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ANNALS

OF

THE LYCEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

OF

NEW-YORK.

VOL. I.
PART THE: EIR ST.

NEW-YORK :
PRINTED FOR THE LYCEUM, BY J. SEYMOUR,
AND SOLD BY WILDER & CAMPBELL, No. 148 BROADWAY.

1824, @

CONTENTS

OF -

PART THE FIRST.

By Joun J. AupuBon.

Note on the Hirundo fulva, ti - - - -
Facts and Observations on the permanent residence of the
Swallow in the United States, - - - -

By Dantet H. Barnes,
Notice of several species of Shells, - - : -
By De Wirt Crinton.

Description of a new species of Fish from the Hudson River,
On the Hirundo fulva of Vieillot, with some general remarks
on the birds of this genus, - - - - -

By Wirir1Am Cooper,
On the remains of the Megatherium recently discovered in

Georgia, - - - - - - = -
Account of the discovery of a skeleton of the Mastodon
giganteum, - - - = = S 4 s

By Issacnar Cozzens.

Examination of the acid of the Rhus glabrum; with observa-
tious on the juice of the Sambucus Canadensis as a deli-
cate test, - - - - - = ~ a

By Freperick 8. Cozzens.

Observations on the manners of the Hystrix dorsata, or Por-
cupine of North America, : - - -
By James E. Dexay.
Note on the organic remains termed Bilobites, from the
Kaatskill Mountains, = - - - - - ss
An account of the Phoca cristata recently taken in the vici-
nity of this city, = - - - - - - -
Observations on the structure of Trilobites, and description
of an apparently new genus, - - - - -
By Josie DELAFIELD.

Notice of new localities of simple Minerals along the north

coast of Lake Superior, &c. - - - - -
By AsrauAm Hatsny.

Synoptical view of the Lichens growing in the vicinity of the
city of New-York, - - - - - -

Remarks on certain Entozoical Fungi, - - - .

By Epwin JAmes.
On the identity of the supposed Pumice of the Missouri, with

a variety of pryecaipid found near Eyane meery Moun-
tains, = = = -

114

143

AQ

190

iy CONTENTS.

By Frep, G. Kine and Epwarp G. Lupiow.
Appearances on dissection of the Phoca cristata, - -
By Joun Le Conte.

Description of a new species of Siren; with some observa-
tions on animals of a similar nature, - - -
Observations on the North American species of the genus
Utricularia, - - - - - - - -
Observations on the North American species of the genus
Gratiola, - - - - - - - -
Observations on the North American species of the genus
Ruellia, - - - = - = - -
Description of some new species of North American Insects,
By J. B. Rrconp MApIANNA.
Observations and Experiments on the Seeds of the Cerbera
Thevetia, - ~ - - - - -
Researches and Experiments on the medical briperses of
some species of the genus Passiflora, - -
By Samuer L. Mircnivu.

Description of a new and gigantic epreics of the genus Ce-
phalopterus of Dumeril, - - - -
Observations on the Teeth of the Megatherium recently dis-
covered in the United States, - . - -
Description of an extraordinary Fish resembling the Style-
phorus of Shaw, - - - - - - -

By James RENnwIck.

Examination of a Mineral from Andover Furnace, Sussex

county, New-Jersey, - - - + a 4
On the geological position of the Trilobites found at Trenton
Falls, - - - = 2 = = -

By Lewis D. Dre Scnuwerntrz.

An Analytical Table to facilitate the determination of the
hitherto observed North American species of the genus
Carex, - - - - - - - -

By Jonn Torrey.

Description of some new or rare Plants from the Rocky
Mountains, coliected in July 1820, by Dr. E. James,
Notice of a locality of Yenite in the United States, -
An account of the Columbite of Haddam, Connecticut; and
notice of several other North American Minerals, -
Description of some new Grasses, collected by Dr. E. James,
during the expedition of Major one to ne Rocky
Mountains, in 1819-20, - - =

By Josern G. TortTen.

Notes on some new supports for Minerals subjected to the
action of the common Blow-pipe, - - - -

Page

103

140

185

62

30
51
89

148

108

ANNALS

OF THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF NEW-YORK.

SEPTEMBER, 1823.

OFFICERS OF THE LYCEUM,
FOR THE YEAR 1823. ;

President.
SAMUEL L. MITCHILL.

Vice-Presidents.
JOHN TORREY, DANIEL H. BARNES.

Corresponding Secretary.
JAMES E. DE KAY.

Recording Secretary.
ABRAHAM HALSEY.

Treasurer.

LUCIUS BULL.

Curators.
Messrs. BARNES, DE KAY, HALSEY, COZZENS.
VAN RENSSELAER

ADVERTISEMENT.

Tue object of the Lyceum, in publishing its Annals, is to
record new and valuable facts in Natural History ; and to ad-
vance the public good by the diffusion of useful knowledge.
The importance of this science is, at present, every where ac-
knowledged ; and the attention bestowed on it, in our own
country, has already been amply repaid. A great variety of
new, useful, and elegant productions have been discovered ;
and important facts, connected with the agricultural, com-
mercial, and manufacturing interests, have been elucidated.
In our attempts to bring to light the hidden riches of our
country, we solicit the assistance of the public. We ask no
emolument, we expect no gain. We cherish the hope that
our exertions will be encouraged ; that we shall be enabled to
proceed in the course which we have now commenced.

In conformity with the usages of similar institutions, we shall
not hold ourselves responsible for the facts or opinions of those
who favour us with their communications. The proof of the
one, and the defence of the other, will rest with the authors,

whose proper signatures will in all cases be prefixed.

Synopticat View of the Licuens growing in the vicinity of
the City of New-York. By Apranam Hausey. Read be-
fore the Lyceum, June 16, 1823,

NotwitHSTANDING the great progress which the science of
botany has made in this country, the cryptogamic branch of
it still suffers under the most unmerited neglect. Of the se-
veral tribes which compose this interesting department, the
Ferns and Mosses have received some share of attention ; and
the Fangi have lately been ably illustrated by Mr. De
Schweinitz, in his valuable work on the Fungi of North
Carolina ; but the Algee and Lichens appear to have been but
little regarded ; the Catalogue of Muhlenberg comprising such
as were observed chiefly in his immediate neighbourhood, and
the brief enumeration in the New-York Catalogue, being the
only sources of information from whence the little we have on
these subjects is derived. ‘The difficulty with which the stu-
dent of cryptogamy has to contend, is greatly enhanced by the
scarcity of books with enlarged descriptions and figures, and the
rarity of well-authenticated specimens ; a very few of which
are occasionally to be found in private collections. The Synop-
sis of Acharius is almost the only work on the Lichens to which
access can be had in this place ; and the extreme difficulty of
determining, with his definitions, our native species, diversified
as they are by difference of soil and climate, is very apt to deter
botanists from the study of Lichenology. We look, therefore,
with eagerness, to our own cryptogamists, who describe from
indigenous specimens; and in particular the long-promised
work of Mr. De Schweinitz, would constitute an important era
in the history of this science, in rendering the treasures of our
cryptogamy as accessible as those of the elder and more fa-
voured branch of botany.

In the mean time, under the persuasion that the smallest
contribution will be acceptable, I offer, for the consideration

4 On the Lichens near New-York.

of the Lyceum, a catalogue of the Lichens, which I have col-
lected in the neighbourhood of this city, and within a
circuit of fifty miles; a few are added, of which specimens
were received from correspondents in the northern part of
this State and in Massachusetts. To supply, in some mea-
sure, the barrenness of a bare enumeration, I have added the
leading characteristics of the different species; not with the
hope, however, of having always succeeded in defining them
with precision. The difficulty of seizing a single prominent
feature, which shall be invariable in all cases, will be acknow-
ledged by those who have studied this microscopic and po-
lymorphous family. Specimens of a number of species, of
which I could find no descriptions, were sent to Mr. De
Schweinitz, the highest authority on this subject in this country,
for his opinion; and I have retained the names which were re-
turned by that gentleman: I should add, however, that for the
imperfect descriptions attempted of them, I alone am respon-
sible. I have only to express the hope, that this sketch may
call the attention of our botanists to this interesting family of
plants, so remarkable for their beauty and variety, and the im-
portant part they perform in the vegetable economy.

I. Class) IDIOTHALAMI.

1. Order. HOMOGENEI. Apothecia simple, wholly formed
from a uniform pulverulent or cartilaginous substance.
+ Apothecia without a raised margin,

1. Sprtoma.

i. melaleucum. Ach. Syn. p. 2. Common on rough bark
of trees.

2, roseum. Nov. spec. nobis. Rare. On bark of Juglans.

S. crusta tenui, granulosa, rosea; apotheciis solitariis,

punctiformibus, pulveraceis, saturate roseis. Fig. 1.

This pretty little Lichen, found on the rough bark of Hicko-

ry, for the present I refer to this genus, with which it appears

to have greater affinity than with any other. It is readily dis-

On the Lichens near New-York. 5

tinguishable by its light lake or rose-coloured crust, which is
very thin and rough. The apothecia are oval, minute, scat-
tered, and of a deeper colour than the crust.

2, ARTHONIA.

1. punctiforms. Ach.p.4. Onsmoothbark. Crust white ;
apothecia small, subimmersed.

2. Swartziana. Id. p. 5. Onold trunks of trees. Crust
white ; apothecia broad and confluent.

3. astroidea. Id. p.6. On smooth bark. Crust ashy and
glaucous ; apothecia flat, stellate, and shapeless.

4. obscura. Id. p.6. Ibid. Crust olivaceous; apothecia
small, oval, uniform, subimmersed.

tft Apothecia with a raised margin.

3. Lecipea.
\ Frond crustaceous, uniform.

* Apothecia constantly black.

1. atro alba, Id. p.11. Common on rocks. Areolz of the
crust black and white.

2. fumosa. Id. p. 12. Ibid. Crust dull smoky colour ; apo-
thecia sunk into the crust, grayish within.

3. pantosticta. Id. p.13. Ibid. Apothecia minute; im-
mersed in the crust upon the areolz.

4. lapicida. Id. p. 13. Ibid. Apothecia mostly between
the areolz.

9. petrea. Id. p. 15. Ibid. Distinguishable by the con-
centric tendency of the apothecia.

6. conflluens. Id. p. 16. Ibid. To the naked eye like No. 1
and 4; crust dirty white; apothecia irregular and ag-
gregated.

7. premnea. Id. p.17. Trees and fences. Apothecia with
a whitish stratum under the disk.

8. parasema. Id. p. 17. Bark. Crust generally bordered
by a black line ; apothecia blackish within.

9. enteroleuca, Id. p.19. Trunks. Apothecia internally
white,

6

10.

bY:

18.

19.

On the Lichens near New-York.

dolosa. Ach. Syn. p.19. Trunks and fences. Crust
pulverulent; rusty gray ; apothecia convex.

sanguinaria. Id. p.19. Ibid. Rare. Apothecia in-.
ternally blood-red.

. sabuletorum 8. geochroa. Id. p. 20. Encrusting

mosses in woods. Crust efluse, granulated, ashy.
citrinella? Id. p. 25. Old stone fences. Rare. Crust
green; apothecia small, black.
** Apothecia black ; when moistened, brownish.
ammersa. Id. p. 27. Common on hard rocks. Apo-
thecia sunk into the surface of the stone upon which the
crust resides,
*%* Apothecia black, with a gray bloom.
albo cwrulescens. Id. p. 29. Onrocks. Rare. Crust
tartareous and cracked, whitish; apothecia flat.

. corticola. Id. p.32. Trunks and fences. Crust granu-

lated, very white; apothecia small and subglobose.
*x** Anothecia with a fuscous or brownish colour.
versicolor. Schwz. mss. Very common on smooth
bark. Crust greenish, and bounded by a broad waving
black line; apothecia small, greenish and other dark
colours, clustered and stellate to the naked eye.
luteola, Ach. p. 41. Trunks and rocks. Crust thin,
grayish, with globular pale granules ; apothecia dirty
yellow.
carneola. Ib..p.42. Trunks. Crust thin, gray ; apo-
thecia sessile, thick, fleshy brown.
*#xx* nothecia of various colours.

coccinea. Schwz. mss. Common on trunks. Crust
cinereous, and bordered by a black line; apothecia
shining, convex, beautiful scarlet, whitish within.

marmorea (8. cupularis. Jlch., Syn. p. 46. On the
earth in woods, among moss. “Crust very thin, scarce-
ly distinguishable; apothecia urceolate, flesh-coloured.
A strongly marked, though minute species.

On the Lichens near New-York. Gn

22. Ehrhartiana. Id. p.47. Common on rocks. Crust car-
tilaginous, greenish yellow, rough, granulated; apo-
thecia pale yellowish.

var. 2. polytropa. Ibid. Crust subtartareous, tesse-
lated, pale; apothecia crowded.

23. aurantiaca. Id. p. 50. Trunks and rotten wood. Crust
smooth, whitish; apothecia orange, convex, margin
lighter.

§§ Crust foliaceous.

24. demissa. Id.p. 50. On earth on rocks. Crust warty,
subimbricated, lobed at the margin; apothecia red-
dish, depressed.

25. globifera. Id. p. 51. In the clefts and depressions on
the surface of rocks. Crust imbricated, lobes detach-
ed, round, whitish underneath; apothecia subglobose,
dark red.

4. Cavicium.
* Anpothecia sessile.

1. tigillare. Id. p. 55. Common on fences and old posts.
This beautiful Lichen in habit nearly resembles a Le-
cidea, and is remarkable from the frond’s first ap-
pearing in small yellow spots, upon which the black
apothecia are seated. The intervals between these af-
terwards fill up, and the whole crust becomes conti-
nuous.

2. turbinatum. Id. p. 59. On bark, and parasitic on Par-
meliz, &c. Crust whitish ; apothecia turbinate.

3. stigonellum. Id. p.66. Crust none; apothecia subglo-
bose.

** Apothecia stipitate.

4. claviculare. Id. p. 57. Old fences and posts. Apothe-

cia subglobose ; pedicles cylindric, thick.

trachelinum 8. quercinum. Id. p. 58. Ibid. Crust

ashy or none; apothecia turbinate; pedicles filiform.
short.

ha

8 On the Lichens near New-York.

5. GyRopHORAa.

1. pustulata. Id. p.66. On rocks, Rare. Frond under-
neath deeply pitted, smooth; apothecia rare, disk
smooth.

2. papulosa. Id. p.67. Ibid. Apothecia small, very nu-
merous, and aggregated, urceolate and rarely gyrose.

3. Pennsylvanica. Id. p.67. Frond subolivaceous, rough
granular underneath ; apcothecia margined.

4. Muhlenberg. Id. p. 67. Ibid. Frond wrinkled and
scaly underneath ; apothecia sunk in the pits.

5. vellea. Ad. p. 67. Ibid. Rare in fruit. Frond large,
coriaceous, sooty; apothecia generally towards the
circuuference of the frond.

6. OpraraPHa.
I. macularis. Id. p.72. On smooth bark. Apothecia clus-
tered, and forming black spots.
2. herpetica (. disparata. Id. p. 73. Ibid. Apothecia
short, broad ; crust of a reddish olive hue.
3. vulgata. Ad. p. 73. Trunks. Apothecia turgid, cylin-
dric.
4, notha. Id. p.76. Ibid. Disk of the apothecia without
the cleft.
var. 8. gregaria. Ibid. Apothecia crowded ; disk flex-
uous and plicate.
y- cesta. Ibid. Apothecia with a grayish prui-
nose disk.
5. vulvella. Id. p. 77. Ibid, Apothecia elliptic, gaping in
the middle.

2. Order. HETEROGENEI. Apothecia with a solitary pe-
rithecium, including the nucleus.

+ Apothecia margined.
7. GRapuHuis.
1. scripta. Id. p. 81. On smooth bark. Crust somewhat

shining, white, black bordered ; apothecia semi-im-
mersed,

ra

On the Lichens near New-York. )

var. 8, pulverulenta. Smooth bark. Apothecia flexu-
ous; disk gray pruinose.
y.cerast. On Beech. Crust shining; apothecia
straight and parallel,

. betuhgna. Id. p. 83. On Betula. Scarcely more than

ue

I

a variety of the last.
serpentina. Id. p. 83. Smooth bark. Crust very white ;
apothecia elongated, crowded, and waved.
Tt Apothecia without a margin.

8. VERRUCARIA.

. punctiformis. Id. p. $7. Old bark. Apothecia small, he-

mispheric, seldom papillated; nucleus subglobose.

. analepta. Id.p.87. Ibid. Apothecia conoid, papillated ;

nucleus compressed. Larger than the preceding.

. epidermidis. Id. p. 89. Smooth bark of limbs. Apo-

thecia very minute, flattened, roughish.
var. 8. cerast. On Betula. Crust shining, of a silvery hue.

. stigmatella, Id. p. 89. Bark. Apothecia convex, not

papillated.
var. (.lactea. Ibid. Crust milky white, sublucid.

. gemmata. Id.p.90. Onbark. Apothecia shining, pa-

pillated.

- composita. Schwz. mss. On Carpinus and Betula. Crust

yellowish brown, very smooth, shining, and border-
ed bya black line; apothecia small, immersed, and
clustering in long irregular dark spots. Fig. 4.

9. EnpocarPpon.

smaragdulum. Ach. p.98. Onrocks. Frond composed
of very small, detached, scale-like lobes, of a light
greenish or olive colour, _

. tephrovdes 3. polythecium. Id. p.99. Onrocks. Frond

adnate like a Verrucarta, cracked, of a light liver
colour.

» Hedurgu. Id. p. 99. On rocks. Fronds detached like

No. 1, but larger.
RB

10 On the Lichens near New-York.

4, miniatum. Id. p. 101. Common on rocks. Frond co-
riaceous and leafy, underneath of a reddish hue.

5. complicatum. Id. p. 102. Like the preceding, but of a
dark colour underneath.

6. Webert. Id. p. 102. Onrocks near waterfalls. Like the
two last, but the frond is of a thicker consistence, and
changes to a greenish colour when moistened.

II. Class) COZNOTHALAMI.

Order. I. PHYMATOIDEI. Apothecia included in wart-lhke
processes formed from the frond.

10. Porta.

1. pertusa. Id. p.109. Rocks and old trunks. Common.
Apothecia with several orifices.

2. leucostoma. Id. p. 109. On trunks. Apothecia with white
orifices; crustdark. Resembles a Varronarta.

3. lejoplaca. Ad. p. 109. Rocks and trunks. Apothecia with
a single and irregular orifice.

4, failax. Id. p.110. Rough bark. Apothecia with an
open expanded orifice, like a Lecanora.

11. THEeLotTrema.
lepadinum? Id. p.115. Onbark. Very common. Pro-
bably a new species. Crust yellowish green.

12. Pyrenu.a.

1. enteroleuca. Sprengel mss. Thelotremacinereum. Schwz.
Very common on trunks. Crust membranaceous, ve-
ry white, sublucid, and to the microscope cracked and
rugged. Apothecia above the crust, though surround-
ed by it at the base, cupuliform, open at the top like a
Lecipea; margin black, with a gray bloom ; nucleus
hemispheric, whitish with a black pruinose disk. Fig. 3.

Specimens of this common Lichen were sent by Dr.
Torrey to Professor Sprengel of Halle, and by him de-
termined to be a new species of Pyrenuua, under the
name here adopted. Jt has much the habit of a Lrci-

On the Lichens near New-York. 11

pea, and possibly may be the LecieEa urceolata of
Acharius.

2. nigrescens. Ach. p. 126. Commononrocks. Crust tes-
selated, blackish; apothecia on the areolz, black,
shining, scarcely distinguishable to the naked eye.

3. margacea, Id. p.127. Ibid. Crust ashy, rugged, and
warty; apothecia globose, in appearance like a Pori-
NA with several orifices.

13. VaRIOLARIA.

1. velata. Id. p. 129. On bark. Crust white; disk of the

apothecia covered with a white lamina.

. communis. Id, p. 130. Ibid. Crust commonly darker

than the apothecia.

3. amara, Id. p. 131. Ibid. Crust bitter to the taste.

corallina. Id. p. 133. Encrusting decayed mosses,

Crust with coralline papillz.

9

=

Order II. DISCOIDEI. Apothecia scutelliform, subsessile ; disk
different from the margin, which ts formed from the frond.
14. Urcrouaria.

1. cinerea 8. notata. Id. p. 40. Onhard rocks. Crust ashy,
smooth, and cracked; apothecia black, pruinose, im-
mersed in the areolz.

2. calcarea. Id. p.143, On calcareous rocks. Crust very
white; apothecia smaller than in the preceding.

15. Lecanora.
§ Crust adnate, uniform.
* Apothecia with a black and naked disk.
1. atra. Id. p. 146. On trunks and rotten wood. Crust very
white ; apothecia crowded, angular, margin flexuous,
var. y. cailiginosa. (bid. Crust dark.
2. commutata. Id.p.149. Fencesand rotten wood. Crust
thin, with greenish white dust ; apothecia concave.
3. periclea 8, exigua Id. p.151. Ibid. Crust dirty white,
and blackish; apothecia small and crowded,

12 On the Lichens near New-York.

A. sophodes. Id. p. 153. Ibid. Crust verrucose, subdeter-
mined, ashy greenish; apothecia crowded, black,
brownish when moistened, margin tumid, very entire.

** Anothecia with a brown coloured disk.

5. subfusca. Id. p.157. Bark. Crust smooth, cartilagin-
ous, granulated ; apothecia dark, margin thick.

6. ventosa. Id. p. 159. Bark and rocks. Crust tesselated
with tumid warts, yellowish or gray; apothecia red-
dish, brown, convex.

7. varia, Id. p. 161. Common on old posts and fences.
Crust light yellow; apothecia generally dirty green,
yellowish, and brown.

*** Apothecra with a black or coloured disk,
always pruinose.

8. Vaillarsii? Id. p.163. QOnrocks. Crust tartareous, gy-
rose, granulated, whitish; apothecia black, sessile,
disk concave.

9. glaucoma. Id.p.165. Ibid. Crust grayish; apothecia
black, immersed, disk at length convex, margin oblite-
rated.

10. angulosa. Id. p. 166. Onsmooth bark. Crust smooth
and subrimose ; apothecia crowded and angular.

11. casio rubella. Id. p.167. Trunks. Crust membrana-
ceous and white ; apothecia large, light red.

12. albella. Id.p.168. Bark. Crust cartilaginous, smooth,
milk white ; apothecia light flesh-coloured.

#x#** Anothecia with disks of various colours.

13. perella. Id. p. 169. On trunks. Crust thin, warty,
white; apothecia light flesh-coloured.

14, tartarea. Id. p.172. Rocks. Common. Crust white,
tartareous, with clustered coral-like granules ; apothe-
cia light flesh-coloured. This is the Cudbear of the
English, and used in dying purple on woollen.

15. salicina. Id. p.175. Trunks. Crust granulated, dirty
yellowish, hardly distinguishable; apothecia orange.

On the Lachens near New-York. 13

16. fulva. Schwz. mss. Common on rough bark. Crust
papillated, verrucose, of a pale sulphur yellow ; apo-
thecia with an orange disk, when young immersed in
the verruce of the crust, at length enlarging with a
thin inflected margin. Fig. 2.

§§ Crust adnate, radiating, and lobed at
the curcumference.

17. elegans. Ach. p. 182. On rocks. (Massachusetts.) Crust
orange, radiating, lobes linear and convex.

18. galactina. Id. p. 187. Rotten trunks and rocks. Crust
subimbricated, dirty white ; apothecia crowded, angu-
lar, disk livid flesh-coloured, subpruinose.

19, juglandina. Schwz. mss. Common on smooth bark.
Crust flat, orbicular, sublucid, olivaceous, towards the
circumference light glaucous green, minutely laciniated —
through its whole surface, central segments scaly im-
bricated, marginal ones flat and broader towards the
apex ; apothecia central, small, disk fuscous, concave,
margin very thick.

§$§ Crust folraceous, scaly, imbricated.

20. Smithit. Ach.p.189 Common on trunks. Crust scaly,
lobes thick, roundish, waved, yellow orange, deepen-
ing in colour towards the apex ; apothecia orange, like
Parme ia rutilans.

21,-arregularis. Schwz. mss. Common ontrunks., Crust
scaly, lobes ascending, very minutely fringed, whitish
gray, greenish when moistened ; apothecia gray prui-
nose, dark brown when moistened, margin thick and
entire.

22. candelaria. Ach. p. 192. Onsmooth bark. Crust scaly,
bright yellow, margin of lobes granular; apothecia
bright yellow.

23, brunnea. Id.p. 193. Trunks. Crust imbricated, ashy
liver colour ; apothecia reddish brown, margin crenn-
lated.

14 On the Lachens near New-York.

16. ParME.ia.
§ Frond with segments of equal thickness at the apex.

1. placorodia. Id. p. 196. Trunks, stones, &c. Frond livid
pale, underneath smooth and whitish, with black fibres.

2. crinita. Id.p.196. Ibid. Frond grayish green, bearing
branching coralline papillze, underneath smooth, black,
margin ciliated.

3. caperata. Id. p. 196. Ibid. Frond pale greenish yel-
low, underneath black hispid. ,

4, Borrerit. Id.p.197. Bark and on mosses. Frond gray,
with whitish soredia ; apothecia with a crenate, sub-
lobed margin.

5. scortea. Id. p. 197. On trunks. Frond subcoriaceous,
whitish gray, black dotted, sublucid. -

6. perlata. Id. p. 197. Ibid. and stones. Frond grayish
green, villose underneath.

7. perforata. Id. p. 198. Bark, and stones. Disk of the
apothecia perforated.

8. herbacea. Id. p. 198. Trunks, and on the earth. Frond
smooth, coriaceous, suborbicular; apothecia small,
central. Has been removed to Sticta by Acharius.

9. tiliacea. Id. p.199. ‘Trunks. Frond grayish green, sub-
pruinose, not dotted asin No. 5.

10. olwacea. Id. p. 200. Trunks and rotten wood. Frond
dark olive, shining.

11. plumbea. Id. p. 202. Earth on mosses. Frond dark
lead, and blackish when old.

12. saxatilis. Id. p. 203. Rocks and trunks. Segments
generally reticulately lacunose on the upper surface,
truncated at the apex. .

13. aleurites. Id. p. 208. Bark. Frond generally covered
with granular dust, much laciniated at the margin ;
apothecia light, margin crenulated.

14. centrifuga. Id. p. 209. Ibid. Frond greenish, divided
through its whole surface into radiating segments.

15. conspersa. Id. p. 209. Ibid. Frond greenish, dotted
black.

On the Lichens near New-York. 15

i6. rutilans. Id. p. 210. Ibid. Frond deep yellow, whitish
underneath ; apothecia orange.

. venusta. Id. p. 214. Bark, and among mosses. Frond
deeply laciniated, segments narrow; margin of the
apothecia leafy.

18. stellaris. Id. p. 216. Trunks. Frond stellate, segments
convex, with whitish fibres beneath; apothecia black,
pruinose.

19. cesta. Id. p. 216. Trunks and rocks. Segments nar-
row, and more distant than the last.

var. .dubia. Rocks. A very minute variety, resem-
bling frost work.

20. cycloselis. Id p. 216 ‘Trunks. Frond stellate; seg-
ments short, broad, subconnate ; apothecia blackish.

. ulothrix, Id. p. 217. Ibid. Like the preceding ; apothe-
cia, externally at the base. covered with black bristles.
§§ Frond with segments thickened at the apex.

22. physodes. Id. p. 218. Rocks, trunks, and on earth.

Frond naked and shining beneath.

23. colpodes. Id. p. 219. Ibid. Frond spongy, and rag-

ged beneath.

1

~I

2

—

17. Borrera.

1. tenella. Id. p. 221. Bark and on the earth. Like a Par-
MELaA. Frond white; segments narrow, pinnatifid,
convex and ciliated at the apex.

2, furfuracea. Id. p. 222. Bark. Much like Evernia pru-
nastri. Segments of the frond channeled beneath, and
bluish black.

3. chrysophthalma. Id. p. 223. Very common on trunks.
Frond yellow, with orange apothecia.

4, exilis? Id. p 225. Ibid. Frond minute, white, segments
attenuated and capillary. Perhaps only a variety of
the preceding.

18. Cerraria.

1. ciliaris, Id. p. 227 Fences and stones. Frond with

segments fringed, and ciliated with strong rigid fibres.

16 On the Lichens near New-York.

2, lacunosa. Id. p. 227. Earth in moist woods. Frond
more deeply pitted and reticulated than the last, seg-
ments not so much divided, whitish underneath; apo-
thecia large.

3. glauca. Id. p. 227. Stones and fences. Frond glaucous,
tawny, brown underneath.

4. viridis. Schwz. mss. Small limbs in cedar swamps, New-
Jersey. Frond glaucous green, lacunose reticulated,
underneath pale yellow, margin complicately waved
and beset with black soredia; apothecia chesnut
brown, margin inflected, lobed, and dentated.

19. Sricra.

1. crocata. Ach. p. 232. Trunks and earth. _(Massachu-
setts.) Frond of a liver colour, margin bordered with
yellow.

2. anthraspis. Id. p.233. Among mosses on earth. Frond
smooth coriaceous, lobes roundish ; apothecia with a
blackish disk.

3. pulmonacea. Id. p. 233. About roots of trees. Much
‘reticulated and sinuated.

4, scrobiculata. Id. p. 234. Ibid. Frond orbicular, light
greenish, surface roughened by minute soredia.

5, sylvatica. Id. p. 236. On the earth with mosses. Frond
with large segments, concave.

20. PELTIDEA.
1. venosa. Id. p. 237. Earth in woods. Frond with ashy-
brown tomentose veins beneath.
2, scutata. Id. p. 237. Trunks and limbs. Smooth and
veinless beneath, segments short.
3. horizontalis. Id. p. 238. Ibid. and on earth. Lobes
elongated ; shields flat and transversely oblong.
aphthosa. Id. p. 238. Earth on mosses. Frond light
greenish, with small brown warts.
. canina. Id. p. 239. Ibid. Lobes ascending, colour deep-
er than in the preceding.

oe

st

On the Lachens near New- York. ee

21. NerHroma.

1. resupinata. Id. p. 241. Earth among moss. Frond
brownish; distinguished by the apothecia being seated
on the under side of the frond, the lobes of which turn
over.

- var. 8. papyracea. Ibid. Frond greenish.

22. Evernia.

1. prunastri. Id. p. 245. Branches of trees. Rare. Frond
granulated glaucous above, underneath whitish, reticu-
lated.

2. vulpina? Id. p. 245. Massachusetts. Frond yellowish
green, branching, segments attenuated, lacunose, com-
pressed. In appearance like Cenomyce uncialis, but
easily distinguished by its central cotton-like medulla.
Perhaps a new species.

Order III. CEPHALOIDEI. Apothecia subglobose, termi-
nating the frond.

> 935. CEeNomMYCE.

Frond folvaceous, podetia fistulous, attenuated, or dilated
P ,
above.

* Apothecia pale.

1. cespiticia. Id. p. 249. Onearth. Frond minutely cleft;
podetia very short, marginal.

2. alevcornis. Id. p. 250. On earth, in dry rocky situations.
Frond with pale greenish, palmated, ascending seg-
ments, lighter underneath ; podetia hardly perceptible.

3. endwiefolia. Id.p. 250. Ibid. Frond large, leafy, yel-
lowish green, white beneath, segments multifid ; pode-
tia also very minute.

4, verticillata. Id. p.251. Onearthamong moss. Podetia
cylindric, glabrous, livid greenish, the margin dilating
horizontally, proliferous from the centre.

. pyxidata. Ad. p. 252. Ibid. Podetia turbinate.

Cc

Or

1S On the Lichens near New-York.

6. fimbriata. Id. p. 254. Ibid. Podetia elongate, turbinate,
cups proliferous from the margin.

7. gonorega var. pleolepis. Id. p. 259. Podetia cylin-
dric, open, scaly, and leafy.

** Apothecia scarlet, or dark red.

8. bacillaris. Id. p. 266. On rotten wood, fences, &c. Po-

detia cylindric, granulated, rarely cupbearing.
var. 6. clavata. Id. p.267. Podetia thick, ventricose,
and sterile,

9. coecifera. Id. p. 269. Fences, &c. Podetia elongate-
turbinated, pale yellowish green, cups with spreading
margins.

§§ Frond leafy, podetia subfistulous, cylindric,
rayed at the apex; radu all fertile.

10. carvosa. Id. p. 273. Onearth. Podetia whitish, chan-
neled, and verrucose, divided at the apex ; acer
crowded, dark.

11. botrytes. Id. p. 274. Rotten wood and earth. Podetia
slender, fastigiately branching, rough; apothecia pel-
tate, pale crowded.

§§§ Frond evanescent, podetia cartilaginous, straight,
subulate, branching, axils perforated.

12. acicularis, Id.p.275. Rotten wood and earth. Pode-
tia straight, terete ; apothecia capitate, subglobose, soli-
tary, shining, dark-coloured.

13. furcata. Id. p. 276. Ibid. Podetia smooth, livid, axils
not perforated, branches acicular, forked and diverg-
ing at the apex; apothecia generally very small.

14. uncialis. Id. p. 276. Earth among moss. Podetia di-
chotomous, extremities of branches short and rigid.

15. rangifermna. Id. p. 277. Ibid. Podetia elongated, cy-
lindric, branches scattered, and much divided, the ulti-
mate ones subradiate or drooping ; apothecia globose.

var. &. sylvatica. Podetia thick and turgid, branches
short and sparse.

On the Lichens near New-York. 19

var. y. a@lpestris. Podetia very branching, branches
implex, terminal ones forming a thick panicle or
thyrse.
24. Bxomyces.
1. roseus. Id. p. 280. On argillaceous earth. Pedicles
' white; apothecia pale rose.
2. rufus. Id. p.280. Onrocks. Crust rough, ashy green-
ish ; apothecia chesnut, pedicles short.
25. Istprum.
1. corallinum. Id. p. 281. On rocks. Crust white, verru-
cose ; apothecia only visible to the microscope.
2. phymatodes. Id. p. 252. Rotten wood in moist places.
Crust green.
26. STEREOCAULON..
paschale. Id. p.284. Frond grayish, branching, and rough
with granular excrescences; apothecia terminal
blackish.

(a)
III. Class) HOMOTHALAMI.

Order I. SCUTELLATI. Apothecia scutelliform, subsessile,
bordered.
27, ALECTORAA,

1. jubata. Id. p. 291. Pendent on branches chiefly of Coni-
fere. Frond black, capillary.

28. Ramauina.

1. polymorpha, Id. p. 295. Trunks and rocks, Frond
compressed, terete, with terminal soredia; apothecia
submarginal.

2. fravinea. Id. p. 296. Ibid. Frond broad, attenuated
above; apothecia marginal, pale flesh colour.

(2) The genus Rhizomorpha has, by the best cryptogamists of the
present day, been removed to the Fungi.

20 On the Tiehens near New- York.

3. fastigiata Id. p. 297. Trunks. | Apothecia terminal.
Frond thickening and fastigiate above.

29. CoLLeMmaA.

§ Frond leafy, lobes submembranaceous, loose, naked,
dark green.
1. nigrescens. Id. p. 321. Trunks. Frond submonophyl-
lous ; apothecia central, reddish brown.
2. furvum. Id. p. 323. bid. Frond granulated on both
sides ; apothecia scattered.

§§ Frond leafy, very thin, subdiaphanous ;
apothecia subpedicellate.

3. tremelloides. Id. p. 326. Earth on moss and on rocks,
Frond lead-colour, dotted; apothecia scattered, of a
reddish brown, margin pale.

4. lacerum. Id. p. 327. Trunks. Rare. Frond with small
imbricated, laciniated, and fringed lobes.

Order If. PELTATI. Apothecia peltate, without a border,
fringed.
30. CornicuLaRiA.

1. pubescens. Id. p. 302. On rocks and rotten wood near
waterfalls. Rare. Frond short, blackish.

2. fibrillosa. Id. p. 302. (sub var. pubescens.) Common on
fences. Certainly a distinct species.

31. Usnea.

, florida. Id. p. 304. Common on trunks and rocks.
Frond erect, rigid, greenish gray, with horizontal fi-
bres; apothecia broad, with radiating ciliz.

. plecata. Id. p. 305. Branches of trees. Frond pendent,
smooth, branches lax, much divided. and capillary.

var, (. hirta. bid. Frond erect, somewhat rigid,
subpulverulent, and roughish, branches much divided,
attenuated, and subfibrillgse.

| ed

bg

On the Pumice of the Missouri. ai

3. barbata. . Id. p. 306. Ibid. Frond pendulous, smooth,
terete, thick, branches diverging and fibrillose, articu-
lated below the apex.

4. angulata. Id. p. 307. Ibid. Frond pendulous, quadran-
gular, angles sharp and scabrous. 'This species grows
in Massachusetts to the length of four feet.

IV. Class. ATHALAMI.

32. LEpRARIA.
1. flava. Id. p. 330. Old bark of trunks. Rare. Crust
beautiful yellow.
2 latebrarum. Id p. 331. On the earth, and stones in
shady moist places. Crust greenish gray, pulveru-
lent.

On the identity of the supposed Pumice of the Missouri, and
a variety of AMyGDALo1p found near the Rocky Mountains.
By Epwin James, M. D., Surgeon U. S. Army. Read
before the Lyceum, April 14, 1823.

Tue light and porous stones, brought down the Missouri
by the annual floods, and which have been spoken of as Pumice
by Bradbury and others, differ from the ordinary varieties of
Pumice, in being less easily if at all fusible by the blow-pipe ;
in the absence of the fibrous structure ; and in many instances,
of the semi-vitrified aspect of that mineral. From the accom-
panying specimens, it will be perceived, that the Pumice of
the Missouri is, in all respects, similar to a substance collected
about the beds of Amygdaloid in the Trap formation, near the
sources of the Canadian river of the Arkansa. It occur: there
in detached masses, of various.dimensions. from which it would
be easy to select specimens, exhibiting every intermediate
stage of gradation in specific gravity and colour, from the

22. On the Pumice of the Missourt.

light, red, and porous masses, like those found floating on the
Missouri, to the compact and dark-coloured greenstone, which
is the prevailing rock in that formation.

It was suggested by Mr. Bradbury, and the opinion has
been very generally adopted. that the origin of the supposed
Puwice of the Missouri is to be ascribed to the agency of ex-
tensive subterranean fires, believed to exist in the coal-beds
about the upper branches of that river; but it is well known
that the long continued burning of many coal mines in places
open to frequent examination, has not been found to give ori-
gin to substances of this sort. The obstinacy with which the
mineral, in its present form, withstands the operation of heat,
seems also to afford an argument unfavourable to this opi-
nion.

Reports are frequent among hunters and travellers, who
have visited the country about the Falls of the Missouri, the
Yellow Stone. and the Eastern Ranges of the Rocky Moun-
tains north of the Platte, which have been thought to justify |
the opinion that subterranean fires are now in existence in
that quarter. We are told of natural chimneys. lined with
soot, and which are sometimes seen to smoke, rising out of
the summits of hills, about which are found large quantities of
slag and cinder, like those of a blacksmith’s furnace; and of
other appearances confidently supposed to indicate the ex-
istence and the present activity of volcanic or pseudo-volcanic
fires. Some have gone so far as to give a circumstantial de-
scription of a deep and wide chasm in the side of a mountain,
called Coulter’s Hill, out of which flames and smoke have of-
ten been seen to issue.

Those who have had frequent occasion to trace to their
origin, popular traditions and the highly fanciful hypotheses
of men little accustomed to the attentive examination of ordi-
nary phenomena, will readily believe that the accounts above
mentioned, may have had no other foundation than the occa-
‘sional discovery about the upper branches of the Missouri, of
some varieties of Amygdaloid, or some other black and porous

On a new species of the genus Cephalopterus. 23

rock. It has been ascertained that the country along the base
of the Rocky Mountains, a few degrees to the southward of
the Missouri, contains extensive beds of Amygdaloid,* in con-
nexion with which is found a substance similar in aspect and
character to the mineral under consideration, and light enough
to float on water, it will not perhaps be thought an extrava-
gant conjecture to suppose that the reputed Pumice stone of
the Missouri, is not a product of volcanic or pseudo-volcanic
fires, at present ina state of activity ; but a variety of Amyg-
daloid brought down by the rains and the currents of water,
from an extensive formation of Trap rocks in that quarter.

Description of a new and gigantic species of the genus Cepha-

lopterus, of Dumeril. By 8. Li. Mircuitt, M. D. Read
September 15, 1823.

CEPHALOPTERUS.

Bopy much depressed, with five or six branchial openings
on each side beneath, rostrum with two elongated fins, sustain-
ed by articulated rays. Tail long, slender, much narrower
than the body.

Sprecirs.—-C. Vampyrus, Oceanic Vampyre. Breadth of
the body exceeding its length; mouth nearly terminal, with-
out teeth; a vertical fin on each side of the mouth projecting
forwards ; tail unarmed.—PI. 2.

On the 9th day of September, 1823, a fish considerably dif-
ferent from any I had seen before, and unlike all the descrip-
tions that icould find in the books, was brought to New-
York. It had been taken in the Atlantic ocean, near the en-
trance of Delaware bay, by the crew of a smack. They had

* For a particular description of the amygdaloid of this Trap forma-
tion, see the Account of the Exploring Expedition commanded by Major
Long, vol. 11. p. 80.

24 On a new species of the genus Cephalopterus.

heard that creatures of extraordinary form and size, were fre-
quent in the tract situated off Capes May and Henlopen, during
the warm season; and accordingly equipped themselves for
the purpose of catching one or more of them. After an ab-
sence of about three weeks, the adventurers returned with an
animal of singular figure and large magnitude, which they had_
killed after a long and hazardous encounter. The weight was
so considerable after it had been towed to the shore, that
three pair of oxen aided by a horse and twenty-two men,
could not drag it, by their united strength, to the dry land. By
estimation, it was supposed to be somewhere between four and
five tons,

feet. inches.

The length from the fore margin of the 10 9
head to the root of the tail,

Length of the tail, : ki : ‘ 4 0
Length of the fins projecting forward from
2 6
the corners of the mouth,

17 3

Making the whole length, from the tip of the head fins to
the tip of the tail, seventeen feet, and three inches.

The breadth from the extremity of one pectoral fin or wing
to the other, measuring along the line of the belly, 16 feet.

When measured over the convexity of theback, —_18 feet.

The skin of the back was brown approaching to black ; of
the belly, black callicoed with milk-white. The whole sur-
face during life was slimy. There were neither scales nor spi-
nous processes, nor proper prickles, on any partof it ; but the
whole exterior was roughened by asperities resembling, in most
parts, the sharpest grit adhering to the skin of a shark, and in
others, the form not quite so sharp, of shagreen. The skin
was remarkably strong and tough.

The mouth nearly terminal, and not situated on the under
side. Its breadth from corner to corner was two feetand nine
inches. There were two upper lips, an outer and an inner,
and both destitute of teeth. There was a single lower lip, be-

On anew species of the genus Cephalopterus. 25

set with small rough processes, resembling those of a rasp, in-
stead of teeth. There was in this huge mouth no appearance
of a tongue.

There were five branchial openings on each side beneath ;
and these were protected by as many gill-covers. These open-
ings and their covers were of different lengths, from twelve
to twenty-four inches. ‘Ihe breadth of the opercula, varied
from seven to ten inches. The arches supporting the gills
were attached within, the divisions of both extensively ramifi-
ed, and the organization of the branchize more exquisite and
elegant than I had ever seen. The distance from gill to gill
across the roof of the mouth, varied from one foot and eight
inches to three feet and nine inches.

The greatest breadth of the scull or osseous part of the head
was five feet. The distance between the eyes, 4 feet 2 inch.

Distance between the nostrils, . . . - 2 31
Distance between theeye andear . . . O 11
Bae ees eyeand nostril . . 1 1

- « + + corner of the mouth and eye, 1 14

On each side of the mouth there was a vertical fin two feet
and six inches long, twelve inches deep, and two inches and a
half thick in the middle, whence it tapered toward the edges,
which were fringed before with a radiated margin. Each
contains twenty-seven parallel rows (not radiations) of gristle
or cartilage. The natural flexibility and elasticity of these
were greatly increased by articulations alternating with each
other through every gristle and every part of the texture.
Motion was communicated to these cartilages by muscles situ-
ated between them and the common integuments which enve-
loped them with admirable effect. The fin or organ so con-
stituted could, from its flexibility, bend in all directions, and
be made in many respects to perform the function of a hand ;
so, as by twisting round, to seize an object and hold it fast.
The phalanges of this fin were attached, by strong liga-
ments to the upper jaw and to the point of articulation with
the lower. These two organs, situated one near each angle of

Dp

26 On a new species of the genus Cephalopterus.

the mouth, perform, no doubt, important functions in the
animal, They were five feet nine inches apart, and could
almost be made to meet in front of the mouth, or could be bent
into it.

There was no proper bone in the skeleton, except in one
spot, a hump or knob, about the size of a hen’s egg. at the
root of the tail behind the dorsal fin. -Even the vertebrze ma-
nifested nothing more than specks of osseous matter, distribut-
ed irregularly through the gristle. Every part could be easily
cut with a knife; for its constitution very much resembled
the substance of a sturgeon’s nose.

The case or cavity that contained the brain was a sort of
ellipsis, measuring twelve inches and a half by eighteen ; and
its upper side was destitute of cartilages; and like the fontinella
of infants, covered by the common integuments only for the
space of five inches and a half by seven. The heart consist-
ed ofa single auricle and a single ventricle, as in other fishes,

The eyes were situated near the projecting angles of the
head; and the humours contained in a cartilaginous receptacle
resembling an egg-cup, or an eye-glass, with the optic nerve
entering one side of the base.

The nostrils were just within the upper lip, covered by a
membrane, which membrane more than covered the whole lip,
for it extended inwards towards the palate four inches near the
corner of the mouth, and was two inches broad about midway

There was one dorsal fin, somewhat forward of the root of
the tail. It was of a triangular form and consisted of thirty-
six rays. In lieu of a second dorsal fin, there was a lump,
bunch, or callous knob, a few inches behind it. The tail was
covered with rather a coarser set of eminences, like a file or
rasp, than the other parts, and they were not so keenly scab-
rous. There was no caudal fin at the end, nor any aculeus or
sting on the upper side, near the junction with the body.

The wings, flaps, or pectoral fins, were of a very curious
organization. There was a scapula, humerus, ulna, carpus,
and an uncommon number of phalanges, of the before-men-
tioned cartilaginous structure. All these limbs, or joints, were

On a new species of the genus Cephalopierus. 27

articulated with each other ; but the articulations, like those of
the human sternum, had very little motion. This series of
stiff joints was fixed in the flesh, and proceeded somewhat ob-
liquely backward. Instead of moving like the leg of a beast,
the arm of a man, the fin of a fish, or the wing of a bird, it
seemed to serve the purpose of a basis for other organs of mo-
tion; at least as far the scapula, humerus, and ulna were con-
cerned. It had more analogy to the wing of a bird than to
any thing else; and yet so different from it, as to manifest a
remarkable variety of mechanism, in organs intended substan-
tially for the same use.

Fish of the kind now under consideration, may be aptly de-
nominated submarine birds ; for they really fly through the wa-
ter as birds fly through theair. 1 have seen fishes of this or-
ganization perform their flights by flapping their wings after
the manner of crows, hawks, and eagles, in their progress.

From this articulated but fixed anterior extremity, as it may
be termed, proceeded obliquely backward seventy-seven rows
of cartilage of different lengths, but of almost same parallelism,
and not at all radiated. ‘They were all articulated, and the
joints were very numerous. In the longest row they amount-
ed to twenty-seven, and in the shorter ones, they were propor-
tionally few; the cartilages and their articulations were so al-
ternated and diversified, that they, with the yielding and bend-
ing quality of the cartilage, were susceptible of all manner of
flexion, and enabled the fish to assume all the attitudes requi-
site for its life and habits.

The contrast between the wing of a bird and of such a fish
is curious :

In a Bird, In this sort of Fish,
The anterior extremity is || The anterior extremity is
free or loose. fast or confined.
There are few or no pha-|| ‘The phalanges are numerous
langes. and answer the purpose of
ventral fins.

28 On a new species of the genus Cephalopterus.

The motory organs grow-|| The motory organs growing
ing out of them are quills.|| out of them are cartilages.
These quills are rigid and] Those cartilages are flemthle e
jointless. and articulated.

They are hollow at oneend || They are solid throughout
and are furnished with a ra- || and furnished with muscles.

phis.

They are exposed to the at- They are covered by the
mosphere. common integuments.

In one of these wings, or pectoral fins, the number of joints
amounted to six hundred and twenty-three; from which some
judgment may be formed of the vast variety of motions these
organs are capable of performing, and how admirably they
are adapted to connect strength with speed.

We can hence understand the reason, why they fly swiftly
and powerfully through the water ; why they can raise a spray
or foam around them when they flap their wings on the sur-
face; and why they are able, huge as they are, to gambol with
agility, and even to leap entirely out of water, for a consider-
able distance.

There were two openings on the upper side, as is usual in
fishes of this genus; conjectured to be ears, or appendages to
the organ of hearing.

It was remarked that this creature and others of the species
are attended by small fishes, as sharks are by their pilots, duc-
tores or satellites. One of them was seen to enter the mouth
and pass out familiarly and easily through the ears and gill-
openings. But, all efforts to catch them were ineffectual. It
is hoped the next expedition will be successful.

The individual brought here this time was a female. There
was a uterus large and distinct. The species is viviparous,
for another female that was struggling after having been wound-
ed, brought forth in her agony, a living young one, as Capt.
Potter related ; and Mr. Patchen, while he showed me the ori-
fices through which sucking is probably performed, declared

On a new species of the genus Cephalopterus. 29

‘that on dissection, mammary organs were found, which dis-
charged as much as a pailful of milk. Captain Bebee was al-
so a witness of these particulars.

As these animals are said during the summer and autumn
to visit our southern coast, it may be expected we shall obtain
further and more particular information concerning them. On
this occasion I have seized the opportunity that presented to
make a memorandum by which the vampyre of the ocean, or
this sort of submarine bird, may henceforward be known by
naturalists.

After the description given it will be rationally expected I
should name the fish.

I am averse to the unnecessary multiplication of genera: the
indulgence of an inclination to minute divisions and subdivi-
sions, | consider one of the misfortunes of modern science.

This enormous individual belongs to the order Selacian, of
thegreat section comprehending the cartilaginous fishes. Its
configuration and structure place it in the numerous family of
Raa; but it is incapable of holding a place in any of the divi-
sions that now exist in the genus; for it cannot be ranked among
Rays, which have sharp noses, nor those whose heads are round-
ed, or horned ; nor with such as have mouths furnished with
hexagonal, or pointed teeth, or tails armed with stings, or
supplied with fins.

I find the generic name Cephalopterus in the books, which
denotes the existence of fins upon the head. 1am willing to
adopt this term, as sufficiently significant. It remains to find
a specific denomination. This fish being perhaps the largest
of the rays, as the vampyre is of the bats, or vespertilios, the
name vampyrus may be attached. So the creature may be
distinguished as the Cephalopterus vampyrus.

30 New or rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains.

Descriptions of some new or rare Puants from the Rocky
Mountains, collected in July, 1820, by Dr. Edwin James.
By Joun Torrey, M. D. Read before the Lyceum,
Sept. 22, 1823.

Amone the many valuable discoveries in Natural History,
made by the scientific gentlemen attached to the late expedi-
tion to the Rocky Mountains, commanded by Major Long,
those relating to the department of Botany are not the least
interesting. Dr, Edwia James, who was the botanist in this
hazardous journey, and whose zeal in prosecuting his favour-
ite science is so well known, having been called to accompany
another expedition, from which it is uncertain when he will
return, has kindly permitted me to commence the publication
of the discoveries he made; particularly of the plants from
the summit of the Rocky Mountains, as well as the whole of
the Gramina. Owing to my having but part of Dr. James’s
collection in my possession, it is impossible to preserve much
order in the arrangement of the plants I shall describe ; they
will therefore be published in occasional Decanes, as I find
leisure to determine them.

1. Anprosace carinata.* Tab. Ill. f. 1.

A. foliis congestis ovato-lanceolatis acutis integerimis ca-
rinatis, margine ciliatis, umbella pauciflora, foliolis involu-
cri lineari-oblongis, corolla calycem ovatum excedente, laci-
niis obovatis integerimis.

Description.

Root perennial. Leaves crowded into a roundish bulb about
the root, somewhat spreading, thick and rather coriaceous,
scabrous, carinate beneath by the prominent midrib ; mar-
gin fringed with hairs. Scape from one half to three quarters
of an inch in height, villose, slender, five-flowered. Calyx
short-ovate villous; segments oblong, obtuse, very entire.
Corolla white, as large as in A. villosa ; tube about as long
as the calyx, ovate ; segments obovate, entire; throat nearly

New or rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains. 31

closed with minute glands. Stamens very short; filaments
inserted into the ture of the corolla, naked; anthers, ob-
long, yellow. Germen globose; style shorter than the sta-
mens; stigma simple. Seeds not seen.

Has. On James’ Peak, one of the highest of the Rocky
Mountains, 10,000 feet above the level of the ocean, near
the region of perpetual snow. Flowers in July.

Oxss. This species resembles A. villosa in some respects, but
is easily distinguished by its nearly naked, acute, and ca-
rinate leaves.

2. Oxyria reniformis R. Brown.

Gen. Cu. Perianth. simplex 4-phyllum, foliolis 2 interio-
ribus majoribus, Nua triqueter, margine lato-membranaceo.
Embryo erectus invertus. R. Brownin App. Ross’s Voyage,
ed. 2.v. II, p. 192. Hill Syst. Veg. X. p. 24. Hook, Fl. Scot.
p- 99. Decand. Syn. Fl. Gall. p. 194 (subgenus). Downaa.
R. Br. in App. to Ross’s Voy. ed. 1. p. 142. Ruer sp.
Wahl, Rumtrets, sp. L. Hexanpria Digynia.

O. reniformis R. Br. 1.c. Hook Fl. Scot. 1. c. p. 111.
Romex digynus L. Willd. Spec. Il. p. 258, Rueum digynum
Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p.

Root perennial. Stem 2-3 inches high, with one small leaf.
Radical leaves few, on long petioles, reniform, (not emar-
ginate,) with ovate, truncated stzpules at the base. Raceme
somewhat panicled ; branches all stipulate at the base,
Pedicels incrassated upwards. Flowers very minute. Ex-
terior leaves of the calyx oblong; the interior ones obovate,
nearly as long again as the others. Corolla o. Stamens
2; filaments as long as the calyx ; anthers oblong. Germen
orbicular, notched ; styles 2, very short; stigmas large,
plumose, purple. Nut not seen.

Has. With the preceding.

Ozs. The only locality of this plant in North America, hi-
therto recorded, is Labrador, where it was found by Col-
master. It is a native of the high mountains and most north-

a"

32 New or Rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains.

ern parts of Europe. ‘Though possessing many of. the
characters of Rumex, it appears to differ sufficiently to be
considered as a distinct genus. Wahlenberg supposes it to be
a Ruevm with a third part of the fructification suppressed.
The American plant may yet prove a different species from
the European ; being much smaller, the flowers uniformly
diandrous, and the leaves not emarginate; in which case it
may be called O. diandra.

3. Avoxa Moschatellina L.

Pedunsle about 4-flowered. Stamens 8; filaments united in
pairs at the base ; anthers subrotund, 1-celled, (or, rather,
as Hooker is disposed to consider them—stamens 4, forked ;
each ramification bearing a single-celled anther). Calya_
3-cleft. Corolla 4-cleft; segments ovate. Styles 5.

Has. With the preceding.

Oszs. This plant, the only species of the genus, is now for the
first time introduced as a native of the continent of Ameri-
ca. The specimens presented to me by Dr. James, resem-
ble in almost every respect those in my herbarium from
various parts of Europe.

4, Porentisua nivalis.* Tab. IID. f 2.

P. caule erecto herbaceo apice unifloro, foliis pinnatis,
foliolis 2-3-lobis confluentibus, lobis acutis, margine piloso-
ciliatis, petalis subrotundis calyce longioribus.

Description.

Root perennial, creeping, thick, and fuscous. Séems few,
simple, about 3 inches high, minutely pubescent, 1-flowered
at the summit; base covered with the withered leaves of
preceding years. Radical leaves numerous, equally pinnate,
many-paired ; petiole winged by the decurrent stzpules ;
leaflets crowded and a little overlapping each other, so as
to appear imbricate, puncticulate, the lower ones ovate,
often entire; upper ones broader, 2-, and often equally
3-lobed ; lobes somewhat spreading, acute, entire, naked,

ws

New or Rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains. = 38

except on the margin, which is somewhat ciliate with hairs.

Flower terminal, erect, about half an inch in diameter.

Calyx 10-cleft, hairy; exterior segments a little shorter,

lanceolate, acute; interior segments ovate-lanceolate. Co-

rolla 5-petalled, yellow ;. petals nearly round, very entire,
about one-third longer than the calyx. Stamens very nu-
merous ; filaments smooth; anthers round. Receptacle
hairy.

Has. With the preceding.

This species appears to be quite distinct from any described
in the learned and accurate “ Monographia generis PoTENTIL-
LARUM” of Lehmann, published in 1820 ; or in any subsequent
work with which I am acquainted.

5. Myosortts nana. Villars 2

M. scriceo-villosissima, foliis ovatis oblongisque obtusis
integerrimis congestis, racemo paucifloro, seminibus levius-
culis, margine integerrimis.

Plant cespitose, perennial, less than an inch in height. Stem
erect, nearly simple. Leaves densely covered with a long
silky villus; those about the root crowded into a roundish
tuft, ovate ; stem-leaves few, oblong. Raceme 4—5-flower-
ed; flowers alternate, on pedicels shorter than the bracts at
their base. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; segments linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse. Corolla one-third longer than the calyx;
tube ovate, yellow; segments blue, ovate, rather acute,
erect? throat closed with glands. Stamens opposite to
the segments of the corolla; filaments very short, naked ;
anthers didymous, oblong. Style short, straight; stigma
capitate. Seeds ovate-oblong, nearly smooth, but not
shining, entire on the margin.

Has. With the preceding.

Perhaps distinct from the M. nana

of Villars,+ a native of

+ M. nana : foliis oblongo-lanceolatis villosis, racemis paucifloris inferne
foliosis, nucibus margine crennlato-dentatis Lehm. Asperif. p. 103. Willd.
Spec. I. p. 747.

re
-)

34 New or Rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains.

some of the high mountains of Europe. I have no opportu-
nity of consulting the figure of that species quoted by Willde-
now, nor have I seen specimens of it; so that I am not con-
fident respecting its identity with the plant discovered by Dr.
JAMES.

6. Primvia angustifolia.* Tab. Il. f. 3.

P. foliis elliptico-lanceolatis integerrimis glabris, scapo 1-
floro, corolle laciniis ovatis integerrimis.

Root long, thick, imbricated with the vestiges of leaves.
Leaves elliptico-lanceolate or oblong, sometimes spathulate,
petiolate, about an inch long, obtuse, membranaceous,
veinless ; margin very entire. Scape solitary, shorter than
the leaves, with a subulate bract a little below the flower.
Calyx cylindrical-oblong, 5—6-cleft, smooth ; segments
subulate, erect. Corolla purple, sub-campanulate ; tube one-
third longer than the calyx; border erect-spreading, with
ovate, obtuse, very entire segments. Stamens, in the tube
of the corolla; filaments very short ; anthers oblong, 2-cell-
ed. Style 1, straight, persistent ; stigma globose. Capsule
ovate.

Has. With the preceding.

Resembles P. integrifolia in many respects, but the leaves are
narrower, the segments of the calyx acute, &c. In the
capsule and in the entire segments of the corolla, it is allied
to ArETIA, but the orifice of the tube is not glandular.

7. Potyeonum viviparum 8. capitatum.*

P. caule simplici monostachyo, foliis linearibus glabris
margine revolutis, spica brevi-ovata crassa, bracteis ovatis
acuminatis.

Stem simple, slender, about 8 inches high. Leaves few, a
little pubescent beneath; margin conspicuously revolute.

Stipules oblong, obtuse, entire. Spike terminal, about

New or Rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains. = 35

three-fourths of an inch long. Flowers on short slender
pedicels. Bracts fuscous, broad-ovate, shorter than the
flowers. Perianth 5-parted, segments oblong, obtuse,
Stamens 8, as long as the perianth ; filaments compressed ;
anthers oblong. Germen triangular ; style deeply 3-parted ;
stigmas simple, very minute.

Has. With the preceding.

The European variety of this plant differs in having a cylin-
drical spike, which generally bears small viviparous bulbs.
The P. viviparwm has hitherto been observed in North
America only in the localities mentioned by Pursh, and on
the White Hills of New-Hampshire, where it was discovered
in 1816, by Francis Boott, Esq.

8. TriroLiuom nanum.* Tab. Il. f. 4.

T. capitulis paucifloris umbellaribus, leguminibus 4—5-
spermis, cal. glabris dentibus subzequalibus, foliolis obovato-
oblongis acuminatis, caule cespitoso erecto.

Perennial, about an inch and a half high. Leaves ternate,
very smooth; leaflets with prominent veins beneath, acu-
minate, or rather cuspidate, dentate-serrate. Flowers about
3, very large, purple, each on a short pedicel. Calyx sub-
campanulate; teeth nearly equal, lanceolate, acute. Vea-
illum three times as long as the calyx, oblong, persistent ?
Legume sometimes 6-seeded.

Has. With the preceding.

Flowers remarkably large in proportion to the plant.

9, Penrstemon alpina.*

P. glaberrima, corolla subcampanulata limbo subzequaliter
5-lobato, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis margine crenulato-denti-
culatis, calycis segmentis lanceolatis acutis, antheris hirsutis,
filamento sterili staminibus 2 superioribus breviore sub apicem
retusum barbato.

Sk ie oe

36 New or Rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains.

Root coarsely fibrous. Stem 6 inches high, very smooth,

terete. Leaves opposite, sessile acute, slightly glaucous ;
the lower ones narrow at the base. Peduncles many-flow-
ered. Calyx very smooth. Corolla an inch in length,
blue, tubular-campanulate. Anthers large, hairy. Sterile
filament longer than the inferior stamens, but shorter than
the superior ones, smooth, slender, dilated at the apex, with
a retuse point, which is bearded beneath.

Hae. With the preceding.

An intermediate species between P. erianthera ne c@rulea of
Noutraty. From the former it differs in the form of the
leaves and segments of the calyx ; and from the latter m the
hairy anthers, Nc.

10. Capraria pusilla.*
C. pubescens, foliis oppositis cordatis repando-dentatis pe-
tiolatis, pedunculis axillaribus petiolo longioribus.

Annual. Stem very slender, branched, about two inches high.
Leaves about one-third of an inch long, broad-cordate ;
petioles shorter than the leaves. Peduneles filiform, 1-flow-
ered. Calyx tubular-campanulate, with 5 acute, erect
teeth. Corolla campanulate, white, more than twice as long
as the calyx; border with 5 obtuse lobes. Stamens didy-
namous, much shorter than the corolla; anthers roundish.
Germen oblong ; style filiform; stigma 2-lobed.

Has. With the preceding, and on the sides of the Rocky
Mountains, in crevices of rocks. ,

Allied to C. humilis of the East Indies.

New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey. 37

Examination of a Minerar from Andover Furnace, Sussex

County, New-Jersey. By James Renwicx, Professor of

Natural and Experimental Philosophy and Chemistry in
Columbia College. Read Oct. 20th, 1823.

Tue substance in question was found by Charles Kinsey,
Esq. of Essex, while engaged in collecting the minerals adja-
cent to the route of the Morris canal. J have also been lately
informed, that it was brought from the same place several
years since by Col. Gibbs, to whom the merit of an earlier
discovery is in consequence due. It exists intimately con-
nected with, and disseminated through the ore of the Andover
mine ; an ore that was at one period famous for producing the
best iron in North America, and the only kind from which steel
has been successfully manufactured.

This ore appears, at the first glance, to be composed of three
very distinct substances. The first is intermediate in appear-
ance between the granular Franklinite and the large-grained
magnetic iron ore of Goy. Dickerson’s mine at Succasinny :
on a cursory examination, it seems to be a protoxide of iron,
with a slight trace of zmc. The second is an amorphous
quartz, tinged with a colour varying from a pale rose-colour
to a deep vermilion. ‘The third is of a dull vermilion red,
and of a granular fracture ; in some specimens fine, in others
coarse grained. ‘This last was chosen as the subject of exa-
mination; it is hard enough to scratch glass; its powder is
rose red; it slightly affects the magnet; and it effervesces
with acids. It had been supposed by Judge Kinsey, who
found large quantities of the cadmia among the scoria of the
Andover furnace, that it might be a red oxide of zinc. My
first experiments showed that it had no analogy with that sub-
stance, and it having been subjected to the action of the blow-
pipe by Dr. Torrey, he inferred that it might contain Cerium,
as it formed with borax a glass that was green while hot, but

a
,
intl .
“gia
Mey y
Vow s

38 New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey.

lost its colour on cooling. Exposed alone to the blow-pipe, it
is infusible. :

To ascertain its nature, it was subjected to the following
preliminary process :

A.

(1) A small portion was separated, and reduced to fine pow-
der in a steel dish. In this state it was acted upon with vio-
lent effervescence by nitro-muriatic and muriatic acids; giving
with the latter the peculiar smell of hydrogen. The action
ceased in about half an hour, leaving a considerable part of
the mass undissolved, and but little altered in appearance.

The muriatic solution being acted upon by tests, showed,
among others, the following phenomena :

(2) With ferrocyanate of potassa a copious blue precipitate.

(3) With ammonia a precipitate of a rich vermilion red.

(4) With carbonate of ammonia a reddish white precipi-
tate.

(5) With hydrosulphuret of potassa, a milky appearance,
that, subsiding, left a scanty brown precipitate.

(6) The compounds of cerium being soluble in excess of
acid, the nitro-muriatic solution was concentrated until the
greater part of the free acid had evaporated, and was then
neutralized to the point of nascent precipitation hy carbonate
of soda.

(7) A part of the liquor in No. 6 being diluted, crystals
of sulphate of soda were thrown in; these after some hours
were dissolved, causing a white precipitate.

(8) To another portion of the concentrated and neutralized
nitro-muriatic solution (6) tartrate of potassa was added, on
which a copious white precipitate ensued.

The suspicion that the substance contained cerium being
thus confirmed, it was subjected to a more strict examination,

as follows ;

New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey. 39

B.

(1) A mass weighing nearly an ounce, and containing a
very few small grains of the oxide of iron, was broken from
the corner of one of the specimens. Weighed by means of a
very accurate hydrostatic balance, it appeared to have a spe-
cific gravity of 3.25.

(2) This mass being first crushed into fragments in a steel
mortar, all the extraneous matter was carefully picked out
with a forceps; it was then reduced to impalpable powder, by
long grinding in an agate dish.

(3) Fifty grains of the powder were boiled for half an hour
in nitromuriatic acid, the solution assumed a rich yellow co-
Jour, and a considerable residuum was left, which, separated,
washed, and dried, had lost in weight exactly 27 grains.

(4) The insoluble portion (3) was then put into a silver
crucible, with 70 grains caustic potassa ; water being thrown
on, the mixture was boiled, evaporated to dryness, and final-
ly fused. The fused mass was softened by water, and sepa-
rated from the crucible; muriatic acid being then added, the
solid matter swelled up into a gelatinous mass. This was
evaporated to dryness, being constantly stirred throughout the
process, and afterwards boiled for two hours in very dilute
muriatic acid. The whole was then thrown upon a filter, and
carefully washed; the insoluble portion, when dry, was found
to weigh 16.3 grains, was white, with a faint and hardly per-
ceptible tinge of rose colour.

(5) The nitro-muriatic solution and washings, (3) and the
muriatic solution and washings,(4) having been mixed, liquid
ammonia was added in excess, which threw down a red pre-
cipitate; the supernatant clear liquor was poured off, the
residue thrown on a filter and washed, and the liquor with the
washings set by, for further experiment. See (12).

(6) The precipitate (5) was redissolved in a small quantity
of muriatic acid, and the solution concentrated ; tartrate of

40 New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey.

potassa was added until effervescence ceased, when crystals
of tartaric acid were thrown in, by which a copious white
precipitate was produced.

(7) This precipitate (6) was decomposed by heat, which
being pushed too hastily, a portion of charcoal was left; lest
any carbonate of potassa should be present, in consequence of
a portion of the precipitate (6) being the difficultly soluble
bitartrate of potassa, the mass was washed with very weak
vinegar. ‘To separate the carbon, the mass was again acted
upon by a small quantity of muriatic acid, and the solution
filtered.

(8) The new muriatic solution was decomposed by ammo-
hia, which threw down a red precipitate, that when washed and
dried, weighed 6.16 grains.

(9) Lest the acetic acid (7) had carried off any part of the
mineral, it was tested with ammonia, but no precipitate en-
sued.

(10) Into the liquor remaining after precipitation by tar-
trate of potassa and tartaric acid (6), ferrocyanate of potassa
was dropped ; a milky appearance first took place, and finally
a copious precipitate of a pale blue colour. This precipitate, ©
when dried, weighed 28.9 grains; which, supposing it to be a
ferrocyanate of the protoxide of iron, and its equivalent
number 99, gives on reduction 10.5 grains protoxide of iron.

(11) To the liquor yet remaining, (10) carbonate of am-
monia was added : a white powder was thrown down, weighing
1.84 grains.

(12) The ammoniacal liquor, and washings after the first
precipitation (5) were boiled for an hour, but no precipitate
ensued ; being then acted upon by carbonate of soda, a gray-
ish precipitate fell, weighing when dried 20.92, and manifest-
ing the presence of 12.04 grains caustic lime.

New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey. 41

C.

(1) Another portion of the powdered mineral was exposed
for an hour to a red heat, in a platina crucible ; its weight
was reduced from 50 to 48.25 grains.

(2) It was then treated as before, (B..3) with nitromuriatic
acid, the msoluble portion fused with caustic potassa, &c. as
in (B. 4), and the whole of the liquors united, as in (B. 5).
The mixture was then concentrated to separate the excess of
acid, and again diluted with water. Crystals of Sulphate of
Soda thrown in, were after a few hours dissolved ; a precipi-
tate ensued, which, washed and dried, weighed 8.62 grains.
If the representative number of Cerium be 92, this, when re-
duced, will give 6.06 grains of peroxide of Cerium.

(3) The liquor whence the Cerium had been precipitated, (2)
being tested by the Oxalate and Benzoate of Ammonia, showed
the presence of Lime and Protoxide of Iron.

The more important results of the analysis B being thus
confirmed, it was not considered necessary to extend the pro-
cess farther. The results may be, it is believed, depended
upon, except so far as the equivalent numbers of Ferrocyanic
Acid and Cerium enter into the calculations of (B. 11), and
(C. 2), and the doubt whether a small proportion of some
other metal may not have been thrown down in (B. 11).
This analysis shows the following to be the constitution of
the substance.

iter. Ea? oe Be (41 16.30) evans:
Peroxide of Cerium . B. (8) 6.16
Protoxide of Iron . B.(10) 10.50
Alamine ois} whe) ABH(dd):\> B84
Mime hs Cohen Bi (2) tee
Water. bieit.c) rnin gen (bal oats
Loss ay AITO OHI 71 tse Saeki

50.00 grains.
6

42 = New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey.

As this mineral neither agrees in external characters nor
chemical constitution with any other compound of Cerium,
that has been hitherto described, I have little hesitation in
announcing it as a new ore of that metal. It appears to pos-
sess the nearest analogy in its composition with the ALLANITE.
This last, by the analysis of Thompson, quoted in Macneven’s
edition of Brande’s Chemistry, has, in 50 parts,

Sileenss hea es es PESO
Oxide of Certum . . . 15.138
Ahn |). oes ae He aS
Protoxide of Iron. . . 11.34
Tattiesths \ Sr cin tieay aa
Wien! ths See Miata Hie irc eG

50.00 _

if my surmise in this respect be true, I should propose to
name it the Torrelite, in honour of my friend, Dr. John
Torrey, to whom mineralogical science is under many im-
portant obligations, and to whom this tribute is fairly due,
as it is to his nice tact in the management of the blow-
pipe that the discovery of Cerium in the substance is to be at-
tributed.

Examination of the Acip of the Ruus Guasrum, with Ob-
servations on the Juice of the Sampucus CaNnaDENsISs, as
a delicate test. By Issacuar Cozzens, Manufacturing
Chemist. Read October 6, 1823.

Tue berries of the swmach (Rhus Glabrum) ripen in the
month of November, forming large clusters of a bright red
colour. These have been long known to yield a powerful acid,
which is sometimes used by the country people for medicinal
purposes, or as a substitute for lemons to make a pleasant beve-
rage. Itis also extensively used to convert cider into vinegar.

On the Rhus Glabrum and Sambucus Canadensis. 43

‘To determine the nature of this acid, I made the following ex-
amination :

1. A strong infusion of the ripe berries was made by pour-
ing warm distilled water on them, and using a fresh portion of
berries, until a very acid liquor was obtained.

2. This liquor was filtered, and a solution of potassa added
to it, till it became neutral. ‘To ascertain whether the acid
was the tartaric, another portion of the acid liquor was added ;
but no crystals of supertartrate of potassa were formed.

3. Another portion of the acid was saturated with carbonate
of lime ; this was filtered and concentrated, a salt of lime was
formed, which was insoluble in cold water, but dissolved rea-
dily in water boiling hot. To the solution in boiling water,
alcohol was added, which gave a beautiful coagulated white
precipitate. This, when dried, was readily dissolved in hot
water.

4. The acid solution was then treated with subnitrate of
mercury ; it formed a dirty white precipitate.

5. With acetate of lead, it produced the same result.

6. With sulphate of iron, a small portion of gallic acid was
detected.

From these experiments I conclude that the acid of the su-
mach is the Matic, and that it is nearly pure, being only con-
taminated with a small portion of gallic acid, which probably
proceeds from the pulp of the berries.

On carefully inspecting the sumach berries, they are seen to
be clothed with a down or pubescence, and the acid principally
resides in this substance ; for after it is washed off by warm
water, the berries are entirely free from any acid taste.

I shall conclude this part of the paper with a process for
preparing, with very little trouble, a pure malic acid from these
berries, which may be used for some of the purposes of the
citric acid.

Process. Rub the berries in boiling rain or distilled wa
ter; filter the liquor, and evaporate it in a well tinned vessel,

44 On the hia Glabrum and Sambucus Canadensis.

to the consistence of a syrup, taking care not to burn it. Then
add to it an equal quantity of alcohol ; this will unite with the
acid, leaving the mucilage and other impurities behind. An
equal quantity of water is now to be added, and the whole dis-
tilled to obtain the alcohol. The malic acid will be left im
the retort, which may be poured out when cold.

I have also examined the juice of the elder-berries, which
seems to possess important properties as a delicate reagent.
The following process was employed :

Take any quantity of the ripe berries, picked clean from the
stalks, and after having | br ed them, press the juice into a
clean well tinned vessel. ah a | fourth part of its weight of
alcohol, and evaporate the mixture to about one-half. Re-
move it from the fire for ten or twelve minutes, and add as
much alcohol as you have of concentrated juice. A copious
precipitation of the parenchymatous and gummy parts will
take place, which will permit the liquor to be strained with
ease through a fine cotton cloth.

The filtered liquor is now fit for use. It consists of the sac-
charine and colouring principles of the berries, in solution with
alcohol and water. It is of a beautiful violet colour. In or-
der to ascertain its utility as a test of acids and alkalies, the
following experiments were made:

To one pint of rain-water a single drop of the tincture of
elder-berries was added. The blue colour was too pale to be
perceived ; but the addition of a single drop of sulphuric acid
produced a decided red colour.

To the liquor employed in the last experiment, a minute
quantity of alkali was added, when it immediately changed to
a bright lively green. If a quantity barely sufficient to neutral-
ize the acid be employed, the original blue or violet colour is
restored ; hence this test possesses all] the delicacy of the tinc-
ture of litmus, or blue cabbage, and has this additional va-
luable property of keeping unaltered, during the hottest season
of the year.

On the Rhus Glabrum and Sambucus Canadensis. 45

I have examined in a similar manner the juice of the poke-
berry, (Phytolacca decandra,) but without the same interesting
result. I hope, however, soon to be able to exhibit a method

of employing it with advantage in the manufacture of the pig-
ment termed lake.

Nore on the Organic Remains, termed Bivosires, from the
Catskill Mountains. By J. E. Dexay, M.D. Read Oc-
tober 13, 1823.

e :: iy
: a a
THE science of Oryctology, which formerly was confined to
a bare indication of such fossils, as, from the singularity of
their form, attracted the attention of the curious, has now be-
come an interesting branch of knowledge. The importance
of these medals of nature in aiding the geological inquirer, is
obvious. The recent observations of Humboldt* have given
additional interest to this subject. He has endeavoured to de-
termine, with more precision, the proofs afforded by the pre-
sence or absence of certain remains, and by establishing in a
more positive manner the value of zoological characters in iden-
tifying particular strata, has exhibited in a clearer point of
view their utility, as connected with the science of geology. It
is not the object of the present communication to examine these
interesting connexions, but simply to indicate the existence of
several apparently new and undescribed organic relics.
Among the numerous fossils in the cabinet of the Lyceum,
several are labelled under the name of Bilobite. They were
collected and presented by our corresponding member, Mr.
Pierce, and are said to be found in the Totoway mountain in
New-Jersey, and at Cairo in the Catskills.

* Essai Geognostique sur le Gissement des Roches dans les deux hemis-
pheres. Paris, 1623.

46 On the Bilohite.

The name of Bilobite is not to be found in any modert
work on Oryctology ; and it is probable that its application
in this instance has been suggested by its peculiar appearance.

With a view of calling the attention of naturalists to this sub-
ject, the following account is laid before the Society.

They are imbedded im a loose friable sandstone which seems
to be almost wholly composed of organic remains, such as
productus, terebratula, &c. The region 1s secondary, and
is described by Mr. Pierce, in vol. II. of Silliman’s Journal, to
which we refer the reader. The explanatory figures, (see
Plate V.) would seem to indicate at least two distinct species ;
but the following description may be considered as applicable
io all the specimens hitherto.examined.

The general outline may be considered as elliptical, one ex-
tremity being much narrower than the other. ‘This small ex-
tremity, for the convenience of description, will be termed the
anterior extremity. The length varies from one and two-
tenths, to one and a half inches. The average thickness about
five lines.

The superior or dorsal surface is divided into two unequal
lobes by a longitudinal furrow, in the course of which a raised
zigzag line is observed. In fig. 1. this line is most obvious at
the anterior extremity ; in figs. 2. and 3. it is entirely wanting.

The lobes, with respect to each other, are unequal in extent
and thickness. They gradually become thinner towards the
circumference, and more particularly towards the posterior ex-
tremity. The lobes are marked transversely by 18—30 dis-
tinct elevated lines or costae, which become more elevated as
they approach the: raised zigzag line. These costz do not ter-
minate at the edges, but are continued at the anterior extremi->
ty on the under surface. Faint longitudinal impressions are
observed, at unequal distance crossing the transverse cost
nearly at right angles. The inequality of the lobes is not always
constant: thus, at figs. 1. and 3. the left lobe is the largest ;
at fig. 2. the largest lobe is on the right. ‘The other lobe of

On the Bilobite. 47

this figure is compressed in such a manner as to produce 2
crest, and approximating it nearly to the figure of a Tri-
lobite.

The under surface is extremely irregular. The edges, as
before mentioned, are very thin, and are elevated about two
lines above the inferior surface ; this, however, is not uniform
throughout its whole circumference; the anterior extremity,
comprising one-third of the whole fossil, is without such a
raised border. In this part, the costz of the dorsal surface
are continued beneath, and meet each other at angles of about
45°. The line of junction has not yet been made visible by
the most careful dissection. 'The remaining two-thirds, or
posterior part of the under surface, presents a series of concen-
tric lines, interrupted as at fig. 4. by a carina directly beneath,
and in the direction of the superior or dorsal furrow.

Various conjectures have been hazarded respecting the origin
and nature of these organic relics.

A perusal of the learned work of Brongniart* on the Trilobites
connected with their peculiar appearance, led to an investigation
whether they might not be analogous productions belonging
to the order of Crustacea, but without any satifactory result.
Neither eyes, nor antennz, nor feet, could be detected, after a
careful investigation, and dissection of several specimens.
They have been by many supposed to be the leaves of plants,
such as Ferns, &c.; but their thickness, and perhaps their as-
sociation, with decided animal remains, would weaken this
conjecture.

Another opinion, which is advanced with diffidence, is, that
these remains may be moulds or casts of an extinct species of
Cardium. This belief has been strengthened by an examina-
tion of the Cardium hibernicum, as figured in Sowerby’s Mi-
neral Conchology, vol. I. p. 187. pl. 82. With these views, the

* Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés fossiles, &c. par Alexandre Brongni
art. Paris, 1822.

48 On the Bilobite.

lower part of fig. 3. must be considered as corresponding to
the posterior slope or areola of the cardium, the upper portion
as corresponding to the anterior slope or area, and the dorsal
furrow, figs. 1.2. 3. to the base. ‘The transverse costee may
be supposed to correspond with the longitudinal furrows on the
surface of the cardium, and continued to what has been
described as the anterior part of the inferior surface of the
Bilobite. The raised zigzag line may be considered as
formed by the terminations of the costz of the shell not being
exactly applied to each other, and thus leaving an intermediate
substance between them. Perhaps a clearer idea may be con-
veyed, by supposing a cardium to be compressed in the direc-
tion of a line drawn from the beaks to the base, so as to bring
these parts nearly into contact. A question then arises, whe-
ther this apparent compression is accidental, or characteristic
of aspecies? It has been urged, that shells, from their usually
delicate and brittle texture, cannot be distorted without in-
jury; but it is well known, that Echini, &c. which are
equally delicate, are often found in this state. That this com-
pression is not accidental, is, it is supposed, evident from the
fact, that all these Bilobites have the appearance of bemg com-
pressed in a similar direction, a character which is too con-
stant to have been occasioned by accidental causes. From these
observations, it is evidently a futile attempt, in the present state
of our knowledge respecting these fossils, to distinguish them
into separate species. The term Bilobite may be retained as
a distinctive appellation, comprehending casts of several ex-
tinct species of cardium, from the above mentioned localities.
The specimen figured 3. 4. was submitted to the inspection
of our distinguished zoologist, Mr. Say, who has politely fa-
voured us with his opinion: ‘I have no doubt that it is a bi-
valve shell, of the genus Productus of Sowerby. It has lost
its original form, in consequence of great pressure of the su-
perincumbent strata, applied in the direction of the height of
the shell. That the original form of organic remains is often

On the Bilobite. 49

very much altered, I have had ample proof by specimens from
several parts of our country. In the rocks of the Missouri, ma-
ny specimens of a species of Terebratulite, common there, may
be found in some instances depressed, and in others compressed
to various degrees of flatness; they occur, indeed, in almost
every irregular shape. The zigzag line is evidently the line
of junction of the valve. This line may be traced round the
ends of the specimen, to the termination of the elongated hinge
margin, the separating line of which is, as it ought to be, rectili-
near; the concentric and other lines on the under surface may
with some difficulty be traced to their proper situation in this
genus ; the umbones, or rather the apex of the shell is concealed
by the remains of the matrix.”

Among so many conflicting opinions, it is hoped that zoolo-
gists will turn their attention to this interesting subject. A
farther investigation of these organic remains, aided by more
complete specimens, will, itis hoped, enable naturalists to de-
velope more completely their structure, and assign their proper
place in the kingdom of nature.

Description of a new species of Fisu, from the Hudson River.
By De Wirt Curnton, LL. D. Read Sept. 29th, 1823.

+

Sub genus Cuurea. Cuvier.

Tue makxillaries arcuated anteriorly, divided longitudi-
nally into many pieces ; opening of the mouth moderate, not
wholly furnished with teeth, often toothless ; the dorsal above
the ventrals.

Ciurea Audsonia.*

Pl. Il. fig. 2.

With a broad satin stripe extending from the gill covers ta
the tail, and a dark rounded spot at the hase of the tail.

4

50 Vew species of Fish.

Frequent at Albany, and other places on the Hudson River.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

Head rather small; mouth moderate ; lower jaw shorter,
and shuts into the upper; rostrum obtuse ; nostrils double,
nearly approximated, and nearer the eyes than to the rostrum ;
eyes moderately large, the pupils black, and the iris silvery ;
teeth none ; gill-covers silvery, with a narrow membrane on
the edges, and furnished at their superior part with a minute
flat spine ; gill openings ample ; body four times the length of
the head, cylindrical; back slightly arched, dark brown;
lateral line straight, nearly obsolete ; pectorals low, pointed ;
dorsal above the ventrals, trapezoidal, nearly straight on its
margin; caudal furcated, lobes equal, with accessory rays ;
scales radiate, and very deciduous ; air bladder divided into
two cylindrical portions placed lengthwise, and connected by
a small tube.

Length—Three to six inches.
Br. 4. P. 11. D. 8. V. 8..A.8.'C. 202.

This delicate and beautiful fish is familiarly known under
the name of Spawn-eater, in allusion to its supposed food.
It may be remarked, however, that several fish of different
species have the same appellation. We owe our knowledge of
this species to Mr. I. Cozzens, who presented an individual to
the cabinet of the Lyceum several months ago. It is there
labelled Stolephor is hudsonius. N. Sp. As the genus Stole-
phorus of Lacepede has been suppressed by Cuvier, and incor-
porated with his sub-genus Clupea, we have arranged the
Spawn-eater under that genus, not however without some
doubts arismg from the indistinct serrature of the abdomen.

‘

Discovery of Yenite. 5]

Notice of a locality of Yenrre in the United States. By
Joun Torrey, M.D. Read Nov. 24, 1823.

A rew days since, the Hon. Samuel Eddy, of Providence,
Rhode Island, presented me an uncommon mineral for exami-
nation, with permission to publish my remarks, should the
substance prove to be interesting.

It was found at Cumberland, in Rhode Island, in small crys-
tals, imbedded in an aggregate of quartz and epidote. ‘The
erystals vary in size. The largest found by Mr. Eddy was an
inch and a quarter in length, one quarter of an inch broad,
and about two lines in thickness. ‘The terminations are want-
ing. Its form is nearly rectangular ; the surface striated and
shining, with a semi-metallic lustre. Cross fracture somewhat
resinous. It is imperfectly foliated im the direction of the
longer diagonal of the prism. It scratches glass slightly. It
is opaque, and of a blackish brown colour. ‘The powder has
the colour of the mass. Specific gravity 3.6.

Before the blow-pipe it melted with great ease into a black
opaque glass, which was strongly attracted by the magnet.

Some crystals were found almost acicular, traversing the
quartz in every direction.

From all these characters, I have no doubt the mineral is
Yenivre; a species which has not hitherto been known to
exist in America. In justice, however, to my friend Pro-
fessor Dewey, of Williams College, I must here state, that ina
letter I lately received from him, he mentions having just ex-
amined a mineral frem Connecticut, which he believes to be
Yenire. A detailed account and analysis of this, will soon be

forwarded to the Lyceum.

ae \ x Ws
52 A new species of Siren.

Description of a new species of StrEN, with some observations
on animals of a simlar nature. By Captain Joun Le
Contr, of the U.S. Army. F.L.S. &c. Read Dec. 1,
1823.

Amongst those animals whose mode of life removes them
from our immediate view, it is natural to expect that more
discoveries may be made, than amongst those which are more
frequently and more-openly subjected to our examination. The
class of amphibia, or reptiles, on this account, will in every
country where nature has not been investigated by her admi-
rers, offer more to our study and enterprise than any other.
Such of them as inhabit on the surface of the earth are perse-
cuted by the hand of prejudice with a severity that soon extir-
pates them, and those whose retiring habits lead them to the
water as their proper habitation, are either so constantly im-
mersed in the fluid that affords them support and protection,
or so deeply buried in the earth which it covers, as in a great
measure to elude the researches. of even the most skilful natu-
ralists. It is not therefore surprising that the animal to which
I wish this evening to call the attention of the society, should
have hitherto been undescribed. Its small size, its obscure
colour, and the place of its residence, have all combined to
render it unknown to former naturalists. If genera do exist in
nature, we night reasonably calculate that they always consist
of more than one species: therefore, in the country that pro-
duces the Siren lacertina, it was to be expected that other
species might be found. It has been my fortune to determine
this to be so, and it will be seen from the remarks which fol-
low, that not the least good resulting from this discovery will
be the elucidation of facts relative to the history of the Siren
lacertina, hitherto so little understood, and the correction of
some maierial errors in its physiology. A proper rank in the
chain of organized beings may be given to various animals of a
similar habit and nature, if the relation existing between them

Al new species of Stren. 53

be pointed out. Many that are now anomalous will no longer
stand alone, but be collected into a group, as natural as any
of the artificial divisions at present received by all.

I call our new animal the Siren striata.* (PI. IV.)

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

Its length varies from seven to nine inches, of which from three
to four inches are occupied by the tail ; legs two anterior, feet
three-toed, without claws ; colour dusky, with a broad brown
stripe on each side, and another rather paler one on each side of
the belly ; beneath speckled with brownish white ; tail compress-
ed, ancipital scarcely furnished with a fin, sides marked with
transverse furrows imitating ribs; spiracula three on each side,
furnished with a fleshy trilobate covering ; the lobes entire and
naked; teeth none. The body is covered witha thick mucus like
the Siren dacertina, but unlike that animal, it has no disagree-
able smell. It inhabits in the mud of overflowed places in
swamps, and does not burrow in the ground. It is but rarely
met with, is perfectly mute, swims with tolerable agility in the
water, but can make little if any progress on the ground ;
and when once dried by exposure to the air, loses its life. An
examination of the stomach has never aflorded me any satisfac-
tion with regard to its food; and indeed in the Siren lacer-
tina I have never found that organ to contain any thing but
mud. ‘The internal anatomy, as far as examined, presents no-
thing different from the other species.

It will be observed that the coverings of the spiracula in this
are not fringed as in the dacertina ; they therefore cannot be
used for the same purpose as those are said to be, that is to
say, they do not perform the office of gills. In those animals
that are furnished with spiracula as well as nostrils, we always
find the former furnished on the edge with a contractile skin,
by means of which those orifices are diminished or enlarged at
will, whenever they are made use of. It is reasonable to con-
clude, that both species of Siren make use of these appendages
for the same purpose. Under what circumstances, however,
they are used, | am not prepared to say, as in the many

54 JI new species of Siren.

that have been under my observation, I never saw them in any
position whilst in the water, where it could be imagined that
they were used in breathing. They were generally extended
and undulatory, as if to direct or accelerate the animal’s pro-
gress through the water. When the Siren lacertina wishes
to inspire, he rises to the surface ; this is however scarcely
three times in the course of twelve hours, and he expires under
the water about once in two hours. I never saw the Siren
striata expire any air: although they rise ‘occasionally to
the surface, it is impossible to observe whether they then
inhale.

How apt are we to suffer ourselves, in our researches, to
be drawn aside from certainty and truth by a foolish desire of
accounting for every thing! Nature is covered with a thick
veil, which cannot be penetrated: a proud spirit and an am-
bitious presumption may lead us to suppose that we have been
enabled to remove the covering which she throws over her
operations, but every day’s experience shows us the absurdity
of publishing our vague hypotheses for established truth, and
ihe still greater absurdity of attempting to defend them. ‘The
Siren lacertina is not an inhabitant of the water, but rarely
and only accidentally found in it, when it leaves its subterra-
nean abode in the firm and moist clay. It would be difficult
to say, therefore, of what use gills would be toit. The Am-
phiuma, (Chrysodon-of others,) which im so many respects re-
sembles it, and which inhabits the water, has naked spiracula ;
an animal that could use frmged coverings to them, if they
were to be employed as gills, has them not ; whilst another, to
which they could be of little or no use for a similar purpose, is
abundantly furnished with them.

The desire of grouping together animals in classes and or-
ders, as if they were positively so placed by nature, rendered
it necessary, in the minds of the older naturalists, to find
something common to the genus Siren, and the cartilaginous
fishes, which were then arranged among the amphibia. Hence
the contradictory descriptions of this animal, and the assertion
that it is furnished with external or internal gills.

A new species of Siren. 55

In Pennant’s Arctic Zoology I find the following description
of the Siren. ‘ Head and body anguilliform ; eyes minute ;
nostrils placed in the side of the nose; teeth sharp, ranged in
transverse rows; three openings to the gills, with three pin-
nated appendages on each side of the covers ; legs in the form
of arms, placed high on the breast and not remote from the
head; each foot with four divided toes with a claw to each;
body covered with small scales sunk in a gelatinous matter ;
colour dusky, sides dotted in lines with white ; tail compressed
and like that of an eel, furnished above and below with a ray-
less fin.”

Linnzeus’s description of the same animal is as follows :
“A double series of teeth in each jaw; head like that of a
lizard; body without scales, naked ; four branchie are situated
on each side, within a fleshy and trilobate operculum, that
opens with a narrow aperture ; the two lateral branchiz con-
nate with the aperture, the two intermediate ones free ; two
orders of acute cartilaginous tubercles surround the internal
side of the branchial arches ; toes, four on each foot, furnished
with claws ; tail compressed on each side, ancipital.”

A comparison of these two descriptions with one made by
myself from numerous specimens, all of which by examination
were proven to be adult animals, and those of the female sex
constantly full of spawn, will show that neither of these could
be the Siren dacertina ; so that the gentlemen who wrote them
were strangely blinded and misled. S. legs before, four-
toed, with small claws; body above black, beneath dusky
speckled with yellowish; or above dusky, beneath paler,
speckled every where with yellowish ;\ eyes small, blueish ;
nostrils small, distant, placed as it were in the upper lip ; jaws
toothless, but furnished with a hard black skin extending in
the lower jaw the whole width of the mouth, in the upper, but
a short distance in front; roof of the mouth, with two large
clusters of small teeth; spiracula three on each side, near
the neck, linear, the interior edee serrate, with a fringed tri-

ov

=

3

56 1 new species of Siren.

lobate covering ; tail compressed, with a narrow rayless fin
above and below.

In the description quoted from Pennant, the teeth are said
to be in transverse rows, by which may be meant the clusters
of teeth in the roof of the mouth; but then he says the body
is covered with scales. Linnzeus says there is a double row
of teeth in each jaw, and the apparatus about the spiracula is
so different from any thing in the Siren, that we must suppose
he examined an animal now unknown to us; from the teeth,
it might be thought that he had the Amphiuma before him ;
but this last, besides having four feet and wanting the fringed
appendages to the neck, could, to one examining it anatomi-
cally, have presented this striking difference from the Siren :
it has a bony and solid skull like that of a lizard, while the
Siren (both species) has it composed of separate bones like a
fish or a frog, herein approaching the Proteus more nearly
than any other of the anomalous reptiles that have lately begun
to engage the attention of naturalists. It is to be hoped that
the question concerning the Siren, whether it be a perfect ani-
mal or not, will now be at a rest; in both species there could
be no doubt of the perfect state of the individuals which I had;
the single circumstance of many of them containing spawn
precisely similar to that of the frog, showed that they were
perfect, and if no external difference between them and such
as had no spawn was to be observed, the conclusion that these
likewise were perfect, is equally as sound; besides, they may
be seen of all sizes.

A few observations on two other animals of a similar na-
ture to those already alluded to in this paper, | hope will not
be considered inappropriate, and will, I trust, be received by
the Society as an appendix to remarks somewhat crude, which
a variety of other avocations has prevented me from making
what it were to be wished they were, more perfect.

In the last number of Silliman’s Journal, Professor Mitchill
has described an animal, which he calls a Proteus, the vulgar
name of which is Hell-bender. The name is nothing ; it is

A new species of Suren. 57

the reality and the knowledge of the animal at which we aim.
The Hell-Bender of the Ohio (sit venia verbo) is a very differ-
ent animal from the Professor’s Proteus ; it is every way larger,
and more bulky in its appearance; has no branchial appen-
dages to its spiracula, and has consequently without much
violence been arranged with the Salamanders: it might more
properly come next to the Amphiuma, or indeed it another
species of that genus. It was called by the late Dr. Barton,
who probably examined it before any one else, Protonopsis ;
it was afterwards carried to France by M. Michaux, and has
been described by Sonini and Lattreille as a Salamander—(Sa-
lamandre des Monts Alleghaniens.) The Proteus of the lakes
may possibly be the larva of this animal; for most of the ani-
mals that inhabit the lakes are found in the western rivers. It
seems much to resemble the Axolotl of Mexico, and the dis-
tance between the abode of these two does not prevent them
from being the same, there being a great similarity between
the natural productions of Mexico and the western states. But
a very accurate description of the animal under consideration
was published by Schneider, in the year 1799, in his Historia
Amphibiorum fasc. 1. pag. 50. He observes that the speci-
men which he examined was said to have come from Lake
Champlain, where it is caught along with fish, and reckoned
poisonous by the fishermen. Body more than eight inches
long, and nearly one inch in thickness, soft, spongy, pervious
with many pores, with three rows of round spots on each side,
varied with rows of black ones ; tail compressed and ancipital,
spotted on both sides, the inferior edge straight, the superior
curved, terminating in a rather cylindrical end. Head broad
and flat, eyes small, nostrils anterior, in the margin of the up-
per lip, a double row of teeth in the upper jaw, a single in the
lower, conic, obtuse, longish; tongue broad, entire, free at
the fore part, aperture of the mouth opening even to the ver-
tical line of the eyes; lips like those of a fish; feet four cleft,
four-toed, clawless ; fissure of the anus opening longitudinal-
ly. Three branchiz on each side externally propendent, op-
8

5$ /1 new species of Siren.

posed to as many cartilaginous arches, the internal side of
which is rough, and furnished with cartilaginous tubercles, as
in fish. There is only a double branchial aperture on each
side, for the upper and the lower arch of the branchiz is ad-
nate to the skin.

These animals, the two species of siren, the Amphiuma,
the Hell-Bender, the Axolotl, the Proteus, with one or two
others, perhaps obscurely and imperfectly described, will
form a family of reptiles distinct from all others, by being
furnished with nostrils and spiracula; they will naturally be
divided into such as have a bony and solid skull, as the Am-
phiuma and Hell-Bender, and such as are composed of
many separate bones, as the Siren and Proteus, for after all it
is only anatomical examination that can point out the true con-
nexion and difference between animals.

Osservations on the teeth of the MecatHerium recently disco-
vered in the United States. By Samuen L. Mrrcuizt, M.D.
Read Nov. 17, 1823.

Turoveu the politeness of Mr. A. Taylor, I have received
some fossil teeth from Skidaway Island, (Georgia.) Many
bones were found with these teeth, but from the carelessness of
the persons who discovered them, they are dispersed or de-
stroyed. I can obtain no information as to their situation
when discovered. n

These teeth are very remarkable, and differ much from any
hitherto discovered in North America. In my investigations
I was assisted by my friend Dr. Dekay, and there can be no
doubt that the teeth in question belong to that extinct species,
denominated by Cuvier the Megatherium.

From the interesting nature of the subject, (no specimen
having heretofore been discovered of the Megatherium north
of the Equator,) it is presumed that a concise account of this

On the Teeth of the Megatheriun. 59

singular animal, accompanied with a description of the teeth,
recently found at Skidaway Island, will not be unaccepta-
ble to our society.

The Megatherium, though in size larger than the Rhinoce-
ros or the Elephant, has, until of late years, been entirely un-
known. Spain has, however, in her cabinets, the greater part
of three skeletons. In the year 1789, the Marquis of Loretto,
Viceroy of Buenos Ayres, sent to Spain the first and most
perfect skeleton of the Megatherium, (the one now in the cabi-
net of Madrid,) stating that it was found in making some exca-
vations on the banks of the Luxam, a league SE. of a city of
the same name, being about three leagues WSW. of Buenos
Ayres. In 1795, another specimen was received from Lenia,
and a third is known as having been found in Paraguay.

These are all the known specimens that have been discover-
ed; and it appears, that although found in different parts of
South America, they have hitherto been confined to that
country. |

There is however an animal whose bones are described by
Mr. Jefferson, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1797,
under the name of Megalonix, with characters somewhat simi-
lar. Cuvier considers it as a distinct species belonging to the
same genus. It is much smaller, and is distinguished by other
peculiarities, which serve to corroborate the correctness of
the division. In nothing, perhaps, are the differences more
remarkable, than in the form and structure of the teeth, which,
in the Megalonix, are simple, cylindrical, superior or grinding
surface depressed in the centre, with rising edges; in the Me-
gatherium, they are square, and offer a peculiar conformation
of their superior surface, presently to be described.

For a particular anatomical description of the Megathe-
rium, none better can be found than that by Cuvier, in his
elaborate work on fossil bones, Vol. IV., from which we have
drawn the foregoing history. It is sufficient to observe, that
there are sixteen molar teeth, four on either side of each jaw,
and that the animal has no canine or incisor tooth.

60 On the Teeth of the Megatherium.

The form of the teeth, and the structure of the claw, lead to
a belief that they subsisted on vegetables, and principally on
roots, their claws appearing well adapted to this purpose.

They are placed by Cuvier among the Edentés, as occupy-
ing a place between the Sloth, (Bradypus Lin.) and the Ant
Eater, (Myrmecophagus Lin.) though much nearer to the
former than the latter.

St. Fond, without attempting to invalidate the arguments
of Cuvier, which led him to place the Megathertum in this
family, conceives its great size to be incompatible with the
habits of a Sloth or an Ant Eater ; he proposes that it shall be
laid aside until further investigations shall arrange it in its
place, as he supposes that it is not sufficiently known to justify
any present classification.

It has already been remarked, that these species have been
found only in South America, where alone are found in living
animals, the nearest resemblance to this extinct race.

“The teeth of the Megatherium are sixteen in number,
each about two inches square, presenting rounded angles
with a groove between, on the external and internal sur-
face, and terminating where the fangs commence their se-
paration; the root or fang gradually diminishing in size
as it descends. Each tooth has four angles, two external and
two internal ; the upper surface has a depression separated by
four points; the form or depression of the cavity being pyra-
midal, finishing a little the deepest in front. ‘The exact weight
of the four first teeth, is twenty ounces, that of the others,
twenty-six ounces.” Such is the description given by Mr.
Bru, curator of the royal cabinet of Madrid, who arranged
the first skeleton, and published an account of it in 1756.

Having thus given as concise a history of this animal as is
consistent with the importance of the subject, I proceed to treat
of the collection of teeth recently presented to me from Skida-
way Island. It consists of one tooth entire, with the exception
of the fang which is broken transversely off, and the half of
another, with the fang separated in a similar manner.

On the Teeth of the Megatherium. 61

‘The figure, Pl. VI. fig. 1. represents the former, and fig. 2.
the latter. The tooth of the Megalonix is introduced at fig.
3. to exhibit the strong contrast between this animal and the
Megatherium.

The figure of the entire tooth, fig. 1. is nearly square, the
angles are rounded, and have a longitudinal groove between

them on the external and internal surfaces; this groove is more

strongly marked on the latter surface. The teeth are some-
what broader from side to side than in the direction of their
anterior and posterior surfaces. The posterior or grinding
surface will be better understood by a reference to the figure,
than by the most elaborate description; the length of this
tooth being five and a half inches, presents a singular and strik-
ing coincidence with what is stated above on this point by M.
Bru.

The half tooth, fig. 2. corresponds in every particular with
the anterior process of the entire one. The accidental frac-
ture enables us to have an excellent view of the arborescent
arrangement of the fibres, and exhibits, at the same time, the
thickness and structure of the enamel; this is exhibited in the
figure. The colour of the teeth is black ; their cutting sur-
faces much worn, indicative of age.

Although, from the circumstances previously mentioned, it
is hardly possible that a complete skeleton will be found, yet
enough has been discovered to satisfy us, that the United
States, which contains so many relics of huge animals, may
add to her “ giant brood,” the Megatherium.

62 Analytical Table of Carices.

An Anatyticat Tasxe to facilitate the determination of the

hitherto observed North American Species of the Genus Ca-
REX. By the Rev. Lewis D. pe Scuweinitz. Read
Dec. 8, 1823.

Tue object of the annexed table is to enable botanists te
ascertain readily if any American species of Carex, which
they wish to determine, has been described or not. A promi-
nent particular in each is selected for contrast, though it is
scarcely necessary to state that other characters, of equal im-
portance, are often omitted whenever a short antithesis was
sufficient. In this table I have rejected those European spe-
cies cited by Pursh as American, which stand as such upon
his authority alone ; it being evident that he did not critically
compare the species of this genus. [refer to Pursh, however,
as often as a species of my table is mentioned in his Flora, be-
cause further references are there found. I submit the follow-
ing directions for its use.

In order to determine the specific name of any Carex ac-
cording to this table, take a good complete specimen, or, if
possible, a number of specimens, in order to prevent being
misled by individual particularities, and compare them with
Number 1. of the series of dichotomous antithetical positions,
of which the table consists; it will not be difficult to ascertain
to which of the two positions it answers. ‘The number sub-
joined to this directs to the number of the continued series, to
which it is then necessary to recur. Next examine again
which of the antithetical positions in that number embraces the
Carex under investigation, and the number annexed to that,
again directs to some other pair of positions; and so on, until

you arrive at that one to which the specific name is attached. _

It is always necessary to compare both positions in each num-
ber, because one serves to explain the other. Occasionally
the final positions, which indicate the specific name, are made
trichotomous for the sake of brevity, as it can never be diffi-

Analytical Table of Carices. 3

cult to compare three exclusive positions ; and wherever there
is ambiguity, care has been taken to indicate several coincid-
ing distinctions. Ina few instances, the table is so contrived as
to lead to the same final result, by directing backwards, on ac-
count of an apprehended ambiguity, which ever way may
have been chosen.

In case neither one nor the other of any two positions arriv-
ed at, embraces the specimens under examination, that circum-
stance proves, provided the examination has been correctly
proceeded in, which a repetition will ascertain, that that Ca-
rex is not contained in the table. It must then be compared
with the not American species of authors, and if not found to
belong to one of them, can be considered a new one. It is
scarcely necessary to remark that the effect of the table can
only be to enable the examiner to be next to certain, whether
the Carex in question is in the table, and by what name the
author designates it. ‘The validity of the species can be as-
certained only by comparison with full and detailed descrip-
tions. On this account, references to Pursh’s Flora, which
again refers to more detailed descriptions, are subjoined to
each specific name, if to be found in Pursh: if not, to the au-
thor that describes the species. The numbers annexed in this
manner, “LS. No. 1.” &c. refer to the descriptions of some
new species proposed by the author of this table. A little
practice will render the satisfactory result of the examination
of any Carex almost necessary. Two or three subjoined ex-

-amples will elucidate the manner of using the present table.
Suppose youare examining a specimen of Carex Squarrosa, you
will be necessarily directed one after the other to the follow-
ing numbers.

Numbers 3.4.5.6. - - - - - = Carex Squarrosa.

On examining Carex tentaculata, to the following :

Numbers 3.48.49.50.53.54.56.57.58.59.60. C. centaculata.

On examining a specimen of Carex acuta, to the following:

Numbers’ 3:48787.98:90: °--"°- 5 + = =. acuta.

Analytical Table of Carices.

64

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72 ie “i On the North American Utricularia.
es.
ae.

Wo les
*

Osservations on the North American Species of the Genus
Urricutarta. By Capt. Joun Le Conte, of the U. S.
Army, F.L.S.,&c. Read January 5, 1824.

From an attentive examination and comparison of the dif-
ferent individuals forming any particular genus, many facts of
importance may be educed, that we would not otherwise ar-
rive at. This minute and patient investigation alone can
disantangle the infinitely diversified forms of nature, that are
so closely interlaced, and that run so imperceptibly into each
other ; while the want of it introduces confusion and disorder
into all our attempts at their enumeration.

The genus Utricularia, although far from being numerous
in species, yet from the want of proper attention, has been hi-
therto but imperfectly known. I have collected into this sum-
mary sketch all that at present can be found respecting it, as
far as relates to the species of this country. My chief aim has
been, to point out the real and proper differences between these
species ; to separate what is certain from what is doubtful ; and

above all, to correct the errors of our botanists with regard to

some, which have been confounded with plants but little re-
sembling them, i in other parts of the world. I am conscious
of differing in many things from even our latest writers ; but
that method of close and accurate reasoning which should be
resorted to in all our pursuits after truth, has led me to the
conclusions which I have drawn.

All the species of Utricularia in this country are empha-
tically water plants; that is to say, they all inhabit either
water, or places that are generally inundated. With the ex-
ception of two or three, their roots (or leaves, as they have
been called by some) are long, branching, and capillary, more
or less furnished with utriculi or air bladders, by means of
which they float on or near the surface of the water. They
may be divided into three sections: Ist, such as only can ex-

On the North American Utricularia. te 73

ist in a floating position; 2d, such to which this ‘position is
equally as natural, but which, when the water recedes from
them, lose their long, branching, and bladder-bearing roots,
and become attached to the earth by shorter and naked ones,
that penetrate the surface in the manner usual to other plants ;
and 3d, such as are always rooted in the earth. ‘The stems of
these last are furnished with a few remote scales, and if we
find these scales attached to the stem of any floating species,
we may be certain that it can flourish equally as well in the
wet ground as in the water, whilst those with naked stems
cannot exist except in water of some depth.

The generic characters | omit; they may be found in any
botanical work : and proceed to the enumeration of the differ-
ent species that have fallen under my observation.

1. Utricularia ceratophylla. ‘Leaves inflated, 6-verticil-
led, floating, furnished on the sides with branching capillary
filaments ; flowers large, yellow, subcorymbose ; the upper
lip of the corolla rather trilobate, the lower deeply trilobate ;
spur short, conoidal flattened (conowdeo-complanatum) obtuse,
deeply emarginate, appressed to the lower lip of the corolla ;
fruit cernuous; root very long, branching, with numerous
capillary radicles furnished with utriculi; stem eight inches in
height. Plate VI. fig. 1.

A variety is found, in all its parts smaller, the stem scarcely
an inch in height. Inhabits from New-York to Mexico. ¢

Of this species there is no doubt; it has been called inflata,
but there being no reason for changing a name already adopt-
ed, I have retained that given to it by Michaux. It is the
only species in North America, that has real leaves; the next
has something that may be so called, but they differ materially
in their form and position from what are found in this, and are
really roots.

2. U. macrorhiza. Leafless, floating; scape about ten
inches high, many flowered, furnished with large scales; flow-
ers large, racemed, yellow; upper lip of the corolla subtrilo-

10

-

74 On the North American Utricularia.

"

bate, lower lip entire, with the sides deflected ; palate large,
striped with brown; spur long, stretched out (porrectum),
approaching the lower lip of the corolla, obtuse, emarginate,
conic at the base, linear at the tip, fruit cernuous; root re-
pent, very long, very branching, decompound, the first radicles
naked, the rest furnished with utriculi. At the base of the
stem, and shooting out in an opposite direction to the branches
of the root, there is observed an imbricate ovate bud (turio),
which contains the embryo of the next year’s growth; and
this circumstance would go far in proving that the radicles
should be rather called leaves, did we not find that the utri-
culi are placed on them in the same manner as they are in
other species, upon what are undeniably roots; and it would
not be very reasonable to suppose that the plant had no root
at all. Inhabits from Canada to Carolina. 4 Plate VI.
fic.'2.

This is the species that in all the books is called U. vulgaris,
and positively stated to be the same withthe European. But
a comparison of the two will show, that no stretch of the ima-
gination can find any resemblance between them, farther than
what is seen running through the whole genus. Roemer and
Schultes describe the U. vulgaris as follows : peduncle scapi-
form, 4 to 8-flowered, racemed, furnished with scales; upper
lip of the corolla ovate-rounded, subtrilobate, subundulate,
with an erect margin; lower lip roundish, reflected at the
sides, subplicate; palate bilobate, with orange-coloured
strize ; spur conic, reflected from the lower lip. Plate VI.
fig. 3.

It appears from this description, in the first place, that the
U. vulgaris has not the fruit cernuous ; and secondly, that the
spur is short, conic, bent down, and not approaching the
lower lip of the corolla, and entire at the tip, precisely simi-
lar to what our species would have, were the upper part
cut off, and the lower and inflected part bent down; _be-
sides, in the representations given in botanical works, the root

On the North American Utricularia. ri)

does not resemble that of the U. macrorhiza; but is branching,
the branches short, and furnished every where with utriculi.
I may perhaps be told, that specimens have been sent to Eu-
rope, and pronounced identical with what they have there ,
but how impossible is it to compare accurately a tender and
delicate plant, that has been pressed and dried for months or
years, with another, and then to speak with certainty of differ-
ences which at best we must expect to find minute? This de-
pendence upon dried specimens, and the neglect of living
plants are the fruitful sources of all the errors with which our
botany abounds.

I have little doubt, but that the U. macrorhiza will in time
be found to be the same with the U. foliosa of South America.
A figure of this last is found in Plumier Spec. fasc. 6. Icon.
165. fig. 2.; but no certain conclusions can be drawn from an
inspection of it, as the author himself observes, “ the parts of
the flowers and of the fructification are rudely and imperfect-
ly delineated.” The description of this species, as far as can
be collected is this: root repent, radicles without utriculi ;
scape many-flowered ; spur conic acute, (represented in the
plate as linear,) as long as the lower lip of the corolla, and
appressed to it; fruit cernuous; said to be very like the U.
vulgaris.

3. U. striata. Leafless floating, scape about ten inches
high, furnished with one or two scales, 5 or 6-flowered ; flow-
ers large, yellow, upper lip of the corolla ample, expanded,
trilobate, the intermediate lobe striate; lower lip subtrilo-
bate, the sides reflected; palate dotted with brown; spur
nearly linear, stretched out (porrectum) obtuse, emarginate,
appressed to the lip of the corolla, and nearly equalling it in
length; root very branching, furnished with utriculi. Inha-
bits from New-York to Florida. © Plate VI. fig. 4.

This is the species that Pursh considered the cornuta of Mi-
chaux, for I was with him when he first saw it; the description
in his book, however, does not suit, it being entirely copied

4

76 On the North American Utricularia.

from Michaux; the U. cornuta he never saw. It is undoubt-
edly the U. fibrosa of Elliott, but probably not of Walter, as he
could not have overlooked the length of the spur; it may
likewise be the U. biflora of Vahl.

4. U. gibba. Leafless, floating, scape naked, 4 to 7-flow-
ered; flowers small, yellow; upper lip of the corolla emar-
ginate, lower subtrilobate, the intermediate lobe subrevolute,
crenate ; spur gibbous, incurved, obtuse, most entire ; root re-
pent, furnished with utriculi, and producing buds (turiones)
like No. 2. Inhabits New-Jersey. #4 Plate VI. fig. 5.

5. U. fornicata. Leafless, floating ; scape naked, 1 to 2-
flowered; flowers yellow, upper lip of the corolla trilobate,
the intermediate lobe arched over the palate, the lateral ones
appressed, lower lip entire ; spur incurved, conoidal, obtuse,
most entire, appressed to the lower lip of the corolla; root
furnished with utriculi. Inhabits from New-York to Georgia.
© Plate VI. fig. 6.

This is the U. minor of our American botanists, but it has
no resemblance to the European plant, except in the smallness
of the flowers. The U. minor has either no palate, or a very
small one, the corolla is said to have “ faux aperta ;” whilst
the U. fornicata has a rather large palate: it is likewise the
U. gibba of Elliott, as appears from his description, and the
particular locality assigned by him; it may be what Walter
intended by the U. pumila.

6. U. longirosiris. Leafless, floating, scape furnished with
scales, 1 or 2-flowered ; flowers yellow ; upper lip of the co-
rolla subtrilobate, the lateral lobes appressed, lower lip rather
entire, spur linearly subulate, ascénding, subincurved, emar-
ginate, longer than the lower lip of the corolla; root furnish-
ed with utriculi. Inhabits Georgia. © Plate VI. fig. 7.

This species agrees in some respects with Lamarck’s U. bi-
flora, but that must have been altogether a larger plant.

7. U. integra. Leafless, floating, scape furnished with
seales, } or 2-flowered ; flowers yellow; upper lip of the co-

On the North American Utricularia. vir)

rolla subtrilobate, the lateral lobes subinvolute ; lower lip en-
tire; spur conoidal flattened (conoideo-complanatum) obtuse,
most entire, nearly equalling the lower lip; root furnished
with utriculi. Inhabits Georgia, particularly on Ogeechee
river. © Plate VI. fig. 8.

Mr. Elliott’s U. bipartita is no way different from this spe-
cies: he described from a dried specimen, and therefore could
not be correct. It would be difficult, amongst any considera-
ble number of the U. integra, to find them all with the lower
lip of the calyx undivided. A too rapid evolution, or a luxu-
riant growth of the corolla above the calyx, will in many in-
stances irregularly rupture this last, especially where it hap-
pens to be thin and delicate in its structure; and there is no
doubt that to one of these causes we must attribute the exist-
ence of the so called U. bipartita.

8. U. purpurea. Leafless, floating, scape naked, 2 to 3-
flowered ; flowers purple; upper lip of the corolla, truncate
emarginate, lower lip three-lobed, the lateral lobes saccate ;
palate small; spur conoidal flattened (conoideo-complanatum)
entire, appressed to the lower lip of the corolla; root repent,
branching, branches 4 or 5-verticillate, radicles furnished
with utriculi. Inhabits from New-Jersey to Florida. 2/ Plate
VI. fig. 9,

This species has been quoted as having been called by me
U. saccata. Iam the last man in the world to give into the
fashionable foppery of changing the names already bestowed
upon plants, and deny ever authorizing any one to say that
this was different from the U. purpurea of authors.

9. U. personata. Leafless, radicant, scape furnished with
small seales, many-flowered ; flowers racemed, yellow ; upper
lip of the corolla emarginate, reclinate; lower small, entire,
obtuse with a point; palate very large, very prominent; spur
linear-subulate, rather acute, as it were depending ; root small,
naked. Inhabits in bogs from New-England to Florida, very
much resembles an Antirrhinum. © Plate VI. fig. 10,

78 On the North American Utricularia.

10. U. setacea. Leafless, radicant; scape setaceous, fur-
nished with scales, distantly many-flowered; flowers small
yellow ; upper lip of the corolla short, entire, the sides revo-
lute at the tip, the lower lip deeply trilobate ; spur subulate,
entire, as long as the lower lip; root small, naked. Inhabits
in wet pine lands from New-York to Florida. © Plate VI.
fig. 11.

This may be the U. subulata of Gronovius, but cannot be
the U. pumila of Walter ; his species must have been a float-
ing plant, as he describes it, as he does all that are so, “¢ folus
radiciformibus fibrosis.” What Roemer and Schultes mean
by saying that the stem is leafless, with a round serrate leaf, I
cannot imagine.

11. U. cornuta of Michaux I have never seen. His de-
scription is, nectary subulate, stretched out (porrectum) ; lower
lip of the corolla very broad ; scape rather sessilely 2-flower-
ed; rather rootless, leafless, scape rigid; corolla large, spur
longish, very sharp, horn-shaped. Nutall, who appears to
have examined the plant, adds to this, lower lip three-lobed,
spur longer than the corolla, nearly vertical, subulate and
acute. Inhabits Canada.

I suspect that most of the specimens which are taken for
the U. cornuta, are U. personata; but the two can never be
confounded: the first has a very large and broad, trilobate,
lower lip to the corolla, and the other, a small, entire, and
narrow one, while the palate is so large and prominent, as to
form the most striking feature in its appearance.

The following species have been admitted into all the books,
but from the imperfect descriptions given of them, cannot be
made to agree with any of those described above :

U. fibrosa. Walter: scape two-flowered; flowers large,
yellow; spur obtuse ; leaves root-shaped, fibrous.

I have some suspicion that this is the same with the U. inte-
cra, but he says the flowers are large ; this is, however, so

On the North American Utricularia. 79

much a relative term, that it may only mean, they are large in
comparison with those of his next species, which he describes
with small flowers.

U. biflora of Lamarck, not of Vahl. These two authors
must have described different plants; of Lamarck’s, the spur
was uncinate—of Vahl’s, straight.

U. subulata of Gronovius. Of this, nothing worthy the
name of a description exists.

—EEEE——E———————

Notice of new Locaxities of simpLe Minerats, along the
north coast of Lake Superior, and in the Indian Territory
NW. from Lake Superior to the river Winnepec. By
JoserH DewarieLp, Esq. Agent of the United States for
Boundaries, &c. Read January 19, 1824.

Ar the entrance of Lake Superior on its north side, is a
spur of mountains, that extend themselves northward and west-
ward as far as the eye can reach, which is known as the Gros
Cap. It consists of sienitic granite, with a base of red feld
spar, and rises about four hundred feet. The red sand stone
of the St. Marys river rests upon its eastern declivity, and en-
tering the Lake westward, it passes into green stone. As it is
not intended by this notice to particularize the geological cha-
racter of the country, it is sufficient to remark, that, although
the Gros Cap is considered one of its most prominent features,
by the traveller who limits his journey there, that it is in fact
but the commencement of a similar chain of mountains, that
skirt the whole northern coast of Lake Superior. Granite,
(sienitic,) gneiss, and green stone, constantly alternate. The
green stone very frequently appears in perfectly well defined
and irregular dikes, showing their terminations on the Lake,
and it is frequently amygdaloidal. The highest cliffs are of
green stone. The two promontories, called the Paté and

80 On Minerals near Lake Superior.

Point Tonnerre, are about fifteen hundred feet high; and
with these exceptions, the north coast may be said to be
bounded by mural green stone cliffs, and rounded granite
mountains, varying in height from two to six hundred feet.
Feldspar porphyries, silicious conglomerates, gray wacke,
green stone, green stone slate, and sand stone, are seen at the
bases of the cliffs, as there resting upon, or underlying the se-
veral formations to which they appertain.

The mineral substances that I observed were,

Mlcicular crystals of epidote, lining cavities of the green
stone amydaloid, adjommg the Gros Cap.

Compact amorphous yellowish epidote, in veins in green
stone near Gros Cap.

Calcareous spar, brown and white, filling cavities of a dark
brown amygdaloid, twenty miles from Gros Cap.

Satin spar, with straight and curved fibres, white and pale
pink, filling narrow vertical fissures, in basaltiform green
stone, fifty miles from Gros Cap.

Fibrous hornblende, calcareous spar, and quartz asso-
ciated, in the green stone cliff, SE. cape of Michipicoten
Bay.

Earthy Chlorite, same place.

Fluate of lime, purple and green and massive, in nodules of
calcareous spar in the brown trap amygdaloid, six miles east
of Michipicoten Bay.

Zeolite, fibrous and radiated, white and pink, in green
stone amygdaloid. Gorgontoit, Lake Superior.

Stilbite, red and massive, same locality.

Calcedonies, agates, and carnelians, in green stone por-
phyry, same locality.

Green stone porphyry, having crystals of yellow feldspar in
groupes or stairs, same locality.

Sulphuret of iron, in cubic crystals, in the granite (sienitic}
of the Petits écrits. Lake Superior.

On the Minerals near Lake Superior. 81

Prehnite, in green stone, from islands in the Pays plat,
The place called Pays plat, in Lake Superior, is a very ex-
tensive bay, filled with islands. ‘The islands are of green
stone, and green stone porphyries, granite, and various gra-
nitic aggregates, neither differing essentially in composition,
nor in their height, from other parts of the surrounding ¢oun-
try. The Mamelles of Lake Superior are on the Pays plat.
The Mamelles are two conical mountains, of such exact and
uniform proportions, as to illustrate the propriety of the one
name, in the same remarkable manner that they denote the
impropriety of the other. I cannot conjecture why this neigh-
bourhood has been called a flat country, (and it is so describ-
ed upon the maps,) unless it relates to the bottom of the Lake,
which is here more flat, and the water more shallow, than in
any other place.

Crystalized red feldspar, and quartz crystals associated, form
an extensive bed, at Point aux tourtres, Lake Superior.

Satin spar, ina green stone cliff, at Portage des Outard, In-
dian Territory, west from Lake Superior.

Jasper and chalcedony, at Height of land portage, beyond
Lake Superior.

Staurotide, in well defined crystals, in mica-slate of Lac a
la Croix, and river Malign. N. W. Indian Territory.

Pitchstone, from the chasm of the mountain, at the Falls
of the river Kamanistiguia. N. W. Ter.

Jasper, flint, and calcareous spar, same place.

Red jasper with specular tron. River Kamanistiguia.

Black flint, in beds at the Rapide paresseux of the river Ka-

manistiguia.

11

82 Description of a Fish resembling the Stylephorus.

Description of an extraordinary Fish, resembling the Stry-
LePHoRus of Shaw. By S. L. Mircuity, M.D. Read

February 3, 1824.

Tuts individual was presented to me by Captain Hector
Coffin. It was taken during a voyage from Londonderry to
New-York, in latitude 52° N. and longitude 30° W. It was
discovered afloat about twenty yards from the vessel. A boat
was hoisted out for the purpose of raising it. The creature
was raised from the water without any resistance, and died in
filteen minutes after being brought on board.

When first seen, the belly was distended, as if blown up to
the size of a quart decanter, or the crown of a hat. The sto-
mach contained a fish ten inches long, which, from its sound
state, appeared to have been recently swallowed. That fish
was not preserved.

The length was six feet; of which fourteen inches belonged
to the body, or the space between the extremity of the up-
per lip beneath to the vent. The tail was flagelliform, or like
the lash of a whip, and gradually tapered away in the course
of fifty-eight inches to a point. Toward the end it was flexible
enough to be tied into knots, after the manner of a string or a
cord.

The specimen was a female ; and the colour a dusky brown,
resembling that of a dark eel. :
Its aspect, when raised from the jar of alcoholic spirit, in
which it had been well preserved, was so strange and ambigu-
ous, that, until I discovered gills, I could not satisfactorily de-
cide that it was a fish. The roes were very distinct, the ova-

ries being large and full of eggs.

The pisciform character being settled, lendeavoured to de-
termine the order to which it systematically belonged. Though
the absence of ventral fins led to its classification among the
Apodes, yet the want of opercles and branchial apertures, to-

Description of a Fish resembling the Stylephorus, 83

gether with the presence of one slit on each side of the neck
below for respiration, and a universal softness of the parts, fix
its place among the Cartilaginous.

I proceed to a more particular description of its figure and
dimensions. ay

The mouth had an enormous gape ; and the throat, for the
space of six inches, was but a membranous bag. It was capa-
cious enough to receive my hand without difficulty. ‘The in-
ternal surface was. black. There was no appearance of a
tongue.

From the upper part of the mouth, or the spot where the
upper maxillary bones unite, to the angle of the jaw, was three
inches ; and from, that angle to the tip of the lower jaw, three
inches.

The symphysis of the ehin had a very flexible joint, that was
capable of opening or expanding from a most acute angle to a
right line, or as nearly so as the curvature of the bones per-
mitted. This construction, with a corresponding laxity of the
jaws gave the mouth an extraordinary power of expansion.
Yet, when the angles of the jaws are approximated, and the
bones of the lower jaw brought to their parallelism, the mouth
closes with exactness, and in that state gives no indication of
the size to which it spreads when open.

The lower jaw was toothless ; but the upper jaw, for about
an inch and a half, was furnished with a row of teeth, bony
and hooked. :

The eyes were situated about half an inch from the point of
the upper jaw, one on each side, and looking forward. They
were small, and did not exceed in diameter the sixteenth of an
inch.

The head was smaller than is usual in fish. Tt would seem
that its principal use was to give origin and insertion to the
bones and muscles of the jaws. At its foremost point is a
small knob or projection forward of the eyes; and from it
proceeded a sort of freenum sustaining the upper lip. From

84 Description of a Fish resembling the Stylepkorus.

this inconsiderable head proceeded the vertebral column, which
in its progress to the tail gradually tapered away, and seem-
ed to lose its bones and joints, and to be converted into a sort
of tough and grisly appendage.

There was no appearance of ribs.

There were two gill-openings, one on each side of the neck
below, resembling slits, about an inch and a half long. The
gills themselves are situated within the duplicatures of the
openings in three bundles or divisions, suspended by mem-
branes and skin. |

The skin was smooth and scaleless, and susceptible of be-
ing easily moved and pinched up, like that of some species of
Lophius.

From the head a whitish line extended on each side of the
back, as far as its bony constitution could be traced. Two
similar stripes, one on each side, proceed from the vent back-
ward to the tail, but they are less distinct, and disappeared
sooner. Between the former is situated the dorsal fin; be-
tween the latter, the anal fin.

The dorsal fin begins about eleven inches from the tip of
the upper jaw, ‘and reaches like a fillet or narrow riband,
quite to the tail, and at its extremity joined the anal.

The anal fin commenced just behind the vent, and was con-
tinued also quite to the tail, and there joined the dorsal.

The caudal fin was so faint or indistinct, that I have hardly
thought it worthy of notice. I ought to remark, however,
that several hair-like rays may be distinguished. The rays of
these were very numerous, but it was impossible to count
them.

Thus the dorsal and anal fins are united with each other, or
are connected with the caudal.

The pectoral fins are situated immediately behind the gill
openings. They are very small and feeble, of a squarish
shape, and from one half to ene quarter of an inch_long.

é

Description of a Fish resembling the Stylephorus. 85

They were of a fleshy consistence, and contained about thirty
slender rays.

The distance from the mouth to the vent was fourteen
inches. All the rest of the length, amounting to fifty-eight
inches, tapered away gradually from an inch in depth almost
to a point.

The stomach was ample and capacious ; the intestine di-
rect and short ; the liver distinct and well-formed.

Filiform processes, or excrescences, about an inch in length,
depended on each side of the whitish stripe all the way from
the head down the back to the tail. The space between them
is nearly an inch, so that they probably amounted to fifty
pairs. These cirrhi, or threads, have no expansion or enlarge-
ment at their extremities.

The points of resemblance between this animal and the Sty-
lephorus described by Shaw, may be easily gathered even from
his bad description and worse figure. They are both furnished
with the same curiously organized mouth, the same fins and
elongated caudal process. The lateral line described above
corresponds with the ‘double fibre” of Shaw, and they are
both scaleless. In the Stylephorus the dorsal is described as
not being continuous. He says, however, “I am not without
my doubts whether it might not in the living animal have
run quite to the tail, and whether the specimen might not have
received injury in that part.”

The colour of Shaw’s fish is described as silvery, but those.
who are acquainted with the fugacious nature of metallic co-
lours in this class of animals, are aware that nothing positive
can be deduced from this accidental circumstance. The fact
of their being captured in different latitudes, and the ae
ence in their size, is of little importance.

The eyes of the Stylephorus are described as being large
and pedunculated ; in the animal noticed above, they are small
and sessile. Shaw examines carefully to find marks of a re-
ticulated structure, but without success. The circumstance of

86 Description of a Fish resembling the Stylephorus.

their standing on peduncles or footstalks is so much-at vari-
ance with what occurs in other animals, that I should hesitate
little in declaring their unusual form to have been the result
of accident or disease.

» As the generic name proposed by Shaw is probably derived
from an accidental character, I venture to substitute for it the
name of Saccopharynx, in allusion to the pouch-like form of
its throat.

Genus. SACCOPHARYNX.
Jaws capable of great dilatation.
Throat wide like a bag.
Tail flagelliform, tapering away to a point, and beset with
many pairs of cirrhi.
Dorsal, caudal, and anal fins united:

Cabinet of Dr. Mitchill.

Osservations and Experiments on the Seeds of the Crr-
BeRA TueveTra. By I. B. Ricorp Mapianna, M.D.
Read March 1, 1824.

Prrsoon, in his Synopsis Plantarum, enumerates se-
ven species of the genus Cerbera; and the only one which,
until the present time, has been suspected of having deleteri-

ous properties, is the Cerbera Ahovai. Orfila, in his Toxicolo--

gia, mentions that the kernel of the fruit of C. Ahovai is very
poisonous, and that the wood thrown into a pond stupifies the
fish. He adds, that the fruit of C. Munghas has a sharp and
bitter taste, and that its qualities are emetic. But this learned
toxicologist makes no observations on the other species of
Cerbera.

In October 1823, being at Guadaloupe, in the parish of
Capes terre, ] discovered the C. Thevetia. This shrub was

re
e

ey
7)

> e #5

On the Seeds of the Cerbera Thevetia. 87

then’ (as is common in those climates) in full bearing, loaded
with blossoms and fruits, both ripe and unripe. I gave some
of the milky juice to a lizard, and being frequently in the habit
of examining poisonous plants, immediately discovered that it
was not deleterious.

I gathered about an ounce of the milky juice, and gave it
to a young dog, which did not appear to be much incommoded
by it. I gave the pulp of three of the fruits to another dog, which
experienced no bad effect from it. Being much occupied at
this time, in making experiments with other noxious plants, I
determined to try the seeds of the C. Thevetia on some future
occasion.

I re-commenced these experiments a few days ago in this
city. Having pounded in a mortar the kernels found in one
of the C. Thevetia, weighing 14 grains, I made an emulsion
with distilled water. This emulsion had a bitter and soapy
taste. At twenty-five minutes past ten o’clock in the morning, I
gave this dose to a robust young dog, fasting. For about a
minute, he made considerable exertions to vomit, having a dry
cough, as if he had swallowed some substance, which was car-
ried directly to the lungs. . This continued until eleven o’clock,
when the animal vomited at several different times, a whitish
frothy matter; he foamed at the mouth in a manner similar
to what I have observed when I have exhibited the seeds of
the Mammea americana. He was much agitated, and ran about
in different directions ; his brain was aflected, his mouth was
covered with foam, and his posterior extremities stiff, accompa-
nied by a staggering motion. At twenty minutes after eleven,
there was great irritation of the stomach, and frequent incli-
nation to vomit. At twelve o’clock, these symptoms were
much abated. His respiration was agitated; but I judged,
from previous experience in these cases, that the animal would
recover. At three o’clock he was out of danger, as the dose
had been too small to produce fatal consequences.

88 On the Seeds of the Cerbera Thevetia

At thirty-eight minutes past five o’clock, in the afternoon of
the same day, I gave a dog of similar size twenty-eight grains
of the seeds of C. Thevetia, with an ounce and a half of dis-
tilled water. One minute after having swallowed this poison,
the animal had the hiccough with vertigo. He attempted to
walk but was unable to stand. At forty-six minutes past five,
he vomited a viscous matter; he appeared nearly insensible,
and his breathing was very slow. At five minutes before six
o’clock, all his members were completely paralyzed ; he groan-
ed mournfully, and lay entirely motionless. The pupil of the
eye was much dilated, and insensible to light ; respiration was
extremely laborious, the extremities cold, and the pulse feeble
and trembling. At six o’clock he died.

Appearances on Dissection.

All the blood-vessels leading to the brain over-distended
with blood.

The arachnoid membrane very much injected.

Some water at the basis of the brain.

The auricles and ventricles distended with clots of black
‘blood.

The stomach much contracted ; its blood-vessels slightly in-
jected; the mucous membrane towards the great arch, and the
pilorus, of a dark red colour.

The mucous membrane of the duodenum much inflamed,
and containing a mucous fluid, of a spongy yellow colour.

From this dissection, it may be concluded that the animal
had suffered a violent gastro-enteritis, which brought on death
more rapidly, by making a strong impression on the nervous
system.

This poison then belongs to the class of acrid-nervous; and.
1 am induced to believe that the peculiarly active poisonous
principle is prussic acid.

ee n

’ ie i,

On Columbite and other North American Minerals. 89

An Account of the Cotumsrrte of Haddam, ( Connecticut,) with
Notices of several other NortH American Minerars. By
Joun Torrey, M.D. Read March 1, 1824.

Tue history of Columbium is recorded in almost every
work on Chemistry and Mineralogy, and is familiar to all who
have made these sciences their study. Though it is now twen-
ty years since Mr. Hatchett made his interesting discovery,
the only North American specimen of Columbite known until
lately, was the original one in the British Museum, and even
the precise locality of that is not known. It is said to have
been sent many years since by the late Governor Winthrop, of
Connecticut, to Sir Hans Sloane, then President of the Royal
Society ; after whose death it was deposited in the Museum
where it still remains. According to a notice in the 8th vo-
lume of the New-York Medical Repository, the locality is said
to be near a spring not far from the house of Gov. Winthrop,
near New-London. It has, however, been many years sought
for without success; and some mineralogists have doubted
whether the specimen in the British Museum was found in
Connecticut, or in any part of this country ; but that it was a
Swedish specimen of Tantalite, which had by mistake been la-
belled as North American.

In a collection of minerals which I sent many years since
to Count Trolle Wachtmeister, this distinguished savant in~
formed me, that in one of the specimens from Haddam,
containing cymophane, beryl, &c. Professor Berzelius had
detected the Tantalite, and that it exactly resembled that of
Finbo in Sweden. A notice of this discovery I published
in the 4th volume of Silliman’s Journal, but it has been over-
looked by Cleaveland in the second edition of his excellent
work, and also by Phillips in the last edition of his Mineralo-
gy. As soon as I received this interesting information, I care-
fully examined the one or two specimens of the Haddam rock

12

90 On Columbite and other North American Minerals.

remaining in my possession, but without finding the substance
which I supposed Berzelius alluded to; and since that time,
until lately, I had made no other search for it. A few weeks
- since, however, in examining some splendid specimens of the
above-mentioned remarkable rock, presented to me by Col.
Gibbs, I observed disseminated through one of them, several
small masses of a blackish substance, having the appearance
of an ore of Manganese. On a more attentive examination, it
presented some unusual characters, and at length I discovered
a considerable number of minute crystals, which were evident-
ly of the same mineral with the masses. It occurred to me
that this was the Tantalite of Berzelius, and a chemical exa-
mination of the small portion of the mineral which I could sa-
crifice for this purpose, left little doubt on the subject. ‘The
following is a more particular description of the mineral.

It occurs in small amorphous masses, and in minute crys-
tals, disseminated in a granitic aggregate, consisting of quartz,
albite,* talc, friable manganesian garnet, beryl, cymophane,
&c. The amorphous masses, which are probably very imper-
fect crystals, are from one-fourth to half an inch in diameter,
of a grayish-black colour, with the surface always more or less
irised. Itis opaque. Its structure is imperfectly foliated. Its
fracture is somewhat conchoidal. It is not magnetic, either
before or after being heated with charcoal. It is sufficiently
hard to scratch glass, but not to strike fire with steel. ‘The
powder of the mineral is very dark brown. Specific gravity
5.90. Before the blow-pipe it is nearly infusible, the smallest
fragment being slightly rounded on the edges. Borax dis-
solves it very slowly, forming a pale yellowish glass.

* CLEAVELANDITE of H. I. Brooke, Esq. as proposed in the last edition
of Phillips’s Mineralogy. It is a subject of regret, that this name must be
given up for that of ALBrre, the latter having been several years since pro-
posed by Hisinger and Berzelius for those varieties of Feldspar having a
base of soda. ;

On Columbite and other North American Minerals. 91

The crystals are very minute, being seldom greater in dia-
meter than a common pin, and often much less ; yet many are
extremely perfect. The greater number of these crystals is
imbedded in the singular friable garnet, which Mr. Seybert
has ascertained to contain 30 per cent. of manganese. In one
instance, I found them long, very slender, and disposed in a
radiatng manner. They are often grouped or intersecting,
and are very brittle. The form of the crystal is that of a
compressed rectangular prism, usually truncated on the late-
ral edges, or a four-sided pyramid, two sides of which are, in
most instances, unduly extended. According to Phillips, the
primary form of the Columbite is a right rectangular prism.
The annexed figures represent two of the crystals with the mea-
surement of the angles taken with the reflecting goniometer.
No. 1 is the most common. This, it will be seen, much re-
sembles a figure of Columbite in the 3d edition of Phillips’s
Mineralogy, except in some of the minor truncations.

Kig.1.
P on-Miyor T) = = v-.4'-) =- 90.00
Mon T -- -'--=-'----- 90.00
T ond1 or M on’d3 - - 157.00
TT MM
,|| ——- 2 or —— = 2 = - 129.50
1/213 Y
——-3--------- 102.50

A small quantity of the powdered mineral was fused with
six parts of potash and one of borax. A mass of a deep green
colour was obtained. Muriatic acid, poured on this, left a
white powder, which, from the small quantity of the ore ope-
rated upon, could not be particularly examined, but it appear-
ed to be oxyd of Columbium. The muriatic solution was
found to contain iron and manganese. I regret exceedingly

92 On Columbite and other North American Minerals.

not having a suflicient quantity of the mineral to make a com-
plete analysis ; but its external characters, crystalline form, and
the few chemical experiments I have made, together with the
great probability of the substance I examined being the same
alluded to by Berzelius, leave little doubt that it is Columbite.
Still I hope, by examining a considerable number of speci-
mens, to find a sufficient quantity of the ore to undertake a de-
tailed analysis.

If I am correct in my determination of the Haddam mineral,
we have a clue, perhaps, to the discovery of the long-lost Co-
lumbite. The original specimen is said to have been found in
New-London, which place is not more than 25 miles from
Haddam. It is true, that the largest piece of ore yet seen from
the latter locality, does not much exceed half an inch in dia-
meter, while that in the British Museum is said to weigh seve-
ral ounces; but it is reasonable to expect, that, when the new
locality is thoroughly explored, masses of considerable size
will be discovered. There is another circumstance which fa-
vours the opinion that the mineral analyzed by Mr. Hatchett is
of the same variety, and from the same locality, as that of
Haddam, which is, the specific gravity of the latter. The
North American Columbite was found by Dr. Wollaston to
be much lighter than that of Sweden, the cause of which was
supposed to be small cavities in the former, and in confirma-
tion of this opinion, | would mention that the Haddam Colum-
bite, when immersed in water, continued to give out minuté
bubbles of air for a considerable time, after which the specific
gravity was much increased. ’

Phosphate of Manganese. There is but a single North
American locality of this rare mineral given by Cleave-
land, who remarks, that “ it is said to occur in Pennsylvania.”
f have not been able to ascertain either in what part of that
state it is to be found, or upon whose authority the locality is
given. About a year since, Mr. Nuttall placed in my hands

On Columbite and other North American Minerals. 92.

for examination a mineral, which he discovered in the vicinity
of Philadelphia, which I have ascertained to be a Phosphate of
Manganese. It occurs in small imperfectly laminated masses,
imbedded in granite, near the New Water Works. It is of a
brownish black colour, with a chatoyant lustre. Its streak
is rather light brown. _ It is soft enough to be cut with a knife.
Alone before the blow-pipe, it is easily fusible, with ebullition,
into a black glass. With borax it forms a violet glass.

Sulphuret of Antimony. My friend Mr. Oliver Bronson, an
active mineralogist of this Society, has put it in my power to
add this and the following mineral to the already extensive
catalogue found at Mr. Lane’s mine, Huntington, Connecti-
cut. It is found incrusting and partly filling up cavities in
quartz, and is associated with sulphuret of iron. It is of
lead-gray colour, easily scraped by a knife, and is almost en-
tirely volatilized before the blow-pipe, exhaling the odour of
sulphur, but without any arsenical smell.

Carbonate of Iron. This, like the preceding mineral, oc-
curs in cavernous quartz, in small drusy crystals, of a yellow-
ish-brown colour, and is associated with the sulphuret and mi-
eaceous oxyd of iron. It dissolves very slowly, with efferves-
cence, in muriatic acid. Before the blow-pipe it becomes
black and magnetic, and when urged by the most intense heat
throws out brilliant scintillations.

94 An account of the Phoca cristata.

An Account of the Paoca cristata, recently taken in the
vicinity of this city. By James E. Dexay, M.D. Read
March 1, 1824.

Aw animal of the genus Phoca is now exhibiting in this
place, under the absurd name of Sea Elephant. As every
thing connected with the history of this obscure genus is in-
teresting to the naturalist, I have examined the animal, and
drawn up the following description :

Length of the (whole) animal, from the symphysis of the
lower jaw to the root of the tail, seven feet. Body cylindri-
cal, tapering gradually to the tail, and covered with flattened
hairs about an inch in length. Colour gray and dark brown,
distributed in irregular patches. ‘The grayish appearance is
produced by very short hairs beneath the white. On the ab-
domen the gray predominates. ‘The extremities are of an
uniform blackish brown. Head small in proportion to the
body, but furnished with a peculiar appendage, which, when
dilated to its full extent, more than equals the head itself in
size. This appendage, which is termed a hood, is a movea-
ble muscular bag, capable of great dilatation, extending from
the rostrum to about five inches behind the eyes, and in cer-
tain positions, nearly covering the internal canthi. _ It is twelve
inches in extent from the nostrils to its posterior part, and nine
inches in height. Externally it is of a bright brown, covered
with short hairs, and exhibits many slight transverse ruge.
At its juncture with the integuments behind, a few strong hairs
are observed, which may be considered as appertaining to the
eyes, similar to other animals of this genus. The nostrils are
round, each two inches in diameter, and placed in the ante-
rior part of the hood. Through these the foreign substances
employed in distending the hood for exhibition were intro-
duced. When the hood is not distended, the cartilagmous

3
An account of the Phoca cristata. 95

septum nasi is distinctly felt from the outside, rising forwards,
and at its greatest: elevation about: six inches high.

Eyes large, six inches and a half from the extremity of the
upper jaw, of a dull greenish hue, the cornea very flat. Ear
openings distinct, situated two inches and a half behind and
beneath the eyes; no concha, nor even its rudiment, could be
observed. Cheeks and hood furnished with twenty-five to
thirty strong mastaces (Illig.) on each side, arranged in rows
converging forwards. The mastaces of the upper rows black
and small; of the inferior rows whitish, very stout, flatten-
ed, and about five inches in length; all directed downwards.
When examined minutely, they seem to have a series of short
alternate bevels on each edge, but no spiral turns. The tongue
large and fleshy, and divided at its tip to the depth of half an
inch,

Teeth thirty in number; above, four incisors, two canine
and ten jaw teeth; below, two incisors, two canine and ten
jaw teeth. The incisors above are cylindrical and approxi-
mated ; the two inner are small; the exterior much larger,
and nearly half the size of the neighbouring canine. The ca-
nine are considerably larger than those of the lower jaw, and
more incurved. The incisors of the lower jaw are very small
and cylindrical; the:jaw teeth above and below are small, dis-
tant, and have each a cutting edge; on the posterior part of
this edge, a notch or transverse indentation is visible. The
first is placed at some distance from the canine, and is much
smaller than the others.

The anterior swimming paws are small in proportion to the
size of the animal, of a uniform dark brown, except near their
_ junction with the body, when they assume the mottled appear-
ance of that part. ‘They are furnished each with five strong,
compressed, channelled claws, dark at their base, and of a
light horn colour at the tips; the exterior largest. The dis-
tance from the origin of the anterior part of the swimming
paws to the end of the jaw, is twenty inches. The length of

96 An account of the Phoca cristata.

these members is fifteen inches. The posterior suimming paws
are lunated at their extremities, and are fifteen imches in
length. They are furnished with five depressed claws, or ra-
ther horny lamin, of which the external are largest. ‘They
are all placed at some distance within the webbed extremities.
When expanded, the posterior extremities are fifteen inches in
breadth. The tail is six and a half inches in length, and at its
base is three broad. It is flattened, furnished with hair similar
to that covering the body, and tapers gradually to the tip.
Weight estimated at between five and six hundred pounds. It
is a full grown male.

It was taken in a small creek emptying into Long-Island
Sound at East Chester, about fourteen miles from this city.
The animal made considerable resistance, but exhibited no
symptoms of fear. ‘The captor succeeded in diverting his at-
tention by means of a dog, and was thus enabled to destroy
him by repeated discharges of his musket.

In the foregoing description, the remarkable peculiarities
presented by the teeth cannot escape notice. The incisors re-
semble the canine so much in form, that their actual position
alone can serve to point out their nature. Pennant, in the Arctic
Zoology, describes four above and four. below, being led into
this error by confounding the laniary teeth with the incisors.
The molares, or what with more propriety may be designated
as jaw teeth, are very small in proportion to the size of the
animal, hardly exceeding those of a child of five years old.
The whole number of teeth in this tribe, varies from thirty to
thirty-six. It is a curious coincidence that the different spe-
cies distinguished by a great developement of the hood, or ap-
pendage to the head, are equally remarkable for the same num-
ber of teeth. Thus the Ph. leonina, Gm. (proboscidea, Peron.)
and the Ph. cristata, Gm. have but two incisors below, indi-
cating a very natural division in this partially known family.

The uses of the hood are obscure. The captor of this ani-
mal relates, that when he first commenced his attack, he

An account of the Phoca cristata. 97

inflated this part, and made a bellowing noise, and that it con-
tinued inflated until he expired. Its use in defending the head
and eyes from hail, sand, &c. as related by Egede, and impli-
citly followed by all subsequent writers, is, to say the least,
problematical. The fishermen believe, that it is a sort of re-
servoir for air, which the animal uses when under water. _ Its
great bulk, when distended, would however prevent the animal
from descending freely, or moving with facility beneath the
surface of the water. It is said by most writers to be a sexual
distinction ; and there can be little doubt but that it is more
strongly developed in the males. The connexion of the nos-
trils with the hood, the configuration of this part, and the nu-
merous mastaces with which it is furnished, indicate its impor-
tance as subsidiary to the sense of smell. The weak arms of
offence and defence allotted to this animal render it necessary
that this faculty should be exercised in the greatest possible
degree.

With respect to the place it should occupy in the systems,
1 have little hesitation in considering it as the Phoca cristata
of Gmelin, Phoque a capuchon Cuvier, the Hooded Seal of
Pennant.* In the “ Histoire des Peches des Hollandois,” vol. I.
p- 216, it is stated that the usual residence of this seal is at the
entrance of Davis’ Straits. Pennant mentions, that it is some-
times seen in Newfoundland. This is the first individual, as
far as I can learn, that has been found within the limits of the
United States.

* As Pennant’s Arctic Zoology is a work to which few have access, I
have added an abstract of his description of the hooded seal. ‘P. with
four cutting teeth above and below; fore-feet like the human; thumb
long; membrane on the hind feet extends beyond the claws. On the fore-
head of the male is a thick folded skin, ridged halfway up, which it can in-
flate, and draw down like a cap, to defend its eyes against storms, &c. The
females and young have only the rudiments of this guard. It has two spe-
cies of hair, the longest white, the shortest thick, black, and woolly, which
gives it a beautiful gray colour; grows to the length of eight feet. The
Germans call it Klapmutz, from its covering its face as if with a cap,” &.

13

95 An account of the Phoca cristata.

As it does not seem sufficiently distinguished from the others
in the systems, I propose the following specific character :

P. cristata. P.capite inauriculato ; alis nasalibus (maris)
permagnis, utrem simulantibus ; dentibus primoribus maxillz
superioris quatuor, maxille inferioris duobus; molaribus
utriusque maxillz decem.

My thanks are due to the draughtsman of the Lyceum,
Mr. H. Inman, for the very faithful delineation which he has
made of this animal.

Plate VII.

In a work now publishing in a series of numbers at Paris,
by Frederick Cuvier, under the title of ‘“‘ Des dents des Mam-
miferes considérés comme caractéres zoologiques,” a work re-
markable for the accuracy, minuteness, and extent of its
observations, I find a species of Phoca mentioned, which, as
far as the teeth are concerned, corresponds almost exactly
with the Phoca cristata just described. It is there said to _
have been sent from New-York* by our associate Mr. Milbert,
under the name of Phoca mitrata, Phoque a mitre. It is pos-
sible that this may have been brought here from the north by

* The localities of American animals, as given in European works, are
often erroneous. Pennant has described many animals as from New-York,
whose natural abodes are often far in the interior of the continent. The
eause is obvious. New-York, independent of her intercourse with foreign
nations, is the great mart for furs, peltries, &c. from the north-west regions.
Cuvier, in his great work “ Sur les Ossemens Fossiles,” ed. 2. t. 1V. p. 43.
mentions having received the horns of the Cervus hippelaphus, an Asiatic
animal, from New-York. He states that they were brought from the
Northwest coast, by the expedition under Lewis & Clarke. It is possible
that these horns may have been carried thither by some of the numerous
vessels navigating between the Northwest coast and Asia, or were brought to
this port directly from the latter country. In the cabinet of the Lyceum
are several incisors and canine teeth of the Hippopotamus. These were
taken from a sealing vessel in this harbour, which had just arrived from the
South Sea, and what is worthy of remark, they are said to have been found
on the shores of the Falkland Islands.

An account of the Phoca cristata. 99

a Whaling vessel; should this prove to be the case, I should
be inclined to believe that it is absolutely identical with the
Phoca cristata described above. In the most recent works
that I have been enabled to consult, I find no description of
the Phoca mtrata ; but from the details given by M. F. Cu-
vier of its osteology, the following are the most striking dif-
ferences: the head, to judge by the plate, No. 38. B., is less
than one-half the size of the Phoca cristata ; the jaw-teeth are
more closely approximated, the furrows in them deeper, and
the last two are doubly furrowed.

APPEARANCES on Dissection of the Puoca cristata. By E.
G. Luptow, M. D. and F. G. Kine, M.D. Read March
15, 1824.

Arter the minute account of this animal already read by
Dr. Dekay, in which so precise a description of the head and
teeth is to be found, we have little left to offer.

The head in general, although strongly resembling that
of the dog, has nevertheless a striking peculiarity on its
upper surface.

About two inches from the extremity of the upper jaw
on its superior surface, rises a cartilaginous crest, rapidly
increasing in height as it passes backwards, being about seven
inches in height at its posterior or vertical edge, which is sepa-
rated into two planes, by an intervening depression of an inch
in depth.

Its superior edge is slightly convex, and the whole structure
is clearly an elongation of the septum of the nose, the true nos-
trils opening on each side of it by an oblong fissure.

This crest rises into the hood, or sac-like appendage of the
head.

100 Dissection of the Phoca cristata.

This hood is strongly muscular, with an aggregation of
circular fibres around its external orifices, which are two,
situated at the lower anterior part of the hood: these proba-
bly served the purpose of sphincters, so as perfectly to close the
sac.

The length of the upper jaw beyond this crest, is chiefly
attributable to the ossa imtermaxillaria, which are long and
broad.

The entire number of teeth is thirty; for an accurate ac-
count of which we refer to the preceding paper.

The spine consists of twenty-nine pieces, viz. : five cervical,
fifteen dorsal, two sacral, and seven caudal vertebrze, which
were not complete, as a part of the tail had been cut off;
from report, however, there must have been as many as ten
caudal pieces.

The ribs were fifteen in number, flat and slender. The
pelvis was long and narrow, having a direct diameter of only
three and a quarter inches, and resembling that of the otter.
Its cotyloid cavity inclined a little upwards, to which a strong
short femur is attached. Thyroid foramen small, and filled
with a dense ligament.

The anterior and posterior swimming paws were exactly
similar in structure to the extremities of man; having how-
ever a less number of metacarpal and metatarsal bones.

In the anterior swimming paw, the phalanges decrease regu-
larly from the thumb to the little finger, whilst in the posterior,
the first and last fingers are longer than the intermediate ones-
apparently, but not in reality, as this seeming increase is
dependent on an increased length of nail. The fingers are
not separate, but connected by a very thick web, the claws
appearing on its upper side and reaching to, but not over-
lapping the margin of the web.

The diaphragm very strong and thick.

The eye is very peculiar, perfectly spherical, with the nerve
entering directly in the axis of the ball. The selerotica di-

Dissection of the Phoca cristata. 1034

vided at its middle entirely around, its two edges connected
by an elastic membrane thickly covered by muscles. The
posterior half is subdivided into four longitudinal segments,
extending from its edge to within a quarter of an inch of the
entrance of the optic nerve.

This structure, by elongating the axis of vision, may enable
the animal more clearly to discern distant objects, and also
by the reverse to draw the eye deep within the socket during
repose, especially as there are no moveable lids, but only
the membrana nictitans.

The lens is spherical, the iris broad and evidently muscular.

The penis strongly resembling that of the dolphin and
porpoise, but containing a cylindrical bone seven inches long,
with a small groove on its under side. |

Testicles very large, and strongly exhibiting the corpus
pampiniforme. They were without the pelvis, and the size
of the abdominal ring compared with that of the testis, forbade
all belief that they could ever repass mto the abdomen, unless
very much lessened in size.

The os hyoides has a delicate body, slightly semilunate, with-
out tuberosity or apophysis. ‘The posterior cornua complete
the arch, these are flattened, and gradually increasing in
width, as they approach the thyroid cartilage, they terminate
in a rounded obtuse extremity.

The anterior cornu is composed of three bones, the first of
which is short and thick, the middle one has a large base,
gradually tapering towards its junction with the third, which
in length and delicacy exceeds the others, being cylindrical
in its body, and condyloid in its termination.

The aretenoid cartilages were unusually large and long,
and from the nature of their joint, admit of motion in all
directions ; and it will be well here to remark, that the closing
of the rima glottidis is effected by a peculiar cartilaginous
structure. There was also a peculiarity in the muscular
structure of this part worthy of note, for the aretenoidei

102 Dissection of the Phoca cristata.

transversales, instead of running directly across, met in a
tendinous centre line, and there was but one aretenoidceus
obliquus. The trachea in length from its bifurcation to the
os hyoides was twenty-four inches, and composed of flat
cartilaginous rings, with undulating edges. At the junction
of the extremities of each ring, the ends overlap each other
about half an inch, and as nothing but a leose cellular
structure intervenes, they may, by this means, be enabled to
admit of much distention if necessary.

The cesophagus, particularly near the pharynx, was com-
pletely studded with large mucous glands, gradually disap-
pearing as they approached the

Stomach, which was simple, though large and strongly
muscular, exhibited a velvety coat, internally for about two-
thirds its length from the pylorus, its larger end being more
like the lining membrane of the cesophagus. Its length is
three feet, curved one foot upon itself.

The intestinal tube exhibited no peculiarities, being nearly
invariable in size both in the large and small intestines.

Coecum very short.

On the mesentery, near the duodenum, a long spongy
glandular body was observed; from its situation, probably
the pancreas, although no ducts were visible.

The bladder, as in the human body, but more muscular,
exhibiting a beautiful arrangement of circular, spiral, and
longitudinal fibres. ‘The prostate gland obcordate, very
large, and had a portion of the urethra imbedded in it. The
kidney large and lobulated, exhibiting a sort of reticulated
surface, with hexagonal compartments.

Liver of the same colour and consistence as in man, but com-
posed of six distinct lobes, three large, and the same number
small, all with acute terminations, with numerous lobuli,
irregularly scattered through them. The transverse fissure
was very indistinct, although the vena porte was dispro-
portionately large.

Dissection of the Phoca cristata. 103

The heart, like that of all the mammalia, was very large,
and by inflation and injection, we satisfied ourselves that
the foramen ovale was closed ; so that the opinion of Cuvier,
that the foramen ovale is not open, but that the size of the
vena portz answers the same purpose, by enabling the animal
to remain long under water without breathing, is confirmed by
our observations on this animal.

Ozservations on. the North American species of the genus
Gratiota. By Capt. Joun Le Conre of the U. S.
Army, F. L. S. &c. Read March 22, 1824.

Is certainty unattainable in human pursuits, when they are
not connected with mathematical science? This question,
which has been so frequently asked, must have presented itself
with peculiar force to the mind of every naturalist. He sees
every where around him systems adopted and laid aside ;
facts at one time admitted, and almost immediately afterwards
controverted ; what but a few years ago was considered as
fixed beyond the reach of doubt, now entirely overthrown ;
new names, new distributions are for ever appearing: while
nature, from whom all these things are pretended to be de-
rived, is unchangeable. Can what is so variable have pro-
ceeded from her? or do we only flatter ourselves, when we
call the suggestions of our fancy, the arrangements of nature f
Nature is constant, but our own prejudices, our vanity,
and our blind presumption mislead us. Few, however willing
they may be, see with their own eyes. The authority of
personal experience, weighs nothing against the whims of a
favourite author, and we,willingly choose to fetter our reason,
and to entangle our faculties in the mazes of others’ imagi-
nations.

104 Observations on the North American Gratiola.

In the present state of botanical knowledge, these remarks
will apply to almost every genus which contains species not
commonly met with, or extensively diffused. The impertect
descriptions of the elder investigators of our natural pro-
ductions, who considered brevity as the very essence of
correctness, have left to us and to our successors a fruitful
source of contention and doubt. Who can say, that a species
designated in Gronovius, only by a solitary characteristic, is
identical with any now produced, although that character-
istic belongs to it; when the very mark upon which so much
stress is laid, is found not to be peculiar to one species, but
common to many? Shall we appeal to Herbaria? Age and
the distortion produced by preserving these delicate objects.
entirely alter their appearance. Besides, the variations oc-
casioned by climate and seasons, and difference of soil can only
be known to him who examines them in their native situations.
A thousand accidents may occasion apparent differences,
where none in reality exist. Colour is fugitive and variable ;
magnitude inconstant, pubescence frequently the effect of a
juxuriant growth, and the want of it, of the reverse; all of
which except in living plants, are apt to deceive. I add to
all this, one more fruitful source of confusion, the insatiable
desire of discovering new species: but were we able to
check this desire, and to come to our investigations with a
cool judgment, and a well-regulated disposition to correct the
errors of others, rather than to advance our own celebrity ;
this would be our first rule of conduct, that to diminish the
number of species, is of more benefit to science, than to in-
crease them.

I take up the small genus of Gratiola, almost at random,
and find extreme difficulty in clearing it of confusion. Modern
errors are heaped upon ancient, and our latest writers instead
of throwing aside as useless, the indeterminate species of
former botanists, seem to delight in preserving them in the
enumeration of what they please to term known plants. The

Observations on the North American Gratiole. 105

half of our botanical books consists of synonyms, and
references to different authors, no matter how obscure, or how
little known, and he who collects the most of this rubbish, con-
eludes that he has laboured most in the cause of science.

Before proceeding to investigate this genus, it may be well
to observe, that the shape of the capsule is variable, some-
times even in individuals of the same species ; that the bracteal
leaves or appendages to the calyx are found in all; and that
there never are four fertile stamina.

1. Caroliniensis. Stem smooth, little branched, pro-
cumbent at the base, the upper part tetragonal, the lower
terete: leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate, rather obtuse,
dentate, three-nerved: peduncles pubescent, short; calyx-
leaves linear-lanceolate, equal, entire; bracts broader, ex-
panding; corolla white, internally pubescent; sterile fila-
ments none; capsule globose. Inhabits in wet grounds from
Carolina to Florida. 2. Is sometimes found with part of the
stem and some of the leaves pubescent.

This species, which is the largest in America, has a very
striking resemblance to the G. officinalis of Europe, but the
description points out the differences. It is remarkable what
confusion reigns among all writers with regard to it. Mi-
chaux saw its resemblance to the European species, and con-
sidered it the same. Persoon, struck by the circumstance of
its wanting the sterile filaments, makes a subspecies of it.
Mr. Elliott, who persuaded himself that the G. awrea was the
officinalis of Michaux, makes a new species of it under the name
of G. spherocarpa ; and Pursh, who never saw the plant but in
dried specimens, which he obtained from me, without hesitation
pronounces it the G. acuminata of Walter, and thus it becomes
again the G. megalocarpa of Elliott. It is doubtless the G.
virgimana of Walter: and may be the G. peruviana of Feuillé,
for it would not be strange that a plant found in the lower
parts of our southern states, should extend into Mexico and
South America.

14

106 Observations on the North American Gratiole.

2. Virginica. Stem more or less pubescent, branching at
the base, assurgent, terete ; leaves smooth, sessile, lanceolate,
rather obtuse, dentate on the upper part, attenuated at the
base: peduncles long, setaceous, pubescent: calyx-leaves
equal, lanceolate, obtuse; bracts broader: corolla white,
internally pubescent, tube yellow; capsule ovate, rather
acute: sterile filaments none. Inhabits from Canada to
Mississippi, but is never found in the low country of the
southern states. 2.

3. Viscosa. Stem assurgent, viscously pubescent, subterete ;
leaves smooth, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, dentate,
three-nerved: peduncles long; calyx-leaves equal, linear-
lanceolate; bracts broader, expanding, shorter than the calyx;
corolla internally pubescent, whitish striped with purple, tube
yellow with two sterile filaments, capsule ovate, as long as the
calyx. Inhabits Virginia, and the upper parts of North
Carolina. 2.

This species was first discovered and named by Mr.
Schweinitz : it is the G. virginica of Elliott, although in his
description, he omits to mention the viscosity of the stem,
probably because he described from a dry specimen.

4. Aurea. Smooth, stem tetragonal, repent at the base,
branching: leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, punctate, dentate
or very entire, acute, or sometimes rather obtuse ; peduncles
long, pubescent, setaceous; calyx-leaves equal, linear; bracts
linear expanding : corolla yellow, internally pubescent, cap-
sule ovate, rather acute: sterile filaments two, minute. In-
habits from New-York to Florida. 2.

This species was first distinguished by Muhlenberg. It has,
by all our late writers, been considered as the G. officinalis
of Michaux, and even by some, said to resemble the G. off-
cinalis of Europe very much. But if any reliance is to be
placed upon the representations which have been published of
that plant, it must have required a peculiar obtuseness of
sight to trace any resemblance between them. This has

Observations on the North American Gratiola. 107
flowers of aremarkably brilliant yellow, those of the European
plant are white.

5. Quadridentata. Rather smooth; stem terete, procum-
bent, sometimes viscous: leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute,
subpunctate, four-toothed, the two anterior teeth longer :
calyx-leaves unequal, linear; bracts small, only on the
flowers which first appear, the later ones being deprived of
them: corolla white, internally pubescent, tube yellowish ;
sterile filaments two, small; capsule ovate, acute, shorter than
the calyx. Inhabits from Carolina to Florida. ©.

Nature is constant in preserving either entire, or by rudi-
ments, those characteristic marks which serve to connect
together any class of her productions, and to distinguish it
from others. In those species of the present genus where the
sterile filaments are wanting, the places which they ought
to have occupied, are marked by small points, and it is
not difficult in those that want the bracteal appendages to
the calyx, to point out their rudiments. It has been
suggested, that the simple calyx of this species, ought to
constitute it a distinct genus: but the discovery that it really
has bracts upon the flowers which first appear, should render
innovators more cautious of proposing alterations in our
present arrangements, and more circumspect in what they
advance concerning facts, that others may examine with more
attention than they themselves have thought necessary to
bestow upon them.

6. Pilosa. Erect, branching, very hairy; stem tetragonal ;
leaves sessile, ovate, dentate ; flowers sub-peduncled : calyx
leaves unequal, the two intermediate ones small, setaceous ;
corolla white, internally smocth, sterile filaments two, very
small, scarcely visible. Inhabits in the dry pine forests from
Carolina to Florida. ©.

Called by Walter, G. Peruviana. At first sight it scarcely
resembles a Gratiola.

108 Observations on the North American Gratiole.

7. Anagallidea of Michaux. Of this species I can say but
little, having only once casually seen it, without particularly
examining it. The description we have in the Flora Boreali-
Americana is as follows: ‘‘ Erect, very smooth; stem tetrago-
nal: leaves oblong-oval, sparingly denticulate, shorter than
the flowers: calyx without bracts, subulate, pubescent :
corolla internally smooth: leaves most commonly obtuse :
corolla pale bluish.” The plant which I saw had very small
whitish flowers with violet veins.

Mr. Elliott’s G. tetragona, if it be a Gratiola, may be this
species of Michaux. He describes his plant as being ‘‘ smooth,
with a procumbent tetragonal stem rooting at the joints :
leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, from four to six-toothed, ob-
scurely three-nerved: peduncles two or three lines long,
tetragonal : calyx leaves equal, linear, finely serrate, corolla
white with coloured streaks, (what colour?) capsule oblong,
acute, somewhat compressed and oblique, as long as the calyx.

I am aware that all our American botanists have been in
the habit of considering the G. anagallidea, the same as the
Lindernia attenuata. But neither Michaux, nor the dis-
tinguished gentleman who assisted him in the publication of
his work, could have confounded two genera so unlike in every
respect. Mr. Elliott’s G. tetragona may be something differ-
ent from what I have supposed it to be; for he has confounded
our present genus with Herpestis, in a very remarkable
manner ; nor has he left that genus in a much better state.

The G. acuminata of Mr. Elliott is the Herpestis cunetfolia ;
his H. cuneifolia the H. Brownei; his H. rotundifolia the
H. amplezicaulis and his H. micrantha the Hemianthus
micranthemordes of Nuttall.

On the use of the Blow-pipe. 109

NotEs on some new Supports for Minerals subjected to the
action of the common Blow-pipe. By Lieut. Col. J. G.
Torren. Read April 26, 1824.

James Smiruson, Esq., in a letter to the editor of the
Annals of Philosophy, on the subject of securing small parti-
cles for examination by the blow-pipe ;* communicates several
mgenious modifications of Saussure’s process with splinters of
sappare, which process he observes, “ has been scarcely at all
employed ; owing partly to the excessive difficulty, in general,
of making the particles adhere, and in consequence of the
almost unpossessed degree of patience required, and of the
time consumed by nearly interminable failures.” Mr. Smith-
son’s processes are three. Ist. Small plates of clay “ave
formed by extending a white refractory clay, by blows with
the hammer, between the folds of a piece of paper, like gold
between skins. The clay and paper are then cut together
with scissors,” ‘‘into very acute triangles,” affording a sub-
stitute for Saussure’s sappare. 2d. Or a very little of the
moist clay may be taken up on the end of a pointed platina,
or other wire; and the object to be tried, being touched with
it, will adhere. 3d. Or a paste may be made of some of the
body itself, reduced to fine powder. With a paste of the
powder of flint and water, “ pieces of flint were successively
connected to flint; and some of this paste taken up on the
end of a wire, served, if not quite as well as elay, yet very
sufficiently.”

Pursuing the advantage gained by these improvements,
Mr. Smithson made several interesting experiments ; and,
among the rest, found, ‘with much surprise, that flint can

* Reference is made to this letter for many interesting details. See
No. 36 of the new series of those Annals: or No, 25 of the Technical
Repository.

110 On the use of the Blow-pipe.

be melted without difficulty, and even when of considerable
bulk.”

Having, in common, I presume with all who have had
occasion to refer to the blow-pipe for determining certain
characteristic differences of minerals, been much dissatisfied
with the limited power of the instrument when acting upon
the usual supports of charcoal, platina forceps, &c.; I was
not less convinced, on reading the paper of this gentleman,
that his improvements would greatly extend its utility, than
gratified by the facility of their application, and the results
he had already obtained by their use. With these im-
pressions I have recently made a few trials; which, as they
indicate a greater power in the blow-pipe, at least as to one
substance, than even Mr. Smithson attributed to it at the date
of his letter, this society may not consider wholly uninteresting.

Not being able to obtain any clay sufficiently refractory
for my purpose, though I tried the German, and the English
(Stourbridge) clay, used for crucibles by glass-blowers, and
two or three specimens called pipe-clay; I had recourse to
the minerals which I designed to expose to the action of the
flame ; this is Mr. Smithson’s third process. Instead, how-
ever, of taking upon the point of the wire a very minute
portion of the paste made of the powdered mineral, according
to Mr. Smithson’s method ; I formed a paste by mixing the
powder with very thick gum water ; and, rolling a little of it
under the finger, formed a very acute cone, sometimes nearly
an inch in length, and generally about a twentieth of an inch
in diameter at the base. ‘These cones, being held by the
forceps, or attached to the end of a wire, or even of a splinter
of wood, may be directed accurately upon the minutest visible
particle ; and being a little moistened at the point with saliva,
the particle will adhere to the very apex, under the strongest
blast of the blow-pipe.

I conceived, that when a very small quantity of paste was
used, the extremity of the wire or forceps must necessarily

On the use of the Blow-pipe. lil

abstract much heat from the fragment under examination,
because it must itself be*often within the limits of the blue
flame ; and my object was, as much as possible, to insulate
the fragment. ‘These cones need not in fact be more than
one quarter, or one fifth of an inch in length ; for so effectually
is the conducting property of the mineral substance destroyed,
by destroying the continuity of its particles, that one of these
cones, of the length of half an inch, may be held at the base
by the fingers with impunity, while the apex is in the focus of
heat.

One great advantage of this method over the others is, that
if fusion ensues, it is owing entirely to the nature of the sub-
stance experimented upon, and not in any degree to the
agency of foreign substance acting as fluxes.

No. 1. Precious Serpenttne—(From Phillips-town, N. Y.)
melts instantly into a brownish yellow, blebby enamel :
by continuing the heat, ebullition is observed, the colour
‘is nearly or quite dissipated, and numerous wart-like ele-
vations appear on the surface.

No. 2. Precious Serpentine—(From Easton, Pa.) a very lus-
trous and beautiful specimen; same result as No. 1.

No. 3. Precious Serpentine—(Believed to be from Massachu-
setts) a dark green specimen; melts with great ease at
first into a dark green blebby enamel ; subsequent effects
the same as Nos. 1 and 2.

Having recently seen the paper of Mr. Keating on the
specific identity of Precious serpentine and Marmolite, I
was most naturally led to examine this latter substance ;
and if a corroboration of that gentleman’s opinion were
necessary, we might find it in my results.

No. 4. Marmolite of Nuttall—(Hoboken, N.J.) The effects
precisely the same, in all respects, as in Nos. 1 and 2.

No. 5. Com. Serpentine—(Hoboken, N. J.) somewhat diffi-
cult of fusion; the point of the cone alone, or a very

112

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

=

On the use of the Blow-pipe.

small particle attached to it, melts into a white blebby
enamel.

6. Black Flint—(found in chalk) melts with more ease
than No. 5, into a white enamel.

7. Hornstone, black—(found on the shore of the Dela-
ware, out of place.) Result the same as with the flint.

.8. Hornstone, black—(Black Rock, N. Y, imbedded in

limestone.) Result the same.

.9. Chalcedony—(shore of the Mississippi, out of place)

melts without difficulty into a colourless vesicular glass.
10. Carnelian, deep red—(shore of the Mississippi, out of
place) loses colour instantly, and fuses like chalcedony.

-11. Ferruginous Quartz, deep red—(Brooklyn, N.Y. out

of place) melts with about the same ease as flint, into a
white glass globule, full of air bubbles.

12. Fer. Quartz, yellowish brown: called by some Horn-
stone—(Suffolk county, N. Y.) melts like No. 2.

.13, Common Quartz—(shore of the Delaware, out of

place.) This specimen is highly crystalline and trans-
parent, but not rock crystal. The results of the experi-
ments were, however, precisely similar to those with rock
crystal, which are next detailed.
14. Rock Crystal—(West Canada Creek, N. Y.) For tri-
al with this substance, a small crystal, having both termi-
nations complete, and of the finest water, was selected.
The extremity of the cone is converted into a globule
without difficulty ; but it is next to impossible to in-
crease the globule first formed. ‘The cone must be very
acute, and, after being burned in the flame of a candle,
is perceived to be rough and uneven with microscopical
particles of the crystal; the blow-pipe converts the
roughness into a smooth and shining surface, and the
particle at the very apex into a globule of colourless
glass, more or less vesicular.

J conceive this effect to be most easily produced after

On the use of the Blow-pipe. 113

the paste had been repeatedly dried, (without burning,)
and as often restored to a suitable consistence by fresh
addition of gum water ; and if so, it must be owing to
these additions separating the particles more and more,
and thereby lessening the communication of heat from
particle to particle down the cone. The minutest frag-
ment I could obtain by the hammer, or by rubbing toge-
ther two sharp edges of large fragments—although at-
tached to the extremity of a cone nearly as acute as a
needle’s point—was affected, by the greatest heat I could
produce, if at all, in no other way than the rounding of
its points and edges. We may therefore consider this
substance as fusible only in a state of powder.

No. 15. Sappare—(Litchfield, Conn.) From a single experi-
ment, which J have not had leisure to repeat, I infer that
this substance is infusible before the common blowpipe.
The apex of a very acute cone was not perceptibly al-
tered.

From the experiments of Mr. Smithson, and from those
stated above, it is obvious that the power of the common
blow-pipe is greatly extended ; but it remains to be ascertain-
ed whether its field of usefulness, as a means of discriminating
between substances of various composition, has been equally
or at all enlarged. ‘There are now, as respects the blow-pipe,
two well-defined boundaries in the mineral kingdom; and
what do we gain by merely approximating these boundaries
a little? This approximation, however, is not all we are able
to accomplish: we may, I conceive, erect a new wall of parti-
tion quite as prominent as those which now exist. Hitherto
minerals were divided, in relation to this instrument, into
three classes, namely—

Ist, such as are fusible per se.
2d, such as are fusible only with addition; and
3d, such as are infusible even with fluxes.

15

114 On the use of the Blow-pipe.

We may now subdivide and form classes equally distinct,
to wit—

Ist, such as are fusible per se, with ordinary supports. |
2d, such as are fusible per se, un microscopical particles.
3d, such as are fusible only with addition ; and,

4th, such as are infusible even with fluxes.

This subject requires yet much attention; and] hope some
of the details given above may save from trouble and disap-
pointment such as may be disposed to diminish the list of infu-
sible minerals, or to simplify and extend the use of an instru-
ment, so indispensable to the mineralogist.’

Ln cn er nee a}

On the Remains of the Mecaruerium recently discovered in
Georgia. By Witu1am Coorer. Read April 19, 1824.

Ir has been already announced that remains of the great
fossil animal of Paraguay exist within the limits of the United
States; and under a latitude nearly as far north, as they have
hitherto been found south, of the Equator. We are indebted
for the first intelligence of this discovery, which possesses so
much interest for the lovers of natural science, to our learned
associate professor Mitchill, distinguished by his previous
contributions to the knowledge of the fossil productions of
this country. In a paper contained in the present volume of
these Annals, that gentleman has given an account of two frag-
ments of teeth brought to him from an island on the seacoast
of Georgia, which, at the same time that they differed totally
from those of any quadruped now known to exist, presented
the most striking resemblance to those of the Megatherium.
To an animal of this very extraordinary, and now extinct spe-
cies, he accordingly does not hesitate to refer them.

The information thus given, however, was calculated rather
to stimulate than to satisfy the curiosity of naturalists. Al-
though the fact of these remains existing in North America

Megatherium of Georgia. 116

might perhaps be considered as thereby established, yet its
connexion with the most difficult problems in zoology and ge-
ology rendered it highly desirable to obtain other and more
entire parts of the skeleton, and with them to institute a more
extensive comparison. By means of this we might expect
to discover any diflerence possibly existing between them,
or else to determine, in the most unquestionable manner,
the specific identity of the animal of Georgia with that of Pa-
raguay.

These considerations induced me to address a letter to my
friend, Dr. Wm. R. Waring of Savannah, begging him to
make inquiry whether any more of these relics had been found,
and if possible, to procure me some of them. His answer in-
formed me that his friend, Dr. Joseph C. Habersham of the
same place, had, with much trouble, and at some expense, as-
sembled a collection of the benes found in the marshes of Skid-
away Island, and at his request consented to allow them to be
sent to this city, under the condition that they should be pla-
ced where they might be publicly viewed. They were trans-
mitted to me in the month of March last, and in compliance
with the wishes of the owner, are now deposited in the cabinet
of this Society.

The collection was found to consist of parts of several mem-
bers of the skeleton, which, as nearly as their very mutilated
and disconnected state would enable me determine, were as
follows:

A portion of the posterior part of the right side of the low-
er jaw.

Another portion which had been continuous with the pre-
ceding.

A considerable portion of the anterior part of the same jaw.

A fragment of the left side of the same jaw, about three
inches square.

Five fragments belonging to three different teeth.

The vertebra dentata, with nearly one half broken off.

Three other vertebrae, two of which appear to be dorsal, and

116 Megatherium of Georgia.

the third either the last dorsal or the first lumbar. None of
these are entire.

A fragment undetermined, but supposed to be of the ilium.

Eight pieces belonging to three or four different ribs.
Three of these pieces have the heads attached to them, and
two seem to have belonged to the left side, and the remainder
to the right. :

The head of the lower extremity of the humerus, with “both
condyles nearly entire. |

Two pieces with a concavity at one end, perhaps the superi-
or parts of a radius and ulna.

A bone supposed to be a tarsal, much broken.

Two carpal bones adapted to each other.

The heads of both femora; and a fragment, apparently the
lower condyle of a femur.

Part of a bone about seven inches long, supposed to be part
of a fibula.

Besides these were four or five other small pieces of bone,
but so imperfect as not to be easily referred to their proper
places in the skeleton.

In addition to the foregoing should be enumerated the two
fragments of teeth from which professor Mitchill drew up his
description. On being compared with Dr. Habersham’s col-
lection, one of them was found to correspond with a fragment
supposed to be of a fourth molar, of which it formed the poste-
rior process. The other, as it fitted with great exactness into
what remained of the socket of the third molar, appeared to
have occupied that place in the jaw. ‘Thus it is rendered ex-
tremely probable, that all the relics of the Megatherium yet
discovered, as far as we know, in North America, have belong-
ed toa single individual.

I shall first endeavour to bring together some of these frag-
ments so as to show what has been their original state; after
which they may be compared with the figure and description
of the animal of Paraguay, as given by M. Cuvier in the

Megatherium of Georgia. ae

Annales du Museum, vol. V., and in the Recherches sur les
Ossemens Fossiles, vol. IV. first. ed. The original plates and
description of M. Bru are not, with the exception of PI. L, to
be procured in this city, and that part of the second edition of
the Ossemens Fossiles, which relates to the fossil Edentia, if
published, has not yet reached us.

Restoration of part of the lower jaw.

A and B (see Pl. VIII.) formed one continuous piece. Of
this there can be no doubt, as the edges of the fracture,
though very irregular, correspond perfectly with each other.
These two portions compose the greater part of the right side
of the lower jaw, and contain parts of the sockets of all the
four molar teeth.

The plate represents two views of the jaw as partly restored,
reduced to one fifth their natural size. Fig. 1. is an oblique
view of the inside of the jaw. Fig. 2. a profile of the outside.
The dotted line represents the part supposed to be broken off.
For accurate drawings of these, I have to return my thanks
to Mr. Inman, Draughtsman to the Lyceum.

C also belongs to the lower jaw. It consists of the anterior
part, comprising the symphysis, with part of the elongation,
and parts of the sockets of the two first molars. It has been
continuous with B. ‘This will be made more apparent when
we come to the comparison with the skeleton of Madrid.

D (not in the plate,) is a fragment of the left side of the
same jaw. ‘This is evident from its containing parts of the
sockets of the two last molars, part of the opening for the pas-
sage of the maxillary vessels, and the origin of the ascending
branch of the jaw.

The teeth had fallen out of all the sockets except one,
which contained the body of the second molar with the crown
and fangs broken off, apparently by recent violence. 1
attempted therefore to find the places of the four remaining
teeth. ‘Two of them I perceived to be alike in all respects.

118 Megatherium of Georgid.

and therefore concluded that they had occupied correspond-
ing situations in opposite sides of the jaw. Both are broken
in two across, and consist of the crown and part of the body
as far down as below the commencement of the internal
pyramidal cavity. The longer of the two is about four
inches, the other. somewhat less. On trying the first of these,
it was found to fit with great exactness into the socket of
which part remains in B, and part in C, that is, the socket of
the first ’molar. This, it may be observed, corroborates the
approximation of these two fragments. Its form also showed
this to have been its place; its diameter in the direction of its
cutting edges being less than the contrary diameter, and its
being narrowed anteriorly, proved its situation to have been
in the thinner and more tapering part of the maxillary bone.

The second molar of the same, that is, the right side re-
mained in its socket as already mentioned. It is remarkable
for its rhomboidal form, the diagonal through its left anterior
internal, and right posterior external angle, being the greatest.

The remaining two teeth appeared to belong to the left
side of the same jaw. One of them I conjectured to be the
third ; Ast, from its fitting into a part of this socket re-
maining in D; and 2dly, from its form, which shows the
passage between the rhomboidal figure of the second molar,
and the flattened shape of that which I suppose to be the
fourth. 'This last is more flattened, that is, broader in the
direction of its cutting edges than any of the others; and from
this, as well as from its agreeing with the form of the fourth
socket partly remaining in D, I have referred it hither. This
tooth may however have belonged to the upper jaw.

Comparison with the Megatherium.
Skeleton of Madrid. Bones from Georgia.

The lower jaw is of a A considerable part of this
tolerably regular figure, if we remarkable elongation re-

Megathervum of Georgia.

except the elongation of its
anterior part.

At the anterior extremity is
remarked a smallnotch, which
indicates probably the separa-
tion of these bones in the
young subject.

At the origin of this elon-
gation is found a protube-
rance considerably elevated,
which, increasing in volume
downwards, forms with the
neighbouring one, two large
eminences, between which is
a canal corresponding to what
anatomists call the symphysis
in man.

It continues increasing suc-
cessively in volume as far as
(S*), where begins the inferior
border called base, which is
at least a foot long.

The two apophyses, viz. :
the coronoid and the con-
dyle are to be observed, with
the angle of the jaw.

The superior border of this
jaw is very thick in front of
the coronoid apophysis; where

r19

mains in our specimen, as
represented in the plate at (a)
Fig. 1. and 2.

The anterior extremity be-
ing destroyed in the specimen
from, Georgia, _ this
could not be observed.

notch

Part of this protuberance
may be observed at (6) cor-
responding in ‘situation with
those represented in the figure
of M. Bru. The canal of the
symphysis is well preserved,
and very apparent in our
specimen.

This part is broken off in
our specimen; but from the
depth and direction of the
sockets, it is very evident
however, that something simi-
lar to this must have existed.
Part of the base remains at
(c) with the border entire.

These parts are entirely
broken off in the specimen
from Georgia.

Our specimen agrees with
this description in all points,
except the inclination of the

loaned

* Appears to he J in the figure,

120

are incased four teeth in as

Megatherium of Georgia

teeth, which differs somewhat.

many particular sockets, which The fourth molar does indeed

incline slightly backwards.

From the first molar to the
point P, this border continues
diminishing in thickness, and
with that of the opposite side,
forms a canal very well adapt-
ed for receiving the tongue.

Finally, may be observed
in this bone three openings,
two of which are external,
(Q&R.) The third being
on the interior side could not
be represented in the figure.

incline a little backwards, and
perhaps also the third, al-
though very slightly. The
first and second rather incline
forwards at the top, and as
they descend, present a strong
curvature backwards, as is
seen in the socket restored by
the approximation of B and
C, as well as in the tooth
itself.

All this coincides perfectly
with what is observed in our
fragment, C. The canal (d)
is well preserved, and its com-
mencement may be traced in
B.

This is the only part of M.
Bru’s description in which it
is difficult to find an agree-
ment with the Georgia relics.
There are indeed three open-
ings, but they do not corres-
pond in situation with those
in M. Bru’s figure, and are all
external and on one side. This
may be partly owing to some
want of exactness in the refe-
rences, or more probably to
the injured state of our speci-
men, which at this place has
a considerabie portion broken
off.

Megatherium of Georgia. 121

The fragments of teeth in Dr. Habersham’s collection, for
there is not one entire, agree with Bru’s description of those
in the skeleton of Madrid, so far, at least, as it is given in the
French abridgment. There are the sockets of four in the’
right lower side, and consequently eight teeth in all, in the
lower jaw, the six posterior being the greatest. They are
square with rounded angles, and a groove between on the in-
ner and outer sides, and are longitudinally striated. The infe-
rior pyramidal cavity may be observed with advantage in the
right second molar, which remains in the socket : but the ter-
minating points are broken off from this as well as from all
the others. Consequently, we are not enabled to ascertain
their precise length, but it appears to have been at least seven
inches, and probably more.

The heaviest of our teeth, which is the first of the right
side, weighs nine and a quarter ounces. The fourth of the
left side weighs nine ounces. To make them agree with the
weights of the corresponding teeth as stated by Bou, we must
suppose that more than half has been broken off the former,
and from the latter nearly two thirds. This, froma compari-
son with the sockets, I should hardly suppose to be the case, at
least with the latter.

The peculiar form of the crown of these teeth is not well
represented in any figure I have seen, excepting that given by
Professor Mitchill, to which the reader is referred. Their
posterior crest is higher than the anterior. The posterior
crest is known by the curvature of the tooth corresponding
with that of the socket. This peculiarity does not appear in
the figure in the “‘ Ossemens Fossiles,” but rather the contrary.

Their remarkable structure, so much unlike any before ob-
served, is still more deserving of a particular description. The
tooth is covered externally with a coating of enamel, extreme-
ly thin, and uniformly so on all sides, and which does not
extend over any part of the crown. Within is a coating of
bone or ivory, which at the sides of the tooth is as thin as the

16

122 Megatherium of Georgia.

enamel ; but where it is parallel to the cutting edges is nearly
a quarter the thickness of the whole tooth. Enclosed within
this is a second coating of enamel, which, like the first two,
has two sides very thin. The other two sides are more than
a line thick, and terminate in the cutting processes, which by
this means are kept constantly sharp and prominent by the
wearing away of the softer ivory on each side of them. Where
these laminz of enamel terminate, on the anterior side of the
higher process, may be observed a semilunated truncation,
which is not seen on the lower process, although terminated in
a similar manner.

The whole solid part of the tooth thus represents a prism of
bone, enveloped in three cases, two of enamel, and the third of
a substance similar to itself. There is therefore much analo-
gy between this structure and that of the teeth in the genus
Bradypus ; which, says M. Cuvier, are simply ‘ un cylindre
d’os enveloppé d’émail.” In another passage he speaks of
this enamel as an “ étui tubuleux.” We have thus an addi-
tional circumstance to show the affinity of the Megatherium to
the Sloths.

Fig. 3 represents a transverse section, natural size, of one of
the first molars, showing the arrangement and relative thick-
ness of the coats.

Fig. 4, a longitudinal section of part ofa larger tooth,
showing the manner in which the interior enamel terminates
the cutting processes.

Of the four vertebrz, three have little remaining besides
the body, the processes being almost all entirely broken off.
The other, which appears to be one of the dorsal, perhaps the
third, is tolerably entire. It agrees with Bru’s description of
those of the Megatherium, excepting that I am not able to find
the two holes which he describes in the atlas, and which, he
says, are common to all the other vertebre. As, however,
this bone is much incrusted with various shells, they mav
possibly be covered or filled up.

Megatherium of Georgia. 123

The ribs, also, are too much injured to afford any very dis-
tinctive characters. Neither can I observe any thing peculiar
in the condyles of the humerus, as we have supposed them to
be, for nothing more of this bone remains besides the inferior
articulating extremity. The remarkable enlargement de-
scribed in the Madrid skeleton is entirely wanting. The two
fragments conjectured to be the superior extremities of the ra-
dius and ulna, are in the same state, and present nothing but
smooth and even concavities, with their edges partly broken.
That supposed to be the radius exhibits on one side a smooth
facet, where it may have played upon the ulna. One of these
pieces is six, the other four inches long ; the diameter of their
eavities about four inches.

Of the two supposed to be carpal bones, the first, which is
of a triangular figure, is the smaller. One side is convex and
the other concave, with a slight elevation crossing it about
the middle, which adapts itself to a corresponding depression
in the other bone. It measures nearly five inches in length,
and nearly three and a half in breadth, and is about an inch
thick. The second is of a singular figure: one side is convex,
as in the first; the other side has one half concave, while the
other half swells out into a hemispherical knob. Its outline
is quadrangular, and it isa little longer and broader than the
first, with its concave end about as thick, and the other nearly
three times that thickness, measuring through the knob.

The heads of the two femora are both nearly entire, and
would perhaps be sufficient of themselves to prove the identi-
ty of our animal withthe South American species. They are, as
observed by M. Bru, “ perfectly spherical, and witha superficies
very smooth,” and measure full twenty-three inches in circum-
ference. ‘The dimensions of the skeleton of Madrid are not
given in detail in the French abridged description. Even if
we had not the evidence afforded by the teeth, these huge
condyles would indicate an animal of much superior bulk to
the Megalonyx ; for we can hardly imagine that a creature not

124 Megatherium of Georgia.

larger than an ox, which is conjectured to have been the size
of this quadruped of Virginia, could be furnished with thigh
bones of such disproportionate bigness. Indeed, they would
seem calculated to encumber rather than support even the Me-
gatherium, whose size is supposed by M. Cuvier to have
equalled that of the Rhinoceros.

The other fragments being small and much broken, nothing
satisfactory could be determined with respect to them.

My inquiries have not, as yet, enabled me to give any very
precise information respecting the locality of these bones, or the
character of the formation in which they were found. Their
appearance, however, indicates that they have been overflowed
by the sea; and they seem to have had one side imbedded in
the earth or mud, while the other was washed by the salt wa-
ter. They are thinly incrusted in some places with Flustre and
other zoophytes, and have recent shells of the genera Balanus,
Ostrea and others, adhering to them. All are remarkably
hard and heavy, and of adeep black colour. They do not re-
tain any part of their animal matter.

Drs. Waring and Habersham state that these bones are
still to be procured in great quantity, by some labour and ex-
pense atthesame place. They add, thatbones of the same kind
may be obtained at two other places, one called Whitebluff,
is said tobe also ontheseacoast ; the other at some distance up
the Savannah river. We may hope, through the zeal and ex-
ertions of the same gentlemen, to whom the scientific public
generally is so much indebted for the preservation of the re-
mains which have formed the subject of these remarks, to have
these interesting deposites further explored ; and in a manner
worthy of the great questions, which a proper examination of
their contents would contribute so much to elucidate.

On Entozoical Fung. 126

Remarks on certain Enrozotcan Funer. By Asranam
Hausey. Read April 19, 1824.

In the warm climate of South America, a fungus is frequent-
ly met with, growing from dead insects of the Vespz and Grylli
tribes. Specimens of one of these insects, with a fungus pro-
truding from its sternum, were lately presented to the Ly-
ceum by Dr. Madianna, from Guadeloupe, where it is known
among the inhabitants by the mame of la guépe vegetale, or
vegetable wasp. Dickson first detected this species of fungus in
England, and described it under the appropriate name of Spheria
entomorhiza. It is found there, and may occasionally be
met with in this country, but always on the dead larve of in-
sects. Our specimens do not coincide exactly with the de-
scription and figure of Dickson, though perhaps the discre-
pance is not sufficient to constitute any specific difference, the
Spherie of the section to which the present species belongs
(clavate) being liable to considerable variation. The clavula
rises somewhat flexuously or spirally, and the capitulum in-
stead of being globose, according to Dickson, is ovate. The
most remarkable particular, however, respecting this fungus is
the fact communicated by Dr. Madianna, that he has noticed
the wasp still living with its incumbrance attached to it, though
apparently in the last stage of existence, and seeming about to
perish from the influence of its destructive parasite. Although
nothing of a similar nature has been observed in the phanero-
gamous plants, our knowledge of the physiology of the fun-
gi is still too imperfect to permit us to deny the probability
that it sometimes occurs with these. It may be doubted whe-
ther the vegetable ever predominates over the animal life,
while the vital principle of the latter is in full energy ; but that
the larvee, in a feeble state, may have afforded a fit recipient
for the seed of the fungus, while their complete evolution was
retarded by some cause, until the final transformation of the

126 On Entozéical Fungi.

insect, is certainly not improbable. In this respect they may
offer some analogy with the entozdical vermes, such as tania,
ascarides, tetragule, hydatides, &c. which are most commonly
observed to prey upon animals of debilitated or languishing
health.

A congener of this fungus, and nearly allied to it, the Sphe-
ria militaris of Pers. is also remarkable for selecting for its
nisus the larve of insects. I am not aware that it has been
found in circumstances to support the inference that it was the
cause of the death of the larve.

Besides these Spheria, there is another class of entozéical
fungi, of the genus Jsaria of Pers. whose matrix is invariably
dead insects in different stages, and which derive their pecu-
liar characteristics from the various species upon which they
have fixed their habitation. A species discovered by Mr.
De Schweinitz, and described under the name of Isaria sphin-
gum*, is remarkable as being always found proceeding in all
directions from the abdomen, nerves of the wings, &c. of a
sphinx resting upon a branch with expanded wings, (with the
curious additional circumstance that the leaves of the branch
dry up, and preserve their green colour as in a Herbarium.)
Although the animal was dead when thus discovered, yet
the position in which it is usually detected, and the other at-
tending circumstances, afford a strong presumption that the
fungus was evolved while the sphinx was yet in a state of ex-
istence.

* Synop. Fung. Carol. Sup. p. 100.

Medical Properties of the Passiflore. 127

Researcues and Experiments on some Species of the genus
Passirtora. By J. B. Ricorp Mapiannsa, M.D. Read
March 8, 1824.

M. Decanpoute has perhaps been led into errors respect-
ing the medical properties of the plants composing the genus
Passiflora, from not having been placed in situations where
he could properly investigate the subject. He asserts that
“no species of the family of the Passifloree is employed in me-
dicine ; and that the stalk and leaves do not appear to possess
any remarkable properties.* The fruit is pulpy, gelati-
nous, sweet, and edible, in almost every species ;” and he adds,
‘that in America the fruits of the P. coccinea, P. maliformis,
and particularly the P. quadrangularis, are thus known.”

The researches, however, which I have been enabled to
make on these plants in their native situations, will satisfy the
medical botanist that this celebrated Professor, so distinguish-
ed for his accuracy in other respects, has in this instance de-
cided without proper examination. The P. coccinea L. bears
@ fruit which is certainly not edible; neither is that of the red
grenadilla P. rubra L., which the negroes of Guadeloupe call
Pomme zombi. The P. maltformis L. the fruit of which is vul-
garly known by the name of Pomme de la Dominique, is also
inedible, contrary to the assertion of that admirable botanist ;
and its pulp, which is difficult to be got at for its hard enve-
lope, is inferior to that of the P. fetida L. (mari gouja) al-
though the latter is in but little estimation. The flowers of
this plant are considered pectoral, and are used by the negroes
in infusion for colds, &c. Pere Nicholson, in his work on
St. Domingo, attributes to it anti-hysterical properties. The
ashes of the plant are used by the planters in the composition
of a ley for purifying the juice of the cane. M. Decandolle

* Essai sur les Propriétés Médicales des Plantes, par A. P. Decandolle.

128 Medical Properties of the Passiflore.

likewise states that ‘no species of the family of thePassifloree is
employed in medicine.” The P. laurtfolia L. however, is
noted for being commonly used, among all the inhabitants of
the West Indies, as a most powerful vermifuge ; and several
physicians have spoken of its good effects in the highest terms.
The root only is considered efficacious. The blue Grenadil-
la, P. cerulea L. is possessed of stomachic, antiscorbutic qua-
lities, according to the observations of M. Descourtils in his
Flore médicale des Antilles; and the experiments on the P.
quadrangularis L. or Barbadine, which I shall presently re-
late, will sufficiently prove the inaccuracy of the distinguished
Professor of Geneva, when he asserts, “ that the whole genus
Passiflora appears not to be endowed with any remarkable
properties.”

The Barbadine is cultivated without difficulty every where
on the island of Guadeloupe ; it is used to form delightful ar-
bours; and nothing is more beautiful than this plant in full
bloom, bearing its golden fruit of the form and size of melons,
often weighing more than six pounds, and intermingled with
large flowers, whose brilliant colours are finely contrasted by
the deep and glossy green of its thick foliage. The leaves are
large, soft, and of great use in calming the irritation produced
by the application of cantharides. The root, upon which my
experiments were made, does not penetrate far beneath the
soil, but rather extends itself on the surface; its epidermis is
blackish and easily peels off, leaving a bark of a vinous co-
lour, thick, and detached without difficulty from the ligneous
part, which is of a yellowish white, easily cut, and blackens the
blade of a knife. Its smell is somewhat like that of a beet,
and its taste sharp and astringent. The chemical analysis
furnished me with a substance resembling Morphine, to which
I have given the name of Passiflorine, and believe it to be as
active as that of the new principle extracted from opium, or
even more so.

There is a variety of the P. quadrangularis, the fruit and

Medical properties of the Passiflore. 129

feaves of which are one fourth the size of that just mention+
ed. ‘This is preferred on account of the smallness of its seeds,
and is not so common in the island as the other.

k:xperiments upon the root of the P. quadrangularis.

Six oz. of boiling water were poured on 4 oz. of the fresh
root cut into small pieces, and suffered to remain twenty-four
hours. The color of the infusion was dark reddish, with a
strong herbaceous odor, of an acrid styptic taste ; upon hold-
ing some of it in the mouth for a minute, it became of a thick
and mucilaginous consistence, leaving an unpleasant taste.

I. Being in the habit of making use of small lizards, the
Anolis bullaris, Daudin, as tests of the venomous qualities of
plants, I took three of these animals, and gave to each a large
dose of this infusion. In five minutes they all exhibited con-
vulsive motions, having their mouths open, as if breathing with
difficulty. Their posterior extremities were paralyzed, and
they died in the space of fifteen minutes. I repeated this
experiment on several other lizards, with the same result.
The symptom which most struck me was the extreme difficulty
these animals experienced in en i during the operation
of the poison.

If. I tried a very small dose on lizards of the same kind.
They became stupid for the space of three quarters of an
hour, and then recovered, as if they had taken nothing inju-
rious ; after frequent experiments on these lizards, and always
varying the doses, I discovered that a certain quantity ren-
dered them cataleptic. The little animals would quietly
remain in the attitude in which they had been placed, until
(the poison ceasing to operate on the nervous system,) they
would take to flight. I then tried the following amusing ex-
periment: stretching a silk thread on two small sticks placed
perpendicularly on the table, and having four lizards, I gave
to each a dose at intervals of five minutes. I then suspended
each to the silk thread by one of its toe nails. They all re-

17

130 Medical properties of the Passiflore.

mained thus hanging without the slightest motion. Exactly
an hour after the dose had been given, each lizard took to
flight, one after the other with intervals of five minutes, pre-
cisely in the order they had taken their doses.

III. The infusion was then exhibited to birds of different
species, and to frogs. In the latter, catalepsy was more easily
induced than in any other instance. The effects were similar
to those detailed in the preceding experiments : a very small
dose producing a slight convulsion, a larger dose causing ca-
talepsy, and death ensuing when it was still increased. It may
likewise be remarked, that when these animals recovered from
the cataleptic stage, the use of all their functions was com-
pletely restored. When death ensued, the following were gene-
rally the appearances on dissection.

The arachnoid membrane was slightly injected. All the
blood-vessels of the lungs filled with blood. A great dilata-
tion of the auricles and ventricles of the heart, which were
filled with black blood nearly fluid. ‘These were the only de-
viations which had taken place from the natural state of the
parts aflected.

IV. I gave toa middle-sized dog two table-spoonfuls of the
infusion, which instantaneously rendered him cataleptic. He
remained standing with the legs wider apart than natural, the
neck also a little stiffened, the eyes fixed and vacant, the pupil
much dilated, respiration nearly stopped, the pulse very feeble.
Tat first placed him upright with the two fore feet against the
wall. In this situation, I turned his head at pleasure, and it
always remained as I placed it. I next laid him on his belly,
stretching his limbs as far as possible, then upon his back, and
in short in almost every variety of position, however constrained
or unnatural, and in all these attitudes he made not the least
motion, although his limbs preserved the suppleness of the
living animal. This state continued one hour, when the dog,
after a slight chill, perfectly recovered.

Medical properties of the Passiflore. 131

One more phenomenon remains to be observed before 1
close, which is that I made several experiments with the roots
of this Passiflora, whose stalks had been cut close to the ground,
and thus kept during five months without allowing the growth
of any sprouts. The infusion of these roots produced scarcely
any deleterious effects. I would also add, that the leaves and
buds of the Cecropra peltata Pers. are frequently used, when
boiled, to counteract the poison of the P. quadrangularis.

Notice of several species. of Suruus. By D. H. Barnes.
Read 5th April 1824.

1. Genus. CYPRAA.

OBSERVATIONS.

Tue natural family of the Cypree is numerous and beau-
tiful. The generic character of Linné is so accurate thai
none of the moderns has thought it necessary essentially to
alter it, or to distribute its constituents into new genera. The
perfect shells are, every where, instantly recognised, and the
number of species, determined by the best observations, ex-
ceeds sixty. The imperfect shells give the student, occasion-
ally, alittle trouble. Even Linné described more than one
species, under several different names. This mistake is to be
attributed to the singular changes of form, size, and color,
which the shells undergo, in the different stages of their growth.
At first, they very much resemble a Volute, rolled up cylin-
drically, with an exserted spire and ecaudate base. They next
assume the form of a Bulla, with no appearance of teeth on
the inner lip, and very little on the outer. Lastly the aper-
ture is contracted, toothed on both sides, and extended the full
length of the shell; the colors deepen, the polish becomes
brilhant, the size is diminished, and the- weight increased.
Another cause of mistake, which seems hitherto to have been
overlooked, in_part at least, is the decortication of specimens.

132 Notice of several species of Shelis.

1 laid before the Lyceum, or a former occasion, a suite of Spe-
cimens, showing that the Cypraa lota and C. spurca were the
same species ; the former, which are white, being the decorti-
cated specimens of the latter, which are yellow and spotted.
When this species arrives at maturity it is less than in its
younger state, but more thick, solid, and extended at the base.
In this state the outer coat, which contains the color, is very
thin, and can easily be detached, leaving the polish nearly or
quite as brilliant as before, and the shell perfectly white, ex-
cept a row of impressed hollow dots round the margin, in
which the original yellow remains. We have this species in
every stage of the alteration, from the cracking of the yellow
enamel, to the completely white specimens. It is probable
that several other species, as they now stand in the books, will
prove to be merely varieties of their congeners. But so long
as form, color, and surface are made the distinguishing charac-
teristics of shells, we must continue to describe separately each
of those that are, in these respects, materially different. For
this reason, I have determined on a new description of the two
following beautiful shells. They are either undescribed, or
imperfectly described in the books, and therefore require a
new description, to render them intelligible. They are both
oriental, and might long since have been submitted to the Ly-
ceum, but for a desire to examine with all due care the seventh
volume of the great work of Lamarck, entitled Histoire Na-
turelle des Animaux sans Vertcbres.

SPECIES.
1, Cyprma macutata. Spotted Cowry. Pl. IX. Fig. 1.

Shell ovate, gibbous; back chesnut with white
spots; base dilated; margins thickened and spotted
with dark brewn.

an

Notice of several species of Shells. 133

C. testa ovata, gibbos’; dorso castaneo, maculis albis ir-
regularibus notato ; infima facie dilatata ; lateribus incrassa-
tis, atro-fusco notatis.

Length 2-2—3. Breadth 1-8—2. Height 1-25—1-5 inches.

C. Arabica. Burrow’s Elements, pl. 14, fig. 1 ?
Lamarck’s An. 8. V. vol. 7, page 378 ?

*‘(b) Var. laterum angulo eminentiore, dorso maculis ir-
regularibus notato.”

4nhabits the East Indies.
My collection. Presented by Mr. G. C. Dekay.
Cabinet of the Lyceum.

DESCRIPTION.

The general outline of this shell resembles that of the Cy-
prea Mauritiana, or Cyprea caput serpentis, being triangu-
larly gibbous, ovate, with the margins thickened, dilated, and
angular ; base somewhat flattened and slightly convex. The
color on the back much resembles that of the Cyprea Mau-
rituana ; the spots are less and of a lighter color. The thick-
ened sides are marked with dark brown spots, and there is alse
a large one on the center of the pillar lip. Teeth dark brown.

REMARKS.
Burrow says that the variety described by him might, with-
out impropriety, form a distinct species ; and indeed the pre-
sent shell, though larger, much more resembles Cypraa caput
serpentis, than it does the common specimens of Cyprea

“Arabica.
2, Cyprza epurnea.* Ivory Cowry. Pl. 1X. Fig. 2.

Shell smooth, white, globular ; extremities beaked ;
canter lip erenulated above; within brown.

ad oe

134 Notice of several species of Shells.

C. testa levi, nitidé alba, globosa ; utrinque rostrati ; labriv
superne crenulato ; intus fusca.

Length 1-8. Breadth 1:13. Height 1 inch.
Inhabits the Coast of China.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

My collection.

DESCRIPTION AND REMARKS.

Color pure snow white, on the back, sides and base ; 2-
side brown ; surface smooth and highly polished. The body
of the shell is ventricose, and the extremities somewhat pro-
duced. The outline resembles the Bulla ovum of Linne,
and the genus Ovula of Lamarck. 1 therefore conjecture
that the Cyprea ovulata of Lamarck, is the young of this
species ; for, although his description is very short, it contains
three characters.of a young shell, viz. “‘ Aperture very wide,
teeth of the columella very small, and shell thin (mince). These
three characters are not found in the present shell, and they
may serve to distinguish it from the Cyprea ovulata, should
these prove to be different species. Lamarck does not
mention the beaked extremities, nor the brown inside ; charac-
ters probably not apparentin the young shell. He gives the length
8:5 French lines, (12 to the French inch,) by which it ap-
pears that the present shell is more than four times as large as
his Cyprea ovulata. ‘This is a very beautiful shell, of which
a perfect specimen is rare, though water-worn ones are not
uncommon. They are of a brownish cast, and so altered in
appearance, as to be known only by their size and generat
outline.

Notice of several species of Shells. 158

2. Genus. DOLIUM. D’Argenville, Lamarck.

Shell thin, ventricose, inflated, often sub-globose, rarely ob-
long, transversely ribbed; outer lip through its whole length
dentate or crenate. Aperture longitudinal, base emarginate.

Buccinum. Linné Systema Nature, p. 1196.
““$Ampullacea inflata, rotundata, tenui-subdiaphana, fra-

gilis.”
Buccinum. Dillwyn’s Recent Shells, p. 582.
“Inflated, rounded, thin, slightly transparent, and brittle.”
SPECIES.

Dottum pventatum.* TToothed Tun. PI. IX. Fig. 3.

Shell ovate-globose, ventricose, imperforate, whit-
ish flesh colored; with seventeen obtuse ribs; colu-
mella armed with a solitary and somewhat double tooth
above, and furnished with two or three oblique plaits
below; outer lip reflected, making an angle with the

body.

D. testa ovato-globosa, ventricosd, imperforata, albido-
carneola ; costis septemdecimis obtusis; columella superné
dente solitario subgeminoque armati, inferne plicis duabus ve!
tribus obliquis instructé ; labro angulato-reflexo.

Length 2°7. Breadth 2:2. Height 1-8.
Inhabits the coast of Peru. Capt. Skiddy.
Cabinet of the Lyceum.

Presented by Captain Wm: Skiddy, of the ship General
Brown.

136 Notice of several species of Shells.

DESCRIPTION.

Shell without colored markings, glabrous, with seventeeu
ribs, of which the upper ones are more prominent and distant,
with a small elevated line between them; spire channeled by
the projection of the highest rib ; inner lip expanded over the
columella and thin; outer lip bent suddenly outward, and
forming an acute angle with the body whirl, not thickened,
with all the ribs passing over it to the extreme edge, which is
acute and slightly bent inward ; with fifteen sharp teeth on the
inner angle, of which the uppermost three are double ; Colu-
mella with a large obtuse solitary tooth on the upper part, a
deep hollow in the middle, and two or three prominent oblique
plaits below ; base not umbilicated ; spire pervious to the sum-
mit, as though it had been rolled round a small straight wire.

A pretty shell, which may be added as an eighth species to
the seven described by Lamarck.

N. B. The figure of this shell is half, the others full size.

3. Genus. NATICA. Brugweres, Lamarck.

Shell sub-globose, umbilicated. Aperture entire, semi-circular.
Enner lip oblique, toothless, callous: the callosity contracting
and sometimes covering the umbilicus. Outer lip acute, within
smooth. An operculum.

Nerita. Lanne Sys. Nat. p. 1251. “ § Umbilicate.”
Nerira. Dillwyn Rec. Sh. p. 975. “4 Umbilicated.”
SPECIES.

Natica patuta. Sowerby.

Shell sub-orbicular, depressed, thin, wrinkled,
brown, with a white margin; umbilicus broad, patu-
Jous and spiral, with a pillar in the center capped by

Notiee of several species of Shells. 197

a flattened callus; lips joined by a very thin callos-
ity; mouth emarginate by the penultimate whirl!

Natica patuna. Sowerby Zool. Jour. Vol. 1, p. 60.
Vide ejus descriptionem 1. c. et figuram pulcherrimam.

Pl. 5. Fig. 4.

Axis °8. Conjugate diameter 1-7. ‘Transverse. 2°1 inth.
Inhabits the coast of Peru. Capt. Skiddy.
Cabinet of the Lyceum.

‘REMARKS.

The beautiful and rare shell here indicated was described,
and the description ready for the press, when my friend, Dr.
Dekay, put into my hands the London Zoological Journal,
of which the first number has been lately received, in which 1
find an excellent figure and full description of the same. J
therefore erase the specific name Helicoides, which I had cho-
sen, and insert Sowerby’s Patula, though, in my judgment,
dess expressive of the form of the shell than the other, which
describes a conformation of the mouth so peculiar to this shell,
so unusual in a Vatica, and so much resembling the aperture
of the Helices, that the friend above named strongly advised
the constitution of a new genus to receive this specimen, as
the genus Helix is, by modern naturalists, confined exclusively
to land shells. JI have a shell, from the East Indies, which
bears a strong resemhlance to the JVatiew patula above de-
scribed. It is perhaps that species in its full-grown and perfect
state ; for the thinness and fragility of the V. patula strongly
indicate a youthful and imperfect state 5; especially when it is
observed that the general habit of the genus Natica, is thick
and strong. ‘The shell to which I have alluded is of a mid-
dling thickness, between the JNVatica patula of Sowerby and
the Natica duplicata of Say. It has the colors and general
aspect of the former, and measures

Axis 1°56. Conjugate 1:9. Transverse 2°3 inches.
18

138 Notice of several species of Shells.

The mouth would also be emarginate, was it not for the large
callus which covers the body whirl, and unites the two lips.
I take it to be the shell indicated by Mr. Say, as the second
variety of his Natica duplicata, although it is without the
black line he mentions ; which, I believe, is often the case with
that species in its perfect state. Should the Natica patula
prove to be immature, Mr. Say will be entitled to the prior-
ity ; and however different the thin, fragil, and depressed shell
may, at first sight, appear from our thick, solid, and elevated
one, if intermediate links are found to connect them, they
ought all to be denominated Nattca duplicata of Say ; as
we have already too many species enumerated in the’ sys-
tems ; species in the animal organization of which the nicest
scrutiny cannot detect a difference ; and it is, doubtless, upou
the animal organization that all true distinctions must ulti-
mately depend.

4. Genus. VOLUTA. Lamarck.

Shell ovate, more or less ventricose ; apex papillary ; base
emarginate, without channel. Pillar plaited; lower plaits
larger and more oblique. Without a pillar hp.

OBSERVATIONS.

The Lamarckian genera Auricula, Tornatella, ‘Turbineila,

Cancellaria, Colombella, Mitra, Marginella, Volvaria, Ancil-

laria and Oliva, having been separated from the Linnzean ge-

nus Voluta, leave us but acomparatively small space in which

to search for a new species of this genus. ‘This space is sub-
divided into four sections :

1. Cymbiole: Ventricose, as Voluta melo.

2. Muricine : Oval and spinous or-tuberculous, as Vol ta
tmperialis.

3. Musicales : Oval and sub-tuberculous, as Voluta musica.

Notice of several species of Shells. 139

4. Fusoidee: Elongated and:spindle shaped, as Voluta
rupestris.

Linné assumed the plaited pillar as the generic distinction
of the Volutes, and this included, under the same genus, land
and sea shells, and yet the Lamarckian genus Fasciolaria,
(Murex tulipa,) having a plaited pillar, was included under
. the genus Murex. The shell under consideration might be
arranged with the Marginella, on account of its having a va-
rix on the outer lip, but then it so much resembles the third
division of the Volutes, the Musicales, that I have assigned it a
place among them ; and as it is ribbed longitudinally, in the
manner of the Harp Shells, 1 have denominated this

SPECIES,
Votuta Harpa.* PI. 1X. Fig. 4.

Shell oval, smooth, whitish flesh-color with darker
bands, formed by the union of chesnut and yellow
spots; longitudinally ribbed; columella with the lower
three folds larger; outer lip furnished with an obtuse
varix on the outside, and a solitary tooth within.

V. testa ovali, levi, albido-carneola, castaneis rufisque ma-
culis seriatim transversé picta, longitudinaliter costata ; apice
acutd ; labro extus varice obtusa instructo; intus unidentato,
columella plicis tribus inferioribus, majoribus.

Length 1:2. Breadth -67. Diameter °55.
inhabits the coast of Peru. Capt. Skiddy.
Cabinet of the Lyceum.

REMARKS.

A beautiful shell, and as far as I can find, unknown. It is
thick and strong, has a permanent varix on the outer lip; and

140 Notice of several species of Shells.

the aperture, at the base, emarginate and even truncate. [have
| °
seen but two specimens.

( To be continued.)

f

OssERvATions, on the North American species of the Genus
Rvewira. By Captain Joun Le Conte, of the United
States’ Army, F. L. S. &c, Read May 3d 1824.

Tue genus Ruellia, of which so many species are enumer-
ated in the books, appears to be chiefly confined to tropical
regions. Our own country can, however, boast of a few. It
is my design at present to examine these ; to determine and to
distinguish the true species from varicties ; and to correct the
errors which a want of proper attention has introduced among
them.

In doing this, the number of species will be diminished. In-
stead of reckoning five, the number allowed by our latest
writers, I shall admit but three species already known, and
propose one as new, whose characters are strikingly distinct
from any hitherto described. I have paid much attention to
these plants, and do not hesitate to speak with confidence about
them, as my observations were all made on living speci-
mens.

I. R. strepens: erect; leaves ovate, lanceolate-ovate, or
cuneate (that is, oval attenuated at the base), shortly petioled,
entire or repand, undulate, more or less ciliate at the base,
sometimes smooth, but generally with a few scattering hairs
on either surface ; peduncles axillary, very short, for the most
part three-flowered ; divisions of the calyx linear, rather shorter
than the tube of the corolla, scarcely hairy ; corolla subequal,
lilac or white; stamina equal. %. Variesexceedingly: the
stem is sometimes hairy; the shape of the leaves is very in-

On the North American Ruellia. 141

constant, as is likewise their degree of smoothness ; the pedun-
cles are sometimes one-flowered.

In a rich and open soil this plant attains the height of
two feet, all its properties are developed, and a hairiness which
in other cases would not be visible becomes conspicuous ; on
the other hand, in a hard and compact clay, it seldom exceeds
six inches in height, is frequently perfectly smooth, and the
stem weak and declining : in this state it is the R. humstrata
of Michaux. Ido not hesitate to refer to this species, Mr.
Elliott’s R. hirsuta. Some of the varieties I have seen exactly
suit his description; but it is very remarkable that he appears
never to have seen the smooth variety, which in the southern
parts of Georgia, is much more common than any other.

2. R. ciliosa of Pursh: erect, branching, more or lesé
hirsute ; leaves petioled, oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, or rather obtuse, sometimes cuneate, or (as may be said)
attenuated into a petiole, undulate, entire or repand, more or
less ciliate ; peduncles axillary, very short or none, from one
to three-flowered ; divisions of the calyx for the most part twice
as short as the tube of the corolla, linear, hispid, ciliate with
whitish hairs; corolla lilac or white, subequal; stamina
equal. ¥.

When this species is found in rich and shady situations, it
excecds in height the preceding, but in a dry and steril soil
it scarcely grows more than three inches high, and is even
sometimes pressed to the ground ; in this situation it is more
hairy, and the tube of corolla (a variable character with re-
spect to the length of the calyx) becomes much shortened. It is
thus found very common im the neighbourhood of Savannah,
and is the R. hybrida of Pursh, who obtained from me the
specimens from which he made his description. The tall va-
riety or R. ciliosa of the same, to my knowledge, occurs only
in the savannas of the Alatamaha; it very much resembles
the first, and after all, may not be distinct from it. Culti-
vation may determine the point. [tis only found in sandy

142 On the North American Rueilia.

soils, while the A. strepens is confined to those in which clay
predominates.

3. R. tubiflora:* erect, rather branching, smoothish or hir-
sute ; leaves for the most part sessile, oblong, repand or entire,
undulate ; peduncles axillary, short, one-flowered ; divisions
of the calyx linear-lanceolate (an inch in length) three times
shorter than the tube of the corolla ; corolla subequal, pubes-
cent, white ; stamina equal. %. Inhabits in the savannas of the
Alatamaha; is readily distinguished by the broader divisions
of the calyx, and by the remarkably long tube of the corolla.

4. R. oblongifolia: erect, pubescent; leaves most entire,
obovate and oval, nearly sessile, somewhat undulate ; pedun-
cles axillary, very short, from one to three-flowered ; divisions
of the calyx linear-subulate, longer than the tube of the co-
rolla, united at the base into a short tube ; corolla unequal,
subringent, bluish, the intermediate lobe of the upper lip
marked with a few purple streaks; stigma simple; stamina
didynamous.

This species very little resembles the others. It might be
separated from Ruellia, and constitute a distinct genus with
more propriety than is perceptible in the many separations
that have latterly been made in several other genera. The only
wonder is how it has escaped our new genera manufacturers.

The R. bifflora, of the elder botanists, is referred to this
species, upon what grounds I know not. It ought to be ex-
punged from our books, as no real description of it exists.

Skeleton of the Mastodon. i43

Account of the discovery of a Skeleton of the Mastopon Gr-
GaNTeUM. Extracted from a Report made to the Lyceum
of Natural History, by Messrs. Dexay, Van RenssEvaer,
and Coorer. Read May 10th, 1824.

Mr. Wm. Moore having presented to the Society a molar
tooth of a Mastodon, accompanied with the information that
the skeleton, to which it belonged, lay buried near the place
where the tooth was found, we were induced to proceed to the
spot, in order to verify the truth of this statement, and to at-
tempt the recovery of the bones.

We found it situated three miles S. W. from Long Branch,
in the county of Monmouth, state of New-Jersey, and about
forty miles in a southerly direction from the city of New-York,
on a farm called “ Poplar,” belonging to Jacob Croxson, Esq.
of Eaton-town. Here we were hospitably received by Mr. W.H.
Croxson, son of the proprietor. Having informed him of the ob-
ject of our visit, he stated to us the manner in which he had
himself made the discovery of the bones in the month of
March 1823, fourteen months previous. Walking over a
reclaimed marsh on his farm, about that time, his attention
was caught by something sticking out of the turf. He struck
it loose with his foot, and, picking it up, found it be a large
grinder. He afterwards dug up two other teeth, with some
fragments of. the skull, the spine, the humeri and other bones.
Most of these were still in his possession, and he accordingly
showed them to us. The sight of these increased our impa-
tience to examine the spot where they were found. Mr. Crox-
son therefore immediately conducted us thither.

Poplar Farm ** about two miles from the sea-beach. The
face of the country in the vicinity is generally level ; but be-
tween this farm and the sea it swells gently into a low and
broad ridge, running for some distance parallel with the sea-
eoast. At Poplar this elevated tract slopes down very gradu-

144 _ Skeleton of the Mastodon.

ally on its western side into a marsh, now cleared of its forests
and intersected by ditches, so that it is at certain seasons nearly
dry. Formerly it is said to have been very watery, and to have
abounded with a species of poplar, whence the farm derived
its name. Not far from the border of this marsh, we found a
shallow excavation with a little water standing in the pit where
the left fore-leg had been taken, and perceived several broken
vertebree and fragments of other bones lying scattered and
bleaching on the surrounding turf. Here, with the permission
of the owner of the land, we immediately began to explore,
and, in the course of that and the following day, succeeded in
procuring, with the assistance of some gentlemen who had ac-
companied us, all the remainder of the bones that were still
undecomposed. ‘These we have now the pleasure to present
to the Society. Together with those first taken up by Mr.
Croxson, and of which he has recently, with great liberality.
made a donation to our cabinet, they comprise nearly one en-
tire skeleton. Possessing already, through the enterprise of
two of our associates, part of another skeleton from Chester,
in this State, in which are several important bones wanting in
that from New-Jersey, particularly the lower jaw, the col-
lection of the Lyceum now affords unusual facilities for study-
ing the osteology of this great quadruped..

The researches of Cuvier, in collecting all that was known
relative to the great Mastodon, and in digesting these materials
into one connected history, enriched as it is with his own in-
valuable remarks, have left little for future observers to add.
The only important part of the skeleton which has never been
described, is the upper part of the cranium. All attempts to
procure this entire have hitherto proved fruitless, nor did we
experience better fortune in this respect than former adyentu-
rers. It would, therefore, be unnecessary on the present occa-
sion to enter into anatomical details ; but it will not be con-
sidered useless or unimportant to note the posture in which

Skeleton of the Mastodon. 145

the animal seemed to have been placed at the moment of the
catastrophe which overwhelmed all his race. A careful ob-
servation of such circumstances, in a number of instances, may
lead to important inductions, and greatly tend to elucidate the
history of those convulsions which have destroyed entire spe-
cies of numerous and formidable animals. For this purpose,
we shall describe the appearance of the bones as they
were laid bare by the removal of the surrounding soil.

This was a stratum of what is, by the German geologists,
called geest, that is, a black, soft, shining earth, abounding near
the surface in vegetable roots and fibres. Before the time of
our visit, the skull, broken into many fragments, as well as
the greater part of the spine, most of the ribs, both scapule,
the left radius, ulna, and the humerus of the right arm, had been
removed. Of the situation of these, therefore, we cannot speak
_ from our own observation ; but Mr. Croxson informed us,
that, as before mentioned, part of the head had protruded
itself through the surface of the ground. In consequence
probably of this, it was so much decayed that he could find
but three of the teeth, and no trace whatever of the tusks, nor
was the search, which we afterwards made, for these latter, more
effectual. ‘The vertebral column, with all its joints and the
ribs attached to them in their natural position, lay about eight
or ten inches below the surface. The scapule rested upon
the heads of the humeri, and these in a vertical position upon
the bones of the fore-arm as in life. We found the right fore-
arm still buried. It inclined a little backwards, and the foot,
which was immediately below it, was placed a little in advance
of the other, as it would be if the animal had been walking.

At the depth of about ten inches, and immediately below
the matting of turf which forms the surface of the meadow,
we came to the sacrum, with the pelvis remaining united to it,
though in a very decayed state. The femora lay adjoining,
but, unlike the bones of the fore-legs, in a position nearly hori-
zontal, the right less so than the left, and both at right angles

19

146 Skeleton of the Mastodon.

with the spine. These were also, from their proximity to the
surface, much decayed, so that the left fell to pieces on being
pafted from its bed. Both tibize, each with its fibula, stood
nearly erect under the extremities of the femora, and under
them the’bones of both hind-feet in their proper relative posi-
tion. We found no caudal vertebree.

The marsh had been cleared and drained about three years,
and during that period, as the proprietor informed us, the level
of its surface had lowered about two feet. 'To this may have,
perhaps, been owing the horizontal position of the thigh
bones, which would naturally be forced out of their originally
erect position by the pressure of the heavy superincumbent
bed of turf. The bones of the fore-legs do not, however, ap-
pear to have been thus acted upon.

Cuvier states,* on the authority of General Collaud,
that the bones of Mastodons, formerly discovered in boggy
ground near the Great Osage river, were almost all in a ver-
tical position, as if the animals had merely sunk in the mud.
The same idea suggested itself to us on beholding the appear-
ance presented by our skeleton, after the earth was removed
from around it.

The deeper we penetrated, the sounder we found the bones,
so that those of the foot, lying lowest, were obtained in a state
of perfect preservation.

The greater part of the bones had, adhering to their sur-
face, and in their cavities, the phosphats of iron and lime,
and the sulphat of lime in very small quantities, the last in
minute crystals. There were also considerable masses of
oxyd of iron or bog ore, which, however, abounded in various
places in the marsh.

Immediately underlying the stratum of black earth we came
to another of sand, having a ferruginous tinge, and containing
numerous rolled quartz pebbles. Upon this sandy stratum

* Ossemens Fossiles. Ed, 2. tom. 1. pp. 217 & 222,

Skeleton of the Mastodon. 147

the skeleton seemed to stand, so that though the upper side of
the foot was covered by the black earth, the sole rested imme-
diately upon the sand. We found all the feet placed thus, the
surface of the sandy stratum being apparently quite level.

This sand formation resembled, in all respects, that which
we had before observed lying next above the marly strata ;
into which, in numerous places in the adjacent county, deep
excavations have been made, in order to obtain the marl for
agricultural purposes. If this conjecture be right, we should
have the following succession of strata.

1. The black earth, containing the remains of the great
Mastodon. About eight feet thick.

2. Silicious sand with rolled pebbles. ‘Thickness unequal,
but generally greater than that of the black earth.

3. Marl formation, almost exclusively composed of the de-
bris of testaceous animals. ‘These appear to have been prin-
cipally bivalve shells, though a few univalves are sometimes
found. This formation appears to vary in thickness at dif-
ferent places from ten to thirty feet. Perhaps it should be
considered as composed of several strata, characterized by differ-
ent species or genera of shells. ‘Thus we observed one stratum
wholly composed of a species of ostrea, which was constantly
elevated several feet higher than another which contained only
the shells of a different species A fossil elephant’s tooth is
likewise stated to have been found in a marl pit in this
county.*

We were not able to determine the character of the stra-
tum underlying the marl.

* Appendix to Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth. N. Y. Ed.

2 Sie

148 Descriptions of some new Grasses.

Descriptions of some new Grasses collected by Dr. E.
James, in the expedition of Major Lone to the Rocky
Mountains, in 1519—1820. By Joun Torrey. Read
May 17th, 1824.

In a former part of this volume, I commenced an account
of the alpine plants collected in this expedition, by Dr. James,
which I promised to continue, in occasional decades. Having
been obliged, for the present, to defer the examination of the
remaining specimens, I beg leave to offer to the Lyceum descrip-
tions of some new grasses, collected by Dr. James in the same
expedition. ‘Their number might have been considerably in-
creased had not many of them been discovered a short time
previous, by Mr. Nuttall, in his Travels into the Arkansas Ter-
ritory. One species, of which there were very perfect speci-
mens, in the herbarium of Dr. James, is so peculiar that I
have proposed it as the type of a new genus, under the name

of Pleuraphis.
PLEURAPHIS.*

Gen. cu. Flowers spiked, heterogamous. Spikelets three
at each joint of the rachis, all sessile, surrounded at the base
by. a villous wnvolucrum. CrnTRAL sPIKELEY perfect. Calyx
two-glumed, one-flowered ; glumes obcuneate, two-cleft, five-
bristled. Corolla two-valved, hyaline ; inferior valve with a
short bristle. Lateran sPIKeLETs antheriferous. Calyx two-
glumed, two-flowered ; inferior glume with a bristle on one
side near the base. Corolla two-valved, unarmed.

1..P. Jamesu.* Pl. X.

DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial, creeping.
Culm cespitose at the base, about a foot high, terete, smooth,
slender.

Descriptions of some new Grasses. 149

Leaves narrow, convolutely setaceous, rigid, glaucous, deeply
striate, scabrous ; those on the culm short and pungent.
Sheaths shorter than the joints, closely embracing the culm,
hairy at the throat, striate, glaucous and a little scabrous.

Stipule finely laciniated and bearded.

Spike terminal, about three inches long, erect.

Rachis articulated, filiform, angular, flexuous, naked.

Sprkelets sessile, in an ovate cangeries at each joint of the ra-
chis, polygamous, surrounded at the base by a white woolly
anvolucrum one-third the length of the flowers.

Central spikelet perfect.

Calyx two-glumed, one-flowered ; g/wmes obcuneate, her-
baceo-coriaceous, equal, deeply two-cleft, carinate, ciliate
on the margin, armed between the divisions with five sca-
brous bristles, the middle ones of which are nearly as long
as the glumes, the others shorter.

Corolla two-valved ; valves membranaceous, lanceolate ;
the inferior a little longer, somewhat hairy on the upper part
of the sides and margin, with three indistinct nerves, the
middle one of which is produced into a short cusp ; superior
valve reverse, a little bifid at the apex, two-nerved.

Stamens three ; filaments very short ; anthers large, linear,
yellow.

Pistil: Germen ovate ; styles two, distinct, approximated,
filiform ; stigmas elongated, simply plumose, yellow.

IVectaries collateral, lmear, entire.

Lateral spikelets antheriferous.

Calyx unequal, two-glumed; inferior glume a little shorter,
lanceolate, acute, entire ; one of the margins involute and
armed with a straight scabrous bristle about half way down ;
the other margin ciliate ; superior glume mucronate, ciliate
on the upper part, three-nerved ; one of the lateral nerves
strong and continued beyond the valve into a short point,
ciliate.

150 Descriptions of some new Grasses.

Corolla two-valved; inferior valve ovate-lanceolate,
toothed at the apex, three-nerved ; superior valve sub-bicari-
nate, two-nerved, 2—4-toothed at the tip.

Stamens three ; anthers linear, yellow.

Has. On the high plains of the Trap Formation at the sources
of the Canadian River. July.

This genus resembles, in many respects, the AX.corocon of
Humboldt and Bonpland, but is still very distinct. In the
latter, the spikelets are pedicellate and similar in structure ;
the only difference being that of sex : while in the PLeurapuis
they are sessile, and the central spikelet different from the rest.
The Acoproeon is also destitute of a villous involucrum, which
is very conspicuous in the PLEuRaPHIs. Oneofthe most remark-
able characters of our new genus (from which the name is de-
rived) is to be found in the calyx of the lateral spikelets, one
of the glumes of which is armed with a pretty long bristle
proceeding from its side, a circumstance which I have not ob-
served in any other grass. In the elaborate Agrostographia of
P. de Beauvois there is no genus to which I can refer this grass,
nor is it to be found in the more recent work of Trinius, on
the Gramina.

Explanation of the plate.

Fig. 1. A plant of the natural (Fig. 11. Central spikelet.

size. 12. The same magnified.
2. Acongeries of spikelets. 13-14. Glumes ofthe same
3. The same separated. 15. Corolla.
4. A lateral spikelet. 16. Inferior valve of the
5. The same magnified. same.
6-7. Glumes of the same. 17. Superior valve.
8. Corolla. 18. Stamens.
§. Inferior valve of the 19. Germen, styles, and
same. stigmas.

10. Stamens. 20. Nectaries.

Descriptions of some new Grasses. 151

2. AGROSTIS CRYPTANDRA.*

Panicle pyramidal, with spreading subalternate branches,
hairy at the axils ; flowers racemose, unarmed ; inferior valve
of the calyx very short ; superior as long as the sub-equal co-
rolla; sheaths bearded at the throat.

DESCRIPTION.

Culm 3 feet high, simple, smooth, leafy, with distant joints.

Leaves linear, 2—3 lines broad, smooth on both sides. Sheaths
smooth, closed, longer than the joints, a little swollen with
concealed abortive panicles, hairy on the margin, densely
bearded at the throat. Stpule a mere bearded ring.

Panicle large, pyramidal, bursting from the upper sheath, which
partly conceals its base ; branches spreading, mostly alter-
nate, nearly simple, bearded at the base, which is a little
thickened. Flowers disposed in a dense racemose mauner,
purplish.

Calyx two-glumed, smooth ; inferior glume scarcely one-third
as long as the superior, very acute ; superior linear-lanceo-
late, acute, one-nerved.

_ Corolla two-valved, nearly equal, about as long as the supe-
rior glume, slightly scabrous ; valves one-nerved.

Stamens three ; anthers yellowish, exserted.

Styles two ; stigmas white, plumose.

Seed ovate, brown, smooth.

Nectaries collateral, lanceolate, entire.

Has. On the Canadian river.

3. AGROSTIS AIROIDES.*

Panicle pyramidal, with the branches spreading and some-
what in pairs, naked at the axils ; flowers solitary, unarmed ;

152 Descriptions of some new Grasses.

glumes unequal, mostly shorter than the sub-equal corolla ;
sheaths bearded at the throat.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, creeping ?

Culm 2—3 feet high, with a few short branches at the base,
leafy.

Leaves linear, 2—3 lines broad, smooth on both sides. Sheaths
smooth, without included flowers, slightly bearded at the
throat. Stipule an obsolete ring.

Panicle large, pyramidal, free at the base ; lower branches in
pairs, or ternate ; the upper ones alternate. Flowers all on
distinct pedicels, purplish, oblong.

Calyx two-glumed ; glumes unequal, mostly shorter than the
corolla ; inferior lanceolate acute ; superior oblong, rather
obtuse, one-nerved, smooth.

Corolla two-valved, smooth, awnless; valves sub-equal, acute.

Stamens three ; anthers purplish, exserted.

Seed roundish, brown.

Haz. On the branches of the Arkansas, near the Rocky
Mountains.

4. AGROSTIS CAESPITOSA.*

Cespitose ; culm branched, somewhat incurved ; leaves in-
volute, sub-distichous, pungent ; panicle contracted ; flowers
awned.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, creeping °

Culm densely cespitose, 3—4 inches high, branched from the
base, incurved, very leafy, smooth.

Leaves three-fourths of an inch long, subulate-involute, dis-
posed in a distichous manner, spreading, rigid and pungent,

-

Descriptions of some new Grasses. 153

smooth. Sheaths imbricate-carinate, smooth, deeply striate.
Stipule scarious, elongated and bifid.

Panicle about an inch long, partly sheathed at the base, con-
tracted ; branches alternate, sub-simple, flexuous ; pedicels
incrassated upward ; flowers purplish, linear-lanceolate.

Calyx two-glumed ; glumes sub-equal, a little longer than the
corolla, linear-lanceolate, attenuated into short pease or
cuspidate, smooth.

Corolla two-valved, naked at the base, a little scabrous; the
inferior valve terminating in an awn longer than the
flower.

Stamens three.

Has. On the prairies of the Missouri and Platt rivers.
Plant whitish. It resembles 4. pungens and maritima, but

differs entirely in its awned flowers.

5. ANDROPOGON GLAUCUM.*

Smooth, glaucous ; culm sub-simple ; nodes smooth ;_pani-
cle terminal, much exsert, oblong ; spikes alternate, crowded ;
awns long, twisted; abortive floret neuter, unarmed, one-
valved.

DESCRIPTION.

Culm two feet and more in height, nearly simple, very smooth.

Leaves broad-linear ; those on the culm about six inches long,
very smooth on both sides, and of a glaucous hue. Sheaths
nerved, shorter than the joints. Stzpule obsolete.

Panicle on a long peduncle proceeding from the uppermost
sheath, 4—5 inches long, rather compact ; spikes simple or
branched, alternate ; rachis very villous.

Perrect ru. Cal. two-glumed, somewhat hairy; glumes
acute, entire ; the inferior hairy towards the base ; superior

naked.
20

154 Descriptions of some new Grasses.

Cor. two-valved, shorter than the calyx; inferior valve
terminating in a slightly contorted awn three times its length.
Stamens

Styles two; stigmas plumose, purple.

ABORTIVE FL. on a distichously bearded pedicel, minute, one-
valved, awnless ; sometimes with the rudiment of a superior
valve.

Has. On the Canadian river.

This species is allied to Ertanruus, and is remarkable for
its whitish and very villous flowers. It much resembles an
anonymous species figured by P. de Beauvois, Agrostograph.
to 23. Sy

6. Triserum airoipes. P. de Beauvois.

Panicula subspicata, arista demum reflexi, calycem exce-
dente. Roem. and Schult. Syst. Veg. Il. p. 666. Arra sub-
spicata L. Willd. spec. pl. I. p. 337. Fl. dan. t. 228.

Has. On the Rocky Mountains.

I have compared this with European specimens from Swe-
den and Germany, and find them to agree in every respect.
It has not been hitherto recorded as an American plant, though
I have received specimens of it from Dr. Bigelow, collected
on the White Hills of New-Hampshire.

7. ARISTIDA FASCICULATA.*

Culm filiform, erect, branched ; leaves narrow, flat, smooth ;
panicle elongated, sub-spiked ; flowers fasciculate; calyx
shorter than the corolla ; awns nearly equal, spreading, longer
than the flower..

DESCRIPTION.
Culm two feet and more in height, smooth, terete, with short
branches, slightly geniculate.

Descriptions of some new Grasses. 155

Leaves long, very narrow, almost filiform at the extremity.
Sheaths smooth. Stipule a bearded ring.

Panicle 6—S inches long, erect, many-flowered ; flowers pur- |
plish, closely approximate on the extremity of the branches.

Calyx two-glumed ; glumes very unequal, linear-lanceolate,
acute, carinate ; the inferior much shorter than the corolla ;
superior about as long as the corolla.

Corolla on a short bearded stipe, two-valved, sub-cylindric,
scabrous ; inferior valve involute, half an inch long; awns
longer than the flower, spreading, filiform, scabrous.

Stamens three ; anthers purplish.

Germen linear, elongated ; stzgmas plumose.

Has. In forests of the Canadian river.

This species is nearly allied to 2. purpurascens of Poiret,
but is distinguished by its branched culm, its short calyx, and
by its shorter awns.

8. Uniota? stTricta.*

Very smooth; leaves narrow, erect; panicle erect, con-
tracted ; spikelets linear-oblong, many-flowered ; flowers
straight, awnless.

DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial, creeping °
Culm a foot or more high, erect, rather slender, terete, with
short branches at the base, smooth and shining, leafy.
Leaves 3—6 inches long, linear, flat, attenuated at the extremity,
very smooth near the base, except a slight hairiness on the
upper surface, somewhat glaucous, finely striate. Sheaths
about as long as the joints. Stzpule nearly obsolete.
Panicle nearly simple, contracted, consisting of 6—10 large
spikelets. Spikelets three-fourths of an inch long, lanceo-
late, compressed and sub-ancipital, 10—18-flowered.

156 Descriptions of some new Grasses.

Calyx two-glumed, much shorter than the spikelets ; glumes
unequal, lanceolate, acute.

Corolla two-valved, nearly equal, smooth and naked at the
base, deciduous, awnless ; inferior valve lanceolate, acute,
not mucronate, nerveless, somewhat carinate towards the
extremity ; superior valve bi-carinate, acute.

Stamens three ; anthers yellowish.

Has. On the shores of the Canadian river.

This species belongs, perhaps, to the genus CeraTocHLOA
of P. de Beauvois, but the corolla is not mucronate. It
appears to be intermediate between Festuca and Unio.a.
I could find no traces of pistils in the specimen I examined, so
that the plant appears to be dioecious or polygamous.

On the Hirunvo Futva of Vemuort, with some general re-
marks on the birds of this genus. By Dewitt Cuinton.
Read August 9th 1824.

Tue hirundine race, though not generally used for food,
nor distinguished for melody of song or beauty of plumage,
have ever held a high rank in the estimation of mankind.
Swallows are considered among the swiftest of the winged tribe.
* True hope,” says Shakespear, ‘is swift, and flies with swal-
lows’ wings.” These birds generally delight im associating
with man. They erect their nests in his buildings or in his vicini-
ty; they defend his poultry against the depredations of birds
of prey ; and they destroy noxious insects that infest his plan-
tations. ‘They are, in all respects, innocent, and the accusa-
tion of Virgil,* that they destroy bees, is known to be un-
founded, both in this country and in Europe.

* Georgic IV.

Hirundo fulva of Veillot. 157

In Greece and Italy, they generally make their appearance
about the vernal Equinox ; and being the harbingers and com-
panions of spring, are identified with its beauties and delights.
Horace, in an Epistle to Mzecenas, promises to leave his winter
retirement in due season.

—— Te dulcis amice, reviset
Cum Zephyris, si concedes, et hirundine prima.

The time of its coming regulated the important operations of
husbandry. Hesiod, in his “ Works and Days,” inculcates an
early attention to the pruning of the vine, and says

*Tis dangerous to delay,
Till with complaints the swallow breaks the day.

The intimate connexion between the vegetation of plants
and the arrival of certain birds, has long been observed. Dr.
Barton says that the woodcock visits Philadelphia when the
elm is in blossom. Linne observed that the Anemone ne-
morosa blows in Sweden on the arrival of the common swallow;
and the appearance of the Pewe, Pewit, or Phebe, Muscicapa |
nunciola, with us is the signal of the cessation of severe
frosts. The arrival of the swallow was considered an indica-
tion of spring; and the subsequent evolutions of this bird
were noticed as prognostics of the weather. Virgil says,

Nunquam imprudentibus imber
Obsint
Aut arguta lacus circumvolitavit Hirundo.

In almost all countries, whatever may be the climate, the
swallow is a migratory bird. Herodotus, indeed, excepts
Egypt, and says that swallows and kites never emigrate from
the country through which the Nile passes, and the same has
been said of Japan. Being an insectivorous animal, its mi-
grations do not depend on climate, but have generally been con-

156 Erundo fulva of Verllot.

nected with its food. The periodical appearance of this bird,
at the most propitious season of the year, has greatly enhanced
its importance. The Rhodians hada solemn song to welcome
its arrival; and A¢lian declares that it was consecrated to the
Penates or household gods of the ancients, and protected
from molestation.

The mystery, which has surrounded the brumal retreat of
this bird, has also added to its celebrity. Some have assigned
to it winter quarters in the moon; others have designated its
hybernaculum in invisible satellites closer to the earth. Aris-
totle and Pliny have placed it in warm and sequestered places.
Olaus Magnus and Kircher have sent it to the bottom of lakes
and rivers ; and even in our own times, reputable men, labor-
ing under optical delusion, have declared that they have wit-
nessed its descent into the Hudson and the pond on Manhattan
island, called the Collect. All these speculations and conjec-
tures have yielded to the doctrine of emigration. Like all
other migrating birds, the swallow congregates in flocks at the
time of its departure, and probably asvends out of sight on its
_ transit.

In Turton’s edition of Linné, thirty-eight species of Hirun-
do are enumerated. Thirty-four with three toes before and one
behind, and four with the toes all placed forward. .

Of those 8 are assigned to different parts of Europe, Fs

8 to Asia,
12 to South America,
4 to Africa,
4 to North America, and
2 to the West Indies.

Two of the above that are allotted to Europe are also repre-
sented as belonging to North America. Two also to Asia,
and one to both Americas. i
_ In England, there are but four species of Hirundo. In
this State, there are six or seven. Five are described in Wil-
son’s Ornithology.

Hirando fulva of Veillot. 159

1. H. americana: Barn swallow, seven inches long.
This is the H. rufa of Veillot, and perhaps of Latham and
Gmelin. The H. Americana of Gm. is a different bird.

2. H. viridis : Green, blue, or white-bellied swallow, five
and three-quarters inches long. It is the H. bicolor of Veillot.
In addition to these two names, Mr. Stevens (in Shaw’s Zoo-
logy) has given a third, H. leucogaster, to the same bird, at
the same time quoting by mistake Wilson’s name as bicolor.
As this name was pre-occupied, he thought it necessary to
change it, although a slight comparison of the figures and de-
scriptions would have convinced him that they belong to one
and the same species.

. H. riparia: The bank swallow, or sand martin, five
inches long. This is, perhaps, the only swallow that can be
claimed by the Old World, and even about this, there are con-
flicting opinions.

4. H. pelasgia: Chimney swallow, four and a half inches
Jong. his bird differs remarkably from its congeners in the
feet and tail, and has been removed by Temminck to the genus
Cypselus of Illiger. It, however, does not strictly agree witl
either this genus, or Hirundo.

5. H. purpurea: Purple martin, eight inches long. The
name purpurea was given by Linné to the male of this
bird; the female he describes as a separate species under the
name of H. subis. The Canada swallow of Latham, the great
American martin of Edwards, and the H. violacea of Gmelin,
are in reality the same bird as the purple martin. Veillot,
who quotes all these synonyms, has increased the confusion,
by bestowing still another name on this bird; it is his H. ce-
rulea. Dr. Barton has erroneously taken it for the Tapera of
Brazil, or the H. tapera of Gmelin.

Besides these, Veillot assures us that the H. rustica, or
chimney swallow, of Europe, inhabits also the United States.
He states that he has several times met with them, and that at
New-York they are confounded with the H. rufa (Americana,

160 Hirundo fulva of Veillot.

Wils.), under the name of barn swallow. I am told that a strange
swallow has made its appearance in Easton, at Pennsylvania,
and makes its nest in chimnies. If this statement is correct,
this bird may prove to be the H. rustica, which is said in the
Sys. Nat. to inhabit ‘per omnem orbem terrarum.”

The tails of these birds are all furcated, except the chimney
swallow’s, H. pelasgia, which is pointed with shafts. The H.
viridis has not been observed in many places. When noticed
as a distinct bird, it has been called the tree swallow, and it is
said to build its nest in trees, or in martins’ cages. Mr. Tho-
mas Browne, an intelligent gentlemen of Chenango county,
informs me that it is supposed to make its nest in the holes
formed in banks by king-fishers.

It is not improbable, however, that Hirundines may exist
with us, which have never been particularly observed as dis-
tinct species. The rapid flight of the swallow eludes minute
observation; and I have sometimes thought that I have seen
strange swallows, particularly flying about the Mohawk river,
east of Utica.

The swallow which forms more especially the subject of this
communication, first made its appearance at Winchell’s tavern,
on the high road about five miles south of White-Hall, near
Lake Champlain, and erected its nest under the eaves of an
out-house, where it was covered by the projection of the roof.
This was in 1817, and in this year there was but one nest ; the
second year, seven ; the third, twenty-eight; the fourth, forty ;
and in 1822, there were seventy, and the number has since con-
tinued to increase. It has exiended itself to Fort Miller, Balls-
ton, Franklin in Delaware county, Newport in Kentucky, Red
‘Bank in Ohio, and perhaps still further, for a species nearly
allied to this, possibly the same, was seen on the 18th of July,
1820, by Major Long’s party, near the Rocky Mountains,
where it abounds. Itis described by Mr. Say, in the account
of that expedition, under the name of H. lunifrons. It ap-

wi

Hirundo fulva of Vierllor. 161

peared in 1822 at Winchells on the 5th of June, and depart-
ed on the 25th of July; and these are the usual times of its
arrival and disappearance.

This is an active lively bird, continually flying, and fre-
quently sailing like the martin, H. purpurea, without any
visible exertion of the wing. Its twittering is different from
that of any other swallow, and it seeks its food in the same
places without any apparent collision.

On account of the size, form, dimensions, and rapid con-
struction of its nest, I had supposed it to be a new species,
and had named it the Artificer, Hirundo opifex. I have since,
however, found it figured and accurately described under the
name of Mirundo fulva, by M. Vieillot, in his splendid work,
entitled, Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux d’Amerique Septen-
trtonale, published at Paris in 1807.

M. Vieillot’s account of it, however, is very imperfect. He
saw it but once at St. Domingo, in the middle of May, in a
flock of about sixty. He likewise saw specimens brought by
Maugé from Porto Rico, where the latter had also met with
it in the spring. He conjectures from its having been thus
observed at the same season in two different years, that it is
a bird of passage in the West Indies, and passes on to the
north to build. He adds, that he had never seen it in the
United States, but that being once in the month of August, near
the latitude of Halifax, Nova Scotia, several of these swal-
lows came and alighted on the yards of the vessel in which
he was. Having never met with them when ashore, he pre-
sumes that they had set out from the south, and came from a
country still farther north.

This conjecture respecting their breeding place, now proves
from what has been related above, to be correct. His figure
is inaccurate ; the tail being there represented very acutely
forked, and the colour of the head and back a clear blue.
His description is, however, much more exact, and though

he does not mention whether the tail is even or forked, there
|

162 Hirundo fulva of Vierllot.

can be no doubt of his bird being identical with the species
which I shall proceed to describe.

Length from 5 to 54 inches; bill brownish black ;* upper
part of the head purplish blue ; upper part of the neck has a
streak of yellowish brown; back light purplish blue, inter~
mixed with white ; tail coverts a little lighter ; frontlet and
rump yellowish brown; upper-wing coverts the same colour
as the tail coverts ; chin ferruginous ; belly, vent, and lining of
the wings, wood brown; wings and tail hair brown ; tazl very
slightly forked ; tips of the wings extending, when folded, about
a line beyond the tail; legs of a hair brown colour; eyes
black ; toes three before and one behind. Lays generally
four eggs.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

The nest is hemispherical: six inches long and five broad ;
constructed with mud or clay, and sand combined : no hair or
sticks to make the materials cohesive ; the inside is softened
by grass broken fine and deposited on the clay. The exter-
nal surface of the nest is somewhat of a botryoidal aspect, ex-
hibiting small pieces of clay in rounded masses, and the aper-
ture turns down like the neck of a chemical retort. It was
placed under the eaves of a building where it was protected
from the weather. ‘This fabric has been erected in three days.

This bird, as well as the H. lunifrons, has some resemblance
in its mode of nidification, to the Crag swallow (H. montana)
of Savoy and France. It differs from the H. lunifrons, in
having the tubular entrance at the bottom, instead of the top
of the nest, a difference which, however, may be owing to cir-
cumstances, and not characteristic of the species. It is very
much like the H. Davurica or Davurian swallow, of the
Alpine parts of Siberia. The hemispherical nest in the cliffs
is similar, and also the general outlines of the birds, but the

_ * Thave followed, “ Werner’s Nomenclature of Colours,” by P. Syme,
Fadin. 1814.

Hirundo fulva of Vieillot. 163

latter is well distinguished by having the outer tail feather on
each side twice as long as the rest.

There are numerous mountains in the vicinity of the place
where these birds first appeared, and from which they may
have migrated to the habitations of man. They have cer-
tainly not been long known as residents in this region. The
yellowish brown rump distinguishes them very obviously
when on the wing from other Hirundines, and the construction
of their nests exhibit a difference palpable to the most com-
mon observation.

The history of this swallow is certainly curious, and its
appearance at different places and at different periods, goes to
show that it is a stranger which has taken up its residence
among us, increasing in numbers and extending its columns.

I cannot close without observing that all our swallows, ex-
cept the sand martin, have selected our houses and out-houses
for nidification and temporary habitation, and the benefit we
derive from the consequent destruction of annoying and per-
nicious insects, must be very extensive.

Note. Since the preceding was in type, Mr. Audubon,*
has favoured the Lyceum with the following additional infor-
mation respecting this remarkable spectes.

In the spring of 1815, I saw a few of these birds for the
first time at Henderson, 120 miles below the falls of the Ohio,
on the banks of that river. It was an excessively cold morn-
ing in the month of March, and nearly all were killed by the

* This gentleman, with an enthusiasm only equalled by that of our
lamented Wilson, has devoted nearly twenty years to the study of Ameri-
can Ornithology. He has followed the birds into their most secret haunts,
aud traversed the United States in almost every direction. To the learn-
ing of a naturalist, he unites the skill of an artist, and his magnificent col-
lection of drawings, representing four hundred species, excels any thing
of the kind in this country, and has probably never been surpassed in
Evrope.—Com. Pub.

164 Mirundo fulva of Vierllot.

5 pie

| _ severity of the weather. I drew up at the time a description

under the name of H. Republicana, Republican swallow, in
ion to their mode of association for the purposes of build-
again rearing their young. Unfortunately, the specimens,
through the carelessness of my assistant, were lost, and I des-
paired for years of meeting with them again. :

In the year 1819, my hopes were revived by Mr. Robert
Best, curator of the Western Cincinnati Museum, who inform-
ed me that a strange species of bird had appeared, building
nests in clusters affixed to walls, which I immediately recog-
nised as the Republican swallow.

In consequence of this information, I immediately crossed
the Ohio, to Newport in Kentucky, where he had seen those
nests the preceding season, and no sooner were we landed,
than the chirrups of my long-lost little strangers saluted my
ear. Numbers of them were busily engaged in repairing the
damages done to their nests by the storms of the preceding —
winter.

Major Oldham, of the United States Army, then command-
ant of the garrison, politely afforded us the means of examin-
ing the settlement of these birds, attached to the walls of the
buildings under bis charge. He informed us, that in 1815 he
first saw a few of these birds working against the wall of the
house, immediately under the eaves and cornice; that their
work was carried on rapidly and peaceably, and that as soon
as the young were able to travel, they all departed. Since
that period, every spring has brought them and their increase,
amounting now to several hundreds. ‘They usually appear
about the tenth of April, and immediately begin their work,
which was at that moment, April twentieth, progressing in a
workmanlike manner, against the walls of the arsenal.
They had about fifty nests quite finished, and others in course
of construction.

About daylight they fly down to the river shore, one hundred
yards distant, for the muddy sand, of which their nest is com-

Hirundo fulva of Vierlliot. 165

posed, and work with great perseverance until near the mid-

dle of the day, as if aware that the heat of the sun was neces-

sary to dry and harden their moist tenements; they then cease
from labour for a few hours; amuse themselves by performing —
aerial evolutions, court and caress their mates with much afiec-

tion, and snap flies and insects on the wing. They often ex-
amine their nests to determine whether they are sufficiently
dry, and as soon as they appear of the requisite firmness, their
labours are immediately renewed. Until the females began
sitting, they all roosted in the hollow limbs of the sycamore,
Platanus occidentalis, growing on the banks of the Licking
river, and when incubation commenced, the males alone oc-
cupied the trees. A second party arrived, and were so hard
pressed for time, that they betook themselves to the holes in
the wall, where bricks had been left out for the scaffolding ;
these they closed with projecting necks similar to the com-
plete nests of the others. Their eggs are deposited on a few
bits of straw, and great caution was necessary to obtain them,
as the slightest touch would crumble their frai] tenement into
dust. By means of a table-spoon, I was enabled to examine
and procure many. Each nest contained four eggs, white,
with dusky brown spots. Only one brood is raised in a
season.

The energy with which they defended their nests was truly
astonishing. Although I had taken the precaution to visit
their nests at sunset, when I had supposed they would all
have been on the sycamores, yet a single female happened to
be sitting, and she gave the alarm which immediately called
out the whole tribe. They snapped at my hat, my body, and
my legs, passed between me and the nests within an inch of
my face, twittering their rage and sorrow. ‘They continued
their attacks as I descended, and accompanied me some dis-
tance. Their note may be perfectly imitated by rubbing a
cork dampened with spirit, around in the neck of a bottle.

On the permanent residence of

old birds. On the Ist of August they all assembled near
their nests, mounted about three hundred feet in the air, and
at 10’oclock in the morning they vanished, flying in a loose
general body, in a due north direction. ‘They returned the
same evening about dusk, and continued these excursions, no
doubt to exercise their powers, until the 3d, when uttering a
farewell cry, they shaped the same course at the same hour,
and finally disappeared.

Shortly after their departure, I was informed that several
hundreds of their nests were attached to the court-house, at
the mouth of the Kentucky river. They had commenced
building them in 1815. A person likewise informed me, that
along the cliffs of the Kentucky, he had seen many bunches
as he termed them, of these nests, attached to the naked
shelving rocks overhanging that river.

Facts and Observations connected with the permanent resi-
dence of Swatuows in the United States. By Joun I.
Aupuson. Read August 11th 1824.

Brine extremely desirous of settling the long agitated
question, respecting the emigration or supposed torpidity
of the swallow, I embraced every opportunity of examining
their habits, of carefully noting their arrival and disappear-
ance, and of recording every fact connected with their

the Swallow in the United States. gape

history. After some years of reflection and consi aeeis,
tion, I remarked that among all the species of migratory birds, —

those that remove farthest from us, depart sooner than thos +
which retire only to the confines of the United States, 4 and by Wate
a parity of reasoning, those that remain later, return eu rlier in a
in the spring. te 1 nO, ue

These remarks were confirmed, as I advanced ee the He

south-west on the approach of winter, as I there found great
numbers of Warblers, Thrushes, &c. in full feather and song.
It was also remarked, that the Mirundo wiridis of Wilson,
(called by the French of lower Louisiana le petit martinet a
ventre blanc) remained about the city of New-Orleans later
than any other swallow. As immense numbers of them were
seen during the month of November, I kept a diary of the

temperature from the third of that month, until the arrival of

the Hirundo purpurea.

The following notes are taken from my journal, and as f
had fair opportunities during a residence of three years in
that country, of visiting the lakes to which these swallows re-
sort during the transient frosts, I present them with confidence
to the Lyceum.

November 11th, weather extremely sharp, with a heavy
white frost ; swallows in abundance during the whole day.
On inquiry of the inhabitants if this was a usual occurrence,
{ was answered in the affirmative by all the French and
Spaniards. From this date to the 22nd, the thermometer
averaged 65°, the weather generally a drizzly fog. Swallows
playing over the city in thousands.

November 25th. Thermometer this morning at 30°: Ice
in New-Orleans a quarter of an inch thick. The swallows
resorted to the lee of the cypress swamp in the rear of the
city. Thousands were flying in different flocks. Fourteen
were killed at a single shot, all im perfect plumage and very
fat. ‘The markets were abundantly supplied with these tender,
juicy, and delicious birds. Saw swallows every day, but re-

168 On the permanent residence, &c.

marked them more plentiful, the stronger the breeze blew from
the sea.

December 20th. The weather continued much the same.
Foggy and drizzly mist. Thermometer averaging 63° .

January 14th. Thermometer at 42°, weather continues
_ the same; my little favourites constantly in view.

January 28th. Thermometer at 40. Having seen the H.
viridis continually, and the H. purpurea, or purple martin,
beginning to appear, I discontinued my observations.

During the whole winter many of them retired to the holes
about the houses, but the greater number resorted to the lakes,
and spent the night among the branches of the myrica cerifera
L. or cirier, as it is termed by the French settlers. About
sunset they began to flock together, calling to each other for
that purpose, and in a short time presented the appearance of
clouds moving towards the lakes or the mouths of the Mis-
Sissippi, as the weather and wind suited. Their aerial evolu-
tions before they alight are truly beautiful. ‘They appear at
first as if reconnoitring the place, when suddenly throwing
themselves into a vortex of apparent confusion, they descend
spirally with astonishing quickness, and resemble very much
a trombe or water-spout. When within a few feet of the ground,
they disperse in all directions, and settle in a few moments.
Their twittering, and the motion of their wings, is, however,
heard during the whole night. As soon as the day begins to
dawn, they rise, flying low over the lakes, almost touching the
water for some time, then rising, they gradually move off in
search of food, separating in different directions. ‘The hun-
ters who resort to these places, destroy great numbers of them
by knocking them down with light paddles used in propel-
ling their canoes.

New Coleopterous Insects of North America. 169

7"

Description of some new Species of Norrn American
Ivseors. By Captain Jorn Le Conte of the United
States army. Read Noy. 8th.

Owine to the difficulty of determining, in this country,
what insects are known to naturalists in Europe, the science
of entomology has as yet made but small progress amongst
us: even if all the books which have been published on this
Subject were commonly available, we still should not be in
a much better situation.

The collections which have been brought together in Eu-
rope from every part of the world, contain many more species
than have been published, but which there are probably as
well known to the learned, as those contained in the books.

In offering these few American species to the Lyceum as
new, I have not acted without due caution and hesitation, and
a proper regard to the character of our society. Being dif-
fident of considering any thing as new, because it was not
found in authors who wrote many years ago; I have taken
the precaution to ask the opinion and advice of the Baron
Dejean of Paris, too well known as the profoundest entomo-
logist and the most accomplished soldier of the age, for my
feeble testimony to add any thing to his reputation.

They are most of them small, some minute : indeed, among
these we are to search for what is new with a more confident
hope of success. The numerous naturalists who at different
times have traversed our continent, have long left little to be
discovered except what is not very apparent to the transient
observer. 'The true student of nature, however, will not des-
pise any of her works because they are small, but find as
much to observe and to admire in them as in the most bulky.
As few are acquainted with any others than the Linnean ge-
nera, it has been thought advisable to add to the descriptions

22

170 New Coleopterous Insects of North America.

of the species a few remarks on some that have been establish-

ed since his time.

Bruchus livi’us, reddish brown, beneath cinereous: elytra
and sides of the thorax varied with cinereous ; elytra striate.
Length two lines. Inhabits Georgia in the seeds of dif-
ferent species of Hibiscus, which it perforates and partly
consumes, without destroying the vegetative principle, in
the same manner as the Br. Pisz is nourished in its imper-
fect state, and arrives to maturity in the common garden
pea. Plate XI. fig. 1.

Mycetophila rufipes. Dusky: antenne and legs ferruginous :
elytra punctato-striate. Length three lines. Plate XI.
fig. 2.
This genus is the same as the Cistela of Fabricius ; and
the present species, along with all the others, which
amount to seven or eight in number, is found in the latter
end of summer on different kinds of fungi. It appears to
be found in every part of the continent.

Anthicus murinipennis. ‘Thorax porrected into a horn and

projecting over the head: antenna, head, thorax and legs
ferruginous; eyes black; elytra dusky with a cinereous
pubescence. Length two lines. Inhabits Georgia on flow-
ers. Plate XI. fig. 3.
This genus is the same with the Votowus of Fabricius ; but
those species with the cornuted and projecting thorax,
which are as many as four, may hereafter constitute a sepa-
rate genus from the remaining species, which they but little
resemble in habit.

Anthrenus hemorrhoidalis black, shining, polished; tips of
the elytra red, with a darker or dusty spot on each ;
legs dark brown; length one line and a half. Inhabits
Georgia on putrid fungi. Plate XI. fig. 4.

Hister dimidiatipennis. Black; beneath shining: elytra
much shorter than the abdomen, red at the tip, striate, the
striz curved. Length three lines and a half. Inhabits

New Coleopterous Insects of North America. 17i

Georgia in the same situations with other species. Plate
XI. fig. 5.

Aitelabus nigripes. Red; head except at the base, antenne,

eyes, legs and breast, black ; elytra punctato-striate ; thighs
toothed. Length three lines. Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI.
fig. 6.
This species very much resembles the Attelabus analis, but
this last has the snout, eyes, antenne, legs and tail black,
not the breast; the elytra, moreover, are but faintly punc-
tato striate. They both inhabit on the rose.

Cryptorhynchus moestus. Punctate; above dusky, beneath

and legs cinereous brown, the latter barred with darker;
elytra punctato-siriate, with three raised and polished lines
on each, sometimes varied with cinereous near the tip; an-
tennz brown; snout longer than the thorax. Lengththree
lines and ahalf. Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI. fig. 7.
The Linnean genus Curculio, was found to contain so many
species, that it became perfectly unmanageable ; it there-
fore has been separated into many, which perhaps may not
be essentially distinct, but which the convenience of refer-
ence rendered necessary. ‘This and the three next are all
of this character.

Eccoptus minutus. Punctate: head and thorax black, the
last varied with white: snout, antennze, legs and elytra red-
ish brown: the last punctato-striate, and varied with
whitish: body beneath hoary: snout shorter than the tho-
rax. Length little more than one line. Inhabits Georgia.
Plate XI. fig. 8.

Anthonomus suturalis. Dusky, shining: upper half of the
elytra red: thorax punctate: elytra striate: snout as long
as the thorax. Length about one line and ahalf. Inhabits
Georgia. Plate XI. fig. 9.

Pissodes squamosus. Black, punctate: sides of the thorax
and of the elytra irregularly marked, and varied with
white: fore and hind thighs toothed: snout as long as the

172 New Coleopterous Insects of North America

thorax. Length one inch. Inhabits Georgia—rare. Plate
XI. fig. 10.

The white marks on this appear to be minute scales, which
may be rubbed off, and hence their irregularity.

Obrium dentatum. Punctate, pale brown: thorax with short
streaks of darker: elytra entire, with four or five dentate
waving bars of darker: two pair of hinder thighs thickened
spinous. Length three lines. Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI.
fig, Sick,

This genus has been formed from some of the species of
Saperda and Callidium of Fabricius.

Molorchus affinis. Black: elytra pale brown, with the tips

and a spot at the base of each, black: legs dark brown.
Length three lines anda half. Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI.
fig. 12.
The Molorchus has been separated from the Linnean
genus JVecydalis from which it appears to differ chiefly in
habit ; it has the elytra shorter than the abdomen, and cut
off square, whereas the ecydalis has them subulate at the
tip.

Anthribus moestus. Dusky: elytra spotted in lines with
black: forepart of the thorax with a small white spot: scu-
tell with another of the same colour: legs dusky, barred
with gray: antennz long. Length three lines and a half.
Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI. fig. 13.

Lycoperdina ferruginea. Smooth, polished, reddish brown:

eyes and tips of the antennz dusky. Length two lines.
Inhabits Georgia in fungi. Plate XI. fig. 14.
The Lycoperdina has been separated from the genus Silpha
of Linné; it has the antennz moniliform, increasing
gradually in thickness towards the tip: mandible with a
very acute undivided tip: maxillary palpi filiform, labial
subclavate ; thorax a little dilated on the forepart, and a
little narrowed behind: thighs abruptly pedunculato-
clavate.

New Coleopterous Insects of North America. 173

Coccinella marginipennis. Black: spot on the fore part of
the thorax, and margin of the elytra red: elytra with three
red spots; the hinder one common: legs red. Little
more than one line in length. Inhabits Georgia. Plate X1.
fig. 15 ba

Galleruca janthina. Smooth, polished, shining blue: eyes
black ; thorax with an impressed transverse line: sometimes
found inclining to greenish. About two lines in length.
Inhabits from New-York to Georgia. Plate XI. fig. 16.

Colaspis infuscata. Pale brown: body beneath dusky: head
antennze, thorax, and three spots on the elytra, brownish
dusky ; the fore one lunate on the hinder side ; the hinder
one curved on each side in a contrary manner: the middle
one rounded. Length two lines. Inhabits Georgia. Plate
XI. fig. 17.

Chrysomela scalaris. Greenishblue: antennz and legs brown:
elytra punctate, yellow, spotted with greenish blue: the ex-
terior spot at the base, lunate ; suture with a broad greenish
blue denticulate lime. Lengthhalfaninch. Inhabits from
New-York to Florida. Plate XI. fig. 18.

Mltica oblonga. Above pale brown, beneath darker: eyes
black: lateral margin of the thorax dark brown: thorax
and elytra punctate. Length two lines. Inhabits Georgia.
Plate XI. fig. i9.

Cryptocephalus subfasciatus. ‘Thorax punctate: elytra punc-
tato-striate. Black: lateral margin of the thorax and two
spots on each of the elytra red, the one nearest the tip late-
ral, the other nearly forming a band. Length two lines.
Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI. fig. 20.

174 Observations on Trilobites.

OBsERvatTions on the structure of Triopites, and descrip-
tion of an apparently new genus. By J. E. Dexay. With
Nores on the Geology of Trenton Falls. By Professor
James Renwick. Read Nov. 22nd.

One of our associates on his return from the celebrated
Falls of ‘Trenton, in this State, brought with hima Trilobite,
whose peculiar form and great size excited much curiosity.
By referring to the descriptions of authors, it was satisfactori-
ly ascertained to be different from any thing in the books.
As the specimen, was however, much weathered, imperfect in
some important parts, and had been accidently distorted, it
was deemed advisable to suspend further investigation until
more perfect specimens could be procured.

At this juncture, Mr. John Sherman of Olden Barneveld,
arrived in this city, and exhibited to the Lyceum a collection
of Trilobites and other organic remains from Trenton Falls,
such as perhaps were seldom before assembled together. He
very generously enriched the cabinet of the Lyceum with a
beautiful series of these relics, and kindly permitted drawings
and casts to be made of those that he could not conveniently
spare.

From these specimens we have been enabled to draw up
the following characters of a new genus of Trilobites, under
the name of

IsoTELUs.*

Bopy, oval-oblong; often contracted, not unfrequently ex-

tended.
Heap or buckler, large and rounded, equalling the tail in

size, with but two oculiform tubercles.
ABDOMEN, with eight articulations.
Frontal process beneath with two semi-lunar terminations.

* From igog equal and rsAo¢ end, extremity.

Observations on T'rilobites. 175

Post-aBDomEN or tail, broad, expanded with indistinct divi-
sions, as large as the buckler.
Longitudinal lobes very distinct.

This genus will be sufficiently distinguished from the five
genera, proposed by JM. Alexandre Brongniart, in his valua-
ble and truly philosophical work on the Trilobites, by the fol-
lowing particulars.

From Calymene. By the presence of but two tubercles on

the buckler, not reticulated; by the abdomen with but eight
articulations.

From Asaphus. By the middle lobe which is double the size
of the lateral ones ; by the absence of a membranous expan-
sion on the sides; by the non-reticulation. of the eyes, &c.

From Ogygia. By the rolled form; the rounded posterior

angles of the buckler, and the distinct articulation of the lon-
gitudinal lobes.

From Paradowide and Agnoste, by characters too obvious
to be enumerated.*

* Notre. As the work of M. Brongniart is expensive and rare, and has
never been translated, we have annexed an abstract of his genera of
Trilobites.

GeENus CALYMENE.
Body contracted into nearly a semi-cylindrical sphere.
Buckler with many tubercles or folds. Two reticulated eye-shaped
tubercles.
Abdomen and post abdomen with entire edges; abdomen divided inte
twelve or fourteen articulations.
No elongated tail.
4 species.
Genus ASAPHUS.
Body broad and rather flat ; middle lobe prominent and very distinct.
Flanks or lateral lobes, each double the size of the middle lobe.
Submembranous expansions extending beyond the lateral lobes.
Buckler semicircular, furnished with two reticulated eye-shaped
tubercles.
Abdomen divided into 8 or 12 articulations.
5 species.

176 Observations on Trilobites.

Isore.us gigas.* Plate XII. fig 1. Pl. XII. fig. 1.

Head representing a spherica! triangle, surface punctate,
convex descending from between the eyes to the anterior bor-
der, which has a narrow raised rim: posterior extremity con-
cave and corresponding to the articulation of the abdomen’
Eyes elevated, prominent, sub-pedunculated ; cornea eblong,
lunated, highly polished. » 4ddomen with eight distinct articu-
lations, the middle lobe double the size of the lateral one;
these latter are continuous with the middle lobe, have a deep
furrow impressed on their upper surfaces, which becomes
gradually efiaced towards their narrow free extremities. These

Genus OGyGtA.
Body much depressed into an oblong ellipsis, not contractile into a
sphere.
Buckler bordered, a slight longitudinal furrow arising from its anterior
extremity. Posterior angles elongated into points.
Longitudinal lobes not very prominent.
Abdomen with 8 articulations.
Eyes not prominent nor reticujated; no other protuberances on the
buckler.
2 species.
Genus PARADOXIDES.
Body depressed, not contractile.
Flanks larger than the middle lobe.
Buckler nearly semi-circular ; three transverse furrows on the middle
lobe ; noeye-shaped tubercles.
Abdomen with 12 articulations.
Articulations of the lateral lobes extended more or less beyond the
membrane which sustains them.
5 species.
Genus AGNosTUS.
Body elipsoid, semi-cylindrical.
Buckler and flanks bordered, with the edges raised.
Middle lobe with two transverse divisions each composed of a single
piece,
Two glanduiar tubercles on the anterior part of the body.
1 species.

Observations on Trilobites. 177

iateral lobes are rounded at their extremities, and flattened in
such a manner as to allow each lobe to slide easily under the
lobe immediately preceding. Tail* subwiangular, convex,
equaliing the head in size, with the posterior termination round-
ed. On the centre of its surface, when accidentally decorti-
cated, a slight elevation may be traced, if the specimen be
held in a certain light, which appears to be a continuation of
the middle lobe ; this extends to within a short distance of
the posterior angle of the tail, when it is either entirely effaced,
or terminates in an abrupt truncation. Another elevation
runs parallel to, and at a short distance from the edge of the
tail. These elevations are connected by obscure parallel
lines, imitating the spaces between the lateral lobes. When
the tail is fractured on the borders, a semi-lunar depression is
visible, exhibiting concentric striae. The whole surface of the
animal has a jet black polish.

Total length, 6—12 English inches.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

This animal, it will be seen, varies much in size ; but the
following dimensions are taken from the individual represented
in the plate, where it is of course much diminished.

‘Fotal length Gat |

of the head 2-2
of the abdomen Pi?)
of the tail oF
Breadth of the head 3:5
of the abdomen ord
of the tail 35

** The word fail, is used in the common acceptation of the term, although
as it often contains a portion of the alimentary canal, or the branchia, or
both, it might be termed the post-abdomen. The analogy between the parts
of crustacea and the vertebrated animals, is, however, very remote; still we
should avoid coining a new word, unless it becomes necessary to express a
new idea,

23

-

178 Observations on Trilobites.

Breadth of the middle lobes 1-6

of the lateral lobes 8
Depth of the buckler 9

of the lateral lobes at

their free extremities 6

These dimensions exhibit an animal of large size, but the
Cabinet of the Lyceum possesses a very considerable portion
of an individual of this species, which, when extended, must
have been at least seventeen inches long. M. Alexandre
Brongniart, speaks of an Ogygia 39 centimetres, or about
fifteen and a half English inches in,length. The thickness of the
animal may be determined by those specimens, Pl. XII. fig. 1.
in which the head and tail are closely applied to each other.
The form and position of this latter organ, it may be cursori-
ly remarked, bears a striking resemblance to that of the Hippe
emerita.

IsoreLus planus.* Plate XIII. fig. 2.

Head more rounded than the preceding, less elevated. Tai!
flat, rounded.

‘Total length oa
Breadth Pt
Length of head 6
of abdomen “8
of tail ad

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

This may possibly prove the young of the preceding species.
The relative proportions of its buckler and tail vary considera-
bly from those of the I. gigas, as may be seen by the dimen-
sions given above. ‘The depth of the lateral lobes, which ex-
ceeds three tenths of an inch, would almost of itself determine
it to be a new species. Should it, however, be considered
identical with I. gigas, it furnishes additional proof of the
very rapid growth of these animals.

Hitherto these are the only species of the genus yet discov-
ered. The Asaphus corngerus (Schlottheim) may perhaps be

Observations on. Trilobites. 179

arranged with it, as some of its characters would seem to
vender it inadmissible into the genus Asaphus, unless its
present characters should be modified or altered. It is im-
possible, however, to speak positively without an examination
of the specimen itself.

Of the nature of Trilobdites.

Various conjectures have been hazarded respecting the
nature of these extinct animals, and its affinities with recent
species. It has been described as a shell with three lobes:
as the larva of an insect, as a perfect insect, as analogous to
the genera Chiton and Patella of shells, and more recently to
the class of crustaceous animals.

M. Latreille, in a paper entitled, “‘ Affinites des Trilobites,”
published 1821, maintains that they bear the nearest affinity
to the genus Chiton. He supposes their articulated bodies,
the membranous border evident in some of them, and _ their
supposed habitations, to corroborate this opinion. On the other
hand, he asserts that the absence of antenne and of feet, are
fatal objections to their being classed with crustaceous animals.
He also alludes to the fact of Trilobites having prominent
eyes ; and according to him, those crustacea which have been
considered most analogous to Trilobites, are not furnished
with equally prominent organs of vision.

M. Alexandre Brongniart, on the other hand, argues that
Trilobites are crustaceous animals, from the following consid-
erations. The general form of Trilobites; their constant
division into a head which is confounded with the buckler, an
abdomen, and a post-abdomen or tail; the sessile position
of the eyes; the rough and tubercular teguments ; the great
number of transversal articulations, and finally, even the man-
ner of contracting itself into a ball, present an assemblage of
characters which belong only to the crustacea of the order
Gymnobranchia. The trilobate division of these animals, led

180 Observations on Trilobites,

him to endeavour to find something parallel among the crus-
tacea. “He has traced the rudiments of this division in the
Palinurus, Gammarus, Talitrus, Cymothoa, Ligia, and it
might doubtless be traced in many others.

The objection to their being crustacea, derived from the
fact that they have neither antennz nor locomotive organs, is
more serious. Ifthey had ever been provided with these parts
they would surely have been discovered ere this: but neither
the researches of naturalists in Europe, nor our own ob-
servations, have exhibited the slightest indication of their
presence ; but in the order Gymnobranchia, the antennz are
either very small or disappear; and the feet changed into
natatory organs or gills, lose their solidity. If the Trilobites
then are supposed to have belonged to this order, we may
look in vain for feet or true antennz.

It is probable that the lateral lobes are the true organs of
locomotion ; and this opinion receives considerable support
from the following considerations. We shall afterwards en-
deavour to show that they also may hold the branchial appa-
ratus.

In those specimens of the Jsotedus in the Cabinet, which are.
contorted or doubled up upon themselves, the extremities of
the lateral lobes are found to be diminished in size, as if they
were folded under each other, while the parts near the middle
Jobe retain more or less their natural position. This would
seem to indicate that the extremities were free, and of course
served as organs of locomotion. They may also have served
to seized their prey; in this they were possibly assisted by the
tail. In other specimens, however, we have undoubted evi-
dence of this structure. In these, which appear as if a strong
power had been impinged upon the middle lobe, the lateral
ones are forced so widely apart that they can be examined and
even measured. A reference to the figure of the Alpheus
aculeatus and others, as given in the appendix to Parry’s

Observations on Trilobites. 18)

voyage, will show the structure and mechanism of these lateraj
lobes, better than the most detailed description.

Admitting then this opinion, there would be little occasion
for feet, or they might be merely rudimentary. This is in
conformity to the law of organization, by which the loss of
certain parts is supplied by an extra development of others to
perform the same functions. Thus, not to go out of the class
of the crustacea, Hippa and its allied genera have minute
and almost abortive claws, and no pincers at their extremities.
To compensate for this, the mouth with its large horny jaws,
is so much enlarged, as to serve as an organ of prehension.

The question, however, still recurs, to what genus of the
crustaceous animals, are the Trilobites nearest allied? In
other words, what living animal most resembles this extinct
being ? Our observations have led us to adopt the opinion,
that the Jsotelus, and by analogy other trilobites, bear a strik-
ing affinity to the Limulus polyphemus, or common “ Horse-
foot” of our shores.*

1. The Limulus itself has been found, though rarely, in a
fossil state. By comparing these with the living Limulus, M..
Desmarest, remarked that the inferior (posterior?) angle of the
buckler was more obtuse in the fossil. The Isotelus also has
these angles more obtuse. The same distinguished observer
states, that the tail of the fossil species, is divided by longitudi-

* This large and common species has been much neglected by ou:
anatomists.

The following are the species as near as they can be determined froin the
confused accounts in the different systems.

Limulus polyphemus. Latreille, Bosc. ? ‘ q
: ; Polyphemus occidentalis. Lamarck. § pics eke

2, L. mollucanus. Latr. P. gigas Lam. Molluca Islands,
3. L. heterodactylus, Lat. China.
L. cyclops. Bose. doubtful. L. albus. Bose. The cast-off shell of a
young Limulus ?
L. Sowerbii. Leach. probably the polyphemus not fully grown.

is2 Observations on Trilobites.

nal furrows into three parts; we have indicated rudiments of
a similar division in the specific description of the I. gigas.

2. The description and figure of a fossil Trilobite, as given
by Parkinson in the third volume of his Organic Remains,
represents an animal intermediate between the recent Limulus
and our Trilobite. The head is imperfect. ‘‘ The body (ab-
domen) has five transversal plates; its sides go off directly
from the head, and meet speedily at an obtuse angle, &c.”

A direct comparison of the recent Limulus with the Isotelus,
will furnish us with additional arguments in favour of their
near resemblance. The former animal is often taken in great
abundance along our shores, and when thus taken, is im-
mediately turned over on its back to prevent its escape;
in this position they are well-known to inflect their abdomen
upon the buckler. And this seems to be an approximation
towards similar habits of the Trilobite.

4. The lunated transparent cornea, which may be seen in
many of the Trilobites in the Cabinet, bears a very strong re-
semblance to that of the Limulus. In young individuals of the
LL. polyphemus, the eyes are partly raised on the exterior
spines of the first row, these, together with the other spines,
are effaced by age, and the eyes then become nearly continu-
ous with the surface of the buckler. This fact may stand as
an answer to one of M. Latreille’s objections.

On the anterior edge of the buckler, a raised rim or bor-
der is equally observed in the Isotelus and Limulus, and the
rudiments of two longitudinal depressions on the buckler of
the Limulus, are very apparent.

6. The upper surface of the abdomen of this latter animal,
exhibits seven foramina, connected beneath with as many thin
membranous gills. We have only to suppose these foramina
extended transversely across the abdomen, and we have at
once the lateral lobes of the Trilobite.

Finally, the analogy between the Trilobite and Limulus,
derives additional support from the following circumstances.

~ Observations on Trilobites. 183

One of the specimens of I. gigas was accidentally fractured
in such a manner, as to exhibit the under side of the animal.
Pl. XII. fig. 2. The appearances presented by this fortunate
fracture, induced many to believe that they were true teeth :
upon the supposition that these Trilobites resemble most the
Limulus, we endeavoured to discover something analogous to
them in the latter animal. Our inquiries were crowned with
success. It may be necessary to premise, that in the Limulus
the anterior part of the buckler is'reflected beneath the animal, >
and forms a flat horizontal surface. This surface is bounded
by two lines, which are the terminations of curved planes
arising from the superior internal part of the buckler. ‘These
three planes meet and form at their point of junction, an acute
hollow spine nearly over the mouth, and directed backwards.
This spine is more evident in young than in old individuals,
and its posterior angle, as we look towards the inferior side of
the animal, is beset with bristles, resembling in arrangement
and direction those on the first articulations of the feet. In
the Isotelus, this spine becomes double; they are broader
and curved towards each other. They are six lines in length,
ihe terminations sharp and translucent. The angles in front
of the observer, will of course be recognised as the junction of
the descending planes of the internal crust of the buckler.
Pl. XII. Fig. 2 represents these processes, and fig. 3. analo-
gous parts of the Limulus. It will be understood, that in the
latter figure we look at the under surface of the buckler, while
fig. 2. exhibits the upper side of this surface, the buckler
being removed. This last was selected in order to show their
triangular structure, and it would seem that the specimen from
which it was taken, was probably the cast-off shell of a Trilo-
bite; at least the Limulus creeps out of its shell through a
similar separation of the whole anterior part of the buckler.
It is not to be considered at all, as the mouth of the animal,
which is probably placed between these lunated processes.

$84 Observations on T'rilobiies.

So little is known respecting the habits of the Limulus, that
the use of its spine is undetermined. In this state of absolute
ignorance, it may be permitted to conjecture that it is in
some measure an arm by which they seize or secure their
prey. In the Jsotelus this part is double. Hence we might
infer that it had greater facilities for furnishing itself with food,
and this would in a degree render unnecessary, feet armed
with pincers, and partaking of the calcareous nature of the
body; or, from the existence of setze on corresponding parts of
the Limulus, they may possibly have been accessory organs of
locomotion themselves, analogous to the setiferous pro-
minences in the class Annelides, which are described as feet
by the acute Savigny: or, possibly these frontal processes are
organs of defence. When attacked, this animal may roll itself
up into a ball, asindeed it is often found, (see Pl. XII. fig. 1.)
and {by some mechanism these processes may be inserted into
corresponding cavities in the tail, and thus retain permanently a
rolled position, presenting nothing but its calcareous covering to
the enemy: or, lastly, they may supply the place of antenne,
for which their form and contiguity to the mouth and brain,
would seem to render them peculiarly applicable.

Whatever may have been their uses, there is no doubt that
we have at length discovered a large and not unimportant part
of the under side of the Trilobite. A more extended and minute
investigation of the anatomy and habits of the Limulus, will
hardly fail to throw much light on the present obscure history
of 'Trilobites, and we hope will confirm the positions we have
endeavoured to establish.

Since the preceding was in type, we have had an opportuni-
ty of examining in the “ Nova Acta Regi ‘Societatis Upsa-
liensis” for 1821, a paper by Professor Wahlenberg, entitled,
‘‘ Petrificata telluris Suecanze examinata.” In this memoir,
the author has arrived at the same conclusion with ourselves,
as regards the analogy between the Trilobite and Limulus,
although from different considerations.

Observations on Trilobites. 185

_ Professor Wahlenberg supposes that the branchial appara-
tus was most probably placed under the middle lobes of the
abdomen, and the feet to have been situated beneath be head
or buckler.

Trilobites, according to Professor Wablenberg, were fur-
nished with short feet, which served at the same time, as ac-
cessary organs of mastication. He assigns as a reason why
they have never yet been discovered, that most of the remains
now found, are the exuvia of Trilobites, in which these parts
of course, would not easily be discovered. Those only he
considers as perfect animals, which are found rolled up on
themselves ; and in these alone can we expect to find the feet
of Trilobites. ©

{n a supplement to this paper, he has described and figured
two species, Entomostracites crassicauda, and E. extenuatus,
which appear to belong to the Genus Isotelus.

Geology of Trenton Falls.

Sttuation. Upon West Canada Creek, near the village of
Olden Barneveld, and about 13 miles north of Utica. West
Canada Creek is one of the principal branches of the Mohawk
river, it rises on the confines of Hamilton and Herkimer

Counties, and falls into that river near the village of Herkimer.

Depth and extent of formation. The river has worn itself a
passage through the rock for the distance of nearly two miles,
forming a series of water-falls, and has thus laid open to
view the strata to a depth of probably 300 feet. The layers
thus disclosed, are nearly horizontal, and of various thick-
nesses ; they are composed of limestone, with the exception
of numerous thin veins of argillaceous matter. The scenery
in the glen, worn by the stream, is of the most picturesque and
romantic character. From the high land, seven miles north
of Utica, this rock appears to form an unbroken ridge of

nearly equal height for many miles, extending from the valley .
DA.

oe 8

é
# eit

186 Observations on T'rilobites.

of the Mohawk ina north-western direction, as far as the eye
canreach. At the Little Falls, the same formation was found
constituting the western side of the Falls Mountain, but
whether superincumbent or subjacent, was not determined.
Eaton inclines to the former opinion, and states that this for-
mation extends to Lake Ontario.

Chemical and external character. The higher strata are
composed of carbonate of lime nearly pure, of a light gray
colour, and crystalline structure, easily separable into rhombic
crystals ; they may be readily burned into lime, and are much
used for that purpose. At greater depths the substance be-
comes more compact, of a darker gray colour, and finally
quite black. It is then highly fetid, and unfit for the purpose
of burning into lime in the usual manner ; it still, however,
effervesces violently with acids. No nodules of horn-stone
were perceived in any part of the rock. ‘The lower strata
are susceptible of a high polish, and might probably be ad-
vantageously worked as quarries of black marble, being fully
equal in beauty to the Lucullite of Derbyshire.

Mineral contents. No mineral contents of any value were
observed ; in some few cases, the contained petrifactions were
found to consist of sulphuret of iron.

Organic remains. The animal remains contained in every
part of the rock, are extremely abundant, in some cases mak-
ing up nearly the whole mass. No remains of vertebral ani-
mals have been observed in any of the specimens brought
from this locality, or in the rock itself.

Encrinites and Fungites (of Knorr) are found in great
quantities, some of the strata contain no other petrifaction
than the former, and they are copiously disseminated through
them all.

Trilobites frequently occur; the Dudley fossil (Calymene
Blumenbachit of Brongniart) was at once readily distinguish-
ed; another unknown to the observer was found, which it ap-
pears has not hitherto been described; this, after attentive
examination, was determined to belong to a new genus, and

Observations on Trilobites. 187

iS described as such in the former part of this paper ; a single
individual differing sufficiently from this to entitle it to be
considered as a separate species, was afterwards brought to
New-York by Mr. Sherman, by whom this interesting locality
was first explored. Of Chambered Univalves, one species of
Nautilus occurs, and three of Orthocera. One of the latter
is peculiar in its figure, and will probably, on examination,
prove a species that has not been fully described ; this pecu-
larity consists in its being composed of two conical frus-
trums of very unequal dimensions, contracting suddenly at the
place of junction. A specimen of this kind in the collection
of Mr. Sherman of Trenton, is nearly 3 feet in length ; by the
continual action of the water it has been worn down to
the axis, and exhibits, in a striking manner, the position and
formation of the Septz and Siphunculus ; from its shape it is
vulgarly supposed to be the petrifaction of a large animal of
the Lizard species; a similar mistake is said to have been
made by Whitehurst, in relation to an Orthocera from Derby-
shire, probably an analogous specimen.

No univalves without chambers have hitherto been found.

Of bivalves, the specimens exhibit several species of T'ere-
bratule and Products.

Nature of the formation. Organic remains furnish the most
decisive evidence of the identity or difference of formations,
Judging from those which occur at Trenton, we should
consider the rock to belong to the transition class, the
submedial of Coneybeare and Philips. This deduction is
founded on the presence of the Calymene Blumenbachit, which
the united testimony of Buckland, Coneybeare and Philips,
and Brongniart ascribe to that order of rock. Were it not for
this, the small inclination of the strata might have been con-
sidered as entitling it to be arranged as a part of the first
floetz formation of Werner, or it might have appeared from
the number of Entrochi or Encrimitic vertebrze, to belong ta
the mountain limestone of English authors. Eaton is there-

188 Observation on Trilobites

fore, probably correct in classing this formation as transition,
although he enumerates fossils that never occur in rocks of
that class, and among others, the Belemnite and Gryphite.
In all our specimens we do not find any of these species; we
must therefore conceive that he has been under some error
in this statement, having probably mistaken a small kind of
Orihocera for the former, and the /Vautilus for the latter of
these petrifactions.

American Localities of Trilobites.

Ir is an interesting subject of inquiry, how far the. fossil
species of our continent agree with, or differ from those of
Europe. It is a fact well known, that the living animals
which inhabited America at the time of its discovery, were
entirely different from those of the old world. Analogy
would lead us to infer, that a similar law might hold good in
relation to extinct species and genera. ‘This, however,
does not appear to be the case, for, in comparing the
American rocks -that have hitherto been examined, and their
fossil contents, with those of Europe, it would seem to be
probable, that the remains they contain are identical, there
being no variation of any great importance in the contents of
similar rocks. A few instances do indeed occur: of extinct
animals found in one continent, and not in the other, but
they are not sufficiently numerous to constitute more than an
exception to this general rule, and they are always accom-
panied by species that are common in both hemispheres.

Trilobites have been found in many different localities of
North America, and the industry of several indefatigable
collectors is hourly adding to the number.

The Calymene of Blumenbach occurs at Trenton Falls, at
Black Rock on the Niagara, and on the Miami river; the
Calymene macropthalma, on the Helderberg Mountain near
Albany, and at Coshung Creek near the Seneca Lake, in the

Observations on Trilobites. 189

State of New-York. In the cabinet of Major Delafield, is a
Calymene, from Paterson, N. J. of a species that has not
hitherto been described; and in the collection of the Lyceum
is another, probably also new, and brought by Mr. Cooper
from Leroy, in our State.

Species of the Asaphus are to be met with at Glens Falls
on the Hudson River, at Kingston on the Wallkill, on the
Banks of Lake Cayuga, and of the Seneca Lake, on the
south shore of Lake Erie near Sandusky, on the Kaatskill
Mountains, and at Greenville Falls on the Ottowa river in
Upper Canada. The five last localities are furnished us by
Major Delafield, who has good specimens from the several
places.

Specimens of the genus Ogygia, are said by Brongniart
to have been brought from the Genesee river, and from the
Banks of the Mohawk river near Schenectady.

Besides the Trenton locality of the Isotelus, we have seen
in the cabinet of Major Delafield, a portion of limestone
nearly similar in appearance, and containing numerous im-
pressions of the tails of animals of the first species of that
genus; at was found at Canajoharie.

In the British Geological Transactions for the year 1523,
a new Trilobite is described by Dr. Bigsby, to whom the
geology of our country is under so many obligations. Not
having that work before us, we are unable to say to which of
the genera of Brongniart it belongs, or whether like the
Isoletus, it may not be considered as the type of a new genus.

It thus appears that the genera and species of this interest-
ing family are numerous in our country. Opportunities will
therefore not be wanting to future inquiries to examine more
particularly its relations with the organized beings at present
existing. Could any positive light be thrown upon their
habits and mode of life, it would probably add much to our
knowledge of the previous state of the earth, and thus extend
the boundaries of geological science.

190 North American Porcupine.

Fy * A
OssERvATIONS on the manners of the Hystr1x porsata, or
Porcupine of North America. By Frepericx S. Cozzens.

Read Nov. 22d. 1824.

Turis animal, which was first made known to naturalists by
Edwards as a distinct species, has been but imperfectly de-
scribed, and its singular manners and history but slightly
noticed. Having obtained one in my excursion last summer,
I have conceived I might possibly add some few facts to natu-
ral history by publishing the observations I have made on it.

On the first view of this animal, the analogy between it and
the sloths of South America is clearly and satisfactorily exhi-
bited ; and J am somewhat surprised that this fact has not be-
fore been noticed by authors. The slowness of its motions,
and its remarkably long claws, are not the only peculiarities
which prove its affinity to those animals. Even in its spiny
covering, some likeness may be traced to the thick bushy hair
of the 47, and it seems to hold a place between the genera
Erinaceus and Bradypus.

The porcupine, when full grown, weighs between twenty
and thirty pounds, and is about two feet in length including
the tail, which is nearly one-third the length of the body.
‘The general outline somewhat resembles that of the beaver,
with the exception of the snout, which is abruptly truncated,
broad, and with the upper lip divided. The back part of the
head and neck are thickly beset with a cluster of small spines.
The legs are uncommonly short, the joints not more than one
inch and a half in length, bending inwards, and covered down
to the claws with long bushy hair. On the fore feet he has
four, and on the hind feet five, toes; which are furnished with
remarkable long and curved claws, well adapted for climbing
the highest trees. In walking, the tibia, as well as the tarsus,
rest upon the ground, after the manner of the tortoise, which
gives him an uncouth gait, or awkward hobble. His cover-

North American Porcupine. 19%

ing consists of long coarse hair, and a coat of shorter fur, in-
termixed with scattered spines. But the great cluster of spines,
(or quills, as they have been termed,) and which he uses as a
means of defence, are attached to a loose skin on the extreme
part of the back near the tail, and when at rest can barely be
seen projecting through the hair around that part. But on
the animal’s being irritated, he has the power (by means of
strong muscles attached to the neck) of spreading them over
the back with their points in every direction. Nor is this the
only means of defence he makes use of. The tail, which is
also armed with smaller spines, is held close to the body, or
elevated insuch a manner, that on the approach of an enemy
-he can strike suddenly, leaving his barbed spines, which ad-
here very loosely, to find their way to the very heart of those
who molest him; for it is a fact, that they have the extraor-
dinary and peculiar property of penetrating further into the
flesh after being once lodged: and it often happens that dogs
have been penetrated by them in every direction, so as
frequently to cause their death. This arises from the struc-
ture of the points, which are very sharp, and covered with a
great number of small barbs, scarcely perceptible to the naked
eye, lying imbricated over each other, and pointing back-
wards, so that on the least motion they are propelled forwards,
in the same manner that an ear of rye will move up the arm
when placed on the wrist. The tail which is large, and of a
fleshy substance, is linguiform, depressed and about the thick-
ness of a man’s hand. Above, it is studded over with numbers
of smaller spines; beneath it is thickly matted with a sort of
bristles. On the upper surface there exudes a strong and
fetid oil from a number of small pustules, which gives the
quills a greasy appearance, and probably may be another
means of keeping his enemies at bay. In walking this mem-
ber is dragged along the ground.

The quills are white, tipt with black, and are from half an
inch to three in length. They are loosely attached to the

192 JVorth American , P

skin, and come off very eas The ears are entirely hid
under the spines and hated he eyes are small, shining, and
black, and the expression of the countenance gentle and inno-
cent.

They vary very much in colour; the most common is a
devk brown intermixed with white, giving them a gray ap-
pearance. ‘T'he white is generally a kind of coarse hair, con-
siderably longer than the other. Their voice is feeble and
whining, from an octave descending to a sixth. Their food
is the bark and leaves of the hemlock (pinus canadensis) and
basswood (tilia glabra;) and they have been known to strip
trees of their foilage in the same manner as the sloths of South
America. They are, however, fond of sweet apples, corn, &c.
which they eat holding in their fore claws in a sitting posture.
The Indians say they are most excellent food, and esteem
them highly. When they are discovered on the ground,
which seldom happens, they do not strive to get out of the
way, but on being approached, immediately spread the spines
situated near the tail over the whole of the back.

Of late years they have multiplied greatly, and are become
numerous near the Oneida Lake, and in the north-western part
of the State of New-York. Their quills are dyed of different
colours by the Indians, and used as ornaments in giving a
border to moccasins, wampum, leggins, and other parts of the
Indian costume.

Die “t Me
ue

CATALOGUE OF BOOKS

|

IN THE

LIBRARY

OF THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY,

DEcEMBER 1824.

1 Anrya Argentina di Buenos Ayres. 14 Numbers.
2 Abrégé de Botanique, par M. F. L. 8yvo. Paris, 1802.
3 Accum’s Practical Essay on the Analysis of Minerals. 8vo. Phi-
ladelphia, 1809.

Accum’s Manual.
5 Acharius. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum. 8vo. Lund, 1804.
6 Acta. Societatis Regie Upsaliensis, 4 vols. 4to. Stockholm, 1764.
7 Agardh. Aphorismi Botanica. Fascic. 5. Lund. 1817.
3 -
9

De rolithis ex Luna dejectis. Lund. 1808.
———-. Species Algarum. Lund. 1820.

10 ———~. Novitie Flore Suecie. Lund. 1814.

11 ———~-. Synopsis Algarum Scandinavie. Lund, 1817.

12 ————. Conspectus Specierum Nicotiane. 12mo. Lund. 1819.
13 —. Icones Algarum inedite. Fascic. 3. Lund. 1820.

14 Akerly. Essay on the Geology of the Hudson River. 8vo. New-
York, 1820.

15 Akerly. Some account of the Weather in New-York, during the
year 1808. MS.

16 Aikin’s Mineralogy, 1 vol. 12mo. Philadelphia, 1815.

17 Anales de la Academia de Medecina. No.1. 1823.

18 Analyse des Travaux de l'Institut de France. Pendant lannee
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o5

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~

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2
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55 Catalogue of the Salem Museum. 8yvo. 1823.

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57 ———— of Paintings, collected in the Philadelphia Museum.

58 ————— of Books belonging to the New-York Hospital.

59 of different specimens of Cloth, collected in the different
voyages of Capt. Cook, by Sir Jos. Banks. 4to. Lond. 1793.
60 of the Library of Alleghany College. Meadville, 1823.

61 ————— of Plants in the Royal Botanic Garden, Madrid. 1816.
_ 62 ————— of Coleopterous Insects in the collection of the Baron

Dejean.
63 — of the Library of the American Philosophical Society.
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64 Cavallo. History and Practice of Aerostation. 8vo. London.
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71 Clark. Stereoplea, or Artificial Defence of the Horse’s Foot
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107 Eaton. Manualof Botany. 8vo, Albany, 1818.
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109

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139 Inaugural Discourse before the Horticultural Society ef
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140 Hooker. Travels in Iceland.

141 Flora Seotica. 8vo. London, 1821.

142 Holandre. Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupedes Vivipares et des
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147 Hutton. Voyage to Africa. 8vo. London, 1821.

148 Humphreys. Account of the Serpent of the Ocean. 12mo. New-
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155 Journal Universel des Sciences Medicales. 8vo. 1816.

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157 Instructions pour les Voyageurs du Museum Royale d’Histoire
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458 Itineraire de Chamounix. 12mo. Lausanne. 1790.

159 Keating. Considerations on the Art of Mining. 8yvo. Philadei-
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160 Keferstein. Beitrage zur Geschichte und Kenntnitz des Basaltes.
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196 — of the Wernerian Society. Vol. I., & Part 1st of Vol. IT.
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289

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290 Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques. Bruxelles, 8 yols, Svo»

DONORS TO THE LIBRARY.

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12

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General S. Van Rensselaer, 25, 84, 110, 133, 250.

Mr. Alfred Wagstaff, 54.

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Mr. M. H. Webster, Albany, 282.

k= The Lyceum is indebted to Witi14m Cooper, for Plate VUL.,
and to James E. Dexay, for Plates V. VII. XIL and XIII.

7h

ANNALS

THE LYCEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

OF

NEW-YORK.

VOL. L.
PART THE SECOND.

~

NEW-YORK :
PRINTED FOR THE LYCEUM, BY J. SEYMOUR,
AND SOLD BY G. & C. CARVILL, No. 108 BROADWAY.

1825.

; hte WT
.* Ph

’

ae
4 :

Bakisaitt tates:
2 neat 7

CONTENTS

OF

PART THE SECOND.

By D. H. Barnes.
Notes on Shells. No. II. - u Ss A = E yi i"

By J. J. Biaspy.
Sketches of the Geology of the Island of Montreal, - : iy

By Witiram Cooper.
Description of a new North American species of the genus Frin-
gilla, - - - - - - - - - -

By Issacnar Cozzens.
Examination of some Iron Ores from the Northern parts of the
State of New-York, - - - - - - - -

By J. E, De Kay.

Observations on a fossil crustaceous animal from Westmoreland,
Oneida county, New-York, - - - - - :

By R. K. Grevinte.
Descriptions of some new Plants belonging to the orders Musci
and Hepatice, - - - - - - = - -

By Ricwarp Haran.

Observations on the genus Salamandra, - - - ‘ a
Supplement to this Paper, - - - - ~ 2 Z
Further Observations on the Amphiuma Means, - - -
Description of a new genus of Mammiferous Quadrupeds of the

order Edentata, - - - = = : i ts

198

iv CONTENTS.
By J. Le Conte.

\emarks on the American species of the genera Hyla and Rana, -

By THomAs Sax.
Descriptions of new American species of the genera Buprestis
Trachys and Elater, - - - - - - - =
By H. R. Scuootcrarr.

Remarks on native Silver from Michigan, - - - -— -

By J. Van RENssELAER.

Notice of Fossil Crustacea from New-Jersey, - - - — =
Supplement to this Notice, - - - - - - -

By L. D. De Scuwernirz and J. Torrey.

Monograph of the North American species of Carex, - -

278

249

ANNALS

OF THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
OF NEW-YORK.

JANUARY 1825.

OFFICERS OF THE LYCEUM,
FOR THE YEAR ENDING FEBRUARY, 1825.

cd

President.
JOHN TORREY.

Vice- Presidents.
DANIEL H. BARNES, JAMES E. DEKAY.

Corresponding Secretary.
JER. VAN RENSSELAER.

Recording Secretary.
F. G. KING.

Treasurer.
WILLIAM COOPER.

Librarian.
FREDERICK S. COZZENS.

Curators.
Messrs. BARNES, J. COZZEN S, DELAFIELD.
F. COZZENS, COOPER.

Committee of Publication.

J. E. DEKAY,
A. HALSEY,

_ JOHN TORREY,
D. H. BARNES,
WM. COOPER.

Notice of Foss Crustacea, from New-Jersey. By Jen.
Van Renssenarr, M.D. Read Nov. 15, 1824.

New-Jersey presents to us the richest localities of fossils
with which we are acquainted in this hemisphere. Situated
between the two great schools of natural history, it is surpris-
ing that it has never been made the scene of more extensive
research. The cursory examinations it has received from
both cities have proved so gratifying, that we may hope some
leisured brother will be induced to investigate more minutely
the depository of these medals of nature, so abundant in our
tertiary region,* and more particularly in the triangular
peninsula comprised between the ocean and the Delaware
and Raritan rivers. }

During an excursion made to this interesting region, some
months ago, in company with Messrs. Dekay and Cooper,
we had the satisfaction of increasing the cabinet of the Lyceum
by the addition of the fossil remains of the Mastodon.t 1
have now the pleasure of noticing some specimens of fos-
sil crustacea found during that excursion, and which are
the first of the kind found in this country, so far as my know-
ledge extends : certainly the first that have been described.
There are portions of a crab in the cabinet of the Academy
of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, said to have been found
below the surface of the soil on the banks of the Potomac:
but I am informed they bear no other evidence of being fossil.{

* Which I have partially described in a paper read before the New-York
Literary and Philosophical Society in March last, and which has been or-
dered to appear in the next volume of their Transactions.

{ Vide page 143 of this volume.

t Immediately after this paper was read, Major Delafield informed me
that he had part of 'a fossil crab from York river; but he has never been
able to find it since.

It is much to be regretted that no scientific work has pointed out the dis-
tinctive characters of fossil and merely preserved shells,

196 On Fossil Crustacea from New-Jersey.

The remains in our cabinet consist of fragments only : that
is to say, we have parts of eight hands, more or less perfect,
(four of the right side, three of the left, and one doubtful,)
and the third joint of one of the legs. The great dissimilarity
of these several parts evinces to me four very distinct varie-
ties, which I shall endeavour to describe, in reference to
Plate XIV.

Fig. t. The right hand of a crab viewed internally, where
it is flat and smooth; externally, protuberant. The finger
moveable. ‘Thumb and finger of equal length, smooth,
slightly compressed internally, and rounded externally.
We have the corresponding left hand in a more perfect
state as to outline, but with small parts of the finger
wanting.

Fig. 2. This specimen is unfortunately much fractured. I
have presented an external view of the left hand, which has
suffered great violence, and has the finger and thumb bro-
ken and out of place, but still slightly adhering. The
Jower margin of the hand is smooth, as is the outer margin
of the finger ; the thumb, on the contrary, has a double
row of small spines accompanying its lower margin.

fig. 3. Represents the interior of another left hand, on
which only small parts of the thumb and finger are visible.
The exterior is beautifully circular, the interior ovate and
emarginate. In the central line are several small spines or
tubercles, which are again observed more thickly surround-
ing the root of the thumb, and extending along its upper
margin. Part of this thumb has been accidentally broken
off since we found it. We possess also a right hand, abeut
as perfect as this, which, from its position when found, and
the strong resemblance, I take to be its fellow ; it certainly
belonged to an animal of the same species.

Fig. 4. Part of a claw, with the greater part of the thumb
and finger. ‘The claw is compressed and emarginate.
The smaller finger is an irregular triangle, bearing spines

On Fossil Crustacea from New-Jersey. 197

on the angles. The thumb or longer finger has five rows
of spines extending its whole length, and approximating
towards the smaller extremity.

It is exceedingly difficult to trace analogies between fossil
and recent species, especially where only parts of the animals
are offered for observation. Moreover, the old Linnean genus
Cancer has undergone so many alterations and modifications
by the labours and observations of Fabricius, Bosc, Latreille,
and Leach, that it is not easy to arrange recent, much less
fossil specimens. 1 must be allowed to remark, however, that
fig. 4. presents many points of resemblance with the Pagurus
Fauwjasuw of Desmarest, as exhibited in Pl. XI. fig. 2.
of his work on Crustacea, in conjunction with M. Brongniart
on Trilobites. It strongly resembles the smaller claw on that
plate, the original of which was from Maestricht, and describ-
ed by Faujas St. Fond as the Pagure hermite: and which
Latreille notices as approximating very nearly to the Pagurus
Bernhardus. ‘The analogy between the recent and fossil is so
great, that they might easily be mistaken: the only difference,
perhaps, being the length of the claw. A circumstance tend-
ing to confirm the supposition of M. Latreille, that it was the
hermit crab, is the fact that only claws are found at Maestricht,
and never the body, which he accounts for naturally from the
durability of the claw, and the liability of the body to de-
composition. Although at Tinton Falls we saw many claws,
neither of us could discover any other part of the animal.

Messrs. Cuvier and Latreille place all the fossil crustacea
hitherto found (with the exception of two specimens) in the
first order, viz. decapode: so that we are probably correct in
the place assigned to our new varieties of fossil.

The crabs of Maestricht are found in a formation analogous
to, perhaps equivalent with, the chalk of England, in which
Mantell first noticed them. They are found in the plastic

198 On Fossil Crustacea from New-Jersey.

clay of the isle of Sheppey—in the calcaire grossier of Paris—
in the limestone of Pappenheim—and in the tertiary of New-
Jersey ; the precise spot seems to be a conglomerate sand
strongly tinged with iron.

It has been remarked by Desmarest, that in geological po-
sition the trilobite is older than the crustacea—but with no
great difference of age; and that the trilobites end, where the
crustacea begin : a remark that will probably be confirmed by
the relative position of our own trilobites and crustacea, if
indeed they are to be considered separately.

A Sxetcu of the Grotocy of the Istanp or MontrEAt.
By J. J. Biessy, M.D. Read Dec. 13, 1824.

Tue picturesque and fertile island of Montreal, having
close on its north the smaller “ Isle Jesus,” is situated seventy-
six miles above tide-water, in the St. Lawrence, at the con-
fluence of that river with the Ottawa. It is chiefly embraced
by the waters of the latter stream; on the north by its small
fork, called the “‘ Riviere des Prairies,” flowing through low
grounds, and occasionally checked by ledges of limestone ;
on the west, by its large and irregular expansion, the Lake of
the Two Mountains; on the south by Lake St. Louis,* (in
which the two rivers join without mingling) and the rapids
forming its outlet, which turn round the great south angle of
the island, and pass, with intervals of tranquillity, for eleven
miles over reefs and stony shallows ; finally, it is contained

* Tts length passes nearly east and west, and is eighteen miles, by eight:
miles in greatest breadth. The purplish brown water of the Ottawa occu-
pies the half nearest Montreal Island, the line of separation being abrupt
and pretty straight.

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 199

on the east by the St. Lawrence under its own proper name,
moving with a steady current between regular banks, two and
three miles apart, and sprinkled here and there with grassy
isles, of which the Boucherville group is the most numerous.
This island, in shape, resembles an isosceles triangle. It ts
thirty-two miles long in a northeast direction, and ten miles
in its greatest breadth, from the apex to the base. With the
exception of Montreal Hill, its subordinate alluvial ridge, and
one or two others of no great elevation, it exhibits a level sur-
face, watered by several rivulets, but none of note. It pos-
sesses a plentiful and well-tempered soil, vegetable and loamy ;
but in the centre of the island there are occasional patches of
ferruginous sand; and near Lachine, the ground is much in-
cumbered with bowlders. At St. Anne’s, in the west, and
along the Rivizre des Prairies, the rocks are sometimes thinly
clad, and show themselves in small platforms. The island is
traversed longitudinally by five roads, at regular distances
from each other, and with cross-cuts : another skirts its cir-
cumference. ‘The relative situation of its villages will be best
learned by recourse to the accompanying map. PI. XV.
Montreal Hill, overlooking on the southeast the rugged
Isle of St. Helen and the town to which it gives name, is
placed on the south side of the island, fourteen miles from its
lower end, and about a mile from the St. Lawrence. It stands
alone, in an extensive and highly cultivated plain, intersected
by large bodies of water, and terminated on the north and
south by mountains of fine features, but in other directions
stretching unobstructed into Upper Canada, and into the
eastern townships of Lower Canada. The aspect of this hill
is rendered striking by its massiveness, as well as by its posi-
tion. It dips on the east and southeast precipitously from a
rounded summit of scantily wooded reck, and elsewhere pre-
sents rugged hummocks, or steep declivities, clothed with
birch, poplar, and maple. Its base, and part of its sides, are
occupied by orchards, farms, and gentle men’s seats : excepting

5

200 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

the level space immediately on the northeast, employed as a
race-course. It isa long oval, extending from northeast to
southwest for nearly three miles, and having a comparatively
small breadth; now and then, however, increased by lateral
projections on the north, enclosing little vallies. It is sepa-
rated into two unequal portions by a broad fissure, now used
as the west road to the interesting village of St. Catharine.
The western of these. divisions is frequently called Mount
Trafalgar. I am not certain which is highest. The surveyor-
general of Lower Canada states the greatest elevation of the
hill to be five hundred and fifty feet above the contiguous
river ;* the measurement having been directed, I believe, to
the flagstaff on the northeast end of the hill; on the southeast
declivity, below which flagstaff, it may be mentioned for
the sake of reference hereafter, there is an elegant monument
in memory of Mr. McTavish, one of the founders of the
Northwest Company of Fur Traders.

A ridge, or bank, of sand and other rolled materials, rests
on the base of the hill on the south and east : somewhat closely
near the village of St. Henry: but in general there intervenes
a varying breadth of flat, marshy, or stony ground. Its height.
is greatest at the above-mentioned village, where it is aseended
by the Lachine turnpike. It is scarped there, and may be
one hundred and forty feet high. Near Montreal it is called
«“ Coteau St. Pierre,” and slopes to a lower level, about
twelve feet above the St. Lawrence, from an elevation of
less than one hundred feet. This bank is scarcely apparent
on the north side of the hill, but extends from it, east and
west, to the ends of the island, at a small interval from its
shore. It is every where smooth and rounded, furrowed by
streamlets, and somewhat lowered, except at Chateau Brillant,
on the Lake of the Two Mountains. The vicinity of the

* New measurements will be taken this winter.

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 201

Riviere des Prairies is sandy in spots, and undulating ; but
on the whole, low.

From the town of Montreal, eastward, the immediate bank
of the St. Lawrence is naked, and from twelve to thirty feet
high, with a gradual descent towards the end of the island.
In the opposite direction (toward Lachine) it is very low, the
land between the ridge just described and the river (a large
triangular space) being marshy, but still with small embank-
ments, indicative of water courses, which have once insulated
the southern angle of the island. This flat has been chosen
as the route of the canal between Montreal and Lachine, now
in operation, to within half a mile cf the former place.

This topographic notice may suflice for the geological de-
tails now to follow. A tolerable idea of the population, agri-
culture, and scenery of the island, may be collected from the
writings of the meritorious Bouchette, and those of Lambert
and Hall.

The environs of Montreal abound in geological facts of
great value. The lowest rock is a trap, of a kind unique in
the Canadas. By its peculiar composition, (which includes
all the ingredients of granite,) and by its associations, it illus-
trates in a beautiful manner the aflinity existing between the
formation of which it is a member and the primitive class in
general. The mountain of Chambly, sixteen miles east by
south, affords the nearest of the older rocks in place. The
extended trappose ramifications which it has projected into
the superincumbent horizontal layers of limestone, without
injury or displacement accruing to them, are very remark-
able appearances, and to me inexplicable, except by supposing
parity of age, an opinion making this rock, junior to the other
inclined strata of the St. Lawrence, which are evidently of a
date long anterior to this limestone. An opportunity is here
furnished of examining the line of union of rocks extremely
dissimilar in their materials, and in their origin also, according
to prevailing theories. We shall find the limestone and its

28

202 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

organic remains (numerous and sometimes new and rare) un-
changed, although in contact with, imbedded in, and even
impregnating the trap.*

The deposits which T have called alluvial, but which were
rather thrown down during the existence of vast inland seas,
after the last deluge, may lead to useful inferences from their
form and connexions, aud from the nature and variety of their
contents.

The fixed rocks of this district may be enumerated as fol-
lows :—A very compound trap constitutes the largest part of
Montreal Hill, and appears in great quantity in the plains on
its south. Besides emerging in the route of the Lachine Ca-
nal, a rapid visit enabled me to detect it in unstratified rock
masses, which just escape above the herbage, in the common
of La Prairie, a quarter of a mile west of the village, (six miles
from Montreal) a mile south of the parish church of Longueil,
{three miles east of Montreal) and on the banks of the St.
Lawrence, west of, and near the same church. It occurs na
similar manner on the. river Richelieu, (twelve miles south-
east of Montreal) for one or two miles about Col. de Sala-
berry’s Mills. Rolled fragments of this rock abound every

‘where in the large area included by the towns of Montreal,
Chambly, and St. John’s, and extend southward at least
twenty miles above the foot of Lake Champlain, even to the
Genesee country, in a southwest direction, and up the St.
Lawrence, nearly as far as Prescott, in Upper Canada. At
the lower end of the Vaudreuil ferry, on the Lake of the Two
Mountains, the fragments of trap are so plentiful and angular,
(1819) that I suspect it occurs in place not far from thence.

Near Montreal, the trap supports, and traverses in direct
contact, a conchiferous limestone, which floors nearly the
whole island, as well as can be ascertained, through its

* Chambly Mountain, sixteen miles east by south, affords the nearest
primitive rock in place.

On the Geology of the Isiand of Montreal. 203

plentiful soil; and is best brought into view about that town,
and at the rapids of the Recolet, and other portions of the
Riviére des Prairies. At a distance from the hill, it probably
rests on quartzose conglomerate, or sandstone; as on the
former, are based some of the islets in the Lake of the Two
Mountains, and the isle of St. Helen. Quartzy sandstone
discovers itself at the Cascades, St. Anne’s, and in the bed of
the Lachine Canal.

The trap may be said to consist chiefly of crystalline
hornblende, largely mixed with quartz, feldspar, mica, and
angite. The accidental minerals are those characterising
this order of rocks, as zeolite, &c. Except where it assumes
the form of dykes or veins, as is common in the plain about
the hill, it is massive, and usually much weathered. On the
summit of the hill, and sometimes elsewhere, it rises above
the vegetation in naked flattish mounds, closely compacted,
and seldom exceeding five yards in diameter. In the small
ruinous ledges and cliffs, it is fissured perpendicularly, and
rent by cold, into large cuboid blocks. When quartz enters
into the composition of the trap in quantity, it becomes schis-
tose, but I have never observed real stratification.

The varieties are very numerous, but may all be derived
from four principal forms, running into each other without
apparent order, and occupying indiscriminately all levels.
They do not only furnish a convenient mode of classification,
but also represent the kinds predominating. Of the four, the
two forms placed first in the following sketch are perhaps the
most plentiful. The magnet is not affected by any, except
when iron is visibly present.

The first form consists of promiscuously aggregated, shin-
ing, black prisms, of hornblende, from half an inch to three
inches long, sometimes pure ; and so mutually compressed as
almost to disappear; but more frequently white or ferruginous
masses of glassy feldspar-and quartz, mixed im various pro-
portions, are interposed, so as to give the whole a strong re-

204 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

semblance to sienite. ‘This white compound, disintegrating
by the weather, falls out, and renders the crust of the rock
vesicular. Copper-coloured mica, in single scales, or in
nests, is common in this variety, and now and then, though
rarely, in great quantity. Small druses often form in the in-
terstices of the hornblende crystals, lined with small crystals
of feldspar, (white or colourless, transparent, hexahedral, ta-
bles) quartz, pale green epidote, (granular or in stellular, ra-
diating, acicular crystals) white zeolite, (in divergent, coarse,
acicular crystals, terminally superimposed,) and rarely a small
weathered rhomb of chabasite. Cubic iron pyrites is common,
and spicular iron ore in confused crystallization, as a coating.
This form is met with on the summit of the east division of
the hill, above Mc'T'avish’s Tomb, on the middle of its north
and west flanks, and the greater part of Mount Trafalgar, es-
pecially the lower. On the northeast declivity of Mount Tra-
falgar, and on a cleared hummock on the east division, near
the west road to St. Catharine, the crystals of hornblende ar-
range themselves in continuous lines or bands, from a sixth to
half an inch thick, and semetimes several feet long; with oc-
casional cross rents. They are parted by the mixture of
quartz and feldspar above-mentioned: forming, of course,
similar bands, but white. I have seen this curious structure
in short spaces only, and am thence unable to state its extent
or direction. It is the more remarkable, as occurring among
rocks in which any thing like order seems studiously avoided.
it would appear to indicate that the mass has consolidated
during motion. ‘This kind affects the magnet.

The second form exists in most parts of the hill, and in the
route of the Lachine Canal, and is well marked in the low
eliff above McTavish’s Tomb. Itis black, or brownish black,
opaque, homogeneous, rather fine-grained, with blunt edges.
it yields a gray streak readily to steel. Its specific gravity is
that of trap rocks generally. ‘The specimens taken from near
the west road to St. Catharine, and in other places near

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 205

calcareous strata, effervesce slightly, though distinctly, on
exposure to acids. It is sometimes dotted with crystals of
white glassy feldspar, which, having increased to a good size,
in one case converted the mass into a porphyry.

The third kind prevails as well on the hill, as in the veins
of the vicinity soon to be noticed. It is on some occasions
scarcely to be distinguished from the black trap of the Sabine
country, near Rome, containing solitary crystals of augite,
which I have seen in the collection of Mr. Greenhough of
London. It is the last described form crowded, (but some-
times only studded) like a porphyry, with crystals of greenish
black augite, alone, or interspersed with basaltic hornblende ;
both of large size, and well characterized ;* and in weathered
masses, often showing their termmations. Among other lo-
calities, this form occurs on the declivity overlooking the
race-course, where it is chequered with spots of granular epi-
dote and white quartz. On La Prairie common, these augitic
crystals are almost acicular, in a brownish trap; and also on
the Lachine Canal, where the rock assumes a peculiar, and
very handsome appearance. It is found in great quantity
near the country-seat of Edward Gregory, Esq. but cannot
now be examined, in situ, as it is covered by water. The
large fragments strewed around, however, show it to be
amorphous. It may be described as a confused assemblage
of short needle-shaped black crystals, cemented together, te
use a convenient phrase, by a fine mixture of pink feldspar
and white quartz. It is in parts, interspersed with numerous
round druses, averaging half an inch in diameter, lined with
octohedral iron pyrites, rhombic and pyramidal calespar, and
green epidote in many but very small crystals. Mingling
with these druses, without regularity of situation, and in con-

* The augite belonging to the A. triunitaire, of Hauy, as I learn from
Dr. Troost, whose skill in practical chemistry and crystallography has latd
me under frequent and pleasing obligations.

206 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

siderable numbers, (though commonly distinct) are spherical
knots of pink feldspar, nearly pure, minutely crystallized, and
filled with the acicular hornblende or augite of the general
mass. The feldspar, it will be observed, is here pink. I met
with a detached mass on the north side of the homogeneous
trap, traversed by a vein two inches thick, of red feldspar.

Judging of the quantity of the trap met with, in the exca-
vation of the Lachine Canal, by what is thrown out, it is very
considerable. It is principally of the second, or compact
kind, and is massive; rarely in veins, when it might be visi-
ble in the sides of the canal, as in fact it is, not far from the
bridge at the west end, and at about three miles from the
same end. The third form, when penetrating the limestone
in veins, effervesces slightly with acids, and even contains
well preserved terebratule, covered with a ferruginous crust,
and surrounded by crystals of basaltic hornblende.

The fourth form abounds most near the limestone, at the
sides of the eastern division of the hill, and on the higher parts
of the very rough northeast flank of Mount Trafalgar; where
it graduates, in passing downwards, through the homogeneous
into the crystalline black form. It can, indeed, scarcely be
called a trap; although forming part of the same deposition
with the other portions of the hill. _ It cannot be distinguished,
in carefully selected hand specimens, from the sienite of the
summit of Peek Island, in Lake Superior; and with some
difficulty from an amphibolic granite, from near Rice River,
in the Lake of the Woods. It is a mixture, occasionally fine,
of white or transparent feldspar, white crystalline quartz, and
a little copper-coloured mica, often in nests. In this granite-
like rock, prisms of hornblende are scattered at random,
sometimes mere dots, or acicular; but at others, one or more
inches long, and of corresponding breadth. As has been
mentioned above, this form, by an augmentation of its horn-
blende, passes into perfect trap, and, on the other hand, as
frequently, wholly loses the imhedded crystals in question.

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 207

The white cement often contains carbonate of lime. When
the black and white ingredients are distributed with some uni-
formity, and in equal quantity, their strongly contrasting
shades give great beauty. It often traverses the other forms
of trap, in broad and straight, tapering bands, which issue
from large irregular masses, whose precise relation to the
surrounding rocks happens to be hid by vegetation or debris.

The four forms of trap now sketched, together with their
numerous gradations, occur in the veins or dykes which form
so singular a feature in the geology of the environs of Mon-
treal. ‘The second, or homogeneous kind, is most abundant ;
but it is here protected from the elements by a ferruginous
crust, and breaks into thick oblong slabs, with sharp, rhom-
boidal edges. Ido not recollect the fourth form to exist as
a dyke. Near the north end of a limestone quarry, a few
hundred yards north of the race-course, there is a dyke of a
composition I have not observed on the hill. It consists of a
soft, passing into powdery, cement, white and. green, (each
colour predominating in patches) which contains numerous
finely marked crystals of basaltic hornblende, distributed con-
fusedly, but equally, and not often confluent. The cement is
principally calcareous; the remainder being green earth,
which frequently coats the crystals.

These dykes are derived from the hill. The presence of
vegetation and of soil, prevents our tracing them throughout
to their source ; but their origin is betrayed by the identity
of their materials with those of the rock of the hill, by the
course of the majority, and by their being detected in several
instances issuing thence, and from its immediate neighbour-
hood.

Dr. Macculloch, in his account of the group of trap islands
off the west coast of Scotland, describes several large accu-
mulations, dépots, as it were, of amphibolic rocks, from
whence veins proceed in all directions for several miles into
the adjacent strata. The form and position of the ramifica-

208 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

tions now under consideration, may be understood from the
following observations. .

Horizontal shell limestone, floors, as has been already stat-
ed, the plain surrounding the hill; and without the least de-
rangement* invests its trap masses, to a variable distance,
from the summit of from one hundred and fifty to three hun-
dred and fifty feet, the lowest of these elevations being on the
north, and the highest on the south flank of the east division.

From the hill, as from a centre, there pass in all directions
into the limestone, with a remarkably straight, unchanging
course, a great number of dykes, arms, or veins, of the com-
position stated above; and perpendicularly, or nearly so.
They have been traced northeastwardly, for a mile and a
half. Those at Lachine may originate in the trap contiguous
tothem. In the race-course, which is a level piece of ground,
full of old and new quarries of limestone, no less than fourteen
of these veins have been counted. They are best seen about
the middle, and near the hill, from whence they advance just
above the grass, like the base of long, ruined, walls. The
most common direction on the race-course is east ; the devia-
tions being usually trifling. They dip north at a very high
angle. At the northeast corner of the course, two veins cross,
but the place of intersection is hid by soil. A little to the
south of the stand a vein runs north north east. In the quarry
north of the course, two contiguous dykest also run north
north east, that direction leading to the hill. The same is
the case with another vein, in a pine wood, two thirds of a
mile north of the course ; and a second vein, close at hand in
the same wood, passes north by east. Of three in Williams’s
limestone quarry, (about one and a half mile north east of the
hill) that at the back of the house runs north, and another in

* Except near a deserted house on the west road to St. Catharine.
where it is turned up edgeways in places: but perhaps not by the trap.
¢ The composition of one of these dykes has been given.

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 209

front, north east. They are compact, highly ferruginous, but
occasionally in their route, (as is common) assume the por-
phyritic form described third. In one case the hornblende
prisms are low and oblique, four sided, and at the same time
few and small. The paste here is brown; the whole mass
strongly resembling the trap on parts of the river Richelieu.
These veins have parallel sides, and are from one to three
feet in thickness ; but near Lachine, there is one fourteen feet
thick; it is visible, however, for so short a distance, that its
dimensions cannot be given precisely. They do not thin off,
at least very sensibly. In fact, we cannot at present trace the
same individual further than four hundred yards. Sometimes,
as at the south east angle of the race-course, they seem to
meet with an obstacle, and collect into an irregular knot, from
ten to thirty feet broad, which again projects a number of tor-
tuous ramifications : the straight course having been abandon-
ed. These veins frequently subdivide, and again unite, en-
closing lenticular masses of conchiferous limestone, and some-
times of large size ; in all cases adhering to the trap, with the
utmost firmness, and although the division is marked by a fine
clear line, the carbonate of lime is detected in the vein by ap-
plication of acids. These insulated fragments suffer no change
except being a little harder ; and contain terebratule, encri-
nites, &c. whose state of preservation does not differ from that
of the shells imbedded at a distance from the trap: even the
nacre remains in some cases. These divisions are sometimes
quite minute, and separate the limestone for short distances
into thin ribbon-like laminz, parallel to each other and per-
pendicular. Sometimes the trap has insinuated itself,
horizontally in sheets, between the layers of limestone.
This is beautifully exemplified in an abraded bank on
the south side of the race-course, at the base of the
hill. Here the upper stratum is horizontal trap of paral-
lel sides, nearly two feet thick, and covered with earth. It

rests on the limestone in its usual pesition, pushing through it
29

210 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

a vertical and very thin sheet of trap. A drawing, made very
soon after meeting with this appearance, does not represent
any displacement of the calcareous strata ; and I well remem-
ber, that the union between the two layers or veins of trap is
perfect.

In the quarry five hundred yards north of the race-course,
there is a vein eighteen inches thick, which is nearly horizon-
tal. Jt is only seen for a few feet. Dr. Lyons, Surgeon to the
British forces, an acute observer, to whom] am much indebted,
met with a horizontal vein, on the south flank of Mount Tra-
falgar, overlooking the priests’ house. The west and north-
west parts of the base and sides of Montreal Hill, have not
yet been sufficiently examined ; but I do not look for much
information from thence, as they are employed in tillage, and,
as far as I know, have not been excavated for quarries, &c.

I shall now proceed to give some account of the limestone
overlying this trap, and receiving its ramifications. It is a
portion of the great basin of secondary rocks of North Ame-
rica, whose outlines have been ably traced by Dr. James, in
his account of the expedition to the Rocky Mountains, under
Major Long. A more detailed description of its line of junc-
tion with the elder and inclined rocks of the dividing ridge of
the vallies of Hudson’s Bay, and the St. Lawrence, may be
found in Volume VUI. p. 77. of the American Journal of
Science. The particular form occurring im Montreal Island,
and overspreading nearly the whole of it, extends into Lake
Champlain and on the Richelieu on the south ; and northeast-
wards, down the St. Lawrence, as far as Cape Tourment,
thirty miles below Quebec. Its south east boundaries have
not been at allexamined. We only know of the country south
of the St. Lawrence, below Montreal, that it abounds in
greywacke and clayslate, superincumbent on granite and
gneiss. Westerly and southwesterly, it unites with the lime-
stones of the Lakes, with which, if we are to judge by imbed-
ded minerals, organic remains, and geological position, it is

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 21

cotemporaneous. The compact form is not to be distinguish-
ed from that of the north east end of Lake Ontario ; serving
as the substratum for the adjacent parts of the State of New-
York and Upper Canada.

The limestone of Montreal Hill is bluish black or bluish
brown, without lustre, fine-grained passing into compact,
easily scratched by steel, and of conchoidal fracture when free
from shells. When exposed to the weather, it is divided inte
horizontal layers, from six to twenty-four inches thick, some
of them containing silica in chemical combination (with in-
creased hardness) ; and others chertz in horizontal bands.
How thick the strata are, at some depth beneath the surface,
is very doubtful. This form of the limestone is well seen at
McTavish’s Tomb, on the west road to St. Catharine’s, and
on the north of the hill at the base: every where full of the
organic remains of the level country. The limestone of the
race-course, so traversed by dykes, is in all respects similar to
that of the hill.

The small quarries scattered over a field north east of the
race-course, and often alluded to already, are nearly on the
same level with those of the latter spot ; but are perhaps two
feet lower. They are only opened to the depth of nine feet of
rock. Of this, the upper third is a brown, knotty, disinte-
grated, calcareous shale, greatly charged with iron in the
brown carburet and pyritic forms. The lower two thirds, by
rapid, but not abrupt transition, consist of layers of bluish
gray and grayish brown limestone, from eight to thirty inches
thick. These are highly crystalline, in shining rhomboidal
facettes, which average one-sixth of an inch in diameter, and
display no trace of organization. Williams’s Quarries pre-
sent the same appearances as these.

The limestone on the north of the island, in the quarries and
broken platforms along the Riviére des Prairies, is nearly the
same as the crystalline species of the quarry adjacent to the
race-course. ‘The organic remains are the same, but where I

212 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

observed it there was a tendency to tbe granular form. Some
of itis shaly. The difference in level must be very small.
The calcareous rock, which has been cut through in ferm-
ing the canal between Montreal and Lachine, is only seen in
the three and a half or four miles nearest the west end. It is
about on the same plane with the St. Lawrence. The ragged
edges of the upper and northern strata, above described, are
concealed by the large alluvial bank girding the hill. The
limestone of this lecality varies in its external appearance.
In the eastern part of the above distance, it is pale, gritty, and
deficient in shells. I suspect the presence of quartz, but an
accident has deprived me of the opportunity of testing it.
Proceeding westward, the limestone becomes bluish black,
and softer; a pale brown granular variety then intermixing with
it, by a sort of alternation; both containing large druses of
very splendid crystals of dog-tooth, nail-head, lenticular, and
curved rhomboidal calespar. Their organic remains are the
same. ‘These pale and dark layers are in firm union, by a
wavy, but still horizontal line, the black one being usually on
the surface, and often azoophytic, while the inner brown parts
are full of shells, and approach to the crystalline state. The
Jimestone at the west end of the canal is all dark and shaly,
but is unchanged in other respects. Very fine fibrous arrago-
nite has been brought from hence, but I suspect from the trap.
It is in veins an inch thick, consisting of two closely connected
tables of equal size, one of which is white, with some degree of
translucency: the other is hyaline, and almost transparent.
These limestones cannot now be examined, in situ, as they
are covered by the water of the canal, and by the earth forming
its sides ; but the fragments lying around, may be sufficient
for obtaining a pretty correct idea of their nature. These
materials also indicate, that in certain parts at least, it here
rests upon an indurated quartz rock, of very fine grain, black
and brown in alternate stripes, (the former shade being derived
from carbon) and sprinkled with dots of iren pyrites. - The

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 213

dark variety predominates and runs into shale; but of what
kind I have not yet ascertained. This rock occurs near St.
Henry’s, and seems to be supported by the porphyritic trap
with the handsome druses of calcspar and epidote. ‘The island
of St. Helen, which bears about north north east from the
place where this quartz rock occurs, is based on a modification
of greywacke, an extremely compact and hard conglomerate
of granular quartz masses, both angular and rounded, green,
gray, brown and black ; and varying in size from two inches
in diameter to microscopic. ‘The cement is green, and in
sparing quantity. It contains, disseminated, iron pyrites, and
some copper-coloured mica, the latter being plentiful in some
of the fragments. I observed in it, one mass of colourless feld-
spar. This rock shows itself in a naked bluff, a few feet above
the St. Lawrence, on the north east of the Barracks of the Artil-
lery. Iam informed, that it is either massive or divided into
very thick strata.

I may place here the facts which have come to my know-
ledge respecting the sandstone of St. Anne. It presents itself
on the shore of Lake St. Louis for two miles below that vil-
lage, and at the rapids of the same name, on the north east of
Isle Perrault, in thick horizontal slabs of light brown quartzy
sandstone, with ferruginous clouds and spots. It is-hard,
fine-grained for the most part, and seems to have little or no
cement. It appears in large quantity at the Cascades, on the
opposite side of this body of water; but as far as I am aware,
it is not seen in ascending the St. Lawrence, until we reach
the neighbourhood of St. Regis, (fifty miles south west) as we
learn from a printed report of Mr. Raymond, a surveyor, who
found it underlying much of the St. Lawrence county, in the
State of New-York. I have seen it, in the Thousand Islands,
resting on gneiss, directly and unconformably. From these
and other circumstances, I deduce a probability, that the
sandstone of St. Anne is below the limestone of Montreal
Island—a rock whose organic remains and accidental minerals

214 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

are yet tobe stated. All its varieties furnish the same animal
remains ; but no fossil vegetables have yet been found. They
are chiefly sparry or granular casts of the common limestone.
Lingule, however, and terebratulae, frequently preserve their
nacre. Of trilobites, the asaph genus is the most abundant,
excepting perhaps the debris of very large trilobites, usually
too comminuted to allow of the determination of the species ;
but in the crystalline limestone of the quarries, they are larger,
and are evidently caudal portions of the genus Jsotelus, lately
instituted by Dr. Dekay. Some of them, although represent-
ing at least one third of the animal, are only a quarter of an
inch long. The asaphs approach nearest the species cau-
datus of Brongniart. Ihave found no entire Calymene: but
many bucklers or heads of the Blumenbach species ; and some
of them an inch and an half in diameter. They are found
whole, in considerable numbers, in the vicinity of Quebec.
The fragments of trilobites, from Germany, and Llandillo in
Wales, represented in fig. No. 6. &c. of Brongniart, occur
plentifully here, and do not differ much from those of the above
distinguished naturalist, in general outline and dimensions.*
The front of the buckler is much more convex, remarkably so ;
and has on each side, near the base, three very small trans-
verse lines, (scarcely to be called depressions) corresponding
to the sulci so strongly marked in the genus Calymene. ‘There
is frequently, but not universally, a very minute pisiform pro-
cess on the centre of the front. ‘The whole upper edge of the
buckler is always surrounded by a very ornamental semicir-
cular border (sometimes semi-elliptical) of punctures, placed
in the meshes of a net-work in high relief, and arranged close
together, in rays, passing perpendicularly from the buckler,
and forming at the same time, when observed transversely,

* At Montmorenci, near Quebec, they occur much larger: rather ex-
ceeding one and a half inch in diameter.

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 215

curved lines, parallel to its upper rim or edge, excepting at the
sides, where they diverge, leaving a space occupied by other
lines of dottings, parallel to the former, but speedily terminat-
ing on the cheeks of the buckler. The lines which are com-
plete from side to side, are four in number. ‘The imperfect
additional ones vary from two to four ; the smallest and inner
consisting of only two or three punctures. A plain edging
includes the semicircle of punctures. (Vide Pl. XV. fig. 1.) In
the beds of these casts, the places of the punctures are shown,
by small conical elevations, and those of the ridges of the
network by corresponding depressions.

Orthoceratites are met with, in all the kinds of limestone :
those in the dark granular form, are sometimes almost as large
as the celebrated specimens from Lake Huron, and vary from
them in no respect. Small cylindrical casts of calespar, which
taper considerably, are common. Having no peculiarities of
structure, they are only thought to belong to this family, on
account of their being provided with a siphuncle.

Conularia quadrisulcata are rare, but have been found.
They are described by Sowerby. Casts of trocht, turbones,
terebratula, producti, turbinolie, cellular madrepores, co-
rallines, retipores, flustre, are every where in great plenty.
There is a beautiful variety of the tubtpore, which occupies a
knot in the calcareous strata; not confusedly, as is common,
but in concentric circles, and placed perpendicularly in the
rock, at some distance from each other. Ido not know if the
tubes communicate with eachother. Lingule exceeding an
inch in length are frequent at the west end of the Lachine
canal, having the brown matter of the shell in fine preserva-
tion. The encrinital family is in astonishing numbers and
variety ; but they have not as yet been carefully studied. In
May 1823, 1 met with a beautiful specimen of the column and
stomach of the E. moniliformis ; a variety of the stag’s horn
encrinite isnot uncommon. The remains, which I last summer
considered, (with others,) to be a fragment of the stomach of

216 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal

a pear encrinite, from a specimen from Montreal, found by
Mr. Lee, (37th infantry,) and from Lake Simcoe, found by
myself, I have since met with, in a more perfect form, at the
natural steps above the Falls of Montmorenci, near Quebec.
It most probably does not belong to this family at all; but is
a multilocular shell, resembling the orthoceratite. I am not
now prepared to add further respecting it, than that it is
straight or curved cylindrical, large in what we may pro tem-
pore call the middle, and tapering gradually towards the ex-
tremities: which, by the by, have not been seen. Its septa
are straight, (not sinuous,) transverse; and average six to
the inch. In ten individuals no siphuncle has been discovered.
My largest fragment is four inches long, by nearly two in
greatest breadth.

The accidental minerals occurring in the limestone of
Montreal, are in very small quantity, and few in number.
They are confined to purple fluor, in plates, lining fissures,
and as small cubes superimposed: yellow blende, in imbedded
crystalline masses: and iron and copper pyrites, in druses and
as coatings.

The alluvial ridge, which surrounds two thirds of this island,
and is so distinct on the southern and eastern aspects of the
hill, may be considered as an ancient embankment, in one of
those vast bodies of water which were left by the last deluge ;
and which in the lapse of ages have undergone repeated sub-
sidences, until they have assumed their present shapes and
number. From whatsoever source this bank may have deriv-
ed its materials, its course and form have becn imparted to it
by waters flowing nearly in the same direction as the Ottawa
and St. Lawrence of the present day: but at an elevation
which would give them an infinitely greater extent than they
now possess. I have traced it for one hundred and sixty-five
miles up the former stream, when I met with a barrier of sterile
hills, through which it forces its way, leaving behind it the
vast and sometimes fertile deposits in which Lakes des Allur

Bi _
¥

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 217

mettes, Tamatsaming, &c. are placed. Up the St. Law-
rence, and on its lakes, it is universal; but broken even into
seven successive terraces, which is the greatest number I have
seen. It is continuous, downwards, from Montreal towards
the Atlantic Ocean, in one or more of these platforms, for
three hundred and fifty miles to my own knowledge, and
most probably, the whole distance of five hundred and eighty
miles ; frequently, however, interrupted by districts of rock,
as I need scarcely add.

This alluvial deposite, in the immediate vicinity of Montreal,
including the ridge and the marshy flat at its base, is com-
posed of different ingredients in different places. On the
banks of the river, and in the rear of the town, it is, at all
levels, a coarse mixture of ferruginous sand, reddish clay,
and gravel; full of large bowlders of primitive rocks,* and
particularly abounding in large nodules of rusted black and
brown limestone. Here and there, without regularity, there
are very thin and partial beds of pure sand and gravel, in a
horizontal position. 'The former, however, I have learnt,
exists, as a very large and deep accumulation, at the east end
of the canal, close by, unfortunately for its cheap and per-
manent construction. ‘The masses of limestone found among
these rolled substances, are always without shells : a remark-
able circumstance in a district of conchiferous limestone. It
is very shaly, but still not only weathers in its ordinary direc-
tion, but in concentric spherical layers, like the coats of an
onion, a mode of division not to be-discovered in sound rock
of this nature ; but I have observed, upon an extensive scale,

* Among the rolled masses of the fields and river banks, I have met with
pale green coccolite in tabular spar, with yellow mica; dark green cocco-
lite; fine granular, forming one third of a compound; together with black
mica, and pink rhomboidal calespar; a bowlder of tabular spar, white, and
unmixed, weighing six hundred pounds. Dr. Lyons has met with well-
marked rolled Labrador feldspar in the island of St. Helen, opposite the
town of Montreal.

30

2

218 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

that all rocks, on the application of strong heat, as on expo-
sure to the cooking fire of a Canadian voyageur, including
trap, and its conglomerates amygdaloid, granite, gneiss, quartz
rock, &c. &c. shale superficially, tu slaty, lenticular, and often
large fragments, without attention to natural cleavages. 1
do not intend to make any deductions from this fact at pre-
sent. ‘These calcareous nodules are frequent at the east end
of the Lachine Canal, with the gravelly earth spoken of
above ; but in a mile or so west, on its route, (the exact dis-
tance my notes do not give) it is succeeded by a deep blue
viscous clay, containing among other pebbles, small masses of
the black limestone without shells. This blue clay (still con-
tinuing along the canal) is succeeded, at two and a half miles
from Montreal, by a bed, cut through for one hundred yards,
of very soft and flaky white marl, full of fresh water shells.
It is covered for three feet by decayed vegetables, and has
itself been penetrated for the same distance without reaching
its under surface. This bed has limestone, in situ, close on
its west. Its shells are in great numbers, and precisely those
inhabiting the contiguous waters and great lakes. ‘They are
decomposed ; that is, are soft, brittle, and white, but not at all
impregnated with carbon, flint, or calcareous matters. Plan-
orbis bicarinatus, deflectus, and trivolvis, Melania wrginica,
and Physa heterostropha, are about in equal quantities,
The Unio is rare, and always in fragments. I met with a very
delicate and small Lymneus elongatus, similar, except in size,
to the living shell in the Little La Croix river, leading to
Lake Vermilion, on the north and west of Lake Superior.
Lymneus emarginatus, Valvata sincera, and Cyclas similis, are
also present. There are some pits on the north of Montreal
Hill, from whence Dr. Lyons has brought fresh water shells,
of the genus Saxicava, which I have found likewise in a
streamlet on the Ottawa, one hundred and twenty miles west
north west of Montreal, and five miles into the woods from

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 219

the river. The mar] and shells just noticed occur at Gren-
ville, on the Ottawa, fifty-five miles west from Montreal.

To return to the ridge :—As it leaves Montreal to the west,
its bowlders gradually disappear ; and at St. Henry, we find
it to consist of beds of sand, resting upon clay. The flat be-
low it, east of St. Henry, on the road to Lachine, is composed
of coarse gravel from primitive rocks; while the neighbour-
hood of the latter village is buried under foreign masses, to
the depth of thirty feet in some places.

Description of a new species of Grospeak, inhabiting the
Northwestern Territory of the United States. By Wiuuias
Coorer. Read January 10, 1825.

Tue genus Loria being restricted by the most eminent
modern ornithologists to the Crossbills, the remaining species
of granivorous birds having a conical, straight, and pointed
bill, and which were arranged by Linnzeus and the authors
who have followed him as species of Loxia, are now all com-
prehended under the genus Fringilla. The number of spe-
cies thus brought together is consequently very great; but
they present such a gradual passage from one character to
another, that it is found impracticable to separate them into
well defined and natural genera. In order to avoid, however,
the inconvenience which would result from so many species
being comprehended under one head, Temminck proposes to
subdivide them into three sections, characterised by the forms
of their bills, viz. laticones, brevicones, and longicones. This
simple arrangement appears preferable to the multitude of ar-
tificial genera which some nomenclators have attempted to
establish ; or it would perhaps be more convenient to consider

220 New American species of Fringilla.

these sections as subgenera, under the names of Coccothraustes,
Fringilla, and Carduelis, as suggested by Mr. Charles Bona-
parte, in his judicious Observations on the Nomenclature of
Wilson’s Ornithology.* The first of these comprises nearly
all the Lovie of authors which are not Crossbills, and to it
must be referred the species which is the subject of this notice.

FRINGILLA VESPERTINA, (nobis.)

F. fronte flavo; vertice alis caudique nigris ; macula alarum
alba.

Description. Length eight and a half inches: bill yel-
low; strong, conical, swelling, pointed, depressed above at
the base where it forms an angle in the feathers of the front ;
ithe upper mandible turning a little downwards at the point,
and slightly notched, edges of both sharp and cutting: nares
roundish, partly concealed by the black vibrissze : a narrow
black line surrounds the base of the upper mandible: front
and a band passing over and behind the eyes yellow; crown
of the head black: cheeks brown: throat and neck olive-brown
passing downwards into yellow, which is the colour of the
back and all the under parts of the body, flanks and tail coverts:
lesser wing coverts, primaries and first secondaries black ;
greater wing coverts and winner secondaries white on their
lower half, forming a large white spot on the wing ; the first
three primaries of equal length and longer than the rest: tail
of twelve feathers, slightly forked, entirely black : feet light
brown. j

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

Osservation. In the natural series of American species,
this bird should be arranged as the first of the series ; being

* Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. IV. p. 39.

New American species of Fringilla. 221

intermediate between the F’. coccothraustes of Europe and the
F. cardinalis. To the former of these, which is the type of
the subgenus, it is nearly allied, but is considerably larger,
besides other differences, as the description given will show.

The specimen from which this description is taken, was
sent to the Lyceum from Sault Ste. Marie, near Lake Supe-
rior, by Mr. H. R. Schooleraft, and is labelled Paushkundamo,
the name given it by the Chippewa Indians. Mr. Schoolcraft
has since favoured me with the following account. It isa
little singular that the meaning of the Chippewa name should
so nearly coincide with that of the subgenus in the language of
the system.

“* Paushkundamo.” ‘This word is derived from the Chip-
pewa verb paushka-un, to break. The termination indicates
the object acted on, and is in accordance with one of the rules
of their language, which permits the formation of compound
words from a verb and substantive, dropping one or more
syllables of each for the sake of euphony. The word paush-
kaun is the animate form of the verb, and is used only in par-
ticular reference to soft, fleshy, or vegetable substances, as a
fly, a berry, &c. The word will therefore admit of being
rendered fly-breaker, berry-breaker, &c.

“This bird appeared about Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.
during the first week in April 1823. The individual under
examination was shot on the 7th April, in the evening. An
Indian boy was attracted into the woods by its peculiar, and
to him strange note. There were a few birds in company :
they were seen for a short time about the place; but none
have since appeared. The species is said to be common about
the head of Lake Superior, at Fond du Lac, &c.”

Major Delafield, in the execution of his duties as agent of
the United States for boundaries, met with the same bird in
the month of August 1823, near the Savannah river, north-

222 New American speeies of Fringilla.

west from Lake Superior, and has obligingly communicated
the following extract from his notes made at the time.

«« At twilight, the bird which I had before heard to cry in
a singular strain, and only at this hour, made its appearance
close by my tent, and a flock of about half a dozen perched
on the bushes in my encampment. ‘They approached so near,
and were so fearless, that my canoe-men attempted to catch
them, but in vain. I recognised this bird as similar to one
in possession of Mr. Schoolcraft, at the Sault Ste. Marie.

“ Its mournful cry about the hour of my encamping, (which
was at sunset) had before attracted my attention, but I could
never get sight of the bird but on this occasion. There is an
extensive plain and swamp through which flows the Savannah
river, cov ed wit!) a thick growth of sapin trees. My infer-
ence was then, and is now, that this bird dwells in such dark
retreats, and leaves them at the approach of night.”

Orsrrvations on the Genus SaLAMANDRA, with the anatomy
of the Saramanpra Gigante (Barton) or 8S. ALLEGHANI-
ensis (Michaux) and two new genera proposed. By R.
Haran, M.D. Read Dec. 27, 1824.

Durine my researches into the Linnean Lacerta, I found
myself very much embarrassed by the confusion which exists
in the present classification and arrangement of this depart-
ment of zoology; the Salamandra have not unfrequently been
confounded with the Proteus and Siren, and these latter de-
scribed as the former; and in a few instances including indi-
viduals generically distinct from either. This confusion has
been not a little increased by the late discovery of several in-
dividuals of this family, which cannot without violence be
referred to any existing genera.

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 235

it will be readily presumed, that it was only after consider-
able attention, and minute anatomical investigation extended
to a variety of these animals, that I have ventured to give
publicity to the following observations.

The Siren, the Proteus, the Amphiuma, the Triton lateralis
(Say) the Salamandra gigantea (Barton) or Alleghaniensis
(Michaux) must form a family of reptiles distinct from all
others, and these will again be naturally separated into such
as have branchiz, and such as have none; all being furnish-
ed with nostrils and spiracula. ‘Those which are provided
with persistent branchiz having the skull composed of many
separate bones, as the Proteus and S/ren—those which have
spiracula, without branchiz or gills, having the skull compos-
ed of a solid piece, as the Amphiuma and Salamandra gigantea.

The Triton lateralis must not be confounded with the Tri-
tons* of Laurenti, or water-newts, (the Salamandra aquatica
of Cuvier) as, in the first place, these animals are furnished
with five toes to the posterior extremities and four to the ante-
rior : the T'riton lateralis having only four toes to each extre-
mity. 2d. The T’. lateralis is furnished with persistent gills—
in the Salamandre these organs are deciduous. 3d. The
T. lateralis has one rib less than the Tritons of Laurenti, and
the Salamandre proper.

This difficulty could not escape the minute observation of
Mr. Say, who in his paper on the T'riton lateralis (in the first
Vol. Major Long’s Expedition) expressly states : “ These four
or five species [viz. the Axolotl or Siren pisciformis (Shaw)
the tetradacty!a (Lacepede) the S:réne operculée (Beauvois)
and the Proteus Neo-Cesariensis (Green)] might with pro-
priety be separated from the genus to which they are referrible

* Triton, as ageneric term should be discarded, it having been originally
established by Laurenti, who mistook the larve of Salamandree for perfect
animals, as was remarked by Cuvier, in his essay ‘‘ Sur le Protée.” (Voyage
de MM, Humboldt et Bonpland.)

ek

224 Observations on the Genus Salamandra.

in the present state of the system, and placed in a separate
genus, the external characters of which will be the same
as those of Triton, with the exception of the persistent
branchiz.* Its proper station will doubtless be intermediate
between Triton and Proteus, but far more closely allied to the
former.” +

The animal described as the Siréne operculée by M. P.
de Beauvois, (in the 4th Vol. of the American Philosophical
Transactions,) is furnished with four legs, and five toes to the
posterior feet—it is merely the larva of a Salamandra, similar
to that described by Professor Green, in Vol. I. of the Journal
of the Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, as the Proteus
Neo-Cesariensis.

But the animal described by Lacepede, (in the 10th Vol. of
the Ann. du Mus.) is worthy of particular notice. He named
it “Un Protée, ou Salamandre tetradactyle ;” and _ states
that the place of its habitation is unknown, and the internal
structure was not examined. It is furnished with four legs
and four toes to each foot, with persistent branchiz ; the form
of the tail, and general external appearance, to judge from
the plate, resembles the Triton lateralis ; but both jaws pos-
sessed a double row of teeth, and a collar formed by a fold
of the skin partially surrounds the superior portion of the
neck, immediately anterior to the branchiz. I have little

* To this exception he should have added, that all the species he has
mentioned, excepting the second, have jive toes to the posterior extremi-
ties.

7 Iam happy in having it in my power thus early to correct an error I
have made in detailing the anatomy of the 7. lateralis, in the paper above
alluded to, wherein I have stated that ‘* the olfactory apparatus is similar to
that of fishes, having no posterior nares, &c.” This is incorrect. In ex-
amining lately a specimen of this animal, I observed these openings, which
are situated in the space between the two rows of teeth at their posterior
termination; they are covered over by a valvular production or duplicature
of the lining membrane of the mouth, which circumstance misled me.

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 325

doubt of its being a distinct species of the same genus describ-
ed by Mr. Say as the 7’. lateralis.

The Salamundra tridactyla (Lacepede) is furnished with
scales, and possesses other characteristics of the lacerta (Vid.
Dict. d’Hist. Nat. Art. Sal.) The animal from the North
American Lakes, which Dr. Mitchill has described (in the
4th Vol. of Silliman’s Journal, and more at large in the 7th
Vol. of the same) as a Proteus, and which he has strangely
confounded with the Salamandra Alleghaniensis (Michaux) or
that vulgarly termed “ Hell-bender,” and ‘“ Tweeg,” in Dr.
Barton’s description of the same, (Vid. Barton’s Tracts, Vol.
iI.) has in reality no affinity either to the Proteus or “ Hell-
bender,” but is simply a variety of the 7’. lateralis, with which
also the animal from Lake Champlain, described by Schneider
(in his Historia Amphibiorum, Fasc. Ist, p. 50.) as early as
1799, specifically corresponds,* notwithstanding Daudin er-
roneously supposed it to be the larva of the Triton Alleghant~
ensis, and Mr. Say has since supposed it to be the larva of the
Salamandra Alleghamensis. (Latreille, Vid. Vol. I. Acad.
Nat. Sciences, notes on Professor Green’s paper on the Am-
phibiz by Mr. Say.)

The Salamandra Allleghantensis is, 1 think, improperly
placed among the Salamandre. It differs in general form and
proportion; it wants that remarkable characteristic of the
Salamandra, viz. ** Anum habent vulvee muliebri simillimum.”
Cuvier, after describing the Mexican Avolotl, remarks, “ from
all of which I conclude, that the Jrolotl of the Mexicans, or
Siren pisciformis of Shaw, is nothing more than the larva of
some gigantic Salamandra, probably precisely the same as the
Salamandra Alleghaniensis of Michaux.” But in this he was
mistaken ; the Axolotl possesses every characteristic of ‘the
larva of a Salamandra, though probably of a different species

* See page 517 of this Volume.
31

=

226 Observations on the Genus Salamandra.

from any existing in our waters, as it differs in the number of
its vertebrze and ribs; and notwithstanding it has not yet been
observed in a perfect state, or without branchie, (both speci-
mens examined by Cuvier were young animals.*) Whereas,
the Salamandra Alleghaniensis has never been observed pos-
sessing gills, although examined when quite young ; they exist
in great numbers in the Alleghany river; and I possess a
specimen, a few months old, in which there does not exist the
least remnant of branchiz, and as the Salamandre are sup-
posed to carry their branchiz at least for the term of one year,
it is certainly fair to conclude that these appendages do not
constitute a part of the organization of this animal; which
alone is sufficient to separate it from the genus Salamandra.
But a comparison of the anatomical structure of these ani-
mals, places the subject beyond a doubt; and as no history of
the internal fabric of the Salamandra Alleghaniensis lias ever
appeared, the following detail cannot be devoid of interest.

I received, through the politeness of Mr. Poe of Pittsburgh,
whiose zeal has in more thau one instance advanced the cause
of science, two specimens of this animal: one very young,
the other of a middle size, which was brought alive as far as
Baltimore, when it was killed by placing it in slightly brack-
ish river water. They are sometimes observed to have at-
tained two feet in length. ?

Total length of the present specimen, twelve inches. From
the vent to the end of the tail four inches ; vent, a small longi-
tudinal rima, rather depressed ; girth, four and a half inches ;
width of the head, one and a half inches.

* In a late notice of the Azolotl, by Sir E. Home, it is stated that this
animal is proved to be a perfect animal, and no larva, as the organs of gene-
ration are developed. The same argument would prove the tadpoles tebe
perfect animals, the organs of generation being equally developed in them
all—as was demonstrated by Cuvier, in the year 1800. (Vid. Obs. sur les
Tetards, in Humb. Voy.)

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 227

Organs of Sense. 'The eye is smaller proportionally than
in the common Salamanders, in which respect it resembles the
Axolotl ; the ear, like that organ in the Salamanders, does not
appear externally.

Organs of Digestion. Lower jaw furnished with a single
row of teeth ; upper, with two concentric rows, the interior
semicircular, at the posterior terminations of which are the
patulous openings of the posterior nares. ‘Tongue free at the
anterior portion; the operculum half way between the fore-
leg and the posterior termination of the rictus of the mouth ;
opercular cartilages, three in number, the opening between
the two inferior ;* their posterior extremities, unlike the Sala-
manders, are free, or not united to the vertebrz ; anteriorly
they are united by synchondrosis to the inferior cornua of the
os hyoides; the bones of the tongue differ widely from the
same in the Salamandre and Proteus, which will be compre-
hended by reference to the plate, and comparing them with
the figures in the elaborate works of the Italian naturalists :
‘* Descrizione Anatomica delle Salamandra aquatiche,” by
Dr. Rusconi, and “ Del Proteo anguino, monografia da
Configliachi,” much better than from description ; the parts
were sketched, in situ, immediately after dissection, by Mr.
T. R. Peale, to whom I am also indebted for two spirited
drawings taken from life: one of this animal, the other of the
Triton lateralis.

The csophagus is short, and folded longitudinally ; the
stomach is large, and for the most part membranous, but be-
comes muscular near the pylorus; it contained two pebbles
about the size of the finger-end, and two others much smaller,
also the claw of a fresh-water lobster, which the animal had

* In this respect the Salamandra Alleghaniensis agrees with the Amphi-
uma—in both, the operculi exist through life. In the Salamandre, and
other batracians, on the contrary, these openings do not exist in the adult
state.

5 Aa,

228 Observations on the Genus Salamandra.

swallowed without comminuting. The intestinal canal is large,
and thrown into numerous folds, and terminates finally in an
unusually large cloaca. The liver is oblong, and divided into
two lobes, between which is situated the gall-bladder, of a
large size, whose duct opens into the intestine two inches from
the stomach. The spleen is of a reddish yellow colour, and
situated in the centre of the mesentery.

Organs of Respiration. Glottis opens one inch and a half
from the extremity of the snout, (itis a mere rima.) Trachea
membranous, one inch in length, dividing beneath the clavi-
cles to form two lungs, three inches in length. Lungs vesicu-
lar, elastic, vascular: in structure resembling those of the
Testudo; they lay posterior to the other viscera.

Organs of Circulation. The vena cava inferior, traverses
the liver, and enlarges previous to emptying into the auricle,
which is single, and very large; this empties immediately into
the ventricle, which is also single, and whence a large fleshy
artery goes off, as in fish and the larvae of Salamanders, but
the distribution of this artery differs from the above-mentioned
animals; after running three tenths of an inch, it forms a
sac, which gives off three branches, viz. one to each lung, and
a larger one which continues down the spine to nourish the
whole body.

Remaining viscera. The urinary bladder, testicles, and
kidneys, resemble very much those organs in the Amphiuma.

Osteology. Skull composed of a solid piece of bone, arti-
culated by two condyles to the atlas. From the head to the
pelvis there are nineteen vertebrze, and eighteen ribs on either
side, (cr rather moveable rudiments of ribs, similar to the
other individuals of this family,) the atlas only, as in the Sala-
manders, being deprived of this appendage. Having com-
pared this part of the osseous structure with the analogous
genera, I shall give the result in a tabular form.

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 229

|

from the head to the pelvis there exists in the |Vertebre. achatte

Salamandra Se sar md a ae a

gantea (Barton) - - 19 18
Salamandra rubra (Daudin)* - - = -| 19 18
Triton lateralis (Say) - - - - -}| 19 17
Axolotl or Siren aes (Shaw) minions aia fee 13
Proteus anguinus - See es) 7
irene Mecdrtvad 3): -ratertnlomon anita aot 7

The rudiments of ribs in the skeleton of the Proteus anguinus
figured by Cuvier, (in Humboldt’s Voyage) are represented
as immoveable, or continuous with the transverse process,
whereas they are represented as moveable rudiments in the
figures of the skeletons given in the works of Configliachi and

* The skeleton of the Salamandre terrestre, figured in Sonnini’s edition
of Buffon, and which is said to have been taken from Latreille, (Histoire
Nat. des Salamandres de France,) is represented with only fifteen vertebrae
from the head to the pelvis, and fourteen ribs on each side. In a large
aquatic Salamandra, (Lacert. lacustris of Lin.) whose skeleton I possess,
there are sixteen vertebre from the head to the pelvis, and fifteen ribs. In
this animal there are thirty-two vertebre to the tail, including the sacral,
making in all forty-eight; though the extreme end of the tail appeared to be
lost.

+ The figure of the skeleton of the Avolot/ (in Humboldt’s Voyage, &c.)
is represented with sixteen vertebrze from the head to the pelvis, and fifteen
ribs‘on each side; thus making the figure to disagree with his description,
which is, as expressed in the table—“‘ The Siren,” according to the same
author, ‘‘ has ninety vertebre from the head to the pelvis, the anus being
opposite to the forty-fifth. The Salamandre terrestre has thirty-eight, the
aquatic nearly forty vertebrz in all; the pelvis is supported sometimes at
the sixteenth, sometimes at the fifteenth, in the ferrestre; and at the four-
teenth or fifteenth in the aquatic. In the Siren, eight vertebra (from the
second to the ninth) are furnished with false ribs. In the Salamandra ter-
restris there are twelve or thirteen ribs; in the Salamandra aquatica only
eleven. Inthe Proteus, there are fifty-six vertebrz in all, the pelvis is at-
tached to the thirty-first; only six vertebra, counting from the second,
have ribs.” The number of vertebre and ribs in the aquatic Salamandrar
appears to differ in different species.

330 Observations on the Genus Salamandra.

Rusconi ; the latter author reckons seven ribs from the third
to the ninth vertebree—tke former, six, counting from the
second to the seventh vertebree. Iam disposed to think Con-
figliachi is correct, and that the errors noted above in Cuvier’s
figure of the Protean skeleton, arose from its having been
badly cleaned, as in the view he has given of a separate verte-
bra enlarged, he has represented the rib as distinct from the
transverse process, and bifid at its articular extremity, nearly
similar to that of the Salamandre.

The pelvis of the Salamandra Alleghaniensis is somewhat
or nearly similar to the Salamandre ; a small process is given
off laterally from the transverse process of the twentieth ver-
tebra, which may represent the os ilium; from which another
process (the ischium) descends to unite with the pubis ; at the
junction of the two last, the os femoris is articulated.

There are twenty-four vertebra to the tail, including the
pelvic or sacral, which makes in all forty-three for the Sala-
mandra Alleghanensis ; both surfaces of the bodies of the
vertebrze are remarkably concave, which in the recent animal
are filled with a ligamento-cartilaginous ball. ‘The articulat-
ing surface of the transverse process is very oblong vertically,
the head or articulating surface of the rib is consequently very
broad; this structure differs from those Salamandre with
which I have compared it, (viz. Salamandra rubra and aqua-
tica) in them the head of the rib is bifid and articulated by
two separate surfaces to the transverse process, which is alse
bifid, but approaches the manner in which the ribs are articu-
lated in the Siren. Nothing remarkable or characteristic was
observed in the remaining portions of the skeleton.

It follows from the above detail that the Salamandra Alle-
ghamensis differs widely from the Salamandre in the respira-
tory organs—in the circulating system—in the digestive appa-
ratus—and, finally, in its osteological construction. I may
here remark, that 1 was not surprised to observe the internal
fabric of the Alleghaniensis so characteristically distinct from

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 93y

all the other animals of this family—it only confirms us in the
Opinion that anatomy alone can teach us the true affinities and
relations of organized beings.

Naturalists are familiar with the dispute between the French
and Italian zootomists concerning the Siren lacertina: the
latter declaring it as their full conviction that this animal is
the larva of some reptile, the genus of which is as yet un-
known, and which will differ from its larva in not possessing
gills, &c. Whilst Cuvier maintains that the Siren is a per-
fect animal, permanently amphibious.

I must refer to the works of these respective naturalists,
as above quoted, where this subject is treated of in detail ;
and shall briefly remark, that the arguments of the Italian
naturalists tending to prove the Siren a larva, from its ana-
tomical structure, are shown to be groundless by a compari-
son of the internal fabric of that animal with the anatomy of
the Salamandra Alleghaniensis, as above detailed.

With all due deference and respect for those very able ana-
tomists above quoted, I may be permitted to correct an im-
portant error into which they have both fallen in the anatomi-
cal descriptions of the larvee of the Salamandra and of the
Stren.

IT quote the words of the Italian naturalists :—** All zoolo-
gists, including Mr. Cuvier, now admit that frogs first receive
air into the mouth through the nostrils only, and from thence
force it into the lungs by an action resembling deglutition.
But neither the Proteus nor the Siren are able to respire in
this manner ; for the nostrils in the former do not open into
the mouth, but beneath the upper lip; and in the Siren, M.
Cuvier observes, ‘les narines, simplement. creusées sur les
cdtés du museau, ne pénétrent point dans la bouche.’ Neither
do these animals respire in the manner of serpents, as they are
destitute of (true) ribs.” And further on, the authors conti-
nue—‘ Between the Siren and these larvee (Salamandra) there
is the greatest resemblance, not only in regard to the branchial

232 Observations on the Genus Salamandra.

arches, but also to the nostrils; for in the Siren, as well as in
these larvze, the nostrils do not communicate with the mouth.”

I present to the Society a specimen of the larva of the
Salamandra rubra, (Daud.) in which I have passed a slender
probe through the nose into the mouth by the posterior nares,
on one side, and have allowed the opposite side to remain un-
touched, in order that the committee who are to examine this
essay, May at once convince themselves of the accuracy of
this statement, which I hope they will look into with more than
usual scrutiny. It was indeed with some difficulty I found the
posterior nares in this larva, as they open in the form of a small
slit, which was closed by the lining membrane of the mouth ;
they are situate rather external to the posterior termination of
the interior row of teeth.

I next proceeded to examine this structure in the Siren, two
specimens of which are in the Philadelphia Museum ; the
smaller of the two being very young, it was not easy to pass
a probe through the nostrils, though the posterior nares are
visible ; but in the other, which is about one foot in length,
I passed a probe of considerable size through the nostril, into
the mouth, down the throat, where J allowed it to remain, for
the convenience of those who may wish to examine the same.

I experience the less hesitation in making these strictures,
and corrections, as the error is one into which I was myself
betrayed, in my description of the anatomy of the Triton late-
ralis. ‘These openings in the Siren are situate on the outer
side of the teeth.*

The Amphiuma, the Siren, the Proteus, and the Salamandra,
will be acknowledged by all to constitute separate genera.

* In the Dict. @Histoire Nat. Article Siren, by Professor Bosc, it is
stated that “the Siren is clothed with scales, and furnished with claws.”
It is only necessary to notice these errors, inasmuch as they may confuse
the student.

Observations on the Genus Sualamandra. 233

The lateralis and Alleghaniensis not belonging to any of these,
will require appropriate generic names, in order to introduce
them to that independent station in the systems, to which they
possess every claim. As the most prominent feature distin-
guishing the 7’. lateralis from the Salamandra is its persistent
branchiz, we have preferred a name significative of the same.

The Alleghaniensis, on the contrary, being characterized by
the negation of branchize, the most appropriate name will be
one expressive of that circumstance ; the specific appellations
being sufficiently discriminative, must remain.

Genus [. Menoprancuvs.

Generic characters.—Persistent branchize ; two rows of teeth

in the upper, and one row in the lower jaw ; four-footed,
four toes to each foot ; clawless.

Menobranchus lateralis. —A black vitta from the nostrils pass-

ing through the eyes, and dilated on the sides, becoming
obsolete on the tail.

Menobranchus tetradactylus.—T wo rows of teeth in each jaw ;
duplicature of skin, forming a collar on the superior part
of the neck, immediately anterior to the branchiz.

Genus II. Aprancuus.

Generic characters.—Destitute of branchiz at all periods of
its existence ; four strong legs; five toes to the posterior,
four to the anterior extremities ; the outer edge of the feet
fimbriated ; two outer toes of the hind feet palmated ; claw-
less.

Abranchus Alleghaniensis.
oe

234

Explanation of the Plates.

Menoprancuus lateralis - ie - Plate XVI.
Aprancuus Alleghaniensis - - - Plate XVII.
Details of organization of 4. Alleghamensis - Plate XVIII.
Os hyoides and spiracular cartilages, Fig. 1.

Vertebree, Fig. 2.

Upper and side views of the head, Fig. 3, 4.

Hind foot, Fig. 4.

235

Description of a new Genus of Mammiferous Quadrupeds,
of the Order Eventata. By Ricuarp Haran, M. D.
Professor of Comparative Anatomy to the Philadelphia
Museum, Member of the Am. Phil. Soc. &c. &c.

Read January 24, 1825.

On the 18th December, 1824, Mr. William Colesberry of
Philadelphia, presented to the Philadelphia Museum of Natu-
ral History the interesting animal which forms the subject of
the following pages. Mr. C. gave the following statement to
Mr. Franklin Peale :—‘* The animal is a native of Mendoza,
and in the Indian language is named ‘ Pichiciago.’ Men-
doza is situate in the interior of Chili, on the east of the Cor-
dilleras, in lat. 33° 25’ and long. 69° 47’, in the province of
Cuyo. It had been obtained on the spot, in a living state,
but it continued to live in confinement only a few days. Its
habits resemble those of the mole, living for the most part
under ground ; and is reputed to carry its young beneath the
scaly cloak with which it is covered ; and that the tail possess-
ed little or no motion.”

It is to be regretted that the viscera and the greater portion
of the skeleton of this animal had been removed before it
came into my possession; and the gentleman who presented
the same, having left the city, precludes the possibility of re-
ceiving, at present, any further particulars relative to its ha-
bits ; but the observations which I have been able to make
from the examination of its exterior, together with the skull
and teeth, all of which are in nearly a perfect state of preser-
vation, establish the characters of the animal on the most solid
foundation.

Cuvier, that justly celebrated naturalist, remarks: “ In
zoology, when the teeth and jaws of an animal are given, the
remaining structure may be readily determined ; at least as
far as relates to essential characters.” The form of the tooth.

236 Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus.

determines that of the condyle; the form of the scapula,
that of the nails; just as the equation of a curve indicates
all its properties; as in taking each property separately,
for the basis of a particular equation, we might arrive, not
only at the ordinary equation, but at all the other properties .
so the nail, the scapula, the maxillary condyle, the femur, and
and all the other bones, taken separately, would indicate each
other reciprocally ; and beginning with either separately, we
might, according to the rational laws of the organic economy,
construct the whole animal.”

It is thus, by a perfect knowledge of the laws of co-exis-
tence, to which the combinations of animals are subjected,
the skull alone of the animal under consideration would have
enabled us to determine that it belonged to a new, and non-
descript genus.

The varied, magnificent, and multiplied collection of natu-
ral objects, in the Philadelphia Museum, drawn from every
department of nature, displays in the strongest light the won-
derful results to be obtained by the talent, industry, perseve-
rance, and zeal, of anindividual. The venerable octogenarian
founder still lives, to contemplate with sentiments of pride and
delight the colossal monument which has risen at his com-
mand ; which will perpetuate the fame, and hand down the
name of Charles Wilson Peale to the latest posterity.

On the present occasion, as on many others, I have been in-
debted to the Philadelphia Museum for the opportunity of
making the clearest illustration of the subject of investigation.
I have also to congratulate myself in the acquaintance of Mr.
William W. Wood, a young but zealous naturalist, whose ta-
lents as a faithful delineator of nature, have only to be known,
to be duly estimated.

The order Epenrata includes quadrupeds destitute of in-
cisor teeth, forming the last order of Cuvier’s clawed animals,
Although united only by a negative character, there exists
some positive relations between them, particularly the large

Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus. 237

nails which embrace the extremity of the fingers, and resem-
ble more or less the nature of hoofs.

CHLAMYPHORUS TRUNCATUS.

Corpore, supra testi coriacea, postice truncata, squamis
rhomboiders, lineis transversis dispositis, conflata, subtus
capullis albis, sericeis, obtecto; capite supra squamis testa.
dorsali continuis, adoperto ; palmis, plantisque pentadactylis ;
unguibus anterioribus longissimis, compressis; marginibus
externis, mucronibusque acutis; cauda rigida, sub abdomine
inflexa.

DIMENSIONS.
Inch

Total length = - - - - - - - 5:2
Length of the head - - - - - - 16
Breadth between the eyes - . - - <8
Depth of the posterior truncated portion of the shell - 1:3
Greatest breadth of the same - : - - 1:8
Girth posterior to the shoulders = - - - - 4
Length of the sole of the foot, including the nails - 1:2
Breadth of the foot - - - - - Sie
Length of the nails - - - - - - 2
Length of the hand - - - - - - 1:4
Breadth of ditto - - - - - - “4
Length of the longest nail - - - - spe!
Length of that portion of the tail which is free, and

curved beneath the body - - - - - 1:2

The shell which covers the body, is of a consistence some-
what more dense and inflexible than sole leather of equal
thickness. It is composed of a series of plates of a square,
rhomboidal, or cubical form; each row separated by an epi-
dermal or membranous production, which is reflected above
and beneath, over the plates ; the rows include from fifteen to
twenty-two plates ; the shell being broadest at its posterior

238 Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus.

half, extending about one half round the body ; this covering
is loose throughout, excepting along the spine of the back and
top of the head; being attached to the back immediately
above the spine, by a loose cuticular production, and by two
remarkable bony processes (to be described hereafter) on the
top of the os frontis, by means of two large plates, which are
nearly incorporated with the bone beneath; but for this at-
tachment, and the tail being firmly curved beneath the belly,
the covering would be very easily detached. The number of
rows of plates on the back, counting from the vertex, (where
they commence) is twenty-four ; at the twenty-fourth the shell
curves suddenly downwards, so as to form a right angle with
the body ; this truncated surface is composed of plates nearly
similar to those of the back ; they are disposed in semicircular
rows, five in number: the lower margin, somewhat elliptical,
presents a notch in its centre, in which is attached the free
portion of tail, which makes an abrupt curvature, and runs
beneath the belly parallel to the axis of the body; the free
portion of tail consists of fourteen caudal vertebrae, surround-
ed by as many plates, similar to those of the body; the ex-
tremity of the tail being depressed, so as to form a paddle ;
the rest of the tail compressed. The caudal vertebrz extend
up to the top of the back, beneath the truncated surface, where
the sacrum is bent to meet the tail. ‘The superior semicircular
margin of the truncated surface, together with the lateral
margins of the shell, are beautifully fringed with silky hair.

Head: posterior half, broad, anterior half, before the eyes,
tapering ; the occiput is covered by the five first rows of the
back plates, with which they are continuous; the occiput not
distinguishable externally. ‘The anterior half of the top of
the head, is covered, first, by a row of large plates, five in
number, which are firmly attached to the bone beneath ; par-
ticularly the two outer ;—secondly, by a smaller row, six in
number, anterior to which, that is to say, the top of the snout,
is covered with smaller plates irregularly disposed.

Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus. 239

External ear, consists of a circular, somewhat patulous
opening, directly posterior to the eye, surrounded with an
elevated margin; and communicating with a bony canal, to
be more fully described hereafter. Eye, minute, totally
black ; and, like the ear, nearly hidden by long silky hair.
Mouth, the rictus small. Nose, the extremity of the snout is
furnished with an enlarged cartilage, as in the hog ; the ante-
rior nares opening downwards, at the inferior border.

The whole surface of the body covered with fine silk-like
hair, longer and finer than that of the mole, but not so
thick set. The anterior of the chest is large, full, and strong;
the anterior extremities, short, clumsy, and powerful ; the hair
is continued for some distance on the palm—-the phalanges of
the hand united ; five powerful nails rising gradually one
above the other; the external shortest and broadest; the
whole so arranged as to form a sharp cutting instrument,
somewhat scooped; very convenient for progression under
ground ; and such as must very much impede motion on the
surface. Hind legs weak and short—feet, long and narrow ;
the sole resembles considerably the human foot, having a well
defined heel, which rests flat upon the ground, and being arch-
ed in the middle ; toes separate, nails flattened horizontally.

Skull. At first view, the bones of the cranium and face
would appear to constitute one solid case, the remnants of
sutures are indistinctly visible in some parts only. ‘The cavity
of the cranium is capacious ; the greatest breadth, which is
from ear to ear, is one inch; greatest depth five tenths ; length
of the cavity, seven tenths. One of the most remarkable pe-
culiarities of this skull, consists in the two processes of bone,
above alluded to, which project obliquely, forward, upward,
and outward ; from the os frontis, anterior to the cavity of the
cranium, and directly above the malar bone; giving to the
front of the skull an aspect totally unique ; these prominences
are hollow, communicating with the frontal sinuses, and must
contribute in a great measure to enlarge the organ of smell ;

240 Description of the Chlamyphorus truneatus.

there exists a considerable concavity between them, which, in
the recent state, was filled with an adipose, gristly mass,
which served to unite the skull to the plates above. The
shout commences anteriorly to these processes, and is rapidly
attenuated and depressed. ‘The ossa nasi are broad and
strong, slightly arched transversely, extending anteriorly be-
yond the os incisivum, as does likewise the osseous septum
narium. The zygomatic processes are laterally arched; a
small pointed process, descending near the malar bone, (some-
what like that in the sloth); the zygomatic fosse are large.

The labyrinth is protuberant, and occupies the usual situa-
tion at the base of the skull; joined to which is the tympa-
num ;—to the last is attached a bony cylinder, stretching first
upwards behind the zygomatic process of the temporal bone,
around which it makes a sudden curve, and runs forward and
upwards to terminate at the external ear. ‘This structure, which
I believe is peculiar to the animal before us, will be better un-
derstood by referring to the plate.

Lower jaw. Anterior portion shaped like that of the ele-
phant, much elongated ; the general form and proportion re-
sembles very closely the lower jaw of the sheep, the base being
considerably arched, and the curve at the posterior part, form-
ing with the base nearly a right angle, projecting obliquely
outwards: the base is marked by eight slightly elevated pro-
tuberances, occasioned by the roots of the teeth ; the condyloid
process is longer than the coronoid ; in the sheep, this is re-
versed: the articulation at the glenoid cavity is such as to—
admit of great freedom of motion. Length of the base of the
lower jaw one inch; length of the angle five tenths ; greatest
width two and a half tenths; width of the angle three tenths.

Teeth. Incisors, none in either jaw; molars, eight in num-
ber, on either side of the upper and lower jaws, all approxi-
mate ; disposed in separate alveoli; the crowns of the two first
only, approach to a point, and thus much resemble canine
teeth ; the six remaining are all nearly flat on the crowns ;

Description of the Chiamyphorus truncatus. 241

their structure is simple; a cylinder of enamel, of equal thick-
ness throughout, surrounds a central pillar of bone, there
being no division into body and root; the lower half is hol-
low, the cavity representing an elongated cone. In the lower
Jaw, the teeth penetrate its whole depth ;—length of the teeth,
about three tenths of an inch: two tenths of which are buried
in the sockets—diameter, about one tenth. They are some-
what flattened on the sides, and in a slight degree curved ex-
ternally, to be adapted to the shape of the jaw. The teeth of
the inferior maxilla are directed forwards and upwards ; those
of the superior maxilla are directly reversed in their direction,
so that the crowns meet each other obliquely ; and the poste-
rior margin of the lower teeth, and the anterior margin of the
upper, present their angles to the object of mastication.
(This structure is exemplified in Plate XXI. fig. 7.)

The remainder of the skeleton, with the viscera, having been
removed previous to my obtaining a view of the animal,
Tam unable to give any further detail of the internal organi-
zation. It is fortunate that I have “been enabled to make so
complete a preparation of the skull; this, with the external
organization, which is well preserved, will enable me to esta-
blish its generic characters on the firmest foundation. To
such as have made comparative anatomy the subject of their
investigation, the above minute detail of this very extraordi-
nary individual will enable them in some measure to antici-
pate the observations which follow ; they will perceive, at first
view, that the animal before us unites in its external configura-
tion traits peculiar to the genera Dasypus, Talpa, and Bradypus;
yet a very superficial observation will unfold characters gene-
rically distinct from either. It will be observed, that though
this singular being is clothed with a coat (or rather cloak) of
mail, in a slight degree resembling the armadillo, yet it differs
remarkably in its texture, form, situation, arrangement, and

“mode of attachment to the body. In the armadillo, the body
is covered with a hard, scaly shell, and consists,—Ist. Ina

a9
Jv

242 Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus.
ip yp

plate upon the forehead. 2d. A vast shield, situate upon the
shoulders, and formed of small rectangular compartments, dis-
posed in transverse bands. 3d. In bands of similar plates,
but moveable, and varying in number, from three to twelve
more or less, according to the species. 4th. Ina shield upon
the rump, very similar to that on the shoulders. 5th. In rings
more or less numerous on the tail ; five toes behind ; before
sometimes five, at others four ; hairs sparse. The whole shell
is covered by a thin, transparent epidermis, which is joined to
the skin of the belly, which gives to the shell a shining as-
pect, as if it were varnished ; the extremities are entirely
covered with strong scales. ‘The armadillo burrows in the
earth 3 is sufficiently quick in its motions ; is capable of roll-
ing its body into the form of a ball; and is omnivorous.
The external ear is sometimes large, and always very appa-
rent.

From this statement, we are convinced that there exists
only the most distant analogy in the external covering of the
Dasypus with that of the new genus ; other analogies, which
are found in the comparison of the skulls, will be referred to
hereafter.

The lower portions of our animal, as well as that beneath
the scales, will bear a pretty close comparison with the same
parts of the mole, (Talpa Europea, (Lin.) white variety.)
‘The hair is finer and longer than in the mole, and at a distance
resembles long staple cotton in appearance. ‘The eye is small;
the neck, breast, and shoulders, are very powerful ; the poste-
rior extremities are short and weak; the anterior, short and
strong, and furnished with large claws, as in the mole; but
in the form of the head, in the structure and form of the
claws, in the external ear, which is apparent when the hair is
separated, our animal is totally dissimilar to the mole. The
claws bear some analogy to the sloth, (Bradypus, Lin.) but
are articulated to the last phalanx, as in the mole. Like the
Jast named animal, the organs of generation must have open-

Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus. 248

ed anterior to the pubis, and at a great distance from the sa-
crum, viz. before the inferior margin of the truncated portion
of the shell, near the middle of the caudal vertebrae, which, as
I have remarked above, are continued, within the truncated
plate, to near the top of the back. Thus far, like the mole,
our animal is eminently constructed for subterranean progres-
sion; and here, in all probability, any strict analogy with that
animal ceases.

In the examination of the skull, we are struck with its
many peculiarities, and great dissimilarity to that of the mole,
to which it is so nearly allied in its subterranean habits.
The skull of the latter animal is long and narrow, flattened
vertically ; the jaws are furnished with four large canine
teeth, separated from each other; having between them six
incisors above and eight below, seven molars on each side of
the upper jaw, six on each side below, the crowns of which
are furnished with sharp points; in all of which our animal
differs entirely. Like the mole, the extremity of the snout is
furnished with a sort of button, but of much firmer consistence ;
in the form of the snout, and posterior part of the skull, as
well as in the effaced appearance of the sutures, some slight
resemblance is visible. The palm of the hand is directed
rather inwards, in our new genus; whereas in the mole
it is directed outwards, and the nails are destitute of the
cutting edge, so remarkable in the former. On comparing
the skull of our animal with that of the armadillo, (Dasypus
sexcinctus, Lin.) a few traits of similarity of typification are
visible: both these animals being equally destitute of incisor
and canine teeth in either jaw ; in both, a considerable space
intervenes between the anterior margin of the os intermaxillare
and the commencement of the teeth ; and in both the number
of molar teeth is the same, viz. eight on each side of both
jaws—thirty-two in all, Here all further analogy with the
Dasypus is at an end.

244 Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus.

In the last named animal, the crowns of the teeth terminate
in two points, and, together with the bodies, are completely
enveloped in enamel; they are so far separated from each
other, that when the jaws are closed, those of the lower jaw
pass between those of the upper; furthermore, the teeth are
proportionally much shorter, neither sinking so deep into the
jaw, nor rising so high above the alveoli. The whole form
of the head, and of the jaws, particularly the inferior, will ad-
mit of no comparison in the two animals ; lateral motion being
almost entirely forbidden in the armadillo, and the greatest
freedom in this respect existing in the new genus: in which,
the condyloid extends above: the coronord process.

The teeth in structure are most nearly allied to those of the
sloth, (Bradypus tridactylus, Lin.) that is to say, they consist
of a simple cylinder of bone, surrounded with enamel, except
the crowns, which are destitute of enamel in the centre; the
roots, (or rather that portion buried in the jaw) of both these
animals, are hollow. In these particulars, together with the
short process descending from the zygomatic arch, which has
been alluded to before, as well as in the form of the fore-claws,
there is considerable analogy ; but in all other points of orga-
nization, these two genera are most widely separated.

As far as the nature of the subject will admit, I have now
gone through with the detail of the organization of this most
singular quadruped. During the investigation, I have had
frequent occasion to admire those laws of co-existence which
regulate the structure of organized beings; Nature, true to
herself in this as in all other instances, has pursued an unde-
viating course. We have been presented in the subject before
us with a new form: an animal combining in its external con-
figuration a mechanical arrangement of parts which charac-
terises, respectively, the armadillo, the sloth, and the mole ;
constituting in themselves, individually and separately, of all
other quadrupeds, those which offer the most remarkable ang-
tomical characters. Pursuing the investigation step by step,

Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus. 245

with the skeletons of the above-named animals before me, it
was not until after I had completely finished every point of
observation, that I perceived in the skull alone, of the new
animal, areunion, more or less complete, of all those remark-
able traits that an external view of the animal had offered for
contemplation ; which, taken collectively, furnishes us with an
example of organic structure, if not unparalleled, at least not
surpassed in the history of animals.

The most peculiar and unique characters consist—First, In
the general contour of the animal. Second,—In the form,
texture, and disposition of its scaly cloak, which would very
much confine the power of flexion and extension of the body,
and nearly altogether impede lateral motion; the greatest
freedom of motion would consist in the extension of the head
on the body. Thirdly,—in the position of the organs of
generation. Fourthly,—In the form, structure, position,
and use of the tail. Fifthly,—In the peculiar and complicat-
ed structure of the feet and claws. Sixthly,—In the structure
of the organ of hearing. Seventh,—In the bony protube-
rances on the os frontis. Eighth,—In the disposition of the
teeth ; and Ninth,—In the form of the lower jaw, which sepa-
rates the animal, in this respect, from the order Edentata,
and approximates it to the Ruminantia and Pachydermata.

246

Explanation of the Plates.

Plate XIX. Profile view of the Chlamyphorus, of the size of

Plate XX.

Plate XX1.

fig.

ap ON eS Ob

nature.

. A view of the back of the head.
. Posterior truncated portion.
. Anterior view of the inferior portion of the

body.

. Anterior and posterior view of the fore foot.

Do. do. of the hind foot.

. Profile view of the cranium, magnified.

Posterior view of the cranium, magnified.

. Anterior do. do. magnified.
. Several views of a tooth, magnified.
. Enlarged view of the organ of hearing,

magnified.

. Anterior and inferior view of the end of

the snout, magnified.

. Relative position of the teeth.
. Lower jaw, natural size.

247

Remarks on Native Sinver from Michigan. By H. R.
Scuootcrarr. Read January 3, 1825.

Mineralogical and Chemical characters. By examining
this mineral, it will be perceived to possess the colour, lustre,
malleability, and other obvious characters of native silver.
It is so soft, as to be easily cut by the knife ; and in a state of
purity which permits it to spread under the hammer. These
characters serve to distinguish it from antimonial silver, which
is not malleable; from native antimony, which tarnishes on
exposure, &c. The metal occurs in thin, massive veins in the
rock. ‘These veins sometimes intersect, but never cross each
other. It is also disseminated in small particles through the
stone, or spread in flattened masses over its surface. Some of
these masses were detached by the discoverer, but have been
preserved, and are presented to the Lyceum with the more
solid and undisturbed portions.

By submitting a small portion of the metal to the action of
nitric acid, I obtained an imperfect solution. On repeating
the experiment, and adding a little sulphuric acid, the action
was more brisk, and a clear, and apparently perfect solution
efiected. By standing, however, a pulpy, white precipitate
appeared at the bottom of the glass. ‘This was collected, and
submitted to the action of the blowpipe, on a basis of char-
coal. The result gave a number of minute, metallic globules,
possessing greater lustre, malleability, and ductility, than the
original mass. I repeated the latter experiment, adding to
the nitro-sulphuric solution muriate of soda. A more perfect
precipitation of the white powder was effected ; but the results
with the blowpipe remained the same.

Geognostic position. It is arolled mass. An opinion o,
ithe specific character of the rock, may be dubious, from the
smallness of the specimen. It appears to have been detached
from a stratum of gneiss, and is essentially composed of quartz.

248 Remarks on Native Silver from Michigan.

The blackish colour of some parts of this latter mineral, would,
at a first glance, lead us to attribute this colour to the presence
of hornblende ; but on a closer examination, it will be perceiv-
ed to be owing to a dark coloured steatite, which, in certain
parts of the rock, is well developed, soft, and easily cut. A
little calespar is intermingled with the steatite.

Locality. 1am indebted to the politeness of Lieut. Lewis S.
Johnston, of the British Indian Department, at Malden, (U.C.)
for the opportunity of adding this specimen to the mineralogi-
cal cabinet of the Lyceum. This gentleman, as he informed
me, obtained it from the south-eastern shores of Lake Huron,
near Point aux Barques, in Michigan Territory. That part
of Lake Huron was cursorily examined by me, in the year
1820, inthe course of the expedition conducted by Gov. Cass,
through the upper lakes, &c. We considered it remarkable,
even in a region abounding in rolled rocks, for the great num-
ber and variety of granite, gneiss, hornblende, and trap bowl-
ders, scattered along the shores of the lake. The water here
is generally shallow, and dangerous to approach in vessels ;
these bowlder stones sometimes extending and presenting
themselves above water for a mile or more from land. But
we could not satisfy ourselves, by an examination necessarily
partial, that either of the primitive species mentioned, existed
there in any other condition than as rolled masses, or displace-
ments of rock strata, contiguous, perhaps, but not observed.
Dr. Bigsby has informed me, that he observed the gneiss,
in situ, on the north-western shores of this lake. The nearest
rock in place, and that which in fact constitutes the abraded
and caverned promontory of Point aux Barques, is gray
sandstone.

249

Supptement to a Novice of Foss. Crustacea. By JER.
Van Renssenarr, M.D. Read January 24, 1825.

In a short notice which I had the honour to read to the
Lyceum a few weeks ago, mention was made, in a note, of
part of a fossil crab in the possession of Major Delafield, that
could not be found. I have now the satisfaction to mention,
that it has been for more than eight months, in the Cabinet of
the Lyceum.

It is the thumb of a large crab, much larger than any simi-
lar part of this animal that I remember to have seen fossil. Its
shape is an incurvated cone, having on the inner margin a row
of tubercles. This specimen differs from any that I have seen
described, and was found in the vicinity of Yorktown, Virginia,
imbedded in a conglomerate, similar to the matrix of the va-
luable fossil shells lately presented to our Cabinet. Among
these we find many of the beautiful varieties characterising
the tertiary formations of Europe.

Descrivtions of new American species of the Genera
Burrestis, Tracuys, and Exater. By Tuomas Say.

Read January 17, 1825.

BupreEstTIs.

1. B. transversa. Cupreous or blackish ; elytra with striz
of punctures ; a glabrous line between the eyes.

Descrietion. Body varying in colour, from a dull cupreous
to brownish black: head with large, confluent punctures,
and a distinct elevated line extending transversely between
the eyes: eyes distant: thorax with large confluent punc-

34

250 New American Species of the Genera

tures, two elevated glabrous lines forming a groove between
them ; an elevated line on each side originating on the an-
terior edge, and becoming obsolete at the middle of its
length ; a somewhat elevated, oblique line at the posterior

angles: elytra entire, rounded at tip, with regular striz of
punctures : beneath much punctured.

Length half an inch.

it is about the size of B. longipes, Nob. ‘The sexes, of a
very dark colour, were sent me by Dr. J. F. Melsheimer, and
Ihave a female, taken several years since, which is of a de-
cided coppery tint, though somewhat dull ; the colour, there-
fore, cannot be relied upon ; but the lines of punctures on the
elytra, the form of the thoracic lines, and the transverse frontal
line, in conjunction with the entire elytra, are sufficiently cha-
racteristic.

2. B. bilineata. ‘Thorax each side, and line on each elytrum,
fulvous.

Buprestis bilineata, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body slender; above, black : head dull brassy,
longitudinally indented, and with an oblique indentation
each side, on the front: thorax with a dull fulvous lateral
margin: elytra rounded at tip, and minutely serrated ; in-
dented at base; on each is a slender, dull, fulvous line ori-
ginating near the humerus, and extended towards the tip,
where it gradually approaches the scutel : scutel transverse
and transversely carinated: beneath dark green, polished
on the venter; edge of the postpectus and venter with a
dull fulvous line.

Length seven-twentieths of an inch.

‘The quercata Fabr. is described to be green, with a fuscous
vitta on the elytra, and a spot on the thorax ; it therefore differs

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. Z5t

from the present insect. The surface of the elyira appears
covered with minute imbricated points, which are more acute
and obvious towards the tip.

3. B. arcuata. Dark bronze ; elytra black ; thorax with an
elevated line at the posterior angles.

Description. Body slender : head punctured, with a longi-
tudinal indented line, and obsolete indentation each side on
the front: thorax inequal, transversely confluently punc-
tured ; an elevated, arcuated line, extends from the poste-
rior angle almost to the middle of the lateral margin:
scutel transverse and transversely carinated : elytra indent-
ed at base ; at tip rounded and denticulated : beneath dark
greenish, polished, particularly on the venter.

Length three-tenths of an inch.

Of a similar form to the preceding species; but it is alto-
gether destitute of the marginal coloured line of the thorax,
and those of the elytra; the elevated line of the thoracic an-
gles also distinguishes it. ‘The imbrication of the elytra is
similar to the preceding species.

4. B. polita. Cupreous, polished ; thorax with an elevated
line at the posterior angles.

Description. Body slender, highly polished, cupreous :
head tinged with green, punctured ; longitudinal indented
line obsolete : antenne blackish: thorax a little inequal ;
transversely confluently punctured ; an elevated, arcuated
line extends from the posterior angle almost to the middle
of the lateral margin: scutel transverse and transversely
carinated : elytra indented at base; at tip rounded and
denticulated.

Length rather more than one-fifth of an inch.

252 New American Species of the Genera

Found by Mr. Thomas Nuttall on the bank of the Missis-
sippi river. In many of its characters it resembles the arcuata,
but is much smaller, and the colour is altogether different ;
the indentation of the head also is hardly perceptible. It is
rather larger than geminata Nob. which, as I have ascertained,
on close examination, has the elytra denticulated at tip.

5. B. pusilla. Blackish-green 5 front without any obvious
impressed line.

Description. Body slender : head tinged with bluish, with
obsolete, rather distant, punctures ; excepting on the ver-
tex, where they are rather large and confluent; frontal
impressed line obsolete : antenne black : thoraz somewhat
inequal ; transversely confluently punctured; two slight,
dilated indentations placed longitudinally on the disk, and
a larger and more profound one on the lateral margin ; an
elevated, arcuated line extends from the posterior angle
almost to the middle of the lateral margin: elytra indented
at base, at tip rounded and minutely denticulated, the den-
ticulations not extending on the sutural or lateral edge.

Length less than three-twentieths of an inch.

This is so much smaller than either of the above species, as
to be distinguished readily by that character, without resorting
to any other. I detected it at the cantonment of Major Long’s
party, on the Missouri.

Tracuys.

1. T. ovata. Ovate, black; head without an indented line;
elytra without regular punctures.

Description. Body very short, ovate, black: head without
the usual dilated indentation, but a very slight indentation
may be observed on close inspection, particularly on the

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. 253

lower part of the front; slightly punctured : thorax equal,

- with the exception of a dilated indentation on each side,
with distant punctures in which is a raised centre: scutel
large, flat, impunctured, polished : elytra with wide, irregu-
lar, not deeply impressed punctures, without any appear-
ance of a regular series ; no appearance of elevated lines ;
a profound excavation behind the humerus, without any
sinus of the edge ; humerus prominent.

Length rather more than one-tenth of an inch.

This is the smallest species I have met with, and of a shorter
form.

2. T. gracilis. Oblong, blackish ; elytra with regular series
of punctures.

Description. Body rather slender, oblong, blackish-brassy :
head a little concave, but not profoundly so: thorax inequal,
with a slight impressed line before, and a wide indented
space occupying half the thorax behind ; on each side is 2
raised, arcuated, obtuse line, extending nearly from one
angle to the other: scutel moderate : elytra with regular

series of rather large, profoundly impressed punctures,
which are obsolete at tip.

Length less than three-twentieths of an inch.

A comparatively slender species. I found it on a myrtle
bush at Senipuxten island, in September. It exhibits an un-
usual regularity in its series of punctures.

Eater.
1. E. abruptus. Black, covered with minute hairs ; junction
of the thorax and elytra deeply excavated.

Descrirtion. Body black, polished, covered with minute
punctures, which give rise to very short brown hairs, which

254 New American Species of the Geneva

in a particular light have a somewhat sericeous appearanice :
serratures of the antenne and palpi dull rufous: thorax
considerably convex, at the base abruptly curved down-
wards, the lateral spines are, however, horizontal: scutel
convex, oval, making a considerable angle with the longi-
tudinal diameter of the body: elytra with obsolete impunc-
tured striz, more distinct towards the margin and tip ;
base rather abruptly, very much decurved, so that, in con-
junction with the form of the thoracic base, it exhibits a

wide and deep excavation between the two parts of the
body.

Length four-fifths of an inch.

Next in size to the morio and levigatus, Fabr. of all the
North American species | have yet seen. ‘The latter species
I believe to be only a variety of the former; it is equal in size,
with the same form, impressed front, &c. the only difference
is, that one has the elytra obviously striated, and the other has

these strize so far obsolete, that the elytra appear smooth to
the eye. .

2. E. hemipodus. Black; thorax convex, rather gibbous ;
thighs rufous.

Elater fuscipes, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body black, with short hairs: head with an
obsolete, impressed, arcuated line on the front: antenne
not serrated, black ; basal joints dark piceous: thorax very
convex, rather broadest in the middle, equally narrowed
before and behind ; lateral edge regularly arcuated, a little
contracted near the posterior angles; no appearance of an
impressed line ; the interval between the thorax and elytra
deeply indented: scutel oval, truncated at base: elytra

striated, minutely punctured, slightly tinged with brassy :
thighs dark rufous.

s

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. 255
Length eleven-twentieths of an inch.

This is a very different insect from the fuscipes, fabr.

3. E. unicolor. Blackish-brown; antenne simple; thorax
short, narrowed before, and with an impressed line behind.

Elater unicolor, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body blackish-brown, with short cinereous
hair: head a little concave just above the interval between
the antennz and a longitudinal slightly impressed line:
antenneé not serrated, third joint considerably longer than
the fourth: palpi pale rufous: thorax somewhat convex,
narrowed anteriorly by an arcuated line, at the posterior
angles very slightly excurved; posterior declivity with an
abbreviated impressed line, which does not reach the mid-
dle: scutel oval orbicular: elytra striate, strize without very
distinct punctures, but on each side of them a row of minute
punctures may be traced on the interstitial lines which are
a little rounded : thighs dull rufous.

Length rather more than half an inch.

4. E. viridis. Blackish-cupreous ; venter in the middle, and
feet rufous.

Elater viridis, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body dark coppery, with short hairs : head
with rather large, confluent punctures: antenn@ rufous,
robust, much serrated: palpi rufous: thorax distinctly
punctured; a very obvious, obtusely indented line extends
from the base to the anterior margin, where it is obsolete ;
posterior angles prominent, extending a little outwards :
scutel orbicular: elytra striate, the striz distinctly punc-

tured : epipleura rufous: feet rufous: venter on the disk
rufous.

256 New American Species of the Genera ak
Length rather less than three-fifths of an inch.

Very distinct, and readily recognised.

5. E. parallelus. Brown; thorax with the anterior angles
dilated, and as wide as at the posterior angles.

Elater angulatus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body reddish-brown, minutely punctured :
antenne rufous, serrated: thorax longer than broad, rather
widest at the anterior angles, which are much wider than
the head; an impressed longitudinal line obsolete on the
anterior margin ; lateral edge subrectilinear : scutel orbicu-
lar : elytra with impressed, punctured striae.

Length three-fifths of an inch.

The name angulatus is pre-occupied.

6. E. muscidus. Pale brown; thorax very short; antennz
rather robust, simple.

Elater muscidus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body pale brown, a little tinged with reddish,
somewhat densely covered with cinereous, short hair: head
transverse line between the antennz, not elevated in its
middle: antenne very hairy, robust, and rather long, with-
out any appearance of serrature: mouth ciliated above :
thorax very short, a little transverse, and convex, narrowed
before to the width of the head, somewhat widest in the
middle, a little contracted before the posterior spines, which
are not elongated ; a longitudinal slightly impressed line
from the base to the middle: scwtel orbicular : elytra with
impunctured striz.

Length more than three-fifths of an inch.

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. 257

This species is more thickly covered with hair than usual.
T am unacquainted with the griseus, Beauv. : but if his figure
is even a tolerable representation, our insect is very distinct,

his description is too short and unessential to give any as-
. »
sistance.

7. E. attenuatus. Reddish ; elytra lanceolate, black at tip.
Elater attenuatus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body brownish, sanguineous, with short hairs:
head blackish, without any transverse elevated line: antenna
deeply serrated, blackish rufous; third joint very short,
not longer than the second ; thorax with an impressed ab-
breviated longitudinal line on the posterior margin ; ante-
rior margin not wider than the head; posterior spines
rather long and acute: scutel oval: elytra with the stric
obsolete, gradually attenuated to the tip, which is lanceo-
late, acute ; region of the scutel deeply indented; tip black,
occupying nearly one-third of the surface, and terminating
anteriorly obliquely.

Length nearly four-fifths of an inch.

This species seems to be rare.

8. E. viridipilis. Depressed, black, covered with short
blackish-green hair.

Description. Body dilated, somewhat depressed, black,
with a greenish tinge occasioned by short hair of that
colour : head concave, the transverse line between the an-
tennz obtuse: antenne deeply serrated ; third joint very
short, equal to the second: thorax depressed, longer than
broad ; sides rectilinear and parallel; anterior angles
acute, wider than the head ; posterior angles not spiniform :

seutel subtriangular: elytra with impressed, punctured
strim.

Bh

258 New American Species of the Genere
Length three-quarters of an inch.

Fhe thorax is more than half the length of the elytra.
Rare.

9. EB. inflatus. Dark cupreous, short, robust ; feet rufous.
Elater metallicus, Melsh. Catal.

Descrirtion. Body short, very robust, dark cypreous, with
short cinereous hair : head with the transverse line between,
the antennz obtuse, not prominent: antenne dark piceous,
a little serrate, radix rufous : thorax elevated convex,
breadth equal to the length; a longitudinal impressed line
obsolete on the anterior margin; posterior spines moderate :
scutel orbicular : elytra with impressed striz, which have
smail punctures : postpectus blackish: feet pale rufous.

Length nine-twentieths of an inch.

Unusually short andthick. It is very different from obesus,
nob. by its much more robust form, by having an impressed
thoracic line, and by its general colour.

10. E. erosus. Brownish-rufoys ; thorax with five indenta-
tions,

Descrierion. Body entirely rufous, tinged with brownish,
slightly hairy : head with an impressed longitudinal line :
antenne not serrate, the joints short, terminal joint pro-
duced at tip and acute: thorax short, decidedly broader
than long, lateral edge much arcuated, posterior angles
short ; base with an impressed line extending to the middle
with an abbreviated impressed line on each side of it, not
reaching the base, on each side of the middle is a slight
indentation: scutel small, orbicular, convex : elytra rather
deeply striated, strize with small punctures : beneath a litile
paler

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. 239

Leéngth two-fifths of an incli.
Differs from lacunosus, Fab. in magnitude and colour, as
well as in the disposition of the thoracic indentations, which,
in that species are placed 2. 1. 2., whereas in the present

species théy ire 2.3: { obtained fi near the Rocky Moun-
tains, whilst exploring that country with Major Long’s party:

11 E. viridanus. Dull reddish brown ; thorax with tw
indentations:

Elater viridanus, Melsh. Catal:

Descerrerion: Head with an obsolete indentation on thé
vertex : antenna serrate, second joint thicker but shorter
than the third: thorax longer than broad, slightly and
gradually narrowed before; two very distinct deeply in-
dented punctures before the middle each side; a longis
tudinal slightly indented line extends from the base to the
middle ; posterior angles prominent, acute, scutel oval :
elytra with punctured, impressed strie: beneath palay
rufous.

Length seven-twentieths of an inch.

The anterior indentations of the thorax are situated mucti
farther forward than those of the erosus, nob:

12: E. hotundiegtlis: Thorax rufous, sub-quadrate, rounded,
Elater ruficollis, Melsh: Catal.

Description. Head blackish piceous, irregularly punctured;
transverse frontal line obtuse: thorax rufous; convex;
quadrate ; anterior and posterior diameters equal; and
equal to the longitudinal diameter ; anterior angles ob=
tusely rounded, much wider than the head ; edge a little
contracted before the posterior angles, whieh are 3 little

260 New American Species of the Genera

excurved and very acute: scutel blackish piceous, sub-
triangular : elytra dusky brownish, with acute hardly
punctured strize and convex interstitial lines: beneath rufo-
piceous : tarst pale.

Length rather more than seven-twentieths of an inch.

The thorax has a remarkably rounded appearance to the
unassisted eye. It is different from the ruficollis Fabr.

13. E. impressicollis. Dullrufous; thorax with an impressed
line and two indentations.

Elater fuscus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body rather slender, dull rufous, punctured,
with short curved hairs: head with a prominent, subacute,
transverse, frontal line: antenne deeply serrated, the serra-

‘tures paler: thorax longitudinal, rather slender, gradually
a little narrowed before ; anterior angles not broader than
the head ; edge contracted before the posterior angles
which are oblique and not much elongated ; a longitudinal
impressed line obsolete on the anterior margin, and two
rounded indentations on the posterior submargin: scutel
oblong: elytra with regular close set series of rather large
profound punctures.

Length more than seven-twentieths of an inch.

Readily recognisable by the two indentations of the thorax.
The name fuscus is pre-occupied.
14. E. stlaceus. Slender, pale ochreous; head and thorax

tinged with the rufous.

Elater silaceus,
Elater umbraticus,

t Melsh. Catal.

Buprestis, L'rachys, and Elater. 261

Description. Body pale yellowish ochreous, with short
hairs ; slender: head without any promiment transverse
line: antenne not serrated, second and third joints equal
and shorter than the succeeding ones, terminal joint not
truncated, nor very acute: thorax slightly tinged with
rufous ; longer than broad ; not decidedly narrowed be-
fore ; anterior angles not broader than the head ;_ posterior
angles a little excurved, rather long ; a longitudinal obso-
lete, impressed line: scutel oblong, convex: elytra with
punctured striz not very deeply impressed : venter yellow.

Length nearly three-twentieths of an inch.

A very common species. I have a variety of which the
thorax and venter are almost black.

15. E. rubricus. Thorax bright rufous with a large black
spot; elytra paler.

Elater rubricus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body oblong oval: head black, transverse
line acute, but not very prominent: antenne piceous, ro-
bust, deeply serrated, second and third joints equal, much
smaller than the following ones, which are triangular, ex-
cepting the terminal ones ; ultimate joint slightly truncated
at tip: thorax as broad as long, regularly arcuated, and
with the head forming a semi-oval ; highly polished,
bright rufous with a very large black orbicular spot be-
fore, reaching beyond the middle: scutel oval, truncate at
base: elytra pale brownish-rufous, with regularly punctur-
ed, impressed strize: postpectus and middle of the pectus,
black: feet piceous.

Length nearly three-tenths of an inch.

i6. E. dilectus. Brownish black =: thorax rufous, bilineate
with black.

262 New American Species of the Genera b
Elater trilineatus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body short, robust: head piceous-black,
transverse line prominent, regularly rounded, acute: an-
tenne hardly serrated, piceous, second and third joints
sub-equal, the second joint rather longer: thorax large,
convex, rufous, with two longitudinal, dilated blackish lines,
which do not reach the base ; posterior angles prominent,
acute: scutel suborbicular: elytra brownish-black, with
regularly punctured, impressed strize: venter piceous at

tip : feet pale.
Length rather more than a quarter of an inch.

Var. a. <A rufous dilated vitta extends from the humerus
towards the tip of the elytra.

Var. b. Vitta on the elytra, and beneath rufous ; feet white.

Var. c. Thoracic vitta confluent and reaching the base.

The specific name trilineatus is pre-occupied.

19. SE: quercinus. Black ; front concave ; feet pale.
Elater quercinus, Melsh. Catal.

Drscription. Body slender, black, with rather long hairs :
head with the transverse line much elevated and emarginate
in the middle: antenne rather robust, serrated, three basal
joints rufous, second and third joints nearly equal: thoraz
longer than broad, hardly narrowed before ; avery slightly
impressed longitudinal line ; anterior angles not wider than
the head; posterior angles depressed, obtuse, piceous :
scutel orbicular: elytra with slightly impressed, deeply
punctured striz : feet pale yellowish, tinged with rufons.

Length one-fifth of an inch.

A common species

Buprests, Trachys, and Elater. 268

¥3. E. plebejus. Black; front concave; feet pale; elytra
dark brown.

Elater plebejus, Melsh. Catal.

Pescription. Body rather slender, black, with rather short
hair: head with the transverse line much elevated and
emarginate in the middle: antenne hardly serrated, dark
brown, three basal joints dull rufous, second and third
subequal hardly shorter, but more slender than the suc-
ceeding ones: thorax convex, widest in the middle; an-
terior angles not wider than the head; an obsolete obtuse
indented line, obvious at base ; posterior. angles rather ob-
tuse, piceous ; anterior and lateral margins obscure pice-
ous: scutel oval, truncated: elytra dark brown, obscure
piceous at base ; striz slightly impressed, acute, punctured :
beneath piceous : pospectus and middle of the pectus black-.
ish: feet pale.

Length seven-twentieths of an inch.

This species is very similar to the preceding, but its greatly

superior magnitude puts their specific difference beyond a
doubt. .

19. E. rectangularis. Fuscous ; robust ; posterior angles
of the thorax rectangular.

Description. Body robust, very dark brown, almost black-
ish, with numerous, short, very robust whitish bristles :
head with the hairs incurved; transverse line acute: an-
tenne not reaching more than half the length of the thorax,
serrated, pale rufous, first joint fuscous, second and third
joints subequal, terminal joint oval: palpi pale rufous :
thorax subquadrate, rapidly narrowing before the middle ;
posterior angles not produced, but rectangular: elytra

with regular series of large profound punctures : feet dul}
rufons.

204 New American Species of the Genera
Length two-fifths of an inch.

This remarkable species I found near the Rocky Moun-
tains during the journey of Major Long’s exploring party.
It differs widely from any other species I have seen, by its
general aspect, as well as by its short antenne, (which were
completely concealed in the lateral fissures of the pectus,) and
the rectangular posterior thoracic angles.

20. E. eucullatus. Thorax rather long ; frontal line re-
markably elevated, and concave above.

Description. Body reddish-brown, with very short hairs:
head with the frontal transverse line very much elevated
and prominent, lanciform, obtusely rounded and concave
on its superior surface: antenna rather long, slender, not
serrated, second joint much shorter than the third : thorax
longer than broad, rather slender, with a longitudinal im-
pressed line ; a little narrowed behind the anterior angles,
and before the posterior ones, the latter not very prominent,
obtuse: elytra indented at the base of each, with impressed
punctured strize, the punctures of the interstitial lines rather
large.

Length nine-twentieths of an inch.

The peculiar form of the transverse line of the front,
renders this species easy of recognition. I found it on an
oak tree in June. In form it has considerable resemblance
to E. pyrros, Herbst, but is very different, by many other
characters.

21. E. geminatus. Black ; elytra with an oval rufous spot
before the middle of each.

Elater bimaculatus, Melsh. Catal.

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. 205

Descrivtion. Body deep black, polished, with numerous
hairs; oblong-oval: head with the transverse line acute,
but not prominent: antenne, basal joints pale rufous :
thorax widest at base, gradually narrowed by an arcuated
line to the anterior angles which are not wider than the
head; no impressed line ; posterior angles not prominent :
elytra with irregular punctures, destitute of impressed
strie ; a large, oblique, oval, bright rufous spot a little
before the middle of each, hardly reaching the suture or
the exterior edge: feet piceous.

Length less than three-twentieths of an inch.

This pretty little species seems to be allied to the bumacu-
latus of Europe, but the elytra are not striated, as those of
that species are.

22. E. nimbatus. Pale brownish ochreous; elytra striate ;
venter dusky.

Elater nimbatus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body rather slender, of a pale colour, with
somewhat long hairs: head with the transverse line ele-
vated, acute: antenne somewhat slender, not serrated ;
second and third joints short, equal: thorax tinged with
dull rufous, not longer than broad, with an impressed
longitudinal line ; posterior angles acute, a little excurved
at tip: scutel orbicular: elytra paler than the thorax,
without any rufous tinge ; with impressed punctured stria ;
beneath pale rufous: venter dusky.

Length more than three-twentieths of an inch.

23. E. brevicornis. Antenne very short; thorax blackish,

anterior and posterior margins piceous.
36

266 New American Species of the Genera

Description. Head hairy: vertex obtusely indented ;
transverse line of the front slightly elevated: antenne not
reaching beyond two-thirds the length of the thorax ; pice-
ous ; joint subcordate, serrated second joint much
shorter than the third: thorax rather convex, blackish,
slightly tinged with very dark purple-coppery, anterior
and posterior margins obsoletely piceous ; lateral edges
parallel, curving inwards before the middle ; posterior an-
gles excurved ; a longitudinal, obtuse, slightly impressed
line obsolete before the middle: scutel ovate orbicular,
hairy : elytra dark brownish, very slightly metallic, lateral
margin and suture paler ; with impressed, punctured striz :
beneath blackish : feet dull rufous: pectus dull rufous on
the anterior margin: venter with the margin, and edges of
the segments dull rufous.

Length three-fifths of an inch.

The antennz are shorter than those of any other species [
have seen, with the exception of the rectangularis nob., for
which, however, it cannot be mistaken.

24. E. clypeatus. Black; antennz and feet rufous; clypeus
extending down to the mouth.

Description. Body slender, deep black, punctured: head
with a shallow rounded indentation on the front: clypeus
narrowed between the antenna, thence dilated and extend-
ing down to the mouth: antenne serrate, bright rufous,
joints short, second about one-third as long as the third
joint: thorax widest at the base, posterior angles excurved,
and towards their tips incurved: scuéel rather large :
elytra with impressed, punctured striz ; second, third, and
fourth striz confluent behind the middle: feet dull rufous.

Tength less than one-fifth of an inch.

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elaier. 207

‘Chis may be mistaken for the quercinus nob. ; but an in-
spection of the form of the head and its parts will show that it
is very distinct. ‘The form of the clypeus is somewhat un-
usual; instead of terminating in an elevated line between the
antennze, or but little before them, it is very much narrowed
in that part, and as it descends towards the mouth, it dilates
very much.

25. E. insipiens. Bright reddish-brown ; transverse frontal
line much elevated, rounded.

Description. Body rather slender, bright reddish-brown,
polished : head with the transverse line prominent, regularly
rounded, the edge acute: antenne a little serrate, second
and third joints subequal : thorax with an obsolete impressed
line at base: elytra with impressed punctured striz.

Length more than one-fifth of an inch.

26. E. appressifrons. Obsoletely metallic; transverse frontal
line not prominent.

Descrirtion. Body rather slender, dark brownish, with a
slight brassy tinge; hairs recurved, not prominent: head
with the frontal line or tip of the clypeus not elevated, but
decurved between the antennze: antenne rather robust,
serrate ; second joint much shorter than the third, which is
of the same form, and nearly of the same size as the fourth ;
terminal joint abruptly contracted near the tip: thorax with
an impressed longitudinal line obsolete before : elytra with
acute, punctured striz, suture exterior margin somewhat
paler : feet piceous : abdomen margined with dull rufous.

Length two-fifths of an inch.

Rather common. It closely resembles cylindriformis nob. :
but that insect is somewhat larger, with a prominent, emar-

268 _ New American Species, &c.

ginated frontal line, the third joint of the antenne is cylindri-
cal, altogether different in form from the fourth, and the
ultimate joint is not abruptly contracted near the tip; in
these and many other characters it obviously differs from the
present species. In some specimens the anterior margin of
the thorax is obscurely piceous.

27. E. collaris. Black ; thorax rufous ; frontal line not re-
flected ; second and third joints of the antennz subequal.

Elater collaris, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Head black, the frontal transverse line or tip
of the clypeus not in the slightest degree reflected, but con-
siderably elevated above the surface of the nasus: antenne
serrate, second and third joints subequal and nearly alike
in form; thorax bright rufous, posterior spines acute :
seutel black, orbicular: elytra black, with impressed,
punctured striz : pectus each side bright rufous.

Length rather less than seven-twentieths of an inch.

Herbst considers this as a variety of the thoracicus Fabr.,
to which indeed it is very similar, but that species differs in
having the tip of the clypeus, or the transverse frontal line,
reflected, and the third joint of the antennz much longer and
more dilated than the second. Our species is also very simi-
lar to the verticinus, Beauvois, but the latter is greatly larger,
the head is either partially or entirely rufous, and the third
joint of the antennz is much longer than the second; it has
been called rubricollis by Herbst, but Beauvois’ name has
the priority.

Officers of the Byceum,
For the year ending February 1826.

President.
JOHN TORREY.

Vice-Presidents.,
ABRAHAM HALSEY, JOSEPH DELAFIELD.

Corresponding Secretary.
JEREMIAH VAN RENSSELAER.

Recording Secretary.
D. H. BARNES.

Treasurer.
W. COOPER.

Librarian.
JAMES E. DE KAY.

Curators.

Messrs. J. COZZENS, DELAFIELD, COOPER, F. COZZENS,
CUMBERLAND.

Conmittee of BWublication.

J. E. DE KAY,
W. COOPER,

D. H. BARNES,
JOS. DELAFIELD,
A. HALSEY.

Observations on the Amphiuma Means. 269

Further Observations on the AMpntuma Means. By Ricu-
aRD Haxtan, M.D. Read December 6, 1824.

In the third volume of the journal of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I published an accouut of
this animal. Since that period, I have examined three other
individuals, and have thus been enabled to correct some
misstatements in that paper.

It was stated that in the Amphiuma “ there are no ribs,
only motionless rudiments, resembling in this respect the
Proteus anguinus.” There are in fact no ribs in this animal,
but in this it does not resemble the proteus, which is furnished
with moveable rudiments, as in the siren. This is an error
into which I was led by comparing it with the engravings of
the skeleton of the Proteus which accompanies Cuviers’ Essay
on the doubtful reptiles, (im Humboldt’s Voyage, part II.
livraison 3,) where the ribs are thus represented. It was also
omitted to be mentioned that the anterior and_ posterior
surfaces of the vertebrae are deeply concave, as in fishes.
Externally there is no appearance of tympanum. Found
in ponds and ditches about New-Orleans, in Florida,
Georgia, and South Carolina. They are capable of living
on dry land, but how long, has not been accurately ascer-
tained. The individual in the possession of Dr. Mease,
escaped from the vessel infwhich it was confined, and when
found several days after, was brisk and lively; and I am
informed by Major Ware, that they are sometimes discovered
two or three feet under mud, of the consistence of mortar, in
which they burrow like worms, as was instanced in digging
near a street in Pensacola, when great numbers were thrown
up during the winter season. It is called in Florida, “Congo
Snake” by the negroes, who believe them poisonous, but
without foundation.

270 Observations on the Amphiuma Means.

{ have lately received through the politeness of Mr. N. A.
Ware, which were sent to him from Florida by Mr. La Rue
(of Pensacola.) The smallest was very interesting, as it was
but three inches in length, and yet did not exhibit the least
appearance of branchiz. Total length of the largest was
two feet two inches; breadth of the head across the eyes
eleven-tenths of an inch: distance between the eyes seven-
tenths ; between the nostrils three-tenths ; from the eyes to
the tip of the snout seven-tenths ; distance between the anterior
and posterior extremities twelve inches and three-tenths.
Vent, a distinct longitudinal rima situated immediately behind
the posterior extremities. From the vent to the extremity of
the tail six inches and three-tenths ; tail tapering and com-
pressed at the lower half. Girth four inches two-tenths ;
length of the posterior extremity six-tenths : of the anterior
four-tenths, perhaps somewhat contracted by spirits.

I am indebted for the accompanying drawing, Plate XXII.
to Mr. Titian Peale.

Nore to a paper entitled Oxsservations on the Genus
SALAMANDRA at p. 222 of this volume.

In the October number of the ‘ Bulletin des Sciences
Naturelles,” for 1824, Dr. J. C. Wan Hasselt has proposed
the name of Abranchus for a genus of mollusca inhabiting the
{sland of Java. As this name has the priority over mine, £
have determined to propose the following in its stead.

Genus Menopoma.

Generic Cuaracrer. Persistent operculi; destitute of bran-
chice at all times, these organs being replaced by operculi ;
five toes to the posterior, four to the anterior extremities ;
the outer edge of the feet fimbriated ; two outer toes of the
hind feet palmated ; clawless.

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 277

Sp. Menoroma Alleghaniensis, (nobis.)
Albranchus Alleghaniensis, Ejusdem, Annals of the Ly-
ceum of Nat. Hist. N. Y. p. 233.
Salamandra Allezhaniensis, Michaux.
Sal. Gigantea, Barton.
Vulgo. Hell-bender. Ground-puppy. Tweeg. Mud-devil,
Ye.

Essentia, Cuaracter. Head broad: nasal openings pro-
Jjecting : mouth wide ; a dark lateral line passing through
the eyes: body slate colour, mottled above with dark
Spots: ¢ail compressed.

Haprr. Carnivorous : exceedingly voracious : living in the
water: feeding on worms, fish, crabs, &c.
Ynhabits the Alleghany and Ohio rivers.

Descriptions of some new Piants belonging to the Orders
Musecx and Heratice. By Roserr Kave GREVILLE,
LL. D. F.R.S.E., Hon. Member of the Lyceum of Nat.
Hist., &c. Read May 30th, 1825.

MUSCI.

CALYMPERES.

i. Catymperes Hobsoni; caule elongato (unciali 3) foliis
linearibus, serratis, acutiusculis, linea incrassata infra mar-
ginem notatis, subpatentibus, siccitate crispatulis ; calyptra
levi; theca ovato-oblonga. TAB. XXIII.

Has. In Guyana lectum, communicavit D. Hobson.

Root fibrous. Stems (tufted ?) about an inch in length, erect,
or decumbent at the base, simple or very slightly branched.
Leaves bright green, long, linear, somewhat attenuated to-

37

272 New Plants of the Orders Muscr and Hepatica.

wards the apex, subacute, serrated, almost spreading when

moist, somewhat carinate, twisted when dry, the margin

furnished with an incrassated line of a darker colour than
the rest of the leaf, at a short distance from the serratures.

Nerve percurrent. The structure of the leaf is dense,

except at the base, which embraces the stem with its dilated

portion, and is reticulated and of a paler colour. Seta
terminal, about one-quarter of an inch long. Capsule
erect, ovate-oblong, shining bright yellowish brown, or
reddish. Lid nearly as long as the capsule, straight,
exactly subulate. Calyptra smooth, not twisted, pale,
with a brown apex, entire enveloping the capsule, at length
splitting on one side, and becoming dimidiate. Peristome

a spongy white membrane, nearly closing the mouth of the

capsule, without any trace of teeth in any specimens.

The genus Calymperes was originally defined by the
orifice of the capsule being closed by a spongy membrane ;
and two species were described by my friend, Professor
Schwaegrichen. A third species was added by Dr. Hooker,
in his Musci Exotici, but as some difference of structure was
evident in this plant, which he named C. Gardneri, he found
it necessary to modify the generic character, in order to re-
ceive it, and his definition in the above-mentioned inimitable
work stands thus: ‘‘ Setaterminalis. Peristomium simplex,
e membrana spongiosa horizontali totum os tegente demum
medio in dentibus 16 brevibus fissa. Calyptra magna,
mitriformis, capsulam involvens, demum lateraliter fissa.”’
To the correctness of this character, as affecting C. Gardneri,
{ cannot refrain from adding my own testimony, as I ex-
amined the plant along with my excellent and acute friend,
whose figure and description are in every respect faithful.
Schwaegrichen, however, not acquiescing in this arrange-
ment, has proposed a new genus in the second part of the
second supplement to Hedwig’s species Muscorum : this new
genus he has named Syrrhopodon, and founded upon no fewer

New Planis of the Orders Musci and Hepatwe. 273

than six species. His character rests mainly upon a short

simple peristome of 16 nearly horizontal connivent teeth,

** intus adnatis,” and a smooth calyptra. The true Calym-

peres has, according to him, a furrowed calyptra. It is very

doubtful in my opinion, whether Calymperes and Syrrhopodon
will not be found to pass so much into each other, as to render
it impossible to keep them distinct. The peristome of Ca-
lymperes Gardnert (Hook.) is exactly intermediate, con-
sisting of a spongy membrane at the base, while the centre
only splits into short teeth. In Calymperes Hobsoni, of the
present paper, the calyptra is smooth, and consequently we
should expect from Schwaegrichen’s observations, that the
capsule would be furnished with a peristome. There is, how-
ever, nothing to be seen but a very white spongy membrane,
with such a cavity in the centre, as we: might suppose to be
produced by the destruction of such short teeth as C. Gard-
nert possesses. In some species of Syrrhopodon, the teeth
are figured as distinct, to the base, while in others, (S. Taylori,
and involutus,) they are united towards the base.
Catymperes Hobsoni, bears a considerable resemblance to

Syrrhopodon albovaginatus, but the calyptra is much larger,
and the leaves more rigid, not so exactly linear, and differing
in the kind of margination. ‘The spongy membrane shrinks
very much in drying, so that it resembles only a white ring
within the mouth of the capsule, but swells out instantaneously
on the application of moisture.

TAB. XXIII. Fig. t. Plants nat. size. 2. A leaf magn.
3. A small portion of the margin of aleaf. 4. Calyptra. 5.
Capsule with the operculum. 6. Appearance of the peris-
tome in every specimen I examined. All except fig. 1.
more or less magnified.

Bryon.

2. Bryum ciliare; caule elongato, foliis oblongo-obovatis,
acutiusculis, minute reticulatis, marginatis, serrato-ciliatis,

274 New Plants of the Orders Muse: and Hepatice.

serraturis articulatis, nervo excurrente ; theca oblonga

pendula, pallida, operculo pallido, conico-hemispherico

apice minute mammilloso rubro. TAB. XXIII.

Has. In Canada, circa Montreal, lectum, communicavit
amiciss. A. F. Holmes, M. D.

Foot tomentose. Stem 1-2 inches in height, erect, or
frequently decumbent for the greater part of its length,
simple, occasionally slightly branched by innovation,
covered with reddish down. Leaves mostly expanding at
the summit of the stem, as in B. rostratum, but there are
also a few of a smaller size scattered remotely on the stem.
Yn form they are oblong-obovate, attenuated considerably
at the base previous to insertion, more or less acute, some-
times even obtuse, undulated, marginated, furnished with
serratures, or rather ciliz, which are spreading, cylindri-
cal, and articulated; nerve shortly excurrent, and so strong
as to give the leaves an arched form when dry. Seta near
two inches long, pale yellow above, shining, deep red-
brown below. Capsule oblong, ventricose, pendulous,
pale yellowish, sometimes reddish at the base, the orifice
surrounded by a cartilaginous orange line. Lid between
conical and hemispherical, pale yellow, or tinged with
orange, the apex minutely mammillose and fine red.
Peristome ; outer one composed of yellow teeth subulate at
their apex; ¢nner one of 32 segments rounded towards the
points, and becoming abruptly subulate, with alternating
ciliz.

This fine new species of Bryum, which I have lately re-
ceived from my friend and correspondent Dr. Holmes, of
Montreal, is nearly allied to B. cuspdatum, and Mnium
affine, of Blandon. ‘To the latter moss it approaches so near
in some points, that I at first regarded them as identical.
They do, however, differ in several remarkable features, and
upon consulting the specimen published as B. affine by
Funck, in his beautiful ‘‘ Deutschlands Moose,” I became

New Plants of the Orders Musci and Hepatice. 278

sensible that our Canadian plant is really distinct. The
leaves are much longer in proportion to their breadth, and
their margins so much more decidedly serrato-ciliate, that
this character is visible even to the naked eye. The fruit-
stalk ‘is almost invariably solitary; whereas in B. affine
there are usually five. The capsule is larger and more ob-
long. Both species are remarkable for their tomentose
stems.

TAB. XXII. Fig. 1. Plant nat. size. 2. Leaf magn. 3.
Portion of do. 4. Capsule with the operculum. 5. Part
of the outer peristome. 6. Part of the inner do. All except
fig. 1. more or less magnified.

Hypnum.

3» Hypnum Haldamanum; caule elongato, repente, vage
ramoso, ramis subpinnatis ; foliis imbricatis, lutescentibus,
ovato-lanceolatis, integerrimis, enervibus vel obscure basi
binervibus ; theca cylindrica, arcuata, erecto-cernua, oper-
culo conico, oblique rostrato, arcte adherenti. TAB.

XXIII.

Has. In Canada, apud Moose Factory lectum, benevole
communicavit D. Haldane. j

Stems creeping, tomentose on the under side, here and there
with little tufts of radical fibres, 2-9 inches in length,
irregularly divided, the branches unequally pinnate with
ramuli of half an inch, or one inch long. Leaves: Cau-
line ones imbricated, bright yellowish green, shining,
nearly erect, ovate-lanceolate, quite entire, somewhat con-
cave, nerveless, or with two short extremely faint nerves at
the base: Perichetal ones much attenuated, diverging or
somewhat spreading at their upper portion. Fruzt-stalk
an inch or an inch and a half in length, red, slender,
smooth. Capsule long, cylindrical, arched, erecto-cernu-
ous, pale buffish red. Lid conical, with a very sharp
acute beak as long as the conical portion, of the same

as
~t
o

New Plants of the Orders Muse and Hepatice.

colour as the capsule, adhering to the mouth of the capsule

with such singular tenacity, that out of many mature ones,

T have never seen it wanting, and it is separated with difii-

culty by artificial means.

I have every reason to conjecture that this very handsome
Hypnum must be of frequent occurrence in Canada, and very
probably throughout the northern division of the United
States 5 it was collected by my friend, John Haldane, Esq.,
in two localities, and, judging from the luxuriance of the
Jarge masses he kindly preserved for me, it must exist in
great abundance. In both instances it appears to have grown
upon the trunks of (probably fallen) trees ; and in the centre
of the masses to have in part lost the creeping character,
from the stems and branches having been much crowded and
drawn up.

I am not aware of any species with which H. Haldanianum
can be confounded.

TAB. XXIII. Fig. 1. Plant nat. size. 2. Leaves. 3. Peri-
chetium. 4. Capsule with the operculum. 5. Two of the
teeth of the outer peristome. 6. Part of the inner do.
All except fig. 1. more or less magnified.

7,

HEPATIC.

JUNGERMANNIA.

4, JUNGERMANNIA carinata ; exstipulata ; caule prostrato,
(semiunciali) simplici; foliis patentibus, distichis, ovatis,
acutis, profunde concavis dimidiato naviculeformibus
dorso processu foliaceo versus apicem precipue carinatis.
TAB. XXIII.

Haz. In Insula Guadaloupe lecta, I. Ricord Madianna,
M.D. Benevole misit Cl. Torrey.

Plant of a dull fulvous yellow colour. Stem prostrate, half
an inch in length or more, simple, entangled among other
mosses. Leaves small, distant at the base, becoming

‘Vew Plants of the Orders Musci und Hepatice. 277

gradually larger and closer towards the summit; disti-

chous, spreading, of an ovate outline, entire, acute, the

apex somewhat incurved ; the body of the leaf may be

either considered as formed of two equal lobes, or as a

single leaf deeply concave, and carinate in a remarkable

manner at the back, with a foliaceous process, especially
towards the apex, and disappearing towards the base. It
appears to me more natural to view the leaf in this light,

and it may be said to bear a striking resemblance to a

boat divided transversely in the middle. Fructification

unknown.

The varieties of form in the leaves of the Jungermannice
seem to be really endless. The leaf of the present indi-
vidual resembles that of no other species I am acquainted
with ; but J. Thouarsii, of Hooker, forms the nearest ap-~
proach towards it, though widely different in every other
respect.

TAB. XXIN. Fig. 1. Plant nat. size. 2. A small portion
magn. 3. Leaves. 4. Segment of a leaf in the dry
state. All except fig. 1. more or less magnified.

5. JUNGERMANNIA tenax; exstipulata; czespitosa; caule erecto,
(vix unciali) coriaceo, basi nudo, bipinnato, apice curvato,
ramis ramulisque brevibus, obtusis, secundis incurvatis ;
foliis minutissimis, undique imbricata, erectis, brevibus,
multipartitis, areolis minutis, segmentis setaceis. TAB.
XXIII.

Has. In Nova Hollandia lecta, communicavit, D. Fraser.

Plant densely tufted, scarcely an inch high, of a dull green
colour. Stems erect, very pale, thick for the size of the
plant, remarkably tough; naked for one-half of its length,
set towards the summit with a few branches in an alter-
nately pinnate manner, the lower ones about two-eighths of
an inch in length, and bearing at most three or four minute
ramuli. ‘The whole of the upper half of the stem is much

278 New Plants of the Orders Muscei and Hepatice.

curved, and towards the apex even rolled in, while the
branches and ramuli are all directed to one side, and in-
curved in the same manner. Leaves imbricated on all
sides, remote below, more numerous above, short, erect,
divided into 5-8 setaceous, articulated segments, the
central ones of which are three or four times as long as
the body of the leaf; the lateral segments are much
shorter. The reticulation of the body of the leaf minute ;
that of the segments large. ‘Towards their apex the seg-
ments appear to be cylindrical, are simply articulated, and
in the dry state, have the joints often collapsed in alternate
directions, as in many conferve. Fructificateon unknown.
This most singular species I extricated from some other
mosses communicated to Dr. Hooker and myself, by our
excellent correspondent, Mr. Charles Fraser. The stems are
flexible and exceedingly coriaceous, and the ends of the
branches and ramuli, rigidly incurved.
TAB. XXIII. Fig. 1. Plant nat. size. 2. A portion magn.
3. Leaves. 2 and 3 magnified.

Remarks on the American species of the Genera Hyua and
Rana. By Captain Joun Le Conte of the United States
army. Read 16th May, 1825.

Davpw in his excellent history of the genera Hyla, Rana,
and Bufo, has enumerated six species of the first genus, as
inhabiting North America. Two of these, H. venulosa, and
H. palmata, have certainly never been found in our country,
and are probably natives of South America. The H. ocularis
I consider a variety of H. squirella ; there will then remain
only three that were known to European naturalists, and to

New Species of Hyla and Rana. 370

these I shall add two new species. Before proceeding to the

description of them, it will be well to make some remarks

upon those already known; as the descriptions are in some
degree faulty, not having been made from living specimens.

I shall adhere to the same order that M. Daudin has ob-

served.

1. Hyla lateralis. The description of this animal should
be corrected, by saying, that the lateral line, from which its
name is derived, is most commonly silvery, in some few instan-
ces yellow. Inhabits in great numbers in Carolina and
Georgia, particularly on water plants, such as the Pontederia
cordata, the Nymphea, and others, that generally grow in
ditches, and on the margin of rice fields. They are very
noisy, particularly at night, their voice somewhat resembles
the sound of a bell.

2. H. squirella. Generally of a brown or cinereous colour
above ; in some irregularly varied or speckled with paler
or darker: a black, or dusky, or bark brown band ex~
tends from the nostrils to the eyes, and a narrow white
stripe from near the nostrils, along the upper lip reaches

‘almost to the insertion of the fore legs: beneath whitish,
granulate on the abdomen and under side of the thighs :

Head rather obtuse; iris golden: thighs longer than the

shanks, yellow on the exterior part: legs more or less

distinctly barred with darker ; hind toes semi-palmate.

Length one inch and a quarter.

Inhabits under logs, and the bark of decaying trees; 1
have never seen it in, or near the water.

The figure of this species in Daudin is very different from
any specimen that I have ever seen, both in colour and in marks ;
1 do not deny but that it may have been found of a green colour,
as he represents it, and marked in the same manner ; but the
same error occurring in his delineation of the next species, |
am inclined to think that it has been coloured from report
and description, rather than from the animal itself; indeed,

38

280 New Species of Hyla and Rana.

whatever the colour may be, it can scarcely remain wo-

changed for six months in a preserved specimen ; all that I

have ever attempted to preserve, lost their colour in less than

two months. There are three principal varieties of this

species. |

a, Above cinereous, with a straight, or curved, or angular bar
between the eyes ; back with a few spots of dusky, some-
times confluent, and forming different figures of irregular
shapes ; and sometimes uniting into a line on each side of
the body, of greater or less length.

&. Above cinereous, irregularly spotted with darker; the
line between the eyes broken into two or more spots.

y. Above entirely brown, without spots, exterior part of the
thighs not yellow. ;

In all these, the dark band on the head, and the white line
on the lips, are the only marks which remain constant ; in
one variety, even the yellow colour on the thighs vanishes ;
there are hardly any two individuals alike, and so different
are they from one another, that a person who had not ob-
served them accurately for a length of time, would be led to
think, that there were almost as many species as individuals.
3. H. femoralis. Above dark cinereous, or pale brown, ir-

regularly marked with a few confluent spots of darker or

dusky, the one between the eyes the largest, triangular,
truncate behind at the apex, the others oblong, a black,
somewhat crenulate and interrupted line extends from the
eyes, to the insertion of the hind legs, and another shorter
one of the same colour, from the same place to the inser-
tion of the fore legs, forming an angle; the first being
bounded above on the fore part with pale cinereous or
brown; beneath whitish, granulate on the abdomen, and
underside of the thighs: Head somewhat obtuse, irides
golden, thighs longer than the shanks, darker on the ex-
terior part, and spotted with yellow, the spots roundish,
irregularly placed, and unequal in number : fore and hind

New Species of Hyla and Rana. 261

lees bordered with dusky, the latter on the fore part, the

former on the hind, and very obscurely barred with darker 5

hind toes semi-palmate.

Length one and a half to one and three quarters of an inch.

8. Above brown, the greater part of the back occupied by a
large irregular blotch of darker, containing two or three
roundish spots of paler, legs strongly barred with darker.
Inhabits with the last.

4. H.* delitescens. Above cinereous, irregularly spotted and
speckled with darker ; beneath whitish, granulate on the
abdomen, and under side of the thighs: head somewhat
obtuse, irides golden, lips whitish, chin speckled with brown,
exterior part of the thighs, and the whole of the under side
of both the fore and hind legs yellow; region of the anus
varied with cinereous; legs not barred, but varied and
speckled with darker, hind toes semi-palmate : somewhat
jarger than the last.

Inhabits Georgia, under the bark of decayiug trees.

H.* versicolor. Broader, and not so tapering in form as the
others ; above covered with small warts, colour varying at
the will of the animal, from pale brown to ash and green,
with a few black spots ; at times when they are brown, the
back is more or less marked with an acute angled cross,
which, however, vanishes with a change of colour; beneath
white, granulate on the abdomen, and under side of the
thighs : head and auricles small, irides golden, hind part of
the abdomen and hind legs beneath yellow, hind legs of
moderate length ; toes semi-palmate.

Length two inches.

Inhabits on trees in the Northern States. Has a moister or
more viscid look than either of the other species, and more
resembles a toad in form. is considered by the vulgar as
poisonous. During damp weather, or on the approach of
vain, croaks continually.

282 New Species of Hyla and Rane.

It is surprising that this species, so common in the part of
America that has been most visited by foreign naturalists,
has as yet been noticed by no one. It may have been con-
founded with the H. viridis of Europe, which, however, it
but little resembles.

The animals comprised in the division of reptiles called
Batracian, have long claimed a considerable degree of atten-
tion from me, and I present indications of six new species,
which on a future occasion I shall more fully describe, and
accompany with the necessary figures.

1. Rana* fontinalis, or common spring frog; colour above
varying from yellow green to dark olive, sometimes irregu-

_ larly spotted with dusky, particularly on the sides, with a
raised interrupted line extending from the eye towards
the hind part of the body.

2. Rana* palustris, or marsh frog ; colour above pale brown,
with two longitudinal rows of dark brown spots on the
back, and the same number on the sides, hind part of the
thighs yellow, spotted with black.

3. Rana* sylvatica, or wood frog; colour above varying
from light to dark brown, with two interrupted longitudinal
lines of black, a dark brown stripe extending from the tip
of the nose through the eyes, and covering the auricles.

4, Rana* pumila; pale green ; back with a decurved line on
each side, bounded with dusky, head with a triangular
spot between the eyes, legs barred with dusky.

5. Rana* gryllus, (Savanna cricket ;) above warty, colour
various, with a triangular spot of darker on the top of the
head between the eyes, aud a paler line extending from the
apex of this spot to the vent, hind part of the thighs yellow-
ish or whitish, with one or two lines of dusky or brown.

6. Rana* mgrita; above black, speckled with small white
warts; middle of the back cinereous. with an interrupted
stripe of black, upper lips with a white line; beneath
granulate whitish ; irides golden; legs barred with whitish,
hind part of the thighs brown: hind legs very long.

Monograph of North American Carices. 283

A Mownocraru of the North American Species of Carex.
By the Rev. Lewis D. pe Scuwernirz. Edited by Jon
Torrey. Read December 13, 1824.

Tue principal part of the following monograph has been
written several years. About two years ago, the author,
with whom I have long enjoyed an active correspondence,
sent me a copy of the work for my private use, with permis-
sion to communicate it to the New-York Lyceum of Natural
History ; and I accordingly submitted it to that Society, who
directed that it should be published in their Annals. Various
causes, the chief of which has been a desire to make it more
complete by additions and corrections, have delayed its ap-
pearance until the present time. Mr. Schweinitz lately left
this country for Europe, with the expectation of being absent
for a considerable period. Previous to his departure, he
placed in my possession his rich collection of Carices, giving
me full permission to make any additions or alterations in his
manuscript, which my own observations or the recent dis-
coveries of others might render necessary. This privilege I
have thought proper to exercise to a considerable extent, the
author himself having made no changes in the monograph
since it was first put into myhands. Within the last year, that
part of Mr. Elliott’s work which includes the Carices, has been
published, and Professor Dewey’s Caricography of the
Northern States has appeared in Silliman’s Journal. Several
foreign botanical publications have also been received, which
have furnished important materials. Among them are
Brown’s Appendix to Parry’s Voyage, and Richardson’s
Appendix to Franklin’s Narrative ; the latter particularly,
has enabled me to make some valuable additions to the
monograph. A copy of a new edition of this work, together
with specimens of some of the rare Carices there described,
were kindly presented to me by the author. 1 am also under

234 Monograph of North American Carices.

many obligations to my friends Professor Dewey of Williams
College, E. Davis, Esq. of Westfield, Mass., and Dr. J. Bar-
ratt of Middletown, Conn., for numerous specimens of northern
Carices, as well as for many valuable notes and observations.

Joun Torrey.
West-Point Military Academy, May 28th, 1825.

Genus CAREX Lin. Sedge.

Carex Lin. gen. pl. 1046. Schreb. gen. pl.1407. Gaert. i.p. 12.
Lam. ill. gen. t. 752. Juss. gen. p. 26. Vent. fam. pl. ii.
p- 91. Nutt. gen. ii.p. 203. Nat.Ord. Cavamarrez Lin.
Cyeeracey (Cyperoide olim) Juss. R. Brown, Agardh,

&c. Insys. sex. MONOECIA TRIANDRIA.

Cu. Gen. Flowers glumaceous, generally monoicous,
(never perfect,) disposed in one or more imbricated aments.
Sram. Fu. in the same spike with the pistilliferous, or ina
separate spike. Glumes one-valved, one-flowered, (the in-
ferior ones often empty,) lanceolate, concave, permanent.
Corolla 0. Stamens 3, hypogynous ; filaments capillary,
longer than the glume ; anthers erect, long-linear, cleft at the
base, entire at the apex.” Pistim. ri. Glumes as in the
staminiferous. Corolla (nectarium Lin. ; capsule Pers, &c. ;
nux coriacea Gart.; urceole Lam.; arillus Gooden. Smith.
perianthium R. Brown. ; glumella Rich. ; glum. infer. Turpin.
/lgardh,) one glumed (formed of 2-3 coalesced valves ?)
urceolate, surrounding and concealing the germen, opening
at the summit by an entire or bidentate orifice, permanent.
Pistil : germen superior, triangular or compressed, enclosed
in the ventricose corolla; style simple, persistent ; stigmas
2-3, exserted, subulate-linear, simple, incurved, pubescent.
Caryopsis (nux Pers. &c.; achenium R. Br.) crustaceous,
triquetrous (when there are three stigmas,) or subtriangular-
compressed (when there are two stigmas.) . Zmbryo enclosed
at the base of the albumen.

Monograph of North American Carices. 285

Cuar. essen. Monoica (rariss. dioic ;) amentum (spica)
imbricatum ; gluma uniflora ; corolla ventricosa, 1-valvis
persistens caryopsidem includens.

The genus Carex is the most numerous in species of the
Cyreracez. According to Agardh,* there are 328 species
known to botanists. With very few exceptions they are ex-
clusively found im the northern hemisphere, and they dimin-
ish in number towards the equator. Europe and Nerth
America contain about an equal number, and a few are com-
mon to both continents. Asia and Africa contribute but a
small number of species. They are mostly natives of boggy
and marshy places.

The general habit of the Carices,is a creeping root, simple
triquetrous culm, without joints ; coarse carinate leaves, and
a spiked inflorescence. The sheaths of the leaves are entire,
not longitudinally cleft as in the Gramyez, except when
old. At the base of the spike and spikelets there is usually
a bractea which is sometimes foliaceous, at other times merely
an enlargement of the lower glume.

On account of the great number of species in this genus, it
is necessary to arrange them under analytical subdivisions.
The objection, that the diagnostic characters of these are not
sufficiently constant, does not appear to be well founded. It
is true, doubts may arise concerning such characteristics, as
in their nature and terms, are relative, and therefore more or
less ambiguous. But a very little practice will obviate this
difficulty, and render the judgment of the examiner sufficiently
correct to prevent serious mistakes. It is proper, in all cases,
to observe a considerable number of specimens, in order to

* Aphorismi Botanici, p. 141. This is a much greater number than is
described in the works to which I have access. The Mem. sur les Gre-
mineés of Turpin and the Monos. Cyperac. of Lestibud. [ have never
seen.

286 Monograph of North American Carices.

prevent individual peculiarities from misleading ; and if this
be done, the inconstancy complained of will be found by no
means so great as is frequently imagined.

The North American species of Carex have been much
neglected by botanists until within the last few years. Lin-
neeus scarcely describes any other as peculiar to this country
than C. squarrosa and folliculata. Walter in his Flora Caro-
lintana, published in 1788, gave short and imperfect descrip-
tions of eleven species. Lamarck described five new North
American species in his Encyclopédie methodique, published in
1789. In 1803, Wahlenberg published in the Acta Holm.
(Kong. svenska vetenskaps academiens Handlingar,) for 1803
a monography of the genus Carex, in which he described
twelve new species from this country. About the same time
appeared the Flora Borealt-Americana of Michaux, containing
twenty-two species, of which seventeen were considered by
that botanist as new, but his descriptions are so incomplete,
that it is impossible, in many cases, to ascertain with certainty
the species he intended to designate. The author does not
appear to have been acquainted with the excellent Beschret-
bung der Reidgraser of Schkuhr, the first part of which was
published at Leipsic in 1802. As regards the North Ameri-
can species, although Schkuhr did not enjoy an opportunity
of examining living specimens, he has, with few exceptions,
been very happy in a just description of the species, and his
accurate figures are an almost infallible guide in recognising
what he describes. ‘The first part of his work, however, is
very deficient in American species. In 1805, vol. IV. part
t. of Willdenow’s Species Plantarum was published. ‘This con-
tained descriptions of forty-two North American Carices,
most of which were sent to the author by the late Dr. Muhlen-
berg of Lancaster in Pennsylvania. Many of these species
were previously determined and named by Muhlenberg him-
self, but others were left to be settled by his friend and corres-
pondent. In 1806 appeared the second part or volume of

JMonograph of North American Carices. 287

Schkuhr’s monograph, which contained remarkably accurate
coloured figures of nearly all the species described by Will-
denow, to which he added several new ones sent from Penn-
sylvania by Muhlenberg. In 1804, several North American
Carices were described by Rudge, in the Transactions of the
Linnean Society, accompanied by very correct figures. The
Flora Americe Septentrionalis of Pursh, which contains de-
scriptions of sixty-four species of Carex, was published in
London in 1814. [t is very evident that this author has not
bestowed much care upon the genus. He has introduced a
number of European species, which have never been found
by our most assiduous botanists, even when he asserts them
to be very common. The greater part of these have been
omitted in the following monograph.

Muhlenberg’s posthumous work, entitled ‘Descriptio uberior
graminum et plant. calamariarum Americe Septentrionalis,”
was published in 1817. In this work fifty-nine species of
Carex are described. The descriptions of this author are
very accurate as far as they go, being all taken from speci-
mens which he had examined himself, but his work appears
to be a mere sketch of what he intended to have made it.
Still it is particularly valuable ; all his species being identical
with those of Willdenow and Schkuhr.*

The Genera of North American plants by Nuttall, pub-
lished in 1818, enumerates sixty-eight species of Carex.
Three of these are new and very accurately described. The
author would doubtless have much increased their number,
had not his labours been more directed to investigating the
plants of the southern and western parts of our country,
where the species of this genus are comparatively rare.
Though the number of North American Carices is now so

* Thad the good fortune to receive from Muhlenberg specimens of the
ereater part of his specie
30

288 Monograph of North American Carices.

great, there can be little doubt that many species still remain
to be discovered. Very few have yet become known from
the swamps and mountains of the southern states, merely, we
have reason to believe, from want of attention at the proper
season. ‘The botany of the northern mountains of New-
Hampshire and Vermont, is only beginning to be examined.
Very large acquisitions may be expected when the cold
regions of North America shall be carefully explored ; for
they doubtless contain as many species of this genus as the
similar regions of Europe, which are found to be so remarka-
bly fertile in them. ; It is, however, probable that most of
them, and of the alpine species generally, will be found
identical with the European ones of a similar climate.

] shall now proceed to give a conspectus of the whole ge-
nus and its analytical subdivisions, enumerating under each,
all the species of which I have any knowledge, either from the
books to which I could obtain access, or from actual speci-
mens, and then give the history of such species as have fallen
under my observation, at length, with shorter ones of such as
{ have not examined, but which appear to be sufficiently
authentic. At the end of the work a list of the doubtful
species will be given. As regards synonymy, it is hoped the
monograph will be full enough for all useful purposes.

Consrectus of the known species of Carex under their proper
ANALYTICAL SUBDIVISIONS.

NB. The species printed in roman letters are North American. Those
with an asterisk prefixed are common to Europe and North America.

A. Inflorescence dioieaus.
* €. dioica, L. C. Wormskioldiana, Horizem-
— Davalliana, Smith. — pichinchensis, Kunth.
B. Inflorescence monoicous.

+ All the spikes androgynous.
* — Spike solitary.
a. Summit staminiferaus.
ju Two stigmas.

Monograph of North American Carices. 289

©. capiiata. L C. pulicaris. L.
(No American species in this section.)
2. Three stigmas.

C. Fraseri, Sims. C. compacta, R. Br.

-- Willdenovii, Schk. — Brownit (Uncin. ripar. R. Br.}
~~ polytrichoides, Muhi. — tenella, R. Br.

— affinis, R. Br. — microgilochin, Wahl.

~~ attenuata, R. Br. * — pauciflora, Lightf.

— filifolia, Nuit. — obtusata, Liljeb.

— uncinata, L. — spicata, Sch.

— hamata, Schwartz: — petrea, Wahl.

=~ erinacea, Cavan. — rupestris, Allion.

b. Summit pistilliferous.
C. squarrosa, L.
** Spikes several, aggregated into a head.
a. Summit staminiferous
C. cephalophora, Wahl.
b. Summit pistilliferous.
C. cyperoides, L.
**E Spikes distinct.
a. Summit staminiferous.
1. Two stigmas,

C. Villarsi, Schk. C, disperma, Dewey,
— Bertolini, Schk. — riwularis, Willd.
— simpliciuscula, Wahl. —— stenophylla, Wahl.
— chordorrhiza, L. -—— chlorantha, R. Br.
~ tuberosa, Deg. — Hostii, Schk.
— splendens, Pers, — meurva, Lightf.
— fetida, Allion. — stipata, Muhl.
— arenaria, L. — vulpina, L.
— repens, Bellard. — nemorosa, Lumn.
— bromoides, Sch. — Mubhlenbergii, Schz.
~— intermedia, Good. — glomerata, Thunb.
— ammophila, Willd. — floridana, nob.
— schenoides, Host. — sparganioides, Mui.
—- divisa, Good. — divulsa, Good.
~~ austriaca, Schk. — multiflora, Muhi.
= inversa, R. Br. — setacea, Dewey.
-—~ lobata, Vill. * — paniculata L.

* — teretiuscula, Good. — appressa, R. Br.
= retroflexa, Muh. — brunnea, Thunb.

— rosea, Schk. — paradoxa, Willd.

290 Monograph of North American Caries.

2. Three stigmas.

C. baldensis, Li. C. spartea, Wahl.

C. curvula, Allion. C. indica, L.

— distachya, Willd. — polystachya, Swartz.
=— pedunculata, Muhl. — cladostachya, Wahl.
— ovata, Rudge. — scabrella, Wahl.

— Lincku, Schk. — cruciata, Wahl.

—— capensis, Thunb.
b.. Summit pistilliferous.
1. Two stigmas.

™

C. bicolor, Allion. C. Deweyana, nob.
— tenuiflora, Wahl. — arida, nob.
— leporina, Good. — lagopodioides, Schic.
— Heleonastes, L. — scoparia, Schk.
— WNorwegica, Wahl. — tenera, Dewey.
— Grypus. Schk. — brizoides, L.
* .— Ioliacea, E. — straminea, Willd.
* — stellulata, Good. — fenea, Muhl.
—- trisperma, Dewey. —— cristata, nob.
= Schreberi, Willd. — festucacea, Schi.
— scirpoides, Schk. — elongata, L.
— remotiuscula, Wahl. — axillaris, Good.
* — curta, Good. ** = remota, L.
— gibba, Wahl. — lusitanica, Schix.

=< Gebhardi, Schk.
2. Three stigmas.

* C. atrata, LZ. C. media, R. Br.
— magellanica, Willd.

tt Only some spikes androgynous.

* Terminal spike staminiferous, the rest androgynous.
C. Boryana, Schk. C. longifolia, R. Br.
— thuringiaca, Willd. — Fosteri, Wahl.

=—— fasciculata, Linck.

— ambigua, Linck.
— gracilis, R, Brown.

— depressa, Linck.

(No North American species in this section.)
** Terminal spike androgynous, the rest pistilliferous.
a Two stigmas.

C. glareosa, Wahl.
b. Three stigmas.

C. microstachya, Ebrh.

©. viridula, Mich.
—= virescens, JMuhi,
— hirsuta, Willd.

C. Caroliniana.
— misandra, R. Br.
~~ formosa, Dewer

Oe
—

*C.

mo

Monograph of North American Carices. 29%

Buxbaumii, Wahi.
digitalis, Muh.
fuliginosa, Schk.

— parviflora, Host.
— Vahlii, Schk.
— Davisii, Torrey.

ttt Staminiferous and pistilliferous spikes distinct.
* | Staminiferous spike solitary,

. saxatilis, L.

compacta, R. Br.
rigida, Good.
pulla, Good.
concolor, R. Br.

Two stigmas.
©. fusca, Schk.
—~ cuspidata, Wahi.
-— mutica, R. Br.
-- Nove Angliz, nob.
— aurea, WVutt.

b. Three stigmas.

. tristachya, Thunb.

varia, Muhl.
Richardsonii, R. Br.
concinna, R. Br.
ericetorum, Poll.
montana, 1.
precox, Jacq.
emarginata, Sch.
tomentosa, Li.
vestita, Willd.
dasycarpa, Muhi.
mucronata, Allion.
Schkuhrii, Willd.
supina, Willd.
spherocarpa, Willd.
globuiaris, Willd.
ethostachya, Schk.
pubescens, Juhl.
flava, ZL.

Qcderi, Ehrh.
tentaculata, Muhi.

alba, Henke.
binervis, Smith,
refracta, Schk.
plantaginea, Lam.
anceps, Muhi.

Pistiiliferous spike sessile, or with the
peduncle enclosed.

C. nigra, Allion.
— pilulifera, L.
—— marginata, Muhi.
— lupulina, Muhl.
— folliculata, Z.
~— xanthophysa, Wahl.
—~ subulata, Mich.
— clavata, Thunb.
— borbonica, Lam.
-= extensa, Good.
— pedata, L.
—— ornithopoda, Willd.
— digitata, L.
-— clandestina, Good.
~- livida, Wahl.
— firma, Host.
— approximata, Allion.
— umbrosa, Host.
— fimbriata, Schk.

* — alpestris, Allion. -

2. Pistilliferous spikes on exsert peduncles
partly sheathed at the base.
C. breviculmis, R. Br,
—- cataracta, R. Br.
—- oligocarpa, Schk:.
—— scabrata, nob.
= panicea, L.

292 Monograph of North American Carices.

— ferruginea, Schk. —- conglobata, Kitaib.
— levis, Kitaib. — chinensis, Retz.
— frigida, Allion. — verna, Schk.

— Micheli, Host. — pendula, Good.

— Meilichoferi, Schk. — psylostachya, Kitaib.
=~ striata, R. Br. — strigosa, Good.
-—— lacistoma, R. Br. — fulva, Good.

-- depauperata, Good. * — distans, L.

— pilosa, Scop. * — capillaris, Z.

— conoidea, Schk. * —. ustulata, Wahi.
— tetanica, Schk. — levigata, Smith.
=-- subspathacea, Wormsk. * — sylvatica, Huds.
=- laxiflora, Lam. — flexuosa, Schk.

-—— granularis, Muhl. — podocarpa, R. B.

3. Pistilliferous spikes on long peduncies,
nearly destitute of sheaths.

C. umbellata, Schk. * —- pseudo-cyperus, L.
— japonica, Thunb. C. glaucescens, Elliott.
— rotundata, Wahl. —- castanea, Wahl.
— Grioleti, Roem. —— Elhottii, Torrey.
— brachystachya, Schrank. -- Scopoliana, Willd.
— compressa, Kitaib. * — limosa, LZ.
-— miliacea, Muhl. —- laza, Wahl.

* — pallescens, L. —- chlorostachys, Steven.

— hystericina, Willd.
*& Several staminiferous spikes.
a. TZ'wo stigmas.

* C. cespitosa, Z. * C. acuta, Z.

* — stricta, Good. — salina, Wahi.
-—— trinervis, Loise}. ~— hispida, Willd.
~~ geminata, Schk. = maritima, Vahl.
— crinita, Lam. — aquatilis, Wahl.

b. Three stigmas.

C. glauca, Scop. C. aristata, R. Br.
— Barrattii, Torrey. — serrulata, Bernard.
— ampleocarpa, Willd. — vesicaria, Z.
— trichocarpa, Muhl. — plumbea, Wahl.
-— verrucosa, Muhi. % — ampullacea, Willd.
== Schraderi, Schk. — retrorsa, nobis.

* o= filiformis, DB. —~- Schweinitzii, Dewey.
— pumila, Thumb. — bullata, Schk.

== nutans, Host. == secalina, Willd.

oT

Monograph of North American Carvces. 29

cs]
=~ acuminata, Willd. — hordeifornis, Wahl.
~— pellita, Muhl. —- hitorea, Labillard.
— paludosa, Good. —— hirta, Wahl.
-~ riparia, Good. — cherokeensis, nobis.
— lacustris, Willd, — trifida, Cavan.
~— melanostachya. — longirostris, Torrey.

A. Inflorescence dioicous.
1. Carex dioica, Linn.

C. spica simplici; fructibus erectiusculis, ovatis, nervosis,
superne margine hispidis; foliis culmisque glabris.

C. dioica, Lin. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 207. Richardson, app.
Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 34. No, 364.

C. Linnzana, Schk. car. ii. p. 3. t. A. f. 1.

Root creeping. Culm 6—8 inches high, slender, triquetrous. Leaves
shorter than the culm. Spike oblong; glumes brownish, with a red keel.

Stigmas 2.
Has. In the woody country of Arctic America, from lati-
tude 54° to 64° north. Collected by Dr. Richardson.

2. Carex sterilis, Willdenow.

C. spicis dioicis, staminif. 3—5, pistillif. subsenis (interdum
androgynis); fructibus ovatis, compresso-triquetris, mar-
gine ciliato-serratis, apice recurvis, bicuspidatis.

C. sterilis, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 208. Schk. car. t. mmm.
f. 146. bona. Pursh fl. Amer. Sept. i. p. 34. Muhl. gram.
p- 217 Elliott. sk. ii. p. 525,

Root strong, fibrous. Culm a span high, obtusely triquetrous, striate, (and
thence appearing hexangular) scabrous toward the summit, brownish and
sheathed by the leaves at the base. Leaves as long as the culm; the
Jower ones shortened, linear, narrow, triquetrous toward the extremity ;
margin scabrous. Spikes occasionally (according to Muhlenberg) an-
drogynous; sterile* spikes 3—5, alternate, approximate, oblong, acute,

* YT shall use the terms sterile or staminiferous, and fertile or pistilliferous
spikes, indiscriminately.

294 Monograph of North American Carices.

sessile; glumes light brown or yellowish: fertile spikes 5—6, situate as
the sterile, but shorter and more obtuse; glumes greenish-yellow, almost
of the size of the fruit; at the base of the lowest spike is a short brac-
éea, which is often wanting. Fruit triquetrous and compressed, acu-
minate, and with the summit bicuspidate, smooth. Stigmas 2.

Has. In marshes, Pennsylvania. Flowers in May. JMuh-
lenberg. In the Cherokee country.

I have never met with this species either in Pennsylvania or
in North Carolina, and am inclined to suspect that par-
ticular states of C. varia, in which the fertile spikes are
occasionally very inconspicuous, have sometimes been
mistaken for it; but the plural number of the sterile spikes
will always distinguish it. .

8. Carex Wormskioldiana, Hornemann.

C. spica solitaria, imbricato-cylindrica; fructibus ovalibus,
subrostratis, dense pubescentibus; foliis planis, culmo
superneque scabris.

C. Wormskioldiana, Hornemann, fl. dan. t. 1528.

©. scirpoidea, Mich. fl. bor. Amer. ii. p. 171. Pursh fl. Amer.
Sept. i. p. 34. Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 34.
No. 365.

C. Michauxii, Schw. an. tab. car. in Annals of Lyceum, i. p.

Root creeping. Culm 3—6 inches high, clothed at the base with dark
brown sheaths, nearly terete, smooth. eaves linear, flat, about a line
broad, longer or shorter than the culm, smooth, apex triquetrous. Spikes
oblong-cylindrical, acute, half an inch or more in length; glumes dark _
brown, acute, minutely ciliate. Fertile spices not seen.

Has. In the woody country of Arctic America. Dr. Richard-
son.

Ozs. This species is nearly allied to C. dioica. Dr. Torrey
possesses specimens presented him by Dr. Richardson, col-
lected by that enterprising naturalist during his arduous
journey with Capt. Franklin. There are no fertile spikes
among them. The name given to this species by Michaux,
was changed to C. Michaurit in the Analytical Table

Monograph of North American Carices. 294

above quoted, as it was too similar to C. scurpordes, a spe-
cies established many years ago by Schkuhr; but accord-
ing to R. Brown, Michaux’s plant is identical with the C.
Wormskioldiana of Hornemann, and as the name C. scvrpot-
dea must be changed, we have substituted for it, (although
so very barbarous) that of the Danish botanist.

B. Inflorescence monoicous.
* All the spikes androgynous.
+ Sprke solitary.
a. Summit staminiferous.
1. With two stigmas.
There are no North American species of this section known.
2. With three stigmas.
4. Carex Fraseri, Sims.

C. spica simplici, ovata; fructibus ovato-subglobosis, ore
integris, gluma oblonga longioribus ; foliis lanceolatis,
undulatis, crenulatis ; scapo basi vaginato.

C. Fraseri, Sims bot. mag. 1391. Bot. rep. 639. Pursh fl.
Amer. Sept. il. p. 39.

C. Lagopus, Muhl. gram. p. 265. No. 59.

Has. On mountains of North Carolina. Fraser. In Tiger
Valley, Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. Flowers in gardens
in April. ;

Oxs. This plant, to my knowledge, has not been collected
by any American botanist. IT have never seen a specimen
of it, but am informed that it is cultivated in Mr. Prince’s
garden at Flushing. Dr. Torrey found no specimen of it
in the herbarium of Muhlenberg, and there are reasons for
believing this botanist was misinformed respecting the
habitat of his plant, though there can be little doubt that
it is identical with C. Frasert.

5. Carex Willdenovit, Schkuhr.

©. spica simplici, ovata; floribus staminiferis et pistilliferis
subsenis; fructibus ovato-sabglobosis, rostratis; glumis
40

296 Monograph of North American Carices.

ovatis acuminatis, infimis longissimis, foliaceis, spica multe
longioribus.

C. Willdenovii, Schk. car. ii. p. 33. t. Mmm. f. 145. Willd.
sp. pl. iv. p. 211. Pursh fl. Amer. Sept. i. p. 29. MuAl.
gram. p. 230. Elliott sk. ii. p. 527.

Culm from a span to a foot in height, very slender, shorter than the leaves,
acutely triquetrous, leafy below, brownish at the base. Leaves long,
linear, slightly scabrous, flat, 1—2lines broad. Spike about three fourths
of an inch long, simple: staminiferous flowers mostly 6, closely approxi-
mate, forming a very short summit to the spike; glumes oblong, obtuse:
pistilliferous flowers 3—6; glumes ovate, acuminate, in the lowest flowers
foliaceous and much longer than the spike. Fruit comparatively large ;
when immature ovate, acuminate, at length subglobose with an abrupt
somewhat scabrous beak, straight; base smoothish.

Has. In dry rocky woods; rarely in swamps. Flowers in
the latter part of May and beginning of June; rare. Penn-
sylvania to North Carolina.

Oss. 1. Culm cespitose, usually about three from each radi-
cal sheath. ‘The two inferior glumes 1—2! inches long.

2. This species, when young, has much the habit of Scirpus
planifolius, Muhl.

6. Carex polytrichoides, Muhlenberg.

C. spica simplici; fructibus oblongo-lanceolatis, compresso-
triquetris, obtusis, emarginatis; glumis oblongis, obtusis,
mucronatis, |

C. polytrichoides, Muhl. in Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 213. Schk.
ear. t. lii. f..138. Pursh fl. Am. i. p. 29. Muhl. gram. p.
230. Dewey carrcog. in Sill. jeur. ix. p. 258.

C. leptalea, Wahl. Act. holm. 1803. p. 139.

C. microstachya, Mich. fl. bor. Amer. ii. p. 169.

Root fibrous. Culm a span or more high, longer than the leaves, and almost
naked, triquetrous and retrorsely scabrous on the margin, very slender.
eves mostly subradical and annotinous, very narrow, grooved, becom-

Monograph of North American Carices, 297

ing convolute when dry, somewhat scabrous. Spike solitary, oblong-
linear, with 4--8 sterile florets at the summit: staminiferous glumes
oblong, obtuse, or rather acute, greenish, with a broad margin, some-
what carinate : JSertile florets about 5; glumes ovate, carinate, mucro-
nate, the lowest one often elongated, but scarcely foliaceous. Fruit
obtusely triquetrous, oblong, slightly nerved and smooth; stigmas brown.

Haz. On dry hill sides and in bogs. Flowers in May;
rather common. Canada to Pennsylvania. Not hitherto
found in the Southern States.

Oss. C. Willdenovii, Dewey, 1. ¢. ix. p- 258. is a variety
of this plant.

7. Carex affinis, R. Brown.

C. spica simplici, pauciflora, laxa; glumis lanceolatis, acutis,
muticis, infima aristata ; foliis planis.

C. affinis, R. Brown in Rich. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p.
35. No. 367.

Culm 6 inches high, triquetrous, leafy at the base, somewhat scabrous.
Leaves one line broad, filiform at the apex, shorter than the culm. Spike
half an inch long, oblong; summit sterile, obtuse, as broad as the in-
ferior fertile part: glumes loosely imbricated, fuscous, with a scabrous
discoloured margin: fertile flowers about 5; glumes resembling those of
the sterile florets, the lowest one produced into a cusp or short bristle.
Fruit—

Haz. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-
ardson.

Oss. This species is allied to C. polytrichoides, but differs
in its obtuse loose-flowered spike and fuscous glumes. The
fruit is immature in Dr. Torrey’s specimen, which was re-
ceived from Dr. Richardson.

8. Carex attenuata, R. Brown.

C. spica simplici; superne staminifera densa ; pistilliferis
paucioribus alternis; glumis omnibus obtusis.

C. attenuata, R. Brown in Rich. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2,
p. 35. No. 368.

298 Monograph of North American Carices.

Has. In the woody country of Artic America. Dr. Rich-
ardson.

Ozs. Of this species we have no specimens.

9. Carex filifolha, Nuttall.

C. spica simplici, subcylindrica, acuta; fructibus subglobo-
Sis, ore integris ; glumis retusis ; foliis involuto-filiformibus,
subulatis, recurvis ; arista stricta (exserta vel inclusa.)

C. filifolia, Nutt. gen. ii, p. 204. Richardson, |. c. p. 35. No.
366.

Cespitose. Culm about 6 inches high, clothed at the base with scarious
brown sheaths, the lowest of which are finely lacerate, triangular and
grooved, leafy at the base. Leaves radical, longer than the culm, filiform,
recurved or spreading, slightly scabrous. Spike three fourths of an inch
long: superior steri/e part consisting of densely imbricated florets;
glumes very broad, retuse and somewhat eroded at the summit, brown,
with a scarious margin; fertile florets 6—8, loose; glumes roundish with
broad scarious margins. Fruit subpubescent without nerves, shorter
than the glume, (not seen in a mature state); orifice a little oblique,
scarious. Seed with a short straight awn at the base which is scarcely
exserted. Séigmas 2.

Haz. On the dry plains and gravelly hills of the Missouri.
Nuttall. In the woody country of Arctic America. Dr.
Richardson.

Ozs. Nearly allied to C. peiraea, Wahl.

10. Carex pauciflora, Lightfoot.

C. spica subquadriflora; flora staminifera terminali subsoli-
taria; fructibus lanceolatis, teretibus, reflexis ; glumis pis-
tilliferis caducis.

C. paucifiora, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 211. Schk. car. t. A. f. 4.

Root fibrous. Culm triangular, a span high, leafy at the base, very smooth.
Leaves shorter than the stem, convolute-triangular, the lower ones abbre-
viated, with brown sheaths. Spike of about 4 fertile flowers, and 1--3
sterile ones at the summit; sterile glumes linear-lanceolate, brown;
sertile florets alternate on a jointed rachis. Fruit large compared with

Monograph of North American Carices. 299

the size of the spilke, acute, smooth, pale yellow and striate, reflexed
when mature ; orifice entire. Seed long, cylindrical; stigmas 3.

Has. In a sphagnous bog, Ashfield, Massachusetts. Sent to
Dr. Torrey by Dr. Porter of Plainfield. Flowers in June.

Ozs. The Massachusetts specimens agree in all respects with
the European C. pauciflora.

C. Summit pistiliferous. :

11. Carex squarrosa, L. t. xxiv. f. 2.

C. spica simplici, crassissima, oblongo-cylindrica ; fructibus
imbricatis, horizontalibus, glabris, subsquarrosis, apice
bidentatis, glumis lanceolatis longioribus.

C. squarrosa, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 215. Muhl. gram. p. 231.
Elliott sk. ii. p. 526. Dewey caricog. in Sill. Jour. vii.
p. 270. No. 2..

C. typhina, Mich. fl. il. p. 169.

Root fibrous. Culm about two feet high, rather slender, sharply trique-
trous, nearly smooth, deeply furrowed, leafy. Leaves always longer than
the culm, with a short abrupt sheath, furrowed, scabrous; the upper
ones very narrow and long; all are more or less spreading, and not erect. .
Spike usually solitary and terminal; frequently, however, there are two
and even three spikes, from one inch to two inches in length, and more
than half an inch in diameter, rounded above and below; sterile florets at
the base of the spike, dry and decurrent on the peduncle; glumes
oblong, distant, brown, with a greenish midrib not produced at the apex ;

fertile glumes similar. Fruit horizontal, (erect when young) turbinate
and inflated below, strongly nerved and produced into a long conical
rostrum, which is bifid and recurved at the apex. Seed much smaller
than the envelope, obtusely triangular, punctate.

Has. In bog meadows; rather rare; June. Canada to
Georgia, but not in the low country of the southern States.
Oss. This is the most beautiful aud singular of all the North
American Carices. It appears to have been overlooked
by Pursh, or he has strangely confounded it with C. cepha-
lophora, a species which it is totally unlike. It has not been

300 Monograph of North American Carices.

figured either by Schkuhr or any other author to whom
we have had access.

** Spikes several, aggregated into a head.
a. Summit staminiferous.

12. Carex cephhalophora, Muhlenberg.

C. spiculis in formam ellipticam aggregatis ; fructibus ovatis,
margine superne scabris, glumis ovatis mucronato-arista-
tis subzequalibus.

C. cephalophora, Willd. sp. pl.iv. p. 220. Schk. car. t. Hhh,
f. 133. Pursh fl. i. p. 35. excl. syn. Mich. Muhl. gram.
p- 118. Elliote sk. ii. p. 516. Dewey |. c. vii. p. 269. No. 1.

Root fibrous. Culm 1—2 feet high, almost naked, or only leafy at the
bottom, tough and wiry, erect or decumbent, acutely triangular, and
retrorsely scabrous on the margin, striate, sheathed below. Leaves long-
linear, furrowed; midrib rounded and prominent. Spikes 3—4—6 of a
more or less cylindric shape, growing in contact at the base so as to
form a distinct head, which appears to be trifid below, obtuse. Sterile
florets at the summit of each spikelet. Glumes shorter than the fruit,
ovate, carinate, cuspidate, and minutely ciliate on the margin, of a green-
ish colour. ‘Two subulate bracts at the base of the compound spike,
about equal to it in length, generally spreading or recurved. Fruit
ovate, compressed, nerved or nerveless, with an acuminate, recurved,
bifid apex, serrulate on the margin. Seed ovate.

Has. On grassy hill sides and shady riverbanks, often in
very dry situations ; Canada to Carolina: common. May.

Ozs. ‘This species which usually grows in tufts in dry soils,
is seldom above twenty inches high; but on river banks
I have often found it growing 4 or 5 feet in length, de-
cumbent among the bushes.

*%* Spikes distinct (not aggregated into a head.)
a. Summit staminiferous.
12. Carex bromoides, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis pluribus (4—6) alternis, oblongis, erectis, supre-
ma superne staminifera, czeteris pistilliferis, vel androgynis

Monograph of North American Carices. 301

inferne superneve staminiferis ; fructibus erectis, lanceola-
tis, acuminatis, scabris, nervosis, bifidis, gluma ovato-lan-
ceolata longioribus.

C. bromoides, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 258. Schk. car. t. Xxx. f.
176. bona. Pursh fl. i. p. 35. Muhl. gram. p. 219. Elli-
ott sk. ii. p. 528. Dewey 1. c. viii. p. 264.

Culm a foot or more in height, when tall, generally decumbent, a little
leafy below, (the annotinous shoots bearing the chief parts‘ of the leaves
in the loose tuft) slender, triquetrous and scabrous. Leaves narrow,
scabrous on the margin, at first longer, but at length shorter than the
culm; sheaths smooth, whitish, membranaceous. Spikelets sometimes
only 2—3, the lower ones at some distance from one another, upper ones
crowded, few-flowered; sometimes the uppermost one is sterile below,
the others being androgynous, with sterile florets both above and below ;
generally there are but about two sterile florets on the summit of each
spike; occasionally an entire sterile spike occurs; at the base of the
lowest spike is a small deciduous lanceolate scabrous bractea. Sterile
glumes oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than the fruit, chaffy,
brown, with a green midrib. Fruit obscurely triangular, attenuated
into a short bifid neck, scabrous on the distinct margin. Seed com-
pressed.

Has. In wet boggy places: common. Flowers in May.

Orns. ‘There is some contradiction in the description of this
plant by Willdenow, Schkuhr and Muhlenberg, principal-
ly owing to the ease with which, both in a living state and
in dried specimens, certain parts of the fructification are

lost. Still it is a species easily recognised when once
known.

14. Carex retrofleca, Muhlenberg.

C. spiculis subquaternis, subapproximatis, ovatis, infima bre-
vi-bracteata ; fructibus ovato-lanceolatis, bidentatis, mar-
gine glabris, reflexo-patentibus, glumis ovatis acutis
subzequalibus.

C. retroflexa, Schk. car. ii. p. 11. t. Kkk. f. 140. bona.
Willd. spec. iv. p. 235. Pursh fl. i. p. 35. Mull. gram.
p- 219. Dewey 1. c. viit p. 271. Elliott sk. ii. p. 528,

302 Monograph of North American Carices.

€ulm 6 inches to a foot or more in height, nearly hexangular, (i. €. trian-
gular, with an elevation on each side) smooth and leafy below, scabrous
above. Leaves mostly radical, shorter than the culm, linear, narrow,
pale green, the exterior ones abbreviate and brownish; sheaths marces-
cent, mucronate. Spikes 3—4—5 (sometimes 9 Muhl.) the upper ones
crowded and subconfluent, the lowest rather distant, few-flowered : sterile
florets about 2,deciduous. Glumes ovate, sometimes oblong-lanceolate,
mucronate, usually a very little shorter than the fruit, brownish, with a
green midrib. At the base of the lowest spikelet the glume is produced
into a setaceous bractea, which is often half an inch or more in length,
but very deciduous. Fruit obscurely triangular with a short bifid neck,
margin rounded and quite smooth, when mature retroflexed or very di-
vergent. Seed smooth, compressed, brown.

Hac. In grassy woods and meadow margins; rather com-
mon in the northern States.

Oss. Allied to C. rosea, of which it has been suspected to
be a small variety. It is distinguished, however, by the
scale of the fruit, which is ovate, obtuse, and about half
the length of the C. rosea. In that species the spikes are
much larger and more distant, and the margin of the fruit
is scabrous.

15. Carex rosea, Schkuhr,

C. spiculis 4-6, remotis, subnovemfloris ; bractea setacea
sub infima spicam superante; fructibus ovatis, acuminatis,
divergento-radiatis; margine scabris, distinctis; glumis
ovatis, obtusis, fructu duplo-brevioribus.

C. rosea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 238. Schk. car. il. p. 15. t.
Zi. f. 179. opt. Pursh fl. i. p. 36. Muhl. gram. p. 233.
Elliott sk. i. p. 531. |

©. echinata @. radiata Wahl. act. Holm. 1803. p. 147.

Culm usually about a foot high, sometimes much lower, and occasionally
two feet long when it is decumbent, triquetrous, with two of the sides
elevated into ridges, naked, or only leafy below. eaves" linear,
very narrow, equalling the culm except when the plant is unusually
tall; the lower marcescent sheaths leafless. Spikelets 3—4—5—6, the
lower ones nearly an inch remote from each other, the two upper closely

Monograph of North American Carices. 303

approximate, each containing at least 9, and frequently 12 florets, of
which but one or two at the summit are sterile and deciduous. At the
base of the lowest spike is a setaceous bractea overtopping the culm.
Also another shorter beneath the next spike. Glumes generally only
about half the length of the fruit, obtuse. Fruit ovate or oblong-lanceo-
Jate, flat, and a little concave on the inner side, with a very distinct
acute margin, which is ciliate-scabrous under a lens,

Haz. In moist woods and along the margin of wet meadows ;
rather common. Flowers in May. Grows in dense tufts.

Oxzs. Sterile florets rarely seen, except in the flowering state.
Spikes yellowish green.

16. Carex disperma, Dewey.

C. spiculis subternis, remotiusculis subbifloris, erectiusculis,
infima bracteata; fructibus ovatis, obtusiusculis, nervosis,
plano-convexis, glabris, scabro-marginatis, ore integro
gluma ovata obtusa submucronata duplo longioribus.

C. disperma, Dewey |. c. viii. p. 266. t. 1. f. 3.

Culm 6—12, slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy below. Leaves
chiefly proceeding from numerous annotinous shoots, rather shorter than
theculm. Spikes rarely more than 3, sometimes 2 or 4, rather distant,
mostly with 2 fertile flowers, (sometimes one or three flowered) and a
sterile floret between and above them; the lowest, sometimes the two
lower, supported by an ovate bractea often ending in a long slender point.
Staminiferous glume lanceolate, white; pistilliferous ovate, acute or
cuspidate. Fruit ovate, slightly acuminate, but not acute when mature,
much longer than the glume, with a distinct acute scabrous margin,
spreading a little, but not divaricate.

Has. In wet mountain woods; Massachusetts, particularly
in Williamstown. Dewey. Flowers in May and June.
Ozs. 1. When the spikelets are one-flowered, the barren floret
is lateral. 2. This species is nearly allied to C. loliacea,
L. (Schk. car. t. Pp. f. 104.) but differs in having the
sterile flowers superior. It still more resembles C. gracilis,
Schk. car. t. E. f. 24. which Schkuhr considers but a

variety of the preceding.

4}

304 Monograph of North American Carices.

17. Carex Muhlenbergu, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis alternis subquinis, ovatis, conferto-approximatis,
basi bracteatis ; fructibus lato-ovatis, compressis, nervosis,
bifidis, subdivergentibus, margine scabris, gluma ovata
mucronata paulo brevioribus.

C. Mublenbergii, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 231. Schk. car. t. Yyy-
f.178. (opt.) Pursh fl. i. p. 36. Muhl. gram. p. 221.
Dewey 1. c. viii. p. 265. Elhott sk. i. p. 529.

‘ulm 1—2 feet high, firm and thicker than is usual in this genus, triangu-
lar with the sides a little convex, scabrous on the angles above, smooth
and leafy below. Leaves broad-linear, about as long as the culm, smooth,
with the exception of a slight roughness on the margin. Spikes 5—7,
the uppermost one often almost entirely composed of sterile florets,
sometimes so closely approximate as to form a kind of head. At the
base of each (except of the uppermost) is an ovate bractea, terminating
in a scabrous awn longer than the spike. Sterile glumes lanceolate, acu-
minate; fertile ovate, long-mucronate, subciliate. Fruit much com-
pressed, somewhat concavo-convex, minutely ciliate on the distinct mar-
gin, bidentate, nerved, at length diverging.

Has. Along borders of rocky woods, generally in moun-
tainous districts; abundant in the highlands of New-York,
growing in company with C. cephalophora. It has not
occurred to me at Salem, but Mr. Elliott has recorded it
as a southern species. Flowers in the middle of May.

Ozs. Allied to C. cephalophora, but the spikes never form
so distinct a head, and it differs essentially in the fruit and
glumes. ‘The whole plant is dark green.

18. Carex stipata, Muhlenberg.

>. spica composita, oblonga; spiculis plurimis (10—15) ob-
longis aggregatis, bracteatis ; bracteis spiculz paulo lon-
gioribus ; fructibus lanceolatis, inferne subteretibus, gla-
brisve, patentibus, apice bidentatis, scabris, glumis duplo
longioribus.

Monograph of North American Carices. 305

€. stipata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 233. Schk. car. t. Hbh. f.
132. Pursh fl. i. p. 35. Muhl. gram. p. 220. Dewey car.
1. c. vii. p. 271. Elliott sk. ii. p. 529.

C. vulpinoidea, Mich. fl. ii. p. 169.

Culm 1—3 feet high, rather thick and succulent, triquetrous, smooth,
except on the edges which are scabrous, leafy aboye. Leaves usually
shorter than the culm, (longer when young) broad-linear ; sheaths trans-
versely veined. Spike formed of numerous crowded and aggregated
spikelets, the lower ones diverging. At the base of each is usually a
subulate bractea, shorter than the spikelet. Glumes lanceolate, acumi-
nate, carinate, scabrous, shorter than the fruit. Fruit oblong-lanceo-

late, ending in a long bifid apex, which is scabrous and marked by pretty
strong nerves.

Has. In wet meadows and swamps; common throughout
the United States. Flowers in the end of April.

Oss. Nearly allied to C. vulpina of Europe, but differs in
its less compound spike, &c.

19. Carex sparganoides, Muhlenberg.

€. spiculis suboctonis, multifloris, supremis approximatis,
infimis subdistantibus, bracteatis; fructibus ovatis, com-
pressis, acuminatis, bifidis, divergentibus, margine scabris,
gluma ovata mucronata duplo longioribus.

C. sparganioides, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 237. Schk. car. Lil. t.
140. (opt.) Pursh fl. ii. p. 36. Muhl. gram. p. 233. Dewey
ear. |. c. viii. p. 265. Elliott sk. ii. p. 531.

Culm about 2 feet high, triquetrous, scabrous, leafy below, fistulous.
Leaves broad-linear, generally exceeding the culm; sheaths white.
Spikes numerous, (S—10) clustered above, 2—4 of the lowest rathe:
remote, with ovate scabrous bractea at the base. Sterile florets few.
Glumes ovate, mucronate, yellowish green. Frwt much compressed
above, horizontal, and often a little reflexed, not nerved, yellowish when
mature, distinctly bidentate, minutely ciliate on the margin.

Has. In marshy meadows; not common, but found in most
parts of the United States. Flowers about the end of
May.

3 06 Monograph of North American Carices.

Oss. In Schkuhr’s figure, the bracteze at the base of thie
spikelets are altogether omitted.

20. Carex floridana.*

C. spiculis (3—~4), aggregatis, confertis, bracteatis ; fructibus
subtriquetro-compressis, longe-acuminatis, suberectis, ob-
solete marginatis, antrorsum undique ciliato-pilosis.

Culm cespitose, triquetrous, subfiliform, about six inches high, shorter than
the leaves, scabrous, deeply striate. Leaves very long, rigid, canalicu-
late, mostly recurved, scabrous on the margin. Spikelets aggregated
into an ovate head, the lowest one sometimes a little remote, and furnish-
ed with a long rigid bractea, all androgynous, but the uppermost one
consisting mostly of sterile florets. Glumes lanceolate or ovate,
obtuse or mucronate, whitish, with a green keel. Fruit obscurely tri-
angular, almost rostrate, hairy towards the summit, Stigmas always
two.

Has. In the sands of East Florida. Communicated by
Capt. Le Conte of the U. S. Army. :

Oss. This appears to be a very distinct species, but is evi-
dently allied to C. Muhlenbergu and C. sparganiordes.

21. Carex multiflora, Muhlenberg.

©. spica oblonga, decomposita, bracteata, interrupta; spicu -
lis conglomeratis, ovato-oblongis, obtusis ; fructibus ovatis,
acuminatis, compressis, confertis, bifidis, trinervosis, mar-
gine ciliato-serrulatis, divergentibus, gluma ovato-cuspi-
data paulo minoribus.

C. multiflora, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 243. Schk. car. Lil. f.
144. (pl. jun.) Pursh fl. i, p. 36. Muhl. gram. p. 222.
Dewey car. |. c. ix. p. 60. Elliott sk. ii. p. 530.

C. microsperma, Wahl. act. Holm. 1803. No. 30. Rees’s
Cyclop. No. 54.

C. bracteosa, Schw. anal. tab. car. 1. c.

Culm about two feet high, leafy at the base, where it is obtusely triangular

and scabrous above. Leaves broad-linear, canaliculate, longer than the
culm, narrowing very gradually; sheaths truncate, and striped trans-

Monograph of North American Carices. 307

versely. Spike decompound and somewhat paniculate, formed of nu-
merous small spikelets, which are clustered into 8—10—12 longer spike-
lets a little separate from each other, either appressed to the rachis, or
somewhat diverging. At the base of each is a long filiform foliaceous
bractea rigidly diverging at first, but at length contorted. Sterile glumes
lanceolate, with a short point; fertile ovate, with a longer serrulate
point, both carinate. Fruit diverging considerably, distinctly 3 nerved,
yellowish when mature.

Has. In wet meadows; common. Flowers in May.

Oss. A variable species as to size and appearance. When
very tall, with flexuous filiform foliaceous bractez, it is
C. bracteosa of the Analytical Table. According to Dr.
Torrey, C. polymorpha of the same table is also a variety
or diseased state of the plant, in which the culm is simple,
or divided into several filiform branches, each bearing~
spikes mixed with numerous long infertile scales.

22. Carex setacea, Dewey.

C. spica oblong, decomposita, bracteata ; spiculis glomeratis,
ovatis, obtusis, fructibus ovatis, acuminatis, compressis,
bifidis, subdivergentibus, gluma ovato-lanceolata aristata,
subzequalibus.

C. setacea, Dewey car. 1. c. ix. p. 61. t. 2. f. 5. mala.

Culm 18—30 inches high, acutely triangular, very scabrous above, furrow -
ed and striate on the sides, leafy. Leaves linear, 3 lines broad, canal-
iculate, striate, nearly as long as the culm; exterior ones shorter;
sheaths smooth, striate, white and membranaceous on the side of the sti-
pule; stipule ovate, acute. Spike decompound, 2 inches long; often
diecious or polygamous) spikelets numerous, aggregated into several
approximate spikes, ovate-cylindric, obtuse, becoming tawny, all brac-
teate. Bractew rather long and narrow, scabrous under the spikelets,
and giving to the whole spike a bristly appearance. Glumes tawny,
green on the keel, with the awn about the length of the fruit. Fruit
slightly plano-convex, often indistinctly 3—5 nerved, scabrous on the
margin, growing yellow, rather loose and somewhat diverging.

808 Monograph of North American Carices.

Has. In wet upland pastures, with C. multiflora and C.
stypata; Massachusetts. Dewey. Flowers in June and
July, ripens its fruit in August.

Oss. This species is adopted from Professor Dewey’s Cari-
cography, it not having come under our observation. It is
said to be intermediate between the two species just men-
tioned ; its culm and leaves much resembling the latter, as
well as its fruit, except that it is much more compressed; and
approaching the former in its decompound spike and ag-
gregation of spikelets. Its fruit, moreover, is described as
less ovate, longer and more compressed than in C. multi-
flora.

23. Carex paniculata, Lin.

C. spica decomposita, paniculata, interrupta; ramis alternis,
remotiusculis; fructibus ovatis, acuminatis, patentibus,
superne marginatis, serrulatis, bifidis.

C. paniculata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 244. Pursh fl.i. p. 36.
Muhl. gram. p. 224.

Has. In wet meadows, Sussex county, New-Jersey. Mas-
sachusetts. Dewey.

Oss. This bemg an European species, no detailed descrip-
tion is given. Our specimens agree with those in our her-
barium from Sweden, Germany, and England, except that
the panicle is not so decompound in the North American
plant.

C. decomposita of Muhlenberg, (gram. p. 264.) seems to be
(by a specimen received from him, and by his herbarium)
very near C. paniculata of Europe.

14. Carex teretiuscula, Goodenough.

C. spica decomposita, vel paniculata, densa, subacuta (saepe
dioica, demum brunnea); spiculis brevi-bracteatis; fructibus
ovatis, acuminatis, basi subgibbosis, bidentatis, margini-
bus ciliato-serrulatis.

Monograph of North American Carices. 309

C. teretiuscula, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 244. Schk. ear. t. D. f,
19. & t. f. 69. Dewey car. 1. c. vii. p. 225

C. paniculata 8., Wahlenberg.

Has. In marshes and bog meadows; common in New-Eng-
land. Flowers in the end of May.

Oxzs. This species is also a native of Europe, and is con-
sidered by Wahlenberg as a variety of C. paniculata. The
spike, however, is far less compound, and the fruit and
scales become brownish black in age.

2. Three Stigmas.

25. Canex pedunculata, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis subquaternis, longe-pedunculatis, remotissimis;
fructibus obovatis, triquetris, obtusis, glabris, ore integris ;
glumis ovatis, mucronatis (purpureo-viridibus).

C. pedunculata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 222. Schk. car. t. Ggg.
f. 131. opt. Pursh fl. i. p. 39. MuAl. gram. p. 232.

Culm triquetrous, filiform, purplish at the base, about six inches high, pro-
ducing one longer and one shorter peduncle, at the base of which there
is a lacerate elongated sheath or bractea; each peduncle terminated by
a single spikelet. Besides these there are a number of radical pedun-
cles or scapes proceeding from the root, rather shorter than the others.
Leaves all radical, much longer than the culm, spreading and usually
resting on the ground, flattened, but with the midrib prominent below,
abruptly acute, nerved, very dark green, scabrous on the margin,
tinged with purple at the base. Spikes subtriangular, 3—5 on one
plant. Glumes ovate or lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, purplish and
green. Fruit subpedicellate, smooth, and without a rostrum; orifice
entire. Stigmas rarely 2.

Has. On rocky hill sides ; Canada to Pennsylvania. Flow-
ers about the beginning of May.
26. Carex ovata, Rudge.

C. spicis subquinis, pedunculatis, ovatis, pendulis; fructibus
obovatis, utrinque acutis, glumis ovatis, acutis, fructu
zequantibus.

310 Monograph of North American Carices.

C. ovata, Rudge Lin. Trans. viii. p. 96. t. g. f. i. Pursh fl.
i. p. 39. Rees’s Cyclop. No. 69.

Culm acute, triangular, angles acute, scabrous. Leaves erect, slender,
scabrous on the margin. Spikes 4—5, pedunculate; florets densely
imbricated. Glumes brown, as long as the fruit. Bractea at the base
of the peduncles subamplexicaul. Fruit ovate, compressed, acuminate,
cleft at the tip. Rudge.

Has. In Newfoundland. Rudge.
Oss. Of this species we have seen no specimens.

C. Summit pistilliferous.
1. Two stigmas.

27. Carex bicolor, Allioni.

C. spicis subquaternis, pedunculatis, terminalibus, erectis;
fructibus obovatis, obtusis; glumis ovatis, obtusis, (nigres-
centibus.) }

C. bicolor, All. fl. pedem. No. 2311. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 222.
Schk. car. t. Aaaa. f. 181.

Has. In Labrador. About 6 inches high.

Ozs. My specimens which were collected by a Moravian
missionary, agree perfectly with Schkuhr’s figure and de-
scription, except that they are rather taller than the Euro-
pean plant is represented.

28. Carex Deweyana.*

C. spiculis subternis, sessilibus, laxis, duabus approximatis,
tertia distante, longe-bracteatis (excepta suprema) ; fructi-
bus oblongo-lanceolatis, subcompressis, longiuscule rostra-
tis, bifidis, glabris, rostro serrato-ciliato ; culmo flaccido.

C. Deweyana, Schw. an. tab. car. 1. c. Dewey 1. c. ix. p. 62.
te Site,

Culm 1—4 feet high, weak, slender and subprocumbent, triquetrous, with
the angles almost winged above and scabrous, leafy below. Small sepa-

rate filiform culms, not exceeding 2—3 inches in length, are intermixed
among the tuft of leaves with the rest, and otherwise resemble them.

Monograph of North American Carices. 311

Leaves mostly radical, narrow, flat, thin and smooth, shorter than
the culm; sheaths smooth, white on the side of the stipule. Spikelets
usually 3, sometimes 2 or 4, loose, 3—5-flowered; the two upper ones
approximate, the lowest distant about an inch from these, the culm be-
tween them somewhat flexuous, all bracteate except the highest ; bractece
subulate, the lowest longer than the culm, broad at the base. Glwmes
oblong-lanceolate, white and scarious, with a green keel, awned a little,
shorter than thé fruit. Fruit acuminate, beaked, subterete at the base.

Has. In moist rocky woods. Williamstown and elsewhere.
Dewey. Plainfield, Massachusetts Dr. Porter. Nor-
wich, Vermont. Barratt. Flowers in June.

Ozs. Fertile glumes a little variable in length and breadth.
The whole plant is of a yellowish green color.

29. Carex loliacea, Lin.

C. spiculis subquaternis, subdistantibus paucifloris; fructibus
ellipticis, obtusis, nervosis, compressis, erectis.

C. loliacea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 237. Schk. car. t. Pp. f. 204.
(C. tenella) Wahl. act. hoim. 1803. p. 147. Richardson
app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 35. No. 372.

Has. In the woody country of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-
ardson.

Ozs. It is very probable that this species will be found in
the mountainous parts of New-England. We have speci-
mens from the cedar swamp in New-Durham, N ew-Jersey,
which exactly resemble Schkuhr’s figure.

30. Carex trisperma, Dewey.

C. spiculis ternis, remotis, alternis, sessilibus, ovatis, suprema
ebracteata; fructibus oblongis, acutis, (vel brevi-rostratis)
ore integerrimis, multinervosis, apice subscabris, subdiver-
gentibus, gluma oblonga acuta hyalina longioribus.

C. trisperma, Dewey car. |. c. ix. p. 63. t. 3. f. 12.

Culm 18 inches to 2 feet high, slender, prostrate, filiform, triquetrous, re-
markably smooth, leafy below. Leaves very narrow, linear, shorter than
the culm; sheaths striate, smooth. Spikelets 3, with about two sterile

42

312 Monograph of North American Carices.

florets in the inferior part of each, ovate, remote, (often an inch apart)
mostly 3-flowered, but sometimes with 2 or 4 fertile florets; the 2 lower
spikelets supported by filiform scabrous bractez surpassing the culm in
length. Glumes (of the fruit) ovate or oblong, acute, white and hyaline,
with a green keel, about two-thirds as long as the fruit. Fruit oblong,
convex above, plane below, with numerous indistinct nerves, and a small
abrupt acumination, entire at the orifice.

Has. In sphagnous bogs, usually on mountains. Williams-
town and Deerfield, Massachusetts. Dewey. In wet
places on the summit of the White Mountains, New Hamp
shire. Dr. Barratt. Flowers in June.

Oss. 1. The color of the whole plant is pale green. 2. This
species is nearly allied to the preceding, but differs essen-
tially in the glume and fruit. From C, disperma it differs
in the position of the sterile florets, &c.

81. Carex arida*. t. xxiv. f. 2.

C. spiculis (magnis) octonis, subapproximatis, terminalibus,
siccis ; fructibus ellipticis compressis, alatis, medio teretibus,
utrinque acuminatis, apice apertis, bifidis; culmo foliato.

C. muskingumensis, Schw. an. tab. car. 1. c.

Culm 2—3 feet high, triquetous, furrowed, scabrous above, smoother below,
clothed with leaves at remarkably regular intervals, to about half its
height; the inferior sheaths purplish at the base. Leaves 4 lines or more
broad, very long, carinate, but flattened, attenuate to a point, dark green,
extremely rough on the margin; sheaths white and membranaceous
on the inner side. Spikelets very large, terminal, 8—9 in number, long-
elliptical and acuminate both ways, of a peculiarly dry and chaffy appear-
ance, each almost halfan inch long, approximate but not crowded, a little
diverging from the common rachis. G/umes ovate-lanceolate, dry and
cartilaginous, shorter and narrower than the fruit, closely imbricate, and
lacerately ciliate. The lowest sterile glume in each spikelet more or
less mucronate and sheathing at the base; in the lowest spikelet it is
elongated and appressed. Fruit proportionably small and thin, com-
pressed, compactly imbricate, elliptical, attenuate at each end, closely
rounded about the contained seed, very broadly winged; the winged
margin finely serrate towards the summit, which is divergingly bifid.

Monograph of North American Carices. 313

Has. In wet meadow margins, in Tuscarora county, Ohio,
near Muskingum river, in very censiderable quantity.
Flowers in June. |

Oxss. This species probably inhabits the western States ge-
nerally The dry scabrous whitish gray appearance of the
spikes forms a contrast with its dark green leaves and
culm. The name given in the Analytical Table (1. c.) has
been changed at the suggestion of a botanical friend.

Carex lagopodivides, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis subduodenis, (10—16) ellipticis, confertis bractea
sub-infima culmo superante ; fructibus lanceolatis, acumi-
natis, erectis, bicuspidatis, angusto-marginatis, margine
ciliato-serrulatis, gluma ovato-lanceolata duplo longiori-
bus.

C. lagopodioides, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 230. Schk. car. t. Yyy.
f. 177. (opt.) Pursh fl. i. p. 37. Muhl. gram. p. 226.
Dewey car. 1. c. viii. p. 95. Elliott sk. ii. p. 523.

C. tribuloides, Wahl. (secund MuAl.)

C. Richardi, Mich. fl. ii. p. 170.

Culm erect 1—2 feet (sometimes more) in height, triangular, scabrous
above, leafy to half its height, much furrowed. Leaves longer than the
culm, erect, pale green, 2—3 lines broad. Spikelets usually about 12,
sometimes fewer and occasionally as many as 20, sessile, ovate, of an
elongated form when young, and appearing subcylindrical; under the
lowest is usually a very long foliaceous bractea. Glumes lanceolate, -
earinate, not mucronate, a little more than half the length of the fruit.
Fruit long-lanceolate, erect, bifid nerved, slightly margined.

Haz. In the borders of ponds; not common. Flowers in
May.
Oss. The whole plant is of a pale green color.

33. Carex scoparia, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis subquinis (5—7) ovatis, sessilibus, approximatis
ageregatis, infima bracteata, bractea decidua; fructibus

314 Monograph of North American Carices.

ovato-lanceolatis, marginatis, nervosis, glabris, bicuspida-
tis, glumis Janceolatis, acuminatis, longioribus.

C. scoparia, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 230. Schk. car. t. Xxx. f.
175. (opt.) Pursh fl. i. p. 37. excl. syn. Muhl. gram. p.
227. Dewey car. 1. ¢. viii. p. 94. Elliott sk. ii, p. 535.

C. leporina, Mich. fl. ii. 170.

Culm 1—2 feet high, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy only below, longer
than the leaves. Leaves long and narrow. Spikelets 5—8 (sometimes
10) ovate, when mature obtuse, approximate at the extremity of the
culm, which is usually a little nodding, the two lowest are furnished with
short deciduous bracts at the base. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate,
carinate, brownish, with a green midrib. Fruit tawny when mature,
ovate-lanceolate, with a long acumination, distinctly margined but not
winged, about 9 nerved.

Has. In wet meadows and swamps: common. Flowers in
May.

Ozs. Allied to C. straminea, but differs in its fruit, being
much narrower and not winged. It is remarkable for the
pale reddish brown appearance of its spikes when in fruit.
It is very distinct from C. ovalis or C. leporina.

34. Carex straminea, Willdenow.

C. spiculis subquinis (4—7) subrotundis, approximatis, brevi-
bracteatis ; fructibus subrotundo-ovatis, rostratis, compres-
sis, lato-alatis, bidentatis, ciliato-serratis, gluma lanceolata
longioribus.

C. straminea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p.. 242. Wahl. act. holm. 1803.
p- 145. Schk. car. t. Xxx. f. 147. Muhl. gram. p. 229.
Dewey car. 1. c. vii. p. 276.

Culm about 8—12 inches or more in height, straight and erect, leafy, tri-
quetrous, slightly scabrous. Leaves linear, erect, shorter than the culm;
inferior ones abbreviate. Spikelets usually about 5, sometimes 4 and
even 3, closely approximate at the summit of the culm, the base of each
furnished with a broad ovate bractea, which is brownish green, ribbed,
and in the lowest about the length of the spikelet. Glumes slightly mu-
eronate. Frwit very broad, ovate, abruptly acuminate, the margin

Monograph of North American Carvces. 315

dilated into wings ou each side, considerably divergent whenripe. Seed
suborbicular, compressed punctate, much smaller than its envelope.

%

Has. In wet meadows and swamps, not so common as the
preceding species. Flowers in May.

Ozs. This species, which has been so often confounded with
the preceding, is easily distinguished from it, by attending
to the diagnostic character we have given ; particularly its
broad-winged fruit. The spikelets are nearly globose, and
of a yellowish color when mature.

35. Carex fenea, Muhlenberg.

C. spiculis pluribus (8—10,) compositis, inferioribus distinctis,
superioribus confluentibus ; fructibus ovatis, acuminatis,
alatis, bidentatis, glumis ovatis paulo longioribus.

C. foenea, Muhl. gram. p. 227. Elliott sk. ii. p. 533.

Culm about 2 feet high, obtusely triangular, scabrous near the summit, un-
usually thick, furrowed, leafy to the middle. Leaves 3-4 lines broad,
scabrous on the margin, shorter than the culm. Spikes numerous sub-
globose ; the lower always (and sometimes the others,) disposed in fasci-
cles of 3-4-5 spikelets; upper ones alternate and approximate; at the
base of the lowest fascicle, which is somewhat remote from the rest, is a
long foliaceous bractea, diverging almost horizontally. Glumes lanceo-
late, not pointed, ribbed, membranaceous, lacerately ciliate on the
margin, shorter than the fruit. F'ruit oyate-lanceolate, distinctly winged,
strongly ciliate on the margin; apex bifid, but not opening.

Has. Marshy grounds near Germanton, Stokes County,
North-Carolina. in Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Flowers
late in the season.

Oxs. This species is nearly related to C. lagopodioides.

36. Carex cristata* t. xxv. fig. 1.

C. spiculis pluribus, (8-15) in pseudo-capitulum aggregatis ;
fructibus ovato-lanceolatis, alatis, divergentibus, margine
grosse serratis,

316 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm 2 feet or more in height, triquetrous and very scabrous above, leafy
chiefly below the middle, much furrowed. Leaves several lines in
breadth, scabrous on the margin, shorter than the culm. Spikes 8 to
12, (sometimes more) crowded into an ovate head, so that the form of
each cannot be distinguished when ripe ; the pseudo-capitulum exhibiting
acristate appearance. At the dase of the spikelets are short subulate
bractz. G/umes ovate-lanceolate, brown, shorter than the fruit. Fruit
acuminate, distinctly winged, strongly serrato-ciliate, divergingly bifid,
regularly and distantly striate, diverging; but not horizontal.

Has. In wet bushy places, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania ;
not uncommon.. Flowers in the beginning of June.

Oss. This species is nearly related to C. st-aminea, with
which it is confounded in Muhlenberg’s herbarium. It is
easily distinguished by its compact head of spikelets and
diverging fruit. Sometimes it occurs four feet in height.

37. Carex festucacea, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis obovatis, (5-8) sub-approximatis, bracteatis ;
fructibus subrotundo-ovatis, rostratis, bidentatis, alatis,
margine ciliato-serratis, gluma ovato-lanceolata longi-
oribus.

C. festucacea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. 242. Schk. car. t. Mmm. f.
173. Pursh fl. i. p. 38. Mul. gram. p. 249. Dewey
car. |. c. vill. p. 96. Elliott sk. ii. p. 537.

Culm about two and a half feet high, triangular, leafy, sometimes decum-
bent, curved at the summit when the fruit is ripe. eaves narrow, °
spreading, shorter than the culm. Spikelets usually about 6, but occa-
sionally 9 or even 12, sometimes rather distant, at first cylindrical-
oblong, but at length obovate, or somewhat clavate, the base being con-
tracted and composed of closely appressed sterile glumes: when fully
ripe they are nearly globose. Glumes whitish, acute, shorter than the
fruit, with a narrow green keel. Fruit broadly ovate, plano-convex,
acuminated into a short beak; margin distinctly, but not broadly winged,
ciliato-serrulate.

Has. In meadows and in dry rocky woods, common through-
out the United States. Flowers in May.

Monograph of North American Carices. 317

Oss. This species is nearly allied to C. scoparia, and to C.
straminea, especially to the latter. From the former it is
distinguished by its less acute and more distant spikes, and
its broader fruit, which, moreover, never becomes tawny,
as in C. scoparia.

C. straminea differs strikingly in its very broad-winged fruit.
When growing in woods the spikes are silvery white, but
in meadows of a pale greenish color.

38. Carex stellulata, Goodenough.
C. spiculis 3-4, remotiusculis, superiori basi attenuata,
ceteris ovatis ; fructibus plano-convexis, patentibus, dein
reflexis, ovatis breviacuminatis, margine scabris.

C. stellulata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 236. Schk. car. t.C. f. 14.

Culm 8-18 inches high, slender. Leaves longer than the culm, chiefly
radical. Spikelets mostly 4, the lowest sometimes furnished with a long
foliaceous bractea, the upper one much attenuated by the sterile glumes :
the rest cylindrical-oblong when young, but at length ovate or roundish.
Gilumes ovate, rather obtuse, two-thirds the length of the fruit, green.
Fruit broad-ovate, when fully ripe almost cordate at the base, with a
short abrupt acumination ; margin distinct, but net winged; apex nearly
entire.

Has. Wet places, especially along woods. New-York to
Carolina. Flowers in May.

Oss. The North American plant appears to be altogether
identical with the European.

39. Carex scirpoides, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis quaternis, ovatis, obtusis, approximatis, suprema
clavata; fructibus ovatis, bidentatis, plano-convexis, erecto-
patulis (nec reflexis,) bidentatis, basi subcordatis, margine
ciliato-serrulatis, gluma ovata obtusa longioribus.

C. scirpoides, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 237. Schk. car. t. Zaz.
f. 180. Pursh fl.i.p. 37. Aluhl. gram. p. 225. Dewey
car. |. c. viii. p. 96. Elhott sk. ii. p. 532.

C. triceps, Mich. fl. ii. p. 170.

318 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm 6-12 inches high, triquetrous and subscabrous above, rather terete
below, strictly erect, leafy only at the base. Leaves very narrow, erect,
shorter than the culm, pale green. Spikes mostly 4, sometimes 3 or 5;
at first cylindrical-oblong, but ovate when mature, the uppermost one
furnished with numerous sterile scales at the base, which eive it a club-
shaped appearance ; the lower often with a long bractea at the base.

Glumes lanceolate, rather obtuse. Fruit broad-ovate, erect or spreading
horizontally, subcordate, nerved, slightly bifid, scabrous on the margin.

Has. In wet meadows and woods; common. Flowers in
May.

Oss. This species is nearly allied to the preceding, and per-
haps is scarcely distinct. It is usually smaller in all its
parts, and the fruit only spreading ; not reflexed. But it
must be confessed, that these characters are by no means
constant.

40. Carex curta, Goodenough.

C. spiculis subsenis, subremotis, subcylindrico-ovatis ; tumi-
dis, sessilibus ; fructibus brevi-ovatis, plano-convexis, acu-
tiusculis, ore integris, erectis.

C. curta, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 241. Schk. car. t. C. f. 18.
Pursh fl. i. p. 37. Muhl. gram. p. 232. Dewey car. 1. c.

vill. p. 93.

C. canescens, LE. Wahl. act. holm. 1803. p. 148.

Culm about 2 feet high, nodding at the summit when the spikes are ma-
ture, leafy, triquetrous. Leaves narrow, about as long as the culm.
Spikelets 5-6, the two or three uppermost ones closely approximate, the
rest half an inch or more distant, when young sub-cylindric, but at length
obovate, the lowest furnished at the base with a short setaceous bractea.
Glumes ovate, whitish, acute, with a green keel, rather shorter than the
fruit. Fruit ovate, with a very short point, very convex on the exterior
side, slightly margined ; orifice appearing minutely’ bidentate under the
lens.

Has. In wet grassy places; common. Canada to New-
York. Flowers in the middle of May.

Monograph of North American Carices. 319

Oss. The spikes, when mature, are usually of a greenish
colour ; sometimes they are silvery white, in which state
the plant appears to be C. canescens of Linnzeus and Smith.

41. Carex tenera, Dewey.

C. spicis subquinis, obovatis, remotiusculis, sessilibus, inferne
attenuatis, infima bracteata; fructibus ovatis, compressis,
rostratis, subulatis, nervosis, ciliato-serratis, gluma oblongo-
lanceolata majoribus.

C. tenera, Dewey car. 1. c. viii. p. 97. & ix. t. 3. f. 9. mala.

Culm 15-30 inches high, slender, somewhat five-sided, leafy towards the
base, with a slender flexuous rachis. eaves much shorter than the
culm. Spikelets 3-5, somewhat clavate and lengthened below, of a
brownish colour, distant from each other about their length; the whole
nodding. Fertile glumes about two-thirds the length of the fruit, and

tawney. Dewey.

Has. In moist meadows ; Massachusetts. Flowers in May.

Ozs. This species is adopted from Professor Dewey’s Cari-
cography. We have no specimens of it from its discoverer,
but a Carex agreeing in almost every respect with the
above description, is rather common in the Highlands of
New-York. According to Professor Dewey, it resembles
C. scoparia, but differs essentially in the form of its fruit.

42. Carex remota, Lin.

C. spiculis alternis, remotis ; bracteis foliaceis, longissimis,
suffultis ; fructibus ovatis, acuminatis, bifidis, compressius-
culis.

C. remota, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 239. Schk. car. t. E. f. 23.
Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 35.

Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Richard-
son.

Ors. We have seen no American specimens of this Carex.

43

320 Monograph of North American Carices.

2. Three stigmas.
43. Carex atrata, Lin.

C. spicis androgynis, ternis, pedunculatis, confertis, fructiferis
subpendulis, (nigris ;) fructibus subrotundo-ovatis, breviter
rostratis, bidentatis.

C. atrata, L. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 221. Schk. car. X. f. 77.

Haz. On the Rocky Mountains, near the snowy region. Dr.
James. On the White Hills of New-Hampshire. Nuttall.

Oss. This species is also a native of the north of Europe.
Our American specimens, which were collected by Dr.
James, in Long’s Expedition, agree exactly with C. atrata
from Sweden.

44. Carex media, R. Brown.

C. spicis androgynis, ternis, brevissime pedunculatis, sessili-
busve, approximatis ; fructibus ovatis, rostellatis, glaberri-
mis, gluma ovata obtusiuscula longioribus.

C. media, R. Brown in Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p.
35.

Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Richard-
son.

Oss. Allied to C. bicolor. R. Brown.

tt. Terminal spike androgynous, the rest pistilliferous ; stig-
mas 3.

45. Carex viridula, Michaux.

C. spicula terminali, androgyna, inferne mascula, ovata,
-brevi, crassa, ceteris (2) fructiferis, arctes essilibus, brevibus,
crassiusculis ; fructibus glabris, ovato-triquetris, valde ner-
vosis, muticis ; glumis lanceolatis, mucronatis, fructu lon-
gioribus.

C. viridula, Mich. fl. ii. p. 170.

C. triceps, Elliott sk. ii. p. 538.

Monograph of North American Carices. 321

Culm about 8 inches high, erect, of a rigid habit, triquetrous, scabrous
above, leafy and tinged with purple below. Leaves erect, canaliculate,
longer than the culm, scabrous, much furrowed, hispid below; outer
ones abbreviate. Spikes 3, clustered; terminal one androgynous, sterile
at the base, which is abruptly attenuate downward; upper part thick ;
lowest spike with a long leafy bractea at the base. Glumes projecting
beyond the fruit, lanceolate, mucronate. Fruit subovate, obtusely

triangular, not pubescent, with prominent whitish veins, green, rather
obtuse.

Has. Along the roads, in the pine forests of North Carolina,
near Greensborough, Guildford County. June.
Oss. Grows in patches. This species is intermediate be-

tween C. hirsuta and virescens. Perhaps it is but a variety
of the former.

46. Carex virescens, Muhlenberg.

C. spiculis ternis, oblongis, erectis ; suprema pedunculata,
inferne staminifera ; ceteris fructiferis, subsessilibus, bracte-
atis ; fructibus ovatis, obtusis, costatis, pubescentibus.

C. virescens, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 251. Schk. car. t- Mmm.

f.147. Pursh fl.i.p.39. Muhl. gram. p. 233. Dewey
car, |. c. ix. p. 259.

Culm 12-24 inches high, erect, slender, triangular, leafy. Leaves narrow,
erect, longer than the culm, scabrous on the margin, striate and con-
siderably pubescent: sheaths villous, the exterior ones often purplish at
the base. Spikes very generally 3, all approximate; the terminal one
androgynous; the rest fertile, nearly sessile, bracteate at the base.
The androgynous spike is linear below, cylindrical above. Sterile
glumes ovate, acuminate, white and pale brown, subciliate at the apex ;
Jertile glumes ovate, mucronate, whitish, the carina scabrous and pro-
jecting, shorter than the fruit. Fruié ovate, when fully ripe obtuse, or
with an obscure point, compressed on the inner side, turgid on the outer,
distinctly nerved, strigosely pubescent, generally longer, but sometimes
a little shorter than the glume.

Has. In dry woods and on hill sides; rarely in wet situa-

tions. Canada to North Carolina. Flowers about the
end of May.

\;

322 Monograph of North American Carices.

Ozs. The leaves are sometimes almost smooth. Color of
the whole plant dull green.

B. costata: spiculis majoribus, fructibus valde costatis, va-
ginis exterioribus atropurpureis.

C. virescens 8. costata, Dewey car. 1. c.

C. ecostata, Schw. anal. tab. car. 1. c.

Has. On rocky hills. Flowers in the beginning of June.

Oss. This variety is pretty constantly much taller, and larger
in all its parts than the ordinary C. virescens ; it does not,
however, on re-examination, appear to be a distinct species.

47. Carex hirsuta, Willdenow.

C. spicis ternis, ovato-cblongis, erectis, suprema brevi-pe-
dunculata, ceteris ovatis, subsessilibus, bracteatis, omnibus
approximatis, densifloris; fructibus subrotundo-ovatis,
nervosis, obtusis, ore integris, glabris, gluma ovata acumi-
nata longioribus ; foliis vaginisque pubescentibus.

C. hirsuta, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 252. Schk. car. t. Www. f.
172 Pursh fl. i. p. 40. Dewey car. 1. c. ix. p. 260. Elliot
sk. i. p. 538.

Culm 12—18 inches high, erect, triquetrous, scabrous, leafy. Leaves about
a line and a half broad, longer than the culm, generally as well as the
sheaths, strigosely pubescent, but sometimes nearly smooth; exterior
ones purplish at the base. Spikes 3, very rarely 4; terminal one attenu-
ate at the base by the decurrent sterile glumes, thus giving it a peduncu-
late appearance; the others on very short peduncles, each with a folia-
ceous bractea at the base. Glumes acuminate, mucronate. Fruit
obscurely triangular, prominently veined, pubescent when young, but
perfectly smooth when mature.

Has. On moist rocky hill sides and in meadows. Canada to
Georgia. Flowers about the end of May. :
Oss. This species strongly resembles C. virescens, but it dif-
fers in its shorter and thicker spikes, and in the fruit being

quite smooth when mature.

Monograph of North American Carices. $23

8. pedunculata: spiculis oblongo-cylindricis, pedunculatis ;
foliis vix pubescentibus.

Has. In meadows, growing with C. digitalis and the ordinary
variety of C. hirsuta. Philipstown, Highlands of New-
York; rare. Dr. Barratt.

Oss. This plant might be taken for a distinct species, were it
not carefully examined in a living state... Its spikelets are
three fourths of an inch long, slender, and supported by
peduncles half an inch in length. The leaves are only
slightly pubescent under a high magnifier.

48. Carex Buxbaumi, Wahlenberg.

C. spiculis subquaternis, obovatis, subremotis, suprema an-
drogyna, pedunculata, czeteris fertilibus, sessilibus, longissi-
me bracteatis ; fructibus ovatis, obtusis, compressiusculis,
ore subintegris, gluma ovata acuminata (fusca) breviori-
bus.

C. Buxbaumii, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 252. Pursh fl. i. p. 40.
Muhl. gram. p. 325. Elliott sk. i. p. 539.

C. polygama, Schk. car. t. X. & Gg. f. 76.

Culm about two feet high, triquetrous, smoothish, leafy below. Leaves
shorter than the culm, smooth. Spikes usually 4, rather remote, espe-
cially the lowest one, which is furnished with a foliaceous bractea over-
topping the culm; the other spikes with shorter bractee, the uppermost
androgynous, sterile at the base, rarely entirely sterile. Glumes ovate,
cuspidate, dark brown, as well as the base of the bractex ; keel green,
longer than the fruit. Fruit smooth, pale green, obscurely nerved.

Has. In sphagnous swamps. Litchfield, Connecticut. Mr.
Brace. Near New-Haven. Mr. Leavenworth. Plainfield,
Massachusetts. Dr. Porter. In Pennsylvania. Muhlen-
berg. Flowers in June.

Oss. Our plant appears to differ in no respect from the
European C. Buxbaumit, of which we have good Swedish
and German specimens.

324 Monograph of North American Carices.

49. Carex digitalis, Muhlenberg. t. xxvi. f. 1.

C. spicis subquaternis, distantibus, gracilis, pedunculatis,
sublaxifloris, cernuis, suprema androgyna apice fructifera,
ceteris omnibus fertilibus; fructibus oblongis, subtrique-
tris, obtusis, glabris, gluma oblonga mucronata longiori-
bus.

C. digitalis, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 298. Pursh fl. i. p. 44.
Muhl. gram. p. 255. Elliott sk. ii. p. 551.

C. gracillima, Schw. an. tab. car. |. c. Dewey car. viii. p. 98.

Culm a foot and a half high, slender, but erect, (rarely declining) growing
separately or in clusters, subtriangular, leafy below, scabrous above,
deeply striate. Leaves about two lines broad, shorter than the culm;
lower ones abbreviate, with the sheaths purplish at the base. Spikes
very generally 4, linear and filiform, an inch and a half or more in
length; terminal one on a filiform peduncle, the upper fourth part
fertile, or sometimes entirely sterile: fertile spikes 15—20-flowered ;
florets rather distinctly imbricate. Glumes of the sterile florets closely
imbricate, ovate-lanceolate, acute, white with the keel green; of the
fertile florets ovate, ending in an abrupt point or short bristle, about
half as long as the fruit. Fruit when mature subovate, very obtuse,
with a minute oblique orifice, slightly nerved.

Has. In wet meadows, particularly in mountainous districts ;
New-England to Pennsylvania; common. Flowers in
May.

Oss. The whole plant is smooth and pale green. The ter-
minal spike very commonly bears a few fertile florets at the
extremity, which is a circumstance not noticed by Willde-
now or Muhlenberg, and induced us to consider this plant
a distinct species, especially as we have a Carex from
Cherokee, which more exactly agrees with Willdenow’s
description ; but as his plant was a native of Pennsylva-
nia, and does not differ essentially, by the description, from
ours, we suppose they are identical.

Monograph of North American Carices. 326
50. Carex fuliginosa, Schkuhr.

C. spicis exsertis, subquaternis, distantibus, terminali an-
_drogyna, cernuis; fructibus oblongis, mucronatis, apice
bifidis, gluma longioribus.
C. fuliginosa, Schk. car. pars. i. p. 91. & ii. Patek we. f.
47. Rich. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p- 35.
Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Richard-
son.

51. Carex misandra, R. Brown.

C. spicis (3—4) ovalibus, pedunculatis, pendulis, alternis,
vel raro subumbellatis, terminali basi sterili (rarius tota
sterili) ; fructibus lanceolatis, acuminatis, bidentatis, mar-
gine denticulatis, eluma ovali longioribus.

C. misandra, R. Brown app. Parry’s 1st Voyage. p. clxxxiii.

Culm 6—9 inches high. Leaves linear, attenuate at the apex, scabrous on
the margin. Spikes 3—4; the terminal one sterile at the base, rarely
entirely sterile; the rest oval or oblong, pendulous. Glwmes oval,
rather obtuse, smooth, dark brown. Fruit nearly black, except the
orifice, which is white, the upper part of the margin denticulate, the rest
smooth. Stigmas 2—3 (very often 3.)

Has. Melville Island. R. Brown.

Oss. Nearly allied to C. fuliginosa, Stern. and Hoppe, in
Act. Soc. bot. Ratisb. i. p. 159. t. 3. and perhaps not dis-
tinct from that plant. R. Brown.

52. Carex formosa, Dewey.

C. spicis quaternis, oblongis, crassis, distantibus, exserte pe-
dunculatis, nutantibus, suprema inferne sterili; fructibus
oblongis, triquetris, subinflatis, utrinque acutiusculis, ore
subintegro vel bilobo, obsolete nervosis, gluma ovata acuta
duplo longioribus.

C. formosa, Dewey car. 1. c. viii. p. 98, & ix t. 2. f. 6.

326 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm 12—18 inches high, triangular, leafy. Leaves about as long as the
culm, smooth or slightly pubescent, 2 lines broad, the exterior sheaths.
purple at the base. Spikes 4, oblong, supported by filiform peduncles
an inch or more in length; terminal one androgynous, the inferior two
thirds sterile and slender. Giuwmes ovate, acute, mucronate, green
with a white margin, about half as long as the fruit. Fruit distinctly
triquetrous, acute, a little tapering at the base, smooth, obscurely
nerved, yellowish wien mature, orifice minute, entire or slightly biden-
tate.

Has. In wet upland meadows. Stockbridge, Massachu-
setts, &c. Prof. Dewey.

Oss. Colour of the whole plant yellowish green. This spe-
cies is allied to C digitalis, but differs in its acute fruit,
shorter and ovate spikes, &c.

53. Carex Davisti.*

C. spicis quaternis, filiformibus, pedunculatis, subcernuis,
suprema inferne sterili; fructibus oblongis, triquetris,
utrinque acutis, subbilobis, gluma oblonga aristata brevi-
oribus ; foliis vaginisque pubescentibus.

C. aristata, Dewey |. c. vii. p. 277. & ix. t. 1. f. i.

C. (anon.) No: 45. Mull. gram. p. 254.

Culm about a foot and a half high, leafy. Leaves longer than the culm,
slightly pubescent ; sheaths pubescent. Spikes 4, filiform, with the rachis
flexuous, on filiform peduncles, which are only slightly sheathed at the
base, varying from an inch to an inch and a half in length; florets
rather loosely imbricate. Glumes of the sterile florets lanceolate,
hyaline, with a green keel: of the fertile oblong-lanceolate, hyaline,
acuminate and terminating in‘an awn which projects beyond the fruit;
keel green. Frwit smooth, with a membranaceous orifice which is
obscurely 2-lobed.

Has. Williamstown, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey. In New-
Jersey and Cherokee. Muhlenberg. .

Oss. The specimens in Muhlenberg’s herbarium, labelled
No. 373, were examined by Dr. Torrey, and found to be
precisely the same with the C. aristata of Prof. Dewey.

Monograph of North American Carices. 327

‘The uppermost spike is occasionally found entirely sterile.
The name of this species has been changed, as there is a
C. aristata previously established by R. Brown.

ttt Stamineferous and pistilliferous spikes distinct.

* Staminiferous spike solitary.
a. T'wo stigmas.

54. Carex compacta, R. Brown’

C. compacta, R. Brown’s app. Ross’s voyage, p. Richard.
P pp yage, p

app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 35.
Has. Barren grounds of Arctic America. Dr. Richardson.
Oss. Resembles C. savatilis. R. Brown. We have seen no

specimens of this Carex.
55. Carex concolor, R. Brown.

C. spicis fertilibus 2—3, erectis, subsessilibus ; glumis omni-
bus obtusis, subconcoloribus, bracteis auriculatis ; fructi-
bus leevibus, ovalibus, mucronatis, integerrimis, culmis
leevibus.

€. concolor, R. Brown. in App. Parry’s st voyage.
p- elxxxiii. &. cceviil.

Has. In Melville Island.

Ozs. Very near C. cespitosa, R. Brown.

55. Carex mutica, R. Brown.

- C. spica sterili glumis obtusis, fertilibus tribus, distantibus,
subexserte pedunculatis, erectis, raris; fructibus ovalibus,
muticis, levibus, gluma ovata mucronata longioribus.

C. mutica R. Brown, in Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2.
p- 35.

Oss. Leaves and bractee flat.

Haz. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Richard-

son.
44

328 Monograph of North American Carices.

57. Carex nove anglia.*

C. spica sterili brevi-pedunculata ; fructiferis 2—3, sessilibus,

ovatis, paucifloris, subremotis; fructibus ovali-subtrique-
tis, rostratis, minute pubescentibus, gluma ovata mucrona-
ta paulo-longioribus ; culmo gracili, subdecumbente.

C. nove angliz, Dewey car. 1. c. ix. p. 64. t. 2. f. 7.

Culm 6—8 inches high, slender, leafy below, scabrous. Leaves very nar-
row, soft, smooth; sheaths purplish at the base. Sterile spike erect, a
little obliquely pedunculate, from the same base with the upper fertile ;
glumes lanceolate, acuminate, carinate, brownish : fertile spikes usually
about 3, closely sessile, mostly 4-flowered, the lowest considerably dis-
tant, and supported by a long foliaceous bractea; glumes ovate reddish
brown, with a green keel. Fruit a little shorter than the glume, some-
what inflated, small, with a pretty long straight rostrum, subpubescent
when young, nearly smooth when mature.

Has. On Saddle mountain, Williamstown, Massachusetts,
about 3000 feet above the sea.

Ozs. This species somewhat resembles a depauperate varie-
ty of C. varia, or marginata, but it differs in having but
two stigmas, subpubescent fruit, &c. Flowers in June.

Dewey.
58. Carex aurea, Nuttall. t. xxv. f. 2.

C. spicis fructiferis subternis, oblongis, laxifloris, subpendulis,
subapproximatis, inferioribus pedunculatis ; fructibus obo-
vatis vel pyriformibus, obtusis, nervosis, ore integris,
gluma ovata acuta longioribus.

C. aurea, Nutt. gen. ii. p. 205.

C. pyriformis, Schw. anal. tab. |. c. Dewey car. ix. p. 69.

Culm 4—10 inches high, triangular, subprocumbent, leafy below, slender>
scabrous above. Leaves mostly radical, about as long as the culm, flat,
smooth, a line and a half broad. Sterile spike ona short peduncle, often
with a few fertile florets at the summit: glumes oblong, obtuse, brown,
with a whitish margin. Fertile spike usually 3, florets loose and at
length rather distant with the rachis, flexuous; upper one sessile, the

others on exsert peduncles half an inch or more in length; g/wmes ovate,

Monograph of North American Carices. 329

acute, or obtuse, reddish brown. Fruit pyriform or obovate, a little
ventricose, strongly nerved, glaucous when young, orange-coloured when
mature, orifice a little prominent.

Has. In wet rocky situations. On the shores of Lake Mi-
chigan. Nuttall. Niagara Falls. Mr. Cooper and Profes-
sor Dewey. In various parts of Berkshire county, Massa-
chusetts. Dewey. In the vicinity of Montreal, Lower Cana-
da. Dr. Holmes. Flowers in May and June.

b. Three Stigmas.

1. Pustilliferous spikes sessile, or with the peduncles inclosed.

59. Carex varia, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus (2—3) subapproximatis, paucifloris, ova-
tis, subsessilibus, sterili sessili (vel brevi-pedunculata),
fructibus subglobosis, acuminatis, bifidis, triquetris, hispido -
pubescentibus, glumis ovatis acuminatis aequalibus.

C. varia, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 259. Schk. car. t. Uuu. f. 167.
Pursh fl. i. p. 40. Muhl. gram. p. 236. Elliott sk. ii.
p. 541.

Culm usually about a span high, sometimes a foot or more, erect, filiform,
scabrous on the angles above. Leaves mostly radical, and shorter than
the culm, narrow, smooth except on the margin; exterior sheaths pur-
ple at the base. Sterile spike usually either sessile, or on a very short
peduncle, from the base of the uppermost fertile; glumes clasping, ovate,
acuminate, brown, with a whitish margin, green on the keel; Fertile
spikes mostly 3, erect, bracteate, ovate or oblong, few-flowered; bractea
beneath the lowest one ovate, and brown; glumes ovate, acuminate,
brown with a white keel. Fruit ovate and ventricose, so as to appear
almost globose, acuminate, obtusely triangular, covered with a rough

pubescence.

Has. In dry rocky woods ; Hudson’s Bay to Georgia ; com-
mon. Flowers early in April.

Ozs. This species is allied to C. pilulifera of Europe. It

also strongly resembles C. marginata.

330 Monograph of North American Carices.

60. Carex Richardsonu, R. Brown.

C. spica sterili pedunculata ; fertilibus binis, alternis, subses-
silibus, approximatis, exsertis, multifloris ; fructibus obtu-
sis, pubescentibus ; culmo scaberrimo ; foliis rigidis.

C. Richardsonii, R. Brown, in Richard. app. Frank. ed. 2.
‘p. 35. ay

Culm about 6 inches high, subterete, clothed with purplish-brown sheaths
above the middle, deeply channelled and very scabrous to the base.
Leaves growing in a dense tuft about the root, rigid, and apparently re-
curved, smooth; those of the culm very short, with purple sheaths.
Sterile spikes on a peduncle half an inch long, glumes ovate, rather ob-
tuse, brown, with a white border. Fertile spike on short peduncles,
which are included in large oblong brown bractew, with broad membra-
naceous borders; glumes ovate, acute, brown. Fruit ovate, pubescent,
with the orifice apparently entire.

Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-
ardson. :

Ozs. Our specimens of this Carex, which we received from
its discoverer, are not sufficiently mature for examining

satisfactorily its fruit: it appears, however, to be a very
distinct species.

61. Carex concinna, R. Brown.

C. spica sterili sessili, cylindracea ; fertilibus ternis, subsessili-
bus, approximatis ; bracteis semimembranaceis ; fructibus
trigono-obovatis, brevissime rostellatis, pubescentibus,
glumis obovatis duplo fere longioribus.

‘€. concinna, R. Brown, |.-c. p. 35.

Culm about 4 inches high, filiform, leafy at the base, triquetrous, smooth.
Leaves rigid, subradical, nuinerous, smooth, spreading. Sterile spike ob-
long, on a very short peduncle; glumes broad-ovate, obtuse; the lower
ones slightly ciliateon the margin. Fertile spikes subsessile, 3—4-flow-
ered, approximate ; glumes roundish-ovate, brown, about half the length
of the fruit, obtuse. Fruit hispidly pubescent; orifice bidentate.

Has. In the woody region and barren grounds of Arctic
America. Dr Richardson.

Monograph of North American Carices. © 3314

Oss. Mr. Brown observes that this species is allied to C.
marginata. In our specimens the spikes are much smaller,
. and the fruit almost hispidly pubescent. It has avery dif-

ferent appearance from the C. marginata as it generally
occurs.

62. Carex vestita, Willdenow.

C. spica sterili solitaria (vel geminatis, suprema elongata),
pedunculata, cylindraceo-oblonga; fertilibus binis, ovato-
oblongis, sessilibus, subapproximatis, apice interdum sta-
miniferis; fructibus ovatis, subtriquetris, nervosis, brevi-
rostratis, pubescentibus, gluma ovata submucronata paulo
longioribus.

C. vestita, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 263. Schk. car. t. Bbbb. f.
182. Pursh fl. i. p. 41. Muhl. gram. p. 238. Dewey
car. 1. c. ix. p. 261. Elliott sk. ii. p. 542.

Culm about two feet high, triquetrous, scabrous on the margin, leafy below.
Leaves shorter than the culm, 2 lines or more in breadth, scabrou s, the
lower ones abbreviate. Sterile spike solitary, but frequently geminate ;
the upper one on an elongated rigid peduncle, the lower closely sessile
and shorter; glumes oblong, brown, white and membranaceous on the
margin, Fertile spikes 2, (rarely 3) rather large, occasionally bearing
@ few sterile florets at the summit, with long foliaceous rigid bractez at
the base; glumes ovate, mucronate, carinate, brown, with the keel
green. Fruit somewhat triangular, pubescent; rostrum very short and

bifid,

Has. In wet sandy ground; Massachusetts to Georgia ;
rather rare. Flowers in the latter part of May and the
beginning of June. .

Oss. This species grows in tufts; according to Muhlenberg,
it sometimes occurs with two stigmas.

63. Carex dasycarpa, Muhlenberg.

C. spica sterili subsessili, parva: fertilibus subternis, subap-
proximatis, inferioribus brevi-pedunculatis ; fructibus ova-
to-triquetris, villoso-hispidis, gluma acuminata longioribus.

332 Monograph of North American Carices.

C. dasycarpa, Muhl. gram. p. 236. Elliott sk. ii. p- 541. t.
xii. f. 4.

Culm 12—18 inches high, triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves very narrow,
linear, smooth, shorter than the culm; sheaths ciliate and lacerate on
the margin. Sterile spike very small; glumes lanceolate. Fertile spikes
generally 3, approximate, the upper Beatle the lower on short pedun-
cles, supported by foliaceous bractew overtopping the culm; glumes
ovate, the inferior ones submucronate. Fruit obtusely triquetrous, sub-
ovate, nerved, very villous, and somewhat hoary ; orifice entire.

Has. In old fields; Salem, North Carolina. In the upper
country of South Carolina. Elliott. Flowers in April and
May.

Oxss. The specimens in Muhlenberg’s herbarium, (No. 354.)

resemble exactly the species represented by Elliott.

64. Carex marginata, Muhlenberg.

Cc. spica sterili pedunculata ; fertilibus subgeminis, approxi-
matis, subglobosis, subsessilibus; fructibus globosis tomen-
tosis, bidentatis, gluma oblongo-ovata longioribus.

C. marginata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 261. Schk. car. t. Lil. f.
143. Pursh fl. i. p. 40. Muhl. gram. p. 237. Elliott sk.

ii. p. 542.

Culm 8—12 inches high, erect, slender, triquetrous, subscabrous, leafy
below. Leaves principally radical and annotinous, very long, except
those on the culm, which are abbreviate, and tinged with purple at the
base. Sterile spike somewhat trigonous, narrow, on a_ peduncle
about an inch in length, at the foot of which the upper fertile spike is
situated; glumes oblong-ovate, brown, with a white margin and green
keel. Fertile spikes 2, (sometimes 3), few-flowered, the inferior one
sheathed with a long foliaceous bractea; glwmes acuminate. Fruit
ovate-globose, subpedicellate, 3-nerved, very pubescent; rostrum bifid,

and at length diverging.
Hap. In dry woods, among rocks; Canada to Carolina ;

common. Flowers in April.
Oss. This species is by some botanists consideréd as scarce-

ly distinct from C. varia. It appears to differ chiefly in

Monograph of North American Carices. 333

its pedunculate sterile spike, less slender culm, and larger
fertile spikes.

65. Carex pubescens, Muhlenberg.

C. spica sterili subsessili; fructiferis ternis, oblongis, erectis,
sublaxifloris, infima brevi-pedunculata; fructibus ovato-
triquetris, rostratis, pubescentibus, ore subintegro, gluma
ovata mucronata subzqualibus ; foliis culmoque pubes-
centibus.

C. pubescens, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 281. Schk. car. t. Eee.
f. 126. Pursh fl.i.p. 40. Muhl. gram. p. 244. Dewey
car. 4. ¢..ix: p.'73.

Culm 12—18 inches high, rather slender, erect or subdecumbent, leafy
below, pubescent above. Leaves linear, 2 lines broad, very pubescent,
shorter than the culm. Sterile spike subtriquetrous, short; glumes
whitish, green on the keel, which is a little protruded into a point. Fer-
tile spikes rather approximate, 4—8-flowered, supported at the base by
long foliaceous bractez:; glume ovate-oblong, mucronate. Fruit ob-
scurely triangular, rather longer than the glume; rostrum short, with
the orifice minutely bifid.

Has. In woods, rarely in wet situations ; Canada to Penn-

sylvania; not uncommon. Flowers in May.

Oss. ‘This species has not hitherto been found in the South-

ern States.

66. Carex flava, Lin.

C. spica sterili brevi-pedunculata ; fertilibus subternis, ova-
tis, subapproximatis (infima remotiuscula), breviter incluse
pedunculatis ; fructibus ovatis, dense imbricatis, bidentatis,
cum rostro curvato reflexis, gluma ovato-lanceolata bre-
vioribus.

C. flava, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 268. Schk. car. t. H. f. 36.
Mh fi. ii. p. 171. Pursh fl. i. p. 41. Dewey car. 1. c. ix.
p- 65.

Culm about 14 inches high, erect, rather firm, leafy. eaves flat, narrow,
smooth. Sterile spilce sessile, or on a short peduncle, often androgynous,

334 Monograph of North American Carices.

bearing fertile florets either at the summit or at the base: glumes red-
dish-brown, oblong-lanceolate. Fertile spikes usually 3, sometimes 27
rarely 4, approximate, ovate, densely fruited, about half an inch long,
on very short inclosed peduncles, the lowest one occasionally an inch or
more distant from the rest; bractee foliaceous, exceeding the culm ‘
glumes ovate-lanceolate, brownish-red, shorter than the fruit. Fruit
ovate, a little inflated at the base, strongly nerved, reflexed, attenuated
into a curved beak.

Has. In meadows, particularly in mountainous districts ;
Canada to New-York; rare. The most southern station
for this plant with which we are acquainted, is Philipstown,
in the Highlands of New-York.

Oss. This species, which resembles the European plant in
every respect, except in the terminal spike being occasion-
ally androgynous, is not described by Muhlenberg, in his
Descripti. graminum, though specimens of it, from New-
England, exist in his herbarium, and it is enumerated in
the second edition of his catalogue. It appears to be a
Northern species. In a mature state, every part of the |
plant is of a greenish yellow colour. It sometimes occurs
but 3 or 4 inches high.

67. Carex deri, Lin.

C. spica sterili brevi-pedunculata ; fertilibus subternis, oyatis,
approximatis, subpedunculatis, densifloris ; fructibus ovato-
globosis, horisontalibus, restro recto terminatis.

C. Gideri, Lin. Mich. fl. i. p. 171. Eng. bot. t. 1773. Dewey
car. l.c. x. p. 38.

C. flava, @ patula, Host. gram. p. 48. t. 64. Schk. car. ii. p.
56. 4. I. £..26.

Culm 8—12 inches high, straight and erect, leafy below, obtusely triangu-
lar, smooth. Leaves narrow, smooth, shorter than the culm. Sterile
spike nearly sessile, lanceolate, subtrigonous, often androgynous, bear-
ing fertile florets both at the base and summit; glumes brown, lanceo-
late. Fertile spikes usually 3, densely fruited, thick, sometimes with a
ew sterile florets at the summit, closely approximate, or with the lowest
spike more or less distant: bractec long, flat, foliaceous; glumes ovate-

Monograph of North American Carices. 335

lanceolate, shorter than the fruit, of a brownishcolor. Fruit ventricose,
strongly nerved, spreading almost horizontally, but not reflexed ; rostrum
rather short and straight; orifice entire.

Has. On the gravelly borders of a small lake in Sussex
county, New-Jersey. On rocks about the Falls of Niaga-
ra; on the Canada side. Prof. Dewey. Near Hudson’s
Bay. Michaux. Flowers in June.

Ozs. This species is by many botanists considered as a
variety of C. flava, but the numerous specimens of it which
we have examined, uniformly differed from that plant, in
having the fruit horizontal, not reflexed. The spikes in
C. Cderi are also much more densely flowered, and the
fruit but half as large as in C. flava; still it is possible they
may not be distinct species. In both the whole plant is of
a yellowish-green color.

68. Carex tentaculata, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus, sessilibus, ovatis vel ovato-cylindraceis,
conferte fructiferis approximatis horizontalibus; bracteis
longissimis ; fructibus ovatis, ventricosis, nervosis, lon-
gissime rostratis, ore bidentatis, gluma lanceolata mucro-
nata longioribus.

C. tentaculata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 266. Schk. car. t. Geg. f.
130. Pursh fl. i. p. 41. Muhl. gram. p. 239. Elliott sk:
ii. p. 543. Dewey car. 1. c. x. p. 34.

C. rostrata, Mich. fl. ii. 173. Wilid. sp. pl. iv. p. 282.
Schk. car. t. Hhh. f 134.

Culm about a foot and a half high, triquetrous, leafy, scabrous on the
angles. Leaves longer than the culm, flat, 2 lines or more in breadth,
scabrous. Sterile spike sessile, or on a very short peduncle, about an inch
in length, with a filiform setaceous bractea at the base; glumes reddish-
brown, linear-lanceolate, terminated by a long scabrous seta. Fertile
spikes 2—3, rarely 4, large and thick, from three fourths of an inch to
an inch and a half in length, approximate, and spreading almost horizon-
tally ; the upper ones sessile, the lowest on a peduncle which is scarce-
ly perceptible ; bractee resembling the leaves, aud very long; glumes
subulate, about half the length of the fruit, green. Fruit ovate, inflated;

A

336 Monograph of North American Carices.

spreading, smooth, about 5 nerved, attenuated into a long straight ros-
trum, which is slightly bifid at the orifice. Caryopsis exactly trique-
trous, puncticulate, scabrous or crenulate on the margin.

Has. In wet meadows; Canada to Georgia; common.
Flowers in May and June. Plant, yellowish-green.

Oss. This species varies considerably in the length of its
fertile spikes; sometimes they are ovate, but more fre-
quently nearly cylindrical. They are about the thickness
of the little finger, and with the long projecting beaks of
the fruit, exhibit a remarkably squarrose appearance. It
strongly resembles C. hystericina, but differs in its sessile
spikes, 5 nerved fruit, &c.

69. Carex nigra, Allioni.

C. spica sterili pedunculata ; fertilibus, binis vel tribus, (inter-
dum quaternis) subremotis, oblongis (atris) brevi-bracteatis,
sessilibus, erectis ; fructibus obovatis, compresso-triquetris,
subacutis, ore integris, gluma ovata obtusiuscula sube-
quantibus.

€. nigra, Schk. car.t. Aaa. f. 115. Alliont fl. Pedem. Ah
2310. De Cand. syn. fl. Gall. p.

C. saxatilis, Pursh fl. i. p. 33?

Culm 8—12 inches high, erect, triquetrous, very smooth. Leaves fiat,
smooth, rather rigid, shorter than the culm, carinate. Sterile spike on
a short rigid peduncle, lanceolate; glumes oblong, obtuse, with white
membranaceous margins. Ferlile spikes 2—4, (usually 3) rather re-
mote, oblong, or ovate-oblong ; bractee at the base short; glumes ovate,
blackish-brown, more or less obtuse, generally about as long as the fruit,
but sometimes a little longer; keel prominent and often white, border
yellowish. Fruit obovate, compressed, a little spreading, smooth, with-
out nerves; orifice very minute, entire. Stigmas often 2.

Has. Jn Labrador. In wet places around the peak of Mount
Washington, one of the highest summits of the White Hills,
New-Hampshire. Dr. Barratt. Dr. Bigelow. Flowers in
Jnly,

Monograph of North American Carices. 337

Oxs. Our specimens from the White Hills, agree in most
respects with Schuhkr’s description and figure, but there is
some doubt whether the plant be identical with the Euro-
pean C. nigra with which we cannot compare it, for want of

proper specimens.
70. Carex lupulina, Muhlenberg.

©. spica sterili brevi-pedunculata (rarius geminata); ste-
rilibus tribus, subsessilibus, ovato-oblongis, erectis, approx-
imatis ; bracteis longissimis, foliaceis ; fructibus ovatis, in-
flatis, nervosis, longissime-rostratis, bicuspidatis, gluma
ovata multoties longioribus.

C. lupulina, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 266. Schk. car. t. Ddd.. f.
123. & t. iii. f. 194. Pursh fl. i. p. 41. Mull. gram. p.

241. Elliott sk. ii. p. 544.
C. lurida, Wahl. Rees’s Cyclop. 145.

Culm 2—3 feet high, very thick, triquetrous, leafy to the top, smooth.
Leaves longer than the culm, fiat, one quarter of an inch broad. Sterile
spike usually solitary, rarely with a smaller sessile one at the base, ob-
scurely triangular, 2—3 inches long, bracteate; glumes lanceolate, at-
tenuate into a long hispid very acute point. Fertile spikes usually 3
rarely 2, an inch and a half or two inches in length, and as thick as a__
man’s thumb, on short and included peduncles, crowded together in 2
more or less erect position, each supported by a bractea, resembling in
appearance and length, the leaves; glumes ovate, mucronate, less than
half the length of the fruit. Fruit ovate, remarkably ventricose or in-
flated, distictly nerved, with a very long acuminate rostrum, which is

bifid at the orifice. .
Haz. In wet meadows and swamps. Hudson’s Bay to Geor-
gia; common. Flowers in June.
Oss. The fertile spikes in this Carex, are thicker than in
any other known species, and afford a very striking cha-

racter.
8? polystachia: spicis fertilibus quinis, oblongo-cylindricis,

infima remota, longe-pedunculata.

338 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm 2 feet high. Leaves bractew, and sterile spike as in the preceding.
Fertile spikes generally 5, sometimes but 4, nearly cylindrical, 2—3 in-
ches long; the three upper ones approximate and sterile, the fourth a
little distant on a short peduncle, the lowest rather remote, on a pedun-
cle 1—3 inches long, Fruit and glumes not perceptibly different from
those of C. lupulina.

Has. In wet meadows and swamps. Philipstown, Highlands
of New-York. Flowers in the beginning of June. Dr.
Barratt.

Ozs. This variety is very constant in its appearance. It
grows in the station mentioned, in great abundance, often
in company with the common C. lupulina. The spikes
are much longer, more numerous, and not so thick as in
that plant, but in other respects they do do not differ. It
resembles C. retrorsa, but the fruit is never reflexed.

71. Carex folliculata, Lin.

C. spica sterili pedunculata ; fertilibus binis (seepe solitaria)
subrotundis, approximatis paucifloris, suprema_ sessili,
inferiora brevi-pedunculata ; bracteis foliaceis; fructibus
ovatis, acuminato-rostratis, inflatis, reflexo-divergentibus,
bicuspidatis.

C. folliculata, Lin. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 281. Schk. car. t. N.
f. 52. Mich. fi. ii. p. 172. Pursh fl. i. p. 42. Mull. gram.
p- 43. Elliott sk. ii. p. 545. Dewey car. |. c. x. p. 32.

C. intumescens, Rudge, Lin. trans. v. p. t. 9. f. 3.

Culm a foot and a half high, leafy, triquetrous, smooth, slender. Leaves flat,
rather broad, smoothish. Sterile spike usually on a long slender pedun-
cle, cylindrical; g/umes lanceolate. Fertile spikes commonly 2, (some-
times 3, Muhl,) but in many cases, and in particular localities, but one is
found, from 6 to 10-flowered, nearly globose, and about three fourths of
an inch in diameter ; upper spike closely sessile, lower one on a short
or included peduncle; on the summit of each there are a few small
sterile florets ; bractew foliaceous, very long; glumes ovate, acuminate,
ending in a filiform point, much shorter than the fruit. #rwit ovate, re-
markably inflated or ventricose, very large, acuminate into a pretty lone
beak, smooth and nerved, the upper ones spreading almost horizontally,
the lowest a little reflexed.

Monograph of North American Carices. 309

Haz. In wet meadows and swamps; Canada to Georgia ;
not uncommon. Flowers in June. Plant dark green.

Ogs. According to Muhlenberg, this species sometimes oc-
curs with three fertile spikes. It is most commonly, in
the Northern States, found with two, and very often with
one. In Schkuhr’s figure, which is excellent, it is repre-
sented with but one. The C. intumescens of Rudge, we
think, decidedly belongs to this species; at least to the
C. folliculata of Schkuhr, Muhlenberg, Willdenow, and
most modern botanists. Rudge, however, who considered
his plant as a distinct species, has given a figure of C. fol-
liculata, taken from an American specimen, and the same
as one thus named in the Banksian Herbarium, that a com-
parison may be made between the two species. The latter
is quite different from our C. folliculata, and resembles C.
vanthophysa.

72. Carex xanthophysa, Wahlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus ternis quarternisve, ovatis, remotissimis
pedunculatis, paucifloris; fructibus oblongo-conoideis,
subinflatis, striatis, adultis horizontalibus, acutis, bifidis,
gluma ovata acuminata longioribus.

C. xanthophysa, Wahl. car. No. 73. Rees’s Cyclop. No. 143.
Dewey, |. c. vii. p. 274.

C. folliculata, 8. xanthophysa, Muhl. gram. p. 244.

Culm 2—4 feet high, erect, slender, obtusely triangular, smooth, leafy.
Leaves 3—4 lines broad, long, flat, very smooth. Sterile spike lanceo-
late, nearly an inch long, subsessile, or with a peduncle about its own
length; glumes ovate, acuminate, carinate. Fertile spikes generally 4,
but often only 3, ovate, 8—10-flowered, when mature usually very re-
mote (the distance between each being from three to eight inches), ap-
pearing as if axillary; the uppermost one subsessile, the rest on pedun-
cles, which are longest in the lowest spikes; bractee resembling the
leaves, the upper ones much exceeding the culm; glumes ovate, or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the apex terminating in a long filiform sca-
brous point, which is commonly shorter, but sometimes as long as the

340 Monograph of North American Carices.

fruit. Fruit about half an inch long, oblong, nerved, gradually taper-
ing into a long very acute point, at first nearly erect, but at length
spreading horizontally, and sometimes the lower ones even reflexed ;
orifice bifid. Caryopsis triangular, with the angles obtuse.

Has. In swamps; Massachusetts to Carolina. Not uncom-
mon in the cedar swamps of New-Jersey. Flowers in
June.

Oxzs. The whole plant is at first of a bright green colour,
but it becomes yellowish in age. It varies somewhat in
the number and degree of remoteness of the spikes, and in
the length of their peduncles, but still it is a species easily
recognised, and to all appearances quite distinct from C.
folliculata. Sometimes there are but two fertile spikes.

73. Carex subulata, Michaux. t. xxvii. f. 1.

C. spica sterili brevi-pedunculata ; fertilibus subquaternis,
sessilibus vel incluse pedunculatis, remotissimis, paucifloris,
apice sterilibus ; fructibus subulatis, reflexis, gluma lan-
ceolata multi-longioribus, culmo gracillimo.

C. subulata, Mich. fl.i. p. 173. Pursh fl. i. p.

C. Collinsii, Nutt. gen. ii. p. 205.

Culm two feet or more in height, very slender, inclining on other plants,
or decumbent, smooth, obtusely triquetrous, leafy. Leaves flat, about a
line and a half broad, smooth, shorter than the culm. Sterile spike small
and slender, on a short peduncle; glumes lanceolate, acute. Fertile
spikes usually 4, but sometimes 3 or 5, seldom more than 4-flowered,
the upper ones sessile, the lower on peduncles, which are scarcely ex-
serted, all of them bearing a few sterile florets at the summits; the dis-
tance between the two lowest is often 6 inches or more; glumes lanceo-
late, acute, about one third the length of the fruit, spreading. Fruit
subulate, slightly ventricose, smooth, indistinctly nerved, attenuate into a
long slender rostrum, loosely arranged on the rachis, in a somewhat dis-
tichous manner ; orifice oblique, and remarkably bicuspidate, the points
reflexed abruptly so as to become tenacious. Caryopsis oblong, ob-
tusely triangular.

Has. In the deep cedar swamps of New-Jersey. Flowers
in July.

Monograph of North American Carices. 341

Oss. This remarkable and distinct species has been found
exclusively in the deep New-Jersey swamps, where it is not
uncommon, though, growing in such secluded situations, it
has seldom been observed. It has much aflinity with C.
xanthophysa, but it is much more slender, and smaller in all
its parts ; the form of the fruit is different, and is always
completely in maturity. We have never observed it to be-
come yellow in old age.

74. Carex alpestris, Allioni.

_C. spicis fertilibus tribus, quinquefloris, binis approximatis
sessilibus, infima radicali, longissime pedunculata; fructi~
bus obovato-oblongis, triquetris, brevissime rostellatis, sub-
pubescentibus, ore obliquo, gluma oblonga zquantibus.

C. alpestris, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 284. Schk. car. t. G. f. 35.
Allion pedem. No 2329. Dewey car. 1. c. vii. p. 268.

C. gynobasis, Schk. car. i. p. 71. Pers. syn. ii. p. N. 141,

Culm about 6 inches high.

Has. On woody hills, Massachusetts. Dewey.

Oxss. The specimens of this plant which we have received
from Prof. Dewey, agree exactly with C. alpestris of Eu-
rope. :

2. Prstilliferous spikes on exsert peduncles, partly sheathed
at the base.

75. Carex alba, Heenke.

C. spica sterili pedunculata; fertilibus geminis” ternisque,
pedunculatis, subquinquefloris ; fructibus obovatis, rostel-
latis, oblique truncatis; bracteis vaginantibus hyalinis
aphyllis.

', alba, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 253. Schk. car. t. O. f. 55.)
Vahl. car. No. 104. Dewey car. vii. p. 266.

342 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm 4—10 inches high, subterete, sulcate, filiform, smooth. Leaves grow=
ing in a thick tuft at the root, subulate, much shorter than the culm,
pale green; sheath at the base of the culm, bearing a short ovate hya-
line bractea. Sterile spike on a short peduncle, or almost sessile, pro-
ceeding from the same sheath with the uppermost fertile spike, and often
lower than this, lanceolate, straw-coloured; glumes ovate, obtuse. Fer-
tile spikes 2 or 3, ovate, scarcely an eighth of an inch long, the upper
two rising to nearly the same level; the third spike when present, 2
half an inch or more distant, on a slender peduncle enclosed by the hya-
line sheath; glumes broad-ovate, obtuse, or slightly mucronate, one
third shorter than the fruit. Fruié ovate and obovate, with a very short
rostrum, smooth, obliquely truncate, black when mature.

Has. Atthe foot of limestone hills, Pownal, Vermont.
Prof. Dewey and Mr. Davis. On rocks about the Falls of
Niagara. Prof. Dewey. In Watertown, New-York. Dr.
Crawe. Flowers in June.

Oss. This delicate and handsome plant appears to differ
from the European C. alba, only in being smaller in all its
parts. The white hyaline sheaths are avery striking cha-
racter.

76. Carex plantaginea, Lamarck.

C. spicis fructiferis subquaternis, vix exserte vel incluse pe-
dunculatis, laxifloris ; fructibus oblongo-cuneiformibus, tri-
quetris, apice recurvatis ; culmo basi vaginato; vaginis
omnibus subaphyllis, (coloratis) ; foliis latissimis.

C. plantaginea, Lam. ene. iii. p. 398 Mich. fi. ii. p. 173.
Ree’s cyclop. No. 135. Pursh fl. i. p. 42. Dewey 1. c. vii.
p. 273.

C. latifolia, Wahl. act. Holm. 1800. p. 156.

Culm 8—-12 inches high, almost perfectly leafless,” triquetrous, smooth,
somewhat flexuous at the joints, slender, subdecumbent when old; the
lower part clothed with imbricated purple aphyllous sheaths. Leaves
all radical, shorter than the culm, spreading from half an inch to an inch
in breadth, with usually 3 strong longitudinal nerves, smooth and flat,
somewhat glaucous. Sterile spike on a peduncle an inch or more in
length, oblong: glumes dark brown ovate, acuminate. Fertile spikes

Monograph of North American Carices. 343

4, sometimes 5, when young almost included in the sheaths, but at length
appearing with somewhat exserted peduncles ; sheaths dark purplish
brown, in young plants completely concealing the culm, the summit ter-
minating in an ovate cuspidate point, which is usually alittle curved, very
rarely bearing a short leaf; Slumes ovate, cuspidate, greenish, spread-
ing, rather shorter than the fruit. Fruit oblong, or elliptically trique-
trous, attenuate at the base, loosely arranged on the straight rachis
rostrum short, oblique, and entire.

Haz. On shady parts of the Alleghany mountains, general-
ly in the west side; plentiful. In woods on the moun-
tainous parts of Massachusetts, particularly in Williams-
town. Dewey. Flowers in April and May.

Oxzs. Much confusion has prevailed respecting this Carex,
and the following. The original C. plantaginea of La-
marck, which to us appears to be a very distinct species, is
comparatively rare, and has been seen by few botanists,
The C. anceps in a particular state, when it has very broad
leaves, is by most persons confounded with that plant.
There is no specimen of C. plantaginea in the Herbarium
of Dr. Muhlenberg, the species thus named by him being
decidedly C. anceps, as Dr. Torrey has ascertained. It
would appear that neither Schkuhr nor Willdenow, were
acquainted with Lamarck’s plant. The latter botanist re-
ceived from Muhlenberg, all the North American Carices,
of which he has given descriptions, and the identical spe-
cimens were by him communicated to Schkuhr, who had
no others from this country. This fact was told us by Pro-
fessor Willdenow himself, a short time before his death.
Still, his description of C. plantaginea, agrees pretty well
with our plant, and leads us to suspect that part of it was
copied from that of Lamarck, especially as he could
hardly have received the genuine C. plantaginea from
Muhlenberg.

77. Canex anceps, Muhlenberg.
C. spicis fertilibus, subtribus, remotis, subcylindricis, laxiflo-

vis, inferioribus pedunculatis ; fructibus ovatis, obtuse tri-
A6

344 Monograph of North American Carices.

quetris, acutis striatis, basi elongatis ore obscure bidentata,
gluma ovata cuspidata longioribus vel subzequalibus.

C. anceps, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 278. Schk. car. t. Fff. f 128.
Pursh fl. i. p. 42. Dewey car. |. c. x: p. 35.

C, plantaginea, Muhl. gram. p. 235. Elliott sk. ii. p. 547.

C. heterosperma, Wahlenberg.

Culm high, (sometimes taller) triquetrous, with two of the sides much
broader than the other, smooth. Leaves variable in breadth, the radi-
eal ones often an inch or more broad, especially after the plant has done
flowering, smooth, striate or reticulate, and considerably glaucous ;
culm leaves much narrower, very long; sheaths white and membrana-
ceous. Slerile spike pedunculate, the peduncle compressed ; glumes
generally 3, sometimes 4, and according to Muhlenberg, cven 5,
ovate, obtuse or acute; margin white; keel green. Fertile spikes
about an inch long, 10—12-flowered ; inferior peduncles subancipitous,
and exserted; glumes ovate, cuspidate, or subemarginate, with a short
bristle at the apex, at first shorter, but in the mature plant a little longer
than the fruit, whitish. Fruit ovate, conspicuously striate, smooth, al-
ternately distant on the somewhat flexuous rachis, witha short ros-
trum.

Has. In woods ; Canada to Carolina ; very common. Flow-
ers in April and May.

Oss The hyemal and radical leaves, after the plant has
done flowering, are very broad and resemble those of
Plantago lanceolata ; hence many botanists have confound-
ed it with the C. plantaginea of Lamarck, but it is easily
distinguished from the plant by comparing it with our de-
scription. Sometimes radical leaves are quite narrow, but
still it is a species easily recognised when once known.

78. Carex oligocarpa, Schkuhr.

C. spicis fertilibus tribus, pedunculatis, paucifloris ; peduncu-
lis inferioribus elongatis ; fructibus brevi-ovatis, acute tri-
quetris, rostellatis, ore integris, gluma ovata longioribus.

C. oligocarpa, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 279. Schk. car. t. Vvv-
170. Pursh fl. i. p. 44. Muhl. gram. p. 242.

Monograph of North American Carices. 345

Culm about 6 inches high, triquetrous, with the angles very prominent,
striate, smooth, filiform, leafy, at length subdecumbent. Leaves a little
glaucous, rather thin and delicate; the inferior ones abbreviate. Sterile
spike on a curved peduncle, about three fourths of an inch long; glumes
lanceolate, acuminate, carinate, pale yellowish-brown. Fertile spikes
2—3, oblong, 5—8-flowered, the upper one often subsessile, the others on
filiform peduncles, which are frequently two inches or more in length ;
glumes ovate, broad at the base, acute, two thirds the length of the fruit,
pale brown, with the carina green. Fruit remarkably triquetrous,
short-ovate, striate, very loosely arranged on the rachis, with a short ob-
tuse and oblique, or slightly curved rostrum; orifice entire, submem-

branaceous.

Has. In dry rocky woods, and on hill sides ; Hudson Bay
to Pennsylvania; not uncommon in mountainous districts.
Flowers in May. It grows in tufts. |

Ozs. This plant, especially when young, has the appear-
ance of C. anceps in a depauperate state, but when mature
it is easily distinguished by its narrower and delicate leaves,
few-flowered spikes, small and remarkably triquetrous fruit.

79. Carex scabrata.*

C. spicis fertilibus subquinis, subremotis, cylindraceis, ple-
rumque erectis, inferioribus longe-pedunculatis ; fructibus
ovatis, acuminato-rostratis, subventricosis, scabris, ore ob-
liquo subbifido, gluma ovato-lanceolata ciliata longioribus.

C. scabrata, Schw. an. tab. car. 1. c. Dewey car. |. c. ix.
p- 66.

Culm about a foot and a half high, remarkably triquetrous above, some-
what ancipitous below, leafy. Leaves long, very scabrous, 2—3 inches
long, very scabrous, 3 lines broad, the lowest one considerably broader, of
a coarse and rank appearance. Sterile spike on a moderately long
rigid peduncle ; glumes lanceolate, brown with a green keel. Fertile
spikes 3—5, subcylindrical, densely fruited; the upper ones rather ap-
proximate and subsessile, the others distant from one to three inches,
pedunculate; the lowest sometimes a little nodding ; bractee resembling
the leaves, overtopping the culm; glumes ovate-lanceolate, subciliate on
the margin, scabrous at the apex, about two thirds as long as the fruit,
brownish. Fruit ovate, triquetrous, sides subcarinate, very scabrous,

ig

540 Monograph of North American Carices.

spreading almost horizontally when mature, giving the spikes a squar-
rose appearance; rostrum long and pyramidal, subbifid at the apex.

Has. In wet boggy places and along creeks, from New-
Hampshire to New-York ; common along the Connecticut
river. In various parts of Berkshire county, Massachu-
setts. Dewey. Dr. Barratt found it at the foot of the
White Hills, and in the Highlands of New-York. Flowers
in May.

Oss. This species has a remarkably rough appearance.
The whole plant is dark green.

80. Carex conotdea, Schkuhr.

C. spicis fertilibus binis vel tribus, oblongis remotis, laxiuscu-
lis, suprema subsessili, inferioribus longe-pedunculatis ;
fructibus oblongo-conicis, obtusis, apice recurvis gluma
aristata aquantibus.

C. conoidea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 280. Schk. car. t. Vvv.
Pursh fl. i. p. 43. Muhl. gram. p. 48. Elliott sk. ii. p. 247

C. blanda, Dewey car. |. c. x. p. 45.

Culm 6—12 inches high, triquetrous, leafy, erect, scabrous on the angles.
Leaves thin and delicate, flat, somewhat glaucous, shorter than the culm.
Sterile spike on a short rigid peduncle; glumes lanceolate subobtuse,
or mucronate. Fertile spikes 2 or 3, sometimes even 4, oblong, rather
loose-flowered ; the upper one almost sessile, the rest on filiform pedun-
cles, which increase in length downward; the peduncles sometimes so
long that the spikes are subpendulous; bractee resembling the leaves ;
sheaths white and membranaceous; glumes ovate, with a subulate mu-
cro, white except on the carina, which is green, rather shorter than the
fruit. Fruit obovate or oblong, narrowed at the base, subtriquetrous,
striate, apex recurved and gibbous; orifice entire.

Has. In woods, and on the margin of meadows; Canada
to Carolina; common. Flowers in May.

Ozs. There is some diversity in the appearance of this
plant. Schkuhr’s figure (which was taken from a speci-
men sent to Willdenow by Muhlenberg) does not represent
well the common variety. When it grows in rather dry
woods the culm is tall, the spikes looser flowered, and the

Monograph of North American Carices. 347

lower peduncles very long. In more exposed situations the
plant is dwarfish, the spikes shorter and more approximate.
This species bears a considerable resemblance to C. laxi-

flora. Our specimens agree with those in Muhlenberg’s
herbarium.

81. Carex tetanica, Schkuhr.

C. spica sterili longius pedunculata; fertilibus subbinis,
remotis, subdensifloris, suprema subsessili, infima longe-
pedunculata; fructibus ovato-oblongis, utrinque acu-
tis, nervosis, apice subgibbosis, obliquis, ore integris, glu-
ma ovata mucronata longioribus.

C. tetanica, Schk. car. ii. p. 68. t. Ooo. f. 207. & t. Gge. f.
100. Pursh fl. i. p. 43. Muhl. gram. p. 250. Elliott sk. ii.
p- 549

C. granularioides, Schw. an. tab. car. \. c. Dewey 1. c. ix. p.
262... 1. £.'4.

C. striatula, Mich. fl. ii. p.

Culm nearly a foot high, erect, triquetrous, slender. Leaves smooth, flat,
subglaucous, rather longer than the culm. Sterile spike on a peduncle
from half an inch to an inch in length; glumes oblong, obtuse, light
brown, with the keel green. Fertile spikes 2 or 3, very remote, except
when there are 3, when the two upper ones are rather approximate,
oblong, many-fiowered, the florets rather densely imbricate; inferior
spike on a peduncle half an inch or an inch long; glumes ovate, acumi-
nate, ending in a subulate scabrous point, rather shorter than the fruit,
pale brown, with the keel green. F'rwit oblong, attenuate at each end,
but still appearing somewhat obtuse, nerved, smooth; sometimes a little
oblique.

Has. In moist meadows ; Canada to Carolina; common.
Flowers in May.

Oss. This species as it grows in the Northern States, has
a different aspect from the Southern plant, and was former-
ly supposed by us to be distinct from it. Our specimens,
however, collected in New-York and Massachusetts, agree
with the C. tetanica in Muhlenberg’s herbarium, but they

348 Monograph of North American Carices.

differ from the description of both this botanist and
Schkuhr, in the form of the pistillate glume.

82. Carex laxiflora, Lamarck.

C. spica sterili subsessili, fertilibus subtribus, sublaxifloris,
remotis, pedunculatis, erectis; fructibus ovato-oblongis>
ventricosis, obtusis, subnitidis, gluma ovata cuspidata lon-
gioribus.

C. laxiflora, Lam. enc. iii. p. 378. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 281.
Schk. car. t. Kkk. f. 141. Mich. fl. it. p. Pursh fl. i. p.
43. Muhl. gram. p. 251. Elliott sk. i. p. 549.

C. grisea, Wahlenberg secund. Muhlenberg.

Culm a foot or eighteen inches high, (sometimes much lower) erect and
firm, triquetrous, smooth. eaves longer than the culm, flat, scabrous
on the margin; sheaths white on the inside. Sterzle spike short, sub-
pedunculate, scarcely overtopping the uppermost fertile, very narrow
and inconspicuous; glumes lanceolate, acute and mucronate, pale
brown; the lower ones ciliate. Fertile spikes usually 3, the two upper
ones generally rather approximate, the lowest from one to four inches
distant, on a pretty long peduncle ; all of them oblong, often few-flower-
ed; glumes ovate, whitish or pale green, acuminate, and lengthened
out intoa long scabrous rostrum, which, sometimes, especially in the
lower part of the spike, projects beyond the fruit. Fruit obscurely tri-
angular, a little shining, appearing distinctly inflated when mature, not
contracted at the base; orifice minute, obscurely and minutely biden-
tate.

Hias. In woods and wet meadows; Canada to Georgia;
common. Flowers in May.

Oxss. This is the species which is generally considered as
the C. laxifora of Lamark, but whether correctly or not,
cannot certainly be determined by his imperfect description.
It resembles the preceding plant, but differs in having
always at least three fertile spikes, its considerably larger
fruit, sessile sterile spike, &c. Our specimens agree ex-
actly with those of C. laxiflora in Muhlenberg’s herbarium.
The southern plant is seldom above 6 inches high.

Monograph of North American Carices. 349
$3. Carex granularis, Muhlenberg.

C. spica sterili sessili vel brevi-pedunculata ; fertilibus subtri-
bus, remotis, cylindricis, densifloris, superioribus, subses-
silibus, infima longe-pedunculata; fructibus globoso-ova-
tis, nervosis, ore integris, brevissime rostellatis; rostro
recurvo.

C. granularis, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 279. Schk. car. t. Vvv. f.
169. Pursh fl. i. p. 42. Dewey car. 1. c. vii. p. 272.

Culm generally about a foot high, erect, slender, triquetrous, leafy, smooth.
Leaves erect, rather glaucous, the upper ones longer than the culm;
lower ones abbreviate ; sheaths white and membranaceous on the inside.
Sterile spike about three fourths of an inch long, usually closely sessile
at the base of the upper fertile spike, which it scarcely exceeds in length,
fructiferous at the summit: glumes ovate, acute or obtuse. Fertile
spikes 3 or 4, about an inch long, cylindrical and densely fruited; the
uppermost one sessile, the next on an exsert peduncle, the lowest long-
pedunculate ; glumes broad-ovate, membranaceous, acuminate, shorter
than the fruit, carinate. Fruit roundish-ovate, somewhat ventricose,
strongly nerved, with avery short somewhat gibbous aud recurved
rostrum.

Has. In wet meadows ; Canada to Pennsylvania; common.
Flowers in May.

Ozs. Whole plant at first glaucous; in maturity the spikes
are dull orange-yellow. It is usually about a foot high,
but in favorable situations it is often much taller. We
have specimens from Dr. Holmes of Montreal, collected by
that gentleman in Lower Canada, in which the terminal
spike is androgynous.

84. Carex ustulata, Wahlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus binis, ovatis, pedunculatis, nutantibus ;
fructibus ovatis, acuminatis, bidentatis, compressis, gluma
elliptica longioribus.

C. ustulata, Wahl. act. holm. 1803. p- 150. Willd. sp. pl.
iv. p. 295. Schk. car. t. Y. f. 82.

Me

350 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm about 8 inches high, very leafy below; stoloniferous at the base.
Leaves narrow, smooth; the lower ones very short. Fertile spikes
2—3, ovate, black, all of them pedunculate and nodding.

Has. In Labrador.
Ozs. Our specimens of this Carex, exactly agree with the
European one figured by Schkuhr. ;

85. Carex capillaris, Lin.

C. spicis fertilibus subternis, longe-pedunculatis, cernuis, sub-
sexfloris; fructibus ellipticis, rostratris, distantibus, ore
obliquo, gluma ovata longioribus.

C. capillaris, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 290. Schk. car. t. O. f. 56.
Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 36.

Culm 4—6 inches.

Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-
ardson.

Oss. Our specimens were presented by Dr. Richardson, and
exactly agree with the European plant.

86. Carex sylvatica, Hudson.

C. spicis fertilibus subquaternis, remotis, filifornibus, sub-
densifloris, pedunculis cernuis; fructibus ovatis, rostratis
bifidis, gluma ovato mucronata duplo longioribus.

C. sylvatica, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 296 Schk. car. t. Lil. f. 101.
Hudson fl. Ang. p. 353. Dewey car. 1. c. x. p. 40.

C. Drimeja, Lin. supp. 414. Wahl. No. 79.

Culm 12—18 inches high, erect, slender, compresso-triquetrous, scabrous
on the angles, leafy. Zeaves shorter than the culm, 2 lines broad, flat,
erect. Sterile spike on a peduncle about a quarter of an inch long, slen-
der, scarcely extending beyond the uppermost spike ; ¢/wmes lanceolate,
acute, white, witha green carina. Fertile spikes usually 4, sometimes 5,
about an inch and a half long, on exserted filiform peduncles, at length
more or less cernuous, but occasionally nearly erect ; the uppermost

Monograph of North American Carices. ' 351

ones nearly destitute of bractex ; glumes obovate, mucrenate, white
and membranaceous, carinate, shorter than fruit. Fruit ovate, broad
at the base, erect, imbricate, so as generally to conceal the rachis, with,
3 prominent nerves ; rostrum pyramidal, orifice slightly bifid.

Haz. Jn Williamstown, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey. Plain-
field in the same state. Dr. Porter. In the vicinity ,of
Montreal, Lower Canada. Dr. Holmes. Flowers in the
latter part of May.

Ozs. This plant is probably not uncommon in New Eng-
land. Compared with European specimens of C. sylvatica,
it was scarcely found to differ in any respect. Color of
the plant light green.

87. Carex flevuosa, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus subquaternis, remotis, filiformibus, pedun-
eulis cernuis; fructibus distantibus, alternis, oblongis,
utrinque acutis, rostratis ; bifidis, gluma ovata mucronata
duplo longioribus.

C. flexuosa, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 297. Schk. car. t. Ddd. et
Aaaa. f. 124. Pursh fl. i. p. 43. MuAl. gram. p. 253.
Elliott sk. ii. p. 550. Dewey car. x. p. 40.

C. debilis, Mich. fl. ii. p. 172.

C. tenuis, Rudge Lin. trans. vol. 7. p. 96. t. 9. f. 2. Rees
Cyclop. No. 154.

Culm a foot and a half or two feet high, frequently procumbent in age,
slender, leafy, somewhat scabrous, Leaves narrow, about as long as the
culm. Sterile spike very narrow, on a filiform peduncle half an inch in
length, sometimes bearing one or two fertile florets at the summit ;
glumes lanceolate, rather obtuse, carinate, white and green. Ferti/e
spikes 3—4, an inch and a half or two inches long, 12—18-flowered, on
exsert filiform peduncles, an inch or more in length; rachis at length
flexuous, and not entirely concealed by the fruit; glumes ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, half the length of the fruit, at length brown. Fruit
oblong-lanceolate, nerved, triquetrous, smocth, acuminate, at first
green, but becoming chesnut brown.

_ 47

352 Monograph of North American Carices.

Has. In meadows and wet woods; Canada to Georgia;
common. Flowers in June.

Oxzs. Sometimes this species occurs scarcely a foot in height.
Muhlenberg does not describe the fertile spikes correctly,

but the specimens in his herbarium exactly resemble our
»plant.

88. Carex podocarpa, R. Brown.

C. spicis fertilibus binis, pendulis, oblongis; fructibus ellip-
ticis, brevissime rostellatis, integris, levibus, acheniisque
pedicellatis ; foliis inferioribus abbreviatis.

C. podocarpa, R. Brown, in Rich. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2.
p- 30.

Has. On the barren grounds of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-
ardson.

3. Pistilliferous spikes on long peduncles, nearly destitute
of sheaths.

89. Carex wnbellata, Schkuhr.

C. cespitosa ; spicis fertilibus subquaternis, ovatis, pauciflo-
ris; una sessili, in summo culmo, ceteris pedunculatis ;
pedunculis subradicalibus, quasi umbellatis; fructibus

ovatis, acuminato-rostratis, suhpanee ena gluma ovata
acuminata zqualibus.

C. umbellata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 290. Schk. car. t. Www.

f. 170. Pursh fl.i. p. 44. Muhl. gram. p. 256. Dewey car.
Lc. x. p. 31.

Culm frequently not more than half an inch high, but late in the season,
and in favourable situations, growing to a spaninheight. Leaves radi-
eal, longer than the culm, erect, narrow, scabrous. Sterile spike soli-
tary, oblong, on a short oblique peduncle, at the foot of which there is a
nearly sessile fertile spike; glumes ovate, acute, pale brown. Fertile
sptkes about 4, sometimes 5, or only 3, ovate, 6—8-flowered; one of
them, (sometimes 2) situated at the summit of the culm, ebracteate;
the rest on peduncles of nearly equal length, which issue from the ap-

ia)

Monograph of North American Carices. 353

proximate subradical sheaths; sometimes the peduncles are so short
that the spikes are nearly concealed by the dense tuft of leaves, but
more frequently they are from half an inch to an inch or more in length ;
glumes ovate, cuspidate, green. Fruit ovate, a little contracted at the
base, triquetrous, pubescent under a lens, but nearly smooth when old ;
rostrum acuminate, bidentate at the orifice.

Has. On rocky hill sides, particularly in mountainous dis-
tricts. In Williamstown, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey.
Abundant along the Connecticut river. Common in the
Highlands of New-York. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg.
Flowers in the latter end of April, and in the beginning of
May. Grows in dense clusters.

Ozs. 1. Schkuhr’s figure of this species is very good, but it
does not represent the upper sessile spike, which is a
very constant character, except in the dwarf state of the
plant. 2. The fertile spikes appear to be subumbellate,
on account of the radical peduncles being of nearly equal
length. Sometimes they are crowded in clusters and
almost sessile among the leaves.

90. Carex miliacea, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus tribus, graciliter cylindraceis, cernuis, pe-
dunculis filiformibus ; fructibus ovatis, triquetris, enerviis,
breve rostratis, ore integris, gluma ovato-lanceolata sube-

qualibus.

C. miliacea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 290. Schk. car. t. Ooo. f.
151. Pursh fl.i. p. 41. Mull. gram. p. 257. Elliott sk. i.
p- 552. Dewey car. 1. c. x. p. 30.

©. prasina, Wahlenberg. Rees’ Cyclop. No. 137.

Culn about 15 inches high, slender, erect, compressed-triquetrous, leafy,
nearly smooth. eaves rather narrow, as long as the culm, scabrous on
the margin. Steri/e spike slender, an inch or more in length, thickening
towards the summit, which frequently bears some fertile florets; pedun-
cle filiform, three fourths of an inch long; glumes oblong, loosely im-
bricate, mucronate and carinate; the sides pale brown; keel green.
Fertsle spikes very constantly 3, subapproximate, filiformly cylindiical,

354 Monograph of North American Carices.

an inch and a half or two inches in length, rather densely fruited except
towards the base, nodding; peduncles filiform, the lower ones longest,
supported at the base by a narrow foliaceous bractea; glumes acuminate,
about as long as the fruit in the middle part of the spike; longer in the
lower part, shorter in the upper: sides pale brown, keel green. Fruit
ovate, rather broad at the base, very green, distinctly triquetrous, with-
out nerves on the sides; orifice membranaceous, entire or emarginate.

Caryopsis subcordate-triquetrous,

Has. In moist meadows; Canada to Georgia; common.
Flowers in May.

Oss. This is a delicate and beautiful species. It can scarce-
ly be confounded with any other Carex.

91. Carex pallescens, Lin.

C. spicis fertilibus binis aut subternis, ovato-cylindricis, den-
sifloris, demum subcernuis; fructibus obovato-oblongis,
obtusis ; vaginis culmoque pubescentibus.

C. pallescens, Willd sp. pl. iv. p. 291. Schk. car.t Kk. f.
90. Fl. Dan. t. 1050. Dewey car. 1. c. vii. p. 267.

Culm about a foot high, sometimes considerably less, erect, slender, tri-
quetrous, sulcate, leafy below, pubescent. eaves shorter than the
culm, more or less pubescent; sheaths retrorsely pubescent. Sterile
spike lanceolate, trigonous, on a short straight peduncle; glumes broad
ovate, brown, with the keel green, ciliate towards the extremity. Fer-
tile spikes usually 2, sometimes 3, at first erect, when old more or less
cernuous, elliptic, and oblong-cylindrical, thick ; peduncles half an inch
long in the lower spike, less in the upper; glumes ovate, acuminate,
reddish-brown, with a green keel about as long as the fruit, not ciliate.
Fruit very obtuse, pale green when ripe ; orifice minute and entire.

Has. Inwet meadows. In Berkshire county, and in other
parts of Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey, Mr. Davis, and Mr.
Hitchcock. In the Highlands of New-York. Dr. Barratt.
Flowers in May.

Oss. This plant agrees perfectly with our European speci-
mens of C. pallescens. It much resembles C. granularis,
but the spikes are shorter, the fruit more obtuse, leaves
pubescent, &c.

Monograph of North American Carices. 355

92. Carex hystericina, Willdenow.

C. spica sterili pedunculata; fructiferis subternis, oblongo-
cylindraceis, crassis, demum cernuis, suprema incluse pe-
dunculata, czteris exserte pedunculatis ; fructibus ovatis,
inflatis, subhorizontalibus, multinerviis, rostratis, ore bifido,
gluma oblonga aristata duplo longioribus.

C. hystericina, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 282. Schk. car. t. Ff. f.
127. Pursh fl. i. p. 43. Mul. gram. p. 252. Elliott sk. ii.
p- 550.? Dewey car. 1. c. x. p. 25.

Culmabout a foot and a half high, acutely triquetrous, leafy, scabrous above.
Leaves longer than the culm, 2 lines broad, scabrous. Sterile spike on
a peduncle 1—3 inches long, cylindrical, triangular, bracteate, often
bearing a few fertile florets at the summit, or at the base ; glwmes ovate-
lanceolate, mucronate, pale brown, with the keel green. Fertile spilces
2—4, generally 3, about an inch in length, densely fruited, at length
nodding, an inch or more distant ; upper one on a very short included
peduncle, the others on filiform peduucles, trom three fourths of an inch
to two inches in length; glumes oblong, emarginate, ending in a sca-
brous awn, not half the length of the fruit. Fruit oblong, marked with
numerous distinct strize, smooth, terminated by a long rostrum, which is
bifid at the extremity, at length spreading almost horizontally. Cary-
opsis ovate-triquetrous, angles smooth.

Has. In wet meadows; Canada to Georgia; rather common.
Flowers in the end of May.

Ozs. This species strongly resembles C. tentaculata, but
may be distinguished from it by its pedunculate spikes,
many-nerved fruit, and more delicate habit. Sometimes
the upper fertile spike is sterile at the summit, and the
lowest one very remote, on a peduncle three or four inches
long. The whole plant is of a yellowish-green color.

93. Carex Pseudo-cyperus, Lin.

C. spicis fertilibus quaternis, cylindricis, pedunculatis pendu-
lis crassis, superioribus subgeminatis; fructibus oblongo-
lanceolatis, rostratis, reflexis, multinerviis, apice divaricato

hifidis.

356 Monograph of North American Carvces.

C. Pseudo-cyperus, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 295. Schk. car. t.
Mm. f. 102. Pursh fl. i. p. 44. Muhl. gram. p. 253.
Dewey car. 1. ¢. viii. p. 71.

C. furcata, Elliott sk. ii. p. 552.

Culm 2—3 feet high, acutely triquetrous, thick, very scabrous on the an-
gles. Leaves longer than the culm, 3 lines broad, rough and coarse.
Sterile spike on a short peduncle, about an inch and a half in length,
thick; glumes loosely imbricate, long-lanceolate, mucronate, pale

_ brown. Fertile spikes usually 4, often two inches or more in length,
densely fruited, the 2 uppermost closely approximate, and appearing
geminate ; peduncles recurved, scabrous, the lowest exserted about an
inch, all of them supported by very long foliaceous bractez, resembling
the leaves ; glumes lanceolate, cuspidate, about two thirds as long as the
fruit. Fruit retrorsely imbricate, prominently striate, deeply bifid at
the summit, the divisions forked, and almost reflexed.

Has. In deep swamps; Canada to Georgia; not uncom-
mon. Flowers in June.

Ors. Our plant resembles in all respects the European
C. Pseudo-cyperus.

94, Carex glaucescens, Elliott. ?

C. spicis fertilibus 3—4, cylindricis, pedunculatis, demum
pendulis ; fructibus brevi-ovatis, basi ventricosis, trique-
tris, glaucis brevi-rostratis, ore bifido, gluma emarginata
mucronata subzequantibus ; foliis glaucis.

C. glaucescens, Elliott sk. ii. p. 553. ?

C. sempervirens, Schw. an. tab. 1. c.

Culm leafy below, with numerous annotinous shoots, forming large dense
tufts three feet high, triquetrous, angles sharp and scabrous. Leaves a
little shorter than the culm, canaliculate, narrow in proportion, glaucous.
Sterile spike on a rigid, but very long peduncle, of a remarkably trigo-
nous form; glumes oblong-ovate, brown, with a long scabrous ciliate
midrib produced into a point. Fertile spikes 3—4, appearing axillary
in the foliaceous bractem, but not sheathed by them, on filiform but
vather rigid peduncles, an inch or more in length, cylindrical and pretty
thick; rachis straight ; glumes ovate, emarginate, with a scabrous point,
about as long. as the fruit. Fruit short-ovate, ventricose at the base,

Monograph of North American Carices. Sut

but not inflated, glabrous, of a brown color when ripe, with a short
conical rostrum, bifid, and diverging at the orifice. Caryopsis trique-
trous, smooth on the margin.

Has. In woody swamps between Hillsborough and Chapel
Hill, North Carolina, forming very large evergreen tufts.
About pine-barren ponds, Georgia. Elliott. Fruit ripe in
July.

Oszs. The plant which we formerly considered as a new species,
and called C. sempervirens in the Analytical Table of Ca-
rices, appears to be the C. glaucescens of Mr. Elliott, whose
description was published only the last year. The latter
differs in some respects, but it is probably not distinct.

95. Canex Elliottii, *

C. spicis fertilibus tribus, subrotundis, infima longissime pe-
dunculata, cernua, superioribus sessilibus ; fructibus ovatis,
triquetris, glabris, puncticulatis, gluma ovata obtusa multo
longioribus.

C. castanea, Elliot sk. ii. p. 546. (nec. Wahl.)

C. fulva, Muhl. gram. p. 246. Herb. No. 365.

Culm about two feet high, triquetrous, slender, purple at the base. Leaves
linear, nerved, scabrous on the margin, shorter than the culm. Sterile
spike about an inch long, much shorter than its three-nerved bracteal
leaf; glumes oblong, obtuse, brown, with a white margin. Fertile spikes
3, 9—16-flowered, the upper bearing at the summit a few sterile florets,
sessile, as well as the middle spike; the lowest on a long peduncle ;
glumes ovate, obtuse, not emarginate nor mucronate. Fruit inflated,
ovate, obtusely triquetrous, distinctly nerved, terminating in a long
beak, 2 cleft at the summit, somewhat coriaceous, lucid and transverse-
ly striate, resembling under a lens, the surface of fine morocco leather.
Caryopsis triquetrous. Muhlenberg.

Has. In wet pine barrens. Chatham County, Georgia.
Flowers in April. Elliott.

Ozs. Mr. Elliott remarks that this Carex has a strong
affinity to C. folliculata, but differs from it, in its fruit and
glumes. Its habit is also coarser.

358 Monograph of North American Carices.

4
Abt

86. Carex limosa, Lin.

C. spicis fertilibus subbinis, ovatis, vel oblongo-ovatis, pe-
dunculatis subdistantibus, pendulis ; fructibus suborbicula-
to-ellipticis, compressis, brevissime rostellatis (viridibus)
ore integris, gluma ovata mucronata subzequantibus.

C. limosa, Willd. sp. pl iv. p. 293. Wahl. act. Holm. 1803.
p- 161. Schk. car. t. X. f. 78. Rich. app. Frank. nar. ed.
2. p. 36. Dewey car.1. c. x. p. 41.

C. lenticularis, Mich. fl. ii. p. 172. Dewey car. 1. c. vii. *
p. 273.

Culm usually about 9 inches high, but occasionally attaining the height of
two feet, erect, triquetrous, verysmooth. Leaves mostly radical, narrow
in proportion, much shorter than the culm, smooth and subglaucous;
inferior sheaths brown at the base. Sterile spike about three fourths of
an inch long, on a straight filiform peduncle; sheaths of the bractez
very short; glumes ovate, carinate, mucronate, brown, the keel green.
Fertile spikes generally two, but often solitary, rarely 3, situated near
the summit of the culm, on filiform peduncles about three fourths of an
inch long, more or less ovate, rather loosely flowered, at first horizontal,
but at length pendulous, thick; glumes variable in length, generally
about the length of the fruit, ovate or oblong, acuminate or cuspidate,
sometimes obtuse, brown, (rarely green). Fruit roundish elliptical,
compressed and appearing lenticular, minutely rostrate, smooth, and
distinctly 3-nerved on each side, glaucous, green, puncticulate.

Haz. In sphagnous swamps and on the borders of mountain
lakes. Flowers in June. Ina swamp at Greenbush near
Albany, New-York. Dr. E. James. In various parts of
Massachusetts, as Ashfield, Dr. Porter; Stockbridge and
Becket, Dr. Emmons ; Ipswich, Mr. Oakes. On the mar-
gin of Blue-pond, summit of Mt. Washington, New-Hamp-
shire, Dr. Barratt. In the woody region of Arctic Ameri-
ica. Dr. Richardson. About Swan Lake. Michauc.

Oss. Several varieties of this species are described by Wah-
lenberg, in his Flora Lapponica; his 8. irrigua occurs
among our specimens from the White Hills. and from one

Monograph of North American Carices. 359

or two Massachusetts localities, and Prof. Dewey has found
his y. rariflora (which is considered as a distinct species
by Smith) and 4. livida. He adds also a new variety
&. oblonga: spikes rather long-cylindric. Our plant dif-
fers in no respect from the European C. limosa, except in
the nerves of the fruit being more distinct. It agrees with
Michaux’s description of his C. lenticularis, but whether it
certainly be that species or not, can only be determined hy
# comparison with his specimens.

* Staminiferous spikes two or more.
a. With two stigmas.

97. Carex cespitosa, Lin.

C. spica sterili subsolitaria (vel geminata) ; fertilibus subtri-
bus, cylindraceis, obtusis, distantibus, infima brevissime
exserte pedunculata; bracteis strictis; fructibus ovatis,
acutiusculis, dense suboctofariam imbricatis, ore pertusis,
gluma ovata (nigra albomarginata) majoribus; foliis
patulis.

C. cespitosa, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 287. Schk. car. t. Aa. et
Bb. f. 85. Pursh fl. i. p. 38. Muhl. gram. p. 264.
Elliott sk. ii. p. 536. ,

Culm a foot and a half high, smooth, triquetrous, Leaves dark green, 2
lines broad, flat, smooth except on the margin. Sterile spike solitary or
geminate, on a rigid peduncle, large; glumes oblong, very obtuse, red-
dish brown, witha green keel. Fertile spikes 3—4, (occasionally 5,)
siender, erect, the lowest two inches or more in length, the upper ones
gradually shorter and subsessile, sometimes staminiferous at the summit ;
glumes blackish brown, with a white border, the keel green, obtuse, two
thirds the length of the fruit. Fruit ovate, rather acute, compressed-
triquetrous, without nerves, green; orifice minutely bidentate.

Has. In mountain bogs; rarely in lowlands; Canada to
Pennsylvania; not common. Flowers in May.

Oss. The North American C. cespitosa is taller than the
European plants is said to be; in other respects there is no

apparent difference.
42

ms
98. Carex criniia, Lamarck.

C. spicis sterilibus geminis, (interdum androgynis) ; fertilibus

Statens, distantibus, pendulis, cylindraceis, densifloris ;
_ fructibus subrotundo-ovatis, ventricosis, brevissime rostel-

‘ Tatis, ore integris, gluma lineari duplo vel triplo breviori-

bus.

C. crinita, Lam. enc. iii. p. 379. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 300.

—Schk. car. t. Eee. f. 125. et Ttt. f. 164. Rees’ Cylop. No.
171. Pursh fl. i. p.38. Muhl. gram. p. 229. Elliott sk. ii.
p. 536.

C. paleacea, Wahl. act. holm. 1803. p. 164. Rees’ ries:
141.

_ C. leonura, Wahl. (secund. Swartz, Muhl.)

Culm 2—4 feet high, erect, triquetrous on the angles. Leaves longer than
the culm, pale green, 3—4 lines broad. Sterile spikes 1—2, long and
slender, cernuous, one long-pedunculate, the other subsessile, frequent-
ly fertile at the summit; glumes linear subulate, hispid. Fertile
spikes generally 4, but sometimes 5, very densely fruited, often stami-
niferous at the summit, cylindrical, 2—3 inches long, on peduncles
which increase in length downward, and are supported by long leafy
bractez, all of them pendulous and incurved ; glumes lanceolate, ending’
in a very long hispid point, which is from two to three times as long as
the fruit, spreading, carinate. Fruit very short and dilated-ovate, some-
what ventricose, nerved, smooth; rostrum short, with the orifice minute
and entire.

Haz. Inswamps; Canada to Georgia; common. Flowers
in June.

8. gynandra: spicis foneteria subternis, oblongo-cylindricis,
fructibus brevi-ovatis, gluma aristata paulo longioribus.

Cul 12—18 inches high. Leaves 2—3 lines broad, mostly radical. Ster-
ile spikes 1-2, very often with fertile florets either at the summit or the
base; glumes lanceolate, acute. Fertile spies 3—4, about two inches
jong, thicker, but not as densely fruited as in the preceding species,
nodding ; glumes ovate, mucronate; the scabrous points projecting a
little beyond the fruit, yellowish, with the keel and point green. Frit
broad-ovate, smooth, and of a yellow color when young.

se

he

rth American Carices. 30 1k

Monograph of Vo

Has. In wet meadows; Canada to North Carolina; rather
rare.

Oss. The variety 8. may proveto be a distinct species. Its”
characters are pretty constant, but sometimes it appears to
pass into the ordinary C. crinita. It has much the appear-
ance of C. miliacea, but it is easily distinguished. Occa-
sionally all the spikes are fertile. We have another variety
of C. crinita, collected in New-Hampshire by Capt. Le |
Conte. This has three sterile and as many fertile spikes ;
the latter are oblong-cylindrical: the glumes subulate, and
five or six times exceeding the fruit in length.

99. Carex acuta, Lin.

C. spicis sterilibus 1—3 ; fertilibus subternis, subpeduncula-
tis, subnutantibus, cylindraceis, remotis; fructibus oblongis,
ore integro, pertuso, gluma oblonga acuta subzequantibus.

C. acuta, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 304. Schk. car. t. Ee. & Ff,
f.92. Pursh fl.i. p.98. Muhl. gram. p. 263. Elliott sk. ii.
p. 537.

Culm 2 feet high, remarkably triquetrous, very scabrous on the angles,
leafy at the base. Leaves erect, subglaucous. Sterile spikes 1—3, often
solitary, straight and erect, cylindrical; glumes oblong-lanceolate,
mostly obtuse, light brown, with the keel green. Fertile spikes gene-
rally 3, (sometimes 2), the lowest on a short peduncle ; upper ones often
sterile at the summit; glumes oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, dark
brown, with a green keel, little longer than the fruit. Fruit obtusely
triquetrous, without nerves; rostrum very short, orifice minute.

Yas. In wet meadows; Canada to Georgia; common.

Flowers in May.
Oss. This common species appears to differ in no essential
respect from the European C. acuta.

b. With three stigmas.
100. Carex Barrattii, *

©. spicis sterilibus subgeminis; fertilibus subtribus, oblongy-
cylindraceis, apice staminiferis, cernuis, distantibus : frr

Exo

362 Monograph of North American Carices.

tibous blongis, subtriquetris, scabriusculis, ore subintegro,
gluma ovato-lanceolata paulo brevioribus ; foliis glaucis.
C. littoralis, Schw. an. tab. 1. c.

Culm about a foot high, leafy, rather rigid, triquetrous. Leaves erect,
very glaucous, remarkably smooth, even on the margin, shorter than
the culm. Sterile spikes 2 ; upper one oblong, densely flowered ; glumes
ovate, obtuse, dark brown, not carinate. Fertile spikes about 3, an
inch or more in length, rather loose-flowered, the two lowest on pretty
Jong filiform peduncles, which appear to be cernuous; sheaths and up-
per bractez nearly obliterated; glumes ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse,
dark brown, not carinate, a little longer than the fruit, concave. Fruit
oblong, with a short rostrum.

Has. On the sea coast of New-Jersey near Cape May.

Ozs. This appears to be quite a distinct species, not hither-
to described. For.our specimens we are indebted to our
excellent friend and learned botanist, Z. Collins, Esq. of
Philadelphia. It appears to be allied to C. panicea.

101. Carex trichocarpa, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis sterilibus 2—4, pedunculatis, (interdum apice sta-
miniferis) ; fertilibus tribus, distantibus, pedunculatis, erec-
tis, oblongo-cylindraceis ; fructibus ovato-lanceolatis, acu-
minatis, bicuspidatis, pilosis, gluma ovata. acuminata lon-
gioribus.

C. trichocarpa, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 302. Schk. car. t. Nnn.
f.. 148. Pursh fl. i. p.40. Muhl. gram. p. 257. Elliott sk.
ii. p. 540. Dewey car. |. c. vii. p. 274.

C, lanuginosa, Mich. fl. ii. p. 175.

Culm about three feet high, erect, triquetrous, smooth below, leafy. Leaves
taller than the culm, 3—5 lines broad, scabrous on the margin; sheaths
purple atthe orifice on the inside. Sterile spikes mostly 3, slender, one
ar two inches long, the terminal one pedunculate, all of them supported
on a common elongated peduncle, sometimes bearing a few fertile
florets at the summit; glumes obovate, obtuse or mucronate, carinate.
pale brown, slightly ciliate above. Fertile spikes 2—3, of a thick cy-
lindrical shape, increasingly distant downward, erect, on peduncles

ae

Monograph of North American Carices. 363

which are appressed to the culm; glumes ovate, long-acuminate, nerved,
about two thirds as long as the fruit, reddish, with the keel green.

Fruit subinflated below, distinctly hairy, acuminate or rostrate, bicuspi-
date.

Has. Inswamps; Canada to Georgia; not rare. Flowers
in the end of May.

Oss. We have rarely found the sterile spikes _pistilliferous
at the summit, as they are represented by Schkuhr, but

we have seen the upper fertile spike occasionally sterile at
the apex.

102. Carex verrucosa, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis sterilibus subgeminis ; fertilibus 4—5, infertoribus
longe-pedunculatis, patulis, apice staminiferis; cylindricis ;
fructibus ovatis, subtriquetro-compressis, punctatis, ore
subbidentato, gluma ovata obtusa brevioribus.

C. verrucosa, Muhl. gram. p. 261. Elliott sk. ii. p. 555.?

Culm about 3 feet high, rather slender, sometimes decumbent, leafy, sca-
brous above. Leaves very long, glaucous, neryed, and conspicuously
cross-barred, scabrous on the margin, with very loose sheaths; the
outer ones abbreviate. Sterile spikes 2, or solitary ; terminal one ob-
tuse and pedunculate; glumes oblong, obtuse or retuse, brown, with the
keel green. Fertile spikes mostly 5, the lower ones distant, and on
considerably long peduncles; upper ones approximate and subsessile ;
all of them generally sterile at the summit; glumes ovate, obtuse, brown,
carinate. Fruit ovate, with one conspicuous nerve, punctate under a
lens, but not pubescent; rostrum minute, bifid.

Haz. On the banks of a meadow-brook, North Carolina.
In Georgia and South Carolina. Muhlenberg. : Flowers
in May.

Ozss. The C. verrucosa of Mr. Elliott, is probably the same
as the one we have described, though his description does
not apply in all respects. The name is by no means ap-
propriate.

564 Monograph of North American Carices.

103. Carex filiformis, Lin.

C. spicis sterilibus geminis ; fertilibus geminis, ovato-oblon-
gis, sessilibus, distantibus; fructibus ellipticis, villosis,
bifurcatis, gluma ovato-lanceolata, subaristata sequalibus ;
foliis convolutis.

C. filiformis, Willd. Sp. pl. iv. p. 303. Sehk. car. t. K. f. 54.
Dewey car. |. c. vil. p. 268.

Culm 2—3 feet high, slender, obscurely triangular, smooth. Leaves prin-
cipally forming a large tuft about the root, 2—3 feet long, channelled
or convolute, ending in a long filiform point. Sterile spikes 2, on a long
common peduncle, the upper one elongated, cylindrical and slender, the
other sessile; glumes oblong, acute, brown, with a green keel. Fertile
spikes usually 2, sometimes solitary, about two inches distant, oblong,
sessile, supported by filiform bractez, densely fruited; glumes dark
brown, with a green carina, acuminate. Fruit elliptical, densely vil-
lous, with a divergingly bifid short rostrum.

Haz. In overflowed bog meadows, and in the borders of
ponds near Hope, New-Jersey. Philipstown in the High-
lands of New-York. Dr. Barratt. Westfield. Massachu-
setts. Mr. Davis. Near Williams College. Prof. Dewey.

Oss. The North American plant agrees exactly with our
European specimens, and with Schkuhr’s fener and de-

scription.
104. Carex aristata, R. Brown.

_C. spicis fertilibus ternis quaternisve, cylindraceis, distanti-
bus, brevepedunculatis; fructibus glaberrimis, nervosis,
rostro longissimo altebifido levi, laciniis patentibus ; glu-
mis omnibus aristatis ; foliis subtus vaginisque villosis.

C. aristata, R. Brown, in Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2.

p- 36.
Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-

ordson,

a

Monograph of North American Carices. 368

Oss. ‘This species is said to be between C. bullata and la-

custris. It is altogether different from C. aristata, Dewey.
(C. Davisii. nobis.)

105. Carex vesicaria, Lin.

C. spicis sterilibus subtribus ; fertilibus subgeminis, pedun-
culatis, cylindraceis ; fructibus oblongis, inflatis, acumina-
to-rostratis, bicuspidatis, gluma lanceolata majoribus ;
culmo acute triquetro.

C. vesicaria, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 307. Schk. car. t. Ss. f. 106.
Pursh fl. i. p. 45. Muhl. gram. p. 260.

Culm about two feet high, erect, scabrous on the angles above. Leaves
longer than the culm, bright green, 3—4 lines broad, smooth. Sterile
spikes usually 3, alternate, slender, sometimes androgynous, supported
on a common peduncle several inches above the fertile spikes; glumes
oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale brown. Fertile spikes 2—3, erect, two
or three inches in length, densely fruited, on short exserted peduncles ;
glumes ovate, cuspidate, shorter than the fruit, pale brown. Fruit
ovate-oblong, gradually acuminate, inflated, bicuspidate.

Has. In overflowed meadows; Pennsylvania to New-York ;
notcommon. Flowers in the end of May.

Oss. This handsome species is common in Europe. Spikes
yellowish when mature.

106. Canxex ampullacea, Willdenow.

C. spicis sterilibus tribus; fertilibus 2--3, cylindraceis,
breve pedunculatis, erectis; fructibus subglobosis, inflatis,
rostratis, bifurcatis, gluma lanceolata majoribus; culmo
obtuse triquetro.

C. ampullacea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 308. Schk. car. t. Tt. f.
107. Dewey car. |. c. vil. p. 266. Richard. app. Frank.
nar. ed. 2. p. 36.

Has. Williamstown, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey. In the
woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Richardson.

T

jee teeny
ee
diherges ¢

Ae iets ae
366 Monograph of North American Carices.

Oxzs. The species which we consider as the C. vesicaria, is
perhaps what is called C. ampullacea by Professor Dewey.
We have specimens | of a Carex which differs in some re-
spects from C. vesicaria, but it hardly appears to be a dis-
tinct geciess a

i! 107. ‘Canzx retrorsa, *. Tab. 28. fig. 2.

C. spicis ie iibus subternis, inferioribus szepe basi fructife-
ris ; spicis fertilibus subquinis, approximatis (quasi corym-
bosis,) oblongo-cylindraceis, incluse pedunculatis, infima
seepe remota; fructibus ovatis, inflatis, reflexis, rostratis,
gluma lanceolata duplo brevioribus.

C. retrorsa, Schw. an. tab. car. 1. c. Dewey |. c. ix. p. 67.

Culm about two feet high, erect, thick, obtusely triangular, leafy. Leaves
longer than the culm, thick and rough, 3—4 lines broad. Sterile spikes
generally 3, sometimes 2, terminal one slender; common peduncle
elongated ; glumes oblong, rather obtuse, pale brown. Fertile spikes
4—6, clustered at the summit of the culm in a somewhat corymbose
manner, densely fruited, thick, retrorsely imbricate, especially below
the middle of the spikes, the upper ones nearly sessile, lowest one
often two or three inches distant from the rest; bractew large, and re-
sembling the leaves ; glumes lanceolate, brown, with a green keel half
as long as the fruit. Fruit large, ovate, inflated, smooth, nerved; ros-
trum bifid.

Has. Borders of Ponds. Waterton, New-York. Dr.
Crawe. In Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey. Norwich, Ver-
mont; abundant. Dr. Barratt. Flowers in May.

Oss. This species is nearly allied to C. folliculata, 8. poly-
stachya*, but differs in its numerous sterile spikes, reflexed
fruit, &c. It also resembles C. tentaculata in some re-
spects. ‘The inferior fertile spikes are often compound,
bearing one or two short branches at the base.

108. Carex Schweinitziu, Dewey.

G. spicis sterilibus binis, suprema elongata, pedunculata ;
fertilibus subtribus, oblongo-cylindraceis, subpendulis, re-
motiusculis. incluse pedunculatis ; fractibus oblongo-ova-

@

Monograph of North American Carices. 867)

lis, acuminato-rostratis, inflats, bitrcatis, eluma lanceo-
lata attenuata longioribus. aa r

C. Schweinitzii, Dewey car. 1. c. ix. “|p. 6S.

per

Culm about a foot high, acutely triquetrous , leaty, scabrous above, rather

slender. Leaves rather narrow, smooth, carinate. Slerile spikes 1\—2,
the inferior one mostly small, the other long an slender ; 4 glumes | Jan-
ceolate, acuminate, pale brown. Fertile spikes 3, _ sometimes 4, ‘some-
what curved, and rather pendulous, not very densely fruited, of a squar-
rose appearance, an inch and a half in length; upper one sessile, the
rest on included peduncles; glumes lanceolate, attenuate into a long
subulate point, about two thirds the length of the fruit, pale brown.
Fruit ovate, inflated, spreading, with a long conical rostrum, smcoth,
nerved, bidentate.

Has. In wet sandy soil; near Hope, Sussex County, New-

Jersey. Williamstown, Massachusetts, and Pownal, Ver-
mont. Prof. Dewey. Westfield, Massachusetts. Mr. E.

Davis. Flowers in June. '

Ops. Spikes becoming light straw color. A very distinct

°

species. s hit em ‘

» 109. Carex bullata, Schikub

€. spicis staminiferis subternis ; fructiferis binis, oblonge-

cylindraceis, laxiusculis, exserte pedunculatis subnutanti- |
bus, distantibus ; fructibus ovato-globosis, inflatis, erectis,
--giabris, costatis, rostrato-acuminatis, ore bifido, gluma
lanceolata duplo longioribus. ‘a

C. builata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 309. Schk. car. t. Uuu. f.

166. Pursh fl. i. p. 45. Dewey car. ix. p. 71. Elliott sk.
ii, p. 556. ,

Culm a foot and a half or two feet high, erect, slender, triquetrous, smooth, ’
9

leafy. Leaves longer than the culm, rather narrow, smooth, shghtly
scabrous on the margin. Sterile spies 3--4, sometimes but 2, alter-
nate, slender, cylindrical, on an elongated common peduncle ; glumes 7
ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse, pale brown, with a green keel. Fertile if
spikes 2—3, oblong-cylindrical, thick, but not densely fruited, | ‘two.
inches or more distant, sometimes very remote, uppermost one {when

49

‘
-

yrs
Hr

«
* aie

|

&
’
tips

\ eh —

\ : *

at F \ in ® the f “
oe ye ee va ‘

368° Monograph of North American Carices.

there are 3) sessile and few-flowered, the others on filiform exsert pe-
duncles 1—2 inches long, at first erect, but at length somewhat cernu-
ous; glumes lanceolate, dilated at the base, acute, brown, with the keel
green. Fruit short, ovate, much inflated, marked with distant elevated
nerves, rostrum long and acuminate; orifice bifid and scabrous.

Has. In bog and wet meadows. In various parts of Penn-

_ sylvania. Philipstown in the Highlands of NewYork ;
abundant. Dr. Barratt. Deerfield, Massachusetts. Mr.
Hitchcock and Dr. Cooley. Sheffield, Massachusetts. Prof.
Dewey.

Ozss. Spikes light green when mature. This species is not
described by Muhlenberg, although there are good speci-
mens of it in his Herbarium.

110. Carex pellita, Muhlenberg. . A, are.

’ eoae | ats)
Ae ae? > FA Bi we
C. spicis sterilibus binis, oblongis ; fructiferis binis, cylindra- ac.
pe remotis, erectis, superiore sessili; fructibus ovatis,
- subtriquetris, breve-rostratis, pilosis, bicuspidatis, gluma — tae
oblonga aristata subzequalibus. Ms. re iz

C, pellita, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 302. Schk. car. t. Nano. f. 149. Loe
et 150. Pursh fl. i. p. 44. Muhl. gram. p. 258. Elliott sk.
ii. p. 554. Dewey car. 1. c. ix. p. 70. + Re has ah

-C. striata, Mich. fi. ii. p. 174. ame, aa

Culm two and a half feet high, erect, subterete below? triquetrous and
scabrous above, leafy. Leaves rather narrow, erect, somewhat - rigid,
smooth, flat, longer than the culm. Sterile spikes 2—3, (sometimes 1) the

upper pedunculate, oblong, and oblong-cylindrical ; glumes ovate, dark

brownish, acute, the lower ones mucronate, ciliate. Fertile spikes gen-

erally b but 2, long-cylindrical, or ovate-oblong, densely fruited, on pedun-

cles shorter than the sheaths ; bractec surpassing the culm; glumes ovate
y gh «

or lanceolate, cuspidate, dark brown, with keel greenish, longer or
shorter than the fruit. Fruit ovate, striate with a short rostrum, sub-
erect, densely pubescent ; orifice bicuspidate. =

Has. In wet meadows; Canada to Pennsylvania; com-
mon near New-York and in the Highlands.
May.

Flowers in

eo oe ¢
erg é
hy

si fee

ee

Monograph of North American Carices. 369

Ozs. There is a variety of this species with short and
almost ovate fertile spikes. The flat leaves and geminate
sterile spikes distinguish it from C. filyformis.

£

111. Carex lacustris, Willdenow.

C. spicis sterilibus subquaternis; fertilibus binis vel ternis,

erectis, oblongo-cylindraceis, brevi-pedunculatis; fruc-_

tibus oblongis, multinerviis, subrostratris, glabris, bifur-
catis, gluma oblonga-mucronata paulo-longioribus.

C. lacustris, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 306. Schk. car. t. Ooo. f.
152. Pursh fl. i. p. 45. Dewey car. |. c. x. p. 43.

C. riparia, Mull. gram. p. 259. Elliott sk. ii. p. 554.

Culm 3--5 feet high, very thick and strong, sharply triquetrous, leafy,

_ scabrous above. Leaves erect, longer than the culm, 4—5 lines broad,

- carinate, of a thick and coarse texture, somewhat glaucous; sheath

- white above on the inside. Sterile spikes 3-—4, the terminal one cylin-
drical, the others shorter and thicker, of a bright brown color; glumes
oblong, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate. Fertile spikes 2—3, oblong-
cylindrical, thick, and densely fruited, somewhat attenuate at the base,
sometimes sterile at the apex; upper one nearly sessile; the lower
on short peduncles, erect; g/umes oblong, acuminate or cuspidate, with
a scabrous point, brown, rather shorter than the fruit. Fruit oblong,
with a conical and. somewhat rostrate summit; brown, smooth, dis-
tinetly nerved ; orifice bifurcate.

ean. a In deep swamps, and on the margin of lakes and pone ; :

ret to South Carolina; common. Flowers in the /

beginning of June. he
Oss. Muhlenberg, Elliott, and other botanists, consiliel the
C. lacustris as a variety of the C. riparia, a common Euro-
pean species, and indeed it does not appear to ne very
distinct.

112. Carex cherokeensis *. Tab. 25. fig. i

C. spicis sterilibus 2—4; fertilibus subquaternis, distanti-
bus, ovato-cylindraceis, pedunculatis, apice szpe stam-
‘ iniferis, subpatulis, fructibus ovatis, subtriquetris, longe-

te

’
we

x
370 Monograph of North American Carices.

rostratis, glabris, nervosis bidentatis, gluma ovata valde

acuminata brevioribus.
C. cherokeensis, Schw. an. tab. 1. c. C. anonymus, Herb.

Muhl. No. 382.

Culm a foot in height, triquetrous, suberect, slender, somewhat flexugus.
Leaves shorter than the culm, rather rigid, erect, glaucous, smooth,
subcanaliculate ; sheaths purple at the base. Sterile spikes 2,—4 sub-
cylindric, of a whitish appearance, terminalene much larger than the
rest, on a short peduncle ; glumes oblong, not mucronate, except the
lowest. Fertile spikes 4—5, rather loose-flowered, all on moderately
long filiform peduncles, often almost pendulous; glumes ovate, or ovate
lanceolate, ending in a long acuminate point, but not mucronate, whitish
with a green keel. Fruit ovate, with a long rostrum, slightly nerved,
bidentate, of a shining white color. i

Has. In the Cherokee country. Mrs. Gambold.

Ozs. Very fine specimens of this Carex we found in the
Muhlenbergian Herbarium, but without a name. It is
probably the C. recurva, of the Descrip. gram. p. 262. but
certainly not of Schkuhr. Its white spikes and squarrose
glumes give it a peculiar appearance.

113. Carex longirostris *.

C. spicis sterilibus ternis, brevibus ; fructiferis binis vel ter-
nis, cylindraceis, laxifloris, demum pendulis, longe-pedun-
culatis, subdistantibus ; fructibus ovatis, basi subglobosis,

—longissime rostratis, glabris bifidis, gluma lanceolata
paulo longioribus.

C. longirostris, Torrey in Schw. an. tab. 1.c. Dewey car. 1. c.
ix. p. 257.

Culm about two feet high, slender, triquetrous, scabrous above. Leaves
shorter than the culm, flat, scabrous on the margin, shining. Sterile
spikes 2—3, short, erect, the lowest often bearing a few capsules at the
base; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, hyaline; keel brown. Fertile
spikes 2—3, on filiform exsert peduncles, cylindric, about an inch and a
half long, spreading, and at length pendulous ; uppermost one often ster-
ile at the summit; peduncles 2—4 inches long; glumes lanceolate or
ovate, and cuspidate, white, with a broad green keel, mostly rather

shorter than the fruit, but sometimes a little exceeding it.

pat
| *

Monograph of North A

bs

“?

merican Carices.

371

Fruit loosely

disposed on the rachis, ovate, with a subglobose base, abruptly produced
into a long slender rostrum, slightly bifid at ie Caryopsis ovate,
obtusely triangular, minute, striate and scabrous.

Has.

In wet meadows on river banks.

Near Boston. Dr.

Bigelow. Westfield, Massachusetts. Mr. E. Davis. Shef-

field, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey.

places, Norwich, Vermont. Dr. Barratt.

_ (The names printed in italics are synonymes. )

CAREX.
Acuta, LZ.
affinis, R. Brown.
alba, Henke.
alpestris, Allion.
ampullacea, Good.
anceps, Muhl.
arida, *
aristata, R. Br.
aristata, Dewey.
atrata, LD.
attenuata, R. Br.
aurea, JVutt.
Barrattii, *
bicolor, Allion,
bracteosa, Schw.
bromoides, Schk.
bullata, Schk.

Buxbaumii, Wahl.

capillaris, L.
canescens, L.

cephalophora, Wahi.

cespitosa, L.
cherokeensis *.
Collinsii, Nutt.
compacta, R. Br.
concinna, R. Br.
concolor, R. Br.

Index to the Species.

No.
99

Carex.
conoidea, Schk.
crinita, Lam.
cristata, *
curta, Good.
dasycarpa, Muhl.

decomposita, Muhl.

Davisii, *
Deweyana, * —
debilis, Mx.
digitalis, Muhl.
dioica, L.
disperma, Dewey.
Drimeja, Li.

echinata, . Wahl.

Elliottii, *
festucacea, Schk.
filifolia, Vuté.
filiformis, Z.
flava, L.
flexuosa, Schk.
floridana, *
foenea, Muhl.
folliculata, LD.
formosa, Dewey.
Fraseri, Sims.
fuliginosa,
glaucescens, Ell.

Woods and rocky

~

372 Monograph of North American Carices.

CAREX No. Carex
granularis, Muhl. 83 remota, Z.
granularoides, Schw. , 81 retroflexa, Muhl.
gynandra, . 98 retrorsa, *
gynobasis, Vill. 74 Richardit, Mx.
hirsuta, Willd. 47 Richardsonii, R. Br.
hystericina, Willd. 92 riparia, Good.
intumescens, Rudge. 71 rosea, Schk.
lacustris, Willd, 111 rostrata, Schk.
lagopodioides, Schk. 32 saxatilis, Pursh.
Lagopus, Muhl. 4 scabrata, *
lanuginosa, Mx. & Schweinitzii, Dewey.
latifolia, W. 76 scirpoidea, Mx.
laxiflora, Lam. 82 scirpoides, Schk.
leptalea, Wahl. 6 scoparia, Schk.
lenticularis, Mx. 96 setacea, Dewey.
leonura, Wahl. 98 sparganioides, Muhl.
leporina, Mx. 33 squarrosa, L.
limosa, ZL. 96 stellulata, Good.
Linneana, Host. 1 sterilis, Willd.
littoralis, Schw. 100 stipata, Muhl.
loliacea, L. 29 strinta, Mx.
longirostris, * 113 straminea, Willd.
lupulina, Muhl. 70 subulata, Ma.
marginata, Muhl. 64 sylvatica, Hudson.
media. R. Br. 44 tenella, Schk.
Michaurcti, Schw. 3° tenera, Dewey.
microstachya, Mx. 7 tentaculata, Muhl.
microsperma, Wahl. 21 teretiuscula, Good.
miliacea, Muhl. 90 tetanica, Schk.
misandra, R. Br. 51 tribuloides, Wahl.
Muhlenbergii, Schk. 17 trichocarpa, Muhl.
multiflora, Muhl. 21 triceps, Mx.
mutica, R. Br. 56 trisperma, Dewey,
Muskingumensis, Schw. 31 typhina, Mx.
nigra, All. 69 umbellata, Schk.
nove angliz, * 57 ustulata, Wahl.
(E&deri, Ehrh. 67 varia, Muhl.
oligocarpa, Schk. 78 vesicaria, L.
ovata, Rudge. 26 paniculata, L.
paleacea, Wahl. 98 pauciflora, Light/.
pallescens, LD. 91 pedunculata, Muh.

101

% ott

Monograph of North American Carices.

CAREX.
pellita, Muhi.
plantaginea, Zam.
podocarpa, R. Br.
polytrichoides, Muhl.
Pseudo-cyperus, L.
pubescens, Muhl.
pyriformis, Schw.
vecurva, Muhl,

No.
110

CAREX.
verrucosa, Mate
vestita, Willd.
virescens, Muhl.
virudula, Mx.
vulpinoidea, Mx.
Willdenovii, Schk.
Wormskioldiana, Horn.
xanthophysa, Wahl.

NOTE BY THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION.

Since the return of Mr. De Scuweinirz to his native
country, the Committee of Publication have been favoured
with the following note from that gentleman, which they deem
it proper should accompany the Monograph.

‘The Monograph of the Carices, in its present shape, differs so es-
sentially from the unfinished materials, which, on my departure for
Europe, I confided to my friend Dr. Torrey, with a request to make such
use of them as he deemed proper, that it would be an act of injustice to
that gentleman to consider him simply in the light of an editor. The judi-
cious and elaborate amendments he has proposed, and the mass of new and
valuable matter he has added, entitle him to a participation in the author-_
ship of the work. Iam anxious, therefore, that the Monograph should be
considered and quoted in all respects, as the joint production of Dr.
Torrey and myself.” mR

BeTHLEHEM, Penn. Dec. 20, 1825.

oat)
; oa! : !
On a fossil Crustaceous Animal. 3%

QT

OxBsERVATIONS on a fossil Crustaceous Animal of the order
Brancuiopopa. By J. E. Dexay. Read Dec. 12. 1825.

Tue subject of this notice was presented a few years since,
by Professor Noyes of Hamilton College, to the Cabinet
of the Lyceum. A label attached to it, purports that it was
found in Westmoreland, Oneida County, New-York. It has
been described in vol. 3. p. 291. of the American Monthly
Magazine. The state of the specimen, at that time, not
admitting of close examination, Professor Mitchill was in-
duced to consider it as a fossil fish, and has described it as
belonging to the genus Silurus. This is not surprising, when
we recollect for how long a period the naturalists of Europe
mistook the fossil salamanders of Giningen for fishes of the
same genus, not to mention the still greater error of consider-
ing them as fossil remains of the antediluvial man.

The following description, with the accompanying plate,
will, it is hoped, remove all doubts on the subject, and
establish this very singular fossil in its proper place in the
system.

ORDER BRANCHIOPODA.

Genus EuryprTervs.

Caput a thorace non distinctum. Os ignotum. Oculj
duo, sessiles, distantes, lunati. Abdomen elongatum, posticam
versus extremitatem sensim gracilius, segmentis transversis
subimbricatis divisum. Pedes octo; duo utrinque antici
branchiferi, duo utrinque postici maximi, omnes lamellosi.

E. remapes.

Description. Head roundish, marked anteriorly by a deep
indented line formed by the junction of the superior and in-
ferior plates, similar to the appearance presented on the

50

r .
vag PR RA

376 On a fossil Crusiaceous Animal.

anterior part of some Trilobites. Eyes distinctly lunated,
much depressed, and marked by co: centric strize. Feet
four pair; the two anterior composed of four or more near-
ly equal articulations, of which the terminal one is the small-
est and bluntly pointed, furnished with filaments, which from
their size and situation, are supposed to be branchize. The
third pair is rather longer than the two proceeding, and
entirely destitute of filaments. The fourth or posterior pair
are placed near the junction of the head with the abdo-
men, and are larger in proportion to the body, than in any
living genus of crustacea with which we are acquainted.
{n the description above alluded to, these natatory feet
were mistaken for pectoral fins. As nearly as can be de-
termined from the faint and broken impressions of the up-
per part of these natatory feet, five articulations are
visible, of which the second is furnished on its anterior
edge, with two slight spines, and the last terminates in an
oval plate, as in the genus Portunus. The abdomen con-
sists of eleven distinct articulations tapering gradually
to the tail, a small part of which only remains. The abdo-
men presents no trace of a division into longitudinal lobes.

DIMENSIONS.

Total length - . - - . 3°6
Length of the head - - - - 1
Breadth of do. - - - - 1-4
Breadth of the body - - : - pars

Distance between the eyes = - > - 6
Cabinet of the Lyceum.
Plate XXIX.

‘The remarkable depression of the eyes, with other ap-
pearances, lead to the belief that this fossil is merely an im-
pression, and that this impression has been moulded from
the upper or dorsal surface of the animal.

se

Z

On a fossil Crustaceous Animal. ott

From the preceding description and accompanying plate,
which is of the natural size, it is evident that this fossil must
be referred to the order of branchiopodal crustacea. In the
form and structure of the eyes, it resembles the Isotelus de-
scribed in the preceding volume of the Annals, which was
referred to the family of Trilobites, and yet the presence of
natatory feet, branchial filaments, and more especially the
absence of longitudinal lobes, would separate it decidedly
from that family. It would be very desirable to ascertain its
proper place in the natural series, and to determine whether it
might not form a connecting link between the groupe of Tri-
lobites, and some recent genera of the branchiopodal crustacea.
A cursory inspection of its external form would lead us at
first to place it among the decapodal order of the family Mac-
rourt. The character of that family however will not permit
this and a minute examination of the order Branchiopoda.
Lat. Eutomostraca of others has also failed to satisfy us in
this respect. We may be permitted to indicate Apus, Binocu-
dus, and Lepidurus, as the genera to which the present relic
seerns nearest allied.

We can offer little of interest respecting its geological
situation, as it is not known whether it was found in place,
or in a detached mass. From the weathered appearance
presented by one of its surfaces, we should be inclined to
adopt the latter opinion. The rock containing the impres-
sion is, as far as we are acquainted, peculiar to this country.
It is termed by the country people, bastard limestone, and
has had the usual fortune of most of our rocks, to have been
described under many different names. It is said to be clay
slate by Dr. Mitchill; grey wacke slate, calciferous sand
rock, transition sand rock. &e by others. It is of a bluish
color, with a conchoidal fracture, homogenous appearance
and earthy smell. It effervesces slightly with acids, con-.
tains a few siliceous particles, and gives fire with steel.

378 Examination of Gres of Iron.

Examination of Iron Orzs from the Northern Part of the
State of New-York. By Issacuar Cozzens.

Read December 19th, 1825.

Tue following examinations of some ores of iron, were
undertaken with a view of ascertaining the exact quantities
of iron, the presence of any other metallic oxide, and more
especially the nature of the gangue in which these ores occur,
whether siliceous, magnesian calcareous, or argillaceous.
It was desirable to introduce some improvement in the work-
ing of these ores, for experience had taught the proprietors,
that those which contained the greatest per centage of iron,
were not the most profitable to be worked, but on the con-
trary, as will be seen by the following analysis, many ores
which were mixed with a large proportion of earthy matter,
were more easily fluxed, and of course were more profitable
to the manufacturer.

It appeared, therefore, that in this case the earthy matter,
which was granite, acted as a flux, and consequently that
granite or sienite, if containing much felspar, may be ad-
vantageously used as a flux for very rich ores of iron, where
these rocks are not naturally associated with the ores.

The detection of a new mineral, or of new combinations
of minerals, does not seem to me to constitute the chief
value of an analysis. A more important end is attained, if
we can by analysis, throw out any hints which may improve
the manufacture of an article so essential to the wants of
mankind.

No. 1. Ore of iron from Peru, Clinton County, New-
York.

Character. Its powder is nearly black; magnetic; its
specific gravity 4,41 in the specimen examined; it gives
fire with steel.

/lnalysis. One hundred grains coarsely powdered, were
submitted to pure muriatic acid, which dissolved ninety

Examination of Ores of fron. 379

grains, and left ten grains of earthy matter like sand. This
earthy substance was examined with the microscope, and ap-
peared to be fragments of hornblende, coccolite, with a small
portion of the ingredients of granite.

Pure potash in solution was now added in excess to the
solution of muriate of iron, to precipitate the iron and retain
the alumine if any was present.

The precipitate of oxide of iron was washed, dried, and
heated to a low red; it then weighed eighty-nine grains.
In adding pure potash to the solution of muriate of iron,
there was an oxide of iron with muriate of potash, the oxide
of iron precipitating, and the muriate of potash holding in so-
jution alumine if any was present. In order to determine this
I added pure water of ammonia; it let fall a precipi-
tate, which was examined in the following manner after wash-
ing and drying it: it was then cooled and moistened with a
solution of nitrate of cobalt, which gave a slight blue color ;
the best test of the presence of alumine. The eighty-nine grains
of oxide were now dissolved again in muriatic acid; pure water
of ammonia was added to neutralize the solution, then benzo-
ate of ammonia to separate the iron, leaving the manganese
in the solution of muriate of ammonia. The compound mu-
riate was sublimed, and left the oxide of manganese at the
bottom of the subliming vessel in the form of a white powder,
which turned black on being exposed to the air. The pow-
der was then collected, washed, dried, and then weighed one
and a half grains. Fused with borax and a small quantity
of nitrate of potash, it gave a faint rose color.

Hence it will appear that this ore is composed of

Black oxide of iron, - - 87 00
Earthy admixture, - - 11 00
Manganese, - - - = 1 50

99 50 loss50=100

No. 2. Iron ore from West-port, Essex County, New-
York.

380 Examination of Ores of Iren.

Character. Its powder is nearly black when powdered
without its matrix, but with it, grey; slightly magnetic ; spe-
cific gravity 3,58.

Its gangue granite.

This ore was treated by the same process as No. 1, and
yielded of granitic rock sixty, black oxide of iron forty, and
a trace of manganese, or 24.88 of pure iron in the hundred ;
this ore is said to work very readily, probably owing to the
large quantity of felspar in its gangue.

No. 3. Iron ore from Crown Point, Essex County, New-
York.

Character. Not magnetic; specific gravity 3.96; pow-
der of a purple brown.

Analysis. (1.) A piece of this ore was coarsely powdered ;
in order to examine the earthy residuum with the microscope,
after it had been submitted to muriatic acid.

(2.) One hundred grains of the powder was boiled in muri-
atic acid for half an hour, the solution decanted and more
acid added until it ceased to act on the mineral; the solu-
tions were then put together, and the residuum washed; the
washings added to the solution, the residuum then weighed
17.50 grains. (See 6.)

(3.) To the muriatic acid solutions and washings) | pure
potassa was added in excess, to throw down the oxide of iron.
"The oxide was then dried and ignited with wax. It then
weighed about seventy-two grains ; when first precipitated it
weighed eighty-three, hence it will appear that this ore con-
tains more oxygen than ores No. 1. and 2.

(4.) The muriate of potassa, which was found in adding the
potassa to the muriatic solution of iron, was then examined
in the following manner : first, some pure water of ammonia
was dropt into a portion of it, to precipitate the alumine if any
was present; it had no effect on the liquid; next the solu-
tion of oxalic acid was thrown into another portion of it, to
determine if all the iron had been precipitated, this likewise
had no effect.

Examination of Ores of Lron. 381

5. The earthy residuum was now examined ; first, with the
microscope, but little of its character could be relied on; it
had, however, the appearance of fragments of felspar, and
was easily powdered and gritty to the teeth.

(6.) The earth was now reduced toa fine powder, and fused
with potassa in a silver cup. The fused mass was -uffer-
ed to cool, then dissolved in pure distilled water and filter-
ed; (the potassa had nearly dissolved, only leaving a small
trace of iron); then to the alkaline solution was added muri-
atic acid, it let fall a precipitate of silex, which weighed 15.75
grains, having lost 75, which appeared to be alumine.

(7.) The precipitate of oxide of iron (3) was then dissolved
in muriatic acid, and neutralized with pure water of ammonia,
then precipitated with benzoate of ammonia, forming a ben-
zoate of iron, and a compound solution of muriate of manga-
nese and ammonia, if any manganese was present. The ben-
zoate of iron was then separated from the solution by the
filter. The clear solution that was supposed to contain the
manganese, was then boiled to dryness, and the muriate of
ammonia sublimed, leaving the manganese, which when dried
weighed 2.4 grains ; it was then fused with borax and nitrate
of potash, giving its usual rose colour with a tint of violet.

Hence it will appear this ore contains of

Red oxide of iron ~ - - 79 60
Manganese, - - - - - 24
Silex, “ ~ “ ~ - 15 75
Alumine, - - - > - 175
99 50

loss 50.

No. 4. fron ore from Moriah, Essex County, New-York
Variety No. 1.

Character. Its powder is blackish, with a shade of purple;
magnetic ; specific gravity 4.92 ; has a greyish mineral im-
bedded in it in grains, the size of fine sand.

382 Examination of Ores of Fron.

(1.) One hundred grains lost in calcining one grain in
weight.

Analysis. (2.) The remaining ninety-nine grains were sub-
mitted to muriatic acid in the usual way, which dissolved the
oxide of iron, leaving seven grains not acted upon. The
seven grains appeared to be sand composed of fragments of
granite. Felspar, quartz, and mica, were easily distinguished
by the microscope after the oxide of iron had been removed.

(3.) The solution of (2,) containing the muriate of iron,
was. now precipitated with pure potash and filtered. The
oxide of iron caught on the filter, was washed, dried, and
then ignited with wax, it then weighed ninety-one grains.

(4.) Ten and a half grains of the oxide were dissolved in’
muriatic acid, and neutralized with water of ammonia, and
precipitated with benzoate of ammonia, and filtered ; the fil-
tered solution was then boiled to dryness; the dry mass was
then sublimed to get clear of the muriate of ammonia; there
remained in the subliming vessel, of manganese.25 of a grain.
Now if 10.50 gives 25, 91 will give 2.87.

(5.) The seven grains of earthy admixture was then powder-
ed and fused with pure potassa, which dissolved all but a

trace.

Hence this ore is composed ef
Black oxide of iron, - ~ é 89 13
Manganese, - - - - 2 87
Silicious admixture, ~ - y 7 00

99 00 loss 1.

Or of oxygen, - - - - 19 88
Jron, - - - - = ° 69 25
Manganese, - - - 2 87
Silicious admixture, ~ - - 7 00

Re oo

99 00 loss 1.

Notes on Shells. 383

No. 5. Iron ore from Moriah, Essex county, New-York.

Character. Somewhat irised, or pavonine; magnetic.
Sp. gr. 4.50; its powder black. This ore was treated in a
similar manner as No. 4 above, and proved to consist of

Black oxide of iron - 88 50 or oe - 20 28

Iron - - 68 22
Silex ~ = - » 6.00
Aljumine - - - $800 88 50

97 50 loss 2.50
With a trace of sulphur and a trace of manganese.

Notes on Suetus. By D. H. Baryes.
No. Il.
[Read December 26, 1825. Continued from page 140. ]

TE want of books is a great obstacle to the progress of
the student of natural history; for whatever new or curious
object he may discover, he cannot be sure that he will be safe
in publishing it, unless he has examined all the books in that
department. Many of these books in our country are not to
be obtained, and some that we have, are imperfect copies, de-
ficient in the important part of plates. Under these circum-
stances that we make any progress in natural science, is an
evidence of zeal and industry ; and these circumstances ought
to alleviate any censures which might otherwise be justly
charged upon us, when we publish as new, those things which
our more favored brethren abroad have previously discover-
ed, but of which discovery they have not communicated to us
the knowledge. Science is a republic in which every man
has a right to think and act for himself. If the decisions of

our foreign friends appear to us just and reasonable, we shall
51

384 Notes on Shelis..

receive them. If they appear unjust and unreasonable, we
shall reject them. We have the less hesitation in this course,
because our friends abroad often disagree with each other ;
and then, according to ancient rules, we are ‘‘ free.”

Do.iuM DENTATUM,

described in page 135, Plate IX. fig. 3. of this volume, has
been noticed both in France and England The Baron Fer-
rusac says, “‘ the description and fizure prove that Mr. Barnes
has mistaken the genus Douium for the Cassiparia.”’ This re-
mark shows that to him the specimen was new. Mr. Gray, in
the Zoological Journal, page 511, says, ‘‘ the Donium pEn~-
TaTuM is the Dotium rincens of Swainson.” Mr. Swain-
son’s work is not among us. I presume Mr. Gray is right.
Mr. Swainson then considers it a Dolium, and after careful
examination, has so described it. Ferrusac, without having
seen it, affirms it a Cassidaria. In this passing remark there
is a strangeness, not to say carelessness, which is unaccount-
able. There never was a better characterized Dolium than
this. It has all the characters of that genus. The outer lip
is expanded precisely in the manner of Doliuwm fasciatum of
Lamarck. The spire channeled in the same manner as Do-
hum galea, Dolium fasciatum, and Dolium perdiz. 'The base
is emarginate, quite as much so as any Dolium which we have
seen. ‘The slight extension of the inner lip is precisely what
is seen in nearly every species of the genus. The perdiz,
fascratum, maculatum, and galea, have the same. The ribs
are exactly similar, and the intermediate elevated line. It
more resembles Doliwn galea than any other ; and if a large
specimen of each was placed with the back towards the ob-
server, they would not readily be distinguished. Since the
former description was published, a specimen has been re-
ceived which adds full confirmation. The axis is nine inches,
and the diameter seven inches; and it so exactly agrees in its

Notes on Shells. 385

characters with the other, that the description needs very little,
if any correction. The epidimis were entire, and the protu-
berances on the pillar remarkably similar to those of the shell
described. It is preserved in Dr. Mitchill’s cabinet, and was
received from Don Pedro Abadea of Lima. Has. Quito
Island, near Guayaquil.

Natica Heuicoipngs.*

This shell, of which it appears, by the Zoological Journal,
volume I. page 60, that there was only one specimen in Eng-
land, and another in France, is rather common in our collec-
tions. I have reserved a specimen for the authors of the
Journal, who say that it must bear my designation rather than
theirs.

Cyprma Macuvata.*

1 had some doubts, as expressed, when [ announced this
shell; but I have none now. Myr. Gray says it is a variety
of the C. Arabica, as described by him. In this he is under
a mistake. I have fully traced its history. I have all the va-
rieties of C. Arabica mentioned by him, and several others ;
and the Maculata is constantly and essentially different from
any of them It never has brown lines or reticuiations on the
back, and has always a large dark brown or black spot on the
centre of the base. The first which I saw, is that from which
the figure was taken; but since that time, numerous speci-
mens have been brought from the Pacific. In its young state,
the inside is very pale violet, nearly white, and the outside
clouded with zig-zag bands, and light spots resembling the
young of C. Mauritiana. As it advances in age, the back
becomes a dark reddish brown, variegated with well-defined
round white spots, resembling Lamarck’s C. Cervina. The
teeth are nearly or quite black, and the basal spot is of the
same color. Mr. Gray does not mention a black spot on the

386 Votes on Shells.

base in any variety of Arabica, nor, so far as 1 can find, is it
ever found in that species. Indeed the two shells are totally
unlike, and the C. MMaculata is as distinct as any other species
whatever. It is never reticulated; but in its adult state the
back is gibbous, and the shell triangular, like C. Mauritiana,
or C. Caput serpentis. In this state the brown in part covers
the white spots, producing a mottled appearance like the C.
JMauritiana. In very old specimens, the enamel from the base
extends more than half-way up the sides, and covers two-thirds
of the back. It more resembles C. Mauritiana than any other
species, but differs from this in having the base and sides
somewhat flesh-colored, with numerous black or dark brown
spots. It cannot be confounded with any other species by
those who have once examined it, and observed it in the
various stages of its growth.

The small shells figured on plate rx. were described, but
the description withheld, for want of a reference to some of
the latter plates of the Encyc. Meth., to which Lamarck
makes constant reference, but which, on examination, were
not found in any of our copies.

AN ACT

TO INCORPORATE

THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

IN THE CITY OF NEW-YORK.

Passed April 20, 1818.

WHEREAS the members of the Lyceum of Natural His-
tory have petitioned for an act of incorporation, and the Le-
gislature impressed with the importance of the study of Natu-
ral History, as connected with the wants, the comforts, and
the happiness of mankind, and conceiving it their duty to en-
courage all laudable attempts to promote the progress of
science in this State—therefore,

~ Be it enacted, by the People of the State of New-York, re-
presented in Senate and Assembly, That Samuel L. Mitchill,
Caspar W. Eddy, Frederick C. Schaeffer, Nathaniel Paulding,
William Cooper, Benjamin P. Kissam, John Torrey, William
Cumberland, D. Jurco V. Knevels, James Clements, and
James Pierce, and such other persons as now are, and may
from time to time become members, shall be, and hereby are
constituted a body corporate and politic, by the name of the
Lyceum or Naturat History in THE City or New-York,
and that by that name they shall have perpetual succession,
and shall be persons capable of suing and being sued, plead-
ing and being impleaded, answering and being answered
unto, defending and being defended, in all courts and places
whatsoever, and may have a common seal, with power to
alter the same from time to time, and shall be capable of pur-
chasing, taking, holding, and enjoying to them and their suc-

388

cessors, any real estate in fee simple or otherwise, and any
goods, chattels, and personal estate, and of selling, leasing,
or otherwise disposing of the said real or personal estate, or
any part thereof, at their will and pleasure: Provided always,
that the clear annual value or income of such real or per-
sonal estate shall not exceed the sum of five thousand dol-
lars: Provided, however, that the funds of the said corporation
shall be used and appropriated to the promotion of the objects
stated in the preamble to this act, and those only.

And be it further enacted, That the said society shall from
time to time, for ever hereafter, have power to make, consti-
tute, ordain, and establish such by-laws and regulations as
they shall judge proper, for the election of their officers ; for
prescribing their respective functions, and the mode of dis-
charging the same ; for the admission of new members; for
the government of the officers and members thereof; for col-
lecting annual contributions from the members towards the—
funds thereof; for regulating the times and places of meeting
of the said society ; for suspending or expelling such members
as shall neglect or refuse to comply with the by-laws or regu-
lations, and for the managing or directing the affairs and con-
cerns of the said society: Provided, such by-laws and regu-
lations be not repugnant to the constitution and laws of this
State or of the United States.

And be it further enacted, 'That the officers of the said so-
ciety shall consist of a president and two vice-presidents, a
corresponding secretary, a recording secretary, a treasurer,
and five curators, and such other officers as the society may
judge necessary ; who shall be annually chosen, and who shall
continue in office for one year, or until others be elected in
their stead: that if the annual election shall not be held at
any of the days for that purpose appointed, it shall be lawful
_o make such election at any other day, and that five members

389

of the said society, assembling at the place and time desig-
nated for that purpose, by any by-law or regulation of the so-
ciety, shall constitute a legal meeting thereof.

And be wt further enacted, That Samuel L. Mitchill shall be
the president ; Caspar W. Eddy the first vice-president; Fre-
derick C. Schaeffer the second vice-president; Nathaniel
Paulding, corrésponding secretary ; William Cooper, record-
ing secretary; Benjamin P. Kissam, treasurer; and John
Torrey, William Cumberland, D. Jurco V. Knevels, James
Clements, and James Pierce, curators; severally to be the
first officers of the said corporation, who shall hold their re-
spective offices until the twenty-third day of February next,
and until others shall be chosen in their places.

And be it further enacted, That the present constitution of
the said association shall, after passing of this act, continue
to be the constitution thereof, and that no alteration shall be
made therein, unless by a vote to that effect, of three-fourths
of the resident members, and upon the request in writing of
one-third of such resident members, and submitted at least
one month before any vote shall be taken thereupon.

Staie of New-York, Secretary's Office.

I certiry the preceding to be a true copy of an original act of the
Legislature of this State, on file in this Office.

ARCH’D CAMPBELL,
Axzany, April 29th, 1818. Dep. Sec’ry.

CONSTITUTION.

———

ARTICLE I.
This society shall be styled ‘“‘ The Lyceum of Natural His-

* y

tory in the City of New-York.”

ARTICLE 1 :

nad

{t shall consist of three classes of members, viz. resident,
corresponding, and honorary: resident members, such as
dwell in the city of New-York and its immediate vicinity ;
corresponding members, such as reside at a distance from said
city, or in other states; and honorary members, such as may
be judged worthy, from their attainments in Natural History,
io be admitted into the society. The number of honorary
members shall never exceed forty.

ARTICLE IU.

All members shall be elected by ballot. Candidates for
admission shall be proposed in writing, at least two meetings
previous to being balloted for. The affirmative votes of three-
fourths of the members present shall be necessary to elect a
candidate; honorary or corresponding members, however,
may be elected without previous notice, provided that thé
ballot on such election be unanimous.

ARTICLE IV.
None but resident members shall he entitled to vote, or be

eligible to any office in the society.

ARTICLE V.

No member who shall be in arrears for one year, shall be
entitled to vote, or be eligible to any office in the society.

391

ARTICLE VI.

The officers of the society shall consist of a president, two
vice-presidents, a first and second; a corresponding secretary,
a recording secretary, a treasurer, five curators, and a libra-
rian, who shall be chosen annually on the fourth Monday of
February. There shall also be elected at every anniversary ~
meeeting of the said society, the following committees, viz. a
committee of nomination, consisting of five members; a com-
mittee of publication, of five members ; a finance committee, of
of three members; and a library committee, of three members:
also, an anniversary orator, and a draughtsman to the Lyceum.

ARTICLE VII.

The election of officers shall be by ballot, and the person
having the greatest number of votes, shall be declared duly
elected.

ARTICLE VIII.

Five members at a stated meeting shall form a quorum,
and ten at a special meeting.

ARTICLE IX.

By-laws for the further regulation of the society shall from
time to time be made.

ARTICLE X.

No alteration shall be made in this constitution, unless by a
vote to that effect, of three-fourths of the resident members,
and upon the request in writing of one-third of all the resident
members, submitted at least one month previous to any vote
being taken thereupon.

Jt
to

CATALOGUE OF BOOKS

IN THE

Labrary of the Lyceum of Natural History,

291
aps fe

293

294

DEcEMBER 1825.

IN CONTINUATION.

M4
a

Acharius. Lichenographia Universalis.
Ampere. Description d’un appareil electro-dynamique. Paris, 1324.

-. Exposé methodique des phénoménes electro-dynamiques,
&c.

Audouin, V. Lettre sur la generation des Insectes. Paris, 1824.

295 Austin. Summary Description of the Lead Mines in Upper Louisi-

296

307

4

ana. 8vo. Washington, 1804.

Barton, W. P. C. Flora of North America. Illustrated by colour-
ed figures, drawn from nature. $ vols. 4to. Philad. 1821-3.

Berzelius, J. J. The use of the Blow-pipe in Chemical analysis, and
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Riviere Sanglante, &c. New-Orleans, 1814.

-——-. (Another copy.)

-. Deux mots sur des promenades de Paris a Liverpool.

Philadelphia, 1823.

-. Tothe Public of New-York and of the United States; by
the author of the Discovery of the Sources of the Mississippi.

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—. Eloge de Palisot de Beauvois.

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Boston and its vicinity. 8vo. Ed. 2d. Boston, 1824.

Bonaparte, C. L. American Ornithology, or the Natural History of

Birds inhabiting the United States, not given by Wilson. Vol, I.
folio. Philadelphia, 1825.

€ 2
DYS

368 Boon-mesch, H, C. Aanmerkingen emtrent den staat en de even
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309 Brande, W.T. Journal of Science and the Arts. 5 vols. 8yo.
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310 Brewster, D. The Edinburgh Journal of Science. Nos. 1,2, 3, 4,5.

311 Brongniart, Ad. Observations sur les Vegetaux Fossiles renfermes
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313 Bigsby, J. J. Notes on the Geography and Geology of Lake Hu-
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314 Brackenridge, H. M. Journal of a Voyage up the River Missouri.
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816 Cordier, L. Sur les substances Minerales dites en masse qui entrent
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317 Chaptal, M.I. A. Elements of Chemistry. $§ vols, in one. Phi-
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318 Cutbush, J. The Philosophy of Experimental Chemistry. 2 vols.

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319 Cuvier, G. Sur les progres des Sciences Naturelles depuis la paix
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322 D’Azara, F. Essais sur Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupeds de la
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327 Du Petit Thouars, A. Histoire des Vegetaux recueillis sur les [es
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329 Eaton, 4. Botanical Exercises; including Directions, Rules, and
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330 Ehrharti, B. Dissertatio de Belemnitis Suevicis. 4to. Auguste
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333 Field, B. Geographical Memoir on New South Wales; containing
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334 Fotssac. Memoire sur la Magnetisme Animale. Paris, 1825.

3395 Forster, J. R. Catalogue of the Animals of North America; con-
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336 Fries, E, M. Novitiz Flora Suecice.

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338 . Classification des produits Volcaniques.

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342 } ava eee Magazin der Auslandischen Literatur, &c. 4 Nos.

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344 Haiiy. Traite de Cristallographie. 2 vols. With atlas. Paris, 1822.

345 Hayden, H. H. Geological Essays, or an Inquiry into some of the
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346 Harlan, R. Fauna Americana, or a Description of the Mammifer-
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347 ——-- Observations on the genus Salamandra. 1824.

348 Hillhouse, A. LZ. Essay on the History and Cultivation of the Eu-
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349 Hooker, W. J. Catalogue of Plants contained in the Royal Botanic
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350 —————--———._ Monograph of the British Jungermannia. No. 10.
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39d

335 Humboldi, A. Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie
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369 ———. Index seminum plantarum que in R. M. H. deside-

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377 Legh, T. Narrative of a Journey in Egypt and the country beyond
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t Prodromo della Mineralogia vesuviana. Vol. I.

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; saat ag t Histoire de tous les animaux qui composent la famille
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429 Valenciennes, A. Description du Cernie (Polyprion cernium). 4to.
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399

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449 Constitution and Laws of the Rensselaer School in Troy, New-York,
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450 Catalogue of the New-York Society Library. S8yo, 1815.

451 (Supplement to the same.) 8vo. 1825.

452 of the Library of Yale College.

453 —— Supplement to the Catalogue of the Library of Congress.
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454 des Arbres, Arbrisseaux, &c, cultives a Tonelle prés Ta-
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456 of the New-York Historical Society Library.

457 Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles par plusieurs Professeurs du
Jardin des Plantes et des principales ecoles de Paris, Levrault.
Paris. 34 vols.

458 Dialogue entre un Medecin et un homme du Monde. Paris, 1824.

459 Geological Etiquette, or King Coal’s Levee.

460 Questions proposees aux Voyageurs et a toutes les personnes qui s’in-
teressent aux progres de la Geographie. Paris, 1824.

461 Reglement de ay Société de Geographie de Paris.

A462 Report of the > Committee of the Rhode-Island Coal Company. New-
York, 1825.

oo

400

463 Topographical Description of the State of Ohio. Boston, 1812.
464 Voyages of Byron, Wallis, Bougainville, &c. a sai volume of
plates, illustrative of.

TRANSACTIONS, &c.

465 Annales de la Société Linneéne de Paris, 1823-4.

466 Memoires de la Société Linneéne de Paris, 1824.

467 ———— Fascicule de quatorze planches faisant partie du premier
volume des Memoires de la Société Linneéne. 4to. Paris, 1822.

468 Bulletin de la Société d’Encouragement. 3 vols. 4to. Paris, 1819-
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469 Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Vols.
1V.and V. Part f.

470 Sociéte de Flore, cinquieme et sixieme exposition. Bruxelles.

471 Messager des Sciences et des Arts. Nos. 1-12. For 1825.

472 Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, held at Philadel-
phia. 4to. Vol. I. New series.

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474 —— of the Agricultural Society of New-York. 3 vols. and
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476 ——— of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York.
Vol. II. No. 1.

477 and Collections of the Royal Society, (abridged,) from

1638 to 1744. 9 vols. 4to. London, 1782, et Seq.

478 Collections of the New-York Historical Society. 3 vols. 8vo.

479 Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh.
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(*) Carta de Buenos Ayres, por Bartolomi de Munos.

401

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402

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> The Lyceum is indebted to R. K. GREvini£, Esq. of Edinburgh, for
Plate XXII; to Jer. Van Renssexvaer, for Plate XIV.; and to
James E. De Kay, for Plate XXIX.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES

Pre:

Pri.

Pu. II.

Pec:
Pa ¥:
Pr. Vi:

Of Vol. . Parts 1 § 2.

Lichens from the vicinity of New-York.

Fig. 1.

Fig.

m 02 9 = TO — DB OO WO

Spiloma roseum.

. Lecanora fulva.

. Pyrenula enteroleuca.

. Verrucaria composita.

. Cephalopterus Vampyrus.
. Clupea hudsonia.

. Androsace carinata.

- Potentilla nivalis.

- Primula angustifolia.

. Trifolium nanum.

Siren striata.
Bilobites.
Teeth of the Megatherium from Georgia.

Fig. 1.

OM FQ ot & 09 t9

10.
11.

Utricularia ceratophylla.

. U. macrorhiza.
. U. vulgaris.
. U. striata.

U. gibba.

. U. fornicata.

. U. longirostris
. U. integra.

. 'T. purpurea.

U. personata
U. setacea.

PL. Vil. Phoca cristata.
Pr. VIII. Megatherium.

Fig. 1.

(a)
we

3.

A.

Inner view of the lower jaw.
External view of do.

Horizontal section of one of the teeth.
Vertical section of do.

404

Pu, IX. ig. 1. Cypreea maculata.
2. C. eburnea.
3. Dolium dentatum.
4. Voluta harpa.
Pui. X. Pleuraphis Jamesii.
Fig. 1. A plant of the natural size.
2. A congeries of spikelets.
3. The same, separated.
4. A lateral spikelet.
5. The same magnified.
6—7. Glumes of the same.
8. Corolla.
9. Inferior valve of the same.
10. Stamens.
11. Central spikelet.
12. The same magnified.
13--14. Glumes of the same.
15. Corolla.
16. Inferior valve of the same.
17. Superior valve.
18. Stamens.
19. Germens, styles and stigmas.
20. Nectaries.
Pu. XI. Coleopterous Insects of North America.
Fig. 1. Bruchus lividus.
. Mycetophila rufipes.
. Anthicus murinipennis.

wm 09

. Anthrenus hzemorrhoidalis.
Hister dimidiatipennis.

. Attelabus nigripes.

. Cryptorynchus meestus.

. Eccoptus minutus.

OMNIA

. Anthonomus suturalis.
. Pissodes squamosus.
. Obrium dentatum.

pt
— ©

408

Pu. XJ. Fig. 12. Molorchus afiinis.
13. Anthribus meestus.
14. Lycoperdina ferruginea.
15. Coccinella marginipennis.
16. Galeruca janthina.
17 Colaspis infuscata.
18. Chrysomela scalaris.
19. Altica oblonga.
20. Cryptocephalus subfaciatus.
Pu. XII. =Trilobites.
Fig. 1. Isotelus gigas.
2. Under side of do.
3. Under side of Limulus.
Pu. XII. Fig. 1. Isotelus gigas extended.
2. I. planus.
Pu. XIV. Fossil erustacea from New-Jersey.
Pui. XV. Map of the environs of Montreal.
1. Trilobite.
Pi. XVI. Menobranchus lateralis.
Pi. XVII. Abranchus Alleghaniensis.
Pi. XVIII. Details of organization of A. Alleghaniensis.
- 1. Os hyoides and spiracular cartilages.
2. Vertebre.
3——4. Upper and side views of the head.
5. Hind foot.
Pu. XIX, Profile view of the Chlamyphorus of the
size of nature
PL, XX. Fig. 1. View of the back of the head.
P 2. Posterior truncated portion.
3. Anterior view of the inferior portion
‘ of the body.
4. Anterior and posterior view of the
fore foot.
5. Anterior and posterior view of the
hinder foot.

406

Pu. XXI. Profile view of the cranium magnified.
2. Posterior view of the cranium magnified,
3. Anterior do, do. do.
4. Several views of a tooth magnified.
5. The organ of hearing magnified.
6. Anterior and inferior view of the end of
the snout magnified.
7. Relative position of the teeth.
8. Lower jaw, natural size.
Pu. XXIf. Amphiuma means.
Pu. XXIII. Musci and Hepatice.
1. Calymperes Hobsoni.
2. Bryum ciliare.
3. Hypnum Haldanianum.
4. Jungermannia carinata.
5. Jungermannia tenax.
Pi. XXIV. Carices of North America.
Fig. 1. C. cristata.
2. C. arida,
Pu. XXV._ Fig. 1. C. cherokeensis.

2. C. aurea

Pu. XXVI._ Fig. 1. C. subulata.
2. C. scabrata.

Pi. XXVIII. Fig. 1. C. digitalis.
2. C. squarrosa.

Pu, XXVIII. Fig. 1. C. floridana.

2. C. retrorsa,
Pi. XXIX. Eurypterus remipes.

A

Abranchus alleghaniensis
Acid of the Rhus glabrum
Adoxa Moschatellina
Agrostis airoides

cespitosa

cryptandra
Alectoria jubata
Altica oblonga
Ampbiuma means
Amygdaloid
Analytical Table of Carices
Andicpogon glaucum
Androsuce carinata
Anthicus murinipennis
Anthonomns suturalis
Anthrenus hemorrhoidalis
Anthribus meestus
Aristida fasciculata
Arthonia astroidea
Attelabus nigripes

B

Beomy: “* roseus
rufus
Bilobites
Borrera chrysopthalma
exilis
Bruchus lividus
Bryum ciliare
Buprestis arcuata
bilineata
polita
pusilla
transversa

Cc

Calicium clayiculare
stigonellum
Calymperes Hobsoni
Carex acuta
affinis
alba
alpestris
ampullacea
anceps
arida
aristata
atrata
alternata
aurea
Sarrattii

INDEX.

Carex bicolor

bullata
233 Buxbaumii
42 bromoides
32 capillaris
151 cespitosa
152 cephalophora
lol cherokeensis
19 compacta
173 concinna
269 concolor
21 conoidea
62 crinita
153 cristata
30 curta
170 “dasyearpa
171 Davisii
170 Deweyana
172 digitalis
174 dioica
5 disperma
171 Elliottii
festucacea
foenea
filifolia
19 filiformis
19 flava
45 flexuosa
5 folliculata
7 formosa
A7O:1 j 2. fuliginosa
273 floridana
271 Fraseri
250 glaucescens
251 granularis
252 hirsuta
249 hystericina

lacustris
lagopodioides

laxiflora

7 longirostris

? limosa
271 loliacea
361 lupulina
297 marginata
34) media
341 misandra
365 miliacea
343 Muhlenbergii
312 multiflora
364 mutica
3201 nigra
297 | nove-angliz
328 Cderi

361 oligocarpa

31d
367

327

346
360
315
318
326

324
293

315

325

327

344

405

Carex ovata
pallescens
paniculata
paucifiora
pedunculata
pellita
plantaginea
polytrichoides
podocarpa
Pseudo-cyperus
pubescens
remota
retroflexa
retrorsa
Richardsonii
rosea
scabrata
scirpoides
Schweinitzii
scoparia
Ssetacea
Sparganioides
squarrosa
stellulata
Sterilis
stipata
subulata
sylvatica
straminea
tenera
tentaculata
teretiuscula
tetanica
trisperma
trichocarpa
umbellata
ustulata
varia
vestita
verrucosa
vesicaria
virescens
viridula
Willdenovii
Wormskioldiana
xanthophysa

Calcareous spar

Capraria pusilla

Carbonate of Iron

Cenomyce_acicularis

alcicornis
vacillaris
botrytes
cariosa
cespiticia
coccifera
endivie folia
finbriata
furcata
szonorega

INDEX.

309 ) Cenomyce pyxidata
354 rangiferina
308 verticillata
298 uncialis

309 | Cephalopterus Vampyrus

368 | Cerbera Thevetia
342 | Cetraria ciliaris

296 glauca
352 : lacunosa
355 viridis

333 | Clupea hudsonia

$19 | Chlamyphorus truncatus

301} Chlorite
366 | Chrysomela scalaris

330} Coccinella marginipennis

302] Colaspis infuscata
345 | Colleiwna furvum

317 lacerum
366 nigrescens
313 tremelloides

307 | Columbite

305 | Cornicularia fibrillosa

299 pubescens

317 | Cryptocephalus subfasciatus
293 | Cryptochynchus meestus

304 | Cyprea eburnea
340 maculata
350
314 D
319
335 |- Dolium dentatum
308
347 E
311
362 Eccoptus minutus
352 Blater abruptus

49 | appressifrons

329 | attenuatus
331 brevicornis
363 | clypeatus
365 ; collaris
321 ! cucullatus
320 dilectus
it | erosus
H geminatus
339 | hemipodus
PA | impressicallis
6) inflatus
93 | insipiens
13) muscidus
17, nimbatus
1s, parallelus
1s | plebeius
18 | quercinus
17) rectangularis
13 | rotundicollis
17} rubricus
17 silaceus
18 viridanus

18 | viridipilis

135, 384

171
253
267
257
265
266
268
264
261
258
264
254
260
258
267
256
265
256
263
262
263
259
261
260
259

aod
957

' Elater viridis
unicolor
Endocarpon complicatum
Hedwigii
miniatum
smaragdulum
tephroides
Weberi
Epidote
Evernia prunastri
vulpina
Eurypterus remipes

y

Fluate of lime
Fossil crustacea
Fringilla vespertina

G

Galleruca janthina
Geology of Montreal
Graphis betuligna
scripta
serpentina
Gratiola anagallidea
aurea
carolinensis
pilosa
quadridentata
virginica
viscosa
Gyrophora Muhlenbergii
papulosas
pensylvanica
frustulata
vellea

H

Hirundo fulva

Hister dimidiatipennis

Hornblende

Hyla delitescens
femoralis
lateralis
squirella
versicolor

Hypnum Haldanianum

Hystrix dorsata

Tron ores

Isaria sphingum

Isidium corallinum
phymatodes

Tsotelus gigas
planus

INDEX. 409

255 J
255 ‘
10° Jasper $1
9 Juice of the Sambucus canadensis 44
10 Jungermannia carinata 276
9 tenax 277
9
10 E
$0
7 Lecanora albida 12
17 angulosa 12
375 | atra 11
brunnea 13
candelaria 13
80 | cesio-rubella 3
168 249 | Saeeta e 11
920 | elegans 13
glaucoma 12
irregularis 13
juglandina 13
perella 12
17 periclea i
198 salicina 12
9 subfusca 12
8 tartarea 13
9 varia Pe
108 ventosa 12
106 Villarsii 12
105 | Lecidea albo-cerulescens 6
107 atro-alba 5
107 aurantiaca 7
106 carneola 6
106 coccinea 6
$ citrinella 6
8 confluens 5
8 corticola 6
& demissa 7
3 dolosa 6
Ehrhartiana 7
enteroleuca 5
fumosa 5
15 globifera 7
170 immersa 6
80 lapicida 5
281 luteola 6
280 marmorea 6
279 pantosticta 5
279 premnea 5
281 sabuletorum 6
275 sanguinaria 6
190 versicolor 6
Lepraria flava 21
latebrarum PRI
Lycoperdina ferruginea 172
378
129 » M
19
19} Mastodon giganteum 143
176 | Megatherium 58, 114

178 | Menobranchus lateralis 233

410

-Menobranchus tetradactylus
Menopoma Alleghaniensis +

Molorchus affinis
Mycetophila rufipes
Myosotis nana

N

Natica patula
Helicoides

Native silver

Nephroma resupinata

oO

Obrium dentatum

Opegrapha herpetica
macularis

Oxyria reniformis

P

Parmelia aleurites
: Borreri
caperata
cesia
centrifuga
colpodes
conspersa
crinita —
Peltidea aphthosa
canina
Pentstemon alpina
Phoca cristata
Phosphate of Manganese
Pissodes sqnamosus
Pitchstone
Pleuraphis Jamesii
Polygonum viviparum
Porina fallax
leioplaca
leucostoma
pertusa
Potentilla nivalis
Prehnite
Primula angustifolia
Pyrenula enteroleuca
margacea
nigrescens
Pumice of Missouri

R

Ramalina fastigiata
fraxinea
polymorpha
Rana fontinalis
gryllus
Rheum digynum

INDEX.

233
271
172
170

33

Ruellia ciliosa
oblongifolia
strepens
tubiflora

ela

Saccopharynx

Siren striata

Spheria entomorhiza

Spiloma melaleucum

roseum

Staurotide

Stereocaulon paschale

Stilbite

Sticta anthraspis
crocata

Stylephorus

Supports for minerals under the

blowpipe
1h

Torrelite
Trachys ovata
gracilis
Trifolium nanum
Trisetum airoides
oN

rey

"? i, ie : U

Uniola stricta
Urceolaria calearea -
cinerea
Usnea angulata
florida
plicata
Utricularia ceratophylla
' eornuta
fornicata
macrorhiza
personata
striata

V

Variolaria amara
communis
Verrucaria analepta

composita
Voluta harpa

Yy

Yenite

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141
142
140
142

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