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We 32 Sun Oe Fay | : ' vam eww He Se etre ee He wri ee ea Ly e+ § eee a n so. , seis tate OD ded Seta gns Was +* ee eo ee ee 2 eee) rec ve baie tote eee Dae ee ea dee earet a. vine Sb . en ee a eh guane ae cca mir irre ere ae tr toe eee ee ee Se he RE tera ctl rt by reid - vhw pe eee eo ew th a ee ee ee oe | OLE ole eter ae ans Bre treet oar) arr euee Ae 688 Bee hte eR a dee Fee ve sOeger bees met Git ae tb my heh Pr he Pee See ed Aan cee oe ee ee i ee Ceacat*:metkbwt eet Opie Ss we sae eres sw 42% BY YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, | | ih eA eS a . ; : | es ) LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. “ | i ae ety Dew Fork; PUBLISHED FOR THE ACADEMY, | | ; ; t | Fas co 1887. | ‘Bros., PrrnvERs, 113 SrxTu AVENCE, Nae | 2p OF THE ACs --1887, OFFICERS President JOHN S. NEW BERRY. Vicebieetients: OLIVER P. HUBBARD. W Ma Ps Sr |, Corresponding Secretany. s ee eee: ALEXIS A. JULIBN, = ee Recording S$ecretany, H. LEROY FAIRCHILD. Greasurer. “HENRY DUDLEY. ~ Poibranian. NATHANIEL L. BRITTON. Gouna: of Publication. ee 4) DANIELS, MARTIN, JOUN S. NEWB 1 ge ALBERT R. LEEDS. - 'T. A, ALLER eee : W. P. TROWBRIDGE. ee ES — RA 2A rn aa Si a 1S y a r ad E kshank. rutc . DISTRIBUTED BY THE AUDUBON MONUMENT COMMITTEE Painted by FC ae INT IN ALES OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, VOLUME IV. | : I.—A Review of the Chetodontide of North America. | BY CARL H. EIGENMANN AND JENNIE E. HORNING. Read January 321st,, 1887. In the present paper is given the synonymy of the genera and species of North American Chetodontide, together with analyti- cal keys by which the species and genera may be recognized. The specimens studied belong chiefly to the Museum of the Indiana University, duplicates of all being also in the United States National Museum. We accept the family of Chetodontide as limited by Gill and by Jordan & Gilbert, leaving the two genera Chetodipterus and Parapsettus in a separate but closely related family, Hphippide (= Drepanine, Klunzinger). The American Chetodontide may be referred to three genera, which may be defined as follows : Review of the Chetodonlide ro ANALYSIS OF GENEKA OF CH A®TODONTID2, a. Preopercle unarmed ; dorsal spines not graduated, some of the median spines Jonger than the last spines ; scales comparatively large ; (young with the Tholichthys form. ). ; - ae 6. Snout (nasals, palatines, etc.) with premawxillaries articular and den- tary bones much produced, beak-like ; cleft of mouth, with max- illaries short ; lateral line ceasing under soft dorsal. c. Dorsal spines 12 or 18 ; soft rays about 20 (19 to 28). PROGNATHODES, 1. bb. Snout little if at all produced ; dorsal spines usually 12 to 14; anal spines 3. CHETODON, 2. aa. Preopercle armed with a very strong spine at its angle ; (young without Tholichthys form ?). d. Dorsal spines 8 to 14; vertical limb of preopercle above spine armed or nnarmed. oa POMACANTHUS, 3. Genus I, PROGNATHODES. PROGNATHODES Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 238 (pelta) (name only.). Type Chelmo pelta Ginther, (= Chelmo aculeatus Poey.). This genus, containing two species, P. longirostris and P. aculeatus, seems to be intermediate between Chelmon and Che- todon, having the produced snout of the former and a fin-formula more like that usually seen in the latter. Its value as a genus is doubtful, its species differing less from those of Chelmon than extreme forms of Chetodon differ from each other. Its two spe- cies are, moreover, very distinct, the one (/ongirostris) having * small scales and a very long beak, while the other (aculeatus), has the scales large, and the beak not very much longer than in some species properly referred to Chetodon. ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF PROGNATHODES. a. [Snout modcrately produced, about half length of head ; profile steep, concave. Maxillary reaching to middle of snout. Angle of pre- opercle rounded, minutely serrate. Dorsal spines long and very strong ; 4th spine 2 in depth ; membrane between spines deeply notched. Soft anal higher than soft dorsal ; their basal halves 7% we of North America. alone scaled. Caudal truncate ; uniform reddish brown, with shining longitudinal streaks, following the series of scales ; spi- nous dorsal and its base blackish; soft dorsal bordered with orange ; other fins yellowish or colorless; border of opercle orange ; ocular band dark, narrower than eye, without paler border, not extending below eye. D. XIII, 19; A. III, 15; Scales 8-40-19. Depth 2 in length ; head 3.] (Giinther, Poey.) ACULBATUS, 1. 1. PROGNATHODES ACULEATUS. Chelmon aculeatus Poey, Memorias, II, 202 (July, 1860). (Havana.) Prognathodes aculeatus Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 354 ; Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 63 (Cuba). Chelmo pelta Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., I, 88 (September, 1860). (Lo- cality unknown.) Habitat, West Indian Fauna. This species is known to us only from the accounts of-Ginther and Poey. Genus 2. CH ETODON. CuZTopoON Artedi, Genera, 1788, 51 ; Synonymia, 1738, 89 (numerous spe- cies, many belonging to Pomacanthus, etc.).— TETRAGONOPTRUS Klein, Historia Piscium, 1744, 37 (many species, stria- tus, etc. ). CH&ToODON Linneus, Systema Nature, X, 1758, 272 (includes the then known Chetodontide, some Acanthuride, etc.). CH4TODON Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. II, 1827 (strzatus, capistratus, etc.). RABDOPHORUS Swainson, Fish., Rept., and Amph., 1839, II, 21 (ephip- pium). C1IrHAR@Dvws Kaup, ‘‘ Wiegm. Arch., 1860 (meyerz).”’ ETEIRA Kaup, ‘‘l. c ((riangularis=strigangulus).”’ LrinopHora Kaup, ‘‘1. ¢ (awriga).” SaRoTHRODUS Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 238 (‘‘ Chetodon Cuv., nec Artedi” substitute for Chetodon, transferred to Pomacanthus). THOLICHTHYS Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, 1868, 457 (osseus, larval form). TETRAGONOPTRUS Bleeker, Rev. Famille Chetodontoides, 1877, 52 (str7- - atus). Wa Review of the Chetodontide CHA&TODONTOPS Bleeker, 1. c.. 53 (collaris). HEMICHATODON Bleeker, |. c., 53 (capistratus). LEPIDOCH2ZTODON Bleeker, 1. c., 54 (unimaculatus). OxYCHA&TODON Bleeker, |. ¢., 54 (lineolatus). . GONOCHZXTODON Bleeker, 1. ¢.. 54 (tréangulum). CuatTopon Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fish. North America, 1883, 614 (capistratus). ANISOCH#TODON Klunzinger, Fische des Rothen Meeres, 1884, 54 (auriga, ele:): Type, Chetodon capistratus. As the first species enumerated under Chetodon by Artedi, belongs to the modern genus Pomacanthus, Bleeker, Gill and Poey have transferred the name Chetodon to the latter group. The present genus is therefore called by Gill. Sarothrodus, and by Bleeker, Tetragonoptrus, the latter name being taken from Klein. If, however, our generic nomenclature is to date from 1758, this change is inadmissable. The Chetodon of Linneeus practi- cally corresponded to the modern family of Chetodontide. It was first restricted by Cuvier to species of the type of the Lin- bean species, striatus. capistratus, etc., and with this group the name must remain. The selection of capistratus as the actual tvpe of the genus dates from the work of Jordan & Gilbert. Very young forms of Chetodon, which are provided with large flat, membranous, scale-lhke, expansions or shields devel- oped from the bones about the head (preopercle, shoulder-girdle, etc.), have been described under the generic name of Tholichthys. The true character of Tholichthys as a \arval Chetodon, has been shown by Dr. Liitken (Spolia Atlantica). : The species of Chetodon are very numerous, and abound in all tropical seas about the coral reefs. ANALYSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CHAZ TODON. «@. Scales of trunk all subequal, with their posterior margins regularly rounded. b. Series of scales below the axis of the body running obliquely upward and backward. (Chetodontops Bleeker.) of North America. 5 e, [Ocular band extending from dorsal only to eye, not across the cheek ; snout little produced, its length less than diameter of eye ; body deep, the height 12 in extreme length ; muzzle with a blackish band ; a transverse band between eyes, much narrower than eye; a band between dorsal fin and interorbital area, descending to temples and bordered with whitish; another crosses dorsal fin, cau- dal peduncle, and near margin of anal, the anterior margin of which extends from the base of the anterior soft rays to axilla of anal fin ; caudal, produced part of dorsal, margin of anal, and all of pectoral and ventral fins pale. D. XII, 24. A. III, 20. Scales 44.] (Giil.) NIGRIROSTRIS, 2. ec. Ocular band extending beyond the eye across the cheek and interopercle,; no transverse band between the eyes. d. A large black spot, not ocellated, on base of soft dorsal ; an indistinct band extending vertically across from it to base of: anal ; a small black spot on tip of soft dorsal, (obsolete in young) ; ocular band narrower than eye, extending from in front of dorsal through eye and over interopercle ; no humeral band ; a black spot on opercle above ; body subrhomboidal ; the anterior profile concave ; snout somewhat produced, longer than eye. Lateral line extending to below posterior third of soft dorsal. Dorsal and anal fins angu- lar behind ; depth 14 in length ; head 3. D. XIII (or XID), 20; A. III, 16. Scales 6-34-15 ; (81 in a median series). OCELLATUS, 3. dd. No spot at base of soft dorsal ; dorsal and anal rounded behind.* e. Humeral band wanting. fF. Ocular band jet black, not white-edged, little narrower than eye, extending from first and second dorsal spine through eye and over cheek ; another band from fourth and fifth dorsal spines to base of posterior half of anal, not extending on anal ; a dark line from dorsal down the middle line of fore- head ; rest of body yellowish without markings. Body deep, strongly compressed ; snout somewhat produced, 24 in head, forming an angle with the descending profile ; second dorsal spine highest, as long as head; caudal rounded. Lateral line extending to below first dorsal ray, depth 12 in length ‘2m total); ead 22-(8) ;. D: X11, 18;. A: IT], 17.. Scales 9-36-17. AYA, 4. if. [Ocular band edged with whitish, narrower than eye, con. tinued across interopercle ; a brown, white-edged vertical band from extremity of dorsal across tail over posterior half * This character has not been verified in Chaetodon aya. Review of the Chetodontide of soft anal; fins and body otherwise chifly pale. Body deep, the back elevated ; snout subconical, somewhat pro- duced. as long as eye. Depth 2 in total length ; head 4 D. XIT, 28; A. ILI, 19; scales 7-88-17.] (Poey, Gunther.) SEDENTARIUS, 5. ce. Humeral band present, black, broader than eye, extending from front of spinous dorsal to base of pectoral ; ocular band narrower than eye, extending from in front of dorsal across eye and over cheek and interopercle ; a broad band from last dorsal spines to base of anal ; soft dorsal and anal with a dark band paral- lel with the margin ; three dark bands across caudal fin and. peduncle. Body deep, the back elevated, the profile steep and concave ; snout very slightly produced, shorter than eye, which is 3 in head ; scales on head small. Lateral line ex- tending to below posterior end of soft dorsal. Head 3 in length ; depth 14. D. XIII, 20; A. IIT, 17; seales 6-30-17. HUMERALIS, 6. bb. Series of scales below the axis of the body horizontal or very nearly so. ( Tetragonoptrus Bleeker.) Jf. [Soft dorsal and anal rounded behind ; snout slightly produced, very little longer than eye ; body with fine blackish cross- bars, the first an ocular band, narrower than eye, from dor- sal through eye and over interopercle ; second, a humeral bar from front part of spinous dorsal to ventral region ; third, from last five dorsal spines to front of soft anal, curved forwards ; fourth curved backwards, from last dorsal spines along whole base of soft dorsal to base of anal ; fifth, across middle of caudal fin and extending as a marginal band on soft dorsal and anal; this yellow-edged behind. Ventrals black. Young with a black spot ocellated with white on upper part of fourth band. D. XII (XD, 21> ASE 16; scales 8-40-16.] (Génther, etc.) STRIATUS, 7. bbb. Serves of scales below the avis of the body extending downward and back- ward. (Chetodon=Hemichetodon Bleeker.) g. Body not very deep, the back not greatly elevated, the ante- rior profile concave ; snout somewhat produced, as long as the eye ; soft dorsal and anal fins angulated behind. Dorsal spines rather slender. Scales rather large, their arrangement peculiar, those above the level of the upper part of the eye, placed in straight series which run upward and backward, those below this line running similarly downward and back- ward ; each series of scales being sharply marked by a con- tinuous blackish streak, underneath the scales. Ocular band edged with pale, much narrower than eye, and extending of North America. across eye and cheek ; a very large jet-black spot, ocellated with pale, below soft dorsal ; soft dorsal and caudal with two narrow black bands, the margins abruptly pale. Head 3+; depth 14. D. XTII (X11), 19; A. III, 17. Scales 6-42-17. CAPISTRATUS, 8. 2. CHZZTODON NIGRIROSTRIS. Sarothrodus nigrirostris Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862, 248 (Cape San Lucas). Yhetodon nigrirostris Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 365 (Cape San Lucas) ; Jordan, Cat. N. A. Fishes, 102, 1885 (name only). Habitat, Cape San Lucas. This species is known to us only through the descriptions of Gill. The original types alone have been taken. 3. CHZETODON OCELLATUS. C hetodon ocellatus Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 211, fig. 2, 1787; Walbaum, Artedi, Genera, 414, 1792 (copied) ; Turton, Syst. Nat., I, 777, 1806 (India) ; Jordan, Cat. Fish. North America, 102, 1885 (name only). Chetodon bimaculatus Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 219, fig. 1, 1790 ; Walbaum, Artedi, Genera, 415, 1792 (copied); Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 67, 1831 (Havana, Martinique, Porto Rico, San Do- mingo); Storer, Syn. Fish. N. A., 338, 1845 (copied) ; Poey, Mem. de Cuba, IJ, 871, 1860 (Cuba) ; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 9, 1860 (Jamaica) ; Poey, Enum. Pisc. Cub., 62, 1875 (Cuba) ; Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A.; 940, 1882. Sarothrodus bimaculatus Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, 474 (Santa Cruz); Poey, Enum. Pisce. .Cub.: 62, 1875 (Cuba) : Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 43, 1876 (Bermudas). Sarothrodus maculoctnctus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 99, 1861 (New port). Chetodon maculocinctus Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 616, 1882. Sarothrodus amplexicollis Poey, Enum. Pisc. Cub., 68, 1875 (Cuba). Habitat, West Indian Fauna; India. The numerous specimens examined by us are from Havana. There is no doubt that Sarothrodus maculocinctus from the Gulf Stream, is the young of this common tropical species. oP Oe Pe ee Pl Vyas 8 eeview of the Cheetodontide / 4. CHE TODON AYA. Chetodon aya Jordan, Proc. U. S§.. Nat. Mus., 1886, 225 (Snapper Banks near Pensacola, Fla.). Habitat, Northern Gulf Coast of Florida ; Pensacola. We have examined the original type of this species, which is now in the United States National Museum (No. 37747) ; length 13 inches. ‘The description given here is that of the young ; the adult will probably be found to vary somewhat from the proportions given here. | 5. CHETODON SEDENTARIUS. Chetodon sedentarius Poey, Mem. de Cuba, II, 208, 1858 (Cuba). Sarothrodus sedentarius Poey, Syn. Pisc. Cub., 364, 1868 (Cuba) ;° Poey, Enum. Pisc. Cub., 62, 1875 (Cuba). Chetodon gracilis Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IJ, 20, 1860 (Caribbean Sea ; West Indies). Habitat, West Indian Fauna. This species is known to us only through descriptions. 6. CHA TODON HUMERALIS. Chetodon humeralis Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., II, 19, 1860 (Sand- wich Islands); Giinther, Fishes Central America, 419, pl. 65, f. 3, 1866 (Pacific Coast Central America) ; Jordan, Cat. Fishes N. A., 102, 1885 (name only). Habitat, Pacific Coast of Central America. The specimens examined by us are from Colima, on the West Coast of Mexico. The occurrence of this species at the Sand- wich Islands is questionable. 7. CHETODON STRIATUS. Chetodon No. 7, Artedi, Syn. 95; No. 10, Sueci Descr. Spec. Pisc., 80, _ 1738. Labrus rostro reflexo fasciis lateralibus tribus fuscis, Linneeus, Ameen, Ac. I, 595, 1749. of North America. g Chatodon striatus Linnxus, Syst. Nat,, ed. X, 275, 1758 (India) ; ¢d. ed. XI, 464, 1766: Bloch. Ichthyologia, plate 205, fig. 1, 1787; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1249, 1788 (India); Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 222, - 1801 (East Indies) ; Turton, Linneeus, Syst. Nat., I, 772, 1806 (India); Cuvier & Valencicnnes, Hist. Nat. Poissons, VII, 10 (San Domingo, Martinique, St. Thcmas) ; Storer, Syn. Fish. North Am., 888, 1845 (copied) ; Gronow, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 68, 1854 (Indian Sea) ; Poey, Mem. de Cuba, I], 871, 1860 (Cuba) ; Castelnau, ‘‘ Anim. Amer. Sud. Poiss., 19,” 1850, 61; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 8, 1860 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, St. Domingo, Jamaica). Sarothredus striatus Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub., €52, 1868 (Cuba) ; Poey, Enum. Pisce. Cub.. 62, 1875 (Cuba). Habitat. West Indian Fauna and Jndia. Known to us through descriptions and plates only. 8. CHAETODON CAPISTRATUS. Labrus rostrvo refexo ocello gurgureo ivide alta juata caudam, Linnaeus, Ameen. Ac. I, 596, 1749. Chetodon capistratus Linneeus, Syst. Nat.. ed. X, 275, 1758 (India) ; Lin- neeus, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, 465, 1766 (India) ; Bloch, Ichthyologia, tab. 205, fig. 2, 1787: Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1250, 1788 (Jamaica) ; Wal- baum, Artedi, Syn., 414, 1792 (Jamaica) ; Bloch & €&chneider, Syst. Ichth., 222, 1801 (Indian Sea); Turton, Linneeus, 772, 1806 (Jamai- ca) ; Risso, ‘‘ Eur. Merid., III, 482,” 1827; Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 64, 1831 (Martinique, San Domingo, St. Tho- mas, Cuba); Gronow, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 67, 1854 (American Seas) ; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., I], 12, 1860 (Jamaica, Puerto Cabello, Demarara, Trinidad) ; Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. North America, 940, 1883; Jordan, Cat. Fishes North America, 102, 1885 (name only). Sarothrodus capistratus Poey, Enum. Pisc. Cub., 62, 1875 (Cuba). Habitat, Indian and West Indian Fauna. The specimens examined by us are from Havana. It is a com- mon fish of the West Indian fauna. Genus 3.- POMACANTHUS. , PoMACANTHUS Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 517, 1803 (gréson). Houtacantuus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 525, 18038 (¢rzcolor, etc.). GENICANTHUS Swainson, Fish. Amphib. & Rept., IT, 212, 1838 (amarckit & tricolor). pA | a thar. * ‘a? 10 Review of the Chetodontide CENTROPYGE Kaup, Wiegm. Arch., XXVI, 1, 1876, 138 (tzbicen). POMACANTHODES Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 244 (conipectus). ACANTHOCHATODON Bleeker, ‘‘ Arch. Néerl. Sc. Nat., Kit 5,” 1876 (lepi- dolepis). — Nee CH2TODON Bleeker, |. c. (transferred to species ot Pomacanthus, as the first species of Chatodon mentioned by Artedi belongs to the latter group). — Type, Pomacanthus grison. Lacépede based his genera Pomacanthus and Holacanthus on the armature of the preopercle. This character is not sufficient . to separate the species of this group into two genera, because, 1st: The armature varies in the species of Holacanthus from minute serre (passer and tricolor) to a number of strong spines (ciliaris) ; 2nd: The upper limb of the preopercle, in the young at least of some species otherwise resembling Pomacanthus (zont- pectus), is armed with minute serre. We have therefore placed those species having a spine at the preopercle and the dorsal spines graduated, in the genus Pomacanthus, regardless of the armature of the upper limb of the preopercle. ‘The degree of the graduation of the dorsals might offer some distinctive char- acters ; the species of Pomacanthus proper, having each succeed- ing spine decidedly higher than the one preceding it. But here again we find variation in the species of Holacanthus : the spines of H. tricolor are all of about the same hight, with the excep- tion of the Jast two or three, while in H. ciliaris the spines are regularly graduated, though the last spine docs not attain the hight that the spines in the species of Pomacanthus do. ‘The subdivision adopted by Dr. Giinther, although natural enough, does not seem very scientific,—the species with 8 to 10 spines being placed in Pomacanthus, while those with 12 or more con- stitute the genus Holacanthus. One species properly belonging to the former group has 11 spines. ANALYSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF POMACANTHUS. a. Dorsal spines 8 to 11; dorsal rays 23 to 32 ; scales of different size, the lon. gitudinal and cross series not distinct. b. Scales of the luteral line 50.to 55. Dorsal spines 9 (rarely 8), soft rays 30 to 32; anal rays III, 24. Color in the adult steel-gray. The larger scales surrounded by smaller ones ; each scale with a dark spot at base ; older specimens nearly plain yellowish, of North America. 11 young with about 4 whitish cross-bands ; caudal truncate, with a pale edge ; base of pectoral without. orange. Depth 14 in length, head 3%. Scales 8-53-27. First dorsal spine about 5 in the length of the last, which is 1} to 1} in head. AUREUS, 9. bb. Scales of the lateral line 70 to 90. ¢. Dorsal spines usualiy 10; the soft rays 29 to 30. Anal rays IIL, 23 to 24. Oolor black ; scales of different sizes on the body, most of them with yellow edge ; young witb’yellowish cross-bands ; base of pectoral orange ; caudal rounded, its border not pale; 65 scales in a median series ; 85 to 90 in the series above the lateral line. ARCUATUS, 10. cc, | Dorsal spines 11, soft rays 23 ; anal rays IIT, 20 to 22. Protile very steep, uneven ; vertical limb of preopercle with minute serre, at least in young ; spine at angle of opercle about as long as eye. Soft rays of anal lower than those of dorsal. Soft dor- sal highest toward the front, the rays more rapidly shortened posteriorly than those of anal. Caudal somewhat rounded ; Ventrals elongate, reaching 3rd anal spine, the first ray fila- mentous. Scales of body irregular in size, large and small ones closely intermixed ; scales of head, breast, and front of back very small. Color brownish, a broad dark band gird- ing the breast and extending up to 5th dorsal spine. Young pure black on dorsal and anal. Top of head with a median line of bright yellow, dividing at the snout, extending along each side of mouth and meeting on throat below. Sides with five very distinct narrow bright yellow cross-bars, strongly con- vex forward ; blue lines between bars. Depth 1} in length ; head 84. Scales in lateral line 70.] (Jordan & Gilbert, Gill.) ZONIPECTUS, 11. aa. Dorsal spines 14, dorsal rays 17 to 20; scales all of about the same size, the rows lengthwise and crosswise quite distinct. d. Ascending limb of preopercle armed only with small serra, the largest not more than +5 the length of the large spine at the angle, which vs about 24 in head. é. [Seales in lateral line 75 to 80 ; the angles of the caudal not pro- duced into filaments ; preorbital with two or three blunt points. Color brown, with a transverse white band from the sixth dorsal spine ; caudal, ventral, pectoral, and margin of ana] fins yellow. Head with two distinct bluish bands, one in front of eyes, one from front of dorsal behind the eye. Depth 23 in length ; head 4. D. XIV, 17 or 18; A. III, 16-18.] (Valenciennes, etc.) PAssER, 12. Review of the Chetodontide ec. Scales in lateral Vine 48 ; the angles of the caudal produced into filaments ; preorbital with a distinct blunt spine. Color m life: head, anterior part of trunk and caudal fin, golden yel- low ; rest of body, snout and chin, black ; dorsal, analand _ opercle edged with scarlet ; orange on upper and lower ray of caudal ; iris yellow, blue above and below. Depth 12 in. length ; head 34. D. XIV, 19: A. III, 18. Scales 3-48-25. First dorsal spine 14 in length of the last, which is 23 in head. TRICOLOR, 13. dd. Ascending limb of preopercle armed with 3 to 9 strong spines, the largest about 4 the length of the large spine at the angle, which is 3$ to 44 tn head , caudal obliquely rounded ; its angles not produced ; angle of dorsal and anal very much produced, their tips extending beyond caudal ; preorbital without a distinct spine. Color in life: yellowish brown on sides, each scale with a darker or orange spot ; back shaded with violet, which grows brighter and merges into intense sky-blue along the edges of the spinous dorsal and on the region before the dorsal ; scales of dorsal region with brown spots like those on sides ; head paler ; the upper lips yellowish, lower jaw reddish ; spines of preopercle and edze of opercle very brigit sky-blue ; iris yellow, marked above and below by blue: a blue bar extending from in front of first dorsal spine half way to eye; breast a sky-blue ; pectorals sky-blue at hase, then broadly golden, its edge pale ; ventrals golden ; poste- rior edge and produced lobe of dorsal and anal golden yel- low ; caudal broadly edged with yellow. -Depth 14 to 12 in length ; head 33 to 32. D. XIV, 20, A. TA 18) Seales 8-45-28. First dorsal spine about 23 in the length of the last, which is .24 in head. Vertebre 104-14. CiuiaRis, 14. 9. POMACANTHUS AUREUS. Chetodon aureus Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 193, fig. 1, 1787 ; Walbaum, Ar- tedi Genera, 407, 1792 (copied) ; Bloch & Schneider. Syst. Ichth., 217, 1801 (Antilles) ; Turton, Linneeus Syst. Nat., I, 778, 1806 (copied) ; Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cub., 350, 1868 (Cuba). Pomacanthus aureus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1802 (Brazil) ; Cuvier ; & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 202, 1831 (St. Thomas, San Domingo): Storer, Syn. Fish. N. A., 840, 1845 (copied) : Poey, Mem. de Cuba, IT, 371, 1860 (Cuba) ; Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 131 (Key West) ; Jordan, Cat. Fish. North America, 1885, 103 (name only). Chirivita Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cub., 10, plate 6, fig. 2, 1787 (Cuba). —“~ of North America. 1E Pomacanthus arcuatus Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 201, fig. 2, 1887; Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 218, 1801 ; Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1802 (after Bloch). Pomacanthus balteatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 208, 1831 (Porto Rico); Storcr. Syn. Fish. N. A., 1845, 340 (copied). Pomacanthus parw Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 55, 1860 (in part), (West Indies). Chetodon arcuatus Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cub., 351, 1868 (Havana. Pomacanthus arcuatus Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. North America, 616, 1883 ; Baird, Bull. U. 8. Fish. Com., 1884, 178 (Barnegat City, N. J.). FHlabitat, West Indian Fauna north to New Jersey. The many specimens examined are from Havana. There is considerable difficulty in distinguishing the synonymy of this species from that of arcuwatus ; the differences between the two species are those set forth in the Key ; but the deseriptions and figures often contain elements from both species, on account of the similarity of coloration in the young. Pomacanthus arcu- atus Bloch, belongs here, having nine dorsal spines, the candal white-edged but rounded. Chefodon arcuatus Poev, and Poma- canthus arcuatus Jordan & Gilbert, are placed here on the au- thority of those anthors. 10. POMACANTHUS ARCUATUS. Paru Brasiliensibus Marcgrave, Hist. Pisc., Lib. I, 144, 1648 (Brazil). Guaperna Brasiliensibus Marcgrave, Hist. Pisc., Lib. I. 178, 1648 (Brazil). Chetodon No. 3, Artedi, Syn. 91, 1788. Chetodon No. 4, Brown, ‘‘ Jamaica, 454,” 1756 (Jamaica). Chetodon arcuatus Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X. 273, 1758 (Indies) ; same, ed. XII, 462. 1766 (Indies) ; Turton, Linneus Syst. Nat., I, 769, 1806 (copied) ; Bleeker, Arch. Néerl. Sci. et Nat., XI, 181, 1876 (Surinam, Hayti, Santa Cruz). Chetodon lutescens Bonnaterre, ‘‘Planche de l’Encyclopédie Methodique, 182,” 1782: Pomacanthus lutesceens Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss, IV, 518, 1802 (after Brown), Chetodon paru Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 197, fig 1, 1787; Bloch & Schnei- der, Syst. Ichth., 217, 1801 ; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1256, 1788 (copied); Turton, Linneus Syst. Nat., I, 774, 1806 (South America); Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cub., 351, 1868 (Havana). . 14 feview of the Chetodontide Pomacgnthus paru Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 205, 1831 (Martinique) ; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1], 55, 1860 (Bahia, Puerto Cabello, Jamaica), [in part]. Chirivita Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 9, plate 6, fig. 1, 1787 (Cuba). ea Pomacanthus cingulatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Vil, 209, 1831 ; Castelnau, ‘‘ Anim nouv. ou rares de l’Amer. du Sud, Poiss., 20,” 1855. Pomacanthus quinquecinctus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 210, 1831 (locality 7); Castelnau, ‘‘ Anim nouv. ou rares de |’ Amer. du Sud, Poiss., 20,” 1855. Chetodon quinquecinctus Poey, Syn. Pisc. Cub., 851,.1868 (Cuba). Pomacanthus arcuatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. VII. 211, 1831 (locality ?); Liitken, Spolia Atlantica, 61, 1880; Castelnau. ‘* Anim. nouv. ou rares de l’Amer. du Sud, Poiss., 20,” 1855. Chetodon littoricola Poey, Syn. Pisc. Cub., 351, 1868 (Cuba) ; Poey, Enum. Pisc. Cub., 60, 1875 (Cuba). Habitat, West Indian Fauna south to Bahia. Known to us only through descriptions and figures. 11. POMACANTHUS ZONIPECTUS. Pomacanthodes zonipectus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862, 244 (San Sal- vador) ; the same, 1863, 162 (W. coast Central America). Pomacanthus zonipectus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 376 (Nicaragua, San Salvador) ; Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 386 (Mazatlan, Panama); Jordan, Cat. Fishes N. A., 1885, 103 (name only). Pomacanthus crescentalis Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 358 (Mazatlan Harbor and Panama). (Young of zonipectus.) Hathitat, West coast of tropical America. This species is known to us only through descriptions. ‘The young, quite unlike the adult in color, were at first taken by Jordan & Gilbert for a distinct species. 12. POMACANTHUS PASSER. Holacanthus passer Valenciennes. Voyage Venus, 327, pl. 6, 18381 (Gala- pagos Archipelago); Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., II, 46, 186 (copied). ~t of North America. li Hotacanthus strigatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862, 248 (Cape San " Lueas) ; Jordan, Cat. Fishes North America, 103, 1885 (name only) ; Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 885 (Cape San Lucas, Colim). Pomacanthus strigatus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 353 ~ (Cape San Lucas) ; Jordan & Gilbert, the same, 1884, 365 (Cape San Lucas) ; Jordan & Gilbert, the same, 1884, 372 (Colima). Habitat, West coast Central America and Galapagos Islands. We have not seen this species. There seems to be little doubt that Holacanthus strigatus is the young of folacanthus passer. 13. POMACANTHUS TRICOLOR. Cataténeta. Parra, Descr. Dif: Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, -12, lam. VII, f. 2, 787 (Cuba). Acarauna Edwards, ** plate 285, fig. 4.” Chetoden tricolor Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 426, 1795 ; Bloch and Schneider, Ichth., 219, 1801 (Brazil and Havana). Holacanthus tricolor Lacepéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 10, 525, 1803 (Brazil, Gua- daloupe, Cuba) ; Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 162, 1831 (St. Thomas) ; Storer, Syn. Fishes North America, 340, 1845 (copied) ; Poey, Mem. Cuba, IJ, 371, 1860 (Cuba) ; Giinther, Cat. - Fishes Brit. Mus., II, 49, 1860 (Bahia, West Indies, Jamaica, Trini- dad) ; Poey, Enumeratio, 61, 1875; Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 44, 1876 (Bermudas). Genicanthus tricolor Swainson, Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles, II, 212, 1839 (name only). Pomacanthus tricolor Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fishes North America, 941, 1882. Habitat, West Indian fauna south to Bahia. The single specimen of this species examined is from Havana. Its synonymy offers no difficulty. 14. POMACANTHUS CILIARIS. -Acarauna major pinnis cornutis, an Paru Brasiliensibus (the Angel-fish,) Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car., Fla., and Bahama Is., 1731, plate 31. Chetodon ciliaris Linnus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 276, 1758 (Indies) (in part) ; Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, 1766; Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 214, 1787; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1252, 1788 (copied) ; Bloch & Schneider, 16 | Review of the Chatodontide Syst. Ichth., 218, 1801; Turton, Linneus Syst. Nat., I, 778, 1806 (copied) ; Walbaum, Artedi Pisc., 419, 1806 (copied). unis Holacanthus ciliaris Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 527, 1802 (Indies) ; Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII. 154, 1831 (Gulf of: Mexico) ; Storer, Syn. Fishes N. A., 339, 1845 (copied) ; Poey, Mem. de Cuba, II, 371, 1860 (Cuba) ; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., II; 46, 1860 (Bahia, West Indies, Jamaica) ; Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. A., 34, 1861 (mame only); Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cubs, )3aip ieee (Cuba) ; Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. A.. 24, 1873 ; Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 43, 1876 (Bermudas); Liitken, Spolia Atlantica, 200, 1880 (Antilles) ; Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 131 (Key West) ; Jordan, Cat. Fishes North America, 108, 1885 (name only . Pomacanthus ciliaris Jordan and Gilbert. Syn. Fishes North America, 615, 1882 (West Indies, South Atlantic coast). Isabelita ‘“ Parra, Deser.. Dif. Piez.’ Hist. Nat. Cuba, ply 77a ly een (Cuba). . f Chetodon parre Bloch and Schneider, 235, 1801 (after Parra). Holacanthus parre Poey, Enum. Pisce. Cub., 61, 1875 (Cuba). Chetodon squamulosus Shaw, ‘* Naturalists’ Miscellany,” 1807, 275 (after Catesby). Holacanthus cornutus Demarest, Decade Ichthyologique, 44, pl. 3, f. 3, 1823 (Cuba). ° Chetodon aculeatus Gronow, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 73, 1854. Holacanthus formosus Castelnau, ‘‘ Anim. nouv. ou rares de ?PAmer. du Sud, Poiss., 19, pl. 11, f. 2,” 1855 (fide Litken); Gtnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 47, 1860 (Sea of Bahia). Habitat, West Indies. . Our specimens of this species are from Key West, Florida. It is a common member of the West Indian fauna. A List oF THE NoMINAIL SPECIES OF of North America, Li AMERICAN CHATODONTID.A IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, WITH IDENTIFICATIONS. (Tenable specific names in italies.) NOMINAL SPECIES. Cheetodon arevatus - Cheetodon striatus - Cheetodon capistratus Chieetodon ciliarus — - Cheetodon lutescens - Cheetodon paru - ~Cheetodon aureus — - Cheetodon ocellatus - Cheetodon bimacula- tus - - - Cheetodon tricolor - Cheetodon parree - Cheetodon squamulo- sus - : = Holacanthus cornutus Pomacanthus baltea- tus - - - Pomacanthus cingu- latus - : - Pomacanthus quin- quecinctus” - Holacanthus passer - Cheetodon aculeatus Holacanthus formo- sus - - : Cheetodon sedentarius Chelmon aculeatus — - Chetodon humeralis Cheetodon gracilis — - Cheetodon pelta — - Sarothrodus maculo- cinctus Y= . Sarothrodus nigriros- tris - - = Holacanthus strigatus Pomacanthus zonipec- tus - - - Cheetodon littoricola AUTHOR. Linnezeus. Linneeus. Linneus. Linneeus. -Bonaterre. Bloch. Bloch. Bloch. Bloch. Bloch. Bloch & Schneider. Shaw. Demarest. Cuvier & Valenciennes. Cuvier & Valenciennes. Cuvier & Valenciennes. Valenciennes. Gronow. Castelnau. Poey. Poey. Giinther. Giinther. Giinther. Gill. Gill. Gill. Gill. Poey. DATE. 1758 798 1758 1758 1782 1784 787 1787 1790 1795 1801 180? 1823 1831 1831 1831 1831 1854 1855 1858 1860 1860 1860 1860 1861 1862 1862 1862 1868 IDENTIFICATION. Pomacanthus arcuatus. Cheetodon striatus. Cheetodon capistratus. Pomacanthus ciliaris. Pomacanthus arcuatus. Pomacanthus arcuatus. Pomacanthus aureus. Cheetodon ocellatus. Cheetodon ocellatus. Cheetodon tricolor. Pomacanthus ciliaris. Pomacanthus ciliaris. Pomacanthus ciliaris. ¢ Pomacanthus aureus. Pomacanthus arcuatus. Pomacanthus arcuatus, Pomacanthus passer. Pomacanthus ciliaris. Pomacanthus ciliaris, Cheetodon sedentarius. Prognathodesaculeatus Cheetodon humeralis. Chetodon sedentarius. Prognathodes aculeatus Cheetodon ocellatus. Cheetodon nigrirostris. Pomacanthus passer. Pomacanthus zonipec- tus. Pomacanthus arcuatus. 18 Review of the Chetodontide NOMINAL SPECIES. AUTHOR. DATE. IDENTIFICATION. Sarothrodus amplec- ticollis - : - Poey. ; 1868 Cheetodon ocellatus. Pomacanthus cres- % ue centalis : . Jordan & Gilbert. 1881 Pomacanthus zonipec- tus. Cheetodon aya : Jordan. 1886 Cheetodon aya. | We have in this paper admitted 3 genera and 14 species of North American Chetodontide. The list of the genera and species is here repeated, and the general distribution indicated by the letters— | W. West Indian fauna. P. Tropical fauna of the Pacific coast. S. Atlantic coast of South America. Genus I. PROGNATHODES Gill. 1. PROGNATHODES ACULEATUS Poey. (W.) Genus If. CH TODON Linn. § CH ETODONTOPS Bleeker. CH4&TODON NIGRIROSTRIS Gill (Cape San Lucas). CHAZTODON OCELLATUS Bloch (W. Indies). CH2TODON AYA Jordan (Pensacola). CHZTODON SEDENTARIUS Poey (W.). 6. CHATODON HUMERALIS Giinther (P.). or HR Ce § TETRAGONOPTRUS Bleeker. . CH2TODON striatus Linneus (W.). § HEMICH ETODON Bleeker. 8. CHATODON CAPISTRATUS Linnzus (W.). Genus Lil. POMACANTHUS Lac. 9. POMACANTHUS AUREUS Bloch (W.). 10. PoMACANTHUS ARCUATUS Linnezus (P. 8.). 11. PoMACANTHUS ZONIPECTUs Gill (P.). 12. PoMACANTHUS PASSER Valenciennes (P.). 13. PoMACANTHUS TRICOLOR Bloch (W. §8.). 14. PoMACANTHUS CILIARIS Linnzus (W.). Catalogue of Chemical Periodicals. Lg II.—Supplement to a Catalogue of Chemical Periodicals.* BY H. CARRINGTON BOLTON. Read February 21, 1887. i. ADDENDA TO TITLES. ~ AGENDA DU CHIMISTE. (KHstablished in 1877.) or . [b.] Sachregister zu den drei Jahrgingen 1823, 1824, und 1825 oder Band vii—xv des JAHRBUCHES DER CHEMIE UND PuHysIk. Halle, 1826, 8vo. 13. [c.] Justus Lizsie’s ANNALEN DER CHEMIE UND PHAR- MACIE. From Vol. 173 (1874) the words ‘‘ und Phar- macie” are dropped. 14. Tables de la cinquiéme série des ANNALES DE CHIMIE (1874-1883) dressées par Gayon. 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1885. 92. |b.] ANNALI DI cHIMICA [etc.]. 80 vols. (I-LXXX), 8vo. Milano, 1845-84. United with Rivista di chimica medica e farmaceutica and continued under the title : [c.] Annali di chimica medico-farmaceutica e di farma- cologia. Direttori, P. Albertoni, I. Guareschi ; ‘Condirettori, A. Pavesi, G. Colombo. Milano, 1885+ 99. JAHRESBERICHT * * * * DER REINEN CHEMIE. 1873-81. 9 vols., roy. 8vo. Ttbingen, 1874-83. | * Annals N. Y. Academy of Sciences, Vol. III, p. 159 (1885). 20 Supplement to a Catalogue 149. [4.] REPERTOIRE DE CHIMIE PURE ET APPLIQUEE, [etc.]. 4 vols., 8v0. o. Parisaleas—o2: eae And simultaneously : . [C.] Bulletin des séances de la Société chimique de Paris. pubhé par Adolphe Wurtz et Felix. Le. Blane. - 1858-62. 3 vols.,.8vo: Paris, 1861—62: [C] united with [A] in 1863 and with [B] in 1864 forming [a] as given in the Catalogue. |D.| Table analytique des matiéres contenues dans le Bulletin de Ja Société chimique 1 et 2¢ Séries, 1858 4 1874, et dans les Répertoires de chimie pure et de chimie appliquée ; suivie de Ja Table alpha- bétique des auteurs dressés par Ed. Willm. 1 vol., Syvo. = Paris: 1376; 159. RIviIsTA DI CHIMICA, MEDICA E FARMACEUTICA. | United in 1885 with Annali di chimica applicata fete... See 92 (bj. i 180. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIOLOGISCHE CHEMIE. Sach-und Namen-Register zu Band I-IV, Strassburg. 1882. li. NEW TITLES. 183. BULLETIN DE L’ ASSOCIATION DES CHIMISTES DE SUCRERIE ET DE DISTILLERIE DE FRANCE ET DES COLONIES. 8vVvO. Paris, 1885-+ 184. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. 2 nos., January *84 to January 87. Washington [D. C.,] 1886-87. 185. CHEMIKER (Der) uND Drogist. Haupt-Organ fiir Chemi- ker, Drogisten, Gewerbtreibende, etc. Herausgegeben von H. Kritzer. 4to. Leipzig, 1885+ 186. CHEMISCH-TECHNISCHER CENTRAL-ANZEIGER, Fach- und Handelsblatt fiir Chemiker, Techniker, Drogisten, Apothe- ker, Fabrikanten. Central-Insertions-Organ ftir die ge- of Chemical Periodicals. 21 sammten chemischen Industriezweige und deren Hilfsin- dustrieen. Verantwortlcher Redacteur, Karl Barthel [/ater Otto Prinz]. Sm. fol. Leipzig, 1883-86-++. 187. DreurscHe CHEMIKER-ZEITUNG. Centralblatt fiir die che mische Praxis und offentliche Gesundheitspflege. Unter Mitwirkung bewahrter Fachgelehrten herausgegeben und redigirt von Breslauer, 4to. Berlin, 1886+ 188. JoUuRNAL (THE) oF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. Edited by Edward Hart. Associate editors, P. W. Shimer [and] John Everman. With the assistance of the following spe- Gauists: oF. C. Blake, F. W. Glarke, Isaac Ott, V. C. Vaughan, H. W. Wiley. 8vo. Haston, Pa., 1887. 189. MEDDELELSER FRA CARLSBERG LABORATORIET. Udgifvet ved laboratoriets bestyrelse. 2 vols., 8vo. Christiania, 1885-86-+ 190. New YorK ANaAtyst (The). Devoted to the interests of sanitary science, food, medicine and the suppression of adulteration. Edited by Henry Lassing. 18 nos. 4to. New York, 1885 [This is successor to an American reprint of the ANALYST pub- lished in London ; hence the above is styled: ‘‘ New Series.’’] From No. 19, Oct. 1st, 1885, continued under the title : [a.] American Analyst. A popular semi-monthly review devoted to industrial progress, sanitation and the chemistry of commercial products. H. Lassing, editor and publisher. 4to. New York, 1885-+- 191. SKANDINAYIENS KEMISK-TEKNISKE CENTRALBLAD for Danmark, Sverige, Norge og Finland. Redigeret af G. A. Schmidt. 4 vols., 8vo. Kjgbenhavn, 1882-85-++ 192. SUPPLEMENTO ANNUALE ALLA ENCICLOPEDIA DI CHIMICA SCIENTIFICA ED INDUSTRIALE, diretto dal Icilio Guareschi. 3 nos. Torino, 1884—86-+ yr. Chemical Periodicals. 193. Tokyo KaGAKKAI Karsnr. [Editor] J. Sakurai. 6 vols., 8vo. Tokyo. June 1880-86-+ [Tokyo Chemical So- ciety’s Journal, Tokyo, Japan. } | ; 194. VIERTELJAHRESSCHRIFT UBER DIE FORTSCHRITTE AUF DEM GEBIETE DER CHEMIE DER NAHRUNGS-UND GENUSS- MITTEL, der Gebrauchsgegenstainde, sowie der hierher ge- hérenden Industriezweige. Unter Mitwirkung von Dege- ner, Hochstetter, P. Lohman, Benno Martiny, Paack, Pros- kauer, Wiirzburg, L. Aubry, R. Sendtner, H. Will, von Peters, Weigmann, J. Mayrhofer, EK. von Raumer. R6tt- ger, herausgegeben von A. Hilger, R. Kayser, J. Konig,’ E. Sell. 8vo. Berlin, 1886+ 195. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE CHEMISCHE INDUSTRIE, mit beson- derer Berticksichtigung der chemisch-technischen Unter- suchungsverfahren. Herausgegeben von Ferdinand Fi- scher. Roy. 8vo. Berlin, 1887-++ 196. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE, Stéchiometrie und Verwandschaftslehre. Herausgegeben von Wilh. Ostwald. Riga und Leipzig, 1887+ New West Indian Thrush. 233 Ill.—Description of a New Species of Thrush from the Island of Grenada, West Indies. BY GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. Read February 28, 1887. Two specimens, male and female, of the bird now described, were received quite recently from Mr. John G. Wells. He writes about them under date of January 21st, as follows: “I send you per book post, skins of two birds shot in the Parish of St. An- drew afew days ago. I remember shooting one of these birds eight or nine years since, from a flock of six, and at the time I[ thought them to be migratory, but I am now convinced that they are resident, though not numerous. ; ‘“From time to time a ‘Spotted Grieve’ has been reported to me as being seen, but I could never obtain a specimen until now. I hope the skins will reach you safely, and I shall anxiously await your remarks upon them.” This is a fine new species, and its having escaped discovery so long is remarkable. It is the fourth new species obtained by Mr. Wells, since he commenced sending me birds for identifti- cation. The two sexes are precisely alike in colors and dimensions, and us the female is in much the best condition, I have chosen that as the Type. Margarops albiventris. “Thrush ? Spe 7 The Park, St. Andrews, Grenada, Jan. 19, 1887.” Female.—Kntire upper plumage of a dark hair-brown, with a dull reddish cast on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; tail-feathers blackish-brown, with a patch of white on their inner webs at the end ; quills blackish-brown, the outer webs of the secondaries washed with light dull rufous; the ends of the tertials are edged with white ; the- inner margins of the quills are of a pale salmon color ; the greater wing-coverts are margined with pale rufous- 24 New West Indian Thrush. white ; the feathers of the throat and fore-neck are whitish, with sub-termi- nal bands and spots of brown ; breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts white, having a few feathers edged with brown; sides dull white, the feathers with strongly marked subterminal bands of brown; bill black ; tarsi and toes reddish-brown. Length (fresh) 9$ inches ; wing, 44; tail, 33 ; tarsus, 14. Habitat, Island of Grenada, West Indies. ‘Type in National Museum, Washington. Remarks.—This species, in distribution of colors and charac-.- ter of markings on its under plumage, somewhat resembles @. montanus, found in several of the more northerly islands. It is, however, smaller in all its dimensions, and is of a much darker brown above, montanus being of a warm brown, much lighter in color ; the breast and abdomen are white, sparsely marked with brown spots, whereas in montanus a small space cnly on the middle of the abdomen is of a dull white, and the feathers of the neck in front, the breast, the upper part of the abdomen and the sidvs are closely marked with subterminal brown bands, giving a general squamiform appearance to the under surface, and making the under plumage of the two species strikingly dif- ferent. North. American Julide. 25 1V.— Notes on North American Julide. BY CHARLES H. BOLLMAN. Read February 28th, 1887. The following paper is based upon the material of this family embraced in the entomological collection in the Museum of the Indiana University. In connection with the description of the new species, it has also been decmed best to introduce descriptions of those already known to science. The types of the new genera and species are deposited in the above museum. Family A. JULIDE Leach. Genus i. JULUS Linn. JuLus Linnzus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, I, 639, 1758. This genus differs from Parajulus in the mandibulary combs being four; the first segment of an equal size in both sexes ; the second pair of feet not stunted; and the first pair of the male small, three-jointed, the last joint large and uncinate. As the subgenera of this genus are very much confused, I have not attempted to give a key to those to which the following spe- cies belong. 1. JULUS OWENITI, sp. nov. Pale brown, a lateral series of dark brown spots, first dorsal plate with a brown band along the anterior border ; a brown band between the eyes ; a pale oval spot at the base of antenne ; feet and antenne pale. Moderately slender, not smooth, not pilose. Vertex rough ; a faint median sulcus ; setigerous foveole absent. Antenne subclavate, equal to the width of body. Eyes indistinct, subcircular ; ocelli net always filled out, about 28, arranged in 6 or 7 series. Segments 38- 26 North American Fulide. 40. First segment unusually thin, advanced forward to the eyes ; sides striate. Other segments moderately striate both above and be- Jow. Last segn ent rounded ; anal valves not marginate, not pilose ; anal scale triangular. Repugnatorial pore moderately large, longitu- dinally oval. touching the transverse suture, which is excised. Pairs of feet 54-66, rather stout, equaling the width of body. Male: man- — dibulary stipes not much produced beneath. First pair of legs small, strongly uncinate. Genitalia concealed. Length of body 11.4-13.5 mim. ; width, .7-.8 mm. Habitat, New Harmony, Indiana. ‘ I have examined two males of this species, collected by Dr. Richard Owen, of New Harmony, Ind., after whom the species is named. } This species belongs to the sub-genus Allajulus as defined by Latzel. 2. JULUS VIRGATUS Wood. Julus virgatus Wood, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 14, 1864. : Fulvous-brown, a black median and two lateral bands, a dark band be- tween eyes ; joints of antenne tipped with black, feet pale. Slender, nearly smooth; a row of hairs along the posterior border of each segment. Vertex smooth ; a faint median sulcus ; setigerous foveole present. Antenne moderate, subclavate, equaling width of body. Eyes distinct, triangular or trapezoidal ; ocelli 25-40, arranged in 6-7 series. Segments 80-85. Sides of first segment marginate ; other seg- | ments striate both above and below, but more so in the latter; last | segment rather sharply rounded, sparsely pilose ; anal valves scarcely marginate, smooth, pilose ; anal scale triangular, rather large, pilose. | Repugnatorial pore small, partly concealed by the transverse suture, | which is moderately excised. Pairs of feet, 50-65, not equaling width of body, rather stout, sparsely pilose. Male: mandibulary stipes moderately produced beneath. First pair of feet short, scarcely thickened, strongly uncinate. Genitalia half concealed ; anterior plate entirely concealed, except the end ; large, flat, the ends turning outwards, rounded ; posterior plate composed apparently of three pieces, strongly twisted together at base, anterior part expanded at the end, ending in an inward curving spine, middle part not expanded, end pointed, posterior blade-like, pointing inwards and projecting out on the inner side of the others, the tip rounded. Flagellum not de- tected. Length of body, 8-12 mm. ; width, .7-1 mm. North American Julide. Pay Habitat, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, and Indiana. I have examined numerous specimens of this species from Bloomington, Indiana, where it seems to be common in orchards and pastures having a thick growth of grass. The females are considerably more robust than the males. 3. JULUS MINUTUS Brandt. Julus pusillus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 106, 1821 (pre-occupied). Julus minutus Brandt, Recueil, 89, 1840. Brown, a lateral row of ovate, black spots; feet pale; antenne black and white ; a dark band and three white spots, forming a /\ between the eyes. Slender, finely wrinkled above, not pilose. Vertex witha very faint median sulcus ; setigerous foveole absent. Antenne mo. derate, equaling the width of body. Eyes distinct ; ocelli, 8 or 9, ar- ranged in a single, longitudinal, curved series behind the antenne. Segments, 35-45 ; sides of the first segment striate ; other segments moderately striate beneath ; last segment rounded, pilose ; anal valves not marginate, pilose ; anal scale small, rounded, pilose. Repugna- torial pore placed in the posterior division, small, not touching the transverse suture, which is straight. Pairs of feet, 55-70 ; slender, not extending beyond the sides of body, sparsely pilose. Length of body, 9-12 mm. ; width, .5-.8 mm. Habitat, Virginia, Florida and Indiana. I’ have cxamined a number of females of this species from Bloomington, Indiana, and also the types of Julus lineatus McNeill, Mss. (Pensacola, Fla.), but I cannot find any difference between them and my other specimens, which I have identified with minutus. Specimens not in full color have the lateral row of spots bronze red, and with a backward pointing branch, at the upper posterior side. Young individuals differ as follows : Pairs Length. Width. Eyes (ocelli). Segments. of Legs. 6.2 mm. 4mm. 5 52 46 6.3 mm. -) mm. 5 30 48 28 North American Julide. 4. JULUS STIGMATOSUS Brandt. Julus punctatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat, Sci. Paila., 108 , 1821 (pre-occupied). Julus stigmatosus Brandt, Recueil. 88, 1840. Pale brown ; posterior border of segments dark ; a lateral row of brown spots ; antenne dark, feet pale. Slender, smooth, shining, not pilose. Vertex without a median sulcus. setigerous foveole present. Anten- ne subclavate, excceding the width of body. Eyes distinct, triangu- lar or sub-rotund ; ocelli 20-40, arranged in 5-7 series. Segments, 35-45. Sides of first segment striate. Other segments moderately striate beneath ; last segment smooth, obtusely rounded, pilose ; anal valves not marginate, pilose ; anal scale small, rounded, pilose. Re- pugnatorial pore small, placed in the posterior division, not touching the suture, which is straight. Pairs of feet, 50-75, slender, extending beyond the sides of body. sparsely pilose. Male: mandibulary stipes not much produced beneath. First pair of legs short and thick, un- cinate, sparsely pilose. Genitalia exposed. Length of body, 8-13 mm. ; width, .5-.8 mm. Habitat, Virginia and Indiana. I have examined about a dozen specimens of this species. It varies somewhat in the shades of color, some being almost black. Only having one full grown male, I have not attempted to give a description of the genitalia. One young specimen differs from the adult as follows: Length. Width. Hyes (ocelli). Segments. Feet. 7 mm. 4mm. 19-5 33 a9 Genus Il. SPIROBOLUS Brandt. SPIROBOLUS Brandt, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mos., 202, 1838. The sub-genera are defined as follows : a. Basal part of the dorsal plates without scobina. SPIROBOLUS Karsch. ad. Basal part of the dorsal plates with scobina. Rurocrinvs Karsch. Subgenus Rhinocrinus. 5. SPIROBOLUS MARGINATUS (Say). Julus marginatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105, 1821. Spirobolus marginatus Wood, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 207, 1865. Dark brown ; segments edged with brownish fuscous ; first and last seg- ments green or brown ; feet and antennz brownish red. Robust, not OO a a North American Julide. 29 attenuated anteriorly, the anterior four or five segments somewhat de- pressed, not smooth. Vertex smooth, with faint reticulating lines, sparsely punctate, most numerous between and behind eyes ; median sulcus interrupted ; clypeal foveole 8-10. Antenne short, not reach- ing the posterior border of first segment. Eyes indistinct, sub-trian- gular ; ocelli, 30-40, arranged in 6 series. Segments, 47-52. First segment with the sides sub-acute, marginate, the anterior border nearly straight, densely punctate ; second segment produced forward into a moderately large sub-quadrate plate. Other segments equally punctate on both divisions, striae moderate, decurved beneath. Last segment pointed, but not extending beyond the anal valves, finely punctate ; anal valves marginate, punctate ; anal scale obtusely an- gled, punctate. Repugnatorial pore placed on the anterior division, large, transverse suture bent. Pairs of feet, 88-100, extending beyond the sides of body. Male: the two anterior pairs of feet more robust than the rest; coxe of the 3-4 pairs most produced. Ventral plate produced into a short, rounded lobe. Genitalia: internal part of the anterior plate not higher than the ventral plate, external part with the tip somewhat rounded, produced backwards and outwards ; posterior plate divided at the base. the outer grooved, through which runs the inner, ends of both rounded and more or less rough- ened. Length of body, 45-100 mm. ; width, 5-10 mm. ._ Habitat. Eastern United States. I have examined numerous specimens of this species from Bloomington, Indiana, and one large female from Brooksville, Indiana, collected by Mr. Amos Butler. Specimens 50 mm. long differ in color from the full grown examples, by being dark green. Young individuals differ from adults as follows : Pairs of Length. Width. Segments. Feet. Hyes. 18 mm. 2mm. 42 76 18-5 16.5 mm. 2mm. 41 65 21-5 16 mm. 2 mm. 39 62 19-5 8 mm: 1mm. 27 D2 6-5 6. SPIROBOLUS PENSACOLA, sp. nov. Dark green above, segments margined with reddish brown ; face, ante- rior and posterior segment bright green ; feet and antenne lighter than in marginatus. Moderately robust, attenuated before, the twelve ‘anterior segments somewhat flattened or crassate beneath, not smooth. Vertex smooth, sparsely punctate ; punctations not more numerous 30 North American Julide. between the eyes, median sulcus interrupted ; clypeal foveole 8. An- tenn short, not quite reaching the posterior margin of anterior seg. ment. Eyes distinct, trapezoidal ; ocelli, 45, arranged in 7 series. Segments, 49. First segment with the sides sub-acute, marginate.. anterior border sinuate ; second segment with the lobe less broad and more triangular than in marginatus. Other segments moderately rough, punctations most numcrous on the posterior division ; striz decurved, strong and rib-like on the posterior division of the segments. Last segment pointed, not passing the anal valves, densely punctate; anal valves marginate, rough ; anal scale rounded. Repugnatorial pore Jarge, placed on the antcricr division ; suture moderately bent. Pairs of feet, 92, moderately extending beyond the sides of body. ° Length of body, 80 mm. ; width, 9 mm. Habitat, Pensacola, Florida. ‘I have had one female of this species for examination. It is more related to marginatus than any other of our North Ameri- can species. From marginatus this species is easily separated by the distinct attenuated body, clypeal foveole, form of second segment, arrangement of the ocelli, and color. 7. SPIROBOLUS UNCIGERUS Wood. Spirobolus uncigerus Wood, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 15, 1864 (Cali- fornia). Dark brown, edge of segments lighter, an indistinct light median line ; feet chestnut. Moderately robust, a little crassate, not attenuated, only a few anterior segments flattened beneath, not smooth. Vertex moderately smooth, distinct reticulating lines, sparsely punctate, me- dian sulcus interrupted ; clypeal foveole 8. Antenne short, not reaching the posterior border of anterior segment. Eyes indistinct, sub-triangular ; ocelli, 32, arranged in 7 series. Segments, 49. First segment. with the sides acute, marginate, anterior margin excised, rough, densely punctate ; second segment moderately produced be- neath, rounded in front. Other segments rough, densely punctate ; numerous short lines, striz strong, not much decurved. Last seg- ment aoutely rounded, not passing the anal valves, densely punctate ; anal valves marginate ; anal scale rounded. Repugnatorial pore mo-_ derately large, placed in the anterior part, sulcus extending back- wards, deep, transverse suture bent. Pairs of feet, 86, equaling the width of body. Male: coxe of the third pair of feet produced from beneath into a long, spatulate appendage. Ventral plate moderately produced in the middle into a sharp point. Genitalia : inner part of the anterior plate twice as high as ventral plate, inner angle somewhat North American Julide. 31 pointed, rough, external part somewhat curved, the tip a little pro- duced, rough ; posterior plate sickle-shaped, the end slender and sharp, serrated beneath at about the middle. Length of body, 46 mm.; width, 5 mm. Habitat, Ukiah, California. I have examined one male of this species from the above lo- eality, which was collected by Mr. James K. Burke. 3. SPIROBOLUS HEBES, sp. nov. Dark ochreous brown, segments not edged with a different color ; a lat- eral row of small black spots ; feet lighter. Robust, not attenuated ; the anterior 2-5 segments somewhat crassate, not smooth. Vertex smooth, sparsely punctate, median sulcus interrupted ; clypeal fove- ole 8. Antenne short, about reaching the posterior margin of ante- rior segment. Eyes distinct, sub-triangular, sides rounded ; ocelli 29-88, arranged 1n 6 series. Segments 39-41. First segment acute, more so in male than female, marginate, rather smooth ; second seg- ment strongly produced beneath. triangular and rounded. Other seg- ments not smooth, sparsely punctate, also numerous mmpressed lines, striz moderate, strongly decurved beneath. Last segment obtusely rounded. moderately smooth ; anal valves not marginate ; anal scale rounded. Repugnatorial pore small, placed in the anterior division, suture angularly bent. Pairs of feet, 76-79, not extending beyond the sides of body. Male: cox of the 3-6 pairs of feet produced more than the others ; trochanter of the first and second pairs large, as well as the two anterior pairs of legs are stouter than the rest. Ven- tral plate smooth, triangular, somewhat swollen near the outer edge. Genitalia: inner part of the anterior plate twice as high as the ventral plate, end rounded, numerous short tubercles on the anterior surface, outer part finger-like, moderately wide, end rounded and not turned outwards, smooth ; posterior plate thick and somewhat curved, a short blunt lobe at base on the inner side, above this a sharp and thin one. the end small, thick and rounded, beneath produced i to two serrated plates. Length of body, 45-50 mm.: width, 7-8 mm. Habitat, San Diego, California. This species is described from a male and a female, collected by Miss Rosa Smith. 9. SPIROBOLUS CALIFORNICUS (Humbert & Saussure). Spirostreptus californicus Humb. & Sauss., Revue et Mag. Zool., 177, 1870 (California). 32 North American Julide. eee Black, segments not cdged with rufous, feet and antennee not or scarcely paler. Robust, not attenuated before, a few of the anterior segments crassate, not smooth. Vertex rough between the eyes, smooth else- where, a few wrinkles in front, median sulcus interrupted ; clypeal - foveole 8. Antenne moderate, rcaching the posterior border of an- terior segment. Eyes indistinct, sub-circular ; ocelli 45, arranged in- 8 series. Segments, 48. Sides of first segment acute, marginate, an- terior border sinuate, moderately smooth ; second segment strongly produced and turned forwards, the lobe quadrate. Other segments densely punctate, and with numerous short lines ; striz moderate, concentric. Last segment rounded, smooth ; anal valves not margi- nate ; anal scale transverse. Repugnatorial pore small, placed in the anterior division, suture bent. Pairs of feet, 90, about equaling the width of body. Length of body, 75 mm.; width, 10 mm. Habitat. St. Vincent, Lower California. I have one broken example of this species from the above lo- cality, collected by Mr. Charles R. Orcutt, of San Diego, Cal. The specimen before me agrees with the short description given in the journal cited above. 10. SPIROBOLUS SPINIGERUS Wood. Spirobolus spinigerus Wood, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 15, 1864 (Florida and South Carolina). Dark greenish brown or black, segments edged with brownish red, feet and antenne red. Moderately robust, anterior segments somewhat attenuate, barely crassate, only the anterior and posterior segments punctate, rest smooth. Vertex smooth, very finely and sparsely punc- tate, punctations not numerous between eyes, sulcus barely continu- ous ; clypeal foveolx 10-12. Antenne moderate, usually reaching the middle of second ig age Eyes indistinct, sub-triangular ; ocelli, 35-45, arranged in 6 or 7 series. Segments, 45-52. First seg- ment with the sides sub-acute, marginate, anterior margin sinuate, smooth, finely punctate ; second segment not much produced beneath. Other segments smooth, not punctate, strive of the anterior segments weak, not much decurved, more so posteriorly. Last segment smooth, finely punctate, pointed, but not passing the anal valves ; anal valves moderately smooth, marginate ; anal scale rounded. Repugnatorial pore large, placed on the anterior part, suture bent. Pairs of feet, 84-98, not extending much beyond sides of body, Male: coxe of the third and fourth pairs of feet produced into long appendages. Ventral plate produced into a lobe, as in marginatus, but longer and more slender. Genitalia: inner part of anterior plate higher than North American Julide. BO the ventral lobe, rough, sinuate on the upper edge near the outer side, external part with the end curved sharply backwards and outwards ; posterior plate divided as in marginatus, upper lobe or part grooved, the end rounded, a sharp, robust spine on the inner side, the lower or inner lobe thin, the end angular. Length of body, 60-80 mm.; width, 5-9 mm. Habitat, Florida and South Carolina. I have examined numerous specimens of this species from Pen- sucola, Florida. Young examples differ from the adults as follows: ro) Pairs of Length. Width. Segments. Feet. Ocella. 25 mm. 2.5 mm. 50 80 24-6 27 mm. Oo.) mane 49 81 20-6 24 mm. 2.5 mm. 44 65 15-5 22 mm. 2.0 mm. 43 70 19-6 Genus lil. PARAJULUS Humbert & Saussure. PARAJULUS Humbert & Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., 155, 1869 (olmecus). Eyes triangular, elliptical or trapezoidal ; occlli numerous, not arranged in more than ten series. Antenne subfiliform, scarcely subclavate, second joint longest. Mandibulary combs, 9-10. Gnathochilarium scarcely sub-spatulate ; stipes not separated ; mentum bi-partite, al- most hidden; lingual plate separated ; lingual lobes denticulated. Number of segments uncertain, 40-70 ; sides striate. Last segment more or less produced into a spine ; anal scale triangular or somewhat rounded. Repugnatorial pore beginning on the sixth segment, placed in the posterior part. Third segment apodous. Feet equaling the width of kody, seventh joint longer than third ; second pair of feet very strongly stunted or dwarfed. Male. First pair of legs enlarged, six-jointed, the fourth largest. To this genus have been referred our larger species of so-called Julus ; from the latter genus it is easily separated by the num- ber of mandibulary combs, by the second pair of legs, and the first pair of the male. | This genus is divisible into the following sub-genera : * Male : Promentum very large, ovate, narrowing the lingual plates ; first segment enlarged, sides very broad, almost sub-quadrate ; first 34 North American Julide. pair of feet very large, crassate, curving inwards and crossing each other, armed with numerous tubercles on the inner side, moderately pilose. PaRasuuus I. ** Promentum and first segment same size in both sexes ; first pair. of feet of male small, stumpy, crassate and straight, tubercles absent, sparsely pilose. PSEUDOJULUS, subgen. noy. IL. Subgenus Parajulus. 11. PARAJULUS IMPRESSUS (Say). Julus tmpressus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 108, 1821. Chestnut-brown, the median line and a lateral row of spots black, also an indistinct row of large dark spots partly covered by the feet ; seg- ments above with two short light lines, and pale spots on each side of the lateral line; feet pale; line between the eyes not very dark. Mcderately slender, not pilose or smooth. Vertex with a median sulcus, seligercus foveole present. Antenne long and slender, equal to the width of the body, moderately pilose. Eyes distinct, triangu- Jar, the sides somewhat rounded ; ocelli, 40-60, arranged in 7-10 se- ries. Segments, 45-55. First segment with the sides striate. Other segments not deeply striate, numerous indistinct wavy strise above. Last segment with a moderate short spine, not projecting beyond the anal valves, sparsely pilose; anal valves smooth, sparsely pilose, scarcely marginate ; anal scale triangular, sparsely pilose. Repugna- torial pore moderate. oval or round, partly hidden by the transverse suture, which is sharply emarginate. Pairs of feet, 70-90, equaling width of body, rather stout, sparsely pilose. Male: Mandibulary stipes rather strongly produced beneath. First pair of feet large, long, not much curved, the inner surface with numerous tubercles, a few spinous ones near the base, sparsely pilose. Coxe of the second pair of feet produced into along, parallel appendage, the tip rounded, very sparsely pilose. Genitalia fully exposed, composed of three pieces ; anterior plate moderately long, round, slightly twisted, the end scarcely clavate, turning outwards, densely pilose ; middle plate large and thin, forming a tube ; posterior plate sickle-shaped, the end bifid, inner or under edge strongly serrated, a thin lanceolate spine springing from the base. Flagellum not detected. Length of body, 18-32 mm.; width, 1.8-2 mm. Habitat, Georgia, [linois, Indiana, Michigan and Minnesota. I have examined specimens of this species from Ludington, Michigan, and Chauncey, Indiana; those from the latter place are larger and darker in color. North American Julide. 35 Wood’s plate of the genitalia does not show the serrations, etc., of the posterior plate, nor the true form of the middle plates. Specimens not adult vary as follows: Pairs Length. Width. Segments. of Heet. Ocelli. 10.4 mm. A beacavase 48 73 30-6 9.6 mm. .8d mm. 4G 70 26-6 11.2 mm. .92 mn. 46 70 27-6 11.8 mm. .9 mm. 45 65 38-7 8.3 mm. 75 mm. 40 54 22-5 12%, PARAJULUS ELLIPTICUS, sp. nov. Color almost similar to that of J. ¢mpressus, but darker, feet pale. Moderately robust, not smooth or pilose, shining, somewhat attenu- ated before. Vertex smooth, a median sulcus, setigerous foveolee present. Antenne not equaling width of body. densely pilose. Eyes distinct, almost elliptical, ocelli somewhat crowded, 40-48, arranged in 6-8 series. Segments, 47. First segment moderately large, sides striate. Other segments rather deeply striate, rough, with numerous short wavy striz. Last segment produced into a moderately large, robust spine, projecting beyond the anal valves, sparsely pilose ; anal valves smooth, not marginate, sparsely pilose ; anal scale obtusely triangular, rather large. Repugnatorial pore small, not touching transverse suture, which is scarcely emarginate. Pairs of feet, 71, ex- tending beyond sides of body, moderately stout, sparsely pilose. Length of body, 28-30 mm.; width, 2.38-2.5 mm. Habitat, Fort Snelling, Minnesota. I have examined two female specimens, collected by Mr. Wal- ter PD. Howe. From castaneus it is distinguished’ by the eyes, repugnatorial pore and anal scale; it is also more robust, and differs somewhat in color. 13. PARAJULUS CASTANEUS, sp. nov. Color much as in J. ¢mpressus, but the lateral line of spots larger and confluent posteriorly, a very dark line between the eyes, feet dark. Moderately slender, rough, not pilose. Vertex very finely wrinkled, a faint median sulcus, setigerous foveole present. Antenne mode- rate, equaling width of body. Eyes distinct, triangular ; ocelli, 54, North American Julide. arranged in 8 series. Segments, 42-51. Sides of first segment striate. Other segments deeply striate ; above numerous fine strie, which have a number of short branches. Last segment produced into a moderate spine, which projects beyond the anal valves, not pilose ; anal valves not marginate, very sparsely pilose ; anal scale obtusely rounded, rather small, pilose. Repugnatorial pore moderate, touch-- ing the transverse suture, which is sharply sinuate. Pairs of feet, 66, equaling width of body, rather slender, sparsely pilose. Male: Man.- dibulary stipes strongly produced beneath. First pair of feet large, uncinate, numcrous tubercles on the inner surface, pilose. Coxe of the second pair as in J. impressus. Genitalia about half concealed, composed of three parts ; anterior plate round, the end strongly cla- vate, pilose ; the middle plate rounded, curving up in front of ante- rior and then backwards between it, where it expands into an elon- gate, wavy plate ; on the inner side it is divided into three lobes or ; spines, the anterior large and placed at the beginning of the expan- sion, the second small and placed near the end, which is somewhat serrated, a lanceolate spine springing from the base ; posterior plate whip-like, curving upwards and inwards until they meet, and then outwards. Flagellum not detected. Length of body, 30 mm., width, 2mm. Habitat, Fort Snelling, Minn. I have examined one male and one female, in a broken condi- tion, collected by Mr. George Howe. 14. PARAJULUS PENNSYLVANICUS (Brandt). Jilus penneyleanicus Brandt, Recueil, 85, 1841. Dark brown, a black median line and a lateral row of spots, feet pale. Moderately robust. rough, pilose. each segment except the first hav- ing two rows of setigerous foveole placed on the posterior division, the first row on the anterior third and the other along the posterior border. Vertex with a faint median sulcus, setigerous foveole pre- sent. Antenne long, equal to the width of body. Eyes distinct, tri- angular ; ocelli more or less prominent, 40-70, arranged in 8-9 series. Segments, 55-65. First segment with four rows of setigerous fove- ole, sides striate. Other segments moderately striate beneath, poste- rior division of each segment marked with fine strie. Last segment produced into a short spine, not projecting beyond the anal valves ; not smooth, densely pilose : anal valves not marginate, rough, densely pilose ; anal scale small, rounded, pilose. Repugnatorial pore mode- rate, partly hidden by the transverse suture. which is rather sharply emarginate. Pairs of feet 100-112, not extending much beyond the North American Julide. ou width of body, densely pilose. Male: Mandibulary stipes strongly produced beneath. First pair of legs large, uncinate, the inner sur- face with numerous tubercles, pilose. Ventral margin of the seventh segment not much produced. Genitalia exposed ; anterior plate thick, rounded, the end somewhat clavate and scooped out, very pilose ; posterior plate strongly twisted and rolled, the apex divided into three plates, the anterior lanceolate, not serrated, the others broad and thin, with the edges strongly toothed. Flagellum not detected. Length of body, 20-38 mm.; width, 1.5-2 mm. Habitat, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Indiana. I have examined numerous specimens of this species from ~Bloomingten, Indiana. Julus montanus Cope, is identical with this species. Specimens not adult range as follows : Pairs Length. Width. Segments. of feet. Ocelle. 24 mm. 1.6 mm. 60 100 40-7 19 mm. 1, mm: Ai 93 30-7 12 mm. .8 mm. 49 83 27-6 15. PARAJULUS CANADENSIS (Newport). Julus canadensis Newport, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 267, 1844. Dark brown, almost black, sides with a series of yellow, conglomerated spots ; feet very pale, antenne scarcely paler. Rather slender, not smooth, shining, nor pilose. Vertex rough, a slight median sulcus, setigerous foveole present. Antenne short, about equaling width of body. Hyes distinct, triangular ; ocelli rather flat, 48-50, arranged in 6-8 series. Segments, 56-57. First segment with sides striate. . Other segments moderately striate, numerous tailed-like punctations above. Last segment produced into a large, strong, round. decurved spine, sparsely pilose ; anal valves scarcely marginate, pilose ; anal scale triangular, pilose. Repugnatorial pore large, not touching the transverse suture, which is broadly but not deeply emarginate. Pairs of feet, 86-93, stout, not equaling the width of body, sparsely pilose. Length of body, 18-25 mm.; width, 1.3-1.5 mm. Habitat, Canada and Northeastern United States. I have examined two females of this species from Ludington, Michigan, collected by Mr. N. B. Pierce. | 38 North American Julide. Subgenus Pseudojulus, subgen. nov. 16. PARAJULUS OBTECTUS, sp. nov... Julus tmpressus McNeill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886. Color as in J. tmpressus, but more bright and not so dark. Robust, attenuated before, not smooth, nor pilose. Vertex with a short me- dian sulcus, setigerous foveole present. Antennee long, somewhat exceeding the width of body. Eyes distinct, triangular or trapezoidal in the larger specimens ; ocelli numerous, 40-55, arranged in 7-9 se- rics. Segments, 50-55. Sides of first segment striate. Other seg- ments deeply striate. upper surface as in ¢mpressus, but the striations not so deep. Last sezment produced into a rather large, stout spine, which projects beyond the anal valves ; anal valves smooth, scarcely marginate ; anal scale moderate, obtusely triangular. Repugnatorial pore large. not touching the transverse suture, which is deeply emar- ginate. Pairs of feet. 80-95, extending beyond sides of body, mode- rately slender, sparsely pilose Afale - Mandibulary stipes not much produced beneath. First pair of legs small, cone-like, not uncinate, sparsely pilose. Coxse of the second pair of feet not produced into peculiar appendages. Margin of the seventh ventral segment not much preduced. Genitalia concealed. Length of body, 18-35 mm. ; width, 1.8-2.5 mm. / Habitat, Bloomington, Indiana, and Pensacola, Florida. I have examined numerous females of this species, but only a few males, and I have deemed it best not to give a description of the genitalia. This species is the type of the subgenus Psewdojulus. 17. PARAJULUS VARIUS, sp. nov. Light chestnut, a median and a lateral row of spots; segments dark above, with yellow lines ; a dark band between the eyes, also two large pale spots, with two smaller ones behind them ; vertex or occiput with long, irregular pale spots; feet pale. Slender, not smooth or pilose. Vertex finely wrinkled, a median sulcus, setigerous foveolee absent. Antennee moderate, exceeding the width of body. Eyes distinct, tri- angular ; ocelli numerous, 40-75, arranged in 7-9 series. Segments, 50-55. Sides of first segment striate. Other segments not deeply striate beneath, finely wrinkled and striate above. Last segment pro- duced into a moderate, robust spine, barely passing the anal valves ; anal valves not marginate ; anal scale triangular, large, sparsely pi- lose. Repugnatorial pore moderate, not touching the transverse suture, which is straight or nearly so. Pairs of feet, 75-90, scarcely North American JSulide. 39 extending beyond the sides of body, sparsely pilose. Male: Mandibu- lary stipes not much produced beneath ; first pair of feet slightly bent inwards ; genitalia concealed, Length of body, 25-80 mm.; width, 1.5-2 mm. Habitat, San Diego, Cal. (Miss Rosa Smith); Ukiah, Cal. (Mr. James K. Burke) ; Rosario Mission, 8S. Cal. (Mr. Charles R. Orcutt). I have examined two specimens from San Diego, three from Ukiah, and numerous specimeus, mostly bruken, from Rosario Mission. ‘Those from the latter are almost black in coloration, and Jack the median and lateral rows of spots, but otherwise there is no difference. Genus IV. NANNOLENE, gen. nov. Eyes triangular ; ocelli arranged in several series. Antenne short, sub- clavate, joints longer than wide, second and sixth subequal, the latter enlarged as in Cambala. Mandibulary combs six (5). Gnathochila- rium barely spatulate ; stipes separated, attenuated towards the base ; mentum entire, exposed ; promentum almost as in Julomorpha, poste- rior plate trapezoidal, anterior lanceolate-triangular ; lingual plates separated ; lingual lobes denticulated. Segments constricted in the middle ; the anterior ten segments striate from the feet to the repug- natorial pore, the strise diminishing on the other segments ; at the junction of the anterior and posterior parts are round impressions, larger than the pore, extending around all, except the first 6 or 8 ; first segment nearly as wide as the next two. Repugnatorial pore beginning on the sixth segment, placed in the posterior part. Fourth segment apodous. Feet long and slender, seventh joint longer than the third. Male: First pair of legs about half as long as other, scarcely thickened, same number of joints, unarmed; sixth and seventh pairs of legs with the penultimate joint swollen and produced on the inner side. This genus seems to be more related to Cambala than any other genus, but nevertheless it also approaches Julomorpha, especially in the construction of the gnathochilarium. It is dis- tinguished from all the known genera by the first pair of feet of the male. The following species is the type of the genus: 40 North American Julide. 18. NANNOLENE BURKEI, sp. nov. Light brown, a lateral row of large spots almost encircling the segments, feet and antenne pale, a brown band between eyes. Slender, not smooth or pilose. Vertex smooth, a faint median sulcus, setigerous fovecle absent. Antenne equaling width of body, pilose. Eyes dis- tinct, triangular ; ocelli 26, arranged in 5 series, not quite all filled -out. Segments, 50 or 51. Sides of the first segment with four striz. Other segments moderately striate beneath, posterior part of the seg- ments with fine strix. Last segment rounded ; anal valves not mar-. ginate, pilose ; anal scale cbtusely rounded, pilose. Repugnatorial pore small, placed on the anterior third of the posterior part of the segment. Pairs of feet about 87, slender, extending beyond the sides of body. Male: Mandibulary stipes slightly produced in the middle; ventral margin of the seventh segment not produced ; genitalia con- cealed. Length of body, 25 mm.; width, 1 mm. Halitat, Ukiah, California. I have examined two young males and two adult females of this species. They were collected by Mr. James K. Burke, after whom the species is named. On account of the females being curled in a spiral shape, the number of segments and pairs of legs were counted with uncertainty. The two young males differ as follows: Pairs of Length. Width. Segments. Feet. Ocelli. 14 min. S1nm. ~: 44 vel 20-4 13 mm. 7 mm, 43 68 17-3 Genus V. CAMBALA Cray. Camtala Gray, Grifith. Animal King., IJ, pl. 185. 1882 (annulata). Ocelli arranged in a single serics behind the antenne, and parailel with the first segment. Antenne short, subclavate, the joints longer than wide, the second longest, the sixth stout and nearly aslong. Man- dibulary combs 6-7. Gnatbochilarium somewhat spatulate ; stipes attenuated at the base, separated by the promentum ; mentum entire, rectangular, nearly concealed by the hypostoma ; promentum very large, divided as in Julomorpha, posterior division converging more anteriorly. anterior division elongate-triangular ; lingual plates sepa- rated ; lingual lobes denticulated. Segments with sharp, elevated ridges, first and ]astsmcoth. Repugnatorial pore very small, placed on an enlarged ridge. Fourth segment footless. Feet moderately elon- North American JSutide. All gate, the seventh and third joints subequal. Wale: First pair of legs six-jointed, the third as long as the fourth and fifth together, the last short, very blunt, unarmed ; genitalia about half covered. From any of our North American genera this may be separated by the dorsal carina, the ocelli, and the first pair of legs of the male. ; The only species belonging to this genus besides the one here described, is Cambala nodulosa Butler, from the Island of Rod- riguez. i9. CAMBALA ANNULAT: (Say). Julus annulatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 108, 1821. “Cambala annulata Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 181, 1869. Light yellowish brown, a lateral row of dark brown spots, carinre brown, a dark line between eyes, feet and antenne pale. Slender, cylindrical, not tapering, carinated, not pilose. Vertex without a median sulcus and setigerous foveole. Antenne short, subclavate, about equal to width of body, densely pilose. Eyes distinct ; ocelli 4-6, arranged in one line. Segments, 50-65. First segment large, sides marginate, posterior border with an indistinct row of carine, Other segments deeply sulcate, carine acute, anterior part of the segments with fine elevated lines. Last segment rounded. smooth, not pilose; anal valves scarcely marginate, smooth, pilose; anal scale moderate, rounded, pilose. Pairs of feet, 70-112, rather stout, equaling the ‘width of body, sparsely pilose. Male: First pair of feet short, last joint blunt, unarmed, a little curved ; second pair somewhat longer, armed. Genitalia nearly covered ; anterior plate with the edge turned backward, the inner especially, around which curves the flagellum, end of plate divided into two lobes, pilose ; posterior plate contorted, divided into two short, thickened lobes, the anterior short and bent at a right angle to the plate, posterior moderately long, a little falciform, pilose. Flagellum very long, curving around in front of the anterior plate. Length of body, 26-38 mm.; width, 1.5-2 mm. Habitat, Indiana, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina. Specimens not adult vary as follows : Pairs of Lengéh. Width. Segments, Feet. 17.5 mm: 1.2 mm. 45 oii 13.5 mm. 1 mm: 43 67 16. mm. 1 mm. 34 50 42 North American Julide. The following is a catalogue of the species of this family de- scribed from North America. I have used the following letters for the different zoo-geographical regions : Ww tt pe 13. Oreos emanrna a Pr & #.—Boreal or Canadian. /.—Eastern Province. En.—-Eastern Province, northern part. Hs.—Hastern Province, southern part. W.—West Indian, ete. C.—Central Province. P.—Pacific Province. CO. A.—Central American. Family A. JULIDZ Leach. Genus |. JULUS Linnzus. . Julus canaliculatus Wood. En. . Julus cinerefrons Wood. P. . Julus coeruleocinctus Wood. ? . Julus exiguus Brandt. En. Julus filicornis Saussure. C. A. . Julus hortensis Wood. En. Julus laqueatus Wood. En. . Julus milesi Wood. En. . Julus minutus Brandt. E. . Julus owenii Bollman. En. . Julus stigmatosus Brandt. E. . Julus virgatus Wood. En. Genus il. STEMMIULUS Cervais. Stemmiulus compressus Karsch. N. Genus Ill. SPIROSTREPTUS Brandt. . Spirostreptus abstemius Karsch. W ? 5. Spirostreptus ampussis Karsch. C. A. . Spirostreptus clavipes Koch. En. . Spirostreptus confragosus Karsch. W. Spirostreptus flavicornis Karsch. W. . Spirostreptus fraternus (Sauss.). C. A. . Spirostreptus montezumee (Sauss.). C. A. . Spirostreptus multiannulatus (McNiell). En. . Spirostreptus nutans Koch. En. . Spirostreptus otomitus (Sauss.). C. A. : North American Julide. 24. Spirostreptus sculpturatus Karsch. W ? 25. Spirostreptus surinamensis Brandt. W. 26. Spirostreptus ventralis Porath. W. Cenus IV. SPIROBOLUS Brandt. 27. Spirobolus acutus (Humb. & Sauss.). W. 28. Spirobolus ? agilis Cope. Es. 29. Spirobolus angusticeps Wood. P. 30. Spirobolus angusticollis Karsch. C. A. 31. Spirobolus arboreus (Saussure). W. 31b. Spirobolus arboreus gundlachi Karsch. W. dle. Spirobolus arboreus krugii Karsch. W. 32. Spirobolus atratus (Girard). E. s. 33. Spirobolus aztecus (Saussure). C. A. 34. Spirobolus beauvoisi (Gervais). W. 395. Spirobolus brevicollis Voges. C. A. 36. Spirobolus californicus (Humb. & Sauss.). P. 37. Spirobolus caudatus Newport. N. 38. Spirobolus chichemecus (Saussure). C. A. 39. Spirobolus crassicornis (Humb. & Sauss.). W. 4). Spirobolus domingensis (Humb. & Sauss.). W. 41. Spirobolus duvernayi Karsch. W. 42. Spirobolus excisus Karsch. W. 43. Spirobolus facatus Karsch. W. 44. Spirobolus flavocinctus Karsch. W. 45. Spirobolus fundipudeus Karsch. W. 46. Spirobotus gracilipes Karsch. W. 47. Spirobolus haitensis (Gervais). W. 48. Spirobolus hebes Bollman. P. 49. Spirobolus heteropygus (Humb. & Sauss.). C. A. 50. Spirobolus ignobilis (Humb. & Sauss.). En. 51. Spirobolus marginatus (Say). E. 52. Spirobolus mexicanus (Saussure). C. A. 538. Spirobolus miniatipus Karsch. W. 54. Spirobolus multifrons Karsch. W. 55. Spirobolus mysticus (Saussure). C. A. 56. Spirobolus nahuus (Humb. & Sauss.). C. A. 57. Spirobolus nietanus (Saussure). C. A. 58. Spirobolus olivaceus Newport. C. A. 59. Spirobolus ornatus (Girard). Es. 60. Spirobolus parcus Karsch. W. 61. Spirobolus pensacole Bollman. Es. 62. Spirobolus spinigerus Wood. Es. 63. Spirobolus striolatus (Gervais). C. A. 64. Spirobolus tepanecus (Saussure). C. A. 91. North American Julide. Spirobolus toltecus (Saussure). C. A. Spirobolus totonacus (Saussure). C. A. . Spirobolus tzendalus (Saussure). :C. A. . Spirobolus uncigerus Wood. P. . Spirobolus vulvanus Karseh. C. A. Spirobolus woodi (Humb. & Sauss.). En. . Spirobolus zapoteus (Saussure). C. A. Cenus V. PAEROMOPUS Karsch. . Paeromopus lysiopetalinus Karsch. P. Genus Vi. PARAJULUS Humb. & Sauss. . Parajulus ceesar (Karsch). W. . Parajulus ceesius (Wood). Es. . Parajulus canadensis (Newport). En. . Parajulus castaneus Bollman. En. , Parajulus curiosus (Karsch).. W. . Parajulus diversifrons (Wood). En. . Parajulus ellipticus Bollman. En. . Parajulus furcifer (Harger). P. . Parajulus immaculatus(Wood). En. 2. Parajulus impressus (Say). En. . Parajulus obtectus Bollman. E. . Parajulus olmecus Humb. & Sauss. C. A. . Parajulus oregonensis (Wood). P. . Parajulus pennsylvanicus (Brandt). En. . Parajulus pilosiscutus (Wood). En. . Parajulus rasilis (Karsch). N. . Parajulus tarascus (Humb. & Sauss.). C. A. 8S. . Parajulus varius Bollman. PP. Genus VIl. NANNOLENE Bollman. Nannolene burkei Bollman. P. Genus VIII. CAMBALA Cray. 2. Cambala annulata (Say). E. INDIANA UNIVERSITY, ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, HEB. cL Ss 7, On the Lron Meteorite from Mazapil, Mexico. 45 V.—On the lron Meteorite which fell near Mazapil, Mexico, during the star-shower of November 27th, 1886, BY WILLIAM EARL HIDDEN. Read January 17, 1887. Of meteoric irons which have been seen to fall, only eight are recorded, namely: that of Agram, Croatia, May 26, 1751; of Charlotte, Dickson Co., Tennessce, Aug. 1, 18385; of Braunan, Bohemia, July 14, 1847; of Tabarz, Saxony, Oct. 18, 1854; of Victoria-west, South Africa, in 1862 ; Nejed, Arabia, spring of 1865 ; of Nedagolla, India, Jan. 23, 1870, and of Rowton, Shrop- shire, England, April 20, 1876. It has become my privilege to be able to add a ninth fall to this short list, and one, as its history proves, which is of more than ordinary scientific importance. It seems probable that at last we are to know something posi- tive of the composition of comets, which bodies have, up to this time, given us nothing tangible whereupon we could base our conclusions. Astronomers now generally believe that comets, shooting-stars, meteors, and meteorites, all have a common ori- gin; and the history of this iron meteorite of Mazapil will help us very materially to agree with this belief. ‘The only objection,” states Prof. Hubert A. Newton, ‘that has been urged against the relationship of meteorites to the star- shower meteors, and the only objection which has apparent force, is the fact that no meteorites have been secured’”’—as yet —‘‘ that are known to have come from the star-showers.” ‘‘ But,” he further states, ‘‘since star-showers are surely related to comets, it is reasonable to look for some relation of meteorites to the bodies and systems, of which the comets form a part ;’ and ‘if at any time,” (Nature, Vol. 19, p. 315, 1879,) ‘‘a real connec- tion can be traced between meteorites and shooting stars, we may begin to hope for a solution of this interesting but difficult problem.” 46 On the Iron Meteorite On the 27th of August last, I received from my personal friend, Prof. Bonilla, of Zacatecas, Mexico, the meteorite hereinafter described. It came to me as a most generous gift, and with it came the very surprising information, that 7¢ had been seen to fall, at about nine P. M. of the twenty-seventh of Nova’ 1888, during the periodical star-shower of the ‘‘ Bielids.” . Such was the remarkable importance of this fall, as shown by its history, and the possibility of its relation to Biela’s comet, that I hesitated to announce it publicly, preferring to delay, until the full evidence could be substantiated in all its particn- lars. This has now been accomplished ; and I fecl free to present to science what seems to be, beyond doubt, a fragment of a comet. The general appearance of this-meteorite gives ready credence to the account of its fall. Its freshness of surface, which shows in a beautiful manner the flow of the melted crust, as the mass rotated in its rapid flight through the atmosphere ; the presence of. unusually large nodules of an amorphous graphite; the very shght superficial oxidation, and the general dissimilarity to other meteorites of the region ;—all point to a confirmation of the data of its fall. When received, it weighed about 3950 grammes. Its present weight is 3864 grammes, or ten pounds, four and one quarter ounces troy. ‘This discrepancy is included in the pieces detached for the purposes of chemical analysis and in obtaining a large surface for the development of the crystalline structure—the so-called figures of Widmanstatten. Very naturally, the fall of this mass of iron might be viewed as merely a co-incident phenomenon with the November ‘‘ Bie- lids” of 185 ; but, to arrive at a thorough understanding of its true relation, let us consider the evidence of its fall and the his- tory of Biela’s comet, as set forth in the communication of Prof. José A. y Bonilla, who is Director of the Astronomical Observa- tory at Zacatecas, Mexico. (Translation.) ‘It is with great pleasure that I send to you the Uranolite (skystone) which fell near Mazapil, during the night cf the 27th of November, 1885. That you may the better appreciate the great scientific interest which this Uranolite pos- trom Mazapil, Mexico. 47 sesses, I would state that everything points to the belief that it belongs to a fragment of the comet of Biela-Gambart, lost since 1852. ‘*T will first give the history of this celestial wanderer, and then my reasons, as an astronomer, for beleving that it belongs to the comet of Biela. **As Director of the Zacatecas Observatory, I am naturally at- tentive to all celestial phenomena; and remembering that in Nov., 1885,. when our planet should pass through the node of the orbit of the disintegrated comet of Biela, there should hap- pen the rain of fall’ng-stars, which occurs periodically from the 26th to the 29th, I requested my pupils and various other peo- ple in different towns of the State of Zacatecas to note the fall of stars on those dates—especially on the evening of the 27th— and endeavor to count them, apprising me of their observations. “<7, myself, in the observatory. prepared for observations as follows :—Firstly, to locate with exactness the position of the radial pomt of the falling starse—determining their co-ordi- nates of mght ascension and declination ;—secondly, to obtain instantaneous photographs of them by means of dry-plates ;— thirdly, to study the meteors by means of the spectroscope ;— fourthly, to count the number of falling stars and note the hour of their maximum number in Zacatecas time ;—fifthly, to fix among the constellations the paths of some of them, at least those most noteworthy. “The sun having set at 5.20 P. M. (local time), I eagerly looked to the place in the heavens where the constellation Andro- meda should be. Hardly had twilight vanished, at 5.47, when I could already distinguisi: the three principal stars of this group. At 6.20, I noticed near Alpha of the triangle the first falling star, and little by little the number increased. At midnight— two hours and a half after Gamma-Andromedez had passed the meridian—the phenomenon had attained its greatest intensity, as I counted in thirty minutes two hundred and forty meteors shooting in all directions and not at all from the same point. ‘With a six-inch equatorial I took the position of the radial point, from which mos¢ of the stars came, and its co-ordinates I made out as follows : ‘*Right ascension Lh. 54m. Declination + 438°. 48 On the lron Meteorite ‘I took several photographs, but in truth they did not prove satisfactory. Either from the difficulty in focussing, or because I did not expose them for the proper length of time, the nega- tives did not seem worthy of mention after I had examined them on the day following. After an exposure, I could not develop - the negatives at once, for fear of losing my observations ; and to develop them was the only test which would have given me an index as to the proper time necessary. ‘* With the spectroscope I was more successful. ‘To my equa- torial, of six inches aperture, I connected « direct-vision Secchi spectroscope with five prisms and cylindrical Jens. The spectra which I noted of the falling stars were all identical. They pre- sented a continuous spectrum with the characteristic lines of Sodium, Carbon, [ron, Nickel and Magnesium. I had never seen the atmospheric lines of nitrogen so marked and character- istic, even when observing the sun near the horizon. ‘The ex- istence of these vitrogen (azote) lines I explain by the extremely high temperature acquired by the air from the contact of the me- teors. It is estimated by some that, on coming into the terres- trial atmosphere, these bodies possess a speed of from 30 to 60 kilometers per second (Wiess estimates 14.9), and that the air so violently compressed instantly acquires a temperature of 3000 to 4000 degrees. ‘Tt was impossible for me to determine the trajectory of this maze of stars, as they were flying in all directions like firework- bombs; nevertheless, the greater number started from a radial point in the direction € Persei and Algol. ‘*As to the number of stars which fell into the atmosphere from 6.20 P. M. until three in the morning—when a thick mist from the northeast prevented further observation—it was impos- sible to fix accnrately, from the multiplicity of duties which en- grossed me. However, my assistant, who was charged with this duty, pencil in hand, and marking from time to time the num- ber counted, noted twenty-seven hundred and twenty meteors, or a little over five per minute. ‘*Other persons, to whom I had recommended the study of the phenomenon, living at various points in the State of Zacate- cas, have probably over-estimated the number seen, since one in particular assured me he had counted nearly 6000. Most of a — —— Srom Mazapil, Mexico. £0 these amateur star-gazers saw the meteors however, but rendered me no other report. “On the second day of December I received, to my great de- light, from Eulogio Mijares; living on the Conception Ranch (thirteen kilometers to the east of Mazapil), a stone which he saw fall from the heavens, at nine o’clock on the evening of the 27th of November, 1885. The fall, simply related, he tells as follows, in his own words : ‘<. Octheeea flaviventris. Front and crown dark brown, forming a decided cap; upper plumage 68 New Species of Birds. greenish-olive ; tail hair-brown ; quills of a dark rich brown ; the seconda- ries have their outer edges partially marked with dull pale rufous ; wing- . coverts dark brown, the greater ones margined with dull pale rufous ; under wing-coverts whitish. blotched with brown ; inner margins of quills very pale salmon-color ; throat grayish-ash ; breast, sides and under tail-coverts light brown ; abdomen of a clear pate yellow ; upper mandible black, the lower whitish ; tarsi and toes light hazel-brown. a Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2.63 ; tail, 2.25; bill, 0.38. Habitat, South America. Precise locality unknown. Type in my collection. | Remarks.—The only species with which it seems necessary to make comparison is, O. gratiosa, Sclater. ‘The wings are shorter and the tail is longer than in that species, the bill is larger and the under mandible is pale in color, instead of brown; in their upper plumage they are somewhat alike, but gratiosa has the back ruddy-brown, in the other it is greenish-olive ; the under plumage of gratiosa has a general yellowish cast, buffy on the abdomen, whereas in the new species, the yellow is restricted to the abdomen, and is a clear pale yellow; the tail of the new species is light brown, that of gratiosa blackish-brown. ANNALS eae OF THE : YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. one VOLUME IV, 1886+. = ANNALS,” published for over half a century by the Lyceum of tory? are continued under the above name by the New York y of Sciences, beginning in 1877. 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Gabeactions, Per yest ee ee | Shree Dollars ioe a single numbers, Betas 0 Bia EL Cente communications should be icy essed to a (= See Pror. D. S. MARTIN, Ee “Chairman Publication C ommittee, No, 236 West 4th Street, ee . New York. LaNRY DUDLEY, Ten ~ = Freasurer, No. 301 Eust 17th Strect. Le A ademy has for sale a number of back volumes of the ANNALS, of es) series, each containing twelve or more numbers ; the price per volume is Fis pole es Fas es the mode of publication. The ANNALS will henceforth be ngs, will appear in its other publication, the TRANSACTIONS, which it is | CONTENTS, 46 I—A Review of the Chetodontide of North ee ~ Carn A. EIGENMANN and Ae es EL Rotese I1.—Supplement to a Catalowan of § Chemical Periodical H. CaRRINGTON BOLTON... 05 .s2.++0vseenedee III.—Description of a. New Species of Thrush tabi: the Is E Grenada, West Indies. By GEORGE N. Law IV.—Notes on N ont American J ulide. By Grae S$ PSOE EALAM SD pee a ae ea Eiht st | V.—On the Iron Meteorite which fell near Mazapil, dur I Star-shower of November 27, 1885 (with Plate 1 WiniramM EArt HIDDEN....... bias, ange oe VI. —Descriptions of New’ Species of Birds of the Fami | viide, Troglodytide and Tyrannide. By Guor LAWRENCE. s.Suy > ie ween Sa eee 2 | a hee ee Be RS pesas 2 : North American Carboniferous Trilobites. 69 VI.—The Genera and Species of North American Carboniferous Trilobites. BY ANTHONY: Wi. VOGDES., Read, March 28th, 1887. CONTENTS :— I. Introduction. I]. Classification of the Carboniferous strata of the United States. III. The genus Proetus, Steininger. IV. The genus Phillipsia, Portlock. V. The genus Grifithides, Portlock. VI. The genus Brachymetopus, McCoy. VII. Deseription of the American species, with remarks. I.— INTRODUCTION. The known Carboniferous Trilebites of North America con- sist of several species of the genus Proetus, ranging from the Che- mung to the Waverly series ; twelve species of the genus Phii- iipste. vis.: F. insignis, P. Doris, P. Rockfordensis, of the Waverly series; Phillipsia tuberculata, Burlington series; P. Meramecensis, Keokuk ; P. Stevensoni, Chester series ; P. Howi, and P. Vindoubonensis ? Lower Carboniferous, and four species from the Middle and Upper Coal Measures. The genus Grif- fithides has five species, which range from the Keokuk to the Coal Measures. Brachymeiopus has only one species, appearing in the Waverly " series. The following brief diagnosis of the characters may be found of use in separating the genera: 70 North American PROETUS. — . Glabella tumid, gibbous in front, but not overhanging its anterior border. . . Marked by three pair of short lateral furrows. . Basal lobes separated from the glabella by very aretnen furrows. . The axis of the pygidium is always raised above the margin and di- minishes to a blunt extremity ; it has from 4 to 13 segments. H> OO & PHILLIPSIA. . Sides of glabella nearly parallel. . Marked by either two or three short lateral Hoe: Basal lobes continuous with the glabella. . Eyes large reniform. . Pygidium usually with a border. Axis composed of from 12 to 18 segments. Bea GRIFFITHIDES. . Glabella pyriform. . No short lateral furrows on the glabella. Basal lobes distinct from the glabella. . Eyes small, suboval. . Pygidium rounded, composed of from 10 to 18 segments. wo — or He Co BRACHYMETOPUS. . Glabella short, tumid. . No short lateral furrows on the glabella. . Basal lobes distinct. . Eyes small, placed close to the glabella, reniform. . The axis of the pygidium has from 10 to 17 segments. ew wore OU I].—CLASSIFICATION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS STRATA OF THE UNITED STATES. LOWER CARBONIFEROUS.—In the United States, this series is represented in the West along the valley of the Mississippi River by a limestone deposit, but in the Eastern States these limestones are replaced by a sandstone and conglomerate, with occasional beds of limestone, like that of Maxville, Ohio.’ ‘The Lower Car- boniferous sand beds of Pennsylvania thin away and gradually disappear before they reach the Mississippi, while the Chester and 1 Geol. Sur. Ohio, Vol. 3, p. 821. Carboniferous Trilobites. ‘a St. Louis series of Illinois, Lowa and Missouri, which were pro- bably formed in a deep quiet sea, thin away to the eastward in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, to 40 feet, and in Somer- set County to 25 feet.’ Towards the South, in Virginia, the Lower Carboniferous limestones have a thickness of 822 feet, and even more {in Tennessee. In Georgia these beds have a very limited outcrop, as mere borders of the small coal measures, ex- cept along one line of outliers from which the coal measure strata have been removed.” In the Arctic regions, rocks of the Carboniferous Limestone are exposed on the north coast of Grin- nell Land, in Feilden and Parry Peninsulas, and as far west as Clements-Markham Inlet, rising on Mount Julia to a height of 2,000 feet, and much higher in the United States Range.’ Waverty.—The Waverly series includes the Chouteaw lime- stones, Vermicular sandstones and shales of the Missouri Geolog- ical Survey; likewise that portion of the so-called Waverly group of Ohio which overlies the Cleveland shale and also the Go- niatite limestones of Indiana. ‘These beds vary in thickness from 100 to 200 feet, and contain beds of grit-stone, sandy and argilla- ceous shales, with thin layers of oélitic limestone in Illinois. In Michigan, Rominger includes with this series the Huron shales, in the southern part of the Peninsula, and also the Marshall and Napoleon groups.* The Kinderhook group of Illinois contains many fossils which are identical with those of the Waverly,—omitting the Cleveland shales,—and they are equivalent to each other. Fossils of this series appear as far west as Lake Valley, New Mexico, and also in Nevada and Arizona. BURLINGTON SERtES.—This group takes its name from its typical locality, Burlington, Iowa. It hes immediately below the Keokuk limestone, and is separated into two beds, by its lithological characters and its fossils. (a) A lower bed of brown 1 Geol. Penn. Rep. Ka, p. 100. * Little’s Catalogue of Ores, Rocks, &c., Georgia, p. 11. 3 Geol. Soc. London, Vol. 1879, p. 560. * Rominger, Geel. Sur. Michigan, Vol. 3, Chap. viii. 72 North American magnesian limestone, locally arenaceous; (6) a light gray or nearly white limestone, with some brown layers interstratified, and when free from chert, composed of nearly pure calcium carbonate. Chert and hornstone are abundant in both beds in seams and nodules. 3 The Burlington series appears as far west as Lake Valley, New Mexico, also in the States of Iowa, Illinois and Missouri. On the eastern and southern borders of the IHlinois coal fields, no calcareous beds have yet been found occupying the horizon to which this series properly belongs. ‘The Burlington group, as far as known, only contains Phillipsia tuberculata, Meek and Worthen. KEOKUK SERIES.—This rock, in its full development, consists of a gray or bluish-gray compact, encrinal limestone, in beds separated by shaly partings ; while bands of shale or marl of considerable thickness sometimes occur. At the base of the limestone a series of cherty beds appears, which resist denuda- tion, and now form the river-bed above Keokuk, Iowa, producing rapids. At this point they have a total thickness of 60 feet, but further to the south they become greatly augmented and produce the body of strata known as the Silicious series in Tennessee. The following trilobites appear in this series: Grifithides Portlockt, Griffithides bufo. St. Louris SERIES.—At St. Lonis and Alton, these beds con- sist of regularly bedded gray. or bluish gray limestone, sometimes massive, and again in thin beds, suitable for flagging-stones. Near the middle of the series. between Alton and the mouth of the Piusa, a bed of concretionary and brecciated limestone of about 20) feet thick appears ; below this, the limestones are of a darker color. North of the Illinois River, the series thins out rapidly. In the southern portions of Illinois, the beds change their litho- logical character to a light odlitic limestone, with a thin-bedded cherty limestone at its base. In Indiana, the St. Lonis series includes the Spergen Hill limestone and also an excellent build- ing stone at Ellettsville. In Kentucky, rocks of this series ap- pear on the railroad between Elizabethtown and Paducah; the top beds consist of an odlitic limestone, alternating with beds o¢ Se ee Carboniferous Trilobites. 13 drab-colored lithographic limestone ; below these beds a dark- blue fetid limestone appears. In Hardin and Grayson Counties, between Cecilia Junetion and Kast View, the rocks of this series consist of a mass of coarse gray limestone, fine grained limestone, odlitic and arenaceous limestones and shales. Throughout its entire extent in Kentucky the series has a cavernous character and may be identified by its topography of sinkhole and semi- circular valleys. CHESTER SERIES.— These rocks were first described by Dr. Shumard in Marcy’s Expl. Red River, p. 156, without naming the group; afterwards by Dr. Hall (Trans. Alb. Inst., 1856, Vol. 4), asthe Kaskaskia limestone ; and by the Geological Sur- vey of Illinois (Vol. 1, p. 77), as the Chester group. In Arkansas, in Washington County, the series consists of beds of dark-gray and bluish limestone, surmounted by massive, course and fine-grained quartzose sandstone. In I[linois it com- prises three or more beds of limestone, with intercalated beds of sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones, the whole attaining «a thickness, in Randolph County. of at least 600 feet. At its typical locality, the rock forms the cliff bordering the American Bottom from Kaskaskia to Chester, and thence southward, hav- ing a continuous exposure of more than ten miles. The lower portion is composed of a compact arenaceous limestone, with shaly partings. Its central and upper beds include a thick bed of sandstone; towards the top there is a mass of green shale or marl 60 feet thick, overlain by a heavy bed of hmestone. In Kentucky, this series appears on the Louisville, Paducah and S. W. R. R., above the St. Louis beds. These rocks consist of limestone, sandstone and shale, and constitute a bed of passage from the massive limestones of the Lower Carboniferous to the coal measures. The members of this series occur at intervals from East View, Wardin Co., to Litchfield, Grayson Co., and beyond; and also at points between Scottsburg, Caldwell Co., and Tradewater River. The Chester series contains Phillipsia Stevensoni and Grif- fithides granulata. q4 North American THE Upper CARBONIFEROUS system contains in Pennsylvania the Mauch Chunk red shales, Pottsville conglomerate, and the Lower, Barren, and Upper Coal Measures. The Upper Coal Measures of Kansas, Nebraska, &c., contain the following car- boniferous trilobites : Phillipsia Cliftonensis, P. major ; in Iili- linois, Griffithides Sangamonensis, and G. scitula. The Middle Coal Measures of Missouri contain Phillipsia Missouriensis. Among the carboniferons trilobites described and figured from the Upper Coal Measures of the West, there are two forms re- ferred by Dr. Schiel (Rep. Expl. Sur. Miss. River to the Pa- cific Ocean, Vol. 2, p. 1, figs. 11 aud 14), to the genus Phillip- sia. The first, fig. 11, from Westport, is too imperfect to de- termine ; the second, fig. 14, from Indian Creek, may be Phil- lipsia major, Shumard. Dr. Geinitz (Carb. und Dyas in Neb., p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 1), men- tions and figures a small pygidium from the Upper Coal Mea- sures of Plattsmouth, Neb., which he refers to the genus Phdl- lipsia. | Iit._PROETUS. Plate II, figs. 1 and 2. Proetus, Steininger, 1831, Mém. Soc. Geol. de France, Vol. 1, p. 355, pl. 21, fig. 6. Description.—General form of the body oval, the trilobation very distinct through the entire length of the body. The head is less than a third of the total length ; the pygidium is rather longer than the head. The cephalic shield is always surrounded by a border, consisting of an exterior raised rim and an inner groove or furrow. The movable cheeks are sometimes prolonged into spines at their posterior angles. The posterior margin of the head is formed by a grooved or furrowed border of the free cheeks on each side, and by the two basal lobes and the neck-lobe, which are separated from the glabella by a very distinct and deep furrow. The occipital lobe is broader than the axial rings of the thorax which follow it. The glabella is usually rounded and gibbous in front, but does not overhang its anterior border ; it has three pairs of short lateral furrows, although not always easily distinguished. The basal lobes of the glabella are very distinct. The facial suture crosses the frontal border just in a line with the com- pound eye. above which it expands, forming a round palpebral lobe ; then passing down close to the line of the axial furrow, it diverges outwards and crosses the posterior border obliquely behind the line of the orbit. The movable cheek is triangular, its surface is convex, and upon the highest -~> t Carboniferous Trilobites. point is placed the large compound reniform eye, which is either smooth or - facetted according to the state of its preservation. The segments of the thorax vary from 8to10. The axis is always strongly arched, and does not exceed the pleurze in breadth ; the breadth of the axis diminishes very gradually to the posterior extremity. The pleure are more or less bent at the fulcral point, and have their extremities cither pointed or rounded and their anterior margin facetted. The pygidium varies in its elevation, but the axis is always raised above the margin, and diminishes to a blunt extremity, leaving a smooth border beyond. The number of lateral ribs varies from 41013. The lateral ribs do not extend to the margin of the pygidium. The contour of the pygidium is often encircled with a border ; in some species the border is ornamented with points (Phaeton Archiact, Barr). The surface of the test is most fre- quently smooth or finely granulated ; in a few species it is striated, although in some it is both striated and granulated. PROETUS MISSOURIENSIS, Shumard. Pl. Il, Fig. 1. Compare Proetus auriculatus, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. eemast-; p. 107. Proetus Missouriensis, Shumard, 1855, Geol. Sur. Missouri, p. 196, pl. B, figs. 13 a, 0. Proetus Missouriensis, Vogdes, 1887. Bibliography Paleozoic Crustacea. Phillipsia Shumardi, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Dennison Univ., p. 58. Dr. Shumard gives the following description of this species: ‘* Glabella tumid, greatest height about the centre, ovoid, obtusely rounded in front, truncated posteriorly, length a little greater than the width, widest behind, three furrows on each side, posterior pair strongly marked ; these commence at the dorsal sinus, about one-third the distance from base to front, pass in a curve backwards, and bifurcate about midway between the centre and sides of the glabella ; one branch very shallow, is continued for a short distance almost transversely ; the other bends backwards nearly to the occipital sinus, and with the main branch partially encloses a large oval lobe on each side, the lobes separated by a space about half the width of the glabella ; middle pair of furrows, shallow, curving backwards in a direction nearly parallel with the posterior ones, but considerably shorter ; anterior pair feebly impressed, a little oblique ; occipital sinus a little convex to- wards the front, shallowest in the middle ; occipital ring wide, flattened, much lower than the plane of the glabella. Pygidium semi-circular, flat- tened convex, width double the length, margin broad and slightly concave ; axial lobe almost as wide as the lateral lobes, rounded at the extremity ; segments ten, separated by strongly marked furrows ; lateral lobes flattened, 76 North American with six or seven segments separated by shallow, but well marked furrows: surface thickly studded with granule, which are rather smaller than those _ of the glabella.” . Locality.—Lithographic Limestone (Waverly series), at Hannibal, Louisi- ana, and Chouteau Springs, Missouri ; also at Granville, Ohio. - In the Lower Carboniferous Group of North America we have seven spe- cies of the genus Proetus, viz.: Proetus auriculatus Hall, extending up from the Chemung into the Waverly series, and the following species from the Waverly series: P. Missouriensis, Shumard ; P. Loganensis, Hall and Whit- field ; P. peroccidens, Hall and Whitfield ; P. trinucleatus, Herrick ; P. ? ellipticus, Meek and Worthen ; P. Tennesseensis, Winchell. We have examined several cephalic shields of Proetus Missouri- ensts from Hannibal, Missouri, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City. The glabella of the largest specimen measures 15 mm. in width across its broadest portion, and about the same in length ; the occipital ring is well defined, separated from the glabella by a prominent occipital sinns. Another specimen, in the Columbia College collection, from Cameron, Missouri, shows the glabella and one movable cheek. The movable cheeks are sub-triangular in outline and highly convex ; the eyes being located high up on the cheeks ; the cheeks slope from the eyes at an angle of about 45° to half their width. At this point they are slightly depressed, then gradually slope off to the marginal border; the limit or marginal border of the head consists of a narrow raised band extending around the head. The genal angles appear to be obtusely rounded off. The facial suture crosses the frontal border slightly outside of a line drawn parallel with the outside of the eyes, above which it expands, forming a rounded palpebral lobe ; then passing down, it diver- ges outwards and crosses the posterior border obliquely behind the line of the orbit. The fixed checks expand both before and behind the eyes. This specimen, being an internal cast, exhibits two peculiar cone-like elevations instead of pores; they are in front of the eyes on the dorsal furrows of the glabella; the fixed cheeks at this point are slightly depressed into an oblong hollow, rounding off and cutting into the sides of the glabella. The upper shell of the specimen has been removed, and we have here the interior impressions of these auxiliary impressions, as Barrande calls them. These peculiar pores placed on each side of the glabella: ee Carboniferous Trilobites. V7 in the dorsal furrows of the glabella just in front of the eyes, — have been observed by McCoy, Oldham, Salter, Barrande, Von Moller, and Woodward. McCoy (Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland, 1846, p. 43), thinks that these auxiliary impressions occupy just the po- sition which the antennz would have occupied, and that anten- ne, being hollow organs, would leave a hole in the external in- tegument if broken off. Capt. Portlock (Rep. Geol. Londonderry, &c., 1843, p. 261), noticed them in his description of Ampyz Sarsiz without remark. Dr. Oldham (Jour. Geol. Soc. Dublin, 1846, Vol. 3, p. 189), in his description of Griffithidés globiceps, says :—‘*‘ In the fur- rows which separate the cheeks and glabella, about halfway be- tween the front of the eye and the anterior margin, I have ob- served in all the tolerably preserved specimens which I have seen, a small hole or indentation”; but he does not offer an explana- tion of their use. In 1847, Mr. J. W. Salter (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, Vol. 3, p. 251), in his article on the structure of Trinwcleus, re- fers to the discovery by himself and Dr. Emmrich, of the facial suture in Trinucleus ornatus, and states that its course ‘‘is ob- liquely upwards from the eye-tubercle to the upper end of the glabella, where it appears to terminate in a solitary deep perfo- ration, similar to those which surround the head.” This is the first observation of these organs, that we know of, in the genus Trinucleus. Later on, in 1852, Barrande (Systéme Silurian de la Bohéme, Vol. 1, p. 230), refers to the observations of McCoy, and also to various genera on which he has observed auxiliary impressions. He remarks: ‘* When the shell exists, as we have seen it in spe- cimens of Calymene Bayle, etc., it is bent inwards, as a funnel shaped depression. We have thought that this bending inward of the shel! was simply designed to afford points of attachment for the muscles of the jaws, and that they have the same origin as the similar indentations which we have indicated in the pleu- rz of various species of trilobites, * * * * A fragment of Cheirurus gibbus, broken along the line of the dorsal groove and the length of the glabella, exposing to view one of the ale of the hypostoma 77 situ, shows that this wing of the hypostoma fits at 78 North American its extremity to the interior of the little funnel-shaped projection furmed upon the under side of the head-shield. These details are very distinct, owing to the very perfect preservation of this specimen with its shell. After this we cannot accept any other interpretation for the genus Cheirurus than that which we have given.” Valerian von Mdller, in his article on the Trilobites of the Carboniferous formation of the Urals, in 1867,. p. 44, notices these auxiliary impressions on the head of Phillipsia Hichwaldi, ‘fas very distinct deep funnel-shaped openings which run a little obliquely and enter into the under side of the cephalothorax.” He cites the opinion of McCoy and of Barrande, and remarks, ‘*T quite agree with the observations of Barrande, and I feel sure the more one examines these indentations the more one feels satisfied that they are only superficial openings.” Dr. Henry Woodward, in his Monograph of the British Car- boniferous Trilobites (Palzeont. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 71), givesa general review of the literature on this subject and remarks :— ‘+ These puncta may be. like the fenestre in the head of Blatta orientalis, either rudimentary ocelli or the seat of some other nerve-sense, and may have been, as in Blatéa and in Serolis, co- vered with a thin transparent portion of the integument, which served cither as a simple eye, u tympanum, or an olfactory pore. We have referred to these fenestre@ in the head of Slatta because they are placed, like those of the trilobites, on a suture of the head, and in front of the compound eye.” The interpretation of these cone-like organs observed upon Proetus Missouriensis seems to favor the conclusion of Dr. Woodward, that is, that they were organs of hearing. PROETUS LOGANENSIS, Hall & Whitfield. Proetus Loganensis, Ball and Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par., Vol. LV, p. 264, pl. 4, fig. 33. The pygidium of a small species differing very materially from Proetus peroccidens occurs at Logan Cafion: ‘‘ The form is more nearly semicircular, being but very slightly paraboloid. The axial lobe is highly convex, ra- pidly tapering below and terminating abruptly a little within the posterior margin ; anterior end forming fully 4 of the entire width of the shield. Carboniferous Trilobites. 79 Lateral lobes moderately convex, with a slightly thickened, scarcely elevated border of moderate width, on which the ribs become nearly obsolete. Axial lobe marked by 9 rounded and distinct annulations, exclusive of the termi- nal ones, strong in front and rapidly decreasing in size posteriorly. The ribs of the lateral lobes are 10 in number on each side, simple, highly rounded, and continuing entirely around the posterior margin of the shield, the most posterior ones being very faintly marked.” Geological position and locality.—Waverly group at Logan Cafion, Wahsatch Range, Utah. PROETUS PERGCCIDENS, Hall & Whitfield. Proctus peroceidens, Hall and Whitfield, 1877, U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par., Vol. IV, p. 262, pl. 4. figs. 28-32. The authors give the following description of this species: ‘‘ The glabella is Conico-cylindrical in form, once and a half as long as wide, very gently narrowing from the base forward, and rounded-truncate in front; very de- pressed-convex throughout, and marked by four pairs of transverse furrows, the posterior ones stronger, curving backward at their inner ends, nearly surrounding the posterior lobes, forming rounded convex tubercles, each of which is equal in width to ¢ that of the entire glabella. The other three pairs are faintly marked, and reach nearly 4 across the glabella ; the anterior one transverse and very obscure, distant from the anterior end of the glabella, equal to its width at the furrow ; second and third pairs distinct, slightly curving backward at their ends. Occipital ring narrow, depressed-convex, and not strongly marked. Fixed cheeks narrow ; palpebral lobe small, sit- uated a little more than 4 of the distance from the posterior border of the head, angular in outline. Frontal border thickened and rounded, well de- fined, but not distinctly separated from the glabella in front. Posterior la- teral limbs not preserved, but narrow at their junction with the fixed cheeks. Suture-line cutting the frontal margin with a slight curvature at a point dis- tant from the sides of the glabella equal to one-half its width at the anterior ‘end, and rounding inward with a gentle curvature to the anterior side of the palpebral lobe, the cheek being very narrow at this point, thence pass- ing along the top of the eye to the junction of the posterior lateral limb. Surface of the glabella and cheeks smooth, except a few granules near the base of the glabella. Movable cheeks of medium size in proportion to the glabella, flattened convex from the base of the eye to the narrow, thickened, and chamfered marginal rim ; occipital furrow narrow, not strongly marked, and reaching nearly to the depression within the marginal rim ; posterior angles of the cheeks extending backward in the form of short angular spines. Thoracic segments unknown. 80 North American Pygidium paraboloid in outline, highly convex, abruptly so at the sides and posteriorly. Axial lobe forming a little less than 4 of the entire width, and reaching nearly to the posterior margin, rounded and strongly elevated throughout ; gradually tapering posteriorly and narrowly rounded at the — extremity ; marked by from 15 to 17 annulations in different individuals, exclusive of the anterior articulating ring. Lateral lobes well marked, very convex, slightly flattened near the axis, but very abrupt at the sides and be- hind ; marked by from 14 to 16 very sharply elevated angular ribs, which occupy the entire border, extending beyond the end of the axial lobe, and reaching almost to the margin, leaving only a narrow plain space at the edge. The surface of the annulations is marked by a series of small nodes, or pustules, along their crests, arranged in four longitudinal rows on the axial rings, and an indefinite number, closely arranged, occur on those of the lateral lobes.” The species, in some of its features, resembles Proetws macro- cephalus, Hall, of the shales of the Hamilton group of New York, especially in the markings of the pygidium, but it differs in the more elongate form and uumber of ribs of this part, while the glabella is proportionately narrower and the sides more nearly parallel ; the fixed cheeks and anterior border are narrower, and the movable cheeks terminate in spines, which is not the case with that one. The surface of the glabella and head is also des- titute of the strong pustules which characterize that species. Geological position and locality.— Waverly group at Ogden, Logan Cafion, Wahsatch Range, and Dry Cafion, Oquirrh Mount- ains, Utah. PROETUS TENNESSEENSIS, Winchell. Phillipsia Tennesseensis, Winchell, 1869, Geol. Tennessee, p. 445. We subjoin the original description : ‘*Glabella prominent, indented by a small round, depressed postero-lateral lobe, and isolated by a deep occipital furrow, from a prominent occipital ring which extends, narrowing in width and curving backwards, entirely across the border, fading out toward the short, acute genal angle. Border concave, bounded by a prominent ridge, outside of which is a linear groove limited peripherally by a sharp elevated, delicate linear margin. Surface of the glabella, accessory lobe and neck-ring covered with fine unequal granulations ; a row of granules along the ridge of the border. Pygidium broadly rounded, nearly twice as long as broad, apparently depressed ; axis — Carboniferous Trilobites. St with 8 or 9 rings, tapering to the posterior end, which is somewhat abruptly rounded off, one-tenth of an inch from the extremity of the pygidium ; lateral lobes with 8 or 9 segments, becoming obscure posteriorly. Border _ about one-sixteenth of an inch broad. marked on the under side by nine rigid, sharply impressed strive. Exterior crust very finely and obscurely granulated. Length about 3, breadth 3 of an inch. Comparisons.—According to Winchell, this species seems to approach nearer to Proetus articulatus Hall (15th Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 107), from the Chemung group, Lick- ing Co., Ohio ; but is destitute of the anterior and middle fur- rows of the glabella. It differs from Proetus (Phillipsia ?) ellip- ticus, Meek and Worthen, from the Waverly series, in the charac- ters of the cephalic border, in the absence of glabella furrows, and in the border of the pygidium. Geological position and locality :—Waverly series, Hickman Co., ‘T’ennessee. PROETUS TRINUCLEATUS, Herrick. Pinte. 2; Pigs: “7.'3;'9: Phillipsia trinucleata, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. II, p. 64, pl. 1, figs. 23 and 23 a, c, e,h; pl. 2, fig. 32; pl. 3, fig. 21. The characteristic features of this species are drawn from the glabella ; according to the author, ‘‘it is considerably longer than wide, and quite convex, the greater height being posterior to the middle. Anterior de- pressed margin rather narrow in front, expanded laterally ; sides nearly straight or somewhat concave near the eyes; postero-lateral lobes very sharply defined, conical, oblique, with a second smaller pair in front of them, and avery faintly outlined second pair still farther forward ; between the postero-lateral lobes a sharply defined, prominent, median elevation, almost as large as the others ; cervical segment convex, high, often with a single median tubercle. The surface of the glabella is minutely ornamented and on either side in front of the eyes is an oval pit which has been thought by some to represent the insertion of the antennze or organs of sense.” ‘* The eyes are large and supported by a prominent palpebral lobe. A sin- gle movable cheek has been found ; the margin is obliquely inclined, form- ing a prominent angle at its union with the face ; middle of cheek depressed and marked with an impressed line ; cheek produced i to a spine as long as the whole remainder of the cheek ; length of cheek, .77 (the spine, .35) ; length of eye, .11. Pygidia are not rare and are very convex, the median lobe especially being convex from side to side, and particularly prominent posteriorly. The median lobe occupies } or less the width of the pygidium proximally and tapers gradually, forming a portion of a regular truncate 82 North American cone ; on either side an impressed line marking off an accessory portion ; axial segments, 17-19 ; lateral lobes convex ; pleura flatte ed slightly above, ° separated by very deep sutures; margin broad, longitudinally striate, ab- ruptly deflexed ; ribs, 9-12. Length of pygidium, 0.85 ; width, 0.45 ; length of axial lobe, 0.27. An- other individual, length, 0.48 ; width, 0.56 ; axial lobe, width, 0.20 ; length, 0.40 inch. The pygidium is generally, if not always, ornamented by minute pustules on the summits of the segments which are borne on the top of a slightly elevated, flattened ridge forming the axis of the annuli ” Geological position and locality :—Waverly group, Flint Ridge, Licking Co., Ohio. : After a careful study of this species, and the figures of it given by Dr. Herrick, pl. 2, figs. 23 and 23 c, we are inclined to refer this species to the genus Proetus. PROETUS ELLIPTICUS, Meek and Worthen. Plate 3, Fig. 3. . Proetus ellipticus, Meek and Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. &ci. Phila., p: 267. Proetus ellipticus, Meek and Worthen, 1868, Palseont. Illinois, Vol. III, p. 460, pl. 14, fig. 8. . The following is a copy of the description of this species given by the authors : ‘‘Rather small, entire outline narrow, elliptic ; cephalic shield semi-ellip- tic, about 4 wider than long, and slightly longer than the thorax—regularly and rather narrowly rounded in front and straight behind, with postero- lateral angies produced into small spines, which extend back to the fourth thoracic segment ; anterior and lateral borders with a narrow marginal rim, strongly deflected upwards, and separated from the cheeks and glabella by a deep furrow. Glabella more prominent than the cheeks, including the neck-segment, a little more twice as long as wide, broader behind than in front, where it is regularly rounded, separated from the cheeks on each side by moderately well-defined furrows ; neck-segment more prominent in the middle than any part of the glabella, about twice as wide (antero-posteriorly) as the thoracic segments, and defined by a narrower but distinct neck-fur- row, the continuation of which becomes wider, but rather less sharply im- pressed, as it extends straight across the posterior margin of the cheeks to their lateral marginal furrows ; lateral furrows of the glabella, excepting the posterior ones, nearly obsolete ; posterior lateral lobes small, subovate, and nearly isolated by a rather obscure lateral furrows just in front of each being directed obliquely backwards and inwards, so as to intersect the neck- furrow ; the other two lateral lobes, of which there seem to be indications Carboniferous Trilobites. 85 of two on each side, are very small and nearly obsolete ; anterior lobe com- posing nearly half of the glabella, Eyes lunate, not oblique, one-third as long as the glabella, but not so prominent, situated less than their own length in advance of the posterior margin of the cheeks near the glabella, and about half their length from the lateral margins of the cheeks ; reticu- lations very fine. Facial sutures intersecting the posterior margins of the cheeks near the middle, and extending forwards from the anterior side of each eye, at first close to the side of the glabella but soon curving outwards and obliquely forward, so as to intersect the lateral margins nearly in front of the middle of the eyes. ‘Thorax about one-third wider than long, distinctly trilobate ; mesial lobe prominent, about once and-a-half as wide as the lateral lobe, consisting, apparently, of only 8 segments ; a little widest near the middle, and taper- ing posteriorly ; segments not arching forwards, but strongly arched up- wards. rather flattened. Lateral lobes depressed, somewhat flattened near the mesial lobe, and rounding down rather distinctly to the lateral margins; segments narrow on their upper edges, flattened in the direction of the axis, and bent a little backwards below the knees, apparently rounded at the ex- tremities. ‘* Pygidium sub-semicircular, but a little rounded at the anterior lateral angles ; about one-third wider than long, and as long as the glabella, exclu- sive of the neck-segments and anterior marginal rim ; rather more broadly rounded behind than the anterior margin of the glabella ; mesial lobe pro- minent, about as wide anteriorly as the lateral lobes, and tapering back- ward to an obtuse point within the margin, where it ends rather abruptly and is a little depressed, but not flattened ; consisting of nine or ten mode- rately defined segments ; lateral lobes depressed below the mesial lobe, near which they are slightly flattened, thence rounding to the margins ; each with about seven rather faintly defined segments, of which only the anterior one is marked with a longitudinal furrow, all extending to within a short distance of the margin, which seems to be slightly thickened. ‘‘Surface apparently nearly smooth, excepting the glabella, which is covered with small, rather closely arranged granules, a row of very small granules may also be seen by the aid of a magnifier, along the posterior margin of the segments of the mesial lobe, both of the thorax and pygidium. ‘Entire length. 0.78 inch.” * * * Locality and position -—Jersey County, Illinois; Kinderhook Group of the Lower Carboniferous series. IV. PHILLIPSIA, Portlock, 1843. Plate 2, Figs. 4, 10, 11. Phillipsia, Portlock, 1848, Rep. Geol. Londonderry, etc., p. 309. Description.—General form oval; glabella with nearly parallel sides, marked by either two or three short lateral furrows ; the posterior angles 84 North American forming the basal lobes, always separated by a circular furrow from the rest of the glabella ; eyes large, reniform, surface finely facetted. Occipital fur- row deep ; movable check separated from the glabella by the suture, which forms an acute angle with the circular border of the cheek in front of the glabella ; while the facial suture cuts obliquely across the posterior margin, just behind the eye, leaving a small pointed portion fixed to the glabella by the occipital lobe ; angles of cheeks more or less produced, margin of the head incurved, forming a striated and punctated rim. Thoracic segments nine in number, the axis distinctly marked off by the distinct dorsal fur- oe rows. Pygidium, usually with a rounded border, the axis composed of © from 12 to 18 coalesced segments. Hypostoma of Phillipsia Derbiensis is large, mesial lobe broad and spatu- late, ale small, smooth, and pointed. PHILLIPSIA PERANNULATA, Shumard. Phillipsia perannulata, Shumard, 1858, Trans, Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 296; pl. XI, fig. 10. Pygidium deltoid, as wide as long, elevated ; border narrow, smooth, in- flected behind, outer cdge sinuate, inner edge obtusely subangulated, the anterior two-thirds marked with a shallow furrow ; posterior extremity nar- row, very strongly arched ; axial lobe elevated, nearly as wide as one lateral lobe, tapering very gradually from front to posterior extremity, which is bluntly rounded and nearly terminal ; axial rings from 28 to 30, rounded, distinct on the dorsum. becoming obsolete on the sides ; margins sinuate, sur- face of each ring studded with a single row of 4 or 5 granules, those of one ring alternating with those of the adjoining ones ; transverse furrows much narrower than the rings and not deeply impressed ; lateral lobes arched. somewhat flattened superiorly ; segments 8, subangulated, simple, gently arched forwards, posterior ones directed obliquely backwards, the last one being nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis ; transverse furrows deep and rather broad ; surface of rings garnished with a row of distinct granules. Dimensions.—Length and width, 0.74 ; height, 0.28 inch. Geological position and locality, Carboniferous, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. PHILLIPSIA CLIFTONENSIS, Shumard. Phillipsia Cliftonensis, Shumard, 1858, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 227 Phillipsia Cliftonensis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. ae 1: Pygidium small, semi-elliptical, gibbous, width greater than the length ; axial lobe elevated longitudinally, gently arched; dorsum slightly de- pressed, width at forward extremity about equal to one lateral lobe exclud- ing the smooth margin, gradually tapering and terminating in a blunt point Carboniferous Trilobites. 85 posteriorly ; rings from 13 to 14, sub-granulose, separated by distinctly im- pressed furrows ; lateral lobes angulated near the middle, flattened above and on the sides, well defined from the margin by a shallow but distinct furrow ; segments 7, rounded, separated by distinct linear sulci ; margin moderately wide and regularly convex. : Dimensions.—Length, .28 inch ; width, .25; height, .11; height of axial lobe, .04 ; length of same, .19. Geological position and locality.—Upper Coal Measures, Clifton Park, Kansas PHILLIPSIA MAJOR, Shumard. Plate 3, Fig. 14. Phillipsia major, Shumard, 1858, Trans. Acad Sci. St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 226. Phillipsia major, Meek, 1872, U.S. Geol. Sur. Neb., p. 238, pl. 3, figs. 2, a. 6. 6: — Schiel, 1855, Rep. Exp}. Sur, Mississippi River to Pacific Ocean, Vol. Resp TUS; “pl. 1, fig Tt. Phillipsia major, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., II., p. 60. Head and thorax unknown. Pygidium large, elevated, approaching to semi-elliptical, a little widerthan long ; surface smooth or very finely punc- tate ; outlines of lateral edges sinuate, margin broad, particularly towards the posterior extremities: axial lobe very much elevated, gently tapering, forming about five-sixths of the total length, not so wide as the lateral lobe, rather strongly arched longitudinally, sides with a broad, shallow groove running their whole length ; rings 23, very strongly arched from side to side, angulated in the lateral depressions, and their extremities directed obliquely backwards ; the first six or seven from the front are very flat in a longitudinal direction, and are separated from each other by fine scarcely impressed transverse lines or furrows. Posterior to these, the furrows are distinctly impressed to the extremity of the lobe, while the rings gradu- ally become rounded on the dorsum, but on the sides they still continue flattened. Lateral lobes moderately convex, obtusely angulated in front ; ‘segments 12, rounded, slightly sinuate, simple; furrows rather strongly impressed, except the last two, which are nearly obsolete. Dimensions.—Width of pygidium, 1,7°, inch; length, 14%; length of axial lobe, .93 ; width of same at anterior extremity, .30, Geological position and locality.—Upper Coal Measures, Clinton Co., Mis- souri; Valley of the Verdigris River, 12 miles south of Lecompton on the Santa Fé road, Kansas; also at Kansas City, Missouri, and Bellevue, Nebraska. We have examined a smaller specimen of this species from Kansas City, now in the Columbia College collection. This 86 North American pygidium is well marked by a broad limb, which widens out posteriorly as the ribs become shorter; the axis is strongly arched, and marked by about 21 rings, the first five are indis- tinctly outlined, the others are distinctly indicated. The dorsal: furrows are broad and deep, the sides are marked with 12 ribs, separated from each other by deep furrows. Length, 24 mm. ; breadth, 25 mm. PHILLIPSIA MISSOURIENSIS, Shumard. Plate 3, Figs. 1-2. Phillipsia Missouriensis, Shumard, 1858, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. Te peeo. Phillipsia Missouriensis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol Ul, p29: We subjoin the original description : ‘‘ Pygidium semi-elliptical, elevated, width greater than length ; surface very finely punctate, puncte rather distant and arranged somewhat in quin- cunx ; margin rather broad and smooth ; axial lobe strongly arched trans- versely, gradually tapering, forming not quite four-fifths the total length ; its width equal to about three-fourths the width of one lateral lobe; rings about 18, rounded on the dorsum and flattened at the extremities, transverse furrows narrow, distinctly impressed on the dorsum, becoming nearly obso- lete before reaching the longitudinal furrows ; lateral lobes rather strongly arched transversely, anterior margin angulated. apex of the angle elevated and situated nearest the axial lobe ; segments 11, rounded, curving slightly downwards, not furrowed ; furrows between the segments rather deeply impressed, except the two posterior ones, which are quite shallow. Dimensions.—Length of pygidium, .68 inch ; greatest width, .76; length of axial lobe, .56 ; greatest width of same, .23.” Geological position and locality.—Middle Coal Measures, at Lexington, Missouri. ; PHILLIPSIA MERAMECENSIS. Shumard. Plate 3, Fig. 15. Phillipsia Meramecensis, Shumard, 1855, Geol. Missouri, p. 199, pl. B, fig. 9. Phillipsia Meramecensis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. If, p. 59. Phillipsia Howi, Billings, 1863 ; Can. Nat., Vol. VIII, p. 209, fig. Phillipsia Vindobonensis, Hartt, 1868 ; Dawson’s Acad. Geol., p. 218. Curboniferous Trilobites. 87 ‘Dr. Shumard gives the following description of his species : *‘ Pygidium semi-elliptical, rather wider than long, very convex ; border moderately nar- row ; axial lobe not quite as wide as the lateral lobes and considerably ele- vated above them ; anterior extremity arched ; posterior extremity obtusely rounded ; rings 15, convex on the dorsum, flattened on the sides ; trans- verse furrows rather deeply impressed on the dorsum, but shallow and nar- row on the flattened sides ; lateral lobes strongly arched dowawards ; ribs about 12, distinct, except the two or three last, which are obscure ; the first four from the thoracic margin marked with a shallow but distinct furrow, which is situated very near the posterior edge ; furrows between the ribs rather deeply impressed ; surface very finely granulated.” Dimensions,—6 lines ; greatest width, 64 lines. Geological position and locality.— Archimedes limestone (Chester series), Meramec River, at Fenton, St. Louis Co., Missouri. Dr. Shumard, in his journal of observations along the routes travelled by the expeditions between Indianola, Texas, and the valley of the Mimbres, New Mexico, mentions this spe- cies as occurring in the mountains near the Ojo de la Soledad in the Carboniferous crystalline limestones. An undescribed Phii- lipsia is also mentioned by this author as occurring in the Gua- dalupe Mountains. (A Partial Report on the Geology of Western Texas, consisting of a General Geological Report and a Journal of Geological Observations along the routes traveled by the expe- ditions between Indianola, Texas, and the valley of the Mimbres, ete.; G. G. Shumard, Austin, 1886, pp. 95 and 113. PHILLIPSIA INSIGNIS, Winchell. Phillipsia insignis, Winchell, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. VII, 2d se- ries, p. 24. | Phillipsia insignis, Billings, 1863, Can. Nat., Vol. VIIL, p. 209. Phillipsia insignis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., II, p. 63. We subjoin the original description : ‘* Head paraboloid ; border wide, broadly and deeply furrowed, with the margin reflected upward, and the lateral angles continued posteriorly in acuminate prolongations, reaching twice the length of the glabella from the anterior end ; the margin and reflected portion of the test marked by fine longitudinal striz. Glabella elongate-paraboloid, tuberculated. In the middle of the posterior border of the glabella is a pair of tubercles, and in front of these a second and third pair, the last resting on the middle of the glabella—the whole so arranged as to form two longitudinal rows ; opposite 88 North American the first pair are two smail complementary lobes, with four pustules on the summit of each ; opposite the second pair, on each side a transversely elon- gated tubcrcle with a trifid crest; opposite the first pair a similar tu- bercle with a bifid crest ; the ornaments on the posterior half of the gla- bella being consequently arranged in three transverse series, in the poste- rior of which are ten elevations, in the middle eight, and in the anterior six; the anterior half of the glabella 1s covered by pustules somewhat promiscu- ously arranged. and varying in different specimens. Eyes large, globoid, slightly excavated by the palpebral lobe of the fixed cheek, situated opposite — the posterior third of the glabella.. Occipital ring broad, with its posterior margin elevated nearly as high as the posterior extremity of the glabella, und ornamented with a row of small. raised points tarned backwards. ‘The pygidium very convex, semi-elliptic, the axis very prominent and forming about one-third the width at the anterior margin ; consisting of 12 or 14 rings each bearing six small tubercles. the whole of which are arranged in six longitudinal rows ; the tubercles often worn down on the exterior of the test, but always well defined in the cast; lateral lobes bent rather ab- ruptly downwards, having 10 ribs, which become indistinct and disappear towards the margin, and are entirely wanting over the narrow space behind the axis; the anterior 1ibs showing a faint median groove towards their vanishing extremities, and a few of the posterior ones bearing feeble tuber- culations towards their axial extremities.” Geological position and locality, from the base of the Burlington limestone, Burlington, Lowa. PHILLIPSIA STEVENSONI, Meek. Plate 3, Fiz. 6. Phillipsia Stevensoni, Meek, 1870, 83d Ann. Rept. Board of Regents of West Virginia University. p. 73. This species was founded upon the glabella and pygidium, which Mr. F. B. Meek compares with Griffithides Portlockiit, Meek and Worthen. The author remarks that the pygidium ‘‘is proportionately longer, more convex and more narrowly rounded behind,” than that of Griffithides Portlockii ; its length and breadth being very nearly or quite equal, and its height half the breadth. Its lateral lobes also slope more abruptly to the margins, which are not flattened, but very slightly thickened, obscurely striated, and abruptly sloping. It likewise shows no traces of either the furrows or gra- nules seen on the anterior segments of the lateral lobes of Griffithides Port- lockii, the surface of these lobes being entirely smooth, excepting minute pitting or punctures. Its prominent mesial lobe is flattened or slightly fur- rowed on each side, and shows fourteen segments, ornamented each by a row of small granules ;ywhile each lateral lobe has ten less strongly denned, vfand r more depressed segments, separated merely by slight_ linear furrows. ~The fragment of a glabella found associated with the pyg eidium above Carboniferous Trilobites. 89 ‘dese. ibed, shows it to be rather depressed, oval-oblong, widest between the eyes, with a comparatively large sub-trigonal posterior lateral lobe on each side, extending forward to about the middle of the inner margin of each of the small palpebral lobes ; and just before each of these larger lateral lobes there is another faintly defined, very small, oblique one, not extending quite so far forward as the palpebral lobes. The neck segment is comparatively wide antero-posteriorly, arched upwards nearly or quite as high as the cen- tral part of the glabella, and like the latter, ornamented with small prs Length of pygidium, 0.32 inch ; breadth, 0.83 inch ; height, 0.16 inch.’ Locality and geological position.—Monongalia Co., W. Va. Chester series, Lower Carboniferous. > a 4 e lat iA/ (iSsera7?e 4 Yak ai ye € We have examined several specimens of this specie fron Mo- nongalia Co., West Virginia, now in the possession of Prof. J. J. Stevenson, of New York city. ‘The largest pygidium in this collection is about the same size as that described above. The axis has 14 rings, and the side lobes 10 rather flat ribs, gradually decreasing in size, and ending abruptly on the inner margin of the border, which encircles the outer portion of the pygidium. PHILLIPSIA VINDOBONENSIS, Hartt. Phillipsia Vindobonensis, Hartt, 1868, Dawson’s Acadian Geology, p. 313 (3d edition). Phillipsia Vindobonensis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. 11, p: 63. The description of the species was drawn by Prof. Hartt from an imper- fect pygidium : we give the original :— ‘ Pygidium semi-elliptical, very convex ; one or two segments appear to be wanting from the anterior margin ; but the width of the pygidium in that part must have been greater than its length. Ten or eleven articula- tions are visible on the side lobes and twelve on the axis, which is very prominent and moderately tapering. The axial rings are depressed, convex, becoming smaller, more crowded, and more indistinct toward the apex. Ribs on side lobes depressed, convex, decreasing in length, breadth, and distinctness from before backward, while at the same time they become more and more inclined backward. The six anterior ribs preserved show a distinctly marked groove, originating on the posterior margin at about one- third the length of the ribs from the axis, and running obliquely, increasing in depth to the end of the rib. Smooth border, none, or extremely narrow at anterior angles, but becoming three-fifths the width of the axis near the posterior part of the pygidium, which is not visible in the only specimen I have examined.”’ Geological position and locality.—Lower Carboniferous, Windsor, Nova Scotia. (Chester Group ?) 90 North American PHILLIPSIA DORIS, Hall. Proetus Doris, Hall, Contributions to Paleontology, 1858-59, p. 57. Proetus Doris, Hall, 1860, 18th Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 112. Phillipsia Doris, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. IX, p. 138. PB Phillipsia Doris, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., II, p. 62. We subjoin the original description of this species drawn by Prof. James Hall from the pygidium : **Caudal shield semi-elliptical, convex ; the axis gibbous, rounded and very prominent in old specimens, obtuse posteriorly. The plane border of the pygidium is about half as wide as the lateral lobe, and defined by a shallow depression on the inner side, marked by about 8 ribs, while the axis is marked by 13 or 14 in full grown specimens. Surface granulous.” Geological formation and locality.—Goniatite limestone at Rockford, In_ diana. Prof. Alexander Winchell, in the Proceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, for 1865, p. 133, remarks: ‘¢ This species was established by Iall on some pygidia occur- ing in the Goniatite limestone at Rockford, Indiana. Iam in possession of several pygidia from this locality which agree with his description, though in the absence of measurements, 1t may be that his specimens are much larger. Associated with these are numerous fragments of bucklers, which prove that the trilobite isa Phillipsia. ‘The head is furnished with a border. sloping downwards, and separated from the cheeks by a deep but narrow groove; the middle of the border is marked by a groove which reaches from a point opposite one eye, to the corresponding point on the other side of the head ; in some specimens the latter groove reaches backward to the posterior borders of the buckler ; the cheeks are raised abruptly above the border, and terminated by spinous points which are ornamented with raised longitudinal strie, and extend backwards a distance equal to one-third the whole length of the cephalic shield. ‘The principal lobe of the glabella is in the form of a prolate semi-ellipsoid, is almost desti- tute of furrows, and is supported on each side by a large com- plementary lobe. ‘The surface is obscurely granulose. ‘The py- gidium is in form of a semi-ellipse, with the longer diameter transverse ; it is convex, with a gibbous axis, obtuse posteriorly, and articulated to the extremity. The lateral lobes are a little Carboniferous Trilobites. 9] narrower than the axis, and their terminal points join the ex- tremity of the axis. ‘The pygidinm is bordered by a plain belt enrved downward around the margin, and barely marked by a continuation of the articulations—except the two which bound it anteriorly. ‘‘Number of segments in the axis, 11; in the side lobe, 7; surtace the same as in the buckler. “Width of pygidium, .35 inch; length, .21; width of axis at anterior end, .12; width of border, .04; length of buckler of another specimen, 31.” Geological position and locality.—Gouiatite limestone (Wa- verly series), Rockford, Indiana. PHILLIPSIA ROCKFORDENSIS, Winchell. Phillipsia Rockfordensis, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. IX, 2d series, p. 133. Phillipsia Rockfordensis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., II, p. 62. Prof. Winchell gives the following description of this species : *- Cephalic shield surrounded by a narrow, convex border, which is bounded internally by a narrow but deep groove, and terminates posteriorly in conically tapering genal points. The principal lobe of the glabella is relatively very large, convex, higest in the middle, widened anteriorly, circularly rounded in front, and gently curved on the sides ; no glabella- furrows are present. The complementary lobes are large, oval, and project laterally further than the main lobe. The surface of the test of the glabella » is finely but sharply granulated ; that of the border is finely striated. Size about the same as that of Phillipsia Doris.” Geological position and paenioty. .—Goniatite limestone (Waverly series), Rockford, Indiana. PHILLIPSIA HOWI, Billings. Phillipsia Howi, Billings, 1863, Can. Nat., Vol. VIII, p. 209, fig. Phillipsia Howi, Hartt, Acadian Geol. (Dawson), p. 3138, fig. 133. Phillipsia Howi, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., II, p. 63. The pygidium of this species is thus described by Mr. Billings :— ‘*Pygidium semi-elliptical, strongly convex, width at the anterior margin a little less than the length ; 17 or 18 articulations in the axis; side-lobes with 10 or 12 ribs and a smooth border. The axis is very prominent, about one-third the width, gradually and uniformly tapering and terminating ab- 92 North American ruptly at tive-sixths of the whole length in an obtusely rounded apex. The ribs on the axis are depressed convex, becoming smaller and more crowded toward the apex, each with 8 or 9 tubercles, which are confined to the mid- dle third of the width of the axis, and are situated near the posterior margin of the ribs. The side lobes have 10 or 12 depressed convex ribs, the last three indistinct, the first three or four with a very obscure fine groove near the posterior edge, in the outer third of the length. The smooth border is about one-fourth the width of the side-lobes at the anterior angles, but a little wider behind ; all the space behind the apex of the axis is smooth. Each rib has nine or ten small tubercles near its posterior margin. On the > posterior third of the pygidium there is an obscure shallow groove along the inner edge of the smooth border.” Length of the specimen, 123 mm. ; width at the anterior margin, about 12 mm. , Geological position and locality.—Lower Carboniferous, Kennetook, Nova Scotia. There are two forms of the genus Phillipsia described by Ca- nadian paleontologists, from the Windsor Limestone of Nova Scotia. which appear to be identical with Phillipsia Meramecen- sis, Shumard. The first, Phillipsia Howi, Billings, was de- scribed from a pygidinm with 17 or 18 axial rings and 12 side ribs in the text, but figured with 16 axial rings and 12 side ribs. Can. Nat.; Vol VII, p--209. | A comparison of the second species from the Windsor lime- stone (Phillipsia Vindobonensis, Hartt,) shows no essential points of difference, except with regard to the number of axial rings in the second which are given as 12 from an imperfect specimen, with two or more of the anterior segments wanting. PHILLIPSIA TUBERCULATA, Meek and Worthen. Phillipsia tuberculata, Meek and Worthen, 1870, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. XX, p. 52. Attaining a large size. Head and thorax unknown. Pygidium semi- elliptic, the length being nearly three-quarters the breadth, very convex ; posterior margin obtusely rounded ; lateral margin diverging rapidly for ward, with convex outlines. Axial lobe well defined, obtuse, and rather prominent behind and gradually widening forward, with nearly straight sides ; rather distinctly more elevated than the lateral lobes, which it nearly equals in breadth at the anterior end, as seen in a direct view from above, but one-quarter narrower than the latter, measuring over the curve of each; showing 16 or 17 straight, well defined segments, each of which is provided with six small tubercles, arranged so as to form six rows. Lateral lobes ————e Tee Carboniferous Trilobites. 93 with about 14 segments cach, the very short posterior ones being nearly in line with the axial lobe, while the others grow gradually more transverse anteriorly, so as to show only a moderate obliquity towards the front ; all extending down so as to leave only a very narrow, undefined, smooth mar- ginal space, and each ornamented by from 2 or 8 to about 12 tubercles, the number increasing regularly, with the length of the segments, towards the anterior. Surface between the segments and tubercles smooth. Length of pygidium, 0.95 inch ; breadth, 1.45 inch ; convexity, 0.40 inch. * * * ” Locality and position.—Kinderhook, Pike Co., Il. Burlington division of the Lower Carboniferous. GRIFFITHIDES, Portlock, 1843. Plate III, Figs. 3, 5, 6 & 12. Griffithides, Portlock, 1843, Geol. Rep. Londonderry, p. 310. Description.—Outline oblong-oval, glabella pyriform, gibbous in front, destitute of lateral furrows ; basal lobes inflated. Occipital lobe broad, eyes small, lunate, smooth ; facial suture marking divisions of the movable cheek clearly defined, outline broadly triangular, outer posterior angles sometimes produced into a cheek-spine. Thorax with 9 segments. Pygi- dium rounded, composed of about 13 coalesced axial rings. Hypostome : the anterior border is strongly arched, the central body is tumid ; the two alz form blunt angles, giving breadth to the attached anterior border ; the sides curve inward almost to the lower end, where there is a slight expansion; the lower free extremity is only half as wide as the upper. The border is raised and the angles truncated, the inner portion of the lower extremity is slightly raised (G. globiceps). | GRIFFITHIDES PORTLOCKII, Meek and Worthen. Plate TLL, Fis: 9: * Phillipsia (Griffithides) Portlockiit, Meek and Worthen, 1865; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 268. Phillipsia (Griffithides) Portlockii, Meek and Worthen, 1878; Geol. and Palzont. Illinois, Vol. V, p. 525, pl. 19, fig. 6. Griffithides Portlockii, Vogdes, 1886; Bibliography Palsozoic Crustacea. The authors give the following description of this species in their final report : ‘* Entire outline subovate. Cephalic shield sub-semicircular, nearly twice as wide as long, moderately convex, rounded in front and straight behind, with posterior lateral angles terminating in short, pointed spine-like append- ages extending back to the third thoracic segment. Glabella ovate, tumid, contracted and depressed behind, widest and most convex or ventricose an- teriorly, where it is about one-third narrower than its length from the neck- segment to its rounded front, which is not margined by a projecting rim ; very distinct from the cheeks in consequence of its greater convexity ; pos- 94 North American terior lateral lobes smal], much depressed, and isolated by the oblique lateral furrows in the front being so directed as to intersect the neck-furrow ; im-. mediately in front of these there are.on each side faint traces of another small, very obscurely defined, lateral lobe ; anterior lobes ovate, ventricose, and comprising more than nine-tenths of the whole ; neck-furrow deep and and broad ; its continuation across the posterior side of the cheeks distinct, straight, and terminating at the lateral furrows of the cheeks ; neck-segment prominent, twice the size of the thoracic segments, and equaling the greatest transverse diameter of the glabella in front, but more depressed. ‘‘ Eyes in the form of somewhat oval, ventricose tubercles, considerably — lower than the glabella, from which they are separated by rather wide, dis- tinct depressions, placed about half their length in advance of the posterior margin of the cheeks, and without visible facets ; palpebral lobes depressed, not covering the eyes, but merely connecting with their inner sides, so as to leave the visual area forming an almost isolated tubercle. Cheeks sloping from the eyes into a broad, deep marginal sulcus, which is not continued around the front of the glabella, but extends back a little upon the lateral spine ; outside of this there is a thick, distinctly striated marginal rim, which becomes very nearly obsolete around the front of the glabella. Fa- cial sutures cutting the anterior margin nearly on a line with the eyes, but curving so as to leave a small semi-circular wing on each anterior lateral margin of the glabella ; behind they intersect the posterior margin of the cheeks about midway between the lateral angles and the neck-segment, but nearer the latter. Thorax nearly as long as the glabella, exclusive of the neck-segment, distinctly trilobate ; axial lobe slightly wider than the lateral lobes, rounded a d rather prominent ; its segments narrow and straight, or not arched forward. Lateral lobes more depressed, somewhat flattened on the inner side, rounding down to the lateral margins ; segments duplicated by a nearly mesial furrow extending from their inner ends out to or a little beyond the undefined knee, beyond which they are obliquely flattened for folding together, and rounded at their extremities. ‘‘Pygidium a little more than one-fourth wider than long, rather dis- tinctly convex, rounded behind, and more or less straight in front, with an- terior lateral angles obliquely truncated and a little rounded. Mesial lobe very prominent and well defined, rounded above, and a little flattened or furrowed on the sides ; as wide anteriorly as the lateral lobes, tapering and declining somewhat posteriorly to an abrupt, obtuse, prominent termination; about half its own greatest anterior breadth within the flattened margin ; segments fourteen or fifteen, distinctly defined, smaller than those of the thorax. Lateral lobes depressed below the mesial lobe, somewhat flattened on the inner side, and sloping to the rather narrow and more flattened bor- der ; segments ten, somewhat oblique, well-defined for three-fourths of the distance out, and thence less distinctly so, to within a short distance of the margin; a few of the anterior ones with an obscure longitudinal furrow. Surface granular, the granules being largest on the posterior portions of the glabella, palpebral lobes and neck-segment. On the segments of the axial Carboniferous Trilobites. , °° | 95 lobe, both of the thorax and pygidium, as well as those on the lateral lobes, they are very small and regularly disposed, so as to form a single row on each segment. ‘* Entire length, 1.19 inch ; breadth of head, about 0.80 inch ; length of pygidium, 0.44 ; “breadth of do., 0. 56 ; length of thorax, 0.33 ; breadth of do., 0.60! ‘*- This species is remarkable for the structure of, its eyes, which instead of being as usual, covered by the palpebral lobes, have the form and ap- pearance of distinct oval tubercles, with small depressed palpebral lobes merely connecting with their i inner sides. Ss Fein de See D ae FATS Locality and position. —Warsaw, Tllinois ; Keokuk neste. of. the Lower Se abana series. We fave examined specimens of this species from Warsaw, Til., mow in the Museum of Natural History of New York. The pygidiam of these specimens is not a little flattened on the axis or furrowed on its sides, but more round and less broad than that given by Messrs. Meek and. Worthen in. their figure of( the species. GRIFFITHIDES BUFO, Meck £ Worthen... Plate I, Figs. 4, 5 & 10. Phillipsia (Grifftiides) bufo, Meek and Worthen, 1870 ; Proc. Acad; Nat. | Sci. ‘Philla., p. 52. Phillipsia (Grriffithides) bufo, Meek and Worthen, 1873.; Geol. .amd Palzeont. Ilimois, Wol. V, p. 528, pl. 19, fig. 5. Gririfffithides buf, Vogdes, 1886 ; Bibliography Paleozoic Crustacea.. The authors give the following description of this species Geological Sur- wey of ES Vol. WY, Dp. 528) « a te “ Emtime omtiine elliptical, tthe breadth heimg to the lemgth as 75 to 130. Cephalic shield ftommime more tham a semicincle, round im firomt amd mearihy stiraiielht, Ihefnimdl ; posterior lateral angles terminating im, short, albmuyptily. pointed spimes exttemdimg hack to the amterior edge of the thoracic seement... Glabella rather depressed comvex,, wide amterionly and, narrowing posterioniy to tthe meck-tfumowy,, just: im’ firomtt of which, amd commected with the palpe- bral lobes Om each side, iit has 2 simeje small, obsxeume atterall lobe ; mecik- fumrow broad and welll defimed, both acmoss tihe gfabellla amd across tike poste Tor marine of thhe cheeks ; meck-sexmemt rather wide, depressed below tthe lewell of tihe Ihiigihest pant of tthe glalbellka im finomt off iit. Byes of modenate Sime, memilfonim,, meanhy as prominent as tlhe elkalhellka, Dhaced! Ihuit Ditttike im ffromtt of the conttiimuatiion of the meck-funrow across the cheeks, apparently smooth, That showime:, wihem tlhe outer cnust is remowed,, mumerous weny minute lenses beneath, Checks sloping off nathher abruptly from the eyes to tihe thickened 96 North American margin, which does not continue around the front of the glabella ; facial sutures cutting the anterior margin in front of the eyes before, and a little. outside of them behind. Thorax nearly twice as wide as long, distinctly trilobate ; mesial lobe but moderately prominent, nearly twice as wide as either of the lateral lobes, its eight segments merely rounded, and without furrows. Lateral lobes narrow ; pleurse curving moderately downwards at | less than half their length out from the axial lobe, but not distinctly genicu- lated, each provided with a furrow extending nearly half way out. ‘*Pygidium approaching semi-circular with the anterior lateral angles obliquely truncated ; mesial lobe but slightly wider anteriorly than the Jate- — ral ; segments about eleven ; lateral lobes with eight or nine segments. Sur- face finely granulated, the granules being most distinct on the glabella, and the segments of the mesial lobe of the thorax. ‘This species will be at once distinguished from our P. Portlockii, from the same horizon, by its much broader and less ventricose glabella, and the peculiar tuberculiform cyes of that species, as well as by the broader and less prominent mesial lobe of the pygidium, in the form under consideration.” Locality and pos‘tion.—Crawfordsville, Indiana. Keokuk division of the Lower Carboniferous series.. The specimens of this species from Crawfordsville, Indiana, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York city, Plate III, figs. 4, 5, & 10, have a large pyriform glabella, gibbous, overhanging the anterior border. ‘The spines of the free cheeks extend in one specimen to the third segment of the thorax; Pl. IL, figs. 4 & 5 Uhe ribs . the pygidium are noun and die out before reach- ing the edge of the pygidium, leaving a comparatively broad smooth margin. ‘The axis is prominent, about the width of the side lobes anteriorly, and narrowing posteriorly to about half its anterior width. In general this species approaches the Griffi/hides ploticie! Phillips, from the Carboniferous limestone of Yorkshire, set land. The glabella of the American species is rather depressed con- vex, and slightly overhanging, whereas the English specimen has a very gibbous overhanging glabella. The pygidium of the Kng- lish species has a broad and prominent axis, gradually tapering towards the posterior margin, whereas the American species has not the posterior portion of each thoracic segment strongly cor- rugated. Specimens of (‘rifithides bufo have been examined from the dna Carboniferous Trilobites. ae American Museum of Natural History New York, and from Columbia College, also in the collection of Prof. J. J. Steven- son, of New York University. GRIFFITHIDES SCITULA, Meek end Worthen. Plate III, Figs. 11, 12, & 13. Phillipsia ( Grifjithides) scitula, Meek and Worthen, 1865 ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 270. Ph Wlipsia ( Griffithides) scitula, Meck and Wcrthen, 1873 ; Paiont. Illinois, Vole V,p. 612, pl!32,-fig. 3. Phillipsia sc:tula, Meek, 1872; U.S. Geol. Sur. Neb., etc., p. 238, pl. 6, fig. 9. Phillipsia setula, Herrick, 1887; Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. II, p. 62. The original description of this species given by Messrs. Meek and Wor- then in the Paleontology of Illinois, Vol V, p. 612, is as follows:— ‘Small, entire outline nearly elliptic. | Cephalic shield semi-elliptic, very convex, about one-third its breadth wider than long, rounded anterior- ly, aud nearly straight behind, with posterior lateral angles produced back- wards into rather stout, carinated pointed spines, which extend as far back as the fifth thoracic segment. Glabella broadly rounded and sloping in frout, where it is without a projecting marginal rim ; distinctly contracted posteriorl;, in which region it is most elevated ; separated from the cheeks on each side by its much greater cunvexity, and a shallow furrow, which becomes obsolete around the front ; posterior lateral lobes comparatively large subtrigonal, very oblique, depressed, and isolated by the strongly de fined lateral furrows in front of them being so very oblique, and produced as to intersect the neck-furrow ; midway between these two lobes there is a a more prominent mesial node, isolated by an accessory furrow passing across the front of it, so as to cut it off, as it were, from the narrow pos- terior central part of the glabella ; second and third Jateral lobes very small, transverse, and obscurely defined by short, nearly obsolete linear furrows ; anterior lobe larger than all the remaining portions of the glabella between it and the neck furrow. Neck-segmeut a little higher in the middle, (where it is provided with a minute tubercle), than the glabella. Strongly arched upward (not for- ward,, and more than twice as wide antero-posteriorly as one of the thora cic segments ; neck-furrow deep, broad and arched with the neck-segment. Eyes comparatively large, or half as long, and (behind), nearly as prominent as any part of the glabella, located with their posterior margins opposite the neck-furrow, and less than half their own length in advance of the posterior margins of the cheeks ; visual surface ventricose, or sub-hemispherical, smooth, or even polished, as seen under a good pocket lens, but when ex- amined by a high magnifying power, showing numerous, regularly dis- 98 North American posed, minute lenses beneath the smooth, transparent outer crust ; palpe- bral lobes semi-circular, convex, and resting upon the eyes like lids. - : Cheeks, as compared with the size of the eyes and glabella, small, sloping abraptly ‘from the eyes into the deep broad, marginal furrow, which be- comes suddenly obsolete on reaching the anterior Jateral margins of the glabella, and extends backwards to or even a little upon the posterior lateral. sub-spiniform appendages ; posterior margins with an elevated rim, strong- ly defined by the deep continuation of the neck- furrow ; lateral margins showing, as seen from above, a narrow rim, which in a side view, is seem to be deep, vertically flattened, and marked by fine parallel longitudinal strize . anteriorly it continues around the front of the glabella, but does not project S$ as to be visible from above, while its upper margin is continued in the form of a carima along: the middle of the posterior lateral spines to a points. — Facial sutwres cutting the anterior border in front of the evens and the posterior margins of the cheeks behind the outer margins of the eyes. Thorax nearly aslong as the head, but somewhat narrower, very, distinctly trilobate ; mesial lobe prominent, rounded, and alittle wider than the later-. all lobes : its 9 segments marrow and sub-angular, Lateral lobes depressed amd flattemed mear the mesial lobe, amd SO abruptly sloping from the outer side of the flattemed space as to impart a slight amgularity along that regiom ; segments comesponding im size with the segments of the mesial lobe, distinctly kneed mear the middle, outside of which they are bent dowm and — obliquely flattened for foldimg together, amd rounded at the extremitie, . Pygidium wery comvex, smaller tham the cephalic shield, forming more tham a semicircle, with anterior lateral angles obliquely trumeated ; posterior, Outline regularly rownded, with a moderately wide, smooth, depressed, mear- ly flat or sloping margimall zome ; trilobatiom as i jm the thorax, strongly de- fined ; meal lobe promimemt., as wide anteriorly as ome of the Lateral lobes, imeliudting: its borders, distinedly flattemed om each side, sligintly tapering to - am Obimse termination less tham hallf its owm greatest amterior Ireadith from the postemor edige ; segmmemits 11 or 12, welll defimed albowe, but: mearly obso~ Lateral lobes comvex,, Tt @iistiinetlly Hess <0 ham tlie mmesiiall lolbe, howizzom- tally fhattemed mear the latter, with am angle along the outer margin _of the. fiatiemed space, fom which the sides slope abruptly to the flattemed smootiih, border ; segments 6, simple, gemiculkated or Trent dowm iim tthe. middle wery distimedly,, Inutt terminating albruptily ait the nate wide border ; @agh with a mime pusttule om tthe Ikmee.. Sunfiace of the glalbelllka, amd alll the: aera: ImMone oir r Ines oer tine gramulless Iyetimy Inger on n tive pee pant of the gitlbellka ee thham dkewheie. . Bnittiine length ®.60 iimeh..” Lanalitty cond position: Sprime field, Mimois. Upper pant of Carboniferous Trilobites. oo Coul Measures ; also Lower Coal Measures of Illinois and Upper Coal Measures of Plattsmouth, Nebraska. GRIFFITHIDES SANGAMONENSIS, Meek and Worthen. Plate ITI, Figs. 7 & 8. Phillipsia (Griffithides) Sangamonensis, Meek and Worthen, 1865; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 271. | Phillipsia (Griffithides) Sangamonensis, Meek and Worthen, 1873 ; Paleont. Illinois, Vol. V, p. 615, pl. 82, fig. 4. Phillipsia Sangamonensis, Herrick, 1887; Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Wolo Ll p61, pl.-5,; fig. 13. The description of this species is given by Messrs. Meek and Worthen in their final report, Paleontology of Illinois, Vol. V, p- 615, as follows. ‘Entire outline elongate subovate. Cephalic shield very convex, forming more than a semicircle, and about one-third wider than long ; regularly rounded in front and straight behind, with posterior lateral angles produced into rather broad, carinated, pointed or sub-spinous appendages equaling in length the distance from the posterior side of the cheeks to the anterior end of the eyes. Glabella ventricose, very prominent, separated from the cheeks on each side by a moderately distinct furrow, which also passes around the front ; most convex behind the middle, thence rounded and de- clining to the rounded front, about one-fourth longer than wide, and slight- ly wider between the eyes than anteriorly ; sides nearly parallel, but a little sinuous at the middle ; posterior lateral lobes comparatively large, subtrigo- nal or tuberculiform, and entirely isolated by the the distinct lateral furrow passing obliquely across with a backward curve, from opposite the middle of each eye, so as to intersect the neck-furrow ; second lateral lobes much smaller and more obscure than those behind, and also oblique, being mere- ly defined by a faint impressed, curved oblique line ; in advance of these there are also obscure indications of two short, nearly obsolete lateral fur- rows, scarcely visible without the aid of a lens. Occipital segment well defined, but lower and considerably shorter in its transverse diameter than the glabella ; strongly arched upwards (not forwards), and projecting back- wards a little behind the posterior line of the cheeks ; neck-furrow distinct, and arched upwards with the occipital, or neck-segment ; its continuation along the posterior sides of the cheeks very deep, and nearly straight for about two-thirds of the way across towards the lateral margins, where it in- tersects another furrow or depression coming around the sides of the cheeks. Eyes lunate, rather large, or nearly half as long as the glabella, exclusive of the neck-segment, prominent, but not as high as the glabella, located about half their own length in front of the posterior margin of the cheeks ; visual 100 North American surface smooth, or even apparently polished, and showing no traces of lenses under a good magnifier ; palpebral lobes convex, but resting like a lid upon each eye. Cheeks sub-trigonal, declining abruptly from the eyes‘ lateral margins turned downward, and forming below a sharp edge, which con_ tinues back along the lower margin of the posterior spine-like appendages ; above this there is a vertically flattened, or even concave zone or belt, ex__ tending from near the front part of the glabella around the outer side of each cheek, and becoming a shallow furrow as it passes back upon the spines. along which it seems to be more or less marked nearly to their pointed extremities; between this vertically flattened band and the eyes, there is another nearly horizontally flattened, or outwardly sloping zone extending around each cheek from near the front posteriorly, so as to unite with the lateral connections of the neck-furrows behind, and continues as a single furrow along the upper margin of the posterior spines, thus leav- ing a more or less defined mesial ridge between these two furrows the entire length of the posterior lateral spiniferous appendages, as well as around the cheeks, to near the front of the glabella ; posterior margins of the cheeks, behind the continuations of the neck-furrow, very prominent, or forming a thickened rim. Facial sutures extending obliquely forward and outward from the anterior side of the eyes; and again curving inwards, so as to cut the anterior.margin nearly on a line with the anterior inner extremity of the eyes ; from the posterior end of the eyes, directed obliquely outwards and backwards, so as to intersect the posterior margin nearly midway be- tween the neck-segment and the sub-spiniferous lateral posterior append ages. Thorax only known from a few of the posterior segments, which show the mesial lobe to be wider and distinctly more prominent than the lateral lobes, which are flattened near the mesial lobe, aud abruptly deflected down- wards near the middle ; segments divided by a furrow near the anterior side from the knee inwards, and flattened in the direction of the axis at the rounded outer extremities. Pygidium semi-elliptic, slightly wider than long, and rather convex, dis- tinctly narrower and a little longer than the cephalic shield, narrowing back- wards, and narrowly rounded at the posterior extremity. Mesial lobe prom- inent, a little flattened on each side, and narrower than the lateral lobes, from which it is distinctly separated by broad strong furrows ; tapering gradually backwards and terminating rather abruptly near one-third its own length from the posterior margin, so as to leave a broad, nearly flat, or more or less sloping smooth border, which extends along each side the whole length of the pygidium, but becomes narrower anteriorly ; segments of the mesial lobe 17 or 18, well defined, rounded, and very nearly or quite straight. Lateral lobes more depressed, and about one-third or one-fourth wider than the mesial lobe, rounding down rather abruptly to the lateral margins ; seg- ments 9 or 10, rounded, simple, and separated by distinct furrows ; all ter- minating abruptly at the inner edge of the broad smooth marginal zone. Entire surface apparently very nearly smooth. Carboniferous Lrilobites. 101 Locality and position—Upper Coal Measures, Springfield, IL. ; Compare Phillipsia Howi, Billings, Can. Nat., Vol. VIII, p. 207. This species was described from a pygidium from the Lower Carboniferous beds of Nova Scotia. It has the same semi-elliptic form, a prominent tapering axis, which terminates wbruptly, posteriorly, at the marginal border of the pygidium. The axis is marked by 17 or 18 axial rings. The side lobes are depressed below the plane of the axis and marked with 10 or 12 ribs; the first three or four being grooved along their outer por- tions. This is a greater number than those of the specimen from Springfield, Hlinois. The sides of the pygidium are bor- dered by a marginal rim, which widens out posteriorly ; and altogether both in size and form this part approaches closely to that described by Messrs. Meek and Worthen as Phillipsia ( Grif- jithides) Sang amonensis. GRIFFITHIDES GRANULATUS. Proctus granulatus, Wetherby, 1881 ; Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol IV,"p. 81, pl. 2, figs. 8, 8a. 9, 9a. The following is a copy of the original description of this spe- Cles : Body—General form elongate elliptical, the cephalic, thoracic and ab- dominal regions being nearly equal in length, the thoracic slightly shorter. f[vad,—Rounded in front, the angles of the cheeks produced backward into short heavy spines ; glabella very prominent, slightly constricted near the centre, surface granulated, lobed posteriorly, occipital furrow well de- fined ; cheeks margined, the margined space longitudinally striated, and much narrowed in front of the glabella ; eyes prominent, separated from the glabella by a deep groove ; entire surface of the head minutely granu- late, | Thorax.—Cousisting of 10 ? segments ; axial lobe very prominent, about equal in width to the lateral lobes, the segments slightly arched forward in the middle, nearly or quite equal in length ; lateral lobes about as wide as the central, geniculate, with the extremities of the pleure directed backward. “ Pygidium—Semi-elliptical, consisting of 15 ? segments. Axial lobe prominent, narrower than the lateral lobes, segments not arched, gradually tapering backward to the margin ; lateral lobes wider in front, tapering posteriorly, widely margined, the margin continuous and granulated. Length of medium sized specimen, 20 mm. ; width across from tip to tip of spines, 10 mm. ; length of largest specimen, 26mm.” * * * Geological position and locality.—Chester series, Pulaski Co., Kentucky.” 102 North American This specimen approaches very closely the Griffithides Port- lockii, Meek and Worthen, from the Keokuk series of Illinois. - BRACHYMETOPUS McCoy, 1847.. Plate II, Fig. 13. Generic description.—General form elliptical. Cephalic shields semi_ circular, and slightly pointed, about one-third wider than long . Glabella small, somewhat elevated, one-third the width of the entire head. and about one-half the length, having a basal lobe on each side, but no short lateral furrows on the glabella. Neck-furrow distinctly marked, equal in width to the posterior border of the free cheeks. Eyes small, smooth, equal to half the length of the glabella ; no facial suture visible. Free cheeks slight- ly convex, nearly twice as long as they are broad, with no visible suture separating them from one another in front of the glabella. Margin broad and slightly grooved, angles of the cheek produced into spines. Thoracic segments not known. . Pygidium consisting of a variable number of segments, from 10 to 17, the axis tapering rapidly to a bluntly rounded extremity. Each segment of the axis ornamented with nodes ; ribs with a double furrow extending near- ly to the border, which is smooth and rounded. BRACHYMETOPUS LODIENSIS, Meek. Phillipsia (Griffithides ?) Lodensis, Meek, 1875, Geol. and Paleont. Ohio, Vol. 2, part 2, p. 323, pl. 18, fig. 3. The original description of this species described a ‘‘ rather small trilobite, with an elliptic general outline, the length being somewhat less than twice the breadth ; cephalic shield forming rather more than a semicircle, with the posterior lateral angles terminating in acutely pointed spines that extend back to the third thoracic segment ; anterior and lateral] margins rounded in outline, and provided with a more or less flattened border, ornamented above with a row of small tubercles, that extend back a little upon the pos- terior lateral spines, while it is somewhat thickened and finely striated on the under side ; glabella small, longitudinally oval, moderately prominent, separated from the cheeks on each side by a well-defined furrow, but with- out visible lateral furrows of its own (unless there may be a posterior one on each side separating a little tubercle) ; whole surface occupied by about 25 distinct tubercles or coarse granules ; eyes small, tuberculiform, rather pro- minent, and situated near and opposite the posterior third of the glabella, with the visual surface smooth or very minutely reticulated ; cheeks eccu- pied by comparatively coarse, prominent tubercles, like those on the gla- bella ; thorax with middle lobe somewhat wider and higher than the lateral, from which it is separated by well-defined furrows ; segments of mesial Carboniferous Trilobites. 103 lobe ornamented with tubercles, arranged so as apparently to form five lon- gitudinal rows ; pleure each provided with two nodes, arranged so as to form two rows along each lateral lobe, those of the outer row being a little larger than the others, and situated somewhat within the middle of each lateral lobe at the point where the pleurze bend to form the slope of their lateral extremities. Pygidium semi-elliptic, with length and breadth as three to four, very convex ; mesial lobe very prominent and equaling more than one- third the entire breadth of the anterior end, rather rapidly tapering back- wards to an obtuse, prominent termination before quite reaching the poste- rior margin, provided with 12 or 13 segments, cach one of which bears five little nodes arranged so as to form five rows, those of the middle row being larger and more prominent than the others, and thus giving the lobe a cari- nated appearance ; lateral lobes somewhat flattened above for about half their breadth, at which point they bend suddenly downward for a short dis- tance, and then obliquely outward to form a rather broad sloping border, each provided with 7 or 9 segments, the posterior of which are obscure and directed nearly backwards, the segments each bearing 2 or 3 little nodes arranged so as to form as many longitudinal rows, and all continued down upon and across the sloping border, at the edges of which they terminate in little pointed projections so as to present a fimbriated appearance around the posterior and lateral edges. Length, 0.49 inch; breadth, 0.28 inch ; length of cephalic shield, 0.20 inch ; do. of a pygidium of another specimen from Loudonville, 0.28 inch. in length by 0.30 inch. in breadth, with a height (of mesial lobe) of 0.10 inch. Position and locality, Cuyahoga shales, at Lodi, Medina Co., Ohio, and Waverly group at Loudonville, Ohio; Lower Carbon- iferous. Mr. Meek compares the head of this species with Brachymeto- pus MacCoyi, Portlock, and remarks that ‘‘its eyes, however, are proportionally smaller, its occipital ridge much more strongly developed and wider, while the tubercles of its marginal rows are not nearly so crowded as in Portlock’s species.” We have examined a specimen of this species from the Cuya- hoga shales of Lodi, Ohio, now in the museum of Columbia Col- lege. The pygidium is semi-elliptic in form, the axis has 12 segments, with indistinct rows of nodes; the side-lobes are marked with 6 ribs each, extending to the margin of the pygi- dium. The pygidium of Brachymetopus MacCoyi, has 15 coalesced segments on the axis, each segment having about five small tu- bercles on the axis, and about as many on the 8 simple lateral lobes ; ribs ending abruptly near the margin of pygidium. 104 Hig. A: Fig. 2. ie. Uo. Fig. 4. Pig. °o: Bis. 6. Ne. 7. Bigs 8, Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Wig. 11. Fig 12. Fig. 13. North American PLATES AND EXPLANATIONS. PLATE II, Generic Illustrations. Proetus Bohemicus, Corda. After Barrande’s figure (Sil. Syst. Bohemia, Vol. I, pl. 2, B, fig. 15). The same, showing the hypostoma. Griffithides longispinus, Portlock. Restoration after Woodward’s figure. (Monograph Carbon- iferous Trilobites. pl. vii, fig. 6.) Phillipsia Hichwaldi. var mucronata, McCoy. Outline restoration ; (p) position of pores on glabella. After Woodward’s figure (Mon. Carb. Trilobites, pl. iv, fig. 15). Griffithides seminiferus, Phillips. Dorsal view of one of the thoracic segments. After Wood- ward’s figure. (Mon. Carb. Tril., pl. v, fig. 8a.) The same. A section of one of the thoracic segments. Phillipsia trinucleata, Herrick. The glabella, from the Waverly Group, Granville, Ohio ; after Herrick’s figure. (Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univer- sity, Vol. II, pl. 1, fig. 23 x.) The pygidium. The restored outline as figured by Herrick. Phillipsia gemmulifera, Phillips. Restored outline, after Woodward’s figure. (Mon. Carb Trilobites, pl. iii, fig. 6.) Phillipsia Derbiensis, Martin. A figure of the hypostoma magnified four times ; after Wood- ward’s figure. (Mon. Carb. Trilobites, pl. i, fig. 4 0.) Grffithides seminiferus, Phillips. A figure of the hypostoma enlarged twice, after Woodward. (Mon. Carb. Trilobites, pl. v., fig. 7.) Brachymetopus Maccoyi, Portlock. Restored and enlarged figure of this species as given by Woodward. (Mon. Carb. Trilobites, pl. viii., fig. 13.). Pir. ig. 12. vis. . 14, Fig. Fig. men aLY: 15. 16. Carboniferous Trilobites. 105 PLATE III, Proetus Missouriensis, Shumard. A figure of the head, showing the position of the pores, out- side of the dorsal furrows of the glabella,—the so-called or- gans of hearing. The glabella, after Dr. Shumard’s original figure (Geol. Mis- souri, pl. B, fig. 13. Proetus ellipticus, Meek and Worthen. Outline sketch from the original figure. Griffithides bufo, Meek and Worthen. The head enlarged twice, figure drawn from a specimen from Crawfordsville, Indiana, in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y. The same, profile view. Phillipsia Stevensoni, Meek. Outline sketch of the pygidium twice enlarged. Specimen from the Chester Group, West Virginia, in Prof. J. J. Stevenson’s collection. Phillipsia Sangamonensis, Meek and Worthen. A copy of the original figure. The pygidium, copy of the original figure. Griffithides Portlockii, Meek and Worthen. A figure of an entire specimen, twice enlarged, from War- saw, Illinois. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. The pygidium of Griffithides bufo. An outline sketch of a specimen from Crawfordville, Ind. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. Griffitthides scitula, Meek and Worthen. Copied from the origina! figure. A side view of the same. The pygidium of the same. Phillipsia major, Shumard. Outline sketch of the pygidium, of a specimen from Kansas City, Missouri. Columbia College Museum. Phillipsia Meramecensis, Shumard. The pygidium, copied from the original figure. The pygidium of Proetus Missouriensis. Copied from the original figure. 106 Myriapoda from VII.—Notes upon a Collection of Myriapoda from East Ten- nessee, with description of a new genus and six new species. BY CHARLES H. BOLLMAN. Read October 3, 1887. All the material in this interesting collection represents only two or three hours’ collecting by Prof. Branner. The discovery of a new genus and several new species 1m so short a time, suggests that an unusually large amount of new material would be brought to light by careful collecting through East Tennessee. Of the six new species described, one is from the vicinity of Knoxville, (also found at the other localities), one from Mossy Creek, and four from Beaver Creek, Jefferson County. ‘The new genus is from the latter place. _ The types of the new species belong to the Museum of the University of Indiana, and are there deposited. A.-KNOXVILLE, KNOX CO. All the specimeus from this locality were collected on May 21, 1887, in the woods about one mile south of the river at Knox- ville, near the Maryville road. 1. Parajulus Pennsylvanicus (Brandt). Three females were obtuined. 2. Lysiopetalum lactarium (Say). Lysiopetalum eudasum McNiell, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 330, 1887 (Bloomington, Ind.). The collection contains one female, which agrees in all re- spects with the types of ewdaswm. 3. Chetaspis albus Bollman. East Tennessee. LOT Chetaspis albus Bollman, Ent. Amer., III, 46, 1887 (Bloom- ington, Indiana). | I can find no difference between the types of this species, and the single female obtained. 4. Polydesmus Canadensis Newport. The collection contains three females, which I refer to this species, until males can be obtained. do. Fontaria sp. I place here two young females, which I cannot identify with any of the known species of Fontaria. 6. Geophilus umbraticus (McNiell). Very common. ‘These specimens differ very slightly from the types in the Museum of the Indiana University. 7. Scolioplanes ruber Bollman. One specimen obtained. 8. Scolopcryptops nigridius McNiell. Only one specimen obtained. 9. Oryptops hyalinus Say. A few small individuals were found. 10. Lithohius Branneri, sp. nov. Sub genus Archilithobius. Light chestnut brown or orange, head and antenne scarcely darker, feet orange. Slender, smooth, very sparsely pilose ; head rounded-triangular, narrowest before. Antenne short, joints 20, short. Ocelli 6—8, arranged in four or five rows. Prosternal teeth 4, small.. Coxal pores 2,3,3,2—38,4,4,8, small and round. First pair of feet armed with 0, 2,1 spines, penulti- mate with 1,3,1,1—1,3,2,1; last with 1,3,1,0;in the male its fifth joint is produced into a short pilose lobe, and is depressed. Claw of the female genitalia short, wide, bi- or tri-partite; spines slender, subequal, outer strong- ly toothed. Length of body, 5—10 mm. 108 Myriapoda from Four males and three females were obtained. This species is dedicated to Professor John C. Branner, by whom the collection Was made. ll. Lithobius proridens, Bollman. A single specimen was obtained. B.—-BEAVER CREEK, JEFFERSON CO. These species were taken in open cedar thickets from May 21 10:20; 1387. 1. Andrognathus corticarius Cope. Androynathus corticarius Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soe. 181, 1869 (Virginia). Fifteen specimens of this species were obtained. They agree in most respects with Dr. Cope’s description, but this genus will not form the new family Andrognathide, which he has set up for its reception. This genus belongs to the sub-family Dolis- tenia, and will somewhat modify the character of that group as given by Dr. Latzel. 2. Lysiopetalum eudasum, McNiell. 3. Striarta granulosa, gen. et sp. nov. (Chordeumidae). STRIARIA. Body cylindrical, strongly resembling a Lystopetalum. Dorsal plates, excepting the last, with twelve strong carine, 6 on each side of the median line ; between these there are 1—4 rows of round gran- ular dots. First dorsal segment large, advanced forward and covering part of the ocelli ; the carinze are apparently of the same number as the others, while the granular dots are more numerous. Last segment produced into a broad lobe, while the spines are short and wide, thus making the last segment appear as if incised. Ocelli present. Feet short and thick. To the above generic characters may be added the following specific. Grey-brown, first dorsal segment and feet pale. Robust, very slightly depressed, everywhere slightly granulated ; body, with the exception of a setigerous granular dot between the first and second rows of carin, not pilose ; feet sparsely pilose. Hust Tennessee. 109 Ocelli present. NRepugnatorial pore not discernible. ‘Feet granulated, 44 were counted. Length of body, 12 mm.: width, 1.5 mm. The above descriptions were: taken from a single female, which is curled in a spire, so that nothing of the head can be seen, except a few ocelli. The pairs of feet were counted with uncertainty, some being probably hidden by the first dorsal seg- ment. This new genus may be distinguished from all previously known by the characters of the dorsal segments. 4. Campodes flavicornis Koch. Seven specimens were obtained, which agree with the more northern examples. ). Craspedosoma carinatum, sp. nov. Brown, feet pale, antenne dark, the joints tipped with white. Body rather slender, depressed, somewhat attenuated. Antenne about one-half times as wide as body, sub-clavate. Ocelli distinct, triangular, 16, arranged in 4 rows. Dorsal plates with numerous short carine, lateral plates distinct. Length of body, 6 mm.; width, .6 mm. This species is described from a male and a female not quite full grown. 6. Huryurus erythropygus (Brandt. ) Common. 7. Geophilus umbraticus McNiell. Very common. 8. Geophilus perforatus (McNiell). Schendyla perforata McNiell, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 325, 1887 (Pensacola, Fla.). ‘wo specimens were obtained. 110 Myriapoda from 9. Scolioplanes bothriopus (Wood). Only one specimen. 106. Scolioplanes ruber Bollman. 11. Scolioplanes gr tcilis, sp. nov. Frontal plate present. Orange, head and antenne brownish. Slender, strongly attenuate anter- iorly, less so posteriorly ; smooth, sparsely pilose, feet more densely. Prehensorial feet sparsely pilose ; sternum subcordiform, wider than long (6 : 2.8); coxa twice as wide as long, unarmed ; last joint unarmed ; claw moderately curved, excavated beneath, as long as the head is wide. Ceph- alic plate sub-quadrate, of almost equal Jength and width, posterior margin concealed by basal plate ; prebasal plate concealed ; basal plate four times as wide as long (4.5 : 1.2) | First pair of feet short, anterior and posterior sub-equal. Posterior coxa rather strongly inflated. pilose ; pores few, large and small, placed in two irregular rows along the ventral plate, which is very wide, sides rapidly converging and sub-straight. Last pair of feet of male rather slender, armed ; of female somewhat more slender and armed. Pairs of feet of ¢, 80; of 2, 83. Length of body ¢, 34.5 mm., width, .6mm; ¢?,53.5mm., width, 1.4 mm. This species onght to form a new genus, but having only an adult female and a young male, I have not been able to examine the mouth-parts. It differs from Scolioplanes. in the characters of the cephalic plate, prehensorial feet, and the last ventral plate and pair of feet. 12. Scolopcryptops sexspinosus (Say). Specimens from this locality, as well as those from more southern ones, differ in some important details from the north- ern specimens, principally in having the last pair of legs more slender, and the last ventral plate narrower ; but these charac- ters do not seem to warrant the formation of a different species. 3. Scoloperyptops nigridius MeNiell. 14, Theatops crassipes (Meinert). East Tennessee. 111 Two specimens obtained, which agree with specimens from Florida. | 15. Cryptops hyalinus Say. 16. Lithobius Brannert Bollman. 7 x Four specimens were found here. | 17. Lithobius cecus, sp. noy. Sub-genus Archilithobius. Orange, head and last segments dark, feet and antennz scarcely paler. Rather slender, smooth, sparsely pilose ; head subrotund, longer than wide. Antenne rather long, joints 31, short. No trace of ocelli, but darker colored in the place where they ought to be. Prosternal teeth 4. Coxal pores 2,3,4,3, round. Spines of the first pair of feet, 2,2,1 ; penultimate, 1,3,2,0; last, 1,3,1,0. Last pair of feet moderately long. Claw of the female genitalia long, bilobed ; spines slender, inner shortest. Length of body, 10 mm. 18. Lithobius Lundi, Meinert. Two specimens obtained. 19. Lithobius proridens Bollman. 20. Lithobius Cantabrigensis Meinert. 21. Lithobius multidentatus Newport. Two specimens obtained. C._MOSSY CREEK, Jefferson County. The species from this locality were taken in the woods half a a mile north-west of the railway station, May 22, 1887. 1. Parajulus Pennsylvanicus (Brandt). 112 Myriapoda, Hast Tennessee. 2. Geophilus umbraticus (McNiell). 3. Scoloperyptops nigridius McNiell. 4, Cryptops hyalinus Say. ~ 5. Lithobius Branneriv Hauaiat Two specimens obtained. 6. Lithobius similis, sp. nov. Sub-genus Archilithodius. Brown, head and last segment orange; antenne dark, feet somewhat paler. Moderately robust, rough, sparsely pilose ; head subrotund, length and width subequal. Antenne short, joints 21, short. Ocelli 16, arranged in 6 rows, Prosternal teeth, 4. Coxal pores, 4,5,5,5, large and round. Spines of the first pair of feet, 1,2,1 ; penultimate, 1,3,3,1; last, 1,3,1,0. - Posterior feet moderately long. Claw of the female genitalia moderately short, wide, tripartite, lobes short ; spine short and stout. Length of body, 11 mm. This species is described from one female; it is related to pullus, but differs from the latter in the characters of anten- nee and the claw of female genitalia. 7. Lithobius proridens, Bollman. University of Indiana, Entomological Laboratory, June 8, 1887. On the Structure and 113 VILI.—On the Structure and Relations of Edestus, with a Description of a gigantic new Species. BY J. S. NEWBERRY. Read January 16, 1888. The first of the remarkable group of fossils now included in the genus Hdestus, was brought to the notice of scientists by Dr. Joseph Leidy, in his description of Hdestus vorax ; Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Series 2, Vol. III, p. 159, Pl. XV, 1856. The type-specimen was only a fragment of an organ that must have had a length of a foot or more, by four inches in width and one and a half inches in thickness. The portion figured by Prof. Leidy, seems to have come from about the middle, and consists of a mass of bone composed of a series of segments, each one of which carries at its Upper margin an enameled, compressed, triangular, crenu- lated denticle, one and a half inches in height and breadth. In general aspect these denticles considerably resemble the crenu- lated teeth of Carcharodon, but with th's marked difference ; that like all the cutting teeth of sharks, these latter are flat- tened on one side and arched on the other, and terminate below in a bony base that had only a ligamentous attachment to a car- tilaginous jaw ; hence in death and decomposition the teeth were generally separated and scattered. In Hdestus, however, the denticles are firmly anchylosed to a bony support. At the meeting of the American Association held in Provi- dence in 1855, another and quite different species of LHdestus was exhibited by Prof. Edward Hitchcock, and was considered by lim to be ‘‘the jaw of a shark, but of very peculiar charac- ter.” Prof. Louis Agassiz, who was present, examined the spec- imen and gave it as his opinion that it formed a part of the jaw of a shark allied to the saw-fish. He stated that ‘‘ the sword of Pristis is originally composed of two bones, and if these 114 Relations of Edestus. should continue separated, each part with teeth only on one side, would not be much unlike the fossil.” He suggested that the fish had a corresponding jaw projecting from the opposite side of its head, and that both formed a powerful weapon of of- fence. He regarded it as belonging not only to an undescribed genus, but to a new family of fishes. oy This specimen was obtained by the Rev. John Hawks, in Park County, Indiana, ‘‘in a layer of shale overlying a coal seam.” Subsequently it was submitted by Dr. Hitchcock to Prof. Rich- ard Owen, of London, who discusses its relations on p. 194 of his Paleontology, second edition, and gives a bad figure of it. Prof. Owen decided that it was not a jaw, but a defensive spine. In 1866 I described in Vol. II, of the Geology cf Illinois, p. 84, a portion of what proved subsequently to be a fragment of a - spine similar to that exhibited at Providence by Prof. Hitch- cock, giving to it the name of Edestus minor. A figure, taken from a photograph of a nearly complete specimen of this species, was published in Vol. IV, of the Illinois Report, Pl. I, fig. 2, though wrongly named on the opposite page of explanations, Edestus vorax. In the same volume, p. 350, was published a description of a third species of Hdestus, #. Heinrichs, and a half-size figure is given on the plate cited above. To these three species, I now add a fourth of gigantic size, which I have named Edestus giganteus, and give in this memoir a description and figure of it. | : The geographical distribution of these species of Hdestus is somewhat peculiar. The first specimen described (#. voraz) was obtained from the Coal Measures of Arkansas ; the second (Z. minor), from Park County, Indiana; the third (2. Hezn- richsit), from shale over coal at Belleville, Illinois, and the spec- imen of which a description and figure are now published is from the coal-shale at Decatur, in the same State. I should also say that I have other specimens of #. Heinrichsii, from Vermil- lion Co., Indiana. Thus it will be seen that all the specimens known, now quite numerous, are from the Mississippi coal field; that is, the coal area of Illinois and Missouri, once continuous, but now separated by the erosion of the immediate valley of the Mississippl. In Ohio and Pennsylvania, much more extensive excavations in the coal rocks, and numerous collections of Carboniferous On the Structure and 115 fossils have been made, but not a trace of Zdestus has been found there. Hence we must infer that it never passed the highlands of the Cincinnati arch, which separated the western from the eastern coal basins. The material in which the spines of Hdestus are found, is al- most without exception the bituminous shale which oceurs so frequently interstratified with the other elements of the coal measures, and very frequently resting upon coal. From the black shale which forms the roof of a coal-mine at Belleville, Illinois, Mr. Alexander Butters, the superintendent of this mine, has taken hundreds of the segments which once composed the spines of #. Heinrichsii. his shale is apparently a fresh-water sediment, carbonaceous mud which accumulated in the lagoons of water that occupied portions of the coal marshes ; either following a subsidence, and then covering the coal, or synchronous with the peat from which the cubical coal is derived. In the latter case, the amount of earthy matter as- sociated with the carbon is less, and we then have cannel coal. Some of these lagoons must have been of large size, and may perhaps have communicated with the ocean, for the fishes which bore these defensive and offensive weapons were of enormous size, and could not have been restricted to very narrow quarters, since they required a vast amount of food for their subsistence. * The associated fossils include a large number of fish-teeth, some of which belonged to carnivorous sharks, as Cladodus and Petal- odus, and others with crushing teeth as Orodus, Orthopleurodus, ete. The habitat of Hdestus would therefore seem to have been’ somewhat similar to that of Rhizodus and Megalichthys, of which the teeth, scales, etc., are so common in the coal-shales and can- nels of England and Scotland. In the Geological Magazine, Vol. XXIII, (1886), p. 2, Prof. Henry Woodward describes and figures a fossil from the Carbon- iferous rocks of Australia, to which he gives the name of Hdes- * That is, if the fishes which bore the spines of Edestus were carnivor- ous, This is not certain, though highly probable. Vegetable eating sharks, of which there may have been some in ancient times, would need _ defensive spines even more than those which, like Cladodus and Hybodus, had teeth that were effective defensive and offensive weapons. 116 Relations of Edestus.. tus Davisii. It is the impression of a bony arch about four in- ches long. on the convex border of which are set fourteen acute,. -compressed, lJancet-shaped, crenulated denticles. It is more curved than the other described species of Hdestus, butis-so like them that Dr. Woodward seems to have been fully justified in placing it in that genus. In his discussion of the structure and. relations of this fossil, Dr. Woodward compares it with the seg- mented spines of Pelecopterus, Cope, from the Cretaceous rocks of Kansas, and is thereby led to consider it a pectoral defensive — spine. There are, however, some points in the structure of this and other specics of Hdestus, which will be alluded to further on, and which make it difficult for us to accept this conclusion. In August, 1887, Miss Fanny R. M. Hitchcock, an earnest and accomplished student of comparative anatomy, read a paper before the Biological Section of the American Association ‘* On the homologies of the so-called spines of Hdestus,” in which she suggests"that Adestus was an intermandibular arch of bone car- rying teeth, and most like the dentigerous arch which was held between the extremities of the mandibles in the great Crossop- terygian Ganoid, Onychodus sigmoides, found in the Cornife- rous limestone of Ohio, and described by the writer in the Pale- ontology of Ohio, Vol. I, p: 299, Pl. XX V1, digs ieaa aE XXVII, figs. 1, 2. There are perhaps no facts which disprove this hypothesis, and it is worthy of respectful consideration, but I would suggest that Onychodus was a highly organized Ganoid and very widely separated zoologically from SHdestus, which must have been a Plagiostome. At least, unless the skeletons of huge fishes like Hdestus gigantews were cartilaginous, we should find their bones in the rocks where their spines are so numer- ous. The structure and probable functions of Hdestus have been discussed by the writer at some length in the notes on #. Hein- richsti, in the Geology of Llinois, Vol. IV, p. 350; and the conclusion is there reached that it was not a jaw, but the defensive dorsal spine of a plagiostomous fish. The considerations which lead me to this conclusion are briefly as follows : 1. Although the denticles which crown the convex border of Edestus have the general form and crenulation of the teeth of Oarcharodon and Hemipristis, their structure is in many re- spects quite different, viz., the teeth of none of the sharks are On the Structure and Lee7 symmetrical, one face is flattened and the other is more or less arched ; while the denticles of Hdestus are equally arched on both sides. 2. The teeth of sharks, while having an enameled crown, have a tumid, bony base attached by ligament to the cartilaginous jaws, and separating readily from them ; hence they are rarely found in place in the fossil state. ‘The denticles of Hdestus, on the contrary, are firmly attached to the bony arch from which they rise. 3. ‘The form of these fossils is quite unlike that of any jaw of fish, reptile, or mammal known ; being roughly rounded at the base, the opposite extremity flattened and bordered on one side by a sharp edge, on the other by crennlated denticles, one of which is terminal. 4. The rounded roughened base proves that this organ could not have been articulated with any bones and scarcely with car- tilages ; else we should have some evidences of coadaptation. In this respect it resembles most the dorsal spines of sharks and skates, which are implanted in the integuments of the back and have a roughened base and bony structure, with various forms of enameled denticles on one margin. 5. If the spines of Hdestws were attached to the head, as mod- ified jaws and the homologues of the rostrum of Pristis, the base would present some evidence of anchylosis with the bones or car- tilages of the head ; whereas it is rounded as though it had been buried in soft tissue. Again, the rostrum of Pristis is only par- tially ossified, while the spines of Hdestus are composed of dense bone ; and, further, the denticles of the rostrum in Pristis are set in alveolar cavities, from which they escape and are scattered about in the decay of the animal. We often find these denticles in the Cretaceous marls, but almost always isolated, like the sharks’ teeth which occur with them. On the contrary, the denticles of Hdestus are inseparably united with their bony bases, and they are perfectly preserved together. Finally, if each spine’ of Hdestus was one of a pair attached to the snout, like the rostrum of Pristis, Xiphias, or Celorhynchus, they must have been entirely separated, for they bear no marks of contact, and they would certainly have been unsymmetrical. We are therefore, driven by the bilateral symmetry of Hdestus to conclude that it was not one ofa pair, but that it stood alone 118 Relations of Hdestus. somewhere on the median line, as a homologue of either the in- termardibular arch of Onychodus, the dorsal spines of Ohim- aera and Hybodus, or the caudal spine of T'rygon. The suggestion of Miss Hitchcock, that Hdestws is an inter- mandibular bony arch carrying teeth, is not incompatible with its bilateral symmetry ; but we here meet the difficulty already — suggested, that Onychodus, the only fish known which had such an intermandibular arch of bone, was.a scaled Ganoid allied to Polypterus, and has left abundant bones besides its interman- dibular arch In Onychodus sigmoides of the Corniferous limestone, and O. Hopkinsii, of the Chemung group, the teeth are not anchylosed to the arch, are almost always found detached, and the sides of the arch are compressed between the. extremities of the mandibles. In 0. Ortoni, of the Huron shale, the teeth are implanted in the bony arch as a post is set in the ground, and the arch is not distinctly impressed by the extrem- ities of the mandibles. The type-specimen of O. Ortonz is yet unique, and we know nothing of the other parts of the fish which bore it. It is of course not impossible that this singular form of dentition might have been borrowed by some plagios- tome which used it to accomplish a similar function ; but no facts are yet known to warrant this supposition. Hdestus Davisii is more like the intermandibular crest of Ony- chodus than are the other species of the genus. It is much more curved; and the arch of bone from which the denticles rise is laterally compressed or longitudinally grooved. ‘Taken by it- self, it renders the suggestion of Miss Hitchcock quite plausible. But it cannot be taken by itself, for wherever that species goes, E. minor, #. Heinrichsti, and L. giganteus must follow, and while we can imagine a fish ten feet long with an arch of bone like #. Davisii held between the extremities of the mandibles, it requires a much greater stretch of the imagination to conceive of a shark of such size that this relatively insignificant organ was twenty inches long and seven or eight inches wide. Cer- tainly such a monster would seem very much out of place in the lagoons of the coal marshes. Again, #. Heinrichsii is nearly straight, a foot long, rounded and massive at one end, thin and acute at the other : but the succession of denticles was by addi- tions at the acute end, which must have been behind, and if it was situated in the symphysis, the blunt rounded end would On the Structure and 119 have formed the apex of the arch of the lower jaw—a_ con- dition of things scarcely comprehensible. If now we transfer this spine to the position of the post-dorsal fin, and bury it in the soft parts all except the denticles, the elongation backward by the successive addition of sheaths and denticles becomes intelligible and natural. There are some anomalous features in this fossil which re- quire notice, viz., there is no distinct line of demarcation be- tween an exposed and a buried portion, such as we find in most of the defensive spines of sharks, unless, as seems probable, all the shaft was buried, and only the denticles exposed. Another peculiarity is the absence of the medullary cavity found in most dorsal spines of sharks. ‘This is quite conspicuous in the spines of Hybodus, Ctenacanthus, etc.; but in the rays the spines are solid, and there is little distinction between the exposed and buried parts. The exceptional characters just mentioned need not therefore, be considered incompatible with the view that these fossils are spines. The segmented structure of Hdestus is its most marked and anomalous feature, but one equally so whether it be considered spine, jaw, rostrum or intermandibular arch. It is undoubted- ly to this structure that we must ascribe the absence of a large medullary cavity, as each segment bearing a denticle seems to have been nourished independently of its fellows. It is also ap- parent that the growth of this organ was by additions to the summit of suecessive sheaths, each of which carried a denticle. This is strikingly different from the mode of growth of all sharks’ spines known, as these increase by additions to the base, and are thus pushed upward and lengthened. ‘The same is true of all rostra which are used as weapons of defense or offense. If we consider the segments of Hdestus as homologues of a dental series, we encounter the same difficulty. A row of teeth of Orodus, for example, which consist of enameled crowns with flattened bony bases lying in contact and compressed together, considered as a whole presents considerable analogy with our fos- sils; but there too the growth is from behind forward, new teeth moving up to take the places of such as are broken or worn away. ‘The numerous disconnected segments of Hdestus Hein- richsii furnished me by Mr. Butters seem to prove conclusively that the spine was elongated by the addition of a sheath carry- ng a denticle to the extremity and under-side of the pre-existing le ea a= « 120 Itelations of Edestus. series, as snown in figs. 2.6 of Pl. V. I also have from Ver- million Co., Indiana, a specimen figured on Pl. V fig. 2 a,- which seems to be the basal segment of a spine, probably of a young individual, of Hdestus Heinrichsii. ‘This is a spatulate sulid bone carrying a beautifully perfect enameled denticle at its extremity. The shells or sheaths obtained from Mr. Butters are similar to this, except that each one is a trough into which the succeeding one fits, and the added cap covers a portion of the enameled base of its predecessor. If this is all true, and it seems undeniable, we are compelled to conclude thas the spine was buried in the integuments throughout its entire length ; the enameled denticles alone projecting above the surface to form a saw which would be a terrible weapon, if placed upon some flexible portion of the body where it could be used with freedom and power. ‘The extremity of the spine may have lain in asheath from which it could be partially erected by muscular action, and used as the lancet of the surgeon fish (Acanthurus) is; but the bilateral symmetry of Hdestus proves that if em- ployed in this manner it must have been located on the upper margin of the tail or back. The segmented stiucture of Hdestus has led Dr. Woodward to compare it with the segmented spines of Pelecopterus, and es- pecially with the pectoral spines of this genus described by Prof. K. D. Cope, (Geol. Survey of the Territories, Vol. Il, p. 244 A)., but the symmetry of Hdestus forbids the acceptance of this conclusion. The pectoral spines of all fishes are unsymmetrical. This is plainly seen in Macheracanthus and Gyracanthus, and, as I have lately shown, in the pectoral spines of Stethacanthus (Physonemus) Altonensis. Pelecopterus probably had dorsal as well as pectoral spines, and a comparison with them would be better grounded ; but as that was a bony fish, the dorsal spines would have an articulation at base, and would have grown at the base and not at the summit. In the spines of Trygon, however, we find a much closer re- semblance to Hdestus ; one that seems to me to go far towards solving the problem of the relations and functions of these pe- culiar organs, and almost decides that they are dorsal spines. In Trygon a considerable number, sometimes five or six, defen- sive spines are set in the place of the posterior dorsal fin. They come into use in succession, like the fangs of venomous serpents. On the Structure and i2t As the anterior one loses its denticles or becomes worn or broken, it falls, and is succeeded by another from behind. Yet several may be in existence and effective at the same time, all arising from a common segmented bony base which grows by additions to its posterior extremity* All this is true of the spines of Edestus, if we are right in locating them in the position of the second dorsal fin on the back or tail of a plagiostome fish. Ilence until further light shall be thrown upon the interesting question of the homologies and functions of Hdestus, we may re- gard them as the post-dorsal spines of large cartilaginous fishes, of which the other parts are yet unknown, and may suppose that they were used for attack and defense, like the spines of Zrygon or Acanthurus. ** On the tail of Heliobatis, Marsh, a fresh-water ray from the Eocene Green river beds of Wyoming, I have seen three spines which must have been in service at the same time. EDESTUS GIGANTEUS, sp. n. Plate VI, Fig. 1. Spine very large, 18 inches or more in length, by 74 inches in breadth to top of denticles, and 2 inches in thickness at centre ; form strongly arched, section spatulate in the middle, lenticular at base; lateral surfaces of bony portion vermicularly rough- ened ; segments narrow, running far back, about # of an inch wide, in the middle of the spine 10 inches from summit of den- ticle to lower margin ; denticles 33 inches long by 2} inches wide at base, triangular in outline, crown about as broad as high, base prolonged backward and downward into a simple curved point ; margins set with 15 to 18 strong, rounded, sharp, com- pressed serrations. ‘This remarkable spine differs from the other species of the genus not only by its greater size, but by the form of its enam- eled denticles. It approaches nearest to Hdestus vorax, Leidy, described in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. VII, p. 414, and in the Journal of the Academy, Second Series, Vol. III, p. 159, Pl. XV, but is distingnished from that species by its larger size, more pro- longed segments, and especially by the outline of the bases of the 122 Relations of Edestus. denticles. In #. voraz, the lower margin of the enameled sur- face of the denticle is nearly horizontal and is rounded behind, with a deep notch. In the species before us, on the contrary, the enamel runs down obliquely backward to'an acute point, from which it sweeps upward by a gentle curve, forming a shal- | low sinus, to the base of the posterior row of serrations. From Hdestus Heinrichsii. N. & W., (Geology of Illinois, Vol. IV, p. 350, Pl. I, fig. 1), it differs by its greater size, more curved form, more oblique denticles, and the shorter posterior point of the base of the enamel. , From Hdestus minor, Newb., (Geol. of Ilinois, Vol. Li pase Pl. IV, fig. 24, and Vol. IV, Pl. I, fig. 2,—-wrongly named on the opposite page of explanations Hdestus vorax), it differs in its much greater size and the far broader and less decurrent denticles ; as will be seen from the figures now given, repro- duced from photographs of the two last mentioned species. Formation and Locality.—Coal measures, Decatur. Mason County, Illinois. Collected by Mr. H. A. Wheeler, of Washing- ton University, St. Louis, to whom I owe the opportunity of ex- amining and describing it. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Puate IV. Fig. 1. Hdestus Davisii, Woodward ; Australia. ‘“« la. Transverse section of same. ‘* 2. Edestus vorar, Leidy; Arkansas. PLATE Y. Fig. 1. Hdestus minor, Newb.; Park Co., Indiana. ‘* 1a. Section near base of a larger spine of same. “ 2. Hdestus Heinrichsii, N. and W., Belleville, Ill. “ 2a. First segment, young spine of same. ‘« 26. Portion of later segment forming sheath. PLATE VI. Fig. 1. Hdestus giganteus, Newb.; Decatur, Illinois. All the figures of natural size. wo wo Archean Plant ] IX.—On an Archean Plant from the White Crystalline Lime- stone of Sussex County, N. J. BY N. L. BRITTON. Read, January 9, 1888. The abundance of graphite in certain Archean limestones, and notably in those referred to the Laurentian system, has of- ten been cited as an indication of the existence of plant-life at that remote period, and indeed, has seemed to the writer and others attributable to no other source, although this view has not found ready acceptance in the minds of many geologists. The mineral generally occurs in these limestones in the form of scattered separated flakes or small masses, often somewhat crys- talline in outline, thus affording neither information regarding the nature of the plant from which it has been derived, nor cer- tainty that it isin reality of vegetable origin. Through a for- tunate discovery made last September by Mr. J. I. Northrop . and myself, lam able to submit evidence that in one belt of Archean limestone in the Highlands of New Jersey, the graph- ite has been derived from a plant, and proof that vegetable life existed in that epoch. , There are two known limestone belts in the New Jersey High- lands. ‘The one is in the eastern part of the area, extending in isolated outcrops from Mendham, Morris County, northeast through Passaic County to Ringwood, and in New York through Orange County to the Hudson. This contains some graphite, but is especially characterized by serpentine and other magne- sian minerals. ‘The other has its southwestern exposures in Warren County, extends through Sussex County, and is also known for a considerable distance in Orange County, New York. 124 Archean Plant from Sussex County, N. J. Perhaps its most marked feature is its mineralization at certain points with manganese, zinc and lead,—the great mines of Og- densburg and Franklin Furnace being enclosed by the limestone. While its northeastern portion is mainly a broad continuous out- crop, it is greatly broken to the southwest, forming by faulting, as we suppose, detached areas of limited size, occurring in the most unexpected positions. One of these little areas furnishes the specimens to which at- tention is here directed. The plant-remains appear as black bands on the rock, consisting of very thin films of graphite ; in some the thickness reaches about 0.5 mm., but it 1s generally less. The average width of the bands is about 3 mm., and the greatest continuous length observed about 6 em., though it is apparent that when entire they were much longer. In many parts of the rock these are matted together to form broad, black patches, which are in reality thin carbon strata. The bands and films he parallel with the bedding of the limestone. No cellular structure has thus far been detected. As this is undoubtedly the most ancient plant yet discovered, I should suggest for it the generic name ARCH ZOPHYTON ; and to acknowledge in an imperfect manner my obligation to one to whom I am indebted for encouragement and counsel in study and investigation, and at the same time to associate with — this interesting plant the name of one foremost in American Pa- leobotany, I would denominate the plant ARCH #OPHYTON NEWBERRYANUM. a 3 While the imperfect nature of the fossil forbids any definite statement as to its botanical affinity, we may, perhaps, assume its relation to the alge. The general aspect of the specimens is well shown in the ac- companying figure (Plate VII.). Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 125 VIII.—On the Variation of Decomposition in the Iron Pyrites; its cause, and its relation to density. BY ALEXIS A. JULIEN. Tene Continued from Vol. ILI, page 404. Read April 18th, 1887. We have thus far considered ordinary forms of decomposition of the natural iron-sulphides, and also the principal facts known as to their close association, intermixture, and mutual replace- ments. There are local conditious, however, of extreme expo- sure to the atmosphere, or of protection from its action, which in many instances appear to affect the stable character of varie. ties of these three minerals. The following example of the lat- ter has been communicated to me by Prof. D. S. Martin. ‘As to the two forms of pyritous decomposition, I have ob- served them especially in the nodules from the clays at Cliff- wood, N. J., opposite Keyport. ‘Those on the beach, washed out of the bluff and exposed to the salt water, are limonite- coated and permanent ; while those uncoated, taken out of the bank and brought home, cannot be preserved, splitting up and going into vitriol, with a development of free acid that eats through any cotton, paper, or pasteboard. Sometimes those on the beach are coated on their upper, exposed surfaces, and not on their lower sides, or only partially, leaving spots or portions that in time become starting-points for the vitriolic decomposi. tion.” In this instance we have simply evidence of decomposition of 126 - Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. the efflorescing vitriol by reaction with salts of the sea-water, the deposit of hydrated iron-oxide, and the partial or complete protection of many nodules from further oxidation, by envelop- ment in a limonite-crust, and by its infiltration into their pores. . In few cases on record can we trace a distinct connection be- tween an unusual facility of decomposition, in a variety of py- rite, and the presence of another metallic sulphide: e. g., the cupriferous variety’ from Cornwall, Lebanon County, Penn., of which.it is stated,’ “it tarnishes readily, assuming the blue tar- nish of steel.””. But we have now to consider another class of facts, of entirely different nature and general occurrence, which bear on the stability of the same mineral, independent of any pe- culiar local conditions. I. ON THE VARIATION OF STABILITY IN PYRITE. The general tendency of this mineral to oxidation, on ex- posure to moist air, is so characteristic and so quickly apparent to the most unskilled, and the varieties of pyrite possessing it ave of so wide and abundant occurrence, that the existence of the stable variety is not as yet familiarly known. A. Instances of lesistance to Decomposition. These occurrences, though well marked and brought to the notice of many mineralogical students and collectors, have been rarely recorded and never collated. A late reference to the sub- ject has been made by Dr... J. 8. Newberry :* ‘A peculiarity of this mineral is the readiness with which some specimens oxidize, while others, apparently similar in all other respects, remain brilliant. Few more beautiful minerals ever enter a collection ; but many of the specimens of pyrite in the cabinet of the School of Mines, particularly those from Schoharie, N. Y., decomposed rapidly, absorbing oxygen and water, thus forming sulphuric acid, which has destroyed labels and trays, and has even cut through the bottom of the drawer 1 Analysis No. 25, Part I of this paper, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., (1886), LC S77. ? J. D. Dana, System of Mineralogy, (1883), 63. 3 "Trans. N.Y. Acad-Sei, (883), PE 138-139: ES ae ie Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 12% in which they were placed. Others, like those from Roxbury, Conn., and from certain gold mines of Colorado, have remained unchanged, though for years lying in a room over the chemical laboratories. No facts in chemical geology were more interest- ing and mysterious than those connected with pyrites : such as its close companionship with gold, the conditions of which have not been determined ; its unchangeableness in some cases, its de- structibility in others. Sometimes its crystals or concretions ure completely changed to limonite, with not the least change of form or markings ; sometimes, by oxidation, it is converted into sulphate of iron, which is washed away, leaving cubical cavities, or a spongy mass of quartz; and sometimes even the iron has disappeared, leaving the cavities lined with sulphur. These dif- ferences have not yet been satisfactorily explained, and they con- stitute an inviting subject of investigation for the chemist and mineralogist. Dr. Newberry had noticed that the pyrites so common in coal, and pyrite replacing wood, are particularly prone to oxidation ; the concretions in clay are liable to it, and the brilliant erystallizations in mineral-veins and in metamor- phic slates, less so.” The fact of the resistance of a form of true pyrite to decomposition has been known to many mineralogists, and is thus strongly stated by some authors, usually without at- tempt at explanation : “It does not decompcse ina moist atmos- phere.” ‘* The faces of its crystals are very brilliant, the action of the air does not tarnish them.””. ‘Pyrite is not altered in the air, and does not decompose in collections.”* ‘* The oxidation of pyrite is a very subordinate phenomenon on the Comstock. It is well known that various occurrences of pyrite differ greatly in their behavior toward oxi- dizing agents. ‘That found on the Comstock is for the most part very stable, and often remains exposed for years with no greater effect than tarnishing.”* A variety of pyrite commonly abounds in most alum-slates, in regard to which T’. Scheerer * remarks: ‘‘ Not only the marcasite, but also ordinary pyrite ‘ Cours Min. et Gédol., A. de Selle, (1878), I, 472. Traité Min., Dufrénoy, (1856), II, 540. % Lectures on Min., T. Egleston, (1871), Pt. 11, 122. + U.S. Geol. Survey, Geol. of Comstock Lode, pp. 882 and 231. ®> Pogg. Ann., (1838), XLY, 188. mm 128 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. suffers decomposition through the action of air and moisture ; although this occurs with the latter only under more favorable conditions. Pyrite, in compact rock and in large particles, re- sists almost all decomposition. If the same mineral, on the other hand, occurs in fine distribution, e. g., in alum-slate, which, at the same time, on account of its loose texture, cannot reject infiltrating moisture, then the decomposition takes place most thoroughly and with proportionate rapidity.” Ménes also,’ after his examination of the massive pyritous deposits of France, concludes: ‘* The yellow iron pyrites ...... occurs more particularly in the crystalline rocks and preserves itself very well in the air, while the white iron pyrites.....-.is always found in sedimentary deposits and readily effloresces, with a formation of copperas.” In the latter investigation by Girard and Morin,? of the French pyrites, they remark, in regard to the pyrite of Sain-Bel, which occurs in argillo silicious schists of Silurian age: “This is sulphide of iron almost chemically pure, and this purity prevails in almost all parts of the mass ..... This pyrites is very slightly alterable ; it only oxidizes with difficulty at ordi- nary temperatures.” This difference of stability may be readily verified in any min- eralogical cabinet, by an examination of the comparative condi. tion of the specimens of pyrite derived from the coal-measures, lignitic shales, and clays, etc., and those from the crystalline rocks of some highly metamorphic region, like Elba or Colorado. The former are invariably more or less crumbling and rusty, in spite of complete protection from ordinary weathering, within a building and even inside of tight glass cases; the latter remain hard and brilliant, even though they may have already been ex- posed to the weather for years, while lying in the waste upon the dump of some mine. This sharp distinction between the varieties of pyrite is there- fore unquestionable, as well as the existence of other forms which appear intermediate, in all degrees, in regard to resistance to natural oxidation. | 1 Compt. Rend., (1867), LXIV, 867. ? Ann. Ch. et Phys., (1876), 5 Sér., VIII, 229. a > Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 129 B.—EXPLANATIONS OF THE ‘l‘ENDENCY TO DECOMPOSITION. Various theories will be now briefly considered, which have been advanced to account for this singular difference of stabil- ity, not only between ordinary marcasite and other pyrites, but also between the varieties of a single mineral of definite chem- ical composition, pyrite. 1. Presence of some foreign impurity. In one of the earhest discussions of the subject, J. F. Henkels remarks,’ “it is a fact that the nodular pyrites vitriolesces more easily than the angu- lar, likewise the radial than the laminated ; I find also the causes in copper and arsenic, whereof the nodular, as also the radial, are wont to be free.” With these two agencies, however, he also associates the texture of the mineral, with its accompanying den- sity, and points out that one or more of these three conditions may be concerned in the difference of stability in one case or an- other, quoting the maxim, wnius rei plures possunt esse cause. Still later, Werner expressed the suspicion that the presence of arsenic, and Berzelius, that of manganose, etc., might be con- nected with the differences of decomposition in pyrites. The en- tire absence of these substances, however. from some of the most unstable specimens, and their occasional presence in pyrite of stable character, controvert this view. ‘lhe instances are exceed- ingly rare in which such a connection has been established, e. g., that of the pyrite of Cornwall, Penn., already referred to. 2. Presence of free sulphur. Stromeyer long ago suggested,’ ““ It may perhaps be yet ascertained that pyrites may not be the true iron sulphide 7m maximo.” 7. e., with the formula, Fe S’, ** but a combination of the same with sulphur hydrate.” The same view was adopted by others, but, it is sufficient to say it has not been confirmed by the most careful analysis. 3. Inferior proportion of combined sulphur. This view of Proust, to account for the more ready alteration of certain spec- imens of pyrites, is stated beyond in the words of Hatchett, but remains equally unsupported by later investigation. ! Pyritologia, Leipzig, (1754), 782-786. ? Gilb. Ann. d. Phys., (1814), XLVIII, 189. 130 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 4. Feeble combination of the sulphur. In a footnote on the paper of Berzelius, just referred to, the Editor, J. L. G. Mein-’ ecke, objects that arsenic, manganese, etc., do not occur in all the forms of white pyrite, and calls attention to its different mode of crystallization, steel gray color, ready decay, and also the fact that, “on rubbing it yields a strong sulphurous odor, whereby, as well as by its weathering, it reveals a less intimate combination with sulphur. From its ready decomposition and its free sulphurous odor, it is clearly deduced that the sulphur is not united to the iron in the same way as in pyrites.” This reasoning also appears too indefinite and insufficient. d. Unstable condition of sulphur, through a little oxygen orig inally combined. Among the earliest reported analyses of mar- casite were those of Hatchett’ in 1804, who advanced the follow- ing View, in explanation of the tendency of that mineral to de- composition, but one which remains unconfirmed by later anal- ysis. | ‘* The pyrites crystallized in regular figures, such as eubes and dodecaedrons, according to the above analyses contain less sul- phur, and more iron, than the radiated pyrites, and perhaps than others which are not regularly crystallized. This difference, however, is not considerable ; for the dodecaedral pyrites which afforded the smallest quantity of sulphur of any of the regularly crystallized pyrites, yielded 52.15; and the radiated pyrites, No. 5, gave 54.34 ; the difference, therefore, is only 2.19.” ‘* Mr. Proust is also of opinion, that the pyrites which contain the- smallest quantity of sulphur are those which are most liable to vitriolization ; and, on the contrary, that those which contain the largest proportion are the least affected by the air or weather. This opinion of the learned professor by no means accords with such observations as I have been able to make ; for the cubic, dodecaedral, and other regularly crystallized pyrites are liable to oxidizement, so as to become what are called hepatic iron ores, but not to vitriolization ; whilst the radiated pyrites (at. least those of this country), are by much the most subject to the lat- ter effect ; and therefore, as the results of the preceding analy- ses show that the crystallized pyrites conta'n less sulphur than ' Phil, Trans., (1804), XCIV, 326 and 340. Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 131 the radiated pyrites, I might be induced to adopt the contrary opinion.” | ‘* But I am inclined to attribute the effect of vitriolization ob- served in some of the pyrites, not so much to the proportion, as to the state of the sulphur in the compound ; for I much sus- pect, that a predisposition to vitriolization, in these pyrites, is produced by a small portion of oxygen being previously com- bined with a part, or with the general mass of the sulphur, at the time of the original formation of these substances, so that the state of the sulphur is tending to that of oxide, and thus the accession of a farther addition of oxygen becomes facilitated.” 6. Intermixture with pyrrhotite or iron protosulphide. The attention of Berzelius was early called to these interesting phe- nomena of decomposition, and in a paper’? on White Pyrites, he states: *‘if this pyrites is not regularly crystallized, it becomes covered with an efflorescence of vitriol, and is at last completely decomposed into it. ‘his result is certainly to be attributed to a mixture of magnetic pyrites.” Iowever, even in the same pa- per he presents an analysis of such a crystal, in which the only variation from the normal constitution consisted in the presence of 0.70 per cent of manganese and 0.80 percent of silica. A few years later, he made experiments on the same subject, whose results are thus deseribed:’ ‘* The white pyrite consists of two varieties, of which one, perfectly crystallized, remains un- altered in the air, while the other, which preseuts a confused crystallization, effloresces on exposure to the air and falls into a powder, evidently of the character of a vitriol. This phenom- enon therefore proves a difference of composition between these varieties—a difference which is worthy of study in order to as- certain whether it is of a character which may explain the differ- ence of both. from yellow pyrite.” Of the latter of the two va- rieties he allowed a fragment to effloresce 23 years, and exam- ined it after its complete disintegration. ‘* Its volume was nearly doubled ; it was fissured in every di- rection, and fell to pieces at the slightest touch. A part of its 1 Schweigg., Jour. Ch. Phys., (1819), XXVI, 67. ? Ann. Ch. et Phys., (1822), XIX, 440. 132 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. mass was converted into a white powder of styptic taste, and this powder began to become yellow at the extremities. Seen under the microscope, it presented a mass full of little cracks, filled with a white effloresced salt, in which the interstices appeared to consist of white pyrite, intact and more or less crystalline.” A portion of this powder was digested in water, and thesolution, separated from the insoluble residue, yielded, on addition of bar- ium chloride, and then, after filtration, of ammonia to the fil- trite = — : . Atomic Ratio. Barium sulphate 2.03 grams Sulphur. .0.279 87 1 Containing } Ferric oxide....0.68 ‘‘ Iron’ 2... 0476 .85 i) 799 It was tuus found that the solution contained neutral ferrous sulphate, Fe S O' + 7 aq, equivalent in amount to 0.755 gram of iron protosulphide, Fe S. The residue insoluble in water, apparently undecomposed white pyrite, amounted to 4.653 grams, 7. @., over six times as much as the effloresced part. ‘lo determine whether it included any separated sulphur, a part of it was dissolved in nitro-hydrochloric acid, and analysed with the following results: Atomie Ratio. Barium sulphate...... 3.82 | ' Sulphur.. .524 1.64 2 ~ Containing Ferric oxide 22.22.26 9.64 | Tron’.... VAs 80-4 The insoluble part was thus found to consist of iron disul- phide, Fe S*. ‘‘Since therefore the effloresced part was a basic sulphate of protoxide which did not contain acid in excess, and since there were no traces of sulphur separated during the eiflo- rescence, it is evident that the effloresced part has consisted of protosulphide of iron, which has not’ yet been found in an iso- lated condition in the mineral kingdom, and that the remainder, which was not subject to efflorescence, has- consisted of the di- sulphide. he efflorescent pyrite cannot then be anything else but particles of deuto-sulphide, more or less well crystallized, cemented together by particles much less numerous of proto- sulphide, which are changed little by little, at the expense of Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 133 the air and of its moisture, into sulphate of iron; the pyrite then loses its coherence in proportion as the cement of the crys- tallized particles is decomposed.” A little later, in 1828, Kéhler stated in his paper’ on the py- rites of Gross Allmerode in Hesse, that the ordinary nodular forms, consisting of marcasite (strahlkies), decompose readily, and break up, with an efflorescence of copperas, while the crys- tals themselves resist decay ; in the latter, the crystalline form is identical with that of pyrite, but the specific gravity is con- siderably lower. His words are: ‘‘A distinguishing property of this radiated pyrites is its mode of decomposition. The or- dinarily very fibrous nodules possess the tendency, with an efflor- escence of copperas, to break up entirely by degrees ; the crys- tals themselves resist the disintegration. The explanation is well known, which Berzelius gives of this phenomenon. Through chemical analyses, however, the undecomposed masses exhibit no differences of importance. Certain analytical results, obtained on different varieties of the Allmerode pyrite, have convinced me that it shows the same relative proportions as Bi- nary Pyrite.” In 1829, seven years after his first experiments, Berzelius adds:* ‘‘ When a portion of common pyrites was per- mitted to fall asunder, I found it to be caused by the formation of a small quantity of protosulphate of iron, which burst asun- der the crystallized mass. When the salt was dissolved in water, no trace of free sulphur was obtained, from which it appeared that the efflorescing pyrites contains particles of Fe S (sul- phuret of iron), which, changing to the state of salt, tears asun- der the rest which undergoes no change ... I have since ob- tained a satisfactory proof of the accuracy of this explanation. ‘I heated carbonate of iron gently in a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen. There were formed, first-sulphuret, and afterwards bi-sulphuret of iron. ‘The experiment being stopped before all the iron was changed into bi-sulphuret, a pyrite was obtained, which, in a few days, fell asunder in all directions, and changed into a woolly mass of vitriol of ten times its former volume. Sesqui-sulphuret of iron prepared from the oxide has not this 1 Pogg. Ann., (1828), XIV, 96. ? Berzel. Arsberiit, (1829), 129. 134 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. property. It seems therefore highly probable that the falling | asunder of the common pyrites arises from the electro-chemical action of the electro-negative bi-sulphuret which is here and there mixed with it in small particles.” On comparing the fig- ures quoted above, in the original experiment of Berzclius, I find by calculation .that, according to his view, the mineral under trial must have consisted of : 7 | Per Cent. Atomic Ratio. Fe S? ce ig a eS Fe 49.04 :+.876 .s.08 ale Fe S 13.96 { Equivalent to 1§ 50.96 1.598 20 - This is a relationship, however, which has never been report- ed in the analysis of marcasite by Berzelius himself or any other analyst, and. is virtually contradicted by the results of Kohler, already cited, and others, who have always obtained the ratio 1:2. To account therefore for the apparent loss in Berzelius’ analysis, we must infer either the presence of a part of the ferric sulphate in the residue insoluble in water, or a remnant of impurity, perhaps a salt of baryta, in the precipi- tate of ferric oxide, or, more probably, the previous escape of a part of the sulphur from the decomposing mineral or from the free sulphuric acid in the vitriol, in some form, it may be as hydrogen sulphide. This gas might readily be generated through the deoxidation of sulphuric acid by the organic matter in the dust, introduced during the long exposure of two years and a half. A further reference to this widely prevalent view is made in connection with the chemical investigation described beyond. | 7. Enclosure of clay in pyrites. Still another and more re- cent view, worthy of consideration, is that of Messrs. A. Girard and H. Morin,’ in their discussion of the pyrites of the French deposits of commercial importance for the manufacture of sul- phuricacid. These writers discriminate between three pyritous varieties : a. Grayish yellow octahedral pyrite, of sp. gr. = 5, occurring particularly in the volcanic formations and crystalline rocks ; 1 Ann. Ch. et Phys., (1876), Sér., 5, VII, 229. 7 Decomposition of lron Pyrites. 135 its deposits always suggest igneous action, present the appear- ance of veins, contain no water, and are stable on exposure to the atmosphere. 6. Gray cubical pyrite, with brownish-black powder, contain- ing both clay and water, commonly occurring in sedimentary deposits, and easily altered to ferric sulphate. c. White marcasite, gray to yellow or greenish-yellow color ; lighter than pyrite, with dark greenish-gray powder, and sp. gr. —=4.7. Its masses are connected always with aqueous action, occur in deposits caused by chemical double decomposition, and are extremely subject to efflorescence of copperas. In explana- tion of these differences in weathering, it is stated : ‘‘ We must yet remark that, in the specimens of yellow pyrite, water of combination or moisture is almost never found, as in the white pyrites. Some authors think that the facility with which these pyrites generally effloresce in the air is connected with the fact that these minerals contain protosulphide of iron, That may be ; but I think that it can be also admitted (after my present analyses) thatthe molecular state of the substance, or, still more, the enclosure of a clay, easily attacked either by atmospheric agents or by water, may well be a ready cause of their altera- tion ; and by this very fact it is natural to conceive, that sedi- meutary or chemical deposits (in the interior of formations) ought to readily assume this kind of constitution, which would be, so much the more, a common element of their spontaneous destruction.” On this suggestion of the influence of clay, it must be noted that the material used in all the painstaking re- searches of these analysts was unsuitable for the solution of the delicate problem involved in the peculiar decomposition of marcasite. ‘Their analyses appear to have been made, not on pure crystals, so far as stated, but on nodules or massive and granular forms of the two minerals. In all, the amount of sil- ica, ete., reaches 4 to 15 per cent.; the specific gravity figures are correspondingly very low, 4.17 to 4.81 ; and the amount of water appears to have but partial connection with that of clay, since the proportion of alumina is small. 8. Uneven condition of the surface. Like nearly all the later -authors who haye written on the subject, since the time of Ber- 136 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. zelius, Senft accepted the hypothesis of that investigator as to the presence and influence of iron protosulphide. Liowever, the absence of definite proof of its occurrence in marcasite inclined him to suggest an additional reason for its ready alteration, viz., the morphological character of the surfaces of its crystals. ‘The - evenness of those of pyrite, he maintains,’ must offer far fewer points of attack to the agents of decomposition, air and mois- ture. However, the observations presented at the close of this paper (e. g., in regard to the octahedra of pyrite at Wee- hawken, etc.), indicate rather that the varieties of this mineral with highly polished evenly faced crystals are peculiarly liable to decomposition ; while those at other localities, which are strongly striated, appear to possess a crystalline constitution which presents unusual resistance to decay. 9. Forced state of aggregation of particles. Fournet’ presents the following explanation of the efflorescing property of white iron pyrites. ‘‘I have sought in the course of this memoir to establish two principal facts, to wit; that a spontaneous ten- dency to dimorphism produces the disintegration of minerals, and that this is followed by chemical action ... Pyrites have two forms, the one cubic, the other prismatic ; may not the lat- ter be simply an unstable form ? because, as it is well known, it is very liable to efflorescence, while the former resists decom- position pretty generally, under similar conditions. Carbonate of lime crystallizes in two systems, the one rhomboidal, the other prismatic. The latter, which constitutes aragonite, 1s so unstable that it is sufficient to warm a crystal a little to have it fall to powder ; and besides, in Auvergne, masses are found which spontaneously disintegrate without further decomposi- tion.” 10. Some peculiarity of molecular aggregation. To a cause of this kind, though entirely undefined, several authors have been inclined to attribute the perishability of ordinary forms of mar- casite. Thus, in 1849, Nicol’? remarked : ‘‘ This mineral is still 1 Kryst. Felsg., 141. ? Ann. Ch. et Phys., (1834), LV, 255-256. 3 Mineralogy, (1849), 451. Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 137 -more liable to decomposition than pyrite, though in the same manner, and most frequently changes to sulphate of iron. In both minerals this has been ascribed to a mixture of Fe 8S; but the above analyses all show a surplus of sulphur, which, though small, would rather indicate a mixture of free sulphur as the cause. It, however, has been observed in pure sulphuret of iron, and seems rather to depend. on some peculiarity in the state of aggregation.” More recently a similar view has been expressed by J. P. Kimball,’ to explain the difference in stabil- ity of the two minerals. ‘‘ At ordinary temperatures, under ex- posure to the atmosphere, bi-sulphide of iron in the form of white pyrites or marcasite readily decomposes, but far more slowly when in the form of yellow pyrites or pyrite. Such a difference as to facility of oxidation appears to be due to mole- cular differences arising from crystalline structure. Marcasite occurs in several states of crystallization and aggregation favor- able to oxidizing influences, as compared with the usually more compact mode of occurrence of pyrite. It is in the more readily decomposable form of marcasite that bi-sulphide of iron general- ly occurs in bituminous coals and lignite, while in anthracite it is generally, if not always, present in the form of its more stable species.”’ It is evidently in this direction that we must search for the exact solution of the problem. C. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PYRITES. On account of the doubt still prevailing in regard to the com- monly accepted cause of the tendency to decomposition, viz., the possible presence of iron protosulphide in decomposing pyrites, there seemed to me to be evident need of additiona) chemical analyses, made with the utmost care possible with modern facil- ities, on crystals selected for probable purity ; in these I have availed myself of the assistance of Dr. J. B. Mackintosh. For this purpose, the finely crystallized spear-headed marcasite, from the ashy gray chalk of Folkestone, England, was first chosen, this matrix being unlikely to supply other metallic bases or arsenic as impurities in the mineral. The following mode of analysis was adopted. A carefully weighed amount of ' Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., (1879-80), VIII, 202 and 215-216. 138 Decomposition of lron Pyrites. the mineral, about 3 grams, was placed in a glass-stoppered bot- tle, with the addition of nitro-hydrochloric acid and bromine, inserted in a beaker of water, and covered by a smaller inverted beaker, to make a water-joint for safety, and thus digested upon a water-bath until complete solution. ‘This was then diluted and divided. In one part, the iron was determined volumetri- cally in the usual way, by means of potassium permanganate. To the other, citric acid was first added to retain the iron in solu-— tion and the sulphuric acid was precipitated by a slight excess of barium chloride. After thorough washing, this precipitate was purified by Stolba’s method, by digestion in copper acetate, washed and weighed, then fused with mixture of sodium-and potassinm-carbonates, leached out with water, the other solution treated with bromine, the residue and filtrate separately acid- ified, the two solutions heated on the water-bath and combined, and the re-precipitated barium sulphate again thoroughly washed, dried and weighed. In all cases the first precipitate was found before the fusion to contain a small proportion of barium-salt as impurity, and in one case a coloration produced by copper derived from the copper acetate. Of the analyses pre- sented below, Nos. 1 and 2 were made upon the finely pulver- ized mineral, No. 1 having been weighed immediately after pul- verization, and No. 2 about three-quarters of an honr after- wards. In both, it will be noticed that the amount of sulphur is considerably less than that demanded by the theoretical con- stitution of the mineral, especially in No. 2, whose material was longest exposed to the air. A series of a dozen samples of py- rite and marcasite, in finely divided condition, had been already exposed to the air, and it was found that these manifested inci- pient decomposition in all cases, often within one or two hours, by a caking of the powder and a distinct sulphurous odor. A portion of the Folkestone marcasite, about 0.2 gram, was also enclosed with 2 c. c. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, in a her- metically sealed tube ; the mineral had been, previously exposed to the air for several hours, in the state of a fine powder. In an- other tube, a freshly broken pure lump of the mineral was di- gested in the same way. ‘The former immediately yielded a yel- lowish solution, revealing the presence of iron-oxide from par- tial oxidation of the exposed powder ; however, on hanging a few days in the sunlight, the solution gradually lost its color, appar- Decomposition of lron Pyrites. 139 ently from a subsequent deoxidation of the ferric chloride in the presence of the iron disulphide. The tube was hung up by a south window and remained at the temperature of the labor- atory for ninety days; then, on opening by breaking under water, not a trace of either iron or sulphur was detected in the colorless fluid. The other tube, containing the lump, remained colorless, even after several weeks. ‘hese experiments proved that the variety, though stable, became unstable in fine powder, and that it was impossible to obtain sufficiently accurate results from analyses of the marcasite in the finely divided condition. This was probably caused by the condensation of oxygen upon the enormously increased surface, the addition of its weight and its partial combination with the iron and sulphur. ‘The exper- iments also proved the absence of any trace of iron protosul- phide, of oxygen, or of other soluble impurities, which have been suggested by some investigators. On the ground of these experiments, the method of quantitative analysis was therefore again modified by taking a rapidly weighed lump of the min- eral, in the analysis whose results are headed No. 3. The pro- cess of solution was of course considerably slower than in the case of the fine powder. ; Analysis of crystalline marcasite from Folkestone, Eng. Sp. Gr. = 4.887. , 2 | 3 Theoretical Fine powder. | Fine powder. Lump. Constitution. Iron | 47.310 46.807 46.705 46.667 Sulphur | 52.780 52.464 | 53.359 | 538.3383 100.000 100.090 99.271 | 100.064 A qualitative analysis of the mineral also showed the absence of other metallic bases and of arsenic. The close approximation of the last analysis (No. 3) to the theoretical composition is of course partially accidental, as every chemist will understand, but justifies the conclusion that the marcasite of Folkestone contains no iron protosulphide. ‘The surfaces of some of the crystals in its groups are encrusted by a film or coating of orange-colored iron-ochre, which indicates its liability to slow 140 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. oxidation, but they never display an efflorescence of iron sul- phate. ‘The next material, selected for analysis, was the fibrous white and brilliant pyrite, associated with galenite and blende, at Marsden’s Diggings, near Galena, Illinois, and partially dis- colored by an efflorescence of iron sulphate. A lump, freed from the efflorescence and weighing about 3 grams, was dis- solved in the usual way, and the following results obtained. Analysis of fibrous pyrite, from Marsden’s Diggings, Til. Sp. Gr. = 5.015. Per Cent. Theoretical Constitution. Tron 46.636 46 .667 Lead .188 Silica 110 Arsenic .056 f 2 FO” 1 Seen ea t 58.010 53.333 100. 100. An absolutely exact determination of sulphur is impossible by any known gravimetric method ; this is partly caused by the de- composition of a small part of the precipitate obtained of bar- ium sulphate adhering to the filter, by the deoxidizing action of the carbon, on ignition of the paper. In determinations of this kind, a similar loss almost invariably occurs, amounting to over one per cent. of the total quantity of sulphur, the ignited pre- cipitate being apt to assume a yellow color, it may be from the formation of barium peroxide. It therefore seems fair to pre- sume that the loss in the above analysis consists chiefly of sul- phur. The figures thus imply a close correspondence to those demanded by theory, if the material was pure. The slight im- purity, indicated by traces of lead and arsenic, is merely that which might be expected in a mineral which is constantly asso- ciated with galenite in the locality stated. We may therefore conclude that decomposing pyrite contains no proportion of iron proto-sulphide, and that the cause of the decomposition must be sought in some other direction. ‘The analyses of both these minerals therefore, marcasite and pyrite, prove that difference 1 53 617, before purification of the precipitate of barium sulphate. Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 14] of chemical composition has nothing to do with the differing quickness of tendency to decomposition, but also hint the possi- bility of its connection with some subtle peculiarity of structure. D.—MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF PYRITES. In order to throw more light on this difficult question, I have resorted to a microscopical examination of several kinds of py- rites. ‘The only microscopical examination on record, to my knowledge, is that by Berzelius, on an efflorescent marcasite ; he simply states that, *‘seen under the microscope, it presented a mass seamed by little cracks, filled with a white and efflores- cent salt, whose interstices appeared to consist of white pyrite, unattacked and more or less crystalline ”’; also, on dissolving out the efflorescent salt, he could detect no sulphur in the residue. Pyrite from Galena, Ill. I selected, as a material most promising of results, a portion of the same nodule of pyrite in a state of decomposition, which had been used in the chemical analysis just mentioned. ‘The conical specimen consisted of a finely fibrous material, with fibres about eight centimeters in length, and mostly 0.2 millimeter in thickness, radiating from the apex of the cone, the center of the original nodule, becoming coarser toward their outward extremities, and there terminating in a close aggregation of distorted cubes, 4 to 8 mm. on a side. The inner material was of a pale yellowish-white color and ex- ceedingly brilliant lustre, crossed by three or four concentric lines of concretionary growth ; an easy cross-fracture occurred at the concentric lines, leaving a surface—across the ends of the fibres—which appeared to the eye perfectly aphanitic in texture, exceedingly brilliant, and slightly mammillary. At the outer surface, the aggregated cubes were stained to a brownish-black, variegated by delicate whitish efflorescence within the interstices ; this efflorescence was found to penctrate to a depth of about 1 to 2 centimeters below the surface, along the fibres, and even to the very centre of the nodule, at a depth of 8 centimeters, along certain widened fissures among the fibres. The material differed little from that of similar fibrous nodules from Galena, I1., Linden, Wis., etc, whose specific gravities are presented in the table near the close of this paper. Various fragments of this ma- terial were mounted for examination by reflected light ; and for Vi ea Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. this purpose low magnifying powers, up to 200 diameters, were - found sufficient, with the help of the plane mirror of a Sorby reflector. ‘The following materials were thus examined. a. A fibrous plate of the fresh and brilliant material from the interior. The surface of this natural fragment was divided up by the fibration, by strongly marked lines, sometimes perhaps indicating open fissures, 0.033 to 0.134 mm. apart. Within these in many places a still finer lineation occurred, the lines being sometimes only 0.014 mm. apart. These finer lines, co- inciding with the cubic cleavage, were sometimes parallel to the main fibration, sometimes perpendicular to it; elsewhere, very commonly arranged obliquely at an angle of 45° to 53° from the general direction, sometimes even in two sets passing obliquely off in opposite directions from a median line. ‘These latter oblique lines doubtless mark the octahedral cleavage of pyrite, often greatly distorted by pressure and even thereby ren- dered curvilinear. A want of homogeneity was suggested by a number of bright angular yellow particles and grains, scattered over the white and duller surface: their size usually varied from 0.013 to 0.084 nm. b. A fragment, from a plane at right angles to that of a, pre- senting the polished mammillary and curved surface from the cross-fracture. ‘The entire surface was found to be, not uniform as it appeared to the eye, but seamed and slightly roughened by short fissures, marking the eubic cleavage, running at right angles to each other, but rarely intersecting, and dividing up the surface into square spacesabout 0.01 to 0.015 mm. onaside. The same bright yellow grains appeared here and there, as in a, but mostly as lines or thin branching veins, apparently the edges of films of vellow material enclosed in the paler colored pyrite. c. A portion of the side of a fissure, plainly to the eye dark- ened and roughened by incipient decomposition, but still appar- ently perfectly dense and compact, showed under the microscope a remarkable sub-division and disintegration, the whole surface being seamed by minute cracks, mostly along and across the fibres, and also irregularly pitted and even honeycombed with cavities of the most irregular shape and size: all this surface was sprinkled and coated with granules and needles of the white efflorescence. ‘The phenomena differed widely on every Decomposition of Iron Pyrites 143 'P y surface examined, but mostly comprised the following points of structure in the pyrite itself : First. A coarse columnar structure, that of the fibration, presenting a width of about 0.08 to 0.25 mm. between the par- allel fissures, whose lips were about 0.005 mm. apart. ‘This was crossed, with more or Jess irregularity, by fissures at right an- gles, often producing the effect of an imperfect tesselated pave- ment or of rude masonry. In places the disintegration had gone So far that the mass consisted of dark roughened needles attached only at one end or both. Secondly. 'The surface intervening between these cracks was pitted with cavities of the utmost irregularity of size and form, though commonly approximating 0.004 to 0.009 mm. in diam- eter, scattered in rows and in large groups. As aresult of the sub-division produced by these cracks and pits, I estimated that the greater part of the mass was separated into little grains, ap- proximately cubical in form and about 0.01 mm. on a side. It would require about a thousand millions of such little grains to make up a cubic centimeter of the material, and the surfaces of these would present a superficial area about ten million times that of the superficies of a solid cubic centimeter. Thirdly. ‘The surface between the little pits further showed a very delicate striation, apparently by fine cracks or by minute ribs and furrows, al] parallel to the line of fibration but slightly wavy. On an average about 555 of such lines occupied the dis- tance of one millimeter across the fibration, 7. ¢., they were about 0.0018 mm. apart. ‘They projected very slightly above the in- tervening furrows and conveyed the impression that they were lines of accretion, running in the direction of the general fibra- tion and originally producing that structure ; that they repre- sented the edges of thin films of a compact material, flattened out by intense lateral pressure, whose irregularity had produced the wavy disturbance of their lines ; also that their material was harder and perhaps brighter than that in the intervening fur- rows, and that their projection above the surface was but a part of the general erosion, caused by their greater resistance to de- composition than that offered by the intervening films. Fourthly. The suspicion of the want of homogeneity of the material was fostered by the occasional distribution, over the 144 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. dull eroded surface, of minute bright grains, scales, pellicles, and angular, sometimes branching, rods, contrasting with the general surface by their brilliant lustre, yellow color, and some- times a slight projection. Many consisted of barely visible particles and lines, but the size of 0.005 to 0.035 mm. was sometimes noticed. ' Occasionally triangular and rectangular outlines could be dis- tinguished, even 0.056 mm. in length, and rarely two or three faces cf a flattened polished cube. Their compact bright material appeared identical with that of the striation films, and in fact, many of these forms appeared mere expansions or pro- jections of these films. All the facts strengthened the idea that the material of this fibrous pyrite is not uniform, as it appears to the eye, but that these grains and minute lines indicate the planes of successive envelopment of two materials, the one yiel1- ing rapidly to decomposition, the other more dense and yielding more slowly. The little pits or cavities were also closely ex- amined to determine whether they ever presented symmetrical outlines, which might signify the eating away of crystals of a softer substance, but no such indications were recoghized. Fifthly. ‘The white efflorescence rarely displayed any dis- tinct forms, except those of occasional needles with imperfect terminations. ‘The entire absence of any yellow or reddish tinge indicated that it consisted of a basic ferric sulphate, and this was confirmed by the blue reaction produced by potassium fer- ridcyanide in a solution of the effloresced salt. However, when fragments on a slide, immersed in a drop of potassium ferro- cyanide, were examined under the mieroscope, traces of a blue coloration were also seen, which showed the presence of cop- peras, ferrous sulphate, in minute amount. It would not be possible, without the most careful analysis, to determine the ex- act character of such a natural vitriol ; since it may be consti- tuted, according to the degree of oxidation and hydration, of indefinite mixtures of at least eleven known salts, viz., one fer- rous sulphate, eight ferric sulphates, and two ferroso-ferric sul- phates. d. The darkened surface of a cube from the outer surface, slightly marked to the eye by minute particles of the vitriol- efflorescence. This presented, under. the microscope, a finely x Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 145 granular mass of the pyrite-material, seamed and interspersed with the white particles, grains, and sometimes needles of cop- peras in an almost continuous network. The surface was gen- erally deeply and very irregularly eaten out and honeycombed in pits and cavities divided by jagged angular septa; these cavities often possessed a diameter of 0.06 to 0.10 mm., with a depth of about the same amount. Many of the grains of pyrite displayed cubical outlines, about 0.025 mm. on a side, which indicated the full development of the cubical cleavage. On similar corroded and effloresced surfaces, on the side of fissures further down, be- low the point where the cubes were developed, the eroded pits were a little larger, about 0.167 mm. in diameter, but the grains of pyrite did not exhibit cubical forms. Pyrite, from Chili. The polished surface of a cube, about 1 centimeter on a side. ‘To the eye, this surface showed a dis- tinct striation in places ; under the microscope, little more than planes of accretion, parallel to the edges of the cube, became visible. The material appeared almost perfectly uniform and homogeneous. Pyrite, from Weehawken, N. J. The surfaces of octahedra, in various stages of incipient oxidation. A surface which was brilliant and polished to the eye appeared almost equally so under the microscope, and the underlying material, shown on conchoidal fractures along the edges, seemed to be homo- geneous, though very pale in color. But many other surfaces, showing a tarnish to the eye, presented in high illumination, under the microscope, a brilliant display of iridescence, re- sembling that of marcasite. Very often this tarnish was not uniformly distributed, but displayed alternating bands of blue and red colors, parallel, or intersecting each other in two or three directions, parallel to the edges of the octahedral faces. This mode-of decomposition implies probably a uniform distri- bution .of an enclosed unstable impurity ; since the course of the oxidation has conformed exactly to the cleavage structure of the crystal. Other octahedra from the same locality showed the last stage of complete oxidation, in the form of limonitic pseudo- morphs, preserving, almost perfectly, the lustre of the faces and sharpness of the edges and minute modifications. In _ places, delicate reddish-brown crusts were found deposited upon some 146 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. of the crystal-faces. The fractured edges of these exhibited. alternating brown and white lines, evidently the edges of alter- nating films of red iron-oxide and of white gypsum. On other octahedra of pyrite, less deeply attacked by oxidation, the red- dish brown coating, about 0.1 mm. in depth, was observed to be sprinkled with little particles and short needles of white vit- riol. ‘Their identity was sufficiently established by putting such a crystal in a drop of water on a slide, with a drop of potassium ferrocyanide in close juxtaposition, and connecting the two drops by means of a wire, while under observation, when the blue precipitate was formed which indicated the presence of a soluble iron-salt. The observation was one of interest, in sug- gesting that the slow oxidation, which results in the formation of a crust of iron-oxide, differs in no way from that which pro- duces the efflorescence of white copperas, in other materials, ex- cept in the further complete oxidation of the iron protoxide. It may also be again suggested that the presence of organic mat- ter, as dust or in solution, must result in the final deoxidation of the sulphuric acid set free in this decomposition, with its es- cape as hydrogen sulphide, or sometimes a partial deposit in the form of free sulphur. Pyrite, from Lee, Mass. ‘Thin flakes of the white dolomitic marble from Lee, containing pyritous particles in an active state of decay. These were chipped from the surface of fragments thrown aside from the construction of the Cathedral at Madison Avenue and Fiftieth Street in New York City, which had been lying exposed to the weather for a few months. Each rusty parti- cle was surrounded by areddish-brown ochreous film, penetrating the marble irregularly in every direction, sometimes to a dis- tance of one or two centimeters from the decaying particle. The instability and consequent discoloration were so marked, as to suggest the possibility that these particles might consist of marcasite. To determine their true nature, five pounds of the stone were dissolved in weak hydrochloric acid, and the insolu- ble residue was found to consist of angular grains of white quartz, scales of red and colorless phlogopite, and the pyrites. with a small quantity of imperfect prisms of brown and _ black tourmaline, white tremolite in acicular granules, and bent rods of black rutile. The pyritous grains presented ordinary forrhs Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 147 of the modification of cubes of pale brass-yellow color and _ bril- liant lustre, certainly consisting of crystallized pyrite. No vis- ible reason for the decay was apparent in these crystals. From these microscopical observations, presented elsewhere’ in fuller detail, we may sum up the following conclusions : First. In these fibrous nodules of pyrites, the outward growth of the elongated cubes, of which the fibres consist, and their mutual compression, have produced a condition of great tension, which has facilitated their later disintegration. } Secondly. The material is mainly composed of a diluted mixture of pyrite with a paler colored and unstable impurity. Through this mixture, more or less pure pyrite is diffused in al- ternating films or in scattered strings and crystals of a deeper yellow color than that of their matrix. Thirdly. The oxidation of the material has been facilitated by its heterogeneous composition, by its fissured structure, and by the tension among its fibres. It has progressed more rapidly in the predominant paler colored mixture, has penetrated along the seams between the fibres, and has then been hastened by the development of the more minute fissuring, as the result of the tension. Fourthly. 'Yhe development of this system of minute fissures has furnished an enormous area for the internal condensation of gases and vapors from the atmosphere, chiefly oxygen and mois- ture, whic has resulted in the speedy oxidation, pitting, de- cay, production of crystals of vitriol, expansion, and final disin- tegration observed in such forms of pyrites. Fifthly. The mode of oxidation in all forms of pyrite is es- sentially the same, resulting in the initial production of ferrous sulphate and free sulphuric acid. By the removal, decomposi- tion, or neutralization of the latter, oxidation of the ferrous salt is promoted, which may be then rapidly converted into one or more ferric sulphates, when freely exposed to the air. In the purer forms of pyrite, subject to but slow oxidation, the results of decomposition are washed away as fast as they form, and the surface of the mineral retains its brightness, if the grain lies ex- 1 The Microscopical Structure of the Iron Pyrites, Jour. N. Y. Micr. Soc., (1886), 1-12. 148 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. posed to the air on the surface of a stone ; if buried beneath the surface, the ferrous sulphate is likely to be immediately convert- ed into a comparatively insoluble ferric sulphate, and from that the ferric oxide may be immediately deposited ; if the matrix is calcareous or magnesian, the ferric oxide is deposited at once in ~ place by precipitation, and a hepatic pseudomorph finally results. This material may consequently detain small quantities of lime and magnesia within its pores. Prof. Erastus G. Smith has re- ported’ these traces in his careful analysis of such alimonite- eube, from the Trenton limestone near Beloit, Wis. In the impure forms of pyrite, inclining to rapid oxidation, the soluble ferrous sulphate is transported farther away, through the matrix, before further oxidation and precipitation take place. The extent of the discoloration thereby produced is lim- ited only by protection from air and moisture ; the formation of hepatic pseudomorphs is accomplished only in the pres- ence of an excess of basic precipitant, such as ‘‘ rock sap” satn- rated by calcium-carbonate.’ 3 FE. GENERAL CoNCLUSIONS IN REGARD TO VARIATION IN DECOMPOSITION. A consideration of the facts connected with the paragenesis of the three iron pyrites, especially of the general intermixtures, intercrystallizations, and mutual replacements of the two more common species, marcasite and pyrite, leads to the conclusion of the constancy of their association in the most intimate forms. Wherever the least deviation is noticed from the ordinary phy- sical properties of cither mineral, the presence of the other may be at once suspected. The opacity of both preventing the ap- plication of most optical tests, resort must be had to the close examination of other physical properties. We are thus led to the following general conclusions : First. In regard to marcasite, the tendency to decomposition and its absence are plainly associated with other physical prop- ertics. When the mineral occurs in the rarer condition of com- pact well formed crystals, with brilliant lustre, grayish-white 1 Am. J. Sci., (1886), XX XI, 376. * During publication, I have found this theory already suggested in a brief note to Pyrite, in Dana’s System of Mineralogy, (1883), 64. Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 149 color, and high specific gravity, 1t resists decomposition as ef- fectively as the stable form of pyrite and as most silicates. But when it occurs in crystals with lower lustre and density, whose color inclines to a greenish tint, or in finely granular, scaly, or columnar masses, of lower lustre, density, and purity of color, and in which a little clay and moisture can be detected by anal-. ysis, such varieties are certainly inclined to more or less rapid decomposition by efflorescence. Secondly. ‘The two minerals, marcasite and pyrite, are very commonly and abundantly associated (@) in more or less thorough- ly intermixed masses, in which the grains or plates of each may often be yet distinguished—(d) in nodules consisting of successive enveloping crusts, composed alternately of each mineral, or of mixtures of both—and (c) in crystals consisting of the substance of one mineral, assuming the form characteristic of the other. In most cases the constituents of such mixtures and associations may be distinguished by their general physical properties : mar- casite, for example, by its color, generally lower specific gravity, somewhat inferior hardness, uneven fracture, and usual strong tendency to decomposition. Thirdly. The crystals and nodules which are generally assign- ed to pyrite, on account of the crystalline forms of that min- eral (cubes, octahedrons, etc.), which the individual grains pre- sent, seldom consist certainly of that mineral in a pure condition, save when they also exhibit its characteristic brass-yellow color, high density and lustre, conchoidal fracture, and strong resist- ance to decomposition. When inclined to alteration, however, they invariably exhibit either a paler yellow, whitish or greenish ‘color, a low density and lustre, uneven fracture, and tendency to granular or fibrous texture. Correlating then these three facts, the peculiar physical prop- erties of marcasite, its common intermixture with pyrite, and the presence of its other physical properties in most of the var- ieties of pyrite which show ready alteration, the following con- clusion seems inevitable. All specimens of pyrite in active de- composition are not pure, but are intimate intermiztures of mar- casite and pyrite, probably in the most minute, 2. e., molecular conditions of these minerals. We may here recall the interesting investigation of G. Briigel- 150 Decomposition of lron Pyrites. mann on the variation of specific gravity, and of other physical characteristics in series of artificial intermixtures, in various proportions, of simultaneously crystallized salts. lis observa- tion, that ‘‘ crystalline intermixtures have for the most part a different specific gravity than that which corresponds to the ecal- culated mixture-proportions of their components,” was referred to changes of volume, whose course, like that of the figures for specific gravity, ran without any parallelism to that of the changes in mixture-proportion. ‘This conclusion, however, can have no pertinency here, as his salt-intermixtures were all ob- tained by fusion, usually accompanied by expansion. ‘Those now under consideration—the natural intermixtures of the two dimorphous sulphides—are certainly deposits from solution, and, however intimately blended, may be far from homogene- ous and have probably never been attended with any change of volume. There is every reason to believe, that, in the lessened sensi- bility toward chemical action exhibited by the harder and heavier of these two homologous minerals, we have a fresh illus- tration of the well-known law, which, in another connection, T. Sterry Hunt has thus stated : “* The hardness of these iso- meric or allotropic species, and their indifference to chemical reagents, increase with their condensation, or, in other words, vary inversely as their empirical equivalent volumes.’” The fact of the inferior hardness of marcasite, though not recognized in the general treatises on systematic mineralogy, has already been noted in the papers of Breithaupt, Senft and others; I have pointed ont beyond that it specially characterizes certain crystallographic faces of that mineral. It may be safest to refer the mode of condensation of the molecule in the heavier min- eral, pyrite, to subtle schemes of natural blending or interpene- tration, of course far beyond microscopical detection, and, it may be, passing all present comprehension. But tak- ing into consideration the physical properties which can be recognized, we are led to suspect that the material of the lighter crystals of marcasite, and especially of its granular forms, may consist in miniature of an interlacing network of the 1 Ueber die Krystallisation, Beobachtungen und Folgerungen, Leipzig, (1884), 17. 2 Chem. and Geol. Essays, 457. Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 151 spearheaded crystals, needles, twins, ete., which the natural forms of this mineral present to the naked eye. Within these interstices, air and atmospheric moisture are condensed over the entire area and locked up in the most constant and intimate contact ; or these invisible cavities may be partially occupied by other sulphides, clay, quartz, etc., whose presence is shown by chemical analysis. Both the area exposed to attack and its du- ration must enormously exceed those possible on the ordinary exterior surface of a visible crystal ; while color, lustre, and density are equally decreased by the porous texture of the mass. If we can assume such a molecular constitution, the well-known facility of decomposition will be easily understood. On the other hand, the associated high specific gravity and resistance to decomposition shown by the well crystallized forms of the min- eral, such as those from the chalk, are well explained by the corresponding compactness of texture and absence of interstices, attending the metasomatic alteration or replacement of the min- eral by pyrite. With pyrite, on the other hand, we may perhaps assume a naturally compact texture, when pure, from the crystal- lographic symmetry of forces implied in its isometric con- stitution. ‘he resulting absence of interstitial cavities and im- purities, and therefore of an internal area exposed to condensa- tion of oxygen and consequent decomposition, are naturally ac- companied by the high color, lustre, density, and freedom from alteration observed in well crystallized forms of the mineral. But the general deterioration of the common varieties of the mineral in all these properties, and their close approach to those of marecasite, appear to imply a general intermixture with that mineral, except in regions of high local metamorphism, such as Elba, Colorado, ete. In the fibrous, and especially in the gran- ular forms of pyrite, such as constitute the usual nodular and radiating forms of the mineral, the intermixture of marcasite becomes at last visible, at least under the microscope, and these forms are notorious for ready decomposition. But the absorp- tion of oxygen, shown in the preceding analyses, indicates that it may also be true that even pure pyrite, in so finely divided a condition, may yield far more easily to oxidation. The early observer, Heukels,’ recognized the fact that the rapidity of vit- 1 Pyritologia, Leipzig, (1754), 805 and 790. 152 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. riolescence was increased in pulverized pyrites, attributing it to the increase of exposed surface ; also, that in nodules, this ac- tion begins in the interior, where the texture is loosely granular and full of clefts. So also Knop’ found, on direct experiment on the pyrrhotite of Horbach, ‘‘ that the vitriolescence of the © ore in a finely divided condition proceeds more rapidly than in the form of Jarger fragments.” In the fibrous nodules of pyrite, the material appears to be also in a state of extreme lateral ten- sion, which has facilitated its thorough sub-division by fissures, the deep entrance of air and moisture, its rapid oxidation, and ready and continual yielding to further disruption by the out- ward pressure of the copperas crystals formed during efflores- cence. In the preceding discussion attention has been entirely given to the common varieties of pure iron-pyrites, without re- gard to the exceptional cases, only one of which is on record, in which other metallic sulphides, e. g., chalcopyrite, have acted as as accessory agents in producing the tendency to decomposition. Other instances will be given beyond. IIl.— DETERMINATION OF DEGREE OF STABILITY. There are many practical applications of these facts, stated at the close of this paper, which show the pressing need of arti- ficial methods of experiment, by which to determine the incli- nation to oxidation or degree of stability in certain specimens of these iron sulphides. We may, in passing, here refer to the ex- periments of Malaguti and J. Durocher,* who tested a series of specimens of metallic sulphides with a solution containing silver chloride, and then determined the amount of the silver salt thus decomposed. From their general results we may select the fol- lowing, which, in the third column, represent the comparative action of the iron sulphides on the silver salt, the amount of the sulphides being taken as 100. 1 N. Jahrb. Min. Geol. Pal., (1878), 521. ? Ann. d. Mines, (1850), 4 Sér., XVII, 294. Decomposition of lron Pyrites. 153 Amount of Sp. Gr. . action. Yellow enbical pyrite, containing no visible Impurities, - - - 4.402 0.25 Yellow pyrite, in icosahedrons, Kongsberg, 4.601 .50 Compact marcasite, (Fe, 44.6 per cent.), 4,931 50 Yellow pyrite, in pyritohedrons, . 4.973 1.00 Radiated and globular marcasite, ‘‘ pyrite blanche,” (Fe, 45.4 per cent.), - A.771 1.00 Marcasite in advanced decomposition, 1.00 In reference to these results, the authors remark: ‘ Thus in the series of the iron pyrites, which are generally quite pure, it appears that the facility of decomposition varies with the den- sities and the crystalline forms ; in a word, with the molecular condition.” However, but slight analogy can probably be as- sumed between the results of the action of a silver solution upon pyrites and those of the weathering now under consideration. The proper experimental methods for our purpose may be either chemical or physical ; the one, by exposure of the specimen of pyrites to the action of an oxidizing atmosphere or liquid ; the other, by determination of the specific gravity of the specimen under trial. AT Rray OF PYRITES BY OXIDATION. Several methods of trial were tested, some with the object of quantitative estimation of the products of oxidation. Only brief reference need be made to methods found unsatisfactory. I. Trial of powder in bromine-vapor. In the following table are presented the results of experimental trial of a series of typi- cal forms of pyrite from a number of well-known local- ities, arranged verv nearly in the order of decreasing specific gravities. The specimens were finely powdered, and passed through bolting cloth, and exactly one gramme of each was spread out thinly over a shallow watch-glass. These were all exposed, under a large bell-glass, to an atmosphere of bromine- vapor, for the same length of time, twelve hours; the iron- oxide set free was then dissolved out in sulphuric acid, and its amount determined volumetrically. ‘The results obtained, in the fourth column, show the correspondence of decreasing resistance to oxidation, with decrease of specific gravity and more rapid 154 Decomposition of lron Pyrites. decay by exposure to the weather. The facts in the last column could only be determined, in some cases, from the hand-speci- mens ; but the deposit of iron-ochre on some of these (¢. g., No. 46), plainly did not indicate the results .of weathering, but either of subterranean decomposition, (an agency distinct from — ‘‘ weathering ” in both character and duration), or merely of the transport of iron-ochre from the upper parts of the vein or gangue and its deposit upon these crystals. This mode of experimental trial of a pyrite can ouiien i be used to obtain satisfactory information as to its inclination to oxidation, in comparison witb one of the stable varieties, such as that of Elba, Piedmont, or Colorado, of which specimens are easily obtainable. 2. Trial of powder in aqueous solution of bromine. In the hope of ensuring more speedy and uniform results than those of the preceding process, the method was tried of placing weighed equal quantities of finely pulverized pyrite, from different local- ities, in stoppered bottles, and adding simultaneously equal vol- umes of a weak solution of bromine in water. However, the action was very rapid, the bromine becoming exhausted and the solution decolorized in a few minutes, in every case. This method was therefore abandoned. ‘ i tes. yf Iron Pyri SULLON O Decompo “aT U01l UMOIG YSIppot OUT SutAvo0q “aATDO -U0M UMOIG YStppot OyUL Sur{vdo0q *9190-UOAL OJUL Suissed Ayjeuy “qsaiv} UMOAG YSIppot ISLAIg "SYJUOU OULOS 10} JV YSIUIT |, ‘SU[] SNODITIO UMOIQ-YSTMOT[IX “‘poaArOsqo U0T}NB TOT} -INJ OU JNq ‘SYOOM MOF B UT postu -IR} DUIODOQ sadVjANS Udyo0.1q AL YSoty ‘ystuiey Morjad A1addog ‘OI9O-UOML JO S9IVI} DAOTY . ‘oncurs POXIU1oJUL NOM ynq ‘snooues -omoy-uou Apounsiqy ‘ojiay om 0} Jos ‘ssvul Iepnueas Apoug ‘Ars 10 MOT[OA-OZUOIG PUB ssBIq PITOW "SSBUL YJOS MOTPOA-OZUOLG ‘pourBis-ouy WS ‘SUIRLOG JUT[[VISAIO MOT[OA SSVAG ITPOLIT “STR ‘SADO JUCIT[LIG pue MoTpod-ssurq WYSVT ‘(RApOTOULIA) syri SAID JURIT[IIG JNq MOT[AA-SsBIq WLOUT ‘soquod MOT[OA-ssRq URI TLE ‘O.ITTOO-UOAL WOT ‘soqnd MOorTfad-ssvaq JURIT[ LIT ‘s[eyshio MOTO JuRTTTLAG MIT) SUOWE ILOO-UOAL OUT @ ILM ‘S]R] SAI) MO[[OA-SSRIQ “POIRLIYS JULIA "RAPOTYRIIO JULI [LU POY “IVIGAL VY] HO CONT ANINOUE TO WOdVA AT HAA MOd ULI Ad JO TV 69°86 =| SNP Oo ST DLE 'P es OL 608 7 09°F 096 'P Lb Py C867 PEF L66°F G6 P 1667 96°§ O10'S | GEE C867 GPG ‘oyqnyos pa. -lopuat UOT | ey jo JUNO Ing, ~ S | ‘OW ‘308 -eUoIduay, oye] “A ON ‘UES 390g Ny ‘OLIBTTOTOG ‘OpRIOLO/D “A[VIT ‘VQ TTASIOAVL UCLA “PUL OLY "SST A “WOO ULAR “IVD ‘ULASUOp[R A\ | ssey ‘Aamqxory ‘ALILVOO'T 7VO.U9) L66'F ‘Vd ‘YoutO youoty, 18 “ON WOr) | -00T[0D 156 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 3. Trial of powder by long exposure to the air. A number of pulverized and weighed samples of pyrite from 16 Joealities had been set aside in watch glasses upon a shelf in the laboratory, . and soon gave apparent evidence of gradual oxidation, by sul- phurous odor, more or less decided caking of the powder, and — sometimes a slight change of tint; this conclusion was con- firmed by a chemical test. In the hope that a method of trial might be devised, founded on even so slow a process of atmo- spheric oxidation, the samples were left undisturbed for two months. The amount of iron set free as oxide was then deter- mined by solution in sulphuric acid and titration in the. usual way. The results varied from 0.5 to 2 per cent. of the quan- tities taken, the latter amounting to 0.5 to 3.8 grams. On ar- ranging the figures in parallel columns with those of the specific gravities, no correspondence or progression of any kind was found. The oxidation had evidently been almost entirely super- ficial and soon stopped, even within a thin layer of the fine pow- der, by its speedy caking. ‘The method was therefore given up as unsatisfactory. 4. Trial of crystals in bromine-vapor. in Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 16% ed by the hand-specimen. It will be seen that these vary wide- ly, from a barely visible iridescence, to efflorescence, to a thick incrustation by iron-ochre, and to complete hepatic alteration. Various conditions, however, have of course occurred in the vein or rock-matrix once occupied by the specimen ; in many cases it has been completely enveloped and thus protected from oxidation, however perishable ; in others, though stable, the crys- tals of pyrites have probably received stains or deposited crusts of iron-oxide, derived from the decomposition of associated min- erals or of their matrix ; in other instances, the specimens have been exposed directly to the weathering influence of the atmo- sphere. The conditions of oxidation have therefore been too variable to permit entire reliance on the present indications of decomposition, as a measure of stability. A. PYRRHOTITE. A few interesting specimens of this mineral, incidentally col- lected, were included in the investigation, and will be first de- scribed. No. 1. Pyrrhotite. Ore Knob, Ashe County, North Carolina. Massive, with iridescent, dark bronze-colored surface, and very. irregular fracture. Some division-planes run approximately par- allel, and are more or less wavy. On fresh fracture, an indis- tinct fibration and glistening light reddish gray surface, with slight bronze tinge, which deepens in shade on short exposure. Apparently homogeneous and pure, except from a few small en- closed granules of golden yellow chalcopyrite. Decomposition : abundant iridescent or dark reddish brown films over the nu- merous intersecting surfaces of fracture. Under the micro- scope, a beautiful and general iridescence is seen over the fresh and very uneven fracture, but no visible impurity. No. 2. Pyrrhotite. Schneeberg, Tyrol. A drusy crust, upon a fine grained veinstone which is a mixture of pyrrhotite and gray quartz. Brilliant reddish bronze hexagonal plates, with edges deeply striated. Strongly magnetic. On fresh fracture, reddish black, uneven, and glistening. Soft to the knife, with dull brownish black streak. Decomposition: the surface of fracture becomes yellowish and reddish on exposure ;_ the. sur- face of the plates is largely covered by tarnish, sometimes dark blue and iridescent, while the interstices of the surrounding 168 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. veinstone are colored by a film of reddish to reddish brown iron- _ ochre. 3 No. 3. Pyrr.otite. Elizabethtown, Ontario, Canada. A tab- ular mass, apparently a fragment of an imperfect crystal imbed- ded in calcite. Fresh fracture, gray, glistening with high lus- tre, and uneven. Strongly magnetic. Small geodes inthe vicinity are studded with minute crystals, brilliant bronze- colored, hexagonal, with many modification-planes. Decompo- sition : dull reddish bronze-colored tarnish, iridescent in places. PYRRHOTITE. Sno (Ger Weight Evidences of ten- No. Locality. ie C taken, in dency to decom- grams. position. t°\ Ore, Konob,, N, VC; 4.661 8.119 Iridescence. 2 Schneeberg, Tyrol. 4.596 2.298 ‘Tarnish and ochre- ons film. 3 Elizabethtown, Can. 4.542 1.039 Dull tarnish. In No. 1, the density is undoubtedly increased by the inter- mixture of a small proportion of pyrite throughout the massive ore. In No. 3, the figures are lower than those obtained by both Smith and Harrington (Nos. 4 and 12 of Table in Part I, of this paper, page 371). The determination in No. 2 was made with the utmost care, by scraping the shining crystals from a choice specimen, digesting them repeatedly in a weak solution of tar- taric acid to remove adhering iron-oxide, and then picking out the pure crystals under a loup. ‘The specific gravity obtained agrees exactly with the average, 4.597, of the sixteen best dcter- minations already published (Part I, page 372), and this figure, (or 4.6, as already suggested by Rammelsberg), probably approx- imates very closely to the density of normal pyrrhotite. In this connection it may be added, in regard to troilite, that its superior specific gravity, 4.681—4.817, which Rammelsberg has discussed’ with reference to the constitution of pyrrhotite, ap- pears to be connected with two conditions: the intense sur- rounding compression, which has attended the solidification of the meteorite and its strong crystallization, (indicated by the Widmannstiattian figures), during cooling from the state of fu- sion ; and also, it may be, the enclosure of microscopic films and 1 Zeits. d. d. geol. Gesells., (1864), XVI, 271. Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 169 strings of metallic iron, corresponding to the veinlets visible to the eye, often seen within the margins of the troilite-nodules. Therefore it would seem unadvisable, as already suggested, to consider at all this abnormal form of iron-sulphide in any ref- erence’ to the densities of the kinds of iron-pyrites produced on our own planet. B= VaRCAsire. The following specimens of this mineral were carefully studied, and their densities determined with all precautions to anticipate oxidation. No. 1. Marcasite. Cumberland, England. Hollow incrus- tution-pseudomorphs after barite, implanted on a group of barite-crystals. The crusts are grayish white to tin-white and splendent on fracture, with surfaces drusy with pseudo-octahe- drons or rhombic pyramids, whose smooth, rectangular, termi- nal faces (the basal pinacoid, OP) project but slightly; a few minute rhombic prisms also occur, and some hexagonal though apparently triangular twins. Under the microscope, no impur- ity whatever was seen, to account for the high density obtained. The specimen, as received, was mislabelled ‘‘ pyrite.” Evidences of Decomposition : a copper-red tarnish with rather dull iridescence. No. 2. Marcasite. Canterbury, England. Zz | CONSTITUTION. ip cs g — TENDENCY No. | LocaLiry. EA ea eto S | R < ym Ei _12 TO : Ee ES | sees os = os | eo} 2 Ae, el pa DECOMPOSITION. / al: as | e R > 2 ; 1 luetertena, Eng. | 4.987 | 5.032 | 10.55 | 89.45 |Slight tarnish. 2 Canterbury, Eng. 4.949 | 4.077 | 28.17 | 71.88 ‘i 3 ‘Nova Scotia. 4.943 | 3.34! i 30.99 | 69.01 sie 4 |Bohemia. 4,942 | 1.863 | 81.45 | 68.55 “i 5 ‘Folkestone, Eng. 4.985 | 4.3877 | 84.74 | 65.26 ve 6 Belgium. 4.915 | 3.701 44.18 | 55.82 Slight tarnish and vit- | | | riolescence. 7 Hannover, Germ’y. 4.909 | 1.944 47.03 | 52.97 |Slight tarnish. 8 Marsden’sDiggings, 4.903 | 3.486 49.89 | 50.11 Slight tarnish and vit- | Galena. IIl. | | riolescence. 9 Galena. Ill. 4.894 | 5.050 | 53.73 | 46.27 Slight tarnish. 10 |'Champion, N. Y. = 4.888 | 5 018 | 57.08 | 42.92 'Tarnish and ochreous | film. 11 \Folkestone, Eng. 4.887 | 2.445 57.56 42.44 |Tarnish and ochreous | / film. 12 Joplin. Mo. - 4.885 | 2.614 | 58.51 41.49 |Tarnish. 13 New York, N. Y. 4.882 | 3 762 59.93 40.07 |Tarnish and ochreous : | film. 14 Dover, Eng. 4881 60.41 39.59 |Slight tarnish. 15 |Canada. | 4.872 | 1.445 | 64.76 | 35.24. | | film. 16 Galena, IIl. 4.868 | 1.708 | 66.69 33.31 |Tarnish. 17 4 4.867 | 2.484 | 67.17 | 32.83 20 i 4.863 | 2.069 69.10 30.90 i 21 Littmitz, Bohemia. 4.859 3. 618 | 71.05 | 28.95 sy 22 |Joplin, Mo. 4.858 | 3.628 | 71.53 | 28.47 - 24 |Galena, Ill. 4.827 | 2.198 | 86.65 | 18 85 |Tarnish and_ vitriol- escence. Balan 4,812 | 2.239 | 94.07 | 5 93 |Tarnish. | H 1 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. mo MARCASITE.— Continued. o SUPPOSED = a CONSTITUTION. — oie ie TENDENCY No.| Locatrry. Ses | ae S Se) eR ES |i 8 TO ; eo Sa Bye Oe tee Sie Owl rece es) So tie. | 2. | 7] DECOMPOSETION. pe ee Os Sie U2 a = A | | ere yi! ie eer 4 | | J | . e e 23 Galena, III. | 4 807 | 2.315 | 96.52! 3.48 Tarnish and _vitriol- | | | escence. | 26 Hazelgreen, Wis. | 4.805 | 2.797 | 97.50 | 2.50 eacaiet: 27 Crow Branch Mine, | 4.720 | 0.996 | rena _. Wis. 28 Crow Branch Mine, | 4.654 | 2.019 ‘Tarnish and_ vitriol- Wis. escence. 30 Jefferson County, | 4.584 | 4.849 “s NOY. 31 eendccborg, Sax- | 4.537 | 1.141 | ony. 29 Jefferson County, ; 4.513 | 2.489 | IN ¥. | | | | | } 1, Density of normal marcasite. In discussing these figures it is desirable, first, te deduce the probable density of pure nor- mal mareasite. On account of the visible admixture of quartz and other impurities, the last five specimens, Nos. 27 to 31, must be eliminated. In the remainder there is evident a halt- ing of the figures near three points. 4.94, 4.88, and 4.86, but still a marked progression from 4.805 to 4.987, with a corres- ponding increase in hardness, lustre and resistance to oxidation. Allthe facts seem to indicate that the density is increased by ad- mixture with the heavier mineral, pyrite, and that the average figure for marcasite, 4.9, adopted by Rammelsberg' as well as the other, 4.847. deduced* from all the figures hitherto obtained by other observers, are both too high from this cause. The true specific gravity of normal marcasite may be therefore taken us very near the figure 4.80. 2. Latent constitution of marcasite crystals. If then we may consider all these samples of marcasite as intimate inter- mixtures with varying amounts of pyrite, without change of vol- ume, the percentage proportions of the two minerals may be 1 Zeits. d. geol. Ges., (1864), XVI, 267. 4 This paper, Part I, 390 178 | Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. calculated by the usual formula, founded on the relationship of the loss of weight to specific gravity: 100—x x 100 + == 5.01 4,80 a | jee in which z represents the percentage proportion of marcasite in. the specimen under trial, and @ the specific gravity of the specimen. For convenience, this formula may be reduced thus : 11451.4286 a 2280.71 a and in this way and by occasional interpolation the figures in the — two columns have been obtained, which exhibit the supposed per- centage constitution in marcasite and pyrite, corresponding to the specific gravity of each specimen. Itis admitted that the density of some samples has been probably affected by other constituents, e. g., it may be, by the enclosure of a little argentite (sp. gr. 7.2) and galenite (sp. gr. 7.5) in some of the samples of marcasite (Nos. 8 and 9) from Galena, Illinois, ete. But it is of equal sig- nificance that, in six other samples from that very locality, the density falls to the lowest point (Nos. 16 to 18 and 21 to 23). Again, that peculiarly brilliant, hard and stable variety of mar- casite, which is found in the Chalk and Gault formations of England, presents the highest densities (Nos. 2, 5, 11 and 14), and entire freedom from heavy constituents ; see analysis of No. 11 already given. The figures shown in the analyses of marcas- ite from other localities, by Rammelsberg, etc.,' bear the same testimony. It seems therefore reasonable to conclude that the main disturbing element, in the variation of the density of specimens of marcasite, must in general be the intermixture of pyrite suggested by the similar variation in physical properties. From this it will also follow that the varieties of high density at the head of the table, consisting of over 50 per cent. of pyrite, are all true paramorphs after marcasite. That the color of these is not perceptibly affected by a yellow tinge, as in the similar paramorphs described beyond under pyrite, may be due to a uni- form dissemination of the molecules of pyrite in the former and their partial concentration in the latter. The paramorphs, here presented under marcasite, may also have mostly originated by 1 Part I, 388, Analyses Nos, 7 to 10. Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 179 enclosure of pyrite during crystallization ; those described under pyrite may have been formed by a subsequent alteration of that mineral into marcasite. It is plainly indicated that marcasite possesses a remarkable force of crystallization and retention of physical properties, sufficient to impress its character even upon a 90 per cent. dilution with pyrite (Specimen No. 1). 3. Color and lustre of marcasite. ‘The observations throw further light on a question concerning which a curious uncertain- ty seems still to prevail, viz., the color and lustre of marcasite. On this point the following are the statements by several authors. Pale or grayish bronze-yellow, sometimes almost greenish gray (Nicol, Manual of Min., 1849). Light brass-yellow, sometimes inclining to green and gray (Phillips’ Mineralogy, Brooke and Miller, 1852). Yellowish white or of a livid greenish gray (Dufrénoy, 'Traité de Min., 1856). Light brass-yellow, inclining to grayish and greenish, often with variegated tarnish (Leonhard, Grundzuge d. Min., 1860). Pale bronze-yellow or nearly tin-white, with a tinge of yellow or gray (Bristow, Glossary of Min., 1861). Brass-yellow, inclining to grayish (Tschermak, Min., 1863). Brass-yellow, but somewhat more gray (Quenstedt, Handb. d. Min., 1863)..- Grayish or greenish brass-yellow (Senft, Felsg., 1868). A much lighter yellow, and more greenish than pyrite (Egles- ton, Lectures on Min., 1871). Pale bronze-yellow, livid ee inclining to green or gray (De Selle, Cours de Min. et Géol., 1878). Pale bronze-yellow, sometimes inclined to green or a. (J. D. Dana, System of Min., 1883). The observations made on my collection, however, have con- vinced me, that, on a fresh fracture, unaffected by alteration, the true color of marcasite is invariably grayish white, nearly tin- white. Vhe yellowish and greenish tinges, commonly presented by its weathered surface or even by the surface of fracture, especially after short exposure, are mere results of incipient decomposition, and should no more be assigned to itsnormal color than the fol- lowing stages of iridescence or rusty incrustation. The weather- wv “>a = q 180 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. ; ed surfaces of many common minerals, such as hornblende, or chlorite, present similar oxidation-colors ; but even within a crust of compact marcasite, the change is more rapid, and the exact determination of the color on a perfectly fresh fracture | may require a somewhat careful inspection under the loup, on account of the filmy greenish, yellowish or iridescent planes’ which descend through the crust along the surfaces of its radiat- ing plates. 7 The lustre of marcasite appears to be, in all cases, at least as high as that of pyrite, on a fresh fracture, however soon dulled by the tarnish of incipient oxidation. A typical variety of stable character seems to have been the favorite decorative material of the Incas or ancient Kings of Peru, being used in rings and amulets, and the larger pieces even polished as mirrors. Under the name, pierre des Incas, it has been thus described :* ‘‘A kind of marcasite having a bril- liant lustre, and a colour somewhat approaching to tin-white, when first found, and bearing the same relation to European marcas- ite, which is generally of a bronze color, that white gold does to ordinary gold.” Marcasite was, together with pyrite, largely used in the last century for ornamental stones, of which it isstated: ‘‘The lustre of the polished surface was so brilliant that the stone, although opaque, formed a rough substitute for diamond ; and this lustre was not readily impaired by atmospheric influences. Much of the old marcasite jewelery is of so pale a color as almost to resemble burnished steel ; such kinds generally belong to the true modern marcasite, sometimes called ‘white pyrites’.”’? ‘‘These are what are called health-stones (pierres de santé), because it is supposed that they become tarnished when their wearer becomes sick.””* C. PYRITE. My principal object has been the examination of pyrite, espec- ially in all its crystallized forms, free from gangue-matter. The variation of physical properties with the decreasing density, 1 Bristow, Glossary of Min., (1861), 228. ? Encyc. Brit., (1883) XV, 582. 3 Diderot et D’Alembert, Nouveau Dict., (1778), III, 801. Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 181 through the series, will be understood from the following pre- liminary descriptions. Concretionary nodule. Marsden’s Diggings, Galena, Illinois. A concretionary nodule, with finely fibrous structure, especially at its centre, and indications of concentric arrangement. No. 1. (Fibrous core). Marcasitic pyrite. Very finely fibrous, pale brass-yellow and splendent. See analysis already given. Decomposition: dull bronze-colored tarnish, along fissures reach- ing from the exterior. No. 2. (Main columnar crust). Marcasitic pyrite. Coarse- ly fibrous to columnar, pale brass-yellow and splendent. De- composition : tarnished surfaces, and grayish white efflorescence of vitriol in abundance, mainly ferrous sulphate, with a trace or more of ferric sulphate. No. 3. (Outer crystallized surface). Marcasitic pyrite. At the surface of the nodules, the columns of No. 2 end in a close aggregation of cubes in immediate juxtaposition, each cube cap- ped with a roof-like modification by the pyritohedron (pentagonal dodecahedron). Decomposition: dark gray tarnish, with abun- dant efflorescence of white vitriol in the interstices. No. 4. Pyrite. Cumberland, England. An aggregate of bright yellow cubical grains, associated with galenite, fluorite, and quartz. A strongly marked platy cleavage, passing into curved scales. Many sharply defined cubes, with the solid angles slightly modified by octahedral planes ; fracture, pale brass-yel- low and splendent. Streak, brownish black. Decomposition ; a beautiful and brilliant iridescent yellow tarnish. No. 5. Pyrite. Rio Marina, Elba. Brilliant, pale brass-yel- _low pyritohedrous with striated faces ; on a mixture of specular iron and some granular pyrite. Decomposition : trace of orange- brown iron-ochre, in cavities of the surface between the crystals. No. 6. Pyrite. Tevis district, Cochise County, Arizona Territory. Large bright and yellowish grains, with some mi- nute striated cubes, associated with galenite in grayish white quartz. ‘They are reported to contain $40 of gold and silver per ton. On fracture, pale brass-yellow and splendent. Decomposi- tion: yellow tarnish, bronze-colored on a few particles of pyrite, lying in minute rusty cavities. 182 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. No. 7. Pyrite. Adorf, Saxony. Groups of sharply defined cubes, faintly striated ; on drusy rhombohedra of calcite, in cav- - ities of a red hematitic calcareous schist. The crystals are pale brass-yellow and splendent, and possess a very minutely compos- ite scaley structure, sometimes rendering the surface fibrous. Also rare octahedra. Decomposition: a bright yellow tarnish on many faces. No. 8. Pyrite. Alabama, Genesee County, New York. Flattened striated cubes, with sharp edges, and solid angles modified by faces of the octahedron; pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture. Decomposition: on the outer surface, a brownish black shining enamel of hard compact limonite, a mere film; but often with soft iron ochre, earthy and orange- yellow, sometimes to the depth of 3 mm. No. 9. Limonite, pseudomorphous after pyrite. Dutchess County, New York. Sharp, shining striated cubes, unmodified, consisting entirely of limonite. Color reddish brown, with ad- hering crusts of soft brownish yellow limonite ochre. No. 10. Pyrite. Gilpin County, Colorado. A light yellow- ish and brillant aggregate of small crystals; in a granular matrix of pyrite, with a little white quartz. ‘The mineral has been found auriferous, $10 per ton. The crystals consist of pyritohedra, tetrakishexahedra, and striated cubes with angles modified by planes of the icositetrahedron ; fresh fracture, pale brass-yellow, splendent, and sub-conchoidal. Decomposition: no traces visible in the specimen. No. 11. Pyrite. Gilpin County, Colorado. A coarser crys- talline mass, with geodes of large striated cubes like those of No. 10, but unmodified and splendent like those of No. 95. De- composition: no trace visible in the specimen. No. 12. Pyrite. Galena, Illinois. A crust upon a nodule of marcasite, already described (See Nos. 23 and 24 of the latter mineral). The coarse fibres terminate, at the exterior of the nodule, in a bright bronze-yellow surface, drusy with splendent crystals of pyrite, iridescent foliated cubes with all their faces curved, arranged in continuous rows, and so producing a kind of striation upon the surface ; within the nodule, the cubes are flat-faced, with octahedral modifications; with sphalerite in drusy cavities. Decomposition: a brass-yellow tarnish; the Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 183 fractured surface of the fibrous material remains splendent and untarnished in a cabinet. No. 13. Pyrite. Waldenstein, Carinthia. Cubes, slightly striated, pale brass-yellow and splendent ; imbedded in brown- ish black specular hematite. Decomposition : no trace visible in the specimen. No. 14. Pyrite. Waldenstein, Carinthia. A specimen like the preceding, covered with pyritohedra with angles truncated by faces of the octahedron. Decomposition: no trace on the outer surfaces, but yellow ochreous films on surfaces of fracture. No. 15. Pyrite. Chili, South America. Modified cubes and pyritohedra, pale brass-yellow and splendent; associated with silver ores. Decomposition: traces of blue and yellowish tarnish seen on the faces of some crystals. No. 16. Pyrite. Gilpin Couuty, Colorado. Splendent py- ritohedra, with traces of striation, very pale brass yellow on fracture; implanted on nearly pure massive pyrite. Decompo- sition: «beautiful iridescence and slightly reddish films on some crystals and on fissures. No. 17. Pyrite. Pinal County, Arizona Territory. Hlon- gated cubes, slightly striated, pale brass-yellow and splendent. Decomposition : no trace visible. No. 18. Pyrite. Dognatschka, Hungary. Large cubes, oc- easionally with octahedral modifications upon their solid angles, pale brass yellow, with splendent lustre and mirror-like polish, and sometimes with slight striation ; dispersed through a gran- ular veinstone of quartz, pyrite, and hematite. Decomposition : a slight iridescence on some planes, or a film of yellow or brown iron oxide, perhaps a mere deposit by vein-waters. Concretionary nodule. Linden Mine, Wis. A large concre- tionary nodule, consisting of three materials; a finely fibrous centre, a cellular crust made up of radial grains, and an outer layer of cubes ; associated with sphalerite. No. 19. (Fibrous core). Pyrite. Finely fibrous and radi- ating from the centre of the nodule, pale brass yellow and splen- dent, identical in appearance with No. 1. Decomposition: a bronze-colored tarnish on ordinary exposure. No. 20. (Cellular layer). marcasitic pyrite and marcasite. 154 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. A granular material of rather cellular structure, consisting of small grains, finely fibrons and radial on cross-fracture, yellow- - ish white, and grayish white, with cavities drusy with micro- scopic crystals of marcasite. Grains of quartz are occasionally seen enclosed. Decomposition: «a bronze-colored tarnish, and, in adamp atmosphere, a rapid and abundant efflorescence of white vitriol, ferrous sulphate, which rapidly corrodes the label of the specimen. No. 21. (Crystallized surface). Pyrite with marcasite. A loose aggregate of cubes of yellowish white pyrite, of composite scaley structure, with drusy cavities in their interstices, lined by the characteristic though minute, deeply furrowed, rhombic twin crystals of mareasite. Decomposition: the cubes are most- ly stained by a bright orange-colored tarnish, in part yellowish or brownish, and decompose like the inner layer, No. 20, in a damp atmosphere. 7 No. 22. Pyrite. Central City, Colorado. An aggregate of sharply defined striated cubes, pale brass-yellow and_ brilliant, with slightly curved faces produced by oscillation with the pyritohedron ; attached to crystallized quartz, sphalerite, and siderite. Decomposition: an iridescent, bronze-colored tarnish is common, even on fragments after a few months’ exposure to dry air,; also abundant films of whitish vitriol with strong styp- tic taste, which was found to contain more ferric than ferrous sulphate. No. 23. Pyrite. Morrisania, New York City. Very light yellow granules of irregular form ; strewn thickly in thin par- allel seams through a white crystalline dolomyte. Occasionally an imperfect cube can be detected under the loup, apparently with slight octahedral modifications of its solid angles. Local- ity, 145th street and St. Ann’s Avenue. ‘Two lots of this pyrite were prepared for determination of specific gravity. Decomposition ; a bright yellow iridescence is general, and in many seams all the granules are deeply stained by or altered into a reddish brown iron-ochre. No. 24. Turgite, after pyrite. New York City. Small sharp- ly defined, reddish black polished cubes, pseudomorphous in turgite after pyrite ; groups upon fissures in an oligoclase-gneiss. The edges of the cubes are often modified by faces of the pyrito- Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 185 hedron. A little soft reddish turgite-ochre les in the inter- stices of the crystals. Locality, 120th street and 10th avenue. No. 25. Pyrite. Hazelgreen, Wisconsin. Glittering drusy crusts and films, pale yellowish and brilliant on fracture, lining seams and cavities in a gray limestone. ‘The crystals over these surfaces are all octahedra, in part composite and made up of tri- angular scales. Decomposition : a bright brass-yellow tarnish, partly bronze-colored and iridescent. No. 26. Pyrite. French Creek, near Pottstown, Chester County, Pennsylsania. Light brass-yellow and splendent cubes, smooth or wit traces of striation produced by oscillation with the octahedron: zonal lines of striz around some faces. The cubes are mostly intergrown with each other, and with smaller cubes implanted. From a calcite-vein. Decomposition: slight iridescent stains on some crystals. No. 27. Pyrite. Falls of French Creek, Pennsylvania. Brilliant, pale, brass-yellow octahedra, with composite faces, mostly unmodified, but in some crystals with the solid angles bevelled or rounded off by planes of the pyritohedron. Associ- ated with byssolite, in calcite. Decomposition : brilliant irides- cent tarnish and crusts common, colored deep yellow, blue and red. No. 28. Pyrite. Negaunee, Mich. A brilliant group. of eubes highly modified by the hemi-tetrahexahedron, etc., pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture, occupying a geode in a quartzose reddish brown hematite. Decomposition: a slightly iridescent, blue tarnish. No. 29. Pyrite. Tuckahoe, Westchester County, New York. Brilliant yellow irregular granules, looking like chalcopyrite but hard ; in white dolomyte-marble. Some grains show the form of cubes, with solid angles modified by the octahedron. Decom- position: no trace except a brilliant blue and red iridescent tar- nish. No. 30. Pyrite. Rio Marina, Elba. Bright, pale brass-yel- low grains and cubes, striated and with solid angles occasionally modified by the octahedron ; scattered through cellular black hematite. Decomposition: no trace visible in the specimen ; but the surfaces of fracture become bronze-colored, on exposure to dry air for several weeks. 186 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. No. 31. Pyrite. French Creek, Pennsylvania. Pale brass- yellow brilliant octahedra, often greatly modified and distorted by faces of the pyritohedron ; in byssolite and calcite. Decom- position : rare traces of iridescence on some crystals. No. 82. Pyrite. Dutch Girl Mine, Cochise County, Ari- zona. Glittering yellow grains, associated with galenite, chal- copyrite, quartz, etc.; reported to contain $40 of silver and gold per ton. Some cubes are distinguishable, polished, sometimes striated, with slight modifications of the octahedron and pyrito- hedron ; pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture. Decom- position : a yellow tarnish, partly iridescent or blue. No. 33. Pyrite. Cornelia Mine, Utah. Pale brass-yellow and splendent cubes, well striated and with the solid angles modified by the octahedron ; imbedded in finely granular pyrite and white quartz. Decomposition: a slight dulling of lustre on some crystals, with occasional slight iridescence and a blue or red tarnish. 7 No. 34. Pyrite. Central City, Colorado. Well striated cubes, with faces sometimes curved, and with angles modified by faces of the octahedron and pyritohedron ; pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture. Implanted on drusy quartz. De- composition : a dull bluish iridescent tarnish on many crystals. No. 35. Pyrite. Rossie, New York. Sharply defined cubes, with indistinct striation, and with solid angles modified by a minute plane of the octahedron, pale brass-yellow and bright on fracture ; imbedded in reddish white calcite. Decomposition : a slight iridescent yellow tarnish. No. 36. Pyrite. Hassayampa District, Yavapai County, Ar- izona. Irregular grains and tiny cubes, sometimes striated and with slight modifications by the pyritohedron ; in grayish white quartz. ‘The mineral is pale brass-yellow and splendent, and reported to contain $50 of silver and gold to the ton. Decom- position : no trace visible. ‘ No. 37. Pyrite. Fortune Mine, Yavapai County, Arizona. Massive pyrite and brilliant yellow crystals, with galenite in quartz. Strongly striated. cubes with modifications of the pyritohedron, and some pyritohedra. The ore is reported to contain $200 of gold and silver per ton. Decomposition: a deep yellow tarnish common. Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 187 No. 88. Pyrite. Bell Mine, Yavapai County, Arizona. Pale brass-yellow bright grains and tiny crystals, in cavities of a dark mixture of quartz and sphalerite, reported to contain $60 of sil- ver and gold per ton. Polished cubes, sometimes striated or much modified upon the edges by the pyritohedron. Decom- position : a bright orange to deep yellow tarnish on some crys- tals. 7 No. 39. Pyrite. Bristol, Connecticut. Sharply defined cubes, pale brass-yellow and bright, rarely with octahedral planes or with striation by the pyritohedron upon the solid angles of the largest, and sometimes distorted ; in light gray ar- gillyte. Decomposition : a dull yellowish tarnish. No. 40. Limonite, after pyrite. Bristol, Connecticut. Sharp pseudomorphous hepatic cubes in lhmonite, reddish brown, shining and striated, largely interpenetrated by grains of a soft, brownish yellow, ochreous gangue. No. 41. Pyrite. Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Some- what striated cubes, with curved faces by oscillation with the pyritohedron, and with solid angles slightly modified by the octahedron, and occasional pyritohedra, pale brass-yellow and splendent ; associated with quartz and phlogopite in a blue-gray crystalline dolomyte. Decomposition: after long weathering, a bright blue and yellow iridescence to coppery tarnish ; some- times still bright, when the rock itself is disintegrated, and in part converted to reddish iron-ochre. No. 42. Pyrite. Kast Whiteland, Pennsylvania. Sharply de- fined, flattened cubes like those of No. 8, unmodified, and with traces of striation upon their faces. Decomposition: in some cubes, a deep crust of hepatic alteration into compact limonite of blackish brown color. No. 43. Pyrite. Traversella, Piedmont, Italy. Large stri- ated pyritohedra, and also cnbes with modified angles, pale brass-yellow and splendent, both on the surface and on fracture. Decomposition : in some crystals, films of brownish yellow iron- oxide on inner surfaces of old fracture. No. 44. Pyrite. Brockville, Ontario, Canada West. Large unmodified octahedra, and masses with adhering octahedra, pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture. This material has been found to contain cobalt. Decomposition: dull yellow tarnish on 188 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. | the surface, with spots of brownish yellow iron-ochre ; some surfaces are deeply penetrated by gangue-matter and little pockets of limonite-ochre. No. 45. Limonite, after pyrite: Brockville, Canada. Sharp polished octahedra, with highly composite faces, and with solid — angles modified by the pyritohedron ; in hepatic reddish brown limonite, pseudomorphous after pyrite; imbedded in a fine grayish limestone. No. 46 Pyrite. Roxbury, Massachusetts. Strongly striated cubes, with curved faces produced by oscillation with the pyrito- hedron, pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture ; in groups associated with ochreous siderite. Decomposition: a slight tar- nish on all faces, and many little spots and films of red iron- oxide. No. 47. Pyrite. Duluth, Minnesota. Flattened, sharply de- fined cubes, with occasional octahedral planes upon their solid angles ; rather pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture. The weathered surfaces of the cubes are generally found, after digestion in acid, to be fretted or pitted with octahedral planes. Decomposition : a slightly iridescent tarnish, and generally a shining film of brownish black iron-oxide. No. 48. Pyrite. Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, British Amer- ica. Yellowish sharply defined cubes, with their solid angles - commonly modified by planes of the octahedron, and with faces crossed by short lines of aggregation or cubic cleavage ; implant- ed on white quartz-crystals. On fracture, very pale brass-yellow and brilliant. Decomposition: dull brownish yellow tarnish, feebly iridescent, on all faces, No. 49. Pyrite. Silver Cliffs, Colorado. Dull striated pyrito- hedra, very pale yellowish white and splendent on fracture, with faces sometimes striated, especially on the sides implanted in the matrix ; attached to a finely granular, cellular, blackish ma- trix of pyrite, with little brownish gray coatings. Decomposi- tion : a general duil blackish gray tarnish, in part yellow. No. 50. Pyrite. St. Lawrence County, New York. Sharp- ly defined bright cubes with finely striated faces, rarely slightly curved, pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture: imbedded in an ash-gray argyllite, with ochreous films over its lamination- seams. Decomposition: a reddish orange to orange-yellow tar- Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 189, nish, sometimes with slight iridescence on many faces. No. 51. Pyrite. Smithfield, Rhode Island. Sharply defined glittering, finely striated cubes, with mirror-like polish, and octahedral modifications upon their solid angles, pale brass-yel- low, and splendent on fracture ; imbedded in greenish white slate. Decomposition: iridescent tarnish on some crystals. No. 52. Pyrite. Colorado. Striated pyritohedra, with an- gles occasionally modified by the octahedron, pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture; in groups implanted upon finely granular pyrite and reddish black hematite. Decomposition : no trace visible in the specimen. No. 53. Pyrite. Cornwall, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. Striated and roughened cubes, highly modified and distorted by planes of the octahedron and pyritohedron, pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture, imbedded in a black argillaceous schist. Decomposition : rather dull tarnish on most faces, with orange to reddish brown films of iron-oxide. No. 54. Marcasitic pyrite. Guanajuato, Mexico. Mammil- lary and drusy, hollow, highly iridescent crusts, grayish white and splendent on fracture ; implanted on white quartz. ‘The minute crystals are cubes with composite scaley structure, the smaller unmodified, the larger with octahedral planes upon their solid angles; also many cubo-octahedrons. Decomposition: a beautiful iridescent and highly brilliant tarnish upon all sur- faces, resembling that upon specimens of marcasite from Ga- lena, Ill. (Marcasite, Nos. 16, 20, 25, etc.) No. 55. Pyrite. Harford County, Maryland. A crust of pyrite on greenish marmolite. The surface exhibits a clustered aggregate of more or less distorted cubes, some even with rhom- bie faces, their solid angles being occasionally modified by min- ute faces of the octahedron ; pale brass-yellow and splendent on fresh fracture. Decomposition: dull yellow tarnish, sometimes with brownish stains. No. 56. Pyrite. Santa Gertrude Mine, California. Rather dull yellow pyritohedra and cubes, pale brass-yellow and splen- dent on fracture; mixed with black stony matter, Decom- position : dull brownish tarnish common, and sometimes a dull blackish gray film ; the fresh fracture soon assumes a_ bronze- colored tarnish. 190 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. No. 57. Pyrite. Lee, Massachusetts. Very minute glitter-. ing yellow scales and particles, usually 0.1 to 1.2 mm. in length, scattered in the proportion of three or four to every square cent- imeter of surface, in fine white dolomytic marble ; associated with particles of tremolite, phlogopite, black and brown tour- maline, rutile and quartz, in the residue left on solution of sey- eral pounds of the marble in acid. The crystals are mostly cubes with highly polished faces, rarely showing a few striz un- der the microscope ; commonly passing into pyritohedra, and sometimes showing the pyramidal faces of the tetrahexahedron ; pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture. Decomposition: inclining to rapid alteration, partly or completely into reddish brown particles of limonite, with an orange-yellow ochreous halo extending 1 to 5 mm. or more through the marble, around the particle. . No. 58. Marcasitic pyrite. Bay of Chaleur, Lower St. Law- rence, Canada. A dull bronze-colored, round, compact nodule, bright grayish white, faintly yellowish, on fresh fracture. The exterior is covered by large smooth-faced cubes, with angles broadly modified by octahedral faces—approaching cubo-octa- hedra—and with surfaces marked by scaley composite aggre- gations. Decomposition: the crystals are covered by a dull bronze-colored tarnish ; the cavities between them, by copper- red films of iron-oxide, with a slight efflorescence of white silky needles of sodium-sulphate, with incipient cracks in the nodule ; the fresh fracture, by a rapid yellowish and orange-yellow tar- nish, on exposure. No. 59. Marcasitic pyrite. Dubuque, Iowa. Thin mam- millary and botryoidal drusy films, pale brass-yellow aud splen- dent on fracture ; implanted on sphalerite and galenite. The crystals consist of composite scaley octahedra of pyrite, covered by adhering crusts of microscopic flattened coffin-shaped rhom- bic plates of bronze-colored marcasite, whose presence accounts for the low specific gravity obtained. Decomposition: a general dull yellow tarnish. 7 . No. 60. Marcasitic pyrite. Charlemont, Massachusetts. A coarsely granular, glittering yellowish mass, rather loosely ag- gregated, of grains which are grayish white with spots of orange and yellow tarnish, and splendent on fracture. Nearly every Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 191 grain shows a portion of a brilliantly polished crystalline face, rarely of two adjacent, the common form appearing to be a cube more or less modified by or passing into the pyritohedron. In- termixed in different specimens with calcite, garnet, chlorite, chalcopyrite, quartz, limonite, ete. Decomposition: a yellow tarnish sometimes occurs, abundant in some specimens, together with particles of reddish iron-ochre. No. 61. Pyrite. Franconia, New Hampshire. Brilliant, flattened, yellow and sharply defined cubes of scaley structure, with angles modified by the octahedron and pyritohedron, and sometimes striated, pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture ; imbedded in a pearly white, glistening, hydromica-schist. Also a similar specimen from Warren, New Hampshire. Decomposi- tion : commonly a beautiful iridescent tarnish. In some spec- imens, orange-colored iron-oxide surrounds many of the crystals - to the distance of 1 or 2 cm., or even stains the entire surface of lamination-seams of the slate with a deep yellowish brown film. No. 62. Limonite after pyrite. New Hampshire. Sharply defined, striated, unmodified cubes, pseudomorphous after py- rite, sometimes with an unaltered core of pale brass-yellow and splendent pyrite, and a crust of hard reddish black limonite, with shining iridescent surface ; imbedded in a quartzose chlo- ritic hydromica-schist. No. 63. Marcasitic pyrite. 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GOB P| “uuog ‘AIIQ AOuVTLRV eee eerste se ee © © © © © © 1) ‘N “OO aqtuooung OA Ged a4bonde co: Geto Sen ORG, op RH) ‘QUIT IIpNISR]N aVuin® (erticias! «at |iecis) isrieuieiie eos 7) N ‘Ayunoy uolu ys) eeeeeaelwoeevee 50) ‘N ‘O{[TASOLOOT POL | 906°F |) ‘N ‘OUI YeIg SuoT] A OntsO Onta{fa a: Oscucdhbeteoconc ‘eiavaTAsuued 6891 | L06 fF ‘Uudd “UO}9ZVFT 869°S | 606'F | (N “OU [RA TOATIS LL0°T | 606'F ‘BIJOOG VAON LOT'S | O16 F “OprIO}OO 9999 | 3167 ‘f N ‘Hodsoy R880 | SI16'F ‘Suny ‘zj}suMmoyog @ ye te eye ve > e\ 0) 6) 0, 6/0 “sug ‘QUINOISeY ‘SUIBLD «5 o KG] ut — ‘ALITVOO'T ‘ud yey 4319 M | “WD “dg L6 96 C6 $6 x66 6 16 06 68 88 48 x98 209 If Iron Pyrites. 10n O Decomposit ‘90U90SEPLIT “YSIUte J, “Ystutey [ING “ysiusey MOT[IA YSTusaLy) ‘AOUDOSO[OLN]LA ‘91T}00-9}1G.I1N} OF UOT}B19}[B O1edoy pues Ystuse, prdery ‘UOT}BIS9}UL -SIP pUB DOUBOSOTOLIJIA “YSture} prdey |” ‘9SUl} MOTO |" ‘OOUBISI[OLIJIA PUB YSIUIe] OZUOIG ‘QNUDOSOPIIL IWSI[S "MO1} R199} UI -SIP PUB 9OUDDSOTOLIIA ‘Ystusyy prdey “YSIUI8} YSIS ‘opuoull, ONedey 0} polo), V ‘YStuIey poy “YSIUIB} YUSI[ “YSIUIBY JYSTIS “Ysturey YSIS “YSIuIey JO WILT ‘YSIMIe} poy “ystuiey [[nG "YSIUIe}, MOO X a ER 2 EY ° @ (ei e 0) eu) eneva sue) ie (ee! a a> (a) ©) '0) 010, 0: 8) 0) 0. ele ie ml 66) 8) Oe -DOQe Freeereeertg wo Qa “* "a0 G oo] TON so ee ee oe cee ee ee (ec “'s | ug@ J ‘°C 'MQ® puv OOD "66 Seon ony | Geen eu ae sete Be hee ieee cy 66 (ideke 2) See esha) lea ehnhaelajeme ° “| ®@Q@ J] oQa FSG Se ey Sr en oy aes em oe ae 2K a] 90°86 Ea as eS aec ee eee eo ae Ge Re 0s Oe Gees sit Se ae ame cal cn (= aes | Ce ee ae oe) Gc e Cmte MoO eR SL (oh (18 2) 1262 FU RT Sia teas Qi Molds on gyle Macon y) . | a ee eee 968° P Gr8 F &h8 P ‘OW ‘sosvwmo1ydueyq “TJ ~ "KN ‘TPIS#09d ‘TOO “TIT PIOD PMOPI A ‘(LOLLUL 994ZY) OOLXO]{ “XVg ‘S1OqIat ‘Suq ‘uopuo'y] ‘Suq ‘Aoddoyg jo 9s] ‘XN ‘e001opuoory, ‘SIM “OUT opal] ‘Sug ‘plvoysvy ‘uuog ‘our dey ‘soouar kg ‘ORaID 49 ‘sexo, ‘doayseg ‘XN ‘OHVqoyoS ‘sug ‘puv[1oquing ‘ud ‘OUI souOLr? ‘uuddg ‘U0s}N ‘uuo,) ‘eO1UOT . ‘ “a ssvy ‘Aunqxoy 1) 'S “9TTAM9qTV “SSBIAL ‘O[[LA1OM10G 210 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 1. Density of Normal Pyrite. In considering the variations of density shown in the third column of the preceding table, the higher numbers, near the head of the column, are open to serious suspicion, from the probable intermixture of galenite, gold or other heavy impurities. The still higher figures 5.158-5.185, obtained by Breithaupt, Kenngott,’ and Zepharovich, are put aside by Rammelsberg,* as too high and he accepts the figure 5.0 as representing the true specific gravity of the pure mineral. The general tendency of the enclosed impurities, marcasite, — chalcopyrite, sphalerite. quartz, etc., has been to lower the spec- ific gravity figures, and for this reason we may reject the ten at the bottom of the series. We thus come to the conclusion that the specific gravity of pure normal pyrite must approximate closely to the figure 5.01, which includes the typical and perfect- ly stable varieties from Colorado, Arizona, Waldenstein and Chili, (Nos. 5, 9, 13, 15, 16, and 17). However, wide variations of density, color, and therefore of constitution, in the crystals of the same locality, appear at many points in the foregoing series. Some prominent instances have been already given to illus- trate this local variation, in the Table for the density of Pyrite, in Part I, of this paper; entire reliance cannot be placed in those results, unfortunately, from the method, commonly em- ployed, of determining the specific gravity on whole crystals. The fact of great local variation in density, however, is confirmed by my own figures, a few of which may be tabulated below, with those by other observers from the same localities marked by an asterisk. LOCALITY. SPECIFIC GRAVITY. Traversella, Italy. 5.097* 5.078* 5.016* 4985 4,967* Freiberg, Sax. 5.031* 6 007* 5.001% 4916 4.619 Elba. | 5.027* 5 016 4.997 4,984* 4.976* Galena, II. | 5.023 5.015 5.010 5.010 Cumberland, Eng. 5.018 4.814 Arizona. 5.015 5.007 4.996 4,994 Gilpin Co., Col. 5.011 5.009 5.008 4.995 Linden Mine, Wis. 5.004 4.957 4.718 New York City. 5.003 4.998 4,946 French Creek, Penn. | 5.001 4.997 4.968 4.940 1 Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., Wien, (1854), XII, 286. 9 Ztschr. d. geol. Ges., (1864), XVI, 267. Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 211 2. Latent constitution of pyrite crystals. Using therefore the figure 5.01, for the specific gravity of pyrite, in the same way as before, in the formula stated under marcasite, the theo- retical percentage proportion of marcasite, present in the speci- mens of pyrite, has been calculated in the figures of the fifth column of the Table. The twelve specimens (Nos. 94 to 106). which contain 50 per cent. or more of marcasite, are evidently paramorphs after pyrite, two of them, Nos. 97 and 100, corres- ponding to’specimens of pure pyrite, Nos. 10 and 46, from the same localities. In this series, there is even more decided evi- dence, than in that of mareasite, of the influence of marcasite on the physical properties of the mixture, even to the paling of the color. A similar lowering of density and paling of color, from the suspected presence of marcasite, have already been pointed out by others, e. g., by Kohler, in the crystals of pyrite from Gross Allmerode’; the densities of crystals reported from that locality, 4.941 to 4.845, would imply a content of 31.92 to 77.84 per cent. of marcasite, In my View. At about the specific gravity 4.95, corresponding to a content of 26 or 27 per cent. of marcasite, the crystals begin to show the influence of the contained impurity by a paling of. color and marked tendency to decomposition, and this material may be called marcasitic pyrite. It is a significant fact that the var- ieties of the mineral of commercial importance, especially for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, are found near or below this limit, e. g., Nos. 60, 63, etc. ‘The series of specimens of marcas- itic pyrite does not become continuous, however, until the spe- cific gravity descends below 4.92, corresponding to a content of 38 per cent. of marcasite. This point therefore seems to mark _ the danger-limit in cases where a rapid tendency to oxidation becomes objectionable, as with pyrite present in building-stones, roofing-slate, and coal. It should here be added that, although marcasite appears to be the general element of instability and agent of decomposition, _we have evidence in this series of the accessory agency of other sulphides in some cases. ‘The action of chalcopyrite has already been noted, in the case of the cupriferous pyrite of Cornwall, 1Poge. Ann., (1828), XIV., 91—Analysis No. 8 by Rammelsberg, Part I. of this paper, pages 388, 389. 212 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. Penn., No. 53. The constant association of chalcopyrite with the octahedra of pyrite at Weehawken, N. J., No. 70, and its occasional enclosure within the latter, have led me to suspect at least its partial connection with the rapid iridescence and ready decay of this pyrite. The arseno-pyrite, indicated by the detec- tion of arsenic in the analysis, already given, of the pyrite from — Marsden’s Diggings, Galena, Ill., No.3, at the head of the Table, may very likely have its influence on the quick oxidation - and efflorescence of the specimens from that vicinity, Nos. 1, 2. and 3. Sotoo the millerite, attached to the pyrite from the Gap Mine, Penn., No. 108, probably shows that the remarkable instability of the latter mineral may be entirely due to a content of nickel-sulphide. | 3. Relationship of density to crystalline form. 'The examin- ation of the series of pyrite-specimens afforded an opportunity to obtain some definite information on this question, mooted by Malaguti and Durocher, so far as regards pyrite. Their views, inclining to the possibility of such a connection, were strongly opposed by V. Zepharovich’, whose examination, however, ap- pears insufficient, on account of the small number of specimens examined, ten, and the method employed in determining the specific gravity, on crystals unbroken instead of crushed to coarse powder. ‘The figures reported, 5.002 to 5.028, show his crystals to have been pure, but those of Malaguti and Durocher, already cited, 4.402 to 4.973, certainly indicate great impurity. In the sixth column of my table is presented a statement of the carefully identified crystalline forms in each specimen of the series. On the whole, a consideration of these results inclines me to agree in the main with Kenngott’s view of the absence of connection between crystalline form and density in pyrite—with the important exception, however, that well defined pyritohedra, with deeply striated faces, invariably possess the highest density, with the yellow color and other properties of the purest forms of pyrite. There also appears some ground to believe that, in the pyrite-crystals of any particular locality, the octahedra are like- ly to be less rich in pyrite and lower in density than the cubes. 1Kenngott’s Min. Notizen, No. 11, (5te Folge), Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss., © Wien, (1853), XI, 392. Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 213 Resume. ‘The general theoretical conclusions from this study of the crystals of the iron-pyrites may be now summed up as follows, in regard to the normal types of each mineral : 1. Typical or normal pyrrhotite possesses a specific gravity = 4.6, and a ready tendency to oxidation, only moderated by a notable replacement by, or intermixture with, marcasite or pyrite. 2. Normal marcasite has a tin-white color, a splendent lustre, a density closely approaching 4.80, hardness of 6.5 on most sur- faces and of about 6. on the faces of the macrodome (m Po), uneven fracture, and a tendency to rapid oxidation, indicated by a greenish yellow, or variegated tarnish, dull or iridescent, soon followed by efflorescence. 3. Normal pyrite has a pale brass-yellow color, splendent lus- tre, a density of about 5.01, uniform hardness of 6.5, con- choidal fracture, and a strong resistance to oxidation, so slow as to render hepatic alteration common as the final result. 4, The forms of iron pyrites occurring in nature are intimate intermixtures of these three minerals; rarely of pyrrhotite,. however, on account of its ready metasomatic alteration into one: or the other of the triad. These common mixtures of marcasite: and pyrite may originate by enclosure during crystallization, by alteration, and by displacement, and pass progressively into: complete paramorphs, well crystallized after the form of one or the other mineral. 5. The latent constitution of these composite minerals is in- dicated by a variation in density, exactly proportionate in most cases to the amount of each constituent, and by a similar vari- tion in other physical properties, e. g., hardness, fracture, re- sistance to decomposition, and even in color, in the case of the paramorphs of marcasitic pyrite. IV. PRactTicAL APPLICATIONS. We have yet to consider briefly the pertinence of these facts to the choice and treatment of several natural materials, used in the arts, which contain varying mixtures of these pyrites. The distribution of pyrrho- tite appears to be so limited, that we may confine our attention 214 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. to the occurrence and influence of the other two pyrites. It is highly probable that, in the manufacture of alum, copperas and sometimes that of sulphuric acid, its rapidity, and the volume and cost of the product, may largely depend upon the degree of ready oxidation of the pyrites employed. The comparatively © refractory character of certain forms of these minerals, such as the auriferous veinstones of the far West, may yet be an impor- tant factor, usually hitherto disregarded’ in estimates of their future commercial value. The freedom with which a pyritous ore submits to calcination is obviously an element to be con- sidered in the selection of beds of mineral for these purposes. In his discussion of ‘‘ the characters which best adapt pyrites for the use of acid manufacturers,” S. G. Williams includes ‘“ readiness to part with the contained sulphur, in which differ- ent lots of pyrites show considerable differences.”* These he at- tributes to the physical condition of the mineral, to differences of fusibility caused by certain included minerals, and to the-re- tention of sulphur by other included sulphur-compounds, like those of copper. ‘To these causes, it is apparent, should be ad- ded the presence and influence of pyrrhotite and marcasite, whose greater inclination to decomposition must materially modify the refractory character of a pyritous ore. The contrary property, resistance to oxidation and disintegration, is equally advantageous in connection with the storing of mined pyrit- iferous coal and the choice of pyritiferous building-stones and roofing slates. A. PYRITES IN CoAL. _ An important question has long awaited solution, as to the cause and prevention of that slow oxidation which goes on in masses of mined coal, commonly producing a process of crumb- ling or ‘‘ slacking’, which may greatly diminish its commercial value, and sometimes endangers the coal by asensible elevation of temperature, reaching even to spontaneous ignition. The following reference® to this has been made by J. P. Kimball: ‘‘Among the ordinary circumstances favorable to the weathering 1 W. Martin, on Pyrites, Williams, Min. Resources of the U. S., (1888- 84), 880. 4 Applied Geology, (1886), 300. 3 Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., (1879-80), VIII, 215-217. Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 215 of coal after winning is especially its accumulation without ven- tilation, in stock-piles of great magnitude at mines, points of shipment, or upon the premises of dealers, so as to admit of re- tention of the heat developed and to promote the process of oxidation under the influence of meteoric water and the heat of the sun. Coals of certain kinds or in certain conditions, ex- posed in this manner to the weather, are well known to develop heat, even to the point of spontaneous ignition, while other kinds of coals, especially those low in pyrites, may develop the greatest quantity of heat under protection from the weather.” In explanation of these facts, Richters has recently upheld the view that such heat has been developed during the absorp- tion of oxygen, both by its physical condensation within the pores of the coal, and by its chemical combination, resulting in the oxidation of the organic constituents of that substance. ‘In accordance with this view, it was found that ordinary coals, free from pyrites, experienced the strongest absorption of oxygen when in adry condition, and could therefore be best protected from a development of heat -by preservation in damp places, even with exposure to the atmosphere. On the other hand, the older view attributed the elevation of temperature in loose bodies of coal to the oxidation of its commonly enclosed accessory, pyrites, and, as Kimball points out, with the addi- tional heat produced by the hydration of the sulphuric anhyd- ride, during vitriolization, and by the hydration and further oxidation of the resulting salts. Even with a low average con- tent of pyrites throughout a coal of this kind, the local concen- tration of this accessory may obviously suffice to produce decom- position and even spontaneous ignition. Accordingly dampness has been found to promote the decomposition of a pyritic coal, and its preservation is best ensured by keeping it in a dry con- dition and place, with protection from the weather. There is a difference, however, in facility of decomposition between the two important classes of coals, bituminous and an- thracite, which is plainly connected with some peculiarity in their pyritous contents, and Kimball remarks : ** Some of the anomalies observed in coals of transition types, in respect to resistance to weather, are perhaps as much due to differences in their accessory pyrites as to the quantity contained 216 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. by them. ‘The occurrence of such differences, however excep- tional among bituminous coals, seems adequate to explain the- cases on record in which excessively pyritic coal of this class has resisted pyritic decomposition, under the same conditions known in other cases to induce not only energetic pyritic weathering, but spontaneous ignition of the coal. Any doubt as to this point proceeds from the want of specific identification of the pyrites in different coals under such circumstances as to render it a question of importance.” This difference in the pyrites is then attributed to the distribution of marcasite as the prevailing form of pyrites in the former class, with its ready yielding to oxidation, and that of pyrite, with its strong resistance to de- composition, in anthracite. This explanation however appears, in view of my results, to be incomplete, inexact, and likely to to lead to serious er-or. Marcasite, in that form, appears to be a rare accessory in bituminous coals. Their pyrites present themselves in the crystalline form of pyrite, more or less marca- sitic in internal constitution, in my view, and so passing into a marcasitic paramorph after pyrite. Even in this impure pyrite other sources of instability lie in its enclosure of finely divided carbonaceous matter, and in the curious physical property of sudden explosion under accumulated strain, during gradual vit- riolization. It is therefore as unwise, on the one hand, to trust to the stability of the pyrites in a coal on the ground of its crys- tallization in the isometric form of pyrite, as it is necessary, on the other, to identify the true character of the mineral, by a care- ful comparison of its crystalline form, exact density, and degree of reaction in an oxidizing atmosphere, when subjected to ex- perimental trial in one of the ways already described. B. PYRITES IN BUILDING STONE. On the subject of the influence of pyrites on the durability of a building-stone, the most contradictory observations and state- ments have been made and are now current; the explanation can be better understood in the hight of the present investiga- tion. 7 On the one hand is the certainly established fact of the com- mon distribution of varieties of pyrites, whose ready oxidation produces offensive discoloration, pitting of the surface, and even in some cases a disintegration of the utmost injury toa building Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 217 stone. Of this several instances have been brought to my notice, in masonry within New York City. The gray biotitic gneiss of the island, in large part pyritiferous, has been much used, not only for foundations but for basement-walls up to the water-table, and even for the facade of large public edifices. The rock often contains a notable amount of pyrites, sometimes in the form of polished octahedra of pyrite,’ or crusts of marca- site, most commonly in the form of scattered grains and flakes of pyrite ; this gneiss has yielded 0.67 per cent. of sulphur on analysis.” Where such material has been used without selection, in masonry, and exposed to the weather above the ground-line, an irregular and offensive dirty reddish brown blotching has taken place, after weathering but a few years, e. g., in the re- taining-walls of the enclosure at 51st to 52d streets and Madison avenue, the basement of the hospital at 71st street and Madison avenue, etc. In the natural outcrops of the gneiss, the results of oxidation commonly consist of a white vitriol, alum, and hy- drated iron-oxide (¢. g., at 60th street and 11th avenue, 72d street and Avenue B, etc.), or even of limonite pseudomorphs after pyrite-cubes, which I have found at 120th street and. St. Nicholas avenue. This pyrite is nearly white on fresh fracture, sometimes asso- ciated with crystallized marcasite, (Marcasite No. 13), in its natural outcrops over the island. An inferior variety of the light buff-colored sandstone, from the Lower Carboniferous of Nova Scotia, was seen in the ashlar of a row of buildings at 87th street, near 2d avenue, spotted with large reddish brown nod- ules of pyrite in active decomposition, apparently identical with the nodules described under Pyrite Nos. 80 and 84, with “Sp. Gr. 4.909. In the dolomitic white marble of the island and vicinity of New York, the pyrite is sometimes quite stable, with Sp. Gr. 5.003 to 4.998 (Pyrite Nos. 23 and 29), and in other beds readily passes into hepatic decomposition having Sp. Gr. 4.946 (Pyrite No. 23d). In most of the limestones and marbles of Vermont and of the Housatonic valley through Massachusetts and Connecticut, the pyrite belongs to the quick- ly perishable variety, and the rock in its vicinity soon becomes ——SEEs 1$. C. Bailey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., (1865), VIII, 190. 4 P. Schweitzer, Jhrsb. Chem., (1878), 1282. 218 | Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. discolored ; a well known example of this is shown in the unfor- tunate staining of the white marble from Lee, Mass. {Pyrite No. 57, Sp. Gr. 4.949), in the walls of the County Court House in New York City, after weathering less than twenty years. Observations of this character have led to the broad de- nunciation, in general text-books dealing with the subject, of all pyrites, without discrimination, as the source of injury to building-stones, often in cases due to other causes and de- fects. ‘The popular distrust of pyritiferous stone thereby gen- erated, has doubtless resulted in the rejection of quantities of valuable and durable building materials. | Dr. Geo. W. Hawes has protested’ against these unwise and exaggerated statements, on the following ground : ‘‘ There are other peculiarities of decomposition regarding which too abso- Inte rules have been laid down. Pyrites is considered to be the enemy of the quarryman and constructor, as it decomposes with ease and stains and discolors the rock. But here, too, there are features, which very seriously modify the effect of this decom- posing substance. Pyrites, in sharp, well defined crystals, some- times decomposes with great difficulty. Ifa crystal or grain of pyrites is embodied in soft, porous, light colored sandstones, like those which come from Ohio, its presence will with certain- ty soon demonstrate itself by the black spot which will form about it in the porous stone, and which will permanently dis- figure and mar its beauty. If the same grain of pyrites is sit- uated in a_ very hard, compact, non-absorbent stone, the constituent minerals of which are not rifted or cracked, this grain of pyrites may decompose and the product be washed away, leaving the stone untarnished.” In the passage above italicised, there is implied a recognition of a broader ground of view, one which we may now more clearly see to be founded on an exact discrimination, not only of the crystalline species of the pyrites occurring in any stone, but also of its internal con- stitution, especially its proportion of enclosed or intermixed marcasite. T. Egleston also remarks: ‘‘ As a general rule when a limestone contains much pyrites it should be discarded, 1 Report on the the Building Stones of the U. S., Introduction, page 13, Tenth Census of the U. 8., (1880), Vol. X. ? Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., (1886), XV, 670. Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 219 but it does not always follow as a necessary consequence that the presence of pyrites in stone is of necessity a disadvantage. As a general rule, the presence of marcasite is. Of the ordinary pyrites some varieties do not decompose, while others do; the presence of such varieties as decompose may disfigure the stone, if in small quantities only, or may cause it to swell and disin- tegrate if in large quantities. In compact stones its presence has but little influence ; in porous ones it is generally objection- able. But no absolute rule should be laid down, for, while as a general thing it is to be avoided, it may be harmless. In gen- eral it may be said that the presence of much pyrites makes the stone unfit for use in the exterior of buildings.” In general, therefore, where a perishable form of pyrites is unequally distributed through the stone, in isolated spots and hands, it inevitably produces the well-known deplorable results in injury to color and appearance which might be readily avoided by a previous test of the true nature of the enclosed mineral. In the freestones—the sedimentary sandstones and limestones—the pyrites is almost always hable to decomposition and staining, not merely on ac- count of the porosity of the rock, but chiefly the marcasitic nature of the pyrite ; in the crystalline rocks—granytes, tufas, crystalline marbles and dolomytes, etc.,—the nature of the pyrites is uncertain without trial, in some cases readily oxidiz- - able, in others perfectly unobjectionable. It has also been maintained by some architects, and is especially true of the stable varieties of pyrites, that a uniform distribution of any species may be entirely innocuous, or result, after long weather- ing, only in the production ofa slight mellowing of color which -may be attractive. A few instances may be recorded in which the stable form of pyrite has been found in building-stones. In a crystalline dol- omyte of great compactness and blue-gray color, occurring at Great Barrington, Mass, I have found the pyrite (No. 41, Sp. Gr. 4:991), after a half century of exposure to the weather in masonry, remaining perfectly bright, and the enclosing rock en- tirely free from any evidence of corrosion or even discoloration. A similar observation has been made by J. E. Wolff’ in reference ? Report on Building Stones of the U. S., op. ett., 290. 220 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. to the diabase from Somerville, Mass., in tombstones at Mt. Auburn, in Cambridge, Mass. : ‘The diabase tombs have turned a rusty brown, the change apparently occurring in the black minerals (augite, mica, etc.), while the feldspar whitens. It is very noticeable here that grains of pyrite in the stone are generally bright, without patches of rust about them.” Other examples of a similar resistance to decomposition, by varieties of each of the three iron-pyrites, have been already mentioned. In pyritiferous building-stones therefore, as in pyritic coal, there now appears to be no difficulty in certainly determining beforehand the character of the con- tained pyrites, as to stability, by an examination of its physical properties, especially color, fracture, and density, and by ex- perimental trial. C. Pyrites IN RooFING-SLATE. ‘The recognition of stabil- - ity in certain pyrites has not been confined to scientific students ; practical men in other fields of observation are familiar with them. Thus the quarrymen in the roofing-slate districts of Vermont and of Wales, and roofers who make use of slates from various regions, are well aware that the grains and crystals of iron pyrites of particular quarries are certain to decompose rapidly and discolor or disintegrate the containing slates, and that such slates must be scrupulously rejected. It is equally recognized that, in other slates, the pyrite ap- pears indestructible by the weather, and after long exposure up- on roofs, remains unattacked, in brilliant hard crystals, with sharp angles, and surfaces untouched by rust. I find this fact also expressed in the following statements of A. Geikie ; ‘‘Pyrite when free from marcasite yields but slowly to weathering. Hence its cubical crystals may be seen projecting, still fresh, from slates which have been exposed to the atmosphere for several generations.”* ‘‘As a contrast to the universal decay of the marble tombstones, reference may be made to the remarkable durability of the clay slate which has been employed for monu- mental purposes in Aberdeenshire. It is a fine grained rather soft rock, containing scattered cubes of pyrites. and capable of being readily dressed into thin smooth slabs. A tombstone of —_— 1 Text Book of Geology, (1882), 85. Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 221 this material, erected in the old burying ground at Peterhead, sometime between 1785 and 1790, retains its lettering as sharp and smooth as if only recently incised. Yet the stone is soft enough to be easily cut with the knife. The cubes of pyrites have resisted weathering so well that a mere thin film of brown hydrous peroxide conceals the brassy undecomposed sulphide from view. The slate is slightly stained yellow round each cube or kernel of pyrites, but its general smooth surface is not affected. The lapse of nearly a century has produced scarcely any change upon this stone, while neigh- boring tablets of white marble, 100 to 150 years old, present rough granular surfaces and half effaced though still legible anscriptions.”’ Facts such as these show the necessity of the careful and exact determination of the nature of the contained pyrites in all cases, before either the acceptance or rejection of ‘a pyritiferous slate for roofing purposes. D. Process oF EXAMINATION OF PYRITES IN REGARD TO STABILITY. ‘The process of examination of a specimen of pyri- tes will be essentially the same, for any of the purposes just in- dicated. The careful selection of the specimen is of the utmost importance. Finely granular or even massive specimens will will not be sufficient, in consequence of their probable enclosure of impurities and cavities. It is highly desirable to obtain iso- lated crystals, however minute, carefully separated from their matrix, crushed to a coarse powder, freed from adhering iron- ochre by digestion in a diluted acid, thoroughly washed, and rapidly dried. An examination of the powder, grain by grain, under a loup, still better on the stage of a microscope under a low power objective, should then follow, to ensure the absence of adhering or enclosed impurities and to determine with cer- tainty the true color, fracture, etc. | The determination of the crystalline form is first necessary. Even though this should be identified as orthorhombic, that of marcasite, it may not be conclusive as to instability, since we have seen that stable pyritic forms of this mineral exist, proba- bly comprising most of the varieties, in the Marcasite series, of Sp. Gr. 4.98 to 4.88, representing a content of nearly 100 down to 40 per cent. of pyrite. However, the burden of evidence tends ? Geological Sketches (1882), 178. R22 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. to prove that the isometric forms (cube, octahedron, and pyrito- hedron), those generally indicating a marcasitic pyrite, are, on ~ the average, richer in pyrite than the orthorhombic and there- — fore more likely to resist decomposition. The modifications of. pyrite seem to have little bearing on this question, with the im- portant exception that sharply defined pyritohedra, with strongly striated faces, are, almost invariably, purely pyritic and stable. . | The color of the surface, immediately after fracture, is an important indication—if decided brass-yellow, of predominance of pyrite—if of the palest yellowish white or quite tin-white, of richness in marcasite. | oe A conchoidal fracture, if general, is characteristic of pyrite ; if uneven or granular, an abundance of marcasite is indicated, and sometimes that of some other intermixed impurity, very frequently quartz—both tending to more rapid oxidation. Unusual hardness, especially shown by the mineral striking fire readily and constantly with steel, indicates the predominance of pyrite, even in crystals of marcasite. ° ~ The selphurous odor of the fresh powder or freshly bruised surface, and greenish streak appear to be further indications of the presence of marcasite, probably of its. abundance. Other intermixed sulphides may contribute the same properties, The density of the mineral, if determined on pure crushed crystals and with sufficient care, may be of the greatest value, in indicating the true constitution of the mixture of pyrite and marcasite, the percentages of each being readily obtained by ref- erence to the tables already given. But a specific gravity determination made upon large unbroken crystals, on too coarse a powder, on massive or granular mineral, or on material not scrupulously examined under the microscope in regard to purity, may be a worthless reliance, only likely to mislead. So far as may be judged from present information, the highest stability can be expected only from samples of crystallized marcasite or pyrite whose specific gravity exceeds 4.99, equivalent to at least 90 per cent. of pyrite; though little danger from decomposition may be expected down to a specific gravity 4.97, equivalent to at least 80 per cent. of pyrite. Below that amount no stability can be safely relied upon. Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 223 These figures, however, can be trusted only when there is reason- able probability, judging from the character of the matrix and associations, of the absence of other impurities, even in micro- scopic form, such as other metallic sulphides, quartz, iron-ochre, etc., by which the density and stability might be affected. The naturai weathering of the specimen may further be an im- portant criterion of its degree of stability in masonry, etc., whenever it can be ascertained that the ochreous decomposition thereby shown has been effected simply by the weather upon some outcrop, during periods insufficient to disintegrate the whole rock, and not by the attack of subterranean solutions percolating from overlying humus, or of the acid corrosive _agencies which may affect the material of veins or even merely produce a deceptive deposit of iron-oxide upon unattacked crystals of pyrite. The examination of the pyrites exposed to the weather on the surface of old masonry, slating or the faces of old quarries may be therefore, in many cases, far mor esatis- factory for practical purposes than the study of natural outcrops of the same rock, after ages of unknown experiences. Even in handspecimens, or broken crystals, the long retention of color and lustre, without tarnish or iridescence. for a few. weeks or months, on a freshly broken surface of a pyrites under trial, laid out upon a window-sill, may give valuable indications of stability. We thus come to the last and perhaps best means of information—the process of experimental trial of the specimen, side by side with a series of others of known character, by expos- ure to the oxidizing effect of the fumes of bromine or of fuming nitric acid. Such tests should of course be made on several samples, attention being given to the comparative rapidity of tarnish, the depth of the efflorescent crust and the signs of its internal penetration, the character of the etching upon any re- maining nucleus, the evidences and force of any sudden explosion during efflorescence, and the indications of enclosed carbon or other impurity, shown by modifications of the color of the effloresced vitriol. 224 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES VIII anp IX. Photomicrographs of etched surfaces of pyrite-crystals by reflected lamp-light (Photogelatine prints). Plate I. Fig. 1. Pyrite from Pinal County, Arizona. Mammillated or shagreen- like etching, with pits, magnified 30 diameters. Fig. 2. Pyrite from Gilpin County, Colorado. Surface pitted in rings, with small mammillations. x 23. Plate IT. Fig. 3. Pyrite from French Creek, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Larger octahedra projecting above the more deeply etched, fine, crystalline groundmass, x 23. ; Fig. 4. Impure pyrite from Mahanoy City, Schuylkill County, Pennsyl- vania. Minutely fretted cellular surface, without crystals or oolitic structure. x 28. Notes on the Osteology of the Shad. 225 XI.—Further Notes on the Osteology of the Shad, (Alosa sapidissima). BY FANNY R. M. HITCHCOCK. Read June 4, 1888. In a paper’ on the cartilage plates which are developed in the region of the lateral line of shad, I called attention to the evi- dence of the concrescence of the anterior body segments, and the following notes are an outline of some of the results ob- tained while studying the effect of such concrescence on the in- ternal skeleton. Beginning with the anterior vertebral elements we find that the epipleurals have disappeared, the ribs and epicentrals of the same segments have coalesced, and passing forward are crowded closely together in the region of the exoccipitals and opis- thotics ; while the epineurals are similarly crowded against the posterior part of the exoccipitals and the supraoccipital, upon the epiotics and the pterotics, and against the parieto-frontal ridge. The centra of the corresponding vertebre have either entirely disappeared, or have united with the basioccipital. The lateral walls of the skull, which are formed by the bones of the ear capsules, are very thick, as is also the supraoccipital. The parietal bones are wanting, and in place of them is seen _ on each side of the skulla large foramen which opens directly into the brain cavity. On top of the skull on each side is a deep depression extending laterally into the supraoccipital, epiotic and pterotic bones. The outer lateral and posterior part of the depression deepens, forming a pit which burrows down into the exoccipital bone. In some specimens I could pass a bristle down through this pit into the brain cayity, though in most of the specimens examined there was no connection. 1 «Preliminary Paper on the Structure of Alosa Sapidissima,” (abstract), Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1887, p. 259. 226 1 Notes on the Osteology of the Shad. hte ge eo Sees St So Pe moeanaooe PORTION OF BRAIN CASE OF ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA. Frontal. Supraoccipital. Sphenotic. Prootic. Auditory Capsule. Basioccipital. Pterotic and Opisthotic Epiotic. Exoccipital. Cartilaginous rib-like rod, attached to membraneous wall of cavity in basi-occipital Parietal foramen. Depression reaching down into exoccipital. Facet for anterior head of the hyomandibular. Facet for posterior head of hyomandibular. Foramen leading into anterior auditory chamber. Small foramen leading into same chamber (not described in text). Foramen in pterotic, leading into same chamber. Cavity in basioccipital. Exit for vagus. Exit for seventh nerves. The hyomandibular articulates with the skull by two heads, widely separated, the posterior being much elongated and in some specimens showing a division into two parts. A small Notes on the Osteology of the Shad. 227 membrane bone’* lying between the heads of the hyomandibular, contains a canal which communicates with a foramen lying partly in the sphenotic, and partly in the pterotic and opisthotic. This foramen opens into a large chamber lying in the prootic, the sphenotic, pterotic, and opisthotic, and opening below into the brain cavity. It contains a large membraneous sac, which receives a branch from the eighth nerve. In the pterotic, just beneath the post-temporal is a large foramen opening into this chamber, and communicating also with a canal in the membrane bones of the pectoral arch. The prootics are co-ossified in the me- dian line and form the anterior part of the floor of the cranium. In the centre of each bone is a large osseous capsule containing a membraneous sac, which receives a branch from the eighth nerve, the branch passing through an oblong slit in the capsule. This slit is the only opening that I could find communicating with the interior of the capsule. This capsule and the chamber described above, with their contents, I shall designate as the anterior auditory apparatus. Covering the capsule nearly, if not entirely, is a plate of cart- ilage which extends backward on the floor of the cranium to the occipital foramen. - It is perforated for the passage of the cran- ial nerves, and gives off, processes in the shape of cartilaginous rods, which pass into the bones of the ear capsule with the ex- ception of the prootic and sphenotic, with which they have no connection. Similar processes completely surround the occipital foramen. To the base of the cartilage plate on each side is attached a membraneous sac, containing an otolith. The sac is lodged in a cavity in the basioccipital. The external lateral wall of the cavity is, in most of the specimens, of membrane only, and close- ly applied to it, on the outer side, is a rib-like rod of cartilage which passes downward and backward, meeting its fellow below * This bone probably represents the squamosal of higher types. The membrane bones of the pectoral arch in the Teleosts, and probably in all fish, may be derived from lateral line scales. The opercular apparatus is probably derived from similar scales. 228 Notes on the Osteology of the Shad. the dorsal aorta in front of the anterior extremity of the air bladder, with which it is connected.* The cartilaginous processes which pass out from the cartilage plate on the cranial floor, are occasionally continuous with it, © but in most cases they articulate with it, and with each other: in some instances. Some of the process are double, others are rudimentary. When removed from the bones in which they are imbedded, they present, with some modifications, the form of the membraneous labyrinth of other fish, and in consequence, I have designated them, with the membraneous sac attached to. . the cartilage plate as the posterior auditory apparatus. By care- ful examination, I am satisfied that the cartilage plate and its. processes represent neural arches and epicentrals, and that the crowding together of the anterior body segments has resulted in a coalescence of the anterior vertebral elements with the pos- terior cranial bones, and a consequent modification of the orig- inal auditory apparatus and the formation of a secondary one on: the primitive type. The absorption or non-development of cartilage in the pro-. cesses above described would give us a membraneous labyrinth of the usual type, and the manner in which such a structure: could be formed is thus strongly indicated. Such an origin would give good reason for regarding the auditory apparatus of the Cyclostomata as the most primitive known among verte- brates. 3 The connnection between the air bladder and the auditory apparatus. seems to be very primitive in the Shad, and is very interesting, The mod- ification of the auditory apparatus will be dealt with in greater detail in. connection with a description of the nervous system now in preparation. es | Re ee sr eee’ Pee ee ae ¢ 7 ¥ , e > 7 Fin zi. 1 en sd rr ids itp f = pip at s CADEMY OF SCIENCES. Sais 2 a coat i eae Et - a oe x. fe VOLUME IV, 1897+. The ‘‘Annats,” published for over half a century by the Lyceum of Natural History, are continued under the above name by the New York Academy of Sciences, beginning in 1877. Three volumes of the new series have now been issued, each covering three years (1877-9, 1880-2, 1883-5 Inclusive). ye eae See Cee a a With the beginning of the present volume, the Academy has decided to change somewhat the mode of publication. The ANNALS will henceforth be issued without particular reference to times or periods. The parts will appear as material for them shall be offered ; each single part, or number, — as before, will contain at least 32 pages, with or without plates ; twelve i \ numbers, as before, whenever published, will constitute a volume. The _ size and general character of the parts and volumes will not be changed ; — hor is it intended at all to reduce the average yearly amount of matter. __ The Annats will include the more extended and elaborate papers read before the Academy. 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To all others, prices will be as follows : : Annals, single numbers, Beit eto a ees Ores Woltaire, Est € double or triple numbers in proportion. oa per volume (12 numbers), —- - - Ten Dollars. _ Transactions, per year, - : - a ory ep hrees Dollarsa. . Sn eet single numbers,-.- - -- -- Fifty Cents. ~All communications should be addressed to e Rig CREAN Pror. D. 8. MARTIN, a Chairman Publication Committee, No. 236 West 4th Street, Fees. ; : aoe) New York. - KHENRY. DUDLEY, “Fsq,, °°) = >> jes. Treasurer, No. 301 East 17th Street. - _ The Academy has for sale a number of back numbers of the ANNALS, of _ both series, each containing twelve or more numbers ; the price per volume is ~ _ Five Dollars. ; . | CONTENTS. 2 * =? r¢ X.—On the variations of Decomposition in the Iron Pyrites ; its = “cause, and its relation to density, Part II. Continued - me ‘from page 132 (with plates VIII and IX). By ALExis” Bi) WEUIEN ic io ogee op. os ac ne ep ee Reg \ XI.—Further Notes on the Osteology of the Shad, (Alosa Sapidissima). By Fanny R. M. Hircecock..:. 2.7.5. a aS “Angust, 1888. ANNALS Wik I awe i Ti lip te OCT26 1926 * OF THE Wa TIONAL muss> ci. of era (EW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, | nf STG 465 0 ; { ADy OL. ae > , zs ao, 4 vee C “RE Kat 8 ie yy DATE ~ uy 7. "FY : a! ™ ‘ s > 3‘ -* | __ RICEUM OF RATURAL BISTORY.. 6 t . N a peas TC Dh it i sie é Beto Bork. oh | _ PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY. 1888. ‘ 2 STETTINER, LAMBERT & cO., 22, 24 & 26 READE ST., NEW YORK. s ane . = . OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY. - ‘ 1888. : dyesident. JOHN S. NEWBERRY. Vice-Pryesidents. tt’ OLIVER. P.. HUBBARD. — WM. P. TROWBRIDGE. Gonyesponding Pecyetary. ALEXIS A. JULIEN. Recording Secretary. H. LEROY FAIRCHILD. Gyeasurer. HENRY DUDLEY. doibyanian, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON. | @ommittee of Publication. DANIEL S. MARTIN, JOHN S. NEWBERRY. ALBERT R. LEEDS, | J. A, ABLES W. P. TROWBRIDGE. ——— | sO bt: fo Ws MN North American Rhynchophora. 229 XII.—On Some New North American Rhynchop x VHSONIAL Wis inp, 7p La PART I. BY THOS. L. CASEY. Read, by Title, April 9th, 1888. During the three years just past, the writer, whose official du- ties had previously called him to the Pacific slope of our con- tinent, has utilized his spare moments in the endeavor to amass as complete a set of the Coleoptera of those regions as lay within his power. Many portionsof California, Nevada, Arizona and Texas were explored by himself in person, and other regions have contributed through the skillful collecting of Dr. R. W. Shufeldt of the United States Army, near Fort Wingate, New Mexico, and Mr. G. W. Dunn at El Paso, Texas, and Benson, Arizona. He cannot fail also to express his obligations to Mr. W. G. W. Harford and Mr. C. Fuchs, of Oakland, Cal., for many valuable additions. The total number of species thus brought together and safely transported across the continent, amounts toabout three thousand five or six hundred, and their identification and incorporation with the others is a labor of great weight, rendered doubly diffi- cult by the very large proportion of undescribed forms. It has been my special aim to obtain as large a series as possible of every species, for the purpose of studying variation, and these series have already proved one of the greatest aids in estimating the validity of closely allied forms. Species of some genera, which were thought to be very unstable and arbitrary, because of the isolated specimens from different regions which have hitherto been their sole representatives, are, by these fuller series, shown to be far less so, and they seem to indicate that there are many species, differing among themselves in purely external character- istics of form or sculpture, which are as valid as others differing in those modifications of special organs which have been selected as the criteria for specific distinction. Such a genus is Pteros- tichus, containing a great many apparently valid species which ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., Iv. Issued August, 1888. 230 On Some New are remarkably homogeneous among themselves in minor details of structure. | Been In order to render this mass of material of some avail it is necessary at first to assign names and positions to the undescribed forms, and it is considered preferable to accompany these names with full and detailed descriptions, rather than to promote sub- sequent confusion by simply naming them in the cabinet. It would certainly be better to give a detailed monograph of every genus receiving the new additions, but in the present case the | labor involved would be vastly beyond the power of any single man, and for other reasons it is practically impossible to do so. It is thought, however, by carefully giving references to well- known and allied species that there can be but little confusion introduced. In systematizing and publishing these novelties special groups will in general be taken up in their entirety, and I have chosen a retrograde movement from Rhynchophora to Carabide in pre- ference to the reverse, because there are several genera of Carabi- de which will require monographic revision before any new ma- terial can be intelligently incorporated. The portion dealt with in the present memoir is that compris- ing the families Rhynchitide and Otiorhynchide.’ In the latter the definition of Dr. Le Conte is adopted as being by far the most rational which has ever been proposed. The characteriza- tion of the Otiorhynchidz by the deciduous mandibular piece, converts that which was before a complex of the most discourag- ing and ambiguous nature, into what is still confessedly a com- plex, but as clear and plain as sunlight by comparison—at least as far as the North American species are concerned. Of the fifty-five species of Otiorhynchide collected in various regions between Texas and the Pacific coast, but eighteen can be identified with any which have been previously described, the remaining thirty-seven being thus far unrepresented in our catalogues. Considering the vast area and varied conditions of climate, and the fact that the region under consideration is one of the foci of Otiorhynchide life in North America, this propor- tion is not surprising. ‘The European fauna contains at present 1In an appendix subsequently added, the subfamily Sitoninz is also included. North American Rhynchophora. 231 a vastly greater number of described species than that of North America. If, therefore, we consider the probability that the family is equally wellrepresented in the two continents, itshould not be wondered at if every independent collection made in our south-western territories for some time to come consist for the most part of nondescript material. The family having been recently reclassified and its component parts conveniently described, the task of interpolating these new forms becomes a comparatively easy one. Several Mexican species before me are not included in the present memoir, as the family will shortly be treated of in the Biologia Centrali-Americana by Dr. Sharp, and any such de- scriptions would only tend to increase the difficulty of this great undertaking. Newport, R. I., March 13, 1888. The following is a list of the new species here described. The measurements in the Rhynchitide are taken from the anterior margin of the eyes to the extremity of the body, while through- out the Otiorhynchide and Sitonine they include the entire body from the tip of the beak in its natural position. RHYNCHITIDA. Sciopithes brumalis. Auletes laticollis. arcuatus. OTIORHYNCHID. angustulus, Epicerus texanus. | setosus. sulcatus. Stenoptochus inconstans n. gen. Stamoderes uniformis n. gen, Orthoptochus squamiger n. gen. Ophryastes Shufeldti. Peritelodes obtectus n. gen. sulcipennis. Peritelinus variegatus n. gen. Eupagoderes Dunnianus. Geoderces puncticollis. Sapotes puncticollis n. gen. Geodercodes latipennis n. gen. Rhigopsis scutellata. Aragnomus hispidulus. Amotus longisternus n. gen, Thinoxenus nevadensis. gracilior. Panormus setosus n. gen. Peritaxia perforata. Elissa laticeps n. gen. Amnesia granulata, constricta. tesselata. Pseudelissa cinerea n, gen. sculptilis. Scythropus lateralis. . Nocheles vestitus. ferrugineus. Miloderes setosus n. gen. cinereus. Sciopithes significans. crassicornis. 232 On Some New APPENDIX. SITONINZE, (ae Sitones extrusus. Sitones sordidus, Lec. varians, osculans. margaritosus. prominens. procerus. hispidiceps. occidentalis. augustulus. eximius. explicitus. montanus. - apacheanus. nebulosus. sparsus. alternans. The species previously described are as follows:— RHINOMACERIDA, Rhinomacer comptus, Lec.—Onespecimen. Truckee, Nevada Co., Cal. RHYNCHITIDA, Rhynchites bicolor, Herbst.—California and Utah. glastinus, Lec.—Abundant throughout middle California. OTIORHYNCHIDZ. Trigonoscuta pilosa, Mots.—Abundant in the sand dunes near the sea beach of the California coast line. Varies remarkably in size and — coloration. EKupagoderes decipiens, Lec.—Very abundant at Benson, Arizona. Mr. G. W. Dunn. . Rhigopsis effracta, Lec.—Two specimens, California. Peritaxia rugicollis, Horn.—One specimen, Colorado, Mr. L. E. Rick- secker. Amnesia granicollis, Lec.—Three specimens, Washington Ter., Mr. L. E. Ricksecker. : Amnesia rauca, Horn.—Four specimens, San Francisco, Cal. Amnesia sordida, Horn.—One specimen, San Francisco, Cal., Mr. W.G. W. Harford. Agronus cinerarius, Horn.—Abundant at Lake Tahoe, Cal., in June. Mylacus saccatus, Lec.—Five specimens, Washington Ter., Mr. L. E. Ricksecker. Thricolepis inornata, Horn.—Abundant in northern and middle Cali- fornia. Thricolepis simulator, Horn.—One specimen, San Francisco, Cal., Mr. Dunn. Tanymecus laczena, Hbst.—Found in limited number under boards and other similar shelter, behind the sand dunes of the ocean beach at Galveston, Texas, in very early spring. This species differs North American Rhynchophora. 233 greatly from the following, and the abdominal segments are very different in relative proportion. In structure of the mesosternal side-pieces, they should be placed in different divisions, according to the scheme adopted by Dr. Horn. Tanymecus confertus, Gyll.—Very abundant at Austin, Texas, in June. Aramigus Fulleri, Horn.—One specimen, San Francisco, Cal., Mr. Har- ford. Aphrastus unicolor, Horn.—Extremely abundant at Austin, Texas, in June. Scythropus californicus, Horn.—Abundant near Sacramento, Cal. Endiagogus pulcher, Fahrs.—Not very abundant at Houston, Texas, in February, generally under bark. Endiagogus Rosenscheeldi, Fahrs.—Extremely abundant at Houston, Texas, in February, generally in motion on the wooden side- walks. RHYNCHITIDA. AULETES Sch. A. laticollis n. sp.—Three-fourths longer than wide, convex, pale yellowish throughout, except the antenne and metasternum, which are piceous-black ; pubescence sparse, short, semi-erect, whitish in color. Head short and robust, much wider than long, broadly, evenly convex, coarsely, not densely, and very feebly punctate toward the sides, im- punctate in the middle, feebly convex between the eyes; the latter large, convex and prominent; sides behind them very short, parallel and nearly straight ; beak twice as long as the head and scarcely one- third as wide, arcuate, cylindrical, with a very few coarse, feeble punctures at the sides; lateral sulcations moderate, almost impunc- tate, scarcely at all visible from above ; upper surface with an elongate fovea between the antenne; the latter rather robust, as long as the beak, inserted just beyond the basal third of the latter; club robust; basal joints but slightly thicker than the funicle. Prothorax widest at basal third, nearly one-half wider than long; sides strongly arcuate toward base, more strongly convergent and straighter toward the apex; the latter broadly, very feebly arcuate, three-fourths as wide as the base ; the latter broadly, evenly, and feebly arcuate; disk evenly and feebly convex, finely, feebly, sparsely, and somewhat unevenly punc- tate. Flytra somewhat dehiscent at apex, two-fifths longer than wide, nearly one-half wider than the prothorax; sides parallel and nearly straight ; humeri narrowly rounded; disk convex, feebly impressed along the suture toward base, coarsely, feebly and sparsely punctate. Length, 2.8 mm. Southern California. The beak is gradually and extremely feebly dilated from base 234 On Some New to apex ; at base it is about two-thirds as wide as the distance between the eyes. The antennal club is slightly paler than the funicle, dark brown, and very densely pubescent. In the table of Auletes, given by Dr. LeConte (Proe. Am. Phil. Soc., XV., p. 413), this species should be inserted immedi- ately after ater, the last joint of the antennal club being about as wide as the tenth, slightly wider than long and obtusely rounded at apex ; the tenth joint is fully as long as wide. OTIORHYNCHIDA. EPICZRUS Schonh. The species of this genus may be separated as follows :— Elytra much longer than wide. Antennal club feebly and indistinctly annulate. Prothorax widest near the middle ; sixth joint of funicle slightly longer than wide, robust, seventh equal in length to the sixth, and but slightly more robust ; whitish pubescence of funicle not ex- tending to the clab.).. {o's so ae be eee imbricatus Antennal club deeply and distinctly annulate. Prothorax widest at base ; sixth joint of funicle much longer than wide, rather slender, seventh but slightly longer and thicker ; white pubescence of funicle extending to and enveloping the base Gf the-clup... ony. ce ce ele ten eile aie eee eee texanus Prothorax widest before the base; sixth ae joint small, as long as wide, seventh much longer and thicker; strongly ob- conical; white pubescence of funicle not extending to the CMD ace ian neck oa jis bile wig Cis ware io) orn 5 etieleee sulcatus Elytra but slightly longer than wide; prothorax widest at base’ formidolosus The vestiture of the antennal scape varies noticeably. In imbricatus and texzanus it consists of small, rather robust, whitish sete, which are closely recumbent, and without trace of erect sete. In sulcatus, however, it consists of similar sete near the base, which become broad and distinct scales toward apex, where also there is an admixture of much longer, erect and darker sete. In sulcatus the pronotum is strongly, widely, and deeply sulcate in the middle, in imbricatus more narrowly and feebly 1 Horn, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XV., p. 20. rt. ( a - = —J “5 North American Rhynchophora. 235 so, and in fexanus very obsoletely, the sulcation being only re- presented by two elongate impressed fovez. 3 E. texanus n.sp.—Form rather robust, pyriform, convex, very densely clothed with pale cinereous and brown scales, indiscriminately mingled on the pronotum, but slightly whiter along the middle, forming indefinite fascize on the elytra, the sides and apex usually paler, a pale transverse band at apical declivity most prominent; under surface and legs densely clothed with pale scales. Head moderate, slightly conical; front flattened, continued without impression by the beak ; the latter robust, slightly longer than the head, a little longer than wide, very feebly dilated toward apex, with a small triangular glabrous area at apex, broadly, feebly impressed along the middle, the impression be- coming narrower and stronger toward base; lateral sulcations very short and feeble ; preocular impression strong ; interocular fovea very small and deep, another larger broadly impressed fovea near the apex behind the glabrous triangle; surface finely, moderately densely punctate, densely squamose, and with fine, very short, semi-erect sete. Prothorax slightly wider than long; sides very feebly convergent and straight from base to apical third, thence more strongly convergent to the apex ; base and apex transversely truncate, the former more than one-third wider ; disk convex, readered uneven by very large rather deeply impressed widely and irregularly scattered fovez, densely squamose, and with minute, sparse, semi-erect, elongate, squamiform sete. Elytra broadly emarginate at base, nearly one-half longer than -wide, oval, widest in the middle; sides broadly and evenly arcuate ; humeri completely obsolete, very oblique ; strongly declivous behind, and feebly inflexed, the inflexed portion of the suture feebly sinuate near the apex when viewed laterally, one-half wider than the prothorax, compressed behind, the sutural region prominent, having rows of large, deeply impressed, widely distant punctures; intervals flat, even, densely squamose, and with very small, elongate, unevenly distributed and rather sparse scales, which are subrecumbent and not at all con- spicuous. Legs densely squamose, and with fine, short sete. Length 8.5-10 mm. Texas (Austin 3). Varies considerably in the coloration and form of elytral markings. It is very much larger than formidolosus Boh. E. suleatus n. sp.—Rather robust, convex, pyriform, not very densely clothed with small oval, pale brownish scales, nearly uniform in color, whiter and slightly denser beneath, easily removed from the upper surface; setz short, sparse, subrecumbent, robust and very inconspicuous. Head moderate; beak distinctly longer than the head, one-fourth longer than wide, broadly convex, continued onto the front; the latter slightly flatter; tip of beak broadly, strongly, and angularly 236 On Some New - impressed nearly throughout its width ; median impressed line broad, short, with the sides parallel, becoming evanescent toward base, more- distinctly marked near the apex; lateral impressions short, feeble, parallel; preocular impressions deep, short ; interocular puncture small, very deep; eyes rather convex; surface finely, sparsely, and feebly punctate toward the apex of the beak, much more densely so toward base of head." Prothorazx slightly wider than long ; sides broadly arcuate, convergent for a short distance near the base and a slightly greater distance near the apex ; base broadly and very feebly arcuate ; apex truncate, much narrower than the base ; disk convex, nearly even, with a broad, deep median sulcus slightly interrupted in the middle and around, deep puncture at the middle of the length and on each side of the median line; surface finely, feebly, and not very densely punctate, more densely squamose at the sides. Elytra broadly, very feebly emarginate at base, oval, widest in the middle, four-fifths wider than the prothorax, nearly one-half longer than wide; sides broadly, evenly arcuate; humeri obsolete; disk abruptly declivous behind and slightly inflexed, inflexed portion of suture excessively, broadly, and feebly sinuate when viewed laterally ; region of suture near apical declivity slightly more prominent; surface convex, with rows of rather small, deeply impressed, widely and unevenly spaced punctures; intervals nearly flat, even. Legs and abdomen squamose, finely and rather sparsely setose. Length 9.5 mm. New Mexico (Fort Wingate 1). The type specimen was very kindly communicated by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. The species is readily distinguished from texanus by many characters besides the shape of the prothorax and the antennal structure. Thescales are much sparser in sulcatus and are smaller and more elongate-oval. These scales are very distinctly strigose in ¢exanus, and excessively, finely, and feebly so in sulcatus. ‘The median impressed groove of the beak is quite different in shape in the two species, and in the present one the eyes are distinctly more convex and prominent. STAMODERES pn. gen. (Brachyderini.) Head hemispherical, not at all impressed behind the eyes; the latter at more than their own length from the prothorax, oval, convex, and very prominent. Beak rather slender, and much longer than the head, nearly twice as long as wide, flattened; sides parallel and straight ; ale slightly dilated. Occiput convex; front flat, not separated from the beak by a well-defined transverse impression. Scrobes lateral, narrow, and deep, beginning at the apex*and pursuing a straight course nearly to the middle, then bent suddenly downward, evanescent in a ‘ North American Rhynchophora. 237 line with the lower margin of the eyes and at a distance before them nearly equal to their own width. Antenne robust, shining, setose, attached at anterior third ; scape robust, gradually and feebly clavate, attaining the anterior portions of the eyes ; funicle robust, nearly one- third longer than the scape, basal joint one-half longer than the second, the latter slightly longer than the third, outer joints short, moniliform, gradually wider, seventh wider than long; club ovoidal, obtusely pointed, moderate. Gular emargination rather deep and narrow. Mentum moderate, slightly longer than wide, subtriangular, widest at apex; sides arcuate; peduncle narrow but rather long; maxille almost completely exposed at the sides. Emargination of gene small, but rather deep. Mandibular scars rounded, rather prominent. Prothorax subcylindrical, without trace of ocular lobes, but having a very feeble line of small white setz, which are sometimes not at all obvious. Scutellum small but distinct, more densely squamose and slightly tumid. Humeral angles obsolete. Elytra not widely embrac- ing the sides of the body. Legs moderate; femora rather swollen ; tibiz slender, slightly dilated at tip, the anterior not denticulate within, the posterior with a widely separated double edge externally at apex ; inner face slightly cavernous ; terminal spur small but distinct ; tarsi finely and densely pubescent beneath ; basal joint elongate; third _ very strongly dilated, deeply bilobed; fourth slender, elongate; claws moderate, free. Posterior coxe separated by slightly less than one- half the total width. Metasternum rather long; episterna narrow, well defined; suture distinct. First ventral suture strongly, angularly arcuate for a short distance in the middle; second segment longer than the third and fourth combined. The obsolete ocular lobes and nearly obsolete fimbrie together with the other characters above noted, seem to point to a relationship with Barynotus Germ., but there are many reasons also for considering it closely allied to the Amnesia group of Ophryastini, the ocular lobes and fimbrie simply having become obsolete. In fact, the ocular lobes appear to be of very slight taxonomical value in some portions of the series. S. uniformis n. sp.—Form elongate-oval, convex, densely clothed throughout above and beneath with small pearly-cinereous scales, with excessively minute, whitish, subrecumbent setz on the upper surface which form somewhat regular single rows on the elytral intervals, and become longer, finer, and much more dense and erect on the legs and abdomen. Head finely, feebly, very densely, and unevenly punctate ; beak very broadly and feebly impressed along the middle. Prothorax as long as wide: sides nearly parallel, broadly and distinctly arcuate, very feebly constricted just behind the apex; base transversely truncate about one-fourth wider than the apex; the latter feebly sinuate in the - 238 On Some New middle; disk very finely, rather evenly, and very densely punctate, without trace of median impressed line. Elytra at base as wide as the prothorax, broadly, feebly emarginate, elongate-oval, twice as long as wide, strongly declivous, but not perpendicular behind, acute at apex, slightly less than twice as wide as the prothorax ; sides feebly arcuate ; humeri very broadly rounded and obsolete; disk convex, finely but. ‘distinctly striate; striz finely and rather closely punctate ; intervals — feebly convex, equal. Legs and antenne fuscous; body black. Length 5.5-6.0 mm. California (Duncan’s Mills, Sonoma Co. 2). The female is much more robust than the male, the pro- — thorax being slightly more transverse and the elytra much more strongly inflated ; the above description is taken from the male. It may be possible that Stamoderes is the same as Mimetes Sch., but in the species here described the beak is much longer than the head, the elytra distinctly wider than the prothorax, and the sete of the elytral series very small, robust, subrecum- bent, and altogether inconspicuous. In the male, there is an extremely feeble, broadly impressed transverse depression at the base of the beak, which is completely obsolete in the female. . OPHRYASTES Schonh. O. Shufeldti n. sp.—Elongate-oval, very convex, very densely clothed throughout with a cinereous squamose indument, dark brown toward the sides of the pronotum, elytra with feeble mottlings of paler brown. Head moderate; front distinctly convex, very broadly and feebly impressed .in the middle; beak one-half longer than wide, abruptly dilated at apex, strongly trisulcate ; basal transverse impres- sion rather strong, slightly in advance of the eyes; median sulcus narrow, very deeply impressed, just visibly crossing the transverse impression; lateral deep, narrow, ending at the transverse impression ; antennz sparsely setose, densely clothed with a closely adherent crust of very minute elongate scales ; first joint of funicle as long as the next two together. Prothorax slightly shorter than the head and beak, one-half wider than long, abruptly constricted at the sides near the base and more feebly so at a short distance from the apex ; sides most prominent at basal third, rather strongly convergent, very feebly arcuate and not at all notched thence nearly to the apex ; base and apex broadly subtruncate, the former broadly, very feebly sinuate in the middle, one-third wider than the apex; disk slightly uneven, very coarsely, deeply, not very densely, and somewhat unevenly punctate; median groove deep, narrow, and entire. Elytra oval, slightly less than one-half longer than wide, nearly one-half wider than the prothorax, widest before the middle, perpendicular behind, North American Rhynchophora. 239 not at all inflexed at apex; sides broadly and distinctly arcuate ; humeri broadly rounded, obsolete ; base broadly angularly emarginate, more noticeably so in the middle; disk very broadly and strongly convex, rather narrowly and strongly striate ; strize impressed, scarcely one-half as wide as the intervals, with rows of large impressed approxi- mate punctures which are not very well defined; intervals broadly feebly convex, with very minute sparse irregularly scattered sete. Legs pale cinereous throughout, Length (to end of beak) 15.0 mm. New Mexico (Fort Wingate 1). A single representative of this very fine species was discovered and kindly communicated by Captain R. W. Shufeldt, Med. Dept. U. 8. A., in honor of whom it is named. It is readily distinguished from ¢wderosus and latirostris of LeConte by the much less transverse prothorax. 0. sulcipennis n. sp.—Form oblong, densely clothed throughout with a squamose dark brown indument, paler beneath and on the legs; alternate intervals of elytra slightly paler by certain reflections. Hzad moderate; beak very much longer than the head, and, at apex, nearly as wide, fully one-half longer than wide, abruptly strongly dilated at apex, strongly trisulcate; sulci abruptly ending at the very deep and strongly marked transverse basal impression; middle sulcus very broad and deep, shallower anteriorly, becoming gradually narrower and deeper toward base, obsolete in apical two-fifths; lateral only present in basal half, narrow, deep, becoming slightly broader from apex to base; front convex, flattened above in the middle; antennz with dense piceous indument; first joint of funicle slightly longer than the next two together. Prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, widest at posterior third where the sides are very strongly rounded and prominent, thence strongly convergent and almost straight nearly to the apex, then abruptly constricted, strongly constricted near the base behind the lateral prominences; sides very minutely and unevenly notched at middle; base transverse, truncate, one-third wider than the apex; the latter broadly arcuate; disk broadly convex, slightly uneven, being broadly impressed anteriorly and laterally, coarsely and indefinitely ruguloso-punctate; median groove moderate, not well defined. Elytra oblong, ratheracutely rounded behind from above, declivous posteriorly, but not perpendicular, slightly wider at apical third; sides nearly straight; humeri very broadly rounded; base transversely truncate; scutellum slightly prominent, triangular, wider than long, black, finely rugulose, dull; disk flattened above, strongly convex at the sides, less than one-half longer than wide, very slightly wider than the prothorax, deeply sulcate; sulci with very large, rather close, feebly defined im- pressed punctures; intervals but slightly wider than the sulci, very strongly convex, with small, slender, scattered setee. Length 13.0 mm. 23 240 On Some New New Mexico (Fort Wingate 1). Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. This species differs from latirostris Lec. in its deeply ‘suleate elytra. Its facies is very different from that of Shufeldti. In both, the postocular lobes are broad and strong, with very long dense fimbriz. In Shufeldti the second ventral segment is aes énechallf longer than the third, while in sulerpennis it is just perceptibly longer than the third. ' There is no species in the cabinet of LeConte which is at all similar to either of those above described. EUPAGODERES Horn. E. Dunnianus n. sp.—Moderately robust, convex, very densely clothed throughout with white scales, sometimes feebly and unevenly mottled with gray; scales overlapping on the elytra, closely crowded and polygonal on the head and prothorax; setz very short, sparse, and erect anteriorly; longer, much denser, subrecumbent, and squamiform on the elytral intervals, absent from the strive, where there are exces- sively minute, erect white hairs which are very distant. Head short, strongly transverse, evenly, feebly convex longitudinally, and slightly more strongly so in a transverse line between the eyes; beak one-half longer than wide, slightly narrower than the head, feebly, abruptly dilated at apex; surface broadly and very feebly convex, declivous at apex where there is asmall triangular emargination, between the antenne a small deep elongate fovea, and, on each side above, from near the base of each antenna to slightly beyond basal third, a straight, feebly-impressed channel; surface of head and beak finely, evenly, and sparsely punctate; antenne inserted at apical third; scape short, robust, gradually clavate, two-thirds as long at the funicle; first joint of the latter as long as the next two together, outer joints slightly and grad- ually wider, seventh close to the club throughout its width, nearly one- half wider than long; club small, ovoidal, pointed; scarcely wider than the apex of the scape, not distinctly annulate. Prothorax distinctly wider than long; sides parallel, almost evenly and moderately arcuate; disk coarsely, sparsely, and somewhat unevenly punctate, with a sub- apical [median elongate fovea. LElytra evenly oval, truncate at base, two and one-half times longer and three-fourths wider than the pro- thorax; striz very fine, very finely, feebly, and remotely punctate. Length 9.5-11.5 mm. Texas (Hl Paso 7). Mr. G. W. Dunn. Allied to decipiens Lec., but differs in its more transverse prothorax and very fine, scarcely punctate elytral strie. In this species the males and females differ but slightly in form, North American Rhynchophora. 241 whereas in decipiens they are strikingly different, the males be- ing very much the more slender. SAPOTES n. gen. (Ophryastini). Beak about as long as the head, trisulcate; scrobes narrow, deep, beginning near the apex, passing rapidly beneath, vanishing slightly below and before the eyes; the latter broader than long, subacute beneath, partially concealed in repose by the ocular lobes. Antennz short ; scape a little shorter than the funicle, barely attaining the eyes, gradually, feebly clavate ; funicle seven-jointed, first joint as long as the next two together, second nearly twice as long as the third, joints three to six equal, subquadrate, seventh a little wider, transverse, rather close to the club ; the latter ovoidal, pointed, rather small, finely pubescent. Prothorax without lateral tuberosities ; ocular lobes well developed, devoid of fimbriz. Scutellum small, triangular, distinct. Tenth elytral stria distinct in basal third. First abdominal segment much longer than the metasternum, nearly as long as the next three together, separated from the second by a very feebly arcuate, deeply impressed suture; second nearly as long as the third and fourth together. Tarsi rather robust ; first three joints short, setose with the tips spinose beneath ; third slightly wider than the second, bilohed ; fourth nearly as long as the first three together ; claws long, divergent. Cotyloid surface of the posterior tibize semi-cavernous, having along outer and a short inner line of short, very robust spinules; spurs obsolete. The mentum is small, subquadrate, very deeply seated, and has near the apex two deep setigerous punctures. The entire body, including the tarsi and antenne, except the antennal club, is covered with a very thick, dense indument of a scale- like nature, the scales not overlapping, but densely and polygonally crowded. On comparing this genus with Ophryastes, it is seen to differ in its non-fimbriate ocular lobes, more dilated third tarsal joint, and evenly rounded sides of the prothorax. From Kupagoderes it also differs in the first character, and in its much longer fourth tarsal joint and second ventral segment. S. puncticollis n. sp.—Form elongate-oval, subparallel, convex; prothorax whitish, two lateral vittz dark brown; elytra whitish, unevenly clouded with darker, especially toward the suture; under surface whitish ; femora brown, except the apices which are white. Head distinctly wider than the beak ; front broadly and evenly convex, separated from the beak by a very feeble transverse impression ; beak 242 On Some New flat, dilated at apex; surface with three narrow, deep, and abrupt canaliculations, the median beginning at the middle and terminating at the transverse impression, the lateral beginning at the basal third, continuing parallel with the median to the transverse impression and then turning abruptly outward and downward to the anterior margin © of the eye; apex truncate and feebly trisinuate; surface of head and beak finely punctate, each puncture bearing a very small seta. Pro-— thorax cylindrical, one-third wider than long, slightly wider than the head; sides very feebly, nearly evenly arcuate; base and apex _ transversely truncate, nearly equal; surface very coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate, the fine sete arising from fine punctures irregularly scattered over the convex interspaces of the large fovez. Scutellum _ distinct, white. Elytra elongate-oval, nearly three-fourths longer than wide; sides very feebly arcuate; humeri broadly rounded; disk one- half wider than the prothorax, at base equal to the latter, broadly sinuate; basal margin elevated; striz feebly impressed, coarsely, deeply, but not very closely punctate; intervals nearly flat, each with a. row of long stiff spinous sete. Legs and abdomen with fine sparse sete. Length 4.0-4.6 mm. Texas (El Paso 2). Mr. G. W. Dunn. The anterior tibize have a few small denticles along the inner edge toward apex. RHIGOPSIS Lec. R. scutellata n. sp.—Form oval, slightly depressed above, densely clothed throughout with very large, closely adherent, and slightly over- lapping scales, which are white and blackish intermingled, the former greatly predominating, not at all concealed by exudation. Head and beak distinctly longer than the prothorax ; beak deeply trisulcate, the middle sulcus continuing uninterrupted to the base of the head, the lateral abruptly ending at the front and attenuated anteriorly ; prominences over the eyes moderate, the front between them scarcely at all concave. Prothorax one-third wider than long, widest at anterior fourth where the sides are distinctly arcuate, thence slightly convergent and nearly straight to the base ; the latter broadly arcuate and about as wide as the apex; the latter truncate between the advanced and prominent ocular lobes; disk convex transversely, arcuately impressed near the apex, with a broad, deeply impressed median line, interrupted near the middle, the basal fovea being the longer; surface coarsely ruguloso-foveolate. Scutellum rounded, convex, distinct. Elytra oblong, less than one-half longer than wide, slightly produced at apex; the latter truncate; sides parallel and slightly arcuate ; humeri oblique, slightly prominent posteriorly ; disk three-fourths wider than the prothorax; each elytron with three prominent ridges, the two inner terminating in abrupt and moderate North American Rhynchophora. 243 tubercles, the first at the apex, the second at the sides and at posterior fourth ; intervals very coarsely, moderately, and irregularly ruguloso-foveolate, with small, robust very sparse recumbent sete, under surface and legs densely squamose and with short, white subrecumbent sete. Length 6.5 mm. California (Los Angeles Co. 2). Differs from effracta in three very important points of struc-. ture. The front in effracta is distinctly concave, the median suleus interrupted by the concavity and with the prominences over the eyes much more marked. The scutellum in that Species is very minute, elongate, acute and indistinct. The general surface sculpture in effracia is very much coarser, and the tubercles of the elytra almost doubly prominent. ‘The size of scutellata is decidedly greater than that of effracta. The scales in this genus are very large, nearly circular and are not at all strigose, but feebly and finely granulose. AMOTUS n. gen. (Ophryastini). This genus belongs among the Strangaliodes in the immediate. neighborhood of Mimetes. Beak rather slender, twice as long as wide, much narrower than the head from which it is separated by a strong transverse impression, truncate at apex ; ale rather large, dilated; scrobes very deep, strongly arcuate, passing beneath at a distance before the eyes nearly equal to their own length; antennz rather robust, finely and not densely pubescent, the funicle with sparse, erectsetz in addition ; scape robust, gradually clavate, extending to the middle of the eye, shorter than the funicle ; first joint of the latter much longer than the second, outer joints slightly wider, seventh obconical, scarcely as long as wide; club. oval, finely pubescent, three-jointed ; mandibular scar not prorninent. Metasternum long; episterna very narrow; suture very distinct and deeply impressed. First ventral suture very strongly sinuate in the middle half ; second segment long, in the middle nearly twice as long as the next two together. Anterior tibiz not distinctly denticulate ;. posterior with obsolete terminal spur, the cotyloid surfaces cavernous ; claws robust, divergent. The ocular lobes are obsolete and in one species are replaced by a row of exceedingly short, scarcely visible sete, and in the other by a shorter row of longer vibrisse. The eyes are rounded, rather large, very convex, prominent and coarsely granulated. It may be possible that this is the genus identified by Dr. 244 On Some New Horn as Mimetes Sch. According to the description given by Lacordaire (Gen. Col. VI., p. 39), I cannot, however, regard it assuch. In this description the beak is stated to be as long as, and rather narrower than the head and flat above, while in the © present genus, it is very much longer and narrower than the head and is impressed along the middle. The eyes are stated to be small in Mimetes and the elytra not wider than the pro- thorax, which is not the case in either of the species before me. The very minute sete which are present on the elytra are sub- recumbent, and the term ‘‘ poils redressés” could not be appropriately applied. It is also possible that the species described below as A. gracilior is the same as that identified as Mimetes setulosus by Dr. Horn. The two species described below may be distinguished as follows:— | " _Ocular vibrissze extremely short and inconspicuous; median impressed groove of beak very feeble and only present toward ABO’ eioie bin SS ee te Gee Go Eee eee pees longisternus. Ocular vibrissze longer and more conspicuous; beak strongly and broadly impressed in the middle throughout its length. .gracilior. In both these species the elytral intervals are broadly and feebly convex, the alternate ones slightly more strongly so, especially toward apex, near which point the ridges of the third and seventh intervals unite and thence continue to the apex as a single ridge. This character will serve to distinguish them from senzculus Horn, in which the elytral intervals are flat. A. longisternus n. sp.—Form oblong-oval, rather depressed above, densely clothed with dark cinereous scales which are rounded and polygonally crowded, closely adherent and covered with a shining glaze, darker on the head and prothorax. Head moderate; occiput very strongly convex, finely, very densely punctate, scarcely squamose except toward tip of beak where the scales are of a cupreous lustre ; eyes very prominent. Prothorax slightly wider than long, subcylin- drical ; sides strongly and nearly evenly arcuate; abruptly and deeply constricted at the sides just behind the apex, the constriction extending almost across the disk; base and apex subtruncate, the former very slightly the wider; disk convex, perfectly even, very finely, densely, and feebly granulose. Scutellum small. Elytra oblong, nearly one- half longer than wide, three-fourths wider than the prothorax, abruptly acute behind ; sides nearly straight and parallel in the middle; humeri broadly rounded ; base broadly emarginate ; disk more strongly convex ~ at the sides, very finely and feebly striate, the strize with very minute, North American Rhynchophora. 245 distant, and indistinct punctures; intervals alternately slightly more strongly convex, each with a single row of fine, semi-erect, widely distant sete. Abdomen more sparsely covered with scales which are plumose, also with excessively short, sparse setz. Legs finely setose, densely squamose; tarsi densely pubescent above and much more densely so beneath. Length 6.8 mm. California (Los Angeles Co. 1). Easily distinguished from the next by its larger size, more robust, depressed form, and finer, longer dorsal sete. A. gracilior n. sp.—Form elongate-oval, convex, densely clothed with pale, uniform, cinereous scales which are densely crowded, glazed and graniform above, plumose beneath. Head small, moderately convex; beak sparsely squamose; surface feebly granulose or finely rugulosely punctate; eyes prominent, very coarsely granulated, large. Prothorax cylindrical, fully as long as wide, evenly and not strongly rounded at the sides, constricted just behind the anterior margin, the groove becoming very broad and shallow at the middle of the disk ; base and apex truncate, the former slightly the wider; disk convex, even, not punctate, densely granulato-squamose. Scutellum small but. distinct, ogival. Hlytra elongate-oval, but slightly less than twice as. long as wide, acute at apex, more than one-half wider than the pro- thorax ; sides broadly arcuate ; humeri broadly rounded ; disk convex, finely striate, the striz with very fine distant punctures; alternate intervals more strongly convex, all with a single row of short, sub- recumbent white sete which are rather distant. Abdomen with fine, erect, sparse setze, much longer than those of the upper surface, densely Squamose. Legs setose, densely squamose ; tarsi setose above, densely pubescent beneath. Length 5.5 mm. California (Los Angeles Co. 2). The scales of the under surface are rather large and are beautifully plumose around their entire circumference. This species is easily distinguished from the preceding, in addition to the characters given above, by the longer sete of the abdomen and the rather shorter second ventral segment, the first suture being less strongly arcuate in the middle. PERITAXIA Horn. In this genus the ocular lobes are of less than usual impor- tance, and in several other minor characters it is more or less heterogeneous. P. perforata n. sp.—Form elongate-oval, convex, black through- out, except the antennz which are piceous-black and rufous toward the 246 On Some New base of the scape ; integuments above shining, sparsely squamose, the scales always distinctly separated, rounded, thick, covered with a var-. nish-like coating; pubescence long, erect, rather dense, distributed with- out trace of order on the elytra. Head wider than long, conical, evenly, not strongly convex, coarsely but not very densely punctate, separated from the beak by a deep, abrupt, transversely and posteriorly arcuate groove, which, at the sides, is well in advance of the eyes; the latter large, feebly convex; beak very slightly longer than the head, distinctly longer than wide, very feebly dilated at apex, broadly, feebly, and evenly convex, coarsely, very densely punctate toward base, feebly and very sparsely so toward apex, where it is feebly and transversely im- pressed in a posteriorly arcuate line inclosing an angulate elevation at the middle of the apical edge; scrobes lateral, though slightly visible from above, deep, evenly arcuate and descending, becoming evanescent just below and very near the apical margin of the eye; antenne rather slender ; scape slender, strongly clavate, nearly attaining the middle of the eye, scarcely two-thirds as long as the funicle; the latter slender, all the joints distinctly elongate, first two not perceptibly thicker than the third, first three uniformly and very gradually decreasing in length, seventh obconical; club elongate, slender, pointed, annulate, one-half as long as the scape. Prothorax distinctly wider than long, scarcely perceptibly narrowed from base to apex; sides almost evenly and mod- erately arcuate ; base and apex truncate; disk evenly convex, coarsely, very densely, and deeply punctate; punctures somewhat longitudinally coalescent ; interspaces sometimes with fine, distant punctures; scales three or four times as sparse as those of the elytra. Elyitra two and one-half times longer, and more than one-third wider, than prothorax, nearly twice as long as wide, oval, rather acutely rounded behind from above; humeri dentiform ; sides nearly straight from near the base to just behind the middle; disk convex, slightly prominent behind on the suture; sutural line slightly inflexed toward apex; surface with very feeble striz, which contain large, very deep, perforate punctures ; the latter distant in the series by slightly more than their own diameters; intervals flat, and about twice as wide as the punctures. Legs moderate ; femora robust ; anterior tibiz not denticulate within ; first joint of tarsi distinctly longer than wide. Abdomen sparsely squamose, sparsely and finely setose; first suture feebly arcuate in-the middle half; second segment slightly longer than the next two together. Length 7.5 mm. Texas (exact locality not specified 1). The ocular lobes are totally obsolete, but the fringe of vibrisse is well marked and conspicuous. This species differs from hispida Horn in its feebler elytral strie, and much coarser and deeper strial punctures. North American Rhynchophora. 247 AMNESIA Horn. The species of this genus are rather numerous, and inhabit the regions between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Of the six species before me, but three appear to have been pre- viously described. ‘These six species are easily divided into three distinct groups as follows :— Terminal spur of posterior tibize long, stout, and prominent; body oval, rather robust, at least in the female. I. Outer joints of funicle longer than wide; elytral pubescence very short, Sparse; and MCONSPICUOUS...... 0... 0.6.00 0s granicollis i. Outer joints of funicle small, robust, moniliform, not longer than wide; pubescence of elytra long and conspicuous. Pronotum in the middle finely and densely granulose, not at all See MELO ne eer Pe sees lc viata leis (eel xvas sialole.e ayes Pee de granulata Pronotum coarsely and very unevenly granulose, the granules bear- ing a few small, bruvadly oval scales, adherent to their upper sur- faces by reason of a varnish-like coating Pronotum covered rather sparsely with scales which are free, or very nearly so, not covered with a varnish-like exudation. Pronotal scales short, oval, finely and strongly strigose. sordida Pronotal scales very long and slender, more conspicuous, not per- SEETHER ENO OSE cel) a ce sian) os) O's owls cele whi a a asi sls © tesselata III. Terminal spur of posterior tibiz very small, nearly obsolete ; body narrow and elongate; outer joints of funicle much longer ' than wide. Antennal scape very long and slender, slightly passing the posterior margin of the eye; elytral pubescence very short and inconspicu- ous; anterior tibiz very strongly denticulate within throughout Rr SENSE MMe Toye cos, Shai Sag, pv wicca 6.6 ole dane oe, mae sculptilis In all of these species the first ventral suture is more or less distinctly arcuate in the middle, sometimes rather broadly, and occasionally very narrowly so. ‘The second segment varies in length, being generally slightly longer than the third and fourth combined, especially in group II., but sometimes slightly shorter than the Jatter, as seen in groups I. and III. In both these latter groups the elytral intervals are alternately more convex, very conspicuously so near the apical declivity, while in group II. the surface is generally even, or with the alternate intervals, in very exceptional cases, very slightly more prominent. The ocular lobe also varies conspicuously in prominence. Through sculptilis the genus, as here considered, seems to approach very near to Dyslobus Lec., and as it is seen to be rather hetero- 248 On Some New geneous in a great many characters—although preserving a cer- tain facies which is unmistakable—its separation from Dyslobus may be premature. 7 The use of the terminal spur of the posterior tibize in the separation of the genera of the Strangaliodes is rather mislead- ing, except when employed in a relative sense, because this spur is generally present in at least a rudimentary state; in the genus before us it appears to lose all significance, as it would evidently be unwarrantable to separate the species with less developed spur from those in which it is more prominent, because of their great similarity in the more important characters and their great variability in others of less moment. The humeri of such species as granicollis are dentate when viewed vertically, this appearance being the vertical projection of the obliquely elevated basal margin of the elytra. In grani- collis the second ventral segment is transversely tumid or sub- carinate in the middle throughout its width. I have not ob- served this character in any other species. A. granulata n. sp.—Form elongate-ovoidal, slightly widest at- posterior third of elytra, convex, blackish-castaneous, finely and very densely granulose throughout the pronotum and elytra, the granules each with a very minute, obsolete nun-setigerous puncture, the long, ~ rather dense, erect black setz arising from the interspaces, not regu- larly arranged on the elytra; along the sides of the pronotum the granulations are slightly pale, and along the flanks of the elytra there are three or four small spots of whitish tint. Head moderate, hemispheri- cal; beak distinctly longer and much narrower, broadly, transversely, and very evenly convex, without trace of medial carina, transversely and strongly impressed at base, about one-half longer than wide, dilated at tip, granulations becoming small and more squamiform at the base of the head, very dense throughout; antenne rather robust; scape scarcely attaining the posterior margin of the eye, feebly clavate, shorter than the funicle ; first joint of the latter much longer than the second, outer joints short, moniliform, seventh slightly longer than the sixth ; club robust, oval, pointed, very feebly annulated. Prothorax nearly one-fourth wider than long ; sides broadly arcuate, nearly even throughout the length ; base and apex truncate, the former distinctly wider; ocular lobes rather small, but distinct; disk broadly, evenly convex, narrowly and deeply canaliculate in the middle, from apical to basal fifth. Hlytra about two-thirds longer than wide, about one- third wider than the prothorax, broadly emarginate at base; sides very feebly arcuate ; humeri obsolete, very broadly rounded, the sides not at all dentate, but forming an unrounded acute angle with the emargina- North American Rhynchophora. 249 tion of the base ; disk convex, finely, rather deeply striate; strize finely, deeply, but not very closely punctate; intervals flat, even, equal. Legs rather densely granulose, each granule being formed by a thick rounded scale, covered with a shining coating, rather densely setose. Abdomen rather strongly and densely punctate. Length 6.5 mm. California (Humboldt and Siskiyou Cos. 2). Not closely allied to any other described species, but belongs in the neighborhood of rauca. A. rauca Horn—Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XV., p. 51.—Four specimens from the neighborhood of San Francisco appear to coincide well with the original description of this species. ‘The type specimen was undoubtedly a male; in the female the elytra are decidedly more inflated and the form more robust. A. tesselata n. sp.—Form robust, oval, convex, moderately densely clothed with pale brownish fulvous scales ; prothorax with arcuate in- terrupted lateral vittz and a very narrow median line black, alternate intervals of elytra with darker and paler spots giving a tesselated ap- pearance, more evident on the third interval behind; setz rather dense, moderate or rather short, pale yellowish, irregularly arranged on the elytra, more prominent on the pronotum. Head hemispherical; beak much longer than the head, fully one-half longer than wide, dilated at apex, flattened, obsoletely subcarinate in the middle toward base; basal transverse impression strong ; surface finely, deeply, very densely, and subrugulosely punctate; beak not at all squamose, setose ; head with squamulose hairs ; antennz rather robust ; scape short, just at- taining the middle of the eye, gradually and rather strongly clavate, distinctly shorter than the funicle; basal joint of the latter slightly longer than the second. Prothorax nearly one-third wider than long ; sides broadly, evenly, and rather feebly arcuate ; base truncate, much wider than the apex; the latter feebly sinuate in the middle; disk broadly convex, with a narrow, deeply impressed median canaliculation from the middle nearly to the apex, finely, deeply, densely, and sub- rugulosely punctate, not granulate. Elytra convex, oval, less than one- half longer than wide, three-fourths wider than the prothorax ; sides broadly, distinctly arcuate ; humeri very broadly rounded, obsolete ex- ternally, basal angle right, not rounded; base broadly emarginate ; disk finely striate ; strie feebly impressed, with small, rounded, rather distant punctures, each of which bears a very minute, subrecumbent, pale seta; intervals broadly, feebly convex. Legs very sparsely squamose, with long erect setz. Abdomen rather finely, deeply, and moderately densely punctate; first suture arcuate, and impressed for a very short distance in the middle. Length 5.5 mm. California (San Francisco 3). 250 On Some New The above description is drawn from the female. The male is more slender with the elytra less inflated. é This is a very distinct species, not closely allied to any other ; it should be placed near sordida and decidua, from both of which it differs in its rugulosely punctate and not granulate pronotum. ‘The ocular lobes are very broad and short. : A. sculptilis n. sp.—Elongate, convex, castaneous; legs throughout pale rufous, antennez slightly darker; rather sparsely clothed with — very small rounded. free scales, reddish in color, with bright cupreous golden reflection. Head hemispherical; beak nearly twice as long as the head, and twice as long as wide, basal impression rather strong, with the surface subcylindrical, broadly and feebly tumid or subcarinate toward base, the tumid portion shining and not punctate, gradually strongly dilated toward tip, where there is a median elongate puncture between the bases of the antenne; surface coarsely, deeply, densely, and subrugulosely punctate, with scattered sete towards apex, sparse rounded scales between the eyes, and denser elongate squamiform hairs at the base ; antennez very long and slender ; first two joints of funicle equal in length, seventh much longer and thicker than the sixth, obconical, much longer than wide; club small, elongate-oval, pointed, not as long as the three preceding joints together. Prothorax as long as wide; sides parallel and very feebly arcuate, except near the base and apex where they are more rapidly convergent and arcuate; base and apex broadly and extremely feebly arcuate, the former slightly the wider; disk broadly, evenly convex, coarsely, deeply, and rather densely ruguloso-granulate, the granules with large setigerous punctures;. surface with minute round scales, evenly and widely scattered, and with short, robust, erect setee; median impressed channel only present for a short distance near the apical margin; ocular lobes broad, moderate in length, densely fimbriate. Scutellum very short, broadly angulate. Elytra elongate, three-fourths longer than wide, widest near the middle, where they are about one-fourth wider than the prothorax ; sides very broadly arcuate ; humeri very broadly rounded, obsolete ex- ternally, basal angle slightly produced and acute ; base broadly emargi- nate; disk abruptly declivous at posteriorf ourth, the declivous portion straight along the suture and not perpendicular, having rows of large, round, very deeply impressed punctures, distant by two to three times their own width, each bearing from its internal anterior edge an ex- tremely minute pale seta ; intervals alternately nearly flat and convex, the convexities becoming much more prominent toward the apical decliv- ity, rather densely clothed with small, round, separated scales, and short, very robust, erect blackish setze not regularly arranged. Abdomen rather feebly ruguloso-punctate, sparsely, finely pubescent, with a few scattered squamiform hairs near the sides, impressed in the middle of the base; first suture feebly arcuate for a very short distance in the North American Rhynchophora. 251 middle. Legs very sparsely squamose, more densely setose, long; tibize long and slender, the anterior strongly denticulate along the inner edge. Length 8.5 mm. California (Anderson Valley, Mendocino Co. 1). In the type, which is probably a male, the anterior tibia are strongly bent inward near the apex. The middle tibiz are slightly shorter than either the anterior or posterior, and both the middle and posterior have a few small denticles along the inner edge. The posterior tibiz are nearly straight, and not abruptly, but at apex, as is related of the male of Dyslobus by Dr. Horn (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XV., p. 41). This species in fact appears to unite the characters of Dyslobus and Amnesia, and perhaps indicates the propriety of uniting them under the name Dyslobus. The present specimen was found in the sandy bed of the Navarro River, under dried leaves, in the latter part of June. It is probably one of the species peculiar to the great redwood belt. NOCHELES Horn. N. vestitus n. sp.—Form rather elongate-oval, convex; very densely clothed throughout the body, legs and antennal scape with rather large, widely overlapping scales, which are dark-brown in color, and very deeply and coarsely striate. ead very short and broad, deeply in- serted; beak three times as long as the head, more than twice as long as wide; sides parallel, straight; ale rather large and dilated; surface nearly flat, extremely, broadly, and feebly impressed transversely at base, having in the middle near the apex a minute, elongate fovea, sparse- ly, finely punctate, with prominent setiform erect scales, tip with a smal] angular glabrous area; scrobes beginning at the apex, deep and cavernous, feebly arcuate, rapidly becoming evanescent before the eyes, and at a distance from them more than equal to their own width; an- tennze rather robust; scape gradually enlarged from base to apex, pass- ing just.beyond the anterior margin of the eye, distinctly shorter than the funicle; the latter not squamose, but with robust setee, fine pubes- cence and a roughly pitted surface, two basal joints elongate, subequal, remainder short, seventh slightly wider than long; eyes rather large and finely granulate, feebly convex, wider than long, slightly pointed be- neath. Prothorax scarcely as long as the head and beak, slightly wider than long, widest slightly before the middle; sides distinctly and broadly arcuate, constricted at the sides just behind the apex; ocular lobes moderate in size, very strong, with a row of very short fimbriz, almost entirely beneath the eyes, the latter free; base broadly arcuate; apex truncate between the ocular lobes, distinctly narrower than the base; 252 On Some New disk convex, finely subrugulose, densely punctate, with a deeply im- pressed median line, densely squamose and with prominent suberect - setiform scales. Scutellum minute, triangular, evident. Elytra oblong- — oval, abruptly declivous, and slightly inflexed at apex, one-half longer than wide, two-thirds wider than the prothorax; sides feebly arcuate; humeri narrowly rounded, slightly prominent; base broadly emarginate; disk convex, coarsely and rather strongly striate, strize nearly as wide as the intervals, equal, having rows of moderate rather deep punctures which are separated by about three times their own widths, and each closed by a broad whitish scale; intervals convex, each with a single prominent line of long, erect setiform scales. Legs rather robust; an- terior tibiz finely denticulate within; cotyloid surfaces oblique; terminal spur of posterior small but distinct. First ventral segment more con- vex; suture arcuate in middle three-fourths; second segment much lon- ger than the next two together. Length 6.5 mm. Nevada (Washoe Co.). The mentum almost entirely fills the gular opening, entirely covering the maxillz; it is moderate in size, as wide as long, subquadrate with the angles rounded, concave behind, not pe- dunculate. The mandibular scar is rather large and prominent, subtriangular. The apical cavernous portions of the antennal scrobes are quite as open when viewed vertically as laterally, in this respect seeming to form a transition toward Phyxelis. This species, which differs from equalis Horn in color and in its deeper median thoracic line and elytral striz, was found in abundance in the bed of the Truckee River at Reno, under stones in very early spring. The setiform scales of the upper surface are very prominent, and of a bright brownish-yellow color. MILODERES pn. gen. (Ophryastini). This name is proposed for a very singular species possessing the following assemblage of characters :— Beak slightly longer and narrower than the head, very feebly nar- rowed toward apex; ale very feebly dilated ; surface of head and beak continuously convex, without trace of transverse impression. Eyes rather small, slightly convex, coarsely granulated, oval, slightly wider than long. Antenne rather slender, subapical ; scape slender at base, abruptly clavate, attaining the middle of the eyes; funicle slender, seven-jointed, basal joint as long as the next two combined, outer joints shorter, moniliform, seventh slightly wider than long, oval, rather close to the club; the latter elongate, rather narrow, pointed, finely North American Rhynchophora. 253 pubescent ; remainder coarsely and sparsely setose, shining. Scrobes beginning on the sides at the apex, gradually descending in a rather strong arc, and ending near the lower margin of the eye, rather deep and narrow. Mentum large, flat, not deeply placed, filling the entire gular cavity, wider than long, broadly rounded at apex. Genz witha rather small and feeble mandibular emargination. Mandibular scar small, not prominent, strongly transverse. Prothorax with small but distinct ocular lobes, which are distinctly fimbriate. Scutellum not distinct. Elytra inflated. Legs rather short and robust ; anterior tibize not denticulate within ; articular surfaces very oblique, scaly, those of the posterior not cavernous, the latter not mucronate at tip. Posterior cox very widely separated, at the sides of the body, small. Abdomen rather short; first suture arcuate for a short distance in the middle ; second segmentslightly longer than the next two together. Tarsi spinose beneath, with the third joint distinctly wider than the second, bilobed ; the fourth is as long as the remainder combined ; basal joint scarcely longer than the second. Claws rather long, free. If we regard this genus as belonging to the first division of Dr. Horn, its place is probably near Cimbocera, but the meso- sternal side-pieces are completely divided, the episternum entirely separated from the elytra by the epimeron, and the metasternal episternum is produced inward slightly at the apex, which characters would prompt us to place it in the second division, where, however, it apparently does not belong. In form it greatly resembles Trigonoscuta pilosa, and in the latter species the mesosternal side-pieces are also divided as in the second division, © M. setosus n. sp.—Form oval, rather robust, convex, densely covered throughout with a thick indument, composed of very large luteous closely adherent scales, which are very convex and polygonally crowded on the head, prothorax, and abdomen, but flatter and more dense on the elytra; color of body and legs black; entire surface bristling with very long, erect, pale setae, not regularly arranged on the elytra. Beak slightly longer than the head, feebly attenuate, flat, with a very indistinct median fovea, slightly produced in the middle at apex, the lobe separated posteriorly by a posteriorly angulate suture. Prothorax widest slightly before the middle; sides strongly arcuate, convergent toward base, just perceptibly constricted at the sides im- mediately behind the apical margin, one-half wider than long, much wider than the head, not perceptibly punctate; base truncate ; apex broadly, feebly arcuate, equal to the base. Elytra inflated, widest at basal fourth ; sides thence feebly convergent and very feebly arcuate, abruptly, broadly rounded behind ; posterior declivity perpendicular ; humeri obsolete ; disk convex, one-half wider than the prothorax, one- 254 On Some New fourth longer than wide, having rows of coarse, deep, very distant punctures ; intervals unevenly and rather coarsely punctured. Length 5.5 mm. California (Kern ee: A). The punctures of the elytral intervals are not as large as those | of the rows, but are so unevenly distributed as to almost com- pletely destroy the appearance of serial arrangement in the latter, which appearance is increased by the great distance of the serial punctures. SCIOPITHES Horn. The species of this genus are numerous in California; those here described may be mutually separated as follows:— Antennal scape passing distinctly beyond the anterior margin of the prothorax. Sixth joint of funicle distinctly shorter than the seventh. Outer joints of funicle slender ; seventh joint in the female much longer than either the fourth, fifth, or sixth, equal to the third, and in the male very nearly as long. Elytral scales smaller, very minutely and feebly striate; setz generally finer and piceous ; surface markings strong and dis- BUWICH.. Coie cis< cba oe ate bhi ceueee ooer Eee .... Significans, Elytral scales coarse, especially near the suture, very coarsely and deeply striate; sete more robust and squamose, pale; ~ surface markings very indistinct and suffused..... brumalis, Outer joints of funicle more robust; seventh but slightly longer than the fifth or sixth, scarcely longer, but more robust than the PORES. b.8 ok ee ete met ieiese hy Sd huis pl & 0 a che elena ee ee arcuatus, Sixth and seventh joints of funicle both elongate, equal. ang ustuius. Antennal scape just attaining the anterior margin of the prothorax. setosus. These characters appear to be but slightly affected by sex. The shallow fovea mentioned by Dr. Horn is visible in significans, brumalis, and arcuatus as a very broad, excessively feeble im- pression on each side of the upper portion of the pronotum and just behind the middle, but is entirely obsolete in angustulus and setosus. iS. obscuwrus Horn may possibly be included in the above table, but the description of this species will apply more or less satisfactorily to several; 1, however, believe it to be unre- presented in the material before me, as the posterior band of the North American Rhynchophora. 255 elytra is mentioned as being ‘‘ very irregularly sinuous.” ‘This expression will scarcely apply to significans and arcwatus—the only two which can be reasonably selected to compare with obscurus—as in these species the transverse band is but very slightly uneven. In form these species are all more or less ileal Rea anteriorly, with the elytra strongly inflated, the integuments very densely squamose, and the claws rather approximate. S. significans n. sp.—Sides of the prothorax and elytra pale luteous, the pale tint crossing the elytra posteriorly in a broadly, feebly sinuate band edged anteriorly with piceous ; remainder of the upper surface very dark reddish-brown; median pale line of pronotum exceedingly narrow and feeble and only visible toward base; abdomen very sparsely squamose toward apex, rather densely so toward base, sparsely clothed with erect pale hairs. Head and beak very slightly longer than the prothorax, gradually narrowed from base to apex; eyes large, convex, at nearly their own length from the base; front depressed, with an _ elongate canaliculate puncture between the eyes ; transverse impression very feeble; beak as long as wide, very feebly and obsoletely carinate along the middle; scrobes very short, deep, cavernous, convergent, vanishing at their own length from the eyes; apex between them tri- angularly impressed and almost glabrous, the bottom more declivous at the apex; antenne long and slender; scape feebly arcuate, setose, very sparsely squamose above; funicle slender, not more robust toward apex, basal joint slightly less than one-half longer than the second, first four joints decreasing uniformly and rapidly in length. Prothorax cylin- drical, slightly wider than long, broadly constricted in the apical third; sides feebly arcuate in the middle; disk rather coarsely, deeply, but not densely punctate, sparsely and finely setose; setae subrecumbent. Elytra strongly inflated, more than twice as wide as the prothorax, nearly one-half longer than wide, very acute at apex; sides arcuate; disk convex, tumid along the suture behind, very finely and feebly striate; striz finely, feebly, and very distantly punctate; intervals very . feebly convex, each with a widely distant row of smal] subrecumbent sete. Legs slightly more sparsely squamose, setose. Abdomen feebly convex; first suture feebly arcuate in the middle; second segment one- half longer than the third; third and fourth subequal. Length 4.0-6.0 mm. California (Mendocino Co. 2; Humboldt Co. 12). In this species the central parts of the disk are very deep in color, the outer portions pale and the lines of demarcation very strong and distinct; the sete assumed the color of the surround- ing scales. ‘The claws appear to be very slightly connate at base, 256 On Some New but the two short fixed spurs of the posterior tibie are visible; they are very short, approximate, and truncate. It is more slender and with less inflated elytra than obscurus, as represented in the cabinet of Dr. LeConte; it is also decid- edly smaller than that species. The specimens from Humboldt | Co. are slightly smaller than those from Mendocino and differ in having slightly shorter, more convex and inflated elytra, with paler but more distinct markings, but more especially in the form of the prothorax which is decidedly more strongly inflated in the middle, and in the vestiture of the under surface of the abdomen, which in the Humboldt specimens is completely de- void of broad scales toward apex, while in the southern speci- mens there is a decided admixture of such scales. In antennal structure it fulfills the tabular character, and it can only be at best a local variety of significans. S. brumalis n. sp.—Nearly uniform dark grayish-brown through- ‘out, a posteriorly arcuate, very feeble, and ill-defined band crossing the elytra at the summit of the apical declivity; prothorax very slightly paler at the sides. Head and beak as long as the prothorax, rapidly narrowed from base to apex; ale very slightly dilated; eyes at less than their own length from the base; surface nearly as in significans, the median carina being a little stronger and continuous along the apical depressed glabrous area; the latter not forming a closed angle; antennze long, slender; scape rather strongly arcuate; funicle not incrassate, first joint one-third longer than the second, seventh very long, two-thirds longer than the sixth. Prothorax slightly wider than long, subcylin- drical, very slightly more convex at the middle of the sides; base slightly narrower than the apex, both transversely truncate; disk rather finely, deeply, and very sparsely punctate, sparsely clothed with small semi- erect pale sete which are much smaller and less squamiform than those of the head. Elytra inflated, oblong-oval, more than twice as wide as the prothorax, a little more than one-third longer than wide, rather acutely rounded behind; sides arcuate, nearly straight for a short dis- tance in the middle; disk convex, rather flat near the suture, not per- ceptibly tumid near the suture behind, rather finely and deeply striate; ‘striz finely and not closely punctate; intervals feebly convex, each with arow of rather robust, nearly erect, pale, subsquamiform sete. Abdomen more sparsely squamose toward apex, sparsely covered with rather long, recumbent whitish sete; first suture very slightly arcuate for a very Short distance in the middle; second nearly as long as cBe next two together. Length 5.5 mm. California (Marin Co. 2). In this species the claws are rather robust and but slightly North American Rhynchophora. 257 divergent, but they appear to be quite free throughout. It is easily distinguishable by its nearly uniform dark grayish color, coarse scales, and the form of the prothorax, this being slightly narrower at base than at apex. 8. arcuatus n. sp.—Rather robust, convex; scales small, rather pale, grayish-ochreous, with a narrow, dark, and even band crossing the elytra in a very feebly and posteriorly arcuate course at the summit of the declivity; other markings very indistinct and suffused, the sides of the prothorax and an imperfect, elongate oval ring at the base of each elytron paler; abdomen very sparsely squamose toward apex, sparsely. setose. Head and beak as long as the prothorax; the former short and broad; beak gradually narrowed to apex, slightly longer than the head;. alz not at all dilated; front with an elongate puncture between the eyes; beak broadly elevated along the middle third, the elevation broadly concave, more deeply so and finely carinate between the scrobes, glabrous near the apex and with a small declivous impressed triangular . area at tip; scrobes very short, broad, deep, and cavernous, moderately convergent, vanishing at much more than their own length from the eyes; antennz long and rather slender; scape very long, slender, strongly arcuate; funicle scarcely as long as the scape, first joint but. slightly longer than the second, the latter as long as the third and fourth together; outer joints slightly more robust; club scarcely more than one-fourth as long as the scape. Prothorax subcylindrical, slightly wider than long, broadly and feebly constricted in the apical third; sides broadly arcuate in the middle; base transverse, very slightly wider than the apex; the latter broadly and extremely feebly sinuate in the middle; disk finely, very sparsely and unevenly punctate, with small, sparse, arcuate subrecumbent setz. Elytra inflated, convex, rather acute at apex; sides arcuate; disk one-third longer than wide, slightly more than twice as wide as the prothorax, slightly tumid along the suture posteriorly, finely striate; striz finely and distantly punc- tate; intervals broadly and feebly convex, each with a single and oc- casionally unevenly double line of small, slender, arcuate, subrecumbent _piceous sete. Legs rather long, densely scabrous; femora rather strongly clavate. Length 6.5 mm. California (Mendocino Co. 1). In this species the claws are rather robust, somewhat feebly divergent, although very distinctly separated throughout their length. S. angustulus n. sp.—Form very slightly robust, rather depressed above; scales dark reddish-brown, two or three very small spots near the base of each elytron and a posteriorly arcuate band near the apical declivity which is slightly broken to the rear at the suture, blackish; sides and narrow median line of the prothorax just visibly 258 On Some New paler; abdomen sparsely squamose toward base, not at all so near the apex, somewhat sparsely clothed with rather long, erect, very fine sete: Head and beak short and robust; the latter not as long as the head, distinctly wider than long, very feebly dilated at apex; front with an elongate canalicular puncture between the eyes; scrobes deep, rather large, oval, strongly convergent, approaching the eyes within their own — length, inner margins slightly elevated and carinate ; intermediate sur- face feebly concave, very obsoletely carinate, glabrous; apex with usual angulate area; antenne rather long; scape feebly arcuate, much - shorter than the funicle; first joint of the latter one-third longer than the second, the latter much shorter than the third and fourth combined. Prothorax cylindrical, one-third wider than long, scarcely perceptibly constricted near the apex; sides distincly arcuate in the middle; base and apex transversely truncate, equal; disk rather finely and sparsely punctate and with rather fine, long, semi-erect sete. lytra oblong, subelongate, nearly one-half longer than wide, slightly more than twice as wide as the prothorax; sides parallel and very feebly arcuate in the middle; disk feebly convex in the middle, subacutely rounded behind, scarcely perceptibly tumid on the suture behind, finely striate; strie finely and remotely punctate; intervals nearly flat, with single and double rows of rather long, fine, nearly erect sete which are more than usually approximate, pale and dark intermingled. Legs moderate, sparsely setose; femora paler and densely squamose near the apex, devoid of scales toward base; tibize densely squamose except near the tip which is free from scales. Length 4.7 mm. California (Napa Co. 1). | The transverse impression at the base of the beak is rather stronger than usual and the claws are distinctly free throughout their length, although not widely divergent. The prothorax is more strongly transverse and the sete covering the integuments are distinctly longer, finer, denser, and more erect than in the species previously described. . S. setosus n. sp.—Form rather robust, convex; scales pale grayish- white, with a suffused, outwardly oblique line, externally near the base of each elytron and a transverse, strongly and posteriorly angulate, suffused band near the apex, darker brown; sides and narrow median line of prothorax of the same color as the elytra and paler than the remainder of the disk; abdomen very sparsely squamose and with fine elongate setze. Head and beak moderately robust, as long as the pro- thorax; the latter slightly longer than the head and fully as long as wide; sides parallel; front with a short canalicular puncture; transverse impression very strong; beak broadly and strongly elevated along the middle, the elevated area feebly carinate along the middle and also the lateral edges over the scrobes; apex with very feebly defined angulate North American Rhynchophora. 259 declivous area which is glabrous and scarcely impressed; scrobes rather large, distant, nearly parallel, vanishing at slightly less than their own length from the eyes; antennz rather robust; scape nearly straight, scarcely attaining the prothorax, about as long as the funicle; first joint of the latter nearly as long as the next two together, seventh dis- _ tinctly longer than the sixth. Prothorax slightly wider than long; sides broadly and distinctly arcuate nearly throughout the length, convergent and nearly straight near the apex; base transverse, slightly wider than the apex; the latter broadly, feebly, and subangularly emarginate, and fringed with very fine scales; disk convex, rather finely and densely, but somewhat unevenly punctate, finely setose. Elytra oval, inflated, convex, more than twice as wide as the prothorax, widely and gradually inflexed beneath, one-third longer than wide, rather broadly and evenly rounded behind from above; sides feebly arcuate; disk not tumid on the suture; the latter obliterated by the Squamose vestiture, finely striate; strice finely and distantly punctate; intervals feebly convex, with very uneven rows of fine whitish erect setze which are rather dense and very distinct. Abdomen narrow and rather strongly acuminate. Length 6.0 mm. California (Napa Co. 2; Marin Co. 2). The scales are small and distinctly less dense than in the other species here described. ‘This species is, moreover, aber- rant in its short antennal scape, more distant and parallel scrobes, more oval prothorax, its almost perfectly oval elytra which are more broadly inflexed, and in its narrow abdomen. The pattern of elytral ornamentation is also different, the posterior transverse band not being broadly and posteriorly arcuate, but strongly angulate. In all essential points of generic structure it, however, appears to find a very fitting place in the present genus, the two additional terminal spurs of the posterior tibiz being distinct. The claws are not strongly divergent, but free as in the other species. The scutellum is minute and triangular, but distinctly visible between the bases of the elytra. STENOPTOCHUS 0». gen. (Otiorhynchini). This genus may be characterized in few words as follows:— Claws connate at base. First ventral suture straight; second segment shorter than the third and fourth together. Articular surfaces of the posterior tibiz glabrous. Beak longer than the head, feebly dilated at apex; scrobes superior, deep, short, vanishing at slightly more than their own iength from the eyes, very feebly convergent. Antennz 5 ade 260 On Some New moderate; scape very feebly arcuate, not attaining the anterior margin of the prothorax, setose and sparsely scaly; funicle seven-jointed, dis- tinctly longer than the scape, setose, first joint as long as the next two together; club elongate-oval, finely pubescent, scarcely one-half as long as the scape. Tibiz distinctly mucronate throughout. en ee The first ventral segment is practically straight, but upon — very close observation is seen to be very broadly and excessively feebly arcuate in the middle two-thirds, and exceedingly feebly and anteriorly oblique at the sides. ‘The genus should properly be considered a connecting link between Paraptochus Seidl. and Thricolepis Horn, from both of which it is certainly distinct, according to the present mode of estimating generic differences in the group Periteli. S. inconstans n. sp.—Moderately robust, convex, very densely clothed with rather small, minutely and densely striate scales, which are slightly wider than long; scales sparser on the legs and body beneath, entirely replaced by fine hairs towards the apex of the abdo- men; general color above white, with a large, oval, darker discal area on the elytra, which is limited behind by a transverse, very irregular, angular band of white, margined anteriorly with castaneous; bases of the fourth and sixth intervals, and an elongated spot on the sixth inter- val, confluent behind with the white sides, also white; broad median area of the pronotum dark-brown, the stripe being slightly dilated be- hind and slightly paler along the median line. Head feebly convex, with a fine, short median stria between the eyes; the latter rather con- vex, at more than their own length from the prothorax; beak separated from the head by a transverse, feebly arcuate impression, longer than wide, flattened, apex glabrous and with a small, triangular, impressed area in the middle of the apical margin. Prothorax one-third wider than long, subcylindrical, very slightly narrower toward apex; sides broadly subangulate; base truncate; apex very broadly, feebly arcuate; disk finely, rather unevenly and not densely punctate, each puncture bearing a short, erect, squamiform seta. -Hlytra oval, in the middle twice as wide as the prothorax, one-half longer than wide; apex per- pendicular, acutely rounded; disk convex, finely, deeply striate; strize finely, not closely punctate; intervals feebly convex; suture fine, dis- tinct. Legs moderately robust. Metasternal episterna narrow, distinct, Length 3.5-5.0 mm. California (Los Angeles Co. 3). The typical representative is the darkest in color, and the other two are so pale that the dark areas spoken of in the description can scarcely be discerned. Hach elytral interval bears a single North American Rhynchophora. 261 row of long erect scales which take the color of the surface vestiture. In the general character of elytral ornamentation, this species bears a great resemblance to Peritelinus variegatus, but the beak and abdomen are quite different. ORTHOPTOCHUS n. gen. (Otiorhynchini). Beak scarcely as long as the head, slightly narrowed toward apex ; eyes large, slightly longitudinally oval, slightly convex; inter- ocular surface nearly flat, with a short median canaliculation; beak transversely and feebly impressed at base, the channel being posteriorly arcuate, finely carinate in the middle anteriorly ; scrobes superior, slightly convergent, rather distant, deep anteriorly, gradually becoming obsolete near the eyes; antennz rather slender ; scape long, very slen- der, feebly arcuate, extending distinctly beyond the anterior margin of the prothorax, sparsely setose, not at all scaly, fully as long as the funicle ; the latter slender, first joint scarcely more robust, nearly as long as the second and third together, second distinctly shorter than the third and fourth combined, three to seven shorter, equal, longer than wide, not increasing in thickness, all coarsely setose; club elongate-oval, pointed, finely pubescent, as long as the three preceding joints together. Elytra inflated. First abdominal suture straight ; second segment fully as long as the next two together. Legs moderate ; tibize feebly dilated internally at apex, very minutely mucronate ; coty- loid surfaces of the posterior glabrous. Claws connate at base. Meta- sternal episterna extremely narrow ; suture nearly obsolete. This genus belongs near Paraptochus, if we regard the shape of the first ventral suture as of primary importance; it differs from Peritelopsis in its straight sutures, also in being squamose, with larger erect scales intermingled. O. squamiger n. sp.—Oval, moderately robust, convex, extremely densely covered with moderate, generally slightly transverse scales of a nearly uniform, very dark reddish-brown or castaneous color, much sparser on the abdomen, and absent toward the apex of the latter; ab- domen clothed rather densely with long, robust, subrecumbent hairs. Head and beak conical, the sides convergent from base to apex ; front densely squamose, and with a few large erect scales between the eyes ; apex glabrous, and with but slight trace of a defined angular impres- sion, feebly rugulose. Prothorax slightly shorter than the head and beak, two-fifths wider than long, subcylindrical, very feebly narrowed toward apex ; sides broadly arcuate or subangulate ; base transverse ; apex broadly, very feebly arcuate ; disk convex, covered with a dense uniform mass of scales, with a few short, robust and erect, not percep- 262 On Some New tibly punctate. lytra inflated, convex, twice as wide as the prothorax, one-third longer than wide; sides arcuate; together rather pointed behind, very finely, feebly striate, not visibly punctate; intervals nearly flat, each with a single row of very widely spaced, short, robust, erect scales. Length 3.7 mm. California (exact locality not known). I have before me but a single specimen of this small species, the characters of which appear to necessitate the creation of a new genus. | PERITELODES pn. gen. (Otiorhynchini). Beak very short, scarcely as long as the head ; sides parallel, slightly dilated at apex; scrobes narrow, deep, very widely separated, very feebly convergent, not attaining the eyes; the latter rather large, widely distant, feebly convex, at their own length from the prothorax ; front flat, separated from the beak by a transversely sinuate, very feeble impression ; antennz moderate ; scape densely squamose, setose, rather robust, strongly arcuate, not quite attaining the prothorax, and distinctly shorter than the funicle; the latter slender, nearly equal in thickness throughout, setose, sparsely squamulose toward base, basal joint nearly as long as the next two together, second nearly as long as the third and fourth combined, outer four joints much longer than wide, equal in length ; club elongate-oval, finely pubescent. Prothorax cylindrical, Elytra strongly inflated. First abdominal suture very - feebly arcuate in the middle ; second segment as long as the next two together. Legs robust; posterior tibiz with two fixed approximate terminal spurs which are truncate at apex ; cotyloid surface glabrous. Claws strongly connate at base. - This genus differs from Peritelinus, to which it is otherwise very closely related, in having two. fixed terminal spurs to the posterior tibie ; the first ventral suture is much more feebly and less broadly arcuate in the middle, and the second segment slightly shorter than in that genus. P. obtectus n. sp.—Rather robust, convex, densely clothed with dark-brown scales which are whiter on the flanks and along the median line of the prothorax, and with a few white scales irregularly scattered over the elytra ; scales rather convex, wider than long, oval, finely and rather distinctly strigate; abdomen more sparsely squamose, scarcely more sparsely so toward apex, and with rather robust white setz, scales white. Head and beak distinctly longer than the prothorax ; the latter scarcely as long as the head and slightly wider than long, having at apex a short, broadly angular impressed glabrous area, bounded posteri- orly by a raised carina, and having its apex broadly, angularly emargi- North American Rhynchophora. 263 nate; surface densely squamose, and with a few very robust erect scales near the eyes. Prothorax nearly one-half wider than long, feebly and broadly constricted in the apical third, cylindrical; base and apex equal, truncate ; sides feebly arcuate in the middle; disk very finely and sparsely punctate, having a few erect scales, especially along the apex. LHlytrajstrongly inflated, more than twice as wide as the pro- thorax, one-third longer than wide, rather acuminate at apex; sides arcuate ; disk convex, finely striate ; striz feebly impressed, very finely, obsoletely, and distantly punctate; intervals feebly convex, each with a very widely spaced row of robust, erect, piceous scales. Legs robust, densely squamose, sparsely setose. Metasternal episternum rather wide ; suture only distinct anteriorly. Length 5.4 mm. California (Monterey Co. 1). The type specimen, which was taken near the town of Mon- terey, is covered in great part with a scabrous coating, which ap- pears to have been caused by a viscous exudation. ‘The species differs greatly in habitus and ornamentation from Perttelinus variegatus, having much more globose-and inflated elytra. PERITELINUS 2. gen. (Otiorhynchini). P. variegatus n. sp.—Somewhat robust, convex, densely clothed with scales which are rather small, round, and excessively minutely and densely striate ; general color above dark reddish-brown, beneath whitish, broad median area of pronotum brown, very distinctly limited at the sides; elytra at the sides beneath whitish, the white area crossing the elytra near the apex in a very irregular angular band, edged anteriorly with blackish, the fourth and sixth intervals, near the base, and a spot on the sixth interval, near the middle, also white. Head broad ; beak much narrower than the head, and about equal in length, wider than long, dilated at the apex, separated by a transverse impression, a triangular impressed area at tip glabrous; eyes rounded, rather large, feebly convex, at nearly their own length from the base ; surface densely squamose, and with sparse, erect, squamiform hairs ;. antennz moderate; scape slightly arcuate, just attaining the anterior margin of the prothorax, densely scaly, and with short, erect, robust sete ; funicle with the first joint as long as the next two together, setose and sparsely scaly ; scrobes short, deep, superior, not attaining the eyes, very feebly convergent. Prothorax cylindrical, one-half wider than long ; sides broadly arcuate ; base and apex equal, trans- versely truncate; disk slightly shorter than the head and rostrum, rather finely, densely, and deeply punctate, each puncture bearing a short, robust, erect fuscous seta. EHlytra inflated, two-fifths longer than wide, in the middle slightly more than twice as wide as the prothorax, _ perpendicular behind ; apex not inflexed, rather acutely angulate ; disk 264 On Some New convex, finely striate; strize finely, deeply, and not closely punctate; in- tervals feebly convex, each with a single, or occasionally partly double, line of short, erect, squamiform sete, generally piceous, but sometimes white, in the transverse white band; suture fine, but distinct. Abdomen . more sparsely squamose, and with short, robust, white sete ; second segment slightly longer than the next two together; first suture. abruptly, broadly, and distinctly arcuate in the middle half. Length | 4.0 mm. California (Lake Tahoe, 1). This species is placed in the new genus Peritelinus, but might - with almost equal propriety be assigned to Peritelopsis ; in fact ~ it is possible to erect a separate genus for almost every species of the group Periteli known to our fauna, as in many parts of the Cerambycide series. It differs from Thricolepisin its shorter dilated beak, and less strongly arcuate first ventral suture, and from Peritelopsis in its longer second ventral segment and the scrobes very feebly convergent and not attaining the eyes. ‘The claws are connate at base; the cotyloid surfaces of the posterior tibie glabrous, and the metasternal episterna very narrow and linear. GEODERCES Horn. Asmall species before me appears to fulfill most of the condi- tions mentioned by Dr. Horn in his diagnosis of the above genus, but has the antennal scrobes slightly more open when viewed ver- tically than when seen laterally, and the beak is scarcely per- ceptibly impressed at base. The anterior tibize have some robust internal spines, but are not denticulate. The articular surfaces of the posterior tibis are glabrous, the first ventral suture broadly and excessively feebly arcuate, the second segment as long as the next two together, and the claws connate at base. G. puncticollis n. sp.—Rather robust, convex ; scales very small, rounded, very dense, generally very dark rufo-castaneous ; elytra very feebly and finely mottled with paler scales which are unevenly dis- tributed; scales sparser and intermixed with fine hairs on the abdomen. Head short; eyes rather small, slightly convex, scarcely distant their own length from the prothorax; beak scarcely longer than and nearly as wide as the head, wider than long; sides parallel, surface broadly, feebly impressed, finely carinate in the middle, with a triangular im- pressed glabrous area at apex; scrobes parallel, deep, cavernous, slightly more open from above, nearly attaining the eyes; antenne rather slender ; scape extending distinctly beyond the anterior margin North American Rhynchophora. 265 of the prothorax, very feebly arcuate, subequal in length to the funicle, rather densely squamose, setose; funicle setose, slender, first two joints longer, first distinctly more robust and slightly longer than the second ; club elongate-oval, two-fifths as long as the scape. Prothorax as long asthe head and beak, two-fifths wider than long, distinctly narrowed toward apex and inflated behind the middle; sides rather strongly arcuate behind, convergent and feebly sinuate toward apex ; base and apex broadly and very feebly arcuate; disk convex, coarsely, deeply, and sparsely punctate, with coarse erect sete, and a fine short glabrous carina in the middle. Scutellum minute, not distinct. Elytra at base broadly sinuate, to fit the arcuate margin of the pronotum, oblong-oval, broadly rounded behind, not twice as long as wide, nearly twice as wide as the prothorax, feebly convex above, strongly so at the sides, finely and feebly striate; strize very finely and not closely punc- tate ; intervals flat, sparsely covered with fine erect piceous setz, which are not arranged in rows, but scattered uniformly over the surface. Legs short and robust: tibize mucronate. Length 4.2 mm. California (Monterey Co. 1). The vittze of pale scales at the sides of the prothorax are very obscure and only visible near the base, where they confront a very small humeral pale spot, This species is decidedly smaller than incomptus Horn. GEODERCODES ». gen. (Otiorhynchini). Beak slightly longer than the head, slightly narrowed toward tip, not transversely impressed at base; scrobes lateral, slightly descending posteriorly, attaining the eyes which are surrounded above and beneath by a fine impressed channel. Antennz moderate; scape fully attain- ing the prothrorax, distinctly arcuate, equal in length to the funicle, squamose and setose; funicle slender, first joint more robust, nearly as long as the next two together; second slender, as long as the third and fourth combined; seventh slightly longer and wider than the sixth, all coarsely, sparsely setose, not at all squamose; club rather small, very densely and finely pubescent, oval, pointed. Elytra widely embracing the sides of the body. Metasternal episterna very narrow, linear, dis- tinct. Abdomen with the first suture broadly, feebly, but distinctly arcuate; second segment slightly longer than the third and fourth together; the latter very short, equal and with the sutures very deeply impressed. Legs rather short and robust; cotyloid surface of posterior tibiz glabrous; tibiz finely mucronate, the anterior not denticulate, but having two or three inclined spines along the inner edge toward apex. Claws connate at base. As can be readily seen from the above diagnosis, this genus _ differs from Geoderces in its longer second segment of the abdo- 266 On Some New men, in the extent of the antennal scrobes, and in the impressed groove surrounding the eye above and beneath, this appearance being caused by the partial envelopment of the latter by the scrobes. ee G. latipennis n.sp.—Form oblong, convex, densely clothed with . small, rounded, rather coarsely striate scales which are brownish, fer- 7 ruginous, and blackish, indiscriminately mingled on the prothorax, and more coarsely and very irregularly mottled on the elytra; abdomen densely squamose toward base, very sparsely so toward apex, and with very sparse, coarse, short, erect setze. Head and beak conical with the sides continuous and distinctly convergent from base to apex; eyes widely distant, rounded, rather small and convex, the surface of the head somewhat elevated above them and slightly prominent above their upper edge; front with a short, impressed, median and longitudi- nal groove between the eyes, which becomes a fine carina toward apex the latter with a very small, triangular, impressed, glabrous area which is broadly emarginate at apex; antennz affixed slightly beyond the middle, the scrobes extending nearly to the apex. Prothorax one-third wider than long, convex, feebly but distinctly constricted near the apex and inflated behind the middle; sides strongly arcuate behind; base truncate, distinctly wider than the apex; the latter broadly and distinctly arcuate; disk finely, not densely, and very indistinctly punc- tate, with very short, erect, sparse sete. Scutellum not distinct. Elytra oblong, slightly longer than wide, more feebly convex above; sides parallel, nearly straight, very broadly rounded behind; base broadly emarginate opposite the prothorax; disk twice as wide as the pronotum, very finely and obsoletely striate; the strize not perceptibly impressed, and very finely, feebly, and not closely punctate; intervals flat, each with a single widely spaced, and somewhat: uneven row of elongate, erect, squamiform hairs; each elytron is distinctly tumid or umbonate near the apex externally. Legs sparsely squamose and setose. Length 3.0-3.5 mm. California (Monterey Co. 3). Found in limited numbers near the town of Monterey under the fallen leaves of the Monterey pine. ARAGNOMUS Horn, A. hispidulus n. sp.—Rather robust, very densely clothed with rounded, pale-brown scales, which are coarsely striate, slightly paler along the median line of the prothorax, unevenly clouded with paler on the elytra, where there is a posterior faint angulate band of darker tint; scales slightly smaller and sparser on the abdomen, where they are mingled with erect hairs, rather densely so toward apex; legs with North American Rhynchophora. 267 scales and erect squamiform hairs. Head rather depressed, but slightly wider than the beak; the latter very slightly longer than wide, distinctly dilated at tip, arcuately and transversely impressed at base; surface broadly impressed; upper margins of antennal scrobes rather elevated; apex with a triangular denuded area which is limited by an angulate ridge, the angle continued posteriorly for a very short distance by a distinct carina; surface with sparsely placed erect scales, denser over the eyes; the latter rather large, feebly convex; antennz rather long; scape arcuate, extending distinctly beyond the anterior margin of the prothorax, squamose, and with erect robust hairs; funicle coarsely setose, one-third longer, slender, first joint nearly one-half longer than the second; club elongate-oval, finely pubescent. Prothorax one-half wider than long; sides parallel, broadly arcuate; base and apex trans- versely truncate; disk scarcely as long as the head and beak together, cylindrically convex, rather finely and not densely punctate, each _ puncture bearing a long erect pale scale. Hlytra inflated, declivous at ‘ apex; the latter slightly inflexed and acutely angulate; disk convex, one-third longer than wide, in the middle twice as wide as the pro- thorax, connate, suture entirely invisible and covered by the vestiture, finely striate; striz rather deeply impressed, finely and not closely punctate; intervals feebly convex, each with a single or partially double row of long, erect, distant scales, which are cinereous and brown inter- mixed. Legs rather short and robust. Abdomen with the first suture broadly, feebly arcuate; second segment equal in length to the next two together. Length 5.5 mm. California (Los Angeles 1). The antennal scrobes are lateral, deep, nearly straight, and directed upon the eyes which they do not attain. It is the largest species of the genus. THINOXENUS Horn. T. nevadensis n. sp.—Form oblong-elongate, convex, clothed very densely with small rounded scales, dark brown, feebly and unevenly mottled paler and darker ; abdomen covered throughout with a dense crust of similar scales, with intermixed elongate squamiform hairs. Head and beak conical, flattened ; occiput convex ; beak with a short median stria in the basal half, and asmall triangular impressed glabrous area at apex, the sides of which are in the form of acute ridges; sur- face densely covered with scales, with short erect scales intermingled ; eyes very distant, on the sides, rounded, rather small, moderately con- vex ; scrobes widely distant, more open laterally, narrow and deep near the apex, broad and evanescent well before the eyes, the ales very wide but not dilated ; antennz inserted nearly at the apices of the scrobes; scape densely scaly, feebly arcuate and extremely feebly contorted, at- taining the prothorax; first joint of funicle one-half longer than the 268 On Some New second. Prothorax one-half wider than long, but slightly wider than the head, slightly shorter than the head and beak, cylindrical ; base and apex equal, truncate; sides broadly and rather strongly arcuate; disk finely, feebly, and not densely punctate, the punctures entirely con- cealed by a dense mass of scales, with small, short, erect scales inter- mingled. Elytra broadly emarginate at base, oblong, one-half longer — than wide; sides nearly straight and parallel, broadly rounded behind, three-fourths wider than and nearly three times as long as the pro- thorax, finely, feebly striate ; striz coarsely and rather distantly punc- tate, the punctures and suture almost completely concealed by the sur- face vestiture ; intervals nearly flat, each with an unevenly double row of small erect brown scales. First ventral suture broadly and rather strongly arcuate; second segment as long us the next two together ; third and fourth subequal ; fifth semicircularly rounded behind. Legs densely squamose, and with short semi-erect scales. Metasternal epi- sternum narrow; suture very deep eee becoming almost obsolete posteriorly. Length 4.4 mm. Nevada (Washoe Oo. 1). The groove surrounding the eye is narrow and not very yideee ; it is obsolete behind the eye. This species differs from squalens Horn in its more oblong form, more transverse prothorax, and more robust or squamose and paler sete. A considerable number of new genera of Periteli having been defined, it may, perhaps, be well to more fully explain their position with regard to those already described ; the following table is therefore appended, this being an enlenoaanene of the one given by Dr. Horn (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XV., p. 65):— First abdominal suture straight or extremely nearly so. scrobes lateral, oc; Uetiecee oe cote coy ce hoe eee Paraptochus Scrobes superior. Anterfnal scape not attaining the prothorax; eyes small; second ventral segment shorter than the two following together, Stenoptechus Antennal scape long and slender, passing distinctly beyond the an- terior margin of the prothorax ; eyes large ; second segment as long as the two following together............. Orthoptochus First abdominal suture arcuate. Cotyloid surface of the hind tibize glabrous; eyes with or without orbital groove. Integuments sparsely pubescent, .........0. c00ccdedsses Mylacus Integuments squamose. Scrobes superior and convergent above. Beak narrowed to tip. North American Rhynchophora. 269 Beak longer than the head ; scrobes very short, terminal, Thricolepis Beak shorter than the head ; scrobes attaining the eyes, Peritelopsis Beak dilated at apex, short; scrobes very feebly convergent, short, not attaining the eyes; second ventral segment as long as the third and fourth. Posterior tioviz with two short fixed spurs. ...Peritelodes Posterior tibiz without fixed spurs........ ... Peritelinus Scrobes more lateral, not convergent above. Scape about as long as the funicle. Scrobes not attaining the eyes.................-- Geoderces Scrobes attaining and partially enveloping the eyes, Geodercodes Scape much shorter than the funicle............ Aragnomus Cotyloid surface of the hind tibize squamose. x x Norr.—In the species puncticollis, which I have assigned to Geoderces, the scrobes are slightly more open when viewed from above, and as this is a much smaller species than those forming the types of the genus, it may possibly necessitate the creation of a subgenus. PANORMUS n. gen. (Otiorhynchini). Body oval; elytra inflated; similar in form to Trigonoscuta. Head hemispherical; beak much narrower and longer than the head; sides parallel; ale slightly dilated; surface not broadly impressed at base, but having a fine arcuate groove between the anterior extremities of _ the eyes, finely grooved along the middle, the groove crossing the transverse basal channel and extending slightly onto the front. Eyes oval, distant from the prothorax, rather small, coarsely granulated and prominent. Scrobes lateral, rather narrow, deep anteriorly, gradually evanescent, feebly arcuate, directed upon and nearly attaining the eyes. Antenne subapical, shining, setose; scape slender, very gradually and feebly clavate toward apex, fully as long as the funicle, extending beyond the eye, but not attaining the prothorax; funicle seven-jointed, basal joint nearly as long as the next two together, second longer than the third; outer joints moniliform and short, seventh wider, transversely oval; club rather short and robust, ovoidal, pointed. Prothorax with- out trace of ocular lobes or fimbrie, broadly inflated. Scutellum minute, indistinct. Elytra inflated, very feebly inflexed at the sides. Abdomen flat; first suture arcuate in the middle; second segment as long as the next two combined. Legs moderate; femora robust; tibiz and tarsi slender; anterior tibiz straight, slightly produced outward and dilated at apex, not denticulate within; posterior tibiz with outer edge at apex broadly double; inner face or cotyloid surface slightly oblique, plane, with a few scattered scales; inner terminal spur rather large and 270 On Some New distinct. Posterior coxe small, at the sides of the body and very remote. Tarsi densely pubescent beneath, with the basal joint elon- gate; third strongly dilated, deeply bilobed; fourth long, slender; claws moderate, free. Metasternal side-pieces narrow but distinct, the suture much deeper behind. sit The mentum is loosely articulated with a narrow and rated prominent basal support or peduncle; it is rather small, nearly flat, slightly wider than long, narrowed from apex to base, the posterior portion parabolic, the apex broadly angulate, the angle slightly thickened and tumid in the middle; at the sides the maxille are partially exposed, much more widely so toward base. The genal emarginations are small, but rather deep; the mandibular scar rather large and prominent, rounded. The antennal grooves have a certain tendency to descend as they approach the eyes, but this is very slight, and, as the general appearance is decidedly that prevailing in the Otiorhyn- chini, L.have there assigned it a place among the Trachyphlosi, although it is one of those forms the position of which must, under the present system of classification, be more or less doubt- ful. It appears to possess considerable affinity with Agasphe- rops Horn of the Brachyderini, another genus of doubtful position, but differs in the size of the mentum and in antennal structure. The single species is rather densely covered throughout with somewhat long erect cinereous sete, these not being regularly arranged on the elytra, and the general sculpture is very similar to that prevailing in Amnesia. P. setosus n. sp.—Oval, convex, black; legs and antennes fuscous; entire body covered with a thin indument, composed of small, closely adherent scales which do not overlap, with some pale scattered scales at the sides of the prothorax and elytra. Occiput convex; front flat; beak flat, apex truncate, not distinctly angularly impressed; entire surface finely granulose, the granules well separated, and each formed by a thickened scale. Prothorax broadly convex, nearly one-half wider than long, widest in the middle; sides strongly arcuate, broadly rounded anteriorly, feebly convergent, and nearly straight toward base; the latter broadly arcuate, fitting against a corresponding emargination in the base of the elytra; apex broadly emarginate, about two-thirds as wide as the base; disk coarsely, densely, and strongly granulose, each granule punctured and bearing a long erect seta. Hlytra oval, convex, widest at anterior third; apex strongly declivous and slightly inflexed, four- fifths wider than the prothorax, one-third longer than wide, rather Worth American Rhynchophora. 271 strongly rounded behind from above; humeri obsolete, broadly rounded; disk rather smooth, shining; strize not impressed, composed of mod- erate rounded, deeply impressed punctures which are separated by from two to three times their own widths; tenth series very close to the ninth at anterior third. Abdomen and legs more sparsely clothed with long erect hairs. Length 5.3 mm. California (Monterey Co. 1). Mr. W.G. W. Harford. The type specimen has the basal segments of the abdomen broadly and strongly impressed in the middle. ELISSA n. gen. (Tanymecini). Form subcylindrical. Entire body covered with a thin, scabrous waterproof crust, the squamose nature of which can only be detected on the elytra and under surface. Head very wide; beak but slightly longer than the head, much wider than long, narrowed toward apex; the latter truncate and broadly trisinuate; surface nearly flat; alee very feeble; scrobes small, lateral, beginning at the apex, where they are narrow and deep, passing rapidly and arcuately downward in front of and at a distance from the eyes, becoming broader and more shallow. Antennz slender, sparsely setose, subapical; scape slender, abruptly clavate, extending slightly upon the eye, as long as the funicle; the latter slender, basal joint slightly clavate, longer than the second, the latter longer than the third, outer joints but slightly enlarged; club slender, elongate-oval, pointed. Mandibular scar feeble, narrow, transverse. Mentum very large, completely filling the gular cavity, flat, transverse, widest at apex, margin broadly arcuate. Eyes small, rounded, coarsely granulated, free, prominent. Prothorax without ocular lobes, but having a short fringe of long stiff sete. Elytra not distinctly striate. Scutellum very minute, triangular. Abdomen nearly flat; second segment fully. as long as the third and fourth combined, separated from the first by a broadly arcuate suture. Legs rather slender; cotyloid surfaces of the posterior tibize terminal, not cavernous; tarsi rather slender; basal joint much longer than wide; third very slightly wider than the second, bilobed; fourth as long as the two preceding combined; claws slender, moderate in length, free. Posterior cox small, at the sides of the body, very widely separated. The mesosternal episternum is separated completely from the elytra by the epimeron, and the metasternal episternum is extremely narrow and linear, the suture very feeble. The gene are rather deeply emarginate, and the anterior cox contiguous, The species, which are subaquatic, may be separated as follows:— 272 On Some New e Prothorax obtrapezoidal, wider at apex than at base, not perceptibly constricted at apex.c.. ote. -kete oe eae ee. Peek. laticeps Prothorax widest just before the middle, strongly constricted just behind the apical mareim=2~..), 2.2 es.. aie aren ..... constricta E, laticeps n. sp.—Form rather elongate, convex, covered with a whitish or ferruginous-white waterproof indument. Head and beak about as long as wide; surface finely rugulose, with a few widely scat- tered, minute, erect squamiform sete, especially near the apex; front feebly convex, not at all impressed at the base of the beak; the latter very short, broad, rapidly narrowed toward apex; surface nearly flat, with an elongate median puncture; antenne shining, rufous, slender, sparsely setose, unevenly and partially covered, except the club, with a white scaly indument; outer joints of funicle longer than wide. Pro- thorax widest at apex, where it is scarcely as wide as the head across eyes, gradually narrowed toward base; sides very feebly arcuate; base and apex truncate; disk one-third wider than long, rather coarsely but not deeply rugulose, with a few widely scattered, minute, erect scales. Elytra elongate-oval; sides nearly straight and parallel, very declivous behind, but not quite perpendicular, together acute at apex; humeri broadly rounded; base transversely truncate; disk convex, one-half wider than the prothorax, nearly one-half longer than wide, not striate, shining, and very minutely and feebly rugulose beneath the crust, and having widely distant rows of very minute, shallow, widely distant punctures, and a few small erect scales, especially toward tip, and on the humeri. Legs and abdomen with minute, sparse, setiform scales. Length 3.8-4.7 mm. Texas (El Paso). This species was taken in abundance by Mr. G. W. Dunn in the locality indicated. The specimens exhibit but slight varia- tion. E. constricta n. sp.—Form rather elongate, densely covered with a whitish waterproof indument. Head and beak much longer than wide; surface finely, densely, and feebly ruguloso-punctate, with very minute erect sete; front convex, especially near the base of the beak, the convexity extending onto the latter, which isslightly narrower than the head, as long as wide and very feebly narrowed toward apex; ale very small, feebly dilated; apex truncate, broadly, feebly trisinuate ; surface broadly, triangularly impressed at tip; antennze well developed; scrobes nearly as in laticeps; scape slender, clavate, extending to the posterior margin of the eye; funicle equal in length to the scape, outer joints not appreciably enlarged, first nearly twice as long as and more robust than the second, joints two to six decreasing uniformly and very gradually in length, seventh scarcely as wide as long; club ovoidal, pointed, as long as the first and second joints of the funicle combined. North American Rhynchophora. 273 Prothorax widest just before the middle; sides strongly rounded, thence convergent and nearly straight to the base, strongly constricted near the apex; base and apex transversely truncate, nearly equal, the former sinuate in the middle; disk before the middle distinctly wider than the head, slightly wider than long, narrowly and feebly grooved along the middle from near the apex to the base; surface convex, finely, feebly, and densely ruguloso-punctate, with a few fine, elongate, squamiform hairs along the basal margin and on the sides anteriorly. LElytra elongate-oval, one-half longer than wide, nearly twice as wide as the prothorax; humeri broadly rounded; sides very feebly arcuate; base truncate; disk convex, very broadly, feebly, and indefinitely striate, having ill-defined rows of very sparsely scattered, excessively minute and scarcely discernible sete. Legs and under surface with very minute, erect, white setz. Legs and antennze rufous, body black. Length 4.0 mm. Arizona (Yuma). Mr. G. W. Dunn. Found in very limited numbers. The apical margin of the prothorax behind the eyes has a few long erect vibriss, and, in addition, a dense row of broad scales which overlap. ‘The sides of the head are slightly tuberculate above the eyes. The fourth tarsal joint is relatively longer, and the third more widely dilated than in laticeps. | PSEUDELISSA n. gen. (Tanymecini). Beak short, very slightly narrowed toward tip; scrobes lateral, rather long, strongly angulate at anterior third, beginning at the apex, narrow and deep throughout, apical portion parallel, then descending obliquely and terminating just below the anterior limits of the eyes. Antenne moderate, subapical; scape slender, feebly clavate, extending nearly to the middle of the eye, but slightly shorter than the funicle; basal joint of the latter slightly more robust, as long as the next two together, . second as long as thethird and fourth combined, joints three to seven subequal, the latter slightly wider than long; club elongate, ovoidal, pointed, finely pubescent. Eyes small, rounded, slightly prominent, nearly in contact with the prothorax. The prothorax subcylindrical, without ocular lobes and almost completely devoid of vibrissze. Scu- tellum scarcely entering the elytral disk. Elytra elongate-oval; humeri rounded. Legs moderate; tarsi short, basal joints short, subequal, third scarcely perceptibly wider than the second, deeply emarginate, fourth as long as the three preceding together. Anterior cox contig- uous; posterior small, at the sides of the body, very widely separated. First abdominal suture broadly and distinctly angulate; second segment distinctly longer than the third and fourth combined. 24 On Some New The gene are narrowly and deeply emarginate, the mesosternal side-pieces completely divided, the mentum rather small, scarcely wider than long and rather deeply seated, gular opening small, and the mandibular scar strongly transverse, oval and somewhat prominent. This genus greatly resembles Elissa in general char but differs in the nearly obsolete vibrisse, and the shorter basal joint of the tarsi. The single species is probably subaquatic. P. cinerea n. sp.—Form rather slender, convex, entirely covered with a dense crust of pale cinereous scales, slightly mottled with brown on the head and elytra, and with very feebly defined vittz of the same tint at the sides and along the middle of the pronotum, Head and beak small, distinctly longer than wide; front strongly and coarsely rugulose, convex; beak feebly impressed, truncate and feebly trisinuate at apex; ale small; antenne fuscous. Prothorax widest at anterior third, where it is distinctly wider than the head and very slightly wider than long; sides broadly rounded anteriorly, feebly convergent and nearly straight thence to the base, not at all constricted near the apex; base transversely truncate, subequal to the apex; the latter very broadly arcuate; disk rather coarsely, deeply, irregularly and densely punctate. Elytra elongate-oval, two-thirds longer than wide, two-thirds wider than the prothorax; sides parallel and nearly straight in the middle; humeri broadly rounded, not at all prominent; disk convex, coarsely and moderately deeply striate; strive rather closely, coarsely,’and deeply punctate; intervals feebly convex, each with a row of minute erect scales. Under surface with small erect setz, slightly denser on the tibize; tarsi setose beneath. Length 3.0 mm. Texas (El Paso). Mr. G. W.’“Dunn. The surface of the head and prothorax is covered rather densely with very small, erect, scale-like sete, and the latter has, near the anterior margin and laterally, and also along the basal margin, a few widely distant erect scales, which are slender and rather long. This species is apparently much less abundant, but few specimens having been obtained. SCYTHROPUS Sch. The species of this genus are somewhat numerous’ and differ considerably amongst themselves in abdominal structure, as 1 One of the finest species of this genus, represented by a singlespeci- men from Colorado in the cabinet of ‘Dr. Le Conte, has yet to be de- scribed. North American Rhynchophora. 275 well as in the structure of the antenne, tarsi, and elytra. Those before me may be easily identified as follows:— Antennal scape long, slender, passing distinctly beyond the posterior margin of the eyes. Elytra tumid at the sides along the humeral interval......lateralis Elytra evenly convex at the sides. Klytral setz fine and hair-like; pronotal scales very elongate. Second abdominal segment much shorter than the next two com- bined; anterior tibize evenly arcuate within .....californicus Second abdominal segment fully as long as the next two com- bined; anterior tibie feebly emarginate within, near the MSMR Hos oh 4is aaj h5isa 5 si da ects Aang a dec Fars ferrugineus Elytral setze in the form of pie aie scales; pronotal scales short, Rate MPMI OLED Si gg 20S 25'S sos ald cl ll hy at dis ew lah ng Aa ay cinereus Antennal scape very short, robust, and arcuate, just passing the pos- terior margin of the eyes .............-.000. go ac ae crassicornis Lateralis is a distinctly specialized form, differing greatly from the other species in the prominently elevated humeral in- terval of the elytra, and its larger and less prominent eyes. The species californicus Horn is quite abundant in the foot _ hills of the Sierras near Sacramento. S. lateralis n. sp.—Form oblong, rather depressed, densely clothed with finely strigose scales which are twice as long as wide, and acutely pointed, scales subcupreous in color, cinereous at the sides and beneath; each of the small punctures of the elytral strize bearing a minute robust seta, otherwise devoid of setz, except beneath, where they are fine, rather long, and sparse onthe abdomen; integuments black, legs and antenne rufous. Head and beak together evenly conical, convex, densely punctate, with a small, very deep fovea in the middle of a line through the anterior margin of the eyes, which is continued anteriorly to the posterior tumid margin of the apical impression; the latter large, occupying two-fifths the entire length of the beak, inclosing a pos- teriorly arcuate, lunate, squamose area of scales, otherwise smooth, polished, and almost impunctate, having on each side an oblique line of three long discal setae; scrobes apical, small, deep, irregularly puncti- form, far in advance of the eyes; antenne long andslender; scape very slender, not quite reaching the anterior margin of the prothorax; ab- ruptly, but moderately clavate at apex; funicle slender, longer than the scape; outer joints not at all enlarged, all longer than wide; basal joint very long, slender, as long as the next two together; fifth joint shortest, sixth and seventh equal in length; club elongate, slender. Prothorax nearly one-half wider than long, widest distinctly before the middle; sides feebly arcuate, thence extremely feebly convergent and very feebly arcuate to the base, more rapidly convergent and distinctly sinuate to 276 On Some New the apex; the latter distinctly narrower than the base, broadly and very feebly sinuate in the middle; base broadly subtruncate; disk broadly, evenly, and feebly convex, finely, not deeply and very densely punctate; punctures polygonally crowded. Elytra oblong, four times as long and nearly twice as wide as the prothorax; sides nearly straight, parailel, very broadly and feebly sinuate behind the humeri; the latter narrowly © rounded, rectangular; disk broadly, evenly convex, finely striate; striz finely, rather closely punctate; intervals nearly flat, equal, except the humeral interval, which is distinctly elevated nearly throughout its length, the flanks beyond the elevation being nearly flat, vertical, and with paler scales. Abdomen broadly convex, densely squamose; first suture abruptly and rather strongly arcuate in circular segment in the — middle two-fifths; second segment as long as the next two together; third longer than the fourth. Legs moderate; anterior and middle tibize strongly, roundly, and almost equally emarginate within near the - apex; tarsal claws small, connate at base. Length 7.5 mm. California (Lake Co.). Mr. L. E. Ricksecker. The mandibular scar is rather large, terminal, circular, and very distinct, not prominent within; outer margin slightly so. The mentum is small, elongate, attenuate, flat, and more deeply seated behind, very convex and prominent anteriorly, leaving the maxille and palpi well exposed. The mandibular notch of the gene is extremely broad and shallow. This species differs from elegans in its more depressed form and much more transverse prothorax. 8S. ferrugineus n. sp.—Form elongate; sides nearly parallel; bright rufo-ferruginous throughout, scales same, whitish beneath and on the elytral suture and toward tip in large marmorate masses, also feebly so at the sides and narrowly along the middle of the pronotum. Head and beak evenly conical; eyes rather large and prominent; front nearly flat; beak slightly shorter than the head, as long as wide, feebly im- pressed and foveate near the base, broadly and arcuately impressed at tip; antenne long and slender; surface rather densely punctate, shining, sparsely clothed with elongate squamiform hairs of various widths. Prothorax nearly one-half wider than long, widest just before the middle; sides thence feebly convergent and nearly straight to the base, rather strongly and abruptly constricted at the apex; base and apex trarfsversely truncate, the former slightly the wider; disk broadly con- vex, rather densely punctate; punctures oval, shallow, and variolate, separated by less than their own widths; interspaces polished; scales sparse, very slender, arranged transversely, slightly more robust along the median line and at the sides. Elytra elongate, widest at posterior third, declivous behind, acutely rounded at tip, width at the humeri, which are obtusely prominent and rather narrowly rounded, one-third North American Rhynchophora. Q2v7 greater than the prothorax; disk moderately convex, even, slightly more than twice as long as wide, finely striate; striz feebly impressed, rather finely, deeply, and closely punctate. Abdomen convex. Legs sparsely clothed with fine whitish hairs. Length 5.3 mm. California (Marin Co. 2). Mr. G. W. Dunn. Easily distinguished from californicus Horn by its much sparser vestiture, composed of scales which are much more elongate, by its longer second ventral segment, and many other characters. In californicus the abdomen beneath is densely clothed with scales throughout, while in ferruginews these become very sparse toward apex, where they are replaced by fine sparse hairs. S. cinereus n. sp.—Form rather elongate, convex, uniformly and sparsely covered with rather robust cinereous scales which are well sepa- rated on the head and elytra, denser on the median line of the pronotum toward base, slightly sparser toward the abdominal vertex. Head and beak conical; alee almost obsolete; front rather convex; beak as long as the head, broadly impressed and with a very minute fovea near the base, broadly, feebly, arcuately impressed at apex; antennz long and slender; basal joint of funicle nearly as long as the next two together, joints three to seven uniformly and rather rapidly decreasing in length, the latter longer than wide; eyes prominent, finely granulated. Pro- thorax widest at basal third, where the sides are rather strongly rounded, thence convergent and nearly straight toward base and apex, not perceptibly constricted near the apex; base and apex transversely truncate, the former distinctly the wider; disk convex, one-third wider than long, rather finely and densely punctate; scales slightly longer and denser at the sides and in the middle. Scutellum small. Elytra ob- long, very slightly wider at posterior third; humeri rather prominent; narrowly rounded, one-third wider than the prothorax; disk nearly twice as long as wide, acute at tip, rather convex, very finely striate; striz scarcely at all impressed, finely and not very closely punctate; intervals flat, each with a row of erect scales. First ventral suture ab- ruptly emarginate in circular arc in middle two-fifths; second segment fully as long as the next two together. Abdomen rather strongly con- vex. Legs moderate; femora rather sparsely squamose; tibize more densely and finely pubescent; anterior tibiz strongly arcuate within toward apex. Length 6.0 mm, California (Lake Tahoe 1). Rather more robust than either californicus or ferrugineus, from both of which it is easily distinguishable by the characters given. S. crassicornis n. sp.—Rather slender; integuments black; tibie, tarsi, and antenne dark rufous; rather densely clothed with somewhat 278 On Some New elongate scales which are ferruginous and white, confusedly mottled over the entire surface of the elytra, white at the sides and base of the pronotum and on the under surface. Beak very small, shorter and narrower than the head, rapidly attenuate; sides straight; alze obsolete; front broadly convex, with a small fovea between the anterior portions of the eyes; the latter convex and prominent, beak broadly declivous at apex; antennz rather short; scape very short, robust, and arcuate, — much shorter than the funicle, very gradually enlarged from base to apex; first joint of the funicle rather robust, scarcely as long as the next two together, outer joints slightly enlarged and more densely setose, seventh slightly longer than wide. Prothorax very short, nearly two-thirds wider than long, widest in the middle; sides feebly arcuate, slightly convergent and nearly straight thence to the base; apex dis- tinctly constricted; disk very slightly wider than the head, very slightly impressed in the middle near the base, finely and very densely punctate. Scutellum rather distinct, somewhat pointed. FElytra at the narrowly rounded and rather prominent humeri one-third wider than the prothorax; sides parallel, nearly straight, fully twice as long as wide; acute at apex; disk rather coarsely and feebly striate; strize with rather coarse, feebly impressed, and approximate punctures, each bearing a minute, pale seta; intervals feebly convex, nearly smooth; sete extremely sparse and not distinct. Abdomen convex; first suture broadly, rather feebly emarginate in a circular arc in the middle half; second segment nearly as long as the next two together; third Jonger than the fourth; rather densely clothed with recumbent squamose pubes- cence and with very long, slender, sparse, erect seta. Anterior and middle tibize rather strongly sinuate internally near the apex. Cotyloid surfaces of the posterior tibiz very oblique. Length 4.2 mm. New Mexico (Fort Wingate 1). The single representative of this very distinct and aberrant species I owe to the kindness of Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, who dis- covered it in the locality above indicated. It is the smallest species known within our faunal limits. North American Rhynchophora. 279 APPENDIX. SITONIN i. SITONES Germ. The genus Sitones consists of numerous species which are mu- tually rather closely allied, not only in general appearance, but in structure. The European forms have been well studied and appear to be much more abundant than the American, but whether this is an actual fact, or whether the disparity is due rather to the neglect of collection and observation on the part of our coleopterists, it would not be prudent to affirm at present. Jt is true, however, that on the Pacific coast, where the faunal conditions are more similar to those prevailing in Europe, the species are very abundant and distinctly characterized. The causes of the neglect of our species by specialists in this country are, doubtless, their monotony and the great sexual dif. ferences in some species, which often render—as in Macrops—an accurate identification a matter of more or less doubt. In the western species, however, there are but two or three of those coming under my observation which possess these sexual diver- gencies, and there are many species in which the males and fe- males are nearly alike. . To give a better idea of the number of our species, it may be well to state that I have been unable to identify among the numerous species here brought to notice either californicus, seniculus or vittatus, in the case of the last after an inspection of the LeContean type. The second mentioned is so carelessly and in- accurately described by Mannerheim that it is doubtful if it can ever be recognized, the expression ‘‘ cinereo-tomentosus,” for instance, being perfectly foreign to any known species of Sitones in North America, for they are all distinctly squamose. My material from the Mississippi Valley is not sufficiently extensive to enable me to assign species to the names indifferens and scis- sifrons of Say, and this must be reserved until the genus can be monographically revised. 280 On Some New The parts which appear to vary most throughout the genus are the eyes and abdomen. In the former the inner margin is, in a number of species, strongly elevated and prominent, but in the majority they are normal and generally more or less elongate. — The first ventral suture varies, being in some rather abruptly arcuate or acutely angulate in the middle, and in others very — broadly rounded in the middle or angulate throughout the width; but this character does not permit of employment for purposes of classification, because of the many intermediate ~ forms. ‘The second ventral segment is generally nearly as long . as the next two combined, but in several, and notably flaves- cens, it is much shorter. Other divergencies of structure or of vestiture will be alluded to below under the respective species and in the accompanying table. The claws are distinctly appendiculate. I have been greatly aided in the identification of species by four European representatives very kindly communicated by M. Aug. Sallé, of Paris. These are flavescens, crinitus, lineellus, and tibialis ; the last three are quite distinct from any native species which I have seen and probably do not occur here at all, except sporadically as a result of commercial intercourse. As arule, our species appear to be more slender and elongate than the European. The former, as far as known to the writer, may be classified as follows :— Elytra without erect setz ; second ventral segment shorter ; first tarsal soimb-lonmer, o.oo: 2s sacle seein Senin «se Ogee flavescens Elytra with distinct erect sete, sometimes shorter, wider, and squamose, Inner margin of the eye not prominent. Prothorax not constricted near the apex, coarsely, sparsely, and very distinctly punctate ; punctures of elytral strize becoming rapidly very coarse and distinct toward base........ hispidulus Prothorax constricted near the apex, densely and indistinctly punc- tate ; punctures of elytral strie generally indistinct, and when evident, but very slightly and gradually coarser toward base. Seventh joint of antennal funicle as long as wide, and, on the edge, longer than wide ; eye very long, evenly elliptical, ; extrusus Seventh funicular joint wider, transverse. | Elytra more or less tesselate, maculate, or vittate. Elytral striz evidently punctate. North American Rhynchophora. 281 Prothorax with a rather wide and very distinct median vitta. Pronotal scales smaller, those of the median vitta nar- row and elongate ; elytra with the alternate intervals vittate ¢, or confusedly tessellate ¢ ; male very slender, Per ANG OME 5 iii % sa(enisiciee cieies afte BRIERE Ailes varians Pronotal scales longer, those of the vitta broader ; elytra not vittate, but confusedly maculate..margaritosus Prothorax without distinct median vitta. Scales of head and prothorax cupreous ; base and apex of the latter equal in width ; color durk ; punctures very DISEINC GN 0 Alero dese hauka Whe sao wen procerus Scales cinereous throughout ; size larger ; prothorax nar- rower at the apex than at the base...... occidentalis Elytral striz not distinctly punctate (where normally squa- mose). Alternate intervals of elytra not, or very feebly, elevated ; form robust. Dark setze of elytra strigose, robust, and in the form of elongate, obtuse scales; white setz broad, short, squamiform, and but slightly different in form from the much more numerous darker ones. Color gray; elytra externally with a broad, white vitta; Re Mlk Hite ena peta Ss |. OP nay ns, Fhe al dvs ede aim Sha « eximius Color brown; elytra not vittate; beak broadly im- [IRESSEO! Says at A Cie teh wee eed omega montanus Dark setz of elytra not strigose, in form cylindrical and pointed. Dark setz very short, subrecumbent and robust, nebulosus Alternate intervals distinctly more elevated ; form slender, alternans Elytra uniform in tint, or very nearly so. Dark brown, beneath pale reddish-brown ; eyes small, scarcely PP OMAHO NIG feasts ctc arses weet w eee ea sordidus Gray, whitish beneath; eyes normal, distinctly longer than wide ; prothorax short, very strongly and angularly arcuate Fie) (809 EC A ae beeen ing (ee aay: osculans Inner margin of the eye prominent, and distinctly elevated above the flat surface of the front. Beak and front sulcate. Antennal scape much shorter than the funicle, and but slightly longer than the club. Pronotal punctuation coarse and very deep; scales very sparse, scarcely obscuring the punctures.............. prominens Pronotal punctuation finer ; scales denser, almost completely concealing the punctures. 282 On Some New Head coarsely punctate, with many minute punctures in the interspaces ; sulcation shorter, wide, very deep ; apical im- pression distinctly limited behind ; prothorax constricted very near the-apex).'s. id Pale 1 Le Jhispidiceps © Head more finely, densely, and uniformly punctured ; median sulcation fine, longer and less distinct ; apical impression — well limited at the sides but not behind; prothorax con- © stricted at apiedl fifth: 20 5iic) ses... see angustulus Antennal scape about as long as the funicle, and fully one-half longer than the club. Punctures of elytral series large and distinct....... explicitus Punctures very small and not at all distinct.....apacheanus Beak and front not sulcate ; occiput having a very deep, somewhat elongate fovea in the middle and just behind the middle, of the CYS ies Sia tale ate siaweve ie ie elle! die, at Seo tel Circe as Cen ee ba thee sparsus S. hispidulus Fab.—Gen. Ins. Mant., p. 226; Allard, Mon., p. 376. The specimens which I have assigned to this species are shorter and more robust than usual in our fauna, although of a com- mon Kuropean type. I have been unable to compare them directly with Huropean specimens, but, on account of the fact just stated, it is probable that their specific identity has been correctly determined. The specimens in my cabinet are from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Nebraska. S. extrusus n. sp.—Form oblong, slightly depressed, very densely clothed with small, rounded scales, nearly uniform, dark-brown in color, but with a few white intermingled on the third and fifth intervals; small dark setz very abundant, erect, long, and robust; larger white sete distinct, sparsely distributed in single rows on the intervals; ab- domen densely setose and squamose throughout. Head slightly wider than long; front flat; head and beak densely punctate, squamose, and setose; the latter about as long as wide, feebly carinate in the middle at apex, where it is also feebly impressed; frontal fovea deep, elongate; canaliculation at base of beak short, fine, and feeble; eyes large, elon- gate, antennal scape reaching the middle of the eye. Prothoraxslightly wider than long, very slightly narrowed from base to apex; the latter both subtruncate; strongly constricted at one-sixth the length from theapex on the sides, the constriction posteriorly arcuate, and feebler on the disk, feebly constricted at the sides very near the base; disk evenly con- vex; sides feebly arcuate; surface finely, densely punctate; scales whiter at the sides, and with many small, semi-erect setze toward the middle; median vitta not distinct. Hlytra oblong, three-fourths longer than wide; sides parallel: disk four-fifths wider than the prothorax, finely North American Rhynchophora. 283 striate; strie very finely and not distinctly punctate; fifth interval with a small, pale, yellowish spot at base. Length 6.5 mm. Lower California (St. Julian 3). Mr. G. W. Dunn. This species is peculiar in its more elongate seventh funicular joint and more elongate eyes. The tarsal claws are robust and strongly arcuate, each has a long, slender basal appendage, which character is generic, the appendage being in some species longer and in others shorter. S. varians n. sp.—Slender, convex; scales cinereous, small, rounded, dense, sparser on the dark areas of the prothorax; base of head trivittate; prothorax distinctly trivittate, with pale, subcupreous scales, remain- der piceous; alternate intervals of elytra pale and dark, giving a regu- larly vittate appearance; abdomen pale, squamose, and setose through- out. Head slightly wider than long, feebly conical; front flat; surface of head and beak coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate, rather sparsely squamose and with very short, robust, inconspicuous setz; frontal fovea elongate, narrow, deep, prolonged anteriorly through the basal half of the beak in a fine channel; beak not aslong asand distinetly nar- rower than the head, as long as wide, scarcely dilated at apex; surface broadly, feebly impressed, not impressed at apex; eyes large, broadly convex; antennz moderate, piceous; scape rufous; first joint offunicle as long as the next two together, second longer than the third. Pro- thorax about as long as wide, cylindrical, broadly and feebly con- stricted at the sides near the apex. Sides broadly arcuate, feebly sinuate very near the base; apex and base equal, broadly and very feebly arcuate; disk evenly convex, rather finely, deeply, and densely punc- tate; punctures but slightly ‘covered in the dark areas; minute setz short and as dense as the scales. EHlytra twice as long as wide, notone- half wider than the prothorax, acutely rounded at apex; sides parallel and nearly straight; disk convex, finely and feebly striate, striz finely punctate; intervals alternately slightly broaderand narrower, feebly con- vex; dark setz moderately numerous, small; longer pale setz very ‘Sparse, wanting near the suture toward base; dark scales of narrower intervals not so dense as those of the wider pale intervals; scales all finely, deeply, and very distinctly strigose. Legs moderate, piceous; tarsi and sometimes the tibiz paler rufous, Length 3.8-5.0 mm. California (Humboldt Co.—Hoopa Val., Arcata, Hydesville). The above description is taken from the male, which is much smaller and more slender than the female. Of the thirteen specimens before me, there are four males, and of these the type is the only one exhibiting the vittate elytra with any degree of distinctness. The females have the elytra very indefinitely vittate or confusedly maculate, and have a more transverse pro- 284 On Some New thorax. In one of the males, the prothorax is distinctly smaller, shorter, and more strongly rounded atthe sides. There may be several varieties indicated by these chante but ya are too indefinite to describe. This species is larger, more slender, and more ‘sparsely — squamose than vittatus Lec. S. margaritosus n. sp.—Rather slender; integuments black; scales sparse, large, pure pearly white and pale brown confusedly intermingled in small nebulous patches, subvittate at the sides and middle of the pro- notum, rather sparsely placed, being distinctly separated over the entire surface, rounded, coarsely and strongly strigose, sparse on the abdomen which is more densely setose. Head small, slightly transverse, feebly conical; eyes large, at less than one-half their length from the base; sur- face of head and beak flat, finely, densely punctate, uniformly covered with large, conspicuous, white, and feebly embrunate scales, except a large, angulate, feebly impressed area at the apex of the beak which is not squamose, but covered with the short, pale, robust sete which are also. distinct over the entire surface; median groove very fine, feeble, and in- conspicuous; antenne rather short; first joint of funicle distinctly more robust, slightly longer than the next two together, the latter small, sub- equal in length. Prothorax widest at the middle, distinctly wider than long; sides distinctly and evenly arcuate in the middle, convergent and straight to the base, equally convergent and feebly sinuate toward apex; apex truncate; base equal in width, feebly arcuate; disk convex, coarsely, very deeply, and densely punctate, the punctures obscured by the scales; dark areas densely covered with short, robust, pale brown setze; pale vittee with a very few similar pure white sete. Hlytra nearly twice as long as wide, not one-half wider than the prothorax, acutely rounded at apex; sides parallel, nearly straight; disk convex, feebly striate; strize with moderately coarse, but slightiy distinct punctures; intervals feebly convex, slightly unequal in width; small, pale brown setee rather dense, long, erect; white sete very sparse, wanting toward the base and suture. Length 4.0 mm. California (Santa Cruz and Monterey Cos. 2). A very distinct species by reason of the large pearly, sparsely placed scales. The punctures of the elytral strize are but slightly distinct, except when the easily abraded scales are removed. According to the description given by Fahrens, this species ap- pears to resemble californicus more closely than any other, but the scales are large and sparse, and the expression ‘‘ cinereo- tomentosus” cannot be properly applied. ‘The scutellum more- over is not concolorous, but white. S. procerus n. sp.—Elongate, convex; scales very dark brown, . we h? North American Rhynchophora. 285 third and fifth elytral intervals slightly maculate with paler, sides of pronotum paler, median vitta not distinct; abdomen very densely squamose and setose throughout, slightly paler; scales of upper surface small, oval, slightly longer than wide, convex, excessively finely, feebly, and indistinctly strigose. Head slightly transverse; surface of head and beak flat, densely punctate, sparsely squamose, densely covered with bristling setze; scales sparser, smaller, and cupreous toward apex; beak robust, shorter than the head, distinctly wider than long, finely carinate above at each side, feebly subcarinate in the middle at apex; frontal fovea narrow, deep, elongate, attenuate anteriorly, becoming obsolete before attaining the middle of the beak; eyes very large, feebly convex, much longer than wide; antennze moderate; first joint of funicle dis- tinctly more robust, as long as the next two together, second longer than the third. Prothorax very slightly wider than long, cylindrical, widest distinctly before the middle, where the sides are very feebly arcu- ate, thence feebly convergent and straight to the base, abruptly, finely, and distinctly constricted at the sides at apical sixth; apex and base equal, the former subtruncate, the latter very feebly arcuate; disk con- vex, rather coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate; fine, short, dark se- tz rather numerous toward the middle; median vitta represented by a very narrow, feebly defined single line of slightly paler scales. EHlytra twice as long as wide, acutely rounded at apex, not one-half wider than the prothorax; sides parallel, straight; humeri slightly oblique; disk convex, finely striate; striz rather coarsely, deeply and very distinctly punctate throughout; intervals nearly equal, almost flat; dark setz numerous, erect, fine and capillary; white setz very sparse, distinct. Unguicular appendage fine, long, distinct and setiform. Length 5.0 mm. California (Napa Co. 1). Kasily distinguishable by its narrow elongate form, dark brown color, and very distinct elytral punctures, these being more dis- tinct by far than in any other species of this group, except his- pidulus. In general characters it resembles the prominens group, and notably explicitus. S. occidentalis n. sp.—Elongate; elytra somewhat robust and de- pressed, densely clothed with small, rounded, cinereous scales, variegated with macule of pale brown on the third, fifth and seventh elytral inter- vals; scales smaller, arranged transversely and very much sparser on the median’ portions of the pronotum; abdomen densely setose and squamose, the male with a denuded spot at apex. Head distinctly transverse, rather large; eyes large, oval, rather convex; front and beak flat, rather finely and densely punctate, rather sparsely and finely squamose and thickly bristling with conspicuous, erect, whitish sete; lateral and apical carinz of beak feeble; frontal fovea fusiform, deep, 286 On Some New furrow not attaining the middle of the beak; the latter robust, distinctly shorter than the head, slightly wider than long; antennze moderate; first joint of funicle scarcely as long as the next two combined, second 2) abt distinctly elongate. Prothorax slightly wider than long, widest in the © middle; sides feebly arcuate, thence feebly convergent and nearly straight to the base, finely, deeply constricted at the sides at anterior — sixth; apex truncate, distinctly narrower than the base; the latter very feebly arcuate; disk slightly flattened above, finely, densely punctate; pale brownish sete, dense toward middle and directed transversely. Elytra oblong, three-fourths longer than wide, more than three-fourths wider than the prothorax, acutely rounded behind; sides parallel and nearly straight; roundly and rather strongly emarginate at base, finely and rather feebly striate; striz: with moderate rather distant punctures. intervals subequal, rather feebly convex; pale brown setz very abun- dant, rather long, fine and capillary; erect white setz very sparse, and but slightly longer than the darker ones. Length 6.0 mm. California (Healdsburg, Sonoma Co. 2). This fine species isremarkable in the total absence of a median pronotal vitta, in its large size, comparatively distinct elytral punctures, and pale cinereous color, with the alternate intervals laterally, distinctly, but unevenly tesselate with pale brown. It is the species identified as californicus by LeConte, but this de- termination is probably erroneous, because of the absence of the median vitta, a prominent character of californicus. S. eximius n. sp.—Form elongate, convex; scales moderate or rather large, oval, slightly longer than wide, finely and distinctly strigose and flat, densely placed although not overlapping, sparse on the dark areas of the pronotum, generally whitish, especially in a broad, indefinite line from each humerus to the sutural portions of the elytral apex; sutural portions of disk feebly maculate with pale brown, and a broad vitta on each flank of the same tint; pronotum distinctly trivittate. Head mod- erate, slightly transverse; occiput feebly convex; front and beak fiat, finely, densely, and deeply punctate, densely squamose; scales much longer than wide; sete short, robust, and not conspicuous; median groove fine but distinct, slightly expanded on the front and attaining the middle of the beak; the latter nearly as long as the head, very slightly wider than long; eyes rather small, feebly convex; antennz moderate; first joint of funicle slightly longer than the next two to- gether, the latter subequal and both slightly elongate. Prothorax nearly one-third wider than long; sides distinctly arcuate, nearly straight toward base, very finely constricted at the sides at less than anterior sixth; apex very slightly narrower than the base, subtruncate; base broadly and feebly arcuate; disk convex, finely, densely punctate; setze of dark areas very short and robust; median vitta broad and distinct, North American Rhynchophora. 28% and broadly, very feebly impressed. Elytra four-fifths longer than wide, gradually, acutely rounded behind from the middle, about three-fourths wider than the prothorax, deeply, roundly emarginate at base; sides straight and parallel near the base; disk convex, finely, feebly striate; strize with small occult punctures; intervals slightly unequal, feebly convex; dark setz very short, robust, squamiform and sparse; white setze very sparse, short, robust, and not distinct. Abdomen convex toward base, densely squamose and with very short fine sete. Length 5.0-6.0 mm. Nevada (Washoe Co. 4). One of the most distinct species of the genus in size, markings, and nature of the vestiture. The description is taken from the male; the female is slightly more robust and has the elytra rel- atively slightly broader and shorter. S. montanus n. sp.—Form rather robust, convex; scales brown, scarcely perceptibly variegated in tint, oval, slightly longer than wide, dense and overlapping, the prothorax broadly and strongly trivittate with whitish scales; abdomen densely squamose and very sparsely setose, the scales elongate and acicular. Head short, robust, transverse; front flat, broadly impressed near each eye; surface squamose, densely punc- tate, and with short robust sete; beak slightly shorter than the head, distinctly transverse, broadly, feebly impressed, the sides being slightly declivous toward the median groove, which is deep, narrow and distinct, foveate on the front; eyes moderate, slightly convex; antennz short; first joint of funicle robust, distinctly longer than the next two together, second longer than the third. Prothorax slightly wider than long; sides rather strongly arcuate, tinely constricted at apical sixth and very dis- tinctly so at basal tenth; apex very slightly narrower than the base, both subtruncate; disk convex; median vitta broadly, feebly impressed, dark areas densely clothed with short, piceous, robust squamiform setz, Lilytra three-fourths longer than wide, gradually narrowed behind from near the middle, acutely rounded at apex, deeply emarginate at base; sides parallel and nearly straight toward base; disk convex; striz fine, distinctly impressed; punctures very fine and occult, close; intervals convex, alternately slightly more strongly so toward base; dark setze erect, robust, short and squamiform, abundant; the pale setz but slightly longer, robust, squamiform and very sparse. Abdomen convex; second ventral segment in the middleaslong as the next two together. Length 5.38-5.7 mm. California (Placer Co. 2). Related to the preceding, but differs in its shorter, more ro- bust form, darker colors, and much denser dark setw of the elytra. 288 On Some New S. nebulosus n. sp.—Form robust, convex: scales moderate in size, -obtusely oval, finely, feebly strigose, thin, slightly overlapping on the elytra, pale brownish-cinereous, variegated with small spots of piceous- brown in which the scales are sparser, but the small, dark sete more _ abundant, and especiably obvious on the alternate intervals; pronotum with the sides and a distinct median vitta paler; abdomen cinereous with very dense scales and setz. Head moderate, very slightly wider — than long; eyes moderate, at two-thirds their length from the base; front and surface of beak densely squamose and with numerous short, robust, erect setz; beak distinctly shorter than the head, about as long as wide; surface broadly impressed; median groove long, very fine; frontal fovea elongate, narrow; antenne piceous: first joint of funicle robust, slightly longer than the next two together, second very slightly longer than the third, both slightly longer than wide. Prothorax slightly wider than long; sides broadly, evenly arcuate, finely con- stricted near the base and apex; the latter broadly arcuate, slightly narrower than the base; the latter subtruncate; disk convex, finely, very densely punctate; punctures nearly concealed; dark sete brown, robust, numerous. LElytra about two-thirds longer than wide and three-fourths wider than the prothorax; humeri rather prominent, the sides being feebly sinuate for a very short distance behind them; sides nearly parallel or excessively feebly convergent, and almost straight in basal two-thirds, then acutely rounded behind; base roundly emar- ginate in the middle; disk convex, finely striate; striz impressed, finely, closely, and obscurely punctate; intervals slightly unequal, rather un- evenly convex; dark sete rather abundant, especially dense in widely separated nuclei on the alternate intervals, short, robust, and inclined; pale setz as usual, sparse, long, erect, and nearly three times as long as the darker ones. Length 5.0 mm, California (San Diego 1). Especially remarkable. in abdominal structure, the last three sutures being much more than usually bisinuate and posteriorly angulate at the sides; the first suture has has a small, rounded, rather abrupt, and deep median sinuation, and in the middle, the second segment is fully as long as the next two combined. The species is easily distinguishable by its unusually robust form, rather prominent humeri, and very short, robust, dark sete of the elytra. The seventh funicular joint is as long as wide on the edge, but slightly transverse on the compressed side. S. alternans n. sp.—Form rather slender, convex, dark plumbeous- gray with brown indiscriminately intermingled and not definitely tesselate; pronotum slightly paler at the sides and with a wide median vitta which is but very slightly paler; scales rather large, much larger on the pronotum, rather densely placed, but not overlapping, rounded North American Rhynchophora. 289 or subtruncate, very coarsely, deeply, and distinctly strigose; abdomen gray, more sparsely squamose and setose. Head and beak finely and densely punctate, densely squamose, and with numerous, robust, erect setee, flat; median groove fine; beak slightly wider than long; antenne short, robust, rufous; first joint of funicle much more robust, much longer than the next two together, two to four short, subequal, monili- form, second very slightly the longer. Prothorax widest slightly before the middle, one-fourth wider than long; sides feebly arcuate, feebly con- vergent and nearly straight toward base, feebly sinuate near the apex; the latter subtruncate, scarcely narrower than the base; disk convex, densely punctate; dark setz short and very robust; scales nearly all pale, but more sparse on the dark areas. Llytra four-fifths longer than wide, less than one-half wider than the prothorax; sides straight and parallel, broadly rounded from just behind the middle and acutely rounded behind; disk convex, finely striate; strie finely and not dis- tinctly punctate; intervals convex, the alternate ones distinctly more strongly so; dark setz extremely short, robust, and not very numerous; pale setz very sparse, short, and robust, nearly twice as long as the darker ones. Length 4.0 mm. California (exact locality unknown 1). A small and rather obscure species, but which may possibly be recognized by the large, deeply strigose, pronotal scales, nearly uniformly pale in color, but much sparser in the dark vitte, and by the elytral intervals being alternately decidedly more strongly elevated. The abdominal scales are elongate, finely strigose, and simple near the base, but only one-half as long, smaller, oval, and feebly plumose near the apex. S. sordidus Lec.—Rather robust; scales dark-brown throughout, small, oval, very finely and indistinctly strigose on the elytra, more coarsely so on the pronotum, dense but not overlapping, thick, and slightly convex ; abdomen densely squamose and setose. Head mod- erate, slightly transverse; eyes rather small, very slightly longer than - wide, at nearly their own length from the base; front flat, very feebly impressed laterally, very densely squamose and with fine, short, incon- spicuous setz ; median groove narrow and deep; beak nearly as long as wide; scrobes not visible from above; apex broadly, angularly im- pressed, densely punctate, sparsely setose, and finely squamulose; an- tennze moderate ; first joint of funicle slightly longer than the next two together, second elongate. Prothorax rather distinctly wider than long, widest just before the middle; sides distinctly arcuate, dis- tinctly sinuate near the apex, and more broadly and feebly so near the base ; apex very slightly narrower than the base, both very broadly and feebly arcuate; disk convex, finely, densely, deeply punctate, the sides not distinctly paler, and the median vitta scarcely distinguish- 290 On Some New - : able; dark sete extremely short, robust, and rather sparse. Elytra about three-fourths longer than wide, nearly two-thirds wider than the prothorax; sides in basal two-thirds parallel and very feebly arcuate, thence convergent and narrowly rounded at apex; disk finely striate; striz with small, not very close, rather indistinct punctures; intervals very feebly convex, slightly unequal; dark sete very small, short; — robust, and sparse, aggregated occasionally in dense clusters on the alternate intervals, there being rarely more than one or two on each interval; white setee very sparse, rather slender and more than twice as long as the darker ones. Abdomen broadly convex; first suture broadly, feebly angulate throughout its width, the apex of the angle rounded; second segment in the middle slightly shorter than the next two together. Length 4.8 mm. California (San Francisco 1). This specimen, which agrees well with the original type, is probably a male, as there is a small, partially denuded spot near the apex of the last ventral segment. S. osculans n. sp.—Rather slender; scales rather large, deeply and strongly strigose, dark plumbeous-gray, slightly paler at the sides of the prothorax, but not in the middle; abdomen more sparsely squamose, setose. Head and beak rather wide and robust, flat, densely punctate, rather sparsely squamose, and with many short, robust, bristling sete; apex of beak not at all squamose, sparsely setose; median furrow fine and distinct; eyes large, moderately convex; antennze moderate, dark rufous; first joint of funicle rather slender and nearly as long as the next three together, second very slightly longer than the third, third and fourth equal, very slightly longer than wide. Prothorax two-fifths wider than long, widest in the middle, where the sides are inflated and strongly subangularly arcuate, very feebly and finely constricted on the sides just behind the apex, nearly straight toward base; apex and base subequal, very broadly and feebly arcuate; disk convex; median vitta very feeble and not distinct; surface densely punctate; dark setze pale-brown, rather long and slender and rather conspicuous. SZlytra. three-fourths longer than wide; sides parallel and nearly straight in basal two-thirds, thence rapidly and parabolically rounded at apex; base broadly, strongly emarginate ; disk convex, about one-half wider than the prothorax, finely, feebly striate; punctures rather coarse, feeble, and indistinct; intervals subequal, nearly flat; dark setz pale brown, rather long moderately robust, very abundant and conspicuous, especially on the alternate intervals; white setz very sparse and rather short, about one-half longer than the dark ones.‘ Abdomen broadly con- vex; first suture broadly, rather strongly arcuate in the middle. Length 4.3 mm. California (Hoopa Valley, Humboldt Co. 2). North American Rhynchophora. 291 Although rather closely allied to margaritosus, I believe that the present species is distinct, on account of the shorter, more transverse, and more strongly inflated prothorax, with the scales more evenly arranged, and without distinct median vitta, and also because of the denser, paler, and more conspicuous dark setze of the elytra. We arrive here at a division of the genus which is charac- terized by the elevated internal margin of the eye. ‘There are other characters which serve to distinguish these species, such as the sparser scales on the head and beak, enabling the punctures to be more distinctly seen, and also the more decided impression at the apex of the beak. The form is generally elongate and slender. This section should probably include procerus, but as the internal margin of the eye is so feebly elevated as to give rise to uncertainty, it is left, for the present, with the preceding division. S, prominens n. sp.—Slender, convex; scales small, oval, those on the elytra rather dense, but not at all overlapping, obscurely and finely strigose, those of the head and prothorax very sparse, and a little more distinctly strigose and more cupreous; general color pale brown, slightly variegated with cinereous, especially near the sides; pronotum very feebly and indefinitely trivittate. Head slightly transverse; front and base of beak flat, rather coarsely, deeply, very densely, and irregularly punctate; the punctures large and small intermingled; surface rather sparsely bristling with long fine dark sete and shorter paler ones inter- mingled, almost devoid of scales, except a very few near the eyes and base; eyes large, feebly convex, inner margins very strongly elevated above the front; beak slightly transverse, nearly as long as the head; apex slightly impressed, feebly declivous and finely tricarinate; lateral caring convergent and rather discal; median groove rather narrow and deep; antenne with first joint of funicle as long as the next two together, second elongate. Prothorax slightly wider than long, cylin- drical, rather broadly and feebly constricted at apical fifth, and very finely so just before the basal margin; intermediate portion of the sides broadly, distinctly, and nearly evenly arcuate; base and apex equal, just visibly arcuate; disk coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate; scales not obscuring the punctures; dark setz very fine and not dense. Scutellum small, extremely densely squamose, whitish. LElytra fully twice as long as wide, nearly one-half wider than the prothorax; sides straight and parallel in basal two-thirds, acutely roundly behind, the sides being very feebly sinuate before attaining the apex; disk convex, feebly striate; striz with small, but distinct and rather approximate punctures; intervals nearly flat, subequal; dark sete abundant, robust, 292 On Some New very finely attenuate, arcuate; pale setz short, very sparse, scarcely twice as long as the darker ones; each elytron has a small, subapical umbo on which the dark setz are extremely dense. Length 3.5-4.0 mm. . ‘ Pact California (San Diego 2). | The second ventral segment is much shorter than the next two combined, and the base of the abdomen is broadly and fee- bly impressed; surface densely squamose throughout; first suture broadly and feebly arcuate in the middle. S. hispidiceps n. sp.—Form elongate, convex; scales moderate, - rounded, truncate, finely but distinctly strigose, cinereous at the sides, indefinitely clouded with pale brown toward the suture, dense, but sel- dom overlapping on the elytra. Head small, robust, distinctly wider than long; front and basal half of beak flat, coarsely and deeply punc- tate, with finer punctures on the interspaces, bristling with long erect setze, and shorter, paler, more recumbent ones near the surface; the latter almost devoid of scales, except near the eyes; beak as long as the head, slightly wider than long, feebly declivous and distinctly impressed at apex, the impression divided as usual by a distinct carina; lateral cari- ne fine and strongly elevated; impression distinctly limited behind by a more declivous surface; eyes large, inner margin rather distinctly elevated; antennz rufous, rather slender, nearly as in prominens. Pro- thorax distinctly wider than long, cylindrical; base and apex equal, very feebly arcuate; sides rather distinctly constricted very near the apex, broadly and feebly arcuate in the middle; disk convex, rather finely and densely punctate: scales rather dense, obscuring the punc- tures, but sparser than those of the elytra, not forming distinct vitta; setz pale brown, rather long, fine and dense, especially toward the me- dian line. Elytra fully twice as long as wide, formed nearly as in prominens; subapical umbones feebler; disk feebly striate; striz finely and not very distinctly punctate; intervals subequal, nearly flat; setze as in prominens. Abdomen impressed in the middle at base. Length 4.5- 4,8 mm. Arizona (exact locality not given 2). This species greatly resembles the last in outward form, but dif- fers very remarkably in its larger, less elongate-oval, and very much more coarsely and distinctly strigose scales, by the denser scales of the prothorax, and finer pronotal punctuation. The punctures of the elytral striz are much less distinct, and the color of the vestiture is more whitish and less brown. S. angustulus n. sp.—Form elongate and rather slender, convex; scales pale brownish-gray, feebly variegated with cinereous at_the sides, North American Rhynchophora. 293 small, dense, rounded, finely and not very distinctly strigose on the elytra, longerand more deeply strigose on the pronotum, which is feebly trivittate. Head distinctly wider than long; front and base of beak flat, rather finely, very densely and deeply punctate; scales distinct in two spots in the middle near the base, and in an arcuate line on each side from the base along the eye and across the base of the beak, else- where devoid of scales, except a few sparse cupreous ones scattered over the apical impression of the beak; surface bristling with erect setze which are rather dense and uniform in color; median sulcus deep, but narrow; eyes large, inner margin very distinctly elevated; beak scarcely as long as the head, wider than long, apical impression short, slightly declivous and feeble, carinze feeble and short, impression not at all dis- tinctly limited behind; antenne rather slender; basal joint of funicleas long as the next two together, two to four distinctly elongate, second slightly the longer. Prothorax cylindrical, slightly wider than long, distinctly constricted at apical sixth, and more finely so just before the basal margin; intervening sides broadly and distinctly arcuate; apex and base equal, the former subtruncate, the latter very feebly arcuate; disk finely, densely punctate, rather densely squamose; setz long, fine and abundant. Zlytra about four-fifths longer than wide, not one-half wider than the prothorax; sides in basal two-thirds straight and parallel, thence rather acutely rounded behind, the sides before the apex very broadly and feebly sinuate; each elytron with a very minute feeble sub- apical umbo; disk convex, finely, feebly striate; strize with very fine, but rather distinct approximate punctures; intervals subequal, nearly flat, dark setz rather dense, fine, attenuate; pale setze sparse, and but slightly longer. Length 5.38 mm, California (Monterey, Monterey Oo. 1). The fine setigerous appendage of the ungues is distinct and sometimes gives the appearance of a finely cleft claw. This type specimen, although a female because of the unimpressed abdo- men, is apparently distinct in its punctuation and vestiture. S. explicitus n. sp.—Elongate, convex; scales moderate in size, rounded, very dense and overlapping on the elytra, more sparse on the pronotum where they do not obscure the punctures, equal in size on the elytra and pronotum, piceous in color, finely and closely strigose; pro- notum not at all vittate except at the base, where there are three small paler spots; abdomen very densely setose and squamose, scales dark gray, distinctly plumose toward apex. Head slightly transverse, about equal in length to the beak; the latter slightly wider than long; front and basal half of beak nearly flat, coarsely, very densely, and deeply punctate, only squamose near the eyes, and with a few small cupreous scales at the apex of the beak; surface covered with a confused mass of setee, rather fine, some cinereous and others subcupreous; median 294 On Some New groove very deep, wide, and conspicuous; eyes large, inner margin slightly elevated; beak with large lunate impression in apical half, the sides carinate, median carina in the form of an elongate tubercle; antenne slender, slightly longer than usual, piceous-black; first joint of funicle distinctly longer than the next two together, second to fourth elongate, the former much longer than the third. Prothorazx eylindri- cal, distinctly wider than long, with a rather abrupt, distinct constric- tion at apical sixth; sides broadly, subangularly arcuate; disk convex, rather finely and densely punctate; punctures deep, generally separated by their own widths; setz small, piceous, abundant, but not con- spicuous; base and apex equal, broadly and very feebly arcuate. Hlyéra . four-fifths longer than wide; sides parallel and straight in basal two- thirds; disk moderately convex, rather distinctly striate; strize with round, deep, and very distinct punctures, usually separated by nearly twice their own diameters; intervals subequal, nearly flat; dark set rather large, robust, rapidly and finely attenuate, very abundant, piceous and not conspicuous; pale setz rather abundant and twice as long as the darker ones. First abdominal suture broadly and subangu- larly emarginate throughout its width: second segment slightly shorter than the next two together; setz white, very dense and unusually con- spicuous. Length 5.8 mm. California (San Diego 1). This species is remarkably distinct from all the others here described, in its dark, piceous vestiture, longer antennal scape, and distinct elytral punctures. It is described from the female. S. apacheanus n. sp.—Somewhat robust and flattened above; scales rather large, rounded, finely, distinctly strigose, very dense, overlapping, dark brown and paler confusedly intermingled, present- ing a feebly tesselated appearance on the alternate intervals; pronotum with narrow, feeble median vitta, and slightly paler sides; abdomen whitish, very densely squamose and setose, the scales elongate and finely plumose. Head rather robust, distinctly transverse; front flat; surface of head and’beak coarsely, very sparsely squamose in the middle: more densely so laterally, densely bristling with fine, erect sete; median groove fine but deep; beak shorter than the head, wider than long; basal half on same plane as the front, but broadly and feebly im- pressed; apex feebly declivous and impressed, feebly carinate in the middle, sparsely, finely squamose, and more sparsely setose; lateral carinee more distinct than usual, also more discal and distinctly con- vergent from apex to base; scrobes more than usually visible from above; antennze moderate; first joint of the funicle one-third the length of the latter, slender, as long as the next two together, second elongate, much longer than the third, third and fourth subequal, both elongate, five to seven shorter, strongly incrassate. Prothorax cylin- North American Rhynchophora. 295 drical, distinctly wider than long; sides rather strongly and evenly arcuate in the middle, sinuate near base and apex; the latter equal, apex subtruncate, base feebly arcuate; disk convex, rather coarsely, very deeply and densely punctate; punctures partially concealed, dark setze fine, rather long and abundant. Jlytra oblong, nearly twice as long as wide, four-fifths wider than the prothorax; sides nearly parallel and straight, acutely rounded behind from apical third; disk finely, feebly striate; strie finely, rather closely and not distinctly punctate; intervals subequal, nearly flat; dark setz rather long and fine, abundant; pale setz very sparse, about one-half longer than the dark ones. Length 6.38 mm, Arizona and Southern California 2. Mr. G. W. Dunn. This species is the largest of the present group; the locality is sudject to a little doubt, as both specimens may be from either Southern California or Arizona. S. sparsus n. sp.—Form slender, convex, piceous; scales very small, elongate-oval, evenly and very sparsely distributed over the surface of the elytra, always separated by at least their own dimensions, very sparse on the prothorax, except in a small median basal spot where they are dense; throughout they are of the same color as the body and are ex- . tremely inconspicuous, very sparse on the abdomen; the latter more densely setose. Head conical, very slightly wider than long; front flat, slightly depressed below the inner margins of the eyes, not sulcate, but having a deep elongate median fovea just behind the middle of the eyes; the latter large and very feebly convex; entire surface of head and beak extremely densely, rather finely and very deeply punctate, sparsely squamose, and more densely setose; sete short and rather robust; beak slightly wider than long, broadly, roundly, and very feebly impressed throughout its width, finely subcarinate at the sides, not at all im- pressed near the apex, the median carina entirely obsolete; antennz rather short; basal joint of funicle more robust, nearly as long as the next two together, second longer than wide and slightly longer than the third. Prothorax cylindrical, very slightly wider than long; sides evenly and distinctly arcuate, feebly constricted near the apex; base and apex equal, very feebly arcuate; disk coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate; scales extremely sparse, except along the middle, where they are more numerous; set short, robust, rather numerous. Elytra about twice as long as wide, scarcely more than one-third wider than the pro- thorax; sides parallel and straight in basal two-thirds; disk convex, rather coarsely but feebly striate; striz with rather coarse, very deep, and somewhat approximate punctures, distinctly more feeble toward apex; intervals slightly unequal, not distinctly convex; dark setz short, robust and rather sparse; pale setz very sparse, short and robust, about twice as long as the darker. Abdomen rather distinctly and 296° On Some New Nort coarsely punctate; first. suture rather angularly arcuate in the middle; second ? the next two pombe = oy 5 } i “California (Hoop Valley, rumba Go. 2). a The Sai edy sta | is slightly We edhe tha robust. It is described from the male. maw A LS OF THE BW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. VOLUME IV., 1886+. The ‘* ANNALS,” published for over half a century by the Lyceum of bat History, are continued under the above name by the New York cademy of Sciences, beginning in 1877. Three volumes of the new series have now been issued, each covering three years (1877-9, 1880-2, 1885-5 inclusive). With the beginning of the present volume, the Academy has decided to change somewhat the mode of publication. The ANNALS will hence- forta be issued without particular reference to times or periods, The parts will appear as material for them shall be offered; each single part, or number, as before, will contain at least 32 pages, with or without plates; twelve numbers, as before, whenever published, will constitute 2» volume, The size and general character of the parts and volumes will ot be changed; nor is it intended at all to reduce the average yearly an _ unt of matter. The ANNALS will include the more extended and elaborate papers read I ener the Academy. 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Transactions, per year, . : ‘ . Three Dollars. ‘* single numbers, . ‘ : : Fifty Cents. Ail communications should be addressed to Pror. D. S. MARTIN, Benin Publication Committee, No. 236 West 4th Streei r New York. Or to HENRY DUDLEY, Esq., Treasurer, No. 301 East 17th Street. “ne Academy has for sale a number of back volumes of the ANNALS, both series, each containing twelve or more numbers; the price per ‘ume is Five Dollars, ; 2 . uh oe \- ae aaa ‘ 2 b.2sy ar pes kt HEL eH " tr FEM -< ‘ 4 ti} a) og ote ue ¢ $ Sethe ‘ ze > ; * cH] i = ; al ee : ; ; ; bE] 3.) : VE, & “ 1A : 3 lig: t J bi a4 acl 126 a Pet * 5 y iin ff tlaste sa ee Lott ER s ATES Sui : XU. On Some New North American Rhymchophors. ‘ites % io Na AN eewon ty, |§§ © MAROH, 1889. Nos, 10; hy ~ NEU da RN A pe NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, _ LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. Reto Pork: PUBLISHED FOR THE ACADEMY. . STETTINER, LAMBER T & CO., 22, 24 & 26 READE ST., NEW YORK, OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY. 1889, Pyesident. JOHN S. NEWBERRY. Vice-Pyesidents. OLIVER P. HUBBARD. sf WM. P. TROWBRIDGE. Gonyesponding Secyetary. ALEXIS A. JULIEN. Recording Secyetary. H. CARRINGTON BOLTON. Greasurer. | HENRY DUDLEY. . doibyarian, NATHANIEL L. BRITTON. : Committee of Publication, DANIEL S. MARTIN, JOHN SS. NEWBERRY, ALBERT R. LEEDS, J. A. ALLENS | W. P. TROWBRIDGE. Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 297 ATIII.— Notes on the Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. BY SETH E. MEEK. Read April 16th, 1888. During the year 1885-6, as a Fellow in Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., I spent some time in the study of the fishes of Cayuga Lake and vicinity. In the following paper is given a list of the fishes known in this region, together with such notes as seem proper. The material which forms the basis of this paper is chiefly in the museum of Cornell University. Some of this material was collected in former years by Dr. Wilder and Professor Gage, and by friends of the University ; the rest for the most part by myself, aided by Prof. Gage and Prof. Com- stock, also by students from time to time ; of these, Mr. Harry Summers and Mr. G. D. Harris deserve special mention. Dr. Wilder employed a fisherman to aid me for a few days. To those students who assisted me, I acknowledge my indebtedness. I am also under many obligations to Dr. Wilder, Prof. Gage, and Prof. Comstock, for their kind assistance and encourage- ment, and especially to the first named for notes and other aids. The completion of this paper has been very much retarded by causes apparently uncontrollable. The collecting at the northern end of the Lake, at Cayuga and Montezuma, was delayed until late in the spring of 1886, and until only a few days before I was called away. I was unable, at the time, to make a careful study of that collection. Since then, I have been prevented, either by other duties or by sepa- ration from my notes or specimens, from completing the paper previously to this date. It is to be hoped that the following list will be found approxi- ‘mately correct, and that the results of my labors may aid some one to undertake the work and give it a more extended and careful study. It will be a pleasure to me to aid any student who may attempt this research. To Dr. Jordan, and especially to Prof. Gilbert, I am indebted for aid in identifying doubtful species. Mr. H. V. Kipp, of ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued March, 1889. 298 Notes on the Montezuma, N. Y., has kindly furnished some valuable notes which are included in the paper. The classification is that adopted by Dr. Jordan. Family Il. PETROMYZONTID£®. 1. AMMOCGTES BRANCHIALIS Linneus. Ammoceetes niger * At 349. B., 9. Ammocetes cepypterus. G2 4, This species, no doubt, inhabits most of the streams and lakes in the North Eastern United States, although only known at present from Indiana, Wisconsin and Ithaca, N. Y. On May 8th, 1886, Professor Gage’ and myself caught five specimens in Cayuga Lake Inlet. We saw as many more, but were unable to capture them. On May 22d we visited the Inlet a second time, but failed to find other examples of this species. The five specimens were compared by us with other specimens from Indiana. In those from the Inlet, the extreme mandibu-. lary-cusps on-.either side were much longer than the four re- maining cusps; all the cusps were pointed. In the specimens from Indiana the cusps were all bluntish and subequal in ength ; no other differences could be detected. We consider this difference too small to be of specific value. The five specimens from the Inlet were all males, and each was busily engaged in building his nest. The habits of this species seem to be similar to those of the next species; they ascend the Inlet to spawn about two weeks earlier, and in smaller numbers. * The references are as follows :— A. Jordan’s Manual of Vertebrates, 4th Edition. B. Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis Fishes N. A., 1882. C. Jordan, Catalogue Fishes N. A., 1885. Figures refer to pages in the above-named works. “©” Tndicates that the adult of the species is a food-fish. ‘*+”? Indicates that the adult of the species is used as food by some of the larger fishes. 1 Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. &ci., Buffalo meeting, page 269, Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 299 2, PETROMYZON: MARINUS* Linnzus. (Sea Lamprey: Large Lake Lamprey.) A., 348, B., 11. C., 4. Petromyzon nigricans. a a Nw — TT al she cect North American Species of Trogophleus. 303 minutely and sparsely punctate. Legs moderately slender. Length 1.5 mm. Rhode Island (Newport 8). A very distinct species, not liable to be confounded with any other. It was taken by the author in considerable abundance in the short moss, covering the salt marsh behind the ocean beach, ™m April. It is not gregarious and its motions are very slow. e227 'T. lithocharinus Lec.—Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., VI., p. 245. The two specimens before me were taken by the writer in Marin Co., California; they agree in every particular with the Le Contean type. As the species is very distinct and not liable to be confounded with any other known to us, the original de- scription will amply serve for its identification. 28 T. obliquus n. sp.-—Rather slender, moderately convex, black; an- tennz throughout and palpi black; legs piceous-black, knees and tarsi very slightly paler; pubescence very fine, short, and sparse; integuments strongly shining. Head just visibly narrower than the prothorax, rather convex, densely and somewhat coarsely and deeply punctate; promi- nences rather large and distinct; antennz robust, not quite as long as the head and prothorax, rather strongly clavate; second joint more robust and slightly longer than the third, fourth very small, scarcely as long as wide, tenth distinctly wider than long, obconical, ninth abruptly much wider than the eighth; eyes moderate, very slightly prominent, rather finely granulate; tempora nearly as long as the eye, strongly rounded and fully as prominent. Prothorax widest a little before the middle, but slightly more than one-third wider than long: sides very broadly rounded anteriorly, convergent and straight in the basal half; basal angles slightly rounded; apical broadly obtuse, not rounded; base feebly arcuate, three-fourths as wide as the disk, much narrower than the apex; disk rather finely, sparsely punctate in the middle, punctures twice as wide, variolate and just visibly separated toward the sides, where the surface is also broadly impressed in the middle; median lon- gitudinal impressions very distinct. Elytra quadrate, one-third wider and nearly two-thirds longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture, coarsely and deeply punctate, the punctures separated by distinctly more than their own diameters. Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra and wider than the prothorax, parallel; sides feebly ar- cuate; border moderate; surface feebly convex, feebly reticulate, minutely and rather sparsely punctate. Legs short, slender. Length 2.3 mm. B04 A Preliminary Monograph of the California (Lake Tahoe 1). A very distinct species, easily known by its shining, black i in- teguments and rather coarse, deep elytral punctuation. 29 'T. seulptilis n. sp.—Moderately slender and convex, black ; throughout, knees and tarsi very slightly piceo-testaceous; pubescence short, fine, and sparse; integuments shining. Head very distinctly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, rather finely and densely punctate; prominences short, strong; eyes moderate, rather convex and prominent; tempora about three-fourths as long, strongly, evenly rounded and about as prominent as the eye: antennz rather short and slender, feebly clavate, about as long as the head and prothorax; second joint as long as the next two together, fourth scarcely longer than wide, tenth slightly transverse. Prothorax scarcely one-third wider than long, widest at the middle, where the sides are very obtusely subangu- late, thence extremely feebly convergent and nearly straight to the apex, and rather strongly convergent and just perceptibly sinuate to the base, which is feebly arcuate and nearly three-fourths as wide as the disk; apex broadly arcuate and nearly as wide asthe disk; the latter very strongly longitudinally bi-impressed, the impressions distinctly ‘subinterrupted, rather finely punctate; punctures feeble, separated by twice their widths, except near the sides, where they are coarser and slightly denser, with the surface more granulose; elevated area between impressions devoid of punctures. Elytraslightly wider than long, about one-third wider and longer than the prothorax, rather convex, im- pressed near the suture, coarsely and deeply punctate, the punctures separated by distinctly more than their own diameters; surface also coarsely and feebly rugulose. Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra; sides parallel and very feebly arcuate; border moderate; surface minutely and feebly reticulate, minutely and rather sparsely punctate. Legs slender. Length 2.1 mm. California (Sonoma and Lake Cos. 13). Distinguishable by its deep pronotal impressions, which are unusually strong for this division of the genus. It is not closely related to any other species here described. 30 T. difficilis n. sp.—Moderately slender and feebly convex, castaneous; elytra piceous; antennz castaneous; legs slightly paler, ferruginous; pubescence rather short and coarse, moderately dense, finer, sparser on the abdomen; integuments rather shining. Head just visibly narrower than the prothorax, rather convex, finely granulose laterally, smoother and finely, sparsely punctate in the middle; promi- nences rather strong, small; eyes small, somewhat finely faceted, mode- rately convex; tempora broadly rounded, as long as and slightly more - te North American Species of Trogophleus. 305 prominent than the eyes; antennze rather short and robust, gradually and rather strongly clavate, as long as the head and prothorax; second joint nearly as long as the next two together, but very slightly more robust, twice as long as wide, third much longer than the fourth, the latter about as long as wide, tenth very slightly wider than long. Prothorax widest at anterior third, where the sides are broadly rounded and coarctate to the apex, slightly more strongly convergent and very feebly arcuate to the base, which is feebly arcuate, nearly three-fourths as wide as the disk, and much narrower than the apex; the latter trans- versely truncate; apical angles obtuse, not rounded; disk about one- third wider than long, feebly convex, very strongly, longitudinally bi- impressed, the impressions distinctly subinterrupted, finely and not very densely punctate, the punctures much larger, denser, and more scabrous near the sides. Elytra slightly wider than long, one-third wider and longer than the prothorax, rather strongly impressed near the suture, rather coarsely punctate, the punctures separated by nearly twice their own widths, and finer and sparser exteriorly and toward apex. Abdomen about as wide as the elytra; sides parallel and de- cidedly arcuate; border moderate; surface finely reticulate, minutely and sparsely punctate. Length 2.4-2.8 mm. North Carolina (French Broad River 2); Maryland 3. Mr. Lugger. 7 The joints two to four of the antenne may be said to decrease nearly uniformly, and very rapidly in length. The pronotal impressions are very strong, which, together with the coloration of the body, will readily serve to identify this species. 31 T. congener n. sp.—Rather slender, black; legs and antenns throughout piceous; pubescence dense, short, fine; integuments feebly shining. Head scarcely three-fourths as wide as the prothorax, rather convex, minutely and extremely densely punctate, subalutaceous; prominences short, strong; antenne distinctly longer than the head and prothorax, slender, very feebly incrassate; joints two to four uniformly -and moderately decreasing in length, the latter decidedly elongate, tenth very slightly longer than wide; eyes rather small, slightly promi- nent, the tempora two-thirds as long, very strongly arcuate through- out and as prominent as the eyes, notangulate. Prothorax nearly one- half wider than long, widest at anterior two-fifths, where the sides are rather broadly rounded; thence rather feebly convergent and slightly arcuate to the apex, and more strongly so and very feebly arcuate to the base; the latter broadly arcuate, two-thirds as wide as the disk, very much narrower than the apex; the latter truncate; apical angles obtuse, feebly, sublaterally dentate; basal obtuse, rather broadly rounded; disk feebly convex, finely, rather deeply and very densely 356 A Preliminary Monograph of the punctate, the punctures separated by a little more than their own widths, suddenly larger, shallow, variolate, and polygonally crowded: near the edge ; impressions broad and distinct. Elytra quadrate, very slightly wider and nearly one-half longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture, rather finely and densely punctate; punc- tures separated by but slightly more than their own diameters. Ab- domen parallel, distinctly narrower than the elytra; sides very feebly arcuate; border moderate; surface finely reticulate, minutely and rather densely punctate. Length 2.8 mm. Pennsylvania (Allegheny Co. 1). Dr. Hamilton. Easily distinguishable by its dense pronotal and abdominal punctuation, and distinct and uninterrupted pronotal impres- sions, 32 T. agonus n. sp.—Slender, rather depressed and linear, piceous; abdomen black; legs and antennz dark piceous-brown; pubescence short, rather coarse and not very dense; integuments feebly shining. Head scarcely perceptibly narrower than the prothorax, wider than long, rather convex, densely punctate; punctures moderately fine, deep, sparser in the middle; prominences small, moderate; eyes small, slightly convex ; tempora fully as long as the eye, evenly rounded and distinctly more prominent; antennz short, about as long as the head and prothorax, not very robust, moderately incrassate; joints two to four very rapidly decreasing in length, the former scarcely twice as long as wide, the latter distinctly transverse, tenth one-third wider than long. Prothorax short, nearly three-fifths wider than long, widest. just before the middle, where the sides are very breadly, evenly arcuate and coarctate to the apex, more convergent and more feebly arcuate to the base, which is strongly arcuate, the angles being very obtuse and scarcely at all observable; apex much wider than the base, broadly, distinctly arcuate; angles distinctly rounded; disk distinctly bi-im- pressed, the impressions parallel and not interrupted, densely and some- what coarsely punctate; punctures somewhat variolate, very distinct, generally separated” by about one-third their own diameters, but finer and sparser along the middle; surface broadly, indefinitely impressed laterally. Elytra scarcely as long as wide, one-fourth wider and three- fourths longer than the prothorax, distinctly impressed near the suture toward base, somewhat coarsely punctate, the punctures equal in size to those of the pronotum, deep and generally separated by their own diameters. Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides. straight; border moderate; surface minutely and feebly reticulate, very minutely and rather sparsely punctate. Length 1.9 mm. Tennessee 1. Mr. Otto Lugger. A distinct species which maz be readily known by its small, Jorth American Species of Trogophleus. 307 transverse, rather coarsely, but very densely punctate prothorax, with the posterior angles not at all evident. There is no natural division basable on the strength of the pronotal impressions, the character as employed in the table being purely artificial. The species, therefore, although placed near congener in the table, is not allied very closely to it except in the strongly marked impressions; in all its other characters, especially including general facies and size, it is a member of the following group of four species ending with modestus, and is more particularly similar in outline to nanulus. 33 IT. temporalis n. sp.—Rather slender and convex, black; legs and antenne piceous, knees and tarsi ,very slightly paler; pubescence very fine, short, rather sparse; integuments feebly shining. Head about as wide as and slightly longer than the prothorax, broadly con- vex, finely and very densely punctate, subalutaceous; prominences small, very short and rather feeble; antennze very moderately robust, about as long as the head and prothorax, rather feebly clavate; joints two to four decreasing uniformly and very rapidly in length, the former distinctly more robust, distinctly longer than wide, the latter slightly wider than long, tenth a little transverse; eyes small, slightly convex and prominent; tempora nearly as long, broadly rounded and slightly more prominent. Prothorax widest at the middle; sides very broadly, obtusely subangulate, very feebly convergent anteriorly, more strongly so posteriorly; base and apex both broadly, feebly arcuate; base nearly three-fourths as wide as the disk, much narrower than the apex; api- cal angles obtuse, but scarcely perceptibly rounded; basa] more broadly so; disk one-half wider than long, broadly, almost evenly convex; me- dian impressions almost obsolete and barely visible; punctures mode- rate, slightly irregular, [generally separated by more than their own widths, but denser toward the sides and toward base in the median im- pressions. Elytra distinctly shorter than wide, slightly wider and longer than the prothorax, very feebly impressed, rather coarsely, deeply, and unevenly punctate, the punctures separated by from once to twice their own diameters. Abdomen as wide as the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border moderate; surface shining, feebly reticu- late, minutely and sparsely punctate. Legs moderate. Length 1.8 mm. New York 2, Mr. J. B. Smith; Massachusetts 2, Mr. F. Blanchard. The short elytra, small eyes, and large tempora will easily dis- tinguish this small but very distinct form. 358 A Preliminary Monograph of the 34 'T. probus n. sp.—Rather slender, feebly convex, black; legs dark piceous-brown, antennz dark-brown, slightly testaceous at base and apex; pubescence fine, short, moderately dense, except on the abdomen, where it is very sparse; the latter strongly shining, elsewhere slightly less so. Headslightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely and rather sparsely punctate; prominences short, broad, moderate; eyes. small, slightly convex, not very prominent; tempora a little longer than the eye and slightly more prominent, broadly rounded; antennze mode- rately robust, distinctly longer than the head and prothorax, feebly clavate; second joint distinctly longer and more robust than the third,. scarcely twice as long as wide, fourth nearly as wide as long, tenth distinctly wider than long. Prothoraz a little less than one-half wider than long, widest at anterior two-fifths, where the sides are rather broadly, evenly rounded, coarctate to the apex, moderately convergent and becoming nearly straight toward base; the latter feebly arcuate, nearly three-fourths as wide as the disk, and slightly narrower than the apex; apical angles obtuse and slightly rounded; disk almost im- perceptibly bi-impressed, very finely and moderately densely punctate. Elytra distinctly wider than long, distinctly wider and nearly one-third longer than the prothorax, very feebly impressed near the suture, rather coarsely and deeply punctate, the punctures separated by more than their own diameters. Abdomen fully as wide as the elytra; sides parallel and somewhat strongly arcuate; border rather strong; surface almost smooth and polished, very minutely, sparsely punctate. Legs short and slightly robust. Length 2.2 mm. North Carolina (French Broad River 1). Peculiar in its rather short elytra, more highly polished ab- domen, and ccarse elytral punctuation. 30 T. nanulus n. sp.—Rather slender, moderately convex, black; legs piceous, tibiz, tarsi, and antenne brown; pubescence short, dense, excessively fine and scarcely visible on the head and pronotum, coarser, longer, sparser, and more distinct on the elytra and abdomen; integuments subalutaceous. Head very slightly narrower but not longer than the prothorax, strongly convex, extremely minutely and densely punctate; prominences small, moderate; eyes very small, very feebly convex, not prominent; tempora broadly rounded, slightly longer and distinctly more prominent than the eye; antennz rather robust, as long as the head and prothorax; club distinct; outer joints strongly trans- verse; second as long as the next two together and distinctly more robust, fourth wider than long. Prothorax one-third wider than long, widest slightly before the middle; sides very broadly rounded, coarctate to the apex, more strongly convergent and broadly arcuate to the base; the latter feebly arcuate, nearly three-fourths as wideas the disk, slightly North American Species of Trogophleus. 309 narrower than the apex; the latter truncate; apical angles slightly ob- tuse, very narrowly rounded; basal broadly rounded; disk very broadly and extremely feebly bi-impressed, extremely minutely and densely punctate, the punctures throughout the head and pronotum in mutual contact. lytra very slightly wider than long, distinctly wider and one-half longer than the prothorax, very feebly impressed near the suture, rather finely and densely punctate, the punctures more than twice as wide as those of the pronotum, and separated by scarcely their own diameters. Abdomen very slightly narrower than the elytra; sides parallel and nearly straight; border moderate; surface minutely, feebly reticulate, and minutely and rather densely punctate. Length 1.5 mm. Texas (Galveston 5); New Jersey (Cape May 3). A small species, with very fine, rather dense punctuation and decidedly alutaceous lustre. It is sometimes partially cas- taneous, with paler legs, probably from immaturity. On the occiput, in a transverse line midway between the posterior extremity of the eyes and the base of the head, there are two feeble tubercles, mutually slightly more distant than either from the Jateral margin; they are excessively minute and only observable under oblique illumination. The significance of these two minute tubercles is not easy to divine. I have not noticed them elsewhere in the Oxytelini, and they are not evident in some specimens of the present species, which may possibly be females. Perhaps they may con- stitute a rudimentary beginning or a degradation of the ocelli, which constitute so marked a feature of the great and hetero- geneous tribe Omalini. 36 T. modestus n. sp.—Rather robust, dark castaneous; abdomen piceous-black; legs and antennz throughout pale flavate; pubescence very short, moderately dense; integuments rather shining. Head large, very slightly narrower than the prothorax, rather strongly convex, finely, densely punctate; punctures less dense in the middle; promi- nences large, rather strong; eyes moderate and finely faceted, mode- rately convex and slightly prominent; tempera about two-thirds as. long, broadly rounded and nearly as prominent; antennz short, mode- rately robust, slightly shorter than the head and prothorax; club strong; second joint nearly as long as the next two combined, fourth scarcely as long as wide, outer joints transverse. Prothorax widest slightly before the middle; sides broadly, nearly evenly arcuate from apex to base, slightly straighter and more convergent near the latter, which 360 A Preliminary Monograph of the is feebly arcuate and about four-fifths as wide as the disk; apex feebly arcuate; apical angles slightly obtuse and not at all rounded; basal rather broadly so; disk one-fourth wider than long, feebly bi-impressed, finely and densely punctate, the punctures separated by more than their own diameters and becoming confused and slightly scabrous near the sides. Elytra slightly wider than long, nearly one-fourth wider © and over one-half longer than the prothorax, finely and rather densely punctate, the punctures about twice as wide as those of the pronotum, and separated by slightly more than their own widths. Abdomen dis- tinctly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border rather narrow and deep; surface somewhat finely reticulate, minutely and not very densely punctate; the setz of the terminal fringes are rather long and coarse. Legs moderate. Length 1.7 mm. Texas (Austin 2). Very easily known by its short, robust form, rather large head, short, flavate antenne and rather larger, more finely granulated eyes. 37 T. brachypterus Lec.—Thinobius brach. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VI., p. 240. This very remarkable species is one of the most minate of the genus. It may be known by its very small, feebly convex eyes, long, feebly arcuate tempora, very short elytra, and dense, dull integuments. Length, 0.6-0.7 mm. 38 'T. pertenuis n. sp.—Very slender, linear, moderately convex, dark brownish-piceous; elytra pale red-brown; legs and antennz paler, flavo-testaceous; pubescence minute, fine and moderately dense; integuments somewhat shining. Head as wide as the prothorax and about as long as wide, rather convex, minutely and very densely punc- tate; prominences moderate; eyes rather small, feebly convex and not prominent; tempora about three-fourths as long as the eye, broadly rounded and equally prominent; antennz short, rather incrassate, slightly shorter than the head and prothorax; second joint slightly ‘ shorter than the next two together and a little more robust, fourth wider than long, tenth distinctly wider than long. Prothorax very slightly wider than long; sides feebly convergent from apex to base and feebly, nearly evenly arcuate; base feebly arcuate, four-fifths as wide as the apex; the latter subtruncate; apical angles right and very narrowly rounded; basal more broadly so; disk with scarcely a trace of impressions, very minutely punctate, the punctures separated by nearly twice their own widths. LElytra distinctly longer than wide, one-third wider and nearly two-thirds longer than the prothorax; sides parallel and straight; disk scarcely perceptibly impressed near the suture, ae North American Species of Trogophleus. 361 finely and not very strongly punctate; punctures twice as wide as those of the prothorax and separated by much more than their own diameters. Abdomen distinctly narrower than the elytra, very elongate;. sides parallel and straight; border moderate, shallow; surface very feebly reticulate, minutely and moderately densely punctate. Legs: very short. Length 1.7 mm. Texas (Austin 1). One of the most slender and elongate species of the genus. 39 VT. detractus n. sp.—Very slender, linear, piceous-black; elytra. almost imperceptibly paler; legs flavate; antennz fuscous, paler at base; pubescence fine, very short and moderately dense; integuments feebly shining. Head as wide as the prothorax, slightly wider than long, rather convex, finely and very densely punctate; prominences moderate; eyes small, feebly convex, and scarcely at all prominent; tempora about as long, broadly rounded and as prominent as the eye; antenne short, robust, not as long as the head and prothorax; outer joints strongly transverse; second joint as long as the next two together and decidedly more robust, third but slightly longer than wide, fourth transverse. Prothorax nearly one-fourth wider than long; sides feebly convergent from apex to base, feebly and almost evenly arcuate; base feebly arcuate, nearly five-sixths as wide as the apex; the latter very feebly arcuate; apical angles very narrowly rounded; basal more broadly so; disk with very slight traces of impressions, minutely and densely punctate; the punctures separated by nearly twice their widths. Elytra distinctly wider and about one-half longer than the prothorax, slightly longer than wide, very feebly impressed, very finely and rather densely punctate, the punctures rather larger than those of the pro- notum and separated by about twice the interval. Abdomen rather broad, but slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides straight; border moderate, very shallow; surface finely reticulate, minutely and rather densely punctate, Legs very short and somewhat robust. Length 1.5 mm. Towa (Cedar Rapids 2). Dr. E. Brendel. Closely allied to indigens, but differing in its darker color, and especially darker antenne, in the apical angles of the prothorax, which are here narrowly rounded, in its proportionally shorter tempora, slightly sparser punctuation, and much shorter an- tenne. ‘The male is rather more slender than the female, with a distinctly narrower abdomen, but both sexes are slightly more robust and witha proportionally narrower abdominal border than indigens. ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued March, 1889, 362 A Preliminary Monograph of the 40 'T. indigens n. sp.—Very slender, linear, dark castaneous; ab- domen piceous; legs, oral organs, and antennez flavate; pubescence very short, fine, and dense; integuments subalutaceous. Head as wide as the prothorax, rather convex, minutely and very densely punctate; prominences small and strong; eyes very small, feebly convex, scarcely at all prominent; tempora distinctly longer, broadly rounded, and — equally prominent; antennz slightly robust and rather strongly capitate, much longer than the head and prothorax; outer joints strongly trans- verse; second joint slightly shorter than the next two combined, fourth transverse. Prothorax about one-fifth wider than long; sides feebly convergent from apex to base, broadly and distinctly arcuate; base feebly arcuate, slightly narrower than the apex: the latter transversely truncate; apical angles nearly right, not in the least rounded; basal slightly rounded; disk with the feeblest possible trace of impressions, minutely and very densely punctate, the punctures separated by nearly ‘their own widths. Elytra rather distinctly wider and about two-fifths longer than the prothorax, very slightly longer than wide, scarcely per- ceptibly impressed near the suture and only toward base; finely and densely punctate, the punctures slightly larger than those of the pro- notum and separated by nearly twice the distance. Abdomen long and parallel, slightly narrower than the elytra; sides straight; border mode- trate, shallow; surface finely reticulate, minutely and densely punctate. Legs very slender. Length 1.5-1.7 mm. Rhode Island (Newport 10). I found a small colony of this gregarious species on the iva side of a stone, imbedded in the damp bottom of a partially dry ditch, in April. Its motion is very slow. As in many species of this genus, especially the smaller and more slender, the antenne are distinctly perfoliate. 41 T. graphicus n. sp.—Very slender, linear, moderately convex, “piceous; elytra slightly rufous; apical margin of the last two segments paler; legs dark rufo-testaceous; antennz fuscous, paler at base and apex; pubescence short, rather coarse, moderately dense; integuments dull, the elytra rather shining. Head slightly narrower than the pro- thorax, feebly convex, strongly granulose, rather coarsely, very feebly, -and somewhat densely punctate; prominences rather large; eyes mode- rate, feebly convex, coarsely faceted; facets strongly convex; tempora about three-fourths as long, broadly rounded, as prominent as the eye; antenne rather slender, very feebly incrassate, slightly longer than the head and prothorax; joints two to four uniformly and very rapidly de- creasing, the fourth slightly longer than wide and one-half as long as the second, tenth as wide as long. Prothorax very slightly wider than long, widest at anterior two-fifths; sides rather strongly rounded and i em —" North American Species of Trogophleus. 363 almost evenly coarctate to the apex, moderately convergent and nearly straight toward base; the latter feebly arcuate, less than three-fourths as wide as the disk, very much narrower than the apex; the latter broadly arcuate; apical angles obtuse, but scarcely rounded; disk with the feeblest possible trace of two broad longitudinal impressions, feebly convex, finely, densely, and strongly granulate, coarsely, very feebly, densely, and indistinctly punctate, the punctures slightly separated. Elytra quadrate, slightly wider and two-tifths longer than the pro- thorax, feebly impressed near the suture, which is narrowly but strongly elevated, moderately coarsely, subasperately punctate, the punctures separated by nearly twice their widths; interspaces not granulose, shining. Abdomen slightly wider behind, at base distinctly narrower than the elytra; sides almost straight; border thick and shallow; seg- ments transversely and rather more than usually impressed at base; surface finely, rather strongly reticulo-granulose, feebly shining, mi- ‘nutely, sparsely, and not distinctly punctate. Legs somewhat robust. Length (strongly extended) 3.8 mm. Missouri 1. The granules of the pronotum are very strong, fine, and dense, giving an absolutely dull surface on which the punctures are very indistinct; these under sufficient power are seen to be merely small circular areole, very shallow and with the bottom smooth and shining. 42 'T. ingens n. sp.—Moderately slender, linear, black; legs dark rufous; antennze fuscous, rufous at base; pubescence short, coarse, moderately dense; integuments dull. Head about four-fifths as wide as the prothorax, not very convex, coarsely and very densely punctate; prominences large, moderate in elevation; eyes small but rather con- vex, slightly prominent; tempora fully as long, rather strongly rounded and almost as prominent as the eye; antennz slightly longer than the head and prothorax, rather robust and moderately incrassate, all the joints longer than wide; two to four uniformly and very gradually de- creasing in length. Prothorax widest at anterior third, about one-fifth wider than long; sides anteriorly rather strongly, evenly rounded and coarctate to the apex, rather strongly convergent and straight to the base, which is feebly arcuate, scarcely three-fourths as wide as the disk, and much narrower than the apex; the latter subtruncate; apical angles obtuse, slightly rounded; basal more broadly so; disk not per- ceptibly impressed, rather depressed in the middle, coarsely and ex- tremely densely punctate, the punctures subconfluent. Elytra quad- rate, slightly wider and two-fifths longer than the prothorax; feebly impressed near the suture, coarsely and very densely punctate, the punc- tures equal in size to those of the pronotum, but slightly deeper, some- 364 A Preliminary Monograph of the what subconfluent. Abdomen at base slightly narrower than the elytra, slightly wider behind; sides straight; border very thick but not very deep; surface minutely granulose, rather coarsely, very densely punc- tate toward base, more sparsely so toward apex. Legs short and very robust. Length 4.2 mm. sug Iowa (Cedar Rapids 1); Illinois 2. Dr. Brendel and Mr. Lugger. This species is one of the giants of the genus and is very distinct in all its characters, but cannot be generically separated, as far as can be judged without dissection. The individual facets of the eye are large and very much less strongly convex than in any other species which I have examined. 43 TV. inecertus n. sp.—Slightly robust, piceous; elytra rufescent; ab- domen black; legs and antennz flavate; pubescence very fine, short, not dense; integuments shining. Head very slightly wider than long, scarcely perceptibly narrower than the prothorax, broadly convex, strongly reticulate or subgranulose, the punctures very minute and not distinct among the reticulations; prominences not very strong, mode- rate in size; eyes rather large and finely faceted, convex and somewhat prominent, the tempora scarcely one-half as long, rounded and equally prominent; antenne short, rather slender, somewhat strongly in- crassate, about as long as the head and prothorax; outer joints distinctly transverse, two to four rapidly shorter, fourth scarcely wider than long. Prothorax one-third wider than long, widest near anterior third, where the sides are rather strongly rounded and coarctate to the apex, feebly convergent and nearly straight toward base; the latter strongly arcuate,. four-fifths as wide as the disk and subequaF to the apex; the latter very feebly arcuate; apical angles narrowly rounded; disk very obsoletely bi-impressed, the impressions interrupted, finely and obsoletely sub- reticulate, very minutely, feebly punctate, the punctures separated by three or four times their own widths, except near the sides, where they become abruptly coarse and dense, with the surface dull. EHlytra slightly shorter than wide, one-third wider and one-half longer than the prothorax, distinctly impressed on the suture toward base, rather finely and sparsely punctate, the punctures four times as wide as those: of the prothorax, separated by more than their own diameters. Ab- domen distinctly narrower than the prothorax, parallel; sides very feebly arcuate; border moderate; surface very obsoletely and somewhat. finely reticulate, minutely and sparsely punctate. Legs rather slender. Length 1.8 mm. Tennessee 3. Mr. Otto Lugger. This species is somewhat intermediate between the two groups. IV and V, as shown by the increase in the size of the eye and 2 canes td i North American Species of Trogophleus. 365 shortening of the tempora; the latter, however, still remain as prominent as the eye, and it is therefore a more nearly normal form for the group than the following. 44 'T. delicatus n. sp.—Slender and somewhat depressed, piceous; elytra paler, rufo-piceous; abdomen black; legs dark brownish-flavate; antenne piceo-castaneous; pubescence extremely fine, short, and dense; integuments subalutaceous. Head very slightly narrower than the pro- thorax, moderately convex, minutely and very densely punctate; promi- nences small but strong; eyes large, moderately convex and but slightly prominent, much more than usually finely faceted; tempora short, scarcely more than one-third as long, narrowly rounded and not quite as prominent as the eye; antenne rather slender, distinctly capitate, as long as the head and prothorax; joints two to four decreasing very rapidly in length, the fourth much wider than long, second more robust, tenth distinctly transverse. Prothorax two-fifths wider than long, widest at anterior third, where the sides are evenly and rather strongly rounded and coarctate to the apex, moderately convergent and nearly straight toward base; the latter feebly arcuate, four-fifths as wide as the disk and slightly narrower than the apex; the latter transversely truncate; apical angles slightly obtuse, not distinctly rounded, the basal broadly rounded; disk very finely and extremely densely punctate; median line notat all impunctate, although slightly tumid toward base; surface very feebly bi-impressed, the impressions almost completely interrupted in the middle, so as to form four feeble oval impressions. Elytra slightly longer than wide, one-third wider and three-fourths longer than the prothorax, very feebly impressed near the suture to- ward base, finely and densely punctate. Abdomen scarcely at all nar- rower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border wide and very shallow; surface finely reticulate, minutely and very densely punc- tate. Zegsnormal, Length 1.3 mm. Michigan (Detroit 1). Mr. EH. A. Schwarz. Quite distinct from any other in this group, except the pre- ceding, in its larger eyes and relatively shorter tempora; in fact, it constitutes an apparent transition from the present group to the following. Group V. A large section of this extensive group shows considerable affinity with Bledius in the form of the prothorax, but in scarcely any other way, the species of this section being closely allied and often difficult to identify from descriptions. The group is somewhat heterogeneous, containing several sections which differ considerably from each other in general form and appearance. 366 A Preliminary Monograph of the The following table will, it is hoped, prove of some service as an aid to identification :— Body less slender, sometimes quite robust, more convex, the pronotum generally not at all impressed, although sometimes exhibiting very feeble traces of the usual two impressions. . Prothorax widest at or near anterior third, the sides at this point: more strongly rounded and evenly coarctate to the apex. Eyes smaller, but very slightly prominent and not so coarsely faceted, the tempora very slightly visible behind them, broadly rounded and convergent ape and distinctly less prominent. GhaMwihsS Oye) sic..cd. Fess Lime iE iShnie ee eeeee Oe 45 pudicus. Eyes very convex, proseonte more coarsely faceted as usual. Form more robust; prothorax but slightly narrowed toward base, the sides parallel in the apical half and strongly arcuate; legs pales. Tie Ene, TA en cere ie: oe 46 robustulus Form more slender; prothorax strongly narrowed toward base, the sides strongly rounded in the anterior third. Eyes smaller, scarcely longer than the first antennal joint. 47 confinis. Eyes much larger and more prominent, very coarsely faceted, distinctly longer than the first antennal joint. 48 pauperculus Prothorax gradually and moderately narrowed from apex to base and broadly, evenly, and rather strongly arcuate; body rather slender and convex. Pronotum with a distinct median impunctate line extending from the basal margin to the apex, gradually becoming broader through- out its length 25 p38 2 OR OS, eee oe 49 languidus Pronotum without a median impunctate line, the punctures a little more sparsely ee in the middle near the apex. 50 bipuncticollis Prothorax widest at or near the middle, the sides at this point rather . narrowly rounded and very obtuse, thence parallel or feebly con- vergent and more or less feebly arcuate to the apex, and more distinctly convergent and more nearly straight to the base. Size larger, not less than 2 mm. in length; pronotal punctures distinctly separable, the interspaces shining; eyes normal for the group and without trace of tempora. Prothorax large, as wide as the elytra. Punctuation excessively fine and dense; lustre dull; median impunctate line of pronotum very narrow. Piceous; sides of prothorax in anterior half parallel. 51 simplarius Castaneous; abdomen piceous; sides distinctly convergent from behind the middle to the apex........ 52 pallidulus A ieee ee OE North American Species of Trogophleus. 367 Punctuation coarser and sparser; lustre shining; median im- punctate line of pronotum wide and evident..53 convexulus. Prothorax distinctly narrower than the elytra; color black, rarely slightly piceous. Antenne less robust, much fiiieer than the head and prothorax,. the latter relatively much smaller,............... 54 debilis Antenne robust, never longer than the head and prothorax, the latter relatively larger. Elytra slightly longer than wide, with two small approximate impressions at the middle of the base; abdomen much nar- rower than the elytra, slender, linear, with the sides EEL UCUM cacn tombs ca (cy sas ahaycvessecr oret cicheictasp achanaycnsscuente 2 o> Dbiediinus Elytra slightly but distinctly ide than long and but very slightly wider than the abdomen. Abdominal punctuation fine and very dense, with the sur- face alutaceous; punctuation and pubescence through- out very dense, the latter conspicuous. Elytra not at all impressed, rather convex ....56 fallax Elytra distinctly impressed near the suture oaud base, o7 providus Abdominal punctuation very minute and much sparser, the surface distinctly shining; pubescence extremely short and fine, and, although sometimes rather dense, never decidedly conspicuous. Legs pale flavate; prothorax narrowed very slightly be- hind, the base almost as wide as the apex. 58 inquisitus Legs black or piceous-black, the tarsi and sometimes the knees paler; prothorax strongly narrowed behind, the base being much narrower than the apex. Prothorax more strongly transverse, about one-fourth wider than long, the surface more finely and densely punctate and decidedly alutaceous, the median im- punctate line very fine and slightly tumid. 59 facetus Prothorax more elongate, not more than one-fifth wider than long, more coarsely, sparsely punctate, shining or polished; median impunctate area not tumid. Punctuation denser, the punctures separated by about their own diameters........ 60 confusus Punctuation sparser, the punctures separated by about twice their own diameters...61 scrupulus Size smaller, 1.5 mm., slender; lustre dull, the punctures of the PEOMOCIIN MOR GISEMCT. 553.85 Abn. ied ole eho erste whale se 62 insolitus 368 A Preliminary Monograph of the Size very small; body depressed ; eyes smaller and more finely faceted, the tempora slightly visible behind them but not promi- - MONG 4.4 p's Foo, pean ees oe erates ean cee emer. 63 uniformis | Body very slender and linear; pronotum with two parallel, approxi- mate and very distinct impressions; body black, elytra more or less pale. Se gt 8 © Antenne shorter, as long as the head and prothorax........ 64 filum Antenne longer, more. slender, distinctly longer than the head and prothorax ; legs pale. Prothorax nearly one-fourth wider than long, and strongly nar- rowed toward base ; pubescence coarse ....... 65 decoloratus Prothorax about one-fifth wider than long, more feebly narrowed toward base; pubescence shorter and ve7zy fine....66 tantillus 45 'T. pudicus n. sp.—Rather robust and convex, black through- out ; legs, antennz and palpi piceous-black, tarsi flavate ; pubescence very minute, slender and moderately dense, not conspicuous ; body shining, head and prothorax alutaceous. Head distinctly narrower than the prothorax, fully as long as wide, rather convex, finely reticu- late, minutely and densely punctate ; prominences small, not very pro- nounced ; eyes small, moderately convex, not very coarsely faceted, and but slightly prominent; antennz short, slightly shorter than the head and prothorax, rather slender, very feebly incrassate ; joints two to four uniformly and very rapidly decreasing in length, fourth scarcely as long as wide, tenth slightly wider than long. Prothorax slightly shorter than the head, one-third wider than long, widest at anterior third, where the sides are rather narrowly, evenly rounded and coarc- tate to the apex, rather strongly convergent and nearly straight toward base ; the latter broadly arcuate, three-fourths as wide as the disk and much narrower than the apex; the latter broadly and very feebly arcu- ate; apical angles slightly obtuse, but very slightly rounded, basal more broadly so; disk excessively feebly and indistinctly bi-impressed, broadly convex, minutely, densely granulose, very minutely, scarcely perceptibly and moderately densely punctate, without smooth median line ; surface scarcely visibly tumid in the middle near the basal mar- gin. EHlytra slightly wider than long, one-fourth wider and two-fifths longer than the prothorax, very broadly, feebly impressed on the suture near the base, somewhat coarsely, very feebly and densely punctate, shining. Abdomen very slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides feebly arcuate; border moderate; surface shining, rather coarsely and feebly reticulate, minutely and not very densely punctate. Legs very slender. Length 1.5 mm. New Jersey (Cape May 6). This very small species may be distinguished by its rather ro- bust form and somewhat transverse unimpressed prothorax. North American Species of Trogophieus. 369 The eyes are very small for this genus and are rather strongly dorsal, a portion of the tempora being seen beneath and behind them when viewed vertically. It is therefore one of the inter- mediate forms in the grouping here adopted, but belongs to the present group rather than to the preceding. 46 'T. robusiulus n. sp.—Moderately robust and convex, piceous- black; elytra rufescent; legs pale brown; antennz fuscous; pubescence minute and moderately dense; integuments feebly shining. Head slightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely, very densely and feebly punctate, and more strongly subgranulose; promi- nences rather small but strong; eyes moderate, rather convex and slightly prominent; antennz not very robust, very short, distinctly shorter than the head and prothorax, moderately incrassate; second joint nearly as long as the next two together, third more than twice as long as the fourth, the latter subquadrate, tenth slightly transverse. Prothorax one-fifth wider than long, widest at anterior third; sides in the anterior half nearly parallel, broadly, evenly and distinctly arcuate, thence more convergent and more nearly straight to the base, which is nearly three-fourths as wide as the disk and very much narrower than the apex; the latter subtruncate; apical angles slightly obtuse and ‘scarcely at all rounded; disk not impressed, evenly convex, finely and very densely punctate, the punctures not very deep, separated by nearly their own widths; median impunctate area narrow, short and slightly tumid. Elytra very slightly ‘wider than long, one-third wider and longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture at base, rather coarsely and densely punctate; the punctures deep, more than twice as wide as those of the pronotum, separated by distinctly more than their own diameters. Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides very feebly arcuate; border rather narrow and deep; sur- face strongly reticulate, minutely and not very densely punctate. Legs moderate. Length (strongly contracted) 1.8 mm. New York 1. Allied to the stmplarius group, from which it differs in the form of the prothorax, which is, however, rather an extreme limit than an essential difference of form, such for instance as is exhibited in the two following species. 47 T. confinis n. sp.—Rather slender and convex, black; legs piceous, knees, tips of tibiz and tarsi flavescent ; antennze dark piceous- ‘brown, piceous at apex ; pubescence short, rather coarse and dense; in- teguments distinctly shining. Head slightly narrower than the pro- thorax, fully as long as wide, rather convex, minutely and very densely punctate ; prominences rather broad, moderate; eyes moderate, con- 370 A Preliminary Monograph of the 7 vex, and prominent, very coarsely faceted ; antennz short, somewhat slender, distinctly capitate, not quite as long as the head and prothorax ; second joint nearly as long as the next two together, third very slightly longer than wide, fourth small, quadrate, joints two to four gradually decreasing in thickness, tenth very distinctly transverse. Prothorax one-fourth wider than iong, widest at anterior third, where the sides are rather broadly rounded and coarctate to the apex, rather strongly convergent and straight toward base ; the latter broadly arcuate, about three-fourths as wideas the disk and much narrower than the apex; the latter broadly, feebly arcuate ; apical angles distinctly rounded, basal — rather broadly so; disk broadly convex, without trace of impression but with a rather wide, impunctate median line, which is not at all tumid ; punctures minute and very dense. Elytra quadrate, about one-third wider and one-half longer than the prothorax, feebly convex, rather distinctly impressed near the suture, somewhat finely and densely punctate ; the punctures twice as large as those of the pronotum and separated by less than twice their own diameters. Abdomen distinctly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight ; border moderate; sur- face finely, feebly reticulate, minutely and moderately densely punc- tate. Legsslender. Length 2.1 mm. California (San Diego 1). This species somewhat resembles dedilis, and without care might possibly be confounded with it, especially as they are inhabi- tants of the same region. It is easily distinguishable, however, by its smaller eyes, much shorter antenne, which are of a dif- ferent structure, by the form of the prothorax, presence of a median impunctate line, lack of impressions, and by the coarser, sparser elytral punctures. ‘The form of body is more slender. 48 T. pauperculus n. sp.—Moderately robust and convex, black; legs rather pale piceous-brown ; antennz rufo-testaceous, fuscous at apex ; pubescence very minute, fine, moderately dense ; integuments rather shining. Head slightly narrower than the prothorax, very minutely and extremely densely punctate; prominences moderate in size, not strong ; antenne rather short, moderately robust, slightly incrassate, slightly shorter than the head and prothorax ; joints two to four de- creasing very rapidly in length, the former just visibly more robust, three times as long as the latter, which is very slightly wider than long, tenth strongly transverse ; eyes very large and prominent, very coarsely faceted. Prothorax widest near apical third, where the sides are evenly rounded, thence very feebly convergent and distinctly arcuate to the apex, rather strongly convergent and nearly straight toward base; the latter evenly and distinctly arcuate, three-fourths as wide as the disk and very much narrower than the apex; the latter broadly, feebly North American Species of Trogophieus. avd arcuate ; apical angles narrowly, basal broadly, rounded ; disk nearly one-fourth wider than long, broadly, evenly convex, without impres- sions but with a feebly tumid, impunctate and rather broad line, ex- tending from near the base slightly beyond the middle, remainder minutely, very densely punctate. Hlytra quadrate, one-third wider and one-half longer than the prothorax, rather convex, feebly impressed near the suture toward base, rather finely and densely punctate; the punctures nearly three times as large and twice as distant as those of the pronotum. Abdomen distinctly narrower than the elytra, parallel ; sides very feebly arcuate; border moderate, shallow ; surface shining, finely reticulate, minutely and rather densely punctate. Legs slender. Length 2.0 mm. California (Fort Yuma 1). This species is of a rather uncommon type in this part of the genus, and may be distinguished by the form of the prothorax and its very large, prominent eyes. It is somewhat allied to. confinis. The two following species are more slender, parallel, and con- vex, with the pronotum perfectly devoid of any trace of im- pression. 49 IT’. languidus n. sp.—Slender, linear, moderately convex, piceous- black; legs rather dark brown; antennz piceous throughout; pubescence minute, moderately dense; integuments rather shining. Head very slightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely, very densely punctate and subgranulose; prominences rather large and strong; eyes moderate, convex, and slightly prominent; antenne slightly robust, very short, moderately incrassate, much shorter than the head and prothorax, outer joints rather strongly transverse; joints two to four decreasing very rapidly in length, the latter scarcely as long as wide. Prothorax one-fifth wider than long; sides convergent from apex to base, broadly and nearly evenly arcuate; base feebly arcuate, about four-fifths as wide as the apex; the latter very feebly arcuate; apical angles slightly obtuse and rounded; disk not impressed, evenly convex, finely, densely punctate; the punctures slightly sparser near the middle, where they are separated by slightly more than their own widths, and where there is a rather wide, slightly tumid, impunctate line, extending from the base to the apex, becoming wider anteriorly; two setigerous punctures feeble. Zlytra quadrate, very slightly wider and nearly one-third longer than the prothorax, distinctly impressed near the suture toward base, somewhat finely, not very densely and rather feebly punctate. Abdomen very slightly narrower than the elytra, moderate in length, parallel; sides nearly straight; border mode- B72 A Preliminary Monograph of the rate, shallow; surface finely and moderately reticulate, minutely and not very densely punctate. Legsslender, normal. Length 1.9mm, - Texas (Waco 1). Easily distinguishable from bipuneticollis, to which it is allied, ‘by its larger size, slightly more robust form, more robust an- tenn, sparser pronotal punctuation, and by the presence of a long, wide, and slightly tumid, median impunctate line. 50 'T. bipuncticollis n. sp.—Very slender, rather convex, piceous- ‘black; legs pale brown; antennz fuscous; pubescence extremely short, fine, moderately dense, sparse on the elytra; integuments distinctly ‘shining. Head very slightly narrower than the prothorax, rather con- vex, very minutely, densely punctate and subgranulose; prominences ‘small and feeble; eyes moderate, somewhat convex and slightly promi- nent; antennze very short and slender, feebly incrassate, much shorter ‘than the head and prothorax; second joint fully as long as the next two ‘together, and decidedly more robust, fourth scarcely as long as wide, tenth rather strongly transverse. Prothorax one-sixth wider than long; ‘sides convergent from apex to base, rather strongly and nearly evenly arcuate; base feebly arcuate, nearly four-fifths as wide as the apex, which is broadly, feebly arcuate; apical angles not distinctly rounded, ‘basal rather broadly so; disk evenly convex, not impressed, very mi- - nutely and densely punctate; the punctures separated by about their own ‘widths, sparse in the median line toward apex, but not toward base; median line not tumid. Elytra quadrate, very slightly wider and nearly one-third longer than the prothorax, strongly impressed near the suture except near the apex, rather finely and not very densely punctate; punctures more than twice as wide as those of the pronotum, separated by distinctly more than their own widths. Abdomen long, linear, slightly narrower than the elytra; sides straight; border rather narrow; surface finely reticulate, minutely and not very densely punc- tate. Legs slender; femora, especially the anterior, compressed. Length 1.6 mm. Texas (Waco 2). Just behind the middle of the pronotum there are two small feeble impressed punctures, arranged transversely and separated by between one-fifth and one-sixth the total width. These punctures are setigerous and may be peculiar to a large part of the genus, at least they are easily observable in some of the species of this group, and notably in languidus, facetus, and robustulus. We arrive here at a minor group in which the species are atic CLA i a aly el ae lh a ~ North American Species of Trogophieus. 373: more than usually interallied; they are easily distinguishable in common by the form of the prothorax, its general freedom from any distinct impressions, and by the slightly more robust and convex form. These species generally resemble the genus Bledius, and often display a decidedly close affinity with it,. merely, however, in external form, for all the generic’characters are perfectly Trogophleoid. ‘The resemblances are, therefore, probably as likely to have resulted from mimicry or similarity of physical conditions of life, as from any other circumstance. 51 'T. simplarius Lec.—Trans. Am, Ent. Soc., VI., p. 244. The original description appears to coincide with the type, except the phrase ‘‘ Prothorax . . . without dorsal line.” There is a very fine but distinct median impunctate line as in palli- dulus. 52 T. pallidulus n. sp.—Rather robust, moderately convex, pale castaneous; abdomen darker, nearly piceous; legs pale flavate; antennz pale rufous; pubescence very fine, short and dense; integuments aluta- ceous. Head nearly five-sixths as wide as the prothorax, feebly convex, excessively minutely and densely punctate; prominences very large and strong; eyes large, very coarsely faceted, rather prominent; an- tenneze short and rather robust, shorter than the head and prothorax, outer joints slightly transverse; basal joint as long as the next two to- gether, second very slender, as long as the next two together, fourth scarcely longer than wide. Prothorax. large, two-fifths wider than long, widest slightly behind the middle, where the sides are obtusely subangulate, the angle slightly rounded, thence just visibly convergent and feebly arcuate to the apex, more strongly convergent and straight toward base; the latter subtruncate between the very broadly rounded basal angles, nearly four-fifths as wide as the disk; apex distinctly wider than the base, broadly, feebly arcuate; apical angles nearly right, very narrowly rounded; disk broadly, evenly convex, without trace of impression, with a very narrow, smooth, impunctate median line, minutely, evenly and extremely densely punctate. Hlytra about equal in width to the prothorax and one-third longer, slightly shorter than wide, broadly, feebly impressed on the suture at base, finely, very densely punctate; punctures separated by their own widths; inner apical angles narrowly rounded. Abdomen very slightly narrower than the © elytra; sides parallel, nearly straight; border relatively narrow, mode- tately deep; segments scarcely perceptibly impressed at base; surface feebly convex, very minutely and pe punctate. Legs slender, Length 2.9 mm, B74 A Preliminary Monograph of the Lake Superior * A rather nae species, easily to be identified by its ie prothorax, pale colors, and very dense punctuation; it is very distinct in all its characters. ehie 53 'T. convexulus Lec.—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VL., p. 244. The original type greatly resembles scrupulus, but differs in its much longer and wider prothorax; the surface is shining and polished. It is the only known representative. 54 TT. debilis n. sp.—Rather slender and convex, black; legs pi- -ceous, knees, tips of the tibize and tarsi flavescent; antennz, mandibles and palpi piceous; pubescence short, fine and dense, rather conspic- uous, cinereous; integuments feebly shining. Head slightly narrower than the prothorax, as long as wide, moderately convex, very finely and extremely densely punctate; prominences narrow and strong; eyes large, prominent, coarsely faceted; antennz rather slender, distinctly longer than the head and prothorax, extremely feebly incrassate; sec- ond joint subcylindrical, slightly more than twice as long as wide, third obconical, as wide at apex as the second and three-fourths as long, fourth very slightly shorter than the third and more robust than the second, distinctly longer than wide, tenth very slightly wider than long. Prothorax scarcely one-fourth wider than long, widest just be- fore the middle, where the sides are obtusely rounded, thence very fee- bly convergent and distinctly, evenly arcuate to the apex, more strongly -convergent and feebly sinuate to the base, which is broadly arcuate, four-fifths as wide as the disk and very slightly narrower than the apex; the latter transversely subtruncate; apical angles slightly obtuse and narrowly rounded, basal more obtuse and broadly rounded; disk broadly convex, very obsoletely, longitudinally bi-impressed, the impressions subinterrupted, without trace of median impunctate line, finely and very densely punctate. Elytra fully as long as wide, nearly one-half wider and longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture, ‘very minutely and densely punctate; punctures equal to those of the pronotum but about twice as distant. Abdomen very distinctly nar- rower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border rather strong and shallow; surface finely reticulate, minutely and densely punctate. Legsslender. Length 2.5 mm. 1 Tam not absolutely sure that the locality here given is correct. See remarks under description of Lathrobium inops (Cont. Col. N. A., II., p. 136). The same remark applies to the locality here assigned to fallax. North American Species of -Trogophleus. 375 California (San Diego 11). This species is quite abundant on the banks of wet ditches near the town. It is very distinct in its longer antenne and relatively smaller prothorax. . | 55 TI. blediinus Lec.—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VI. p. 244..—-Rather slender, moderately convex, black; legs piceous, knees, tips of tibiz and tarsi pale; antennz piceous; pubescence extremely short, rather dense but not very conspicuous; integuments slightly shining. Head slightly narrower than the prothorax, scarcely as long as wide, very minutely and densely punctate; prominences rather large and strong; eyes moderate, very convex, prominent, very coarsely faceted; an- tennze rather slender, short, not as long as the head and prothorax, very feebly incrassate; second joint as long as the next two together and rather more robust, third one-half longer than the fourth, the lat- ter slightly wider than long, tenth rather strongly transverse. Pro- thorax about one-fifth wider than long; sides in the apical half almost parallel, evenly and feebly arcuate, moderately convergent and feebly sinuate in the basal half; base broadly arcuate, fully four-fifths as wide as the disk; apex transversely, very feebly arcuate; apical angles nearly right, narrowly rounded, basal broadly rounded; disk broadly, evenly convex, not impressed but with a rather wide, impunctate, me- dian line, which appears to be sometimes slightly tumid; punctures minute and dense. Slytra slightly longer than wide, scarcely one- third wider and fully three-fifths longer than the prothorax, rather dis- tinctly impressed near the suture at the base, finely, rather densely punctate; punctures rather coarser than those of the pronotum and about twice as distant. Abdomen very distinctly narrower than the prothorax; sides nearly parallel, straight; surface finely reticulate, minutely and densely punctate, rather shining. Legs very short, slender. Length 2.2 mm. California (San Diego 2). A small slender species, somewhat resembling conjinis, but _ differing in its longer elytra and in the shape of. the prothorax. 56 T. fallax n. sp.—Somewhat slender, convex, piceous-black ; legs brownish-flavate; antennz fuscous, piceous toward apex; pubes- cence short, subrecumbent, very dense and rather conspicuous, espe- cially on the anterior portions; integumentsrather dull. Head slightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely, densely punc- tate and subgranulose; prominences rather large, slightly elongate and strong; eyes large, strongly convex and prominent, very coarsely faceted; antenne short and rather robust, much shorter than the head and prothorax; joints two to four decreasing very rapidly in length, 376 A Preliminary Monograph of the the latter distinctly wider than long and one-third as long as the second, tenth distinctly wider than long. Prothorax widest just before the middle, where the sides are distinctly rounded and obtusely subangu- late, thence very feebly convergent and feebly arcuate to the apex, more strongly convergent and nearly straight toward base; the latter broadly arcuate, nearly three-fourths as wide as the disk, very much nar- rower than the apex; the latter very feebly arcuate; apical angles slightly obtuse and not distinctly rounded; disk one-fifth wider than long, evenly convex, not at all impressed, minutely and excessively — densely punctate; punctures almost in mutual contact, the median im- punctate line short, very narrow, not tumid and very inconspicuous. Elytra subquadrate, rather evenly convex and not at all impressed near the suture, about one-fifth wider and one-third longer than the pro- thorax, finely, very feebly and densely punctate. Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border mode- rate, somewhat deep; surface finely and strongly reticulate, minutely and very densely punctate. Zegs normal. Length 2.4 mm, Lake Superior 1. As must be evident from the description, this very distinct species differs from all the others of the pallidulus group by the longer, coarser, and denser pubescence, and correspondingly denser punctuation, in this respect being allied only to providus. The elytra, also, differ in net being distinctly impressed near the suture. ; 57 IT. providus n. sp.—Moderately slender, rather convex, black; legs piceous; antenne piceous, fuscous at base; pubescence cinereous, very short, fine and dense, rather conspicuous; integuments alutaceous, elytra a little more shining. Head slightly narrower than the pro- thorax, feebly convex, very finely and extremely densely punctate ; prominences rather large and strong; eyes large, convex, prominent, very coarsely faceted; antennz scarcely as long as the head and prothorax, not very robust, moderately incrassate; joints two to four uniformly and rather rapidly decreasing in length, the second slightly more robust; fourth one-half longer than wide, tenth slightly wider than long. Pro- thorax about one-fourth wider than long, widest at the middle; sides. very feebly convergent and distinctly arcuate to the apex, morestrongly convergent and nearly straight toward base; the latter broadly arcuate, four-fifths as wide as the disk and very slightly narrower than the apex; the latter truncate ; apical angles nearly right, very narrowly rounded; disk broadly, nearly evenly convex, with two approximate, extremely feeble impressions near the basal margin in the middle; surface very finely and excessively densely punctate, without trace of a median im- es a in ia ef cally a North American Species of Trogophleus. 377 punctate line. Hlytra subquadrate, two-fifths wider and nearly one- half longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture toward base; disk rather convex, very finely, densely punctate; punctures separated by fully their own widths, with the inter- spaces polished. Abdomen slightly narrower than the eiytra, parallel; sides feebly arcuate; border rather thick and shallow; surface very minutely, densely punctate. Legs slender. Length 2.1 mm. New Jersey (Cape May; Atlantic City 2). Distinguished by its very fine, dense punctures and very dense, cinereous pubescence. 58 TT. inquisitus n. sp.—Moderately robust, feebly convex. the elytra somewhat depressed, piceous; legs and antennez flavate, pubes- cence very fine, short, not very dense; integuments feebly shining. Head slightly narrower than the prothorax, very feebly convex, mi- nutely and extremely densely punctate; prominences moderate, rather strong; antenne short, rather slender, shorter than the head and pro- thorax, very feebly incrassate; joints two to four very rapidly decreas- ing in length, the former slender, as long as the next two together, and more than three times as long asthe fourth, which is slightly wider than long, tenth decidedly transverse; eyes rather large, convex, and promi- nent, very coarsely faceted. Prothorax one-fifth wider than long, widest in the middie, where the sides are rounded and very obtusely subangulate, thence excessively feebly convergent, almost parallel and feebly arcuate to the apex, and rather feebly convergent and nearly straight to the base, which is broadly arcuate, nearly five-sixths as wide as the disk and but slightly narrower than the apex; the latter trans- versely subtruncate; apical angles very narrowly rounded, basal more broadly so; disk broadly, evenly convex, not impressed, minutely, very densely punctate, with a narrow, feeble, impunctate median line from before the middle nearly to the base, which is not at alltumid. Elytra very slightly wider than long, slightly more than one-fourth wider and about one-third longer than the prothorax, rather broadly conjointly impressed along thesuture, finely, densely punctate; punctures slightly larger than those of the pronotum and separated by fully twice their own diameters. Abdomen parallel, distinctly narrower than the elytra sides very feebly arcuate; border moderate but rather deep; surface coarsely and rather strongly reticulate, minutely and somewhat densely punctate. Legs slightly robust. Length 2.0 mm. Texas (Galveston 1). May be known from its allies which follow by its pale legs and antenns:, finer elytral punctuation, and shape of the pro- thorax, which is unusually wide at base. ANNALS N. Y¥. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued March, 1889. 378 A Preliminary Monograph of the 09 'T.. facetus n. sp.— Moderately slender, rather convex, black; legs piceous, the knees, tips of tibize, and tarsi rufo-flavescent; antennze pice- ous throughout; pubescence excessively fine, minute, dense although inconspicuous, much sparser on the elytra and abdomen; head and pro- . notum alutaceous, remainder shining. Head distinctly narrower than the prothorax, minutely and excessively densely punctate; prominences - rather large, although but moderately strong; antennz short, rather — slender, and extremely feebly incrassate, slightly shorter than the head and prothorax; joints two to four decreasing very rapidly in length, the second scarcely more robust and slightly more than twice as long as the fourth, which is obconical and slightly longer than wide, tenth slightly transverse; eyes moderate, rather convex, and somewhat prom- inent. Prothorax about one-fourth wider than long, widest just before the middle, where the sides are broadly rounded and very obtusely sub- angulate, thence very feebly convergent and broadly arcuate to the apex, more strongly convergent and nearly straight to the base, which is but slightly over two-thirds as wide as the disk and four-fifths as wide as the apex; the latter broadly, very feebly arcuate; apical angles very narrowly, basal more broadly, rounded; disk broadly, evenly con- vex, not impressed, but with a rather narrow, slightly tumid, impunc- tate line, from before the middle nearly to the base, very minutely and densely punctate. Hlytra very slightly shorter than wide, slightly wider near the apex than at base, about one-third wider and longer than the prothorax, rather strongly impressed near the suture toward base, somewhat coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate; punctures three or four times as large as those of the pronotum and separated by ~ from once to twice their own diameters. Abdomen distinctly narrower than the elytra and wider than the prothorax, parallel; sides feebly arcuate; border moderate; surface finely and very feebly reticulate, minutely and not very densely punctate. Legs slender. Length 2.2 mm, Rhode Island (Newport 10). Kasily distinguishable by its alutaceous head and prothorax, and relatively coarsely punctate elytra. 60 TI. confusus n. sp.—Slender, black; antennz throughout and legs piceous-black; tarsi flavescent; pubescence very short, moderately dense, and somewhat coarse; integuments somewhat shining. Head slightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, very finely and densely punctate; prominences short, moderate; antenne slightly shorter than the head and prothorax, moderately robust, distinctly in- crassate, outer joints rather transverse; second joint nearly as long as the next two together, fourth fully as wide as long and scarcely more than one-half as long as the third; eyes rather small, convex, rather prominent, coarsely faceted. Prothorax widest just before the middle, North American Species of Trogophliweus. 379 where it is scarcely more than one-seventh wider than long; sides obtusely angulate and rounded, feebly convergent and feebly arcuate to the apex, slightly more strongly convergent and nearly straight toward base; the latter feebly arcuate, scarcely three-fourths as wide as the disk, very much narrower than the apex; the latter feebly arcuate; basal angles rather more narrowly rounded than usual, apical obtuse, sligktly rounded; disk evenly convex, not impressed, finely, deeply, and densely punctate, the median impunctate area very narrow, short, and not at all well defined, not tumid. SHlytra very nearly as long as wide, nearly one-third wider and about one-fourth longer than the pro- thorax, rather convex, very feebly impressed near the suture toward base, moderately, rather deeply and densely punctate; punctures sepa- rated by butslightly more than their own diameters. Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides slightly arcuate; border mod- erate; surface finely, feebly reticulate, minutely and rather densely punctate. Zegsslender. Length 1.9mm. New Jersey (Cape May 1). The three species, facetus, scrupulus, and confusus, are mutually rather closely allied, and although at once distin- guishable when compared, are not so easily differentiated by description. It may be stated, however, that the prothorax of facetus is distinctly transverse, excessively densely punctate, alutaceous, and with a very narrow slightly tumid median im- punctate area. In serupulus the prothorax is not as transverse as in facetus, and its surface is polished and more than twice as sparsely punctate, the punctures feebler, and the median area twice as wide and not at all tumid. In confusws the prothorax is but just visibly wider than long, and is nearly as densely and deeply punctate as in facetus, but not alutaceous; the median area is rather wider than in that species, not tumid, and not very well defined; the eyes and elytra also are relatively smaller than in either of the others. In scrwpulws the elytra are more sparsely punctate. 61 T. scrupulus n. sp.—Moderately slender, rather convex, black; legs piceous-black, tarsi paler; antenne black throughout; pubescence extremely fine, short, rather sparse, and scarcely noticeable; integu- ments shining. Head rather small, scarcely four-fifths as wide as the prothorax, feebly convex, finely and strongly granulose and subaluta- ceous, the punctures so nearly obsolete as to be not distinctly definable amongst the granules; prominences small, but rather strong; antennz short and robust, scarcely as long as the head and prothorax, strongly 380 A Preliminary Monograph of the incrassate, outer joints distinctly transverse; joints two to four decreas- ing very rapidly in length, second nearly as long as the next two com- bined, fourth very slightly longer than wide, feebly obconical; eyes rather large, convex, prominent and coarsely faceted. Prothorax widest just before the middle, where the sides are distinctly rounded and obtusely subangulate, thence slightly convergent and evenly, distinctly — arcuate to the apex, slightly more strongly convergent and nearly straight toward base; the latter broadly arcuate, fully three-fourths as wide as the disk and much narrower than the apex; the latter feebly arcuate; apical angles slightly obtuse, not distinctly rounded, basal . more broadly so; disk about one-fifth wider than long, broadly, evenly convex, not at all impressed, finely and not densely punctate in the middle, the punctures becoming excessively fine and obsolete near the sides, where the surface is more strongly reticulate; median impunctate line rather wide, abbreviated, not sensibly tumid. Elytra scarcely perceptibly wider than long, one-fourth wider and one-third longer than the prothorax,feebly impressed near the suture toward base, moderately and sparsely punctate; punctures rather feeble, much larger than those of the pronotum, and separated by fully twice their own diameters. Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel, shining; border moderate, nearly straight; surface very obsoletely reticulate, minutely and not very densely punctate. Zegsslender. Length 2.0 mm. Texas (Galveston 2). The affinities of this species are stated under the preceding description. 62 T. insolitus n. sp.—Slender, slightly convex, black; legs and antenne piceous; pubescence very short, moderately dense; integu- ments feebly shining, the head and pronotum dull. Head scarcely per- ceptibly narrower than the prothorax, rather strongly convex, minutely, strongly, and very densely granulose or deeply reticulate, the punctures fine and not distinct; prominences very small, short; eyes moderately prominent, moderately finely faceted; antennz short, somewhat robust, scarcely as long as the head and prothorax; second joint robust, about as long as the next two together, third distinctly longer than the fourth, slightly longer than wide, the latter wider than long, outer joints strongly transverse. Prothorax nearly two-fifths wider than long, widest in the middle; sides thence feebly convergent and very feebly arcuate to the apex, moderately convergent and nearly straight to the base, which ihs tree-fourths as wide as the disk and much nar- rower than the apex, the latter transversely truncate; apical angles very slightly obtuse and scarcely perceptibly rounded; disk evenly, feebly convex, minutely, strongly, and very densely granulose, dull; punctures very dense and not distinctly defined; the usual two impres- sions represented by the very feeblest traces, interrupted in the mid- North American Species of Trogophieus. 381 dle. Elytra quadrate, feebly convex, nearly one-fourth wider and one- half longer than the prothorax, slightly impressed at the suture toward base, rather finely, deeply, and very densely punctate, the punctures separated by from one-fourth to one-half their own diameters. Abdo- men slightly narrower than the elytra and wider than the prothorax; sides parallel and nearly straight; border moderate, shallow; surface rather more shining than the other portions, finely and feebly reticu- late, excessively minutely and not densely punctate. Length 1.5 mm. California (Hoopa Valley, Humboldt Co. 1). The dull character of the integuments of the head and pro- notum is only equalled in the case of brachypterus of the preced- ing group, to which, however, the present species is in no way allied. In general, even though the lustre may be somewhat dull and alutaceous, the punctures will be found to be easily dis- tinguishable, but in this case the minute obscure punctures and reticulations or granulations are confusedly intermingled in such a way as to give avery indistinct, although at the same time homogeneous sculpture. 63 T. uniformis Lec.—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VI., p. 244. This is an aberrant species in the grouping here adopted, as the tempora are slightly visible behind the eyes, the latter being decidedly smaller, less prominent, and rather more finely faceted. The prothorax has the same form to be seen in the preceding species, otherwise it would have been placed next to pudicus. The three species which follow are remarkably different, and constitute a rather isolated group, characterized by the slender, linear, somewhat depressed form and distinctly bi-impressed pro- notum. In general outline they resemble several of the very slender forms of Group IV, but may be easily distinguished by their large, very convex, and prominent eyes. 64 'T. filum n. sp.—Very slender, linear, moderately convex, piceous black; elytra rufo-piceous; legs dark brown, paler toward apex; an- tennze fusco-piceous, slightly paler toward base; pubescence short, dense, and rather distinct; integuments moderately shining. Head very slightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely and densely punctate; prominences rather small and strong; antennz slen- ' der, feebly incrassate, rather small, not longer than the head and pro- thorax; second joint as long as the next two together, fourth sub- globular, tenth very slightly wider than long; eyes large, convex, prom- 382 A Preliminary Monograph of the inent. Prothorax one-fourth wider than long, widest at anterior third, where the sides are evenly rounded and coarctate to the apex, moder- ately convergent, and straight thence to the base; the latter feebly ar- cuate, four-fifths as wide as the disk, and very slightly narrower than the apex; the latter feebly arcuate; apical angles obtuse and rather broadly rounded; disk with two very distinct longitudinal arcuate im- — pressions in the basal half, minutely and densely punctate, without trace of median impunctate line. Elytra fully as long as wide, one-fourth wider and nearly two-thirds longer than the prothorax, distinctly im- pressed near the suture, except near the apex, finely and densely punc- tate; punctures feeble, twice as wide as those of the pronotum, and separated by about their own diameters. Abdomen parallel, long, linear, slightly narrower than the elytra; sides straight; border moderate; sur- face rather strongly convex, finely, feebly reticulate, minutely and densely punctate. Legsslender. Length 2.2 mm. California (Fort Yuma 3). Easily distinguishable by its elongate, slender form, large eyes, distinctly bi-impressed pronotum and many other characters. 65 T. decoloratus n. sp.—Slender, rather feebly convex, black; elytra pale, rufescent, shaded with darker castaneous toward base and suture; legs and antennez flavate, the latter fuscous near the apex; pu- bescence short and dense; integumentsfeebly shining. Head distinctly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely and very densely punctate; punctures distinct; prominences largeand strong; eyes large, convex, and prominent; antenne rather slender, distinctly incrassate, distinctly longer than the head and prothorax; joints two to four, de- creasing uniformly and moderately in length, fourth just visibly longer than wide, tenth almost as long as wide. Prothorax widest at anterior third, where the sides are evenly rounded and coarctate to the apex, moderately convergent, and very feebly arcuate toward base; the latter three-fourths as wide as the disk, and slightly narrower than the apex, which is very feebly arcuate; apical angles obtuse and distinctly round- ed; disk fully one-fourth wider than long, very broadly, rather feebly though distinctly, longitudinally bi-impressed, minutely and densely punctate, without median impunctate area. Elytra fully as long as wide, one-third wider, and nearly three-fifths longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture, finely, feebly, and densely punctate; punctures scarcely larger than those of the pronotum, but nearly twice as distant. Abdomen distinctly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides straight; border moderate and rather shallow; surface finely and rather strongly reticulate, minutely and densely punctate. Legs slender. Length 2.0 mm. Pennsylvania (Allegheny Co. 3). Dr. Hamilton, North American Species of Trogophieus. 383 _ The impressions of the pronotum are long, closely approximate and nearly straight. In ¢antillws and filwm they are strongly, inwardly arcuate, and, in the latter very much deeper. 66 'T.. tantillus n. sp.—Very slender, linear, slightly convex, black; elytra pale, rufescent; legs pale, flavate; antenne pale brown, flavate at base; pubescence fine, rather short, and very dense; integuments feebly shining. Head very slightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely, feebly, and very densely punctate; prominences small but strong, separated by one-half the total width; eyes large, con- yex, prominent; antennz slender, feebly incrassate, very distinctly longer than the head and prothorax; joints two to four decreasing moderately in length, the fourth scarcely longer than wide, tenth nearly as long as wide. Prothorax widest at anterior third, where the sides are rather broadly, evenly arcuate and coarctate to the apex, rather feebly convergent, and very slightly arcuate to the base, which is feebly arcu- ate, four-fifths as wide as the disk, and very slightly narrower than the apex; the latter very feebly arcuate; apical angles obtuse and scarcely at all rounded; disk feebly convex, one-fifth wider than long, very minutely, densely punctate, with two longitudinal arcuate and moder- ately feeble approximate impressions, without median impunctate line. Elytra as long as wide, one-fourth wider and two-fifths longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture toward base, minutely and rather densely punctate; punctures not larger, although slightly more distinct than those of the pronotum. Abdomen rather distinctly nar- rower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border moderate, shallow; surface finely, feebly reticulate, minutely and densely punc- tate. Legs slender; femora compressed and slightly arcuate. Length 1.8 mm, Texas (Austin 4). A small linear species which is very distinct. The coarse tac- tile setze, one just over the eye anteriorly, another just behind, over and more distant from the eye, one at the apical angle of the prothorax, and another at the lateral edge at posterior third, are more than ordinarily developed. Onthe other hand the two discal sete, mentioned under the description of bipuncticollis, do not. seem to exist atall. In the latter all the lateral sete here mentioned exist, as usual, but are very much less developed than in ¢antillus, the habits of life, perhaps, tending rather to the de- velopment of the two dorsal setze. 384 A New Genus of XVIL—A New Genus of Termitophilous Staphylinide. BY THOS. L. CASEY. : Read February 11th, 1889, The careful and enthusiastic studies of Mr. J. Beaumont, Superintendent of Motive Power of the Panama Railroad, upon the habits of the Termites of the Isthmus of Panama, have al- — ready been made known to the Academy through Mr. P. H. Dudley. | During the progress of these investigatioss, Mr. Beaumont had the good fortune to discover a very remarkable Staphylinide, living in the nests of a species of Termes or allied genus, which latter is ab present in the hands of Dr. H. A. Hagen, of Cam- bridge, Mass., for identification and description. Through the kindness of Mr. Dudley, I am enabled to present the following diagnosis of this interesting addition to our Ter- mitophilous fauna. TERMITOGASTER 01. gen. (Aleocharini.) Head moderate in size, very slightly narrowed behind the eyes; sides arcuate; neck wide. Hyes well developed, moderately convex, but slightly prominent, finely faceted, rounded, subtruncate anteriorly, more pointed behind; facets not convex. Antenne slender, anteriorly and flexibly geniculate, inserted in rounded apertures on the upper sur- face of the front, almost adjoining the antero-superior margin of the eye, almost equal in diameter from base to apex; all the joints loosely articulated and subcylindrical; basal joint elongate, almost as long as the next three together; second distinctly longer than wide, a little shorter than the third, and longer than the fourth; five to ten slightly shorter, decreasing gradually in length, the latter about as long as wide; eleventh as long as the two preceding together, conoidal and obtusely pointed at apex. Front transversely truncate, short. Labrum trans- verse, moderately strongly and broadly sinuate at apex, the apical por- tions membranous and transversely foveate in the middle. Mentum and submentum in a single piece without trace of suture, nearly flat, thin, coriaceous, smooth and polished, large, broadly rounded at base, SS a Monon A rcs OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. VOLUME IV., 1886-9. The ‘‘ ANNALS,” published for over half a century by the Lyceum of Natural History, are continued under the above name by the New York Academy of Sciences, beginning in 1877. Three volumes of the new ‘series have now been issued, each covering three years (1877-9, 1880-2, 1883-5 inclusive). With the beginning of the fourth volume, the Academy has decided to change somewhat the mode of publication. The ANNALS will hence- forth be issued without particular reference to times or periods. The parts will appear as material for them shall be offered; each single part, or number, as before, will contain at least 32 pages, with or without plates; twelve numbers, as before, whenever published, will constitute avolume. The size and general character of the parts and volumes will not be changed; nor is it intended at all to reduce the average yearly amount of matter. The ANNALS will include the more peconded and elaborate papers read before the Academy. They will maintain the high standard which has made them, for many years past, one of the prominent scientific publi- cations of the world, and has carried the name of the society literally into every land. The briefer papers and discussions that form part of the Academy’s meetings, will appear in its other publication, the TRANS- ACTIONS, which it is designed to issue promptly and regularly, so as to give a record of the current work of each year,—the single numbers ap- pearing monthly (or double, bi-monthly), and eight single numbers forming an annual volume. By vote of the Academy, both these publications will be sent FREE to its Resident and Honorary members. To all others, prices will be as follows: Annals, single numbers, : One Dollar. ‘¢ — double or triple numbers, in proportion, s¢ per volume (12 numbers), . : 3 Ten Dollars. Transactions, per year, : : : F . Three Dollars, es single numbers, . : ; , Fifty Cents. All communications should be addressed to Pror. D. S. MARTIN, Chairman Publication Committee, No. 236 West 4th Street, New York. ‘Or to HENRY DUDLEY, Esq., Treasurer, No. 56 West 57th Street. The Academy has for sale a number of back volumes of the ANNALS, of both series, each containing twelve or more numbers; the price per volume i is Five Dollars. CONTENTS. XIII.—Notes on the Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. By. Sern E.. Maen...) 5: 1.425. 4.5.55 ee : gaa | XIV.—Description of a New Spermophile from Cali- hr 2 fornia. By C. HART MERRIAM........... 317 XV.—A Preliminary Monograph of the North Ameri- _ can Species of Trogophlocus. By THos. L. Gage bite PO ee aga* XVI—A New Genus of Devaiauk Staphylinidee. 7 By Teos.L. Casey. -22...... Lr 384 : N. B.—[By an oversight, the cover of the last issue bore the number 8 simply, instead of 8 and 9—the correct number- ing. | ao NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, | — «LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. “s SSL Heo Pork: _-—s - PUBLISHED FOR THE ACADEMY. > s 4 ‘ m ‘ STETTINER, LAMBERT & CO., 22, 24 & 26 READE ST., NEW YORK. ‘ President. = JOHN S. NEWBERRY. - - “ | nf gi op Ga Vice-Pyesidents. (a || OLIVER P. HUBBARD. WM. P. TROWBRIDG Bey hla: | Goxyesponding Secyetary. ; ee ies. ot ALEXIS A. JULIEN. cea Recording Secretary. ae -H. CARRINGTON BOLTON. oe ae Greasurer. oes aa HENRY DUDLEY. ; _ dibuanian. NATHANIEL L. BRITTON. | Committee of Publication. || DANIEL 8. MARTIN, | JOHN S&S. ALBERT R. LEEDS, J. A. ALLEN, W. P. TROWBRIDGE. Termitophilous Staphylinide. 385 more narrowly so at the sides of the dilated basal portion, the sides and base coarctate, and without basal angles, narrowed anteriorly, the sides becoming broadly sinuate; apex truncate, angles right and scarcely rounded; apical edge with two widely-separated sete. Ligula short and broad, prolonged between the widely-separated palpi in a thick membranous mass; palpi small, three-jointed; third joint slender and subulate; basal joint morerobust than the second. Mazille very large, exserted and slightly visible from above; lobes small, robust, densely ciliate; palpi very irregular, four-jointed; basal joint minute; second large, strongly transverse, acutely ellipsoidal anteriorly, obliquely trun- cate posteriorly, the truncate surface large, flat, and membranous; third one-half longer than wide, not one-half as wide as the second, slightly | narrowed toward apex, which is truncate; fourth oblique, slender, and subulate. Mandibles slender, feebly arcuate, not extending beyond the exserted membranous mass of the ligula, acute; the right with a small acute tooth near the apex. Basal plate of maxille prolonged outwardly in a short, slender spine which is distinctly visible from above. Prothorax well developed, subquadrate. Pronotal hypomera narrow, not very strongly inflexed, deeply emarginate almost to the lateral edge anteriorly by the coxal cavities; the latter very large, approaching very near the lateral edges and the apical margin, completely and widely coalescent; the coxz completely surrounded by white membrane. Prosternum very short, the median portion twice as wide as long, slightly tumid, truncate behind, and not entering the intercoxal space. Coxe rather large, compressed, feebly convex anteriorly, and with the exterior edge rather acute. Mesothorax short. Scutellum distinct. Mesosternal side-pieces ample, diagonally divided, the suture straight and tangent to the elytral humeri at base. Intermediate coxe distinctly separated, slightly shorter than the anterior, moderate in size. Metathorax moderate, slightly exposed at the sides by the elytra; the latter much shorter than the pronotum, apparently connate. Metaster- num not impressed, convex, the episterna narrow and linear; epimera not visible. Posterior coxze horizontal, conical, moderate, very nar- - rowly separated. - Abdomen very strongly dilated, in great part membranous; the dorsal plates entirely surrounded by white membrane, those forming the feebly refiexed margins narrowly separated from the dorsal surfaces of the segments; sides consisting of tumid white membrane, with a slender, oblique setose line of chitinous material at the side of each segment. Legs slender, moderate in length, coarsely setose. Tibice without trace of terminal spurs. Tarsi cylindrical, moderate in length, sparsely setose, compressed throughout, five-jointed on all the legs, the fourth joint anchylosed with the fifth, but distinctly visible; basal joint as long as the two following, and, in the posterior, as long as the entire ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued March, 1889. 386 A New Genus of remainder; fourth and fifth together short, in the posterior as long as the second. Claws small, slender, strongly arcuate, with a small, vertical, . obtusely pointed tooth near the base, The five-jointed tarsi would seem to point to a relationship - with the Aleochare, but the maxillary palpiand abdomen isolate it widely from every type of that group which I have been able to — examine. ‘The large, white abdomen is probably very extensible, and while moving amongst the Termites, the insect must be dif- ficult to distinguish from them without close examination; in fact we have here a very interesting case of mimicry. The articulations are all composed of this delicate and very extensible white membrane, so that in the dried ie the speci- men is extremely fragile. The genera Corotoca and Spirachtha of Schidédte also have the widely distended semi-membranous abdomen here described, and the former seems to possess some characters in common with Termitogaster, the principal points of resemblance apparently lying in the antennal and tarsal structure; Spirachtha, however, is widely different in nearly all its characters and need not con- cern us at present. The basal joint of the tarsi in both Corotoca and Termitogaster is very much more elongate than the others. In the latter the fourth joint is short and rigidly anchylosed with the fifth, although the suture and the emarginations above and beneath are very strongly marked, and could not possibly escape observation if examined, and, as Schiédte ascribes but four joints to the tarsi of Corotoca, either this fact must have been overlooked or the tarsi are really different in structure in spite of their similarity in general form. The divergencies of structure are, however, fully as marked as the resemblances. The maxillary palpi of Corotoca are very different in form, the first joint being minute, the second clavate, the third subglobose, and the fourth small and cylindrical, with the apex obtuse; the eyes, also, are very large and reniform, and the mandibles edentate. T. insolens n. sp.— Anterior portions slender; abdomen very strongly inflated; piceous-brown, pronotum black, under surface, legs and chiti- nous portions of abdomen pale brown, membranous portions pure white, Head much shorter and narrower than the prothorax; front tumid Termitophilous Staphylinide. 387 between the bases of the antennz; surface throughout shining, almost glabrous and impunctate; antenne about as long as the head, prothorax and elytra combined. Prothorax slightly wider than long; base and apex subequal, subtruncate; sides nearly parallel, broadly, feebly ar- cuate, sinuate at apical two-fifths when viewed laterally; surface mod- erately convex, shining, excessively finely and feebly subreticulate, and covered sparsely with extremely short fine setz, having three feeble im- pressions arranged transversely near the middle of the disk, the lateral prolonged slightly behind; surface also feebly impressed toward the middle in front of the basal margin; disk with a few coarse erect sete. Scutellum large, prominent, elevated above the elytra, rough, finely setose. LHlytra connate, slightly narrower than the prothorax; sides nearly straight, very slightly divergent from base to apex; the latter broadly, roundly emarginate throughout the width; disk three-fourths as long the prothorax, flat, polished, glabrous, impunctate, convex at the sides, slightly setose and rough on the basal slope, also roughened on the vertical flanks which are not beaded beneath. Abdomen nearly three times as wide as the elytra, widest in the middle; sides strongly arcuate; chitinous surfaces coarsely reticulate, shining, sparsely and coarsely setose. Under surface sparsely setose. Length 2.7 mm. (con- tracted), Colombia (Panama 1). | The abdomen consists of the normal number of segments— six, besides the small terminal segment. ‘The labrum is sep- arated from the anterior margin of the front by a short bond of membrane. The sexual characters cannot be determined from the single specimen above described, which is probably a female. There are four specimens known, one of which is in the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy at Cambridge, Mass., and two still in the possession of Mr. Dudley. 388 The Calceocrinide. XVIL.—The Calceocrinide: A Revision of the Family, with Descriptions of some New Species. BY EUGENE N. S. RINGUEBERG, M.D. The confusion existing in regard to the nomenclature of the species included in this family, as well as to the proper terminol- ogy of the component parts of the calyx and arms, makes a com- plete revision imperative. The bibliography on the subject will not be reviewed here, since that has already been done by Messrs. Wachsmuth and Springer in their ‘‘ Revision of the Palzocrinoidea”; to which those wishing to examine it can refer. pat The first attempt to meet the evident necessity for a separa- tion of the family into more than one genus was made by Mr. H. O. Ulrich, who, in 1886, revised the family, calling it Crema- crinide, in place of Calceocrinidw already proposed by Meek — and Werthen, and then proceeded to divide it into three new groups or genera;—Cremacrinus, Halysiocrinus and Deltacrinus, —totally rejecting the generally accepted genus Calceocrinus Hall, except as a sort of convenient receptacle into which could be thrown all such species as would not readily fall under one or the other of his new genera. While acknowledging the fact that the differences exhibited by the various species called for further generic separation, it must be conceded, with Wachsmuth and Springer, that the set- ting aside of the family Calceocrinide and genus Calceocrinus was unwarranted. | A division of the family into several genera is essential for a proper classification of the species contained in it ; and our first step must be, in deference to the general acceptance of the term Calceocrinus, to decide to what type of calceocrinoid structure Hall’s original species belongs, before any further divisions are made or others recognized. It has been thought preferable to do this under the head of Calceocrinus, in its proper position in the family, instead of The Calceocrinide. 389 discussing that point here,—so as to prevent a repetition when that species comes to be described and considered. CALCEOCRINIDZE Meek and Worthen, (Revised by Ringueberg.) Calyx and arms drooping, being bent into an inverted position, and hanging downward alongside or against the column; parallel with it or diverging ata slight angle from it. Posterior side proximal to the column. Column round, straight, or slightly curved towards the calyx at its upper end, which is attached to the posterior side of the calyx. Arms three or more, always one anterior and two lateral, and in some they are present on the posterior side. Ventral tube large. Calyx flattened anteriorly with a truncate base ; lateral sides parallel or nearly so, anterior and posterior sides divergent from the truncate base. Posterior side more or less rounded. Basal plates consolidated into a semicircular or subtriangular piece, which is placed entirely upon the posterior side of the calyx and has its straight side, which is nearly or quite as wide as the base of the calyx, articulating with the truncate base-line of the anterior side by means of a hinge-like joint, while its posterior rounded or truncate pyramidal side fits loosely into an arch, having a similar outline, on that side of the calyx. The basal piece is somewhat scoop-shaped, having the column inserted at or near the posterior rounded margin, and directed more or less out- ward from it, forming the handle of the scoop ;—the posterior margin, which is incurved, representing the back, and the straight anterior mar- gin the edge. The anterior margin of this piece, and the adjoining radial articulate margin, are both furnished with grooves extending along the entire margin, or have externai semicircular depressions which extend half- way through the plates from the outer side of the margin. These de- pressions, when present, are most prominent on the anterior or radial side of the articulation, and may be absent on the posterior or basal side, their place being taken by slight sinuosities of the outer non-artic- ular side of the margin. The grooves and depressions are for the reception of elastic ligaments uniting the two sides. Externally this articulation has the appearance of a gaping joint or fissure, closed by means of a flexible integument, but internally is actually closed by the exact approximation of the inner edges of the ligament-bearing grooves, and over which the ligaments pass. The posterior or curved margin was not attached directly to the arch into which it fits, but was united by means of some elastic and flexible medium, which allowed a considerable degree of separation at this point. 390 The Calceocrinide. This peculiar conformation, the hinge on one side of the piece, and the mobility of the opposite side, allowed the basal piece to swing upon” its hinge like a door or lid,—or, more strictly speaking, allowed the ra- dial portion of the calyx to erect itself upon the basal portion. This function was possessed in variable degrees by the different species. The incurved portion normally lies within the surface of the crinoid when it is at rest, allowing the column, which is inserted into the con- ra? vexity formed by the curvature, to rest against the arch receiving this — portion; and in those species in which the column is straight, or nearly so, and which have the calyx resting against it, the calyx is at times — somewhat grooved beyond this point for its reception. Margin of the calyx very irregular, rising into high acute points laterally, with a de- pression between them on the anterior side and a deeper one on the posterior side. Calyx composed of two rings of plates, whose number and position vary somewhat in the different genera, due to anchylosis and the modi- fication of some of their functions, but they have the same general dis- position in all. The first or basal ring forms the consolidated basal piece; this is com- posed of three or four plates, consisting of two anterior basals or their anchylosed equivalent, and two lateral basals. The two lateral basals are the largest, and, taken together, they form the entire posterior mar- gin of the piece extending to the outer angles. The point of attach- ment for the column is always upon the line of their union, while the apices of the anterior basals may or may not enter into the formation of the columnar facet. These plates together form a somewhat lunate- shaped piece, and are usually not anchylosed.} The anterior basals or their anchylosed equivalent are triangular, and occupy the median portion, or the whole, of the anterior margin. When the two anterior basals are not anchylosed, the dividing suture- line is a continuation of the one separating the lateral basals, and divides the piece into equilateral halves. As they are of equal sizeand © shape, they will—-for the sake of brevity—be described only in the an- chylosed form. Anterior anchylosed basal triangular, with the inner angle at times prolonged into a slender process extending up to or towards the column. Suture-lines between it and the lateral basals generally sinuous. The second or radial ring contains from six to eight plates, of which the anterior radial and the lateral radials can always be made out, while the posterior radials are generally separate, though 1TIn all species which I have had an opportunity to examine, the dividing suture-line could be made out, including several figured by their describers as being anchylosed. The Calceocrinide. 391 occasionally merged by anchylosis with the lateral radials, in which case the lower portion of the anchylosed lateral radials extends around and upon the posterior side of the calyx. The space between the posterior radials or the anchylosed lateral radials is occupied by an azygous plate; and when the brachials belong- ing to the posterior radials are present, they are crowded down between them and the azygous, and help to form the arch around the consoli- dated basal piece. Anterior radial either quadrilateral, usually elongate, and support- ing the inferior side of anterior first brachial, or triangular and support- ing the lateral radials, which in the latter case meet above it. _ The lateral radials are the largest plates of the calyx, and are of vari- able size and shape, separated by an elongate anterior radial, or else meeting over a triangular one, and always support the anterior brachial between them. Their outer angles, and in case of an anchylosis with the posterior radials, their outer sides, are bent around to the posterior side of the calyx. Their upper and outer sides are inclined posteriorly, and give rise to the lateral arms. When the arm-bearing function of only one of the posterior radials is suppressed, the brachial lying above it gives support to the anal plates. In case both posterior arms are wanting, both radials support the large median anal plate, either directly or through the intervention of a T- shaped azygous plate lying between them. Posterior radials, when present as such, lie in the angle formed by the hinge-line between the consolidated basal piece and the lateral radials. Azygous plate elongate and narrow, T-shaped or broad and low, which latter form is probably due to anchylosis with another plate or plates adjoining. The anal plate supports a large ventral tube, composed posteriorly of a single series of curved quadrangular plates, ‘‘the anterior side being -composed of very small and delicate plates,” ! Anterior arm simple (?) or bifurcating once; if bifurcating, it may be pinnulate. Lateral arms bifurcating at the second brachial, beyond which point they may either increase by regular bifurcation or remain simple, and give off pinnules; or they consist of a series of axillary plates which are attached to the anals by their posterior faces, and more or less completely form an arch over the anal plates, the upper faces being arm-bearing. Posterior arms when present resemble the lateral arms in structure. In the following genera, the order of their probable evolution will be followed, and as that was in this case a kind of degener- 1'Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘‘ Revision of the Paleeocrinoidea,” Pt. TE) p. 261; 392 The Calceocrinide. ation or suppression in part,—due to the extreme specialization of certain parts and functions at the expense of cthers,—the more complex forms will be considered first, because this method represents their natural sequence, and also furnishes an easy in- troduction to a proper understanding of the component parts of — the more specialized forms, and to the nomenclature of the same. This arrangement will place Calceocrinus last, as it is the most specialized form with which we are acquainted, and is conse quently furthest removed from the as yet undiscovered or un- recognized five-armed ancestor. ; I have revised the family, because the revision of Wachsmuth and Springer,—while a departure in the right direction,—is not quite satisfactory, for the reason that the consolidated base as defined by them agrees only with the base of Calceocrinus, and the true relations of the plates of the posterior side are not recognized. The arm-structure also varies more than that re- vision would indicate. CASTOCRINUS n. gen. Calyx hanging against the column, and generally having a slight groove for the reception of it. Column straight or nearly so. Arms. four, one anterior, two lateral, and one posterior, the latter being to one side of the median line,—the anal plate and ventral tube occupying the opposite side. Anterior arm simple (?) or bifurcating; bifurcations bearing pinnules. Lateral arms bifurcating once, with iateral armlets given off on alternate sides at every second joint beyond the place of bifurcation. Consolidated base with the columnar facet on the posterior portion of the incurved margin. It is composed of two lateral basals, which meet posterior to the column, but are separated anterior to it by the attenu- ated apices of the anterior basals, or their anchylosed equivalent. The anterior basals occupy the median portion of the anterior margin of the piece, the lateral basals occupying the outer portions. Anterior radial higher than wide, usually narrow, and supporting the anterior brachial. Lateral radials irregularly hexagonal. Posterior radials irregularly triangular. Azygous elongate and placed between the two posterior brachials, which extend downwards between it and the posterior radials. Anterior arm simple (?) or with four or more brachials, upon the last. of which a bifurcation takes place. Bifurcations pinnulate; pinnules long; lateral arms having two brachials, the second of which is axil- The Calceocrinide. 393 lary, and the posterior arm having three, the first of which enters into the formation of the posterior side of the calyx with the brachial of the opposite side. The latter brachial, with the elongate azygous, supports the anal plate, which in turn supports the other plates forming the ven- tral tube. Type of genus, Castocrinus furcillatus W. R. Billings. I wish here to express my indebtedness to Walter R. Billings, Esq., of Ottawa, Canada, who very generously placed his types and all the specimens of the genus in his possession at my dis- posal for the purpose of study. Below will be found a few remarks on C. furcillatus, noting several points not given in the original description, they having been obscured by adherent shale till the specimen came into my hands. Castocrinus furcillatus W. R. Billings. BE Pie f- Calceocrinus furcillatus W. R. Billings. The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. I., No. IV., p. 51. The anterior basalsare prolonged to, and form a part of, the columnar facet, not stopping short of it, as represented in the diagram accompany- ing the original description. The azygous is elongate and narrow, and extends from the basal plates to the anal plate, the inner corner of which it supports on its sloping upper side. It lies to the left of the median line; the larger of the two posterior brachials—the right—extending up to this line. The inner corner of this brachial is also prolonged upwards beyond the azy- gous and rests against the inner side of the anal plate. The incurved margin of the consolidated basal piece is evenly rounded and meets in a narrow connecting band beneath the column. Trenton formation, Ottawa, Canada. ‘Type in the collection of W. R. Billings. Castocrinus rugosus W. R. Billings. Pex. . Big 2. Calceocrinus rugosus W. R. Billings. - The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. I., No. IV., p. 53. The position of the consolidated basal in the type specimen is evi- dently abnormal, as the plates of the posterior side seem to have been pulled downward after it, and out of their proper positions. This was probably caused by the ligaments, which united the two together in 394 The Calceocrinide. such a manner as to allow of a partial but not corngiee erection of the calyx upon the base. Trenton formation, Belleville, Ont. Type in the collection of W. R. Billings. s . Castocrinus billingsianus n. sp. Ply XG, Eee. Calyx broad, wider than high, base broad, central portion of calyx -depressed anteriorly and laterally, just above its middle. Posterior side evenly rounded, with a median furrow for the reception of the column, against which it rests. Anterior arm simple (?), lateral and posterior arms bifurcating. Ventral tube tapering. Column of medium size, Base of anterior side of calyx with three semicircular depressions, of which the median is the largest, and has the sharpest curvature ; late- ral depressions well curved on their inner sides, but gradually rounding out towards the lateral angles. The consolidated basal has a shallow, well-defined, median depression, corresponding to the one on the oppo- site side of the hinge-line. Lateral depressions but faintly defined. Two ligamentous bands pass over the hinge-line from the dentate pro- jections left on either side of the opposite median depressions. Consolidated basal piece broad, evenly rounded from side to side, about twice as wide laterally as antero-posteriorly. It is composed of three plates, the anterior basals being anchylosed. Columnar facet situated on the posterior side of the curved portion, from the side of | which the column projects in the same general plane as the piece. Anterior anchylosed basal evenly tapering by slightly sinuous lines to the point of juncture with the column. Its base occupies something over half of the anterior margin of the plate, and has two dentate pro- jections near the lateral angles, receiving the median depression between them. Lateral basals about as wide at their distal as at their proximal ends. Anterior radial high, moderately narrow, with a contraction at its upper third; basal end wider than the brachial end. Lateral radials pentagonal, with the lateral angles truncated. Posterior radials small, triangular, the right (diem -paeeanes radial being somewhat larger than the left. Azygous unknown. The right posterior brachial is somewhat higher and larger than the left, and has its upper angles projecting upward, and clasping the base of the succeeding brachial between them, differ- ing in this respect from the left pentagonal brachial, which supports the large anal plate. But three anal plates have been observed; they are large, quadrangular, and rapidly tapering towards the apex of the tube. Anterior arm simple as far as observed, tapering for the first two The Calceocrinide. 395 joints, from which point it is of nearly uniform size for the next ten. Joints higher than wide. Lateral arms giving off long, slender, flattened pinnules from every second joint, and identical in structure with those in C. furcillatus. Posterior arm similar in structure to the lateral, but having three brachials before bifurcation takes place. Column composed of short joints, every alternate or second joint of which is shorter than the others. From the Trenton formation, Ottawa, Canada. Named in honor of W. R. Billings, Esq., who collected the specimens. Types in Mr. Billings’ collection. This species is readily distinguished by its anchylosed basal ; it also differs from C. furcillatus and C. rugosus in its anterior radial being broadest at its basal end instead of at the brachial end. Castocrinus articulosus E. Billings. Pl. X., Fig. 4, Heterocrinus articulosus E. Billings, Geol. Rep. Canada, Dec. IV., pial. Heterocrinus articulosus Wachsmuth and Springer, Rev. Palzo- crinoidea, Pt. I., p. 70. Calceocrinus (?) articulosus E. O. Ulrich, 14th Annual Rept. State Geol. Minn., p. 118. Surface punctate, like that of C. rwgosus, from which it differs in the very low and comparatively wide anterior radial, and from all the others here considered in the anterior and lateral radials being more nearly equalin size. The anterior basals have the same shape and size as in C. rugosus ; lateral basals unknown. Of the anterior arms only the first brachial is preserved. The lower bifurcation of the lateral arm gives off laterally compressed pinnules, which are strong at their base and wide from without inward; these are given off at the second, fifth, seventh, tenth, and fourteenth joints, be- _ yond which point the division is imperfectly preserved. The type specimen is rather imperfect, but is distinctive enough to prove it to be a good species. Type in the collection of the Museum of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Castocrinus inzqualis E. Billings. Pl. X., Fig. 5. Heterocrinus inequalis E. Billings, Geol. Survey Canada, Decade IV., p. d1. 396 The Calceocrinide. Heterocrinus inequalis Wachsmuth and Springer, Rev. Palzocrinoidea, Pit. p: 70: eeercnae inequalis E. O. Ulrich, 14th Rept. State Geol. Minn., p. 113. Calceocrinus inequalis Wachsmuth and Springer, Rev. Palwoerinoidea, Pt. III., p. 282. The type specimen lies on a slab and shows only the left side, conse- quently the fourth or posterior arm is obscured. The anterior arm is. simple as far as observed, which is about fifteen joints. Consolidated basal piece composed of two anterior and two iateral : basals. The anterior basals extend to the column by quite strong pro- cesses. The lateral arms differ from those of the other Castocrini, in giving — off pinnules less frequently and at somewhat irregular intervals, and in not being much enlarged at the points giving rise to them. This species differs from C. furcillatus, in the calyx being more flat- tened anteriorly and depressed along its median portion, also in the larger anterior basals, the proportionately broader first anterior brachial in comparison with anterior radial, and the very fine, closely arranged punctz, which of themselves afford an easy means of recognition. It. also differs from the foregoing species in the simple anterior arm, in the method of giving off pinnules, and in the character of the lateral arms. From C, billingsianus it is distinguished by the surface and by the basals not being anchylosed. Trenton formation, Ottawa, Canada. Type in the Museum of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Iam much indebted to Prof. J. T. Whiteaves, of Ottawa, Canada, of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, who kindly loaned me the types of C. inequalis and C. articulosus, for the purpose of study and comparison. CREMACRINUS? Ulrich. This genus will belong here, between Castocrinus and Pro- clivocrinus, if Ulrich’s diagnosis be correct ; but as I have not had an opportunity to examine the type specimen, I will insert it provisionally. PROCLIVOCRINUS n. gen. Bilaterally symmetrical; calyx hanging alongside of the column, which is curved posteriorly at its upper end. Arms three; anterior arm much the largest, simple (?) or not bifur- cating till near the tip; lateral arms increasing by regular bifurcation, and not giving off pinnules. ? The Calceocrinide. 397 Anal tube large, heavy, and occupying the centre of the posterior side; column round. Consolidated basal piece triangular, with the posterior angle abruptly truncate at the columnar facet, where it is rounded up. Itis composed of four plates, the two anterior of which extend to the column by at- tenuated processes; their outer portion occupies the middle of the an- terior base-line, and does not extend to the lateral angles; suture-line between them and the lateral basals sinuous. Second ring consisting of six plates; anterior radial high and very narrow, supporting the lower face of the anterior brachial. Lateral radials large, pentagonal, with the lateral angle prolonged to meet the lateral processes of the azygous plate. Posterior radials rather large, triangular, and eack inclosed between the proximate lateral radial, the basal, and the azygous. Azygous plate broadly T-shaped, and consisting of a middle portion or body, an inferior arm which extends between the posterior radials to the arch around the basal plates, and two lateral arms which meet the processes of the lateral radials, inclosing the posterior radials beneath them; their anterior surface supports the large anal plate. These lat- eral arms and central body probably represent the first anal plate, while the inferior process is representative of the azygous plate which has been anchylosed to it. Plates of the ventral tube large quadrangular. First anterior brachial broad. Lateral brachials two, the second of which is axillary; beyond this the lateral arms undergo regular bifurcations at every third or fourth joint. No pinnules observed. Vault depressed below the margin of, and formed by processes from, the four plates forming the rim of the calyx, 7. e., the anterior and lateral radials and the azygous. Column of medium size, with joints of the curved end arched from side to side so as to fit the antero-posterior depression of the columnar facet. Type of genus, Proclivocrinus radiculus Ringueberg. Since the original description of the type was published, a number of other specimens have been found which more clearly elucidate points of structure not shown in the type specimen, or obscured by adherent shale, since removed, in that specimen; so that a partial redescription becomes necessary. Proclivocrinus radiculus Ringueberg. Bla X.¢: Bis. 6 Calceocrinus radiculus Ringueberg. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. V., p. 120, 1882. 398 The Calceocrinide. Cremacrinus radiculus E. O. Ulrich. 14th Annual Rept. State Geol. Minn., p. 111, 1886. Calceocrinus radiculus Wachsmuth and Springer. Rev. Paleocri- noidea, Pt. III., p. 282. Consolidated basal piece strongly rounded at the point of james with the column, where it is of the same shape and size as the column, from which point it spreads out evenly to the flattened anterior margin. This plate is sometimes corrugated, the rugz passing across ié in an antero-posterior direction. Articular margin furnished with a doen. sharp, ligament-bearing groove. Lateral basals not forming an incurved margin underneath the column, but only united in the posterior part of the columnar facet, and divided anteriorly by the slender apices of the anterior basals. Anterior basals high, and occupying about one-half of the anterior articular margin of the piece. They taper very rapidly for about one- half of their height, from which point they are prolonged inio attenu- ate processes, extending up to and forming a part of the columnar facet. Anterior radial high, very narrow, rather abruptly constricted near the middle to one-half of the width of the basal end, which narrowing is continued throughout the brachial half. Ends of the lateral processes of the lateral radials resting against and as wide as the turned-up portion of the lateral arms of the azygous plate. Posterior radials narrow, with all three sides convex, and the side next to the azygous much shorter than the others. Azygous plate with the ends of the lateral arms of the plate turned up so as to clasp the base of the anal plate between them. Posterior plates of anal tube large, quadrangular, and very gradually tapering with the tube; slightly arched posteriorly; but three plates have been seen above the azygous plate. The five radials, the azygous, and the anterior brachial, seem to be generally consolidated into a single piece, some of the suture-lines being sometimes almost obliterated. These plates are at times also somewhat corrugated, the general direction being transverse. Specimens vary from those with a strongly rugose surface to those in which it is smooth. Anterior first brachial just as high as the notch between the upper angles of the lateral radials; second arm-joint tapers more rapidly than the rest. The anterior arm bifurcates at the ninth joint, above which four slender, tapering joints can be counted without further bifurcation. The lateral arms have two brachials, the second of which is axillary; the anterior division bifurcates again at its third joint, and the lower or posterior undergoes two bifurcations, one at each succeeding fourth joint. Upper division unknown. The posterior primary branch has The Calceocrinide. 399: two joints, at the second of which a bifurcation takes place, and again at the fourth joint above that. What were described as lateral armlets in the anterior arm of the type specimen were found, upon further cleaning, to be portions of the: lateral arms lying beneath and projecting out from under it, and not from its sides as first supposed. Column round, smooth, consisting of joints as high as wide, except the last five or six proximal to the calyx, which rapidly get shorter and are higher on the outer side of the column, giving a strong curva-. ture at this point, which still further facilitates the maintenance of the drooping position of the calyx. The median antero-posterior elevation of the last joints, constitutes a marked somewhat saddle-shaped fiexure in the last four; which flexure: is received in a corresponding notch in the anterior margin of the articular facet. Proclivocrinus chrysalis Hall. Pl. X., Figs. 2 and 13. Chierocrinus chrysalis Hall. 18th Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,. p. 1238. Calceocrinus chrysalis Shumard. Trans. Acad. Nat. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. IL, p. 538, 1886. Cremacrinus chrysalis EK. O. Ulrich. 14th Annual Rept. State Geol. Minn., p. 111, 1886. Calceocrinus chrysalis Wachsmuth and Springer. Rev. Paleeocrinoidea, Pt. III., p. 281, 1886. This species agrees with P. radiculus in the general outline and rela- tions of the plates to each other, but is distinguished by the much broader calyx; calyces corresponding in height being at least a third broader, and also usually less contracted in the middle, than is the case with P. radiculus. Hall figures his types as having an anchylosed anterior basal in which the points do not extend to the column. This point, however, is usually so obscure that in all probability it was over- looked in this case, as it has been in others; the same remark will apply to the construction of the posterior side,—as two individuals from the- same locality as Prof. Hall’s specimens agree very well in other respects with his descriptions. Should the diagram, however, prove to be cor- rect, the specimens here referred to will have to fall under another designation. This species is readily distinguishable,—as before stated,—from P. radiculus, by the much wider calyx and consequently broader plates;. this is especially noticeable in the case of the posterior radials. A unique specimen showing both the articular joint with its connect- ing ligaments, and the vault,—perfectly,—will furnish all that can be added to the descriptions already published. AHO. The Calceocrinide. The articular joint consists of two deep grooves in the opposite mar- gins, the outer edges of which are widely separated when the crinoid is — in its normal position of rest, while the inner two are in close apposi- tion. Over these inner margins pass two bundles of elastic ligaments from one groove to the other. They each arise in two parts from both sides of the termination of the two suture-lines of the anterior radial; one part coming from the anterior radial and the other from the adjoining lateral radial. These two parts or heads unite and pass over the inner margins of the two adjoining grooves, and are inserted into the groove of the consolidated basal piece, directly opposite their points of origin. Faint traces of the integument uniting the two outer margins of the grooves and covering the elastic ligaments, can be seen. This integu- ment is better shown in some other specimens of P. radiculus, in one of which it is broken up into small pieces which at first glance have the appearance of ‘‘numerous little plates,” such as are figured by Ulrich n ‘‘ Cremacrinus” punctatus. : | The vault is covered by four projections from the inner sides of the four plates entering into the formation of the rim of the calyx proper. The top of the vault is smooth and evenly convex, its central portion being depressed to a point opposite one-half the height of the lateral radials, when measured from their lower to their upper angles. The only suture-lines observable are those commencing from the four suture-lines dividing the four plates, which proceed directly from their point of origin to the centre of the vault, where they all meet. This arrangement gives three large triangular projections and one narrow wedge-shaped one. The outline of the concave space is round- ing on the anterior side, with two lateral projections or grooves along the suture-lines, and one such groove in the centre posteriorly. In the margins of the two lateral radials, can be observed two narrow slits which represent the continuation of the arm-grooves. I was at first inclined to consider this vault as a kind of partition, serving to strengthen the calyx and taking the function of the basal plates, which no longer served to maintain its rigidity. From the lower third of the shale at Lockport, N. Y. The revision of the genus Calceocrinus we will preface with a few introductory remarks concerning the original species upon which the genus was founded. The original description speaks of the semicircular base as consisting of two pieces ‘‘anchylosed ” (consolidated) together, a triangular one fitting into a somewhat lunate-shaped piece. A more careful examination of two specimens of the same portion of this species, shows a secondary suture-line starting from the The Calceocrinide. 401 inner angle of the triangular piece, and passing through the excavation for the reception of the column, to the outer margin of the ‘‘lunate-shaped” piece, dividing it into equal halves. This suture-line is much less distinct than the other, and is consequently less noticeable. The anterior triangular piece is undoubtedly formed by the union of two anterior radials. Having determined the composition of the consolidated basal piece of the typical form of Calceocrinus, we can place here all such as have the same structure. This will be done with all that have been found upon exami- nation to correspond to the typical form as shown in a quite perfect individual, so nearly like the type in basal structure and surface markings, that it was at first regarded as a young speci- men of that species, but further study shows it to be a closely allied species differing distinctly in some minor details. A specific description of the original species will be found under Calceocrinus halli. CALCEOCRINUWS Hall. (Revised by Ringueberg.) Calyx and arms hanging downward and directed outward at an angle from the column. — Column round, bent somewhat posteriorly at its upper portion so as to admit of a greater inclination of the calyx. Arms three. Anterior arm simple(?) or bifurcating near its terminal portion. Lateral arms consisting of a series of axillary plates attached to, and forming a more or less complete arch over the anals on the pos- terior side, each of which gives rise to an armlet from its free or distal end. Consolidated basal piece convex, semicircular, or partially triangular in outline, and formed of three consolidated plates,—two lateral basals and one broadly triangular anterior anchylosed basal, which extends to, or nearly to, the outer angles of the piece. Column attached to the suture-line dividing the lateral basals, and never coming in contact with the anchylosed anterior basal. Calyx flattened anteriorly, rounded posteriorly. Anterior radial triangular, supporting on its two upper sides the ad- joining lateralradials. Lateral radials meeting in the median line above the apex of the anterior radial, and supporting in a broadly V-shaped notch between and above them the anterior brachial. Laterally, through anchylosis with the posterior radials, they extend around to and upon the posterior side and assist, with the low and broad ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued November, 1889. ‘402 The Calceocrinide. azygous, to form the arch around the curved side of the consolidated basal. They also receive between them the first anal lying a upon the azygous. Their upper and outer sides ste the first axillary pieces of the - lateral arms. Lateral arms, formed of from three to five axillary pieces arranged — in succeeding order, with their inferior borders resting upon the anal plates and uniting (?), or nearly so, above them in the middle of the ventral side. Their upper ends each give rise to an arm or branch, Type of genus: Calceocrinus typus Ringueberg. It will be observed from the above description, and the dia- gram given of Calceocrinus typus, that Ulrich’s genus Haly- stocrinus agrees in all of the major points with the typical Cal- ceocrinus, of which it must in all probability rank as a synonym. This will also probably be the case with his Deléacrinus, unless other and moreimportant structural differences should be noted besides the number of axillaries upon which he bases his genus. Calceocrinus typus n. sp. Pl. Xx. Fig,.8: Surface finely granulose, calyx flattened anteriorly; somewhat de- pressed and constricted in the centre of that side; rather square in out- line; upper portion but little narrower than the lower; ventral side very gibbous, with a notch or depression to receive the upper end of - column. Column round, composed of nodose joints which are as high as wide. Consolidated basal piece evenly semicircular in outline, with the col- umn attached just inside the posterior margin; anterior anchylosed basal half as wide as the base line. Anterior radial almost equilate- rally triangular; somewhat wider than the anchylosed basal, but not quite so wide as the base of the calyx. Lateral radials large and anchy- losed to the posterior radials; they form the lateral thirds of the arch around the consolidated basal piece on the posterior side, the low and broad azygous occupying the median third. Azygous wide, slightly lower in the middle on account of the upward curvature of the lower margin receiving the basals, and a downward curvature of the upper margin for the reception of the anal. First anal broad, low, with outer ends turned up abruptly, and re- ceiving between them the broad base of the truncate pyramidal second anal; other anals, if any, unknown. Anterior brachial extending somewhat beyond the upper angles of the lateral radials, pentagonal, and having its upper margin hollowed out to receive the first arm-joint. . The Calcecerinide. 403 This first arm-joint differs from the rest, in having a wide base and tapering rapidly towards its upper side, which is of the same width as the succeeding two or three joints. Seven joints are preserved, and no bifurcation takes place. i They are strongly arched, so as to be somewhat wider in their antero- posterior diameter than laterally, and are higher than wide. Lateral arms composed of series of narrow axillary plates, five in mumber on each side, of which the first are the highest; being as long as the upper and outer sides of the lateral radials, against which they rest their full length; from these they decrease in height in regular order towards the centre of the arch which they form around the first two anals. Each axillary gives rise to an armlet, in which three joints can be observed, when a bifurcation takes place, or a pinnule is given off (exactly which, cannot well be determined on account of the im- perfection of this portion of the specimen), Joints about as wide as long. From the lower third of the shale of the Niagara Group at Lockport, N. Y. Calceocrinus Halli n. sp. PreX,,, Ries I Calceocrinus —— n. gen. Hall.—Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., p. 352. Anchylosed base triangular, broadly truncate in outline at the poste- rior angle, due to the abrupt turning-in of that portion at right angles with the upper surface of the piece. This bending inward extends from this portion along the posterior margins laterally, decreasing gradually towards the outer angles. Just upon the abrupt posterior curvature of the plate, is situated the excavation for the reception of the articular facet for the column, which is situated at the bottom of it. ~ Anterior anchylosed basal very low and wide, extending laterally to _ the outer angles of the basal piece, and having its anterior border sharply grooved along its entire extent, for the reception of the elastic articular ligaments. Lateral basals broad, due to the lowness of the eee basal; - columnar facet situated in about the middle of the suture-line formed by their union. Surface thickly beset with strong granules, which coalesce to form larger ones on each side of the suture-lines, and upon the posterior curved portion of the plate. Interior of plate concave, crossed by three grooves, two starting con- jointly from the lateral angles and gradually becoming separated. The posterior of these is the deepest and is formed by the projection of a fold or sharp ridge along the line of curvature of the plate, and meets its fellow from the opposite side in the columnar foramen; the othe 404 The Calceocrinide. follows the suture-line of the anterior anchylosed basal, and incloses a lunate space between it and the other groove. The third groove starts at the columnar foramen and crosses the second groove, passing across. the middle of the anterior anchylosed basal to the anterior margin, where it is all that remains of what was probably once a suture-line. From the lower third of the Niagara Shale at Middleport, — NOY am This basal piece is readily distinguished from the one be’ong- ing to C. ¢typus by not presenting an evenly circular posterior outline, and by the anterior consolidated basal extending to the extreme outer angles. The rest of the calyx has not to my knowledge been found. This species has been named in honor of Professor James Hall, who was its original discoverer and who based the genus upon it. Calceocrinus bidentatus n. sp. Pl. X., Fig. 10. Anterior portion of the calyx flattened, quadrangular in outline, with a slight depression along the median suture-line, The lower margin of the calyx bears upon its upper surface three semicircular depressions ' with sharply defined margins. The median one of these is the widest _ and has a smaller one with a sharper curvature on either side, leaving two sharp dentate projections between. Anterior basal high and but little more than half as wide as the base; its two suture-lines commence in the lateral depressions or cicatrices. Anterior brachial projecting somewhat beyond the upper angles of the lateral basals, and having its upper margin slightly curved downward for the reception of the anterior arm. The outer sides of the lateral radials project but little on the posterior side of the calyx. This species is of the type of calceocrinoid structure to which C. stig- matus Hall belongs, but is at once distinguished from it by the nar- rower anterior radial, and the fact that the suture-lines of it commence in the lateral cicatrices, instead of passing to the outside of them; vari- ous other minor differences can be noted, but the above will prove suf- ficient for diagnostic purposes. From the lower third of the Niagara Shale at Lockport, N. Y- Calceocrinus contractus Dn. sp. Plx., ie. 12, Consolidated basal piece quite convex posteriorly. Posterior margin truncate. Anterior anchylosed basal extending The Calceocrinide. 405 laterally to the outer angles. Articular facet for column situated a little inside of the margin, and with its face directed posteriorly. Associated with the base just described, we find the anterior portion of a calyx that undoubtedly belongs to the same species. Anterior portion of calyx slightly but evenly arched from side to side, lower side wide, rapidly and evenly tapering to the insertion of the anterior brachial, which extends some distance beyond the upper angles of the lateral basals, and tapers more sharply than they do, thus giving the upper portion of the calyx a contracted appearance. Anterior radial broad and low, and extending to the outer angles; thus corresponding in size and proportions to the anterior consolidated basal. Anterior brachial extending for more than half of its height beyond the lateral radials; pentagonal in outline, and wider than high. From the lower portion of the Niagara Limestone at Lock- port, N. Y. The consolidated basal piece of this species is distinguished from that of C. halli of the underlying shales by the much greater proportionate antero-posterior diameter, and by the po- sition of the point of attachment, which is situated nearer to the posterior margin, and has its articular facet directed more nearly posteriorly. Remarks: The genus Cremacrinus of Mr. E. O. Ulrich is probably the only one of his genera which will hold good. Its pinnulate lateral arms, the punctate surface of the plates, and the sinuous border along the outer margin of the articulation, ally it to Castocrinus ; while in its haying only three arms, and in the arrangement of the plates on the ventral side, it would closely approach Proclivocrinus ; so that its natural position would be between those two genera. The features dis- tinguishing it from its closest ally Proclivocrinus would be those already pointed out as allying it to Castocrinus, together with a shorter and broader anterior radial than in Proclivocri- nus, and in the anterior basals not extending to the columnar facet. I speak of the anterior arm as “simple (?)” because I believe that all, or nearly all, the species which have been described as having a simple anterior arm, will be found to show a bifurca- tion, in case specimens are found preserving the arm to its tip. The plate which is termed the ‘‘ azygous,” in the foregoing descriptions, may prove to be the first anal, and probably in 406 The Calceocrinide. Proclivocrinus and Calceocrinus might more properly be so termed, except for the reason that in them it is the result of an anchylosis and modification of the azygous of the Pad forms with the first anal. In Proclivocrinus the cross-bar of the T represents the first. anal, and the stem the remains of the azygous; while in Calceo- crinus the modification has gone still further, and the stem has become absorbed entirely—only the cross-bar remaining. The modifications undergone by the members of this family will afford an interesting chapter in evolution, if the material ever presents itself which will allowof itscomplete working-ont.. That the ancestral form was five-armed, there can seem to be no doubt, as the existence of the right brachial in the four- armed Castocrinus points conclusively to such a one. But whether this, as yet unknown or unrecognized, ancestor under- went the loss of its fifth arm after the crinoid had assumed the pendulous position of its calyx, and consequently formed a member of the Calceocrinide, or sustained this loss first and consequently belonged to another or a new family,—only the finding of it can set at rest. 7 That Catillocrinus,—the affinity of which to the Calceocrinide Wachsmuth and Springer have pointed out,—does not belong in the line of their evolution, is shown both by its structure and its geological position ; although it may and probably did orig- inate from the same stock. The course of their specialization and modification of func- tion among the known genera is shown in the successive steps from Castocrinus through Proclivocrinus, or some allied undis- covered form, to Calceocrinus. Buta more complete discussion of the reasons for the sup- pression of the posterior arms, on account of their being in the way in its new position, and the consequent lateral contraction of the calyx with its concomitant shortening, and the progres- sive development of the anterior arm and side to make up for the aborted posterior side,——I will leave for another paper at such time as the opportunity for the examination of a more com- plete series of forms shall present itself. The types of Proclivocrinus radiculus, Calceocrinus haili, C. lypus, and C. contractus, are in my collection. The Calceocrinide. 407 EXPLANATION OF PLATES X. anv XI. Pe X. Fie. 1. Castocrinus furcillatus W. R. Billings, a. Right side of type specimen. b. Left side of same. Fia@. 2. Castocrinus rugosus W. R. Billings. Type specimen. Fig. 3. Castocrinus billingsianus n. sp. a. Anterior side of calyx. b. Posterior side of same. c. Right side of a smaller and nearly complete specimen. Fig. 4. Castocrinus articulosus E. Billings. Type specimen. Fia. 5. Castocrinus inequalis E. Billings. Type specimen. Fig. 6. Proclivocrinus radiculus Ringueberg. a. Type specimen. b. Specimen showing bifurcation of anterior arm. ce. Anterior side of a calyx with portions of arms, d. Posterior side of same. Fic. 7. Proclivocrinus chrysalis Hall. a. Anterior side of a calyx. b. Posterior side of same. Fig. 8. Calceocrinus typus n. sp. a. Lateral view of type. b. Anterior view of same, Fie. 9. Calceocrinus halli n. sp. a. Outer side of consolidated basal piece of type specimen, b. Inner side of same. Fig. 10. Calceocrinus bidentatus n. sp. a. Anterior portion of calyx. b. Basal portion of same, x 2. Fig. 11. Calceocrinus stigmatus Hall, Base of anterior portion of calyx (after Hall) for comparison with the last, x 2. Fig. 12. Calceocrinus contractus n. sp. a. Base of an individual. b. Anterior part of calyx of another. Fic. 18. Proclivocrinus chrysalis Hall. a. View of the vault of Fig. 7, x 5, to show structure. b. View of hinge-line of same, x 5, showing elastic ligaments, 408 The Calceocrinide. PL, Xi. DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATING STRUCTURE OF THE CALCEOCRINIDA. . Fig. 1. Castocrinus Ringueberg. Fig. 2. Proclivocrinus Ringueberg. Fic. 3. Calceocrinus Hall (revised by Ringueberg). a. Right side. b. Anterior side. c. Posterior side. d. Analysis of calyx. Letters referring to analysis (d) :—b, basals; r, radials; br, brachials; ax, axillary; an, anals; az, azygous. — The posterior side of the calyx down and the anterior side up. Fie. 4. Section of Proclivocrinus, illustrating the articulation of the base with the calyx and the manner of erection. .¢, column ; cb, consolidated basal piece ; ca, calyx; /, elastic liga- ment; int, integument covering ligament; m, probable situation of muscles which held the calyx down. A Revision of the Curimatine. 409 X VITI.—A Revision of the Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. BY CARL H. EIGENMANN AND R. S. EIGENMANN. Read May 13th, 1889. This revision is based on the collections in the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy of Harvard University. It was our intention to write a complete revision of the Cha- racinide. ‘The enormous amount of material collected in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge, Mass., together with the excellent library there, render such a work, based on this collection, greatly to be desired, both for ichthyology in general and for the collections of this Museum in particular. Unfortunately, our work was interrupted shortly after it was begun. Professor Louis Agassiz, under whose direction this material was accumulated, has been frequently criticised for his seemingly extravagant statements regarding the number of new species found by himself and his assistants during the Thayer expedi- tion in Brazil. Although Professor Agassiz may have been mis- led by the necessarily hasty comparisons made while collecting, it is due to his memory to state that he was far nearer the truth than has generally been supposed. Few of the new species dis- covered by Professor Agassiz were based on his specimens. Many of them had been collected before by Natterer, though they had not been described when Professor Agassiz made his collection; and Dr. Steindachner has based many of his new species on Natterer’s specimens preferably to those of Agassiz. Since Prof. Agassiz made his expedition, many others have col- lected in Brazil, and their specimens have been described by Doctors Gunther, Boulenger, Steindachner, Cope, Gill, and others; while Professor Agassiz’s material remained untouched at Cambridge. In spite of these facts, there yet remain one or two hundred undescribed species of Characinide alone, in the Museum at Cambridge, if we may judge from the Erythrinine and Curimatine which weexamined. Our studies of the Nema- 410 A Revision of the tognathi have demonstrated a similar state of affairs among that group. The key to the species of the genus Curimatus may prove. +, be erroneous or insufficientin parts. If so, it isdue to the fact that we could not have the specimens before us when revising the key. One species of Curimatus, C. alberti, has been omitted, as" we had no description of it. Dr. Ginther, in his paper on the fishes of the Rio Plata, states that it is related to Curimatus platanus, but with considerably larger scales. In order to shorten the references in the synonymy, the titles of works are not quoted, but each paper is referred to as ‘‘a,” “‘b,” etc., after the year of its publication. <‘Steind., ’75c” refers to Dr. Steindachner’s paper, ‘‘ Die Susswasserfische des stiddstlichen Brasiliens,” as will be seen by referring to the Bib- liography given at the end of our paper. When but one paper was published in the year by an author, it is referred to by the year of its publication, as: ‘‘Gthr., 764” refers to vol. v. of Dr. Gunther’s Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum. The genera of the edentulous Curimatine may be distin- guished by the following key: | a. Gill-arches with long, slender rakers. ANODUS. aa. Gill-arches without rakers. b. Postventral region trenchant, the scales of each side with a nar- row margin bent over the ventral ridge and terminating medially in a spiniform process. c. Scales in lat. 1. 94-103. Preventral region flat, with blunt lateral keels. Median line in front of dorsal naked. A. 16-17. POTAMORHINA. cc. Seales in lat. 1. 50-60. _Preventral region rounded. Predorsal region entirely scaled. A. 10-12. PSECTROGASTER. bb. Postventral region trenchant or not, always with a median series of scales which do not terminate in spiniform processes. d. Lateral line developed on anterior scales only; mouth oblique, the lower jaw entering the profile. Tonguelong and narrow, quite free. CURIMATOPSIS. dd. Lateral line complete. Mouth horizontal or slightly oblique. Tongue short and thick, adnate. CURIMATUS. i, ANODUS. ANoDUS Spix, ’29a, 60 (elongatus and latior); M. and T., *45a, 6 (sp.); Cope, ’78a, 682 (elongutus). ELOPOMORPHUS Gill, ’78a, May 21st_( jordan‘). Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 411 Type, Anodus elongatus Spix. - A genus of Curimatine with clupeiform branchialapparatus. Three species, confined to the Amazons and their;tributaries from Villa Bella to Peru. 1. ANODUS MELANOPOGON. Anodus melanopogon Cope, ’78a, 682 (Peruvian Amazon). Slender, head elongate. Muzzle acuminate, mandible projecting. Eye 6 in head, 14 in snout, 14 in interorbital. Opercle as deep as long. Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal. Pectorals reaching half-way to ventrals, ventrals half-way to anal. Blackish above, sides and abdomen silvery. Dorsal and caudal dusky. End of mandible black. . Head 32; depth more than 6; D. I. 10; A. I. 10; V. 11; P.19. Lat. 1. 128. COPE, 2. ANODUS STEATOPS. Anodus steatops Cope, "78a, 683 (Peruvian Amazon). Jaws equal. A large adipose lid reducing the ocular opening to a vertical slit. Eye 2 in interorbital, more than 5 in head; opercle deeper than long. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and base of upper caudal fulcra. Steel-blue, paler below; base of the caudal exten- sively black, other fins unspotted; sides of head and operculum above orbit golden; chin and top of head black. Bead.4.6> depth 5.54 D. 1. 10;:A. I. £1; V..12: P. 19. Lat, 1. 93. COPE. 3. ANODUS ELONGATUS, Piaba branco. Anodus elongatus Spix, ’29a, 61, pl. 40. Curimatus elongatus Cuv. and Val., xxii., 20: Castelnau, ’55a, 58 (Ama- zons); Kner, 59a, 146 (Forte do Principe); Gthr. 64, 293 (copied). Elopomorphus elongatus Steind., ’81a, 38 (Forte do Principe; Villa Bella). Elopomorphus jordani Gill, ’*8a, May 21st, and ’78b, 112. Habitat, Northern Brazil. 2. POTAMORHINA, POTAMORHINA Cope, ’78a, 685 (pristigaster). Type, Curimatus pristigaster Steind. A genus of a single species. Theclupeoid belly, flat breast, naked predorsal line, and small scales, serve to distinguish it from the related genera. POTAMORHINA PRISTIGASTER. Curimatus (Anodus) pristigaster Steind., "76a, 25, pl. VI. (Teffé; Barra do Rio Negro). Potamorhina pristigaster Cope, ’78a, 685 (Peruvian Amazon), Habitat, Amazons from Barra do Rio Negro to Peru. Fifteen specimens, .18—.29 m. Teffé; Lake Hyanuary. 412 A Revision of the Compressed. Preventral region flat or slightly concave, with blunt lateral keels; postventral region strongly compressed, with a series of spiniform scales. Median line before dorsal naked; postdorsal eg rounded. Scales small, all very strongly ctenoid. Head depressed es the eyes; eye about equal to snout, 2 in the interorbital. Origin of dorsal about an orbital diameter nearer to tip of snout than to base of upper caudal rays. Caudal rays much branched. Anal emarginate; pectorals reaching past the origin of ventrals. Air-bladder extending beyond origin of anal. Yellowish, with br BEEN reflections; a black spot at end of lateral line. Head 33-32; depth 23-23; D. 12-13; A. 16-17. Lat. 1. 94-108. 3. PSECTROGASTER gen. nov. Type, Psectrogaster rhomboides sp. nov. Teeth none. Lateral line developed. Postventral region trenchant, the scales of each side with a narrow margin bent over the ventral ridge and terminating medially in a spiniform process. Preventral region rounded; predorsal region entirely scaled. Scales 50-60. This genus is closely related to Potamorhina, from which it differs in having much larger scales, etc. Analysis of the species:— a. Air-bladder extending to origin of anal. Origin of dorsal about equidistant between tip of snout and base of upper caudal fulcra. Origin of ventrals nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout. Scales 15-55-10. rhombovdes, 1. aa. Air-bladder extending to posterior end of anal. Origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip of snout and from tip of adipose fin. b. Depth ¢ and’: about 24. Lat. 1. 49-56. amazonica, 2. bb. Depth ¢ 24. Scales 56. Profile convex. ciliatus, 3. 1. PSECTROGASTER RHOMBOIDES sp. nov. Curimatus cyprinoides Steind., ’81a, 34 (Rio Puty), not of L., Gthr., et al. Types, No. 20308, 20304, 20306, over fifty specimens, Rio Ses O. St. John. No. 20310, one specimen, San Goncallo; O. St. John. Compressed rhomboidal, the dorsal and ventral outlines making an- gles at the origin of the dorsal and of the ventral fins. Preventral re- gion rounded. Postventral region trenchant, without a median series of scales. ‘The scales of each side with a narrow margin bent over the ventral ridge and terminating medially in a spiniform process. Back narrow, without keels. Profile more or less depressed at the occiput. Eye with a narrow anterior and posterior adipose lid, about 1 in snout, 33-4 in head, a in interorbital. Hdentulous Genera of Curimatine. 413 Scales smali on back, becoming larger towards the breast, where they are several times as large as on the back. Scales of the breast pecti- nate, the rest more or less ciliate. Caudal naked. Air-bladder extending to origin of anal. _ Origin of dorsal about equidistant between tip of snout and base of upper caudal fulcra, in a few specimens nearer the caudal; the highest ray shorter than the head. Caudal broad, emarginate. Anal short, emarginate, the tip of the longest ray reaching the tip of the last ray. Pectorals reaching scarcely to ventrals, ventrals not tovent. Origin of ventrals nearer base of caudal than tip of snout. Plumbeous above, gradually becoming lighter below. A dusky area on the base of the caudal at end of lateral line. Head 31-33; depth 2}-23. D. 12-13; A..10-11. Scales 14 to 16-83 to 58-10 or 11. 2. PSECTROGASTER AMAZONICA sp. nov. ? ? Anodus ciliatus M. and Tr. Habitat, Amazons. Many specimens: Teffé; Ica; Tabatinga; Obidos; Fonteboa; Lago Alexo; Jutahy; Tonantins; Santarem; Hyavary; Curupira. This species agrees in almost all respects with Psectrogaster rhomboi- des. Profile very little, if at all, depressed at the occiput. Air-bladder extending to posterior end of anal. Origin of dorsal fin about equidistant from tip of snout and from tip of the adipose fin. Origin of ventrals nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal. Head about 32; depth about 24. D. 12-18; A. 11-12. Scales 12 or 13 —49 to 56-9, 3. PSECTROGASTER CILIATA. Anodus ciliatus M. and Tr., ’45a, 25, pl. IV., fig. 4 (Essequibo); id. ’48a, 633 (Lake Amucu). Curimatus ciliatus Castelnau, *55a, 58 (Amazon); Kner, ’59a, 1438 (Ypanema; Guapore); Gthr. ’64, 292 (copied). Habitat, Amazon and its tributaries; Guiana. Rare. Six specimens from Coary may be referred here. The male of this species (?) cannot be told from specimens of amazonica. The female is strikingly deeper than amazonica. The largest specimen measures .18 m. Profile convex. Origin of dorsal in females about equidistant from tip of snout and base of upper caudal fulcra. Origin of ventrals about equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal—considerably nearer base of caudal in largest specimen. Depth 273-242. D. 12-18; A. 11- 12. Scales 12-56-9 or 10. 414 — A Revision of the 4. CURIMATOPSIS, CURIMATOPSIS Steind., ’76a, 33 (macrolepis). Type, Curimatopsis macrolepis Steind. This genus, as far as known, is composed of two species. It is closely © related to Curimatus. Teeth none. Lateral iine developed on anterior scales only. Mouth oblique, lower jaw entering the profile. Tongue long and narrow, quite free. 1. CURIMATOPSIS MACROLEPIS. Curimatus (Curimatopsis) macrolepis Steind., 6a, 33 (Tabatinga; Manacapuru; mouth of the Rio Negro). Habitat, Amazons and tributaries from Rio Negro to Tabatinga. Numerous specimens, .035-.07 m, Tabatinga; Lake Hyanuary; Cudajas. . . Compressed elongate. Preventral region flattish, without enlarged scales; postventral region rounded; predorsal region to near the dorsal flattened; postdorsal region rounded. Scales cycloid, 4-6 longitudinal ridges on each scale; caudal scaled at base only. Profile from nares straight, convex near the dorsal. Eye 3 in the head, 1} in the interorbital. Origin of dorsal fin a little nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal. Anal emarginate. Pectorals not reaching ventrals: ventrals about to the vent; their origin a little nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout. Air-bladder extending to the anal. Depth of caudal peduncle about 2 in the head. Light brown, with silvery reflections; a lighter line through centre of — scales; a silvery lateral band terminating in a large black spot at base of caudal. Head 3-34; depth 22-33. D. 11-12; A. 11. Lat. 1. 30. 2. CURIMATOPSIS MICROLEPIS sp. nov. 2 Type, No. 20,344, one specimen, .115m. Jatuarana. M. Navez. Compressed elongate. Dorsal and ventral outlines equally arched. Back and belly rounded. Profile very little depressed. Margin of lower jaw rounded. Eye little longer than snout, 34 in head, 12 in interorbital. . Scales all small, entire. Caudal naked. Lateral line developed on about 12 scales only. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and base of upper caudal fulcra. Anterior dorsal rays prolonged, reaching the adipose fin. Anal slightly emarginate, the anterior rays reaching tip of last rays. Pectorals not nearly reaching to ventrals; ventrals not to vent. Light brown, with iridescent metallic reflections. Margins of the jaws Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 415 and inner surface of the lower jaw dark brown. A U-shaped dark bar in base of mouth. Inner surface of opercle with brown dots. Head 34; depth 3. D.12; A.11. Scales 14-60-?. 5. CURIMATUS, < Les CuRmMaTES Cuvier, Régne Animal, II., 165, 1817 (edentulus). Type, Salmo edentulus Bloch. This genus may be divided into a number of groups which are probably of subgeneric rank. They are: 1. Those species with the caudal entirely scaled. 2. Those with the postventral re- gion rounded. 3. Those with the postventral region trenchant. 4, Those with more than 80 scales in the lateral line. * Lateral line less than 80. + Caudal lobes thickly scaled to their tips. (CURIMATELLA subg. nov.) a. Scales 9-48 to 45-7. lepidurus, 1. a2. Scales 5 or 6-38 to 41-5. b. Depth 32-3} in the length. meyer, 2. b2. Depth 38, or less than 3, in the length. c. Scales 6-39 to 41-5. Predorsal region sharply keeled. ; serpe, 3. C2. Scales 5-36 to 38-5. Predcrsal region broad, with indis- tinct median keel. alburnus, 4. . Scales 33 to 35. A blackish longitudinal line on the scales of the back. alburnus lineatus, 4a. cu Caudal lobes mostly naked. . (CURIMATUS). t Postventral region rounded or with an obtuse median keel. d. Sides without spots. e. A black spot at base of middle caudal rays. f. Dorsal plain. Sides without a dark line. g. Lateral line 33 to 35, h. Depth 22 to 33 in the length. i. Predorsal region depressed or grooved to near the dorsal. spilurus, 5. 7,. Predorsal region keeled. spiluropsis, 6. hz. Depth 22 to 24. Predorsal region keeled. dorsalis, 7. 92. Lateral line more than 40. j. Lateral line 42 to 43. nasus, 8. jo. Lateral line 46. No adipose eyelids, troschelii, 9. f2. Base of middle dorsal rays dark. k, A dark line on sides. Lat, 1. 33 to 87. 1. Depth 34-83. elegans, 10. 416 A fevision of the iz. Depth 22-3. elegans bahiensis, 10a. k,. No dark line on sides. a Sart m. Seales 37. argenteus, 11. M,. Scales 8-44 to 47-5; dorsal and caudal spots distinct. bimaculatus, 12. ms. Scales 8-48 to 52-6; dorsal and caudal spots indistinct or wanting. A brown bar at base of caudal. bimaculatus sialis, 12a. €2. Middle caudal rays plain.! n. A black spot at base of dorsal. : o. Lateral line 48 to 82. bimaculatus trachystethus, 12b. 02. Lateral line 43. dobula, 13. 03. Lateral line 34. gitntheri, 14. m2. Dorsal plain, p. Back uniform in color. q. Less than 60 scales in the lateral line. r. Lateral}. 32-34. — - microcephalus, 15. Tz. Lateral 1. 36-41.? . s. Ventrals not reaching to the vent. t. Preventral region without a median series of en- larged scales. _ - . gilberti, 17, t.. Preventral region with a median series of en- larged scales. gilberti brevipinnis, 1a. S,. Ventrals reaching to vent. plumbeus, 18, r;. Lateral |. 44-47. u. D. 10; scales 8-44-7. ndgelit, 19. Uy. D. 12-13; scales 7-45 to 47-6. leucostictus, 20. r,. Lateral 1. 49 to 55. v. Depth 23-3. : w. Scales entire. platanus, 21. W,. Scales serrated. x.. Scales 13 or 14-51-9; mouth subinferior. asper, 22. XH. Scales 11 or 12-50 to 53-8. rutiloides, 23. V2. Depth 4. hypostomus, 24. Qo. Lateral line with 60 or more scales. y. Scales 16 or 17-69 or 70-12 or 18. mivartii, 25, Y2. Scales 10-60 to 69-8. leuciscus, 26. 2. Back with dark cross-bars. vittatus, 27. * In order to bring this index within the proper limits of the page-width, the position of e. has been transferred at this point to the left-hand edge. * 16, C. magdalene shouid be placed here. Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 417 d,. Sides with adark spot at the fortieth scale. ae a 28, tt. Post-ventral region trenchant. a. Preventral region rounded; jaws equal. tsognathus, 29. :. Preventral region angular, b. Some of the dorsal rays prolonged in a filament. c. Lateral line 60 to 64. knerii, 30. €2. Lateral line 56 to 60. cyprinoides, 31. be. Dorsal rays not produced. d. Scales 16-61 to 70-10. macrops, 82. dz. Scales 14-64-11, falcatus, 38. ds. Scales 14-51 to 53-6. simulatus, 34, ds. Scales 13-55-8. schomburgkit, 35. d;. Scales 12-51-9. essequibensis, 36, **, Lateral line 85 to 110. Median linein front of dorsal naked in adult. . (SEMITAPICIS ! subg. nov.) a, Preventral region rounded. b. Postdorsal region trenchant. planirostris, 37, b;. Postdorsal region rounded. laticeps, 38. dz. Preventral region trenchant. latior, 39. 1. CURIMATUS LEPIDURUS sp. nov. Types, Nos. 20,291 and 20,292, five specimens, .075-.10 m. to base of caudal. Rio San Francisco below the falls; C. F. Hartt. Closely related to alburnus, from which it differs chiefly in the num- ber of scales. Compressed, dorsal outline more irregular than the ventral outline, which is evenly curved to the anal. Preventral region rounded or slightly flattened; postventral region more narrowly rounded. Predor- sal region broad, with a distinct median and indistinct lateral keels; postdorsal region rounded, or with three indistinct keels. Scales per- sistent, all but those of the breastentire. Lateral scales all of about the same size, each scale with two diverging ridges. Caudal lobes thickly scaled to near their tip. Profile scarcely depressed over the eyes. Hyelittle longer than snout, 3-33 in head, 12 in interorbital. A very narrow anterior and posterior adipose lid. Highest dorsal ray a little shorter than the head. Anal short, some- what emarginate. Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, ventrals not to vent. Sides and lower parts yellowish, back bluish. Each scale of the sides with a narrow median line of golden. Head 34; depth 23-22. D. 12-13; A. 11-12. Scales 9-48 to 45-7. 1Semita = a path, apex = crown, in allusion to the naked predorsal line. . ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued November, 1889. 418 A Revision of the 2. CURIMATUS MEYERI. ' Curimatus meyeri Steind., ’82a, 11, pl. I., fig. 4 (Huallaga). Habitat, Huallaga; Obidos; Manacapuru. A single specimen, .10 m. long, from Obidos, and another, .12 m., from ; Manacapuru, may represent this species. Head 827; depth 33. D.13; A.10. Scales 6-40-?. 3. CURIMATUS SERPE sp. nov. Types, Ne: 20,320, four specimens, 065-. 075 m. to base of caudal. Serpa; Thayer. A beautiful species, related to alburnus, meyeri, and immaculatus, differing in the proportions, scales, etc. Elongate slender. Preventral region depressed, without lateral keels; postventral region with three indistinct keels. Predorsal region sharply keeled to the occipital crest. Postdorsal region with three indistinct keels. Scales cycloid, persistent, their surface with two widely diverging ridges. All the caudal rays thickly covered with scales to near their tip. . Anterior profile straight, upper profile but little convex. Mouth sub- terminal. Eye 3-34 in head, 14-12 in interorbital, which is equal to the depth of the head at the pupil. Dorsal much higher than long, its highest ray longer than the ven- tral, shorter than the head. Anal truncate, the anterior rays much longer. Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, which do not reach the vent. Air-bladder extending to middle of anal. Light-brown above, silvery below, everywhere with metallic reflec- tions. Dorsal scales with a brownish spot as in meyeri and alburnus. Head 34-32; depth 3. D. 12-13; A. 10-11. Scales 6-39 to 41-5. ‘4. CURIMATUS ALBURNUS. Anodus alburnus M. and T., ’45a, 26, pl. IV., fig. 3 (Lake Amucu, British Guiana); id. 48a, 633 (Lake Amucu). Curimatus alburnus Kner, ’59a, 144 (Rio Guapore; Matto Grosso); Gthr., ’64a, 289 (copied); Steind., ’76a, 33 (Teffé); id. 79a, 5 (Orinoco near Ciudad Bolivar); id. 81a, 86 (Amazon). Habitat, Northern Brazil and northward. About 55 specimens, .13-.22 m. Surinam; Coary; Lake Hyanuary; Rio Negro; Jutahy; Ueranduba; Teffé; Manse ey Hyavary; Tonan- tins. Stout, tapering backward; preventral region flattened, a median series of large scales; and bluntly keeled scales in the lateral series; Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 419 postventral region with median and lateral keels which converge to- wards the anal. Predorsal region broad, with indistinct median and lateral keels; postdorsal region rounded or with three keels. Scales persistent, crenate or serrate margined; lateral scales with two or three diverging ridges. Caudal lobes scaled to the tip in all speci- mens. Profile scarcely depressed over the eyes. Eye 34-34 in head, 14-2 in interorbital. Air-bladder extending to the anal. Origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip of snout and tip of adi- pose. Highest dorsal ray little longer or shorter than head. Anal emarginate, the tips of some of the anterior rays reaching the caudal. Ventrals considerably shorter than head, not reaching the vent. Scales above the lateral line usually with a golden base and a cres- centiform dark spot parallel with the margin, remaining parts golden, Sometimes uniform steel blue, without markings. Head 32-34; depth 24-8. D. 12-13; A. 10-11. Scales 5-36 to 38-5. da. CURIMATUS ALBURNUS LINEATUS. var. nov. Type, No. 20,297, one specimen, .09m. Jutahy; James, Thayer, and Talisman. Color of alburnus, but the dorsal scales with a blackish median line. Depth 22. D. 138; A. 10-11. Lat. 1. 33-35. 5. CURIMATUS SPILURUS. Curimatus spilurus Gthr., 64, 288 (Essequibo); Steind., "76a, 31 (Hyanuary; Ica; Teffé; Rio Negro); Cope, ’78a, 684 (Peruvian Ama- zon); Steind., *79a, 5 (Orinoco near Ciudad Bolivar), Habitat, Northern Brazil and northward. About two hundred specimens, .045-.12m. Ica; Teffé; Jutahy; Cuda- jas; José Fernandez; Lake Hyanuary; Alexo; Ueranduba; Jatuarana; Obidos. : : Compressed elongate. Preventral region flattened, with a median series of large scales; postventral surface rounded, the large scales of the median series slightly carinate. Predorsal region depressed or grooved to near the dorsal; postdorsal region rounded. Scales perfectly smooth-edged in the smaller examples, slightly den- tate in the largest specimens, Lateral line complete. Scales only on the base of the caudal lobes. Lateral scales with two longitudinal ridges. Profile from nares to near dorsal straight and not very steep. Hye 3% in head, 13-13 in the interorbital. Air-bladder extending to the anal. 420 A Revision of the Origin of dorsal about midway between tip of snout and tip of adi- pose. Anal emarginate, pectorals not reaching to ventrals, ventrals about to vent. Origin of ventrals midway between tip of snout and base of caudal. Depth of caudal peduncle little more than 2 in head. — Light brown with silvery and bluish reflections, a plumbeous median band terminating in a black spot at base of caudal. Head 23-4; depth 23-3 (23 in some specimens according to Gunther). D. 18; A. 10-11. Lat. 1. 33-35. 6. CURIMATUS SPILUROPSIS sp. nov. Five specimens, No. 20,218, .075-.09 m., collected by Mr. W. James at Iga, have the ventral profile almost straight and the back greatly ele- vated. The back in front of the dorsal is strongly convex and the median series of scales keeled. Preventral surface fiat, postventral surface rounded. Scales smooth-edged, the ridges scarcely evident. Mouth entirely below the level of the orbit. Origin of ventrals a little nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout. Caudal spot indistinct. Depth 22-3, otherwise as in C. spilurus. Three other specimens, also from Ica, have no caudal spot. 7. CURIMATUS DORSALIS sp. nev. Types, No. 20,183, one specimen, .09 m. Coary; L. Agassiz. No. 20,210, one specimen, .09 m. Manacapuru; W. James. No. 20,241, one specimen, .082 m. Hyavary. No. 20,330, one specimen, .09 m. Obidos; Col. Bentos. Habitat, Amazon, Solimoens and tributaries. Related to C. spilurus. Compressed dorsadiform; preventrai region flattened, with a median series of large scales; postventral region with two indistinct lateral keels, the median series of scales arched. Pre- dorsal greatly arched and with a median keel; postdorsal region rounded, Scales persistent; the broadly rounded posterior margin crenate; the surface with indistinct longitudinal ridges or none. Basal half of the - caudal rays scaled. Pores of the anterior scales of the lateral line im- perfectly developed or wanting. Profile greatly arched behind the occiput, and conspicuously depressed at the occiput. Eye 23-3 in head, 13-12 in interorbital. Air-bladder terminating in a filiform process which rests against the anterior surface of the first interhzemal. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and tip of adipose. Anal short, emarginate. Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, ventrals to vent. Origin of ventrals about equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 421 Light brown above with bluish or silvery reflections; a pale lateral band margining the brown of the back; a blackish spot at base of caudal. ; Head 32; depth 22-24. D. 18; A. 10-11. Scales 5 or 6-5-5, 8. CORIMATUS NASUS., Curimatus nasus Steind., ’82, 20, pl. V., fig. 2 (Canelos, Ecuador). 9. CURIMATUS TROSCHELII. Anodus troschelii Gthr., 59, 418 (Western Andes of Ecuador), Curimatus troschelii Gthr., ’64, 290; Steind., 80a, 40 (Guayaquil). 10. CURIMATUS ELEGANS. Curimatus elegans Steind., 74a, 31 (Rio Arassuahy, tributary of the Jequitinhonha). Habitat, streams of southeastern Brazil. Six specimens, about .10m. Rio Arassuahy; Rio Ipajica at Pernam- buco; Bahia. A species which can readily be recognized by its peculiar color-mark- ings. Elongate slender. Preventral region rounded or slightly depressed; postventral region rounded. Predorsal region with an indistinct median keel; postdorsal region with three keels. Dorsal and ventral outlines gently arched. Profile regularly convex; premaxillary broad, the snout projecting considerably beyond the mouth. Eye 33 in head, 14 in interorbital. Scales mostly smooth-edged. Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, ventrals not to vent. Light brown above, silvery below, everywhere with metallic reflec- tions; asilvery lateral band. Lateral line bordered by black; an elongate blackish spot at base of caudal; two middle rays and lower lobe of cau- dal dusky; a blackish spot at base of middle dorsal rays. | Head 32-33; depth 33-32. D. 12-138; A. 10-11. Scales 35-37. 10a, CURIMATUS ELEGANS BAHIENSIS var. nov. Types, No. 20,324 and 20,325, forty-four specimens, .052-.11 m. Bahia; Thayer expedition. Depth 23-3. Back always greatly arched. Lat. 1. 33-35. 11. CURIMATUS ARGENTEDUS. Silver-fish. Curimatus argenteus Gill, 58, 62 (Trinidad); Gthr., ’64, 289 (copied); Liit- ken, "74a, 225 (Trinidad). 422 -A Revision of the 12. CURIMATUS BIMACULATUS. Curimatus bimaculatus Steindachner, ’76a, 28 (Hyavary). Habitat, Amazon, Soiimoens. Many specimens from Hyavary and Coary, Villa Bella, Ica; the largest .17 m. This species can readily be distinguished by its color-markings. Compressed, ventral outline nearly straight to the anal, back greatly arched. Preventral region broad and flat, without distinct lateral keels; postventral region rounded, with three indistinct keels. Pre- dorsal region with a prominent median keel; postdorsal region rounded. Scales thin, persistent, pectinate or serrate. Caudal naked. Profile slightly depressed at the occiput, more or less strongly arched behind it. Eye 1 in snout, 3} in head, 13 in interorbital. Mouth inferior, head depressed. Air-bladder extending to anal. Caudal broad and deeply emarginate. Anal high, emarginate; some of the anterior rays extending past origin of caudal. Ventrals reach- ing to or past the vent; pectorals not to ventrals. Bluish above, silvery on sides and below. A blackish spot at base of middle caudal rays, another at base of middle dorsal rays, usually an- other spot on the back just in front of the dorsal fin; an opaque whitish spot at the base of each caudal lobe. Head 4; depth 23-34. D. 12-13; A. 11. Scales 8-44 to 47-5. 12a. CURIMATUS BIMACULATUS SIALIS var. nov. Types, No. 20,206, nine specimens, .09-.19 m. Manacapuru; W. James. This variety differs from the typical bimaculatus in having the dorsal and caudal spots very faint, or more often they are not pres- ent. A straight, or more usually a dumb-bell-shaped, brown spot at base of caudal. Those with a straight caudal spot have the predorsal region plain; those with adumb-bell-shaped spot have a blackish spot in front of dorsal and another behind the occipital process, and have the scales more pectinate than the other specimens. Scales 8-48 to 52-6. 12b. CURIMATUS BIMACULATUS TRACHYSTETHUS. Curimatus trachystethus Cope, 78a, 684 (Peruvian Amazon). Habitat, Amazons from Serpa to Peru. Our specimens differ from those described by Dr. Cope, in having a distinct, though low, postventral keel. Serpa; Fonteboa; Tabatinga. Ventral outline somewhat more arched than in bimaculatus. Scales serrate or crenate. Pectorals in one specimen reaching ventrals. Color as in bimaculatus, without the caudal spot. A blackish spot behind tip of occipital process. Scales 8-48 to 52-6 to 7. Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 423 13. CUBRIMATUS DOBULA. Curimatus dobula Gthr.," 68a, 243 (Huallaga); Boulenger, ’87b, 279 (Canelos). Habitat, Eastern slopes of Peru and Ecuador. 14, CURIMATUS GUNTHERI sp. nov. Type, No. 20,245, one specimen, .085. Tabatinga; Bourget. We have dedicated this beautiful species to Dr. Albert Ginther, of the British Museum. "Resembling spilurus in shape of body. Preventral region flat, with obtuse lateral keels; postventral region rounded. Predorsal region with a median keel; postdorsal region rounded. Scales mostly entire, those of the breast crenate. Scales on the base of the caudal lobes. Profile rounded, not depressed at the occiput. Eye # in snout, 3 in head, 14 in interorbital. Caudal deeply forked, the lobes longer than the head. Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, ventrals to vent. Brownish above, silvery below, everywhere with metallic reflections; a white lateral band. A conspicuous dark brown spot at base of mid- dle dorsal rays. Head 34; depth 2%. D. 18; A. 11. Scales 5-34-5. 15. CURIMATUS MICROCEPHALUS sp. nov. Types, No. 785, four specimens, .07-.145 m. Surinam; Dr. J. Wyman. Rather deep, the dorsal and ventral outlines regularly, the latter more regularly, arched. Region immediately in front of ventrals flat- tened; breast rounded. Postventral region with three indistinct keels. A few scales in front of the dorsal keeled, the rest rounded; postdorsal region with three indistinct keels. Profile slightly depressed at occiput. Mouth subterminal. Eye little longer than snout, 31 in head, 14 in interorbital. Median series of scales on nuchal region ciliate. Lateral scales entire. Ventral scales finely serrate. Basal half of the caudal lobes scaled. Highest dorsal ray about equal to the head. Anal short truncate, the anterior rays reaching the caudal; ventrals not to vent; pectorals not to ventrals. Light brown with metallic reflections; light lines along the series of scales; dorsal in one specimen with many dark points. Head 33; depth 23-23. D. 12-13; A. 9-10. Scales 5-32 to 34-5, 424 A Revision of the 16. CURIMATUS MAGDALENE. Sardina blanca. Curimatus magdalence Steind., 78a, 34 (Rio Magdalena); id. “19a fe. moni River, Panama); id. 80a, 15 (Cauca). Habitat, Rio Magdalena and tributaries; Panama. 17. CURIMATUS GILBERTI,. Papaeterra. Curimatus gilberti Quoy and Gaimard, 219, pl. 48, fig. 1 (Rio Macacu). Curimatus gilberti C. and V. xxii., 1849, 16 (Rio. Janeiro; Rio Macacu); Gthr., 64a, 289 (copied); Steind., ’74a, 29 (Rio Parahyba near Campos, Mendez, and Juiz de Fora; Rio Macuri above Porto Alegre; Rio Muriahe; Rio Itabapuana). Curimatus voga Hensel, 70a, 78 (S. Leopoldo, Rio dos Sinos). Curimatus albula Litken, 74a, 127 He das Velhas and tributaries); id. "75a, 186 and ix, Habitat, rivers of southeastern Brazil from Rio Plata to Rio San Francisco. Many specimens from Buenos Ayres; Rio Grande do Sul; Santa Cruz; Minas Geraes; Campos; Mendez; ie iahe; Sao Matheos; Itabapuana; Porto Alegre. Rather deep and stout, the dorsal and ventral outlines usually equally arched. Preventral region somewhat flattened, or more usually rounded; no enlarged median series of scales. Postventral region rounded, with an obtuse median keel. Back in front of dorsal broad and rounded, a few scales in front of the dorsal being keeled. Postdorsal region some- what flattened or rounded. Anterior profile straight or somewhat depressed, upper neaete arched. Bye little ionger than snout, 33-4 in head, 12-2 in interorbital. Scales persistent, crenate; caudal naked. Fins alllow. Highest dorsal ray shorter than the caudal lobe, which is usually shorter than the head. Anal slightly emarginate, not reach- ing caudal. Pectorals not near reaching to ventrals, ventrals not to . vent. Silvery, darker above, Tips of dorsal and middle caudal rays occa- sionally dusky. Sometimes a dark line or band along the tail, termi- nating in an elongate black spot at the caudal. Head 34-38; depth 22-3. D. 11-12; A.10-11. Scales 6-36 to 41-5 to 6. 17b. CURIMATUS GILBERTI BREVIPINNIS var. nov. Type, No. 789. One specimen, 14 m. Rosario (La Plata); Captain Brooks. More elongate than gilberti. Preventral region flattened, with a me- dian series of enlarged scales. Profile depressed at the occiput. Eye Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 4.25 3; in head. Silvery, with purple and greenish reflections. Lateral scales with a frosted appearance. Head 4; depth 34. D. 11; A. 93. Scales 5-39-5. 18. CURIMATUS PLUMBEUS sp. nov. Types, eight specimens, .053-.18 m. Lake Hyanuary; Thayer Exped. No. 20,348, 15 specimens, .075-.095 m. Lake Hyanuary; Navez. - Closely related to C. spilurus and C. magdalene. Elongate slender. Preventral region flat, without distinct lateral keels ; postventral region with indistinct median and lateral keels. A few predorsal scales keeled, region before them flattish. Scales partly dentate, partly cycloid. Lateral scales with widely diverging keels. Caudal lobes naked. Profile slightly convex, not very steep. Kye 3-32 in the head, 14 in the interorbital, which is less than the depth of the head at the pupil. Air-bladder extending to the anal. Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to tip of adipose fin. Pectorals not reaching to ventrals; ventrals about to vent, their origin equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. Caudal lobes long, pointed, equal, and much longer than the head. Plumbeous with silvery and bluish reflections ; a silvery lateral band ; no dark caudal spot. Head 32; depth 33-34. D.13; A. 10-11. Scales 5-37-5. Hight specimens from Obidos may also be referred to this species. 19. CURIMATUS NAGELII,. Curimatus nagelii Steind., ’81b, 11 (Rio Janeiro). 20. CURIMATUS LEUCOSTICTUS sp. nov. Types, No. 787, one specimen, .11 m. to base of caudal. Rio Negro; J. C. Fletcher. No. 20,315, one specimen, .075 m. to base of caudal. Lago Alexo ; S. V. R. Thayer. Elongate, rather slender. Preventral region flat, with a median series of scales and obtuse keels laterally ; postventral region with an obtuse median keel. Predorsal region narrow, with a median keel; postdorsal region with obtuse lateral keels. 7 Profile somewhat depressed at the occiput in the larger specimen. Eye with narrow adipose lids, # in snout, 23 in head, 14 in interorbital. Scales of the back and breast pectinate, those of the sides more weakly ctenoid. Base of caudal rays scaled. Highest dorsal ray shorter than the head. Anal emarginate, the tip 426 A Revision of the of the highest ray scarcely reaching the lower caudal fulcra. Ventrals reaching nearly to the vent, pectorals to ventrals. Light brown above, a white lateral band, and silvery below. Every- where with metallic reflections. A golden stripe along the lateral series of scales. A white spot at base of each caudal lobe. Head 3¢; depth little more than 3. D. 12-13; A. 9-10. Scales 1-45 to 47-6. This species differs from bimaculatus in the partially-scaled caudal, the color, etc. 21. CURIMATUS PLATANUS. Curimatus platanus Gthr., ’80a, 12 (Rio de la Plata). _ 22, CURIMATUS ASPER. Curimatus asper Gthr., ’68a, 248, fig. 8 (Xeberos ; Huallaga). 232. CURIMAT US RUTILOIDES, Huimba-shitari. Curimatus rutiloides Kner, ’59a, 141, pl. I., fig. 2 (Matto Grosso; Barra do Rio Negro); Gthr., ’64, 290 (copied); Cope, ’71a, 258 (Ambyiacu); Steind., 81a, 35 (Teffé; Manaos; Matto Grosso; Jatuarana); Steind., °82a, 11 (Huallaga). _ Habitat, Amazons and tributaries. 24, CURIMATUS HYPOSTOMUS. Curimatus hypostomus Boulenger, ’87a, 172 (Ucayale). 25. CURIMATUS MIVARTII. Curimatus mivartii Steind., "78a, 32, pl. 18, fig. 1 (Rio Magdalena) ; id. ’80a, 15 (Cauca). 26. CURIMATUS LEUCISCUS. Curimatus leuciscus Gthr., ’68a, 239 (Huallaga). Habitat, Huallaga; Obidos; Hyavary; Manacapuru. Four specimens, .10-.15 m. Obidos. Elongate slender; ventral outline straight from tip of snout to near anal. Dorsal outline arched, especially in front of the dorsal. Pre- ventral region flattish ; postventral region rounded. Predorsal region with a median keel; postdorsal region rounded. Profile not depressed over eyes. Mouth inferior. Eye little longer than snout, 3-34 in head, 14-12 in interorbital. Scales serrate, somewhat deciduous. Caudal naked. Highest dorsal ray about equal to the head in length. Anal shoe EHdentulous Genera of Curimatine. 427 emarginate, the longest ray reaching the caudal. Ventrals extending about to vent, pectorals not to ventrals. . Silvery below, light brown above. A blackish spot in front of the dorsal, another behind the occipital process ; a white lateral band. Head 4-44; depth 32-32. D. 12-13; A. 10-11. Scales 11-64 to 67-9. Ten specimens from Manacapuru and one from Hyavary have the ‘scales 10-60 to 64-8. 27. CURIMATUS VITTATUS. Roncador. Curimatus vittatus Kner, ’59a, i139, pl. I.,§fig. 1 (Guapore; Rio Negro); Gthr., 64a, 292 (copied). Habitat, Amazon, Solimoens and tributaries. Two specimens, .15-.24m. Lake Hyanuary; Teffé. Compressed, the back somewhat elevated, making an angle at the first dorsal ray. The back rounded, without keels. Preventral region flat, with lateral keels; postventral region with a strong median and indistinct lateral keels. Scales thin, persistent, entire or crenate. Profile somewhat depressed at the occiput. Mouth inferior. Eye 1 in snout, 34 in head, 13-13 in interorbital. Anterior dorsal rays high, about equal to head in length. Caudal broad, the rays many times branched, Anal emarginate, the longest ray not reaching tip of last ray. Pectorals extending to the ventrals in smaller specimens, much shorter in larger; ventrals to vent in smaller specimen, Larger specimen silvery white, with indistinct cross-bars on the back. Smaller specimen iridescent peacock-blue; back darker, with blackish cross-bands; a dusky band along the lateral line. Head 33-33; depth 24-8. D. 12; A. 12. Scales 11-56-6 or 7. 28. CURIMATUS OCELLATUS sp. nov. Types, three specimens, .18-.24m. Xingu; Senhor Vinhas. Elongate, compressed fusiform. Dorsal and ventral outlines regu- larly curved. Back and belly rounded. Predorsal line scaled. Head subconical, the mouth terminal. Adipose lids leaving but a narrow vertical slit over the pupil. Eye 14 in snout, 44 in the head, 2 in the interorbital. Scales of about equal size, their margins entire. Air-bladder scarcely reaching the anal. Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal, Caudal widely forked, the outer lobes longer than the head, the mid- dle rays less than an orbital diameter in length. Anal emarginate, Pectorals and ventrals of about equal length, equal to snout and orbit. 428 A Revision of the Plumbeous above, abruptly silvery below the third series of scales. above the lateral line. An oval blackish spot near the fortieth scale of the lateral line, its shorter, vertical diameter about equal to half an orbital diameter. Head, 34-33; depth, 33-4. D. 12-(13 when last ray is divided); A NCE 10-11. Scales, 12-67 to 76-11. 29. CURIMATUS ISOGNATHUS sp. nov. Types No. 20,314, one specimen, .155 m. to base of caudal. Lago Alexo; Ss. V. R. Thayer. No. 20,214, one specimen, .185 m. to base of caudal. Ica; W James. No. 20,208, one specimen, .13 m. to base of caudal. Manacapuru; W. James. No. 20,225, one specimen, .12 m. to base of couielt San Paolo; W. James. No. 20,224, one specimen, .14 m. to base of caudal. San Paolo; W. James. Related to C. rutiloides and C. asper. The preventral phe, broad,. rounded, the jaws equal. Shape of rutiloides, the dorsal and ventral outlines equally arched. Postventral region trenchant. Back broad, rounded. Profile regularly convex, not depressed at the occiput; mouth termi- nal, Head broad. Eye comparatively small, 1 in snout, 4 in head, 2 in interorbital. Scales all ciliate; caudal naked. _ Fins all low, highest dorsal ray shorter than the head. Ventrals not reaching to vent, pectorals not to ventrals. Silvery, bluish above. Head 32-32; depth 23-3. D.12-13; A. 11-12. Beale 12 or 13-51 to 53-8 or 9. 30. CURIMATUS KNERII. Curimatus cyprinoides Kner, ’59a, 148 (Barra do Rio Negro; Surinam), —not of Linnezus. Curimatus knerii Steind., ’76a, 35 (Teffé); id. 81a, 35 (Teffé; Manaos; Rio Branco; Surinam). — Habitat, Surinam, Solimoens, Amazon west of Rio Para. Many specimens, Moe ee Porto do Moz; Rio Negro; Tonantins; Lake Hyanuary, Dorsal and ventral outline about equally arched; form rather deep and compressed. Preventral region flat, with a median series of en- larged scales and lateral keels; postventral region trenchant, with a median series of equitant scales. Back rounded. Scales rather small on the back, becoming a little larger toward the Edentulous Genera of Ourimatine. 429 breast, all crenate or serrate. Caudal naked. Lateral line decurved anteriorly. Profile more or less depressed at the occiput, the head wide; mouth more or less inferior. Eye about 1 in snout, 3-34 in head, 14-14 in in- terorbital. An anterior and a posterior adipose lid. Some of the dorsal rays filiform and reaching in some specimens past the adipose. Caudal broad, the upper lobe little longer than the head. Anal long and low, emarginate, its base equal to snout and half the orbit; the tip of the longest ray reaching little if any past the base of last ray. Pectorals reaching to ventrals or shorter, ventrals not to vent. Silvery, bluish above. Dorsal with black dots. Head 32-34; depth 22-23. D. 12-13; A. 11-12. Scales 14-60 to 64- 8 to 9. 31. CURIMATUS CYPRINOIDES. Salmo cyprinoides Linnezeus, 1766, 514. Characinus cyprinoides Lacépéde, 1801, ‘‘ 272 and 274.” Curimatus cyprinoides C. and V. xxii., 7 (Amazon; Surinam; Esse- quibo; Cayenne); Castelnau, ‘59a, 57 (Amazon); Gthr., *64, 290 (River Capin, Para) ; Cope, "71a, 258 (Ambyiacu). Salmo edentulus Bloch, pl. 380; Bloch and Schneider, 1801, 472. Habitat, Amazons and tributaries; Guianas. Dr. Boulenger has kindly examined the specimens of this species in the British Museum. These have ordinary scales in the postventral region. Dr. Steindachner is certainly wrong in identifying specimens from the Rio Puty with a serrate belly with those in the British Mu- seum. A large number of specimens from Para represent the C. cyprinoides as understood by Dr. Giinther. The pectorals scarcely reach the ventrals. Scales 14 or 15-56 to 60- 8 to 9. Some of the references that we have given with this species may per- haps refer to-C. knerii. 32. CURIMATUS MACROPS sp. nov. Types, No. 20,305, 20,302, 20,309, 20,301, over twenty specimens. Rio Puty; O. St. John. No. 20,3811, eight specimens. San Gongallo; O. St. John. A species very abundant in the Rio Puty, reaching .25m. in length. Compressed ovate, rather deep, the back and belly equally arched. Pre- ventral region flat, with a median series of large scales; postventral region very narrow, the median series of scalesequitant. Back narrow, not keeled. 430 A Revision of the’ Profile greatly depressed at the occiput, mouth more or less inferior. Eye large, longer than snout, 3 to 3} in the head, 14 in interorbital. — Scales of the back small, becoming larger towards the breast, where they are several times as large as on the back. All the scales are more or less ciliated, without longitudinal ridges. Highest dorsal ray about equal to the length of the head. Caudal broad, widely forked, the lobes shorter than the head. Anal long, emarginate, the tip of the first rays scarcely reaching the base of the last, shorter in young. Base of anal equals head behind the pupil. Pecto- rals reaching to ventrals, ventrals not to vent. Dusky above, light below, everywhere with metallic reflections. Head 32-34, depth 23-24. D. 12-13; A.13-14. Scales 16-61 to 70-10. Other specimens from San Paolo may be referred to this species. [33. COBRIMATUS FALCATUS sp. nov. Types, No. 20,340, three specimens, .18-.23 m. Xingu; Senhor Vin- has. No. 20,189, one specimen, .18 m. Gurupa; Agassiz. : Closely related to C. knerii, from which it differs in having a strictly terminal mouth. Shape of C. knerii, the profile less depressed, the postventral ridge less prominent. A very broad anterior and posterior adipose lid. Dor- salemarginate. None of its rays filiform. Anal long and falcate, its base somewhat longer than the snout and half the orbit. Highest anal ray reaching posterior third of the base of the anal. Pectorals not. nearly reaching to ventrals, and ventralis not to vent. Head 32; depth 24. D. 11-13; A. 12-13. Scales 14-64-11. ie 34. CURIMATUS SIMULATUS sp. nov. Types, No. 20,194, three ‘specimens, .155 to .165 m. Tonantins; L. Agassiz. No. 20,198, five Specenene, .145to.16m. Fonteboa; L. Agassiz. Related to C. essequibensis, differing in the vertical scaling. Back greatly arched, profile steep. Preventral region flat; postventral region with a prominent keel. Predorsal region trenchant. Scales all more or less ciliate; caudal naked. Profile somewhat depressed at the occiput. Mouth inferior, thesnout. pointed. Eye 1 in snout, 34-34 in head, 12 in interorbital. Highest dorsal ray longer than head. Caudal widely forked. Anal emarginate, the longest ray reaching past the base of last ray, Ven- trals reaching vent, which is ‘just in front of the anal. Pectorals- reaching slightly beyond origin of ventrals. Silvery, bluish above. Dorsal with many minute black dots, some of which are aggregated near the middle of the fin to form an ill-defined band; tips of the dorsal and middle caudal rays blackish. Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 43} _ Head 31-32; depth 24-22. D. 12-13; A. 12-14. Scales 14-51 to 53- 6 or 7. Three of the specimens from Fonteboa differ considerably from the rest. They have the back much less elevated. Eye 13-12 in interorbital. Highest dorsal ray equal to the lengthof the head. Ventrals not reach- ing to vent, pectorals scarcely to ventrals. Anterior and upper margin of the dorsal black; a blackish band on the middle of the back from dor- sal to caudal. Depth 22-23. 35. CURIMATUS SCHOMBURGKII, Curimatus schomburgkii Gthr., 64, 291 (British Guiana; Demerara). Habitat, Guianas. One specimen, .19 m. to base of caudal. Surinam; Prof. Wyman. Preventral region flat, with strong lateral keels; postventral region trenchant, with a median series of equitant scales ; dorsal rounded. Profile depressed above the eye. Premaxillary broad, the mouth in- ferior. Eyea little longer than the snout, 3} in head, 1? in interorbital. Scales crenate, those of the back little smaller than those on the sides below the lateral line; caudal naked. Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal. Base of anal about equal to snout and eye to posterior margin of pupil. Tip of highest anal ray extending little beyond base of last ray. Ven- trals not reaching to vent, pectorals not to ventrals. Yellowish golden, darker above. Head 32; depth 24. D.12; A. 12. Scales 14-55 to 59-8. 36. CURIMATUS ESSEQUIBENSIS. Anodus cyprinoides M. and T., ’49a, 7 (non auct.). Curimatus essequibensis Gthr., ’64, 291 (Essequibo). 37. CURIMATUS PLANIROSTRIS. Charax, No. 878; Gronow, Zoophyl., I., 123, 1781. Charax planirostris Gronow, ‘‘’54a, 154.” - Curimatus planirostris Gthr., ’64, 293 (copied). Curimatus abramoides Kner, 59a, 142, pl. 2, fig. 8(Barra do Rio Negro). Habitat, Amazon and Rio Negro. Four specimens, .11-.18m. Rio Negro; Obidos. Compressed, elevated. Preventral region rounded ; postventral region trenchant, without carination. Median line before dorsal naked ; post- dorsal region trenchant. Scales small, more or less deciduous, thin and strictly cycloid. Anterior profile concave. Eye somewhat greater than snout, about 3 in head, 13-1} in interorbital. A strong anterior and posterior lid in adult, 432 A Revision of the Curimatine. Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to tip of adipose. Some of the anterior dorsal rays produced. Anal emarginate; pectorals - not reaching ventrals. Air-bladder extending to anal. Iridescent brassy below, purplish and bluish lustre above; immaculate. Head 34-84; depth 154-2. D. 12; A. 11; V. 9-10. Lat. 1. 86-‘‘ 90.” 38. CURIMATUS LATICEPS. Curimatus laticeps Cuv. and Val. xxii., 21,. pl. 684 (Lake Maracaibo) ; Gthr., ’64, 293 (copied); Steind., 81a, 37 (Rio Guapore; Cujaba; Villa Bella ; Silva, Lake Saraca). Curimatus altamazonicus Cope, 78a, 684 (Peruvian Amazon). Habitat, Amazons from Villa Bella to Peru; Rio Guapore; Lake Maracaibo. Sixty specimens, .09-.25 m. Coary; Fonteboa; Villa Bella; Serpa. Compressed elongate, shape of C. latior; head wider and flatter above, upper profile somewhat steeper and more convex. Postventral region compressed trenchant, but without carination ; preventral region rounded. Median line before dorsal naked, at least in adult; postdorsai region rounded. Scales somewhat deciduous, very thin, crenate. Anterior profile somewhat concave. Eye 4 in head, 24-22 in inter- orbital. Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than a tip of adipose fin. Dorsal truncate, or some of the anterior rays produced, as long as the head. Analemarginate. Pectorals about reaching to ventrals, ventrals usually not to vent. Air-bladder reaching to near end of anal. Silvery on sides and below, bluish above. Head 32-84; depth 223-8. D.12; A. 15-17. Lat. 1. 94-110. Very similar to Troe but much less abundant. 39. CURIMATUS LATIOR. Yulilla. Anodus latior Spix, ’29a, 62, pl. 41 (Equatorial Brazil). Curimatus latior C. and V. xxil., 19; Castelnau, ’55a, 58 (Amazon); Kner, ’59a, 145 (Rio Negro; Guapore; Cujaba); Gthr., 64, 293 (copied); Steind., 81a, 36 (Rio Negro; Teffé; Serpa; Jatuarana); id. ’82a, 12 (Huallaga). Habitat, Amazons and tributaries from Serpa to Huallaga; Surinam. About two hundred and fifty specimens, .10-.28 m. Manacapuru; Hyavary; Hyanuary; Coary; Lago Alexo; Tabatinga; Obidos; Rio Negro; Sao Paolo; Teffé; Serpa. Compressed elongate. Entire ventral region trenchant, but without carination. Median line before dorsal naked in adult, covered with Fresh-water Fishes of South America. 433 scales in young; postdorsal region rounded. Scales small, slightly de- ciduous, thin, and weakly ctenoid, the entire posterior margin ciliate. Anterior profile little if at all concave. Eye about equal to the snout, 4} in the head, about 23 in interorbital. — Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to tip of adipose fin; dorsal truncate, or some of the anterior rays somewhat produced. Anal slightly emarginate. Pectorals reaching to ventrals, or somewhat shorter; ventrals not to vent. Air-bladder extending past the origin of anal. Silvery on sides and below, iridescent bluish and greenish above. Head 33-32; depth 22-3. D. 11-12; A. 14-17.! Lat. 1. 97-111. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following list of papers includes all or nearly all the works on the fresh-water fishes of South America: AGASSIZ, L., ’29. Selecta Genera et Species Piscium, que in itinere per Brasiliam collegit J. B. de Spix. 1829. AGASSIZ, PROFESSOR AND Mrs. Louis. A Journey in Brazil. Boston, 1868. ARTEDI, P., 1738. Bibliotheca Ichthyologica; Philosophia Ichthyologica; Genera Piscium; Synonymia Piscium; Descriptiones Specierum Piscium. 1738. BAIRD AND GIRARD, 54. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1854. BLEEKER, P., 58a. Ichthyologize Archipel. Indici Prodromus I., Silu- roidei. 1858. 62a, Déscriptions de quelque espéces nouvelles de Silures. Versl. en Mededeel. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, XIV. 1862. 63a. Conspectus Generum Doradinorum. Nederlandsch Tijd- schrift voor de Dierkunde. Amsterdam, Vol. I., 1863. ’63b. Systema Silurorum Revisum. Id. ’64a. Description des espéces de Silures de Surinam conservées aux Musées de Leide et d’Amsterdam. 1864. BLocH, M. KE. Auslandische Fische. Berlin, 1785-95. 1801. Systema Ichthyologiz, ed. Schneider. Bocourt, ’68. Notesur les Poissons de Genre Tetragonopterus, Mexique et Guatemala. Ann. Sci. Nat., [X., 1868. BONNATERRE, 1788. Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique des Trois Régnes de la Nature. Ichthyologie. BOULENGER, G. A., ’87a. Description of new South American Chara- ’ One specimen from Lake Hyanuary has seventeen anal rays. ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., IV, Issued November, 1889. 434 Bibliography of the cinoid Fishes. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIX., 1887, pp 172-174. elas. BOULENGER, G. A., *87b. An Account of the Fishes collected by Mr. C. Buckley in East Ecuador. Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1887, pp. 274-283. CASTELNAU, FRANCOIS DE, 55a. Animaux nouveaux ou rares, recueillis — : pendant l’expédition dans les parties centrales de l’'Amérique du Sud. Poissons. 1855. CoPE, E. D., ’70a. Contribution to the Ichthyology of the Marafion, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, pp. 559-570. ‘Z1a. On the Fishes of the Ambyiacu River. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, pp. 249-294; issued January and February, 1872. "4a. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874, pp. 182-187. "?7a. Synopsis of the Cold-blooded Vertebrata] procured by Prof. James Orton during his Exploration of Peru in 1876-77. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1877, pp. 33-49. °78a. Synopsis of the Fishes of the Peruvian Amazon obtained by Professor Orton during his Expeditionsof 1873 ee 1877. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1878, pp. 673-701. Cuvier, Le CHER, ’17. Le Régne Animal distribue d’aprés son Organ- isation. Paris, 1817. CUVIER ET VALENCIENNES, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. 39a. Vol. XIV., 1839. "40a. Vol. XV., 1840. ‘46a. Vol. XVIII., 1846. ’46b. Vol. XIX., 1846. 48a. Vol. XXI., 1848. *48b. Vol. XXII., 1848. DumeriIL, A. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, TomezI. et II. Paris, 1865-70. DUMERIL, MARIE ConsT., 1806. Zoologie Analytique ou Methode Na- turelle de Classification des Animaux. Paris, 1806. EIGENMANN, C. H. AnD R.S., ’88a. A List of the American Species of Gobiide and Callionymide, with Notes on the Specimens con- tained in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge, Mass. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d Ser., Vol. I., pp. 51-78. ’88b. Preliminary Notes on South American Nematognathi, 1., id., pp. 119-172. ’88c. American Nematognathi. American Naturalist, July, 1888. ’89a. Preliminary Notes on South American Nematognathi, IT. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. II., pp. 18-56. Fresh-water Fishes of South America. 435 EIGENMANN, C. H. AND R.S., ’89b. A Revision of the Erythrinine, id. ’89c. A Revision of the Edentulous Genera of the Curimatina. Annals'N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV., No. 12, 1889. ’*89d. Descriptions of New Nematognathoid Fishes from Brazil. West-American Scientist, No. 42. GARMAN, S., 75a. Fishes and Reptiles, in Agassiz and Garman, Explo- ration of Lake Titicaca. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. III., No. 11, 1875. "77a. ‘On the Pelvisand External Sexual Organs of Selachians,” etc. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX., 1877, p. 210. Gay, 48a. Historia fisica y politica de Chile, II., 1848. GIEBEL, "71. ‘ Z. ges., Ntrw., III., 1871.” (Zeitschrift fiir die gesamm- ten Naturwissenschaften.) GILL, THEODORE, ’58. Synopsis of the Fresh-water Fishes of the West- ern Portion of theIsland of Trinidad, W. I. Annals Lyc. Nat. Hist., New York, Vol. VI., 1858. 09a. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1859, 196. -« 63a. Descriptive Enumeration of a Collection of Fishes from the West Coast of Central America, presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Capt. John M. Dow. Proc. Philad. Acad, Nat. Sci., 1863, pp. 162-174. ‘70a. Fishes from the Marafion and Mapo Rivers.’ Proc. Philad, Acad. Nat. Sci., 1870, pp. 92-96. "72a. Arrangement of the Families of Fishes or Classes Pisces, Marsipobranchii, and Leptocardii; prepared for the Smithso- nian Institution. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 247. "76a. Notes on Fishes from the Isthmus of Panama, collected by Dr. J. F. Bransford, U.S. N. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1876 (838). ; "78a. Hlopomorphus jordani. Forest and Stream, 1878, May 21st. "78b. Hlopomorphus jordanit. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. V., Vol. IT., 1878. GILL AND BRANSFORD, ’77a. Synopsis of.the Fishes of Lake Nicaragua. Proc.’ Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1877, pp. 175-191. GIRARD, CHARLES, ’54a. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1854, 198. 00a. The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the Years 1849-’52. Vol. II., Fishes, pp. 230-253, 1855. 09a. Report on U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey. Fishes. 1859. GMELIN, J. T., 1788. Linnei Systema Nature, ed. 13. 1788. 436 Bibliography of the Gronow, L. TH., 1754-56. Museum Ichthyologicum. 1763, 1764, "1781, Zoophylacium. 04, Systema Ichthyologicum Catalogue of Fish, collected and described by L. Th. Gronow. London, 1854. Ed. Gray. GUICHENOT, ’60a. Rev. et Mag. Hist. Nat., XII., 1860. GUNTHER, A., 759. Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1859 (418). 09a. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum, I., 1859. 60. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes, etc., II., 1860. 60a. Third List of Cold-blooded Vertebrata from Ecuador, in Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lond., 1860. 61. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes, etc., ‘IIL. , 1861. 62. Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., IV., 1862. 63a. New Species of Fish from Essequibo. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1863, December. ; 64. Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., V., 1864. 65a. Destription of New Species of Characinide from the Upper Amazon. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XVIII., 1865. ’°66. Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., VI., 1866. ’66a. Fishes of Central America. 1866. 68. Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., VII., 1868. ’68a. Description of Fresh-water Fishes from Surinam and Brazil. Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 229-247. ’69a. Description of Fishes from the Peruvian Amazon. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869. °70. Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., VIII., 1870. "72a. On a New Genus of Characinoid Fishes from Demerara. Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1872. ‘7%a. Report on Collections of Fishes in the British Museum. Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1877. ’80a. Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fish-fauna of the Rio de La Plata. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1880. HANCOCK, ’28a. Zodlogical Journal, IV., 1828. HENSEL, 68a. Fische. Wiegm. Arch., 1868. 70a. Beitr. Wierbelthiere Siidbrasiliens. Wiegm. Arch., 1870. HumpBotpt. Recueil d’Observations Zoologiques, Vols. I. and IL., Paris, 1811. . HyYRTLE, 59a. Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XVI., 1859. JENYNS, L., 42a. The Zodlogy of the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle: —Fishes. London, 1812. Fresh-water Fishes of South America. 437 JORDAN, D. S., 84a. Note on Alurichthys eydouxii and Porichthys . porosissimus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII., 1884, pp. 40-41. ’85a. Lu Le < ea o ANNALS, VOL. IV. Figs. 1, 4a. Edestus Minor Newb. Figs a ttt PLATE VI. ANNALS, VOL. IV. S i ao Z wv 5 ® ae) S iy} D gl Edestus ANNALS N. Y. Acap. Sct., Vout. IV., Prare Vin Archaeophyton Newberryanum, Britton. Natural Size. ANNALS N. Y. Acap. Sct. 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MARTIN, Chairman oo Real Committee, No. 236 West 4th Street, ‘ New York. RY DUDLEY, Esq., Treasurer, No. 56 West 57th Street. Academy has for sale a number of back volumes of the ANNALS, th series, each containing twelve or more numbers; the price per me is mene Dollars. ~ v ‘ ry. 45 « pi te Hi > in weve 4 . Niti\3 pee 2 a shan es « Ls ? o i j ‘ *s y ns 4 : Rik. et ba We a fists: Dh bias ) a eA 2 aay it ¥ aay > 7. ‘ ‘ ‘S , . baccibe ie ea Y PED Gy oy SOL Te Sam ay 4 , Agee. ANNALS F , 3s eae he t OF THE Beas. i published for over half a century by the Lyceum of nged; nor is it intended at all to reduce the average yearly - a, Uy saat wy, o Lee Paap * ag + eh i ‘i pa ’ - ng! re, Kiet eo? ea by > lee Ve CONTENTS. oat Plates X. and XI.). By — _ RINGUEBERG, M.D. .......... ae 7 XVIIL a Revision of the Edentulous Genera ( Curimatine (with a Bibliography of Sow American Fresh-water Fishes). By Carn TTT 3 9088 01302 0987