and hard to approach withiti shooting range. 456. Molothrus bonariensis cabanisii Cassin. Molothrus cabanisii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, 22 (“Santa Marta ”’).—G1EBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 609 (ref. orig. descr.; syn. [error!]).—Scrater, Ibis, 1884, 166 (ref, orig. descr.) —BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 435 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Molothrus discolor (not Passerina discolor Vieillot) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 123 (Arihueca). Molothrus cassini ScLATER, Ibis, 1884, 6 (“ Santa Marta,” in range).—ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XT, 1886, 337 (Arihueca).—ALien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 163 (Cacagualito) ; XXI, 1905, 291 (Santa Marta re- gion; descr. eggs). Molothrus bonariensis cassini CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, 1915, 662, in text (““Santa Marta’; meas.). ’ Two specimens: Santa Marta and Fundacion. Neither of these is mature, the male having brown wings and the female being decidedly streaked below, although both have hard skulls. A series of adults from other parts of Colombia studied in this con- nection indicate that the present form, described by Cassin many years ago from this very region, should stand as a geographic race of M. bonariensis, rather than as a distinct species, as given by Dr. Stone in his review of this group (Auk, VIII, 1891, 344-347). The same remarks apply to the WM. venezuelensis of the same author, of which form a large series are at hand. Asa matter of fact, cabanisii is very close to venezuelensis, but may be distinguished as a rule by the larger Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REeEcGion, Cotomsia. 477 size, the tail in particular being relatively longer, and by the rather deeper purple gloss of the plumage in the male. Both these forms are much more richly glossed with purple than is true bonariensis, contrary to the statement of Dr. Stone, who must have been com- paring specimens not fully adult. The recently described Molothrus bonariensis @quatorialis Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXIII, 1915, 661) certainly requires comparison with venezuelensis. A very rare bird in this region, being more numerous in the Magda- lena basin than elsewhere. Simons got a single specimen at Ari- hueca, and Mr. Smith sent in but one example, a female from Caca- gualito. It frequents open lands, such as pastures or old fields, and is so very shy and hard to approach that only two specimens were secured by the writer. Several nests of other birds sent in by Mr. Smith contained eggs of this species, which Dr. Allen has described as of the usual Cowbird style, white, thickly speckled with reddish brown. 457. Cassidix oryzivora violea Bangs. Cassidix oryzivora (not Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin) Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 201 (Manaure); 1880, 123 (Minca).—ScraTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 329 (Minca and Manaure).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 159 (Pueblo Viejo), 178 (Palomina).—ALien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 163 (Valparaiso). Cassidix oryzivora violea BANGS, Proc. New England Zool. Club, II, 1900, 11 (La Concepcién [type-locality] and Palomina; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp, Zo6l.; meas.; crit.)—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 197 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.)—Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1106 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Cassidix violea SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 488 (ref. orig. descr. ; range).—BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 434 (ref. orig. descr. ; range). Eleven specimens: Pueblo Viejo, Fundacion, and Chirua. Although no opportunity has yet been had to compare this series di- rectly with topotypical oryzivora from Cayenne, the range of variation shown is so great as to raise the suspicion that the form is not so strongly characterized as Mr. Bangs (J.c.) and Mr. Hellmayr (Pro- ceedings Zoological Society of London, 1911, 1122) would have us believe. At any rate, some of the skins are scarcely or not at all dif- ferent from a specimen from the Caura River in Venezuela, and from a series from Bolivia, assumed (perhaps wrongfully) to represent true 478 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. oryzivora. Other individuals are very close to specimens referred (on geographical considerations) to mexicana. Moreover, the Boli- vian specimens vary in color precisely as do those from Colombia, and altogether it looks as if the right of the latter to a distinctive name might be successfully challenged, the more so as no dependence can be placed on size as a diagnostic character. No. 42,825, Fundacion, August 12, is a young bird, with the bill almost wholly light colored, and the lores and suborbital region en- tirely bare. A rare bird in the semi-arid Tropical Zone, but more numerous in the humid areas. Simons got it at Minca, and also at Manaure, near the base of the Eastern Andes, while Mr. Smith secured a single specimen as high up as Valparaiso (Cincinnati). It was encountered both by Mr. Brown and the writer at several places in the main Sierra Nevada, up to at least 3,500 feet. There was a small flock of perhaps ten birds in the scrub around Pueblo Viejo, and another small flock in the lower Chirua Valley. Several were seen at Tucurinca, and also around Fundacion. It is essentially a bird of the open, where scat- tered trees are found, but is also present in forest where it is not too dense. 458. Amblycercus holosericeus subsp. Five specimens: Heights of Chirua. The color in this species being a uniform black, and the sexes being alike, the discrimination of its various races is a matter of no small difficulty, for while geographic variation is evident enough, there is little beyond difference in size and proportions upon which to rely. It is clear that the birds from Nicaragua and Costa Rica should be separated from those of Mexico, having the wing decidedly- longer than the tail instead of vice versa, as in the others, and they have accordingly been given the name centralis by the present writer (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXIX, 1916, 95). When we come to examine specimens from western Colombia we find that in the relative proportions of these parts they resemble. centralis, to which they are nearest geographically, rather than holosericeus. Beyond question, however, they cannot safely be referred to either of these forms, and in the writer’s judgment Dr. Chapman has done right in describing them under the name flavirostris. The writer has Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Region, Cotompia. 479 been deterred from taking a similar course, in the case of the Chirua birds “above listed, only by inability to find characters sufficient to distinguish them from true holosericeus, but since Dr. Chapman has succeeded in diagnosing the forms in question, the way was left open to describe the Central American race. But the birds from the Santa Marta region, as represented by the above specimens, certainly do not belong to flavirostris, their proportions being altogether dif- ferent, as the following measurements will indicate. Depth No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill. of Bill. 44979 ¢ Heights of Chirua, Colombia ....... 89 100 26 13 44980 o Heights of Chirua, Colombia ....... 95 105 25 13 45043 o Heights of Chirua, Colombia ....... 95 102 28 13 45044 Q Heights of Chirua, Colombia ....... 90 99 24.5 11-5 45064 6g Heights of Chirua, Colombia ....... 96 106 27 13 Comparison of these figures with those given by Dr. Chapman for his specimens from western Colombia and Ecuador shows that there is a considerable discrepancy, scarcely to be accounted for by dif- ferent degrees of wear. It would seem as if the color of the bill, upon which Dr. Chapman lays so much stress, is fairly constant, at least in adult birds. In the above specimens it is marked as “ olive yellow” or “pale olive yellow,” while in three skins from as many different localities in the State of Bolivar it is given as “pale pea green” or “yellowish pea green”—precisely as in the majority of the Costa Rican skins. The question should be studied with a much larger series of specimens, and until this can be done it seems best not to refer the specimens from the present region to any one of the described forms of the species. Five specimens of this bird were taken on the Heights of Chirua at from 5,000 to 6,000 feet. They were all shot in the thick second growth and dense patches of “wild platinos”’ in the old clearings. None were seen at any other point. The species is known to belong to the Tropical Zone, but is one of those which ranges upward into the Subtropical under some conditions, as it does here. 459. Cacicus cela (Linnzus). Cassicus persicus BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (‘ Santa Marta ”).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Hist., XIII, 1900, 163 (Cacagualito). Cacicus cela CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 627, 628 (Cacagualito; range). 32 480 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Fifteen specimens: Don Diego. While this series shows considerable variation with regard to the extent of yellow on the rectrices, there is no real approach to the char- acters of C. vitellinus or C. flavicrissus. The writer has never seen this bird in the vicinity of Santa Marta, and it is very probable that Mr. Brown’s specimens were taken else- where. It was abundant at Don Diego, and common also at Dibulla. It is doubtful if it ever goes above 500 feet. As is well known, it breeds in colonies, building long pendant nests like Zarhynchus and Ostinops. The birds are very noisy, and have a bewildering number of notes. 460. Cacicus vitellinus Lawrence. Five specimens: Fundacion and Valencia. The occurrence of this species at Fundacion (where, however, it is rare), brings its range to within a comparatively short distance of that of C. cela, with no evidence of intergradation. The present case constitutes a very striking illustration of the faunal differences exist- ing between the north coast of the Santa Marta region on the one hand and the southwestern part, about the Cienaga Grande, on the other. 461. Ostinops decumanus melanterus Todd. Ostinops decumanus (not Xanthornus decumanus Pallas) Satvin and GopMAN, Ibis, 1879, 200 (San José and Atanquez; syn.; crit.).—SciaTer, Ibis, 1883, 1st (“ Santa Marta,” in range)—ScuiaTerR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 315 (Atanquez).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, XII, 1898, 177 (Pal- omina).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 163 (Onaca). Ostinops decumanus melanterus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, XXX, 1917, 3 (Las Vegas; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APpoLinar Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, VI, 1917, 146 (reprint orig, descr.).— CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 625, footnote (ref. orig. descr.; crit.)—Bancs and PENarD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXIII, 1919, 39, in text (crit.) CHAPMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXIII, 1920, 25. in text (crit.). Additional records: La Concepcion, Chirua (Brown); Fundacion (Univ. Mich. Exp.). Twelve specimens: Bonda, Masinga, Masinga Vieja, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Minca, Agua Dulce, and La Tigrera. A casual inspection of the series of Ostinops decumanus in the col- Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIoNn, CoLtomsia. 481 lection of the Carnegie Museum led to the interesting discovery that the Santa Marta birds were readily distinguishable from a series of Bolivian skins #1 by their generally darker coloration, this being ap- parent in both sexes. The latter are distinctly brownish in tone, whether in fresh or worn plumage, with the chestnut shading on the feathers of the upper parts much more pronounced (in males at least). The Colombian birds, on the contrary, are deep glossy black, with little or no chestnut tipping to the feathers of the upper and under parts. Venezuelan and Trinidad birds agree with those from Bolivia. From Surinam, the accepted type-locality of Xanthornus decumanus Pallas, no specimens have been available, but a Cayenne bird (No. 34,743, Collection Museum Comparative Zoology, adult male) presents the extreme of brownness, the upper parts being practically chestnut, except on the head and neck, with broad chestnut edgings to the scapu- lars; the posterior under parts are likewise heavily shaded with chest- nut. The characters here pointed out have been found to hold good for the series of this species in the collections of Mr. James H. Flem- ing and of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, and also, according to Dr. Harry C. Oberholser, who studied it at the writer’s request, in that of the U. S. National Museum. Panama skins are easily referable to the form here described, but no specimens from Colombia south of the coast region have been examined. There is of course some variation in both forms, and occasional specimens may be dif- ficult to place offhand, but on the whole the differential characters seem to be fairly constant—certainly sufficiently so to justify the sub- division of the species as indicated. This bird was found by the writer only on the north and west slopes of the San Lorenzo, from the lower edge of the foothills up to about 4,000 feet, although above 2,500 feet it was rare. Mr. Brown, how- ever, secured it at Palomina, at an altitude of about 5,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada, as well as at La Concepcion and Chirua, and Simons recorded it from San José, at the same altitude, and from Atanquez, a thousand feet lower down—both localities being on the south slope of this range. It seems thus to be a bird of the foothills region of the Tropical Zone, but extending in reduced numbers into the Subtropical also. For some reason it seemed to be entirely absent in the humid forest section of the northeast coast, where it was replaced by Cacicus 41 Dr. Chapman, however, considers these separable from true decumanus. 482 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. cela. A few were noted at Fundacion also, as well as on the other side of the mountains, at Loma Larga, Fonseca, and Valencia. As is well known, the birds live and breed in colonies, building from a half- dozen to fifty nests in one tree. They are noisy, making many curi- ous sounds, and in their food-habits seem to be largely vegetarians. Family TANAGRIDA.*2 TANAGERS. 462. Schistochlamys atra atra (Gmelin). Schistochlamys atra Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 104 (La Concepcion and San Antonio)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., XIII, 1900, 166 (Bangs’ reference). One specimen: Chirua. The single specimen sent in by Mr. Carriker agrees with a series from northern Venezuela in having the capistrum deep black instead of brownish black, as in most examples from Brazil, Bolivia, etc. The subdivision of the species proposed by the present writer a few years ago (ANNALS CaRNEGIE Museum, VIII, 1912, 203), based on this character, can probably be maintained, but a good series from French Guiana shows that it is the southern bird which requires to be separated. It will take the name olivina Sclater, based on a female from Matto Grosso, Brazil. Mr. Brown got twelve specimens of this tanager at La Concepcion, Chirua, and San Antonio, but it proved to be very rare or absent in all the localities in the Sierra Nevada visited by the writer. The single specimen secured was shot on the grass-covered mountainside south of the Chirua Valley, at an altitude of about 3,500 feet. No others were seen. It apparently is a species of the Upper Tropical Zone, at least in this region. Habia fuscicauda erythrolema Sclater. Phenicothraupis rubicoides (not Saltator rubicoides Lafresnaye) SCLATER, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1856, 120 (“ Santa Marta ”’; crit.). Phenicothraupis erythrolema ScLaTeR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 83 (“ Santa Marta ’”’; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.). Phenicothraupis fuscicauda erythrolema Bancs, Proc. New England Zodl. 42 The shifting of the generic name upon which a family is based to another group within the family limits should not, in our opinion, necessitate a change in the family name. We therefore retain Tanagride for the Tanagers and Cerebide for the Honey Creepers. Topp—CArRRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, Cotompia. 483 Club, II, 1900, 30 (“ Santa Marta,’ in range).—THayer and Bancs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLVI, 1906, 222 (Santa Marta Ff; crit.). Phenicothraupis fuscicauda (not of Cabanis) SaLtvin and Gopmavn, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, I, 1883, 302 (“ Santa Marta”; syn.; crit.) —SciaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 199 (“Santa Marta”; syn.).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 152 (“Santa Marta,” in range; references).— von BertepscuH, Verh. V, Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1071 (“Santa Marta,” ex Sclater). Specimens of a Phenicothraupis purporting to come from Santa Marta, and bearing the name erythrolema, in Bonaparte’s handwriting, were referred to by Sclater in 1856, and provisionally described by him a few years later. They were presently identified as P. fuscicauda Cabanis, a Central American species, but more recently Sclater’s name has been revived to apply to the Panama form of the species. This action was based on a reéxamination of Sclater’s type, now in the collection of the British Museum. As intimated by Messrs. Thayer and Bangs in discussing this matter, it is exceedingly doubtful if the type really came from Santa Marta. In view of the thorough work done in this section by Messrs. Smith, Brown, and Carriker, all of whom failed to find any species of this group there, and in consideration of the fact that an entirely distinct species, H. rubiginosa,42 occupies an intervening area on the north coast of Colombia, it seems practically certain that the original locality ascribed to erythrolema must have been erroneous. Serricossypha albocristata (Lafresnaye). Lamprotes albicristatus SCLATER, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1856, 121 (“ Santa Marta ”’). This is an Andean species, attributed to this region by Sclater, on the strength of a specimen said to have been collected by Fontainier, and de- posited in the Paris Museum. Additional evidence will be required before the record can be accepted. 463. Eucometis cristata cristata (Du Bus). Eucometis cristata ScLatEeR, Proc, Zool. Soc. London, 1856, 118 (“ Santa Marta ”’?)—ScuaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 84 (“ Santa Marta ’’).—Satvin and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 121 (Arihueca).—Sc Later, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 218 (“Santa Marta,’ Arihueca, and Minca).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 142 (“ Santa Marta’’).—AL.en, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 168 (Bonda, Onaca, and Cacagualito).—von BeEr- LEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1079 (“ Santa Marta?,” in range). Additional records: Tucurinca (Carriker). Twenty-nine specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Cacagualito, Las Nubes, Minca, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Cincinnati, Fundacion, Pueblo Viejo, and Valencia. 43 Described by the writer in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, XXX, 1917, 3. 484 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. No. 9,382 (Don Diego, May 16) is in juvenal plumage, the post- juvenal moult just starting. At this stage the throat is pyrite yel- low, paler than the back, and the rest of the under surface is primuline yellow, the breast darker, with obsolete dusky streaking. The back is green (between dark citrine and warbler green), darker than in the adult, and the pileum is the same color. Nos. 38,100 (August 17) and 38,155 (August 29), taken three months later in the season, are in first winter dress, which is as bright above and below as that of the adult, but the crown is still dull green as in the earlier stage, likewise the throat,.although both show numerous gray feathers intermixed. Possibly the pileum and throat do not become entirely gray until the later moult. This is a species of the Tropical Zone, which, while it ranges into the mountains up to 4,000 feet, is rare above 2,000 feet, being far more numerous in the littoral area. It was especially common at Minca and Don Diego. It is found only in the forest, in the thick under- growth, near the ground, occurring in pairs or small flocks. It is not shy, and may usually be approached without trouble. It has a loud, rather musical chirp, but no song, and seems’to be entirely insectiv- orous in its food-habits. 464. Tachyphonus luctuosus panamensis Todd. Tachyphonus luctuosus (not of Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) Scvater, Proce. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1856, 114 (‘Santa Marta ”’).—Scuiater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 208 (“Santa Marta’).—von BrrtepscH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1074 (‘Santa Marta,” in range). Seven specimens: Fundacion and Tucurinca. Adult males differ from those of T. axillaris as pointed out by Mr. Ridgway, namely, in having the white middle wing-coverts more ex- tended, reaching considerably beyond the tips of the primary-coverts in the closed wing.*4 A series from the Orinoco region vary some- what in this respect, but another from east-central Bolivia, which may safely be assumed to represent typical luctwosus, are constantly dif- 44 An unfortunate and misleading error crept into the original description of this form as it appeared in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, XXX, 1917, 128. As shown in the present discussion, it is the adult male of Tachyphonus luctuosus luctuosus (not T. luctuosus panamensis) which. is.“ not certainly distinguishable from the same sex of Tachyphonus axillaris Lawrence.” % Topp—CarriKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReGion, Cotomspia. 485 ferent, the white area on the wing-coverts averaging smaller if any- thing than in axillaris, usually falling short of the primary-coverts in the closed wing. Males in ordinary plumage of a-rillaris are thus scarcely to be distinguished from those of luctuosus from Bolivia, but that the two are distinct species admits of scarcely a doubt, inasmuch as in high plumage, possibly coincident with age, we find that avillaris has a concealed crown-spot of bright yellow, while in the correspond- ing stage of luctuosus this crown-spot is rich chestnut. Females of the two species are readily distinguishable also, those of axillaris hav- ing the pileum greenish, like the back, rather than grayish, and the throat more washed with yellowish, not so distinctly white. That the Colombian and Venezuelan birds represent an unrecognized subspecies, as already intimated by Mr. Ridgway (Bulletin U. S. Na- tional Museum, No. 50, II, 1902, 133, footnote), seems practically certain from an examination and comparison of the material brought together for use in this connection. Unfortunately there are no such high-plumaged males among the Panama birds examined, but that the form is conspecific with T. luctuosus rather than with T. axillaris is indicated by the close resemblance of the females with those of the former. In juvenal dress (illustrated by No. 63,192, Collection Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Tucurinca, September 15, 1915) the species is duller, more buffy yellow below than the adult female, with the throat and breast more greenish; the pileum is wholly dull green; the back has a slight brownish wash, and the wing-coverts are edged with buffy. In first winter plumage the throat is more or less tinged with yellow. This little tanager was met with only around Tucurinca and Fun- dacion, and was quite rare, very few being seen in addition to the specimens actually taken. It was usually found in company with other small birds of similar habits, keeping well up in the tree-tops. 465. Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert). Tachyphonus rufus Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 160 (Pueblo Viejo), 179 (Palomina).—ALteENn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, r900, 168 (Bangs’ reference).—von BrERLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1074 (“ Santa Marta,” in range). Additional records: La Concepcion, San Francisco (Brown). Twelve specimens: Minca, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. 486 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. These are not different in any way from a series from Venezuela and Trinidad. First met with at Minca, where a single male was seen and se- cured. It was not again encountered until after reaching Pueblo Viejo, where Mr. Brown’s first specimens were taken, and where it proved to be a common bird between 1,500 and 2,500 feet. It was rare at San Miguel, for while conditions of habitat were practically the same, the altitude was apparently a little too high, and the temperature correspondingly lower. It is essentially a species of the foothill-re- gion of the Tropical Zone. It haunts open woodlands, scattered shrub- bery, and the edges of the forest, and is a very noisy and active bird. Ramphocelus flammigerus (Jardine and Selby). Ramphocelus flammigerus ScvateR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 79 (“ Santa Marta”). The locality quoted is evidently a mistake. What appears to be the same specimen was later given without indication of any more definite locality than “Colombia” (Sclater, Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, XI, 1886, 177). 466. Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Lafresnaye. Ramphocelus dimidiatus ScLaTER, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1856, 129 (“Santa Marta ”’).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 120 (San Antonio).—Satvin and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, I, 1883, 283 (“Santa Marta,” in range) — SciaTerR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 172 (San Antonio).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 141 (“Santa Marta”), 159 (Pueblo Viejo), 179 (Palomina and San Miguel).—Atrten, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 168 (Cacagualito) ; XXI, 1905, 292 (Cacagualito and Don Diego; descr. nest and eggs).—von BrERLEpscu, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1059 (San Miguel, Palomina, and Cacagualito, in range). Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Ripcway, Bull, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 116 (“ Santa Marta”; meas.; references). Additional records: La Concepcion (Brown); Mamatoco (Car- riker ). Thirty-one specimens: Cacagualito, Buritaca, Don Amo, Cincin- nati, La Tigrera, Minca, Agua Dulce, Fundacion, Don Diego, Tierra Nueva, and Loma Larga. The series exhibits a great deal of variation as regards the extent of the black abdominal patch in adult males, suggesting that this char- acter, upon which Mr. Bangs relies in part in separating R. d. limatus, should be used with caution. Judging from two obviously immature males with hard skulls taken August 12, and which are moulting into Topp—CarrikKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReGion, CoLtomsia. 487 the dress of the adult, there is ground for suspecting that this species, like many other tanagers, does not acquire the fully adult plumage until the first postnuptial moult. This handsome species, described originally from Carthagena, is a bird of the Tropical Zone, ranging in the Santa Marta region over the more humid portions of the littoral district, and up into the mountains to a height of nearly 5,000 feet on the western slopes of the San Lo- renzo, as well as in the Sierra Nevada proper. It was abundant at Loma Larga, at the eastern extremity of the range, and was noted also at the crossing of the Rio Barbacoas, near Arroya de Arenas, and at Fonseca. It is a bird of the more open country, frequenting the edges of woodland, scrub-growth, shrubbery-dotted pastures, etc. About Fundacion it is very common, and even more so at Don Diego, where it occurs in pairs or small flocks, very noisy, all over the plan- tation. Dr. Allen has described nests collected by Mr. Smith as com- pact, deeply cupped structures, built in the fork of a branch of a coffee-tree, and composed externally of plant-stems, lined with finer stems and wire-grass. ‘‘ The eggs are blue, finely spotted with light and dark chocolate over most of the surface, but with the spots gen- erally larger and more numerous about the larger end.” They were laid in May. 467. Nemosia pileata hypoleuca Todd. Nemosia pileata (not Tanagra pileata Boddaert) Satvin and Gopmavy, Ibis, 1880, 121 (Valencia; range).—ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 223 (Valencia) —ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 167 (Salvin and Godman’s reference).—von BERLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1084 (Santa Marta, in range). Nemosia pileata hypoleuca Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, 1916, 95 (Tucurinca; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APoLINAR Marta, Bull. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, IV, 1916, 117 (reprint orig. descr.). Fourteen specimens: Fundacion and Tucurinca. Following von Berlepsch, these were at first referred to typical pileata, described from Cayenne, until the acquisition of specimens from the State of Carabobo, Venezuela, presumably referable to the form in question, showed that the facts were otherwise. The Santa Martan form differs conspicuously from both true pileata (as repre- sented by the Venezuelan specimens above referred to) and paraguay- ensis in its smaller size and much whiter under parts, with little or 488 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. none of the bluish gray suffusion on the sides and flanks in the male, and the buffy tinge on the throat and breast much paler in the female. The type measures as follows: wing, 69; tail, 45; bill, 12; tarsus, 17.5. It is thus as small as N. p. nana von Berlepsch, described from north- east Peru, and may possibly be the same, although it is fair to presume that had nana been different in coloration von Berlepsch would not have failed to mention it. Unfortunately no specimens from Peru have been available for comparison in this connection. The characters attributed to hypoleuca are remakably constant in a series of twenty- eight specimens from the northern littoral of Colombia. This species was met with only at Tucurinca and Fundacion, where it was not uncommon, occurring both in the alluvial plain and in the lower reaches of the foothills. It is a bird of the woodlands, prefer- ring the more or less open kind, and keeps rather high up in the trees, reminding one of the vireos in its general habits and behavior. Simons secured a pair at Valencia, May 20, 1879, this being the only record for the species in this region hitherto. 468. Piranga testacea faceta Bangs. Piranga faceta Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 141 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.; crit.): XLII, 1899, 104 (La Concepcién and San Miguel).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121 (Bangs’ record).—Dusots, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 658' (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 385 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BRABOURNE and CuHusB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 418 (ref. orig, descr.; range). Piranga hemalea (not of Salvin and Godman) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 168 (Bonda, Onaca, Minca, Cacagualito, and Masinga Vieja). Pyranga testacea faceta vON BERLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1064 (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref, orig. descr.). Thirty-five specimens: Minca, Cincinnati, and Las Vegas. This form is so close to P. t. testacea of Central America that, in common with Messrs. Hellmayr, von Berlepsch, and others, the writer considers it merely subspecifically distinct. Males differ from those of testacea in being a very little brighter red, and in having rather smaller, paler bills. Females differ more than males, being decidedly more yellowish, less greenish, especially below. Some examples of both sexes are very close to P. rubra rubra, but may of course always be distinguished by having the maxilla prominently toothed. In first Topp—CarriKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Coromsia. 489 * winter plumage males resemble the adult females, but it is not clear whether or not they breed in this plumage. At any rate, there are four specimens, taken at dates varying from June 16 to August 2, illustrating various stages of the moult from this immature into adult dress, and presenting a curious mixed red and yellow plumage. The range of this form, which was described by Mr. Bangs from specimens taken at an altitude of 3,000 feet near Santa Marta, was at first supposed to be confined to this region, but it is now known to extend through Venezuela to the island of Trinidad. Specimens from these regions are absolutely indistinguishable from Santa Martan birds, but P. hemalea of Mount Roraima, British Guiana, is said to be very different. This tanager is a rather abundant bird in the foothills and lower slopes of the San Lorenzo, mainly on the north and northwest sides, but apparently is rare in the Sierra Nevada, although reported from La Concepcion and San Miguel by Mr. Brown. It was rare also at Las Vegas, apparently not relishing the excessive humidity of that side of the mountain. Very likely its original habitat was the “dry forest”? of the foothills, where open tracts are common, since it was found breeding below 2,000 feet under such conditions. As the forest was cut away the species has evidently adapted itself to a higher altitude, so that it is now common in the coffee-plantations up to 5,000 feet, although not detected in the forest above 3,000 feet. Sev. eral nests were found, built in most peculiar situations for a Piranga. Two were placed among some roots under an overhanging bank by the roadside on the mountain slope, while a third was built in a small shrub, almost two feet from the ground, on top of the bank along the road. Two eggs are laid, which resemble those of P. erythromelas, while the nest is practically the same, being a very frail, flat structure of fine rootlets. 469. Piranga rubra rubra (Linnezus). Pyranga estiva SALvVIN and GopMaANn, Ibis, 1879, 200 (Atanquez); 1880, 121 (Santa Marta and Minca).—ScwaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 182 (Santa Marta). : Piranga rubra Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 141 (“ Santa Marta ”).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 168 (Bonda, Onaca, and Valparaiso; plum.).—AtLitEen, Auk, XVII, 1900, 365 (Bonda; plum.; Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references). 490 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Fourteen specimens: Bonda, Las Nubes, Cincinnati, Don Diego, Di- bulla, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. The extreme dates represented are November 11 and March 26. There is a specimen in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History (not recorded by Dr. Allen) dated October 19, 1899. Most of the series were taken in January and March, and appear to be in fresh, or at least unworn, plumage. There is one female (No. 44,716, Dibulla, February 23) which is much worn, and is beginning the moult, and a young male (45,008, Pueblo Viejo, March 17) which is assuming the red feathers of the first nuptial dress. The Summer Tanager is a common winter visitor from sea-level up to 5,000 feet, and is especially in evidence about the coffee-planta- tions. 470. Sporathraupis cyanocephala margarite Chapman. Tanagra cyanocephala auricrissa (not Dubusia auricrissa Sclater) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 168 (Valparaiso and El Libano). Sporathraupis cyanocephala margarite CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, 1912, 165 (Valparaiso; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist.; crit.)—HELLMAYR and von SEILERN, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, XI, 1913, 255 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—APOLINAR MartA, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, II, 1914, 245 (ref. orig. descr.). Eight specimens: El Libano, Las Vegas, San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. The two specimens of Sporathraupis sent in by Mr. Smith were re- ferred by Dr. Allen to S. cyanocephala auricrissa, but later on the receipt of an authentic series of the latter led Dr. Chapman to de- scribe the Santa Martan bird as a new subspecies, which he named in honor of Mrs. Smith. Not only is the bird a little smaller than aurt- crissa, but the blue of the head is more or less spread over the throat and breast, the upper parts are decidedly tinged with brownish (the exact color being midway between orange-citrine and medal-bronze), and (what is not mentioned in the original description) the crissum is much duller (between aniline-yellow and sulphine-yellow, instead of light cadmium or empire-yellow). Males agree among themselves, and differ from females in having more blue on the throat. In the San Lorenzo district this bird was taken only in the very humid forest at Las Vegas, at an altitude of about 6,000 feet, and only a few were seen. Later it was taken in the Sierra Nevada, at Chirua Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotompia. 491 and San Miguel, under similar conditions and at about the same alti- tude. It was met with in the tree-tops, in company with Tangara heinei. 471. Thraupis palmarum atripennis Todd. Tanagra palmarum (not of Wied) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 120 (Minca). —ScwaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 159 (‘“‘ Santa Marta ’”’ and Minca). Tanagra palmarum melanoptera (not of Sclater) Bancs, Proc, Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 141 (“Santa Marta’’).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 169 (Bonda and Cacagualito).—Criarx, Auk, XX, 1903, 398 (“Santa Marta”; meas.; crit.)\—von BERLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1r911, 1053 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Twelve specimens: Cacagualito, Don Diego, Fundacion, Tierra Nueva, Mamatoco, Dibulla, Santa Marta, and Tucurinca. Individual variation in Thraupis palmarum is so considerable as to greatly complicate the definition of the several geographic races into which the species seems to be divided. The matter has been discussed in some detail by Mr. Clark, but apparently without coming to any very definite conclusion. Santa Martan specimens resemble those from Costa Rica in their rather smaller size and and generally darker colora- tion as compared with birds from Guiana, Brazil, and Bolivia, and seem well entitled to separation under the name recently proposed by the writer (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXXV, 1922, 92). Although several of the records above quoted refer to localities lying at a higher altitude, this tanager seems to prefer the coastal plain, and is seldom seen above 1,000 feet. Its habits are practically the same as those of T. episcopus cana, with which it is often found associated. 472. Thraupis glaucocolpa (Cabanis). Three specimens: Dibulla, Arroya de Arenas, and Fonseca. A single specimen of this species was taken at Dibulla on February 21, 1914, but although a sharp lookout was kept for it during the few days afterwards spent there, no others were seen. It proved to be fairly common, however, in the valley of the Rio Rancheria, having been observed at Arroya de Arenas, Loma Larga, and Fonseca during the course of the writer’s visit to these parts in July, 1920. The spe- cies is known mainly from the north coast of Venezuela, but appears to be rare in collections. The above specimens agree with a small 492 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. series from Venezuela. This is a new record for the Santa Marta region. 473. Thraupis episcopus cana (Swainson). Tanagra diaconus SciLaterR, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, “1856,” 1857, 233 (“ Santa Marta ”). Tanagra cana ScLaTerR, Cat, Am. Birds, 1861, 75 (‘‘Santa Marta ’’).—SaLvin and Govan, Ibis, 1880, 120 (Santa Marta).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 156 (Santa Marta).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 141 (‘Santa Marta ”’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 169 (Bonda and Cacagualito) ; XXI, 1905, 292 (Bonda, Masinga [Vieja], and Mamatoco; descr. nest and eggs).—von BERLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn- Kong., 1911, 1051 (Santa Marta, in range). Additional records: La Concepcion (Brown); Tucurinca (Car- riker). Nineteen specimens: Bonda, La Tigrera, Mamatoco, Minca, Funda- cion, Don Diego, Dibulla, and Santa Marta. Specimens of the Blue Tanager from the Santa Marta region re- semble those from northern Venezuela, the assigned type-locality of cana, in having the wing-coverts violaceous blue (between smalt-blue and cornflower-blue). Since intergradation between cana and episco- pus appears to be complete, they had best be regarded as conspecies. A bird of the Tropical Zone, ranging from sea-level up to 3,000" feet, but above 2,000 feet-it cannot be considered more than a strag- gler. It is most partial to the lowlands, where it was fairly common at almost all points visited. It prefers open woodland, and keeps to the tree-tops, feeding largely on fruit. It has a musical call-note, but no song so far as observed. Mr. Smith sent in six nests, collected in April and May. These are described by Dr. Allen as follows: “The nests, placed usually on the fork of a small horizontal branch (one is on an upright fork), are compact and neatly built, forming a deep cup with very thick walls, of rather fine vegetable fibers mixed copiously with plant down, and in one case with ravelings, bits of cloth, and a little wool, and sev- eral have a few feathers; one has the whole outside covered with cotton; another has as a prominent feature bits of gray and green cloth; others are almost wholly without any of these conspicuous acces- sories. ... The eggs [one to three in number] are faintly bluish white, rather heavily streaked and spotted all over with lavender and Topp—CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recrion, Cotompia. 493 blackish chocolate, the former predominating, the markings generally covering the greater part of the surface of the eggs. In some sets, however, the markings are much less abundant; covering less than half the surface.” 474. Tangara heinei (Cabanis). Calospiza atricapilla (not Tanagra atricapilla Gmelin) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 169 (Valparaiso and Las Nubes; crit.).—von BeEr- LEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1040 (Valparaiso, in range). Tangara atricapilla CHAPMAN, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 600 (Valparaiso; crit.). Twenty-four specimens: Les Nubes, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. For the change of name see Bangs and Penard, Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, LXIII, 1919, 36. Although the amount of variation in shade. of color in this species is certainly remarkable, ranging in the case of the adult male from deep glaucous green to forget-me-not-blue, it seems impossible to correlate these differences with geographic areas. Both extremes occur in the present series. In juvenal dress, represented by speci- mens dated May 31, June 7, and August 7, both sexes resemble the adult female, but are much duller throughout, the pileum duller green than the back, while the under surface is extensively yellowish buffy, obscurely streaked with dusky. Two males from the Heights of Chirua and San Miguel, dated March 21 and 25 respectively, are prob- ably in first nuptial dress. The outer primaries and the tertiaries have been renewed, and are blue-edged; the remaining remiges are green-edged. The rectrices are all blue-edged in one, but only the outer ones in the other. Both have the back more or less tinged with green. This beautiful little tanager is found only in the heavy Subtropical Zone forest between 4,000 and 6,000 feet, and is most abundant on the slopes of the San Lorenzo, being very rare in the Sierra Nevada. It is almost invariably seen in small flocks, together with other species of similar habits, feeding in the tree-tops. Next to T. desmaresti, it is the most abundant species of the genus in this region, and it seems odd that Mr. Brown did not meet with it. Most of Mr. Smith’s speci- mens came from Valparaiso (now called Cincinnati). 494 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 475. Tangara cyanoptera (Swainson). Calliste cyanoptera SaLvIN and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 198, 200 (San José and - Atanquez; crit.) ; 1880, 120 (Minca).—SciaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus:, XI, 1886, 135 (Minca and San José). Calospiza sp. Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 141 (‘“ Santa Marta ”’; crit.). Calospiza cyanoptera Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 159 (Pueblo Viejo), 179 (Palomina and San Miguel).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, r900, 170 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references).— von BerLepscu, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1040 (Minca and San José, in range). Additional records: La Concepcién, San Francisco (Brown). Eight specimens: Pueblo Viejo, Cincinnati, Chirua, and Heights of Chirua. The series is uniform with specimens from other localities. No. 44,811 (March 4) is a young male, assuming the black head. No. 44,932 (March 10) is a female in juvenal dress, with the crown dull bluish green, the wings and tail dusky, with greenish edgings, the throat and breast obscurely streaked with dusky bluish and yellow- ish white, and the rest of the under parts dull yellowish, shaded with greenish on the sides. In the San Lorenzo district this is a very rare bird—as rare, in- deed, as T. heinei is in the Sierra Nevada. It is more numerous in the latter district, where it has been encountered at sundry localities by Messrs. Simons and Brown, and by the writer, but even here it is not as common as TJ. /einei is in the San Lorenzo. In its habits it resembles that species. It has a somewhat more extensive altitudinal range, however, having been recorded by Simons from as low down as Minca, and by Mr. Brown and the writer from Pueblo Viejo, at approximately the same elevation (2,000 feet), ranging thence up to 6,000 feet or more. 476. Tangara viridissima toddi Bangs and Penard. Calliste desmaresti (not Tanagra desmaresti Vieillot) SAtvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 120 (Guallabal and Minca).—SciatTer, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 118 (Minca). Calospiza desmaresti Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 141 (“ Santa Marta’), 159 (Pueblo Viejo), 179 (Palomina).—ALueNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., XIII, 1900, 169 (Bonda, Agua Dulce, Onaca, Cacagualito, and Valparaiso).—von BerirepscH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1039 (Santa Marta localities, in range). Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGIon, CoLtomsia. 495 Tangara desmaresti HELLMAYR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LX XVIII, 1912, 58 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range), Tangara viridissima (not Aglaia viridissima Lafresnaye) HerttMayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, XIV, 1920, 283, note (“ Santa Marta,” in range, crit.). Tangara viridissima toddi Bancs and PeENarD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXIV, 1921, 92 (San Francisco; orig. descr.; type in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.). Additional records: La Concepcion, San Antonio, San Francisco, San Miguel (Brown) ; Las Taguas (Carriker) ; Las Nubes (Smith). Nineteen specimens: Jordan, Onaca, Cincinnati, Don Diego, and Las Vegas. Santa Martan specimens appear to differ from typical Trinidad birds of this species in their generally brighter, less bluish green coloration, while the cap and tibiz are paler maroon. A series from Venezuela and another from Boyaca, Colombia, however, are different again. Nos. 42,094 (May 31) and 42,167 (June 7) are immature birds, in which the green color is much paler throughout, and the maroon of the head is merely indicated, most of the crown being greenish, with a saffron tinge. Tangara viridissima toddi is the most abundant and widespread of the genus in this region, ranging on the north and west slopes of the San Lorenzo from the lower edge of the foothills up to about 7,000 feet, or from the Tropical well into the Subtropical Zone. It is present also on the coastal plain at Don Diego, but is rare. It is not so com- mon at Pueblo Viejo as on the San Lorenzo, and ranges much lower down there. Simons secured it at Guallabal, near San Antonio, while Mr. Brown collected a series at several localities in this neighbor- hood. The species is gregarious in its habits, and is abundant in the shade-trees of the coffee-plantations. 477. Pecilothraupis melanogenys Salvin and Godman. Pecilothraupis melanogenys Savin and GopMAn, Ibis, 1880, 120, pl. 3 (San Sebastian; orig. descr. type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.).—Rr1cHENOW and ScHatow, Journ. f. Orn., XXVIII, 1880, 323 (reprint orig. descr.).— ScxiaTer, Cat. Birds Brit, Mus., XI, 1886, 147 (Templado and San Sebastian; descr.).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 179 (Macotama) ; XIII, 1899, 104 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 7,500-12,000 ft. [?]).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 169 (El Libano and San Lorenzo).—Dusots, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 664 (ref. orig. descr. ; range). ’ —SuHArRPE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 374 (range).—von BERLEPSCH, Verh. 33 496 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. V, Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1046 (Santa Marta localities; ref. orig. descr.).— BRABouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 413 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: Paramo de Macotama (Brown). Twenty-eight specimens: El Libano, San Lorenzo, Heights of Chirua, San Miguel, and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 and 8,000 feet). Some females of this series have the black area on the sides of the head a little duller, but many are quite indistinguishable from males. This beautiful tanager is peculiar to the Santa Marta region, where it is a characteristic species of the Subtropical Zone. On the San Lorenzo it ranges from 6,000 feet to the highest point, but in the Sierra Nevada it is found from 5,000 to about 9,000 feet, or perhaps even 10,000 feet, although the writer cannot now recall having seen it above g,ooo. Mr. Brown reported it up to 12,000 feet, which is certainly a mistake, as it is a woodland bird entirely, and no forest is found in the Sierra Nevada at that altitude. It travels about in the tops of the trees in pairs or small bands, and never comes down near the ground. It has a weak chirping note, easily recognized when once learned. It was described from a pair of birds taken by Simons near San Sebastian, on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada, at an altitude of 8,000 feet. Later another male was secured at Templado, and the species contined to be known from these three examples alone until Mr. Brown’s and Mr. Smith’s series were obtained. 478. Tanagra crassirostris (Sclater). Euphonia laniirostris (not of Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) SaLtvin and GopMaNn, Ibis, 1879, 199 (Atanquez; crit.) ; 1880, 119 (Santa Marta, Minca, and Atan- quez).—SaLvin and GopMaAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, I, 1883, 262 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—ScuatTer, Cat, Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 76 (Santa Marta, Minca, and Atanquez). Euphonia crassirostris BAncs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 141 (“ Santa Marta”), 179 (Palomina).—ALuen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 170 (Bonda, Onaca, Minca, and Cacagualito; crit.).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 28 (“Santa Marta”; meas.; ref- erences). Euphonia crassirostris brachyptera voN BERLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1019 (Santa Marta, in range), 1128 (Bonda; crit.; meas.). Tanagra crassirostris BRABOURNE and CuuBB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 401 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Tanagra crassirostris crassirostris CuarmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 591 (“Santa Marta”; meas.). Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recon, Cotompra. 497 Additional records: La Concepcion, Chirua (Brown); Fundacion (Carriker ). Thirty-five specimens: Bonda, Minca, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Cin- cinnati, La Tigrera, and Don Diego. A study of this ample series, taken in connection with considerable material from other parts of the range of the species, shows conclu- sively that the variation in the gloss of the upper parts from violet to steel-blue, upon which von Berlepsch mainly relied to discriminate a form brachyptera, is individual and not geographical. The slight and inconstant difference in size to which this author has called attention is scarcely sufficiently important to recognize in nomenclature. It is therefore unnecessary to discuss the matter of the type-locality of the species, further than to call attention to the fact, that Sclater based his description on “ Bogota” skins, while later, in the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, he expressly designated a specimen said to be from “ Santa Marta” as the type. It is evident that this species breeds in the immature dress, in which the males have greenish-edged remiges and rectrices, with the upper parts in general also green, like the females, but with a more or less extensive admixture of steel-blue feathers, apparently acquired at the postjuvenal moult. No. 38,079 (August 15) shows the first post- nuptial moult in progress. A bird of the Tropical Zone, ranging from sea-level up to 5,000 feet, but most abundant between 1,000 and 2,500 feet, especially be- tween La Tigrera and Minca in the “dry forest” section. Above 3,500 feet it is scarcely more than a straggler. It is usually met with in pairs or small flocks, and is not shy. It seems to be entirely frugiv- orous, and is particularly fond of the fruit of a certain mistletoe- like parasite. Its note is a pleasant musical whistle. The nest is a domed structure, composed almost entirely of the dry blades of a fine- leaved bamboo-like plant, and is placed in a small cavity under an overhanging bank, often along the roadside. The eggs, from two to four in number, are white, thickly speckled with reddish brown, much resembling those of the Black-capped Chickadee. Tanagra fulvicrissa fulvicrissa (Sclater). Euphonia fulvicrissa ScLateR, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, “ 1856,” 1857, 276 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.).— ScraTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 58 (“Santa Marta’”’)—ScLaTer and SALVIx. 498 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Proc. Zodl. Soc, London, 1864, 349 (‘Santa Marta,’ in range).—Gray, Hand-List Birds, II, 1870, 78 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—ScLATER and SaLvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 18 (range).—G1EBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 135 (references).—SaLvin and GopmaAw, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, I, 1883, 264 (“ Santa Marta,” in range).—von BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 288 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 73 (“ Santa Marta ’’).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1902, 18 (“Santa Marta,” in range; references).—von BERLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1018 (‘Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.).— HetiMayr, Proc. Zool, Soc. London, 1911, r100 (“Santa Marta”; crit.).— Hartert, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, XXXIII, 1913, 77, in text (crit. on type-lo- cality). Tanagra fulvicrissa BRABOURNE and CHussB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 401 (ref. orig. descr.; range). This species was described from a Verreaux specimen said to have come from ‘‘ Santa Marta in New Grenada,” but no one of the several collectors who have worked in this region has succeeded in detecting the bird there. Dr. Hartert, who has examined the type, tells us that it agrees precisely with Central American examples, and there can be little doubt but that it actually came from Panama, the localities assigned by Verreaux to his specimens being notoriously incorrect. 479. Tanagra trinitatis (Strickland). (?) Euphonia chlorotica (not Tanagra chlorotica Linneus) ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 57 (“ Santa Marta’). Euphonia trinitatis ScraterR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 66 (“ Santa Marta ”’).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 141 (“ Santa Marta ’’).—ALLeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XI[I, 1900, 170 (Bonda) ; (?) XXI, 1905, 293 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs).—von BERLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1014 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Tanagra trinitatis CHERRIE, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Sci. Bull., II, 1916, 169 (Bonda; crit.). Additional records: Fundacion (Carriker). Sixteen specimens: Bonda, Onaca, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Tierra Nueva, and Fonseca. This series does not afford any ground for supposing that birds from this region constitute a distinct race, as recently suggested by Mr. Cherrie. In first nuptial plumage males resemble fully adult birds of that sex in having the crown and under parts yellow, but else- where they have more or less of the green plumage seen in the female. In juvenal dress both sexes are dull yellow below, including the throat. This little tanager is not nearly so common as T. crassirostris, nor does it have so extensive an altitudinal range, being mostly confined Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, CoLomBia. 499 to the lowlands and lower foothills, below 1,000 feet. It seems partial to the dry region about Santa Marta, being very rare at Fundacion, and not detected at all on the north coast, at Don Diego or Dibulla, although present at Fonseca and Valencia, on the east side. It occurs usually in pairs or small flocks, is very tame, and has a weak, musical call-note. Like T. crassirostris, it is extremely fond of the fruit of the mistletoe-like plant referred to under the head of that species. The nest is described by Dr. Allen as a slight structure, suspended by the rim from the fork of a small branch, and so thin that the eggs would be partly visible from below. “The two eggs have a faintly bluish white ground-color, almost uniformly speckled all over with dots and small spots of chestnut, but with the larger spots chiefly at the larger end of the egg.” * 480. Chlorophonia frontalis psittacina Bangs. Chlorophonia frontalis (not Euphonia frontaiis Sclater) SALvIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 1879, 198, 199 (Valley of Chinchicua and San José).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,, I, 1883, 253, in text (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 55 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and Valley of Chinchicua).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 104 (Chirua, La Concepcion, and San Miguel). —Bancs, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, I, 1899, 80 (San Sebastian).— ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 170 (Onaca, Las Nubes, Val- paraiso, and El Libano).—Duvupors, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 671 (Sierra Nevada [de Santa Marta], in range). Chlorophonia frontalis psittacina Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, III, 1902, 88 (La Concepcion [type-locality] and San Sebastian; -orig. descr. ; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; crit.)—ALLeNn, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).—von BrErRLEpscH, Verh. V. Int, Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1011 (Santa Marta localities; ref. orig. deser.).— HELLMAYR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 54, in text Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.). 45] have never taken the nest of this species, but it seems to me that the nest described by Dr. Allen as belonging to this bird must certainly have been wrongly identified in the field by the collector. Two species of the same genus, as closely related as JT. crassirostris and T. trinitatis, could hardly build nests so entirely dissimilar. Even Chlorophonia builds a nest closely similar to that of Tanagra crassirostris—M. A. C., Jr. The two nests attributed to this species in the collection of the Carnegie Museum are different from that described by Dr. Allen, both being placed in a small upright branch. Compare also, in this connection, the nest described by Mr. Cherrie (Museum Brooklyn Institute Science Bulletin, II, 1916, 170). —W. E. C. T. 500 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Chlorophonia psittacina SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 354 (ref. orig. descr.; range)—BRraBourNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 399 (ref. orig. descr. ; range). Twenty-five specimens: Onaca, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, and San Miguel. Only a few of these are adult males, the majority being females and young, characterized by their much duller coloration. It is prob- able that the species breeds in the immature dress; at any rate, this plumage is found in examples taken in the months of March and July. There are three individuals apparently completing the postjuvenal moult (August 11), as shown by the green feathers coming in on the throat. Simons secured a few specimens of this handsome tanager at San José and the Valley of Chinchicua, on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada. These were females, and were referred to the Venezuelan C. frontalis both by Salvin and Godman and by Sclater. Mr. Brown secured a series from sundry localities on the north and south slopes of the range, enabling Mr. Bangs to discrimihate the bird inhabiting this region as a distinct race from frontalis. The form is a sufficiently well characterized one, apparently confined to the Santa Marta region. It occurs in the Sierra Nevada between about 2,000 and 6,000 feet, but in the San Lorenzo, according to the observation of the writer, it ranges from 4,000 to 7,000 feet, although it is more common below 6,000 feet. It is strictly a forest species, and is usually seen in pairs or small parties, nearly always high up in the trees. Often it is found as a member of the bands of roaming birds in the forest, and at times coming out into the shade-trees of the coffee-haciendas. In its habits while feeding it reminds me strongly of the vireos. Three nests of this beautiful bird were taken on the junior author’s plantation, “ Vista Nieve” (between Cincinnati and Las Taguas) at about 5,500 feet, on May 17, 1919. One of these was placed in a small cavity near the top of a perpendicular bank beside a flume, while the other two were in crevices of a low overhanging cliff. The sites were all in the open, in newly felled land, about one hundred yards from the edge of the forest. The nests were very similar to those of Tana- gra crassirostris, and domed over in the same way, like that of the Oven- bird of the north. The material used in their composition is different, however, there being more dry grasses, rootlets, and leaves, and the Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, Cotomsta. 501 bamboo-grass always more or less in evidence in the nest of the for- mer being lacking. Two of these nests contained three eggs each, while the third contained six eggs. All were slightly incubated. Ap- parently this clutch of six eggs was laid by two birds (a most unusual circumstance if correct), since it was composed of two lots of three eggs, each lot agreeing well among themselves, but differing from each other both in size and markings. The ground-color of the eggs is pure white, rather thickly and finely speckled with chestnut, more prominently at the larger end. They are very similar to those of Tanagra crassirostris. Family FRINGILLIDA. FINcHEs. 481. Saltator striatipictus striatipictus Lafresnaye. Saltator albicollis (not of Vieillot) Satvin and Gopmawn, Ibis, 1880, 122 (Minca).—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 294 (Minca). Saltator striatipictus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Xil, 1898, 140 (“Santa Marta”)—AtLteNn, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 166 (Bonda and Minca).—von BertepscH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1117 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Saltator striatipictus striatipictus BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., LXIII, 1919, 33 (“ Santa Marta,” in range), Thirteen specimens: Bonda,: Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Minca, and La Tigrera. This species is subject to a great deal of variation, affecting mainly the amount and intensity of the streaking on the under parts, but it is a question if a subdivision based on this character can profitably be recognized. In any case, however, Santa Marta birds are referable to the typical form, described from western Colombia. The effect of wear is to dull the green color of the upper parts and to bring out the streaking on the under surface. This Saltator has a very curious local distribution. There is abso- lutely no record of its occurrence in the region under discussion out- side of the northern foothills of the San Lorenzo, from an altitude of about 500 up to about 4,500 feet, or through the Tropical Zone. It is most common at about 1,000 feet. It frequents open places where scattering trees are found, and in habits resembles some of the fruit- eating Tyrannide, keeping well up in the larger trees. 502 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 482. Saltator maximus (Miiller). Saltator magnus SALVIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 121 (Minca).—Sc ater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 285 (Minca and Manaure).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 140 (“Santa Marta”; crit.), 178 (San Miguel and Palomina; crit.)—ALLen, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 166 (Onaca, Cacagualito, and Minca). Saltator maximus von BeERLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1113 (]SantaeMarta’’ in’ range). Additional records: Santa Cruz, San Francisco, Mamarongo, La Concepcion (Brown); Tucurinca (Carriker). Twenty-five specimens: Cacagualito, Don Amo, Minca, Agua Dulce. Fundacion, Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. Mr. Bangs was inclined to consider the Santa Marta bird distinct from that of Cayenne, but the present series does not disclose any peculiarities worthy of notice as compared with specimens from other parts of South America. In juvenal dress, illustrated by Nos. 9,322 (August 6) and 42,236 (June 17), the general color of the under parts is much duller, with obsolete streaks, the ochraceous of the throat is absent, and the bill is pale. We are unable to follow Messrs. Mathews and Iredale (Austral Avian Record, III, 1915, 40) in changing the name of this species to Saltator cayanus, since Buffon’s plate 205 is, in our judgment, a much better representation of the bird than is plate 616. This is strictly a bird of the Tropical Zone, ranging over the humid part of the lowlands and the foothills up to about 3,000 feet. Mr. Brown claims to have collected it at San Miguel, but none were seen so high as that by the writer. It was most abundant at Pueblo Viejo and Fundacion, frequenting the more open woodland, such as isolated groves and the fringe of trees along streams. It is solitary in its habits, and feeds almost entirely upon fruits. A nest sent in by Mr. Smith is marked as having been collected at Don Amo, August 6. It is built in the fork of an oblique branch of a large-leafed tree (Banis- teria laurifolia), and is remarkable for the coarseness of the twigs and leaves which enter into its composition, even the lining layer being of comparatively coarse, wiry weed-stalks. The (two) eggs are like those of S. olivascens plumbeus, pale blue, with a ring of black spots and scrawls around the larger end. Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, CoLtomsBia. 503 483. Saltator olivascens plumbeus Bonaparte. Saltator plumbeus BoNapartE, Compt. Rend., XXXVII, 1853, 923 (‘ Santa Marta ’”’; orig, descr.; type in coll. Paris Mus.). Saltator olivascens (not of Cabanis) ScLater, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1856, 71 (“Santa Marta”; crit.)—Wyartr, Ibis, 1871, 115, 327 (Santa Marta; crit.)—-SALVIN and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 121 (Santa Marta).—Sc ater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XII, 1886, 289 (Santa Marta).—von Beritepscu, Verh, V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1115 (“ Santa Marta,” ex Bonaparte). Saltator olivaceus (lapsus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 167 (Bonda and Santa Marta) ; XXI, 1905, 291 (Bonda; descr, nest and eggs). Saltator olivascens plumbeus Bancs and Penarp, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., EX nore son@asanta Marta? = diags). Twenty-seven specimens: Santa Marta, Cautilito, Bonda, Cienaga, Tucurinca, Fundacion, Mamatoco, Dibulla, Rio Hacha, and La Ti- grera. Compared with a series from the Orinoco region and the Guiana frontier of Venezuela, doubtless correctly assumed to represent true olivascens, these birds are markedly duller and paler, especially below and posteriorly; the throat is whiter, less buffy; the maxillary stripe is less pronounced; and the superciliaries are also much reduced, be- ing almost obsolete in some specimens. They represent a well-marked subspecies, to which Bonaparte’s name plumbeus, based on a Santa Marta specimen, is of course applicable. Saltator grandis of Mexico and Central America, the nearest relative of S. olivascens, does not (so far as known at present) occur in Panama, so that there is quite a considerable gap between their respective ranges. Several young birds in juvenal dress are included in the present series, bearing such various dates as May 6, August 13, September 28, and October 9. They are characterized by their greenish coloration above, and by their more or less streaked under parts, resembling thus S. striatipictus. A Tropical Zone species, confined strictly to the coastal plain and lower edge of the foothills. It is partial to the drier portions, and was accordingly found to be most abundant at Rio Hacha. It seems to prefer second-growth woodland and the low scrub of the more arid sections. As a rule it is met with in pairs, and is quite tame. Dr. Allen describes the nests collected by Mr. Smith as “large, bulky struc- tures, rather rudely constructed externally of sticks and plant stems, often intermixed with leaves and long strips of a broad-leaved sedge 504 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. (one nest is almost wholly composed of the latter), and lined with finer plant stems, sometimes with wire grass. The nests vary greatly in size and materials; one has a part of a letter or other manuscript, in Spanish, placed among the leaves forming the outer wall of the nest. The eggs [two in number] are pale blue, with fine lines, like pen-scratches, of black, mostly confined to the larger end.” They were laid in April and May. 484. Saltator orenocensis rufescens Todd. Fifteen specimens: Rio Hacha. This well-marked race was described by the writer a few years ago from three specimens collected at Tocuyo, in the State of Lara, Vene- zuela. With these the Rio Hacha birds agree, allowing for the fact that the latter are very much more worn, having been collected con- siderably later in the season (May 2-7), and are consequently not so richly colored. They have the same large bill, dark line on the sides of the pileum, and general deep coloration. Bonaparte may not have been in error after all in ascribing this species to Colombia, as inti- mated by the writer in describing the present form. It was found only at Rio Hacha, in the thorny scrub characteristic of the Goajira Peninsula, and is one of the species peculiar to the Arid Tropical Zone, which invades this region from west-central Venezuela. 485. Richmondena pheenicea (Bonaparte). Cardinalis granadensis LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zo6l., X, 1847, 74 (Rio Hacha; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia).—G1EBEL, Thes. Orn., I, 1872, 578 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).—BRABOURNE and CuHusp, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 370 (ref. orig, descr.; range). Cardinalis phenicurus [sic] granadensis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil- adelphia, 1899, 51 (crit. on type). Twenty-seven specimens: Rio Hacha. This species is the first to figure in the ornithological literature of the region under consideration, having been described by Lafresnaye in 1847 from a specimen collected at Rio Hacha, his type, which is still in a good state of preservation, having been examined in this connection, and found to agree minutely with the topotypical material collected in May, 1914, by the junior author. Lafresnaye’s name was early relegated to the synonymy of Cardinalis pheniceus by Bona- parte (Conspectus Avium, I, 1850, 501), and appears to have been Topp—CarRRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEGion, Cotomsria. 505 overlooked or ignored by authors generally until Dr. Stone called at- tention to it in 1899, remarking that Mr. Ridgway considered it to stand for a race distinct from the typical C. pheniceus of Venezuela. Comparison of the present fine series with an equally good one from Venezuela, however, fails to disclose the slightest difference, and as we cannot regard C. robinsoni Richmond as a valid race the name will stand as above. This is another representative of the Arid Tropical Zone of west- central Venezuela, entering the Santa Marta region from the northeast. It is a common bird about Rio Hacha, living in the thickets of thorny scrub and cacti, preferring the former. It is rather shy, and cannot be approached very closely. It ranges in this region as far at least as Fonseca, near the headwaters of the Rio Rancheria. 486. Pheucticus laubmanni Hellmayr and von Seilern. Three specimens: San Miguel. The present record considerably extends the recognized range of this recently described bird, heretofore thought to be confined to northern Venezuela. The above specimens agree in all respects with a series from that country, some of which, collected as far back as 1911, had been erroneously referred to P. chrysogaster. With a series from Ecuador, doubtless representing this latter form correctly, now avail- able for comparison through the courtesy of the U. S. National Mu- seum, it is evident that the Venezuelan and Colombian birds belong to a form which seems to be specifically distinct. The black band on the upper back, which is practically “solid” in P. chrysogaster, or at most slightly interrupted on the median line, is broadly streaked with golden yellow in P. laubmanni, showing an approach to the other form in only one specimen, a bird in high plumage from San Miguel (No. 45,178), in which the scapulars are nearly uniformly black. The white on the tail also is decidedly more restricted in the new form, and (what is of much more significance) the sexes are not certainly distinguishable in color, although the females seem to average a little duller. In both P. chrysogaster and its near ally, P. chrysopeplus, the sexes are decidedly unlike. Immature birds, of which there is one in the above series, may readily be told by their generally duller colors, with brown wings and tail. This bird was not seen except at San Miguel, along a small stream 506 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. near our camp on the plateau east of the village, evidently having come down from the forest-covered mountainside. A single one was seen and secured on March 25, 1914, and on April 1 two more were taken in the same place. It seems to be rare, and to belong to the Subtropical Zone. 487. Hedymeles*® ludovicianus (Linnzus). Hedymeles ludovicianus Satvin and GopMmaAn, Ibis, 1880, 122 (Minca).— SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XII, 1888, 58 (Minca). Zamelodia ludoviciana Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 140 (“Santa Marta’”).—Atzten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 164 (Masinga Vieja and Valparaiso) —ALien, Auk, XVII, 1900, 365 (Masinga Vieja and Valparaiso; Minca, ex Salvin and Godman; Santa Marta, er Bangs; winter range).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, I, 1901, 614 (Santa Marta region, in range). Four specimens: Cincinnati. The dates of capture are January 10, March 18, 22, and 26. The March birds all show the prenuptial moult in progress. The single male is a young bird, completing this moult, acquiring fresh black rectrices and at least one new black primary. A common winter visitor at Cincinnati, as well as in the lowlands and foothills, being rather more numerous in the latter. It never en- ters the deep forest, but keeps to the cultivated’ lands or open wood- lands. At rare intervals the male has been heard to sing. Simons took it at Minca in January, and it was recorded by Mr. Brown at the same season of the year, and by Mr. Smith’s collectors up to March 29. Ecuador appears to be the southern limit of its winter range. 488. Oryzoborus funereus Sclater. Oryzoborus ethiops SCLATER, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1860, 88 (Minca; crit.). —Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, to2 (“ New Granada”). Oryzoborus funereus Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XII, 1888, 81 (Minca).— Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 102 (Chirua and La Con- cepcion) —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 165 (Sharpe’s and Bangs’ references). Oryzoborus funereus ethiops HettMayr, Proc. Zoél, Soc. London, 1911, 1098 (Santa Marta [region]; crit.). Nineteen specimens: Minca, Pueblo Viejo, Chirua, and Heights of Chirua. Compared with a small series (three males and four females) from 46 Cf. Oberholser, Auk, XXXVI, 19109, 115. Topp—CaARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLtompia. 507 British Honduras, which may safely be assumed to represent typical O. funereus (described from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico), the pres- ent series fail to show any such well-marked differences as are attrib- uted to the alleged southern form @ethiops by Mr. Hellmayr. The bill, it is true, averages a little smaller in the Santa Marta skins, but the difference is slight, while there is practically no difference of moment in general size between the two series. Variation in color among the females covers practically the same ground in both series, and is obviously due to season and age, as already indicated by Mr. Ridgway (Bulletin United States National Museum, No. 50, I, 1901, 605). A species which ranges through the upper part of the Tropical Zone. Sclater recorded it from Minca many years ago, and it was found there also by the present writer, in the old cleared lands between 2,000 and 3,000 feet, but was not common. It was present also, although in small numbers, all around Pueblo Viejo and in the Chirua Valley, keeping to the edges of woodland and the shrubbery along streams. As a rule it occurs in pairs, and is very shy, remaining in the low bushes or near the ground and when flushed alighting on the tip of some dead weed or shrub. 489. Cyanocompsa cyanoides cyanoides (Lafresnaye). Cyanocompsa concreta sancte-marte BANGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 139 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.; crit.)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 165 (Cacagualito; Bangs’ reference)—HrrirMayr and von SeILern, Arch, f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 67 (crit.). ; Guiraca cyanoides var. sanciac-marte Dusors, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 612 (Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.), Cyanocompsa sancte-marte SuarPE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 202 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BRraBourNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 362 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: Fundacion (Carriker). Twenty-six specimens: Cacagualito, Don Amo, Don Diego, La Ti- grera, and Minca. Mr. Bangs calls our attention to the fact that the name cyanoides (Lafresnaye, 1847) is the earliest one applicable to this specific group. Besides the above fine suite of specimens, the writer has examined Mr. Bangs’ type-series, as well as Panama examples. Due allowance being made for individual and seasonal variation, which is consider- able in this group, he can find no sufficient characters on which to 508 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. base the recognition of a form sancte-marte. There is certainly no difference in general size, although the bill in the Panama birds seems to average very slightly larger, and the alleged difference in color, to which Mr. Bangs and Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern have called attention, breaks down completely when a sufficient series are brought together. A species peculiar to the Tropical Zone, extending up to about 2,000 feet in the littoral and foothill region of the semi-arid section. In the humid lowlands of the north side and the west side it does not go so high, being rarely found above the coastal plain. It is rare in the “dry forest” section, but common around Don Diego and fairly so at Fundacion. It is always seen in pairs, keeping to the undergrowth of the forest. It has a loud, not unmusical chirp, and is very noisy when disturbed. It is always shy and can be approached only with caution. Two eggs from Don Amo, July 9, forwarded by Mr. Smith, are al- most an exact counterpart of those of the Cardinal Grosbeak (Rich- mondena cardinalis) of the north, but are of course smaller, measuring only 2217. The nest is a flimsy affair of weed-stalks, small sticks, etc., lined with fine wiry weed-stalks of a reddish color. 490. Idiospiza oreophila (Todd). Catamenia oreophila Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVI, 1913, 169 (San Lorenzo; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Six specimens: San Lorenzo and Cerro de Caracas. Description—Adult female (type): above dull grayish olive, streaked with clove brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts un- streaked, and with a slight brownish wash; wings dusky brown, the ‘outer primaries narrowly margined externally with ashy gray, becom- ing more brownish olive on the secondaries, and buffy white on the tertiaries; wing-coverts grayish olive like the back, the greater series obscurely margined terminally with buffy; tail dusky, with grayish olive margins to the feathers; sides of head and neck, and entire under parts dull ashy gray, with a faint wash of buffy brownish on the breast and abdomen, deepening into ochraceous tawny on the under tail-coverts; throat faintly streaked with dusky; under wing-coverts dull buffy white; “iris hazel; feet dark brownish horn; bill flesh-color, tip dusky.” Male (probably not fully adult): similar to the adult female, as Topp—CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 509 above described, but darker about the head, the forehead and throat being indeed almost slaty. Three other female examples (possibly not fully mature) differ from the type in being more strongly suffused throughout with brown- ish, particularly evident on the back and under parts, while the edgings of the wing-coverts and tertiaries are decidedly buffy. In juvenal dress, represented by No. 45,197, April 2, 1914, the species is rich Dresden brown above, duller and more grayish on the pileum and nape, the wings with wide external margins of deep clay-color; below the ground-color is dull buffy, deepening into clay-color on the lower abdomen and sayal brown on the under tail-coverts ; and both upper and under parts are streaked with dusky black, except on the rump and under tail-coverts. The rectrices also are margined with Dresden brown. MEASUREMENTS. No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. 37722) abel Santlvorenzonenicaciie cacieieere 62 56 9 2 37723, & San Lorenzo (Type) .......-. 64 60 9 20 37927. @ Sane onenzomericidc ts sicieioce 62 56 9 19.5 42531 Si Mabs Ell, Sein ALonGiv¢. oooapadous yoaoc 61 56 10 20 AAxO C. Sanmlconenzommredemer sien 62 58 9-5 19.5 45197. @juv. Cerrouder Caracas teres) 64 61 10 19.5 This species seems to find its nearest allies in [diospiza inornata minor (von Berlepsch) and J. homochroa (Sclater), with both of which it has been carefully compared. Unfortunately it has been necessary to draw up the detailed description from the female, the only male specimen available being probably (but not certainly) not quite adult. That the present bird is distinct from both of these allied forms can scarcely be questioned in view of the differences in color and proportions which obtain. The tail is relatively longer, with broader rectrices, while the bill is less turgid than in J. inornata minor, and shorter than in J. homochroa. I. oreophila is moreover not nearly so heavily streaked above as either of these forms, and is intermediate between them in color (females alone considered), being paler than I. homochroa and darker than J. inornata minor. The three forms under consideration, together with Linaria inornata Lafresnaye, have usually been referred to the genus Catamenia of Bonaparte, but that this is a mistake is evident on a merely casual 510 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. comparison. Although resembling Catamenia analis, the accepted-type of the genus, in the general shape of the bill, they differ conspicuously in having long, narrow, acute rectrices, instead of the broad, blunt ones characteristic of analis, while the wing, too, is differently pro- portioned, the ninth (outermost) primary being shorter than the third, instead of longer. For this group a new genus, Jdiospiza, has re- cently been proposed by the present writer (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXX, 1917, 127). This bird was found in the months of June and July on the open summit of the Cerro Quemado of San Lorenzo, between 7,500 and 8,300 feet, where the mountain was overgrown with large bromelias, grasses, and a few bushes and small shrubs. It was very scarce and difficult to secure, flushing from the thick cover only to fly far out of gunshot before again alighting. The writer expected to find it more common in the Sierra Nevada proper, but to his surprise took but a single young bird on the Cerro de Caracas at about 11,000 feet, where it was met with in company with a small flock of Phrygilus unicolor nivarius on April 2, 1914. 491. Catamenia alpica Bangs. (Plate VII.) Catamenia sp. Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 102 (Paramo de Chiruqua).—ALteEn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 164 (Bangs’ reference). Catamenia alpica Bancs, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, III, 1902, 89 (Paramo de Chiruqua; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; crit.) —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).— SHarPE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 214 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BRa- BOURNE and CuusB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 368 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Four specimens: Taquina, Macotama, and Paramo de Chiruqua. Description—Adult male: above dull slate gray, more or less washed with clay-color, especially on the lower back, and streaked with dusky, narrowly on the pileum, more broadly on the lower back, but leaving the rump and upper tail-coverts plain; wing-coverts cen- trally black, broadly margined with slate gray, which in the greater coverts is sometimes tinged with dull cinnamon buff; primaries dusky black, with narrow external margins of slate gray; secondaries with broader external edgings of cinnamon buff; inner margins of remiges white for most of their length; under wing-coverts dull gray; tail black, the rectrices externally edged with grayish white, and all except Annals Carnegie Museum Vol. XIV, pl. VII Catamenia alpica Bangs Above—Adult 6 Below—Juvenal 6 (Three-fourths natural size) Topp—CarrRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recon, Cotomspta. 511 the two central pairs with an oblong white spot near their middle on the inner web, increasing in size from within outward; outer rectrices with slight white inner margins at their tips; under parts light neutral gray, fading to nearly white on the middle of the abdomen, and washed with dull buffy brownish, especially on the flanks; under tail-coverts rich chestnut; “iris brown; feet black, bill yellowish flesh- color, the tip black.” Immature male similar, but upper parts, secondaries, etc., much more suffused with brown, the streaks everywhere much heavier, and with remains of dusky streaks on the breast and sides. The juvenal plu- mage resembles that of the immature male, but the dusky streaks above are still more distinct, especially on the pileum and nape; the entire under parts are streaked with dusky on a dull buffy ground; the chest- nut crissum is barely indicated; and the white spot on the outer rec- trices extends to the tips of the feathers. The adult female is as described by Mr. Bangs in the original notice of this form: wood brown above, below paler, everywhere streaked with dusky, the wings and tail as in the immature male. MEASUREMENTS. No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. 635401 ParamonderChinuqtuacse.-aciacee 70 56 8.5 18.5 453812 IMaCOfaman cz svsts aysiecste-.cechent ae toetele 69 55 9 18.5 1266703 ¢ aa Mare Cundinamatcales cn > ac 64 53 9 18.5 (Type of Catamenia analoides schistaceifrons Chapman.) Acs Orlin peACUING || sia sc,celat- teh = ahi Se aes 67 54 8 18.5 AS 252) 2 a couiill Vane Via COLA a ac\iyes isi o Aa tiefs Sem 66 52 8.5 0725 62484 Q Paramo de Chiruqua (Type) ... 66 52 8 18 1305953 Q Siebel, loys eeasoomecoccpese 61 50 8 18 Through the courtesy of Mr. Bangs the type of this species has been forwarded for examination. It is certainly a very peculiar bird, the bill being very short and deep, the culmen, gonys, commissure (dis- tally) and lateral outlines all being nearly straight, with the maxilla equal in depth to the mandible, and the exposed culmen very little 1 Collection Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 2 Collection Carnegie Museum. 3 Collection American Museum of Natural History, 4 Collection E. A. and O. Bangs. 34 512 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. more than the depth of the bill at its base, allowing for the fact that in the skin as made up the bill is apparently not quite closed. The series at present available show some variation in all these particulars, but the discovery of the adult male serves to confirm Mr. Bangs’ ref- erence of this species to the genus Catamenia, with which it agrees in structural characters as well as pattern of coloration in both sexes. According to the views of the present writer Catamenia should be re- stricted (among known forms) to C. analis (Lafresnaye and D’Or- bigny), C. analoides (Lafresnaye), and the present species. These agree in having the wing more rounded, the ninth (outermost) pri- mary equal to or longer than the third, while the rectrices have blunt tips, and are relatively broader than in the other spec‘es heretofore as- signed to this group. The style of coloration, too, is similar, even down to the white spot on the rectrices. C. alpica is clearly most nearly allied to C. analoides, but (in the male) is duller colored and more distinctly streaked above, less purely gray below, and with the white spot on the rectrices averaging smaller, not touching the shaft. Catamenia analoides schistaceifrons, described by Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXIV, 1915, 649) from the Bogota region of Colombia, the type and one other speci- men (a female) of which have been kindly loaned by him for use in this connection, proves on comparison to be very close to, if not iden- tical with, C. alpica, the male of which was naturally unknown to him at the time. Allowing for the somewhat more worn condition of this pair of birds, the measurements are practically the same, while the male differs only in the color of the bill, which is entirely pale yellow, and in having slightly more white at the base of the primaries—dif- ferences to which we are not inclined to attach very much importance. In any case, should the acquisition of additional material from the Bogota region eventually confirm the validity of this form, it would have to stand as a subspecies of C. alpica instead of C. analoides. The type—and heretofore the only known specimen—of this inter- esting species was shot by Mr. Brown on the Paramo de Chiruqua, at an altitude of 15,000 feet, on February 27, 1899, from a passing flock. By the present writer it was first taken March 29, 1914, at Taquina, in some low shrubbery along a tiny creek on the tableland. There were more individuals present, in company with other species, but they were very shy and all managed to escape except the one shot at first. Topp—CarRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recon, Cotomsra. 513 A few days later one was secured out of a small flock just above the vil- lage of Macotama in the valley. They were discovered in a small tract of shrubbery on the hillside, and after the first shot disappeared and could not be located again. A third example was shot on April 17 on the Paramo de Chiruqua at about 15,200 feet, from a flock of Phrygilus unicolor nivarius, and was apparently the only one there. The last was taken in the Macotama Valley at about 9,000 feet on April 20, being the only one seen at that place. All four were males, but only two were adult. 492. Sporophila luctuosa (Lafresnaye). Spermophila luctuosa SAtvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 122 (San José and San Sebastian).—SHaArRPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XII, 1888, 136 (San Sebastian). Sporophila luctuosa BAncs, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, I, 1899, 79 (San Sebastian and El Mamon). So far as known at present this species is confined in this region to the south slopes of the Sierra Nevada, where it was found in 1879 by Simons, who refers to it as being “common in fields, grass, and low brambles.” Mr. Brown met with it in the same place (San Se- bastian), and secured three specimens. These prove to be not quite adult, having numerous brownish-tipped feathers on the back, breast, and flanks, but they agree well with examples of the same age from the interior of Colombia. 493. Sporophila gutturalis (Lichtenstein). Sporophila gutturalis Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 179 (Palomina).—ALiENn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 166 (Cacagua- lito and Onaca).—CuapMaAn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 558 (“Santal Marta”; crit.). Sporophila luctuosa (not Spermophila luctuosa Lafresnaye) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 166, excl. syn. (Masinga Vieja). Additional records: San Francisco, La Concepcion, San Miguel, Chirua (Brown). Twenty-nine specimens: Bonda, Cacagualito, Don Diego, Don Amo, Cienaga, Mamatoco, Minca, Cincinnati, Fundacion, Dibulla, and Pueblo Viejo. Besides the above, there have been examined in this connection good series from various other sections of Colombia, and from Venezuela and Trinidad. The range of individual and seasonal variation shown is certainly excessive, and would suggest that the various alleged 514 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. . races into which the species has been divided by some authors have no real standing. Lichtenstein’s type came from southern Brazil, from which country no specimens have been seen by the writer, but according to Mr. Hellmayr (Novitates Zodlogice, XIII, 1906, 18) birds from Trinidad are the same. These in their turn are quite in- distinguishable from a series from Ocafia, Colombia, which are prac- tical topotypes of the supposed form pallida, described by von Ber- lepsch from Bucaramanga. The fact of the matter is, that these pale-colored birds are not localized in their distribution, but are apt to occur anywhere within the range of the species. Thus, No. 72,551, Collection American Museum of Natural History, Masinga Vieja, September 7, 1899, and in perfectly fresh plumage, is so nearly white below that it was identified by Dr. Allen as S. luctuosa! It is very nearly matched in this respect, however, by a specimen from San Antonio, Bermudez, Venezuela (No. 73,371, Collection American Mu- seum of Natural History), taken July 27, 1896. An uninterrupted gradation runs from these white-bellied birds up to those which are rich baryta yellow below. The upper parts too, vary even more in color than does the under surface. For example, in the Masinga Vieja skin above referred to the back is deep neutral gray, with a slight olivaceous tinge, and in the San Antonio specimen it is deep grayish olive. From this color it ranges all the way through to a Roman green. In some specimens this deep green color gives way to black, which overspreads the whole of the upper parts, including the wing-coverts, only the tips of the feathers showing green. In others the black is confined to the pileum, and in still others it is re- stricted to the forehead alone. It is probably this latter phase of plu- mage which has been described by von Berlepsch and Stolzmann under the subspecific name inconspicua (Ornis, XIII, 1905, 84), while the richly colored, yellow-bellied birds have been called olivacea by von Berlepsch and Taczanowski (Proceedings Zoélogical Society of Lon- don, 1883, 550), the respective ranges assigned being eastern Peru and western Ecuador. Although, as before stated, no material from either of these regions has been examined in this connection, it seems very unlikely that the variations shown to prevail throughout Colombia and Ecuador would turn out to be localized farther south, and unless evidence to the contrary should be forthcoming these names will have to follow pallida into synonymy. It is only fair to say, however, that Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, CoLtompta. 515 Mr. Hellmayr still considers olivacea as a valid form (cf. Novitates Zoblogice, XII, 1905, 278). Males alone have been considered in the above study, but females vary almost as much. This little seedeater is essentially a bird of the lower half of the Tropical Zone, for while it ranges from sea-level up to 4,000 feet, it is only a straggler above 2,000 feet. It is fairly common at Minca, and abundant at Fundacion, but rare at Don Diego (only one pair be- ing noted), where conditions are unfavorable. It was always seen in pairs or flocks, and usually in company with some other species of the genus, or with allied forms. It prefers tall grasses as cover rather than bushes and shrubbery, and seems to subsist almost entirely upon the seeds of these when they can be had. The Carnegie Museum received a nest and two eggs of this species ‘from Mr. Smith, collected at Don Amo, July 23. The nest is a small, frail affair, built entirely of fine, stiff, light-colored fibers, without special lining, and is placed in a small branch of a wild pepper bush (Banisteria adunca). The eggs measure about 17.5 X13; they are white, with a faint greenish tinge, thickly covered with irregular and more or less confluent spots of brown. 494. Sporophila minuta minuta (Linnzus). Sporophila minuta ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 166 (Bonda, Onaca, and Cienaga). Twenty-six specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Gaira, Rio Hacha, Ma- matoco, Fundacion, and Tucurinca. Seasonal variation in this species is certainly very great. August males in worn breeding plumage are neutral gray above, with faint darker mottling, while a May specimen in fresh plumage is brownish olive above, with the broad and conspicuous outer margins of the tertiaries and wing-coverts isabella-color. When or how the transi- tion from one plumage to the other takes place the series unfortunately does not show, although there are a few specimens with scattered cin- namon feathers underneath collected in both May and August, sug- gesting that the species may breed before attaining perfect plumage. A Tropical Zone species, not found in the foothills, except as an occasional straggler, being practically confined to the drier portions of the coastal plain and the Magdalena basin. It was most abundant 516 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. around Tucurinca and Fundacién, along the railway and in the pas- tures. It is rarely seen in shrubbery, preferring the tracts of tall grass, as well as roadsides and waste land generally. However greatly Central American birds of this species may differ, as claimed by Messrs. Bangs and Penard (Bulletin Museum of Com- parative Zoology, LXII, 1918, 90), we are unable to separate the above series satisfactorily from Cayenne examples. 495. Sporophila grisea (Gmelin). Spermophila grisea SuHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XII, 1888, 96 (“Santa Marta ”’). Sporophila grisea ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 166 (Cienaga). Twenty-one specimens: Dibulla, Tucurinca, and Fundacion. Nearly all of the above are males, which, after making due allow- ance for differences of season, seem to be indistinguishable from specimens from other sections included in the range of this species. Females vary considerably more than males, but it does not seem pos- sible to correlate these variations with definite geographic areas. “In- dividuals with dark bills appear to be immature. ; A Tropical Zone form, apparently common in the brushy pastures and waste lands between Rio Frio and Fundacion, occurring at the latter place in company with S. gutturalis-and S. minuta. It was abundant also at Dibulla under the same conditions, although none were taken at either Don Diego or Rio Hacha. Sporophila sp. Spermophila plumbea Savin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 122 (Santa Marta). Spermophila ocellata SuarpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XII, 1888, 130 (Santa Marta). Sporophila plumbea colombiana ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 166 (Salvin and Godman’s reference). All of these references are based on one and the same specimen, a young bird collected by Simons at Santa Marta on April 5, 1879. Without seeing this specimen it would of course be idle to venture an opinion as to its identity, beyond suggesting that it may be S. gutturalis, the female of which resembles the same sex of S. bouvronides (“ ocellata’’), which in turn is very close to S. lineola. Even if correctly referred to the latter, it undoubtedly belongs to the race recently discriminated by the writer under the name Sporophila lineola restricta (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXX, 1917, 128). Topp—CaRRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, Cotompra. 517 496. Sporophila haplochroma Todd. Phonipara bicoior (not Fringilla bicolor Linneus) ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 165 (Minca; crit.). Sporophila haplochroma Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1912, 200 (Cincin- nati [type-locality] and Minca; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.; meas.; crit.). Catamenia haplochroma BragouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am.,I, r912, 368 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Nineteen specimens: Cincinnati, Minca, and Pueblo Viejo. There is little to add to the original account of this species, the acquisition of additional specimens having fully confirmed its char- acters as defined. June and July specimens are noticeably duller than those shot in March and April, and their bills average darker, but otherwise there is little variation. Messrs. Brabourne and Chubb have referred it to Catamenia, evidently at the suggestion of Mr. Hellmayr, whose remarks (Novitates Zodlogice, XX, 1913, 237) on the proper allocation of S. obscura, with which it was compared in the descrip- tion, should be consulted in this connection. But the writer cannot indorse such a reference in the case of either of these two species, and is of the opinion that they had better be left in Sporophila. In S. haplochroma the bill is rather more compressed than in many of the other species of this group, the lateral outlines being faintly concave, but scarcely any two of the species are exactly alike in respect to the shape of the bill, and the present form is not out of place here. Two individuals of this inconspicuously colored seedeater were se- cured at Minca by Mr. Smith’s collectors, and erroneously referred to “Phonipara” bicolor by Dr. Allen. It turns out that Mr. Brown se- cured it also, taking one specimen each at Palomina, San Francisco, and La Concepcion, these examples being doubtfully identified by Mr. Bangs as S. gutturalis, but the records were not published at the time. It was first seen by the writer at the hacienda Cincinnati in‘ June, I9I1, where it was found frequenting the edge of the forest, and in the new clearings. Only one small flock was seen, from which three speci- mens were eventually secured. Later it was found at Minca, but was very scarce, being noted in company with Oryzoborus funereus and other species of seedeaters, but keeping to the ground more than any of the latter. It was present also, although only in small numbers, around Pueblo Viejo and in the Chirua Valley. It is thus a species not known to go beyond the Tropical Zone in this region. ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. It may be added that recent researches have shown that this species is not confined to the Santa Marta region, as at first supposed, but has an extensive range in Colombia and Venezuela. 497. Tiaris bicolor omissa (Jardine). Eleven specimens: Rio Hacha. Allowing for differences in season and degree of wear, this series agree well with another from Porto Rico, running through precisely the same variations in plumage, and also with specimens from north- ern Venezuela. Typical Tobago skins have not been compared, how- ever, nor have any been examined from the interior of Colombia. Coming as they do from a different faunal area, the latter may be distinct. In the Santa Marta region the species was met with only in the vicinity of Rio Hacha, where it was wont to frequent the more open places in the thorny scrub-growth, keeping on or near the ground, and at Fonseca. Like Coryphospingus pileatus brevicaudus, Rich- mondena phanicea, Saltator orenocensis rufescens, etc., it seems to be a representative of the Arid Tropical Zone of northern Venezuela. 498. Volatinia jacarini atronitens Todd. Volatinia jacarini (not Tanagra jacarini Linneus) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 200 (San José).—SuHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XII, 1888, 152 (San José). Volatinia jacarini splendens (not Fringilla splendens Vieillot) BaNnes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 139 (‘Santa Marta”).—ALen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 165 (Bonda, Onaca, Masinga Vieja, and Cacagualito) ; XXI, 1905, 291 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Additional records: Chirua, La Concepcion (Brown); Don Amo (Smith). Twenty-three specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Santa Marta, Cincin- nati, Isa Tigrera, Minca, and Mamatoco. On the name of this species compare Todd, Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XX XIII, 1920, 73. This species is found in all localities under 2,500 feet where waste lands, grass-lands, or savannas exist, but on the west slopes of the San Lorenzo it straggles up to 4,000 feet. It was not noted by the writer much above 2,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada proper, but Simons secured a single specimen at San José, at an altitude of 5,000 feet. In habits it is very similar to the species of Sporophila, with which Topp—CarRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recrion, Cotomsia. 519 it is usually found in company. Two nests sent in from Bonda by Mr. Smith are described by Dr. Allen as “deeply cup-shaped, compactly woven of fine plant fibers and lined with finer material of the same character.” Both were placed in the fork of a small branch. “ The eggs [two in number] are pale bluish white, in one set nearly clear white, sprinkled with small spots of reddish chestnut, massed chiefly around the greater end.” The dates represented are May 6 and June 2. 499. Sicalis citrina browni Bangs. Sycalis browni Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, XII, 1898, 139 (“ Santa Marta ’’; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.; crit.) ; XIII, 1899, 102 (Palomina and La Concepcion; crit,).—ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 165 (Bangs’ references). Pseudochloris citrina (not Sycalis citrina von Pelzeln) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 163 (Onaca), Sycalis columbiana var. browni Dusots, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 601 (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.). Pseudochloris browni SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 326 (ref. orig. descr. ; range).—BRABOURNE and CuHuss, Birds S, Am., I, 1912, 381 (ref. orig. descr.; range)—CHaApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 572, in text (Onaca; crit.). Twenty-seven specimens: Onaca, Minca, and San Miguel. The writer is not prepared to recognize a genus Pseudochloris to include this and related species, as is done by Sharpe. Mr. Bangs de- scribed this form under the impression that it was a true Sicalis, but discovered later that it was probably the same as Colombian specimens of the bird called by Sharpe Pseudochloris citrina (von Pelzeln). Brazil being the type-locality for the name in question, Mr. Bangs suggested that it was possible that the northern birds might prove separable, in which case the name he had given would hold. No topo- typical material has been available in this connection, but a few years ago a specimen of browni from La Cumbre, Venezuela, was sent to Mr. Hellmayr with a request to make the indicated comparison. He writes as follows: “This is an exceedingly poor subspecies of Pseu- dochloris citrina from Brazil, and in reality may not be separable at all. Some time ago I compared a good series from northern locali- ties (Bogota and the mountains of British Guiana) with von Pelzeln’s types, borrowed from the Vienna Museum, and could not discover the slightest differences in coloration. Your bird from La Cumbre is practically identical with the one from Bogota in this Museum, which, 520 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. in its turn, is not distinguishable from Guiana skins. I am perfectly convinced that the birds inhabiting Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia belong to one and the same form, entitled to the name browni. But whether they are different from P. citrina, of eastern Brazil, appears extremely doubtful. Compared with three males from Brazil (includ- ing the types), the northern birds are slightly smaller, with shorter tails, and somewhat slenderer, shorter bills. It may be, too, that the ear-coverts are more greenish, and the under parts a deeper, purer yel- low. However, a larger series of the typical race should be examined. Furthermore, the name Orospina pratensis Cabanis (from Tucuman) may be an earlier one for browni, for the single (not quite adult) male from Argentina more nearly agrees with the northern race in proportions.” MEASUREMENTS (fide Hellmayr). « Wing. Tathe Bills Two males from Jaguaraiba, S. Brazil (types of Sycalis CUELINGY! Shave eee bb. 6 wae Bidietice asatehe Siete Oot areata 68 50—-51.5 9-9.5 One adult male from Gilboez, Piauhy, N. E. Brazil... 67 50 9.5 Five adult males from Mt. Roraima, British Guiana.. 62-65.5 43.5-47 8-9 One adult male from La Cumbre, Venezuela......... 65.5 46 9 Two adult males from Bogota, Colombia............ 65-67 47 9.5 It will thus be seen that the name browni rests on a very slender basis indeed, but pending the receipt of a series of Brazilian examples it may be allowed to stand provisionally. Ina series of males secured at Minca from June 17 to 26, 1913, two phases of coloration are repre- sented. Some are decidedly grayish above, while in others the back is almost as bright olive yellow as the crown. This bird is found throughout the foothills and mountain slopes up to 6,000 feet, wherever grass-lands or savannas occur. It has been seen in the little bits of savanna along the road to Cincinnati, between Mamatoco and Minca, but it is not at all common there. While col- lecting at Minca the writer was so fortunate as to find a considerable flock feeding in a tract of recently cleared level land in the valley, though their normal habitat in that vicinity was evidently some grass- covered hills near by known as the “ Cueva de Tigre.” The birds are extremely shy, flushing at the slightest provocation, and flying far and high. Their flight is Goldfinch-like, but rather stronger. In their habits they remind one a great deal of the Longspurs, alighting almost ’ Topp—CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsra. 521 always on the ground, where they run about in search of seeds. They have a low, chirping call-note. Only one flock, from which but one bird was secured, was found in the Sierra Nevada, on the mountain- -side between San Miguel and Taquina. Mr. Brown most probably secured his specimens in the grassy hills near Onaca. 500. Sicalis flaveola flaveola (Linnzus). Sycalis brasiliensis Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 115, 328 (Santa Marta). Sycalis flaveola ScuaTeEr, Ibis, 1872, 41 (Santa Marta, ex Wyatt; crit.).— SaLvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 123 (Santa Marta).—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XII, 1888, 377 (Santa Marta).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 165 (Bonda, Cienaga, and Cacagualito). Sicalis flaveola CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 565 SantaMiatta-)s Additional records: Tucurinca (Carriker). Thirty-one specimens: Bonda, Cienaga, Rio Hacha, Gaira, Mama- toco, and Fundacion. There can be no question that the adult female of this species is like the adult male, averaging merely a little duller in color, but often quite indistinguishable. In first nuptial dress both sexes are much duller, the pileum and back shaded with ashy, and the under parts ashy white, with a band of dull yellow across the breast. This is the plumagé at- tributed to the adult female by Sharpe, although not without qualifica- tion. Not one of the extensive series of adults examined shows any indication of streaking on the flanks. This beautiful finch was met with both by Wyatt and by Simons in the immediate vicinity of Santa Marta, the latter author remarking that it was common near houses and in gardens, and very tame. It appears to be a species of the Lower Tropical Zone, heing confined to the lowlands, and most numerous in the semi-arid portions. It was fairly common about Fundacion, and quite numerous at Rio Hacha, while a few were noted at Fonseca and Valencia, but none at either Don Diego or Dibulla. It is a bird of the more open country, being partial to shrubbery and scattered tree-growth, and occurs usually in pairs, small flocks, or family groups. 501. Phrygilus unicolor nivarius (Bangs). Phrygilus unicolor (not Emberiza unicolor D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye) SALviN and GopmMan, Ibis, 1880, 122 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 9,200 to 12,800 feet; crit.) SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XII, 1888, 792 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta), o22 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Haplospiza nivaria BanGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 102 (Par- amo de Chiruqua; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.; meas.; crit.).—ALLEN, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 164 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references)—Dusotis, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 627 (ref. orig. descr.; range)—SuHaArpE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 329 (ref. orig. descr.; range). j Phrygilus nivarius BRABouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S, Am., I, 1912, 382 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Phrygilus unicolor nivarius CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, 1915, 652 (Paramo de Chiruqua; diag.; meas.; crit.). Fifty-three specimens: Cerro de Caracas, Paramo de Mamarongo, and Paramo de Chiruqua. Little variation is apparent in this fine series, except such as is due to age and sex, young males being streaked like the adult females. A young male dated April 4 is moulting from this streaked plumage into that of the adult. The two adults shot on April 2 are much worn, but those taken later in the month are in fresh dress. The first specimens of this bird, secured by Simons in 1878, were referred by Salvin and Godman to Phrygilus unicolor (D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye), a species which they admitted was variable accord- ing to locality. When Mr. Brown’s series came to hand, however, Mr. Bangs described the bird represented under the name Haplospiza nivaria, comparing it with Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis, with which it has clearly nothing whatever to do, being in fact much more closely related to Phrygilus unicolor, an entirely different bird, as correctly given by Salvin and Godman in the first place. This curious but not entirely inexcusable mistake by Mr. Bangs has unfortunately been followed by Sharpe in his Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds, as well as by Mr. Riley in describing a supposed new form (montosa) from the Andes of Merida, but which according to Dr. Chapman is the same as the present bird. Dr. Chapman goes on to point out that this and related forms are apparently not congeneric with the type of Phrygilus (P. gayi)—a conclusion which the writer had already reached independently—and suggests that eventually it will be necessary to segregate them under Bonaparte’s name Geospiz- opsis. This is one of the characteristic species of the Paramo or Alpine Zone in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, its long, lax plumage fitting it to withstand the cold of these high altitudes. Simons secured five Topp—CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsta. 523 specimens at from 9,200 to 12,800 feet in July, and Mr. Brown col- lected a series of thirteen on the Paramo de Chiruqua, at the edge of the snow (15,000 feet), in February and March. According to the writer’s experience it is a fairly abundant bird, as abundance goes at these altitudes, where bird-life in general is so scarce. It was first detected on the Cerro de Caracas early in April, a small flock being encountered on each of the two trips made. A small flock was also found on the Paramo de Mamarongo at about 10,000 or 11,000 feet, and a series secured. It was most abundant on the Paramo de Chiru- qua above 12,000 feet, ranging thence as high as 15,000 feet or more, being in fact practically the only bird present in the desolate wastes of the mountain along the snow-line. It is very shy, the flocks scattering widely in all directions at the first shot, and the birds hiding so cleverly beside some stone or tuft of grass as to elude observation completely, until they unexpectedly take wing, not alighting again for a long dis- tance, and flying in long graceful sweeps, after the manner of the American Goldfinch. 302. Buarremon basilicus Bangs. Buarremon basilicus BANncs, Proc, Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 159 (Pueblo Viejo; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zool.; meas.; crit.) ; XIII, 1899, 104 (Chirua and San Francisco; plum.).—ALien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 167 (Valparaiso and El Libano).—Dusors, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 647 (ref. orig. descr.; range) SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 336 (ref. orig. descr.; range)—von BeERLEpScH, Verh. V. Int, Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1103 (Santa Marta localities; ref. orig. descr.).— BrABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 390 (ref. orig. descr.; range). ; Twenty-five specimens: El Libano, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, Pa- ramo de Mamarongo, Pueblo Viejo, and Heights of Chirua. Judging from the description alone (in one case) this species, the range of which is restricted to the present region, must be very close to Buarremon poliophrys of central Peru, notwithstanding its wide separation therefrom geographically. It is quite distinct from, al- though closely related to, B. pheopleurus of northern Venezuela. It wes described by Mr. Bangs from a single specimen collected by Mr. Brown at Pueblo Viejo. Later four other specimens were secured in the same general region, at Chirua and San Francisco. Mr. Smith extended its range to the San Lorenzo, securing specimens at Val- paraiso (now Cincinnati) and El Libano. In this section it ranges 524 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. from 5,000 to 8,000 feet in the heavy Subtropical Zone forest, but in the Sierra Nevada proper it is found as low as 2,000 feet, and as high as 9,000 feet. It is not a common bird anywhere, however, and its habits tend to make it inconspicuous. It keeps near the ground, spend- ing most of its time scratching about among the leaves and rubbish, like the Towhee of the eastern United States. It is invariably seen in pairs. An example in juvenal dress (No. 63,230, Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia, March 19) is much browner above than the adult, with the pileum like the back, the stripes scarcely indicated; be- low it is sepia brown, obscurely streaked with dusky brown, especially on the throat, breast, and middle of the abdomen: the bill also is duller colored. Two other specimens, collected July 12 and 25, are similar, but the postjuvenal moult is just beginning. 503. Atlapetes melanocephalus (Salvin and Godman). Buarremon melanocephalus Satvin and Gopmawn, Ibis, 1880, 121 (San Sebas- tian; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.) —REICHENOW and ScHALOow, Journ. f. Orn., XX VIII, 1880, 322 (reprint orig. descr.).—SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 261 (San Sebastian and San José; descr.).— SALvIn, Ibis, 1887, 130, in text (range).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, XII, 1898, 178 (San Miguel, Palomina, and San Francisco; descr. young).—Bancs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, 79 (San Sebastian and El Mamory).—A.ten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 167 (Las Nubes, Valparaiso, and El Libano)—Dvuvsois, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 648 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 337 (Santa Marta [region], in range). Atlapetes melanocephalus voN BERLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int. Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1097 (Santa Marta localities; ref. orig. descr.)—BRABOURNE and CHUBB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 387 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: La Concepcion, Chirua, Paramo de Chiruqua (?), Santa Cruz (Brown). Twenty-eight specimens: El Libano, Las Vegas, Cincinnati, Pueblo Viejo, San Lorenzo, Las Taguas, and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 and 8,000 feet). In juvenal plumage, illustrated by No. 37,695, the color-pattern closely resembles that of the adult, but the colors are duller and paler. The upper parts are more brownish, with less contrast between the back and the pileum, while the under parts are dull buffy yellow, nar- rowly streaked with dusky from the breast down. This bird was taken Topp—CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLtompia. 525 on June 8; another in a similar stage is dated July 7, while a third shot June II is entering upon the postjuvenal moult. Several of the pre- sumably adult birds show more or less dusky mottling on the breast, and there is also a tendency towards a dusky suffusion on the back. One of the species peculiar to this region, having been described by Salvin and Godman from a young bird secured by Simons at San Sebastian. This collector subsequently took an adult at San José, and the species continued to be known only from these two specimens up to the time Mr. Brown visited the Sierra Nevada, when a good series was secured, including examples from the type-locality. Mr. Smith’s collectors found it also in the San Lorenzo range, and it appears to be a common bird in both districts. It is a Subtropical Zone form, not found below 4,000 feet in the San Lorenzo district, but coming down as low as 2,000 feet on the north slopes of the Sierra Nevada, at Pueblo Viejo. It runs as high up as 8,000 feet in the San Lorenzo, and to about the same altitude in the Sierra Nevada, although above 6,000 feet it is not so common there, the temperature being much lower than at corresponding altitudes on the former mountain. It occurs under almost all kinds of conditions throughout its range—in the forest, in scrub-growth, and even in low bushes in the open. It is invariably found in pairs, keeping near the ground, and is not at all shy. The nest is made of grass and rootlets, domed over, and placed in a low bush or shrub. The eggs are two in number, and pure white. 504. Arremon schlegeli Bonaparte. Arremon schlegeli ScLaTeR, Proc. Zool, Soc. London, 1856, 83 (“Santa Marta ’’).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 93 (“Santa Marta ”’).—SaLvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 121 (Minca).—SciaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, 279 (Minca).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, XII, 1898, 140 (“Santa Marta”), 178 (Palomina and San Miguel).—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 167 (Bonda, Minca, Onaca, and Valparaiso). —von BeErRLEPSCH, Verh. V. Int, Orn.-Kong., 1911, 1107 (Santa Marta desig- nated as type-locality; Santa Marta localities). Additional records: La Concepcion, Chirua (Brown). Thirty-one specimens: Onaca, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Agua Dulce, Minca, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, and La Tigrera. There is considerable variation, apparently of an individual nature, in the brightness of the olive yellow of the back and wing-coverts. No. 38,cgo, August 16, is apparently just completing the postjuvenal 526 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. moult, and still retains traces of greenish feathers on the posterior under parts, while the bill is wholly dark. No. 42,353, June 24, is in juvenal dress, which resembles that of the adult above, but the gray of the upper back is wanting, the whole back being suffused with olive, much brighter posteriorly. The wings and tail are as in the adult. Below, the general color is dull whitish, obscurely streaked with dusky, the breast and flanks shaded with buffy olive, with the black areas on either side of the throat indicated, and the abdomen tinged with pale yellow. The bill is black, instead of yellow, as in the adult. This species was described by Bonaparte (ex Lafresnaye, MS.) in 1850, from “ Am[erica] m[eridionalis],’ and a specimen purporting to come from Santa Marta was received by Sclater from Verreaux shortly thereafter. Salvin and Godman recorded it from Minca, and it is represented from various localities in all the collections made in more recent years. It is essentially a bird of the foothills section of the Tropical Zone, ranging from their lower edge up to 3,000 feet, but may occasionally straggle beyond these bounds. Mr. Brown, in- deed, claims to have secured it at La Concepcion, Chirua, Palomina, and San Miguel, but by the writer it was found to be very rare in the main Sierras. Only two specimens were taken at Pueblo Viejo, and a few others seen. It was common, however, at Loma Larga, at the eastern end of the range. It is very partial to the “dry forest” of the semi-arid belt, but was not noted anywhere in the heavy forest between Santa Marta and Dibulla, nor at Fundacion. It keeps near the ground in the thickets, and has a weak chirp, but no song. It is always seen in pairs, actively hopping about in the bushes or on the ground, very much after the manner of Buarremon basilicus. The known range of this species extends west along the coast as far at least as Cartagena, and it occurs also near Caracas, Venezuela, although there are no published records from the intermediate region. Santa Marta has been proposed as the type-locality by von Berlepsch, but whether on the basis of the original specimen it is at present im- possible to say. 505. Arremonops conirostris conirostris Bonaparte. Arremon conirostris ScLAaTtER, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1855, 154 (‘‘ Santa Marta ’’). Embernagra conirostris ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 117 (“Santa Marta ’’). —Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 123 (“Santa Marta’’).—Swarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XII, 1888, 763 (“Santa Marta’’). Plate VIII XIV. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol ft. 1,500 Minea forest) on road to Region (dry Foothill Min EG: above sea-level. 3 2h ry Pare sea-level. ft. above 6,000 forest, Subtropical lower ivy Ordine 2 Fic. Topp—CarRIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recion, CoLromsia. 527 Arremonops conirostris canens BANGs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 140 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zodl.; crit.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 291 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Arremonops canens BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 103 (crit.). —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 164 (Salvin and God- man’s and Bangs’ references).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, V, 1909, 323 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Arremonops venezuelensis Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 104 (“Santa Marta”; crit.) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 163 (Bonda). Buarremon assimilis (not Tanagra assimilis Boissonneau) ALLEN, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 167 (Bonda; plum.) ; XXI, 1905, 276 (crit. ;= Arremonops conirostris canens Bangs).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 160, in text (Bonda). Embernagra striaticeps var. canens Dusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1901, 638 (‘‘ Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.). Arremonops conirostris venezuelensis Topp, Ann, Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1912 199, in text (Santa Marta region; crit.) —HELLMAYR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LX XVIII, 1912, 69 (Santa Marta region, in range). Arremonops conirostris conirostris CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 569 (“ Santa Marta”; meas.; crit.). Ten specimens: Bonda, Dibulla, Mamatoco, Tucurinca, and Loma Larga. Sclater was the first to record this species from the Santa Marta re- gion, his record being based on a specimen secured through Verreaux. Simons secured a specimen also, which was duly recorded by Salvin and Godman. Mr. Brown sent in three specimens, labelled ‘“ Santa Marta,” but which probably came from the vicinity of Bonda, as ex- plained elsewhere. These were described by Mr. Bangs as a new race, canens, on the grounds of differences in size and coloration as com- pared with true comrostris. The following year he was led to restrict the name canens to apply only to the type, referring the two female specimens to venezuelensis, a form described by Mr. Ridgway only a few months before the publication of canens. As shown by the present writer a few years ago, however, it is practically certain that the pecu- liarities of the type-specimen of the latter are individual in their char- acter. With a series of seventy-one specimens from various parts of Colombia and Venezuela available for study, a great deal of variation is noticeable, but it is individual and seasonal, certainly not geograph- ical. Some specimens are decidedly grayish above, others incline more 35 528 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. to olivaceous. The gray color of the crown, superciliaries, and under parts also varies greatly in depth and purity, as well as the buffy shad- ing’ of the flanks and crissum. Nor are there any real average differ- ences in size in birds from various parts of the range of the species. Bonaparte states that his Arremon conirostris came from “ Brazil,” but this was obviously an error, and Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern have recently fixed Bogota as the type-locality. Birds from this re- gion, contrary to the implication of these authors, prove to be quite indistinguishable from the rest of the series examined, which includes specimens coming from the type-locality of venezuelensis. Accord- ingly, as suspected by the writer for some time, this name will fall as a pure synonym of conirostris. Arremonops conirostris inexpectatus, recently described by Dr. Chapman from Andalucia, Huila, Colombia, and which has been examined in this connection, proves to be an easily recognizable geographical variant of conirostris. Arremonops chry- soma, however, would seem to be specifically distinct, and it is further to be remarked that the Central American form of this restricted group, Arremonops richmondi, is certainly far more closely related to the latter than to conirostris, despite the gap between their respective ranges, In the Santa Marta region Arremonops conirostris conirostris evi- dently inhabits the whole of the littoral Tropical Zone, from the Mag- dalena on the west as far as Dibulla and Loma Larga to the east. It is a rare bird, especially so in the dry portion of the coastal plain, where it is found only in the irrigated pastures, etc. Specimens col- lected at Bonda by Mr. Smith were at first erroneously referred to Buarremon assimilis by Dr. Allen, but this mistake was corrected later. Dr. Allen has also described the nest and eggs of the species, forwarded by the same collector. These were all from Bonda, under dates ranging from April 18 to May 4, and contained two eggs each, pure white in color. “The nests, bulky and deeply cup-shaped, are placed in the fork of a branch, and differ much in the materials of which they are constructed. One is composed outwardly of dead leaves, lined with plant stems and fine tendrils of some vine. Another is composed outwardly and also lined with pieces of broad leaves of some sedge or flag, mixed with plant stems, the latter forming a sort of middle layer. Another is composed externally of fine grass leaves, and internally of broad blades of grass or sedge and fine plant fibers. Topp—CARRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA MArtTA ReEcion, Cotomsia. 529 In position, form, and in general structure the four nests are all very similar. Their external diameter is about 5 inches, internal about 3; depth externally 4 inches, depth of cavity about 2% inches.” 506. Arremonops tocuyensis Todd. Eleven specimens: Rio Hacha and Arroya de Arenas. The present species was described by the senior author a few years ago (ANNALS CARNEGIE Museum, VIII, 1912, 198), from a single specimen collected at Tocuyo, southwest of Barquisimeto, Venezuela. The capture of additional specimens is thus doubly gratifying, con- firming as it does the validity of the new form and materially extend- ing its range. The present series are a little grayer above than the type, doubtless due to season, but are obviously the same. The species is perfectly distinct from A. conirosiris, for while the under parts are about the same in color, the upper surface is much paler and grayer, the pileum and sides of the head are also paler gray, the lateral crown- stripes and postorbital stripes are browner (approaching thus A. superciliosus), and the size is much less, as indicated by the following table of measurements: No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. 36569 & Tocuyo, Venezuela (Type) ......... 72 56 15 22 A GOOMNG) LloOmachas Colombia vac. tie l= si. - 67 53 14 23 ACGOLOM Que io) Hachay(Colombiay.. cits .00- - = 65 52 14 PuS Ay Owe OMlachas COlompiay ij-rereeiei-lels' an ad 582 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. dense, a truly magnificent lowland tropical forest, strictly Magdalenan in character. North of the Ariguani the land is hilly and broken, not with regular ranges of hills, but apparently becoming a haphazard jumble of low hills and winding ravines, with a poor gravelly soil. As seen from the plain at their base, the foothills and the whole south- © west flank of the Sierra Nevada are densely forested right up to tim- ber-line.” CaRNEGIE Museum, October 5, 1922. INDEX Note.—Primary references for species are in heavy-face type. abbreviatus, Buteo, 60, 150 Ramphastos ambiguus, 27, 118, 232 abditivus, Manacus manacus, 52, 63, 336 Accipiter, 21 bicolor, 148 bicolor bicolor, 60, 148 fontainieri, 147 salvini, 83, 148 superciliosus exitiosus, 147 ventralis, 148 Accipitride, 143 accola, Elenia viridicata, 362 Acestrura astreans, 50, 126 Acrorchilus, 289, 291 antisiensis, 86, 289 hellmayri, 51, 83, 86, 288 subcristatus, 86 Actitis macularia, 56, 182 acuticauda, Pachysylvia flavipes, 431 acutipennis, Chordeiles acutipennis, 62, 218 Adelomyia, 247 adspersus, Crypturornis, 167 adunca, Banisteria, 515 Aduriameina, 107 znea, Chloroceryle enea, 62, 67, 224 zneicauda, Chalybura buffonii, 62, 207 zqualis, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis, 54, 63, 437 zquatorialis, Cistothorus, 426 Penelope, 61, 116, 174 zruginosa, Eupsittula pertinax, 50, 611604 97.1205 estiva, Dendroica estiva, 57, 453 zethiops, Oryzoborus, 119, 507 affinis, Cyanocorax affinis, 64, 75, 427 Glaucis hirsuta, 63, 272 agami, Doriponus, 60, 133 Affinities, Faunal, 70, 84, 100 Agelaius icterocephalus icterocepha- lus, 65, 68, 468 pheeniceus, 469 agilis, Oporornis, 57, 450 agnatus, Furnarius, 22, 51, -130 Furnarius leucopus, 51, 63, 71, 78, 295, 296, 297 Agua Dulce, 107 Ajaia ajaja, 139 ajaja, Ajaia, 60, 139 alberti, Crax, 61, 74, 175 albicans, Thamnophilus radiatus, 315 albicauda, Thermochalcis cayennen- SISWOM ie 22 albicaudatus, Buteo, 60, 150 albicilius, Buglodytes, 424 Heleodytes minor, 53, 69, 72, 424 albicincta, Streptoprocne zonaris, 62, 244, 245 albicollis, Nyctidromus albicollis, 218, 219 albidiventris, Cinclodes, 294 albifrons, Myioborus, 86 albigula, Myrmopagis melena, 311 albigularis, Creciscus, 61, 68, 74, 179 Falco albigularis, 61, 160 Pheugopedius fasciatoventris, 421 Sclerurus, 297 Sclerurus albigularis, 86 Synallaxis albescens, 63, 286, 287 albilateralis, Diglossa, 84, 86, 464, 465 albilinea, Chlorenas albilinea, 83 197 albipectus, Thryophilus, 410 Thryophilus albipectus, 411 albitorques, Erator, 63, 323 albiventer, Iridoprocne, 65, 435 Oreopeleia violacea, 61, 70, 190 albivertex, Elenia chiriquensis, 52, 64, 365, 366 albivitta, Aulacorhynchus, 231 Aulacorhynchus albivitta, 231 Chamepelia passerina, 61, 69, 71, albocilius, Buglodytes, 53 albocristata, Serricossypha, 483 albogriseus, Pachyrhamphus, 325, 326 albolineatus, Dendrocolaptes, 277 Thripobrotus, 63, 277 583 584 albovittatus, Donacobius, 394, 395 Alcedinide, 224 alcyon, Megaceryle alcyon, 226 Alguacil, 108 alicie, Hylocichla minima, 56, 404 Allen) Dries AewOnss0resya 38, 39 alleni, Chloronerpes rubiginosus, 50, 83, 238 Chloronerpes yucatenensis, 50 alpica, Catamenia, 54, 95, 96, 99, 100. 510 alticola, Cistothorus, 84, 86, 426 altissima, Streptoprocne zomaris, 245 Altitudinal Range (of Tropical Zone Forms), 66 amaurocephalus, ocephalus, 356 Amazilia tzacatl tzacatl, 62, 266 Amazona, 98 amazonica amazonica, 61, 67, 198, 199 mercenaria, 95, 96, 198 canipalliata, 198 ochrocephala panamensis, 61, 67, 74, 198 amazona, Chloroceryle, 62, 224 amazonica, Amazona amazonica, 61, 67, 198, 199 amazonus, Schiffornis amazonus, 334 Amblycercus holosericeus, 65, 478 holosericeus centralis, 478 holosericeus flavirostris, 478 Leptopogon amaur- American Museum of Natural His- tory, 36, 37, 38 American Vultures, 141 americana, Chloroceryle americana, 62, 225 Mycteria, 60, 140 Spiza, 57, 533 americanus, Coccyzus, 56, 213 Ibycter, 61, 164 anachoreta, Henicorhina, 53 Henicorhina leucophrys, 53, 95, 96, 98, 415, 416 analis, Catamenia, 510, 512 analoides, Catamenia, 512 Anatide, 140 anatum, Falco peregrinus, 56, 159 Ancha, 108 andinus, Myiochanes 352 anguina, Dendrocincla olivacea, 51 angustipennis, Chlorostilbon, 258 Anhinga anhinga, 60, 131 anhinga, Anhinga, 60, 131 Anhingide, 131 brachytarsus, INDEX. ani, Crotophaga, 62, 209 annulata, Crax, 49, 61, 78, 175 Ant-birds, 298 Anthocephala, 247 berlepschi, 247 anthophilus, Phaethornis anthophilus, 63, 273 Anthoscenus longirostris longirostris, 63, 271 anthracinus, 61, r52 Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis, 62, 264 antisiensis, Acrorchilus, 289 Pharomachrus, 243 Antrostomus rufus rufus, 62, 82, 219 vociferus, 220 anxius, Xenicopsis, 51 Xenicopsis montanus 51, 83, 86, 283 Ara ararauna, 62, 67, 208 chloroptera, 62, 208, 208 militaris, 61, 67, 74, 208 Aracataca, 108 Aramide, 177 Aramides axillaris, 35, 61, 178 cajaneus chiricote, 61, 177 Aramus scolopaceus scolopaceus, 61, 177 ararauna, Ara, 62, 67, 208 Aratinga eruginosa occidentalis, 50 wagleri, 61, 207 Ardea herodias, 56, 133 Ardeide, 132 argentifrons, Scytalopus, 321 argyrotis, Penelope, 61, 173, 174 Pipile; 173 Arid Tropical forms, 71 Ariguani, 108 Arihueca, 108 Arremon conirostris, 528 schlegeli, 55, 65, 525 Arremonops chrysoma, 528 conirostris, 529 conirostris canens, 54, 527 conirostris conirostris, 54, 65, 526 conirostris inexpectatus, 528 richmondi, 528 superciliosus, 529 tocuyensis, 65, 59, 7I, 5290 Arroya de Arenas, 108 Arundinicola leucocephala, 64, 68, 387, 388 assimilis, Buarremon, 98, 528 Morphnus_ anthracinus, INDEX. Megaquiscalus major 65, 475 Myiobius, 52 Pyrrhomyias 84, 86, 354 Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens, 377 . Asthenes, 289 wyatti wyatti, 100, 290 Astragalinus psaltria columbianus, 66, 533 psaltria croceus, 534 psaltria hesperophilus, 534 astreans, Acestrura, 50, 126 Chetocerus, 50, 83, 85, 248 Astur, 149 poliogaster, 60, 149 tachiro unduliventer, 149 Asturina nitida nitida, 61, 153 nitida pallida, 153 plagiata, 153 Atanquez, 108 ‘Atalotriceus pilaris griseiceps, 381 pilaris pilaris, 64, 381 pilaris venezuelensis, 381 Ateleodacnis bicolor, 65, 67, 121, 454 leucogenys, 65, 68, 455 aterrima, Diglossa, 128, 464 Atlapetes, 90 melanocephalus, 524 atopus, Troglodytes musculus, 53, 64, 418 atra, vieillotioides, 52, 545, 0451.87; 9, Platycichla venezuelensis, Schistochlamys atra, 65, 482 atricapillus, Donacobius, 394, 395 atricilla, Chroicocephalus, 56, 180 atrifrons, Odontophorus, 49, 83, 88, 169 atrigularis, Peecilurus, 285 395 atrinucha, Erionotus punctatus, 313, 314 atripennis, Thraupis palmarum, 65, 491 atronitens, Volatinia jacarini, 65, 518 atropileus, Hemispingus, 96, 447 Atticora cyanoleuca, 436 cyanophea, 436 Attila citreopygus, 331 idiotes; 525.63, 67, 7A 78, 33t Parvirostris, 52, 63, 78, 79,- 329, 330, 331 rufipectus, 52, 86 rufipectus rufipectus, 83, 330 Aulacorhamphus lautus, 50 585 Aulacorhynchus albivitta, 23: albivitta albivitta, 231 calorhynchus, 83, 231 lautus, 50, 83, 230 aura, Cathartes aura, 60, 141 aurantiacus, Myioborus, 445 aurantiifrons, Pachysylvia frons, 65, 72, 430, 431 aurantiirostris, Catharus melpomene, 53, 64, 405 aureopectus, Euchlornis, 332 Euchlornis aureopectus, 86 aureus, Veniliornis cleaginus, 235 auricapillus, Icterus, 55, 65, 473 auriceps, Pharomachrus, 243 auricrissa, Sporathraupis phala, 87, 490 aurocapillus, Seiurus aurocapillus, 57, 449 aurosus, Chloronerpes chrysochloros, 625 2377 : aurulentus, Rhynchocyclus faviven- tris, 53, 377 Automolus rufipectus, 51, 83, 86, 91, 283 autumnalis, Dendrocygna, 140 Avocets, 181 axillaris, Aramides, 35, 61, 178 Myrmopagis, . 311 Tachyphonus, 484, 485 aurantii- cyanoce- Badillo, 109 bahamensis, Momotus, 223 Bangs, Outram, acknowledgement to, 6 bangsi, Grallaria, 51, 83, 86, 91, 300 Henicorhina hilaris, 53, 84, 86, 98, 414, 416, 417 Banisteria adunca, 515 laurifolia, 502 Barbacoas, 109 barbatula, Vireosylva calidris, 55, 56, 434 Bartramia longicauda, 56, 181 Basileuterus auricapillus olivascens, 441 cabanisi, 440 cabanisi indignus, 54, 65, 78, 440 cinereicollis, 86, 442 conspicillatus, 54, 84, 86, 124, 441 coronatus, 86, 442 delattrii, 440 delattrii mesochrysus, 65, 439 mesochrysus, I11, 440 rufifrons, 440 586 basilicus, Buarremon, 54, 84, 87, 523, 526 Hemispingus, 54, 95, 96, 446 Belonopterus cayennensis cayennensis, 61, 68, 186, 581 berlepschi, Anthocephala, 247 Phimosus, 60, 68, 139 bicolor, Accipiter, 148 Accipiter bicolor, 60, 148 Ateleodacnis, 65, 67, 121, 454 Heleodytes, 425 Phonipara, 517 bidentatus, Harpagus, 60, 145 bilineata, Polioptila bilineata, 64, 78, 407 birchalli, Catharus melpomene, 405 bogotensis, Elenia gaimardii, 64, 72, 78, 362 Thryophilus albipectus, 411 Bonda, 109 borealis, Nuttallornis, 56, 353 boucardi, Crypturornis, 167 brachyptera, Elenia, 364 brachypterus, Donacobius, 53 Donacobius atricapillus, 394 Micrastur brachypterus, 61, 159 Brachyspiza capensis insularis, 532 capensis peruviana, 82, 94, 95, 99, 531 brachytarsus, Myiochanes, 64, 352 brachyurus, Buteo, 60, 151 brasilianum, Glaucidium brasilianum, 214 brevicarinatus, Ramphastos piscivorus, 62, 233 brevicaudus, Coryphospingus pileatus, 65, 60, 71, 518, 529 : brevipennis, Colibri iolotus, 83, 263 brevirostris, Heleodytes zonatus, 423 brewsteri, Empidonax traillii, 56, 350 Brotogeris jugularis exsul, 204 jugularis jugularis, 55, 61, 71, 203 Brown, Wilmot W., acknowledgement to, 6 Expedition of, 27 browni, Conopophaga, 51 Elenia, 52, 364 Sicalis citrina, 54, 65, 519 Sycalis, 54 brunneiceps, Cistothorus, 426 brunneicollis, Troglodytes, 418 brunnescens, Premnoplex brunnescens, 86, 202 brunneus, Hylophilus, 52, 310 53; 64, | | | INDEX. Buarremon assimilis, 98, 528 basilicus, 54, 84, 87, 523, 526 melanocephalus, 54, 126 pheopleurus, 87, 523 poliophrys, 523 Bubo, 80 te Bubonide, 213 Bucconide, 226 buffonii, Trochilus, 267 Buglodytes albicilius, 53, 424 Buritaca, 109 Busarellus nigricollis, 61,:155 Buteo abbreviatus, 60, 150 albicaudatus, 60, 150 albicaudatus colonus, 151 albicaudatus exiguus, 151 albicaudatus sennetti, 150 brachyurus, 60, I5r platypterus platypterus, 56, 150. Butorides robinsoni, 136 striatus, 60, 136 virescens hypernotius, 135 virescens virescens, 56, 135 cabanidis, Colibri cyanotus, 263 cabanisi, Basileuterus, 440 Empidochanes fuscatus, 64, 351 cabanisii, Molothrus bonariensis, 65, 476 Cabo de San Juan de Guia, 109 Cacagualito, 109 cachinnans, Herpetotheres cachinnans, 61, 157 Cacicus cela, 65, 72, 78, 479, 480 flavicrissus, 480 vitellinus, 65, 68, 72, 75, 78, 480: cacozela, Merula gigas, 53 Semimerula, 53, 82, 95, 96, 402 cerulea, Florida, 60, 134 cerulescens, Dendroica cerulescens, 57, 452 Florida cerulea, 134 Geranospiza, 60, 71, 147 ceruleus, Cyanerpes ceruleus, 65, 462, 463 calidris, Vireosylva calidris, 56, 434,. 435 caligatus, Trochilus, 265, 266 Calliste desmaresti, 115 calorhynchus, Aulacorhynchus, 83, 88, 231 Camarones, 110 Camperucho, 110 Camptostoma pusillum, 370 pusillum pusillum, 64, 368 pusillum tenuirostris, 370 INDEX. Campylopterus falcatus, 85 ’ phainopeplus, 27, 51, 83, 85, 108, 268 Campylorhamphus trochilirostris ven- ezuelensis, 63, 276 Campylorhynchus pardus; 53, 422 cana, Serpophaga cinerea, 35, 52, 84, 86, 349, 374 Thraupis episcopus, 65, 491, 492 canadensis, Sakesphorus, 317 Wilsonia, 444 cancrivora, Urubitinga anthracina, 154 candei, Peecilurus candei, 63, 78, 285 canens, Arremonops conirostris, 54, 527 canescens, Platypsaris homochrous, 52, 63, 324, 332 canigularis, Sclerurus, 297 canipalliata, Amazona mercenaria, 198 cano-fumosa, Microrhopias, 308 canticus, Cyclarhis flavipectus, 54, 64, 69, 428 Capella delicata, 56, 185 jamesoni, 100, 184 capitaneus, Spinus spinescens, 54, 82, 95, 534 Capito, 80 Caprimulgide, 218 Capsiempis flaveola flaveola, 356 flaveola leucophrys, 64, 67, 356 flaveola semiflava, 356 Caracaras, 157 Cardinalis granadensis, 21, 54, 123 phceniceus, 504, 505 robinsoni, 505 cardinalis, Richmondena, 508 caribeus, Chlorostilbon, 62, 69, 70, 78, 258 Caribbean Fauna, 74, 81 Caribbean Lowlands, 14 caripensis, Steatornis, 68 Steatornis caripensis, 62, 217 carmelite, Grallaria regulus, 51, 83, 86, 299, 302 Grallaria varia, 51 Carnegie, Andrew, 1, 2 Carnegie Museum, 38, 39, 48 carolina, Porzana, 56, 179 carolinensis, Pandion halietus, 56, 164 Carriker, M. A., Jr., Explorations of, 40 carrikeri, Icterus mesomelas, 54, 65, 68, 75, 470 casius, Turdus grayi, 398 587 Cassidix oryzivora mexicana, 478 oryzivora oryzivora, 477 oryzivora violea, 54, 65, 477 castanea, Dendroica, 57, 451 castanonotus, Thryophilus 413 Cataca, 110 Catamblyrhynchide, 535 Catamblyrhynchus diadema diadema, 27, 84, 87, 535 Catamenia, 512, 517 alpica, 54, 95, 96, 99, 100, 510, 512 analis, 510, 512 analoides, 512 oreophila, 54 Cathartes aura aura, 60, 141 Catharus fuscater, 88, 406 fuscater fuscater, 86 fuscater hellmayri, 406 fuscater sancte-marte, 53, 84, 86, 405 melpomene aurantiirostris, 53, 64, 405 melpomene birchalli, 405 melpomene costaricensis, 405 melpomene sierre, 53 Cauca-Magdalena Fauna, 75, 76 cauce, Chamepelia rufipennis, 1093 Crypturornis soui, 165 caudata, Drymophila caudata, 86, 307 Inezia caudata, 375 caudatus, Theristicus, 60, 139 Cautilito, r1o cayana, Dacnis, 461 Piaya, 211 cayanensis, Myiozetetes 360 cayanus, Saltator, 502 cayennensis, Belonopterus ‘cayennen- sis, 61, 68, 186, 581 Nyctanassa violacea, 138 Thermochalcis cayennensis, 221 cecilii, Veniliornis kirkii, 67, 74, 234 cela, Cacicus, 65, 72, 78, 480 Celeus, 80 rufalbus, cayanensis, centralis, Amblycercus holosericeus, 478 Centurus rubricapillus, 240 rubricapillus rubricapillus, 50, 62, 239 subelegans, 240 Ceophleus lineatus lineatus, 236 lineatus mesorhynchus, 62, 236 Cercomacra nigricans, 51, 63, 67, 74, 304 cerinoclunis, Ccereba, 460 588 Cerro de Caracas, 110 Cerro Quemado, 110 certhia, Leptasthenura andicola, 100, 285 Cesar, 111 Chetocercus astreans, 50, 83, 248 heliodor, 85 mulsanti, 248 rose, 85 Chetura spinicauda fumosa, 244 spinicauda spinicauda, 62, 244 chalybea, Progne chalybea, 65, 438 Chalybura buffonii eneicauda, 62, 267 Chamepelia passerina albivitta, 61, 69, 71, 193, 194 rufipennis cauce, 61, 193 rufipennis rufipennis, 61, 193 Chamepetes, 88 goudotii, 170 sancte-marthe, 49, 83, 170, 174 Chapman, Frank M., acknowledgment to, 6 Charadriide, 185 Charadrius collaris, 61, 185 semipalmatus, 56, 112, 185 Chauna, 80 cheriway, 163 Chinchicua, 111 chiricote, Aramides cajaneus, 61, 170, 177 chiriquensis, Elenia, 365 Vireosylva josephe, 432 Chiroxiphia lanceolata, 63, 334 China. tin) 105 chivi, Vireosylva, 433, 435 chloripoda, Phetusa, 61, 180 Chloroceryle exnea enea, 62, 67, 224 amazona, 62, 225 americana americana, 62, 225 inda, 62, 224 Chlorcenas albilinea albilinea, 83, 197 albilinea crissalis, 198 rufina pallidicrissa, 61, 197 Chloronerpes chrysochloros aurosus, 62, 237 rubiginosus alleni, 50, 83, 238 rubiginosus uropygialis, 239 yucatenensis alleni, 50 chloronotus, Tyrannus melancholicus, 63, 82, 339 Chlorophanes, 80 Chlorophonia frontalis, 500 frontalis frontalis, 87 frontalis psittacina, 84, 87, 499 Polyborus cheriway, 61, INDEX. chloroptera, Ara, 62, 208, 209 chloropyga, Coereba, 460 Chlorostilbon angustipennis, 258 caribeus, 62, 69, 70, 78, 258 chrysogaster, 258 gibsoni, 257, 258 haeberlinii, 62, 73, 78, 257, 258 russatus, 50, 62, 256 choliba, Otus, 83, 216, 217 Chondrohierax uncinatus uncinatus, 60, 143 Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, 62, 218 Chroicocephalus atricilla, 56, 180 chrysocephalus, Myiodynastes, 343 chrysochloros, Chloronerpes chryso- chloros, 237, 238 chrysogaster, Chlorostilbon, 258 Pheucticus, 505 Chrysolampis elatus, 62, 247 chrysoma, Arremonops, 528 chrysopeplus, Pheucticus, 505 chrysoptera, Vermivora, 57, 457 Chrysoptilus punctigula striatigularis, 2377.2 punctigula ujhelyii, 237 ujhelyii, 50 Chrysotrogon caligatus columbianus, 62, 241 Collections, Early, 21 Ciccaba virgata virgata, 62, 215 Ciconiide, 140 Cienaga, 112 Cienaga Grande, 67, 69, 70, 112 Cincinnati, 112 Cincinnati Coffee Company, 39 Cinclide, 408 Cinclodes albidiventris, 294 fuscus, 294 oreobates, 51, 100, 294 Cinclus leuconotus, 96, 408 rivularis, 53, 95, 99, 349, 408 cinerascens, Myiodynastes chryso- cephalus, 343 cinerea, Pipra, 329 cinereiceps, Ortalis, 172 cinereicollis, Basileuterus, 86, 442 cinereum, Todirostrum cinereum, 64, 383 cinereus, Pachyrhamphus, 329 Platyrhynchus, 352 cinnamomeus, Crypturornis, 167 Pachyrhamphus, 328 Picumnus cinnamomeus, 62, 71, 233 50, 62, 67, INDEX. Cinto, 112 Cistothorus equatorialis, 426 alticola, 84, 86, 426 brunneiceps, 426 platensis meride, 427 citrea, Protonotaria, 57, 458 citreopygus, Attila citreopygus, 331 citrina, Pseudochloris, 519, 520 clamator, Rhinoptynx, 62, 217 Claravis pretiosa livida, 192 pretiosa pretiosa, 61, 192 clarus, Troglodytes musculus, 419 Climate of Santa Marta region, 11 Coccycua rutila gracilis, 62, 74, 212 Coccyzus americanus, 56, 213 lansbergi, 62, 67, 212 melacoryphus, 62, 68, 213 Cochlearius cochlearius, 138 cochlearius, Cochlearius, 60, 138 celina, Thalucrania, 51 Ceereba cerinoclunis, 460 chloropyga, 460 luteola luteola, 72, 459 luteola montana, 460 luteola obscura, 460 Ceerebide, 459 ceruleogularis, Lepidopyga, 51, 259 cognatus, Pheugopedius fasciato-ven- 4TIS, 53 Colibri cyanotus cyanotus, 83, 8s, 263 delphine, 62, 262 iolotus brevipennis, 83, 263 collaris, Charadrius, 61, 185 colombiana, Merganetta, 140 Penelope, 49, 83, 173, 174 Sporophila plumbea, 38 colombianus, Neocrex, 35, 49, 61, 74, 178 colombica, Thalurania colombica, 82, 83, 85, 261 colonus, Buteo albicaudatus, 151 coloratus, Premnoplex brunnescens, 51, 83, 86, 292 Hypnelus ruficollis, 228 columbarius, Falco, 119 Falco columbarius, 56, 160 columbiana, Myospiza humeralis, 532 Piaya, 62, 82, 211 Tityra semifasciata, 52, 63, 322 columbianus, Astragalinus psaltria, 66, 533 Chrysotrogon caligatus, 62, 241 Crypturus, 167 Mimus gilvus, 64, 69, 72, 393 589 Myiozetetes similis, 64, 358 Orodynastes striaticollis, 53 Columbide, 189 Colymbus, 79 Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegans, 65, 453 Concha, 112 conexus, Momotus, 223 conirostris, Arremon, 528 Arremonops, 529 Arremonops conirostris, 54, 65, 526 Conirostrum rufum, 95, 96, 456 Conopophaga, 301 Conopophaga browni, 51 conspicillatus, Basileuterus, 54, 84, 86, 124, 441 Coragyps urubu, 60, 142 cordata, Milvago chimachima, 61, 163 Cordova, 113 corensis, Columba, 196 Cormorants, 132 coronatus, Basileuterus, 86, 442 Harpyhaliaétus, 156 corrasus, Microcerculus, 53 Microcerculus squamulatus, 53, 64, 70, 78, 409 Corvide, 427 Cory, Charles B., acknowledgment to, 6 Coryphospingus pileatus brevicaudus, 65, 69, 71, 518, 529 costaricensis, Catharus 405 Tityra semifasciata, 323 Vireosylva josephe, 432 Cotingas, 321 Cotingide, 321 Courlans, 177 Cracide, 170 Cranioleuca, 289 Craspedocephalus lanceolatus, 30 melpomene, Craspedoprion equinoctialis flavus, 53, 64, 379 crassirostris, Pagolla wilsonia, 61, Tie aT8O Tanagra, 65, 496, 498, 499, 500, 501 Grax “alberti, 61, 74,175, 176 annulata, 49, 61, 78, 175 daubentoni, 176 incommoda, 176 pinima, 176 Creciscus albigularis, 61, 68, 74, 179 crinitus, Myiarchus, 56, 347, 348 590 crissalis, Chlorcenas albilinea, 198 cristata, Eucometis cristata, 65, 483 cristatus, Eupsychortyx cristatus, 61, 68. 70, 73, 7ose10s croceus, Astragalinus psaltria, 534 Crossophthalmus gymnophthalmos, 61, 71, 128, 195 Crotophaga ani, 62, 209 major, 62, 210 sulcirostris, 68 sulcirostris sulcirosfris, 62, 209 Crows, 427 cruciger, Otus choliba, 217 Crypturornis adspersus, 167 boucardi, 167 cinnamomeus, 167 dissimilis, 167 idoneus, 49, 61, 68, 78, 166 soui, 165, 167 soui cauce, 165 soui mustelinus, 49, 61, 165 soui soui, 165°- Crypturus cinnamomeus spencei, columbianus, 167 idoneus, 49 soui mustelinus, 49 Cuckoos, 209 Cuculide, 209 cumanensis, Thryophilus rufalbus, 414 Curassows, 170 Curucujus melanurus macrourus, 62, 67, 242 curvirostris, Heleodytes, 64, 68, 75, 423, 425 Tyrannus curvirostris, 55, 56, 338 Cyanerpes ceruleus ceruleus, 65, 462, 463 cyaneus, 65, 462 cyaneus, Cyanerpes, 65, 462 Cyanocompsa concreta sancte-marte, 54 cyanoides cyanoides, 54, 65, 507 Cyanocorax affinis affinis, 64, 75, 427 cyanoides, Cyanocompsa cyanoides, 54, 65, 507 cyanolemus, Oxypogon, 20, 50, 100, 101, 248 cyanoleuca, Atticora, 436 Pygochelidon, 84, 86, 435 cyanophea, Orochelidon murina, 95, 96, 436 cyanophanes, Psittacula 50, 61, 69, 70, 202, 203 cyanoptera, Querquedula, 60, 141 Tanagra, 84, 87, 494 passerina, INDEX. cyanotus, Colibri 263 Cyclarhis flavipectus, 429 flavipectus canticus, 54, 428 flavipectus trinitatis, 429 flavipectus subflavescens, cyanotus, 83, 85, 64, 69, 429 Dacnis cayana, 461 cayana callaina, 461 cayana cayana, 461 cayana glaucogularis, cayana paraguayensis, cayana napea, 54 cayana ultramarina, 461 ceerebicolor napza, 54, 65, 460 Damophila julie julix, 62, 67, 262 Darters; 9130 461 461 decolor, Hypnelus ruficollis, 50, 62, 70, 78, 228 decora, Euchlornis aureopectus, 52, 83, 86, 332 Pipreola aureipectus, 52 decoratus, Eupsychortyx cristatus, 61, 168 Eupsychortyx leucopogon, 61, ey ok delattrii, Basileuterus, 440 delicata, Capella, 56, 185 delphine, Colibri, 62, 262 Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafresnayei, 51, 55, 63, 74, 275 meruloides, 275 olivacea anguina, 51 Dendrocolaptes albolineatus, multistrigatus, 282 validus seilerni, 83, 86, 281 Dendrocolaptide, 275 Dendrocygna autumnalis, 140 discolor, 60, 140 Dendroica exstiva exstiva, 57, 453 castanea, 57, 451 cerulescens cerulescens, 57, 452 erithachorides erithachorides, 65, 67, 452 fusca, 57, 451 striata, 57, 450 virens virens, 57, 452 Dendroplex picirostris, 21,51, 123 picirostris picirostris, 51, 63, 280 picus, 281 ‘ desmaresti, Calliste, 115 diadema, Catamblyrhynchus diadema, 84, 87, 535 Octheeca, 390 Octhceeca diadema, 86 277 ’ INDEX. Dibulla, 113 Diglossa, 98 albilateralis, 84, 86, 464, 465 aterrima, 128, 464 lafresnayei, 96 nocticolor, 54, 95, 96, 464 sittoides similis, 84, 86, 465 dilutus, Microtriccus brunneicapillus, 64, 370 he dimidiatus, Ramphocelus dimidiatus, 65, 75, 486 Rhamphocelus, 124 Dippers, 408 discolor, Dendrocygna, 60, 140 dissimilis, Crypturornis, 167 districta, Metallura, 50, 95, 96, 250 diversus, Leptopogon amaurocepha- lus, 52, 64, 356 doliatus, Thamnophilus, 315, 461 Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 55, 57, 466 Donacobius albovittatus, 394, 395 atricapillus, 394, 395 atricapillus brachypterus, 53, 64, 394 brachypterus, 53 Don Amo, 113 Don Diego, 113 Donjaca, 113 Doriponus agami, 60, 133 dorsale, Ramphomicron, 99, = Ory Roresti) 15. U7, Drymophila caudata, 307 caudata caudata, 86, 307 caudata hellmayri, 52, 83, 86, 306 caudata klagesi, 86, 307 caudata striaticeps, 307 longipes, 303 Ducks, 140 Dysithamnus mentalis, 312 olivaceus, 83, 86, 87, semicinereus, 311 dysoni, Notharchus 229 50, 95, 311, 579 hyperrhynchus, Early Collections, 21 Ecological Conditions, 14 egregia, Pyrrhura, 205 Elenia, 385 albivertex, 365 brachyptera, 364 browni, 52, 364 chiriquensis, 365 chiriquensis albivertex, 2? 22, 52, 64, 96, | 100, 251 | 365, 366 flavogaster flavogaster, 39 64, 366 o91 frantzii, 364 gaimardii bogotensis, 64, 72, 78, 362 gaimardii macilvainii, 64, 68, 72, 78, 363 incomta, 369 pudica pudica, 52, 84, 86, 363 sororia, 32, 364, 365 viridicata, 361 viridicata accola, 362 viridicata pallens, 52, 64, Elanus, 80 elatus, Chrysolampis, 62, 247 Tyrannulus elatus, 374 elegans, Compsothlypis pitiayumi, 6s, - 453 Bi yieibano, 113 El Lorenzo, 114 El Mamon, 114 Emberizoides herbicola sphenurus, 65, 530 Empidochanes fuscatus, 351 fuscatus cabanisi, 64, 351 Empidonax ridgwayi, 350 traillii brewsteri, 56, 350 traillii traillii, 350 virescens, 56, 350 ephippialis, Turdus, 397 Turdus albiventer, 53, 64, 396 Erator albitorques, 63, 323 fraseri, 324 Ereunetes mauri, 56, 184 pusillus, 56, 184 Erionotus punctatus, 312 punctatus atrinucha, 313, 314 punctatus gorgone, 52, 63, 312 punctatus subcinereus, 52 erithachorides, Dendroica erithachor- ides, 65, 67, 452 erythrocephala, Pipra erythrocephala, 63, 70, 334 74, 361 erythrogaster, Hirundo rustica, 56, 435 erythrolema, Habia fuscicauda, 54, 482 Pheenicothraupis, 22, 54 erythromelas, Ixobrychus, 60, 68, 132 Piranga, 489 esmeralde, Tityra semifasciata, 323 Euchlornis aureopectus, 332 aureopectus aureopectus, 86 aureopectus decora, 22, 83, 8&6, 332 aureopectus festiva, 86 Eucometis cristata cristata, 65, 483 Euphonia fulvicrissa, 22, 54 092 Eupsittula pertinax eruginosa, 50, 61, 69, 71, 205 pertinax xanthogenia, 206 Eupsychortyx cristatus cristatus, 61, 68, 70, 73, 78, 168 cristatus littoralis, 40, 78 leucopogon decoratus, 61, 72, 78, 168, 169 leucopogon leucotis, 72, 169 leucopogon littoralis, 49, 61, 68, 73, 78, 168 eurygnatha, Sterna, 181 Eurypyga, 80 Euscarthmus granadensis, 84, 86, 87, 384 impiger, 72, 385 impiger impiger, 385 septentrionalis, 385 excellens, Tapera nevia, 210 Tigrisoma, 137 exiguus, Buteo albicaudatus, 151 exilis, Furnarius leucopus, 51, 63, 71, 78, 228, 206 Ixobrychus, 133, 189 exitiosus, Accipiter superciliosus, 60, 147 exortivus, Rhynchocyclus sulphures- cens, 53, 64, 376 Expedition, Brown, 27 Simons, 22 Smith, 36 University of Michigan, 39 Explorations, Ornithological, of the Junior Author, 4o exsul, Brotogeris jugularis, 204 Veniliornis oleaginus, 50, 68, 235 exterior, Leptasthenura andicola, 100 extima, Leptasthenura andicola, 51, 100, 284 faceta, Piranga, 54 Piranga testacea, 54, 65, 488 falcatus, Campylopterus, 85 Falco albigularis albigularis, 61, 160 columbarius, 119 columbarius columbarius, 56, 160 fuscoccerulescens fuscoceeru— lescens, 61, 152, 160 fuscoceerulescens septentrionalis. 161 peregrinus anatum, 56, 159 sparverius isabellinus, 61, 162 sparverius ochraceus, 162 Falconide, 157 Falcons, 157 INDEX. | fallax, Leucippus fallax, 62, 69, 70, 267 | fasciatoventris, Pheugopedius fascia- toventris, 53, 64, 68, 74, 420 fasciatus, Myiophobus fasciatus, 63, 351 Fauna, Origin of the Subtropical Zone, 89 faustus, Leptopogon amaurocephalus, 356 ferox, Glaucidium, 214 Myiarchus ferox, 346 ferrugineipectus, Grallaricula, 83, 86, 301 festatus, Pharomachrus, 83, 243 51, | festiva, Euchlornis aureopectus, 86 finitimum, Todirostrum cinereum, 384 flammigerus, Ramphocelus, 486 flammulatus, Thripadectes, 83, 86, 282 flaveola, Capsiempis flaveola, 356 Sicalis flaveola, 65, 69, 521 flaveolus, Manacus manacus, 337 flavicrissus, Cacicus, 480 : flavifrons, Lanivireo, 56, 431 flavigularis, Machetornis rixosa, 64, 387 flavimentum, Tyranniscus nigrocapil- lus) 52,784, 86) 372 | flavipectus, Cyclarhis, 4209 flavipes, Neoglottis, 56, 182 Pachysylvia flavipes, 65, 430 | flavirostris, Amblycercus heloserice- us, 478 flaviventris, Rhynchocyclus flaviven- tris, 378 flavivertex, Myioborus, 54, 84, 86, 443 Setophaga, 27, 54 ; flavogaster, Elenia flavogaster, 64, | 366 | flavoviridis, Vireosylva, 434 Vireosylva flavoviridis, 55, 56, 434 flavus, Craspedoprion equinoctialis, 53, 64, 379 Fleming, James H., acknowledgment to, 6 floriceps, Simonula, 50, 83, 85, 245 Trochilus, 21, 50, 124 Florida cerulea, 60, 134 Florisuga mellivora, 29, 62, 252 Fluvicola pica, 64, 387 Fonseca, 114 fontainieri, Accipiter, 147 Foothills, 14, 15 orests, 15, 00,0077, 0S. nO Formicariide, 298 INDEX. Formicarius, 303, 578 analis saturatus, 302 analis. yirescens, 51, 63, 67, 74, 301, 302 moniliger virescens, 51 rufipectus, 579 Formicivora intermedia, 308, 309, 317 formosus, Oporornis, 57, 450 fortis, Xiphocolaptes, 51, 83, 280 Xiphocolaptes procerus, 279 Frailejon, 20 frantzii, Elenia, 364 fraseri, Erator, 324 Threnetes, 272 fraterculus, Onychorhynchus mexican- us, 53, 64, 74, 385 Fregata, 80 Fringillide, sor frontalis, Chlorophonia, 500 Chlorophonia frontalis, 87 Malacoptila, 226 Nonnula frontalis, 227 fulvescens, Herpetotheres cachinnans, 158 Otus, 216 fulviceps, Hapalocercus, 376 fulvicrissa, Euphonia, 22, 54 Tanagra, 222 Tanagra fulvicrissa, 54, 65, 497 fulvigularis, Terenotriccus erythrurus, 64, 355 fumigata, Octhodieta, 96, 97 fumigatus, Sayornis latirostris, 52, 63, 82, 348 Veniliornis oleaginus, 235 fumosa, Chetura spinicauda, 244 Fundacion, 114 funereus, Oryzoborus, 517 Furnariide, 282 Furnarius, 22 agnatus, 22, 51, 130 griseus, 425 leucopus, 296 leucopus agnatus, 51, 63, 71, 78, 295, 296, 297 leucopus exilis, 51, 63, 71, 228, 296 furvus, Troglodytes, 418 fusa, Merula albiventris, 53 fusca, Dendroica, 57, 451 fuscater, Catharus, 88, 406 Catharus fuscater, 86 fuscatus, Empidochanes, 351 85, 51, 65, 75, 506, 593 fuscescens, Hylocichla fuscescens, 56, 403 fuscifrons, Leptoxyura cinnamomea, 51, 63, 68, 71, 291 Synallaxis, 51 fuscoceerulescens, Falco fuscoccerul- escens, 61, 152, 160 fuscorufa, Synallaxis, 51, 83, 85, 126. 288, 307 fuscus, Cinclodes, 294 Gaira, “215 galbinus, Mionectes olivaceus, 52, 64, 357 galbraithii, Thryophilus leucotis, 412 Galbula ruficauda pallens, 50, 62, 71, 229 ruficauda ruficauda, 230 galbula, Icterus, 57, 469 Galbulide, 229 Gallinula, 79 Gampsonyx swainsoni, 60, 144 garrula. Oxrtalis; 61, 73, 78) 171, 172 Garupal, 115 Geese, 140 Geographical Limits of Santa Marta Region, 6 Geography and Physiography of the Santa Marta Region, 6 Geological History of Marta Region, 10 Geospizopsis, 522 geospizopsis, Phrygilus unicolor, 100 Geothlypis, 80 trichas trichas, 56, 57, 447 Geotrygon linearis infusca, 50 Gerancetus melanoleucus, 156 Geranospiza cerulescens, 60, 71, 147 nigra, 147 gibsoni, Chlorostilbon, 257, gigas, Semimerula gigas, 96 gilvicollis, Micrastur, 158 gilvus, Nyctidromus albicollis, 50, 62, 218, 222 glaber, Sublegatus, 64, 367 Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum, 214 brasilianum 213 brasilianum phalenoides, 214 brasilianum ridgwayi, 215 ferox, 214 Glaucis hirsuta affinis, 63, 272 hirsuta hirsuta, 272 the Santa 258 medianum, 50, 62, -glaucocolpa, Thraupis, 65, 72, 491 594 Goajira, 115 Peninsula, 67, 68 Goatsuckers, 218 gorgone, Erionotus punctatus, 52, 63, 312 Thamnophilus, 313 goudotii, Chamepetes, 170 gracilis, Coccycua rutila, 62, 74, 212 Grallaria, 98, 300, 301 bangsi, 51, 83, 86, 91, 300 regulus, 299 regulus carmelite, 51, 83, 86, 299, 302 rufula, 299 rufula rufula, 96 rufula spatiator, 51, 95, 96, 298 varia, 300 varia carmelite, 51 Grallaricula ferrugineipectus, 51, 83, 86, 301 granadensis, Cardinalis, 21, 54, Euscarthmus, 84, 86, 87, 384 Taraba transandeana, 63, 67, 318 grandis, Saltator, 503 gratiosa, Octheeca, 390 grayi, Planesticus, 398 “Great Bird Continent,” 3 greeyli, Penelope, 49, 175 grisea, Microrhopias, 309 Serpohaga cinerea, 374 Sporophila, 65, 516 griseiceps, Atalotriccus, 381 123 Phyllomyias griseiceps, 64, 367 grisealum, Todirostrum schistacei- ceps, 382 griseus, Furnarius, 425 Heleodytes, 425 Guacharos, 217 Guairaca, I15 Guallabal, 115 i Guatapuri, 115 guerilla, Micrastur, 158 guerinii, Oxypogon, 100, ror, 249 guianensis, Myiozetetes, 360 Psittacula, 202 Gulls, 180 guttata, Henicorhina leucophrys, 86, 96, 416 guttatus, Xiphorhynchus, 278 gutturalis, Sporophila, 65, 513, 517 Gymnocichla nudiceps sancta-marte, 51, 304 gymnophthalmos, Crossophthalmus, 61, 71, 128, 195 INDEX. Habia fuscicauda erythrolema, 54, 482 haeberlinii, Chlorostilbon, 62, 73, 78, 257, 258 Hematopodide, 187 Hematopus palliatus palliatus, 61, 187 hematotis, Pyrrhura, 205 Hapalocercus, 376 fulviceps, 376 meloryphus, 52, 64, 70, 376 meloryphus meloryphus, 375 paulus, 52 haplochroma, Sporophila, 54, 65, 517 Haplospiza nivaria, 54, 522 unicolor, 522 Harpagus bidentatus, 60, 145 Harpiprion, 80 Harpyhaliztus coronatus, 156 Hawks, 143 Hedymeles ludovicianus, 57, 396, 506 heinei, Tangara, 84, 87, 493, 494 Heleodytes bicolor, 425 curvirostris, 64, 68, 75, 423, 425 griseus, 425 minor, 425 minor albicilius, 53, 60, 72, 424 nuchalis, 53, 64, 68, 422, 425, 579 pardus, 422 zonatus brevirostris, 423 Helianthea, 255 helianthea, 255 phalerata, 50, 83, 85, 91, 254 Heliochera rubrocristata, 95, 332 heliodor, Chetocercus, 85 Heliornis, 79 hellmayri, Acrorchilus, 51, 83, 86, 288 Catharus fuscater, 406 Drymophila caudata, 52, 83, 86, 306 Myiozetetes cayanensis, 64, 74, 360 Siptornis, 51 Hemispingus, 125, 447 atropileus, 96 basilicus, 54, 95, 96, 446 Hemithraupis, 81 Hemithylaca hoffmanni, 265 Henicorhina, 98, 415 anachoreta, 53 hilaris bangsi, 414, 416, 417 hilaris hilaris, 98 inornata, 415 leucophrys, 415, 416 53, 84, 86, 98, INDEX. leucophrys anachoreta, 53, 95, 96, 98, 415, 416 leucophrys guttata, 86, 96, 416 leucophrys venezuelensis, 86 leucosticta, 415 prostheleuca, 415 Herodias, 80 herodias, Ardea, 56, 133 Herons, 132 Herpetotheres cachinnans cachinnans, 61, 157 ecachinnans fulvescens, 158 hesperophilus, Astragalinus psaltria,’ 534 Heterospizias meridionalis meridion- alis, 60, I51 heterura, Setopagis parvula, 50, 62, 68, 78, 220 heterurus, Pyrocephalus rubinus, 355 Setopagis, 50 Xenops rutilus, 83, 86, 292 hilaris, Henicorhina, 415 Henicorhina hilaris, 98 Himantopus mexicanus, 61, 181 himantopus, Micropalama, 56, 184 hirsuta, Glaucis hirsuta, 272 Hirundinide, 435 Hirundo rustica erythrogaster, 56, 435 hoffmanni, Hemithylaca, 265 Pyrrhura, 205 holosericeus, Amblycercus, 65, 478 homochroa, Idiospiza, 509 homochrous, Platypsaris, 325 hondz, Microrhopias, 309 Microrhopias alticincta, 72, 309 Microrhopias grisea, 308 Hoploxypterus, 80 Horqueta, 115 humeralis, Tanagra, 532 Humidity, 11 Humid Tropical forms, 73 Hummingbirds, 245 Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, 60, 134 Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis, | 56, 180 | Hylocharis cyanus viridiventris, 62, 268 Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens, 56, 403 minima alicie,- 56, 404 ustulata swainsoni, 56, 402, 404 Hylophilus brunneus, 52, 310 Hylophylax, 80 hypernotius, Butorides virescens, 135 595 hyperrhynchus, 62, 229 Hypnelus ruficollis coloratus, 228 ruficollis decolor, 50, 62, 70, 78, Notharchus, 74, 228 ruficollis ruficollis, 55, 62, 71, 78, 228 hypoleuca, Nemosia pileata, 54, 65, 487 Synallaxis albescens, 287 Hypolophus pulchellus phainoleucus, 52 hypomelena, Parra, 188 hypophea, Sporathraupis cyanoce- phala, 87 Hypsibemon, 300 Ibises, 139 Ibycter americanus, 61, 164 Icteride, 466 icterocephalus, Agelaius icterocepha- lus, 65, 68, 468 Icterus auricapillus, 55, 65, 473 galbula, 57, 469 icterus ridgwayi, 65, 60, 71, 474 mesomelas carrikeri, 54, 65, 68, 75, 470 mesomelas mesomelas, 471 mesomelas salvinii, 470, 471 mesomelas taczanowski, 470 nigrogularis, 473 nigrogularis nigrogularis, 65, 471 salvinii, 470 spurius, 57, 474 Ictinia plumbea, 60, 146 Idiospiza homochroa, 509 inornata minor, 509 oreophila, 54, 95, 508 idiotes, Attila, 52, 63, 67, 74, 78, 331 idoneus, Crypturornis, 49, 61, 68, 78, 166 ignobilis, Momotus, 223 impiger, Euscarthmus, 64, 72, 385 Euscarthmus impiger, 385 improbus, Tyranniscus, 52, 84, 86, 372 incomta, Elainea, 369 Pheomyias murina, 369 incompta, Merula, 398 incomptus, Turdus grayi, 53, 64, 397 inda, Chloroceryle, 62, 224 52, 64, 69 indignus, Basileuterus cabanisi, 54, 65, 78, 440 inerme, Ornithion, 368 inexpectatus, Arremonops conirostris, 528 596 Inezia,: 375 caudata caudata, 375 caudata intermedia, 64, 375 infusca, Geotrygon linearis, 50 Oreopeleia linearis, 50, 83, 189 inornata, Henicorhina, 415 insidiatrix, Rupornis magnirostris, 49, 54,62, 78, 254 insularis, Brachyspiza capensis, 532 Thermochalcis cayennensis, 221 interior, Manacus manacus, 337 Myrmopagis schisticolor, 86 intermedia, Formicivora, 308, 309, 317 Inezia caudata, 64, 375 Microrhopias, 63, 72, 308 Ortalis vetula, 172 Parca 188 intermedius, Myiodynastes chryso- cephalus, 52, 83, 86, 343 Ionornis martinicus, 61, 179 Iridoprocne albiventer, 65, 435 isabellinus, Falco sparverius, 61, 162 isidori, Oroaétus, 61, 157 Ixobrychus erythromelas, 60, 68, 132 exilis, 133, 189 neoxenus, 189 Jabiru, 80 Jacamars, 229 Jacamerops, 80 Jacana nigra, 49, 61, 74, 187 spinosa spinosa, 187 Jacanas, 187 Jacanide, 187 jamesoni, Capella, 100, 184 jardinei, Urospizias, 149 Jays, 427 Jennings, O. E, acknowledgment to, 5 jesupi, Octheeca, 53 Octheeca diadema, 53, 84, 390 Octheca gratiosa, 390 Joad, G., Explorations by, 22 Jordan, 115 josephe, Vireosylva josephe, 86, 432 jugularis, Brotogeris jugularis, 55, 61, 71, 203 julie, Damophila julie, 62, 67, 262 Kingfishers, 224 klagesi, Drymophila caudata, 86, 307 La Concepcion, 115 letus, Pheugopedius, 53, 64, 78, 79, 419 INDEX. Thryothorus, 53 Lafresnaya lafresnayi, 85, 253, 254 lafresnayi liriope, 50, 83, 253 liriope, 50 saul, 253, 254 lafresnayei, Dendrocincla. lafresnayei, Epes Osis, 7 awe iy Diglossa, 96 lafresnayi, Lafresnaya, 85, 253, 254 La Horqueta, 116 Lake Macotama, 120 Lakes and Swamps, 10 Lake, Summit, 120, 128 lanceolata, Chiroxiphia, 63, 334 lanceolatus, Craspedocephalus, 30 Lanivireo flavifrons, 56, 431 lansbergi, Coccyzus, 62, 67, 212 Was az ean Laride, 180 Las Nubes, 116 Las Taguas, 116 Las Tinajas, 116 Las Vegas, 117 latebricola, Scytalopus, 52, 95, 319, 320 La Tigrera, 116 latirostris, Sayornis, 349 laubmanni, Pheucticus, 84, 87, 505 laurifolia, Banisteria, 502 lautus, Aulacorhynchus, 50, 83, 230 Legatus leucophaius, 64, 361 Leistes militaris, 65, 468 Lepidcenas speciosa, 61, 196 Lepidopyga ceruleogularis, 51, 259 lillie, 41, 50, 62, 67, 259 luminosa, 62, 67, 260 Leptasthenura andicola certhia, 100, 285 andicola exterior, 100 andicola extima, 51, 100, 284 Leptopogon amaurocephalus amauro- cephalus, 356 amaurocephalus diversus, 52, 64, 356 amaurocephalus faustus, 356 amaurocephalus peruvianus, 356 Leptotila verreauxi occidentalis, 192 verreauxi verreauxi, 61, 71, I91 Leptoxyura, 291 cinnamomea fuscifrons, 51, 63, 68, 71, 291 lessoni, Octheeca, 96, 391 Leucippus fallax fallax, 62, 69, 70, 207 leucocephala, 387, 388 Arundinicola, 64, 68, INDEX. leucocrissus,. Notharchus hyperrhyn- chus, 229 leucogenys, Ateleodacnis, 65, 68, 455 leuconotus, Cinclus, 96, 408 leucophaius, Legatus, 64, 361 leucophrys, Capsiempis flaveola, 64, 67, 356 Henicorhina, 415, 416 leucopogon, Eupsychortyx, 168, 169 Leucopternis, 80 leucopus, Furnarius, 296 leucorrhous, Percnohierax, 83, 153 leucosticta, Henicorhina, 415 leucotis, Eupsychortyx leucopogon, 72, 169 Thriothorus, 412 Thryophilus leucotis, 64, 74, 78, 41I, 414 Leucuria phalerata, 29, 50 levis, Sittasomus sylvioides, 27, 118, 276 lichtensteinii, Penelope, 173 lictor, Pitangus, 63, 340 Life-Zones of the Santa Marta Re- gion, 57 lilliz, Lepidopyga, 41, 50, 62, 67, 259 limatus, Ramphocelus dimidiatus, 486 lindenii, Oxypogon, 100, 1o1 linearis, Oreopeleia, 190 lineatum, Tigrisoma, 60, 136 lineatus, Ceophlceus lineatus, 236 liriope, Lafresnaya, 50 Lafresnaya lafresnayi, 50, 83, 85, 253 List of Species, 130 Littoral, Western and Foothills, 15, 45, 48, 60 Littoral Zone, 67 littoralis, Eupsychortyx cristatus, 40, 78 Eupsychortyx leucopogon, 40, 61, 68, 73, 78, 168 livida, Claravis pretiosa, 192 Polioptila, 407 Localities, List of, 106 Loma Larga, 117 longicauda, Bartramia, 56, 181 longipennis, Myrmopagis, 310 longipes, Drymophila, 303 Myrmeciza longipes, 303 Myrmothera, 303 longirostris, Anthoscenus tris, 63, 271 Lower Tropical Zone, 67 Lowlands, Caribbean, 14 luctuosa, Sporophila, 84, 87, 513, 514 longiros- 597 luctuosus, Tachyphonus, 485 ludoviciana, Sturnella, 467 ludovicianus, Hedymeles, 57, 396, 506 lugubris, Octhodizta, 96, 97 luminosa, Lepidopyga, 62, 67, 260 luridus, Planesticus, 53, 398 luteola, Ccereba, 460 Cereba luteola, 72, 459 Machetornis rixosa flavigularis, 64, 387 macilvainii, Elenia gaimardii, 64, 68, 72, 78, 363 Macotama, 117 Lake, 120 macrourus, Curucujus melanurus, 62, 67, 242 macularia, Actitis, 56, 182 maculata, Pisobia, 56, 183 maculatus, Myiodynastes maculatus, 52, 63, 344 maculicaudis, Pyriglena, 305 Magdalena Delta, 16, 67 magdalene, Pachyrhamphus, 328 Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus, 63, 67, 328 magnirostris, Rupornis magnirostris, 154 major, Crotophaga, 62, 210 Malacoptila frontalis, 226 mystacalis, 55, 83, 227 malherbii, Scapaneus, 236 Scapaneus melanoleucus, 62, 74, 235, 237, 243 Mamarongo, 118 Mamatoco, 118 Manacus, 335 manacus abditivus, 52, 63, 336 337 manacus flaveolus, 337 manacus interior, 337 Manakins, 333 Manaure, 118 manimbe, Myospiza, 99 Manzanares, 118 marail, Penelope, 40, 175 margarite, Otus choliba, 62, 71, 216 Sporathraupis cyanocephala, 54, 84, 87, 490 Marocaso, 118 martii, Urospatha, 222 martinicus, Ionornis, 61, 179 Masinga, 118 Masinga Vieja, 118 Matajira, 118 mauri, Ereunetes, 56, 184 ’ 598 maximus, Saltator, 65, 118, 502 Thalasseus, 56, 112, 180 Mecocerculus leucophrys setopha- goides, 53, 95, 96, 388 medianum, Glaucidium brasilianum, Oy, (Oz agg) Megaceryle alcyon alcyon, 226 torquata stictipennis, 226 torquata torquata, 62, 226 Megaquiscalus major assimilis, 65, 475 Megarhynchus pitangus, 342 Megarynchus pitangua, 38 pitangua mexicanus, 342 pitangua pitangua, 63, 342 melena, Myrmopagis, 311 Myrmopagis melzena, 63, 67, 74, 311 melancholicus, Tyrannus melancholi- cus, 339 melacoryphus, Coccyzus, 62, 68, 213 Melanerpes wagleri sancte-marte, 50 | melanocephalus, Atlapetes, 54, 84, 87, OI, 524 Buarremon, 54, 126 melanogenys, Peecilothraupis, 54, 84, 87, 126, 495 melanoleuca, Neoglottis, 56, 183 melanoleucos, Scapaneus, 236 melanoleucus, Geranoétus, 156 melanonotus, Sakesphorus, 52, 63, 316 Thamnophilus, 52 melanops, Peecilothraupis palpebrosa, 87 melanopterus, Mimus gilvus, 35, 64, 82, 394 melanopygia, Parra, 49, 188, 189 melanterus, Ostinops decumanus, 54, 65, 387, 480 mellivora, Florisuga, 29, 62, 252 meloryphus, Hapalocercus, 52, 64, 70, 376 Hapalocercus meloryphus, 375 Mendiguaca, 119 menetriesii, Myrmopagis, 310 menstruus, Pionus, 61, 201 mentalis, Dysithamnus, 312 mercenaria, Amazona, 95, 96, 198 Merganetta columbiana, 140 meride, Cistothorus platensis, 427 meridana, Myospiza humeralis, 66, 99, 532, : Synallaxis unirufa, 85 meridanus, Scytalopus, 96, 321 meridionalis, Heterospizias meridiona- lis, 60, I51 INDEX. Sturnella ludoviciana, 467 Merula, 399 albiventris fusa, 53 gigas cacozela, 53 incompta, 398 olivatra, 400 pheopyga minuscula, 53 meruloides, Dendrocincla, 63, 275 mesochrysus, Basileuterus, 111, 440 Basileuterus delattrii, 65, 439 mesorhynchus, Ceophlcus lineatus, 625) 226, Metallura, 247 districta, 50, 95, 96, 250 smaragdinicollis, 250 tyrianthina, 250 tyrianthina oreopola, 96 tyrianthina tyrianthina, 96 mexicana, Cassidix oryzivora, 478 mexicanus, Himantopus, 61, 181 Megarynchus- pitangua, 342 Onychorhynchus, 386 Micrastur brachypterus brachypterus, 61, 159 gilvicollis, 158 guerilla, 158 ruficollis, 158 zonothorax, 83, 158 Microcerculus, 409 corrasus, 53 squamulatus, 409 squamulatus corrasus, 53, 64, 70, 78, 409 Micropalama himantopus, 56, 184 Micropodide, 244 micropterus, Scytalopus, 86 Scytalopus micropterus, 320 Microrhopias alticincta hondz, 72, 309 cano-fumosa, 308 grisea, 309 grisea honde, 308 honde, 309 intermedia, 63, 72, 308 orenocensis, 309 microrhynchum, Ramphomicron, 96 microstephanus, Momotus, 223 Microtriccus, 322 brunneicapillus dilutus, 64, 370 Migrants, North American, 55 militaris, Ara, 61, 62, 74, 208 Leistes, 65, 468 Miller, Waldron DeWitt, acknowledg ment to, 6 Milvago chimachima cordata, 61, 163 Mimide, 393 » INDEX. Mimus gilvus columbianus, 64, 69, 72, | 393 melanopterus, 35, 64, 82, 394 tolimensis, 394 Minca, 119 minimus, Tyranniscus chrysops, 52, 64, 70, 371 minlosi, Thryophilus, 413 Thryophilus rufalbus, 64, 413 minor, Heleodytes, 425 Idiospiza inornata, 509 minuscula, Merula pheopyga, 53 minusculus, Turdus pheopygus, 399 minuta, Sporophila minuta, 65, 515 minutilla, Pisobia, 56, 183 Mionectes olivaceus galbinus, 52, 64, 357 mirande, Vireosylva josephe, 84, 86, 431 Mniotilta varia, 57, 458 Mniotiltide, 439 Mocking Thrushes, 393 Molothrus bonariensis cabanisii, 65, 476 momota, Momotus, 223 Momotide, 222 Momotus bahamensis, 223 ignobilis, 223 microstephanus, 223 momota, 223 semirufus, 22, 50 subrufescens, 50, 223 subrufescens conexus, 223 subrufescens subrufescens, 50, 62, 222 Monasa, 80 montana, Ccereba luteola, 460 Oreopeleia, 61, 191 Penelope, 173 montensis, Myiopatis, 53 monticola, Troglodytes, 53, 100, 417 Morphnus anthracinus anthracinus, 61, 152 ridgwayi, 152 urubitinga, 61, 152 motacilla, Seiurus, 57, 448 Motmots, 222 Mountain Forests, 17 System of Santa Marta Region, if mulsanti, Chetocercus, 248 multistrigatus, Dendrocolaptes, 282 murina, Petrochelidon, 436, 437 murinus, Platyrhynchus, 369 Muscicapa rufa, 329 Muscivora tyrannus 63, 82, 338 40 599 mustelinus, Crypturornis soui, 49, 61, 165 Mycteria americana, 60, 140 Myiarchus, 348 crinitus, 56, 347, 348 ferox ferox, 346 ferox panamensis, 63, 74, 347 ferox venezuelensis, 346 nigriceps, 345 tuberculifer tuberculifer, 345 tyrannulus, 347 tyrannulus tyrannulus, 63, 72, 347 Myiobius, 80 assimilis, 52 Myioborus albifrons, 86 aurantiacus, 445 flavivertex, 54, 84, 86, 443 verticalis, 84, 86, 444 Myiochanes, 349 brachytarsus, 64, 352 brachytarsus andinus, 352 virens, 56, 352, 353 Myiodynastes chrysocephalus, 343 chrysocephalus cinerascens, 343 346, chrysocephalus intermedius, 52, 83, 86, 343 maculatus maculatus, 52, 63, 344 nobilis, 52 Myiopagis placens, 361 placens pallens, 52 Myiopatis, 389 montensis, 53 Myiophobus fasciatus fasciatus, 63, 351 Myiozetetes, 341 cayanensis cayanensis, 360 cayanensis hellmayri, 64, 74, 360 cayanensis rufipennis, 360 guianensis, 360 similis columbianus, 64, 358 Myospiza humeralis meridana, 66, 532 humeralis columbiana, 532 manimbe, 99 Myrmeciza longipes, 303 longipes longipes, 303 panamensis, 63, 303, 578 Myrmopagis axillaris, 311 longipennis, 310 melena, 311 melena albigula, 311 melena melzena, 63, 67, 74, 311 menetriesii, 310 schisticolor, 310 schisticolor interior, 86 600 schisticolor sancte-marte, 52, 83, 86, 310 Myrmothera longipes, 303 Myrmotherula sancte-marte, 52 mystacalis, Malacoptila, 55, 83, 227 nevia, Tapera nevia, 62, 210 nevius, Nycticorax nycticorax, 60, 137 nanus, Xiphorhynchus nanus, 63, 278 napea, Dacnis, 54 Dacnis ccerebicolor, 54, 65, 460 Naranjo, 119 neglectus, Platytricus albogularis, 74, 380 Xenops genibarbis, 63, 293 Neguange, 119 . Nelson, E. W., acknowledgment to, 6 Nemosia pileata hypoleuca, 54, 65. 487 Neocrex colombianus, 35, 49, 61, 74, 178 Neoglottis flavipes, 56, 182 melanoleuca, 56, 183 neoxenus, Thectocercus hemorrhous, 61, 70, 208 nigra, Geranospiza, 147 Jacana, 49, 61, 74, 187 nigricans, Cercomacra, 51, 63, 67, 74, 304 Sayornis, 349 nigriceps, Myiarchus, 345 Thamnophilus, 63, 67, 74, 314 Todirostrum, 53, 64, 74, 382 nigricollis, Anthracothorax nigricollis, 62, 264 Busarellus, 61, 155 nigricristatus, Thamnophilus radiatus, 63,, 315 nigrocapillus, illus, 86 nigrogularis, Icterus, 473 Icterus nigrogularis, 65, 471 nitida,, Asturina nitida, 61, 153 nivaria, Haplospiza, 54, 522 nivarius, Phrygilus unicolor, 54, 99, Agi, Sule, uae yd nobilis, Myiodynastes 52, 345 nocticolor, Diglossa, 54, 95, 96, 464 Nomonyx, 80 Nonnula frontalis frontalis, 227 frontalis. pallescens, 50, 62, 67, 226 North American Migrants, 55 notabilis, Seiurus noveboracensis, 57, 448 Tyranniscus nigrocap- INDEX. Notharchus hyperrhynchus, 62, 74, 229 hyperrhynchus dysoni, 229 hyperrhynchus leucocrissus, 229 noveboracensis, Seiurus noveboracen- Sis, 57, 447 nuchalis, Heleodytes, 53, 64, 68, 422, 425, 579 Pteroglossus torquatus, 62, 232 Nuttallornis borealis, 56, 353 Nyctanassa violacea cayennensis, 138 violacea violacea, 60, 138 Nycticorax nycticorax nevius, 60, 137 tayazu-guira, 138 Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis, 218, 219 albicollis gilvus, 50, 62, 218, 222 obscura, Ccereba luteola, 460 Sporophila, 517 obsoletus, Picumnus cinnamomeus, 234 occidentalis, Aratinga wruginosa, 50 Leptotila verreauxi, 192 Pelecanus, 60, 132 Tersina viridis, 65, 438 ochraceus, Falco sparverius, 162 Octheeca diadema, 390 diadema diadema, 80 diadema jesupi, 53, 84, 86, 389, gratiosa, 390 gratiosa jesupi, 390 jesupi, 53 lessoni, 96, 391 olivacea, 52 poliogastra, 53 poliogastris, 53, 95, 96, 390 Octhodieta fumigata, 96, 97 lugubris, 96, 97 pernix, 53, 96, 97, 391 Odontophoride, 168 Odontophorus atrifrons, 49, 83, 88, 169 variegatus, 88, 170 Odontriorchis palliatus, 60, 144 (Edicnemus bistriatus vocifer, 61, 187, 581 olivacea, Octheeca, 52° Vireosylva, 56, 432 olivaceum, Oncostoma, 64, 74. 384 olivaceus, Dysithamnus, 83, 86 87, 311, 579 Sittasomus, 276 clivascens, Basileuterus auricapillus, 441 Saltator, 503 INDEX. olivater, Turdus olivater, 86 olivatra, Merula, 400 omissa, Tiaris bicolor, 65, 69, 518 Onaca, 119 Oncostoma olivaceum, 64, 74, 384 Onychorhynchus mexicanus, 386 mexicanus fraterculus, 53, 64, 74, 386 Oporornis agilis, 57, 450 formosus, 57 450 philadelphia, 57, 449 orenocensis, Microrhopias, 309 oreobates, Cinclodes, 51, 100, 294 Oreopeleia linearis, 190 linearis infusca, 50, 83, 189 montana, 61, I9I violacea albiventer, 61, 70, 190 oreophila, Catamenia, 54 Idiospiza, 54, 95, 508 oreopola, Metallura tyrianthina, 96 ornatus, Pachyrhamphus albogriseus, 63, 325 ; Spizaétus, 61, 157 Ornithion inerme, 368 pusillum, 368, 370 Ornithological Explorations of the Ju- nior Author, 40 Oroaeétus isidori, 61, 157 Orochelidon murina cyanophea, 95, 96, 436 Orodynastes striaticollis columbianus, 53 Striaticollis striaticollis, 53, 82, 95, 96, 392 Oropezus, 300 Orospina pratensis, 520 Ortalida, 172 ruficrissa, 22, 49, 130 Ortalis cinereiceps, 172 garrula, 61, 78, 171 rufictissa,; 49, 61; 70, 78; 172 vetula, 172 ; vetula intermedia, 172 Ortmann, Dr. Arnold E., acknowledg- Ment tO. (5), LO: oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, 55, 57, 466 Oryzoborus exthiops, 119, 507 funereus, 65, 75) 506, 517 Ospreys, 164 Ostinops, 387 decumanus 387, 480 Otus choliba, 83, 216 choliba cruciger, 217 choliba margarite, 62, 71, 216 melanterus,' 54, 65, 601 fulvescens, 216 Ovenbirds, 282 Owls, 213 Oxypogon cyanolemus, 20, 50, 100, 101, 248 guerinii, 100, 101, 249 lindenii, 100, rot stuebelii, 101 Oyster-catchers, 187 Pachyrhamphus albogriseus, 325, 326 albogriseus ornatus, 63, 325 _cinereiventris, 52 cinereus, 329 cinnamomeus, 328 cinnamomeus magdalene, 63, 67, 328 magdalene, 328 polychropterus cinereiventris, 52, 63, 326 rufus, 328 Pachysylvia aurantiifrons frons, 65, 72, 430, 431 flavipes acuticauda, 431 flavipes flavipes, 65, 430 Pagolla wilsonia crassirostris, 61, 71, 186 Palenque, 120 pallens, Elenia viridicata, 52, 64, 74 ve 301 Galbula ruficauda, 50, 62, 71, 229 Myiopagis placens, 52 pallescens, Nonnula frontalis, 50, 62, aurantii- 67, 226 Thryophilus, 412 palliatus, Hématopus palliatus, 61, 187 Odontriorchis, 60, 144 pallida, Asturina nitida, 61,153 pallidicrissa, Chlorcenas rufina, 61, 197 pallidiventris, Semimerula gigas, 96 palmarum, Thraupis, 491 Palomina, 120 palpebrosa, Peecilothraupis, 87 panamensis, Amazona_ ochrocephala, 61, 67, 74, 198 Myiarchus ferox, 63, 74, 347 Myrmeciza longipes, 63, 303, 578 Tachyphonus luctuosus, 65, 484 Tyrannulus elatus, 64, 373 Tyrannulus reguloides, 373 Pandion haliztus carolinensis, 56, 164 Pandionide, 164 Panychlora russata, 50 346, 602 papa, Sarcoramphus, 60, 141 Parabuteo, 80 paraguayensis, Dacnis cayana, 461 paralios, Sturnella magna, 54, 65, 82, 466, 581 Paramo de Chiruqua, 120, 12 Paramo de Macotama, 121 Paramo de Mamarongo, 121 Paramo Zone, 99 Birds of, 100 Character and Extent, 99 Faunal Affinities, 100 Paramos, 20 parca, Pipromorpha oleaginea, 64, 74, 358 pardus, Campylorhynchus, 53, 422 Heleodytes, 422 Parra hypomelena, 49, 188 intermedia, 188 melanopygia, 49, Parrots, 198 parvirostris, Attila, 52, 63, 78, 79, 329, 330, 331 parvula, Setopagis, 220 Setopagis parvula, 220 paulus, Hapalocercus, 52, 376 Pelecanide, 132 Pelecanus occidentalis, 60, 132 Pelicans, 132 Penard, Thomas E., acknowledgment to, 6 Penelope, 171 zquatorialis, 61, 116, 174 argyrotis, 173, 174 colombiana, 49, 83, 173, 174 greeyli, 49, 175 lichtensteinii, 173 marail, 49, 175 montana, 173 Peninsula, Goajira, 68 pentheria, Zenaida, 50 Percnohierax leucorrhous, 83, 153 peregrina, Vermivora, 57, 457 pernix, Octhodieta, 53, 96, 97. 391 oo 188, 189 perpallida, Synallaxis albescens, 51 63, 69, 70, 78, 287 personatus, Trogonurus personatus, 93, 242 perspicillata, Pulsatrix perspicillata, 62, 216 peruviana, Brachyspiza capensis, 82, 94, 95, 99. 531 peruvianus, Leptopogon amaurocepha- Pe lust. 356 petersi, Tyranniscus, 373 Petrochelidon murina, 436, 437 INDEX. Pheomyias, 369, 370 murina incomta, 52, 64, 69, 369 tenuirostris, 64, 72, 368, 370 pheopleurus, Buarremon, 87, 523 pheopygus, Turdus phexopygus, 53, 64, 302, 399 Phaethornis anthophilus anthophilus, 63, 273 longirostris susurrus, 51, 63, 79, 273 striigularis striigularis, 63, 70, 272 Phetusa chloripoda, 61, 180 phainoleucus, Hypolophus pulchellus, 52, 318 , phainopeplus, Campylopterus, 27, 51, 83, 85, 108, 269 Phalacrocoracide, 132 Phalacrocorax vigua vigua, 60, 132 phalenoides, Glaucidium brasilianum, 214 phalerata, Helianthea, 50, 83, 85, 91, 254 Leucuria, 27, 50 Pharomachrus antisiensis, 243 auriceps, 243 festatus, 50, 83, 243 Pheucticus chrysogaster, 505 chrysopeplus, 505 laubmanni, 84, 87, 505 Pheugopedius fasciatoventris albigu- laris, 421 fasciatoventris cognatus, 53 fasciatoventris fasciatoventris. 53, 64, 68, 74, 420 letus, 53, 64, 78, 79, 419 rutilus, 79. 420 philadelphia, Oporornis, 57, 449 Phimosus .berlepschi, 60, 68, 139 pheebe, Sayornis, 349 pheenicea, Richmondena, 71, 504, 518 pheniceus. Agelaius, 469 Cardinalis, 504, 505 Phenicothraupis, 80 erythrolema, 22, 54 Phonipara bicolor, 517 Phrygiius unicolor, 522 unicolor geospizopsis, 100 unicolor nivarius, 54, 99, 100, 291, Guo, Guay Gee , Phyllomyias griseiceps griseiceps, 64, 367 semifusca, 52 Physiography of the Region, 6 54, 65. 69, Santa Marta INDEX. Piaya cayana, 211 columbiana, 62, 82, 211 pica, Fluvicola, 64, 387 Picide, 233 picirostris, Dendroplex, 21, 51, 123 Dendroplex picirostris, §1, 63, 280 Picolaptes lacrymiger sancte-marthe, 51 Picumnus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus, O25N7i0 233 squamulatus, 62, 67, 234 squamulatus obsoletus, 234 picus, Dendroplex, 281 Piedmont belt, 66, 69 Piedras, 121 Pigeons, 189 pilaris, Atalotriccus pilaris, 64, 381 pileatus, Pilherodius, 60, 134, 357 Pilherodius pileatus, 60, 134, 357 pinus, Vermivora, 35, 57, 457 Pionus menstruus, 61, 201 sordidus saturatus, 50, 83, 199 Pipile argyrotis, 173 Pipra cinerea, 329 erythrocephala 63, 70, 334 Pipreola aureipectus decora, 52 Pipride, 333 Pipromorpha oleaginea parca, 64, 74, 358 Piranga, 489 erythromelas, 489 faceta, 54 hemalea, 489 rubra rubra, 57, 488, 489 testacea faceta, 54, 65, 488 testacea testacea, 488 Pisobia maculata, 56, 183 minutilla, 56, 183 pitangua, Megarynchus, 38 Megarynchus pitangua, 63, 342 Pitangus derbianus rufipennis, 38 lictor, 53, 340 sulphuratus rufipennis, 63, 341 pitangus, Megarynchus, 34 Pitylus, 80 : placens, Myiopagis, 361 Placostomus, 80 nlagiata, Asturina, 153 Planesticus grayi, 398 luridus, 53 olivater sancte-marte, 53 Plataleide, 139 Platycichla flavipes venezuelensis, 395 erythrocephala, 64. 603 venezuelensis atra, 395 Platypsaris homochrous, 325 homochrous canescens, 52, 63, 324, 332 platypterus, Buteo platypterus, 56, 150 Platyrhynchus cinereus, 352 murinus, 369 Platyriccus albogularis neglectus, 74, 380 Playa Brava, 121 Playa Caiman, 122 Playa Concha, 113, Plegadis, 80 Plovers, 185 plumbea, Ictinia, 60, 146 plumbeus, Saltator, 54 Saltator olivascens, 54, 65, 502, 503 plumbiceps, Polioptila, 64, 69, 72, 78 407 Podilymbus, 79 Peecilothraupis melanogenys, 54, 87, 126, 495 palpebrosa, 87 palpebrosa melanops, 87 Pecilurus, 286 atrigularis, 285 candei candei, 63, 78, 285 candei venezuelensis, 63, 69, 70, 78, 286 poliogaster, Astur, 60, 149 poliogastra, Octheca, 53 poliogastris, Octheeca, 53, 95, 96, poliophrys, .Buarremon, 523 Polioptila bilineata bilineata, 64, 78 407 livida, 407 plumbiceps, 64, 69, 72, 78, 407 Polyborus cheriway cheriway, 61, 163 Population and Resources, 13 Porzana carolina, 56, 179 pratensis, Orospina, 520 Premnoplex brunnescens brunnescens, 86, 292 brunnscens coloratus; 51, 83, 86, 292 coloratus, 51 pretiosa, Claravis, 61, 192 procerus, Xiphocolaptes procerus, 85, 279 Progne chalybea chalybea, 6s, 438 promeropirhynchus, Xiphocolaptes, 279 propinquus, Sclerurus albigularis, 51, 83, 86, 297 prostheleuca, Henicorhina, 415 I21 84, 604 Protonotaria citrea, 57, 458 Pseudochloris, 519 citrina, 519, 520 Psittacide, 198 psittacina, Chlorophonia frontalis, 84, 87, 499 Psittacula guianensis, 202 passerina cyanophanes, 50, 61, 69, 70, 78, 202, 203 passerina viridissima, 202 pyrilia, 50, 123 spengeli, 61, 73, 78, 203 Psittacus eruginosus, 206 sordidus, 200 Pteroglossus torquatus, 116 torquatus nuchalis, 62, 232 Pteroptochide, 319 pucherani, Tripsurus pucherani, 241 pudica, Elenia pudica, 52, 84, 86, 363 Pueblo Viejo, 121, 122 Puff-birds, 226 pulchellus, Sakesphorus, 52, 63, 72, 317 Pulsatrix perspicillata perspicillata. | 62, 216 punctatus, Erionotus, 312, 313, 314 Punto Caiman, 122 pusillum, Camptostoma, 370 Camptostoma pusillum, 64, 368 Ornithion, 368, 370 pusillus, Ereunetes, 56, 184 Pygochelidon cyanoleuca, 84, 86, 435 Pyriglena maculicaudis, 305 pyrilia, Psittacula, 50, 123 Pyrilia, 50, 202 Pyrilia pyrilia, 50, 202 Pyrocephalus rubinus heterurus, 355 rubinus saturatus, 64, 69, 71, 355 Pyrrhomyias vieillotioides assimilis, 52, 84, 86, 354 vieillotioides vieillotioides, 86 Pyrrhura egregia, 205 hematotis, 205 hoffmanni, 205 rhodocephala, 205 viridicata, 50, 83, 91, 204 Ouail, 168 Quebra Concha, 122 Tamocall 122 Querquedula cyanoptera, 60, 141 Querula, 80 radiatus, Thamnophilus, 461 Fea Seel7/7; Rainfall, 11 INDEX. Rallide, 177 Ramphastide, 230 Ramphastos ambiguus abbreviatus. Pipe Watley, Ve piscivorus brevicarinatus, 62, 233 tocard, 27 Ramphocenus rufiventris sancte-mar- the, 51, 63, 74, 305 sancte-marthe, 51 Ramphocelus dimidiatus 65, 75, 486 dimidiatus limatus, 486 flammigerus, 486 Ramphomicron dorsale, 50, 95, 96, 99, 100, 251 microrhynchum, 96 Rancheria, 123 Recurvirostride, 181 reguloides, Tyrannulus, 373 regulus, Grallaria, 299 Resources, 13 Rhamphoceelus dimidiatus, 124 Rhamphomicron dorsale, 50 Rhinoptynx clamator, 62, 217 rhodocephala, Pyrrhura, 205 Rhynchocyclus, 386 equinoctialis, 379 flaviventris aurulentus, 53, 377 flaviventris flaviventris, 378 sulphurescens exortivus, 53, 64, 376 Richmond, Dr. Charles W., acknowl- edgment to, 6 Richmondena cardinalis, 508 phoenicea, 54 65, 69, 71, 504, 518 richmondi, Arremonops, 528 ridgwayi, Empidonax, 350 Glaucidium brasilianum, 215 Icterus icterus, 65, 69, 71, 474 Morphnus, 152 Scardafella squammata, 61, 60, 71, 194 RIO” Biriowmne2s Hacha, 123 Rivers of Santa Marta Region, 8 rivularis, Cinclus, 53, 95, 99, 349, 408 robinsoni, Butorides, 136 Cardinalis, 505 roraime, Turdus olivater, 4or1 rose, Chetocercus, 85 Rosario, 123 rostratus, Xiphocolaptes procerus, 280 Rostrhamus sociabilis, 60, 147 rubiginosa, Phcenicothraupis, 483 . rubiginosus, Chloronerpes rubigi- nosus, 239 dimidiatus, INDEX. rubra, Piranga rubra, 57, 488, 489, rubricapillus, Centurus, 240 Centurus rubricapillus, 239 rubrocristata, Heliochera, 95, ruckeri, Threnetes, 63, 271 rufa, Muscicapa, 329 rufalbus, Thryophilus, 413 rufescens, Saltator orenocensis, 69, 71, 504, 517 ruficauda, Galbula ruficauda, 230 Zenaida ruficauda, 50, 195 ruficeps, Tinamus major, 61, 164 ruficervix, Systellura, 95, 96, 221 Thermochalcis, 221 ruficollis, Hydranassa tricolor, 60, 134 50, ‘62, 332 65, Hypnelus ruficollis, 55, 62, 71, 78, 228 Micrastur, 158 ruficrissa, Ortalida, 22, 49, 130 Ortalis, 49, 61, 70, 78, 172 rufina, Chlorcenas rufina, 197 rufipectus, Attila, 52, 86 Attila rufipectus, 83, 330 Automolus, 51, 83, 86, 91, 283 Formicarius, 579 | rufipennis, Chamepelia rufipennis, 61, | 193 | Myiozetetes cayanensis, 360 Pitangus derbianus, 38 Pitangus sulphuratus, 63, 341 rufiventris, Ramphocenus rufiventris, 395 rufula, Grallaria rufula, 96 rufulus, Troglodytes, 418 rufum, Conirostrum, 95, 96, 456 | rufus, Antrostomus rufus, 62, 82, 219 Pachyrhamphus, 328 Tachyphonus, 65, 485 Rupornis magnirostris insidiatrix, 49, 61, 78, 154 magnirostris magnirostris, 154 russata, Panychlora, 50 russatus, Chlorostilbon, 50, 62, 256 ruticilla, Setophaga, 56, 445 rutilus, Pheugopedius, 79, 420 Rynchops, 80 Sakesphorus canadensis, 317 melanonotus, 52, 63, 316 pulchellus, 63, 72, 317 Salamanca, 123 salmoni, Tigrisoma, 60, 74, 137 605 Saltator cayanus, 502 grandis, 503 maximus, 65, 118, 502 plumbeus, 54 olivascens, 503 olivascens plumbeus, 54, 65, 502, 503 orenocensis rufescens, 65, 69, 71, 504, 517 striatipictus, 503 striatipictus striatipictus, 65, 501 salvini, Accipiter, 83, 148 salvinii, Icterus mesomelas, 470, 471 sancta-marte, Gymnocichla nudiceps, 51, 304 sancte-marte, Catharus fuscater, 53, 84, 86, 405 Cyanocompsa concreta, 54, 508 Planesticus olivater, 53 Melanerpes wagleri, 50 Myrmopagis schisticolor, 52, 83, 86, 310 Myrmotherula, 52 Scytalopus, 52, 83, 86, 319 Turdus olivater, 53, 84, 86, sancte-marthe, Chamepetes, 49, 170, 174 Picolaptes lacrymiger, 51 Ramphocenus, 51 Ramphocenus rufiventris, 63, 305 Thripobrotus lacrymiger, 51, 276 Sandpipers, 181 San Antonio, 123 San Francisco, 124 San José, 124 San Juan de Cesar, 124 San Juan de Guia, 124 San Lorenzo, 124 San Miguel, 125 San Salvador, 125 San Sebastian, 126 Santa Cruz, 126 Santa Marta, 48, 126 Santa Marta Region, Climate, 11 Collections from, 4 Ecological Conditions, Geological History, 10 Geography and Phvysiography, 6 Historical Review of Ornithology, 21 14 Life-Zones, 57 Population and Resources, 13 Species Described from, 49 Subtropical Fauna of, 90 606 Santa Rosa, 127 Sarcoramphus papa, 60, 141 saturatus, Formicarius analis, 302 Pionus sordidus, 50, 83, 199 Pyrocephalus rubinus, 64, 69, 71, 355 Saucerottia saucerottei saucerottei, 265 saucerottei warscewiczi, 62, 82, 264 saul, Lafresnaya, 253, 254 Savannas, 16, 45 Sayornis latirostris, 349 latirostris fumigatus, 52, 63, 82, 348 nigricans, 349 pheebe, 349 scansor, Sclerurus, 297 Scapaneus malherbii, 236 * melanoleucos, 236 melanoleucos malherbii, 235, 237, 244 Scardafella squammata, 195 squammata ridgwayi, 61, 71, 194 Schiffornis amazonus amazonus, 334 amazonus stenorhynchus, 63, 333 schistaceiceps, Todirostrum, 381, 382 schisticolor, Myrmopagis, 310 Schistochlamys atra atra, 65, 482 schlegeli, Arremon, 55, 65, 525 Sclerurus, 298 albigularis, 297 albigularis albigularis, 86 albigularis propinquus, 51, 297 canigularis, 297 - scansor, 297 umbretta, 298 scolopaceus, Aramus scolopaceus, 61, 177 Scolopacide, 181 Scytalopus, 98 argentifrons, 321 latebricola, 52, meridanus, 96, micropterus, 86 micropterus micropterus, 320 sancte-marte, 52, 83. 86, 95, 319 62, 74, 83, 86, 95; 321 319, 320 seilerni, Dendrocolaptes validus, 83, 86, 281 Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus, 57, 449 motacilla, 57, 448 noveboracensis notabilis, 57, 448 noveboracensis noveboracensis, 57, 447 INDEX. sennetti, Buteo albicaudatus, 150 semicinereus, Dysithamnus, 311 semifasciata, Tityra semifasciata, 323 semiflava, Capsiempis flaveola, 356 semifusca, Phyllomyias, 52 Semimerula cacozela, 53, 82, 95, 96, 402 gigas gigas, 96 gigas pallidiventris, 96 semipalmatus, Charadrius, 185 semirufa, Urospatha martii, 50, 222 semirufus, Momotus, 22, 50 septentrionalis, Euscarthmus, 385 Falco fuscoccerulescens, 161 Serpophaga cinerea cana, 35, 52, 86, 349, 374 grisea, 374 Serricossypha albocristata, 483 Setopagis heterurus, 50 parvula, 220 parvula heterura, 50, 62, 68, 220 parvula parvula, 220 Setophaga flavivertex, 27, 54 ruticilla, 56, 445 verticalis, 125 setophagoides, Mecocerculus phrys, 53, 95, 96, 338 Sicalis citrina browni, 54, 65, 519 flaveola flaveola, 65, 60, 521 Sierra Nevadan Fauna, 91 Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 127 Sierra del Libano, 127 sierre, Catharus melpomene, 53 | Sievers, Dr. Wilhelm, explorations li By OS Bo i similis, Diglossa sittoides, 84, 86, 465 Simonula, 247 112 56, ’ 84, 78, leuco- floriceps, 50, 83, 85, 245 Simons, Frederic A. A., Expedition Oty 5) eee Siptornis, 201 hellmayri, 51 Sittasomus, 80 olivaceus, 276 sylvioides levis, 27, 118, 276 smaragdinicollis, Metallura, 250 | Smith, Herbert H., acknowledgment to, 6 Expedition of, 36 Snipes, 181 Snow, I! Peaks, 128 sociabilis, Rostrhamus, 60, 147 | solitaria, Tringa solitaria, 56, 182 INDEX. solitarius, Troglodytes, 100 Urubitornis, 61, 108, 155 solstitialis, Troglodytes, 100, 418 sophie, Trochilus, 265 sordidus, Psittacus, 200, 201 sororia, Elenia, 52, 364, 365 sororius, Xiphorhynchus guttatus, 278 soui, Crypturornis soui, 165 South America, Researches in, 3 spatiator, Grallaria, 51 Grallaria rufula, 51, 95, 96, 298 Species, List of, 130 speciosa, Lepidcenas, 61, 196 spencei, Crypturus cinnamomeus, 167 spengeli, Psittacula, 61, 73, 78, 203 Speotyto, 80 * | sphenurus, Emberizoides (65, 530 spinescens, Spinus spinescens, 96, 535 spinicauda, Chetura spinicauda, 62, 244 spinosa, Jacana spinosa, 187 Spinus spinescens capitaneus, 54, 82, | 95, 534 spinescens spinescens 96 Spiza americana, 57, 533 Spizaétus ornatus, 61, 157 tyrannus, 61, 157 Spiziastur, 80 Spoonbills, 139 Sporathraupis cyanocephala auricris- sa, 87, 490 cyanocephala hypophea, 87 cyanocephala margarite, 54, 84, 87, 490 Sporophila, 517, 518 grisea, 516 grisea grisea, 65 gutturalis, 65, 513, 517 haplochroma, 54, 65, 517 luctuosa, 84, 87, 513, 514 minuta minuta, 65, 515 obscura, 517 plumbea colombiana, 38 sp., 516 spurius, Icterus, 57, 474 squammata, Scardafella, 195 squamulatus, Microcerculus, Picumnus, 62, 67, 234 herbicola, | 409 Steatornis caripensis, 68 caripensis caripensis, 62, 217 Steatornithide, 217 Stelgidopteryx ruficollis equalis, 54, 65, 437 stenorhynchus, Schiffornis amazonus, 63, 333 607 Sterna eurygnatha, 181 stictipennis, Megaceryle torquata, 226 Stone, Witmer, acknowledgment to, 6 * Storks, 140 Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta, 62, 244, 245 zonaris altissima, 245 striata, Dendroica, 57, 450 striaticeps, Drymophila caudata, 307 striaticollis, Orodynastes striaticollis, 53, 82, 95, 96, 392 Xenicopsis, 284 Xenicopsis montanus, 86 striatigularis, Chrysoptilus punctigula, 237 striatipictus, Saltator, 503 Saltator striatipictus, 65, 501 striatus, Butorides, 60, 136 striigularis, Phaethornis striigularis, G3Nn7Os. 272 ; Sturnella ludoviciana, 467 ludoviciana meridionalis, 467 magna paralios, 54, 65, 82, 466, 581 subcinereus, Erionotus punctatus, 52 subcristatus, Acrorchilus, 86 subelegans, Centurus, 240 subflavescens, Cyclarhis, 429 Sublegatus glaber, 64, 367 subrufescens, Momotus, 50, 223 Momotus subrufescens, 50, subruficollis, Tryngites, 56, 183 subtilis, Urubitinga, 152 Subtropical Zone, 81 Birds of, 83 Character and Extent, 81 Distribution of Forms, 85 Faunal Affinities, 84 Origin of Fauna, 89 sulcirostris, Crotophaga, 68 Crotophaga sulcirostris, 62, Summary and Conclusion, 102 Summit Lake, 120, 128 superciliare, Todirostrum sylvia, 64, 381 superciliaris, Todirostrum, 382 superciliosus, Arremonops, 529 surinamensis, Hydrochelidon nigra, . 56, 180 susurrus, Phaethornis longirostris, 51, 63, 78, 79, 273 Sutton, George Miksch, acknowledg- ment to, 2, 6 swainsoni, Gampsonyx, 60, 144 Hylocichla ustulata, 56, 402, 404 223 209 608 Swallows, 435 Swallow-Tanagers, 438 Swamps, 10 Swans, 140 Swifts, 244 Sycalis browni, 54 sylvestris, Scytalopus, 319, 320 Sylviide, 407 Synallaxis, 291 albescens albigularis, 63, 286, 287 albescens hypoleuca, 287 albescens perpallida, 51, 63, 69, 70, 78, 287 fuscifrons, 51 fuscorufa, 51, 83, 85, 126, 288, 307 unirufa unirufa, 85 unirufa meridana, 85 Systellura ruficervix, 95, 96, 221 Tachyphonus axillaris, 484, 485 luctuosus, 485 luctuosus panamensis, 65, 484 rufus, 65, 485 taczanowskii, Icterus mesomelas, 470, Taganga, 128 Tanagra crassirostris, 65, 496, 498, 499, 500, 501 fulvicrissa, 222 fulvicrissa fulvicrissa, 54, 65, 1497 humeralis, 532 trinitatis; 65, 498 Tanagride, 482 Tangara cyanoptera, 84, 87, 494 desmaresti, 493 heinei, 84, 87, 493, 494 viridissima toddi, 54, 65, 78, 494, Tapaculos, 319 Tapera nevia excellens, 210 nevia, 62, 210 Taquina, 128 Taraba transandeana granadensis, 63, 67, 318 transandeana transandeana, 318 tayazu-guira, Nycticorax, 138 tecellatus, Troglodytes musculus, 418 Temperate Zone, 94 Birds of, 95 ; Character and Extent, 94 Distribution of Forms, 96 Faunal Affinities, 95 Temperature, 12 Templado, 128 tenuirostris, Camptostoma pusillum, 370 Pheomyias, 64, 72, 368, 370 INDEX. Terenotriccus erythrurus fulvigularis, 64, 355 Tersina viridis occidentalis, 65, 438 Tersinide, 438 tessellatus, Troglodytes, 118 testacea, Piranga testacea, 488 Thalasseus, 61, 181 maximus, 56, 112, 180 sp., 181 Thalucrania ccelina, 51 Thalurania colombica colombica, SIE ign POL Thamnophilus, 381 doliatus, 315, gorgone, 313 melanotus, 52 nigriceps, 63, 67,.74, 314 nigriceps virgatus, 315 radiatus, 461 radiatus albicans, 315 radiatus nigricristatus, 63, 315 Thectocercus hemorrhous neoxenus, 61, 70, 208 Theristicus caudatus, 60, 139, 581 Thermochalcis cayennensis albicauda, C207 T2211 cayennensis cayennensis, 221 cayennensis insularis, 221 ruficervix, 221 Thick-knees, 187 Thrasaétos, 80 Thraupis cana cana, 65 episcopus cana, 65, 491, 492 glaucocolpa, 65, 72, 491 palmarum, 4or palmarum atripennis, 65, 491 Threnetes fraseri, 272 ruckeri, 63, 271 Threskiornithide, 139 Thriothorus leucotis, 412 Thripadectes flammulatus, 83, 86, 282 Thripobrotus albolineatus, 63, 277 lacrymiger sancte-marthe, 51, 83, 276 Thrushes, 395 Thryophilus albipectus, 410 albipectus albipectus, 411 albipectus bogotensis, 411 albipectus venezuelanus, 64, 410, 411, 414 leucotis galbraithii, 412 leucotis leucotis, 64, 74, 78, 411, 412, 414 minlosi, 413 pallescens, 412 rufalbus, 413 82, 461 78, INDEX. rufalbus castanonotus, 413 rufalbus cumanensis, 413 rufalbus minlosi, 64, 413 Thryothorus letus, 53 _ venezuelanus, 410 Tiaris bicolor omissa, 65, 69, 518 ‘Vierra Nueva, 129 Tigrisoma excellens, 137 lineatum, 60, 136, 136 salmoni, 60,°74, 137 Tinamide, 164 Tinamous, 164 Tinamus major castaneiceps, 164 major major, 164 major ruficeps, 61, 164 Tityra semifasciata columbiana, 52, 63, 322 semifasciata costaricensis, 323 semifasciata esmeralde, 323 semifasciata semifasciata, 323 tocard, Ramphastos, 27 tocuyensis, Arremonops, 65, 69, 71, 529 hi toddi, Tangara viridissima, 54, 65, 78, 494 Todirostrum, 383, 385 cinereum cinereum, 383 cinereum finitimum, 384 nigriceps, 53, 64, 74, 382 schistaceiceps, 381, 382 schistaceiceps griseolum, 382 superciliaris, 382 sylvia superciliare, 64, 381 tolimensis, Mimus gilvus, 64, 394 torquata, Megaceryle torquata, 62, 226 torquatus, Pteroglossus, 116 Toucans, 230 traillii, Empidonax traillii, 350 transandeana, Taraba transandeana, 318 Treinta, 129 trichas, Geothlypis trichas, 56, 57, 447 Tringa solitaria solitaria, 56, 182 trinitatis, Cyclarhis flavipectus, Tanagra, 65, 498 Tripsurus pucherani 429 pucherani, 241 tristis, Pachyrhamphus_ polychropte- | rus, 327 Trochilide, 245 Trochilus buffonii, 267 caligatus, 265, 266 floriceps, 21, 50, 124 sophie, 265 609 Troglodytes brunneicollis, 418 furvus, 418 monticola, 53, 100, 417 musculus atopus, 53, 64, 418 musculus clarus, 419 musculus tecellatus, 418 rufulus, 418 solitarius, 100 solstitialis, 100, 418 tessellatus, 118 Troglodytide, 409 Trogonide, 241 Trogons, 241 Trogonurus personatus personatus, 83, 242 Trojas de Cataca, 129 Tropical Zone, 59 Altitudinal Range of Species of, 66 Birds of, 60 Character and Extent, 59 Constituent Species, 60 Faunal Affinities, 70 Lacune, 79 Lower, 67 Upper, 69 Tryngites subruficollis, 56, 183 tuberculifer, Myiarchus tuberculifer, 345 Tucurinca, 129 Turdide, 395 Turdus, 396, 398 albiventer ephippialis, 53, 64, 396 ephippialis, 397 grayi, 398 grayi casius, 398 grayi incomptus, 53, 64, 397 olivater olivater, 86 olivater roraime, 401 olivater sancte-marte, 53, 84, 86, 400 olivater minusculus, 399 pheopygus pheopygus, 53, 64, 399, 402 Tyrannide, 338, 501 Tyranniscus chrysops minimus, 52, 64, 70, 371 improbus, 52, 84, 86, 372, 373 nigrocapillus flavimentum, 52, 84, 86, 371 nigrocapillus petersi, 373 Tyrannulus, 322 elatus panamensis, 64, 373 reguloides, 373 reguloides panamensis, 373 nigrocapillus, 86 610 tyrannulus, Myiarchus, 347 Myiarchus tyrannulus, 63, 72, 347 Tyrannus curvirostris curvirostris, 55, 56, 338 melancholicus chloronotus, 63, 82, 339 melancholicus melancholicus, 339 tyrannus, 56, 340 tyrannus, Muscivora, 63, 82, 338 Spizaétus, 61, 157 Tyrannus, 56, 340 Tyrant Flycatchers, 338 tyrianthina, Metallura, 250 Metallura tyrianthina, 96 Tyto, 80 tzacatl, Amazilia tzacatl, 62, 266 Ujhelyi, J., Collections by, 39 ujhelyii, Chrysoptilus, 50 Chrysoptilus punctigula, 50, 62, 67, 237 umbretta, Sclerurus, 298 uncinatus, Chondrohierax uncinatus, 60, 61, 143 unduliventer, Astur tachiro, 149 unicolor, Haplospiza, 522 Phrygilus, 522 unirufa, Synallaxis unirufa, 85 University of Michigan Expedition, 39 uropygialis, Chloronerpes rubiginosus, 239 Urospatha martii, 222 martii semirufa, 50, 222 Urospizias jardinei, 149 Urubitinga anthracina cancrivora, 152 subtilis, 152 urubitinga, Morphnus, 61, 152 Urubitornis solitarius, 61, 108, 155 urubu, Coragyps, 60, 142 Valencia, 129 Valle de Upar, 130 Valparaiso, 130 : varia,. Grallaria, 300 Mniotilta, 57, 458 variegatus, Odontophorus, 88, 170 venezuelanus, Thryophilus albipectus, 64, 78, 410, 411, 414 Thryothorus, 410 Xenicopsis montanus, 86 venezuelensis, Aramides cajaneus, 178 Arremonops conirostris, 527 Atalotriccus pilaris, 64, 381 Campylorhamphus _ trochilostris, 63, 276 INDEX. Henicorhina leucophrys, 86 Myiarchus ferox, 346 Platycichla flavipes, 64, 395 Pecilurus candei, 63, 69, 70, 78, 286 Veniliornis fumigatus, 235 kirkii cecilii, 62, 67, 74, 234 oleaginus aureus, 235 oleaginus exsul, 50, 83, 235 oleaginus fumigatus, 235 ventralis, Accipiter, 148 Vermivora chrysoptera, 57, 457 peregrina, 57, 457 pinus, 35, 57, 457 verreauxi, Leptotila verreauxi, 61, 71, IgI verticalis, Myioborus, Setophaga, 125 vetula, Ortalis, 172 vieillotioides, Pyrrhomyias oides, 86, 354 vigua, Phalacrocorax vigua, 60, 132 violacea, Nyctanassa violacea, 60, 138 violea, Cassidix oryzivora, 54, 477 virens, Dendroica virens, 57, 452 Myiochanes, 56, 352 Vireonide, 428 Vireos, 428 Vireosylva calidris barbatula, 55, 56, 84, 86, 444 vieilloti- 34 calidris calidris, 55, 56, 434 chivi, 435 chivi vividior, 65, 433 flavoviridis flavoviridis, 55, 56, 434 josephe chiriquensis, 432 josephe costaricensis, 432 josephe josephe, 86, 432 josephe mirande, 84, 86, 431 olivacea, 56, 432 virescens, Butorides virescens, 56, 135 Empidonax, 56, 350 Formicarius analis, 51, 63, 67, 74, 301, 302 Formicarius moniliger, 51 virgata, Ciccaba virgata, 62, 215 virgatus, Thamnophilus nigriceps, 315 viridicata, Elenia, 361 Pyrrhura, 50, 83, 91, 204 viridissima, Psittacula passerina, 202 viridiventris, Hylocharis cyanus, 62. 268 Vista Nieve, 130 vitellinus, Cacicus, 65, 68, 72, 75, 78, 480 vividior, Vireosylva chivi, 65, 433 INDEX. | vocifer, (Edicnemus bistriatus, 61, 187, 581 vociferus, Antrostomus, 220 Volatinia jacarini atronitens, 65, 518 Vulturide, 141 wagleri, Aratinga, 61, 207 Warblers, 407 warscewiczi, Saucerottia saucerottei, 62, 82, 264 Western Littoral and Foothills, 15 Wilsonia canadensis, 444 Woodhewers, 275 Woodpeckers, 233 Wood Rail, 170 Wood-Warblers, 439 Wrens, 409 Wyatt, Claude W., Expedition of, 22 wyatti, Asthenes wyatti, 100, 290 611 xanthogenia, Eupsittula pertinax, 206 Xenicopsis anxius, 51 montanus anxius, 51, 83% 86, 283 montanus striaticollis, 86 montanus venezuelanus, 86 striaticollis, 284 Xenops genibarbis neglectus, 63, 293 rutilus heterurus, 83, 86, 292 Xiphocolaptes fortis, 51, 280 procerus fortis, 51, 83, 85, 279 procerus procerus, 85, 279 procerus rostratus, 280 promeropirhynchus, 279 Xiphorhynchus guttatus, 278 guttatus sororius, 278 nanus nanus, 63, 278 Zenaida, 79 pentheria, 50 ruficauda ruficauda, 50, 195 zonothorax, Micrastur, 83, 158 ieee i 3 f i Ee { E f WSOP er Publications of the Carnegie Museum Serial No. I11 ANNALS OF: THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM Vion? SIV; October, 1922 For sale by Messrs. Wheldon & Wesley, Ltd., 38 Great Queen Street, Kingsway, London, W, C. E., England; Maruzen Company, Ltd., 11-16, Nihonbashi, Tori- Sanchome, Tokyo, Japan; and at the Carnegie Museum, Schenley Park, Eiesburah, Pa., U.S.A. ; CONTENTS. BOL ers Fe PI ae ik Fin eae oe ee ee The Birds of the Santa Marta Region of Colombia: A Study in Altitudinal Distribution. By W.E. Criypr Topp and Mir Ay GARRIKER YRS. Seca See Uke BES pee oa owe EP AOR oy mee om Oe te th Tp he Sete rie ene. ke rach S Merete teh ths pepe! 2 nse. ets eu HERTS: mirerinsey” | Pttange opera bee Ne Ae tpn A went nop et os Z Santsirerecno ~A whew atone tere aes v m3 moneh-oe 4 : te -. ; eat es hake e coats ema te