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The Annals

OF

Scottish Natural History
A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE

WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED

“Che Scottish Naturalist”

EDITED BY

J: A. HARVIE-BROWN, F.R.S.E., E.Z.S.
MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION

AMES SW. El TRAPTE. UMeCAt NMED PR oo.) bolas.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN
AND

WILLIAM EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., Mem. Brit. Orn. UNION

NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT, MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART, EDINBURGH

EDINBURGH

DAVID DOUGLAS, CASTLE STREET
LONDON: R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES ST., CAVENDISH SQUARE

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The Annals

of
Scottish Natural History

No. 25] 1898 [ JANUARY

ThE LATE MORRIS, YOUNG? EE-s:

READERS of the “Annals” would notice with regret the
announcement of the death of Mr. Morris Young, which took
place at Paisley early in the morning of the 26th of February
1897. Mr. Young was born in 1821, and from his
very earliest boyhood exhibited qualities which marked him
out as a born naturalist. Undoubtedly he was the pioneer
in the scientific study of natural history in Paisley, if not in
the West of Scotland. When Mr. Young first took up the
study of entomology, there were not half a dozen entomologists
in the whole of Scotland, and books on the subject were few
and expensive, while the best of them were not written in
our language. The want of books led Mr. Young to learn
to draw, in order to illustrate what he meant in his corre-
spondence with other entomologists. In this he was more
than successful, for his entomological drawings were perfect
both in detail and colour. Books with uncoloured plates
which he purchased later in life he often coloured.

As the result of an accident which he received while
yet a boy, Mr. Young was lame. It is said that, while still
unable to move far from the house, he passed his time
sitting at the open window with a net, capturing all the
insects which came within his reach. In after life this lame-

25 B

2 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

ness did not hinder Mr. Young from active service—in fact
he could walk with any sound-limbed person; nor did it
daunt his courage. We saw him once rush across the street
and rescue an aged clergyman from the abuse of a drunken
Irishman ; and in the Museum, woe betide man, woman, or
child who misbehaved, for out they went. Being debarred,
by reason of this lameness, from entering his chosen pro-
fession of medicine, Mr. Young became a schoolmaster.
Many men and women still living in Paisley remember
being in Mr. Young’s day-school in the long ago. They
recollect with pleasure how on certain fixed days—red-letter
days they were to both teacher and scholars—a lecture was
given on butterflies and moths and other less attractive
insects, and with what astonishment they looked upon the
wonderful collection which he exhibited to them. At first
Mr. Young used to find some difficulty in getting out to
collect as early in the morning as he wished. He and a
companion hit upon the device of leading a string from his
bed, through the window, to the street below. On going to
bed at night, Mr. Young tied the string to his big toe. In
the morning his friend came along and, pulling the string,
awoke him. This, however, did not long work well. Some
other companions, having learned the system, rose at un-
timeous hours and drew the string, much to Mr. Young’s
discomfiture.

Long before 1860, Mr. Young was well known amongst
entomologists in Great Britain and on the Continent as a
leading Coleopterist. Among his correspondents such men
as Rye, Smith, Wollaston, Murray, and Waterhouse may
be mentioned. In Lepidoptera also. he had an extensive
knowledge, and possessed a very good local collection. In
short, Zoology, as a whole, had great attractions for him ;
and as he wandered through our woods and glens, or over
the lofty Bens that overlook the estuary of the Clyde, or
along the banks of our rivers and lochs, he had ample
opportunities of observing the beauties of nature and of
learning the many lessons which she alone can teach.

In 1862 a few of his scholars and others whom he had
interested in his own study formed themselves, under his
leadership, into a Natural History Society. They met two

THE LATE MORRIS YOUNG, F.E.S. 3

or three times a month in his schoolroom in Old Sneddon
for the identification and classification of the captures which
had been made in their collecting excursions. To these
meetings some of his own cases of insects were brought to
help the members in their work. As the result of his
exertions, a splendid society of active workers was gathered
together. Not one of the members of that early society will
soon forget those experiences and the delight and enthusiasm
which his untiring efforts infused into them. Many of those
members afterwards became known to science as earnest
workers. His knowledge of the habits and peculiarities of
beast, bird, and insect was simply wonderful, and his clear
and enthusiastic observations appeared to the minds of his
hearers more like some story from the “ Arabian Nights,’ and
could not fail to make lifelong converts to the study he
loved so well. This society increased in membership and
made great progress, chiefly in entomology, till it was incor-
porated with the Paisley Philosophical Society. The meet-
ing-place was then transferred to the School of Design
Buildings, and every encouragement was given to the
members by that wealthy and influential society. Under
Mr. Young’s direction, lists of the Mammals, Birds, and
Insects of Renfrewshire were compiled, and additions were
made to these from time to time. In 1867 the Philo-
sophical Society held an exhibition of the various collections
belonging to the Society and to private members. It was
open to the public for a week, and each evening papers on
a variety of subjects were given. Mr. Young’s large collec-
tions of insects nearly filled one of the halls. It was then
that the late Dr. Frazer, the president, first intimated the
intention of the late Sir Peter Coats to provide his native
town with a suitable building as a Museum and Library, for
the reception of the vast number of specimens shown in
Natural History, Antiquity, and Art.

When Mr. Young was unanimously appointed Curator
of the Museum in 1871, it was felt that no better choice
could have been made. He was not only a man of consider-
able education, but was by disposition an enthusiastic
naturalist who loved his work. His own collections were at
once gifted to the Museum, and he entered with heart and

4 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

soul into the work of arranging and classifying the vast
number of natural history objects which were received from
many sources. To Mr. Young’s indefatigable energy and
skill is due the credit of getting together the very fine collec-
tion of birds, British and foreign. More than this, he was a
very skilful taxidermist, and was able, during his long service
of twenty-six years, to save the Museum authorities a great
deal of expense.

As Curator, Mr. Young had only one day in each week
in which to collect, and these days he devoted to the collec-
tion of the orders of insects, etc. not represented in the
Museum. He added a good collection of spiders; made a
fine collection of fish, mounted in a style peculiarly his own.
He took up the various orders of insects—-Hymenoptera,
Hemiptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, etc., and the seldom studied
branches Anoplura and Mallophaga. His name appears
frequently on the pages of Murray’s “ Catalogue of Scottish
Coleoptera” (1853); Fowlers “Coleoptera of the British
Isles” (1887-91); Edward’s “ Hemiptera-Homoptera of the
British Isles” (1896), etc.; and he also contributed to
numerous scientific journals.

Mr. Young was a Fellow of the Entomological Society,
but his modesty was such that he seldom used the title.

All Mr. Young’s energies were expended on his beloved
Museum. He looked upon it as Azs Museum—/zs birds,
his insects, zs flowers. He was unmarried, but the Museum,
with its birds, its beasts, and its plants, and, above all, with
its insects, held for him some of the joys which others find
in the domestic circle. Like many of the older zoologists,
he loved the old ways and the beaten paths, and had very
little sympathy with modern scientific theories. With the
theory of evolution, for example, and its principles of develop-
ment and adaptation to circumstances, he had little patience.
The mere mention of Darwin’s name to him was like waving
a red flag before a bull—not that he did not admire Darwin,
but because the theory of evolution of which Darwin was the
author was to him heresy unpardonable.

The meeting of kindred spirits was, perhaps, never better
shown than on the introduction of Thomas Edwards, the
Banffshire naturalist, and Mr. Young. Mr. Edwards visited

THE LATE MORRIS YOUNG, F.E.S. 5

Paisley shortly before his death, mainly to meet our Curator.
Edwards was introduced by a mutual friend one morning,
and left with Mr. Young, with the strict injunction to mind
dinner. Dinner-time came, but no Edwards. Three o’clock,
four o'clock, and still Edwards had not come. Edwards’s
friend now made sure something must be wrong, and off he
rushed to the Museum, only to find two “old men eloquent ”
over bird and beast. After a great effort, he got Edwards
away with him, grunting: “Dinner might ha’ waited for
anither hour ; for its no aye ane gets sic a gran’ crack.”

Mr. Young was wont to tell of one of his experiences on
the top of Ben Lomond. He had ascended the mountain in
search of some species of Alpine beetles. He determined to
remain on the top all night, and lying down under what
little shelter he could get, he soon fell fast asleep. Early
in the morning he was awakened by some heavy drops
falling upon his face, and when, in his dazed condition, he
looked around, he imagined he was placed among some
islands in the midst of the ocean. When fully awake, he
knew that a thunderstorm was raging in the valley below.
What to his dazed senses seemed to be islands appearing
above the ocean were but the tops of the neighbouring hills,
seen in the bright sunshine, rising above the gray-coloured
clouds. A drenching to Mr. Young, however, was nothing
if he got his collecting- boxes filled. One feature of Mr.
Young’s character which is not generally known is that he
was passionately fond of music, and a not unacceptable
player on the violin.

Mr. Young was by nature very reserved on private
matters. Few entered his dwelling-house, and fewer still
could take the liberty of asking personal questions. In
short, apart from his profession as a schoolmaster, or on the
subject of natural history, he was a recluse, spending all his
spare time in the country as far as possible from the busy
haunts of men.

In the Museum, however, to ask Mr. Young a question
was to honour him, not to trouble him. Nothing delighted
him more than to be asked about the habits of some beast,
bird, or insect; and, though he did not often lecture publicly,
his talk about any topic in natural history was extremely

6 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

interesting and replete with knowledge. Mr. Young was
ever ready to direct the footsteps of any young naturalist,
and would look up and show in his own valuable collection
of scientific books anything about which another had a
difficulty. In 1887 Mr. Young took a great notion to
become a microscopist and for a considerable time he spent
his Wednesday evenings with two of the compilers, learning
the mysteries of that instrument and its application to photo-
graphy. His instrument, which was a valuable one, is one
of the many things he bequeathed to the Museum.

Owing to the death of a brother a few years ago,
Mr. Young came into a good deal of private means, which
he did not hesitate to use in the interests of his especial
work.

On his death it was found that all his valuable scientific
books had been left to the Institution, as well as the sum of
4500, the interest of which was to be expended on his
favourite division of natural history.

Mr. Young’s trustees have presented a carbon enlarge-
ment of him to the Museum, while the Museum Committee
lately acquired a painting of him by a local artist. In it
Mr. Young is represented as putting the finishing touches to
a heron. It is intended that the picture be placed in some
prominent part of the building over which he ruled for
twenty-six years. It will always be present, but we shall
miss his kindly characteristic figure within its familiar haunts,
and those who knew him best will long remember him as an
eminently lovable and good man. The well-known lines
with which we close might surely be his epitaph:

He prayeth best who loveth best
All things both great and small.

[The above is communicated by a small Committee of
the Paisley Naturalists’ Society, consisting of Messrs.
Dunsmore, Mure, Taylor, and Finnie, for which we tender
our acknowledgments.— EDs. ]

THE LATE GEORGE WILLIAM TRAILL 7

THE LATE GEORGE WILLIAM TRAILL

Was the son of William Traill of Westness and Woodwick
in Orkney, and younger brother of Dr. William Traill, of
whom a brief obituary notice is contained in the “ Scottish
Naturalist” of April 1887. The love of Nature was strong
in both, but while the elder brother preferred zoological
studies the younger gave his chief attention to the seaweeds
of the East Coast and North of Scotland. Born in 1836,he
became a clerk in the head office of the Standard Life
Assurance Company, and remained forty-two years in that
employment. Though not of robust health, he did much to
add to our knowledge of the Algz of the shores on both
sides of the Firth of Forth, and of the Orkney Islands, and
published the results of his investigations in papers of which
a list is subjoined. In these, the amount of information
about the evironment and economy is very noteworthy. He
also wrote “ An Elementary Treatise on Quartz and Opal.”
He died at Joppa, near Edinburgh, on 7th April 1897,
leaving a widow, two sons, and one daughter.

List OF PAPERS.

‘The Algz of the Firth of Forth’ ( “ Edin. Phys. Soc. Proc.,” 1880,
pp. 171-189; 1881, pp. 96-97; 1883, pp. 188-190, 306).
‘An Alphabetical List of the Parasitic Algze of the Firth of Forth’

( “Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc.,” 1883, pp. 286-297).
“A Monograph of the Algz of the Firth of Forth,” 4to, 18 pages,
with herbarium specimens of the rarer species: Edinburgh,

1885.

‘The Marine Algz of Joppa’ (‘‘ Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.,” 1886, pp.
395-402).

‘The Marine Algze of Elie’ ( “Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.,” 1888, pp.
156-173).

‘On the Fructification of Sphacelaria radicans’ ( ‘‘’Trans. Bot. Soc.
Edin.,” 1888, pp. 77-78).

‘Notes on New and Rare Algz’ (‘‘ Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.,” 1888,
Pp. 312-313).

‘The Marine Algz of the Dunbar Coast’ ( ‘‘ Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.,”
1890, pp. 274-300).

Es) ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

‘The Marine Algze of the Orkney Islands’ ( “Trans. Bot. Soc.
Edin.,” 1890, pp. 302-342).

‘Supplementary Notes on the Marine Algz of the Orkney Islands,
—South Ronaldshay ’( “Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.,” 1892, pp.
544-546); ‘North Ronaldshay’ (Zc. 1895, pp. 341-345).

Several of these papers were issued also in separate form
as reprints, and some of these were illustrated with dried
herbarium specimens.

DE ATE, Wie VAN ARC rR ERGs:

WILLIAM ARCHER, F.R.S., from 1876 to 1895 Librarian to
the Royal Dublin Society, made several visits to Scotland,
and for the most part in collaboration with Dr. John Roy of
Aberdeen did excellent work in the investigation of the
microscopic Algze of our country. A short account of his
life and his scientific work is given in the “ Irish Naturalist,”
October 1897, pp. 253-257, with a portrait. He was born
on 6th May 1830, and died on 14th August 1897, having
been an invalid for a considerable time before his death.

ON- THE MINOR FAUNAL AKEAS:
By J. A. Harvige-Brown.

AT the present time naturalists are endeavouring to arrive
at conclusions regarding certain groups of phenomena
relating to animal life, which phenomena have every
appearance of being intimately associated with one another.
These are: Bird Flight, Migration, Dispersal,and Distribution.

As a first means towards their study I have long
advocated the subdivision of larger areas into smaller sub-
areas, and have illustrated my contention by treating this
country of Scotland in such a manner. I have defined
what we may call “the Minor Faunal Areas of Scotland”
from topographical and faunal standpoints.

I do not consider it necessary to enumerate these by name,
except in so far as may be required to illustrate the present

ON THE MINOR FAUNAL AREAS 9

paper. I believe they have been accepted with a very fair
amount of unanimity as useful aids in the directions indicated.

In Buckley’s and my own series of volumes “On the
Vertebrate Fauna of Scotland,” we have adopted the areas
promulgated by the late Dr. Buchanan White (“ Scot. Nat.,”
i. p. 160). But I already realise that certain modifications
will be desirable. But I claim some small degree of useful-
ness in these early attempts, in the light that they have
had some educative influence, and have given some impetus
and energy in the further development of local work. I
would desire to see attempts made to define Natural Areas
in England and Ireland as well as in Scotland.

The Rev. H. A. Macpherson has adopted Mr. H. C.
Watson’s province for his “Fauna of Lakeland” (ze. the
lake land of the north-west of England), chiefly comprised
within the political boundaries of the three counties of
Cumberland, Westmoreland, and North Lancaster. Even I,
who live at a distance, fancy I could point out a¢ /eas¢ six
Natural Faunal Areas of the rest of Great Britain, though
without local knowledge I could not describe them in detail.

I do not desire here to enter into the question—at least
in detail—whether the areas which we have defined in
Scotland satisfy the botanists or geologists. I only wish to
advocate “method” from a faunal standpoint, though I
might discuss, from our restricted horizon, the aptitude of
the botanists’ definitions of floral areas both of Scotland,
England, and Ireland; but that is not my object now, any
more than it is my province to do so.

Possibly in course of time (and time must be given)
botanists may agree as to the final outcome of plant dis-
tribution and dispersal, geologists may reconcile their differ-
ences, zoologists may arrive at many mutual conclusions
on different lines or groups of inquiry, and a_ platform
common to all be raised from whence to advocate a more
general and more generous unanimity.’

1 I desire to point out here that by ‘‘ Minor Faunal Areas” I do not
mean to include still smaller areas which more correctly claim their treatment
under descriptive topography, as has been done by many able writers, amongst
whom I would place pre-eminently the admirable work of the late Mr. Stevenson
in his ‘‘Birds of Norfolk.” His ‘* Introduction” still stands foremost as an
English classic in this direction.

fe) ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

If we are to build up a satisfying structure, subjects
must be studied from small beginnings, and pursued to
bolder generalisations. Such works, we believe, as general
maps and treatises, built upon hypothetical foundations, or
imperfect data, even as regards the general subject of the
migration of our British birds, are premature and_ rashly
published. In some instances they are worse, being plausible
but decidedly erroneous, and calculated to encourage a purely
theoretical school at the expense of real scientific work.
Scientific work I hold to be simply an accumulation of facts,
combined with the ability to draw fairly accurate deductions
from them; and in this opinion I believe I am supported
by a very different school of authorities from those who
attempt “the higher flights.”

I have said it is scarcely our province to meddle with
the geological aspects of the subject, yet we venture—subject
to correction—upon a few remarks.

It is true, no doubt, that geology may—and probably
does—influence several conditions of plant and animal life ;
but that it does so to any such extent as to decide faunal
areas with permanency, beyond what may be termed
topographical or surface geology, or such as subsidence of
land or the upheaval of the same, we find it difficult to
realise. A great geological fault may be found to divide
plant- and faunal-areas from one another with considerable
distinctness ; and, for instance, a great range of mountain
limestone, growing plants and general vegetation peculiar to,
or characteristic of, limestone tracts, may—-and no doubt
does—influence the insect and even the bird life along its
course ; but I find difficulty in believing that it does so
to an extent which would warrant the separation of faunal
areas by the aid of geology as regards presently existing
animals. Nevertheless, some useful keystones may yet be
placed in position by the reconciling efforts of the students
of these several branches of inquiry. I do not consider
myself competent to say more.

The Minor Faunal Areas of Scotland are at present
defined either by the names of the principal river basins or
from their isolated positions, “Dee,” “ Forth,” “Clyde” are
examples of the former, and “Outer Hebrides,” “Orkney,”

ON THE MINOR FAUNAL AREAS II

“ Shetland ” are examples of the latter ; whilst another group
is indicated from their somewhat more general geographical
position, independent of their great watersheds—and in-
cluding these—such as “Moray,” “Sutherland,” “West
Ross,” or “ Argyll.”

The definitions in the case of those which contain the
drainage areas of one great river and its tributaries are—
skylines and watersheds, over higher or lower cols or
passes. “Dee” is an example of a higher, and “ Forth”
and “Clyde” examples of the lower. Those which are
most useful as aids in the study of migration and dispersal
are of the former group, because their areas are more easily
described and mapped. Insular areas are easily studied,
and their peculiarities or influences—if such exist—are most
easily traced. The larger areas, which contain within their
boundaries many minor river valleys and much rugged
sround of different altitudes and varying characters, are /ess
easy to define and map out. “West Ross” and“ Argyll” are
examples of such, and therefore present divisions laid down
between these for convenience in treatment of details may be
considered somewhat arbitrary, such as the division between
“West Ross” and “ Argyll.” But, on the other hand, “Moray,”
though very extensive and embracing the basins of many
large rivers,—the Deveron, the Spey, the Findhorn, the Ness,
the Beauly, the Conon, and their tributaries,—is nevertheless
a clearly defined area, enclosed by an encircling rim of the
highest mountains of the country, whence all these streams
descend, and which rim encircles all their sources ; and this
area is also well defined by a deeply indented coastline and
basin, zzto which all these rivers flow, between sharply
prominent and embracing arms or headlands of the coast.

Having thus endeavoured to give our reasons for the
belief that is within us, we pass on to the next point in our
inquiry.

Within our areas we must pay minute attention to the
Faunal Value of each of the inhabitants—that is, we must
catalogue all British species which occupy or visit each.
This is being done with the object in view of comparing
their numbers, their increase or decrease, their seasons of
arrival and departure, their dates of first appearance, their

12 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

actual routes and passages on their migrations—one area
with another, and each with each. Such investigations have
already led up to conclusions regarding the phenomena of
the dispersal of species, and also to some knowledge of their
possible, probable, or certain original headquarters. (The
latter point, of course, is arrived at by a comparison with
distribution and statistics outside our presently treated of
areas, by the observations of Continental naturalists, or of
personal observations conducted and recorded by the travelled
naturalists of our own country abroad, etc.)

Another step in the right direction, and with the same
ends in view, has been initiated by the British Association’s
“Committee on the Migration of Birds” at lighthouses, as
shown by the nine reports published between 1879 and
1887 inclusive, and the digest of these published in 1896,
worked over again from the whole of the original schedules
by the unbiassed work of Mr. Eagle Clarke, and delivered
at the British Association Meeting at Liverpool in that
year.

Yet another step has been taken, still with the same
ends in view, viz.: by a treatment of single species both as
regards past and present distribution, by calling in the
assistance of the earliest records of appearances, by
mapping these under a series of chronological dates, and (so
far as such a method can be relied upon) by tracing out the
various “avenues of advance” along “the lines of least
resistance” or “greatest facilities ” resultant upon the “natural
increase of species” and “overflows from congested districts
and centres.”

To illustrate the facts from as many standpoints as
possible has been among my first cares in contributing
material. I have tried to select examples under very differ-
ent circumstances as attached to the history of each.

I may be allowed to attempt to further illustrate this by
placing my examples in juxtaposition.

First, | selected the Capercaillie' as an example. This
giant grouse became erézuct in Britain; but after a restora-
tzon at Taymouth and at several other centres of introduction,
dispersed over large areas of suitable country along certain

1 « The Capercaillie in Scotland.” (Edinburgh : David Douglas, 1879.)

ON THE MINOR FAUNAL AREAS 13

defined “ avenues of advance,’ which I ventured to designate
“lines of least resistance.”

Next, 1 followed with a mammal—the Squirrel.’ This
animal similarly became ertzuct over a great area of Scotland,
but probably lingered in one old timbered tract of J/oray.
It became resuscitated by various re-zntroductions, and we
traced its zucrease and extension of range, not only from these
centres, but. also, as we believe; from) the centre of its
resuscitation, caused by the planting of young timber in
close proximity to its indigenous haunts in the old pine
woods of Rothiemurchus, Abernethy, and Glen Feshie of
Spey.

Again, I illustrated the decline of certain species—partly
owing to the intervention of man, partly to changing circum-
stances among their native haunts, and other causes—in a
paper upon the “Past and Present Distribution of some of
the Rarer Animals of Scotland,’ and in a paper upon the
‘Great Spotted Woodpecker in Scotland” *—a species once
again endeavouring to reach into Scotland through our
south-eastern Border counties in late years.

I xext followed with a series of papers upon the increase
and extension of range of several carefully selected species,
to show the varying avenues of approach and the circum-
stances affecting each species.

Thus the Stock Dove* reached north and along our East
Coast. The Redstart,° long a breeding species in England
and the south, suddenly increased and spread north by a
peculiarly sinuous course, though one fairly accurately defined,
crossing between “Forth” and “Clyde,” and then passing
up the West Coast through Argyll, increasing rapidly in
1890 or thereabouts, crossed the dividing low cols between

1 « The History of the Squirrel in Great Britain.” (Edinburgh : M‘Farlane
and Erskine, 1881.)

2 Reprinted from ‘‘ Zoologist,” 1881, pp. 8-23, 81-90, 161-171 ; and 1882,
pp: I-9, 41-45; including notices of the (1) Wild Cat, (2) the Marten, (3) the
Polecat, and (4) the Badger.

3 «On the Decrease of the Great Spotted Woodpecker in Scotland,’ reprinted
from the ‘‘ Zoologist,” 1880, pp. 85-89; and a later paper on the same subject,
‘* Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” January 1892, pp. 5-17.

4 «On the Stock Dove,’ etc., ‘‘Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin.,” 1883,
pp. 54-66.

5 See ‘*A Vertebrate Fauna of the Moray Basin” (Edinburgh: David
Douglas, 1895), under the species, vol. i. pp. 227-233.

14 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Argyll and Spey, populated the whole length of these great
depressions, until it swarmed by 1891 and 1892 right down
to the pine forests on the shores of the Moray Firth, and
later beginning to ascend the valleys of the tributary streams
and glens, reaching also far down the Great Glen to Inverness
by 1895 (oc. cet. p. 232). Strange it is to find the Redstart,
known as yet only in one district in the south-east of Ireland,
and so rare in the western counties of England and in Wales.

The more complicated advances also of the Starling’
claimed my attention and revealed the distinct evidences of
a double invasion: one from the south and south-east, and a
much earlier one from the north and north-west and north-
east. This was a most interesting study, especially if taken
along with the facts known as regards the former distribution
of now extinct animals in Ireland (Scharff, “Proc. Roy.
[nish Acad,” (3) ive ps 427 (1807):

Of other species which have passed under review I may
instance a few as of extreme interest, viz. the Tufted Duck,”
which rapidly, of late years, has populated our lakes from
southern approaches: one avenue vza the East Coast, and
another vza Ireland and the West Coast; curiously missing
out the Moray area (as yet) and leaping, as it were, across
from “Dee” to Caithness. The Goosander*® may be instanced
as coming down our West Coast, leaving out the barren Outer
Hebrides, filling our west glens, surging over the highest
cols of the backbone of Scotland, flooding the great eastern
valleys, and still annually pursuing an easterly course along
the low haughs of the Laigh of Moray and penetrating to
most of the great forests of Spey, etc. The Red-breasted
Merganser * is another which came by similar routes, but first
populated the Outer Islands, finding the peat cracks and
crevices of the Long Island suitable to its requirements. And
we could instance many others not less interesting—and may
yet do so in another place.

Finally, interest can be given further by a study of

1 «The Starling in Scotland,’ etc., ‘‘ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” January 1895,
Plate I., pp. 2-22.

2 «The Tufted Duck in Scotland,’ etc., ‘‘ Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” January
1896, map, pp. 3-22.

3 Vide ** Fauna of Moray Basin,” vol. 1. pp. 117-120 (Hinxman).

4 Loc. cit. pp. 120-122.

ON THE MINOR FAUNAL AREAS 15

individual birds and species, and field observations on their
flight and actions. We can instance the arrival of the noisy
Oyster-catcher—most blatant of birds—at the annual and
favourite nesting sites, as well as their equally noisy de-
partures and movements in autumn. Many times have I
also seen the surging to and fro—to the north, and then to the
south—of many migrants in the valley of the great rivers ot
North Russia—influenced one day by a warm sun and the
melting of the snows, and the next hurrying back upon their
tracks, fleeing for a space away from the next temporary
grasp of the Ice King.

In conclusion, I wish to emphasise the intimate con-
nections existing between the initial phases of bird flight,
the greater migrations, the increase of species, and their
dispersal ; and, in order to illustrate the connection with our
neighbouring Continent and its avifauna, we add here a
short extract from W. Eagle Clarke’s Digest, provided by him
at my request, and recommend such of our readers as have
not perused the full Digest to do so if they wish to learn
more.

I trust we have shown some uses for the division of
larger areas into smaller ones—the principal object of this

paper.

I. Zntermigration between Britain and Northern Continental
Lurope-—Autumn migrants cross the North Sea and arrive on the
east shores of Britain at points between the Shetland Isles and the
Humber or the Wash (including the northern seaboard of Norfolk).
These immigrants and emigrants from and to Northern Europe pass
and repass between this portion of the Continent and Britain by
crossing the North Sea in autumn in a south-westerly direction, and
in spring in a north-easterly one,! and that, while the limit to their
flight on the north is the Shetland Islands, that on the south extends
to the coast of Norfolk.2, During these movements the more southern
portion of the east coast of England is reached after the arrival of
the immigrants on the more northern portions.

1 The direction varies. It is probably more westerly (in autumn) or easterly
(in spring) at the most northern British stations, and south-south-westerly (in
autumn) or north-north-easterly (in spring) at the stations on the east coast of
England.

2 The formation adopted by the migrants during passage would seem to be
an extended line—perhaps a series of lines—whose right wing extends to the
Northern Islands and its left wing to the coast of Norfolk.

16 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

After arriving on our eastern shores, these immigrants from the
north—some of them after resting for a while—move either down
the south-eastern coast of England, ez vouwte for more southern
winter quarters, or, 1f winter visitors, to their accustomed haunts in
Britain and Ireland. A few occur as birds of passage on the west
coast and in Ireland, which they reach by overland routes across
‘Britain, and then pass southwards to their winter quarters. The
west coasts, however, do not receive d@rect/y any immigrants from
Continental Europe.

Thus, so far as concerns the movements of the birds of passage
to and from their northern breeding haunts, the British east and
west coast migratory movements are very distinct in their characters.
The west coast does not receive immigrants direct from Europe, nor
do these Continental breeding species depart from its shores in the
spring.

Il. Lntermigration between the South-east Coast of England and
the Coast of Western Europe—‘ East and West Route.—There is a
considerable amount of migration observed at the lightships and
lighthouses between the Kentish coast and the Wash, flowing from
the south-east to the north-west, not infrequently from east to west,
across the southern waters of the North Sea. From the stations off
the mouth of the Thames as a centre, the birds either sweep up the
east coast, sometimes to and beyond the Tees (many proceeding
inland as they go), or pass to the west along the southern shores of
England.

Ill. LZntermigration between Britain and Feroe, Iceland, and
Greenland.—Feroe, Iceland, and Greenland are the summer home
of several species (Wheatear, White Wagtail, and Whimbrel) which
occur as birds of passage on the British coasts. These birds
being of strictly Old World species, our Islands lie in the course of
their migrations. It is quite possible that these migrants may pass
along both the eastern and western coasts of Britain and the coasts
of Ireland. Here, at any rate, we have evidence that these birds
are observed on passage on our western shores. There is good
evidence that important movements of Redwings, Wheatears, and
Whimbrels are observed on the western coast of Great Britain and
the Irish coasts (both east and west as regards the passage of the
Whimbrel) which are not observed elsewhere. Such a fact points
to the independent nature of these west coast flights, and indicates
that in some instances at least the western route alone is followed.

HYBRIDS BETWEEN THE CAPERCAILLIE AND PHEASANT 17

ON HYBRIDS BETWEEN THE CAPERCAILLIE
AND HE PHEASANT.

By Wm. EAGLE CLARKE.

THE fourth known example of the remarkable hybrid result-
ing from a cross between the Capercaillie (Zetrao wrogallus)
and the Pheasant (Phaszanus colchicus) is worthy of more
than a mere record, not only on account of the extreme
rarity of such specimens, but chiefly because there is now
material for a contribution towards a knowledge of the
morphological variations and the peculiarities in coloration
presented by such hybrids.

Only four such specimens are known, and all of these
have been obtained in Scotland.

M. Suchetet, in his recently published (1897) work on
“Des Hybrides 4 Etat Sauvage (Classe des Oiseaux),” only
records two examples,—the specimens in the collections of
the Hon. Walter Rothschild and Sir Arthur Grant,—over-
looking the first recorded bird in the collection of Mr. James
Lumsden.

In the “Scottish Naturalist” (1891, p. 39) I described
the first known hybrid. Now, thanks to Mr. Harvie-Brown,
I have had the opportunity of examining and describing the
latest specimen, which Mr. Harvie-Brown is about to present
to the bird collections in the Museum of Science and Art,
Edinburgh.

The bird under consideration was obtained in the middle
of September last at Stronchullin, Blairmore, S.E. Argyll-
shire, where it had been observed for eighteen months, and
was sent to Mr. Harvie-Brown by Mr. G. H. Black.

This bird, a male, resembles a huge Pheasant, being
332 inches in length from the bill to the end of the tail,
which latter is not fully developed, as the bird is in deep
moult; the wing, 12.5 inches; culmen, 1.5 inches; depth
of bill, 0.7 inches.

HEAD and UPPER NECK greenish black, slightly glossy,
with a dull buff central spot on each feather; the eyes
surrounded by a large patch of scarlet. LOWER NECK

25 6

18 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

glossy dark green. BREAST black, with a green gloss,
vermiculated with dull buff, the whole forming a con-
spicuous pectoral band. ABDOMEN glossy dark green,
boldly but irregularly marked with buff on its upper part ;
the feathers only edged with buff on the lower part.
FLANKS dull black, spotted and edged with buff. UNDER
TAIL COVERTS dusky, and barred with buff on the central
coverts, and with dark rufous on the lateral coverts. MANTLE,
BACK, SCAPULARS, and WING COVERTS dull buff, finely ver-
miculated and edged with black washed with glossy green.
UPPER TAIL COVERTS similar, but washed with rufous brown.
WINGS: primaries dusky, the outer web white streaked with
gray, the inner web with vermiculated bands of buff ; second-
aries also dusky, with wavy bands of buff. Axillaries and
minor under wing coverts bright buff, blotched with dusky
towards their bases; greater series dove-coloured, finely
vermiculated with a darker tint of the same colour. THIGHS
buff, with dull black bars. TAIL in deep moult, but the
central pair of feathers, which are considerably elongated, black
finely vermiculated with buff in the centre, laterally deep
rufous finely vermiculated with black. The remaining tail
feathers are short and black, edged and marked with buff
on the basal portion of their outer margins. Thus these
feathers entirely lack the characteristic and conspicuous
oblique bars which adorn the tail feathers of the Pheasant,
and differ considerably, both in colour and form, from the
tail of either of the parent species.

The TARSO-METATARSUS is an interesting mixture of
the characteristics of both parents, inasmuch as it is feathered
on the upper half of its frontal aspect. The spur is re-
presented by a mere nodule, and is scarcely noticeable. The
FOOT is a Pheasant’s, but the hallux is on the same plane as
the front toes, and not slightly elevated as in that species,

Mr. Lumsden’s bird was shot on his estate at Arden,
in Dumbartonshire, on the 8th November 1890, when in
company with some Pheasants, and is the bird figured by
Mr. J. G. Millais in his “Game Birds.” It also is a male, and
in general appearance it resembles a cock Capercaillie with
the tail of a Pheasant. The well-developed beard, the deeply

HYBRIDS BETWEEN THE CAPERCAILLIE AND PHEASANT 19

hooked bill, and the conspicuous white patch near the shoulder
are all pronounced characteristics of the Capercaillie. The
HEAD is that of a cock Capercaillie, but has the large
naked vermilion space around the eyes of the male
Pheasant. The tarsus agrees with that of the bird already
described. The tail is cuneate, but not pronouncedly so,
as in the Pheasant. In colour, the HEAD has the crown
and hind neck green with dull yellow margins, the sides
of the head green with dull yellow spots. BREAST dark
glossy green. Feathers of the ABDOMEN and FLANKS
barred with green and dull yellow, the green predominating.
UPPER SURFACE resembles that of the cock Capercaillie,
but the vermiculations are coarser and of a dull yellowish
tint. WINGS a mixture of buff and black, the primaries
on their outer margins barred with pale brown, as in the
Pheasant. The TAIL FEATHERS black, barred with pale
brown. The TARSUS is only feathered on its upper part, the
lower portion being scutellate, with a nodule or rudimentary
spur on its hinder surface. The TOES are those of a Pheasant.

The second example, now in the fine collection of the
Hon. Mr. Rothschild at Tring, was, according to the informa-
tion supplied to M. Suchetet (of. czz. p. 62), killed in a
wild state at Aiden [Arden], Loch Lomond, Scotland, in
December 1890, “in a lonely forest far from any pheasantry.”
It will be observed that this specimen was not only obtained
in the same locality as Mr. Lumsden’s, but also that it was
shot a few weeks after the capture of that example. I am
told, too, that Mr. Rothschild’s bird closely resembles Mr.
Lumsden’s specimen both in form and coloration, and there
can be little doubt, I think, that these birds were brothers.
M. Suchetet is wrong, however, when he states (pp. 622, 944)
that Mr. Rothschild’s specimen is the one figured by Mr.
Millais in his “Game Birds” (p. 20).

The third specimen is a young male, and was shot at
Monymusk, in Mid-Aberdeenshire, on the property of Sir
Arthur Grant, Bart., in whose possession it now is, “at the
end of the past year” (1895). This bird was recorded in
this magazine (“ Annals,” 1896, p. 123) by Mr. George Sim,

ho thus describes it: “The bird is much above the usual

20 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

size of the Pheasant. The form of the HEAD, BEAK, and
FEET are like that bird. The TAIL,in shape and marking, is
also like the Pheasant, but not quite so long. The feathers
of the BACK are marked like the Capercaillie, but tinged with
the golden brown of the Pheasant. The NECK, BREAST, and
ABDOMEN are wholly coloured as in the Capercaillie, and
the TARSUS is feathered for half its length.”

Lastly, we have the fourth specimen already described.

It is evident from the foregoing descriptions of these
hybrids that they represent two morphologically distinct
types. These are peculiar and partake of the character-
istics of both parents in a greater or lesser degree.

The first we have is the type least modified in appearance,
being pheasant-like in form, as in the third and fourth
specimens described. There are, however, important tetrao-
nine modifications. These are the partially feathered tarsus,
with its merely rudimentary spur; the hallux on the same
plane as the front toes; while in one of the specimens the
formation of the tail is peculiar, only the central pair of
feathers being elongated.

The second type of form is a mixture of Capercaillie and
Pheasant, and may be said to be a Capercaillie with the
tail and feet of a Pheasant. Other phasianine peculiarities are
to be found in the scarlet eye-patches, and the partially
scutellate tarsus with its nodule or rudiment of a spur.

The question of coloration presents great difficulties ;
and it is almost impossible to institute useful comparisons,
and quite so to formulate colour types.

There exists, however, a great resemblance between the
two Arden specimens. That this should be so is not
unnatural, for there can be little doubt that these birds
were members of the same brood. I say not unnatural, but
it certainly does not follow as a matter of course, for I know
of two male hybrids between a Pheasant and a Domestic
Fowl, members of one family, which are as different in
coloration as it is possible for them to be.

In coloration the two pheasant-like birds differ widely.
The Monymusk specimen is described as resembling the

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ETTRICK 21

Capercaillie in the coloration of its under surface, and, to a
great extent, the same may be said of the back also.

The fourth, or Stronchullin, example decidedly presents
the greatest departure from the typical coloration of either of
its parental forms. Its feather regions have their colours
strangely modified, so that few of the plumes can be re-
garded as typical of either Capercaillie or Pheasant. It is
not, however, a bird of beauty ; and though a fine creature, it
is certainly not so from wearing the proverbial fine feathers.

It will have been noted that all the known specimens of
this hybrid between the Capercaillie and the Pheasant are
of the male sex. This may, perhaps, be accounted for by
the fact that such birds naturally fall under the observation
of sportsmen, many of whom would not be likely to detect
in the sombre plumage of the female of this hybrid an ex-
tremely rare bird; or it may be such a specimen might be
considered to belong to a commoner cross.

In conclusion, it remains to be stated that nothing what-
ever is known of the sex of the particular parent species
from which any of these interesting hybrids have sprung.
This, however, was not to be expected, since one and all of
these crossbred birds are the offspring of wild parents.

NOTES ON LHE BIRDS OF EDERICK
By PETER ADAIR.

THE present paper has been compiled from observations
made on the bird-life of Ettrick, in the course of annual
visits which have been made to that district during the past
twenty years. These visits, each of which lasted several
days, occurred, as a rule, in June; but on several occasions
additional incursions were made in autumn and in spring.

The area is most interesting to the ornithologist ; and,
what is of consequence, it is easy of access during the
summer months by rail and coach.

The river Ettrick has its source in Capel Fell, a high hill
at the south-western extremity of Selkirkshire, and after a

22 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

winding north-easterly course of some thirty-three miles it
falls into Tweed two and a half miles below the town of
Selkirk. In its course it is joined by numerous hill burns,
two of which—Tima and Rankle Burn—have courses of some
seven and ten miles respectively ; and by Yarrow (which has
a course of fourteen and a half miles from St. Mary’s Loch)
two miles above Selkirk. Yarrow I have simply driven
through, never resided in, so that these notes have only a
very limited application to that area.

The valley of Ettrick, which is, as a rule, marrow, is
bounded on either side, from the grounds of Bowhill (the
seat of the Duke of Buccleuch) upwards, by wave after wave
of hills, generally green, and often high, with peat in many
instances on their shoulders and summits. The area under
cultivation is small, but the slopes are, as a rule, well
wooded from Tweed as far south as Shaws (the residence of
Mr. Scott Anderson). Between Shaws and Thirlestane
Castle (the seat of Lord Napier and Ettrick) there are
several scattered plantations; and at Thirlestane Castle the
valley and slopes are finely wooded, and many of the trees
are well-grown, beautiful specimens.

It will accordingly be inferred that the conditions of bird-
life are not unfavourable, and such is the case. The list
annexed does not pretend to be exhaustive. It is a simple
record of what has been observed during a limited period of
each year by myself, or seen by others whose names I give.
Were attentive observations made during longer periods of
each year, and in autumn and spring, many additions might
be made to the list of 91 species which is annexed.

MissEL THRUSH, Zurdus viscitvorus.—Occurs in scattered pairs as
far up the river as Thirlestane.

Sone THrusu, Zurdus musicus.—Fairly common in every wood and
brake over the whole area. Less numerous than formerly
during seasons 1895, 1896, and 1897.

REDWING, Zurdus tliacus—Common in autumn.

FIELDFARE, Zurdus pilaris.—Parties in autumn and spring.

BLACKBIRD, Zurdus meruda—Common over the whole area up to
Cossarshill.

RinG OuzeL, Zurdus torquatus.—A few pairs during the nesting
season on suitable ground.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ETTRICK 23

WHEATEAR, Saxicola enanthe—This is one of the earliest of the
spring visitors. During the nesting season it is distributed over
the whole area in considerable numbers.

Wuincuat, Pratincola rubetra.—A common bird on suitable ground.

SronecHat, Pratincola rubicola.—Scarce. I have seen the bird
occasionally on the face of the hill above Ramsaycleuch.

Repstart, Ruticilla phenicurus.—This most attractive bird is dis-
tributed over the whole area during the nesting season, in every
suitable wood and brake.

Repsreast, Lrithacus rubecula,—Common.,
WaiteTHROAT, Sylvia cinerea. —Common during the nesting season.

Biackcap, Sylvia atricapilla—This charming songster is a feature of
the wooded parts of the valley from Tweed to Thirlestane. A
number frequent the beautiful grounds at Bowhill and Haining,
and birds are always heard in the summer season from the public
road at Oakwood, Kirkhope, Shaws, Singlie, Cacrabank, and
Thirlestane. One of the most delightful and memorable inci-
dents of a drive in the valley on a genial June morning is the
certainty of being electrified by its rapid, mellow notes in passing
these haunts.

GARDEN WarBLER, Sylvia hortensis—Rare. Have heard it twice,
once at Bowhill and on another occasion at Thirlestane.

GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN, “Regulus cristatus—Common in all the
coniferous plantations.

WitLtow WreN, Phylloscopus trochilus—Abundant.

Woop Wren, Phyloscopus sibilatrix.—A few pairs at Bowhill, Oak-
wood, and Thirlestane, and during the past twofyears a bird has
been heard at Cacrabank.

SEDGE WARBLER, Acrocephalus phragmitis.—Abundant in spring and
summer.

GRASSHOPPER WARBLER, Locustella nevia.—Have heard this bird
twice in different years in June: once nearly opposite Annels-
hope farmhouse; on the other occasion in the rough pasture
opposite Tushielaw farmhouse.

HEDGE Sparrow, Accentor modularis.—Not plentiful.
Dipper, Cinclus aquaticus.—A few pairs on every stream.
LONG-TAILED T1TMoUSE, Acredula caudata.—Scarce.
Great TirmousE, Parus major—Common.

Coat Tirmouss, Parus ater.—Fairly common.

BLuE Titmouse, Parus ceruleus.—Common.

WreN, Zroglodytes parvulus.—Common.

24 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

TREE CREEPER, Certhia familiaris.—Seen occasionally.
PreD WactalL, Motacilla lugubris.—Common.

Gray WactalL, Motacilla melanope.—A few pairs of this beautiful
species nest in the area, returning year by year to the same
haunts.

YELLOW WactalL, AZotacilla raii.—l saw a pair near Tushielaw Inn
in the end of April 1889.

TREE Prpit, Anthus trivialis—Common. A pair always near
Tushielaw Inn. On going out of the inn on a genial morning
in late spring or early summer, the first sound which falls on
the ear is the note of this bird, which is immediately detected
perched on the topmost twig of one of the tall roadside trees.
From that point it, from time to time, soars and descends,
pouring out during its flight its very pleasing song.

MeEaDow Pipit, Anthus pratensis.—Abundant.
SPOTTED FLYCATCHER, Muscicapa grisola.—A few pairs.
SWALLOw, /7irundo rustica.—Common.

Martin, Chelidon urbica.—-Common.

SAND Martin, Cottle riparia.—Not so often seen as the two species
last noticed.

Swift, Cypselus apus.—Fairly common.

House Sparrow, Passer domesticus.—Common.

GREENFINCH, Ligurinus chloris—Common.

CuarFincH, Fringilla celebs.—Abundant.

LINNET, Acanthis cannabina.—Scarce.

LESSER REDPOLL, Acanthis rufescens—Heard in autumn.
BULLFINCH, Pyrrhula europea.—Seen at Bowhill and at Thirlestane.
Corn Buntinc, Lmberiza miliaria.—Scarce.

YELLOW Buntinc, Emberiza cttrinella.—Common.

REED Buntinc, Lmberiza scheniclus.—A pair usually on all suitable
ground.

Snow Buntine, Plectrophenax nivalis.—Common in autumn.

STARLING, Sturnus vulgaris.—Common.

Macpir, Pica rustica.—A few pairs, particularly at Tushielaw and
Thirlestane.

Jackpaw, Corvus monedula.—Common. A number of pairs nest
in the rabbit burrows on the slope of the Kip on Crosslee
Farm. :

RAVEN, Corvus corax.—Seen occasionally.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ETTRICK 25

CaRRION Crow, Corvus corone.—Common.
Rook, Corvus frugilegus.—Abundant.
SKyLarK, Alauda arvensis —Abundant.

KINGFISHER, Alcedo ispida.—One seen on the river in 1895 at
Carterhaugh.

Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus.—A few birds.

Barn Ow1, Strix flammea.—My friend Mr. Alexander Sturrock,
Craigmillar Park, informs me that he has seen this bird in
Newark Tower.

LONG-EARED OWL, Asio otus.—Common.

SHORT-EARED OwL, Asio accipitrinus.—During the years (1891-93)
of the Vole Plague this beautiful and useful bird was abundant
over the stricken area from Singlie to the watersheds. But with
the entire subsidence in 1893 of the great wave of vole life, the
bird almost entirely disappeared. In normal conditions of
food supply it is very scarce in the district, though never
entirely absent. I have not seen it every year: only occasionally.
A permanent haunt is the grassy slopes near Clearburn Loch,
and the haughs and hillsides from Tushielaw to the mouth of
Tima. A fine bird was flushed last June in the latter area, out
of a plantation on Annelshope, where it had been sitting on the
eround at the side of a decaying Scotch fir-branch.

Tawny Ow1, Syraium aluco—Common in all the larger woods.
ComMMoN Buzzarp, Luteo vulgaris.—Occasionally seen.
Sparrow Hawk, Accipiter nisus.—A few pairs.

PEREGRINE Fatcon, Falco peregrinus.—Once seen flying in a south-
easterly direction.

Meruin, Zalco esalon.—A pair nested yearly, up till within the last
six or seven years, on the face of a heathery brae on the farm
of Wester Deloraine.

KestreL, /alco tinnunculus.—Another bird which appeared in great
numbers during the vole period and disappeared with the vole,
except a few pairs. At present nearly every well-grown wood
holds a pair, and two or three may be seen during a drive of
an hour or two.

Common Heron, Ardea cinerea.—One or two seen on the occasion
of every visit. I am informed that a few pairs nest at Thirle-
stane.

MALLARD, Anas boscas.—A few pairs always nest.

PintalL Duck, Dajila acuta.—I saw a pair many years ago in the
hands of Mr. Hope, birdstuffer, George Street, Edinburgh,
which he informed me had been shot on the small lake in
Bowhill grounds.

26 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

TEAL, Querquedula crecca.—A few pairs nest, principally at the flat,
marshy ground near Midgehope.

WicEON, MJareca penelofe.—Two pairs have nested each year for the
past three years within the watersheds; but I think it as well
not to communicate the exact locality. In dealing with this
fine bird it is right to mention that it is decidedly increasing,
and that it nests in every suitable loch on Alemuir which I have
been able to visit. In June 1896, while examining one of the
larger lochs, a flock passed of fourteen birds. I did not succeed
in identifying the sex of the whole, but before the birds got into
an unfavourable light I had made out, through a strong glass,
that the nine rearmost ones were all drakes.

TurreED Duck, Puligula cristafa—This beautiful little duck is a
feature of the fine lake in Haining grounds. In the early winter
of 1895 I counted fifty birds on that lake; and three or four
pairs remain during the summer. The gamekeeper, however,
informs me that he has never seen the young ; but the presence
of large pike in the lake may easily account for their absence.

GoosANDER, Jergus merganser.—A regular spring visitor. As I
write, I have before me a case containing a fine pair which were
shot on the river some years ago. I have never seen, or heard
of, the bird frequenting the area during the nesting season.

Rinc Dove, Columba palumbus.—Common. Greatly decreased of
late years.

Buiack Grousk, Tetrao tetrix.—A fairly abundant species over the
whole upper part of the area.

RED GrRousE, Lagopus scoticus.— Abundant on all the heathery
ground.

PHEASANT, Phasianus colchicus.—Common.

CoMMON PARTRIDGE, Lerdix cinerca.—Fairly abundant over the
cultivated area.

LAND Ratt, Crex pratensis.—Common.
MERE HEN, Gadllinula chloropus.—A few pairs.
Coot, Fulica atra.—A few pairs.

GOLDEN PLOVER, Charadrius pluvialis——Distributed over the higher
ground during the nesting season in considerable numbers.

Lapwinc, Vanellus vulgaris—Abundant during the nesting season.

OYSTER-CATCHER, H/ematopus ostralegus.—On one occasion I saw a
single bird flying up the course of the river.

Woopcock, Scolopax rusticula.—Seen once in autumn. Mr. James
Mathison, banker, Selkirk, and Mr. Martin, gamekeeper, Bow-
hill, inform me that a number nest in Bowhill Woods.

EEE EEE

NOTE ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF LOCHM4A SUTURALIS 27

Common Snive, Gallinago celestis—Found on all suitable ground.
Dunun, Zringa alpina.—A few pairs nest.

Common SaAnppIPER, Zofanus hypoleucus.—Distributed during the
nesting season over the whole course of the river.

REDSHANK, Zofanus calidris.—Within the past ten years a number
of pairs nest annually in the area.

Common Cur.Lew, umenius arguata.—On every hillside.

BLACK-HEADED GULL, Larus ridibundus.—A nesting-place at Haining.
Numbers frequent the river during the spring and summer
months in search of food.

LEssER BLACK-BACKED GULL, Larus fuscus.—Several frequent the
valley during spring and summer ; and these may be looked on,
during their stay, as the most destructive winged vermin in the
district, subsisting as they do to a great extent on smolts
(during the smolt period) and trout, and on the young of game
birds and wildfowl. As an instance of the rapacity and audacity
of the species, in the end of last June, while angling on the
Gladhouse Reservoir, Midlothian, an immature bird suddenly
descended on four Teal, apparently two or three weeks old,
which were feeding within 80 yards of us, near a rushy margin,
caught one in its bill, and chased the remaining three to the
shelter of the rushes, repeatedly jumping on one of the ducklings,
but without success, as its bill was full. It then flew past us,
within 50 yards, and, alighting on a sandy spit, at once gulped
down the victim.

NOLE ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF S2Z0G 1224
SULURALTIS> A BEETLE DESTRUCGIW Ete
Pi eh ELE RK.

By Percy H. Grimsuaw, F.E.S.

ON the 23rd of August last Mr. Archibald Fairbairn, of
Wellwood, Muirkirk, Ayrshire, sent to the Museum for
examination a root of heather infested with a small whitish
srub, which he stated had destroyed many acres of good
young heather in his district, causing the shoots to become
quite withered and brown. Mr. Fairbairn also stated in the
accompanying letter that he was inclined to think that this

28 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

plague is the cause of the popular idea of frosted heather.
Upon a careful examination of the grub I became satisfied
that it belonged to a species of phytophagous beetle, and even
decided upon the family (Galerucid@) to which it belonged, but
with such scanty material could proceed no further. How-
ever, a few days afterwards the same gentleman very kindly
sent me three large patches cut from the moor, two of them
badly frosted and the third unaffected. From the two
infested pieces I picked every day for the space of a week or
so freshly emerged specimens of a beetle which I identified as
Lochme@a suturalis, Thomson; and as a vast number of
examples of this insect in all stages between that of full-
grown larva and perfect: insect were found buried amongst
the roots of the heather, I was enabled satisfactorily to refer
the damage to this species. As the life-history of the beetle
does not appear to have been hitherto observed, so far as I
can ascertain, I have thought it desirable to draw attention
to it. Unfortunately, it was too late in the season to see any-
thing of younger larva, so that all I can do at present is to
furnish a short description of the full-grown larva and the
subsequent stages. Fig. 1 shows a full-grown larva seen in
profile and magnified. It is about five millimetres long, of a
dirty white colour, with black head and legs. The surface is

Larva, pupa, and imago of Lochmea suturalis, Thomson.

studded with small black tubercles, arranged in a double
transverse row in each segment, and the segments themselves
are transversely furrowed or wrinkled on the dorsal surface.
Each tubercle is tipped with a fine bristle of a pale colour,
while the black, shining head is furnished with similar bristles.
The pupa as seen from beneath is represented in Fig 2, and
the characteristic form of a phytophagous beetle is here

NOTE ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF LOCHMAZA SUTURALIS 29

distinctly traceable. The body is still covered with bristly
tubercles, though these are not nearly so prominent as in the
larva. The legs are folded up close under the body, and the
antenne are beautifully curled under the two anterior pairs of
legs and brought out again so as to show the tip of each close
to the four anterior tarsi, the separate joints of the latter being
quite distinctly seen. The posterior legs are folded under
the wings, which are here in a rudimentary condition, though
plainly to be seen as in the figure. The developing mouth-
parts are seen just in front of the anterior tarsi.

The mature beetle is shown in Fig, 3. It is of a yellowish-
brown colour, with black head, irregular blackish markings on
the thorax, and black scutellum. The antenne are about as
long as the body, and black with the exception of the three
basal joints, which are more or less testaceous. The first
joint is much thickened, the second very short, the third the
longest of all and rather slender, the rest somewhat cylindrical.
The legs have the tibiz testaceous, the femora and tarsi
black. The head, thorax, and elytra are all finely punctured,
while the first-named bears prominent shining black frontal
tubercles. Fowler, in his “ Coleoptera of the British Islands,”
says the beetle is occasionally entirely black, while the suture
of the elytra is always dark. In all my specimens, however,
there is no darkening of the suture whatever, and the colour
corresponds well with the figure given by Fowler of L. capree,
the only species with which it might be confounded. How-
ever, the prominent shining black tubercles on the front of
the head afford a ready discriminating character, besides the
fact that ZL. cafree is found on willows, sallows, and birches,
and not on heather. Redtenbacher’s description of the species
(“Fauna Austriaca,” 3rd edition, 1874, Band ii. p. 488) cor-
responds much better with my specimens, for he says the
thorax and elytra are “braunlich graugelb, die Naht der letz-
teren dunkelbraun.” Possibly my examples were killed
somewhat early, and if kept longer the suture might have
considerably darkened.

30 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

ADDITIONAL COLEOPTERA FROM THE SUMMIT
OF BEN NEVIS, COLLECTED BY MR. W. S.
BRUCE IN 1806.

Rev. A. THORNLEY, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S.

SHORTLY before Mr. Bruce went away with the Jackson-
Harmsworth Polar Expedition, he sent me a small box of
insects collected chiefly during the month of May 1896.
Amongst the Coleoptera were some very conspicuous species,
all taken on, or close to, the summit of the mountain. For
previous lists of insects from the locality, readers are referred
to the January, April, and July numbers of this Magazine
for 1896. The following is the list of additional species.

GEODEPHAGA.

ANISODACTYLUS BINOTATUS, #:—One example—type form.
AMARA COMMUNIS, Panz.—One example—a dark form.

BRACHELYTRA.
ALEOCHARA MOESTA, Grav.—One example—a widely distributed
species.
MEGACRONUS CINGULATUS, JZaun.—One example—an uncommon
species.
HYDRADEPHAGA.

RHANTUS BISTRIATUS, Lerxg.—Two examples from the Tarn (2500
feet nearly).
DyTIscus LAPPONICUS, Gy//,—A pair from the same locality.

STERNOXI.

CORYMBITES TESSELATUS, /~—One example.

CLAVICORNIA.

ANATIS OCELLATA, Z.—Two examples.

ADALIA BIPUNCTATA, Z.—Two examples—one a singular variety.
OMOSITA DEPRESSA, Z.—One example.

SILPHA RUGOSA, Z.—One example.

MALACODERMA.

TELEPHORUS PELLUCIDUS, /-—One example.

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 3

PHY TOPRHAGA.

GASTROIDEA POLYGONI, Z.—Six examples.

RHYNCHOPHORA.

ORCHESTES FAGI, Z.—One example.

SCOLYTID.
MYELOPHILUS PINIPERDA, Z.—Two examples.
HYLASTES ATER, Payk.—Two examples.

There were again several specimens of Acédota crenata and
Tachinus elongatus ; and also many examples of Coccinella
hieroglyphica, which ran into curious varieties. Corymdbztes
cupreus and Lochmcea suturals occurred in some abundance.
The Byrrhidze were well represented by B. fasczatus, B.
pulula, B. dorsalis, and Cytidlus. Both Donacia discolor and
Silpha opaca occurred again.

[CORRECTION.—In the first list of Coleoptera from this
locality—given in the January 1896 number of this magazine,
on page 36, No. 42—the six examples of a small form of
Telephorus lituratus must be referred to the much rarer
Telephorus figuratus, Fall. The impressed lines on the
antenne in the male are not always a very obvious feature. ]

ON-THE FLORA OF Tira
By Symers M. Macvicar.

THE island of Tiree is the most westerly of the Inner
Hebrides, and forms with Coll, Mull, and its adjacent islands,
the “ Mid Ebudes” of Watson. It is remarkable for its flat-
ness and small elevation above sea level. According to the
Old Statistical Account of 1794, its ancient name, translated
into English, was, “ The kingdom whose summits are lower
than the waves.” The same authority also mentions that
the waves are often seen from the one shore rising several
feet above the level of the other. Nearly the whole of the

32 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

island is less than 20 to 30 feet above sea level, the excep-
tions being three small hills about 400 feet high at the
western end, while some parts are considerably under the
20 feet. In the centre of the island, and extending across
it, is a large grassy plain, called the Reef, which is one of the
natural curiosities of the West Coast. It has been described
as being as level as a bowling-green, and although it has that
appearance when viewed as a whole, it is seen on closer
inspection to be slightly undulating. Martin, in his “ De-
scription of the Western Islands of Scotland” (1703), mentions
that in his time the sea sometimes overflowed the whole of
this pasture. In the Old Statistical Account it is stated that
a barricade of stones, etc., was erected at one spot to pre-
vent the island being divided into two, also that the storms
had raised a high bank of stones in another place, “ yet the
impetuous surge sometimes baffles the whole.” The Reef
is bounded on one side by a broad channel of water, called
the Fhaodhail, which has scarcely any perceptible current
except at its exit, which is on the south shore. It was by
means of this channel that the sea usually flooded the Reef,
but this has not happened within living memory. The Rev.
D. Maclean, Hylipol Manse, to whom I am indebted for
much kind help, writes: “The salt water is still forced up
the Fhaodhail a long distance in rough weather, and when
there are unusually high tides. The mouth of the channel
used to be blocked up by sand during the ebb to such an
extent that a huge body of water lodged in the river for a
considerable time afterwards ; but this has been remedied to
a certain extent by confining the exit to a narrow space by
means of a wall, and thus causing a strong current where
the block took place.” Mr. Maclean adds: “I believe that
the sea is much higher than the bed of the Fhaodhail at high
water, and that, if the natural bank at Ballyphetrish [the
north shore] were damaged, the sea would cover the Reef
any day at high water. His Grace the Duke of Argyll, to
whom the island belongs, speaks thus of the Reef in 1883:
“There is indeed one large farm on the island, the famous
‘Reef of Tyree, which is chiefly—though by no means ex-
clusively—pastured by sheep. It is a great plain containing
about 1000 acres, which has once been covered by the sea

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 33

and is still very slightly raised above its level. It is
absolutely unfit for tillage, being almost pure sand.” Both
sides of the Fhaodhail have a salt marsh vegetation of such
plants as Glaux maritima, Juncus Gerardi, and Carex
extensa ; and in the channel there is to be found Azuppza
rostellata.

That the sea communicated with the greater part of the
island within comparatively recent times appears probable
from the fact that such plants as Apzwm nodiflorum, var.
ocreatum, dinanthe Lachenaliz, and Samolus Valerandi occur
in some quantity over the island, and that Ranunculus
Baudotii and Potamogeton pectinatus are found in one of the
lochs which is now 20 feet above sea level.

Tiree being so flat, there is no shelter except at sides of
ditches and on rocky ledges among the cliffs at the western
end. On this account there is an entire absence of gardens,
trees, and even bushes, with the exception of a few stunted
roses in two localities. The vegetation is mostly dwarfed,
but the soil being in great part a mixture of sand and shell
lime, gives the fine pasturage for which the island has long
been noted.

With regard to the interesting question of former wood
on the island, the Old Statistical Account says: “It plainly
appears that wood formerly grew in this parish when thinly
inhabited and fewer cattle reared. Frequently large pieces
of trees are found in mosses, though now there is not a tree
on it.” The parish also included Coll, but it is Tiree which
is here spoken of. Mr. Maclean writes me in answer to
queries on this subject: “There was undoubtedly a wood
of considerable extent in Tiree at one time, but the remains
have almost entirely disappeared as the peat moss has been
exhausted. About fifty years ago roots or portions of trees
—the largest measuring about three feet in diameter—were
numerous where the peats were cut. The trees looked as if
blown down by a gale, lying sideways about five or six feet
below the surface. No trace of axe-work could be seen. I
cannot say what kind of wood, but I am told it was hard,
and reddish in colour. Abundance of shells of hazel-nuts
could be gathered there also.” There is evidence here of
the former existence of fairly large timber, and it points toa

25 D

34. ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

very .different configuration of the land from that of the
present in this part of Scotland, as a considerable amount of
shelter would be necessary for such trees to attain this size.
A curious remark is made in this connection by the author
of the account of the island in the Old Statistical Account,
—the Rev. Archibald M‘Coll,—where he says that it is not
probable that trees would now thrive on the island upon
trial, “the situation being so far in the ocean and without
shelter.” As to the kind of tree which formed the wood, I
think the larger ones at least were probably oak. Evidence
not being forthcoming that these remains were used for
torches, makes it unlikely that they were conifers, as such
trees were generally put to this use in the Highlands. Mr.
Maclean tried to grow willows. He says: “They grow all
right in summer, but wither from the tops in spring”; and
he adds: “I think the cold strong winds are the cause.” A
few years ago the Marquis of Lorne sent seeds of Pinus
Pinaster, which were sown on the sandhills in one place,
but the young plants were not protected from the cattle and
sheep, and have since died (“ A Vertebrate Fauna of Argyll
and the Inner Hebrides,” 1892).

Sandy shores and dunes surround the greater part of
the island, muddy shores being rare. This gives a pre-
ponderance to certain plants, while some usually common
species are limited in their distribution.

The geological formation of Tiree is mainly Lewisian
gneiss, similar to that of its neighbour Coll, and to the Outer
Hebrides, but dissimilar to that of the other parts of the
Inner Hebrides, with the exception of part of Iona. The
flora also would appear to correspond more with that of the
Outer Hebrides than with that of the Inner, at least of those
islands from Mull to Skye inclusive. Omitting the island
of Coll, for the» present; there “are certain: characteristic
plants common to Tiree and the @uter Hebrides which are
believed to be absent from the Inner Hebrides from Mull
to Skye. These are Ranunculus Drouetii, R. Baudotz?,
Hippuris vulgaris, Apium nodiflorum,—which occurs as the
var, ocreatum,—A. inundatum, Veronica Anagallis-aquatica,
Potamogeton pectinatus, P. filiformtis, Chara aspera, C. hispida.
They are all aquatic or sub-aquatic, some being sub-maritime,

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 35

and they occur in quantity. The profusion and luxuriance
of the Veronica is one of the striking features of the flora of
Tiree, while it has been found in several of the islands of
the Outer Hebrides. It is to be noted that Tiree and the
Outer Hebrides have low-lying ground with lochs little
above sea level, and that it is characteristic of the parts of
the Inner Hebrides referred to, as they are basaltic, to rise
more or less precipitously from the shore to an inland
plateau. There are some places where this does not occur,
but not on any of those which I have examined have I met
with any of these species.

Some of these plants appear to miss the intervening
islands between Tiree and the Clyde area, such as Ranunculus
Baudoti (allowing that Balfour’s A. aguatilis from Islay is
the R. Drouetit of Mr. Ewing’s list), Chara aspera, C. con-
traria, and C. hispida. Chara vulgaris might be added,
though it will probably be found to occur. These species
are also unrecorded from the western mainland north of the
Clyde area.

Among the rarer plants of Tiree there are Ranunculus
marinus, Fr., which has not been definitely found anywhere
else in Scotland ; Axthyllis Vulneraria, var. maritima, Koch,
not previously recorded, I think, from Scotland ; Savrzfraga
tridactylites, apparently new for the West of Scotland ; Szam
erectum, not found elsewhere on the West Coast north of the
Clyde ; Plantago Coronopus, var. maritima, Gren. and Godr.,
new to Britain ; FEguzsetum arvense, var. serotinum, Mey.,
new, I think, for Scotland ; Potentzlla reptans, Carex disticha,
and C. firta, which reach here their most northerly reported
localities on the West Coast.

In mentioning the West Coast mainland I have not taken
into account Watson’s vice-county of West Sutherland,
because the greater part of that district is zo¢ on the western
watershed ; and until some other division of the extreme
north is made it is only misleading to consider it in that
connection. Allowance must also be made for error in
quoting records of plants until a much needed new edition
of “ Topographical Botany” appears.

Of the 320 species, excluding Charace@, which have been
found in Tiree, the great proportion belong here, as elsewhere,

36 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

to Watson’s British type. There are 14 species which belong
to the English type, viz. :

Papaver Rheas (colonist). Gnanthe Lachenalit.
Potentilla reptans. Centunculus minimus.
Drosera intermedia. Samolus Valerandz.
Lythrum Salicaria. Volvulus Soldanella.
Eryngium maritimum. Scirpus Tabernemontant.
Apium nodiftorum. Carex disticha.

Stum erectum. Festuca rottbellhioides.

This is one twenty-third part of the whole known flora of
the island: a large proportion for this coast, and more than
double that of the low-ground flora of Mull.

There are 9 species which belong to the Scottish type :

Thalictruim dunense. Lobelia Dortmanna.
Ligusticum scoticum. Pueumaria maritima.
Pinguicula vulgaris. Scirpus rufus.
Potamogeton filiformts. Carex dioica.

Antennaria dioica.

To the Atlantic type belong 5 species:

Viola Curtasze. Pinguicula lusitanica.
Hypericum elodes. Scella verna,
Sedum anglicum.

To the Highland type there is one species, Selagznella
selaginoides ; and to the Local type, one species, Utricularia
entermedza.

The island is estimated to contain 18,828 acres, of
which foreshores are given as 222 acres, roads 113 acres,
water 489 acres, and tidal water 17 acres. The population
is numbered at 2500.

The following list is the result of visits made in 1896
and 1897. A few more species will doubtless be found,
especially among late-flowering plants and weeds of cultiva-
tion. Except in a few instances, I have not especially
mentioned whether the species appear native or not: the
nature of the localities cited will give an indication as to this.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. Arthur Bennett for notes

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 37

on many plants, and to Messrs. H. and J. Groves, who have
examined all the Characee.

THALICTRUM DUNENSE, Du.—Very common on sandy places
bordering the shores.

RANUNCULUS TRICHOPHYLLUS, Chaix.—Messrs. H. & J. Groves have
so named specimens from two localities near Scarinish.

RANUNCULUS DroveEtiu, Godr.—Common in streams and ditches,
varying considerably in habit, length of peduncle, and size of
flowers.

RanuncuLus Baupotu, Godr.—Common about Loch Vassapol
and in its exit stream.

Var. c. MARINUS, /7.—Stream at Hynish Bay. This is the
only authentic record for this plant in Scotland; I am
indebted to Mr. Bennett for identifying the Batrachian
Ranunciult.

RaNUNCULUS FLaMMULA, Z.—Very common in wet places.

RANUNCULUS acRiIs, Z.—Very common as var. Boreanus, Jord.,
over all the island, except on the central moorish ground. On
the sandhills it frequently has a vertical rootstock of from five
to six inches in length. Another form, &. Stevenz, Andrz.,
also occurs on sandhills, but not in any quantity.

RANUNCULUS REPENS, Z.—Very common about roadsides and ad-
joining ditches ; also at sides of cultivated fields.

RANUNCULUS BULBOsUS, Z.—Common in sandy pastures. This
species, which is also common in Coll, is very rare on the West
Coast mainland north of Loch Linnhe, the only locality where
I have seen it being on a sandy pasture near the shore in
Ardnamurchan. It is found in the Outer Hebrides.

RaNuUNCULUS FicariA, Z.—Leaves of this plant are to be seen
quite commonly, even in summer, among shady rocks. ‘The
Rev. D. Maclean sent me fresh specimens in spring with the
remark ‘quite common in Tiree.” I also found it fruiting,
which is not uncommon for the species on this coast. A
considerable percentage of plants have flower heads that form
fruit; but frequently only a few achenes ripen on a head.
When the achenes commence to swell the peduncle arches, as
the head endeavours to reach the soil, thus making the fruiting
inconspicuous.

CALTHA PALUSTRIS, Z.—Very common at the sides of ditches,
marshes, and lochs.

PAPAVER Rucaas, Z.—Very rare; only one plant seen in 1897 ina rye-
grass field belonging to the Hotel; none seen the previous year.

PAPAVER DUBIUM, Z.—Very rare; a few plants in a cornfield near
Cornaig.

38 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

FUMARIA CONFUSA, Jorvd.—Rare ; cultivated field, Scarinish. The
last three species have no title to be considered as native.
NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE, &. 47r—Very common and luxuriant in

ditches and streams.

ARABIS, sf.?—An interesting plant, still under consideration, which
Mr. Bennett thinks may be A. ci//ata, occurs at Kenavara.
CARDAMINE PRATENSIS, Z.—Common in wet places in fields and by

sides of ditches.

CARDAMINE HIRSUTA, Z.—This usually common plant is curiously
rare. Although especially looked for, only a few specimens
were noticed in the ruins of Kilkenneth Chapel.

EROPHILA VULGARIS, YC.—Rare ; only a few plants seen in sandy
ground, some distance from cultivation, between Barrapol and
Kenavara.

COCHLEARIA OFFICINALIS, Z.—Common on rocky and muddy
shores.

COCHLEARIA DANICA, £.—Rather rare ; it does not appear to occur
in its typical form on the island. The Rev. E. S. Marshall
named a plant as this species from Kenavara rocks ; it is also
found at Urvaig.

SISYMBRIUM OFFICINALE, Scof—Common; usually near houses ;
sometimes in cultivated fields.

BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS, £.—Rare; cultivated fields, occasionally
spreading to sandy shores.

BRASSICA SINAPISTRUM, Soiss.—Rather rare; a few plants on
waste ground, Hynish ; in some quantity in a cultivated field,
Cornaig.

Bursa PAsToRIs, Weber.—Common; waste places and cultivated
fields.

CAKILE MARITIMA, Scof.—Rather rare; Hynish Bay, Traigh-na-
Gillean, Salum Bay. A few plants on the sandy shore at each
place.

RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM, Z.—Very common; occurs in most
cultivated fields and in waste places in great quantity. The
plant with yellow petals was alone seen.

VIOLA PALUSTRIS, Z.—Rare, I think ; I did not see it on my second
visit.

Viota RrvintaAna, Retch.—Common among the dwarf heather in
some places on Scarinish Moor ; uncommon elsewhere.

VIOLA ARVENSIS, JZuxr.—Only seen in waste places near the Hotel.

Viota Curtis, Forster.—In abundance at Ruaig in a sandy
pasture which extends nearly across the island; flowers mostly
yellow.

(Zo be continued.)

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 39

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND.
By James W. H. Tram, A.M., M.D., F.R.S.

SINCE the publication, in 1883, of the second edition of
Mr. H. C. Watson’s “Topographical Botany,” and largely
under the stimulus given by that work, a great deal has been
done towards widening our knowlege of the flora of Scotland.
Attention was drawn to the almost total want of information
from several districts, and to the imperfect nature of the
records from others, even as regards common and easily
determined species, with the result that the larger gaps have
for the most part been filled. Doubtful records have been
confirmed, and some errors in former records have been dis-
covered and corrected. To determine whether a record
should be excluded as erroneous is, however, far more
difficult than to ascertain whether a new record may securely
be added to our lists, since a rare species may not be again
detected in its habitat, even when sought for; or it may have
become extinct from some cause that is not apparent to us.
Critical groups (eg. Rubus, Rosa, Hieractum, etc.) have
received very close study of late years, and for such groups
the former records are not in full accord with the conclusions
arrived at by specialists. Most of the information gained
since 1883 has been published, chiefly in numerous papers
and shorter notes, some of which relate exclusively to the
flora of Scotland, while in others there are only occasional
references to Scottish plants, the bulk of the articles relating
to other districts. The thanks of all interested in the
Scottish flora are due in a very special degree to Mr. A.
Bennett for the unwearied assistance he has given to local
botanists in determining the critical species of their districts,
and for his ‘Additional Records of Scottish Plants,’ in
which he has brought together and put within our reach (in
the “Scottish Naturalist” from 1886 to 1891, and sub-
sequently in the “Annals of Scottish Natural History”),
year by year, the information scattered through our own
journal, the “ Journal of Botany,” the publications of Societies,
and occasional floras in book form. The value of the
‘Records’ is most appreciated by those that know them

40 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

best ; but they are scattered over a considerable time. It is
time that the information within our reach should be brought
together once again, and that we should see where it is still
deficient. Mr. Bennett tells me that he cannot undertake
to do so; but he has most kindly revised records kept by
myself during a good many years. For valuable assistance,
most freely given in this as well as in many other ways, I
offer him my grateful thanks, in which, I feel assured, all
interested in Scottish Botany will join.

The results embodied below, in so far as they are
additional to those recorded in “ Topographical Botany,” re-
present the labours of love of not a few botanists, whom I
shall not here attempt to enumerate. A truer conception
of the value and wide extent of these labours will be best
obtained from the inspection of a list of the several articles
which it is proposed to add as a supplement to this paper.

The districts into which Great Britain is divided in
“Topographical Botany” are based on the counties: the
larger ones subdivided, as in Perth and Aberdeen, to reduce
inequalities in area, and a few of the smallest combined with
their neighbours. Detached and outlying portions are
associated with the counties in which they lie, as may be
observed under Inverness and Nairn. In some cases the
divisions correspond fairly well to natural areas or river
basins ; but unfortunately this is the exception, and it has
for a good many years been recognised by most students of
our flora and fauna that the natural divisions of the country
should be employed in preference to the political. But as yet
our records of the larger plants have been published only on
the latter scheme of distribution, and many of them would not
fit in with the natural areas, and might thus be lost. It seems
desirable, therefore, to adhere in this revision to Watson’s
areas, of which a list, with his numbers, is given below. For
brevity the numbers alone are given. These have been most
carefully checked, and it is hoped that no errors have been
admitted through want of care. Certain species have been
recorded from all the districts, and this is indicated by the
word “all.” Many species have been recorded from con-
siderably more than half the areas, and for these the numbers
of the areas in which they have zo¢ been found are preceded

lL? ee

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 41

by “ercepft,’ and are printed in ¢falcs, as it is hoped that
attention will thus be more prominently drawn to the absence
of records from these, and also that the risk of confounding
them with records of actual occurrence will be prevented by
the difference of type. For all other species the numbers
given are those of the areas from which they have been re-
corded, or in which they are known to Mr. Bennett or to
myself, if not already published. The sign ? denotes that
the number that it follows at least requires confirmation ;
?? or [ | denotes that the record is almost certainly erroneous ;
+ after a number denotes the introduction by man, whether
intentional or accidental, of the species into the area ; “cas.”
indicates that the plant has been introduced by man in some
way, directly or indirectly, but that it has failed to establish
itself. A careful survey of published records leads to the
belief that both f and “cas.” might be used with advantage
a good deal more freely than they have been by some local
botanists. The names of plants that are not regarded as
indigenous in the British Islands are printed in z¢a/zcs.

NAMES OF PROVINCES, AND NAMES AND NUMBERS OF VICE-
COUNTIES IN SCOTLAND AS GIVEN BY H. C. WATSON IN
“TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY,” AND FOLLOWED IN THE SUB-
JOINED CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION.

West Lowlands.—72, Dumfries ; 73, Kirkcudbright ; 74, Wigtown ;
75, Ayr; 76, Renfrew; 77, Lanark.

East Lowlands.—78, Peebles; 79, Selkirk; 80, Roxburgh; 81,
Berwick ; 82, Haddington; 83, Edinburgh; 84, Linlithgow.

East Highlands.—85, Fife and Kinross; 86, Stirling; 87, West
Perth and Clackmannan (including the Perthshire part of the
Forth basin); 88, Mid Perth (Perthshire between West Perth
and the rivers Tay and Garry); 89, East Perth (Perthshire
east of the Tay and the Garry) ; 90, Forfar; 91, Kincardine ;
92, South Aberdeen ; 93, North Aberdeen (separated from 92
by the watersheds east and west of Inverurie); 94, Banff; 95,
Elgin (including the part of Inverness that cuts into Elgin) ;
96, Easterness (Nairn, and rest of Inverness east of N. and S.
watershed of Scotland).

West Highlands.—g7, Westerness (Inverness west of the watershed,
and Argyll north-west of Loch Linnhe); 98, Argyll (Argyllshire
between Loch Linnhe and Crinan Canal); 99, Dumbarton ;
100, Clyde Isles (islands in the Firth of Clyde); roz, Cantire
(to Crinan Canal); 102, South Ebudes (Isla, Jura, and ad-

42 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

jacent islets); 103, Mid Ebudes (Mull, Coll, and adjacent

islets) ; 104, North Ebudes (Skye, Rum, and adjacent islets).
North Highlands.—1o5, West Ross (Ross and Cromarty west of

N. and S. watershed); 106, East Ross (Ross and Cromarty

east of the watershed, with Nairn west of Moray Firth); 107,

East Sutherland (with drainage to the east); 108, West

Sutherland (with drainage to north and west); 1og, Caithness.
North Isles.—11o, Hebrides; 111, Orkney; 112, Shetland.

RANUNCULACEZ,

Clematis Vitalba, L., occurs as an introduced plant in 77, 82, 83,
85, 87, 89, 99.
*Thalictrum alpinum, Z., except 74-85, 91, 93, 95, 101, 102, 107.
Th. minus, Z., except 76, 78, 86, 95, 96, 97, 99, 105, 107, 112.
a. maritimum, Syme (dunense, Dum.), except 72, 73, 74, 75,
76, 78,79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 95, 96, 99, 100,
LOL MOL MOT LD:
6. montanum, Wadllr., 72, 73, 85, 88, 89, 98.
c. flexuosum (fezchd.), 73, 74, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87-89, 98,
LOZ, 103, LOS (og):
TS ilavan, 2259713574, gps 81,1 OG nos EO TOS Oe:
Anemone nemorosa, L., except 109, 112.
A. apennina, L., introduced in a few places.
Adonis autumnatis, L., introduced in 75, 77, 80, 83.
? Ranunculus circinatus, S74¢h., 74, 81, 83, 85-90, 105 (?).
. fluitans, Zam., 76, 77, 80, 81, 85 (?), 93, 94.
. pseudo-fluitans (Bad.), Hiern, 99.
. trichophyllus, Chazx, 72, 73, 80, 86, 88, 89, 100, 103, 106
107, 100-112.
. Drouettil, Godr., 73, 75, 79, 83, 88-90, 102, 103, 106, 108-111.
6. Godronii (Gren.), 80 (?), 112 (?).
. heterophyllus, Weé., 73, 85, 88, 89, 98, 111.
. peltatus, Schranck, 72-74, 77, 78, 80, 83, 85, 87-93, 99, 100, 106.
c. floribundus (2adé.), 88, 89.
d. penicillatus (4Zzern), 74 (?), 88, 89.
R. Baudotii, Godr., 75, 76, 80-84, 103, I1o-112.
6. confusus, Godr., 76,77 (?), 80 (?), 81 (?), 82-84, 89, 99,109.
¢. marinus, /7., 103.
R. Lenormandi, / Schultz, 72-77, 86, 99, 100, 102.
R. hederaceus, Z., except 105.

b

AP FP FRR

1 Thalictrum.—Under this genus I have followed the arrangement given in
the eighth edition of the ‘* London Catalogue” instead of that in the ninth edition,
owing to the difficulty of correcting the published records with the latter.

2 Ranunculus.—In the section Batrachium of this genus the records can
scarcely be regarded as wholly reliable. Those for 88 and 89 (Perth, Mid and East)
for species and varieties are chiefly on the authority of Dr. F. Buchanan White.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 43

wseeleratus, Za ,exceee 76, 79, gos 104, 105, JO7, 108, 111, 112;
. Flammula, Z., all.
sreptans, /..,.S5,0@3:
. petiolaris, Marshall, 96-98, 104, 105, 108, IIo.
. Lingua, Z., except 78, 74(2), 78, 82, 91, 94, 96-104, 107-110,
LIA(2), LL.
R. auricomus, Z., except 74, 78, 84, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100-112.
eRe aes. 22. all.
ix, repens, 2, all.
R. bulbosus, Z., except S84, 98, 101, 104, 105, 112.
2R. Sardous, Crantz (R. hirsutus, Curtis), 72, 74, 77, 80, 81, 83-90,
927, 931, 98, 104.
= Rearvensis, Z., 73,75,771) Ol) 921) 037058) Cos 09,009 (P), DEL (?):
R. Ficaria, Z., all.
6. incumbens, / Schultz, 88, 89, 92.
Caltha palustris, Z., all.
6. Guerangerii (Loreau), 89.
¢. minor, Syme, 87, 89, 90, 92, 95, 108.
C. radicans, Forster, 90, 105.
b. zetlandica, Beeby, 112.
Trollius europzeus, Z., except 2, 102, 110, 111.
ffelleborus viridis, L., probably nowhere native in Scotland, though
recordedirom 74, 75, $1, 83, 85, 1, O2:
f1, feetidus, L., as an introduced plant or casual in 75, 77, 80-83,
S15; 805 SO, 02.
Lranthis hyemalis, Salisb., semi-naturalised or casual, 92.
Aquilegia vulgaris, Z., of frequent occurrence beside rivers and in
other places, apparently wild, but a very doubtful native in
any part of Scotland, though recorded from 72, 73, 75, 77,
79, 93-92, 95-97, 102, 109.
Aconitum Napellus, L., introduced or as a casual in 76, 77, 81,
835, 05,,00,.00; 00, 165, TOO.
Actea spicata, L., has been recorded from 85.

FRrRPRR

BERBERIDACE.

4 Berberis vulgaris, Z., except 74, 82, 94, 96, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105,
LOG SOG MOSs 109) PLT, 112.

1 R. acris, L.—The varieties of this species require investigation in Scotland
before any record of their distribution with us can be given. Var. c. Stevend
(Andrz.) has been recorded from 89, 97, 103, I12.

2 R. Sardous, Crantz.—Though recorded with no sign of doubt of its native
origin from several Scottish counties, the remark in ‘‘ Topographical Botany ”
that it is ‘scarcely more than a casual plant northward of Yorkshire ” probably
applies in most cases. It certainly does so in 92 and 93.

3 R. arvensis, L.—Not improbably introduced frequently among cornfield

weeds.
4 Berberts vulgaris, L.—In many, if not in most, of the counties of Scotland

44 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

NYMPHAACE.

Nympheea lutea, Z. (Wuphar luteum, Sm.), except 72, 78, 84, 94,
GON, 90; O15, LOL, LOL MOC MOT OS, LOD ilo es
6. intermedia (Leded.), 72, 86, 89, 91, 92, 97, 99.
N. pumila, Hoffm., 77 (2), 86-89, 95, 96, 98, 109.
Castalia speciosa, Salish. (Vymphea alba, L.), except 78, 82, 84,
his JULIE,
PAPAVERACE&.!

Papaver somniferum, V., a casual on rubbish heaps and waste ground.
P. Rhoeas, 222, 7/5:7'7,) 60-04, £03,105, 109, 1 it, 112.
P. dubium, Z., except 97, 9S, 104.
6. Lecoqii (Lamotte), 85 (?), 89, 105, 106.
P. *Argemone} 7.572, 75,7 7s 00-92),94-90, Ol, 102,105, 100, Tro:
Meconopsis cambrica, Vig., 72, 75, 83, 85-87, 90-92, 95.
Glaucium flavum, Cvantz, 72-76, 80(?), 81, 82, 84, 85, 91 (long
ago extinct), 95 (?), 98, 99.
Chelidonium majus, Z., 72-93, 95, 96.

FUMARIACEA.

Neckera lutea, Scop. (Corydalis lutea, DC.), 88+, 921.

N. claviculata, WV. Z. Br. (C. claviculata, DC.), except 77, 78, 79, 82
GOO) 102, 105, JOD IOS iL:

Fumaria pallidiflora, Jord., 79+, 80, 89.

: Boreet, Jord... 735 74; 7 0} 775,023 S5 OO NOLO 2, LOO, LOT sO hen i ti

~contusa, /07d., 7:2, F415, ©7509) LOO-102, TO, n1o.

. muralis, Sonder., 86.

. densiflora, OC. 72, 74, 80, 82-85, 98-93, 05,90, Til, Puen):

. Officinalis, Z., except 9S, 104.

. Vaillantii, ZozseZ, 83 (?), 112 (?) (probably erroneous records).

. parviflora, Zam., 80}, 82, 83, 87, 89 (?), 95 (?), 96(?), 109 (?),
112 (?) (those queried are probably erroneous),

?

prj bef bf Rf} fy

CRUCIFERZ.

Cheiranthus Cheirt, 1.., well established, but not with a claim to be
considered native, 88, 89, 91.

the Barberry, though often not rare, is an evident introduction, or has probably
grown from seed of introduced plants. This is certainly the case in the north-east
of Scotland.

1 PAPAVERACEA.—In this order Glauctwm flavum is probably the only i
species that does not owe its presence in Scotland (on the coast) to human agency.
All the species of Papaver are weeds of cultivation. PP. somnzferum is a mere
casual anywhere. 2. Rhewas is scarcely more than a casual in 91 to 94 at least,
and probably in the higher numbers. P. Axgemone, though a common weed near
Montrose, is a mere casual in 92, and probably in other districts from which it is
recorded. JZeconopsis cambrica and Chelidontum majus, though well established
in a good many places, always, in my experience, occupy situations near gardens,
along roads, or otherwise such as to indicate their introduction by man as more
than probable.

a

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 45

Nasturtium officinale, 2. Br., all.
Ne sylvestre, 7; Bz, 72, 7.3, 81, 83, O51) O0};107-00, OS.
N. palustre, DC., 72-78, 80-90, 98 (?), 99, 100.
N. amphibium, #. £7., very doubtful as a Scotch plant, though
recorded from’ 72, 75. 77.) 63, 85,0 7 G4e
Barbarea vulgaris, 2. Br., except 97, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107, 110,
112.
B. stricta, Andzz., 86f.
Arabis alpina, Z., 104 (Skye).
A. petrea, Lam., 88, 91, 92, 94, 96(?), 97, 98, 103-105, 106 (?),
NO UCOw TO) TL.
6. hispida, DC., 92, 106.
Aveiliatay fe 7., Go (??).
peehinsuta, Scop, excep? 93, 96, 99. JOT, 105.1 finite,
A. Turrita, L., 88.
A. perfoliata, Zam., 77, 80, 87-89, 90 (?), 99, probably an introduc-
tion wherever it occurs in Scotland.
Cardamine amara, Z., except 74, 78, 82, 97, 101-112.
d. lilacina, & B. White, 88.
. pratensis, Z., all.
. hirsuta, Z., all.
. flexuosa, W7th., eg (3 Sl GS, LO Tate
Pmpations, L..075)(),. 77 (2), 83 (?), 97(?), t11(?). All records
of this plant for Scotland require confirmation.
. bulbifera, Syme, 75.
Draba muralis, L., recorded from 77, 83, 88, 90, 100, but probably
erroneously, also 867, 987.
De incana, 7, °87-90; 92, 94, 96-98, 102-112.
Dy rupestris, KH. Gr., 88, 89, 90 (??), 94 (??), 96, 98:
Erophila vulgaris, DC., except 101, 104, 107, 112.
iB pracox, C., 35
EK. inflata, “Zook. f., 88, 89.
Cochlearia officinalis, Z., except 791, SOT, 88, 89.
C. alpina, 4. C. Wats., 78, 80, 87-90, 92-94, 96-98, 104, 105,
LOS-1 10, FEI (?), 112.
. micacea, Marshall, 88, 98, 112.
. danica, Z., 73, 76, 81 (?), 83, 85, 87, 91-93, 95, 99, 100, 102,
103, PaG, ROSH DLO, Dr (?)s 112.
erenlentica: Woo, 105, LOO, LOS-11O, WEz:

. anglica, Z., 73, 74, 78(?), 95.
. Armoracia, Z., a casual in waste places.

CL, GIOiGe

ADLRS ROS

flesperis matronalis, \.., a casual not uncommonly met with.
Sisymbrium Thalianum, 7 Gay, except 101, 102, 103, 105, 107,
108, 110, 112.
S. officinale, Scop., except 112.
6. leiocarpum, DC.,, 87, 88.

46 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

S. sophia, Z., 77 (t), Sot, 81-85, S61, 88}, 90, OT, 05, Loo, reo Ts

S. pannonicum, /acg., 877, 92T.

US. Alliaria, Scop., except 97, 107, 102, 103, 10%, 105, 107, 108,
HOD NO, A ales

Erysimum chetranthoides, L., a casual, recorded from 80, 81, 84,
85, 91, 95, 103.

Camelina sativa, Crantz, casual, 87, 88, 92.

Subularia aquatica, Z., 71-73, 85 (?), 87-94, 96-99, 103, 105, 108-
LO.) Emo

Brassica oleracea, \.., B. Napus, L., B. Rutabaga, DC., B. Rapa, L.,
are all met with by waysides and on waste ground, as casuals.

B. monensis, “/uds., 72-76, 82 (?).

B. Sinapioides, Roth (B. nigra, Koch), a casual in 72, 77, 81, 83,
85, 95:

B. Sinapistrum, Gozss., all, as a weed of cultivated ground.

2B. alba, Botss.; 73) 745 77-85; 877, 887, 89f, O15 921, TOT, 102,
164, TOS, 1OO;, 110,, VL2i.

(Zo be continued.)

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES.

Harvest Mouse in Moray.—Perhaps I may be allowed a few
words in reference to Mr. W. Taylor’s note on the Harvest Mouse
(Mus minutus) which appeared in the October number of the
“ Annals.” I am the more anxious to do so because, in Messrs.
Brown and Buckley’s “‘ Fauna of Moray,” vol. i. p. 202, a mistake
has been made in so far as it is said the specimen of the Harvest
Mouse found at Greenscares, and now in Banff Museum, had been
“sent to Mr. George Sim of Aberdeen, who identified it.” This is
not so. I merely saw the specimen in spirit in the Banff Museum,
and took a note of the specimen as labelled. As to the species I
had no doubt, for I have had specimens sent to me several times
from England. Mr. Taylor remarks: ‘“‘I do not yet believe that
Mus minutus has ever been found north of the Grampians.” This
may prove to be the correct finding, yet against it I have to note
that the late Mr. Stewart Burnett, than whom there was no more
close and accurate observer, found a Harvest Mouse at Kemnay
House in 1889; MacGillivray, in his “ History of British Quadru-
peds,” p. 257, mentions having had one sent to him from Aberdeen-

1 §. Alliaria, Scop., occurs in the counties near Aberdeen only in situations
that suggest its introduction.

2 B. alba, Boiss.—In most districts, if not throughout Scotland, this species is
met with only as a cultivated plant, or as a weed of cultivation, or a casual.
Certainly several of the above records ought to be marked with f.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 47

shire ; and lastly, Mr. J. E. Harting records in the “ Zoologist” that
Mr. Small of Edinburgh received two specimens from Banffshire.
I have no wish to dogmatise in this matter, but it seems neces-
sary to suspend an absolute refusal to admit the species as
having been found in the district until such time as the authori-
ties above mentioned are proved to have been mistaken.—GEo.
Stu, Aberdeen.

Harvest Mouse in Moray.—Mr. W. ‘Taylor’s note in the
“ Annals” for October last reminds me that in Mr. Harting’s article
on the ‘ Harvest Mouse,’ published in the “ Zoologist ” for November
1895, “ Banffshire,” on line 21 of page 419, should read “ Berwick-
shire,” as in my book on the ‘‘ Mammals of the Edinburgh District,”
from which Mr. Harting was quoting. This disposes of the second
‘“‘ Banffshire” record cited in Harvie-Brown and Buckley’s “ Fauna
of the Moray Basin” (vol, 1. p. 287, footnote)—WILLIAM Evans,
Edinburgh.

The Common Dolphin and the Bottle-nosed Dolphin in the
Moray Firth.—On the 14th October last four Bottle-nosed Dolphins
(Tursiops tursio) were stranded and shot near Delny, Ross-shire.
The largest female measured as follows :—Total length, 9 feet ;
breadth of tail, 2 feet; height of dorsal fin, 114 inches; length of
flipper, 15 inches ; breadth of flipper, 6 inches. The skin was lead
coloured mottled with white on the dorsal surface, and all white on
the ventral surface.

The skull measured :—Basal length, 19} inches ; breadth behind
orbit, 10 inches; vertical height, 7 inches; length of rostrum, 11}
inches, Teeth, 23 and 23. The largest teeth were a quarter of an
inch in diameter. The younger animals had fewer teeth.

The Common Dolphin (De/phinus delphis) has been caught in
the Moray Firth two or three times within the past few years.
Provost Jenkins, Burghead, had a specimen in his yard last year
caught at Burghead. I have examined two skulls of this species,
one of which was found on the Elginshire coast. Both the above-
mentioned species are presumably new to this district, as no mention
is made of them in Messrs. Harvie-Brown and Buckley’s ‘“‘ Vertebrate
Fauna of the Moray Basin.” ——Wm. TayLor, Lhanbryde.

Notes on the Birds of Carmichael, ete.—During the fine
weather prevailing at the end of October and the beginning of
November this district was visited by several birds, which, as a rule,
are not conspicuous here while on their autumn migrations. Red-
wings (Zurdus iliacus), in wild and restless bands, came daily—
usually disappearing by mid-day—from the 25th October till the
second week of November, after which date only a few stragglers
have been observed. At the same time Larks (A/auda arvensis),
Goldcrests (Regulus cristatus), Creepers (Certhia familiaris), Wrens

48 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

(Troglodytes parvulus), and Redbreasts (Lrithacus rubecula) were
very abundant. During the passage of these species several Hawks
(Accipiter nisus and Falco esalon) were much in evidence.

A Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) in tawny plumage was
caught on Tinto in a rabbit-trap on 16th September. By the end
of that month the Swallows were gone, but on the 21st October I
saw three Swallows (/477wndo rustica) peacefully circling in the frosty
sunshine around Lochlyock farmhouse at the north base of Tinto
(which was covered with snow on the 14th and 15th, when the
temperature was as low as eighteen degrees Fahr.) On the same
day I observed a pair of Marsh Tits (P. palustris) at Muirglen, near
Lanark. On the 2nd November the Kingfisher (Alcedo cspida)
appeared in its old haunts at the foot of the Manse garden; on the
3rd a few Bramblings (/7ngilla montifringilla) were seen ; and on
the 17th a Peregrine (Falco peregrinus) was observed passing low
down over Carmichael Hill. Among the Teal, Mallard, and Wigeon,
which are very abundant on the Clyde at present, I observed on
the 6th December a pair of Golden-eye Duck (Clangula glaucion, L.)
One of them was tame enough to allow my watching it for some
time diving in pursuit of food. The birds are in immature plumage.
On 14th December, during a heavy sleet shower, I saw a Great Gray
Shrike (Zanius excubitor, L.) in hedgerow at Harleyholm stackyard.
—J, D. W. Gigson, Carmichael.

Jay in East Lothian.—On 27th September last I examined, in the
house of Mr. John Fairbairn, Stobshiel, East Lothian, a specimen of
the Jay which he had caught in a rabbit-trap in a plantation adjoin-
ing the shepherd’s house at Wanside on the Lammermuirs. The
exact date was not forthcoming, but was, as far as its captor (my
informant) could recollect, in 1882. Though such a comparatively
old record, I consider it to be of interest in consideration of the
extremely local distribution of this bird in the Lothians at the
present time.—RosBeRtT Goprrey, Edinburgh.

The Jay in Berwickshire.—It is interesting to record that a
Jay (Garrulus glandarius) was shot on 23rd October last, on the
confines of this parish, Chirnside, and that of Ayton, and is being
preserved. The last specimen seen in Berwickshire, as far as I can
make out, was shot at Rawburn near Longformacus about fifty years
ago, and was to be seen in a shepherd’s house in that region not
many years ago. About that time there were Jays on Leader side
in the Lauder district. I have been resident in the Eastern Borders
for nearly fifty years, and have never seen one in Berwickshire ;
although I have often seen the bird in northern counties. Two
more specimens are still left, Lord Tweedmouth’s keeper informs
me, at Blackburn, in Chirnside Parish, but I am afraid they will get
“short shrift” if a gunner gets within shot. These birds must have
emigrated to the district, for it is almost impossible that in a game-

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 49

preserving district they would have been allowed to live-—C. Stuart,
Chirnside.

The Jay in Dumfriesshire.—At one time this fine bird may have
been a regular inhabitant of this district, since it was some half
century ago, as I believe, pretty common in Ayrshire. Nowadays
it is only a casual visitant. One frequented a Stewartry plantation
within a few miles of Maxwelltown for some weeks in October 1894.
On the 5th November a Jay (Garrulus glandarius) was shot in the
neighbourhood of Lockerbie. I hear from Mr. Gilbertson, keeper
on Closeburn, that a drove of Jays is frequenting the woods there.
No doubt these are all birds on migration. The species sometimes
migrates from the far east of Europe in untold multitudes.—R.
SERVICE, Maxwelltown.

Rose-coloured Pastor in West Ross-shire-—On 16th August
last, Murdo Mackenzie shot a bird which had been observed in
Inverbroom garden for two or three days previously. It proved to
be a specimen of the Rose-coloured Pastor (Pastor roseus), the
plumage agreeing exactly with the illustration of this species in
Gould’s “ British Birds.” The bird has been sent to Mr. Inglis of
Dingwall to be mounted for the Braemar Museum.—J. A. FOWLER,
Inverbroom.

Partial Albinism in the Robin at Dalmeny.—About the rst of
November a rather uncommon variety of the Robin made its
appearance in the garden here. It was nearly white, with the excep-
tion of a few brown feathers on the head and back. ‘The breast
was red, spotted with white, while the under parts of the body and
the tail were pure white. Where it had come from was a matter of
some conjecture, as a bird of so conspicuous plumage could not
remain long anywhere without being noticed. After a few days I
caught it, and it is now in my possession. It is a most interesting
pet, and when whistling has a low, sweet note that is very pleasing.—
Cuas. CAMPBELL, Dalmeny Park.

The Pied Flyeateher, ete., in Mid-Nithsdale.—In reference to
Mr. Service’s note on the Pied Flycatcher (AZuscicapa atricapilla)
in the October “Annals,” I may say that it still frequents this
district, and may now be regarded as a rare but regular summer
visitor to Mid-Nithsdale. Its favourite haunts are the small streams
tributary to the Nith. On the zoth May of this year I found a pair
nesting about two miles below the spot where it was first discovered
in 1884. The Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix) far out-
numbers the Willow Wren (Phylloscopus trochilus), which is the
commoner of the two elsewhere in Mid-Nithsdale. As for the Chiff-
Chaff (Phylloscopus rufus), it is of extreme rarity hereabouts, if it
occurs at all. I have never heard its note myself—RoBERT
ARMSTRONG, Thornhill. ;

25 E

50 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Waxwings in Banffshire.—A male and female Waxwing (4m-
pelis garrulus) were shot at Tomintoul on the 13th of November
last, and sent to Messrs. Snowie and Son for preservation.
“Inverness Courier,” 16th November 1897.

Waxwing in Elginshire.—An adult female was shot on Find-
horn Links on the 4th of November last.—JamEs Brown, Forres.

Waxwing in the Cairngorm District.—A male and female
were received by me for preservation on the 24th of November
Jast which had been shot in the Cairngorm district.—R. SMALL,
Edinburgh.

Long-eared Owl in the Outer Hebrides.—As the Long-eared
Owl (Otws vulgaris) is not included in Messrs. Harvie-Brown and
Buckley’s “‘ Vertebrate Fauna of the Outer Hebrides” as occurring
there, it may be worth recording that Colonel W. C. Verner in
January 1897, near Loch Maddy, North Uist, shot a specimen,
which I have examined. My friend Colonel Verner further informs
me that the keeper, who well knew the difference between the Long-
and Short-eared Owls, declared that off species nested there.
There not being any trees on the island, I should not have men-
tioned this, to me, most improbable assertion as regards the arboreal
Long-eared Owl, but for the fact that Mr. W. Ogilvie-Grant and
Capt. Savile Reid inform me that on the roth May 1897 they found
a nest of the Long-eared Owl on the ground on the large island in
Syre Loch, Sutherland. One live and one dead young birds were in
the nest: the dead one was half eaten. The ground at the time was
covered with snow. One of the old owls was shot, and is to be
seen in the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. Messrs,
Ogilvie-Grant and Reid at the time were trying to find a nest of the
Short-eared Owl (Otus brachyotus), which species had been stated to
breed on the above-mentioned island; but they did not see any
there or in the adjacent district, although they found a nest of the
Tawny Owl (Syrncum aluco) on the mainland. I hope some Scottish
ornithologist may next spring be able to either confirm or disprove
the statement that the Long-eared Owl breeds in North Uist. Iam
myself very doubtful.—L. Howarp Irpy, London.

Dark form of the Barn Owl in Kineardineshire.—A female of
this form of Strix flammea was killed at Portlethen on 23rd
November last, and was sent to me for preservation. ‘The chief
difference in this variety—which appears to be the dominant form
in Denmark—is, that its breast and lower parts are reddish orange
instead of the pure white of the typical bird. This is the second
instance of the occurrence of this race known to have occurred in
the “Dee” area, the first being one killed near New Deer in 1886.
—GeEo. Sim, Aberdeen.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 51

The Lesser Kestrel in Aberdeenshire.—A female of the very
rare Lalco cenchris was shot by the Rev. Elton Lee on the estate of
Boynalie on the 25th of October last, and was sent to me for
preservation. ‘This appears to be the third record of the species for
Britain, one having been obtained in Yorkshire, and another near
Dover. Thus the one now noted is the first instance of its occur-
rence in Scotland. The weight of the bird was barely 4} ounces,
expanse of wings 254 inches, length from beak to tail 114 inches.
Claws white. In the stomach were beetles, grubs, and eggs of
insects. —GEo. Sim, Aberdeen.

The Seaup in Inland Waters.—Last winter I noted in these
columns that the Scaup (/%ligula marila), usually described as a
marine species, seldom frequenting inland waters, was a regular
winter visitor to the lake sanctuary at Monreith. Afterwards, early
in April, I visited the lake, and saw seven or eight Scaup still there,
nearly all the other winter ducks having departed. I did not see
the lake again until the first week in August, when, to my surprise, I
found a fleet of nine or ten scaup. The summer plumage of ducks
is very deceptive, so that I could not be sure how many of these
were young birds of this season, nor do I know whether they were
bred on the shores of the loch, but the strong probability is that the
parents had never left it. I examined them to-day (19th September)
very carefully through a glass, and saw that one adult drake was well
on with his winter plumage. There were four Pochards with them in
August, apparently adult birds, and these are still there to-day, and
two or three Tufted Ducks (/uligula cristata). I do not think the
male Pochard (/idzgula ferina) undergoes such a complete summer
change as the drakes of most species. The heads of these in
August were quite red and comely, though the Mallards are still, at
this date, in a very unsightly condition.

The Great Crested Grebes (Podicipes cristatus) bred again this
year, the second in succession, on this loch, but they have moved to
a moorland loch in the northern part of the parish. This morning
(20th September) the first winter flight of Tufted Duck have arrived
—about twenty.

Since writing the above, an interesting fact has come to light. A
lady who lives in my neighbourhood told me she was in great distress
because some of her young Pochards had come to grief by swallowing
fragments of glass which had fallen into her lake during a glass-ball
shooting competition. ‘“ Young Pochards!” quoth I, “where do you
get them?” She then told me that the gamekeeper on an adjoining
property had given her a brood of young Pochards, and also one “ of
those little black and white diving ducks,” ze. Tufted Duck. You may
be sure I was interested ; and, on making further inquiry, I found that
both Pochards and Tufted Duck had bred for the last five or six years
at least in a group of seven moorland lochs in Wigtownshire. This

52 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

accounts for the presence of odd pairs of both species throughout the
summer in our sanctuary, which has often puzzled me. I have very
little doubt that the Scaup also bred in these lakes, which abound in
islets. —HERBERT MAXWELL.

Long-tailed Dueck in Kirkeudbrightshire.—On the 5th of
November I had the pleasure of handling a fine old drake of the
Long-tailed Duck (/fare/da glacia/is) in the finest feather. It had
been shot the same morning near Kingholm on the Nith. Of late
years this duck has shown a tendency to put in a more frequent
appearance on the Solway Firth. But here, as elsewhere, it is
extremely unusual to find one on inland waters. ‘This specimen was
found some four or five miles from the sea. Its abundance off the
rest of the West Coast contrasts very strongly with its rarity here.-—
ROBERT SERVICE, Maxwelltown.

Long-tailed Duek in Dumfriesshire.—A small but adult female
of Harelda glacialis was sent to me as an unknown bird from Priest-
side, near Annan, on 14th December 1897. The specimen in
question is chiefly remarkable for having a pure white neck, more
resembling that of a male //are/da than the neck of an average
female.—H. A. Macpuerson, Allonby Vicarage, Cumberland.

Hybrid Capereaillie and Black Cock near Inverness.—I was
shown to-day, 14th November 1897, a fine specimen of a hybrid
between a Capercaillie and a Blackcock. ‘The bird was a male in
beautiful plumage, which partook more of the Blackcock than the
Capercaillie, having the blue gloss of the neck of the former species.
The tail, which was expanded, was only in the very least degree
rounded. ‘The bird was killed last month, not far from Inverness,
but the exact locality was not forthcoming, though: probably it was in
the wooded range that runs parallel with, but at some distance from, the
coast, and nearer Forres than Inverness.—T. E. BUCKLEy, Inverness.

Water Rail breeding near Glasgow.—On 26th June last Mr.
M‘Lachlan of Glasgow found a nest of the Water Rail (ad/us
aguaticus) containing ten eggs, flushing the bird off the nest. A pair
of adults were shot there in August, and were probably the birds
resident there. —CHARLES KIRK, Glasgow.

Sabine’s Gull in Arran.—On the 24th of September 1897 I
received in the flesh an immature Sabine’s Gull (Xema_ sabinit,
J. Sabine) which had been sent to me by my obliging correspondent
Dr. Niel Fullarton, Lamlash. According to information sub-
sequently communicated to me by the gentleman named, the bird
must have been in an exhausted state, as it allowed itself to be
captured by a little boy, the son of Mr. Peter Henderson, Sliddery,
Arran. It was got on the shore at Sliddery, and died in Mr.
Henderson’s house on the day following its capture. Dr. Fullarton,
referring to the Note in the “Annals” for January 1897 on Sabine’s

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 53

Gull in “Clyde,” says (¢z “7. 19th October 1897): “I have fre-
quently seen what I took to be the same little gulls before, but
never got hold of one until the 22nd ult.” The present is, however,
the first record, with proof, of its occurrence in “ Clyde.” — Dr.
Fullarton has had great pleasure in concurring in my proposal to
present the bird to the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.—
JouHN PaTERsON, Glasgow.

Great Northern Diver at St. Abb’s Head.—A female Great
Northern Diver (Colymébus glaciafis) in full summer plumage was
captured in the salmon-nets at St. Abb’s Head on the 22nd of May
last, and was found on dissection to contain well-developed eggs.—
CHARLES Kirk, Glasgow.

Leach’s Petrel and Little Auk in Moray.—On the day following
the heavy north-east gale of the 28th of November last, a Leach’s
Petrel (Cymochorea leucorrhoa) was found dead on Cluny Hill,
Forres, and a Little Auk (d/ergulus alle) was picked up alive on
Findhorn shore.—JAMES Brown, Forres.

Germon in the Solway Firth.—A specimen of the Germon or
Long-finned Tunny (Orcanus germo) was caught alive on the sand
near Silloth on the 25th of October 1897. I was away from home,
and therefore the captor of the fish eventually buried it. On my
return I dug it up and compared it with the plates in Couch
and Day’s “British Fishes.” It measured 38 inches in length
from the tip of the nose to the centre of the tail, and 274 inches in
girth. The pectoral fin measures 16 inches.—H. A. MAcCPHERSON,
Silloth.

Sead in the Solway Firth.—A specimen of the Scad, or Horse
Mackerel (Cavanx trachurus) was found stranded on the sand near
Silloth on 11th December, and was sent to me for identification as
a strange fish. Although this species is often very numerous in
British waters, I believe that it is a scarce visitor to the Solway
Firth. Neither I, nor the fisherman who sent me the present
specimen, had met with local specimens previously.—H. A. Mac-
PHERSON, Allonby Vicarage, Cumberland.

Seabbard Fish in Seottish Waters.—A female Lefrdopus
caudatus, 2 feet 2 inches long, was caught by line off Barra Head
and brought into Aberdeen market on roth November last.
Through the kindness of Mr. William Meff, fish-salesman, it is now
in my possession. Up to the date of publication of Day’s “ History
of British and Irish Fishes” there was no record of this fish for
Scotland, only eleven for England, and one for Ireland. Couch
says in his “ British Fishes” “that the ventral fins are represented
only by a pair of movable scales ; whilst the third takes the position
of the anus.” Day remarks: “ Ventrals in the form of a pair of
scales situated below the middle of the pectoral. . . . Anus situated

54 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

at about the centre of the length of the body, and having a small
movable scale a little distance behind it.” Now in the specimen
under notice there is not the slightest indication of such ventral
scales, and what is considered a scale by the authors named takes
the form of a strong, bayonet-shaped spine situated behind the
vent, and is an inch long. Yarrell describes one he saw in 1808,
and remarks “that it had a triangular scale situated behind the
vent.” But I cannot see that the name sca/e can be applied to such
an organ: one might as well call the spines on the back of the Dog-
fish scales. Yarrell says of his specimen: “I observed within the
skin, on the abdominal parts, a great many Ascarides, pointed at each
end, and of a whitish colour.” The fish now recorded had a number
of such parasites.—GEo. Sim, Aberdeen.

Pygeera (Phalera) bucephala (Z.) in Moray.—The larve of
this moth, when feeding on the oak, usually choose a twig far up
the tree, and it is not often that an opportunity of seeing them in
the act is afforded to the observer. ‘There is an oak in the wood
near Elgin which, through some injury in its youth, has grown
laterally in place of vertically. Thus the summit of the tree is only
a few feet above the ground, although it is a considerable distance
from the root. In August I found a colony of buff-tip larve
established ins what they no doubt considered one of the topmost
branches, around the twigs of which they had entwined themselves
in a cluster. I took a few home. ‘They fed readily on oak leaves,
buried themselves in earth early in September, and emerged as
moths on 5th June following. The moths did not return to the
tree this year.—HeEnry H. Brown, Elgin.

Euchelia (Hipocrita) Jacobez (Z.) and its Food-plant.—A
number of larvee of the Cinnabar Moth were early in September sent
me from the neighbourhood of Elie. Along with them was sent a
portion of the plant upon which they had been feeding, and which
appeared to be Senecio tenuifolius, or a kindred species. I could
not conveniently get any species except the common ragwort (S.
facobea), and supplied them with an abundance of fresh shoots of
that plant which might have satisfied the most fastidious caterpillar.
They would not taste it, and in spite of my efforts died one after
another. I cannot say whether this was a case of acquired taste on
the part of the larvz, or whether their behaviour was customary
amongst the species, as I have had no opportunity here of studying
the habits of the Cinnabar Moth.—HeEnry H. Brown, Elgin.

Alucita hexadactyla (polydactyla) in Seotland.—In looking
over the back numbers of the “ Annals” I was much astonished to
notice (vol. vi. p. 48) a quotation made by Mr. Elliot to the effect that
Mr. C. G. Barrett “ could not find a record of A. po/ydacty/a occurring
in Scotland at all.” In August 1893 I took the species in Argyleshire,
and in “The Monographof the British Pterophorina” (in which most of

~ wy

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 55

therecorded localities for the British “Plume ” Moths are summarised),
p. 161, I write: “Common from September to June at Pitcaple,”
and that the recorded localities ‘“‘suggest a wide distribution in
Scotland.” This seems to have been overlooked by Mr. Barrett and
Mr. Elliot.—J. W. Turr, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Migratory Locust in Aberdeenshire.—A fine specimen of this
Locust (Pachytylus migratorius) was sent to me alive by Miss M. A.
Smith, Coldwells School, Longhaven, on the east coast of Aberdeen-
shire, for preservation. It was caught in a cornfield near the sea in
that district on Saturday znd October, and kept in a glass cell until
the 6th. Professor Trail, to whom I showed it, thinks it must have
been blown across from the continent.—Joun Davipson, Marischal
College, Aberdeen.

Boreus hiemalis, Z., in Midlothian.—In the part of this journal
for January 1897 I mentioned a number of localities in the neighbour-
hood of Edinburgh in which I had met with this insect during
October and November of the previous year. I have now to add
two fresh localities for it, namely: banks of the Water of Leith below
Harper-rig Reservoir, in the western section of the county, and
Mountlothian, between Penicuik and the Moorfoot Hills, in the
southern section, one specimen in each, on roth and 22nd November
1897 respectively—WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh.

Meta menardi (Za?r.) in Kirkeudbrightshire.—Referring to my
note in the “Annals” for October 1896, I have received from Mr.
R. Service, Dumfries, an adult female of this spider captured on 12th
December 1897 in a cave in Conhuith Wood, Kirkcudbrightshire,
where he found the cocoon on a former occasion. —WILLIAM EVANS,
Edinburgh.

Diaptomus hireus, G. S. Srady, in Loeh Lochy, Inverness-
shire.—This is so far a somewhat rare freshwater Copepod, at least
its distribution appears to be restricted and local. It was moderately
common in a gathering of Entomostraca I collected a few years ago
in Loch Harray, Orkney, and I have also obtained what appears to
be the same species in a loch near Campbeltown (Cantyre). These
are, I think, all the localities where it has been observed hitherto,
so that Loch Lochy is a distinctly new station. Déaptomus hircus
is readily distinguished from JD. grac/4is—the most common species
of the genus in the lochs of the mainland of Scotland—by its stouter
“build,” by its shorter antennules, and by the structure of the fifth
pair of thoracic feet in male and female.-—THomas Scott, Leith.

On the occurrence of Dulichia monocantha, G. O. Sars, in
the Clyde.—I have recently obtained an undoubted example of this
Amphipod among some material collected in the Clyde by Mr. F. G.
Pearcy. I have on two or three previous occasions obtained
specimens of what appeared to be this species, but they were females,

56 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

and it is very difficult distinguishing the species of this group from
the females alone. The specimen last obtained was, however, a
male, and was easily distinguished by the strongly marked character
of having the first pair of coxal plates “‘ produced to long horn-like
processes pointing forwards.” This Amphipod is now for the first
time added to the British fauna.—TuHomas Scott, Leith.

On the occurrence of Paramunna bilobata, G. O. Sars, in
Loch Fyne.—While examining recently a gathering of dredged
material from near Otter Spit, Loch Fyne, collected by Mr. F. G.
Pearcy in October last, I obtained two or three specimens of the
minute Isopod Paramunna bilobata. Though small, this is a well-
marked species ; the bilobed form of the front of the head and the
strongly toothed lateral margins of the caudal segment distinguish it
at a glance; Professor Sars, in a recently issued part of his second
volume on the ‘Crustacea of Norway” (which is at present in
course of publication), says: ‘Out of Norway this species has not
been recorded”; it seems therefore to be an addition to the British
fauna.—THOMAS Scott, Leith.

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS.

Viola tricolor (Z.) and its Allies—A very important con-
tribution to the study of the section Me/anium of the genus
Viola has been recently made by Dr. Veit Wittrock under the title
of ‘ Viola-Studier: Morfologisk-biologiska och systematiska studier
ofver Viola tricolor (L.) och hennes narmare anforvandter’ (“ Acta
Horti Bergiani,” 1897, li. pp. 3-142, with 14 partly coloured -plates
and 17 figures in text). In this paper the author distinguishes,
gives names to, describes, and figures the following “sub-species” of
V. tricolor (L.) and V. arvensis, Murray, each with subordinate
forms :—

Viola tricolor (1..), ex parte.,—genuina, ammotropha, coniophila, and
stenochila. V. arvensis, Murray,—communts, sublilacina, patens,
curtisepala, and striolata. Of these ‘‘sub-species”” some ought to be
detected in Scotland, orin England. It is probable that some of the
names must yield to earlier names given by Jordan and other southern
botanists. ‘Those to whom the original is not readily accessible or
intelligible will feel grateful for a review in the “ Journal of Botany ”
(November 1897, pp. 454-458), in which the new “sub-species ”
are briefly described. Unfortunately, it is not easy to determine in
how far these are distinct from the forms already described and
named by Jordan and other specialists.

Among other members of the section AZe/anium described in
this important paper are V. a/gestris (DC.), an alpine or sub-alpine

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 57

plant intermediate between /. ¢ricolor and V. arvensis (with sub-
species zermattensis, vallombrosana, and subarvensis), and V. lutea,
Huds., var. grandiflora (L. Vill.).

Scottish Euphrasize.—Mr. F. Townsend in his monograph
(Journ. Bot.,” October) gives descriptions of the “species” and
varieties known to him from the British Islands, with their dis-
tribution. The records for Scotland are as follows (the Watsonian
numbers are added to the names of the districts, which alone are
given in the “‘ Journal ”’) :—

Luphrasia borealis, Wettst.—g92, Aberdeen ; 96, E. Ness; 98,
Argyll; 108, W. Sutherland; 109, Caithness; 112, Shetland.

E. brevipila, Burnat and Gremli.—87, West Perth; 88, Mid
Pert 1o24 9. Aberdeen ;. 98, Argyll-S ress We oss 7 105, We
Sutherland ; rog, Caithness.

E.. nemorosa, H. de Mart.—g2, S. Aberdeen; 112, Shetland.

E. curta, Fries.—‘‘ Perth, Tumbling Bay (J. Britten, comm.) ” ;
92, S. Aberdeen; 97, W. Ness; 108, W. Sutherland; 109 (?),
Caithness, a peculiar form.

E. occidentalis, Wettst.—97, W. Ness; 108, W. Sutherland.

E. latifolia, Pursh.—108, W. Sutherland, discovered in three
localities on north coast, in July 1897, by Rev. E. S. Marshall. In
one of the localities—Bettyhill—it occurs under the form grandiflora,
Wettst.

E, foulaensis, Towns.—112, Shetland. Specimens gathered by
Rev. E. S. Marshall in W. Sutherland and Caithness have been
referred by Professor Wettstein to fou/uensis.

E. gracilis, Fries.—88, Mid Perth; 92, S. Aberdeen; 96, E.
Ness; 97, W. Ness; 98, Argyll; 105, W. Ross; 108, W. Suther-
land ; 10g, Caithness ; 112, Shetland.

Var. Friesiz, Sanio.—g2, S. Aberdeen, in Braemar.
Var. primaria, Fries.—105, W. Ross, at Kinlochewe.

E. scottica, Wettst. (= £. paludosa, Towns., non R. Br.).—92,
S. Aberdeen ; 96, E. Ness; 97, W. Ness; 105, W. Ross; 108, W.
Sutherland ; 112, Shetland.

E. Rostkoviana, Hayne.—98, Argyll; Ross (Howle Hill, Walford,
1891, A. Ley); rog, Caithness.

“ Hyprips” found in Scotland are £. Rostkoviana x brevipila
(Z. notata, Towns.), £. gracilis x brevipila (£. difformis, Towns.),
E£. occidentalis x brevipila (E. pratiuscula, Towns.), £. brevipila x
scotica (£. venusta, Towns.), £. scotica x gracilis (£. electa, Towns.)

Under ‘‘ Addenda,” on p. 475, is mentioned £. curta, var.
glabrescens, Wettst., n. var., from shell sand at ‘Tain in E. Ross.

The Set of British Hieracia issued by the Messrs. Linton has
reached its third fascicle. It contains examples of numerous forms
not yet detected beyond the British Isles, and it records the localities,
many of them in Scotland, in which each has been found.

58 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

CURRENT LITERATURE.

The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural His-
tory which have appeared during the Quarter—October-December 1897.

[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable and
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the
sources of information undermentioned. ]

ZOOLOGY.

In MemortaM,—Davip Rosertson, LL.D., with bibliography
of writings. Zzans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, 1896-97, pp. 18-42.

VERTEBRATE AND PLANT LIFE ON BEN NEvis. By Colonel H. W.
Fielden. Zvans. WVorfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc., vol. vi. pp. 245-
2476

THE WILD BirDs’ PROTECTION ACT OF 1894, AND THE FUTURE

or British OoLocy. By Colonel W. H. M. Duthie. TZ7yans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, 1896-97, pp. 43-47.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CHIFF-CHAFF (Phylloscopus rufus)
IN THE CLYDE AREA. By John Paterson. TZrans. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Glasgow, 1896-97, pp. 48-52.

LocaL NAME OF THE SHELDRAKE. By Hugh Boyd Watt.

Zoologist (4), vol. i. p. 571 (December 1897). Ges Scottish and
Gaelic forms.

NESTING OF THE GREAT NORTHERN AND BLACK-THROATED
DIVERS IN SHETLAND. By Bernard A. E. Buttress. Zoologist (4),
vol. i. p. 509 (November 1897).—Note on the finding of the eggs
of Colymbus glacialis on 2nd June.

On CLapopus NEILSONI (TRAQUAIR) FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS
LIMESTONE OF East KiLeribe. By R. H. Traquair, M.D., LL.D.,
F.R.S. Zzans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. xi. part 1. pp. 41-50, pl.
lv. (1897).

LEPIDOPTERA IN ROSS-SHIRE. By E. Meyrick. “xt. AZo. Mag.
(2), vol. vili. p. 234 (October 1897).—The following species, not
hitherto recorded north of the Caledonian Canal, were noticed at
Gairloch early in September :—Acalla aspersana, Chelaria hueb-
nerella, and Cerostoma costella.

POLYOMMATUS ASTRARCHE, AB. QUADRIPUNCTA, TuTT. By A.
Horne. Lunt. Record, vol. ix. p. 330 (15th December 1897).—A
few specimens captured at Muchalls, Kincardineshire, in July last.

SPHINX CONVOLVULI IN SCOTLAND. By W. M. Christy. Zvfo-
mologist, Vol. Xxx. p. 298 (November 1897).—Specimen taken in
September in Sutherlandshire.

CURRENT LITERATURE 59

NEMEOPHILA PLANTAGINIS, AB. HOSPITA AND AB. RUFA. By A.
Horne. Zt. Record, vol. ix. p. 330 (15th December 1897).—Ab.
rufa stated to be not uncommon on the Kincardineshire coast and
near Aberdeen; where ab. hospita has never occurred. Ab. hospita
is found on the higher moors. ‘

BLACK ABERRATION OF NEMEOPHILA PLANTAGINIS. By Arthur
Horne. xt. Record, vol. ix. p. 260 (15th October 1897).—Refers
to a specimen bred from a larva found on Scotston Moor, near
Aberdeen, with the hind wings velvety black.

TEPHROSIA BISTORTATA (CREPUSCULARIA) AS A SCOTCH INSECT.
Ent. Record, vol. ix. pp. 258-259 (15th October 1897).—Notes by
various observers on}the occurrence of this species in Perthshire,
Loch Long (Argyleshire), Forres, etc.

EPIONE VESPERTARIA (PARALLELARIA) IN ROXBURGHSHIRE,
1897. By William Hewett. Zt. Mo. Mag. (2), vol. vill. p. 255
(November 1897).—Three specimens captured by Mr. W. Renton
near Hawick on 26th August 1897.

ACALLA ASPERSANA IN Unst. J. J. F. X. King. Zant. Mo.
Mag. (2), vol. viii. p. 279 (December 1897).—Refers to a previous
record in vol. vii. p. 8 (1896).

OccURRENCE OF CRAMBUS PERLELLUS, VAR. ROSTELLUS, IN Ross-
SHIRE. By E. Meyrick. Zt. Mo. Mag. (2), vol. vill. p. 255 (Nov-
ember 1897).—Several examples met with near Gairloch early in
September.

RARE AYRSHIRE COLEOPTERA, exhibited to Glasgow Nat. Hist.
Society by Mr. Anderson Fergusson. Zyans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas-
gow, 1896-97, pp. 136-137.

COLEOPTERA FROM Hoy, ORKNEY. By W.E. Sharp. Lut. AZo.
Mag. (2), vol. viii. p. 236 (October 1897).—Twenty species col-
lected in the summer of 1895.

DYTISCUS LAPPONICUS IN THE ISLAND OF MuLL. By J. J. F. X.
King. nt. Mo. Mag. (2), vol. viii. p. 279 (December 1897).—A
series captured in July 1897.

HasitTs OF SERICOMYIA BOREALIS, FLN. By Rev. E. N. Bloomfield.
Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), vol. viii. p. 222 (October 1897).—Refers to
three specimens bred by Mr. W. Sim, of Gourdas, Fyvie, Aberdeen-
shire.

NoTES ON SUNARISTES PAGURI, HESSE, AND SOME OTHER RARE
Crustacea. By Thomas Scott, F.L.S., and Andrew Scott. <Azn.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), vol. xx. pp. 489-494, pls. xi. and xu.
(December 1897).—A female specimen of Sunaristes paguri from
the Cromarty Firth, and Scottish specimens of Remigulus?tridens,
Diaptomus laciniatus, and Lathonura rectirostris, are described and
figured.

60 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

On BIPALIUM KEWENSE, MosELEy. By Charles Hogg. TZyrans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, 1896-97, pp. 53-54.—Found in Woodside
Gardens, Paisley.

ON THE GRASPING POWER OF CARBONIFEROUS CRINOID
** FINGERS ” OR “ BRANCHES,” AND A SPECULATION AS TO WHETHER
THE BULK OF THE CARBONIFEROUS CRINOIDEA WERE FIXED OR FLOAT-
ING ANIMALS. By John Smith. TZyvauns. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow,
1896-97, pp. 58-61.

BOTANY.

THE NiTrocGENous Foop or Puants. By A. P. Aitken,
M.A., D.Sc. Trans. Bot. Soc. Hdin., 1897, xxi. pp. 1-20.—Being
an address delivered at opening of Session on 12th November
1896.

EXPERIMENTS WITH NitRacin. By William Somerville, D.Sc.
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., 1897, xxi. pp. 20-24.

THE BACTERIA OF THE SOIL, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOIL
INOCULATION. By R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., B.Sc. TZvans.
Bot. Soc. Edin., 1897, xxi. pp. 25-40.

EXCURSION OF THE SCOTTISH ALPINE BOTANICAL CLUB TO
CLova IN JuLY 1896. By William Craig, M.D., F.R.S.E. Zyvans.
Bot. Soc. Edin., 1897, xxi. pp. 40-43.—Enumerates many alpine
species collected during the excursion.

NoTE ON RANUNCULUS AURICOMUS, L. By W. P. Winter.
Journ. Lot., Oct., pp. 406-407.—On the variations in structure of
308 flowers. '

BERWICKSHIRE RuBI AND Rosa@&. By F. A. Rogers. Journ.
Lot., Nov., p. 450.—Names two forms of Audus and ten of
Rosa.

Pyrus ARIA AND ITS VARIETIES IN ARRAN. By Rey. David
Landsborough. Zvans. Bot. Soc. Edin., 1897, xxi. pp. 56-62.—
Gives results of excursions in Arran in search of the peculiar Arran
forms, and adds new localities.

MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF EUPHRASIA (continued).
By Frederick Townsend, M.A., F.L.S. Journ. Bot., Oct. and Nov.
1897, pp. 395-406, 417-426, pls. 374, 375.—In these pages are
included nine species of Zwpfrasia found in Scotland, with notes
on their occurrence and on peculiar varieties.

SOME ScoTcH WILLow Hyeprips. By W. R. Linton, M.A.
Journ. Bot., Nov., p. 443.—S. phylicifolia x repens, beside the
Corriemulzie, in Braemar; S. dapponum x phylictfolia, from Glen
Doll; S. Ardbuscula x herbacea, from Corrie Ardran, Mid Perth;
S. herbacea x nigricans, from Glen Fiagh, Clova.

CURRENT LITERATURE 61

CAREX CHORDORHIZA, EHRHART, IN Britain. By Edward S.
Marshall and W. A. Shoolbred. Journ. Bot., Nov., p. 450.—Near
head of Loch Naver, W. Sutherland, in a spongy, sphagnous bog, on
4th August 1897.

NEW OR CRITICAL BRITISH MARINE ALG&, By E. A. L. Batters,
LL.B., F.L.S. Journ. Bot., Nov., pp. 433-440.—Describes a
number of species, among which are the following from Scotland :
Ulvella fucicola, Rosenv., var. nov. globosa, epiphytic on Sphacelaria
racemosa, Berwick; Pheostroma prostratum, Kuck., Cumbrae;
Mikrosyphar Polysiphonia, Kuck., Berwick ; Aiiddenbrandtia Crouant,
J. Ag. Berwick; Porphyrodiscus simulans, nov. g. and sp.,
Berwick.

OBSERVATIONS ON PLANT PLANKTON. By George Murray, F.R.S.
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Fishery Board of Scotland, part iii.
pp. 212-218; reprinted in /ournal of Botany, Oct. 1897, pp. 387-
395-—-Describes the results of work on West Coast in 1896, under
“Methods,” ‘ Distribution,” and ‘‘ Reproduction of Diatoms.”

EXTINCTION OF DEYEUXIA STRICTA, KUNTH, VAR. BOREALIS
(La&stTap.) By G. C. Druce. /ourn. Bot., Dec., p. 491.—Records
disappearance of the grass from its habitat—a small swamp near
Killin Pier in Perthshire.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE GLASGOW NATURAL History SOcIETY,
SESSION 1896-97. Zvans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, 1896-97, pp.129-
150.—Numerous notices of plants from localities in Scotland, some
being new records for districts.

BotanicAL NOTES FROM GALLOWAY FOR 1896. By James
M‘Andrew. Zvrans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, 1896-97, pp. 72-74.—
Several new records.

NOTES ON THE MycoLocGy oF KELVINGROVE Park. By William
Stewart. Zvans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, 1896-97, pp. 75-79.—An
interesting list.

ON SOME COLL AND TIREE PLants. By Symers M. Macvicar.
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, 1896-97, pp. 55-57.

A List OF THE ALG& OF LAMLASH Bay, ARRAN, COLLECTED
DURING SEPTEMBER 1894. By David Robertson, LL.D., etc.
Trans. Nat. Hist. Glasgow, 1896-97, pp. 62-71.

62 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

REVIEWS.

AN ILLUSTRATED ManuAt of BritisH Birps. By Howard
Saunders, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc. Second edition, revised. With illustra-
tions of nearly every species. (London: Gurney and Jackson.)

Among all the books on British Birds that have been published
and their number now is almost legion—there is not one that
is so useful and indispensable as ‘‘Saunders’s Manual.” We say
this after years of almost daily use. Good, however, as the ex-
hausted first edition was, we are able to aver, after a critical ex-
amination of the two parts issued, that, thanks to Mr. Saunders’s
increased and unrivalled knowledge of the subject and his pains-
taking and exhaustive researches, this second edition is more
complete and accurate, and hence better, than its predecessor.
And moreover it brings the subject absolutely up to date of
publication—an indispensable desideratum to all who are interested
in British Ornithology. It is thus with feelings of satisfaction that
we hail the advent of this new edition, and have great pleasure in
bringing this excellent work under the notice of our readers. The
book is now being issued in parts at one shilling, and twenty parts
complete the work.

A History oF Fow.LinG: BEING AN ACCOUNT OF THE MANY
Curious DEVICES BY WHICH BIRDS ARE, OR HAVE BEEN, CAPTURED
IN DIFFERENT PaRTS OF THE WoRLD. By the Rev. H. A.
Macpherson, M.A. (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1897.)

Those who are interested in the subject of Fowling,—and they
are many among field naturalists,;—to which this handsome small
quarto volume is devoted, will find it a perfect repertory of information.
The author has ransacked tomes ancient and modern, visited several
Continental countries in search of facts and practical knowledge,
and has culled from his numerous ornithological friends their stores
of knowledge. Thus we have a practically exhaustive treatise,
dealing with the art as practised in many lands and during all times.
The older information is of considerable archeological value, as
well as possessing a peculiar interest from the very quaintness of
the implements used and the descriptions of the manner of their
employment. All the various sections of the subject have been
well ordered by the scientific arrangement of the subject-matter
under orders and families of birds, so that speedy reference may
be made as to the mode of capture, etc., of any of the species
treated of—and they are many.

The book is illustrated by a photogravure frontispiece, full page
plates, and numerous illustrations in the text; and these add much
to the value and completeness of the work.

REVIEWS 63

WitH NATURE AND A CAMERA: BEING THE ADVENTURES
AND OBSERVATIONS OF A FIELD NATURALIST AND AN ANIMAL
PHOTOGRAPHER. By Richard Kearton, F.Z.S. Illustrated by 180
Pictures from Photographs by Cherry Kearton. (London: Cassell
and Company, Limited.)

In the “Annals” for 1896, p. 134, we noticed favourably a
former work of the same author on “British Birds’ Nests.” To
that work the one now under consideration is a worthy companion
volume. Indeed, attractive as that book was, we have a decided
preference for Mr. Kearton’s latest production. For there is greater
variety in its pictures and pages, hence a charm is lent to a hand-
some, beautifully illustrated, and interesting volume. The book
opens with an account of a visit to St. Kilda, which in itself is one
of the best that we have read ; and it is made additionally attractive
by the number, nature, and excellence of the pictures—over forty
in number—which depict the scenes of bird-life and landscape
described.

Special mention must be made too of the series of pictures
devoted to bird-snaring, which is so successfully carried on by
the St. Kildians, as being among the most interesting photo-pictures
we have seen. We would point out that Mr. Kearton includes the
Common Gull in his list of the birds of St. Kilda and omits the
Kittiwake, though he mentions the latter but not the former in
his narrative. We must also remark that the scientific name of
the Guillemot is Not Uria bruennicht.

Leaving St. Kilda, the book covers varied ground, as do also the
illustrations, which range in subject from a Red Underwing Moth at
rest on the bark of a tree, to the Water Vole at home on the banks
of his native stream. Several of the articles deal with areas in Wild
Scotland.

MEMORIES OF THE MONTHS: BEING PAPERS FROM THE NOTE-
BOOK OF A FIELD NATURALIST AND ANTIQUARY, TO WIT, SIR
HERBERT MAXwELL, Bart., M.P. (London: Edward Arnold,
1897.)

Anything from the facile pen of Sir H. Maxwell is sure to prove
of interest and to commend itself to the reader, and the present
pretty volume is certainly no exception, for it is seldom we have
read anything that has given greater pleasure than these “‘ Memories
of the Months.” Under this title the author has put together, from
his notebook, ninety-one short essays illustrative of the never-ceasing
industry, economy, and beauty of Nature, and the perpetual
attractions of out-door life in the country in every month and
season of the year.

Sir H. Maxwell’s notes cover a very wide area, from the treeless
wilds of Caithness to the flowery banks of a Hampshire trout
stream. In page after page he pleasantly discourses of the many fair,

64 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

shy creatures in fin, feather, and fur which still continue to haunt
the wilds of Great Britain—notes too on reptiles, insects, plants, and
flowers. Nothing is too commonplace, nothing too trivial—interest
and beauty are eeu if we only take the trouble to look for
them.

The author is no carpet naturalist, and the great charm of this
book is its delightful freshness and the knowledge that the facts
were jotted down in the presence of the objects described. hus,
when lying in acres of boulders on the top of Beinn Eibhinn, far
above the heather line, and 3700 feet above sea level, in Garcon
forest, surrounded with semi-darkness and in a gale, shivering too
with eid under the damp cloud-mantles, we still find him, ike a
true naturalist, jotting down notes on his near but unconscious
companions the purring, chuckling Ptarmigan, the restless Blue Hare,
the piping Golden Blges and she iovtoparorne Raven ; nor does he
overlook the weather-wan mosses and the scant cue flora which
carpet the spaces between the rough gray shingle. The half dozen
plates are all excellent, but we would specially call attention to the
frontispiece by Mr. werent representing the last Golden Eagle of
the Merrick, one of this talented artist’s most lifelike productions.

This little volume is nicely got up and printed, charmingly
written and charmingly illustrated, and cannot fail to please. —J.C.

Amonc British Birps IN THEIR Nestinc Haunts: ILius-
TRATED BY THE CAMERA. By Oswin A. J. Lee. (Edinburgh: David
Douglas.)

Since our previous notice (‘‘ Annals,” 1897, p. ee this fine work
has reached its seventh part. We observe with pleasure that the
high standard of excellence in the reproduction of the pictures, to
which we referred as being so high in the earlier parts, has been
fully maintained.

A Hawnpy GuIDE To FisH CULTURE, OR FISH CULTURE MADE
EASY: BEING SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR THE USE of AMATEURS, AND
FOR GUIDANCE IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF FISHERIES. By J. J.
Armstead. Published by The Angler, Limited, Scarborough and
London.

This little book deals in a thoroughly practical way with the
various piscicultural subjects covered by its title. It is, we may
say, written by one who is a master of the subject, and whose experi-
ence extends over many years. We have no hesitation in highly
recommending it to all in want of advice or information on the
important matters upon which it treats.

te

The Annals

of
Scottish Natural History

No. 26] 1898 [ APRIL

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE AVIFAUNA OF
WEST ROSS-SHIRE.

By J. B. Dossir, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S.

WEsT ROSS-SHIRE has of late years attracted considerable
attention from ornithologists. Mr. J. A. Dixon, in his
excellent book on Loch Maree, gives a very full and
interesting account of the birds of that district. Messrs.
Hinxman and Eagle Clarke contributed to the “ Proceedings
of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh,” vol. xii.
part ii, ‘A Contribution to the Vertebrate Fauna of West
Ross-shire,’ which deals mainly with the Applecross, Loch-
carron, and Loch Torridon districts, and which is a valuable
production. What may be termed a supplementary list to
that of Mr. Dixon was contributed to the “ Annals of
Scottish Natural History” for April 1896, by Mr. A. H.
Evans; and lastly, an account of the birds observed by Mr.
Harvie-Brown during a short visit paid by him to Priest
Island in July 1884 was published in the “ Transactions of
the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society.”

The extreme north-west of the county, as it is now

1 Read at a meeting of the Scottish Natural History Society, Edinburgh, on
7th October 1897.

26 B

66 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

constituted, seems, however, to have been almost overlooked
by ornithologists. I say almost, because the district which
extends from Ullapool to Rhu Coigach (a distance of 30 miles
or more) formed at the time the work was written a detached
part of the county of Cromarty, and was included in the
area described by Messrs. Harvie-Brown and Buckley in
their “ Vertebrate Fauna of Sutherland, Caithness, and West
Cromarty.” It was only to be expected, however, that, even
in so comprehensive a work as this, the authors should have
been able to devote but a meagre portion of their space to
a district whose fauna could differ from that of the adjoining
regions of Sutherland only in respect of its greater poverty.

My friend the Rev. Horatius N. Bonar, who has on
several occasions visited Coigach in autumn, had _ been
greatly impressed with the number of birds which he always
found there at that season ; and he naturally enough con-
cluded that the locality must in spring also be rich in bird-
life. Not quite sharing this opinion, I nevertheless thought
that a region so remote and so sparsely populated might be
likely to afford good results.

As a matter of fact, however, the physical conditions of
the district are not conducive to a rich avifauna. The almost
total absence of trees forms an insuperable barrier to the
presence of the vast majority of our small song-birds. The
aspect of the most part of Coigach is forbidding and sinister
in the extreme. Here and there along the shores of the
lochs, or by the side of some rugged mountain torrent, a few
stunted birch trees contrive to exist in spite of the sterility
of the soil and the rigours of the winter ; but their presence,
far from lending pleasure to the eye, only brings into bolder
display the poverty of their surroundings. The description
of it given by Dr. Ross in the “ New Statistical Account” is
as literally true now as it was then: “ The appearance is that
of a wide and dreary waste of bleak and barren heath, as if
a segment of the great ocean, agitated and tossed and
troubled, not by an ordinary storm, however violent, but by
some frightful convulsion of nature, with here and there a
rude and lofty peak of rugged rock towering to the skies,
had been suddenly condensed and formed into a solid and
shapeless mass of unproductive desert, without one spot of

CONTRIBUTION TO THE AVIFAUNA OF WEST ROSS-SHIRE 67

green on which to rest the eye.” But yet Coigach is far
from wanting an impressive beauty of its own. It is jewelled
with lakes, many of which are of considerable size. Lonely
and desolate they are in all verity, but their very loneliness
imparts to them a savage grandeur, which is greatly intensi-
fied by the lofty and remarkable hills which dominate them.
For the most part the sea-coast is deeply indented, and bold
headlands with beetling precipices extend as far as the eye
can reach. Here the scenery is magnificently grand, and
the effect is greatly heightened by the rugged and storm-
swept Summer Islands, whose appearance, as seen from the
mainland, would seem to convey to the onlooker the idea
that dreary and desolate as are his immediate surroundings,
a drearier and still more desolate region lies beyond. At
Auchnahaird Bay there is a veritable sand-dune which
extends for about half a mile, and which is the chosen home
of the Rabbit and the Wheatear, and where, among the
shingle, the wary Ringed Plover nests. In autumn, as Mr.
Bonar informs me, this bay is visited by many rare and
interesting migrants on their way from their home in the far
north to their winter quarters in the sunny south. But,
judging from the paucity of feeding grounds, and the fact
that Coigach lies outside the great migration route, I am of
Opinion that the number of species which appear there at
that season must be very limited.

Before proceeding to enumerate the different species of
birds which we observed during our stay in Coigach, it
may perhaps be well to offer some explanation of the
poverty of the list. In the first place, the district is, as I
have already pointed out, practically a treeless waste, which
offers no shelter whatever except to the hardiest of moor-
land birds. But even on the moors one is struck by the
scarcity of ground-nesting birds. This feature was observed
farther to the south by Messrs. Hinxman and Eagle Clarke,
who account for it by the excessive rainfall and by the
nature and lie of the rocks, which are unfavourable to an
effective surface drainage. To these causes I am inclined
to add (in Coigach) the superabundance of adders, which
are so common as to be an intolerable nuisance. Finally,
it has to be borne in mind that Coigach is mostly a crofter

68

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

country, and where crofters exist it is impossible for those
birds to multiply whose eggs might be welcomed as an
addition to a meal, and it goes for the saying that a crofter’s
palate is not over-fastidious.

1h

Turpus musicus, Zizn., Song Thrush.—Far from common.
A nest containing five eggs was found ina birch wood which
skirts Loch Owskeich. This nest, which, though in the
midst of a comparatively thick wood, was nevertheless placed
on the ground, and was very artfully concealed among the
roots of a birch tree, being covered exteriorly with birch
bark in such a way as closely to resemble its surroundings.
Indeed, had not the bird been disturbed the nest would, in
all probability, have been overlooked. Whilst making our
way through a rugged ravine, and at a considerable elevation,
we were somewhat astonished to flush a Song Thrush. We
were much amused by the utter indifference to our presence
which this bird displayed.

. Turpus MERuLA, Zinz., Blackbird.—A few seen in or near

Ullapool.

3. TuRDuS ToRQUATUS, Linn., Ring Ouzel.—Fairly common.

Io.

It.

SAXICOLA &NANTHE (Zizm.), Wheatear.—Abundant. One of
the commonest birds in Coigach.

PRATINCOLA RUBETRA (Zinn.), Whinchat.—Tolerably common.

. PRaATINCOLA RUBICOLA (Zinn.), Stonechat.—Fairly common.

Frequently seen perching on the telegraph wires.
RUTICILLA PHENICURUS (Zzzz7.), Redstart.—Not uncommon.
ERITHACUS RUBECULA (Zinz.), Robin.—Thinly distributed.

Recutus cristatus, K. ZL. Koch, Golden-crested Wren.—Heard
at Braemore, but not observed in Coigach.

PHYLLoscopus TROCHILUS (Zinz.), Willow Wren. — Very
common, being found wherever there is wood to afford
it shelter. During my stay in Coigach, nothing surprised
me more than the hardiness of this delicate little bird. No
matter how extensive or how dreary the moorland, if a
solitary stunted shrub struggled for existence beside a
mountain mere the Willow Wren was certain to be heard
singing.

CincLus aquaticus, Bechstein, Dipper.—Two pairs observed,
one frequenting the Garvie Burn, and the other the Owskeich
Water.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE AVIFAUNA OF WEST ROSS-SHIRE 69

12.

ng

14.

rH

16.

a7.

18.

19.

20,

21.

22.

PARUS ATER, Zzuu., Coal Titmouse.—Several seen in the small
plantations which skirt lochs Owskeich, Bad-a-Ghaill, and
Lurgan.

PARUS C@RULEUS, Lz77., Blue Titmouse.—One seen at Drum-
runie, where there is a plantation of considerable size.

TROGLODYTES PARVULUS, XK. ZL. Koch, Wren.—Heard, and
disused nest found, in the wood which skirts Loch Bad-a-
Ghaill.

MOTACILLA LUGUBRIS, Zemm., Pied Wagtail.—A pair seen at
Achiltibuie.

ANTHUS PRATENSIS, Zizn., Meadow Pipit.—Very abundant on
the moor and hillsides. We found many nests with eggs.

ANTHUS OBSCURUS (Latham), Rock Pipit.—Abundant in suit-
able localities.

CHELIDON URBICA (Zizn.), Martin. — A few pairs nest at
Auchnahaird, and one pair at least at Rudh’a Choin. This
bird is not included in Messrs. Hinxman and Eagle Clarke’s
list of the birds of West Ross-shire, while Mr. Dixon asserts
that it is undoubtedly decreasing in numbers. It is never-
theless still common at Ullapool, while several pairs nest
under the eaves of the quaint inn at Altguish.

CoTILE RIPARIA (Zzun.), Sand Martin.—Four or five pairs nest
in the sandhills at Auchnahaird. On the 26th June, Mr.
Bonar found that, with the exception of one pair, whose
brood had just been hatched, the birds had all departed.

PASSER DOMESTICUS (Zizz.), House Sparrow.—This familiar
bird has only of recent years found its way into West
Ross-shire. We found it quite common at Achiltibuie, while
several pairs nested in the ivy which was trained against the
wall of Auchnahaird House. Elsewhere in Coigach I found
this bird extremely rare, though I have no doubt that it is
resident in more or less abundance in every crofter hamlet
in the peninsula.

FRINGILLA C@LEBS, Zz77., Chaffinch.— Far from common,
though, as a rule, found wherever there are clumps of trees.
We observed several while driving past Drumrunie shoot-
ing lodge, where there is a considerable plantation of
conifers.

PYRRHULA EUROPA, Viei//ot, Bullfinch. — Not observed in
Coigach proper. Near Loch Droma we saw a pair in a
clump of fir trees behind the hut where the mail-coach stops
to have the horses changed.

70

2i3:

24.

ee
26.

27.

28.

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

EMBERIZA MILIARIA, Zizz., Corn Bunting.—Found all over the
peninsula wherever there are crofts, and is one of the most
characteristic birds of the district. Only met with in close
proximity to human dwellings, it has here become ex-
ceedingly tame and confiding. Its song was continued till
far into the twilight of the summer evening, long after every
other passerine bird was mute; and it is to my mind
decidedly ventriloquial in its effect. Again and again I was
deceived by it, imagining the bird was quite near when
in reality it was perched at some considerable distance
off.

EMBERIZA CITRINELLA, Zinz., Yellow Bunting.—Fairly common,
even on the wildest moors.

EMBERIZA SCHENICLUS, Lznu., Reed Bunting.—Fairly common.

STURNUS VULGARIS, Zinz., Starling—Common. Young were
abroad by the time we arrived (2nd June).

Corvus MONEDULA, Linn., Jackdaw.—Not found in Coigach.
It nests in some numbers in the cliffs near Leekmellm, a
few miles east of Ullapool.

Corvus coRAX, Linn., Raven.—I was much disappointed to
find that even in so remote and lonely a district as Coigach
the Raven is very rare. We saw a nest on a cliff near
Camas Coille, which in all probability was that of a Raven ;
indeed we were assured by our ghillie that a pair nest there
regularly every year. The bird certainly nests on one at
least of the Summer Islands, but I am of opinion that not
more than two pairs now breed in Rhu More. This un-
fortunate state of matters is, in all probability, due to the
fact that Coigach is a crofter country ; and wherever crofters
exist the Raven is subjected to ceaseless persecution on
account of the damage, real or imaginary, which it does
during the lambing season.

29. CORVUS CORONE, Linm., Carrion Crow.—One seen at Garvie

30.

2

Bridge ; was seen quite distinctly.

Corvus cornix, Linz., Hooded Crow.—Very abundant, especi-
ally in south Coigach, and we met with it everywhere, even
in the Summer Islands. On Camas Coille Mr. Bonar ob-
served a pair of Hoodies repeatedly swoop at a Peregrine
Falcon, which did not deign to resent their impudence.

CORVUS FRUGILEGUS, Zinn., Rook.—Quite common near Ulla-
pool, where there is a small rookery. I never saw the bird
in Coigach proper, but Mr. Bonar observed quite a large
flock feeding at the landing-place at Achiltibuie.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE AVIFAUNA OF WEST ROSS-SHIRE 71

glee

33:

34.

35:

36.
37:

38.

39.
4o.

ALAUDA ARVENSIS, Zinn., Skylark.—Very abundant everywhere,
even on the bleakest and most desolate parts of the moor.
To those who are accustomed to associate the Skylark with
the highly cultivated fields and rich meadows of England
and Southern Scotland, Hogg’s apostrophe must seem
singularly inappropriate ; but in Coigach this is a veritable
“bird of the wilderness.” Heard in such a place, its ex-
quisite song has an indescribable charm. Mr. Bonar informs
me that he heard several Skylarks near Auchnahaird—the
haunt of the Ringed Plover—repeatedly introduce a perfect
imitation of the call note of that bird into their song.

CypPsELUS apus (Zinu.), Swift.—A pair of these birds were
observed on three different occasions at Rhu-dh’a Choin. The
birds no doubt nested in some crevice in the cliffs.

CucULUS CANORUS, Zznn., Cuckoo.—Several seen and heard,
but the bird is far from common.

AQuiLa CHRyYS&TUS (Linn.), Golden Eagle.—The gamekeeper
at Drumrunie informed us that there are two eyries of this
bird under his protection. The Golden Eagle seldom visits
the coast region, but confines itself to the mountain fast-
nesses. None of our ghillies had ever seen one; and,
grossly ignorant of ornithology as they mostly are, it is
hardly credible that they could have overlooked so con-
spicuous a bird.

ACCIPITER Nisus (Lizn.), Sparrow Hawk.—One seen.

FALCO PEREGRINUS, Zwusstal/, Peregrine Falcon.—A pair nest
on cliff at Camas Coille. Mr. Bonar repeatedly observed a
Peregrine hawking for food over a field of rye grass at
Auchnahaird. Its visits are always made at the same time,
viz. about 1 P.M. and 6.30 P.M.

FaLco SALON, Zunstall, Merlin—Mr. Bonar observed one
flying close to Auchnahaird House.

FaLco TINNUNCULUS, Kestrel.—Tolerably common.

PHALACROCORAX CARBO (Zizn.), Cormorant.—Very common.
The bird nests in large numbers in several of the Summer
Islands, but not, so far as I am aware, in Coigach. We
found this bird to be a much earlier breeder than its con-
gener, the Shag. While the former had, in the beginning of
June, in several instances young almost ready to fly, the
latter had just commenced to nest, and breeding was not at
all general until the end of the month.

. PHALACROCORAX GRACULUS (Zinz.), Shag. — Very common.

Nests in considerable numbers in caves at Camas Coille.
It also breeds abundantly in the Summer Islands. Its nest
is far more difficult of access than is that of the Cormorant.

72

42.

43.

44.
45.
46.

47.

48.

49.
50.

Sit

Bee

53:

54.

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

ARDEA CINEREA, Liuz., Common Heron.—There is a small
heronry in an islet on Loch Bhadaghaill.

ANSER CINEREUS, Meyer, Graylag Goose.—This fine bird is
very common, and breeds freely in islets in one or two of
the lochs. We observed a pair of adults with their brood
swimming on one of the lochs, which, for obvious reasons,
I think it better not to name. This Goose frequents many
of the Summer Islands, but I am decidedly of opinion that
it breeds in none of them.

TADORNA CoRNUTA (S. G. Gmelin), Sheld Duck.—Very rare.

Anas Boscas, Zzun., Mallard.—Not very common. Mr. Bonar
observed a duck with eleven young swimming in Loch Raa.

QUERQUEDULA CRECCA (Lzzn.), Teal.—We only observed this
bird on Loch Bhattachan ; but it no doubt nests freely in
suitable localities throughout the district.

MERGUS MERGANSER, Zinm., Goosander.— This handsome bird
is common in Coigach. We found fragments of eggs both
on the mainland and on the Summer Islands; and I have
no doubt that these eggs, which were quite fresh, had been
sucked by Crows.

MERGUS SERRATOR, Liz7., Red-breasted Merganser.—Tolerably
common, though not so often met with in Coigach proper
as the preceding species. Mr. Bonar was fortunate enough
to observe a most amusing encounter which one of these
birds had with a flounder which it had caught in Reiff Loch.
It was only after repeated efforts that the bird was able to
swallow its victim.

CoLuMBA PALUMBUS, Linz., Ring Dove.—Two seen.

Co_umpga Livia, /. #. Gmel., Rock Dove.—One seen feeding
in barley field at Auchnahaird. Nests in Isle Ristol and
Eilean Mullagrach as well as in many of the Summer
Islands.

Lacopus scoticus (Lath.)—Fairly numerous, but the bird is
nothing like so common as I had expected to find it.
Under existing conditions, the bird never can be abundant
in Coigach.

Lacopus mutus (J/onéin), Ptarmigan.—Found only near the
summit of Ben More Coigach, and even there in very
limited numbers.

CREX PRATENSIS, echst., Land Rail.—Pair nest at Auchna-
haird, also at Ullapool.

ANGIALITIS HIATICULA (Lznu.), Ringed Plover. —Seven or
eight pairs nest on the shingle in Auchnahaird Bay. Several
nests were found. We found this Plover also breeds on the
west side of the peninsula, but only in very small numbers.

a Et

CONTRIBUTION TO THE AVIFAUNA OF WEST ROSS-SHIRE 73

55. CHARADRIUS PLUVIALIS, Zinz., Golden Plover.—Thinly dis-

tributed over the moorlands.

56. VANELLUS vuLGARIS, Lechs¢., Lapwing.—Very abundant.

57:

58.

59

60

61

62

63.

HAMATOPUS OSTRALEGUS, Linn., Oyster - Catcher. — Very

abundant. Breeds in large numbers, especially on the
islands.

GALLINAGO C@LEsTIS (Fvenze/), Common Snipe. — Several

pairs nest in the damp meadows at Auchnahaird. One even-
ing our ghillie promised to show us the nest of the solitary
pair of Corncrakes which nest in Coigach. On accom-
panying him to the spot, we found the nest to be that of a
Snipe !

. TOTANUS HYPOLEUCUS (Zinzz.), Common Sandpiper—A bundant,

nesting on the margins of nearly every freshwater loch in
the district visited by us. Occurs also in the Summer
Islands.

. TOTANUS CALIDRIS (Zizn.), Common Redshank.—We found

the head of a Redshank in the Peregrine’s eyrie in Priest
Island, and it may therefore be assumed that this bird nests
in Coigach. Neither Mr. Bonar nor I, however, saw or
heard it during our visit.

. NUMENIUS ARQUATA (Zizzz.), Common Curlew.—Fairly com-

mon. Nests on one or more of the Summer Islands.

. STERNA MACRURA, JVaumann, Arctic Tern.—Very common. It

is, here at least, a very late breeder, and though we visited
several breeding sites we saw very few eggs even up to the
25th June! I am decidedly of opinion, however, that these
birds are, during the nesting season, subjected to ruthless
persecution. We found a large colony inhabiting a rock off
Rhu-dh’a Choin, which we visited on 9th June. On our
approach the birds showed great alarm, although there were
only four eggs on the islet.

LARUS RIDIBUNDUS, Zzum., Black-headed Gull.—Pair seen in

Baden Bay, and Mr. Bonar observed several following the
plough at Auchnahaird.

64. Larus canus, Lizn., Common Gull.—Very abundant. Nests on

precipitous cliffs near Camas Coille, and, like the next species,
on large stones in one of the bigger freshwater lochs.

65. Larus arcentatus, /, / Gmel., Herring Gull.—Tolerably

common.

66. Larus Fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Gull.—The most abundant

Gull of the district.

74 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

67. LARUS MARINUS, Zium., Great Black-backed Gull. — Fairly
common, but many of the birds observed on the mainland
were immature.

68. RISSA TRIDACTYLA, Kittiwake.—Mr. Bonar tells me he observed
a pair diving in Baden Bay. He saw them repeatedly, and
is quite certain of his identification.

69. ALcA ToRDA, Zinn., Razorbill—Nests on one at least of the
Summer Islands.

70. URIA TROILE, Zinn., Common Guillemot.—Observed in large
flocks in Baden Bay.

71. URIA GRYLLE, Zénn., Black Guillemot.—Very abundant. Mr.
Bonar found it nesting in the cliffs near Reiff. The male
has a very beautiful crooning note which it utters to its mate
while swimming, and which, when heard on a still summer
evening, is very pleasing.

72. FRATERCULA ARCTICA, Zinz., Puffin.—Fairly common on some
of the Summer Islands, and nesting on at least two of them.

73. CoLympus arcticus, Liza., Black-throated Diver.—Mr. Bonar
observed one on Loch Bhattachan on two different occa-
sions. My inquiries at our ghillies elicited no information
which showed that they were at all acquainted with the bird.

74. PROCELLARIA PELAGICA, Zinz., Storm Petrel.—We found the
remains of one of these birds, which had probably been
killed by a Peregrine Falcon, on one of the Summer Islands.
It is no doubt fairly common, but owing to its nocturnal
habits and the ignorance of the natives it has escaped ob-
servation.

Such is the brief account of the birds which we were
able to associate with Coigach during our brief sojourn in
that remote district. Should subsequent investigation prove
it inadequate or defective, it ought to be borne in mind that
our stay in the region in question was far too short for our
purpose ; and further, that this very circumstance prevented
us from even attempting to explore the hills beyond an
elevation of about 700 feet above the sea-level. Yet even
if we had had the opportunity of doing so, I am very doubt-
ful that the results of our research would have repaid -.the
trouble.

I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to my friend,
the Rev. Mr. Bonar, for a large part of the material contained
in my paper. I was indeed very fortunate in having for my

THE BIRDS OF THE ISLAND OF BARRA 75

companion so accomplished a field naturalist. His know-
ledge of our birds is so good, and his power of observation
so keen, that nothing in the least worthy of interest escaped
him. Besides, his very much longer stay in Coigach afforded
him the means of visiting many spots unvisited by me, and
of gleaning many opportunities of acquiring information.

THE BIRDS OF THE ISLAND OF BARRA—
ADDITIONS AND NOTES.

By Joun MacRury, M.B.

In order to bring up to date my list of the Birds of the
Island of Barra, which was published in the “Annals” in
1894, with a few Additions in January 1896, I have now
to add the following species which have since then been
observed in the Island, and I note them down in the order
in which they were met with :—

YELLOW Buntinc, Lmberiza citrinella—On the 18th December
1895 a solitary bird was secured in my garden here. This is
the only one of the species I have ever seen on the island, and
I think its occurrence in the southern end of the Outer Hebrides
must be rather rare.

Burron’s Skua, Stercorarius parasiticus.—Mr. William Macgillivray
identified a bird of this species flying over the sea at Eoligary
on the r2th May 1896. This Skua has been found in Ben-
becula and North Uist, but this is the first record from Barra.

SWALLOW, Airundo rustica.—I found a nest with five eggs on the
15th of June 1896: the first, I think, that has been found in
the island.

MEALY REDPOLL, Acanthis linaria—On the 8th October 1896
Mr. Macgillivray secured a good specimen of the Mealy Red-
poll, which is now in his collection at Eoligary. The Lesser
Redpoll had been previously observed by myself and others on
the island, but not this species.

NicHt HERON, WVycticorax griseus.—A young Night Heron was shot
on the 12th October 1896 at Northbay in this island by
Mr. C. V. A. Peel. The bird was afterwards seen in the flesh
by Mr. Eagle Clarke. Mr. Peel recorded the occurrence at the
time in the ‘‘ Annals.”

76 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Rinc Ouze., Zurdus torquatus.—When quietly walking my pony
along the road near a small plantation here on the 8th April
1897, a solitary Ring Ouzel flew across the road right in front
of me. The gamekeeper was walking beside me, and as the
bird alighted again near the road, we had plenty of time to
identify it. I heard that one of the species—probably the same
bird—was seen a few days subsequently on the west side of the
island. I have never seen a Ring Ouzel in any part of the
Outer Hedrides before this, although I believe it has been ob-
served in Lewis and Harris.

GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN, Aegulus cristatus—On the same date on
which I met with the Ring Ouzel, 8th April 1897, Mr. Wm.
Macgillivray, Eoligary, secured a Goldcrest in his garden, one
of several, and a few of the species were observed by him on
the 12th and 24th of the same month near the same locality.
Mr. Finlayson, Schoolmaster, Island of Mingalay, told me that
he also, on the roth of the same month, found a Goldcrest
at his bedroom window quite exhausted. This is the first time
the species has been observed in Barra, although birds may have
touched the Barra Group before this in migration.

SISKIN, Chrysomitris spinus.—On the 29th October 1897 I observed
a couple of Siskins in my garden, and from this date up to the
oth of the following month fully a dozen of the species were
seen by myself and by Mr. Macgillivray in various parts of the
island. They were not at all shy, and, although when they got
on the wing they flew off apart, they generally associated with
Twites, Chaffinches, Greenfinches, etc., about the fields and
gardens. I do not find any record of the occurrence of the
Siskin in any part of the Outer Hebrides, so that this must be
the first record from the Group.

There are two or three species which were omitted in
my former contributions, but which I find have undoubtedly
been met with in Barra. I think I ought to add them now
to the list of the birds of the island. These are :—

Cuoucu, Pyrrhocorax graculus.—The Chough was found by Mr. Mac-
gillivray in the southern islands of Barra in 1830, as mentioned
in his paper in the “‘ Edinburgh Journal of Natural History and
Geographical Science” for that year. The bird, hawever,
seems to have deserted the locality soon after this date, and no
recent record of its occurrence can be found.

GARGANEY, Querquedula circiaa—In Messrs. Harvie-Brown and
Buckley’s ‘Vertebrate Fauna of the Outer Hebrides,” Ap-
pendix D, it is stated that a Garganey Duck was shot in Barra

THE BIRDS OF THE ISLAND OF BARRA 77

in 1863 by Mr. Colin M‘Vean, C.E., and that the specimen
is in the collection of the late Sir John Campbell Orde,
Bart., of Kilmory.

Futmar, Fulmarus glacialis—Gray, in his “ Birds of the West of
Scotland,” mentions that the Fulmar once bred in the south
isles of Barra, but that none had been seen there in the breed-
ing season since 1844. They certainly have not been breeding
there for a long time now, but no doubt some may occasionally
be seen near the shores, though not often.

In my former lists I mentioned several species of which
only one example had been then observed in Barra. Since
then, however, more specimens of some of these have been
met with, and some of them may be now regarded as regular
visitors on migration. Of these, I may mention the—

WHITETHROAT, Sylvia cinerea, and the WILLOW WREN, Piylloscopus
trochilus, as regular summer visitors.

SEDGE WARBLER, Acrocephalus phragmitis—A pair has visited us
once or twice since the first recorded example.

DipPER, Cinclus aguaticus.—Has been seen almost every year since
first record.

BRAMBLING, /7ingilla montiringilla.—Several seen during last two
winters.

Rinc Dove, Columba palumbus——One or two seen almost every
summer and autumn.

TurRTLE Dove, Zurtur communis.—A pair of these birds was seen
at Eoligary on 22nd May 1897: the only examples of the
species seen since the first record in September 1895.

IcELAND GULL, Larus leucopterus.—A few visit us almost every
winter.

Giaucous GuLL, Larus glaucus.—Though occasionally seen, this
bird is not so common as the Iceland species.

The BLACKBIRDS are now breeding in numbers all over
the island. <A few pairs of the HOUSE SPARROW are also
breeding, but confine themselves to Castlebay, being as yet
evidently too aristocratic to leave the capital of Barra.

BarRRA, March 9, 1808.

78 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

ON A PECULIAR CHARR FROM
INVERNESS-SHIRE.

By R. H. Traquair, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.

On the 7th March I received for the Museum, from Mr.
Harvie-Brown, a fish which had been sent to him by Mr. D.
Watson, fishing-tackle maker, Inverness, as having been
taken on the 28th February by a local angler “in the tidal
water of the Ness.” Mr. Watson also proceeds to say: “ The
fish seems to be peculiar, and to differ from the ordinary sea
trout. The fins are unusually large for its size, and are
tipped with orange; the tail is forked, and the scales are
very small. I have shown the fish to several gentlemen,
who have not seen anything similar in their experience.”

That the fish was a Charr was at once suggested by the
small scales and the pale edges of the fins on the lower
aspect of the body ; but the colour was altogether aberrant,
being dark and blackish on the back and sides, without any
trace of spots whatever. Moreover, the tidal water of a
river is hardly the place where we would expect to find a
Charr, which, according to Day, “appears to require very
pure and mostly deep water for its residence.”

The fish measures 102 inches from the tip of the snout
to the extremities of the rays of the centre of the caudal fin.
The length of the head, 24+ inches, is rather more than the
depth of the body at the front of the dorsal fin, and is con-
tained about 44 times in the total up to the middle of the
caudal. The maxilla extends backwards to slightly behind
the eye; the teeth are very small, and those on the vomer
are confined to the “ head” of that bone. The fins are very
large, the pectoral being as long as the entire head, so that its
posterior extremity reaches back to 4 inch from the origin of
the ventral, which in turn reaches to $ inch from the begin-
ning of the anal, and is about as long as the front part of the
dorsal is high. The caudal fin is also large and emarginate.
So far as can be ascertained by counting the rays through
the skin, the fin formula is—D. 13; P. 13; V. 9; A. 12.

The colour on the back and sides is blackish, passing into
a dirty or grayish white along the belly, there being, however,

ied —

ON A PECULIAR CHARR FROM INVERNESS-SHIRE 79

a flush of orange red at the origin of the pectoral and ventral
fins. There are no pale rounded spots on the body, but on the
sides there is a fazt appearance of vertical bars of alternating
darker and lighter colour. The dorsal and caudal fins are
dark and sooty in colour ; the pectoral, ventral, and anal fins
are paler, and have their anterior margins of a yellowish white.

On opening the abdomen the specimen was found to be
a male.

Among the forms of British Charr described by Giinther
as distinct species, but considered by Day to be only varieties
of Salmo alpinus, is one to which the present specimen makes
so close an approach as to seem to be actually referable
thereto. This is the Salmo K7llinensis of Giinther? from Loch
Killin in Inverness-shire. I have not seen a specimen from
that lake, but the present specimen agrees very closely with
Dr. Giinther’s description and figure in general form, and in
the proportional measurements of the body and fins, Salmo
Killinensis being also remarkable for the large size of the last
named appendages. The general coloration is also tolerably
similar, but with one marked difference: Dr. Giinther’s fish is
described and figured as having a number of pale spots on
the sides, which in the fish now before me are entirely absent.

Without discussing the question as to whether Salmo
Killinensis is entitled to be considered as a “ good” species,
or merely as a variety of that apparently very variable
form S. alpinus, we cannot go wrong in referring to it the
specimen which has formed the subject of this communica-
tion ; and the absence in it of pale spots on the sides may be
looked upon as only a still further instance of the variability
to which these fishes are subject. It is surely, however, very
unusual to find a Charr in the tidal water of a river such as
the Ness, and I must own that I am not acquainted with
any similar case.*

1 Day, “ British Fishes,” vol. ii. pp. 112-114.

2 «Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,” 1865, pp. 693-699, pl. xi. ‘Cat. Fishes,
British Museum,” vol. vi. p. 130.

3 Since the above lines have been in type, Mr. Harvie-Brown has sent me a
further communication on the subject, which he has received from Mr. Watson,
and from which I extract the following :—‘‘ Loch Killin is ten miles from Foyers,
and is connected with Loch Ness by the Foyers river. Is it possible that the
fish reached Loch}Ness over the falls? During the past winter, Loch Ness was
high, and the Ness was often in flood. I cannot discover that Charr have ever
been seen or caught in the Ness before.”

80 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

FURTHER NOTES ON SAW-FLIES (TENTHRE-
DINID4!) FROM THE SUMMIT OF BEN
NEVIS; INCLUDING A SPECIES NENW,” TO
BRITAIN.

By Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S.

AMONG the Hymenoptera taken by Mr. Bruce on Ben Nevis
in 1895, and reported on in the “ Annals” (1896, pp. 165-
168) by the Rev. A. Thornley, are some specimens which I
determined for Mr. Thornley as Selandrza flavescens, Thoms.,
and which he consequently recorded under that name.

Flavescens, Thoms. = flavens, Klug., and the latter name,
having the priority, should be adopted. I find, however,
what is of more consequence, that the specimens in question
are not all of one species. Most of them are correctly
referred to S. favens, Klug., but a few belong to a distinct
though very similar species, viz. S. Wiistneiz, Konow.

Wiistnett differs from flavens by its thicker antenna,
which have the third joint very slightly longer than the
fourth. It is also a darker insect, with the clypeus, the pro-
notum, and the bases of the antennz quite black ; the costa
and stigma, however, are on the contrary lighter than in
flavens (brown, not black).

Selandria Waiistnezt was first described by Konow in
May 1885 (“ Wien. Ent. Zeit.,” iv. p. 122) from North German
specimens. I know no record of its appearance elsewhere,
unless the “aberrations a and 6” of flavens mentioned in
Cameron’s “ Monograph” (i. p. 196) belong to it; but it
may easily have been mistaken for flavens by collectors both
in this country and on the Continent.

Perhaps I may be allowed to take this opportunity of
making a few other corrections in the list of Mr. Bruce’s
captures (Zc. pp. 166, 167), as follows :—

For Zenthredo dispar, Klug., read Zenthredo atra, Linn., var. dzspar,
Klug.

For Zenthredo viridis, Linn., read Rhogogastera viridis, Linn.

For Pamphittus stellata, Christ., read Lyda stellata, Christ.

For Dolerus lateritius, Klug., read Dolerus madidus, Klug.

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 81

For Dolerus pratensis, Thoms., read Dolerus pratensis, Linn.

Dolerus elongatus, Thoms., is considered by Konow to be only a
variety of eneus, Htg.

Dineura virididorsata = Dineura nigricans, Christ.

Nematus acuminatus, Thoms. I had some doubt about my identi-
fication of the ¢ of this species, but Herr Konow tells me it is
correct.

As the whole genus (or rather group of genera) Mematus
is in process of revision by Herr Konow, and many altera-
tions in its synonymy may be expected, I do not think it
worth while to revise my provisional determinations of Mr.
Bruce’s specimens at present.

WOKING, January 1898.

ON THE FLORA OF TIRES:

By SymMers M. Macvicar.
(Continued from p. 38.)

POLYGALA VULGARIS, Z.—Rare ; Salum Bay, a few plants.

POLYGALA SERPYLLACEA, lVei/ie.—Common ; prostrate on exposed
sandy ground.

SILENE MARITIMA, /V7t##.—Common, but rather local ; most plentiful
on sand dunes; occurs also on rocks and sea cliffs, in the
latter place being larger and more luxuriant.

LycHNis Diorca, Z.—Rare ; among rocks at Kenavara and Hynish
Head.

Lycunis FLos-cucu1, Z.—Common in damp pastures.
CERASTIUM TETRANDRUM, Curtis.—Very common in sandy places.

CERASTIUM GLOMERATUM, Z/uil/—Common ; mostly by roadsides,
waste places, and cultivated fields.

CERASTIUM TRIVIALE, Zivk.—Very common everywhere, except in
the central moorish ground and salt marshes.

STELLARIA MEDIA, Cyv.—Very common among cultivation and in
waste places ; occurs also in crevices of rocks at Cliad cliffs
where cattle and sheep frequent, and on the floor of caves at
Kenavara Head, which these animals cannot reach, but which
are much frequented by rock doves and starlings. The plant
has probably been at first brought to these caves by birds,
26 (6

82 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

either among material for nests or by seeds attached to their
feet, as in one case at least the cave is at the end of a narrow
gully facing the sea, where seeds could hardly arrive by any
other means. It is the only flowering plant in such places,
occurring in its common shade form with glabrous pedicels
and calyx.

STELLARIA ULIGINOSA, JZurr.—Rare; roadside ditch between
Scarinish and Ballyphetrish.

ARENARIA SERPYLLIFOLIA, Z.—Very common.

ARENARIA PEPLOIDES, Z.—Common ; occurs principally on sandy
shores, but is also found in salt marshes.

SAGINA MARITIMA, Vow.—Rare ; among rocks on the shore near
Loch-na-Gile ; near the harbour.

SAGINA PROCUMBENS, Z.—Common on banks, roadsides, and shores.

SAGINA NopbosA, /ezz/.—Sandy places in Hynish and Gott Bays;
wet pasture at Hianish. Probably not uncommon.

SPERGULA ARVENSIS, Z., var. sativa (Boenn.)—Common in cultivated
fields.

Bupa MARINA, Dum. (Spergularia neglecta, Syme).—Rather common
in the salt marshes of the north-east shore.

Bupa MeEp1A, Dum. (Spergularia marginata, Syme).—In the same
locality as the preceding, but more common; also, though
rare, in Hianish salt marsh.

MontIA FonTANA, Z.—Rare ; near Loch-na-Gile.

HYPERICUM PULCHRUM, Z.—Rare; among rocks at Hynish Head
and Kenavara.

HYPERICUM ELODES, Z.—Rare; small lochs at Ruaig; loch on
Hynish Hill.

LINUM CATHARTICUM, Z.—Common on pastures and banks.

GERANIUM SANGUINEUM, Z.—Rare; on rock ledges, Kenavara; it
does not appear to occur on sand dunes as it does in the
neighbouring island of Coll.

GERANIUM MOLLE, Z.—Very common ; sand dunes, fields, and road-
sides.

GERANIUM DISssEcTUM, Z.— Rather rare; cultivated field and
roadside, Scarinish ; among rocks at roadside, Ballyphetrish ;
roadside, Barrapol.

Eropium cicutarium, L’ //érit—Not generally common, but abund-
ant in places. Sand dunes, fallow fields, and tops of walls.
Usually very glandular in sandy places. A small eglandular
form, with calyx-hairs mostly appressed, occurs in a pasture
field at Cliad. No plants with spotted petals were seen.

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 83

[ULEx EUROpHus, Z.—On rocky pasture in the Manse field,
planted by the Rev. Mr. Campbell, a former parish minister
of Tiree. I was told that the present gamekeeper also intro-
duced the plant on an island in one of the lochs. |

MEDICAGO LuPULINA, Z.—Locally very common; sandy pastures
near Scarinish, where the plant is covered with whitish
pubescence. Where growing in loamy soil the plant is green.

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE, Z.—Common ; banks, roadsides, and culti-
vated fields. Has been sown as a crop with rye grass in Tiree
since about 1761 (Dr. John Walker, in ‘Economic History of
the Hebrides,” 1812, who also mentions the plant as a native
constituent of sandy pasture fields in the Hebrides).

TRIFOLIUM MEDIUM, Z.—Rare; side of ditch, Cornaig.

TRIFOLIUM REPENS, Z.—Very common over almost the whole
island.

TRIFOLIUM DUBIUM, .S7é¢h.—Very common ; banks, pastures, and
sand dunes ; also common in cultivated fields.

ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA, Z.—Generally common and locally abund-
ant. Var. maritima, Koch (¢este Ar. Bennett), on sand dunes,
Hynish Bay, rare ; growing with the type and apparently under
the same conditions. It is conspicuous by its’ size and the
number of heads on the stems and branches, the lower ones
being at some distance from the upper.

Lorus cornicuLatus, Z.—Common ; the typical form is found
about sheltered banks, roadsides, and sides of cultivated fields.
The form with more thick and fleshy leaflets occurs among
rocks on the shore, as it does over all this part of the coast.
It seems to be the var. crasséfolius of Syme in “ English
Botany,” ed. 3, but I hardly think it is worth varietal rank.
Another form, which I have seen only in Tiree, grows sparingly
in sandy pasture; it is a small prostrate plant with small leaf-
lets, and with branches spreading in a circle, the base of the
stem and branches denuded of leaves for some distance, and
with the stems, leaves, and calyx covered with white woolly
hairs, giving the plant in its more marked forms a grayish
appearance.

Vicia Cracca, Z,—Rather rare ; sand dunes and cultivated fields.
On Hynish Bay sands it is somewhat dwarfed, with grayish
pubescent leaflets and short racemes.

VIcIA SEPIUM, Z.—Rare ; among rocks at Kenavara; also in culti-
vated fields, where perhaps it is more common,

LATHYRUS PRATENSIS, Z.—Common, plentiful locally; sides of
fields, roadsides, tops of walls.

84 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

SPir#A Uxtmaria, Z.—Common in the shelter of ditches, walls,
rocky places, and roadsides.

FRAGARIA vEscA, Z.—Rare ; among rocks, Hynish Head.

POTENTILLA SYLVESTRIS, /Veck.—Common, especially on Scarinish
Moor.

POTENTILLA REPTANS, Z.—Very rare; sand dunes, Hynish Bay,
remote from cultivation. Petioles, both leaf surfaces, upper
part of peduncle, and calyx, covered with silky hairs when
young, becoming less so when older; but both sides of the
leaf remaining hairy over most of the surface.

POTENTILLA ANSERINA, Z.—Very common; sides of fields and
roads, shingles and sand dunes.

POTENTILLA PALUSTRIS, .Scof.—Very common; marshes, ditches,
and sides of lochs.

ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS, Z.—Rare; Kenavara Head; near Loch
Vassapol. In both places as the var. a/festris (Schmidt).

ROSA PIMPINELLIFOLIA, Z.—Very rare; a few stunted, flowerless
plants in crevices of rock at Cliad.

Rosa canina, Z.—Very rare; a few stunted bushes clinging to
the face of a rock near Ballyphetrish. Too immature to be
determined ; leaves glabrous, doubly serrate, flowers light red.

SAXIFRAGA TRIDACTYLITES, Z.—Only one plant seen ; sandy pasture
between Barrapol and Kenavara.

SEDUM ANGLICUM, //ud@s.—Common among rocks both on the shore
and inland.

SEDUM ACRE, Z.—Common; sandy shores and on sandbanks
inland.

DROsERA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Z.—Rather common, and more generally
distributed than the next.

DROSERA INTERMEDIA, /Zayve.—Rather rare ; Scarinish Moor.

Hippuris vuLGARis, Z.—Locally common; sides of lochs, streams,
Fhaodhail. In two localities, Cornaig and Loch Vassapol
streams, the plant is submerged in running water, and has
longer and softer leaves of very different appearance from the
ordinary form. Mr. Bennett thought that a plant from the
first locality was a small form of the var. fluviatilis, Weber.
In the other station, where a nearly similar form occurs, the
typical plant grows at the edge of the stream, with submerged
intermediate forms varying according to the depth of the water.

MyYRIOPHYLLUM spicatumM, Z.— Locally common; streams at
Cornaig, pool on rocky shore near the harbour.

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 85

MYRIOPHYLLUM ALTERNIFLORUM, 2)C.—Less common, I think,
than the former ; Loch-na-Gile.

CALLITRICHE STAGNALIS, Scof.—Common ; mostly in ditches, also
as a very small form in drier places.

CALLITRICHE HAMULATA, Kwefz.—Rare ; Loch-na-Gile ?

PEpLIS PortruLaA, Z.— Rather rare; roadside ditch between
Scarinish and Ballyphetrish ; near Loch-na-Gile.

LyTHRuM Saticaria, Z.—Local; sides of ditches and marshes,
Scarinish, Cornaig, etc.

EPILOBIUM PARVIFLORUM, Schveb.—Rather common; Hynish, etc.

EPILOBIUM MONTANUM, Z.—Very rare ; among rocks, Ben Hoch.

EPILOBIUM PALUSTRE, Z.—Rare; Hynish, ditch on the Hotel
farm.

HYDROCOTYLE VULGARIS, Z.—Very common among grass in damp
places in the most exposed parts of the island as well as in
more sheltered localities.

ERYNGIUM MARITIMUM, Z.—Not generally common. West sandy
shore in quantity ; Hynish and Gott Bay sands, rather scarce.

ConiuM MaAcuLaAtTuM, Z.—A few plants in a rye-grass field belonging
to the Hotel.

APIUM NODIFLORUM, feeichd. fil. var. ocreatum, Bab.—Common ;
ditches and sides of lochs.

APIUM INUNDATUM, feichd. fii—Common; sides of lochs and
ditches, often in deeper water than the former.

StuM EREcTUM, /Zuds.—Locally common ; Loch-an-Eilean stream ;
Fhaodhail.

CoNOPODIUM DENUDATUM, Koch.—Rare.

ANTHRISCUS SYLVESTRIS, //offm.—Very common about houses, waste
places, and sides of cultivated fields; very rarely at any
distance from cultivation.

CENANTHE LACHENALI, C. GeZ.—Common in some marshy places
and sides of streams.

CENANTHE crocata, Z.-—Rather common ; generally in wet places
near the shore. ‘This plant, I believe, not unfrequently causes
death by poisoning to cattle on this coast.

Licusticum scoticum, Z.—In some quantity on the few rocks and
sea cliffs of the island, Kenavara, Cliad, etc.

ANGELICA SYLVESTRIS, Z,—Rather common about damp sheltered
rocks,

HERACLEUM SpHONDYLIUM, Z.—Common ; on ledges of sea cliffs,
as well as at sides of cultivated fields.

86 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Daucus Carota, Z.—Very common ; sandy pastures, dunes, fields,
and roadsides.

LoONICERA PERICLYMENUM, Z.—Very rare ; ledge of rock at Hynish
Head.

GALIUM VERUM, Z.—Very common; sandy pastures, dunes, fields,
and roadsides.

GALIUM SAXATILE, Z.—Common, but much less so than the
preceding.

GALIUM PALUSTRE, Z.—Common in wet places. Leaves vary from
broadly obovate to narrowly lanceolate, the margins always
with prickles, which likewise occur on the midrib of at least
some of the leaves of each plant. The stem has always some
prickles, but only a few are found in the thicker-stemmed,
narrow-leaved form of the wetter places.

GALIUM APARINE, Z.—Rather common, especially on shingly
shores.

VALERIANA SAMBUCIFOLIA, /JV7d/d.—Very rare; among rocks at
Hynish Head.

SCABIOSA SUCCISA, L.
BELLIS PERENNIS, Z.—Very common.

ASTER TRrIpoLiumM, Z.—Common in the salt marshes of Urvaig and
the Fhaodhail.

ANTENNARIA DioIca, 2. 47.—Very common over most of the
island.

[INULA HELENIUM, Z.—Mr. Erskine Beveridge sent me a fresh
specimen which had been gathered at Ballyphetrish. ]

ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, Z.—Very common; pastures, roadsides,
and dunes.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SEGETUM, Z.—Locally common in cultivated
fields.

CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM, Z.—Local. Manse field in
quantity, Scarinish, Hylipol.

MATRICARIA INODORA, Z.—The typical inland plant with erect stem
and fine leaf segments does not occur in Tiree, the nearest
approach to it being in the case of some plants in a rye-grass
field at Ruaig, where the stems are almost erect, but the leaf
segments are more fleshy. The ordinary maritime form of this
coast is common on shingles and about house walls near the
sea; the stems ascending, less branched upwards, with thicker
peduncles and more fleshy leaves. On sheltered ledges of sea
cliffs at Kenavara Head it has leaves still more fleshy, and
with the segments shorter. In this last situation the plant

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 87

seems to be a perennial with long rootstocks covered with
former leaf bases. This apparently perennial character and
more fleshy leaf occurring on sheltered ledges of sea cliffs is seen
also here with another annual or biennial P/antago Coronopus.
On the west coast of Inverness-shire the leaves of the AZatricaria
are more fleshy on the shores of the open sea than when
growing in estuaries.

ARTEMISIA VULGARIS, Z.—Common ; chiefly at sides of cultivated
fields and in waste places, more rarely on sand dunes.

TussiLaco FarraraA, Z.—Only one patch seen, at the side of a
cultivated field at Cornaig.

PETASITES OFFICINALIS, J/@nch.—Local; sides of streams near
cottages at Hynish and Cornaig ; also at the side of a stream
near Cliad remote from houses.

SENECIO VULGARIS, Z.—Common; cultivated fields and waste
places.

SenEcIO Jacopa#a, Z.—Very common on roadsides near houses,
decreasing in proportion to its distance from them ; also occurs
at sides of fields and on dunes, very rarely on sea cliffs.

SENECIO AQUATICUS, AZzds.—Common in wet places.

Arctium minus, Gerni.—Common ; waste places, roadsides, and
sides of fields.

Cnicus LANCEoLATUS, W2//d.—In similar places to the preceding,
but extending farther among pasture fields.

Cnicus Ppatustris, W7//d.—Rather common, but less so than the
former, usually growing in wetter places, but sometimes along
with it.

Cnicus ARVENSIS, /Zoffm.—Very common ; fields and sand dunes.

CENTAUREA NIGRA, Z.—Common in pastures.

CREPIS VIRENS, Z.—Local; sides of fields and roadsides.

Hieractum Pitoseitia, Z.—Local; Scarinish Moor, etc.; also on
sand dunes rarely, as a more hairy plant with shorter stolons.
The only member of the genus seen.

Hypocuaris rapicata, Z.—Common ; fields, banks, and among
rocks.

LEONTODON AUTUMNALIS, Z.—Common; occurs in two extreme
forms,—the small, nearly glabrous plant of salt marshes, and a
tall, branched plant on sand dunes, with broad and often hairy
leaves, and with the upper part of peduncles and the involucres
covered with copious, shaggy, dark green or brown hairs,—
intermediate forms occur.

88 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

TARAXACUM OFFICINALE, W’eb.—Common on roadsides and walls,
extending to the dunes; a form that occurs, though scarce, on
the latter, with brick-red achenes, is under examination.

Var. c. palustre (DC.)—Marshy ground on north-east shore,
rare.

Var. d. wdum (Jord.) ?—Wet rocky ledges, Kenavara; appears
to agree with plants so named. (A similar form is
common on this coast among wet rocks.)

SONCHUS ASPER, //offm.—Common ; sides of fields and waste places.
LospeLIA DortTMANNA, Z.—Rather common in the more peaty lochs.

CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA, £.—Locally common; Kenavara,
Ballyphetrish, etc.

VacciniuM MyrtiLuus, Z.—Apparently rare.

Catituna Erica, DC.,; Erica TETRALIX, Z.; E. CINEREA, Z.—All
the heaths must be classed among the “common” plants of
Tiree, the first especially so; but being always prostrate, and
not more than two to three inches in height, they are incon-
spicuous—so much so that the general visitor might think that
they are not to be found on the island. The Ca//uwna is much
the most common, and is not confined to the central moorish
ground as the others appear to be.

ARMERIA MARITIMA, W7dd.—Very common; shore rocks, salt
marshes, and sand dunes.

PRIMULA ACAULIS, Z.—Locally common ; Kenavara, Cliad, Salum.
LYSIMACHIA NEMORUM, Z.—Rare.

GLAUX MARITIMA, Z.—Common in salt marshes and on muddy
shores, more rarely in sandy places.

ANAGALLIS TENELLA, Z.—A very common and characteristic plant
of Tiree.
CENTUNCULUS MINIMUS, Z.—Only seen on a wet bank on the shore
at Rudh-an-Sgoir Mhoir.
SAMOLUS VALERANDI, Z.—Common in several places; Fhaodhail,
Loch-na-Mointeich, etc.
ERYTHR&A CENTAURIUM, /evs.—Rather common; Barrapol, etc.
Var. capitata, Koch (deste Ar. Bennett)—Hynish Bay sands,
Kenavara Head.
GENTIANA CAMPESTRIS, Z.—Rare?; seen only near Scarinish.
MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA, £.—Common, but not generally in
quantity.
Lycopsis ARvENsIs, Z.—Common at the sides of sandy cultivated

fields and on roadsides near cottages, but nowhere with the
appearance of being native.

oy ee

Mm -\ 3

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 89

PNEUMARIA (MERTENSIA) MARITIMA, /77//7.—A fresh specimen was
given to me, gathered by Mr. Erskine Beveridge in Salum Bay.

Myosotis ca#spitosa, /. Schudtz——Common in wet places; more
generally distributed than the next.

MyosoTis REPENS, G. Donx—Common in wet places.

Myosoris ARVENSIS, Zam.—Common ; cultivated fields, roadsides,
and banks.

MYOSsOTIS VERSICOLOR, Aetch6.—Common in similar places as the
preceding.

VOLVULUS SOLDANELLA, /unger.—Rare. Fresh specimens from the
Hynish Bay sands were sent to me by the Rev. D. Maclean.

[VERONICA TouRNEFoRTI, C. Gmel.—A few plants were found

about the Hotel grounds. If this be its only station it cannot
yet be considered as permanently established. |

VERONICA ARVENSIS, Z.—Very common on dry banks.

VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA, Z.—Rare.

VERONICA OFFICINALIS, Z.—Rather rare ; Scarinish Moor and road-
side.

VERONICA CHAMADRYS, Z.—Rare ; roadside, Scarinish.

VERONICA SCUTELLATA, Z.—Rare; Loch-na-Mointeich and neigh-
bouring wet places.

VERONICA ANAGALLIS-AQUATICA, Z.—Common in ditches. All the
specimens examined had the inflorescence glandular.

VERONICA BeccaBunGa, Z.—Very rare ; a few plants in the roadside
ditch between Scarinish and the Manse.

EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS, Z.—Common as £. borealis, Towns., in
grassy pastures, and as £. gracilis, Fr., in peaty soil.

Bartsia Opontires, 7uds—Common in many fields as the var.
verna (Reichb.).
Var. serotina (Reichb.) ?—Ballyphetrish; specimens immature
but probably of this variety.

PEDICULARIS PALUSTRIS, Z.—Common on the wetter parts of
Scarinish Moor, etc.

PEDICULARIS SYLVATICA, Z.—Common on moorish ground.

RHINANTHUS CRISTA-GALLI, Z.—Very common at sides of fields;
also occurs in dry places as a smaller, narrow-leaved form.

UTRICULARIA MINOR, Z.—Very rare ; ditch near the loch on Hynish
Hill.

UTRICULARIA INTERMEDIA, Hayne.— Local 3 lochs on Scarinish
Moor, etc.

PINGUICULA VULGARIS, Z.—Rather common in turfy places.

90 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

PINGUICULA LusiTanica, Z.—Rather rare; Scarinish Moor; near
loch on Hynish Hill,

(MENTHA, sfs.—The mints were not in flower during my visits ;
one species is very common in wet places.)

THyMus SERPYLLUM, /7.—Common.

THymus CuHama@&prys, 4y.—Also common, but less so than the
former.

PRUNELLA VULGARIS, Z.—Rather common, but not to the usual
extent, on this coast. Is mostly found on damp roadsides.

STACHYS PALUSTRIS, Z.—Rare; Ruaig.

STACHYS SYLVATICA, Z.—Rare ; Ballyphetrish, Hynish, Kenavara.
LAMIUM INTERMEDIUM, /47.—Common in some cultivated fields.
LAMIUM PURPUREUM, Z.—Rare ; about houses at the harbour.
PLANTAGO MAjor, Z.—Common.

PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA, Z.—Very common ; fields, dunes, etc.

PLANTAGO MaARITIMA, Z.—Very common on shore rocks and sea
cliffs.

PLANTAGO Coronopus, Z.—Very common on the shore.

Var. maritima, Gren. and Godr. (deste Ar. Bennett).—On
rocky ledges of sea cliffs; Kenavara, rare. A well-
marked plant with large, broad, nearly erect, very
fleshy leaves, and with usually erect peduncles. In
the “Journal of Botany,” 1897, p. 257, there is an
article on the forms of the species, with the distribution
of this variety given as from France, South Spain,
Berlengas. The Tiree locality is an interesting addition
to the above.

LITTORELLA JUNCEA, Bervg—Common at the shallow sides of some
lochs ; Loch-na-Gile, etc.

CHENOPODIUM ALBuM, Z.

ATRIPLEX PATULA, Z., var. sa/ina.—Common in salt marshes between
Urvaig and Salum.

ATRIPLEX Bapinctonu, Woods——Common on sandy shores and
salt marshes.

ATRIPLEX LACINIATA, Z.—Common on some sandy shores; Salum
Bay, etc.

SALICORNIA HERBACEA, Z.—Very rare; only seen on Hianish salt
marsh.

SUDA MARITIMA, Dum.—In some quantity on the muddy shore
between Urvaig and Salum.

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE gi

SaLsoLa Kati, Z.—Locally common on sandy shores and dunes ;
Traigh-na-Gillean, Traigh Sorobaith, Salum Bay.

PoOLYGONUM AVICULARE, Z.—Common as the erect plant with oval
subacute leaves ; cultivated fields, occasionally on roadsides.

PoLtyconum Rau, Aad.—Rather rare ; sandy shore, Salum Bay.
PoLyconum PersicariA, Z.—Very little seen ; Ruaig.

PoLyGoNuM AMPHIBIUM, Z.—The floating form is rare, and seems
confined to Loch Vassapol and its exit stream. The land
form occurs in great abundance in fields and on roadsides over
most of the island.

RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS, Z.—Common ; sides of cultivated fields, waste
places, and roadsides.

RuMEx crispus, Z.—Common ; roadsides, cultivated fields, dunes,
and shores.

Rumex Acetosa, Z.—Very common; cultivated fields, roadsides,
ete:

RUMEX ACETOSELLA, Z.

EvupnHoreia Hexioscopia, Z.—Local ; cultivated fields, Cornaig.

Urtica pioica, Z.—Common in waste places.

UrTICA URENS, Z.—Rare ; cultivated field, Cornaig.

Myrica Gar, Z.—Local, and not in any quantity ; Scarinish Moor,
etc.

SALIX REPENS, Z.—Very common, except on the dunes.

ORCHIS INCARNATA, Z.—Common in pastures. Might almost be
given as “very common,” which is unusual for the species on
this coast.

ORcHIS LATIFOLIA, Z.—Rather rare, though widely distributed ;
Barrapol, Fhaodhail, etc.

OrcHIS MACULATA, Z.—Very common; occurs with the two pre-

ceding species in damp pastures, and extends by itself on to
moorish ground.

HABENARIA VIRIDIS, R. Br.—Rather rare. On dry grassy banks at
Scarinish and its moor; Manse field ; near Loch Vassapol.

HABENARIA CHLOROLEUCA, Aid/ey.—Very rare; Kenavara.

Ir1s PsEupAcorus, Z.—Very common.

ALLIUM uURSINUM, Z.—Rare; among sheltered rocks at Kenavara
Head.

ScILLA VERNA, H¥uds.—Very rare; a few plants on rocky ledges,
Kenavara Head.

ScILLA FESTALIS, Salish. (.S. nutans, Sm.)—Rather common among
rocks, Kenavara Head.

92 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

NARTHECIUM OSSIFRAGUM, //u¢ds.—Common on moorish ground.

Juncus Buronius, Z.—Common in wet sandy places and roadsides ;
also, but sparingly, on drier sandy pastures.

JuNcus sQuaRROSUS, Z.—Common on Scarinish Moor ; occasionally
on roadsides.

Juncus GERARDI, Lo/se/—Very common in salt marshes.

Juncus ErFusus, Z., and J. CONGLOMERATUS, Z.—Neither of these
rushes is as common as in most places. They are chiefly
confined to roadsides.

Juncus supinus, WZench.—Very common. All the land specimens
which were examined had six stamens, with the filaments
varying in length relative to the anthers. It is very rarely
that one finds the land form having only three stamens on
this coast. Two plants of the submerged form which were
found in flower had three stamens.

Juncus LAmMpocarpus, “Ari.—Common.

Juncus acuTIFLoRUS, “/7i.—More common than the former, I
think.

LUZULA CAMPESTRIS, DC.—The Rev. D. Maclean sent me fresh
specimens in spring, with the remark that the plant was then
“quite common.” I saw one plant in July.

LuzuLA ERECTA, Vesv.cRather common.

SPARGANIUM RAMOSUM, /Zuwds.— Rare. Ditch, Cornaig; Loch
Vassapol.

SPARGANIUM MINIMUM, /7.?—Rare; stream, Hynish Bay; speci-
mens immature.

LEMNA MINOR, Z.—Very rare; ditch on the shore, Urvaig.

ALISMA PLANTAGO-AQguaATICA, Z., var. lanceolatum, Afz. (teste Ar.
Bennett).—Rare ; ditch, Cornaig.

ALISMA RANUNCULOIDES, Z.—Common; sides of lochs, marshy
places, and ditches.

TRIGLOCHIN PALUSTRE, Z.—Common ; Loch-na-Mointeich, etc.

TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMUM, Z.—Common in salt marshes and on
muddy shores.

POTAMOGETON POLYGONIFOLIUS, /owr.—Common on the marshy
sides and in shallower parts of lochs.

POTAMOGETON HETEROPHYLLUS, Schveb.—Loch Vassapol.
POTAMOGETON NITENS, Web.—Loch Vassapol.
POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS, Z.—Loch Vassapol and its exit stream.

POTAMOGETON PUSILLUS, Z.—Locally common; Loch Vassapol,
Cornaig, Fhaodhail.

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 93

POTAMOGETON PECTINATUS, Z.—Loch Vassapol and its exit stream
in plenty.

POTAMOGETON FILIFORMIS, /Vo/fe.—Fhaodhail in some quantity ;
Cornaig stream.

RUPPIA ROSTELLATA, Aoch.—Fhaodhail; pool on shore near Loch-
na-Gile.

ZOSTERA MARINA, Z.—Cast up on the shore.

ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS, 2. 47.—Common; abundant in places.
Occurs as a small form on the sandy shore of Loch Vassapol,
and is often dwarfed, 4 to 6 inches in eres when in places
liable to inundation.

ELEOCHARIS UNIGLUMIS, Retchb.—Rather common. Shore near Loch-
na-Gile ; Fhaodhail in plenty ; Hynish ; also dwarfed, 2 to 4
inches, on the sandy shore of Loch Vassapol.

ELEOCHARIS MULTICAULIS, S7.—Common ; Scarinish Moor, etc.

SCIRPUS PAUCIFLORUS, Lightf—Very common; Fhaodhail, etc. ;
also in a smaller form in turfy roadsides.

SCIRPUS C&spPiTosuS, Z.—Very little seen ; Scarinish Moor, where it
is nearly prostrate, the stems being curved to the ground.

SCIRPUS FLUITANS, Z.—Common in the smaller lochs and in some
ditches in moorish ground.’

SCIRPUS SETACEUS, Z.—Rather rare, but widely spread ; wet places
on the shore, Scarinish Moor, etc.

ScIRPUS TABERNAMONTANI, GmeZ—Rare; Loch Vassapol, pool
at shore near Loch-na-Gile.

SCIRPUS MARITIMUS, Z.—Common in pools and wet places about
the north-east shore as the compact form with at times only
one sessile spike.

SCIRPUS RUFUS, Schrad.—In great quantity on the Fhaodhail ; salt
marsh between Urvaig and Salum, common.

ERIOPHORUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Ao¢t#.—Generally distributed in wet
turfy places.

SCHENUS NIGRICANS, Z7.—Very common on the moor in the centre
of the island, where, with the rest of the vegetation, it is usually
dwarfed ; also occurs at Hynish.

CarREx pioica, Z.—Rare ; Scarinish Moor.

CAREX PULICARIS, Z.—Rather common; Scarinish Moor, Ruaig,
etc.

CaREX DIsTICHA, //ids.—Very rare ; near the road, and in the old
reservoir, Hynish, the localities being about 200 yards apart.

94 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

CAREX ARENARIA, Z.—Very common above the sandy shores, and
on dunes.

CAREX PANICULATA, Z.—Very rare; one large patch at the upper
end of Loch Vassapol.

CAREX VULPINA, Z.—Rare; Hynish Head, Fhaodhail, Ballyphetrish
at the side of a grass field. This last locality is an unusual one
for this coast, as the plant is generally limited to wet rocky
places on the shore.

CAREX ECHINATA, JZurr.—Common.

CAREX OVALIS, Good.—Rather common; principally on roadsides
and sides of fields.

Carex GoopDENovu, /. Gay.—Common.

Var. juncella (T. M. Fries),—Hynish, Loch-na-Gile.

Carex FLACCA, Schreb. (C. glauca., Murr.)—Common, especially
about the shores.

CAREX PILULIFERA, Z.—Rare ; Barrapol.

CAREX PANICEA, LZ.—Locally common; a slender, small-fruited
plant occurs at the side of a loch on Scarinish Moor. At Loch-
na-Mointeich, where the ordinary plant is common, a form
occurs with the stalk of the male spike geniculate, as may
occasionally be seen with C. vaginata, Tausch, in alpine
situations.

CAREX BINERVIS, S7.—Rare.

CAREX DISTANS, £.—Rare; shore near Loch-na-Gile as a slender
form.

CAREX FULVA, Good.—Local; Barrapol ; fairly plentiful on Scarinish
Moor ; Loch-na-Mointeich.

CAREX EXTENSA, Good.—Seen only at the Fhaodhail, where it is
plentiful.

CAREX FLAVA, Z.—Rather common.
Var. cyperoides, Marsson.—Common, and frequently abundant
in wet places.

CAREX FLAVA x FULVA.—Loch-na-Mointeich, with both parents.

CAREX HIRTA, Z.—Rare ; only a few plants at each locality ; road-
sides, Barrapol and Scarinish; field behind the Hotel.

CAREX ROSTRATA, Stokes.—Locally common in ditches and marshes.
ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM, Z.—Very common.
ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS, Z.—Common in ditches by roadsides.

AGROSTIS CANINA, Z.—Common ; the awnless form was also seen.

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 95

AGROSTIS PALUSTRIS, /uds. (A. alba, L.)—Common, occasionally
with awns.
Var. maritima, Mey.—On sand dunes.

AGROSTIS VULGARIS, W7¢4.—Common.

AMMOPHILA ARUNDINACEA, HZost.—Abundant, occupying large tracts
on the dunes.

AIRA PR&COX, Z.—Very common; dry banks, etc.; sometimes on
dunes.

DESCHAMPSIA CASPITOSA, 4eauv.—Rather common; Barrapol,
Ballyphetrish, etc.

DESCHAMPSIA DISCOLOR, Aoem. and Schult,—Rare ; near Loch-na-
Gile.

DESCHAMPSIA FLEXUOSA, Z7in.

Hotcus Lanatus, Z.—Common ; chiefly by sides of fields and by
roadsides.

AVENA PUBESCENS, //uds.—Rare ; among rocks at Cliad, and at
Ballyphetrish.

ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM. Leauv.—Local ; usually at sides of
fields, and among rocks by roadsides, as at Hynish and Bally-
phetrish.

SIEGLINGIA DECUMBENS, 4ervz/.—Common ; Scarinish Moor, etc.

PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS, Z7z7.—Commorn ; locally plentiful ; streams
and marshy places, extending among pastures.

CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS, Z.—Common.

K@LERIA_ cristata, /ervs.—Very common; sandy and_ rocky
pastures, and dunes.

Morini varia, Schrank.—Common in turfy places.

CATABROSA AQUATICA, Leauvv.—Local, usually at the exit of streams
on sandy shores. It is found only as the small decumbent
form with one- or two-flowered spikelets—the latter being, I
think, the more numerous.

DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, Z.—Rather common; fields and roadsides.

Poa annua, Z.—Very common in general; rare on the moorish
ground, rather common on dunes.

POA PRATENSIS, Z.—Common.

Poa TRIVIALIS, Z.—Rather rare ; mostly by roadsides and sides of
fields.

GLYCERIA FLUITANS, &. 47.—Common in ditches. Panicle some-
times simple and spike-like.

96 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

GLYCERIA MARITIMA, Mert. and Koch.—Common on the salt marsh
and muddy shore between Urvaig and Salum. A larger and
more erect form occurs with rachis and panicle branches rough.
This roughness of the panicle is not uncommon on this coast,
and varies greatly in amount.

FESTUCA ROTTBELLIOIDES, Awnth.—Locally common in sandy
places ; Scarinish, Urvaig, Cliad.

Festuca ovina, Z.—Common.
Var. capil/ata, Hackel.—Ballyphetrish.

Frstuca RUBRA, Z.—Very common on sandy pastures and dunes.
A tall, large-flowered form also occurs on dunes with Ammophila.
Var. pruinosa, Hackel.—Rocky shores and sea cliffs.

FESTUCA ELATIOR, Z.—Rare ; Cornaig.
Bromus MOLLIs, Z.—Common by roadsides and fields.

LOLIUM PERENNE, Z.—Very common on sandy and cultivated
ground and roadsides.

AGROPYRON REPENS, Leauvy.—Very rare; only a few plants seen on
the shore, at the side of a cultivated field. They probably had
been weeded out of the field, as they had not the appearance
of shore forms.

AGROPYRON JUNCEUM, 4eauv.—Very common on sandy shores and
dunes. On this coast a form occurs with leaves which are flat
in the fresh state, remaining to a considerable extent flattened
out under pressure when dried. I had hitherto taken this form
to be the Z77ticum acutum of Syme’s “English Botany”; and
I think this was the opinion, to some extent, of those botanists
to whom I had submitted specimens. I have lately sent to
Professor Hackel a series of specimens of this form. He
considers that they are true jwnceum, and adds: “The true
A. acutum (Triticum acutum, DC.!) is a hybrid between
T. littorale, Host (which does not grow on the northern shores
of Europe) and 7. junceum. What North European botanists
call A. acutum are mostly hybrids between A. repens and
junceum, but there seem to exist also distinct forms of not
hybrid origin. The question is somewhat entangled and
requires field observation, which I cannot procure.” A plant
from the sandy shore of Eigg, growing with A. jumcewm and
vepens, Professor Hackel thinks may be the hybrid. This
recognition of hybridity ought at least to assist in clearing up
the difficulties with regard to these shore forms.

Narbus stricra, Z.—Common in turfy places.

Preris AQuiLina, Z.—In local patches, but not generally spread.

a

ON THE FLORA OF TIREE 97

ASPLENIUM ADIANTUM-NIGRUM, Z.—Rare; Ballyphetrish or Hynish.

ASPLENIUM MARINUM, Z.—Common among sea cliffs at the south
of the island.

ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES, Z.—Rare ; among rocks at Ballyphetrish.

ATHYRIUM FILIx-ramiNna, Roth.—Rare, though occurring in several
places: Hynish, Scarinish, etc.

LasTR&A Fixrx-mas, Pves/.—Rather rare; Urvaig, Salum, Hynish, etc.
LASTR#A DILATATA, Pres/.—Very rare; Hynish Head.

POLYPODIUM VULGARE, Z.—Locally common; Salum, Hynish
Head, etc.

BotrycHium Lunartia, Sw.—Very little seen; rocky bank on
Scarinish Moor; bank at roadside between Scarinish and
Ballyphetrish.

EQUISETUM ARVENSE, Z.—Very common.
Var. serotinum, Mey. (¢este Ar. Bennett).—Field belonging
to the Hotel, Scarinish. This form appears to be rare in
Europe. Mr. Bennett thinks that it has been recorded
once before from Britain.

EQUISETUM PALUSTRE, £.—Very common.
Var. nudum, Newn.—On the sandy shore of Loch Vassapol.

EQUISETUM LIMOoSsUM, S77z.—Common.

SELAGINELLA SELAGINOIDES, Gvay.—Rare ; Scarinish Moor, near
Loch-na-Gile.

CHARA FRAGILIS, Vesv.—Common in the lochs on Scarinish Moor.
Var. delicatula, Braun.—Loch-na-Gile and neighbourhood.

CHARA ASPERA, W7@/d.—Common, and locally abundant; Loch
Vassapol, Fhaodhail, Scarinish Moor, ete.

CHARA CONTRARIA, Awetz.—Loch Vassapol.

CHARA HIspipA, Z.—Rather rare ; Loch-na-Mointeich, lochs on
Scarinish Moor.

CHARA VULGARIS, Z.—Abundant in Loch Vassapol, its exit stream,
and ditches by the side of the loch.
Var. papillata, Wallr.—Ditches at Loch Vassapol.

NITELLA TRANSLUCENS, Agardh.—Rare ; Loch-na-Gile.

NITELLA opaca, Agardh.—Rare; Loch-na-Gile, reservoir at Hynish

26 D

98 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND.
By James W. H. Trait, A.M., M.D., F.R.S.
(Continued from p. 46.)

[I HAVE to thank Mr. James M‘Andrew and Mr. A. Somer-
ville for additional information regarding the flora of S.W.
and W. Scotland. Such of it as relates to the species
included in this journal in January will find a place in
supplementary notes at the close of this list, along with all
other information that I obtain from any source too late for
its incorporation in the list itself. All botanists able to
favour me with information additional to these or previous
records, or to correct any errors into which I may have
fallen, will confer a favour by communicating the same
to me.—J. W. H. T.]

[Names of plants in z¢alécs, exceptfas synonyms within curved brackets,’ denote
that the plants were certainly introduced into Scotland by man. Tf after a
district number denotes introduction by man into the district ; ‘‘ cas.”
denotes casual occurrence, and ‘‘ esc.” evident escape or outcast from culti-
vation, both being due to man’s agency. Square brackets enclosing the
name of a plant or a district number denote that the record was made in
error. ? after a district number denotes, at least, need of confirmation ;
after tit denotes doubt as to whether the plant owes its presence in the
district to man. |

CRUCIFERE (conid.)

Diplotaxis tenuifolia, DC., 75+, 77 (?), 81 (?), 85 (?), 867, 87 cas.

DP. muralis; YC.) 75 (esas CO no5iseO0i)20 7, Cas:

Bursa pastoris, Weber (Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Mcench), all.

Coronopus didymus, Sm. (Sevebiera didyma, Pers.), 75, 85, 877,
106}.

C. Ruellii, Az. (S. Coronopus, Poir.), 73, 74, 75, 80-83, 85, 371,
881, 921 931, 94, 951, 100, 105, 106(?).

Lepidium latifolium, Z., 77+, 80+, 817, 82t, 85,¢ 1077.

L. ruderale, Z., 73; 74 Cas., SO C4S.,°63, 85), 001, Ov 15 Col:

L. sativum, 1., casual here and there.

L. campestre, 2. Br, 72-75, 77, 81-91, 964. Dr. White states that
“perhaps Z. campestre should be regarded rather as often a
colonist than as a native in Perthshire.”

L. hirtum, Sw. (Z. Smithit, Hook.), except 7S, 95, 101, 102, 104, 107,
LOS; HOD ALO A LL, A LZ:

6. canescens, Gren. and Godr., 87-89.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 99

UL. Draba, \.., casual, ee. in 72, 75, 77; 89,.and 92:
Thlaspi arvense, Z., a weed of cultivation in all except 76, 97, 98, 99,
101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 110, 112.
Th. alpestre, Z., 88, 89, go.
a. sylvestre (Jord.), go.
Lberis amara, L., casual in 72, 73, 77, 79-81, 83-85, 87-89, 92.
Teesdalia nudicaulis, R. Br, 72-75, 77-81, 83, 85, 88-93, 95, 96,
99, 106.
Hutchinsia petra, &. Br., 72 (?).
Tsatis tinctoria, L., 74 cas.
Crambe maritima, Z., 73-75, 81, 84, 85, 100, Io, 102.
Cakile maritima, Scop., except 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 88, 89, 98, 99,
104, 105, 107.
6. integrifolia, Koch, 110.
Raphanus Raphanistrum, Z., all.
R. maritimus, S7., 73-76, 98-101, 104, 110, 112 (?).

RESEDACEZ.

Reseda lutea, L., casual, e.g. in 92.

oe Luteola, L., 72, 73) 75-77) 79-99; git, 927, 94-96, Tol, 106,
LOO; FL 2)(?).-

R. odorata, L., casual here and there, e.g. in 92.

CISTINE®.

Helianthemum Chamecistus, J/7//., except 76, S4, 9S, 99, 101, 102,
OZ MOE NOS, 108, 109, 110, 111) 112.

VIOLACEA.

Viola palustris, Z., all.

V. odorata, Z., 727, 731, 75, 771) 80, 817, 827, 837, 857, 86F,
871, 881, 891, 901, 99 (var. alba).

2V. hirta; Z., 72], 73, 80-83, 85, 38-01.

V. Riviniana, Reichb. (V. sylvatica, Fr.), all.

V. ericetorum, Schrader (V. canina, L.), except 72, 74, 75, 79, 80,
SLA Iae Io, 97, G9, LOL, 103, 104, 105, 107, TiO hie

V. lactea, Sm., 78 (?).

V. tricolor, Z., all.

1 Z. Draba, L.—I have found a plant of this species spread very freely by
means of buds produced on roots creeping near, or a few inches below, the
surface of the soil. The same plant has showed several very curious abnormalities
in the structure of its flowers.

2 Reseda Luteola, L.—This plant is scarcely more than a casual in 91 and 92.
Its claims to be regarded as indigenous in so many districts of Scotland appear
at least questionable.

3 Viola hirta, L., is given as ‘‘ frequent” in 72 in ‘‘Top. Bot.,” but is not
noted from the county in Scott-Elliott’s ‘* Flora of Dumfries.”

100 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

V. arvensis, AZurr., a weed of cultivation in probably all, though not
actually on record from some.

WV. Curtisil, Forster, 72, 75, 92, 93 (?), 97> 98, 100, 103, 108, 109,
TIO.

V. lutea, Huds., except 91, 93, 95, 98, 103, 105, 107, 108, 111,
IEE:

f, ameena (Syme), 72, 73, 86, 92, 107, 108.

Viola cornuta, L.., occurs not unfrequently as a casual on rubbish-

heaps and waste ground.

POLYGALACEZ.

Polygala vulgaris, Z., except 75, 78, 79, SO, 31, §2, 83, 84, 88, 91,
93, 94, 98, 99, 101, 104, 111.

P. oxyptera, Feichb., 73, 74, 86, 87-90, 106.

P. serpyllacea, Wethe, except 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, &2, §4.

P. calcarea, /: Schultz, 108.

CARYOPHYLLACE.

Dianthus Armeria, Z., 72-74, 80(?), 831, 89 (exterminated a few
years ago by agriculture), go.
D. deltoides, Z., 741, 75, 77, 80-85, 87-91, 95(?), 96, 101 (2),
106 (?), 112 (?).
b. glaucus (Z.), 83.
(D. prolifer, Z., is said in Hooker’s “Student’s Flora” to occur in
“oravelly pastures from Perth southwards.”)
Saponaria Vaccaria, L., casual, ¢.g. ii 17/25 O2:
S. officinalis, L., casual or introduced in many districts, ¢.g. 74, 92.
Silene Cucubalus, Wibel, except 97, 98, 101, 103, 108, 110% (),
TIL); AL:
b. puberula, Syme, occasionally met with.
. maritima, With., except 79, SO, S6.
. CONICAs 775,025.90, 10 52
. anglica, Z., 75, 807, 827, 83, 85, 867, 88 (?)i igo; 92 1Cas 25 ii
96.
. dichotoma, Ehrh., casual in 92, 95.
. acaulis, Z., 86-90, 92, 94, 96-99, 103-105, 107, 108, I10-112.
; nutans, Z., $5, 90,92.
S. ttalica, Pers., 837.
S. noctiflora, Z., 72 cas., 80, 81 (2), 82, 83 (?), 85, 86, 877 (?), go.
Lychnis alba, 1/2, except 50, 84, 98, 100, 101, 103; 10%, 107,
109, TTT ALE.
EL dioica, Z,,,all:
L. Flos-cuculi, Z., all.
L. Viscaria, Z., 72 cas. 73 cas., 80, 83, 85-90, 106 (?).
L. alpina, Z., 90.

NNR Nunn

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 101

L. Githago, Scop., a weed of cultivation in all except 78, 79, 97, 9S,
LOG, 108; 110: THe:
Cerastium tetrandrum, Curtis, except 72, 78, 79, $4, 93, 98, 103,
104.
C. pumilum, Curtis, 85 (??).
C. semidecandrum, Z., except 78, 79, 84, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103,
10%, 105, 108, 109; 1105 110 (e)y 117 (e).
C. glomeratum, ZAu7/7., all.
b. apetalum, Dum., 89.
C. triviale, Zz7., all.
6. holosteoides, #7., 88, 89.
c. pentandrum, Syme, 73.
d. alpinum, JZer¢. and Koch, 90, 96, 112.
e. longirostre (Wichura), 112.
C. alpinum, Z., 72, 86-90, 92, 94, 96-99, 104, 106-108.
6. pubescens, Syme, 88, 104.
C. arcticum, Zange, 88, 94, 97, 98, 108.
6. Edmonstonii, Leeby, 112.
C. arvense, Z., 72-74, 77, 79-82, 85-94, 951, 96.
C. trigynum, V7//., 88, 92, 94, 96, 97, 107.
Stellaria aquatica, Scop., [77], 80(?), 86, [go], [111].
S. nemorum, Z., 72, 73, 75-77, 79-81, 83, 85 (?), 86-92, 94-96, 99.
S. media, Cyr., all.
6. Borzeana (/ord.)
c. major, Koch.
S. umbrosa, Of72, 85, 88, 89, 108.
S. Holostea, Z., except 104, 110, 112.
Sy palusins, 227k. 72, 73, 74 (2), 79, 77, 80, 81, 822), 63, 65-85.
S. graminea, Z., except 102, 110.
S. uliginosa, AZurr., except S4.
Arenania verna, Z.,°72, 73, 77 (°), 81, 83, 88, 80, 90(?), 92, 93,
E12)
A. sulcata, Schlecht., 88, 89, 108, 112.
A. tenuifolia, Z., [83], [85].
A. trinervia, Z., except 78, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 110, 111,
Le.
A. serpyllifolia, Z., except 104.
6, glutinosa, Koch, the commoner form.
c. leptoclados (Guss.), 74.
A. norvegica, Gunn., 108, 111 (?), 112.
A. peploides, Z., except 77, 78, 79, 80, 86, 88, 89.
var. diffusa, 112.
A. sedoides, Schultz, 88, 90, 97, 98, 104, 105, 108, 112 (?).
Sagina maritima, Don, except 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 88, 97 (?), 98, 107.
c. densa (/ord.), 74.
d. alpina, Syme, 97.

102 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

n

apetala, Z., 73, 74, 81, 82, 86, 87, 89, 97, 99, 102, 109, 110,
112.
. ciliata, /7., 77 (?), 80-83, 85-89, 91, 92, 94.
. procumbens, Z., all.
. Boydii, & B. White, 92.
. Linnei, Pres?, [75], 88-90, 92, 96-98, 106, 108, [111], 112.
. nivalis, 7., 88, 90 (?), 98 (?) or 99 (?), 104 (?).
» subulata, Pyesl, except 78, 79, SO, 32, 105, JOG 10a 10a:
bike
var. glabrata, 112.
S. nodosa, Fenz/, except 78, $4, 107.
1 Spergula arvensis, Z., in all, as a weed of cultivation.
a. vulgaris (Benn.), 74, Perthshire “in several places,” 91,
92.
b. sativa (Benn.), 74, 87-93, 96, 98, 110, 111.
2 Buda rubra, Dum. (Spergularia rubra, Pers.), except 79, 97, 101,
103; 104; 107, 108, L095 SLO, 172.
B. marina, Dum. (S. salina, Presl.), except 77, 78, 79, 80, $4, 86,
S68; 97, 103, 105; 107, 1095 410.
a. genuinum, 72-74.
6. medium (/7.)
c. neglecta (Kzindb.), 74, 81, 85-87, 89-92, 97, 98, 102,
104, 105, 108-111. ,
B. media, Dum. (.S. media, Pers., L. marginatum, Koch), 72-76, 85,
90, 91, 93, 97-100, 103-108, II0-112.
B. rupestris (S. vupestris, Lebel), 73-75, 93, 101, IIo.

NNnNNnNnNnN

PORTULACE.

C. perfoliata, Donn, and C. sibirica, L., have been found as escapes,
more or less established in Perthshire, and also in other dis-
tricts, e.g. C. sébirvica in 73, 93, 94, and C. perfoliata in 91
and 92.

Montia fontana, Z., except 79, 82, S4. No doubt this occurs in
every district. Both the forms repens, Pers. (sznor, Gmel.),
and erecta, Pers. (major, Gmel.), occur wherever I have observed
this species in suitable situations.

ELATINACE.

Elatine hexandra, DC., 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 100, IIo.

1 Spergula arvensis, L.—The variety sat?va appears to be that generally dis-
tributed in Scotland. I have met with wz/garzs rarely (and only of late years),
usually as an evidently recent introduction.

* Buda, Adans.—This is the genus variously given in British Floras, and in
earlier editions of the ‘‘ London Catalogue,” as Sfergularia, Persoon, and Lefr-
gonum, Fries,

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 103

HYPERICACE.

Hypericum Androsemum, Z., 73-76, 80, 81}, 831, 851, 86, 877,
97-105, 106 (?).

HT. calycinum, ., introduced as an ornamental plant here and there,
89.

H. perforatum, Z., except 95, 97, 102, 103, 104, 108, 110, 111(?),
EZ:

H. dubium, Zeers, 72-79, 81, 85 (?), 86-89, 98, 100, 109.

H. quadratum, Szofes, most of the records for “ H. quadrangulum,
L.” (all districts except 78, 84, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
112) probably belong to this form.

. humifusum, Z., except 78, 82, 84, 96, 98, 105, 106, 107, 108,
LEO MEL OL LE.

. pulchrum, Z., all.

b. procumbens, Rostrup, 112.

. hirsutum, Z., except 74(?), S84, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104,
105, 107, 108, 109) 110, 117, 112.

. montanum, Z., 75, 98, 106.

. elodes, Z., 73-75, 98-100, 102, 103, 110, 111 (?).

am, jae; jae fae) a

MALVACE#.!

Althzea officinalis, Z., 727, 731, 86(?), 99 (?), 1007.

Lavatera arborea, Z., 741, 75, 821; 851, 94 Cas., 1oo7.

Malva moschata, L., 72-75) 77; 80-83, 35-89, got, 921, 94; 9515
967, 99, 100, 102, 107}, 10gF.

M. sylvestris, Z., 72, 73, 74, 75-77, 80-86, 877, 881, 891, 90, 911,
921, 931, 941; 951 (?), 967 (?), 99, 100, 102, 106.

M. rotundifolia, Z., 721, 741 (?), 75) 77, 80-83, 85, 86, 871, 891,
9°, 91, 927, 93Ts 95T, 106T.

M. borealis, Wallm., casual in various districts, e.g. in 72, Perth-
shire, 92.

TILIACE.

Tilia, Z., no species of this genus can be regarded as indigenous in
Scotland, though all the three included in the “ London Cata-
logue” may be met with; the trees are, in almost all cases,
more or less evidently introduced by man.

1 MALVACEa&.—The claims of the species of this order to be indigenous in
Scotland are not free from suspicion. Their beauty, and the reputed medicinal
value of some, have rendered them favourites in cultivation ; and the localities in
which they occur are often evidences of their introduction by man, The mark 7
should be more freely employed in this order.

104 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

LINACE.

1 Radiola linoides, Roth (R. Millegrana, Sm.), except 77, 78, 79, 82,
SD, ON OL LO Tet 10,

Linum catharticum, Z., all.

L. perenne, Z., 72 cas., 73 cas., 83 (??).

L. an: RG UE: Binds, 73 cas.

L. usttatissimum, L., a elie or weed of cultivation, and casual on
rubbish heaps in many districts.

GERANIACE.

Geranium sanguineum, Z., except 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, S4, 87, 94,
97, 98, 99, AOT, 104, HOS. 107, 0 saad Ona cols, 112.
ad. micranthum, /& &. White, 88.
G. striatum, L., a rare escape or casual, 92.
G. pheum, L., escape or outcast in 72-76, gt.
. sylvaticum, Z., except 74, 101, 103, 104, 107, 110, 112.
. pratense, L., except 84, 95, 97, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110,
LAT Me,
» pyrenaicum, Burm. fil., 724, 75, 80, 83, 85, 887, 891,95
967, 100.
molle, Z., all, probably in some (e.g. Orkney) introduced with
agricultural seeds.
. pusillum, Z., 77, 80-83, 85; 86, 877, 88+, 897, 90, 94-96, T0090,
102, 106; (? introduced in some cases not marked).
; ue Le, S250 o sine
. dissectum, Z., Bee 108, 112.
columbinum, 25 734, 75) 7qe@)y 90; OL, O35 05-90; 901(e),) 102.
. lucidum, Z., except 78, 79, 94, 95, 97, 101, 102%, 103, 107, 108,
109, 110, {111}, 112. Undoubtedly introduced by man in
N.E. Scotland, and probably so in a good many other districts.
G. Robertianum, Z., all.
Erodium cicutarium, LZ’ Herit., except 78, 79, 111 (2), 172.
£. moschatum, VL) Herit., casual in 73, 807, 887, 92.
E. maritimum, LZ’ Hev7z., 74.
Oxalis Acetosella, Z., except 112.
O. corniculata, L., a garden weed here and there, e.g. In 72-74, 92.
Impatiens Nolt-tangere, L., 72+, 747, 777, 807, 831, 87 Cas., QoF,
95T-
L. fulva, Nuttall.
L, parvifiora, DC., 737.

Gia aie) =a) G) Gla

1 Radiola linoides, Roth, shows a very frequent association with Cezetunculius
minimus, L. On several occasions the discovery of one of these local plants has
led me to look for the other, and I have seldom failed on these occasions to find
it, though previously unaware of its occurrence in the locality.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 501

ILICINE®.

Ilex Aquifolium, Z., except 93, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112. Marked
with + for 74 and 99, and should perhaps be so in some other
districts.

CELASTRINEZ.

Kuonymus) europzeus, Z., 72,73, 77 (©), So; SI, S3i(@t), S0n,

109 (?).
RHAMNACEZ.

1 Rhamnus catharticus, Z., 72+, 737, 911, 921, 941, 10oT.

R. Frangula, EE 7275 7313 75> 864, 89, git, 927; 9375 95; 1067,
107}. <A doubtful native, at least in Mid and North Scotland.

SAPINDACEA.

Acer Pseudoplatanus, \.., introduced by man, probably into almost
every district in Scotland, and very readily naturalising itself
and spreading by seedlings.

A. platanoides, L., is also a widespread, though less abundant, intro-
duction in many districts.

A. campestre, Z., occurs in 72-74, 76-78, 80, 81, 83-85, 89-92, 98,
100, 102, 109, and probably in most other districts ; but there
is no sufficient evidence that its presence anywhere in Scotland
is not due to man.

LEGUMINOS&.

2 Lupinus perennis, L., 88+, 89, 91+, 92+, 106+, r11T.

Genista anglica, Z., 72-74, 77, 79-83, 85-97, 106.

G. tinctoria, Z., 72-74, 80, 81, 83 (?).

Ulex europzeus, Z., all, but noted as ¢ in 103, 111, 112.

U. Gallii, Planch., 72-74, 80, 93+ (?) (once).

U. nanus, Forster, 72, 73, 74(?), 75; very doubtfully in 81, 83, 85,
9°, 95.

Cytisus scoparius, zk, except 110, 111+, 112.

6. prostratus, Bazley, g2 (high level on Ben-a-Bourd).

Ononis repens, Z., except 97, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109. 110
JIT IIR.

O. spinosa, Z., 72-74, 75, 81-83, 85, 86, 90 (?),£99 (?).

1 Rhamnus, L.—Both R. catharticus and R. Frangula are not infrequent
in some districts in localities that occasionally suggest them as Scotch plants ;
but there is not sufficient evidence to regard them as indigenous.

* Lupinus perennis, L., has been very thoroughly naturalised for a good
many years beside the Dee, Tay, and other rivers in Scotland, and has even
altered the bed of the stream by causing the accumulation of rubbish during winter
on the shingle beds. In many places it forms such masses as almost to exclude
other vegetation. Along the Dee it has materially encroached on the native flora.
I have seen it also naturalised on moorland in Orkney.

106 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

O. reclinata, Z., 747 (?).
Trigonella purpurascens, Zam., 72 (?), 75, 76, 83, 85, 90 (?).
Medicago sativa, L., almost naturalised in a good many districts,
e.g. 74, 76, 88-90, 92.
MM. sylvestris, Fr., 75%.
M. falcata, V.., casual or seminaturalised, 92.
M. lupulina, Z., except 101, 104, 110, 111+, 112.
1M. denticulata, Wid/d., 72 cas., 78} (?), 807 (?), 851 (?), 92 Cas.
1M. arabica, Huds. (MM. maculata, Sibth.), 741, 78+ (?), 80t (?),
857 (?), 87 cas., 88 Cas., g2 Cas.
1Melilotus officinalis, Zam., 76, 77, 80, 81+ (?), 821 (?), 837 (?)
857 (2), 867, casual in 88-92, 95.
M. alba, Desr., casual in 75, 80-88, 90, 92, 97.
M. arvensis, Wallr., casual in 72, 73.
M. indica, All. (MZ. parvifiora, Lam.), casual in 88, 92.
Trifolium subterraneum, L., 757:
T. pratense, Z., all.
a. sativum, Syme, is common in cultivated pastures, and
occurs as an escape elsewhere.
b. sylvestre, Syme, is the common variety of uncultivated
ground.
medium, Z., except 105, 109.
ochroleucon, Huds., casual in 72, 92.
incarnatum, L., casual, or as a relict of cultivation (e.g. in 88,
89).
stellatum, \.., casual, 88, 92.
arvense, L., except 84, 97, 98, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110,
IBGE Gig SEI,
striatum, Z., 74, 75, 80-91, [111].
scabrum, Z., $2, 83, 85, 90, (g1 requires confirmation).
glomeratum, L., casual, 88, 89.
hybridum, .., very frequent in cultivated fields, and often as an
escape or casual.
repens, ea, eal
T. fragiferum, Z., 75, 81-83, 85, 89.
2 T. agrarium, L., 88-96, 106.
3T. procumbens, Z., except 98, 110, 1117, 112.
T. dubium, S7d¢h., except 95, 1117, 112.
a. pygmeum, S. Wil/em., is not uncommon in dry poor
soil.

ar

1 Medicago denticulata, Willd., M. arabica, Huds., and Melilotus officinalis,
Lam., can scarcely be regarded as natives anywhere in Scotland. Indeed, they
are little more than casuals wherever I have seen them.

2 7. agrarium, L., is of frequent occurrence in fields in the east of Scotland,
but cannot be reckoned indigenous.

3 7. procumbens, L., occurs in two forms: majus, Koch (usually the com-
moner), and wzz22s, Koch.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 107

1 T. filiforme, Z., 77 (?), 80, 82 (?), 83 (?), 84 (?), 85 (?), 90 (?), 91 (?),
92 (?), 93 (?), 94(?), 95 (?), 96, 106 (?).
Anthyllis Vulneraria, Z., except 78.
6. coccinea, L. (Dillenit, Schultz), 106, 109, 112.
Lotus corniculatus, Z., all.
6. crassifolius, Pevs., the sea-shore form, recorded from 73,
74, 89, and 112, but elsewhere in suitable localities.
*L. tenuis, Waldst. and Kiz., 80+, 81-85, 87(?), 90, 91, 92T.
L. uliginosus, Schkuhr (L. major, Sm.), except 95, 96, 97, 104, 105,
HOG, LOT, 108, 110) 111, P17,
Astragalus alpinus, Z., 89, 90, 92.
A. danicus, Retz. (A. Hypoglottis, L.), 73-75, 81-85, 87-92, 94-96,
1O2,:107-
A. glycyphyllos, Z., 72 (?), 73, 74, 77 (?), 80-91, 93, 94, 951, 106.
Oxytropis uralensis, DC., 74, 75, 85, 88-90, 98, 106, 108, 109.
O. campestris, DC., 89, go.
Ornithopus perpusillus, Z., 72-75, 77, 83, 85-90, 921, 931, 94, 95;
99.
Coronilla varia, L., 72 Cas.
Hippocrepis comosa, Z., 75, 91 (?).
Onobrychis viciefolia, Scop. (O. sativa, L.), casual (eg. in 83, go,
92, 95).
Vicia hirsuta, Gray, except 108, 110, 111 (?), 112.
V. gemella, Crantz (V. tetrasperma, Mcench.), [72], 73, 75, 77; 80,
SaOmeoz is Col (P), GOT (PF), O2)CaSy 1O3i(P), mma):
Ve Gracca, 2% alll
Ve Orobus9EC.792, 73,74; 775 79 00; O15 03-05,00-0010 76 LOs.
104, 108.
V. sylvatica, Z., except 76, 78, 84, 98, 102, 103, 107, 111, 112.
V. sepium, Z., all.
V. lutea, Z., 72 cas., 73-75, 83, 85, 88 (??), go, 91.
V. sativa, L., frequent in cultivation, and as a casual escape.
V. angustifolia, Z., except 78, 79, 81(?), 82 (?), 98, 99 (2), 101, 102,
HOS, 105, 108, 109, 110, 117, 172.
6. Bobartii, Koch, a frequent form where the species occurs.
V. lathyroides, Z., 73-75, 80-83, 85, 88-96, 99, 100, 106.
V. bithynica, L., 72 cas.
Lathyrus Aphaca, L., introduced or casual in 72, 75, 83, 88, 89,
92.
L. Nissolia, L., casual in 75, go.
Le drsitus, L575 1-
L. pratensis, Z., all.
1 T. filiforme, L.—The records for this plant in Scotland are mostly sus-
Picious, small forms of 7. dzbcum having been mistaken for it in at least some
cases. Mr. A. Somerville found it at Aviemore (96) in 1891.

2 Lotus tenuis, W. and K.—The claims to be indigenous in at least some of
the counties recorded should be further investigated.

108 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

‘LL. sylvestris, Z., 721, 73-75, 77, 81, 83, 87+ (?), 88 (?), 90, 91, 100,
102, 103, Loo;

[L. palustris, Z., was recorded from Scotland by Lightfoot, but there
is no doubt the record was erroneous. |

L. maritimus, 4zge/, go, 111 (?), 112.

L. montanus, Bernh. (L. macrorhizus, Wimm.), all.

6. tenuifolius, Reichd. fil., not infrequently met with.
L. niger, Wimm., 89 (nearly extinct in 1892), 90, 96.

ROSACEA.

Prunus spinosa, Z., except 109+ (?), 110, 111, 112.

P. insititia, Zuds., 72-74, 751, 76, 77, 807, 81}, 834, 854, 88t,
897, 90F, OIF, 99, 100, 106 (?), 107.

P. domestica, V.., escape, in 72, 73, 86+, Perthshirey+.

?P. avium, L., except 84, 93, 98, 101, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110,
IHL TOL,

P. Cerasus, L., 83%, 87t, 88+, 891, 914, 924, 94T-

PB Padus, 2 excepu 95, 110) 11d, Te:

Spirea salitfolia, L., occasionally semi-naturalised, e.g. in 72-74,
86, Perthshire, 91, 92.

S: Wimarias 7; all:

6. denudata, Benn. recorded by Dr. White from Perth-
shire, not common.

S. Filipendula, Z. 72(?), 771, 81, 83, 95, 88, 00) O17}, u920eas)
1067, 1ogf (?).

Rusus, Z. In this genus the determination of the forms is so
difficult, and the older records are so often not fully reliable,
that I have followed the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers’s papers in the
subjoined enumeration for the most part. His determinations,
based on examples found or seen by himself, are denoted by
bare numbers. Mr. Bennett’s ‘‘ Additional Records” have also
been drawn upon, and are indicated by “a.” For Perthshire
(87, 88, 89), Dr. Buchanan White in his “ Perthshire Flora ”
has recorded numerous forms, most of which were determined
by Professor Babington. These records are indicated by “ w,”
where not confirmed by Mr. Rogers. All other records un-
confirmed by specimens are enclosed in brackets.

1 Lathyrus sylvestris, L., may not be indigenous in some of the districts from
which it has been recorded. It is probably not so in $7, 88. It has been
questioned as indigenous in 91 (Kincardine) ; but there seems no good reason in
its habitat there, at St. Cyrus, to attribute its introduction to man.

2 Prunus avium, L.—It is difficult to ascertain in how far the Gean is indi-
genous in Scotland, owing to the easy distribution of its seeds. There is little
doubt that it is not indigenous in a number of the counties from which it has
been reported.

ve

Pr FP RF

PAAR

Pind Ww WP WW We We

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 109

. Idzeus, Z., all.

6. obtusifolius, W7dd. (Leest?, Bab.), 72, 85, Perthshire.
c. asperrimus, Lees, 87.

. fissus, Lind/., (72), 73a, 75, 86-91, (92), 96, 97, (98, 99), 105,

106, III.

. suberectus, Anders., (72); 73, (74); (76), (81), 86-88, 89w, (90),

(92), 96, 97, (98), 105a.

. sulcatus, Ves¢., Perth, w.
. plicatus, W. and W,, (72), (74), (81), 87, 88, 89w, (90), (91),

92, 96-99, (100), 102, 103, 104a, 105-107.
6. hemistemon (P. /. AZuel/.), (88), 109.

. Rogersii, Zinzton, 87, 88, 89, 106, 1072.

nitidus, W. and JV, 97.

. opacus, Facke, (107).

affinis, W. and JV., (74), 77a, 87w, 88w, 89w, 94a, 95, 1038,
1054.

. latifolius, Bad., 83, 84, 88, 89w, 97.
. carpinifolius, W. and JV., (72 ?), 88w, 89w, 97, 98, 103, 105,

110 (?),

. incurvatus, 4ad., 76, 87, 88w, 8gw, 105, IIo.
. Lindleianus, Lees, 72, 73a, 74, 75a, 76, 86-88, 89w, 97a, 99,

Ioo.

. rhamnifolius, W. and JV., (72), 73, 74, 85-88, 89w, 92, 95, 98,

105a.

. nemoralis, P. J. Muell., 87.

6. glabratus, Lad., 86.

. pulcherrimus, /Vewm., (72), 73, (74), 87; 97-99; 103-105, I10.
. Scheutzil, Zzudeb., 86-88, 99.
. Lindebergii, P. 7, AZuell., 87, 88.

Dumnoniensis, 4ad., 97, 98, 103.

. villicaulis (sp. collect.), 72, 77, 86, 88, 89, 96-98, 100a, 103,

105, 106, 108.
a. villicaulis, Koeh/., 97a, 106, 108.
b. Selmeri (Zzndeb.), 72, (74), 77, 84, 86-89, 96-98, 103-

105.
¢. insularis (# Aresch.), 84, 87, 88, 97, 98, 104, 106,
I 10a.

. thombifolius, Wezhe, 87, (110).

. gratus, Focke, 8gw, 104a, IIo.

. rusticanus, AZerc., 75, 89W, 91, 100, ITO.

. thyrsoideus, Wimm., (92).

. macrophyllus (sp. collect.), 72, (73), 81, 84, 86-88, 92, 95, 96,

98, 100, 105, 106.
a. macrophyllus, W. and V., 84, 88w, 89w, 98, 100, 106.
6. Schlechtendalii (Wezhe), 84, 96, 98, 106.
a, amplificatus (Lees), 72, 88w, 89w, Ioo.

110 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY
R. Sprengelii, Wezhe, 73a, 74a, 8gw.
R. micans, Gren. and Godr., 88, 107.
R. hirtifolius, JZue//. and Wirtz., 86, 98.
6. danicus, Focke, 86-88, 98, 102, 108.
R. pyramidalis, Ka/¢., 87, 88w, 89w, 96, 97, 105.
R. leucostachys, Schleich., 81, 105a, 107.
R. mucronatus, Blox., 81, 84-89, 91, 92, 96-98, 100, 102, 103,
105-107, IO.
R. melanoxylon, JZ. and W., 87.
R. infestus, Wethe, 72a, 86-89, 97.
R. Drejeri, G. Jezsen, 86, 87.
R. tadula (sp. collect.), 72-755) 70, 663,) 65;) 100, 66, 09, Ol, aos.

105, L060, 110:
a. radula, Wezhe, 85, 86, 88, 103, 104, 106, I10.
6. anglicanus, Rogers, 87.
c. echinatoides, Rogers, 84, 86-88.
R. echinatus, Zzza/., 76, 81, 86, 88w, 89w, 95.
R. oigoclados, A/uel/. and Lefv.
6. Newbouldu, 4ad., 85.
[R. Lejeunei, 7. and 1]
? &, ericetorum, Lefv., 88, 89w.
R. thyrsiger, Bad., 104.
R. rosaceus (sp. collect.), 88, 89, 97.
b. hystrix, Wand WV. 89.
d. Purchasianus, Rogers, 91, 92.
e. infecundus, Rogers, 97, 99.
. Koehleri (sp. collect.), 72-74, 82, 83, 87-89, 100.
b.* pallidus, Bad., 72, 87, 88, 89w, 100.
. plinthostylus, Genev., 73.
. serpens, Wezhe.
6. rivularis, AZuel. and Wirt., 86.
. hirtus, W. and &., 73.
. britannicus, Pogers, 86-88.
. dumetorum, 7” and WV, 86, 88, 89, 106.
a. ferox, Wethe, 81.
b. diversifolius (Zzza7.), 86, 89w, 106.
e. tuberculatus, Bad., 86, 88, 89.
g. fasciculatus, P. /. AZuell., 88w, 89.
R. corylifolius, Sw., 73, 74, 76, 81, 36-89, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 100,
104, 105a, 106, 107, 109, I10.
a. sublustris (Zees), 73, 74, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 104.
6. cyclophyllus, Zzvdeb., 74, 76, 86, 89, 91, 92, 100.
R. Balfourianus, Blox., (73), 81, 89.
R. ceesius, Z., 74, 80, 84, 86-88, 89w, 91, 109.
c. arvensis, Wallr., 80.
R. saxatilis, Z., except 78, SZ, S4.

PrP APP PF

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES II!

R. Chameemorus, Z., 72, 77-81, 83, 86-94, 96-98, 105-109.

[R. arcticus, Z., was recorded many years ago from Ben-a-Ghlo, in
89, but almost certainly in error. |

Dryas octopetala, Z., 87-90, 92, 96, 98, 101, 104, 105, 108, 111.

Geum urbanun, Z., except 102, 104, 110, 111+ (?), 112.

G. rivale, Z., except 110.

G. intermedium, Z%rh. (urbanum x rivale), except 78, S4, 92, 93,
94, 96, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112.

G. macrophyllum, Willd., 92} (in one place abundant).

(Zo be continued. )

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES.

[We have pleasure in bringing under the notice of our readers
the invitation and information contained in the following letter.—
Eps. |

International Congress of Zoology—Cambridge Meeting, 1898.
3 HANOVER SQUARE, LONDON, W.,
December 1897.

Sir,—As the Fourth Congress of Zoologists is to be held in
England, we have the honour to express to you our hope that you
will be able to be present, and aid us in making the Fourth Congress
as useful and important as the three which have preceded it. A
Committee of Reception has been formed in Cambridge, where the
Congress will meet on the 23rd August 1898, and we believe that
the members of that University and others will accord a hearty
welcome to the Congress and make every arrangement for the con-
venience of our meetings. It may be of interest to you to know
that an International Congress of Physiologists will be held at the
same time in Cambridge. We propose at a later date to send you
further information on the more important subjects which will be
brought forward for the consideration of the Congress.—We remain,
Sir, your obedient Servants, Joun Lusgock, President.

[Here follows a List of the General Committee, in which are the
names of the leading Scottish zoologists.—EDs. |

Lesser Shrew in Tiree.—On the 24th of December last, I
received in the flesh, from my valued correspondent Mr. Peter
Anderson, a Lesser Shrew (Sovex minutus) which he had captured
on the island of Tiree. Mr. Anderson informs me that, although he
has lived twelve years in the island, he has only seen this example,
and one other which he noticed the day before the capture was
made. While acknowledging that this Shrew may occur in more
of the islands, Messrs. Harvie-Brown and Buckley only mention its

112 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

presence in Eigg in their “ Fauna of Argyll and the Inner Hebrides.”
Wn. EAGLE CLARKE.

”

The Badger in Kirkeudbrightshire.—In Mr. Robert Service’s
‘Mammalia of Solway,” in a previous volume of the ‘ Annals”
(1896, p. 204), one of the last Badgers (A/e/es taxus) in the Solway
district is said to have been killed near Dalbeattie in 1870. It
may be useful to record that, a few years before that date, two
Badgers escaped from a ship lying at anchor in Gibb’s Hole. Both
of them were trapped by keepers about the same date as Mr.
Service gives. ‘The one was on Munches estate and the other at
the Scaur. So that it is very probable that the Badger Mr. Service
mentions was one of these, and not a native-—Norman B. KINNEAR,

Edinburgh.

The Harvest Mouse in Renfrewshire.—There is preserved in
the Free Museum, Paisley, the nest of a Harvest Mouse (JZus
minutus, Pallas). This nest was found by me in the parish of
Kilbarchan in the beginning of the winter of 1895. It was by the
side of a hawthorn hedge, about which there had grown many rank
specimens of the reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). The
stalks of this grass were still standing, but withered, and the nest was
fastened to some two of the stalks and a small twig of hawthorn.
The nest stood a little over two feet from the ground; was com-
posed almost entirely of the blades of Phalaris arundinacea ; was
round in shape; and, as it now stands in the museum, it measures
34 in. by 37 in., the latter being its height. To me it seems difficult
to give an accurate description as to how the blades are fastened
together. There is no cement used, but on the outer walls of the
nest the flat blades of grass are spirally twisted round, so that when
the nest is tenanted by a family of young it would seem as if the
whole fabric expanded and its walls became tighter and closer knit
together. On looking at the nest there seems to be no entrance
to it, and it is probably entered from below. ‘The blades of the
grass composing the interior of the nest are finely cut and torn.
By the side of the hedge where the nest was found one of the fields
had been cropped with cereals. I have also seen the nest of the
Harvest Mouse in Abbey Parish, Renfrewshire, built in the same
manner as the above described, but finer in appearance from finer
blades of grass having been used. I have seen as many as three of
them within a few feet of each other, but in these cases only raised
from 5 to 8 inches above the ground. They were also at the root
of a hawthorn hedge by the side of a cornfield, and were observed in
the winter months when the hedges were leafless.—J. M. B. Tay.or,
Curator, Free Museum, Paisley.

The White-beaked Dolphin in the Moray Firth in January.—
On the 12th of last January a female Lagenorhynchus albirostris got

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 113

entangled in the fishing-net of a Portessie boat, and, being captured,
was landed at Buckie. I examined it a few days after, and iden-
tified the species, though the colour was somewhat abnormal. The
fins and flukes of the tail had been cut off, so that exact measure-
ments could not be taken. The total length of the animal was
about 7 feet. The colour was black above, changing to gray along
sides and on ventral surface ; with only a narrow white stripe along
the median ventral line; very little white on the snout, which
projected about 3 inches beyond the forehead. The lower jaw
projected about an inch beyond the upper. The skull measured :
total length, 18 in. ; breadth, behind orbits, 9} in.; height, 8 in. ;
length of rostrum, 9 in.; length of mandible, 144 in.; teeth, 24
and 34, the largest were + of an inch in diameter. It is stated by
Mr. Evans in his “ Mammals of the Edinburgh District” that this
species has only been found on our coasts in July, August, and
September. I thought this species worth recording, as no mention
is made of it in Messrs. Harvie-Brown and Buckley’s “ Vertebrate
Fauna of the Moray Basin.’”—Wm. Taytor, Lhanbryde.

Hyperoodon rostrata in the Moray Firth.—In November
1894 a male of the Common Bottlenose Whale was cast ashore at
Burghead. The specimen measured 24 feet 6 inches in length,
and was 13 feet in girth. Messrs. Harvie-Brown and Buckley men-
tion only two occurrences of this Cetacean in their ‘Fauna of
Moray,” and the specimen now recorded does not appear to have
come under their notice.—Wwm. TayLor, Lhanbryde, Elgin.

An Old Note on Ailsa Craig.—I have never seen any writer on
ornithology alluding to the subjoined note on Ailsa Craig, and it
will no doubt be new to many readers of the ‘‘ Annals.” I make
the quotation from Robertson’s ‘ Historic Ayrshire,” in which there
is reproduced a “ Description of Carrick in 1696, by William Aber-
crummie, Episcopal Minister of Maybole.” Abercrummie states,
speaking of the people of Carrick that: “They have plenty of
poultry, hens, capons, ducks, geese, and turkeys, at easie rates ; and
for wild-foul, partridge, moor-foul, blackcocks, pliver, no place is
better provided: besyde, store of solan-geese in so great plenty, that
the very poorest of the people eat of them in their season, at easie
rates: besides other sea-fowls, which are brought from Ailsa, of the
bigness of ducks, and of the taste of solan-geese, and are called
Albanacks or Atlsa cocks, and Tarnathans, of which there is so great
a multitude about that Isle, that when, by the shot of a piece, they
are put upon the wing, they will darken the heavens above the
spectators. This Ailsa is a rock in the sea, in which those solan-
geese nestle and breed; in which also there be conies and wild
doves.” ——JOHN PATERSON, Glasgow.

[The Albanack, or Albunac, or “ Ailsa Cock,” is, we believe, the
Puffin; and the Tarnathan the Guillemot.—Ebs. |

26 E

114 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Jays in Seotland.—In the January number of the ‘“ Annals ”
the reappearance of Jays (Garrulus glandarius) is reported from
Dumfriesshire and Berwickshire. I have heard also that one at
least has been shot in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Mr.
Service suggests that these are birds on migration. Possibly ; but I
venture to suggest another explanation. In 1891, being anxious to
restore Jays to this part of the country (Wigtownshire), I obtained
twelve young birds from Mr. Baker of Mount Street, and, having
kept them in a pheasant pen till full grown, released them in the
autumn of that year. They have bred regularly since then, but do
not appear to increase in numbers in these woods. It is possible
that some of the offspring of this colony have spread to neighbouring
counties. Game preservers may look upon this as a mischievous
experiment, but I submit that the beautiful Jay is not one whit more
injurious to game than the grimy, and far more numerous, Jackdaw.
As for the effect on game at Monreith, the tenant of the shooting
there reports having shot 11,500 Partridges in the last three seasons,
(1895-96, 1896-97, and 1897-98), of which the last was a bad
breeding season in these parts. Of Pheasants, he turned down
1200 during the present season and shot 1400, which does not
look as if the presence of a few Jays was very hurtful HERBERT
MAXWELL.

The Garden Warbler South of the Grampians.—Mr. Saunders’s
“Manual of British Birds” is the best book on the distribution of
birds in Scotland, yet in the case of the Garden Warbler (Sy/uza
hortensts) the information regarding Scotland in the new edition
(pt. ii.) is not quite up to his usual standard. It would appear,
from Mr. Saunders’s account, that the fact of this species being
more abundant in ‘‘Solway” than the Blackcap was a distinction
particular to that region ; but a similar state of matters obtains, Mr.
Evans tells me, in “ Forth,” and the same may be said of “ Clyde.”
I find it general in suitable places in localities widely separated ; for
instance, throughout the Girvan valley in South Ayrshire, in the
Glasgow district, and in the orchard country in Lanarkshire. It is
a bird of Loch Lomond, although omitted from Mr. Lumsden’s list,
and accounts of its nesting continue to be communicated to me
from different “Clyde” localities. The Blackcap is less numerous
and consequently less known. What I really desire to bring out is
the fact that the Blackcap south of the Grampians is far more local
than the Garden Warbler, whereas Mr. Saunders tells us regarding
England, that there the last-named is “ far more local” than the
former !—JoHN ParTerson, Glasgow.

Hawfineh in Midlothian.—On the gth of March a Hawfinch
(Coccothraustes vulgaris) was picked up dead in the shrubbery at
Arniston, the seat of Robert Dundas, Esq., who has kindly pre-

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 115

sented the specimen to the collection of British Birds in the Museum
of Science and Art, Edinburgh. On examination I found the bird to
be an adult female, in perfectly fresh condition.

It may be remembered that in this magazine (“ Annals,” 1894,
pp. 195-197) I recorded the capture, on the 3rd of August 1894, of
a young bird only a few weeks old from this very place. This bird,
too, I saw in the flesh; and it was presented to the Museum by
Mr. Dundas, The rediscovery of this species at Arniston is a fact
of extreme interest ; and, when considered in conjunction with the
young bird’s occurrence (in the same grounds), there can, I think,
be little doubt that the Hawfinch is now a resident species in
Scotland. Prior to the first Arniston capture, the Hawfinch was
only to be regarded as a rare w¢énter visitor to Scotland, very few
instances of its occurrence having been recorded, all for that season.

Mr. Dundas remarks that no other examples have been seen.
That this should be so is not surprising when one remembers the
shy nature and retiring habits of this species: —WM. EaGLE CLARKE,
Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.

Goldfineh in Caithness.—On the 4th of March I saw a Gold-
finch at Berriedale in Caithness. As this bird is considered a very
rare species by Messrs. Harvie-Brown and Buckley in their ‘ Fauna
of Sutherland and Caithness,” the occurrence may be worth placing
on record.—JOHN GoprrRey, Edinburgh.

Goldfinch in Mid-Perth.—Mr. R. Ramsay, late schoolmaster
Fearnan, Loch Tay, tells me that in January 1897 he watched a
flock of eight or nine goldfinches ( Carduelts elegans) feeding on knap-
weed by the roadside immediately to the west of Fearnan.—WILLIAM
Evans, Edinburgh.

Chiffehaff, Wood Wren, and Black-throated Diver in East
Renfrewshire.—In our ‘List of the Birds of East Renfrewshire’
(“ Annals,’ October 1895) we were unable to include the Chiffchaff
(Phylloscopus rufus) and Wood Wren (P. sibilatrix) as breeding
species. Last summer (1897) both nested in a small wood at
Giffnock. An immature Black-throated Diver (Colymbus arcticus)
shot on Balgray Dam, Mearns, on 20th December last, is an
addition to our list—JoHN PaTERSON and JoHN RoBERTSON,
Glasgow.

Waxwing in Ayrshire.—Several notices of occurrences of the
Waxwing (Ampelts garrulus) in Scotland this winter having already
appeared, it may be of interest to point out that in the Natural
History Notes by the Rev. D. Landsborough in the “ Kilmarnock
Standard” of 22nd January last a female is recorded as having been
“shot a fortnight ago near to Riccarton Moss . . . it was accom-
panied by another.”—Joun Paterson, Glasgow.

116 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Waxwing in the Lothians.—Mr. Hope, taxidermist, Edinburgh,
informs me that a bird-catcher caught a Waxwing with bird-lime near
Levenhall, Musselburgh, in November last. It lived only a few
days.—WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh.

Waxwings at Loch Lomond.—In January last a flock of seven
Waxwings (Ampelis garrulus) were seen on one of the small islands
near the mouth of the Endrick, and one of them was shot. I have
not seen the bird, but Mr. Lees, Alexandria, tells me it is an immature
specimen.—JAMES LuMSDEN, Arden, Loch Lomond.

A Cuckoo in Captivity.—There are so few instances, I believe,
on record of a Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) surviving two winters in
this country that the following case may be of interest. In the
summer of 1896 Mr. Cochrane, a well-known bird-dealer in Market
Street, Edinburgh, had a Cuckoo brought to him which had been
taken from a Meadow Pipit’s (Anthus pratensis) nest in Wigtown-
shire. He was successful in rearing it, the principal food given
being meal worms, of which it soon grew very fond. ‘Towards the
end of February 1897 the Cuckoo began to moult, and in a week
or two was in perfect plumage. It then commenced its well-known
call, and continued crying till near the end of July. At that time
it began to be restless, and evidently felt the migratory instinct very
strongly. It quietened down again after a time, and then began to
moult for the second time that year, but did not regain the same
brilliancy of plumage. This spring the Cuckoo is again in the
moult, and when I saw it at the beginning of March it was near the
fireside pruning its feathers. The bird is allowed full liberty inside
Mr. Cochrane’s house, and it appears to be not at all timid.—
CHARLES CAMPBELL, Dalmeny Park.

Red-footed Faleon (/ako vespfertinus, Linn.) in Seotland.—As
Mr. Sim’s reference, at page 251, in the ‘‘ Annals” for October last
is apt to mislead those unacquainted with the district, may I be
permitted to point out that Hauxley (the locality for his second
Scottish example of this rare bird) is really in Northumberland, and
quite 30 miles south of the Border.—GkrorGE BoLam, Berwick-on-
Tweed.

Wild Geese migrating at a great height.—About the beginning
of last October I saw a lot of Geese coming in from the north-west
at a great height—over two miles, I should think. I put up my
telescope to look at them, and there, right away more than two miles
above them, were another lot of seventeen Geese, between me and
the blue sky. These last were quite invisible to the naked eye.
They were in a straight line, one after the other; while the lower
party were flying in the shape of the letter<. As I can see Geese
at three miles on the horizontal with my unaided eye, I calculated
that these Geese must have been from four to five miles high. If it

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 17

had not been for a patch of sky cloud, they would have been quite
invisible, even with the aid of a telescope.—PETER ANDERSON,
Miree:

Shelduck earrying its Young.—Mr. Lees, bird-stuffer, Alex-
andria, tells me he got a young Sheldrake (Zadorna cornuta) in the
down in rather a curious way on r1th June last. The young one
was dropped by an old bird which was flying over Alexandria, about
two miles from Loch Lomond. A man saw the young bird drop,
and watched the old bird for some time fly round and round quack-
ing. He picked up the little bird, and the parent bird went off in
the direction of Loch Lomond.—JamMes LumspEN, Arden, Loch
Lomond.

Gadwall in Moray.—Since the ‘‘ Fauna of Moray” was pub-
lished, I have learnt from Captain Dunbar-Brander that a Gadwall
(Anas strepera) was shot on Loch Spynie somewhere about 26th
August 1892. This year another was killed at the same place by
his son on the 4th of February.—T. E. Buck ey, Inverness.

Hybrids between Capercaillie and Pheasant.—Mr. Eagle
Clarke, in his paper on ‘ Hybrids between Capercaillie and Pheasant
in the January number of “The Annals of Scottish Natural History,”
quotes a small misstatement. Notwithstanding the statement made
by M. Suchetet in his recently published work, I beg to say that the
hybrid now in the collection of the Hon. Mr. Rothschild, at Tring, was
not got here. I think, however, I can explain how the mistake has
occurred. Mr. Rothschild purchased his bird from a London dealer,
under the belief that it was my bird, which at that time was the only
recorded specimen of hybridism between Capercaillie and Pheasant.
My bird was figured by Mr. Millais in his book on “Game Birds.”
Some time after, I heard that Mr. Rothschild thought he had my
bird. So I wrote and told him that, as it was still in my possession, it
could not be so. Since then he has made many efforts to find out
where his bird was killed, but all the information he can get is that
it was purchased as a mounted specimen from some one in the
north of Scotland. I am perfectly certain that it was not killed in
this district, having made very full inquiries into the matter here.
M. Suchetet must have got his information about the Tring specimen
at the time Mr. Rothschild was under the belief that he had my bird.
—JameEs LumspEN, Arden, Loch Lomond.

[Mr. James Brown, taxidermist, Forres, informs me that he
received for preservation, on the roth of November 1890, a pair of
hybrids between the Capercaillie and the Pheasant. One of these
birds, Mr. Brown tells me, was sold to a gentleman in London, and
that the other is in’ the possession of Mr. Grant of Aviemore.
Mr. Grant kindly writes me that he got the hybrid between
the Capercaillie and the Pheasant, now in his possession, from a

118 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

gentleman who was shooting at Aviemore some years ago, when
there was a brood of these hybrids at Rothiemurchus. Mr.
Grant thinks that he has hybrids of both sexes. The cock he
describes as being much larger and stronger than a Pheasant, which
the bird somewhat resembles, having the breast, wings, and tail of
that bird, and is about 33 inches in length.—W. E. C.]

Capereaillie in S.E. Lanarkshire.—Mr. James Davidson informs
me that an old male Capercaillie (Ze¢vao wrogad/us) came to Dolphin-
ton about nine years ago. It was there for about two years alone.
The hen or hens came, and for several years there were broods on
the South Hill on the border of the adjoining county—Peeblesshire—
in a large wood about a mile long by a quarter of a mile wide. All
were shot out on the Peeblesshire side, but not upon Dolphinton,
where they were always carefully preserved. At present there are
none, all having been shot out. Mr. Davidson was informed of
these facts by the keeper and by Kenneth Ord Mackenzie, Esq.—
J. A. Harviz-BRown.

Great Skua in the Moray Firth.—A Great Skua (Stercorarius
catarrhactes) was shot on 15th October 1897 at the Buckie Loch,
near Forres, by Lieutenant-Colonel E. Astell, his attention being
drawn to it by seeing it mobbed by Gulls. This is a late date for
this summer species to be seen, and appears to be the first well
authenticated instance of its occurrence in the Moray Firth.—-T. E.
BUCKLEY, Inverness.

Acherontia atropos—the Death’s-head Hawk Moth—in Ren-
frewshire.—On Saturday, the 12th June 1897, a living specimen
of this moth was taken in the eastern suburbs of Paisley. The
moth was got hanging on a bush, and was in very perfect condition.
It was kept over Sunday in a box, in which it died. This specimen
was brought to the Museum, Paisley, by Mrs. Ross, Ellonvilla,
Paisley. The species is more generally got in the imago state in
the autumn months, but is well known as also occurring in June.
W. F. Kirby says (“ European Butterflies and Moths,” 1889, p. 68)
that ‘ hybernated specimens, or specimens from hybernated pupe,
are sometimes found in June.”

As to the article by Mr. Robert Service (“ Annals,” October
1897, p. 257) pointing out that the imagos are more general than
the larvae, my experience, so far as Renfrewshire is concerned, is the
very reverse. The larval state is by far the most abundant, yet
very few of them reach the adult condition. The larve feed among
potatoes, and when it is borne in mind that most of the potato
crops are now dug by machinery the destruction of such large
larvee is easily accounted for. In this district they must be of
general occurrence, for the appearance of such strange creatures has
been described to me over and over again by those who work

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 119

among the potatoes. . In some cases the narrator has spoken of the
‘‘chirpin’” sound they give out. A very remarkable instance of the
larvee occurring in great abundance was on a farm near Port-Glasgow,
Renfrewshire. In this case they were obtained in potato-pits, and
the farmer said he could have got barrowsful of them, they were in
such abundance. This farmer took some of them to a friend, who
confirmed what they were. Mr. Archibald Allison, teacher, South
Public School, Paisley, described to me a remarkable larva got in a
potato-field, and from his description I at once inferred it was the
larva of this moth. I have since shown him Mr. Allison Kirby’s
coloured figure, which he at once recognised. ‘This larva was got
on Ormaig farm, parish of Kilmartin, Argyleshire, on the estate of
Lord Malcolm of Poltalloch, in the month of August 1893.—
J. M. B. Taytor, Curator, Free Museum, Paisley.

Teniocampa gracilis (/%.) in Seotland—From Mr. Evans’s
interesting notes (“ Annals,” 1896, p. 259, and 1897, p. 258), I
am inclined to think that this species is not so well known in
Scotland as it should be. For the last seven years I have taken it
regularly in the Rannoch district of Perthshire, my average catch
being about one hundred and fifty specimens every season. It is
curiously uncertain in its appearance, being more abundant every
alternate season. For instance, last year (1897) I only saw three,
while in 1896 I caught a splendid series of over three hundred,
and I know of other two hundred caught by another collector.
The Scotch forms are quite distinct, and may be tabulated as
follows :—

1. Pale ochreous-cream, unicolorous, subterminal line pale
cream.

Pale pinkish-cream, unicolorous.

Pale pinkish-cream, veins, and subterminal line cream.

Pale pinkish red-brown, unicolorous.

Pale pinkish red-brown, veins, and subterminal line cream.

mM BwW SN

All the forms are occasionally to be found slightly dusted with
blackish scales. Varieties 4 and 5 must not be confounded with
the dark red forms found in the New Forest. Ours are quite
distinct, and may be described as intermediate between the ordinary
English form and the New Forest variety mentioned above. There
is a peculiar pinkish flush about the Scotch insect, which is never
present in English examples.—Wwm. REID, Pitcaple.

On the recurrence of Eucalanus erassus, Gvesbrecht, in the
Moray Firth.—In the “Fifteenth Annual Report of the Fishery
Board for Scotland” (part iii. p. 312) I reported the occurrence of
Eucalanus crassus in some tow-net gatherings from the Shetland
section of the Faroe Channel, collected in July and August 1896 ;
and in the Annals of Scottish Natural History for April 1897 I

120 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

published a note referring to its occurrence, along with R/znca-
lanus gigas, Brady, in the Moray Firth. In the note on the species
in the Fishery Board’s Report referred to I described briefly its
distribution, which, so far as known, seems to be tropical or
subtropical. It is very interesting, therefore, to find these appear-
ances of this Huca/anus in the regions mentioned. The recurrence
of Lucalanus crassus in the Moray Firth last year is a further
evidence of the extensive distribution of the species, whether brought
about by currents or otherwise. The specimens referred to in the
previous Moray Firth record were captured off Nairn; and on the
present occasion the specimens—three in number—were taken a
little to the west and south of Golspie. In the female of this
species the abdomen is very short, and the first abdominal segment
much dilated ; in the male two short setz project at an obtuse
angle and spring from the posterior edge on each side of the
second-last thoracic segment. No other /ucalanus possesses this
character.—THomas Scott, Leith.

On the recurrence of Labidocera wollastoni, Zudéock, and
Isias clavipes, 4oeck, in the Firth of Clyde.—I recorded these two
species of Copepoda for the Firth of Clyde in 1896, in the “ Trans-
actions of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh ” (vol. xiii. p. 174).
Istas had been previously recorded for Scotland in 1878 by Dr.
G. S. Brady in the “ Monograph of British Copepoda” (vol. i.
p. 64, and figure), but that was the first time Zadzdocera had been
recorded from the Scottish seas. They are both well marked species,
and do not appear to be very common. ‘They were obtained last
year in tow-net gatherings collected near the seaward limits of the
Clyde estuary. On the previous occasion they were both found
in some material collected in Machrie Bay, Arran. Dr. Brady’s
Clyde record of Zszas is for Cumbrae.—Tuomas Scort, Leith.

Paracalanus parvus, Aveck, in the Firth of Clyde.—This is a
small but distinct species, and one that seems to be widely distri-
buted. It was common in a gathering of Entomostraca collected a
few years ago at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, and has also been
observed in one or two other places off the coast of Scotland, but
has not before been recorded from the Clyde. The Clyde tow-net
gatherings in which it was obtained were made in September last
year: one in Kilbrennan Sound and the other one from the vicinity
of Ayr Bay. It has also been taken near the Bass Rock. Probably
it may have been passed over previously as a young Calanus.—
Tuomas Scott, Leith.

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 121

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS.

On Primary Characters in Cerastium.—Mr. F. N. Williams
(“ Journ. Bot.,” 1898, pp. 8-10) discusses the value of the char-
acters assigned to Cerastium, and comes to the conclusion that the
genus may be divided into three subgenera as below (characterised
in Latin, which is translated for general use of our readers) :—
I. Dichodon.—Petals deeply emarginate. Styles 3. Capsule straight,
dehiscing by 6 teeth, which are erect or spreading and subrevolute
at margins. Herbs annual or perennial. II. Stvephodon.—Petals
incised or emarginate. Styles 3 or 5 (sometimes 4). {Capsule
straight or curved, dehiscing by 6 or 1o teeth, circinato-convolute
at apex, not revolute at margin. Herbs annual or perennial,
dichotomously branched, many flowered, rarely simple, corymbosely
or subumbellately cymose. III. Orthodon.—Petals incised, emar-
ginate or laciniate. Styles 5. Capsule straight (but sometimes
slightly curved at tip), or more or less curved at base, usually
longer than calyx, very seldom shorter, dehiscing by ro teeth, erect
or spreading erect, flat on back or revolute at margin. Herbs
annual or not often perennial, varied in habit and in arrangement
of flowers.

Distribution of British Mosses.—Mr. E. C. Horrell proposes
to compile a census of British Mosses under the Watsonian counties
and vice-counties, and he appeals in the ‘“ Journal of Botany”
(1898, pp. 60-62). He says: “I have looked through most of the
magazines, County Floras, Proceedings of Local Natural History
Societies, the Botanical Record Club Reports, etc., in the library of
the British Museum, and find that fairly good lists have been published
for about fifty vice-counties. There are therefore about sixty-two
vice-counties in Great Britain for which I can find no lists
of the commoner mosses.” Among those from which he has
“ found no satisfactory lists,” he enumerates from Scotland the follow-
ing :—Wigtown, Ayr, Renfrew, Lanark, Peebles, Selkirk, Roxburgh,
Berwick, Haddington, Edinburgh, Linlithgow, Stirling, West Perth,
Mid Perth, East Perth, Kincardine, S. Aberdeen, N. Aberdeen,
Banff, Elgin, Easterness, Westerness, Main Argyle, Dumbarton,
Clyde Isles, Kintyre, S. Ebudes, N. Ebudes, W. Ross, E. Ross, E.
Sutherland, W. Sutherland, Caithness, Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland.

We are unaware of what Mr. Horrell regards as a “ satisfactory
list”; but, unless he sets aside previous records as unreliable, we
fear he has overlooked a good many published records from some
of these districts. We cordially recommend his project to all Scotch
botanists able to assist him by bringing to his knowledge informa-
tion previously overlooked or still unpublished. His address is
44 Brompton Square, London, S.W.

122 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Ranuneulus petiolaris.—I recently learned from Mr. Arthur
Bennett that this name is preoccupied ; it was used by Boupland,
Humboldt, and Kunth in their “‘ Nova Genera et Species Plantarum,”
vol. v. p. 45 (1821), when describing a Mexican buttercup, which
their figure (No. 428) shows to be a totally different plant from
mine. The West Highland Ranunculus published some years
since under this title may bear the name of ZL. scoticus for those
who, like myself, believe it to be specifically (or subspecifically)
distinct ; if it is regarded as a variety, I suppose that it can stand
as Rk. Flammula, L., var. pettolaris, Lange, according to my
original description.—EDWARD S. MARSHALL.

Plants of West Ross.—*ieracium argenteum, Fries, occurred
on the Cnochan Cliffs in 1892. Accidentally omitted from my
list in “ Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.,” 1894, p. 148.

* Carex limosa, L.—Near Gairloch.

Asplenium marinum, L.—Isle of Longa. T. B. Cartwright, in
Herb. Oxon.—G. CLARIDGE DRUCE.

Rosa dumetorum, Zwi//—I found this Rose about Brodie,
Nairn, in 1896, and fosa coriifolia, Fries, about Elgin. M. Crépin
has named both of these.—G. CLARIDGE DRUCE.

Poa eenisia, A//., var. flexuosa (Wa/.), a new species of Grass
in Seotland.—Last August, during my search for Carex helvola, I
found a /oa in small quantity on the south-west cliffs of Ben
Lawers, which was new to me. Professor Hackel writes to me, in a
letter received this day (14th March), that it is identical with
specimens from the Dovrefield of Poa flexuosa, Wahl.—the oa
arctica, Brown, which is put by Nyman as a sub-species of /oa
centsia of Allioni. It has not been previously recorded for Great
Britain. —G. CLARIDGE DRUCE.

Set of British Willows issued by Rev. Edward F. Linton,
M.A., F.L.S., and Rev. William R. Linton, M.A., F.L.S.—The
fourth fascicle, issued in February 1898, contains 37, instead of 25,
numbers. Like the earlier fascicles, it is noteworthy for the care
with which it has been prepared and for the excellence of the pre-
parations. 32 forms are illustrated, of which 27 are hybrids. Of
the latter, several have been artificially produced in cultivation.
They represent crosses that might occur in nature from the associa-
tion of the parent species. A number of the specimens in this
fascicle are from localities in Scotland, or have been taken from
plants brought from Scotland and cultivated. Scottish botanists
will find this collection of Willows a valuable aid in working out
local forms of a difficult genus.

British Sedges.—In a paper on British species of Cavex in the
Journal of Botany (1898, pp. 73-82), the Rev. E. S. Marshall notes
the following from Scotland :—

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS 123

Carex chordorhiza, L. (from wet peat-bogs at Altnaharra, in
Sutherland, where it was found by Mr. Marshall and Mr. Shoolbred
as new to Britain), is described on p. 73, and figured on plate 383.

C. echinata, Murray, var. grypus (Schkuhr), from Allt Giubhas,
near Kingshouse, Argyleshire, which seemed distinctly the variety,
changed after cultivation for a year into normal echinata.

C. curta, Good., var. alpicola, Wahlb., of British botanists, from
moor near Little Culrannoch, from Driesh Hill, and from Sow of
Athole, were named by Herr Kiikenthal C. canescens, var. robustior,
Blytt.

C. ovalis, Good., var. bracteata, Syme. The elongation of the
bract is too inconstant to uphold a variety by it.

C. rigida, Good., var. inferalpina, Leestad. Specimens from
Little Culrannoch and Glas Maol were confirmed as of this variety
by Herr Kukenthal.

C. aguatilis, Wahlb. Specimens from tableland above Corrie
Kander, Aberdeenshire, were referred by Herr Kiikenthal to var.
epigetos, Anderrs., while the plant distributed by Dr. F. B. White
from White Myre of Methven, Perthshire, as var. efzgezos he refers
to “ C. vulgaris, Fr., y elatior, Lang, 2 angustifolia m.”

C. aquatilis x rigida, not previously recorded from Britain, has
been gathered on Glas Maol, on moor at head of Glen Fiagh,
Clova, and near Kingshouse, Argyle. All seem sterile, at least in
part.

C. Goodenowitt x rigida is probable parentage of a plant from
near Kingshouse, at about 2000 feet.

C. panicea, L., var. intermedia (Miégeville). A specimen from
Fort William exactly resembles the Pyrenean form.

“C. pelia, O. F. Lang,” found at Altnaharra in 1887, is referred
by Herr Kiikenthal to panicea, L., though the fruit shows resem-
blance to C. “vida.

C. distans, L. Herr Kukenthal refers a dwarf plant from Inver
Bay, near Tain, to var. Ztoralis, Anderrs.

C. fulva, Good. Mr. Marshall discusses what is the true value of
the name, and concludes that C. fudva, Good., is mostly C. flava x
flornschuchiana, Hoppe, and that Hornschuchiana should be retained
for the species, and fu/va dropped, as Babington did.

C. Hornschuchiana x @dert, gathered at Inveroran, Argyleshire,
and near Conan in East Ross.

C. @deri, Retz., is accepted in usual sense (not as understood
by Bailey). Var. wdocarpa, Anderrs., was found in Glen Nevis,
West Inverness.

C. rostrata x vesicaria. Sterile plants, referred to this hybrid,
were gathered in Glen Callater, South Aberdeen, in 1886, and on
Meall Ghaordie, Perthshire, at 2800 feet, in 1891.

C. vesicaria, L. Herr Kikenthal places C. Grahami, Boott,

124 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

from Glen Fiagh and from Kew Gardens, under this. Var.
alpigena, Fr. To this he refers plants from the large bog on east
side of Ben More, and from Glen Lyon side of Meall-nan-
‘Tarmachan, both in Perthshire.

A New British Flora.—We are informed that the Rev. E. F.
Linton is engaged in the preparation of a flora that will embody the
results of the critical research so successfully applied by himself and
others in recent years to British botany, but which is as yet
scattered through scientific journals and reports. Such a work is
much required, and Mr. Linton is exceptionally fitted to produce
one of the right sort. It will be eagerly looked for and heartily
welcomed.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural His-
tory which have appeared during the Quarter—January-March 1898.

[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable and
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the
sources of information undermentioned. ]

ZOOLOGY.

WHITE OtTers. By John Legge and J. E. Harting. Zhe
Field, 22nd January 1898, p. 124.—Two notes referring to speci-
mens, amongst others, from Islay and Jura.

WuitE Otters. By ‘Cavintable.” Zhe Field, 29th January
1898, p. 141.—A specimen obtained in Islay in June 1884.

WHITE Otters. By Bruce Campbell. Zhe Field, 29th January
1898, p. 141.—Refers to a specimen in a small museum near Tay-
mouth Castle, Perthshire.

A BADGER CoLony IN DALMENY Park. By Charles Campbell.
Trans, Edin. Field Nat. and Micro. Soc., 1897, vol. iil. part vi.
pp. 232-236.

Birps or KrintaiL, Ross-sHire. By Archibald Craig. Zyans.
Edin. Field Nat. and Muro. Soc, 1897, vol. iii. part vi.
pp. 224-231.

THE Upper Eur Locu, Braips. By Thomas Scott, F.L.S.,
and John Lindsay. Zyans. Edin. Field Nat. and Micro. Soc., 1897,
vol. ill. part vi. pp. 276-287.—An interesting account of the fauna
of this small loch, including the Protozoa, Coelenterata, Annulosa,
Rotifera, Entomostraca, Arachnida, Insecta, Mollusca, Fishes, and
Amphibians.

LocaL VARIATION IN LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE ORKNEYS. By
C. G. Barrett, F.E.S. Zt. Mo. Mag. (2), vol. ix. p. 4 (January
1898).—The species dealt with are Nemeophila plantaginis, Agrotis

CURRENT LITERATURE 125

saucia, Noctua glareosa, N. festiva, var. borealis, Caradrina cubicu-
laris, Hypsipetes elutata, Melanippe montanata, M. fluctuata,
Coremia munitata, Cheimatobia brumata, Cidaria russata, and
Crambus tristellus.

VENILIA MACULARIA IN SCOTLAND. By Robert Adkin. £z-
tomologist, vol. xxxi. p. 19 (January 1898).—Refers to a long series
from Sutherlandshire in the collection of Mr. W. Salvage.

EPIONE PARALLELARIA IN SCOTLAND. Robert Adkin. £nfo-
mologist, vol. XXxi. p. 19 (January 1898).—Specimens are referred
to from Invershin, Sutherlandshire, and from North Ross.

EPIONE PARALLELARIA IN SCOTLAND. £ntomologzst, vol. xxxi.
‘p. 66 (March 1898).—A note referring to two specimens in the
collection of the South of Scotland Entomological and Natural
History Society.

NOTES ON THE CESTRINE PARASITES OF BRITISH DEER. By
Ernest E. Austen. xt. Mo. Mag. (2), vol. ix. pp. 8-13 (January
1898).—A few references are given to the occurrence of species in
Scotland.

CEPHENOMYIA AURIBARBIS, Mc.: LARva&, ETc. By the Rev.
E. N. Bloomfield, M.A., F.E.S. xz. Mo. Mag. (2), vol. ix. pp. 7-8
(January 1898).—An account of some larve taken from the heads
of Red Deer from Strathdon and other places in Aberdeenshire.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE APPARENTLY NEW COPEPODS FROM
THE CLyDE. By Thomas Scott, F.L.S. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(7), vol. i. pp. 185-190, plates X. and XI. (March 1898).—The
species are Stephos Fultoni from Kilbrennan Sound and Loch Fyne,
Eurynotus insolens from Kilbrennan Sound, and Dactylopus pecti-
natus from Loch Fyne.

ON THE CRETACEOUS FOSSILS FOUND AT MORESEAT, ABER-
DEENSHIRE. By A. J. Jukes-Browne and John Milne. Geol. Mag.
(N.S.), Dec. IV. vol. v. pp. 21-32 (January 1898).—Comprises an
account of previous investigations, and a Report on the Fossils,
with a table of the species recorded.

BOTANY.

BOTANICAL AND OTHER NOT?Es (from neighbourhood cf Cold-
ingham). By James Hardy, LL.D. ist. Berw. Nat. Club, 1897,
XV. pp. 220-225.—-Contains no specially new records.

List OF PLANTS FOUND AT ST. ABB’S AND VICINITY IN JUNE
1396, By KR. HW. Dunn. ist. Berw. Nat. Chib, 1897, xv. ps 225.

List OF PLANTS INDIGENOUS TO LIDDESDALE DISTRICT OF
ROXBURGHSHIRE. By John Elliot. A/zst. Berw. Nat. Club, 1897,
XV. Ppp. 233-234), with a few mentioned by James Hardy, LL.D.,
in report of Club excursion (/.c. p. 231). List of plants observed
on coast of Northumberland during excursion of Club, reported
by Rev. George Gunn (Zc. p. 239).

126 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

On PRIMARY CHARACTERS IN CERASTIUM. By Frederick N.
Williams, F.L.S. /ourn. Bot., 1898, pp. 8-10.

On LycIUM BARBARUM, L., AND L. EUROP#UM, L., AND THEIR
LocaL CULTURE (in S.E. Scotland). By James Hardy, LL.D.
fiist. Berw. Nat. Club, 1897, xv. pp. 362-364.

New LocaLiry FOR CORALLORHIZA INNATA. By Rey. James
Farquharson, LL.D. ist. Berw. Nat. Club, 1897, xv. p. 363.—In
Whitmuir Bog, on borders of Selkirkshire and Roxburghshire.

BLYSMUS RUFUS, VAR. BIFOLIUS, A NEW PLANT FOR THE
District. ist. Berw. Nat. Club, 1897, xv. p. 362.—Exhibited
at Berwickshire Club meeting, in Berwick, from near Aberlady, by
George Bolam.

THE BRITISH CAREX FRIGIDA. By Edward F. Linton, M.A.
Journ. Bot., 1898, pp. 41-44, plate 382a.—Discusses the identity
of this plant, states reasons against its identification with C. /rigida,
All., concludes that it is very closely related to C. dznervis, Sm.,
and proposes for it the name C. éznervis, Sm., var. Sadler?.

THE DISTRIBUTION oF BritisH Mosses. By E. Charles
Horrell. Journ. Lot., 1898, pp. 60-62.

MEMORIALS, JOURNAL, AND BOTANICAL CORRESPONDENCE OF
CHARLES CARDALE BABINGTON, M.A., F.R.S., etc. Reviewed in
Journ. Bot., 1898, pp. 33-35.—Botanists interested in the flora
of Scotland will find in this work numerous references, especially
to Braemar.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON EXCRESCENCES AND DISEASES
OCCASIONED IN PLantTs By Mites. By James Hardy, LL.D. sz.
Berw. Nat. Club, 1897, xv. pp. 354-355.—Enumerates galls on
Acer Pseudoplatanus, *Lotus corniculatus, *Epilobium palustre
Veronica Chamedrys, *Cytisus scoparius (Broom), Felianthemum
vulgare, and *Gerantum molle. [Those marked * appear not to
have been previously recorded from Scotland.—J. W. H. T.]

Watson’s CLIMATIC ZONES. By Symers M. Macvicar. Journ.
Bot., 1898, pp. 82-85.—Discusses the effect of altitude on plant
distribution and its modification by local conditions.

RANUNCULUS PETIOLARIS. By Rey. Edward S. Marshall. /ourn.
Bot., 1898, p. 103.—Proposes (as the name /efiolaris was pre-
occupied by Humboldt and Kunth) to substitute 2. scoticus as the
name, if regarded as a species distinct from 2. -Hlammu/a, I..

NOTES ON SOME BritTisH SEDGES. By Rey. E. S. Marshall,
M.A., F.L.S. Journ. Bot., 1898, pp. 73-82, plate 383.—See p. 122.
of this journal.

THE British CAREX FRIGIDA. By Arthur Bennett, F.L.S.
Journ. Bot., 1898, p. 103.—Supports Mr. Linton’s determination of
this as distinct from C. f/r7gida, All., and possibly an endemic form.

REVIEWS 127

MAstTIGOPHORA Woopsil, (HooK.) NEES, IN INVERNESS-SHIRE.
By Symers M. Macvicar. Journ. Bot., 1898, pp. 103, 104.—
Records this hepatic as found in some quantity at 500 and at 1200
feet altitude, in a ravine in Moidart.

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF BRITISH AND IRISH Boranists. First
Supplement. By James Britten, F.L.S., and G. S. Boulger, F.L.S.
Journ. Bot., 1898, pp. 99-103.—This supplement to the excellent
book published under the above title five years ago, is to include
all botanists that died in the years 1893-97, and a few omitted
from the book. ‘This instalment extends from Acton to Blomefield.

REVIEWS.

Witp Birps PRoTEcTION Acts, 1880-1896. By J. R. V.
Marchant, M.A. (Oxon.), of Gray’s Inn, and Watkin Watkins, B.A.
(Cantab.), of the Inner Temple, Member of the British Ornitholo-
gists’ Union ; both of the Oxford Circuit, Barristers-at-Law. Second
Edition. (London: R. H. Porter, 1897.)

It is now eighteen years since the first of the Wild Birds
Protection Acts now in force was passed. Since then three others
have been grafted on to it, while almost each year has seen one or
more Orders issued varying or extending the provisions of the Acts
in some part of the country. To the complex body of law so
created, Messrs. Marchant and Watkins have lately issued a welcome
handbook, which has now reached its second edition, and which
should be of the greatest assistance, not only to all who have the
administration or enforcement of the Acts in their charge, but to all
interested in the subject of wild bird protection. ‘The book opens
with a concise statement of what is the common law of England
regarding wild animals and their capture, and a history of the
legislation under which in that country the protection and preserva-
tion of game and other animals fere nature has been cared for.
Owing to material differences in the law of the two countries, how-
ever, these chapters of the book will be of more practical use in
England than in Scotland. But in Chapter IV. we have a very
careful analysis of the four recent statutes, which apply throughout
Great Britain, showing precisely what acts are and what are not
constituted offences under them. To legal practitioners this part
of the book should prove of great assistance, while to ornithologists
generally it will at least show that something yet remains to be done
before the interests of our wild birds can be considered as adequately
safeguarded. The text of the Acts follows, the various sections being
arranged, as they are intended to be read, as if they formed one
statute, so that the exact provisions of the law on each point can be
seen at a glance. Copious notes are appended to the sections.

128 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Finally, the text of all Orders issued since 1880, under which close-
times have been varied or extended, or new birds brought within
the provisions of the Acts, is given zw extenso; and more useful
still is an index, which shows under the heading of each bird the
state of the law in any part of the kingdom regarding it. The
handbook has been compiled with great care, and though the index
will inevitably require revision from time to time, if it is to keep
pace with the state of the law as new Orders are constantly issued,
it should prove a valuable work of reference. WwW, B:

A SKETCH OF THE NATURAL HIsToRY (VERTEBRATES) OF THE
BritTIsH IsLanps. By F. G. Aflalo, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. With illus-
trations. (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1898.)

It is very questionable, we think, whether it is possible to com-
prise in one small volume an account of all the British Vertebrates
—about 7oo in number. Mr. Aflalo has accomplished the task,
in a fashion, in the book under consideration, but we cannot con-
gratulate him on the result. Such a work, to be of real use, should
be based upon some definite method of treatment, by which all the
species would receive equal consideration ; an accurate yet concise
description of each species, a sketch of its distribution, and an
outline of its life-history should be given. This book fails to fulfil
these cardinal requirements, inasmuch as some species are rather
fully dealt with, others inadequately treated ; the descriptions of species
are not, as a rule, good, and are sometimes ridiculous or inaccurate,
as in the case of the Chaffinch and Sanderling ; and the information
as to distribution is faulty, as, for instance, when we are told that the
Mountain Hare is “not uncommon in Yorkshire and Cheshire.”

Although this book is disappointing, we cannot conclude this
notice without some reference to Mr. Lodge’s beautiful illustrations,
which are both numerous and acceptable.

WE have received from Mr. J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., a separate copy
of his Presidential Address delivered before the members of the
City of London Entomological and Natural History Society in
December last. It bears the title ““Some Considerations on the
Nature and Origin of Species,” and in it are discussed with much
ability and clearness such subjects as hybridity, the origin of varieties
and species, variation in genital organs, isolation, the effects of food
and climate, sexual selection and the utility of specific characters.
As might be expected, these branches of the subject are almost
entirely treated of in their relation to Lepidoptera, but they are of
interest and importance to others than specialists. ‘The address is
prefaced by a short review of the results of entomological work
during the year, and here the author laments the stagnation of
entomology in Scotland. This may be true as regards Lepidoptera,
but as regards some other orders of insects we venture to assert that
they are receiving a fair amount of attention.

The Annals

a

of

Scottish Natural History

No. 27] 1898 [JuLy

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND!
By Sir Wittiam Turner, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.

In Scotland, as in other countries, man existed before the
time of written history. The conditions under which his
remains are found, and the works which he has left behind
him, provide the data for determining their age, not ab-
solutely or capable of being expressed in numbers of years,
but relatively to each other.

Marked differences existed in the physical conditions of
Scotland, and indeed in the northern parts of England also,
as compared with the southern districts of England and the
adjoining parts of France and Belgium at the first appear-
ance of primeval man in those countries. It is the more
necessary, therefore, that the conditions then prevailing in
Scotland should not be overlooked.

No evidence sufficient to satisfy geologists has been
advanced to prove that man existed in Britain during the
period called Tertiary. So far, indeed, as Scotland is con-

1 An Address delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, on the 26th
March 1897.
27 B

130 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

cerned, even if it were admitted that in other parts of the
globe man had been on the earth during Tertiary times,
there is little likelihood that his remains could have been
preserved ; for in that country the Tertiary is represented
chiefly by voicanic rocks, and a few patches of sand and
sravel with rolled sea shells belonging to the closing stages
of that period.

From the careful study which geologists have given to
the surface of Scotland, it is evident that at the commence-
ment of the period termed Quaternary or Pleistocene,
immediately succeeding the Tertiary, the whole of the
country was covered with ice which formed a great sheet
3000 or 4000 feet thick in the low grounds, of which the
lower boulder clay, or till, as it is termed, was the ground-
moraine.

As an upper boulder clay also occurs, which is often
separated from the lower boulder clay by stratified deposits,
some of which contain marine and other fresh-water and
terrestrial organic remains, it is obvious that the Ice Age
was not one uninterrupted period of continuous cold. The
lower and upper tills are the ground-moraines of independent
ice sheets, each indicating a distinct epoch, separated by an
interglacial period. The earlier epoch was that of maximum
elaciation, and the ice sheet extended over the north and
middle of England, as far south as the Thames valley and
the foot of the Cotswold Hills, but the high moors in Derby-
shire and Yorkshire and the tops of the highest mountains
in Wales and Scotland rose above its surface. The great
Mer de Glace stretched westward over Ireland into the
Atlantic, whilst on the east it was continuous across the
North Sea, with .a similar ice sheet which covered
Scandinavia and the region of the Baltic, and extended
south to the foot of the hills of central Europe, and over-
spread much of the great central plain. In the extreme
south of England, therefore, the conditions differed from
those that obtained in the country farther north. Although
not actually covered with a sheet of ice, yet the more

1 For the evidence on which these statements are based, consult the ‘‘ Great
Ice Age,” by Professor James Geikie, edition 1894, also his ‘Classification of
European Glacial Deposits,’ in ‘* Journal of Geology,” vol. iii., April-May 1895.

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND {31

southern counties had been of necessity under the influence
of cold, and must have been subjected to the effects produced
by rain and snow, by freezing and thawing.

During the succeeding interglacial epoch the climate
eventually became temperate and genial, and vegetable and
animal life abounded. It is to this stage that most of the
Pleistocene river alluvia and cave deposits of England and
the adjacent parts of the Continent are assigned. The
British Islands appear at that time to have been joined to
the Continent, and the same mammalian fauna then occupied
Britain, France, and Belgium, which implied similar climatic
conditions. As examples of these, it may be sufficient to
name the larger mammals, as the cave and grizzly bear, the
hyena, lion, Irish deer, reindeer, hippopotamus, woolly rhi-
noceros, straight-tusked elephant and mammoth, all of which
are now either locally or wholly extinct.

Abundant evidence exists that man was contemporaneous
with these mammals in Western Europe, as is shown by the
presence of his bones alongside of theirs, and of numerous
works of his hands, more especially the implements and
tools which he had manufactured and employed. Toa large
extent these consisted of flint, rudely chipped and fashioned.
To these implements, and to the men who made them, the
well-known term “ Paleolithic” is applied. But along with
these, other implements have been discovered, made from
the bones, horns, and teeth of the larger mammals, on some
of which animal forms and incidents of the chase have been
sculptured both with taste and skill. Up to now, however,
no trace of pottery which can without question be referred
to Paleolithic men has been found, and no habitations,
except the caves and rock shelters which nature provided
for them.

One may now consider how far northwards in Britain
Paleolithic man and the large mammals, with which he was
contemporaneous, have been traced. The exploration of
caverns made by Professor Boyd Dawkins, and_ other
geologists associated with him, has proved that bones of
certain of the mammals of this epoch were present in caves
in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and North Wales, and that human
remains and implements of Paleolithic type have been

132 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

found along with them in the Robin Hood Cave in the
Cresswell Crags, and in caverns in North and South Wales.
When Scotland is considered, evidence of the existence
of the mammals of this epoch is not so abundant, yet the
interglacial beds of that country have yielded remains of
mammoth, reindeer, Irish elk, urus and horse. But notwith-
standing the keen scrutiny to which the superficial deposits
in Scotland have been subjected by the members of the
Geological Survey and others, no traces either of the bones
of Paleolithic man or of the work of his hands have been
discovered in North Britain. This, indeed, is not much a
matter of surprise, for it must be remembered that, subsequent
to the genial interglacial epoch, another ice sheet, that of the
upper boulder clay, made its appearance, grinding over the
surface of the land, wearing away alluvia, and largely oblit-
erating the relics of interglacial times. Hence interglacial
beds occur only at intervals and are very fragmentary. Nor
in Scotland are there any caves similar in dimensions to
those which in England and elsewhere have yielded such
abundant traces of Paleolithic man and his mammalian
congeners. If Paleolithic man ever did exist in Scotland,
and there is no reason why he might not have migrated
northward from Yorkshire and Wales, yet one could hardly
expect to discover traces of his former presence. In Scot-
land there are no massive limestones, with extensive caverns,
in which man could have sheltered, and in which his relics
and remains could have been secure from destruction during
the advance of the second ice sheet. It is only in the
alluvial deposits of interglacial times that such traces have
been preserved, but these deposits, as we have seen, were
ploughed out and to a great extent demolished by the later
sheet of ice. The shreds that remain, however, are of extreme
interest, from the fact that they contain relics of the Pleis-
tocene mammals, with which Paleolithic man was contem-
poraneous ; and there is a bare chance that some day traces
of man himself may be encountered in the same deposits.
Geologists have shown that in the regions which were
overflowed by the second or minor ice sheet no traces of
Paleolithic man, or of the southern mammals with which he
was associated, have ever been met with in British superficial

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 133

alluvia. When found in those regions out of Scotland, they
occurred in caves chiefly, and sometimes in the stratified
deposits which here and there underlie the upper boulder
clay and its accompanying gravels.

So far as Scotland is concerned, one must look for a
period subsequent to the melting of the second great ice
sheet for evidence of the existence of early man. After its
disappearance important fluctuations in temperature and in
the relative level of land and sea took place from time to
time, so that the climate and the area of land in Scotland
differed in some measure from what is known at the present
day. Eventually a period of cold again occurred, not so
severe, undoubtedly, as in the two preceding glacial epochs,
but sufficient to bring into existence considerable district ice
sheets and extensive valley-glaciers in the Highlands and
Southern Uplands. Scotland at this stage was partially
submerged, and many of the Highland glaciers reached the
sea and gave orgin to icebergs. The submergence slightly
exceeded 100 feet, and the marine deposits formed at the
time are charged with arctic shells and many erratic blocks
and débris of rocks. On a subsequent elevation of the land,
the beach formed at this level constituted a terrace, well
marked on the coast line in many districts, and now known
as the 100-foot beach.

There is good reason to believe that the elevation re-
ferred to was of sufficient extent to join Britain again to the
Continent. It is to this stage that the great timber trees
which underlie the old peat bogs of Scotland are referred.
The peat with its underlying forest bed passes out to sea,
and is overlaid in the carse lands of the Tay and the Forth
by marine deposits, which form another well-marked terrace,
the 45-50 foot raised beach of geologists.

Thus the elevation of the land that followed after the
formation of the 100-foot beach coincided with an
amelioration of climate and with the presence of an abundant
vegetation, and large mammals, such as the red-deer, the
elk, and the Bos primigenius roamed through the woods.
While these conditions obtained partial submergence again
ensued, and the sea rose to 50 feet, or thereabouts, above its
present level. Within recent years it has been shown that

134 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

during this period of partial submergence glaciers reached
the sea in certain Highland firths, which would seem to
show that the climate was hardly so genial as during the
preceding continental condition of the British area, when
that region was clothed with great forests. Ere long, how-
ever, elevation once more supervened, and the sea retreated
to a lower level. Here it paused for some time, and so
another well-marked terrace was formed, that which is
known as the 25-30 foot beach.

There is not any evidence of the presence of man in
Scotland during the formation of the 100-foot beach or
terrace, but one can speak with certainty of his presence
there during the period of formation of the later beaches.
If one could put oneself into the position of an observer, who
at the time of the 40-50 foot submergence had stood on the
rock on which Stirling Castle is now built, instead of the
present carse lands growing abundant grass and grain, and
studded with towns, villages, and farm-houses, one would
have seen a great arm of the sea extending almost if not
quite across the country from east to west, and separating
the land south of the Forth from that to the north. In this
sea great whales and other marine animals disported them-
selves, and sought for their food. Abundant evidence that
this was the condition at that time in the Carse of Stirling
is furnished by the discovery during the present century of
no fewer than twelve skeletons of whalebone whales, belong-
ing to the genus Balenoptera or Finner whales, imbedded in
the deposit of mud, blue silt, and clay which formed the bed
of the estuary.'. This carse clay, as it is called, is now in
places from 45-50 feet above the present high-water mark,
and is extensively used for the manufacture of bricks and
tiles. Ata still lower level lies the carse clay of the 25-30
foot terrace. Until the beginning of the present century the
clay had been covered by an extensive peat moss, which the
proprietors of the land have removed. The question which
has now to be considered is—Did man exist in Scotland
at the period of the formation of the carse clays and of the

' See more particularly Mr. Milne Home’s “Ancient Water Lines ” (Edin-
burgh, 1882), and ‘* The Raised Beaches of the Forth Valley,” by D. B. Morris
(Stirling, 1892).

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 135

two lower sea beaches? There is undoubted evidence that
he did.

Along, the margin of the 45-50 foot terrace in the
neighbourhood of Falkirk one comes upon the shell-mounds
and kitchen-middens of Neolithic man. All these occur on
or at the base of the bluffs which overlook the carse lands
—or, in other words, upon the old sea-coast. Again, in the
Carse of Gowrie, a dug-out canoe was seen at the very base
of the deposits, and immediately above the buried forest-
bed of the Tay valley. The 25-30 foot beach has been
excavated out of the 40-50 foot terrace; it is largely a
plain of erosion rather than of accumulation. It is probable,
therefore, that many of the relics of man and his congeners
which have been obtained at certain depths in the 25-30
foot beach may really belong to the period of the 4o-
50 foot beach. Some of these finds will now be re-
ferred to.

In 1819 the bones of a great whale, estimated at about
72 feet long, were exposed in the carse land adjoining the
gate leading into the grounds of Airthrey Castle, near
Bridge of Allan, about 25 feet above the level of high water
of spring tides. Two pieces of stag’s horn, through one of
which a hole about an inch in diameter had been bored,
were found close to the skeleton. In 1824, on the estate of
Blair Drummond, in the district of Menteith, a whale’s
skeleton was exposed, and along with it a fragment of a
stag’s horn which was said to have a hole in it and to have
been like that found along with the Airthrey whale. Mr.
Home Drummond also states that a small piece of wood
was present in the hole, which fitted it, but on drying,
shrunk considerably. Unfortunately, these specimens have
been lost, and no drawings or more detailed descriptions
were ever apparently published, though in some geological
and archeological works they have been stated, without any
authority, to have been lances or harpoons. Twenty years
ago the skeleton of another whale was exposed at Meikle-
wood, Gargunnock, a few miles to the west of Stirling, and
resting upon the front of its skull was a portion of the
beam of the antler of a red deer, fashioned into an implement
eleven inches long, and six and a half inches in greatest

136 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

girth ; a hole had been bored through the beam, in which
was a piece of wood one inch and three-quarters long,
apparently the remains of a handle. The implement was
truncated at one end, and shaped so that it could have been
used as a hammer, whilst the opposite end was smooth and
bevelled to a chisel or axe-shaped edge formed by the hard
external part of the antler.’ There can be no doubt that
this implement resembled those found alongside of the
Airthrey and Blair Drummond whales earlier in the century,
and it effectually disposes of the statement that they were
lances or harpoons. Dug-out canoes have indeed been
found imbedded in the carse clays at a similar level, so that
the people of that day had discovered a means of chasing
the whale in the water ; one can, however, scarcely conceive
it possible to manufacture a horn implement sufficient to
penetrate the tough skin and blubber of one of these huge
animals, and to hold it in its efforts to escape. It is much
more probable that the whale had been stranded at the ebb
of the tide in the shallower water near the shore, and that
the people had descended from the neighbouring heights,
and had used their horn implements, with their chisel-like
edges, to flense the carcase of its load of flesh and blubber,
and had carried the spoil to their respective habitations.
There can be little doubt that these implements rank, along
with the dug-out canoes, as the oldest relics made with
human hands which have up to this time been found in
Scotland, and that they belong to the earliest period of
occupation by Neolithic man.

After the oscillations in the relative level of land and
sea had ceased, and the beach found at the present day had
been formed, evidence of the presence of Neolithic man, and
of mammals, both wild and domesticated, such as now exist
in Scotland, becomes greatly multiplied.

Shallow caves or rock shelters situated in the cliff which
bounds the esplanade at Oban Bay, which, after being closed
for centuries by a landslide from the adjacent height, had
recently been quarried into in obtaining stone for building

1 T described this implement in ‘‘ Reports of British Association, 1889,” p. 790.
has subsequently been figured in a Report by Dr. Munro in the ‘‘ Proceedings
the Society of Antiquaries,” 1896.

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 137

purposes, were described in the lecture." The caves were,
as a rule, 100 yards inland, and about 30 feet or more
above the present high-water mark. They had, no doubt,
been formed by the action of the waves at the period of
formation of the 25-30 foot beach, for the floor of one of
the caves was covered by a layer of gravel and pebbles,
which had been washed there when the sea had had access
to it.

In these caves, bones representing fifteen human
skeletons—men, women, and children—were found; also
bones of the Bos longzfrons, red and roe deer, pig, dog, goat,
badger, and otter, shells of edible molluscs, bones of fish and
claws of crabs ; also flint scrapers, hammer stones, implements
of bone and horn fashioned into the form of pins, borers, and
chisel-shaped instruments. In one cave several harpoons
or fish spears made of the horns of deer were obtained ;
similar in form to those found in the Victoria Cave, Settle,
in Kent’s Cavern, and in the grotto of La Madelaine,
France, which in some of these instances have been
associated with Paleolithic objects.

An account was then given of the construction and con-
tents of the chambered horned cairns in Caithness and the
north-west of Scotland, which have been so carefully in-
vestigated and described by Dr. Joseph Anderson.” The
presence of incinerated bones and of unburnt skeletons showed
the cairns to have been places of interment, whilst flint flakes
and scrapers, bone and polished stone implements, and shallow
vessels of coarse clay, associated them with Neolithic man,
obviously the same race as the builders of the English long
barrows.

Stone abounds in Scotland, and the polished stone
implements, which have been found in every county, in the
soil and near the surface of the ground, are often of large
size and beautifully ground and polished. Flint, on the
other hand, is confined to a few localities, as the island of
Mull and limited areas in the counties of Banff and Aberdeen.
The nodules are as a rule small in size, and though adapted

1 For a detailed description, see papers by Dr. Joseph Anderson and the
Author in ‘* Proc. Scot. Soc. Antiquaries,” 1895.
2 «Scotland in Pagan Times” (Edinburgh, 1886).

138 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

for the manufacture of arrow-heads and scrapers, flint does
not seem to have attained the same importance in Scotland
as the raw material provided by nature for the manufacture
of articles used by Neolithic man, as was the case in England
and Ireland.

Although there is ample evidence of the nature of the im-
plements and weapons manufactured by Neolithic man, and
of his methods of interment in rock shelters and chambered
cairns, no traces of built dwellings which can be ascribed to
the people of this period have been discovered. Doubtless
their habitations were constructed of loose stones and turf,
and sun-dried clay, or of the skins of animals killed in the
chase spread over the branches of trees, which, from their
fragile and destructible character, have not been preserved.

In the course of time stone and bone, readily procurable,
and which are directly provided by nature for the use of
man, gave place to materials which required for their manu-
facture considerable skill and knowledge. The introduction
of bronze as a substance out of which useful articles could
be made, marked an important step in human development,
and could only take place after men had learnt by observa-
tion the ores of copper and tin, and by experiment the
methods of extracting the metals from them, and the pro-
portions in which they should be combined in the alloy in
order to secure the necessary hardness. So far as Scotland
is concerned, bronze must have been introduced from without;
its manufacture could not have been of indigenous develop-
ment, as the ores of tin and copper do not occur in North
Britain. Doubtless it came from the southern part of our
island, and was extensively employed in South Britain long
before it became substituted in the north for the more
primitive materials.

There is abundant information that Scotland had a
Bronze Age. Swords, spears, bucklers, bracelets, rings, fish-
hooks, axes, chisels, sickles, and other implements made of
this metal have been found in considerable numbers. These
objects occur sometimes singly, at others in collections or
hoards in peat mosses, or even at the bottom of lochs and
rivers, or buried in the soil as if they had been placed there
with a view to concealment, and then, through the death or

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 139

removal of their owners, had been lost sight of. In many
instances these weapons and implements are elegant in
design, show great mechanical ability in their construction,
and are ornamented with much taste and skill. Instances
also are not uncommon in which objects of bronze are found
in the sepulchres of the period.

In the study of the Bronze Age in Scotland a want is
experienced similar to that felt in a review of the Neolithic
period. There are no buildings which can be distinctly re-
carded as dwelling-places for the men of this time. With
them, however, as in the polished Stone Age, there is evidence
of the mode in which they disposed of their dead friends and
relatives. Interments which there are good grounds for
associating with these people have been exposed in the
formation of roads and railways, and in agricultural opera-
tions. Where the surface of the ground has not been culti-
vated or otherwise disturbed, in almost every county tumuli,
mounds, hillocks, and cairns occur, the exploration of which
has in many cases yielded interesting results. In no instance,
however, have chambered cairns, divided into compartments,
and possessing an entrance passage, been found associated
with articles made of bronze. The sepulchral arrangements
of the period possessed a greater simplicity than is shown in
the chambered cairn.

The interments in the Bronze Age were sometimes that
of a single individual in a knoll or mound, or under a cairn
artificially constructed, and now overgrown with grass,
heather, and whin bushes, or, as is not uncommon, in the
collection of sand or gravel near the sea shore, or on a river
bank, or in the moraine of some long-vanished glacier. At
other times, in similar localities, two to six interments had
been made as if in a family burying-ground. At others the
interments were much more numerous, and _ represented,
doubtless, the cemetery of a tribe or clan; one of the best
known of these was observed some years ago at Law Park,
near St. Andrews, in which about twenty interments were
recognised. In another at Alloa, twenty-two separate inter-
ments were exposed. Quite recently, immediately to the
east of Edinburgh, in the districts now known as Inveresk
and Musselburgh, not less than fifty interments of this

140 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

period have been brought to light, in connection with build-
ing operations, which implies that then, as now, this part of
the country was settled and had a considerable population.

Two very distinct types of interment prevailed, viz.
Cremation, with, or without cinerary urns ; and Inhumation,
the unburnt body being enclosed in a stone cist or coffin.
From an analysis of 144 localities in Scotland of burials
which may be associated with the Bronze Age,’ and which
included about 400 distinct interments, it would appear that
in fifty-one of these localities the bodies had all been
cremated ; in sixty they had been buried in stone cists ; in
fifteen the same mound or cemetery furnished examples of
both kinds of sepulchre, and in the rest the kind of interment
was not precisely recorded. ‘These diversities did not express
tribal differences, but seemed to have prevailed generally
throughout Scotland. Both cremation and inhumation are
found in counties so remote from each other as Sutherland
in the north, and Wigtown in the south, in Fife and the
Lothians on the east, and in Argyle and the distant Hebrides
in the west, as well as in the intermediate districts.

The cremation had been affected by wood fires, for in
many localities charcoal has been found in considerable
quantity at the place of interment. The heat generated
was sufficient to reduce the body to ashes, and to burn
the organic matter out of the bones, which fell into
grayish-white fragments, often curiously cracked and con-
torted, which were not very friable. They were then col-
lected and usually placed in an urn of a form and size
which we now call “cinerary.” When a bank of sand or
gravel was convenient, a hole three or four feet ‘deep was
made and the urn lodged in it. Sometimes the urn stood
erect and a flat stone was placed across the mouth before
the hole was filled in with sand and earth; at others a
bed of compacted earth, or of small stones, or of a flat
stone, was made at the bottom of the hole, and the urn,
with its contents, was inverted. In some cases the urn
was protected by loose stones arranged around it. In

1 Most of these are recorded in the ‘* Archzeologica Scotica,” the ‘ Proceed-
ings of the Scottish Society of Antiquaries,” and Dr. Joseph Anderson’s ‘Scotland
in Pagan Times”; whilst others, in the Author’s note books, have not yet been
published.

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 141

obviously exceptional instances, it may be perhaps of a
tribal chieftain, a small stone cist was built to enclose the
urn, and even a cairn of stones was piled above and around
to protect it and to mark the spot.

Cremated interments not contained in urns have been
recorded in a few instances, and in them the surrounding
sand or gravel has usually been discoloured, from the
blackened remains and charcoal having to some extent
become diffused through it.

The largest examples of cinerary urns were from 12 to
16 inches in height, with a flat narrow bottom, and Io to
12 inches wide at the mouth. About one-third the distance
below the mouth the urn swelled out to its widest diameter,
and was surrounded by one or two mouldings, between
which and the mouth the outer surface was often decorated
with lines which ran horizontally, or vertically, or obliquely ;
sometimes they intersected and formed a chevron or a
diamond-shaped pattern. Below the mouldings, the surface
was without pattern, though sometimes raised into an ad-
ditional simple circular moulding.

When the inhumation of an unburnt body was decided
on, a rude cist or coffin, formed of undressed flattened
stones, was built for its reception. As a rule the sides
and ends of the cist were formed each of a single slab of
sandstone, schist, gneiss, granite, or other stones provided by
the rock in the neighbourhood ; but in some instances of a
stone of a different character from the adjoining rocks, and
obviously brought from a distance. The stones were set
on edge and supported a great slab, which being laid hori-
zontally formed the lid or cover of the cist, and which was
much thicker and heavier than the side and end stones ;
sometimes, as if for additional protection, a second massive
slab was placed on the top of the proper cover. The floor
of the cist was formed, when the earth was shallow, of the
native rock, and at other times of compacted earth, or a
layer of pebbles, or of flat stones. Usually the stone walls
and the cover of the cist were simply in apposition, but
sometimes they were cemented together with clay. In
some cists exposed a few years ago on the farm of Cousland,
near Dalkeith, the peculiarity was observed of the cist being

142 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

divided in its long direction into two by a stone slab down
the middle.

The cists were oblong, the length exceeding the breadth,
and although they varied in size, those for adults being
larger than those for children, they were always shorter than
would have been required for a body to be extended at full
length. As the end stones were usually set within the ex-
tremities of the side stones, the internal measurement of
length was some inches less than the external. The average
dimensions may be given for the interior about 4 feet in
length, 2 feet in breadth, and 2 feet in depth. The cover
slab was much larger both in length and breadth, as it over-
lapped both the sides and ends.

These cists remind one in their general form and plan,
but on a much smaller scale, both as regards the size of the
enclosed space and the magnitude of the stones, of the
dolmens so frequent in Brittany. As survivals in modern
times we may point to the empty stone boxes, on the cover
stone of which an inscription is incised, to be seen in so
many country churchyards, built on the ground superficial
to the pit in which the body in its wooden coffin has been
inhumed.

Owing to the shortness of the cist the body could not
be extended at full length, but was laid upon its side, with
the elbows bent, so that the hands were close to the face ;
the hips and knee joints were also bent so that the knees
were in front of the body.

Usually only a single skeleton has been found in a cist,
either a man or a woman as the case may be. Sometimes
two skeletons have been seen, at times a man’s and a
woman’s, doubtless husband and wife ; in others the second
skeleton has been that of a child. Sometimes the cist was
below the average in size, and contained only the skeleton
of a child or young person. Such examples throw light
upon the family relations of the people of this period.
They show that they desired to preserve the associations
of kinsfolk even after death; and when the cist contained
the remains only of a child it was constructed with the same
care as if it had been the tomb of a chief.

When cremated bodies are found associated with stone

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 143

cists in the same cemetery, the cinerary urns in which the
ashes were customarily deposited lie outside the cists, and
in quite independent excavations in the soil, but in such
close proximity as to show that they belonged to the same
period. In two instances short cists have been opened, in
which, alongside of the skeleton of an unburnt body were
cremated human bones, not contained in a cinerary urn, but
scattered on the floor of the cist, which conclusively prove
that both cremation and inhumation were sometimes in
practice at the same interment.

One may now inquire into the reason why cinerary urns,
with their contained ashes, and short cists, enclosing bodies
which had been buried in a bent or stooping attitude, should
be associated with the men of the Bronze Age. The first
and most important is the presence of objects made of bronze.
In the 144 localities under analysis in which interments
ascribed to the Bronze Age have been examined, bronze
articles were found in 34 directly associated with the inter-
ments. In four of these the bronze was along with objects
made of gold. In seven other interments of the same char-
acter gold ornaments without bronze were present. The men
of this period were, therefore, workers in gold also, and as it
has been, and indeed still can be, mined in Scotland, it is not
unlikely that the ornaments had been wrought from native
metal. Additional proof that the burials in short cists, and
after cremation in cinerary urns, both belonged to the same
period, and were practised by the same people, is furnished
by the presence of articles of bronze and gold in both groups
of interment.

But, in addition to metallic objects, the graves sometimes
contained other implements and ornaments. In many
localities articles made of flint, stone, or bone, and jet beads
were associated with bronze. In others flints in the form of
chips, knives, arrow-heads, and spear-heads; stone implements
in the form of whetstones and hammers ; bone and jet orna-
ments and bone pins were found in short cists, and some of
these articles, also in cremation interments, were unaccom-
panied by bronze.

Attention has been called by Dr. Joseph Anderson to
the character of the bronze objects usually associated with

144 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

these burials.' For the most part they have been thin blades,
leaf-like or triangular in form, and either with or without a
tang for the attachment of a handle. From their shape they
might have been used as spear-heads, daggers, or knives.
Not unfrequently the surfaces of the blade were ornamented
with a punctated or incised pattern. Sometimes bronze pins,
rings, and bracelets have been obtained from these interments.
It should, however, be stated that the bronze articles and
ornaments of gold found in association with the burials are
of a more simple character, and present less variety in form,
purpose, and decoration than those which have been got in
hoards in various parts of Scotland. It would seem, therefore,
as if the people of this period, even if they were in possession
of such finished and beautifully decorated swords, bucklers,
axes, and bronze vessels as have been got in the hoards just
referred to, did not deposit them in the graves of their deceased
friends and relatives. It may be, however, that the simpler
articles found in the interments represent a period in the
Bronze Age earlier than that in which the art of making the
more elaborate articles had been acquired, when perhaps the
custom of depositing grave goods had been more or less
departed from.

Cinerary urns are not the only utensils formed of baked
clay to which the term urn has been applied, and archeologists
recognise by the names of “incense cups,” “ food vessels,” and
“ drinking cups” three other varieties.

The examples of so-called incense cups are not numerous
in Scotland ; they were associated with cremation interments
and have usually been contained in cinerary urns; they are
the smallest of all the varieties of urn, and are as a rule from
2 to 3 inches high, and about 3 inches wide. In one speci-
men from Genoch, Ayrshire, the cup possessed a movable lid.
Not unfrequently the outer surface was patterned with hori-
zontal, vertical, and zig-zag arrangements of lines. Ina few
cases the sides were perforated as if to allow the escape of
fumes, and it is probably from this character, as well as from
their small size which fitted them for being easily carried in
the hand, that they have been termed incense cups. The
burning of incense would, however, imply, on the part of the

1 «Scotland in Pagan Times.”

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 145

people of the Bronze Age, the possession of fragrant gums
and resins such as are not indigenous to Britain, and which
the ancient Caledonians were not at all likely to be in a
position to procure. In most instances the contents of these
cups were not preserved by the finders. An example, which
was discovered in 1857 at Craig Dhu, North Queensferry,
covered by a larger urn, and about the size of a teacup, was
filled with calcined human bones ; the specimen from Genoch,
found a number of years ago by Dr. James Macdonald, of
Ayr, contained the burnt bones and ashes of a child in its
fifth or sixth year. Of the conflicting theories as to the
purpose to which these cups were applied, the view that, like
the large urns with which they were associated, they were
cinerary, and were intended for the reception of the ashes of
an infant or young child, seems the most probable.

Numerous examples of the variety of urn termed “ food
vessel” have been found in Scotland, and “drinking cups,”
although not quite so numerous, are fairly represented. In
the 144 localities under analysis the bowl-shaped food urns
were found in 31, drinking cups in 25, and in seven instances
the size and form of the urn is not stated with sufficient pre-
cision. With a few exceptions, in which the character of the
burial had not been fully described, the urns were contained
in short cists, in which also the skeleton of an unburnt body
in the bent or contracted position, was lying. In several
instances it is stated that the urn, either food or drinking
vessel, contained black dust, or earth, or greasy matter, but
burnt bones are never said to constitute their contents. Not
unfrequently, although this is not an invariable rule, the urn
was placed in proximity to the head and raised hands of the
skeleton.

These varieties of urn are by no means invariably present
in short cists. In twenty-five localities where this kind of
grave was seen, there is no record of either form of urn
being present. It is obvious therefore that, though associated
with so many inhumation interments, they were not regarded
as necessary accompaniments, and they obviously discharged
in the minds of the people of the time a different function
from that of cinerary urns. The term food-urns applied to
the bowl-shaped variety is probably appropriate, as indicating

27 Cc

146 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

that edible substances were placed in them, in the belief
that food should be provided for the use of the corpse. It
is questionable, however, if the taller variety were drinking
cups, as the unglazed clay would not fit them for the
retention of liquids for any length of time. Their presence
in the stone cists, along with, in some instances, implements
and weapons, would point to the belief, in the minds of those
practising this form of interment, in a resurrection of the
body, and a restoration to the wants and habits of the
previous life. It may be that placing the body in the
crouching position, lying on one side, was regarded as the
attitude best fitted, when the proper time came, to enable
it to spring into the erect position and assume an active
state of existence. The practice of cremation, however, to
an almost equal extent as inhumation, by people of the same
period, shows that they may not all have shared in the belief
in a corporeal resurrection. But it should not be forgotten
that, even in many cremation interments, blades and other
objects made of bronze have been found along with the
burnt bones and cinerary urns, as if for use in a future life.

(To be continued.)

THESPROTECTION OF WILD) BIRDS, AND
THER EGGS IN SCOTLAND:

THANKS to the courtesy of Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Her
Majesty’s Secretary for Scotland, we are enabled to reproduce,
for the benefit of our readers, certain documents which have
lately been issued from the Scottish Office, and which should
have an important bearing upon the future administration of
the Wild Birds Acts in Northern Britain.

Herein a scheme is suggested for adoption, which is so
comprehensive and concise, and the general tenor of the
Circular wherein it is propounded so excellent, that it
demands little or no introduction or commentary at our
hands. Indeed, it is admirably prefaced by a letter from
Lord Balfour's pen addressed to the conveners of County

THE PROTECTION OF WILD BIRDS IN SCOTLAND 147

Councils, to all of whom, along with the Circular and Lists
of Birds, it has already been transmitted.

A retrospect of the working of the Act of 1894 must
convince every one that such a scheme as that now proposed
is a great desideratum. The want of such a “ plan of action,”
if we may so term it, in the past has resulted in so many
anomalies that confidence in the Act has been shaken and
its wisdom even doubted.

The most serious of these defects are of a fundamental
nature. Thus we find that counties in which the conditions
of bird life and the requirements of protection are identical
have elected to protect few species in common; that many
of the birds scheduled are not species really in need of
protection; that the birds which should be protected are
often conspicuous by their absence from the schedules ;
and, lastly, that certain counties have actually applied the
benefits of the Act to the eggs of birds which do not breed
in the British Islands! It is true that by a judicious exercise
of censorship some of these shortcomings and absurdities have
fortunately been remedied ; but there are naturally limits to
the application of such censorship.

It is essential that the Local Authority should realise
what species actually require protection within the area
under its jurisdiction. Certain County Councils—alas only
a few—have either possessed this necessary knowledge, or, if
they did not, have wisely consulted specialists ; and in these
cases the result has been all that could be desired.

We fully realise, however, the fact—and we desire to
be very emphatic upon this point—that the intention of
the Local Authority has always been excellent and well-
meaning, and prompted solely by a desire to do the best for
the community ; and if these good intentions have failed it
is not the fault, but rather the misfortune, of the promoters.

It is the very laudable desire to remove these existing
anomalies, and to secure the maximum of benefit that the
Acts are capable of affording, that has led Lord Balfour
to propound his carefully thought-out scheme, and to offer
sound advice as to what species should be protected generally
and in the two districts into which Scotland is proposed to
be subdivided.

148 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

The scheme, and the lists of species enumerated for
protection under it, have received our careful consideration
and critical examination, and in our opinion it is well-con-
sidered, practical, and highly beneficial in its aims, and leaves
little or nothing to be desired.

As naturalists, we extend to it our hearty approval. We
recognise its merits, and desire to express to His Lordship
our high appreciation of his enlightened action, which should
place Scotland facile princeps in the matter of the adminis-
tration of our Wild Birds Acts. We cordially recommend
the adoption of the scheme ez d/oc by the County Councils
of Scotland; and we trust that those who have influence
in County matters will use their suasion in its favour.

At first we were inclined to advocate the adoption of a
larger number of natural areas, instead of the two here pro-
pounded, but confess that we are now converts to the smaller
number, which, among other things, has simplicity on its
side—a most desirable and all-important recommendation.

The following are the documents to which we have
referred :—

[Letter to the Conveners of County Councils.]

SCOTTISH OFFICE,
WHITEHALL, S.W., 29¢2 April 1898.

Dear Sir,—I enclose a copy of a circular letter which has
been sent from this office to the Clerk of your County Council
on the subject of the Protection of Wild Birds.

I hope the policy indicated and the considerations on
which that policy is based will commend themselves to your
judgment, and that you will confer the favour upon me of
taking a personal interest in the matter, and will bring it
before your Council on an early date.

The lists of birds now suggested have been most care-
fully considered in this office, the existing orders have been
examined, and as few changes made as will suffice to secure
uniformity over the areas selected. The best ornithological
advice open to us has been consulted, and I venture to hope
the result will prove satisfactory to you and to your Council.

I will only add, that, if there are any points in our
circular letter which may not, at first sight, appear quite

THE PROTECTION OF WILD BIRDS IN SCOTLAND 149

clear to you, I shall be willing to give you any further
information or explanation you may desire. I am personally
most anxious, with your kind co-operation, to give the
proposed scheme a fair and reasonable trial, say for four or
five years, because I believe it is in this way that the admin-
istration of these protective Acts can be made to show the
most satisfactory results.——I am, dear Sir, etc.,

BALFOUR OF BURLEIGH.
Circular No. 287.

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ACTS.

SCOTTISH OFFICE,
WHITEHALL, S.W., 18th April 1898.

Sir,—With reference to previous correspondence, including the
circular letter of the 2nd November 1894, No. 204, addressed to
you from this office, I am directed to request that you will call the
attention of the County Council of to the
present mode in which the Wild Birds Protection Acts are being
administered, with a view of considering whether it would not be
advantageous to adopt a general scheme under which Scotland should
be divided into districts, consisting of groups of Counties, so as to
enable the Secretary for Scotland, upon application by the Council
of any County, to grant an Order bringing the County within a par-
ticular group.

2, The powers conferred by the Wild Birds Protection Acts,
1880-96, bearing directly on the question, may be briefly summarised
as follows :—

(a) The provision in the Act of 1880 for the extension or
variation of the close-time for all wild birds by order of
the Secretary for Scotland upon the application of County
Councils.

(6) The provisions in the Act of 1894 enabling the Secretary for
Scotland, upon the application of County Councils, to
grant Orders prohibiting the taking and destroying of the
eggs of wild birds throughout the whole County, and of
the eggs of any specified birds within particular areas, and
also for adding further species of birds to the schedule of
the Act of 1880.

(c) The provision in the Act of 1896 enabling the Secretary for
Scotland to grant Orders, upon the application of the
County Councils, for the extension of the close-time for
particular kinds of birds, or for all wild birds in particular
places.

150 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

3. Lam to point out that an Order under (a) extending the close-
time in Shetland has been issued by the Secretary for Scotland, but,
with this exception, all the Orders made upon the application of
County Councils have been under (0) of the aforesaid provisions.
The administrative area for the purpose of these Orders, with one
exception, has always been the County.

4. It appears to His Lordship that the larger the area within
which identical Orders can be made applicable the easier it will be
found to administer the law, because all concerned can more readily
make themselves acquainted with the provisions of the Orders in
force for the protection of birds and their eggs. But, with the
exception of the Counties of Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Wigtown,
in which an identical list of protected birds is now in force, there has
hitherto been a complete want of uniformity in the Orders applied
for even by adjoining Counties.

5. Lord Balfour of Burleigh has accordingly been led to consider
whether it might not be desirable to form districts and to frame a
model list of birds for each district which would meet the case of
a larger number of Counties than it seems probable could by any
other means be found working in co-operation.

6. As the result of a careful consideration of the whole subject
both from the administrative and the ornithological point of view,
and in the light of the experience gained in the past four years, the
Secretary for Scotland has come to the conclusion that the best plan
to secure a really effective administration of these Acts would be to
divide Scotland into two districts, Northern and Southern, in the
manner indicated by the red line on the accompanying map
(Appendix II.).

7. Following upon this the Secretary for Scotland has considered
what birds are in need of special protection, and is advised that the
list, of which a copy (Appendix I.) is annexed, comprises all the
birds which it is needful to protect in the Northern and Southern
districts respectively.

8. The list shows (1) what birds should receive protection in
both districts ; (2) what additional birds should be protected in the
Northern district ; and (3) what additional birds should be protected
in the Southern district, by Orders under the Act of 1894.

g. It is obvious that although certain rare or local species do not
breed in all the Counties of one or the other of the districts, yet from
the fact that they breed, in most instances, in Counties not far re-
moved, it is suggested that it would be expedient to protect them in
all the Counties of the district, in the hope that under such combined
protection they may possibly become more numerous and extend
their range. This course would prevent their being killed during
their visits to Counties which are not far removed from their breeding
areas. And there is the additional reason already indicated that the
larger the area over which one uniform Order can be put in force the

THE PROTECTION OF WILD BIRDS IN SCOTLAND 151

less excuse there will be for any individual who has not made himself
acquainted with it.

to. The birds in the annexed list whose eggs are mentioned for
protection under the Act of 1894, and which are not already scheduled,
would, under the scheme, be added to the schedule of the Act of
1880, in order to afford them protection during the breeding season.
It should be borne in mind that the Act of 1881 adds the Lark to
the schedule of the Act of 1880. It is further suggested that certain
birds marked * in the list should receive protection all the year
round, under section 1 of the Act of 1896.

t1. The protection of certain small birds in the vicinity of towns
has not been lost sight of, but, if the necessity for such protection
should arise, it can best be given by special Orders under the Wild
Birds Protection Act, 1894.

12. In conclusion, I am to request that you will be so good as
to lay this communication before the County Council at their next
meeting for their careful consideration, so that if the scheme meets
with their approval they may be in a position to apply for Orders in
accordance therewith, before the end of the period covered by
existing Orders, which, in the great majority of cases, expire on the
31st December 1898.—I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,

Comin Scott MONCRIEFF.

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ACTS.

Appendix 1 to Scottish Office Circular, No. 287, of 18th April
1898.

I.—Disrricrs (see Map Appendix II.*).
(1) Northern District.

Orkney Ross and Cromarty | Banff Perth
Shetland Inverness Aberdeen Argyll
Caithness Nairn Kincardine Bute
Sutherland Elgin Forfar

(2) Southern District.

Fife Renfrew Berwick Dumfries
Kinross Lanark Selkirk Kirkcudbright
Clackmannan Linlithgow Peebles Wigtown
Stirling Edinburgh Roxburgh

Dumbarton Haddington Ayr

1 We have not thought it necessary to reproduce the map.—EDs.

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

IIl.—List or BIRDS REQUIRING PROTECTION.

1. In both Districts.

2. In Northern District

3. In Southern District

only. only.
Bullfinch Diver, —B lack Dipper
* Buzzard throated Gull, Common
*Chough Diver, Red-throated | Hawfinch
Crossbill *Eagle, Golden Merlin
* Dotterel *Eagle, Sea Oyster Catcher
Eider Duck Gray Lag Goose Plover, Golden
*Goldfinch Greenshank Plover, Ringed
*Great-crested Grebe | Hen Harrier Raven
Jay “Kite Sheld Duck
* Kestrel Pintail Duck Siskin
* Kingfisher Phalarope, Red" Woodpecker
Lapwing (after 15th necked Great Spotted
April) Scoter
Mallard Skua, Great
Night Jar Skua, Richardson’s
* Osprey *Titmouse, Crested

*Owl, Barn
*Owl, Long-eared
*Owl, Short-eared
*Owl, Tawny
*Peregrine Falcon
Pochard
Quail
Shoveller
Skylark
Snipe
Teal
Tern, Common
Tern, Little
Tern, Sandwich
Tufted Duck
Wigeon
Woodcock

Whimbrel

32 +15 =47 species in Northern District.

32 + 11 = 43 species in Southern District.

Being a total of 58 Birds, whereof

32 occur in both lists,

£5. 4) North only,

rt. e, South) only:

Nore.—In the case of the birds marked * it is suggested that (irrespective of
Districts) the close-time under the Act of 1880 should be extended by an order
under section I of the Act of 1896.

In conclusion, we would remark that it has been re-
peatedly said that it is nobody’s business to put the Acts in
motion against offenders. May we not look to the two
powerful societies—The Society for the Protection of Birds,
and the Selborne Society—for help in this matter? W.E.C.

ON BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE ISLAND OF TIREE 153

ON BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE ISLAND
OF TIREE.

By PETER ANDERSON.

THE following notes relate to one hundred and twenty-eight
species of birds which have come under my notice during
twelve years of residence in the island.

In addition to these, I have from time to time seen
birds which I was unable to identify. These latter were
chiefly small arboreal species which visit us during the
seasons of migration, and which do not remain long here,
for there is neither tree nor bush on the island.

MissEL THRUSH, Zurdus viscivorous.—Not uncommon in late
autumn, winter, and spring. It is generally seen singly or in
twos or threes. They frequent grassy fields, and take shelter
by the side of old walls and rocks during stormy weather.

Sonc THRusH, Zurdus musicus—A regular winter visitor in con-
siderable numbers, and usually remains until the latter end of
March. It frequents the banks of deep ditches, and old turf
walls.

Repwine, Zurdus tliacus—Common on migration in autumn and
spring, and a few generally stay all winter, except in seasons of
hard frost.

FIELDFARE, Zurdus pilaris.—Arrives here in large flocks in late
autumn ; but only stays for a day or two and then continues
its journey south. A few make their appearance on the return
journey in spring. ‘The Merlin follows the flocks of Fieldfares,
and takes a heavy toll of them.

BLACKBIRD, Zurdus merula.—Fairly common during winter and
spring, when they are to be seen in all sheltered nooks. These
birds leave rather earlier than the Song Thrush.

WHEATEAR, Saxicola enanthe.—Abundant during summer, arriving
about the latter end of March and beginning of April. Breeds
mostly in old walls,

Wuincuat, Pratincola rubetra.—\ have only seen one here, and
that was in the month of April about eight years ago.

STonEcHAT, Pratincola rubicola.—A regular winter visitor in small
numbers. Frequents sheltered nooks among rocks.

ReDBREAST, Lvithacus rubecula.—I see a few nearly every winter,
chiefly about the stackyards.

154 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN, Regulus cristatus.—I have only seen a
single example here, and it was caught in a merchant’s shop
at Scarnish.

WiLLow WREN, Phylloscopus trochilus—A regular visitor on the
spring migration, but does not breed here.

HEDGE SPARROW, Accentor modularis.—\1 have only seen a single
bird here, and that one was in an exhausted state.

WREN, Tvoglodytes parvulus—Common in winter, and a few
remain all summer ; but I do not think they breed here.

Prep WacrtalL, JJotacilla lugubris.—Rather rare. I saw one in my
garden in March of the present year (1897).

Wuirte WactalL, JZotacilla alba.—A regular visitor, in small parties
of three, four, or five individuals, on the spring migration,
which lasts for some days. They pass here, on their return
journey, from the middle of August to the beginning of
September.

Meapow Pipit, Anthus pratensis—An abundant resident and
breeding species. As this bird does not seem to increase, the
surplus stock must migrate to other fields. It frequents
pastures, and nests in old turf walls.

Rock Pipit, Anthus obscurus.—A numerous resident and breeding
species. It frequents the seashore, and breeds on rocky shelves.

SwaALLow, /7/irundo rustica.—I see one or two nearly every summer,
but they do not breed here.

SAND MartTIN, Codtle riparia:—This species bred here in 1886,
and previously, but does not do so now.

GREENFINCH, Ligurinus chloris—Large flocks arrive in autumn and
early winter. It mostly frequents turnip fields on its arrival.
A few remain about the stackyards till spring.

House SPARROW, Lasser domesticus.—Has become rather common
within the last few years.

TREE SPARROW, fasser montanus.—Numerous and resident, and
has been since the oldest inhabitant can remember. It breeds
in the ruins of the old churches at Kirkapol. The natives
say it was much more numerous at one time, and was re-
garded as a serious pest, as it shook the barley badly.

CuaAFFINcH, Fringilla celebs.—An occasional winter visitor in small
numbers. It never stays long here.

TwitE, Linota flavirostris—An abundant resident. It breeds
among the short heather, and feeds in the grain-fields.

ON BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE ISLAND OF TIREE 155

Corn Bountinc, Lmberiza miliaria.a— Common, and _ resident.
Breeds near the cornfields, and is only to be found where the
ground is cultivated.

YELLOW Buntinc, Emberiza citrinella.— An occasional winter
visitor in small numbers. It frequents the stackyards.

Snow Buntineo, Plectrophanes nivalis—A regular visitor on migra-
tion, appearing now and again in small flocks from October till
the latter end of March.

STARLING, Sturnus vulgaris—A superabundant resident. It has
become a great nuisance through its habit of nesting in the
chimneys. These birds feed in winter on grubs, which they find
among the seaweed spread by the farmers on their fields.

Cuoucn, Pyrrhocorax graculus.—I have only seen one bird of this
species here.

Jackpaw, Corvus monedula.—Iit has occurred, but it is rare here.

RAVEN, Corvus corax.—One pair is resident, and breeds every year
on the cliffs at Kennavara Head. ‘These birds do not seem
to increase, although they are not molested in any way.

CARRION Crow, Corvus corone.—It has occurred, but is very rare.

HoopED Crow, Corvus cornix.—Common enough. Breeds on the
cliffs on different parts of the island.

Rook, Corvus frugilegus.—An occasional spring visitor in small
numbers.

SKYLARK, A/auda arvensis—An abundant resident. Breeds all
over the island.

SwiFt, Cypselus apus.—An occasional summer visitor, and is always
seen singly.

Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus.—Occurs sparingly every summer.

SHORT-EARED OwL, Asio accipitrinus—Common on autumn and
spring migrations. Frequents rushy fields and reedy bogs.

PEREGRINE Fautcon, Falco peregrinus.—One pair breeds on the
cliffs at Kennavara every year. ‘They do not increase, although
they are not molested in any way. I suppose the young birds
leave every year.

MERLIN, Falco esalon.—Very numerous, especially during autumn,
when they follow the flocks of migratory birds, such as Field-
fares, Golden Plover, Snipe, etc., and take heavy toll of them.
A pair bred here in the summer of 1897.

KestreL, Falco tinnunculus.—Occurs now and again, but as there
are neither voles nor mice here they do not stay long. A pair
nested in 1896 on the cliff at Kennavara.

156 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Common Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo.—Fairly common round
the coast, and sometimes to be seen on the lochs.

SHac, Phalacrocorax graculus.—Very common, and breeds in the
caves at Kennavara Head.

GANNET, Sula bassana.—Fairly common round the coast, but does
not breed here.

ComMoN HERON, Ardea cinerea—Common all the year round,
although they do not breed. Frequents shallow lochs and
ditches, where it feeds on eels and sticklebacks.

GRAYLAG GOOSE, Axser cinereus.—Occurs now and again in winter,
but does not stay long.

WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE, Azser albifrons.—Common, and numerous
from middle of October till the end of April. Arrives here
from the north-west in autumn, and takes a north-westerly
direction when leaving here in spring.

BERNICLE GOosE, Bernicla leucopsis.—Occurs now and again in
small flocks of a dozen or so.

BRENT Goose, Gernicla brenta.—Occurs only during hard frosts,
and then but sparingly.

WHOOPER SWAN, Cygnus musicus—Has increased enormously as a
winter visitor since I came to the island in 1886. At that
time only about a dozen or so could be seen at a time. I
counted several times during the last few winters nearly 200 of
this species on Loch-a-Phuil.

BEWICK’s Swan, Cygnus minor.—A regular winter visitor, and
increasing in numbers every year. A flock of about 200 spent
some time on Island House Loch last winter.

MutTE Swan, Cygnus olor.—I have seen a single straggler of this species
on Island House Loch. A Black Swan spent the most of the
summer of 1896 on Loch-a-Phuil.

CoMMON SHELDRAKE, Zadorna cornuta.—-Resident, and breeds.

MALLARD, Anas boscas—Numerous, and resident all the year round.
Breeds on all parts of the island where it can find cover for its
nest.

GADWALL, Anas strepera—Very common, Arrives about the end
of harvest, and stays until late spring. Frequents the sea-coast
during the day-time, and flights in the evening to brackish
pools to feed.

SHOVELLER, Sfatula clypeata.—Fairly common. A few pairs breed
on the island every summer.

PintalL, Dajila acuta.—Occurs sparingly on migration.

ON BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE ISLAND OF TIREE 157

TEAL, Querquedula crecca.—A numerous and resident species.
Breeds in suitable places all over the island.

WipcEoNn, Mareca penelope.—Numerous during autumn, winter, and
spring. Frequents both the sea-shore and the fresh-water
lochs.

PocHarD, Fuligula ferina.—Numerous during winter, and a few
remain to breed.

TurteD Duck, /wligula cristataa—Common during autumn, winter,
and spring. <A few remain to breed, but they have only begun
to do so within the last few years.

Scaup, Fuligula marila.—A regular winter visitor in considerable
numbers. A few begin to arrive towards the latter end of
September. They frequent both the sea-shore and the fresh-
water lochs.

GOLDEN -EYE, Clangula glaucion—Common during winter and

spring. It is rather late in arriving, and frequents both the
salt and fresh water.

Lonc-taiLeD Duck, farelda glacialis. — Very common during
winter and spring round the coast. I have seen them feeding
on fresh-water lochs.

Ewer Duck, Somazeria molissima.—An abundant resident, breeding
in all suitable parts of the island. It very rarely leaves the sea,
except during the nesting season.

Common Scorer, @demia nigra.—Fairly common, but are never
numerous. A pair bred here this year, 1897. I watched the
male bird while the female was incubating, but failed to find
the nest. However, I have since seen both old birds with a
brood of five young ones, and have often been quite close to
them.

GOosANDER, Mergus merganser.—Used to be fairly numerous some
years ago, but I have not observed any for the last two years,

RED - BREASTED MERGANSER, JZergus serrator.— An abundant
resident, breeding on all suitable parts of the island.
Frequents both fresh and salt water.

Smew, JZergus albellus—Common on Gott Bay during autumn,
winter, and spring. It is one of the earliest migratory Ducks
to arrive. It is entirely a marine species here.

Rock Dove, Columba “ivia.—Resident, and breeds in caves in
different parts of the island.

PAaLLas SAND GROUSE, Syrrhaptes paradoxus. — Several flocks
occurred here during the summer of 1888. They arrived
about the end of May, and continued off and on until about
the first week of October.

158 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

CoMMON ParTRIDGE, Perdix cinerea.—Both English and Hungarian
Partridges have been introduced into the island.

QuaiL, Coturnix communis.—I have only seen one bird of this
species here. It lay so close among the grass that I could
easily have caught it.

LAND RatL, Crex pratensis. — An abundant summer visitor, and
breeds among the crops, though principally among the iris.
Arrives about the end of May and beginning of June, and
leaves about September.

WateER Ratt, Rallus agquaticus.—Fairly numerous in winter; a few
remain all summer, but I do not know whether they breed here
or not.

WaTER HEN, Gadlinula chloropus.—Resident all the year round.
Breeds in reedy marshes,

Coor, /ulica atra.—An abundant resident. Frequents reedy lakes,
and makes its nest among the reeds.

RINGED PLOVER, Zgtalitis hiaticulan—Abundant, and resident all
the year round. Breeds on the flat rocks and sandy reaches.

GOLDEN PLOVER, Charadrius pluvialis—Numerous during autumn,
winter, and spring. Arrives in enormous flocks during September
and October. Frequents the sandy machars, but never frequents
the sea-shore here.

Gray PLovER, Sguatarola helvetica.—A regular visitor on its autumn
and spring migrations. Frequents the sea-shore and brackish
pools.

Lapwinc, Vanellus vulgaris—Numerous as a breeding species, but
only a few remain all winter.

TURNSTONE, S¢repsilas tnterpres.—Abundant during autumn, winter,
and spring. A good many remain all summer, but they do not
breed. They frequent the sea-shore, but come on to the fields
during stormy weather, and turn up the cow-dung in search of
grubs, insects, and worms.

OysTER-CATCHER, /Hematopus ostralegus.— Resident all the year.
Frequents the sea-shore, and breeds there.

Gray PHALAROPE, Phalaropus fulicarius.—An immature bird of this
species was shot in a marsh near Kennavara, in September
1886; and I identified one that I saw flying about over a small
bay on the sea-shore at Heinish, in November 1890.

Woopcock, Scolopax rusticula.— A regular winter visitor, but
numerous only during hard frost.

ON BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE ISLAND OF TIREE 159

CoMMON SNIPE, Gallinago calestis.—A numerous resident species,
breeding on all suitable parts of the island. Migratory Snipe
begin to arrive in September, and continue off and on all
winter, if the weather is favourable.

Jack SwnipE, Gadlinago gallinulan—A regular autumn and winter
visitor, arriving as early as the latter end of September in
considerable numbers. It prefers mossy bogs to muddy
places.

DuNLIN, Zringa alpina.—Resident, and breeds all over the island.
Only a few remain all winter. It breeds on rough boggy
ground, and feeds on the sandy ebb.

LittLe Stint, Zringa minuta.—Occurs occasionally on migration.
I have seen as many as twenty in a flock, but they do not occur
every year.

PURPLE SANDPIPER, Z7inga striata.—A regular winter and spring
visitor, but is most numerous in spring. It frequents the rocky
parts of the coast.

Knot, Zringa canutus.—A regular autumn and spring visitor, but
is most numerous in autumn. I have seen them here as early
as August. ‘They frequent the sandy shores.

SANDERLING, Calidris arenaria,—Sanderlings are numerous here
during autumn, winter, and spring ; and, like the Knot, frequent
the sandy shore.

Rurr, Machetes pugnax.—An occasional autumn visitor. I have
not noticed it in spring. It frequents and wades in shallow
pools.

CoMMON SANDPIPER, Zofanus hypfoleucus.—A regular summer visitor
in small numbers. It breeds and feeds about the margins of
lakes and shallow pools.

REDSHANK, Zofanus calidris—The Redshank stays with us during
the autumn, winter, and spring.

GREENSHANK, Zofanus canescens.—Common during autumn, winter,
and spring. A pair bred here a few years ago, but I have not
noticed them breeding since. It frequents shallow pools, both
salt and fresh.

Bar-TAILED Gopwit, Limosa lapponica.—Common, arriving in
autumn and leaving in late spring. Frequents the sandy shores.

BLACK-TAILED Gopwit, Zimosa be/gica.—Rather rare. I shot one
several years ago in spring, and I have seen a few-single birds
since—always in spring. It has a peculiar, wild, eerie cry, which
is unlike that of any other bird I know.

160 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

CurLEW, WVumenius arquata.—Abundant during autumn, winter, and
spring. It feeds a good deal on a small mollusc, which it
finds on the machars. The bird roosts mostly on the rocks
by the sea-shore.

WHIMBREL, Vumentus pheopus.—Passes here in large flocks in May,
the migration continuing the whole of the month. Comparatively
few come here on the return journey in August.

SANDWICH TERN, Sterna cantiaca.—An occasional visitor on migra-
tion. One was shot and identified some years ago.

ComMon TERN, Sterna fluviatifis—A numerous breeding species.

Arctic TERN, Sterna macrura.—An abundant breeding species,
more numerous I think than the Common Tern.

LitTLE TERN, Sterna minuta.—There are several colonies of Little
Terns on the island. It breeds on the sand, above and close
to high-water mark.

BLACK-HEADED GULL, Larus ridibundus.—A few pairs breed on the
island, but they are never numerous.

Common GUuLL, Larus canus.—Numerous, and breeding on the flat
rocks all over the island.

HERRING GULL, Larus argentatus.—Common, resident, and breeds.

LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL, Larus fuscus.—Same remarks apply
to this species as to the Herring Gull.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, Larus marinus.—Common enough,
but I do not think it breeds, for I have never found its nest
on this island.

GLaucous GULL, Larus glaucus.—I have seen a single bird now and
again of this species.

KITTIWAKE GULL, ssa tridactyla.— Numerous, resident, and
breeds. It nests on precipitous cliffs which are quite inac-
cessible.

RICHARDSON’S SkuA, Séercorarius crepidatus.—A regular summer
visitor, arriving about the beginning of June. It has bred on
the island, but does not do so every summer.

RazorBiLL, Adca torda.—Resident, and breeding on the cliffs at
Kennavara Head.

CoMMON GUILLEMOT, U7ia ¢rotle-—Not nearly so numerous as the
Razorbill, and breeds along with that species at Kennavara
Head. Formerly this species was by far the more numerous of
the two.

ON BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE ISLAND OF TIREE 161

LittLe Auk, AZergulus alle.—A few come ashore dead in winter,
some of which are quite fresh. I have never seen a living one
round the coast.

Biack GUILLEMOT, Uria gryl/e—Not numerous, but a few pairs
breed on the island.

Purrin, fratercula arcticaa—Common during summer round the
coast, but it does not breed here.

GreEAT NorRTHERN Diver, Colymbus glacialis.—Fairly common round
the coast. It returns here from its breeding-grounds as early as
the end of August.

BLACK-THROATED DIvER, Colymbus arcticus.—A few to be seen round

the coast in spring; rare at other times.

RED-THROATED DIVER, Colymbus septentrionalis—Fairly common
round the coast, especially during autumn. It does not breed
here.

GREAT-CRESTED GREBE, Podicifes cristatus.—Occurs occasionally.
I have seen a pair as late as the month of April on Loch
Vasapol.

SLAVONIAN GREBE, Podicifes auritus—Common during winter and
spring. It frequents the lochs mostly, but it is sometimes to
be seen on the sea.

LITTLE GREBE, Podicipes fluviatilis—Fairly common, though never
numerous. It frequents the lochs, and goes to the sea during
hard frost.

Fuutmar, /ulmarus glacialis.—Not uncommon. I have caught
examples several times, which seemed to be unable to rise off
the flat ground, although their wings appeared to be uninjured.

GREAT SHEARWATER, Puffinus major.—Very rare. I found one
dead on the ‘“‘ Reef” in October 1891 (“ Annals,” 1892, p. 74).

MANX SHEARWATER, Pufinus anglorum.—Is sometimes very common
round the coast, while at other times there are none to be seen.

FORKED-TAILED PETREL, Occanodroma leucorrhoa.—I once found a
bird of this species which had killed itself by flying against the
telegraph wire.

StorM PetreEL, Procellaria pelagica.—Not uncommon round the
coast during summer. I have seen it at Kennavara Head
during the breeding season, and I think it may perhaps breed
there.

162 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

ON THE NESTING OF THE PINTAW(OARILA
ACUTA) IN THE FORTH] 2akigA:

By WixLu1AmM Evans, F.R.S.E.

THE late John Hancock believed, apparently on substantial
grounds, that the Pintail bred at Prestwick Car, in Northum-
berland, prior to the drainage of that famous bird-haunt many
years ago.' Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey has stated that in
Ireland it has bred in Lord Castletown’s duck preserves at
Abbeyleix, Queen’s County, and that he has himself seen
females with young broods on Loughs- Mask and Corrib in
County Galway.” As regards Scotland, Mr. Harvie-Brown ob-
tained fourduck’s eggs on the island of Hysgeir, Inner Hebrides,
in June 1881, which he afterwards identified as Pintail’s by
means of the down and a feather found in the nest;* and he has
also recorded a supposed nest got on a loch in Sutherland in
1882.4 Such, shortly, is the sum-total of the recorded infor-
mation concerning this, one of the most graceful of ducks, as
a British breeding species.’ It is, therefore, no small satisfac-
tion to me to be able to record the nesting of several—
perhaps not less than six or seven—pairs this year on a loch
in the Forth area, to wit Loch Leven in Kinross-shire.
Pintail on Loch Leven in March, which I had myself

seen, had little or no significance ; but when Messrs. T. G.
Laidlaw and Bruce Campbell reported having observed a
pair there on 1st May 1897, and again on 30th April of the
present year, my suspicions were aroused, and I determined
to thoroughly investigate the matter. Accordingly, on 14th
May last, accompanied by my son, who wished to photograph
a few nests, I visited a portion of the loch, and had the
pleasure of seeing three of the birds I was in search of,
namely a male and a female feeding quietly in a grassy pool,

1 «¢Catalogue of the Birds of Northumberland and Durham,” 1874. A. G.
More states that Hancock had found the nest (‘‘ Ibis,” 1865, p. 443).

2 «¢ The Fowler in Ireland,” 1882.

3 “« Proceedings Royal Physical Society,” vol. vii., 1881-83.

+ «¢ Fauna of Sutherland,” etc., 1887.

5 Mr. Charles Dixon states in his ‘‘ Nests and Eggs of British Birds” that he
has every reason to believe that the Pintail breeds on certain small rocky islets in

the Firth of Forth. Such statements, however, prove nothing, and cannot,
therefore, be taken into account.

NESTING OF THE PINTAIL IN THE “FORTH” AREA 163

and a beautiful drake flying backwards and forwards in a
manner which strongly suggested his having a mate on a
nest not far off—we had to leave, however, without settling
this point. On the 18th we returned, and devoted our
attention to other portions of the loch. On this occasion we
observed altogether seven Pintails—four males and three
females, two of the latter being flushed from their nests
containing eight and five eggs respectively. Our delight
knew, of course, no bounds, and we came home well pleased
with the success of our expedition.

But my observations did not stop here, investigations in
other branches of natural history necessitating further visits
to the loch and affording at same time opportunity for ex-
tending my acquaintance with the Pintails. On 25th May
a single drake was all that was noticed, but on 8th June I
saw no fewer than three males and six females, all of them,
except two of the ducks which were on their nests, being in
view at one time—a sight to gladden the heart of any student
of British ornithology. The two nests referred to were
within a hundred yards of each other, and each contained six
deeply incubated eggs—there were signs, however, that the
number had once been greater. An empty nest with portions
of hatched eggs beside it was also found. Altogether it was
an eventful day, the memory of which I shall long cherish.

Many nests of other species of duck were found, and all
suspicious ones carefully identified. As a matter of fact,
however, the four Pintails’ nests were never in doubt from
the moment the ducks rose from them. When put off the
nests, which were placed in tufts of grass in dry and open
situations at some distance from the water, the birds invari-
ably alighted within forty or fifty yards, so that even without
using my binoculars I could recognise them perfectly well.
But, for the satisfaction of those who look for more con-
vincing evidence of identification, I may mention that I
placed a couple of the eggs in an improvised incubator, and
at the end of a week had the pleasure of seeing two un-
mistakable Pintail ducklings. As regards the “down ” test,
I must confess I am not an out and out believer in it. I
have Wild Duck down which it would be hard to separate
from that of the Pintail.

164 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

It may be thought that, in the interests of the birds, I
ought to have withheld the name of the locality. This I
would gladly have done, had I not been convinced, after
full consideration of all the circumstances, that publicity in
this instance is more likely to do good than harm. Vague
references to localities are, in my experience, of little use—
those who want to find them out generally soon manage
to do so. Besides, the law now provides means for the
protection of the eggs of wild birds, and it will be well if it
can be put in operation for the benefit of the Pintails and
other birds at Loch Leven before another breeding season
comes round, for some of them seem to have need of it.
In any case, should this note induce any one to visit the
locality in search of Pintails’ nests, I hope he will, in honour,
refrain from interfering unnecessarily with the birds or their

eggs.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTEAND:
By James W. H. Trait, A.M., M.D., F.R.S.
(Continued from p. 111.)

[Names of plants in z¢alécs, except as synonyms within curved brackets, denote
that the plants were certaindy introduced into Scotland by man. + after a
district number denotes introduction by man into the district ; ‘‘ cas.”
denotes casual occurrence, and ‘‘esc.” evident escape or outcast from culti-
vation, both being due to man’s agency. Square brackets enclosing the
name of a plant or a district number denote that the record was made in
error. 2? after a district number denotes, at least, need of confirmation ;
after + it denotes doubt as to whether the plant owes its presence in the
district to man. ]

ROSACEE (continued).

Fragaria vesca, Z., except 110.

F. elatior, Ehrh., an escape in many places.

Potentilla norvegica, L., escape in 77.

P. Fragariastrum, Lzrh., except 104, 107, 111 (?), 112.

P. verna, 2.5 181-62, 05 190.

P. rubens, VidZ. (P. maculata, Pourr. =P. Salisburgensis, Heenke),
72, 86, 88-90, 92, 97, 104, 107, 108.

P. silvestris, Weck. (P. Tormentilla, Scop.), all.

P. procumbens, Své¢h., 72-74, 76, 77, 80, 81, 85 (?), 86-89, 91-93,

G0, TOC, 102, Too (7); nm.
. reptans, Z., 72-77, 79-83, 85-90, 91(?), 927, 94) 99, 100, 103, 106.
P. Anserina, Z., all.

>»

eS

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 165

[P. rupestris, Z., 83 ?].

P. argentea, Z., 72, 80-85, 87-90, 95.

P. fruticosa, L., 77},:83t. (Both records from “Top. Bot,”)

P. palustris, Scop. (Comarum palustre, 1), except 78.

P. Sibbaldi, Hal/ fil. (Sibbaldia procumbens, L.), 72 cas., 73, 78, 86-
90, 92, 94, 96-99, 104-106, 108, 112.

Alchemilla arvensis, Scof., all.

A. vulgaris, Z., all.

a. pratensis (Schmidt), 72,'74, 83, 84, 88-90, 92, 99, I00,
i ae i

b. alpestris (Schmidt), 72, 74, 77, 84, 86, 88, 92, 96, 97, 99,
MOO. 1:2:

c. filicaulis (Buser), 72, 74, 80, 89, 100.

A. alpina, Z., 72 (?), 86-92, 94-100, 102-110, 112.

A. argentea, Lam. (A. conjuncta, Bab.), an occasional escape ; re-
ported as native in go and Ioo.

Acrimonia, Eupatoria, Z., except 78, 84, 101, 105, 107, 117:
172.

A. odorata, Jel/., 73, 74, 86, 88, 89, 91, 100.

Aremonia agrimonioides, DC., a casual, or seminaturalised, in 72,
89, 92.

Poterium) Sanguisorba, LZ. 72); 73, 74, 772) S0y OL) O2i Oats
88-90, 95 (?), 99.

P. officinale, Hook. fil., 72-75, 79-81, 90F.

P. muricatum, Spach, 887.

Sanguisorba canadensis, L., casual in 88, 89.

Rosa, Z. In this genus also, as with Awdws, the older records are
not to be depended on, the views now held by students of the
genus differing much from those that are embodied in the older
lists. Below will be found two lists. The first, and more full,
follows the ninth edition of the ‘‘ London Catalogue of British
Plants” in the enumeration of species and varieties recorded
from Scotland. It is based on “Topographical Botany,” second
edition, with Mr. Bennett’s ‘‘ Additional Records,” published in
the “Scottish Naturalist ” and in the “ Annals.” A good many
additions are made for the counties of Dumfries, Kirkcudbright,
and Wigtown, in Mr. Scott-Elliott’s ‘‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire ”
(1896). These are indicated by “s” after the numbers of these
counties. For more precise information about them the reader
must refer to the book. In Dr. White’s “ Flora of Perthshire,”
very recently published, there are many additional records of
varieties not included under the above lists, but chiefly founded
on specimens preserved in the herbarium of the Perthshire
Natural History Museum, and named by Mr. J. G. Baker and
Mr. G. Nicholson. These apply to the vice-counties 87, 88,
89 (West, Mid, and East Perthshire), and are indicated by “w”

166

me

v2)

v2

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

after each number. ‘The “Flora” should be consulted for the
particulars under each record.

The second list given below is based on M. Crepin’s study
of roses sent to him from Scotland, chiefly by Mr. William
Barclay of Perth, and summed up in this journal in 1895,
pp. 39-47, and in 1896, pp. 116-121, 169-176, in a paper by
Mr. Barclay. It has been thought more likely to be useful to
keep these lists apart than to attempt to combine them into one.

. pimpinellifolia, Z.

¥. Spmosissima, L., except 7S, 34, 101; JO541 Of Ida:

. involuta, S7., 728, 75, 79, 87, 88w, 89w, 96, 106, 108.

6. Sabini (Woods), 74, 7774, 81-84, 88, 89w, 90, 92, 93, 95,

OW, TO2, Oh dO 7, LOG, suit.

. hibernica, Sw., 72s, 88w, 89w, 95, 108.
- mollis, Sw., except 79, 76, SI, SZ, 83, 84; LOT, 103, 112.

b. coerulea, Woods, 728, 738, 748, 88w, 89.
c. pseudo-rubiginosa (Le7.), 72s.

. tomentosa, Sy, except 73, 102, 107.

6. subglobosa (.S7)., 72s, 88w, Sow.
c. farinosa, Sevznge, 88w, 8qw.

ad. scabriuscula (.S.), 72s, 76, 107.
g. sylvestris (Zizd/.), 88w.

. rubiginosa, Z., except 75, 80, 87, 98, 98, 103, 104, 108, 109,

110, 111, 112, in almost all with +.

. micrantha, S7., 81, 95, 109.

c. hystrix (Zeman), 72.

. sepium, Zhuzl/., 79.
. obtusifolia, Desv., 88 (?).

6. frondosa, Baker, 88w, 89w.
c. tomentella (Zeman), 72s, 88w.

. canina, Z., except 102, 110.

a. lutetiana, Zeman, 72s, 748, 87w, 88w, 8gw, 107, 110,
ra?
Jorma andevagensis (asz.), 728, 88w, 89w.
6. surculosa (Woods), 88w, 89w.
spheerica (G7vev.), 88w, 8ow.
dumalis (Lechs?.), 72s, 738, 748, 76, 88w, 89w, 99, 107,
Wiel) Tee:
forma verticillacantha (AZérat), 72s, 76, 88w.
urbica (Leman), 728, 748, 88w, 89w.
dumetorum (7Z/wil/.), 72s, 738, 748, 88w.
k. arvatica, Baker, 72s, 88w, 8gw, 107.
Jorma cesia (Sm.), 88w.
7, pruinosa, Laker, 72s, 88w, 8ow.
m. incana (IVoods), 72s, 88w.
o. Borreri (Woods), 72s.

D>

wD. &.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 167

R. glauca, V7l/., 72s, 87w, 88w, 89w, 109.
b. subcristata, Baker, 728, 748, 76, 88w, 8gw, 112.
a. implexa (Gren.), 88w.
e. corlifolia (77.), 728, 88w, 89w.
fF. Lintoni, Scheutz, 92.
g. Watsoni, Baker, 728, 88w.
. stylosa, Deszv., doubtfully recorded from 77, 84, 86, 90, 96, 97,
99-
. arvensis, Huds., 72s, 76, 77, 80-86, 88-91, with + in all.
. alpina, L., Perthshire, casual.
. cinnamomea, 1.., Perthshire, casual.
R. Dicksont, Lindl., 72s7.

yA 7

Scottish Roses determined by M. Crepin, from examples sent to him.

. pimpinellifolia, Z., 85, 87, 88.
v. spinosissima, Z., 85, 88.
. involuta, S7., 75, 87-89, 100.
. pimpinellifolia x tomentosa (Ze. Saéinz), Perthshire.
. pimpinellifolia x mollis (2. Sadzzz), Perthshire, 108.
. mollis, S7., 79, 85-90.
. tomentosa, S77., 79, 80, 85-89, 100.
v. subglobosa, .S7., Perthshire.
v. cinerascens, Demz., Perthshire.
. rubiginosa, Z., 75, 80, 83, 85, 88, 89. An old introduction, if
not native.
. obtusifolia, Desv., South Scotland.
= canina,
v. lutetiana, Zeman, 85, 88, 89.
v. dumalis, Bechst., 79, 86, 98-99, 100.
v. dumetorum (Zzwil/.), 81, 85, 87-89.
v. subcanina (Christ), 87-89, 100.
v. subcollina (Christ), 88, 89.
. glauca, Vil7., 79, 85-89, 100.
v. coriifolia (77.), 75, 79, 80, 85-89.
. arvensis, Huds., Perthshirey.
. alpina, L., Perthshire.
. hibernica, S7z., 89.
var. glabra, Baker.

ARARPRP PF

v2)

re

Zits

Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh., 1067.

P. Aria, Ehrh., 757; Vite Sry, 83, 857; 867, 88, 907, 917, 927, 937;
941) 95+, 987, 1037, 1047, 1087 (?). Doubtfully indigenous
in Scotland, more probably introduced by man.

P. intermedia, Z/rh., 857, 100, 106.

P. pinnatifida, Zx%r/., 907, 997, 100.

P. Aucuparia, Lhrh., except S4.

168 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

P. communis, L., a. Pyraster (L.), has been found in Perthshire,
‘scarcely indigenous.”

P. Malus, Z., recorded for all except 72 (?), 73+ (2), 74t (?), 82, 85,
905 (?), 917, 924, 937, 947, 957, 98; 99, 1007, 103, 104, 105,
107, 109, 110, 111, 112 ; but probably not indigenous in some
of the districts besides those marked as introduced.

a. acerba, DC., 74, 87-89.
b. mitis, Wallr., 747, Perthshirey.

Crateegus Oxyacantha, Z., except 117. Probably introduced into some
of the districts. ‘The common form is @. monogyna (/acy.) ;
a. oxyacanthoides (Z/wz/7/.) has been gathered near Aberuthven
in Perth.

SAXIFRAGACE.

Saxifraga oppositifolia, Z., 72, 747 (?), 86-90, 92-94, 96-101, 104-106,
108-112.
. nivalis, Z., 72, 86-90, 92, 96-99, 103 (?), 104, 106 (?).
. Stellanis, 322, except 7-4, (6,71, 80s 81, 82.895 84,099, HOT ELE
112,
S. Geum, L., casual in 87.
S. umobrosa, L., naturalised or an escape in several districts, 86-88, 92.
S. rotundifolia, L., 88 escape.
S) Hirculusie/2, 77.9 ol, Os Out)
S. aizoides, L., except 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 93,
VOD ATOM LE:
. tridactylites, Z., 79, 82-85, 87-90, 92, 93, 96, 103, 106, 107, 109.
-tivulatis; 2. 88, 901(?), 02, 06,097.
. Cena... oor
. Stanulata, Zi. 172,17 3,7 Ais 75-9 bs es
. ceespitosa, Z., 90 (?), 92 (?), 94, 96, 97.
. groenlandica, Z., 88.
. hirta, Haw. (.S. sponhemica, Gmel.), 72, 87, 88, 96-98, 104.
. hypnoides, Z., except 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 95, 102, 1083,
106, LO7, TIO, AL,
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Z., except 112.
C. alternifolium, Z., except 74, 84, 85, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,
105, LOC, VO, AOS, LOD ALO; S11 Ine:
Parnassia palustris, Z., except 78, 110.
Ribes Grossularia, \.., naturalised in various districts, e.g. 72-74,
$4, 87-92.
R. alpinum, L., introduced into 72, 73, 75-77, 80-84, 86, 89, 92
R. rubrum, Z.
a. sattvum (Reichb.), introduced into 72, 73, 86-89 91, 92.
6. petreum (S.), 877, 88, 897, 90(?), 91T (?), 93 (?), 95>
O90; 102, 100:
¢. spicatum (Leichd.), 104.
RR. nigrum, L., introduced into 72-74, 91, 92.

MN

NNANNNNMNM

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 169

CRASSULACEE.

Cotyledon. Umbilicus, 222, 73 cas., 7475. 751 70, 67 15 92 en LOO,
LOF, 103.

Sedum roseum, Scop. (S. Rhodiola, DC.), except 76, 77, 78, 79, SO,
Oo Ole GLa ae:

S. Telephium, Z., 72-77, 80-83, 857, 86+, 877, 887, 897, 907, 91,
927, 955 96, Iooy, IIIf, I127.

b. Fabaria, H. C. Wats. Naturalised in several districts, ¢.g.
79, 87-99; 92, 93, 99.

S. villosum, Z., 72, 73, 75-77, 79-81, 83-95, 98-100.

S. album, L., introduced into 87-89, gt.

S. dasyphyllum, L., introduced into 87-89.

S. anglicum, /wds., 72-76, 85-88, 90, 95, 97-105, 107, 108, IIo,
m2:

Seackey Pe exrep? 79,112,

S. refiexum, L., 86}, 887, 897, 92T.

S. Fupestré, \., 747, 867, 887, 897.

Sempervivum tectorum, L., frequent about houses as an introduced
plant, e.g. in 72-74, 87-89, 91, 92.

DROSERACE.

Drosera rotundifolia, Z., except S4.
D. anglica, Huds., except 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 90, 94, 97, 102.
x rotundifolia (= D. obovata, Mert. and Koch), 88, 89, 92,
96; 99, 102-105,. £08, T10.
D. intermedia, Hayne, 72, 73 (?), 74, 76 (??), 85 (2?), 88 (??), g2 (P?),
9651975.99; LOO\(??); 102, 104, i105, 100) TEE (Gr) emme (an):

HALORAGACEA,

Hippuris vulgaris, Z., except 78, S4, 87, 97, 104, 106, 108.
Myriophyllum spicatum, Z., except 79 (2), SL (?), SZ (?), SH (?), IZ,
Pe de, 94 (2. 9o'(?), 96°), LOZ), LOL 10a elo a,

L12 (??).

M. alterniflorum, DC., except 75, 76, 77, 79, 82, 84, 101.

Callitriche stagnalis, Scop., except S4.

C. polymorpha, Zonur., 97, 112.

C. hamulata, Awetz, 72, 73, 74, 87-90, 97, 98, 104, 108.

C. autumnalis, Z., except 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82 (2), 83, S84, 93,
Tiradess9, LOO, 101, 102104, L0G 1OSa2), 210:

LYTHRACE&.
Peplis Portula, Z., except 78, 80, 82, 84, 97, 104, 105, 107, 112.
Lythrum Salicaria, Z., except 78, 83, 84, 90, 91 cas., 92, 93, D4, 95,
AOL 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, LLL, Tie:
L. Hyssopifolia, L., casual in 87.

170 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

ONAGRACE.

Epilobium angustifolium, Z., except 76, 77+, 78, 82, 854, 99+, 100,
103, 107.

E. hirsutum, Z., except 78, 92, 93+ (2), 94, 95, 96+, 97, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105; 106, 107, 108, 109%, THO 117 (yi etd 2.

E. parviflorum, Schreb., except 78, 84, 107, 108, 112.

E. montanum, Z., all.

E. roseum, Schreb., 72, 73, 82 (?), 83, 85 (2), 90 (?), 95 (2).

E. adnatum, Grzesb. (LZ. eu-tetragonum), 72, 83 (?), 89 (?), 97, 98.

E. obscurum, Schredb., except 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, 84, 98, 94, 95, 96,
LOT, SOZ VOL. TTS:

E. palustre, Z., all.

EK. alsinefolium, 7/2, 72, 80, 85, 87-92, 94, 96-98, 104-106, 108.

E. anagallidifolum, Zam., 72 (?), 85 (?), 86-92, 94, 96-99, 104-106,
108, IIo.

CGinothera biennis, L., casual in 72, 73, 87.

Circzea lutetiana, L., except 78, 84, 90 (?), 91 (?), 92 (?), 93 (?), D4, 95,
96 (°), 99 (2), 103, 104 (°), 107, 108, 109 (?), 110, 111, 172.

C. alpina, Z., 72, 75 (*), 77 (?), 82 (?), 83 (?), 85 (?), 86-90, 91 (?),
92'(@), 98 (?); 94 (7) o5-noo, 102-105, 111.

6. intermedia (Z/72.), 72, 79, 86, 92, 93 (°), 95.

UMBELLIFER.!

Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Z., except 78, SO.

Eryngium maritimum, Z., 72-77, 82, 83, 85, 87(?), 90, 91 ext.,
OF} Oath, HOON, Wine), Wi,

Astrantia major, L., casual, along streams, etc., 72, 84, 88, 80.

Sanicula europea, Z., except 78, 111, 112.

Conium maculatum, Z., except 78, 98, 104, 105, 106, 112 ; but. its
distribution (in the vicinity of houses and roads) is very
suggestive of man’s agency in its introduction and distribution.

2 Smyrnium Olusatrum, Z., 75, 76, 81-83, 85, 86+, 87+, 911, 927;
931; 947, 99, 100. :

Bupleurum rotundifolium, L., casual in 80, 92.

Apium graveolens, Z., 73, 74, 837, 857, 877 (?), 92 CaS. 957, 101,
TO4.

A. nodiflorum, Rezchd. fil., 72-74, 76, 77, 80, 85, 99-103, TIO.

¢. ocreatum, Bad., 103.

' UMBELLIFER.—In this order there are several species admitted in lists
without question as to origin whose habitats (almost always near houses, by
roadsides, on rubbish heaps, in pleasure grounds, in cultivated fields and pastures,
or beside streams below gardens) indicate the probability that they owe at least
their present wide distribution in, if not their introduction into, Scotland, to man.

2 Smyrnium Olusatrum, L.—Probably a relic of former cultivation in almost
every district, if not in all.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 171

A. inundatum, Rerchd. fil., except 78, 79, 84, 97, 104, 105, 108, 112.

Cicuta virosa, Z., 72, 73, 75-77, 79-81, 83, 85, 88, 90, 99, ITO.

Carum verticillatum, Ach, 72-76, 86, 88 (Glen Falloch), 97-101.

C. Petroselinum, Benth. and Hook. f., escape in 86, Perthshire, 92.

[C. segetum, Benth. 103 (??).]

C. Carut, L., a frequent weed near houses, + in 73, 74, 86-89, 91-93,
108.

Stson Amomum, L., 814.

Falcaria vulgaris, Bernh., 877.

Sium latifolium, Z., 74, 82(?), 86.

S. erectum, /7uds., 72-76, 80-83, 85, 87, 89-91, 93, 95, 193, III,
in.

1 AXgopodium Podagraria, Z., except 105, 107+, 110, 112%.

Pimpinella Saxifraga, Z., except 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 112.

P. major, Huds., 807, 83, 877 (?).

Conopodium denudatum, Aoch, except 110.

2 Myrrhis Odorata, Scop., except 98, 102, 104, 106, 107, 111, 112,
but with fin 72, 85, 87-96, 103.

* Cherophyllum temulum, Z., except 73+, 96, 97, 101, 102, 108,
NOP MOS LOY, 108; 110, TIL LT.

> scandix Pecten-Venetis, Z., except 72 cas., 73, 74, 78, 79, 87, 97,
gamit, 102, 103, 104, 107, 110, 111 Cena

® Anthriscus vulgaris, Bernh., 74, 75, 77, 80+, 81-87, 89-96, 106,
HOP (ee EE 2) (2°).

6 A. sylvestris, Hoffm., except SO, 106.

Feniculum vulgare, Mill., 83+, 907.

Crithmum maritimum, Z., 73-75, 83 (??), 85 (??).

C:nanthe fistulosa, Z., 72, 73, 75, 76(?), 81, 85 (?), 88, 89, 90 (?),
99 (?).

dz. pimpinelloides, Z., 877 (?).

CE. Lachenalii, C. Gwiel.,, 72-76, 82, 98-103, 110.

Gicrocata, 2.) excep: 73, 79, S4,.94, LOG. 107, 103, FODS EL
172.

Ck. Phellandrium, Zam., 81-83, 97 (?), 99 (?).

l Legopodium Podagraria, L..—Though frequently so plentiful and trouble-
some near houses and gardens, this is seldom met with under circumstances that
render its introduction by man improbable.

+ Myrrhis Odorata, Scop.—Almost always occurs in situations that point to its
introduction by man,

3 Cherophyllum temulum, L., is local and scarce (? introduced) in 91-94 at
least. Ch, aurewm, L., and Ch. arowaticum, L., were reported by G. Don as
found by him in go. If correctly identified they must be looked on as casuals,

4 Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L.—This is only a weed of cultivated fields, and
must owe its presence in our flora to man.

5 Anthriscus vulgaris, Bernh., is confined to vicinity of towns and villages in
at least 91 to 94, probably introduced.

8 A. sylvestris, Hoffm.—Though wide spread, and apparently not dependent
on man at lower levels, this seems to have been introducéd at higher altitudes.

172 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

1 Athusa Cynapium, Z., 72-83, 85, 86, 877, 88+, 89+, 90, 91+, 927,
931, 947, 951, 99, 100, 1057, 106, 111F.

Silaus flavescens, Bernh. (S. pratensis, Bess.), 80-83, 85.

Meum Athamanticum, /acg., 72-78, 80, 83-92, 96, 98, 99.

Ligusticum scoticum, L., except 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, S4, 86, 87, 88,
89; 96, 9S, 99) LOO, LOg,

Angelica sylvestris, Z., all.

Arcthangelica officinalis, Hoffm., 87 cas.

Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch, casual or escape in 72, 73, 86, 87,
109.

[P. palustre, AZench, recorded from 76 and 83, probably errone-
ously. |

P. sativum, Benth. and Hook. f., 75+, 877, 92 cas., 100f.

Heracleum Sphondylium, Z., all.
6. angustifolium, /Zds., is of frequent occurrence.

(ZZ. villosum, Fisch., occasional escape or in shrubberies.)

Cortandrum sativum, 1., casual.

2 Daucus Carota, L., except 78, 94, 107.

D. gummifer, Zam., 74, 8074, 98(??), 101 (??).

Caucalts latifolia, L., casual in 92.

[C. arvensis, Huds., recorded, but unconfirmed, and probably in
error, from 75, 83, 98.]

°C. Anthriscus, Huds. (Zorilis Anthriscus, L.), except 108, 111,
HIS:

C. nodosa, Scop., 74, 80, 81, 83, 85, g0, 92 cas., 944, 1027, 106.

ARALIACE.
Hedera Helix, Z., except 111} (?).

CORNACE.

Cornus suecica, Z., 88-90, 92, 94, 96-98, 105-108, 112.
C. sanguinea, 1.., = in 72, 77, 80-86, 88, 92, 95, 102.

CAPRIFOLIACEA.

Adoxa Moschatellina, Z., except 78, 84, 85, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104,
LOG LOD SIO Sarai iene

Sambucus nigra, Z., except 84, 110, 112, but with + in 87-99, 106 (?),
107-109, 111, and probably should be marked so in others.

1 £Ethusa Cynapium, L., is a weed of cultivated ground, chiefly in gardens,
wherever I have seen it in Scotland. It should probably be marked + in almost
all, if not in all, the districts.

* Daucus Carota, ..—Though wide spread and often frequent in pastures
may not be native in some of its recorded localities.

3 Caucalis Anthriscus, Huds.—Near Aberdeen the localities in which this
plant has been found are very suggestive of introduction by man; and the same
probably holds true in other districts.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 173

S)Ebulus, Z.,) 72, 735 755 775. 90,01) S87 05) .09,1907 (ey OLt, (?),
927), 937) 947 2), 95%, 967, TOOT, TOgt, IIT.

1 Viburnum Opulus, Z., 72-77, 80, 81, 82}, 831, 857, 87-89, 907;

917 (?), 927 (?), 947, 95-97, 99, 1027, 103-109.

V. Lantana, \.., } 10 75-77; 81; $3, $6, 90, 92.

Linnea borealis, Z., 81, 83, 88-96, 107.

Lonicera Periclymenum, Z., except 108, 109, 110, 111, 112.

RUBIACE.

Rubia peregrina, 1.., a scarce casual, ¢.g. in 102.
Galium boreale, Z., except 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 101, 102, 110, 111 (?),
112 (?).
G. Cruciata, Scop., except 93 (?), 94 (?), 95 (?), 96, 97, 98, 102, 104,
W006; 107, 108, 109, 111, 172:
G. verum, Z., all.
G. erectum, Huds., 72, 81 (?), 83 (?), 87 (2), 88-90, 105, 106.
G. Mollugo, Z., 72, 73, 75, 77, 80-84, 87-89, 907 (?), 914 (?),
927 (?), 941, 957, 1OT.
6. insubricum (Gawd.), 89.
c. Bakeri, Syme, 74.
wsaxatile, <7. all.
. sylvestre, Poll, 72, 78, 80, 83, 86-90, 98, 108, I10, IIT.
. palustre, Z., all.
6. elongatum (/ves/.), not infrequent.
c. Witheringii (.Sw.), not uncommon, 72-74, 106-108.
G. uliginosum, Z., except 82, 84, 95, 96, 101, 106, 107, 111, 112.
[G. anglicum, Huds., 80 (?)].
G. Vaillantit, DC., 837.
G. Aparine, Z., all.
G. tricorne, Stokes, casual in 72.
Asperula odorata, Z., except 78, 110.
A. taurina, 1.., casual in 72, 81, Perthshire.
Sherardia arvensis, Z., except 98, 104, 112.

QQ Q

V ALERIANACE.

Valeriana dioica, Z., 72, 73, 75, 77 (??), 79-86, 99 (?), 108.

V. Mikanii, Syme, 111.

V. sambucifolia, W2d/d., except 117.

V. pyrenaica, L., ¢ in 72-74, 867, Perthshire, 94, 111.
Centranthus ruber, DC., casual, in 87, 88.

Valerianella olitoria, Po//., except 79, 87 (?), 95, 97, 101, 104, 107.

1 Viburnum Opulus, L., is not rare in some parts of Scotland, but its
situations are not beyond suspicion of human agency in its distribution in some
of the districts.

174 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

V. rimosa, Bast. (V. Auricula, DC.), 85.
V. dentata, Podl., weed of cultivation, 72-75, 77 (?), 80-83, 85, 87,
89, 90, 957, 100, IO.

DIPSACACEZ.

Dipsacus sylvestris, Z., 72+, 731, 741, 75, 76, 77(?), 811, 83, 85;
867, 877, 897 (?), QOT, 92 Cas., 957, 9OT (?), 100.

D. pulosus, MeO 3a, O51

Scabiosa Succisa, Z., all.

S. Columbaria, Z., 72, 80-82, 86, 87 (?), 90, 92 (??).

S. arvensis, L., except 78, 97+ (2), 98, 101, 104, 106% (2), 107,
HOST) LOD, WhO. ase (0), ane:

COoMPOSITA.

Eupatorium cannabinum, Z., except 78, 79, 84, 92, 93, 94, 101, 103,
LOD AO, ANG, Melle HAD:

Solidago Virgaurea, Z., except 78.
6. cambrica (uds.), Perthshire, 92, 97, 98, 104.

S. lanceolata, L., and S. canadensis, L., casuals in 88.

Bellis perennis, Z., all.

Aster Tripolium, Z., except 77, 78, 79, SO, 88, (92 extinct), 94, 112.

Lvigeron canadense, L., casual in 88, 92.

HSacres/ 7. GOn. Oo:

E. alpinum, Z., 88, 90, 92.

Filago germanica, Z., except 78, S4, 93, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 105,
LOT, LOS, TOG SLO MTT

F. minima, L., except 78, 97, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110
Shs SIL

Antennaria dioica, R. Br., except S4.

Anaphalis margaritacea, Benth. and Hook, f., casual in 88, 91, 92.

Gnaphalium uliginosum, Z., all.

G. sylvaticum, Z., except 101.

G. norvegicum, Guzn., 89, 90, 92.

G. supinum, Z., 86-90, 92, 94, 96-99, 104-108, 111 (?)

Inula Helenium, Z., 74+, 97, 1007 (?), 102 (?).

[I. Conyza, DC., recorded in “Top. Bot.,” with disbelief, for 89 ;
no evidence of its occurrence there. |

I. crithmoides, Z., 73, 74.

Pulicaria dysenterica, Gertn., 74, 81, 82, 86, 87+, 100-102, 106.

Rudbeckia laciniata, V.., beside the Tay, 887, 897.

Xanthium spinosum, 1. casual in 92.

Bidens cernua, Z., 72-74, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87-91, 94, 95,
99-101.

B. tripartita, Z., 72-77, 83-89, 95, 100-102.

Galinsoga parviflora, Cav., casual in 92.

b

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 175

Achillea Millefolium, Z., all.
A. Ptarmica, Z., all.
Anthemis tinctoria, L., casual in 88, 89, 92.
TA. Cotula, Z., 72 ese, 77 1 30, 82; 83, B5).85 7. S915) OOOO:
1A. arvensis, Z., 731; 751, 771) 78, 80-85, 867, 87-90, 927, 95, 96,
LOO, TOG) 1 hia (E):
HA. nobilis, Z., 73° €s¢:, 7575. 791). Sits LOOT, UOz; LOA WOOT,
Telelate
? Chrysanthemum segetum, Z., except 78, 79.
C. Leucanthemum, Z., all.
C. Parthenium, Pers., +, recorded from all except 74, 75, 97, 9S, 101,
LOS LOLS 105,107, 103., L1 Om tele ee:
Matricaria inodora, L., except SO.
6. salina, Bad., 72.
c. phseocephala, Auwpr., 112.
M. maritima, Z., 72-77, 81, 83, go-104, 106, Iog-112.
WT Chamomilla, \., 72 €SC., 751, 771) S01 O3ts Ob 1s COs OT cass
QIT, 92 Cas., 977, 1077.
Tanacetum vulgare, L., except 78, S4, 98, 103, 105 ; with 7 in 74,
91-97, 104, 106-112, and probably 7 in most others.
Artemisia Absinthium, Z., 81-84, 85+, 877 (2), got (?), 106, 111.
A. vulgaris, Z., except 7S, 107.
A. campestris, L., 857.
PeemMaritima, 2... 79-755). 01,82, 90, O1,, 93.
Tussilago Farfara, Z., all.
LPetasites fragrans, Presl., Perthshirey, 927.
P. officinalis, Wench (P. vulgaris, Dest.), except 107, 108, 109 (2),
LIU
P. albus, Gertn., 867, Perthshirey, 917, 927.
Doronicum Pardalianches, ., 724, 73%, 777, 8417, 867, Perthshirey,
927, 99T-
D. plantagineum, 1, Perthshirey.
Senecio vulgaris, Z., all.
S. sylvaticus, Z., except 84, 105, 110, 112.
3S. viscosus, Z., 72-74, 751, 761, 77, 79, 807, 81, 827, 83, 85, 86,
877, 884, 891; 90, 917, 927 94, 99, 1077, 111 (@).
Sr emictolius, 725 77, $0, 81.
5. Jacobeea, Z., all.
b. flosculosus (/ord.), 74, 88, 89.

1 Anthemis Cotula, L., A. arvensis, L., and A. nobilis, L., have but little
claim to be looked on as native in any part of Scotland where I have seen them.
The mark + should follow a good many more of the above numbers.

2 Chrysanthemum segetum, L., though often an extremely common weed of
agriculture, could not hold its own anywhere in Scotland, probably, were it not
for cultivation.

3 Senecio viscosus, L., should have + after more of the districts recorded for it.
It is hardly more than a casual in N.E. Scotland.

176 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

S. aquaticus, /Zwds., all.
6. pennatifidus, Gren. and Godr., 88, 89.
9. SATACCHICUS, Ni, G24, Tate Atos OL iso et:
[.S. Doria, L., escape on bank of Tay at Barnhill; now extinct. ]
Carlina vulgaris, Z., 72-75, 77, 79, 81, 9, 91, 93, 951, 97, 100,
To2, 1LoO4, DOG:
Arctium Lappa, ZL. (agg.), except 78, 97, 9S, 103.
A. majus, Bernh., 73, 82 (?), 84 (2), 85 (?), 98f.
A. nemorosum, Z¢., 81, 33, 96, 99, 101, 105, 107, 109, 111 (?).
A. minus; erm, except 16, 77, 19, 80, 84, 91,9509 ID 10S:

107,412.
A. intermedium, ange,” 72-74, 86,988, 96, 98,199; 1055) TOG.
109.

Carduus pycnocephalus, Z., 72-75, 77(?), 79, 80-83, 85-87, 90,
91, 93, 95 (?) 100 (2), 106, 112 (2).
C, nutans, 2.774 79:53) 97 €9, 92 (0), O51, Fe4, 106, mami),
Tea
GC.erispus, 22, except 30; 99, 945.97, 100, 103, 10D; 107, 1085 L109,
TKO OW Res Sh
Cnicus lanceolatus, W7//d., all.
C. eriophorus, Roth., 77+, [84 (), 85 (?), 87 (?)], 92T, [98 (2), 99 (?)]-
C. palustris, Wed/d., all.
[C. pratensis, Willd., 75 (??).]
C. heterophyllus, Willd., except 74, 101, 111, 112.
C. arvensis, //offm., all.
b. mitis, Koch, 87-89.
c. horridus (Adam), 87-89.
d. setosus (Bess.), 86+, 87, 92, 93, 109.
1 Onopordon Acanthium, L., 72 esc., 75, 777, 80, 817, 82, 834, 85T,
S7rcas. bn 2
Mariana lactea, Hill (Silybum Marianum, L.), casual in 74, 87-89,

92.
Saussurea alpina, DC., 72, 87-90, 92, 94, 96-99, IOI, .103-105,
107-112.

Serratula tinctoria, Z., 72, 73, 77 (°), 877, 88t (?), 964 (?).
6. monticola (Boreaz), 887 (?).
Centaurea nigra, Z., except 1107, 1117, 112+.
fj: radians, 73, 74, 91, 92.
C. Scabiosa, Z., 767, 771, 00; $2, 85, °967;. 877, 60-90, 2 7eHs..
957, 96, 108.
C. Cyanus, Z., excep? 79, 102, FOZ, LOZ, 104.1038; 220) tLe),
112(?). A field weed, probably + in all districts,
C. Calcitrapa, L., casual in 87, 92.

1 Onopordon. Acanthium, L., should probably be looked on as introduced by
man in most districts in which it occurs in Scotland. Common in gardens, it is
easily spread, and is an occasional casual in many places.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 177

Cichorium Intybus, L., +, seldom more than a casual, in 72, 75, 77;
80-93, 95, 96, 99, 109.

Arnoseris pusilla, Gertv., a weed of cultivated ground, a doubtful
native, 88 extinct, 90, 91, 927 (?), 931, 947 (?), 95T-

Lapsana communis, Z., all.

Picris hieractoides, L., [77 (?)], 80F.

PB. echioides, Z., 80}, 81, 82, 8375 S5iy O71 (Fs 92 Cas

(Zo be continued.)

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES.

Note on a Female Gray Seal obtained on the East Coast of
Sutherland.—A fine specimen of the Gray Seal (Halicherus grypus)
drifted ashore at Golspie on the 21st ult. Through the kind-
ness of Dr. Joass, the carcase was sent to Sir William Turner. It
was a female, and had been shot or pierced by some missile in the
abdomen. It was gravid, and the foetus measured 19 inches in
length. The skin has been preserved, and the foetus and skeleton
will forthwith find a place in the Anatomical Museum of the
University of Edinburgh.—James Simpson, Edinburgh.

Notes on Dolphins in the Moray Firth.—About a month ago
Mr. Craig, lighthouse-keeper, Covesea, near Lossiemouth, informed
me that a large Dolphin had been stranded west of the lighthouse in
June 1896, and was buried in the sand. From his description of
the animal, I thought it might be a Risso’s Grampus (Grampus
griseus). J had it dug up, and secured the skull, which proved the
species to be an old individual of the White-beaked Dolphin
(Lagenorhynchus albirostris). It was quite fresh when interred. The
skull measured as follows :—total length, 184 ins. ; breadth be-
hind orbits, ro} ins.; length of beak, 9 ins. Owing to age, most
of the teeth had been lost.

A young specimen of the Pilot Whale (G/odicephalus melas) was
cast ashore dead, near Troup Head, Banffshire, in October 1896,
and was buried by the coastguards. With their assistance, I had it
dug up. I secured the head, which proves that the animal was not
full grown. The skull measures :—total length, 214 ins. ; breadth
behind orbits, 14 ins. ; length of rostrum, 11 ins. ‘Though this is a
common Cetacean, I thought it useful to note the exact place where
one was found, as no such record is given in Messrs. Harvie-Brown
and Buckley’s “ Fauna of the Moray Basin.”

It is now certain that the White-beaked Dolphin is to be found
in the Moray Firth at any season of the year, as it has been found
in January as well as June-—Wm. Taytor, Lhanbryde.

27 E

178 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Late Stay of Fieldfares in Midlothian.—On 24th May this year
I came across a small party of Fieldfares (Zurdus pilaris) frequenting
a mixed wood of beech and fir about half a mile south of Midcalder
station. Fieldfares are generally numerous in certain localities on
the Pentlands during April, but they rarely linger beyond that
month.—RosBertT GopFrReEy, Edinburgh.

The Whinchat, Ortolan Bunting, and Pied Flyeatecher in
Shetland.—In the absence of Mr. Harvie-Brown, I had forwarded
to me a single specimen of each of the above named species for
identification. The birds were sent by Mr. Thomas Henderson, jun.,
from Dunrossness. All were adult males, and had perished on
the 30th of April; and all are new to the avifauna of Shetland.
Further interesting particulars concerning these and others observed
during a remarkable visitation of migrants will be found in Mr.
Henderson’s note below.—Wmn. EaGLEe CLARKE.

Remarkable Visitation of Migratory Birds to Shetland.—We
have had a most unusual and interesting visitation of birds. On
the 11th of April the wind blew from the S.E., gently at first, but
gradually increasing to a gale accompanied by heavy rain. I did
not observe any arrivals beyond the usual species until the 15th,
when, passing along the sheltered side of a stone dike, I observed a
Goldcrest (Regulus cristatus). After this I observed a few strangers
every day, and they gradually grew in numbers until the 30th, when
they had increased to an astonishing extent. Behind every stone
dike, burnside, or other shelter, there could be seen from 12 to 20
different kinds of birds. Among them I recognised Fieldfares
(Zurdus pilaris), Redwings (Zurdus iliacus), Ring Ouzels (Zurdus
torquatus), Redbreasts (£rithacus rubecula), Redstarts (Ruticilla
phenicurus), Goldcrests, Pied Wagtails (Jotacilla lugubris), Chatf-
finches (/7zgil/a celebs), Short-eared Owls (Asio accipitrinus) two
seen, Ring Dove (Columba palumbus) one seen, and the commoner
species. There must have been three Redbreasts to every one of
other kinds. I only observed one Pied Flycatcher (A/uscicapa
atricapilla), two Ortolan Buntings (Zmberiza hortulana), and one
Whinchat (Pratincola rubetra), and these being strangers, they were
kindly named for me by Mr. Eagle Clarke of the Edinburgh
Museum. ‘There were several other kinds that I did not know
the names of, though I could approach within a few yards of them,
so exhausted were they with the wind. One of them was rather
bigger than a Starling, colour yellow, wings and tail dark coloured.
Could this have been a Golden Oriole? An Osprey (Pandion
halietus) was fishing in Loch Spiggie on the 2nd of May. So far
as I can ascertain, we have had more birds here than elsewhere in
Shetland. This is accounted for by the fact that we are situated
near the south, and on the west side of the island. The wind,
coming from the south-east, blew them right on to us, and they

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 179

found no shelter until they came to the west side. By the 5th of
May they had almost entirely disappeared. On the z2oth of
May I observed a good number of Spotted Flycatchers (Auscicapa
grisola) and one Hedge Accentor (Accentor modularis); and on
the 4th of June a male Siskin (Chrysomitris spinus)—THOMAS
HENDERSON, jun., Dunrossness, Shetland.

The Blue-headed Wagtail in Lanarkshire.—It has been my
regular practice at the spring migration during the past decade to
visit the banks of the Clyde, east of Glasgow, to note the appearance
of our summer visitors. The district referred to, as long since
pointed out by Gray, is regularly visited by a large colony of Yellow
Wagtails. On the 24th of April this year, on a little patch of vegeta-
tion in the stream below Cambuslang, I saw with my binocular, at
about fifteen yards from the river bank, what I had supposed was a
Yellow Wagtail, but it proved to have, to my surprise, a gray-blue
head. It removed to another patch of vegetation at no distance
from the first, but presented, as before, its back elevation, and in a
minute afterwards flew to a tree on the right bank of the stream,
whence it went to the fields on that side. I returned to this neigh-
bourhood on the following evening, and had the good fortune, after
waiting a little, to see the bird of the previous day on a patch of
green close to the right bank. It shifted after an interval to one of
the islets near the left bank, where I saw it quite favourably, noting
anew the gray-blue head and the snow-white line over the eye, which,
by the way, when seen directly in line with the spectator, gave the
head a curiously puzzling appearance as it was slightly diverted to
right or left. The bird in appearance was a cock Yellow Wagtail
with the conspicuous differences mentioned, and being quite familiar
with the yellow head of JZotgcilla rait I could not make the mistake
of confusing JZ, fava with its congener. ‘To give an idea of the
richness of this district in Wagtails at this season, I may say that on
the forenoon of the day on which I saw JZ. flava I also saw half a
dozen AZ. razz, as many JM. alba and MW. lugubris, and a pair of
M. melanope. After the 25th I did not again see the Blue-headed
Wagtail, but the river was in partial flood for some days thereafter,
and the ‘“‘islets”—patches of vegetation which indeed scarcely
deserve the name—were covered. On the 15th of May I saw about
twenty JZ. raz on the river-bank over a stretch of three or four
miles.—JOHN Paterson, Glasgow.

Golden Oriole in Forfarshire-—This morning (8th June) we
had brought to us a specimen of the Golden Oriole (Ordolus galbuda),
a female, in most excellent plumage. The story which accompanied
it was to the effect that it had been flushed at dusk (about 9 P.M.)
the previous evening, in a narrow strip of wood about two miles
north-east of Arbroath and about a mile from the sea ; and that, on
being disturbed, it had flown against a tree trunk and injured itself.

180 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

There were no marks of any violence upon it. On dissection, the
ovaries were found to be somewhat enlarged. ‘Two examples of this
species, believed to have been shot in the district about 1855, are
in Montrose Museum. So far as we have heard, there are no other
records for north-eastern Scotland.—T. F. and W. J. Dewar,
Arbroath.

Red-backed Shrike in Forfarshire.—On the morning of 21st
May I noticed a male Red-backed Shrike (Zanius collurio) on the
farm of West Kirkton about half a mile from Arbroath. It was not
at all shy, and was under observation, usually at a distance of within
twenty or thirty yards, for half an hour. It flew from post to post
of a wire fence. When at last it flew off over the field, it was
accompanied by another bird which, I thought, might be its mate.
In the evening of the same day I saw it again. Next day I found
both birds together, and so tame that I was able to observe them
for several minutes. In the afternoon my brother visited the spot
and saw the male bird only. On each of the six following days I
visited the place, but no further sign of either bird was seen. I
have never seen the species farther north than the Farne Islands, on
which I observed one in May 1892. It seems to be extremely
rare in this county, there being only one record, that of a specimen
shot near Montrose about 1864.—T. F. Dewar, Arbroath.

[An adult male ‘Red-backed Shrike was seen at Innerwick in
East Lothian on the 25th of May. These birds were probably
migrants on their way to their breeding-haunts in Scandinavia.—
W. E.G]

The Goldfinch in West Lothian.—It may be interesting to note
that on the rst of January last I saw three Goldfinches (Carduelis
elegans), in company with a number of other birds, on an elm tree in
a field near East Craigie Farm, Dalmeny Park; and on the roth
February I saw a single bird of this species very near the same
place.—Bruce CAMPBELL, Edinburgh.

Note on the Siskin in Kirkeudbright.—These pretty little birds
have become rather uncertain visitants to our neighbourhood within
recent years. Formerly they were more regular, and a few nested
in certain localities. Indeed, the species was found nesting in
Britain for the first time in the woods of Shambellie, adjoining the
picturesque little village of Newabbey. During March several
flocks and lesser parties of Siskins were noted in the seaward
parishes of the Stewartry.—R. SERVICE, Maxwelltown.

Curious Nesting-site of the Marsh Titmouse.—Whilst
walking along the bank of the Fiddler’s Burn, near Braidwood,
Lanarkshire, on the 28th May, one of my companions directed my
attention to what seemed a mass of rubbish on a tree growing on
the opposite bank of the stream. Thinking it well to make

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 181

certain of its nature, he threw a stone into the tree, upon which a
little bird slipped quietly out as if off its nest. Our curiosity was
now aroused, and we crossed the stream, only to find, however, that
the tree, which overhung the water at a height of some forty feet,
was in an advanced state of decay. Notwithstanding this, one of the
party climbed to the nest, which was built in a fork of the tree just
where it bent right over the stream. So exceedingly shy were the
owners of the nest, and so bad was the light, that it was with the greatest
difficulty, and only after a wearisome wait, that we discovered that
they were Marsh Tits (Parus palustris). One of the party who is
familiar with the peculiar note of the bird had asserted from the
very first that the nest belonged to that species ; but I determined,
if possible, to place the matter beyond dispute. ‘The nest, except
that it is larger than usual, is quite normal. So far as I am aware,
this is the first authenicated case on record of the Marsh Tit nesting
in an exposed situation. What is perhaps more wonderful still is
the fact that the eggs are exceptionally large. The largest specimen
measures .77 X .59 in., while the average dimensions of the clutch
are.74 x.59 in.! Most leading British authorities give .65 in. as the
maximum length of eggs of this Tit; while the longest specimen in
the famous Rey collection at Leipzig measures 17.0 mm.—J. B.
Dossik, Edinburgh.

Hybrid Crows in the Forth Area.—This season I have examined
two specimens of Crows in intermediate plumage between the typical
Corvus corone and the northern form C. cornzx. ‘The first was shot
about the middleof Mayfrom a nest in S.W. Perthshire; it had neck and
shoulders gray, but was otherwise in the plumage of a typical Carrion
Crow, to one of which birds—also shot—it was mated. ‘The second
was shot from a nest near Listonshiels, Pentland Hills. It had a
ring of gray round the lower neck, extending to an inch in breadth
on the upper back, and the whole plumage of the lower back was
interspersed with gray feathers; its mate was not secured, but
appeared to be a typical Carrion Crow.—RoBERT GoprReEy, Edin-
burgh.

The Jay in Dumfriesshire and Kirkeudbright.—The large
number of these birds that found their way to Dumfriesshire and
the more easterly parts of the Stewartry during the past winter have
been singularly lucky in avoiding the fate usually meted out to such
as hold a reputation (ill-deserved it may be) like theirs. From all
I can learn, not more than two or three dozen of them seem to have
been shot. Some few of them may remain, and, if good luck
continues, may breed. The vast majority have, however, dis-
appeared quietly. Doubtless they are returning to the forests of
North-Eastern Europe, from whence they set out in October last.
Outside the western boundaries of the Nithsdale water-shed, these
Jays hardly seem to have been noticed. A couple were shot near

182 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Kirkcudbright. A few were seen in Eskdale. Practically they
were confined to Annandale and Nithsdale, especially the first
named. I have notes and estimates from a good many correspond-
ents that make up a total of rather more than 300 Jays seen.
Such an immigration is rather a unique event.—R. SERVICE,
Maxwelltown.

Wryneck at the Island of Foula, Shetland.—On the 3oth of
April a Wryneck (Zyax ¢orguil/a) was captured alive in » byre, where
it had evidently sought shelter, on this island. It died about an
hour afterwards, and I sent the specimen to the Museum of Science
and Art, Edinburgh.—AbE.aIbE L. TraiL1, Island of Foula.

Hoopoe at the Isle of May.—A Hoopoe (Ufupa epops) was
obtained by the lightkeepers at the Isle of May on the g3oth of
April last, and was forwarded to me for preservation, and proved to
be an adult female.—R. Sma, Edinburgh.

Great Spotted Woodpecker in Peeblesshire.—The game-
keeper at Hallmyre informs me that he saw a Great Spotted Wood-
pecker (Dendrocopus major) in a wood on that place on the 15th
May last. The observer (who knows the species) was directed to the
bird by its loud tapping on the dead limb of an old pine, and it
allowed him to approach sufficiently close to distinguish the red on
the nape of the head. I may mention that two birds of the above
species were seen in Castle Craig woods about two years ago.—
T. G. Larpiaw, Edinburgh.

The Marsh Harrier in Dumfriesshire.—This very rare species
occurred early in May, a fine old male having been shot at a
place in Kirkmichael. I had the pleasure of examining the bird
while it was still in the flesh. Probably it may have been a com-
paratively common bird in this country at one time. If so, the
period must have been rather remote. In the present conditions of
agriculture and game preservation, such a species as the Marsh
Harrier is inevitably doomed. So it is merely a rare straggler now.
This individual is the first local specimen that has been obtained
within the last thirty years.—R. SERvIcE, Maxwelltown.

Iceland Faleon in Shetland.—An immature male Iceland Falcon
(Falco islandus) was obtained at Ollaberry, near Lerwick, on the 6th
of April last, and was sent to Mr. Robert Small, Edinburgh, for
preservation.—EDs.

Destruction of Ospreys.—‘‘ Three weeks ago a pair of these
splendid birds came to Lochan Eilean, on the estate of Rothie-
murchus, in Strathspey, and took up their abode in the ruined castle
in the lake, where for years they have bred in security. A few days
after their arrival, they were joined by a third Osprey (probably a
male bird). Then began a battle royal. For three days two of
them fought, whilst the third perched unmoved on the castle wall.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 183

They towered and stooped and manceuvred in the air, and they
attacked each other fiercely on the wall and on the shore, until at
length one fell dead into the lake. The victor was seen to fly
heavily to the castle wall. Next day it had disappeared, and but a
solitary bird now remains.”—J. B. G. in “The Field,” 21st May 1898,

Pp. 745:

Ring Dove nesting in the City of Edinburgh.—Perhaps the
following may be of some little interest to you. A friend of mine,
who lives in a pretty crowded suburb of Edinburgh, informs me
that a pair of common Wood Pigeons (Co/umba palumbus) are nest-
ing in a horse-chestnut tree which grows alongside a large tenement
of houses. Is this not rather an uncommon thing, considering the
shyness of this species? You can rely upon this information being
correct, and if you think it worth while to make a note of it you
are welcome to do so.—Arcu. Craic, Edinburgh.

[Although this species is a well-known bird in the parks and
gardens of London, Paris, and elsewhere, it has rarely, we believe,
bred in the city of Edinburgh.—Ebs. |

Mode of Progression of the young Waterhen on Land.—In
crossing a Caithness flow, tenanted by a colony of Black-headed
Gulls, on 6th June last, I put up a Waterhen (Gad/inula chloropus)
from a tuft of rushes. As the gulls’ nests seen up to that time were
all empty, I thought it useless to halt and look for the Waterhen’s,
but ere I had gone far I heard the distinctive call of a downy
Waterhen, and I noticed a youngster resting on a wet patch between
rush beds. The bird was only a day or so old, and it answered
fearlessly and repeatedly my efforts to imitate its cry. It proceeded
across the damp ground ‘on all fours,” using its stumpy wings like
hands, stretching them forward alternately to catch on the stems of
grasses or rushes, and moving forward thus with a floundering gait,
keeping its belly on the ground as it proceeded. The deliberate use
of the wings alternately seemed to me the most interesting point of
the observation, as, of course, such a use of a bird’s wings in flight
is impossible. The adult Waterhen at times exhibits a most re-
markable side to side motion of his body in flight, in consequence
of his running and flying simultaneously. In connection with this
note, it is interesting to compare an account of the downy Little
Grebe’s method of progression on land, as recorded by Professor
Newton in the “Ibis,” 1889, and quoted by Mr. Tegetmeier in “ The
Field,” 4th June 1898. Professor Newton shows that this bird,
when recently hatched, depends quite as much on its wings as on
its legs in impelling itself forward on land. I may say that I had
not had the opportunity of seeing Professor Newton’s note till after
I had made the above observation on the young Waterhen.—ROBERT
Goprrey, Edinburgh.

184 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Early Hatehing of the Tufted Duek in Caithness.—The
Tufted Duck (/iligula cristata) is one of our latest nesting species
of Duck, the normal time for laying in Scotland being the first week
in June. In Midlothian the earliest date on which I have seen the
young is 25th June. I was therefore surprised to find this season
in Caithness a female attended by nine young on a “ dhuloch,” on
6th June; in this case the bird must heve begun to lay by 4th
May at latest. Not only the date, but also the locality of the
Caithness nesting-haunt referred to is interesting: the bird was
frequenting a small peat-hole partially overgrown with bog-bean.
Though such nesting-haunts are not unknown in other parts of
Scotland—there being one such summer station in Midlothian—
they are the exception.—RosBERT GopFrReEy, Edinburgh.

The Viper in the Pentlands.—During an excursion of the
Scottish Natural History Society to Auchencorth Moor on the
7th of May, one of the party, Mr. Charles Traill of Edinburgh, killed
a Viper. The specimen measured 26 inches in length, and weighed
exactly 1 lb. As the Viper appears to be of very rare occurrence
in the Pentlands and in the Forth district generally, this capture
may be worthy of record.—J. B. Doggie, Edinburgh.

On the occurrence of Cyelops nanus, G. O. Sars, and Cyelops
languidus, G. O. Sars, in Loch Doon, Ayrshire.—These two species
of Cyclops were obtained in a shore gathering from Loch Doon,
collected by means of a hand-net on the 31st of March last. Cyclops
manus is, as the name signifies, a small species, and in this case
might have been the young of a larger kind, but as several of the
specimens carried ova, there could be little doubt as to their being
mature. Professor G. S. Brady, to whom I submitted specimens,
considered them to be identical with the Cyc/ops nanus described by
Professor Sars. ‘There does not seem to be any British record for
C. manus previous to this. It may also be remarked that in C.
nanus the antennules are eleven-jointed. Cyclops languidus is also
comparatively a small species, and though it has previously been
recorded from England, this is, I think, the first record of its
occurrence in any Scottish freshwater loch. C. danguidus belongs to
the group distinguished by having the antennules seventeen-jointed,
but in this species the third and fourth joints are coalescent, so that
the antennules appear to have only sixteen. This coalescing and
subdividing of the joints of the antennules is an interesting feature
in Cyclops, and has given rise to a considerable difference of opinion
as to whether certain species are “true species,” or merely “ forms ”
of some species having the full complement of joints. Even in
the present instance there appears to be a tendency on the part of
some authors to consider Cyclops manus as a modified “ form” of C.
Janguidus, and in view of this it is somewhat significant that both forms
were found in the same gathering from Loch Doon.—T. Scort, Leith.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 185

Records of Scottish Land and Freshwater Mollusea.—Since
the publication, in the July 1895 number of this magazine, of
Mr. Roebuck’s last list of additions to his ‘Census of the Land and
Freshwater Mollusca of Scotland,’ I have sent to Mr. J. W. Taylor
of Leeds, for “authentication,” a number of specimens constituting
fresh county records. Others, no doubt, have also sent similar data
from Scotland to the Conchological Society’s referees during the
period, and I hope Mr. Roebuck will ere long favour us with a
continuation of his useful supplements. Meantime it. can do no
harm for me to mention some of the records I have myself
supplied :—

Limax cinereo-niger.—One well-grown specimen under bark on
an old fir log in Rosslyn Woods, county of Edinburgh, 30th April
1898. This is an interesting addition to the county list.

Succinea putris,—Philipstoun, Linlithgowshire, October 1896, a
few; Dollar, Clackmannanshire, April 1897, several.

Fyalinia pura.—Near Macbiehill, Peeblesshire, February 1896,
a dozen.

Hyalinia radiatula—Near Macbiehill, Peeblesshire, February
1896, a few.

Flelix lamellata.—VYester grounds, Haddingtonshire, September
1896, common. I have already recorded this in the ‘ Annals”
(1897, p. 47).

Helix granulata (=sericea, Jeff.).—Longniddry, Haddington-
shire, February 1896, abundant among hemlock, etc. ; Yester, in
same county, September 1896, two specimens; banks of stream
flowing out of Kinghorn Loch, Fife, March 1896, a few dead shells.

Helix fusca.—Pressmennan and Elmscleugh, Haddingtonshire,
September 1894; Yester, in same county, September 1896;
Carribber Glen, Linlithgowshire, February 1898, a few ; Causeway-
end, near Manuel, Stirlingshire, March 1898, common.

Vertigo antivertigo.—Banks of stream flowing out of Kinghorn
Loch, Fife, March 1896, fairly common (Mr. T. Scott has recorded
it from Largo, and from fos¢-tertiary deposits at Elie—see “Scot.
Nat.,” 1891, p. 50); Pass of Aberfoyle, West Perth, April 1896, a
good many.

Vertigo substriata. —Dreghorn Glen, Pentland Hills, near
Edinburgh, March 1897, one specimen. I have already recorded
this in the “ Annals” (1897, p. 126).

Clausilia bidentata, Strom. (=rugosa, Drap.).—Banks of the
Avon, below Carribber, Linlithgowshire, February 1898, a few,
including one of var. Everettt.

Limnea glabra.—Rosslyn Curling Pond, near Edinburgh, October
1897, fairly common.

Spherium dlacustre—Rosslyn Curling Pond, near Edinburgh,
October 1897, tolerably common.

186 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Specimens of the following species, which are not entered for
Berwickshire in the ‘‘ Census,” were also sent by me to the referees
from that county in 1895 (see my paper on Berwickshire Land and
Freshwater Mollusca in “ Proceedings Berw. Nat. Club,” vol. xv.,
1894-95) :—Agriolimax levis, Succinea elegans, Helix arbustorum,
flelix granulata, Felix fusca, Pua anglica (=ringens, Jeff. );
Vertigo pygmaa, Clausilia bidentata, and Limnea truncatula.

I may add that on rath February last I found Azeca ¢ridens in
some numbers on a mossy bank near Bridge of Allan, West Perth.
It was first found in this locality by Mr. Foulis in 1868 (see “Proc.
Glasgow Nat. Hist. Soc.,” i. 240); and rediscovered by Mr. A.
M‘Lellan, Stirling, in April 1896. I hunted it up independently.—
WILi1AM Evans, Edinburgh.

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS.

Botanie Garden in Aberdeen.—A most valuable addition has
been made to the facilities for the study of Botany in Aberdeen by the
gift of 415,000 for the formation and upkeep of a Botanic Garden
in Old Aberdeen. Miss Anne H. Cruickshank, daughter of a
former Professor of Mathematics in Marischal College and Uni-
versity, has connected this gift with the memory of her late brother,
Dr. Alexander Cruickshank, an ardent student of natural science,
and a successful student despite physical defects from infancy that
would have crushed a weaker nature. The object of the gift is to
promote higher teaching and research in Botany, and the administra-
tion is committed to six Trustees (the Principal of the University and
the Professors of Botany and of Mathematics, all ex officé’s, and three
others named personally), who shall use the proceeds to further
botanical teaching and study within the University of Aberdeen, and
shall also permit the access of the public to the Garden under suit-
able regulations. A year or so must elapse before the Garden can
be equipped, but it should prove a valuable aid to botanical research
in Aberdeen.

Claytonia perfoliata, Donx.—This North American plant, which
is common in some parts of England, but rare in Scotland, was found
by Mr. A. Calder of Portobello, thoroughly established at Portincross,
near Kilbride in Ayrshire, in May 1898. It is recorded in Dr. F.
Buchanan White’s “Flora of Perthshire,’ but in no other of the
published local Floras of Scotland.—A. B. STEELE, Edinburgh.

[See “Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 1898, p. 102.—Ep. |

Mosses and Hepaties near Edinburgh.—The following rather
rare mosses and hepatics have recently been collected in the
neighbourhood of Edinburgh by Mr. Alister Murray and Mr. Charles

CURRENT LITERATURE 187

Scott, members of the Edinburgh Field Naturalists Society, either
at the Society’s excursions or when botanising alone. Musei.—
Grimmia subsquarrosa on Arthur Seat, April 1898 ; Orthodontium
(Stableria) gracile in Roslin Glen, March 1898 ; Fissedens pusillus at
Arniston, October 1897 ; Heterocladium heteropterum near Bavelaw,
March 1897 ; Aypnum falcatum at head of Bonaly Burn, December
1897; H. patientie south of Swanston, Pentland Hills, March 1896,
rare in fruit. Hepaties.—VPorella levigata, Bonaly Burn and Craig-
lockhart, December 1897; Cephalozia catenulata, Habbie’s Howe,
February 1898.—A. B. STEELE, Edinburgh.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural His-
tory which have appeared during the Quarter—April-June 1898.

[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable and
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the
sources of information undermentioned. ]

ZOOLOGY.

BADGERS IN DUMFRIESSHIRE. By W. D. Currie. Zhe Fiedd,
28th May 18098, p. 787.—Three specimens captured lately in the
Parish of Canonbie.

Nores oF 1897 [LeprpopTEra]. By A. Horne, F.E.S., A. A.
Dalglish, and E. M. Cheesman. xt. Record, vol. x. pp. 79-85
(March 1898).—A large number of Scottish records are included in
these notes, from Rannoch, South-West Scotland, and Orkney.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN ORKNEY. By E. M. Cheesman. £77.
Record, vol. x. p. 85 (March 1898).—Specimen captured at Strom-
ness on 3rd September 1897.

Some NoTES ON OPORABIA AUTUMNATA, Bork. By Louis B.
Prout, F.E.S. Lz. Record, vol. x. pp. 93-95 (April 1898).—The
notes refer in great part to specimens from Rannoch, Aberdeen, and
Glasgow.

Ten WEEKS AT THE FOOT OF BEINN DOIREANN (BEN
DOHORAN) IN SEARCH OF CappIS FLIES IN 1897. By James J.
F. X. King, F.E.S. Zant. Mo. Mag. (2), vol. ix. pp. 134-135 (June
1898).—A list of thirty-one species is given.

Two NEW HyDROPTILIDE FROM SCOTLAND AND ALGERIA
RESPECTIVELY. By Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S. Znz. Mo. Mag. (2),
vol. ix. pp. 107-109 (May 1898).—Hydroptila sylvestris, n. sp.,
described from specimens taken in July by beating pine trees on
the shores of Loch Morlich, Glen More, Inverness-shire, at an
elevation of 1046 feet.

188 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

DIPTERA FROM SUFFOLK, ABERDEEN, ETC. By E. N. Bloomfield.
Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), vol. ix. p. 138 (June 1898).

OXYCERA DIVES, LOEW., AT RANNOCH, AND NOTES ON THE
GENUS. By C. W. Dale. Lt. Mo. Mag. (2), vol. ix. p. 88 (April
1898).—-Specimen taken on 18th June 1896.

SUPPLEMENT TO “A SyNopsiIs OF BRITISH PSYCHODIDZ&.” By
Rey. A. E. Eaton, M.A., F.E.S. nt. Mo. Mag. (2), vol. ix. pp.
117-125 (May and June 1898).—Psychoda phalzenoides, Linn., and
P. albipennis, Zett., are recorded from Loch Maree.

BOTANY.

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF BRITISH AND IRISH BOTANISTS
(First SUPPLEMENT). By James Britten andG.S. Boulger. /owrn.
Bot., 1898, pp. 145-149, 192-195.—The above instalments extend
from Bobart to Higgins.

NorEes oF A Tour IN N. SCOTLAND, 1897. By Rev.
Edward S. Marshall and W. A. Shoolbred. Journ. Bot., 1898, pp.
166-177.—The results of a visit from 14th July to 12th August
1897, in Vice-counties—Caithness (109), West Sutherland (108),
East Sutherland (107), East Ross (106), and Elgin (95). It con-
tains numerous new records.

SCOTTISH LOCALITIES FOR EUPHRASIA FOULAENSIS, TOWNSEND.
By Rev. Edward S. Marshall. Journ. Bot., 1898, p. 150.—Based on
his own gatherings, and on the Boswell-SSyme and Hanbury herbaria.
The localities noted are in Mid-Perth (88), S. Aberdeen (92), W.
Sutherland (108), Caithness (109), Orkney (111).

EXPERIMENTS IN Cross- FERTILISATION OF SALICES. By
Edward F. Linton. Journ. Bot., 1898, pp. 122-124.—Descriptions
of artificially produced hybrids, viz. S. Caprea x lanata, S. cinerea x
Myrsinites, and S. lanata x repens.

CAREX HELVOLA, BLYTT, ON BEN Lawers. Recorded by
Mr. G. C. Druce at meeting of Linnean Society on 3rd March 1898.
Journ. Bot., 1898, p. 157.

New or Rare British Funci. By Annie Lorrain Smith.
Journ. Bot., 1898, pp. 180-182.—Enumerates the following, sent
by D. A. Boyd from Seamill in Ayrshire (except O. Bistorte), and
believed by the writer to be new to Britain :—Pseudophacidium
Callune, Karst., on dead branches of Cal/una vulgaris; Stictis stellata,
Wallr., on dead stems of Eupatorium cannabinum; Thyrsidium
hedericolum, Dur. and Mont., var. Carfind, Sacc., on dead branch of
Carpinus Betulus; Ovularia Bistorte, Sacc.,on Polygonum Bistorta
from Kilmarnock; and Ramularia Valeriane, Sacc., on Valeriana
officinalis. [Of the above at least Ovularia Bistorte, Ramularia
Valeriane, and Thyrsidium hedericolum have been previously recorded
from near Aberdeen.—J. W. H. T.]

REVIEWS 189

REVIEWS.

AUDUBON AND HIS JOURNALS. By Maria R. Audubon. With
Zoological and other Notes by Elliott Coues. In two volumes.
(London: John C. Nimmo, 1898.)

In the literature of the American people there is no name which
justly ranks higher than that of the brilliant French-American
naturalist John James Audubon.

Now nearly half a century since his death his grand-daughter
Maria R. Audubon has given his scientific admirers in many lands
two large octavo volumes, excellent of their kind, and has for the first
time brought together a most carefully prepared biography of the
great naturalist, his life and works, as well as the full text of those
famous “ Journals” and the “ Episodes.”

In this now standard work the Missouri Journal is nearly new,
the Labrador and European ones largely so. ‘The second volume
contains the “ Episodes,” and these have not been before collectively
printed in English.

The zoologicai notes by Dr. Elliott Coues, who has greatly
assisted with the work, add much to its value and interest.

Audubon’s fame as a naturalist rests on his great and magnificent
work Birds of America, in four massive folio volumes, containing
435 plates, the first part of which appeared in London in 1827,
finally to be concluded in 1838. This was subsequently followed
by quite a distinct octavo edition in seven volumes, published
1840-44. The price at which the Birds of America was issued
made the work an article of luxury, and precluded its appearance in
libraries except those of the most wealthy, thus placing the varied
information beyond the reach of the great body of working naturalists.

Audubon, although a most accurate observer of nature, had
little claim to be considered a scientific naturalist. His great powers
consisted in his skill with pen and brush in describing and depicting
bird life as he saw it out of doors. He was a painter first, a natur-
alist afterwards. Perhaps, judging by the standard of recent days, his
magnificent plates fail through defective drawing, and he has chosen
an exaggerated attitude and position for his subjects, such as are not
seen in nature, or are not in accord with the ideas of the ornitho-
logical artists of the present day.

In 1826 Audubon visited Europe, landing in Liverpool in July
of that year, and it was then that he became acquainted with the
Rathbone and Roscoe families, from whom he received much
kindness.

Afterwards in Edinburgh and the North of England he became
intimate with Professor Jameson, John Prideaux Selby of Twizel,
Lizars the engraver, Sir William Jardine, Bewick, Sir Walter Scott,

190 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

and a host of distinguished literary men. This portion of the
European Journal is of much interest.

In the autumn of 1830, Audubon and his wife, coming from .
America, returned once more to his old quarters in Edinburgh, and
then began that ‘ Ornithological Biography” in which he was so
immensely assisted by William Macgillivray—how much so we may
know by what his countryman Dr. Coues has written (Key fo Worth
American Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, p. 22): “ Vivid and ardent was his
genius, matchless he was both with pen and pencil in giving life and
spirit to the beautiful objects he delineated with passionate love ;
but there was a strong and patient worker by his side—William
Macgillivray, the countryman of Wilson, destined to lend the sturdy
Scotch fibre to an Audubonian epoch. The brilliant French-
American naturalist was little of a ‘scientist.’ Of his work the
magical beauties of form and colour and movement are all his ; his
page is redolent of nature’s fragrance; but Macgillivray’s are the
bone and sinew, the hidden, anatomical parts beneath the lovely
face, the nomenclature, the classification—in a word, the technicali-
ties of the science.”

In concluding this short and imperfect notice of Miss Audubon’s
charming volumes, we feel assured that the life-work of the great
naturalist will abide, and his memory continue a joint heritage of the
English-speaking people on each side of the Atlantic, so that the
name and fame of Audubon will live in the hearts of the generations
which follow. i Ee Oe

FLORA OF PERTHSHIRE. By Francis Buchanan W. White,
M.D., F.L.S., F.E.S. Edited, with an Introduction and Life of the
Author, a list of his Scientific Publications, and an Appendix, by
James W. H. Trail, A.M., M.D., F.R.S. (Printed for the Perth-
shire Society of Natural Science by William Blackwood and Sons,
Edinburgh.)

Those interested in the Botany of Scotland were aware that the
late Dr. Buchanan White had for several years been engaged in the
preparation of a “Flora” of his native county, and have anticipated
the issue of the work by himself. Few know any district so varied
as Perthshire as he knew it, and the width of his interests in botanical
problems, and also in zoology, gave promise of a work of much
value. Much of the manuscript of the systematic section was drafted
into shape a good many years ago; but Dr. White felt that addi-
tional information was required on many points before he could
regard it as ready for publication. Illness, leading to his death, put
a barrier to the further progress of his work. The Council of the
P.S.N.S. felt that it would be a misfortune if the result of Dr. White’s
investigations were lost, especially as it was believed that the MS.
was virtually ready to be placed in the printer’s hands. Arrange-
ments were made to have it printed, and the editor undertook to

REVIEWS I9I

revise the proofs and to prepare a short account of the author’s life
and scientific work.

It was soon found that the manuscript was less ready than had
been supposed. Many additions had been made on the sheets, and
required to be put in place and verified, and queries required to be
solved. Several critical genera had been left for subsequent treat-
ment, and were not represented at all, or only by brief and frag-
mentary notes. It was clearly necessary to endeavour to fill these
gaps, as far as practicable, on the same general plan as that followed
by the author. The doing so has delayed a good deal the appearance
of the volume.

Though the book has inevitably suffered from its author not
having been able to prepare it finally for publication, and to give it
the benefit of personal revision, its value as a local flora will be
recognised as entitling the Council of the Perthshire Society to the
gratitude of a much wider circle than those interested in Perthshire
alone. The accuracy of the author’s many personal observations
recorded here give it a permanent value to all interested in the British
flora.

SYNOPSIS CHARACEARUM EUROP#ARUM. By Dr. Walter Migula.
(Leipzig: Eduard Kummer, 1898.)

Though primarily intended for the flora of Middle Europe, and
written in German, this work ought to be welcomed by every botanist
desirous to become acquainted with the Characee of any region of
the world. It will be found most useful, as it gives a key to all
European species and varieties, with short and good descriptions.
There are 133 excellent woodcuts, many of them of full-page size,
and by far the most including numerous figures in each woodcut.
Every European species except Zolypella hispanica is figured, as
are also many of the varieties. An introduction explains and
illustrates the structure of the group, and gives information as to
collecting and examining the species. There is also a valuable
index to the literature of the Characee and to the chief published
sets of specimens. The work is based on Dr. Migula’s well-known
volume on these plants in Rabenhorst’s “ Kryptogamenflora.”
Though not so full in its treatment as the latter, it is more convenient
for general use.

County AND VicE-CouNTy DIVISIONS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS.
A useful sheet under this title has been issued by Mr. A. Somerville,
after consultation with many botanists and zoologists interested in
the distribution of British plants and animals. It gives in brief and
convenient form the divisions recognised by Mr. H. C. Watson,
with notes on the divisions of the larger counties and on the effects
of later legislation on the county boundaries and on the divisions.
It is in a form suited for hanging up for ready reference, and
should be found useful by all biologists in Britain.

192 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

COLOURED FIGURES OF THE BIRDS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS.
Issued by Lord Lilford, F.Z.S., ete. (Concluding Notice.)

It must be a matter for congratulation to the subscribers to the
late Lord Lilford’s beautiful volumes who have lived to see the
conclusion of the work. The first number was issued in October
1885; the concluding in the spring of 1898. Lord Lilford’s death
took place on 17th June 1896, on which date nearly all the remaining
plates were in an advanced state of preparation, and only the letter-
press remained to be issued.

Friends who knew the gifted author were aware that his cheer-
fulness never left him, and that although worn with the increase of
bodily infirmities, and alas too often racked with pain, his interest in his
work never flagged, but remained fresh and perfect to the end of a
gentle and blameless life.

The plates were intended to be the main feature of the work, and
undoubtedly the beautiful drawings by Thorburn, Keulemans, Lodge,
and Neale must ever remain a joy to the possessors, and a credit to
nineteenth-century art. The letterpress, eminently original, and
drawn from Lord Lilford’s varied experiences, or that of friends on
whom he could rely, forms an admirable setting to the illustrations.

The concluding number (xxxvi.) contains a welcome portrait
of Lord Lilford, title pages, list of subscribers, and a preface memoir,
written with much feeling, by his old friend Professor Newton, to
whom the work is dedicated with affection and respect.

The letterpress of the four concluding numbers was supplied by
the late Osbert Salvin, F.R.S., and confined to a brief statement of
the claims of each species to be considered a British bird, and its
geographical distribution. And now he too has left us, and one more
illustrious ornithologist of that fast diminishing brotherhood who
were the original promoters and founders of the British Ornithologists
Union has passed to the other side.

We cannot live back into the past, and memory alone can quicken
faces and voices once familiar; but the life-work of our comrades
remains, and, like these beautiful volumes of Lord Lilford’s, will abide
a treasure, a joy, and an example, when new generations of bird-
lovers seek out the paths of the old. JG:

The Annals

of
Scottish Natural History

No: 72:3) 1898 [OCTOBER

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND.
By Sir Witt1aM TurNeER, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.
(Continued from p. 146.)

THE association of bronze objects, both with short cists
and cinerary urns, establishes these forms of interment as
practised at a time when bronze was the characteristic metal
used in many purposes of life. The crouching attitude of
the dead body, the contracted grave, and the varieties of
urns already described, are therefore to be regarded as
equally characteristic of this period, even if bronze is not
found in a particular instance associated with the interment,
and this view is generally held by archeologists in Scotland.

In a preceding paragraph implements and weapons made
of stone, flint, and bone were referred to as having been
sometimes associated with bronze, and also of similar objects
having been found in graves, in which, though obviously of
the same class and period, no article made of metal was
observed. Such an association proves that there was no
sharp line of demarcation between the employment of the
more simple substances used by Neolithic man in the

1*An Address delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, on the 26th
March 1897.
28 B

194 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

manufacture of implements and weapons, and the use of
bronze for similar purposes. The two periods undoubtedly
overlapped. It has been customary to regard this over-
lapping as if bronze-using man had continued for a period
to employ the same substances in making useful articles as
did his Neolithic predecessors ; that time was required before
the more costly bronze, imported from foreign sources,
replaced the native materials, and that consequently both
groups of objects became associated in the same grave.
Additional light is thrown on the mixture of objects
representing different stages of culture in the same interment
by a collection of goods from the grave of an aboriginal
Australian, buried about fifty years ago, recently brought
under my notice by Dr. R. Broom. Along with the skeleton
were found a clay pipe, an iron spoon, the remains of a
rusted pannikin, the handle of a pocket-knife, and a large
piece of flint. The handle of the knife, with its steel back,
had doubtless been used along with the flint for the purpose
of obtaining fire, as in Neolithic times a similar office was
discharged by flint and a nodule of pyrites. These ac-
companiments of the Australian interments show that men
in a lower grade of culture and intellectual power utilise, as
opportunity offers, objects representing a much higher stage of
civilisation. It is possible, therefore, that some of the mixed
interments ascribed to the Bronze Age may be the graves
of Neolithic men who, in conjunction with articles of their
own manufacture, had employed the material introduced by
a bronze-using race, with whom they had been brought in
contact, and whose usages they had more or less imitated.
That the inhabitants of prehistoric Scotland were not a
homogeneous people, but exhibited different types in their
physical configuration, so as to justify the conclusion that
they were not all of the same race, has long been accepted
by archeologists. The first observer who made a definite
statement, based on anatomical data, was the late Sir Daniel
Wilson, in his well-known “ Prehistoric Annals of Scotland.”
Whilst admitting that the material at his disposal was scanty,
he thought that he was justified in stating that the primitive
race in Scotland possessed an elongated dolichocephalic head,
which he termed boat-shaped, or kumbecephalic. This race,

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 195

he said, was succeeded by a people with shorter and wider
skulls, which possessed brachycephalic proportions. Further,
he considered that both these races preceded the intrusion
of the Celta into Scotland. But the evidence is by no
means satisfactory that the interments from which Wilson
obtained the long kumbecephalic skulls were of an older
date than those which yielded the brachycephalic specimens.
So, fan therefore, as| rests upon these data, one cannot
consider it as proved that a long-headed race preceded a
broad-headed race in Scotland, and that both were antecedent
fo) the? Celitze.

Evidence from other quarters must be looked for,
especially from the extensive researches of Thurnam, Green-
well, Rolleston, and other archzologists into prehistoric
interments in England; and by the study of the material
which has accumulated in Scotland since the publication of
Sir Daniel Wilson’s “ Prehistoric Annals.”

The remains of prehistoric man in England subsequent
to the Paleolithic Age have for the most part been found
in mounds and tumuli, some of which were very elongated
in form, others more rounded, so that they have been divided
into the two groups of “long” and “round” barrows. There is
a consensus of opinion that the long barrows were constructed
by a race which inhabited England prior to the construction
of the round barrows. The long barrows are indeed the
most ancient sepulchral monuments in South Britain ;
obviously they were erected before the use of bronze or
other metal became known to the people. They belonged,
therefore, to the Neolithic Age, as is testified by the imple-
ments and weapons found in them being formed of stone,
flint, bone, and horn, and by the absence of metals. They
are not widely distributed in England, but are found especi-
ally in a few counties in the north, as Yorkshire and West-
moreland, and in the western counties in the south. The
builders of these barrows in their interments practised both
inhumation and cremation, but the burnt bones were never
found in urns.

The study of the human remains obtained from the
English long barrows by Drs. Thurnam and Rolleston proves
that the crania were distinctly dolichocephalic, and that the

196 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

height was greater than the breadth. Those measured by
Dr. Thurnam gave a mean length-breadth index 71-4, whilst
Dr. Rolleston’s series were 72-6.

The round barrows were constructed by a bronze-using
people. The crania obtained in them were, as a tule,
brachycephalic. Of twenty-five skulls measured by Dr.
Thurnam seventeen had the length-breadth index 80 and
upwards, and in six of these the index was 85 and upwards.
Only four were dolichocephalic, whilst in three the index
ranged from 77 to 79. In the brachycephalic skulls the
height was less than the breadth.

As similar physical conditions prevailed both in England
and Scotland during the Polished Stone and Bronze periods,
there is a strong presumption that the two races had, in
succession to each other, migrated from South to North
Britain. Unfortunately very few skulls have been preserved
which can with certainty be ascribed to Neolithic man in
Scotland, but those that have been examined from Papa
Westray, the cairn of Get, and Oban, are dolichocephalic,
and doubtless of the same race as the builders of the English
long barrows.

Seventeen skulls from interments belonging to the
Bronze period have been examined by the author. The
mean length-breadth index of twelve was 81-4, and the
highest index was 88-6. In each skull the height was
less than the breadth. In the other five specimens the
mean index was 74; the majority, therefore, were brachy-
cephalic. In only one specimen was the jaw prognathic ;
the nose was almost always long and narrow ; the upper
border of the orbit was, as a rule, thickened, and the height
of the orbit was materially less than the width. The
capacity of the cranium in three men ranged from 1380 to
1555 ccs; the mean beina 1462 ce. In stature the Bronze
men were somewhat taller than Neolithic men. The thigh
bones of the Bronze Age skeletons gave a mean platymeric
index 75-1, materially below the average of 81-8 obtained
by Dr. Hepburn from measurements of the femora of modern
Scots.’ The tibiz of the same skeletons gave a mean platy-
knemic index 68-3; intermediate, therefore, between their

1 «Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,” October 1896.

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 197

Neolithic predecessors and the present inhabitants of Britain.
Many of the tibiz also possessed a retroverted direction of
the head of the bone ; but the plane of the condylar articular
surfaces was not thereby affected, so that the backward
direction of the head exercised no adverse influence on the
assumption of the erect attitude.

Whilst in England the Bronze Age round barrows are
numerous and the burials in short cists are comparatively
rare, in Scotland the opposite prevails. Whilst part of Dr.
Thurnam’s aphorism, viz. “long barrows, long skulls,” applies
to both countries ; the remaining part, “short barrows, short
skulls,” should be modified in Scotland to “short cists, short
or round skulls.”

The presence of dolichocephalic skulls in the interments
of the Bronze Age shows that the Neolithic people had
commingled with the brachycephalic race. Similarly the
Bronze men, though subject to successive invasions by
Romans, Angles, and Scandinavians, have persisted as a
constituent element of the people of Great Britain. The
author has found a strong brachycephalic admixture in the
crania of modern Scots—in Fife, the Lothians, Peebles, and
as far north as Shetland. In 116 specimens measured, 29
(ze. one-quarter) had a length-breadth index 80 and up-
wards, and in five of these the index was more than 85.

The question has been much discussed whether the
people of the Polished Stone Age were descended from the
men of the Ruder Stone Age, or were separated from them
by a distinct interval of time. The latter view has been
supported by Professor Boyd Dawkins, who contends that
there is a great zoological break between the fauna of the
Palzolithic-Pleistocene period and that of the Neolithic
Age, and that the two periods are separated from each other
by a revolution in climate geography, and animal life."

Undoubtedly many large characteristic mammals of the
Paleolithic fauna had entirely disappeared from Britain and
Western Europe, but some nine or ten species, as the otter,
wolf, wild cat, wild boar, stag, roe, urus, and horse, were
continued into the Neolithic period ; at which time the dog,

1 «Cave Hunting” and in “Journal of Anthropological Institute,” vol.
xxiii., February 1894.

198 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

small ox, pig, goat, and perhaps the sheep, as is shown by
their osseous remains, were also naturalised in Britain. The
continuity of our island with the Continent by intermediate
land, which existed during Palzolithic times, also became
severed, and a genial temperate climate replaced more or
less arctic conditions.

Man, however, possesses a power of accommodation, and
of adapting himself to changes in his environment, such as
is not possessed by a mere animal. The locus of an animal
is regulated by the climate and the nature of the food, so
that a change of climate, which would destroy the special
food on which an animal lives, would lead to the extinction
of the animal in that locality. Man, on the other hand, is
omnivorous, and can sustain himself alike on the flesh of
seals, whales, and bears in the Arctic circle, and on the fruits
which ripen under a tropical sun. Man can produce fire to
cook his food and to protect himself from cold, and can also
manufacture clothing when necessary. Paleolithic man has
left evidence that he had the capability to improve, for the
cave men were undoubtedly in advance of the men who
made the flint implements found in the river drifts. The
capacity of the few crania of Paleolithic man which have
been preserved is quite equal to, and in some cases superior
to, that of modern savages. So far as regards the implements
which he manufactured and employed, Neolithic man showed
no material advance over the Paleolithic cave-dweller.

The association of the bones of domestic mammals,
which were not present in Palzolithic strata, along with the
remains of Neolithic man, proves that additional species had
been introduced into Western Europe at a particular period,
probably by another race which had migrated northward and
westward; but it by no means follows that Palaeolithic man had
of necessity disappeared prior to this migration, and that when
Neolithic man reached Western Europe he found it, as regards
his own species, a desolate solitude. How then did Neolithic
man with his associated animals find his way into Britain ?

Was it whilst the land remained which connected
Britain with the Continent in interglacial times, and along
which Palaolithic man had travelled, or was it at some
subsequent period, after the formation of intermediate arms

EARLY MAN IN SCOTLAND 199

of the sea? If the latter, then the further question arises,
How was the transit effected? Neolithic man, so far as is
known, had no other means of conveyance by water than
was afforded by a canoe dug out of the stem of a tree.
Although such rude boats might in calm weather serve as a
means of transporting a few individuals across a river or
narrow strait from one shore to the other, they can scarcely
be regarded as fitted for an extensive migration of people;
still less as a means of conveying their pigs, dogs, goats, and
oxen. Hence one is led to the hypothesis that, after the
sea had submerged the intermediate land of interglacial
times, there had been a subsequent elevation, so that Britain
again became a part of the continent of Europe. If one
may use the expression, a “ Neolithic land bridge” was
produced, continental relations and climate were for a time
re-established, and a free immigration of Neolithic man with
his domestic animals became possible. This may have been
at the period when an abundant forest growth in Scotland
succeeded the elevation of what is now called the 100-foot
terrace. There is no evidence of the presence of Neolithic
man in Scotland until about that period. Before this
island with its surrounding and protecting “silver streak”
settled down to the present distribution of land and water,
there are ample data, as is shown by the three sea beaches
at different levels so distinctly seen on the coast of Scotland,
that frequent oscillations changed the relative positions of
land and sea to each other.

From the consideration of what may be called the
biological data, the conclusion seems not to be justified,
that because climatic changes had led to a disappearance of
certain characteristic Paleolithic mammals, but by no means
of all, therefore Palzolithic man had vanished along with
them. When Neolithic man reached Western Europe, he in
all likelihood found his Paleolithic predecessor settled there,
and a greater or less degree of fusion took place between
them. Hence, as the present inhabitants of Britain may
claim the men both of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages as
their ancestors, it is possible that as Neolithic man migrated
northward into Scotland he may have carried with him a
strain of Paleolithic blood.

200 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

REPORT ON THE MOVEMENTS AND OCCUR-

RENCE OF BIRDS IN SCOTLAND DURING
1397.
By T. G. LaipLaw,
Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union.

SCHEDULES were sent out as usual by Messrs. Harvie-
Brown and Eagle Clarke to the Light Stations on the
Scottish coasts, and of these twenty-four have been re-
turned duly filled in.

Schedules and notes have also been received from
twenty-two other observers in various parts of the country,
making a total of forty-six reports examined and tabulated.
This represents an increase of twelve over the number
received last year.

While it is satisfactory to record an increase in the
number of schedules received, it is hoped additional observers
may be induced to record and send in reports from a// the
different faunal areas. The need of such in Moray, West
Ross, Tweed, and Solway may be specially referred to.

Schedules may always be obtained from Mr. Eagle
Clarke, Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.

We have to express our hearty thanks to all those who
have so kindly sent in reports, or otherwise assisted in these
inquiries.

The following list gives the names of observers from
whom reports have been received. The localities are
arranged under the different faunal areas, proceeding from
north to south along the east and west coasts.

SHETLAND.
Locality. Name of Observer.
North Unst L.H. James Ferrier, Lightkeeper.
Various Localities Robert Godfrey, M.A.
ORKNEY.
North Ronaldshay L.H. John A. Mackay, Lightkeeper.
Pentland Skerries L.H. Robert A. M‘Harrie, Lightkeeper.

Various Localities Robert Godfrey, M.A.

a

MOVEMENTS OF BIRDS IN SCOTLAND DURING 1897

Locality.
Dunnet Head L.H.
Cape Wrath L.H.
Thurso District

Strathspey

Kinnaird Head L.H.
Rattray Head L.H.
Peterhead

Auchinblae, Fordoun
Upper Tay
Tayfield, Newport

Isle of May L.H.

Row, Doune

Lothians, Dollar, and Aber-
foyle

Edinburgh District

Dalmeny

Various Localities

Hallmyre, Peebles
Chirnside

201

SUTHERLAND.

Name of Observer.

Archibald M‘Eachern, Lightkeeper.
The Lightkeepers.
Lewis Dunbar.

Moray.

Lionel W. Hinxman, B.A.

DEE.

The Lightkeepers.
R. Clyne and J. Gilmour, Lightkeepers.
Rev. W. Serle, M.A.

Tay.

John Milne.
Bruce Campbell.
William Berry, B.A., LL.B.

FORTH.

T. E. Arthur, Lightkeeper.
Lt.-Col. Duthie.
William Evans.

Bruce Campbell.
Charles Campbell.
Robert Godfrey, M.A.

‘TWEED.

D. G. Laidlaw.
Charles Stuart, M.D.

OUTER HEBRIDES.

Island Ghlais L.H.
Monach L.H.
North Bay, Barra.

James M‘Guffie, Lightkeeper.
D. S. Stewart, Lightkeeper.
John MacRury, M.B.

ARGYLL AND INNER HEBRIDES.

Skerryvore L.H.

Dhuheartach L.H.
Scarnish, Tiree

John Nicol and William Ross, Light-
keepers.

William Davidson, Lightkeeper.

P. Anderson.

202 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

CLYDE.
Locality. Name of Observer.
Lamlash L.H. James Edgar, Lightkeeper.
Pladda L.H. Robert A. M‘Harrie, Lightkeeper.
Ailsa Craig L.H. William A. Tulloch, Lightkeeper.
(eee Paterson, John Robertson,
Various Localities H. Boyd-Watt, and Robert
\ Wilson.
SOLWAY.
Mull of Kintyre L.H. William Quine, Lightkeeper.

Solway Fishery, Dumfries. J. J. Armistead.

GENERAL REMARKS.

The winter of 1896-97, as in the preceding year, was
mild and open, but was followed by a cold and wet spring ;
consequently the season was a late one. ‘This did not,
however, seem to affect to any great extent the times of
arrival of our summer visitants ; the average dates recorded
showing no wide departure from the normal. Indeed, one
or two exceptionally early dates are noted, such as March
27th, Redstart at Skerryvore; and March 22nd, House
Martin at Whithorn.

There is little to notice with regard to the spring
migration. On Feb. 5th-6th, at Skerryvore, there was a rush
of Starlings, Larks, and Thrushes, with a S.E. wind; while
from Pladda and Tiree, Wagtails in numbers were passing
from April 28th to May 4th. At Tiree a large flock of
Whimbrels was noted on May Ist.

The principal autumn movements on the East Coast
occurred during the first and last weeks in October. At
Dunnet Head, on Oct. 2nd, Larks and Linnets in great
numbers were passing all night; and at Rattray Head a
great rush of Turdide, Larks, and Snow Buntings took place
on Oct. 31st with a S.E. light breeze.

On the West Coast, on August 31st, Sept. Ist-8th,
rushes of small birds—-Wheatears, Wagtails, Pipits, and
Warblers—are reported from Dhuheartach, Skerryvore, and
Pladda. Other rushes, of Turdide chiefly, with Larks and
Snow Buntings, occurred on Oct. 23rd, Oct. 31st, Nov. Ist-

ee

MOVEMENTS OF BIRDS IN SCOTLAND DURING 1897 203

5th, with light winds from S.E. Nearly all the stations note
these movements.

The Turtle Dove has again been reported in unusual
numbers. This bird appears to be extending its range, and
may possibly soon be recognised as a regular summer
visitant to Northern Britain.

The occurrence of the Frigate Petrel (Pelagodroma
marina)—the second British example—at Colonsay on
Jan. tst is the most interesting rarity recorded during the
year. The list of uncommon species includes the Waxwing
(Ampelts garrulus) at Musselburgh and Chirnside ; Bee-eater
(Werops apiaster) at Langwell, Caithness, on May 13th;
Bittern (Botaurus stellaris) at Invergarry, Inverness, on Feb.
2nd; Stone Curlew (dicnemus scolopax) at Muirhouse on
August 12th; Gray Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius) at
Kelton, Solway, on Sept. 19th; and Great Snipe (Gal/inago
major) at Crocketford, Solway, on Oct. 2nd. The probable
breeding of the Fulmar Petrel (Fudmarus glacialts), as
recorded in the “ Annals” (1897, p. 254), is also worthy of
mention, as the species has not hitherto been known to
breed on the mainland of Britain.

Turbus musicus (Song Thrush).

Dee—Rattray Head, April 29. Outer Hebrides—Monach, Oct.
24. Argyll and Isles—Tiree, Oct. 23. Skerryvore, Feb. 5-6, all
night with Starlings and Larks ; Oct. 23, great rush with other birds ;
Oct. 29-Nov. 1, numbers striking. Dhuheartach, Oct. 25; Nov.
5, all night with Redwings. Clyde—Ailsa, Jan. 27; Pladda, Feb.
3; Queen’s Park, Glasgow, Dec. 18, a few.

Principal movements, Oct. 23-Nov. 5.

TURDUS ILIACUS (Redwing).

Sutherland—Dunnet Head, Feb. 13, at lantern. Joray—
Badenoch, Oct. 23. Dee—Rattray Head, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, great
rush with other birds. 4vorti—Bonally, Oct. 4, several; Loganlee,
Oct. 4; Isle of May, Nov. 1. Zzweed—Chirnside, April 4-Nov. 20.
Outer Hebrides—Barra, Oct. 11, one; Oct. 21, flock. Island
Ghlais, Oct. 28-29. Argyll and Isles—Tiree, Oct. 21, arrived;
Oct. 31, numerous. Skerryvore, Oct. 23, rush of Turdide and
Starlings; Oct. 28-29, numbers striking; Nov. 5, a rush. Dhu-
heartach, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, all night; Nov. 3, with Blackbirds, great

204 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

numbers killed ; Nov. 5, all night. CZyde—Ailsa, Jan. 27, Sept. 3,
Oct. 18-20; Mearns, Oct. 23, a few.

Earliest observed, Sept. 3, Ailsa Craig. Principal movements,
Oct. 23-31, Nov. 5.

TURDUS PILARIS (Fieldfare).

Dee—Peterhead, Oct. 30. Rattray Head, Oct. 31; Nov. 1, great
rush. Zay—Auchinblae, Feb. 7, fewer than usual. /vr¢i—Balerno,
April, 29 ; Tynehead, Nov. 6; Morton, Nov. 9. Zzveed—Chirnside,
April 4; Nov. 20, rather later than usual. Outer Hebrides—Monach,
Oct. 1; Barra, Nov. 6, flock. Avgyl/ and Isles—Tiree, Oct. 14;
Novy. 12, large numbers. Dhuheartach, Nov. 5, all night. Skerry-
vore, Oct. 23, great rush; Nov. 5, rush. Clyde—Pladda, Jan. 2,
11, 28; Feb. 22, killed at lantern. Beith, May 16, a few. Mearns,
Oct-23:

Earliest observed, Oct. 1, Monach. Principal movements, Oct.
23, Nov. I-5.

TURDUS MERULA (Blackbird).

Sutherland—Cape Wrath, April 4. Dee—Peterhead, Oct. 25,
Nov. 2, no marked rush of Turdidz this season. Rattray Head,
Feb. 20, at lantern; Oct. 31-Nov. 1, great rush, many striking.
Kinnairds Head, Nov. 2, large numbers, with Starlings, at lantern.
Forth—Isle of May, Oct. 10. Outer Hebrides—Monach, Oct. 23,
Nov. 7-24. Argyll and Isles—Dhuheartach, Oct. 25, on rock;
Noy. 3, all night, numbers killed. Skerryvore, Oct. 23, great rush ;
Noy. 1-5, many striking. Clyde—Ailsa, Jan. 27; Sept. 4, most
seen, © Pladda, Feb, 22:

TURDUS TORQUATUS (Ring Ousel).

Forth—Isle of May, Sept. 4; Aberfoyle, Sept. 13. Outer
flebrides—Barra, April 8, first record. CZyde—Lamlash, April 16 ;
Pladda, Sept. 2. So/zway—Mull of Kintyre, April 2.

Earliest observed, April 2, Mull of Kintyre.

PRATINCOLA RUBICOLA (Stonechat).

Clyde—Ailsa, Feb. 28, two seen.

PRATINCOLA RUBETRA (Whinchat).

forth—Dalmeny, April 22; Dollar, May 4. Zzeed—Chirn-
side, May 10, Aug. 30. Outer Hebrides—Barra, May 17. Argyll
and Isles—Skerryvore, Aug. 22. | Clyde—Carluke, April 29;
Pollokshaws, Sept. 3.

Earliest, April 22, Dalmeny ; latest, Sept. 3, Pollokshaws.

MOVEMENTS OF BIRDS IN SCOTLAND DURING 1897 205

SAXICOLA CENANTHE (Wheatear).

Orkney—North Ronaldshay, Oct. 11, good many. Sutherland
—Cape Wrath, April 4-5, a few. dAZoray—Badenoch, April 5.
Deec—Peterhead, April 4; Sept. 27, scarce this season. Zay—
Auchinblae, Sept. 27, left. /07th—Aberfoyle, March 27; Torduff,
April 1, a pair; Lammermuirs, April 10. | Zzveed—Chirnside, April
5, Sept. 5; Hallmyre, April 6. Ozter Hebrides—Barra, March 31;
Monach, Sept. 5. Azgyll and Jsles—Tiree, March 29, small
flock. Dhuheartach, April 27, flying about lantern, with Goldcrests ;
August 22, four on rock; Sept. 1, all night in hundreds, with Larks
and Wagtails. Skerryvore, March 29, one at lantern; Aug. 22, 31-
Sept. 1, rush, with other birds, many killed, S. strong breeze ; Sept. 8,
in rush with other birds; Sept. 29-30, flocks at lantern with other
small birds; Oct. 23, along with rush of Turdide. CZyde—Ailsa,
March 29; Beith, April 3; Thornliebank, April 4; Lamlash L.H.,
May 21, first arrivals; Tighvein, Arran, Sept. 27. So/way—Mull
of Kintyre, April 4.

Earliest, March 27, Aberfoyle; latest, Oct. 23, Skerryvore.
Principal movements, Sept. 1-8.

RUTICILLA PHCENICURUS (Redstart).

Moray—Badenoch, April 17. Zay—Ballinluig, May 2. Forth
—Templehouse, April 1; Dalmeny, May 2; Dreghorn, April 27 ;
Dollar, May 4; Isle of May, Sept. 4. Zzveed—Chirnside, May 1,
Aug. 20; Hallmyre, May 4. <Azgyll and Isles—Skerryvore, March
27, at lantern; Oct. 1, a number. Dhuheartach, Nov. 2. Clyde—
Carluke, April 26; Ailsa, May 11; Queen’s Park, Glasgow,
Sept. 6.

Earliest, March 27, Skerryvore ; latest, Nov. 2, Dhuheartach.

ERITHACUS RUBECULA (Robin).

Orkney—North Ronaldshay, Oct. 4, a few. Dee—Peterhead,
no definite rush. Azgyl/ and Isles—Dhuheartach, Oct. 25; Tiree
Oct. 26. _CZyde—Lamlash L.H., Aug. 27; Ailsa, Sept. 3.

SYLVIA CINEREA (Whitethroat).

Orkney—North Ronaldshay, July 7, a few. ee— Peterhead,
May 26. Zay—Tayfield, May 2. Aorth—Dollar, April 30;
Dalmeny, May 1; Kirknewton, May 11. Zzveed—Hallmyre, May
1; Chirnside, May 5, Sept. 10. Outer Hebrides—Barra, May 17.
Clyde—Thornliebank, April 29; Ailsa, two pairs bred on Craig.

Earliest, April 29, Thornliebank ; latest, Sept. 10, Chirnside.

206 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

SYLVIA ATRICAPILLA (Blackcap).

forth—Dalmeny, May 19; Aberfoyle, Sept. 12-13. Tzveed—
Chirnside, May 1, Sept. 10. CZyde—Carluke, May tra.
Earliest, May 1, Chirnside ; latest, Sept. 13, Aberfoyle.

SYLVIA HORTENSIS (Garden Warbler).

Tay—YVayfield, May 16 (first time noticed). Forth—lIsle of
May, Sept. 9, a male picked up (quite fresh). Argyl and Tsles—
Skerryvore, Sept. 8, in rush with other birds (wings sent) ; Oct. 20,
a few at lantern. ClZyde—Carluke, May 6; Busby, June 16, nest
taken in Killoch Glen. ‘

Earliest, May 6, Carluke; latest, Oct. 20, Skerryvore.

REGULUS CRISTATUS (Gold-crested Wren).

Orkney—North Ronaldshay, Nov. 4. 2ee—Peterhead, Oct 24,
a few migrants. Ovter Hebrides—Barra, April 8, one (first record) ;
April 12 and 24, one each time; Mingley Island, April 19, one.
Argyll and ILsles—Dhuheartach, April 27, flying about lantern,’
with Wheatears. C/yde—Pladda, March 27, April 5-27, Sept. 14,
Oct. 173-14 Ailsa, Apnl 3-7): MamlashwicoEl. Oct.2n,

PHYLLOscoPuS RUFUS (Chiffchaff).

forth—Aberfoyle, April 7; Kirknewton, May 14. Zweed—
Chirnside, May 1, Oct. 20. CZyde—Kildonan, Arran, March 30.
Earliest, March 30, Kildonan.

PHYLLOSCOPUS TROCHILUS (Willow Wren).

Moray—Badenoch, April 28. Dee—Peterhead, May 1, few
have arrived. Zay—Auchinblae, April 29, large numbers; Ballin-
luig, May 1; Newport, May 2. Forth—Dollar, April 20, one;
April 23-24, common. Dalmeny, April 21; Balerno, April 26;
Aberfoyle, Sept. 13. Zmweed—Hallmyre, April 24, one; April 28,
common. Chirnside, May 10, Aug. 2, very plentiful this year.
Outer Hebrides—Barra, April 12. Argyll and Lsles—Tiree, May
15; Skerryvore, April 27, Aug. 31, Sept. 1, rush, many killed.
Clyde—Ailsa, April 7, 10, 11; Daldowie and Carluke, April 15;
Lamlash L.H., April 28, one at lantern; Queen’s Park, Glasgow,
Sept. 20:

Earliest, April 7, Ailsa ; latest, Queen’s Park, Glasgow, Sept. 20.
Principal movements, Aug. 31, Sept. 1.

MOVEMENTS OF BIRDS IN SCOTLAND DURING 1897 207

PHYLLOSCOPUS SIBILATRIX (Wood Wren).

Tay—Ballinluig, May 2. /orti—Dollar, April 30 ; Tillicoultry,
May 3; Dalmeny, May 3. Clyde—Blantyre Priory, May tr.
Earliest, April 30, Dollar.

ACROCEPHALUS PHRAGMITIS (Sedge Warbler).

Orkney—Stennis Mill Dam, nesting, May 26. d/oray—Bade-
noch, May, 29. Zzeed—Hallmyre, May 6. Clyde—Thornliebank,
May 2; Pladda, Aug. 31, one killed.

Earliest, May 2, Thornliebank.

LocusTELLA N&VIA (Grasshopper Warbler).
Clyde—Beith, April 30.

CINcLUs aquaticus (Dipper).

Outer Hebrides—Barra, July 26, one.

TROGLODYTES PARVULUS (Wren).

Argyll and Isles—Tiree, Oct. 29, several.

MorTaciLuin#& (Wagtails).

Dee—Peterhead, May 22, AZ. rai (Yellow Wagtail), a pair;
Sept. 11, JZ. Zugubris (Pied Wagtail), marked rush. Zay—Auchin-
blae, May ro-11, JZ lugubris, about 100. Forth—Doune, Sept.
26, many in the fields. Tantallon, Aug. 22, JZ raz, three.
Isle of May, Sept. 9, JZ alba (White Wagtail), a very fine adult 3.
Outer Hebrides—Barra, May 3, one; May 10, many AZ alba;
Aug. 17, returning south. Island Ghlais L.H., Aug. 19, “‘ Wag-
tails.” Argyll and Isles—Tiree, March 18, AZ. lugubris ; April 28-
30, May 1, 4-18, JZ alba, ‘more plentiful than I ever remember
seeing them”; Aug. 26, JZ razz, one; Sept. 2-3, JZ alba, passing
south. Dhuheartach, May 17, “ Wagtails”; Aug. 22-24, Sept. 1, in
rush with other birds. Skerryvore, Aug. 24, JZ. raz on rock; Aug.
31-Sept. 1, a rush all night along with other birds, “ Wagtails” ;
Sept. 8, JZ alba (wings sent), a rush of birds. | CZyde—Ailsa, March
4, 6, 7, “common Wagtail”; Aug. 21, JZ. razz, one seen; Aug. 22,

P)

M. melanope (Gray Wagtail), four seen ; Sept. 3, “ Wagtails,” “ most
I have ever seen on the Craig.” Whiting Bay, March 17, JZ. alba
Beith, April 22, JZ razz. Erskine, Sept. 18, JZ rai. Pladda L.H.,
April 28, all day, “ Wagtails” ; Sept. 15, 17, ‘‘ Wagtails.” Lamlash
L.H., May 13, AZ. lugubris, a pair.

Principal movements, April 28 to May 4, Aug. 31, Sept. 1-8.

208 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

ANTHUS TRIVIALIS (Tree Pipit).

Tay—Ballinluig, May 2. orth—Castle Campbell, Dollar,
April 22; Dollarbeg, April 24; Forest Mill, Clackmannan, April
28, several. Kirknewton, May 7. Zweed—Hallmyre, May 1.
Clyde — Cathcart, April 23; Loch-Lomondside, May 3, large
numbers. “Sp. not named in Lumsden’s ‘Nat. Hist. of Loch
Lomond,’ 1895.”

Earliest, Castle Campbell, April 22.

ANTHUS PRATENSIS (Meadow Pipit).

Dee—Peterhead, April 17, marked migratory movement during
last week. Argyll and Jsles—Dhuheartach, Aug. 23. Skerryvore,
April 29, one killed at lantern. Aug. 31-Sept. 1, all night in rush
with Wheatears, Wagtails, and Willow Wrens. Sept. 8, a rush of
small birds; Oct. 1-2. CZyde—Ailsa, March 6-9. Thornliebank,
March 14, about thirty. Pladda L.H., March 21-26, April 6-8,
Oct 4555, 0, 25.

Principal movements, Aug. 31, Sept. 1-8.

AMPELIS GARRULUS (Waxwing).

Forth—Musselburgh (near), one caught early in Nov. Zzweed—
Chirnside, “ more plentiful than usual in Berwickshire.”

MUSCICAPA GRISOLA (Spotted Flycatcher).

Dee—Peterhead, May 29, first seen. Zay—Auchinblae, May
18, plentiful. Tayfield, May 24. /orth—Dalmeny, May 22, Aug.
15. Zweed—Hallmyre, May 25,a pair. CZyde—Kildonan, April
26; Queen’s Park, Glasgow, Sept. 20.

Earliest, April 26, Kildonan ; latest, Sept. 20, Queen’s Park,
Glasgow.

HiRUNDO RUSTICA (Swallow).

Orkney—North Ronaldshay, Aug. 24. Sutherland—Cape Wrath,
May 8-30. /oray—Badenoch, May 20. Dee—Peterhead, May
5; Sept. 26, left ina body. Rattray Head, May 9. Zay—Tayfield,
April 23, Oct. 14; Auchinblae, April 24, Sept. 2; Ballinluig, May
1. orth—-Dalmeny, April 18, Nov. 17; Aberfoyle, April 20;
Dollar, April 26; Currie, Oct. 4, flock of thirty or forty. Zzweed
—Chirnside, April 14, Oct. 23; Hallmyre, April 23. Outer
flebrides—Barra, May 15. Argyll and Lsles—Dhuheartach, May
16-27; Skerryvore, May 16, 17, 28, June 1. Clyde—Lamlash,
April 10; Pladda L.H., April 24, May 4-21, Aug. 24; Ailsa,
May 8, about twenty; Queen’s Park, Glasgow, Oct. 11. Solway
—Mull of Kintyre, April 7.

Earliest, April to, Lamlash ; latest, Dalmeny, Nov. 17.

MOVEMENTS OF BIRDS IN SCOTLAND DURING 1897 209

CHELIDON URBICA (House Martin).

Shetland—Lerwick, June 4, single bird. _Zay—Auchinblae, May
12, Sept. 27. Horth—Tynehead, May 1; Dollar, May 3; Craig-
house, Edinburgh, Oct. 16. Zweed—Chirnside, May, 4, Sept. 10;
Hallmyre, May 9. C/yde—Thornliebank, May 2. Lamlash L.H.
May 19, all day, N.E. light breeze ; Sept. 12, flocks all day. Mount
Florida, Sept. 25. So/way—Whithorn (near), March 22, one flew
into a house (see ‘‘ Annals,” p. 193).

Earliest, March 22, Whithorn; latest, Oct. 16, Craighouse,
Edinburgh.

CoTILE RIPARIA (Sand Martin).

Moray—Badenoch, April 27; June 5, many hatched. Zay—
Ballinluig, May 1. Sorth—Dollar, April 24, several. Tweed—
Chirnside, April 12, Aug. 10; Hallmyre, May 6. Avgyl and Isles
—Skerryvore, Aug. 2-3, a few, midnight, at lantern. Clyde—
Cambuslang, April 11.

Earliest, April 11, Cambuslang.

FRINGILLIN# (Finches and Linnets).

Orkney—Pentland Skerries, Dec. 29, Greenfinch, one killed.
Dee—Kinnairds Head, Linnets, Sept. 28-29, in large flocks at
lantern ; Oct. 2, in great numbers. Rattray Head, Linnets, Oct. 31,
at lantern. Peterhead, Greenfinch, Oct. 24-25 ; Nov. 6, large flocks.
Forth—Dreghorn, Goldfinch, April 18 (see “Annals,” p. 193);
Crichton, Lesser Redpoll, Oct. 2, small flock; Isle of May, Dec.
8, Greenfinch (leg and wing sent). Zzeed—Chirnside, April ro,
Brambling ; Oct. 20, flocks feeding on beech mast; Oct. 109,
Greenfinch and Chaffinch in immense flocks preparing for migra-
tion. Outer Hebrides—Barra, Brambling, Oct. 21; Greenfinch,
Oct. 22; Chaffinch, Oct. 19-24; Siskin, Oct. 209, “first record,”
Nov. 1, “about a dozen.” Monach, Greenfinch, Oct. 23, flock ;
Chaffinch, Oct. 24, at lantern. Argyll and Lsles—Tiree, Chaffinch,
Jan. 2, Oct. 9. Dhuheartach, Chaffinch, April 20; Oct. 21, 24, 26,
all day going S.; Nov. 2, all night at lantern. Skerryvore, Chaffinch,
Oct. 21-23, all night flying about light, but not striking; Nov. 1-s,
numbers all night, S.E. fresh breeze ; Greenfinch, Oct. 25-31, flocks
flying past going S.E. Tiree, Greenfinch, Nov. 15, flocks. Clyde
—Ailsa, Chaffinch, Jan. 2, 27, April 17, Oct. 19; Greenfinch,
Jan. 4, 27; House Sparrow, Jan. 7, one seen; Linnet, Jan. 25,
four, Feb. 24, seventeen, Oct. 20, twelve; Twite, Jan. 27, “con-
siderable movement on this date,” N. strong breeze ; Redpoll, April
29, two seen.

Principal movements, Oct. 21-26, Nov. 1-6.

28 c

210 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

LoXIA CURVIROSTRA (Crossbill).

Tay—Auchinblae, Feb. 7, thirty to forty; Nov. 8. Argyll and
Tsles—Dhuheartach, May 27, young bird, skin sent.

EMBERIZIN& (Buntings).

Dee—Peterhead, Reed Bunting, April 17, marked migratory
movement. <Argyll and Tsles—Dhuheartach, Common Bunting,
Oct. 27, two on rock; Nov. 19, a few birds striking (wing sent),
S.W. strong breeze. Clyde—Ailsa, Common Bunting, Feb. 27,
Oct. 20; Yellow Bunting, Feb. 21-26, Oct. 21.

PLECTROPHENAX NIVALIS (Snow Bunting).

Orkney—North Ronaldshay, Sept. 14, “swarms.” Pentland
Skerries, Nov. 22; Dec. 2-16, flocks. Swther/and—Dunnet Head
L.H., Jan. 6, 10, 24, March 29, Nov. 5; Cape Wrath, March 16-
17, a very large flock ; March 24, three struck lantern. A/oray—
Badenoch, Nov. 3, first. 2ee—Rattray Head, Oct. 31; Nov. 1, in
rush of Turdide, Starlings, and Larks, S.E. haze. Peterhead, Dec.
31, flock. Zay—Auchinblae, Jan. 30. /orth—lIsle of May, Nov.
rt (leg and wing sent); Swanston Hill, Nov. 13, flock ; Leith, Feb.
24. Outer Hebrides—Monach, Oct. 1, two at lantern; Island
Ghlais, Oct. 2, one killed; Barra, Nov. 11, flock. Argyll and Isles
—Dhuheartach, Oct. 9, several at lantern, S.W., strong, showers.
Skerryvore, Oct. 10; Nov. 1, numbers of birds striking, S.E., fresh ;
Nov. 5, a rush all night, S., light. Tiree, Oct. 11-28, flocks.
Clyde—Ailsa, Jan. 25, great many; March 12; April 4, last seen ;
Oct. 13, first; Oct. 18. Queen’s Park, March 10. Soe/way—Mull
of Kintyre, Oct. 21.

Principal movements, Oct. 31, Nov. 1-5.

STURNUS VULGARIS (Starling).

Orkney—North Ronaldshay, Nov. 5, “swarms,” N.W., light,
hazy. Sutherland—Cape Wrath, March 24, April 4. Dee—
Rattray Head, Oct. 31, Nov. 1, in rush with other birds, S.E.,
hazy ; Kinnairds Head, Nov. 1-2, large numbers at lantern. Azgyl/
and Isles—Skerryvore, Feb. 6-7, all night with Larks and Thrushes,
S.E., strong ; Oct. 23, in rush with Turdidz. Dhuheartach, March 2,
at lantern; Oct. 15-27, all day, S.E., fresh; Nov. 21, at lantern.
Clyde—Pladda L.H., Feb. 3, 7, 22, 25, at lantern; Lamlash L.H.,
March 15, struck lantern; Ailsa, Sept. 29, Oct. 18.

GARRULUS GLANDARIUS (Jay).

Tweed—Chirnside, Oct. 23, two shot, another seen. ‘“ Has not
been seen in Berwickshire for fifty years.”

MOVEMENTS OF BIRDS IN SCOTLAND DURING 1897 211

Corvib& (Crows and Rooks).

Orkney—Pentland Skerries, Dec. 16, Hooded Crow, two re-
maining on island. Zay—Auchinblae, Nov. 8, a large augmentation
to summer stock (Carrion Crow). /vrti—Aberlady, Hooded Crow,
Oct. 8, five; Oct. 16, twenty. Argyll and ISsles—Tiree, Rook,
Oct. 14, large flock ; Nov. 16, large flock. Dhuheartach, Jackdaw,
Oct. 12, on rock; Rook, Oct. 15-16, Nov. 23. Skerryvore, ‘‘ Crows,”
Noy. 14, fourteen flying S.

ALAUDA ARVENSIS (Skylark).

Dee—Peterhead, came in gradually and numerously during latter
half of September, no definite rush ; Kinnairds Head L.H., Oct. 2,
along with Linnets, in great numbers; Rattray Head L.H., Oct. 31,
Nov. 1, rush with Redwings and other birds, S.E., hazy. Forth—
Isle of May, Oct. 19. Zzweed—Chirnside, Oct. 20, in large flocks.
Outer Hebrides—Monach, Oct. 1, eight at lantern. Argyl and
Zsles—Skerryvore, Jan. 30, at lantern; Feb. 5-6, all night with
other birds; March 9, Oct. 21, Nov. 6, numbers about light ; Nov.
26, Dec. 21-22. Dhuheartach, Aug. 23, at lantern; Sept. 1, all
night in hundreds with Wagtails and Wheatears ; Oct. 22, all night.
Clyde—Ailsa, Jan. 25; Feb. 6,at lantern; March 20, Pladda, Jan.
30, one killed at light; Feb. 3, 6, 26, several at lantern. Lamlash
L.H., March 14, three at lantern.

Principal movements, Feb. 5-6, Oct. 2-31, Nov. 1-6.

CyYpsELusS apus (Swift).

Moray—Badenoch, May 20. - Dee—Peterhead, May 20, Aug. 6 ;
Rattray Head L.H., June 25. Zay—Ballinluig, May 2, Aug. 24.
Auchinblae, May 13, four or five pairs arrived; Aug. 1, twenty to
thirty left. or¢ih—Edinburgh, May 4; Tantallon, Aug. 29, five
flying S.; Portobello, Sept. 2. Zzveed—Chirnside, May 5; Aug. 24,
later than usual. Hallmyre, May 27, three passing over. Outer
Flebrides—Barra, June 28,two. CZyde—Bothwell, May 1; Cathcart,
Sept. 2; Pladda L.H., May 31, June 4. So/way—Mull of Kintyre,
jane: ro:

Earliest, May 1, Bothwell; latest, Sept. 2, Portobello, Bothwell.

CaPRIMULGUS EUROPUS (Nightjar).

Sutherland—Canisbay, Sept. 25. Zay—Auchinblae, Aug. 2.
Lorth—Aberfoyle, May 16. Outer Hebrides—Island Ghlais, Aug. 14.
Clyde—Lamlash, April 27.

DENDROCOPUS Major (Great Spotted Woodpecker).

Tweed—Chirnside, July 25, feeding young in Duns Castle
woods. Also seen lately in gardens at Castle Terrace, Berwick.

212 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

MEROPS APIASTER (Bee-eater).

Sutherland and Caithness, May 13, adult ¢ found in garden
at Langwell, 9 afterwards seen attacking bees (see ‘“ Annals,”
1897, Pp: 250).

CUCULUS CANORUS (Cuckoo).

Shetland—Delting Hills, June 11 (see “Annals,” 1897, pp.
250-251). Sutherland—Cape Wrath, May 30. J/oray—Badenoch,
April 26. Zay—Auchinblae, April 24. /or¢h—Aberfoyle, April 23 ;
Dollar, April 27; Dalmeny, April 26; Listonshiels, April 28.
Tweed—Hallmyre, April 24; Chirnside, April29. Outer Hebrides—
Barra, April 26. <Avzgyll and Isles—Tiree, May 23, two. Clyde—
April 24-26, all over “Clyde”; Luss, Aug. 30; Lamlash L.H., June
22, last heard; Pladda L.H., July 27, leg sent (young). So/way—
Mull of Kintyre, May ro.

Earliest, April 23, Aberfoyle.

ASsIO ACCIPITRINUS (Short-eared Owl).

Orkney—Pentland Skerries, Dec. 14, one shot. Sztherland
and Caithness—Dorrey, Dec. 24, two, 6 and 9,shot. Argyll and
Istes—Skerryvore, Nov. 1, one on rock; Tiree, Nov. 11. Clyde—
Lamlash L.H., Dec. 19, flying round light, went away S.

FaLconip& (Falcons and Hawks).

Shetland—Honey Buzzard shot at Balta Sound on July 29 or
30 (see “ Annals,” 1897, p. 225). Sutherland and Caithness—Hen
Harrier, Feb. 3; young ¢@ killed at Durran. Moray— Honey
Buzzard, Sept. 2, a pair shot on the Findhorn (see “ Annals,” 1897,
p. 252). Jee—Red-footed Falcon, May 7, killed near Aberdeen
(see “ Annals,” 1897, p. 251); Peterhead, Osprey captured, May 17
(see “ Annals,” 1897, p. 192).

BOTAURUS STELLARIS (Bittern).

Moray—Invergarry, Inverness, Feb. 2 (see ‘‘Annals,” 1897, p. 192).

ANSERINZ (Geese).

Sutherland and Caithness—Tister Swamp, A. albifrons (White-
fronted Goose), Sept. 30, one killed (five seen). Zay—Tayfield,
A. brachyrhynchus (Pink-footed Goose), April 25, last seen; Sept.
26, flying over. forth—Dollar, A. brachyrhynchus (Pink-footed
Goose), April 19-21, flocks going N.E.; Gullane, April 21 ; Aber-
lady, Oct. 9, seven; Mortonhall, Oct. 11, a string passed over.

ee ee

nr eR

MOVEMENTS OF BIRDS IN SCOTLAND DURING 1897 213

Tweed—A. brachyrhynchus (Pink-footed Goose), Nov. 20, now
about Coldingham Moor. Argyll and Isles—Tiree, A. cinereus
(Graylag Goose), Feb. 25, Oct. 8, passing south; A. adlbifrons
(White-fronted Goose), May 8, still here, very late; May 11, left;
Oct. 15, about 200 arrived ; Lernicla leucopsts (Bernacle Goose),
March 1 ; Dhuheartach, ‘“‘Geese,” Oct. to, Nov. 20, travelling S.
Clyde—Wamlash L.H., ‘‘Gray Geese,” Nov. 25, flying S.W.;
Fairlie Roads, B. drenfa (Brent Goose), Feb. 20, “hundreds.”
Solway—Mull of Kintyre, “ Wild Geese,” Sept. ro, going S.

CyGNIN#& (Swans).

Forth—Barnbougle, ‘‘ Swans,” Feb. 10, two old and four young
birds in Forth. Azgyl/ and Jsles—Dhuheartach, “Swans,” Jan. 17,
ten going N., six flying S.E.; Tiree, C. musicus (Whooper), Oct. 21,
seven on Loch Rioghan; C. dewzcki (Bewick’s Swan), Nov. 26.

ANATID& (Ducks).

Shetland—Walls, Mareca penelope (Wigeon), nest found in
June. Orkney—Tankerness, AZ. penelope (Wigeon), May 31, two
3s, 9s probably sitting ; Audigula cristata (Tufted Duck), May 26,
pairs on Stenness, Skaill, and Clumly Lochs; / marila (Scaup),
Tankerness, May 31, two pairs; C/angula glaucton (Golden-eye),
May 26, one on Skaill, five on Clumly. J/orvay—Badenoch, JAZ.
penelope, May 24, pair on Loch Tush; Kingussie, C. g/aucion, Nov.
15, several on Spey. Dee—Rattray Head, Harelda glacialts (Long-
tailed Duck), April 29, large flock; Oct. 13, flock, first this season.
Tay—Johnshaven, Dajila acuta (Pintail), Nov. 8, a 3 caught;
Auchinblae, JZ. penelope, May 16, nest with eight eggs at Glensauch
Loch; Tayfield, C. glaucton, Oct. 16, young bird shot, /orth—
Loch Leven, D. acuta, May 1, a pair; Dalmeny, JZ. penelope, Sept.
30, in Longgreen Bay; Lochend, / ferina (Pochard), March 22;
Alloa, C. glaucion, April 27, seven on Gartmorn Dam. TZzweed—
fF. ferina, Jan. 5, shot at Foulden West Mill Dam. Outer
Lebrides—Barra, MM. penelope, Sept. 4; & marila, Nov. 1; C.
glaucion, Oct. 11. Argyll and Isles—Tiree, Anas strepera (Gad-
wall), Nov. 14; C. penelope, April 26, left ; Oct. 27; & marila, Nov.
3, Dec. 20, large flock; H glacialis, Nov. 6, numerous; @demia
nigra (Scoter), a pair nested (see “ Annals,” 1897, p. 252); Mergus
albellus (Smew), Sept. 7, several in Gott Bay. Clyde—Balgray
Dam, Spatula clypeata (Shoveller), Oct. 14, immature ¢ shot; JZ
penelope, April 24, fourteen, Woodend Loch, Gartcosh; / cristata,
June, 5, four, Kilbirnie ; June 30, four, Woodend Loch; F& ferina,
June 30, four, Woodend Loch. Solway, “Scoters,” Aug. 18, many
seen,

214 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

CoLUMBA PALUMBUS (Ring Dove).

Argyll and Isles—Skerryvore, Dec. 21, two at lantern (3 A.M.),
one killed, rarely seen. C/yde—Ailsa, March 6, one seen.

Cotumpa cenas (Stock Dove).

Tweed—Chirnside, Oct. 5, several companies seen, increasing
in numbers.

TuRTUR comMMUNIS (Turtle Dove).

Sutherland—Ghett Lodge, Sept. 29. Zzveed—Chirnside, Oct.
10, several in fields. Outer Hebrides—Barra, May 22, pair, second
occurrence. Azgy//—Drimnin, Sept. 7, one shot (see “ Annals,”

1897, p. 254).
CREX PRATENSIS (Land Rail).

Shetland—Bressay, June 4; Entherwick, June 5. Sutherland
—Cape Wrath, May 29. Dee—Peterhead, May 26. Forth—
Morningside, April 25; Comiston, May 7; Aberlady, May 11;
Dalmeny, May 12. Zzeed—Hallmyre, April 29 ; Chirnside, May
3, early, August 10. Outer Hebrides—Barra, April 26. Argyll and
Lsles—Tiree, May 18. Clyde—Cathcart, April 25. So/way—Mull
of Kintyre, May 19.

Earliest, April 25, Morningside, Edinburgh, and Cathcart.

RALLUS AQUATICUS (Water Rail).

Argyll and Isles—Tiree, Nov. 5.

CEDICNEMUS SCOLOPAX (Stone Curlew).

1897, p. 225).

)

Muirhouse, August 12 (see “‘ Annals,

EUDROMIAS MORINELLUS (Dotterel).

Moray—Badenoch, Glen Feshie, June 30. Have young.

CHARADRIUS PLUVIALIS (Golden Plover).

Shetland—June 28, beginning to flock. Orkney—North Ronald-
shay, July 12, many. Swther‘and—Dunnet Head L.H., May 5,
in flocks; May 29, eleven. d/oray—Badenoch, April 6, still in
flocks. ee—Peterhead, Sept. 29, numerous. Zay—Auchinblae,
Sept. 26, flock ; Tayfield, Oct. 16, first big flock. /0r/i—Dalmeny,
Oct. 2. Outer Hebrides—Monach, Oct. 1, one killed at lantern ;
Oct. 6, flock. AzgyW and Isles—Tiree, Sept. 16, in large flocks ;
Oct. 10, enormous flocks. CZyde—Langside, Aug. 28, flock.

MOVEMENTS OF BIRDS IN SCOTLAND DURING 1897 215

SQUATAROLA HELVETICA (Gray Plover).

Orkney—Pentland Skerries, Dec. 6-10. /orth—Dalmeny, Feb.
12. Argyll and Isles—Tiree, Aug. 28, single bird.

STREPSILAS INTERPRES (Turnstone).

Shetland—Yell' Sound, July 2, flock of thirty in full summer
plumage ; North Unst, Sept. 13, four. Dee—Rattray Head L.H.,
April 23, large flock ; Peterhead, May 19, about thirty, in summer
plumage. /orth—Gullane, April 19, seven; Isle of May, Aug. 19,
small flock. Oxter Hebrides—Monach, Oct. 9. Argyll and Isles
—Skerryvore, Aug. 13, a flock, first arrivals. CZyde—Girvan, Aug.
8, twenty or thirty. So/way, Aug. Io.

PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS (Gray Phalarope).

Sodway—Kelton, Sept. 19, one obtained (see “ Annals,” 1897,

put25):
SCOLOPAX RUSTICULA (Woodcock).

Shetland—North Unst, Oct. 25, killed at lantern. Orkney—
North Ronaldshay, Nov. 20, four seen. Mee—Kinnairds Head,
Nov. 23, killed at lantern. o7/i—Pentlands, April 20. Outer
Hebrides—Monach, Oct. 24, at lantern. Argyl and Lsles—Dhu-
heartach, Oct. 23, on rock; Nov. 5, all night at lantern, S.E. fresh
breeze; Nov. 6, about twenty resting on rock. ‘Tiree, Oct. 31.
Skerryvore, Nov. 5, two seen in rush of Turdidx, etc. Clyde—
Pladda, Feb. 26, one killed; Ailsa, Oct. 19, one.

GALLINAGO MAjoR (Great Snipe).

Solway—Crocketford, Oct. 2, first authentic record (see ‘‘Annals,”
1897, p. 125).
GALLINAGO C@LESTIS (Common Snipe).
Orkney—North Ronaldshay, Aug. ro; Pentland Skerries, Nov.
24, Dec. 2-28. Sutherland—Dunnet Head L.H., Sept. 1. Outer

Hebrides—Monach, Oct. 1, killed at lantern ; Oct. 24, killed. Azgyl/
and Isles—Tiree, Oct. 12, “ coming in thick,” ;

GALLINAGO GALLINULA (Jack Snipe).

Forth—Isle of May, Oct. 22 (leg and wing sent). <Azgyll and
Isies—Skerryvore, Oct. 1-2, three killed at lantern ; Tiree, Oct. 4.

TRINGA sTRIATA (Purple Sandpiper).

Sutherland—Dunnet Head L.H., Aug. 11-13. Dee—Rattray
Head L.H., Oct. 30, killed on lantern. /orth—Isle of May, Aug.
19, small flock.

216 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

TRINGA CANUTUS (Knot).

’ Dee—Rattray Head, April 23, flock. orv¢h—Aberlady, May 13,
seven in summer dress; North Berwick, Aug. 12, three. Outer
Flebrides—Barra, Jan. 6. Clyde—Turnberry, Aug. 30.

CALIDRIS ARENARIA (Sanderling).

Clyde—Turnberry, Aug. 31.

TOTANUS HYPOLEUCUS (Common Sandpiper).

Shetland—Brae, July 14, two. JAZoray—Badenoch, April 16.
Dee—Peterhead, Aug. 8. /orth—Pentlands, April 16; Dollar,
April 21; North Berwick, Aug. 20. Zzwveed—Hallmyre, April 24,
several. Outer Hebrides—Barra, April 23, three, many later.
Argyll and ILsles—'Tiree, Sept. 13, have left. Clyde—Carluke,
April 3; Lamlash L.H., April 23, a pair, first seen on island;
Giffnock, Sept. 2; Ailsa, Sept. 3.

Earliest, April 3, Carluke.

TOTANUS CANESCENS (Greenshank).

Forth—Port Edgar, Feb. 4, ‘‘Tide-waif.” Outer Hebrides—
Barra, June 20, one, unusual time, do not breed. Argyll and Lsles
—Tiree, Aug. 28, a pair.

LIMOSA LAPPONICA (Bar-tailed Godwit).

Forth—Aberlady Bay, May 13, flock of 15, all gray; July 21,
95 (20 red-breasted). Dalmeny, Aug. 16. Argyll and [sles—Tiree,
Aug. 29; Sept. 21, several.

NUMENIUS ARQUATA (Curlew).

Orkney—Kirkwall, May 27, nesting. ee—Peterhead, Aug.
23-24, on migration. Zay——Auchinblae, March to, arrived at
breeding ground. Outer Hebrides—Island Ghlais, Aug. 20, flock
passing S.W. Argyll and Isles—Skerryvore, Aug. 7, 9, 24, flocks
going S.; Dhuheartach, Aug. 24; Tiree, Sept. 23, have arrived.
Clyde—Pladda, March to, one killed, came right through the plate-
glass of lantern.

NuMENIUS PHAOPUS (Whimbrel).

Orkney —Stromness, May 27, solitary bird. or¢i—North
Berwick, Aug. 4, several; Dalgetty Bay, Sept. 25. Outer Hebrides
—Barra, May 3, many; Aug. 17, returning south. <Argyll and Lsles
—tTiree, April 26, plentiful; May 1, large flocks. ClZyde—Garrock
Head, Bute, June 4; Fairlie, Aug. 5; Ailsa, April 6, Aug. 23.

MOVEMENTS OF BIRDS IN SCOTLAND DURING 1897 217

STERNIN& (Terns).

Orkney—Irganess Bay, S. cantiaca (Sandwich Tern), May 31,
solitary bird. Sw¢herland—Dunnet Head L.H., “Terns,” Oct. 16.
Dee—Rattray Head, “Terns,” April 30, first seen. Peterhead,
S. fluviatilis (Common Tern), May 19, many; S. ménuta (Little
Tern), May 19, “never saw so many before.” Zay—Ballinluig,
May 3, S. fluviatilis. Forth—Inch Mickery, May 3; Longniddry,
Sept. 28. Outer Hebrides—Barra, S. macrura (Arctic Tern), May 4,
one; May 15, many. Monach, “Terns,” Sept. 11, last seen.
Argyll and Isles—Dhuheartach, “Terns,” May 14, first seen; May
15, great numbers all day. Tiree, S. minuta, May 14, arrived ;
S. macrura, May 15; S. fluviatilis, May 15; “Terns,” Sept. 20,
have left. Skerryvore, S. fwzéatilis, May 19, flock. Clyde—Pladda,
“Terns,” May 16-18, Aug. I.

Larin& (Gulls).

Forth—F. Lothian, Larus minutus (Little Gull), May 11, adult
$ found dead near Ballencrieff. Outer Hebrides—Barra, L. leucop-
terus (Iceland Gull), Jan. 6, Nov. 17; Stornoway, L. leucopterus,
procured about end of August ; Barra, Z. g/aucus, Nov. 14. Argyll
and Isles—Tiree, L. glaucus, March 7 ; Dhuheartach, Z. deucopterus,
Nov. 12.

STERCORARIUS POMATORHINUS (Pomatorhine Skua).

Solway—August 18, Solway Firth.

MERGULUS ALLE (Little Auk).
Dee—Peterhead, Nov. 13. Zay—Johnshaven, Feb. 13, large
numbers. /ort#—Jan. and Feb., numbers stranded on shores.
PopiciPEDID& (Grebes).

Forth—Dalmeny, P. cristatus, Feb. 3, Nov. 23. Argyll and Lsles
—Tiree, P. auritus (Sclavonian Grebe), Nov. 25.

FULMARUS GLACIALIS (Fulmar).
Shetland—Nesting at Calder’s Geo. So/wway—Mersehead Bank,
picked up in Dec.
PELAGODROMA MARINA (Frigate Petrel).

Argyll and Isles—Colonsay, Jan. 1 (see “Annals,” 1897, p. 88).

218 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

NOTES ON SOME. SCOTTISH MARINES ISOPRODS:

By THomas Scott, F.L.S.,
Naturalist to the Fishery Board for Scotland.

SEVERAL small marine Isopods have occasionally been
observed in gatherings of dredged and other material
collected during the past six or seven years, but the study
of them was for various reasons allowed to stand over.
The second volume of Professor G. O. Sars’s valuable work
on the “ Crustacea of Norway,” though not yet completed, has
been of much assistance to me in the discrimination of these
small Isopods, and has permitted of the satisfactory identi-
fication of, at least, some of them. The following notes
have been prepared with the assistance of the work alluded
to, and include references to a few rare species already
recorded for Scotland, extending in some cases their distribu-
tion in the Scottish seas. A few others are referred to that
do not appear to have been previously recorded from any
locality in Scotland: one or two of these are also additions
to the British fauna.

Changes in the nomenclature of some of the species already
recorded are also noticed. For details as to general distribu-
tion, etc., the reader is referred to Sars’s work mentioned
above, as my notes have reference chiefly to Scotland.

APSEUDES TALPA (Montagu).

This species is recorded by the late Dr. Robertson of Millport
as having been taken amongst the roots of Zamznaria at the Tan,
Cumbrae, in seven fathoms ;! so far, this is the only Scottish record
for Montagu’s species known to me.

TANAIS TOMENTOSUS, Avoyer.

This is the Zanazs vittatus of Bate and Westwood’s ‘‘ British
Sessile-eyed Crustacea,” and it has been recorded for the Clyde
under that name. Professor Sars has shown, however, that Kroyer’s
name— Zazazis tomentosus—was published in 1842, whereas Rathke’s
Crossurus (Tanais) vittatus was not published till the following year.

1 «« Amphipoda and Isopoda of the Clyde,” Second Part, p. 28. (Dr.
Robertson’s catalogue is frequently referred to in these notes.)

eae

NOTES ON SOME SCOTTISH MARINE ISOPODS 219

I found Zanais tomentosus more or less common amongst living
and dead barnacles on rocks, near low water, at the mouth of East
Loch Tarbert, Loch Fyne, in 1886. Dr. Robertson obtained the
same species on the wood piles of Millport pier, and on rocks, near
low water, Cumbrae.

PARATANAIS BaTEI, G. O. Sars.

According to Professor Sars, the Paratanats forcipatus of Spence
Bate is not Lilljeborg’s species of that name, but is one previously
undescribed; and as it was therefore necessary to rechristen the
species, he has named it as above. Thomas Edward is said to
have obtained Paratanats Batet at Banff, and Dr. Robertson records
its occurrence at Cumbrae between tide-marks. I have it from
Whiting Bay, Arran, where it was collected in November 1895,
and from Tarbert Bank, Loch Fyne, collected in May 1896. The
Firth of Forth has also now to be added to the list of Scottish
localities for this Isopod—a specimen having been obtained amongst
a lot of other Tanaidz collected off North Berwick in December
1892. It is quite possible there may be some confusion among
previous records of Paratanais Batet, and that both it and Lillje-
borg’s species may have been included under Spence Bate’s name
of Paratanais forcipatus. There is, however, one very obvious
difference between these two Isopods—/aratanais Latei has small
but conspicuous black eyes, that are quite distinct even in specimens
that have been some years in spirit; in the other species the eyes
appear to be altogether wanting, at any rate they are not percept-
ible in specimens that have been preserved in spirit. The form of
the che/e in these two Isopods is also very different.

LEPTOGNATHIA LILLJEBORGI, Stebbing.

This species was described and figured in the “Annals and
Magazine of Natural History” for October 1891 by the Rev.
T. R. R. Stebbing, from specimens obtained in the sands at Lee
and Woolacomb, North Devon, in August 1890. A number of
specimens of what is undoubtedly the same species have been
taken in the Firth of Forth at various times, and the species seems
to be generally distributed in that estuary. In May 18g1 it was
obtained both in Largo Bay and off Musselburgh. It occurred off
North Berwick in December 1892, and off Aberdour in November
1893; but I have no special records of it since that time. Leféog-
nathia Lilljeborgt appears to be somewhat out of place among the
species of that genus described by Sars: these all have the “‘ superior
antenne in the female distinctly 4-articulate,’ whereas in this one
the fourth joint is described as ‘‘quite rudimentary.” In the
specimens from the Firth of Forth I have been unable to satisfac-

220 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

torily make out a fourth joint; in one or two instances where there
was the appearance of a fourth joint examination with a ‘“‘ higher”
objective showed that the appearance was produced by the ap-
proximation of the bases of the subterminal setze ; for this reason I
was inclined at first to consider the species as a member of the
genus 7yAhlotanats, the females of which have the superior antennz
3-articulate, but as the general structure of the antennze in the male
and female, together with the form of the chelz, do not fit in well
with either genus, it is perhaps better to leave this Isopod where it
is for the present. In the female the first joint of the superior
antennz is long, but the other joints are short, and the second
appears to be hinged to the first joint, for in some of my specimens
the short end-joints bend over at nearly right angles to the first,
as if the antennee were being used as grasping organs.

LEPTOGNATHIA LONGIREMIS (L2//jeborg).

This species has been obtained in the Firth of Forth, in the
Moray Firth, and also in one or two places in the Clyde district.
It was first observed in a gathering of micro-crustacea collected off
North Berwick in December 1892, and in another gathering from
the same locality collected in January 1894. It was obtained in a
similar gathering from Guillam Bank, Moray Firth, collected in
1895, and in another collected in June last, by Mr. F. G. Pearcey,
at Smith Bank. Moreover, the same species was taken at Tarbert
Bank, Loch Fyne, in 1896, and more recently near the head of the
same loch. In this species, as well as in the two that follow, the
upper antennzejin the female are “distinctly 4-articulate,” and show
in this respect and in general structure a marked difference from
L. Lilljeborgt.

LEPTOGNATHIA BREVIREMIS (Li//eborg).

This species, which is smaller than the last, was obtained in the
same gatherings with it from the Firth of Forth and the Moray
Firth. A few specimens—two of them with ova—were also observed
in a gathering collected at Tarbert Bank, Loch Fyne, in 1896.
The length of the Forth specimens measured about one and a
quarter millimeter.

LEPTOGNATHIA BREVIMANA (Lil/jeborg).

In this species the outer ramus of the uropods appears as if it
were merely a spine-like prolongation of the basal joint, and not a
distinct branch. This structural peculiarity forms one of the char-
acters of the species. Leptognathia brevimana is comparatively a
large species: a few of the specimens from the Firth of Forth
measured about 2-7 millimeters, exclusive of antennz or uropods.

a es ee

SS

NOTES ON SOME SCOTTISH MARINE ISOPODS 221

I have specimens that were collected in the Firth of Forth in 1891
and 1892; it has also occurred in material dredged at Guillam
Bank, Moray Firth, in 1895, and more recently in a gathering col-
lected by Mr. F. G. Pearcey at Smith Bank.

LEPTOGNATHIA RIGIDA (.Sfence Bate).

Professor G. O. Sars, in his work on the Isopods of Norway
(page 26), states that Paratanais rigidus, Spence Bate, ought to be
referred to Leptognathia. Dr. Robertson records this species for
the Clyde ; it was taken at the roots of Zamnarza in seven to eight
fathoms, near the Tan Buoy, Cumbrae. And I have recorded it for
the Firth of Forth ; no specimens of the species are, however, in my
collection, and it is therefore probable that Leptognathia Lilljeborgi,
or some other species, has been mistaken by me for this one.

TANAOPSIS LATICAUDATA, G. O. Sars.

Professor Sars first described this as a Lepfognathia, but after-
wards changed its name to Zazaopsis. Dr. Robertson recorded this
species (under the older name) in 1892, from Fairland Point,
Cumbrae ; and the Rev. Mr. Stebbing, in his paper on Z. Liddjeborgi,
refers to its occurrence at Kames Bay, also in the neighbourhood of
Cumbrae. TZanaopsis laticaudata appears to be widely distributed
around the coast of Scotland. I found it fairly common, and of
large size, in Loch Gair (Loch Fyne). Professor Sars gives 2.6 milli-
meters as the average size of the species, but some of the Loch Gair
specimens measure fully 3.5 millimeters. I have observed the species
in other parts of the Clyde district, and also off Arisaig as well as
in the Moray Firth and in the Firth of Forth: specimens from the
latter estuary have been in my collection since 1891.

PSEUDOTANAIS FORCIPATUS, Lil/jeborg.

This species was moderately common in some material dredged
at Guillam Bank in August 1895: both males and females occurred
in this material. A few specimens were also observed in a small
gathering of micro-crustacea from Smith Bank collected by F. G.
Pearcey in June last. These appear to be the only Scottish records
of this species hitherto ; but, as has been already said, the Paratanats
forcipatus recorded from the Clyde and from Banff may include
both Paratanais Batei and the present species.!

1 After these Notes had gone to press I obtained a few specimens of Pseudo-
tanais forcipatus in a gathering of small Crustacea from Tarbert Bank, Loch
Fyne, collected 31st March 1897.

222 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

GNATHIA MAXILLARIS (JZontagu).

This Isopod, which is moderately common, is more familiar
under the name of <Azceus maxillaris. Gnathia is the generic
name established by Leach in 1814, and must, as stated by Professor
Sars, be preferred to that of Azceus or Praniza. Anceus (Prantza)
Edwardu, Spence Bate, is, according to Sars, only the female of
Guathia maxillarts.

CIROLANA BOREALIS, Li/Zeborg.

This is the form described in Bate and Westwood’s “ Sessile-eyed
Crustacea” as Cirolana spinifes. Dr. Robertson records it from the
Clyde, and Mr. Gregor has taken it in the Moray Firth. I have
also observed it in both these districts. (Czvolana Chranchit,
Leach, has also been recorded from the Clyde by Dr. Robertson,
but this species I have not yet observed.)

IDOTHEA BALTICA, /ad/as.

This Isopod is more generally known under the name of
[dothea tricuspidata, Desmarest. Professor Sars adopts Pallas’s name
as being prior to that of Desmarest, and also in preference to /dothea
(Oniscus) marina, Linné, because he considers it very doubtful if
the Linnean name refers to this species. /dothea baltica, it is hardly
necessary to add, is the most common of our “ Sea-sclaters.”

IDOTHEA PELAGICA, Leach.

The present form has been included with 7 da/tica under the
common name of /. marina as not being specifically distinct ; but
Professor Sars remarks that it could not have been the true Leachian
species that had been under examination, as it is impossible to con-
found that species with / daltica. Sdothea pelagica appears to be
much less common than the other ; it is also considerably smaller in
the adult stage. Dr. Robertson records this species from Cumbrae,
Firth of Clyde, and states that it has been taken at various localities
on the English, Scottish, and Irish coasts. In 1886 I collected a
number of specimens, male and female, at East Loch Larbert, Loch
Fyne. Some of the latter which carried ova did not exceed 7 milli-
meters in length.

I would note in passing that there are two other species of
Idothea described by Professor Sars that may also occur on the coast
of Scotland, viz. /dothea neglecta, G. O. Sars, and /dothea viridts
(Slabber). The first is not unlike Z. pelagica in general appearance,
but is larger, and has the inferior antennze longer and more slender ;
this species is more or less abundant along the whole Norwegian

NOTES ON SOME SCOTTISH MARINE ISOPODS 223

coast. The second has been taken “rather plentifully in the
Christiania Fjord in quite shallow water among eel-grass”; it is
also recorded by Hoek from both the Dutch and French coasts.
I. viridis is nearly of the same length as Z. pelagica, but is much
narrower, “being more than four times as long as broad,” and is
of a uniformly greenish colour.

ASTACILLA LONGICORNIS (Sozverby).

This is the Arcturus Jlongicornis of Bate and Westwood’s
“Sessile-eyed Crustacea.” It has been shown, however, that Arcturus
is not only of later date than Asvacil/a, but refers to a different
genus. <Astacilla longicornis is, under the name of Arcturus,
recorded from several Scottish localities. Sars considers the
Arcturus gracilis of Goodsir to be the-adult male of A. longicornis.

ARCTURELLA DILATATA, G. O. Sars.

The late Dr. Robertson records this for the Clyde under the
name of Leacia dilatata. Professor Sars has, for reasons stated by
him, established a new genus (Arcturel/a) for this Isopod. Dr.
Robertson’s is the only Scottish record known to me for this species.

IL@RA MARINA (Fabricius).

Professor Sars adopts Fabricius’ specific name in preference to
albifrons of Leach. “There cannot,” he says, “be any doubt that
the Oniscus marinus of O. Fabricius is this species,” and, being the
older name, ought to be preferred to that of Leach. He is also
doubtful if the Zera Mordmanna figured by Bate and Westwood is
Rathke’s species of that name; it seems rather to be the male of
LI. marina.

Munna Boeck, Avoyer.

This species may be distinguished from JAZunna Kroyeri by its
greater size, and especially by the structure of the superior antennze
in the adult and by the armature of the caudal segment. The
flagellum of the superior antennze in the adult is usually six-jointed,
but in immature specimens the number of joints is less; the caudal
segment resembles that of JZ, Avoyert in having the anterior portion
of both margins armed with a few prominent spiniform teeth, but
differs in having the apical lamellae also coarsely serrated. <A
number of specimens of JZ, 4oeckt with ova occurred in a gathering
of the micro-crustacea from the vicinity of Ailsa Craig, Firth of
Clyde, collected in April 1897, and it has also been obtained in
Kilbrennan Sound. In the Moray Firth and in the Firth of Forth
immature specimens apparently belonging to the same species have
also been observed.

224 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Munna KROvERI, Goodsir.

Goodsir described this species from specimens obtained in the
Firth of Forth, where I have also taken it. Dr. Robertson records
M. Kroyeri from the vicinity of Cumbrae, Firth of Clyde; it does
not appear to be a very common species. J/unna Whiteana,
Spence Bate and Westwood, which has also been recorded for the
Clyde, 1s, according to Sars, only the female of J7, Kroyert. This
species, it may be noted, has the anterior portion of the margins
of the caudal segment toothed as in JZ. Loecki, but the apical
lamellee are not serrate.

PARAMUNNA BILOBATA, G. O. Sars.

I collected a number of specimens of this Isopod in East Loch
Tarbert, Loch Fyne, in 1886, but being unable at that time to
determine the species, they were put aside and forgotten. Last
year, when examining a small gathering of micro-crustacea collected
by F. G. Pearcey at Otter Spit, Loch Fyne, I observed this species,
and recorded it in “The Annals of Scottish Natural History”
for January last, stating that it appeared to be new to the British
fauna ; shortly afterwards the East Loch Tarbert specimens collected
in 1886 turned up. Besides these Clyde records, I have now also
to record Paramunna for the Firth of Forth, having found it in
gatherings of micro-crustacea collected in that estuary in 1894 and
1895.

PLEUROGONIUM RUBICUNDUM, G. O. Sars.

I have obtained this little Isopod in gatherings of micro-crustacea
from the Firth of Forth collected in 1894 and 1895, and also from
Aberdeen Bay, but it seems to be a scarce species. In this species
the lateral extremities of the four anterior segments of the mesosome
are rounded or only slightly angular, and have each a short, straight,
and blunt-pointed spine projecting from the middle of them. I
have not yet observed this species in the Clyde, but it may likely
occur there also. Off Montrose, 1892.

PLEUROGONIUM INERME, G. O. Sars.

The late Dr. Robertson has dredged this species off Farland
Point, Cumbrae, Firth of Clyde, and records it in the second part
of his catalogue of Clyde Amphipods and Isopods. _ It also occurred
amongst some micro-crustacea from South Bay, Firth of Forth,
collected in April 1891, of which this is the first record: one or
two of the Forth specimens carried ova. /Veurogonium inerme is
somewhat like the last species, but it wants the lateral spines; it
appears to be rare in the Scottish seas. Also in Moray Firth, May

1893.

RECORDS OF SCOTTISH PLANTS FOR 1897 225

PLEROGONIUM SPINOSISSIMUM, G. O. Sars.

Dr. Robertson records this species also from the Clyde, having
obtained it in the same locality with the other. This appears to be
the only Scottish record of the species hitherto. Though no specimens
of Pleurogonium spinosissimum have yet been observed during our
researches round the coasts of Scotland, I have had the opportunity
of examining specimens from other places. The extremities of the
body segments are remarkably angular in P. sfinosissimum. In all
the three species the body is comparatively broad and considerably
depressed, and as the legs are slender and easily broken perfect
specimens are hardly obtainable.

PSEUDARACHNA HIRSUTA, G. O. Sars.

This is another of the curious Isopod species that have been
discovered by Professor Sars. A single specimen of a Crustacean
apparently belonging to this species was obtained in a small
gathering collected by F. G. Pearcey in the Moray Firth in June
last ; it was taken on a muddy bottom, in about 40 fathoms, north-
east of Lossiemouth. In this species the forehead is broadly
rounded and is sparsely fringed with short hairs.

EURYCOPE (?) PHALANGIUM, G. O. Sars.

In my “Fishes and Invertebrates of Loch Fyne,” published last
year, I record Lurycope phalangium. I have now obtained what
appears to be the same species in a gathering of micro-crustacea from
the Firth of Forth collected in 1895 : it appears to be a rare species.

There are still one or two other small Isopods to record,
but they require further study and will have to stand over
for a short time.

RECORDS OF SCOTTISH PLANTS FOR 1897,
ADDITIONAL TO WATSON’S “TOPO-
GRAPHICAL BOTANY,” 2nd Ed. (1883).

By ARTHUR BENNETT, F.LS.

THESE records show a larger number than for 1896; but
with these a few of 1898 are incorporated.
I trust in the future these “ Records” will appear more
regularly.
With those of this year I hope to give some “ Corrections,
28 D

226 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

etc.,” that have accumulated while these Reports have been
appearing.

The abbreviations, etc., are the same as in former records,
viz. “Ann, 1S. N. oe] Annals™ of “Scottishe wNatunal
History”; “J. B.”=“ Journal of Botany”; sp. denotes that
a specimen was sent me, and + denotes that I have seen
a specimen labelled as from the county.

73. KIRKCUDBRIGHT.

Blysmus compressus, /. J/‘Andrew, sp.

[Se wR

;Lepidium Draba, A. Somerville.
+Geranium Phzeum, J/ss Henderson.
+Medicago sylvestris, 4. Gilchrist.

76. RENFREW.

Ranunculus floribundus, A. Smith, “ teste Hiern.”
Papaver Argemone, /. S. HZouston, sp.
+Geranium Pheeum, A/7ss Henderson.

Drosera anglica —)

Utricularia vulgaris hoe Dom tO CENET

77. LANARK.

;Lepidium Draba, A. Somerville.

84. LINLITHGOW.

(Records by and sfs. from A. Somerville.)

Ranunculus bulbosus. Convolvulus arvensis.
Nympheea alba. Polygonum amphibium.
Viola Reichenbachiana. Salix alba.

Geranium pratense. Ulmus montana.
Lychnis vespertina. Sparganium ramosum.
Stellaria uliginosa. Carex intermedia.
Montia fontana. 3 cioleal.
(Enanthe crocata. 5) pulicans:
Sambucus nigra. Aira flexuosa.
Arctium minus. Glyceria fluitans.
Sonchus asper. Festuca sciuroides.

Hieracium vulgatum. », duriuscula.

RECORDS OF SCOTTISH PLANTS FOR 1897 227

86. STIRLING.
(Records mostly by Messrs. Kidston and Stirling.)

Ranunculus peltatus, “‘ ¢este Hiern.”

- floribundus.
Cochlearia alpina. ~A. Somerville.
;Erysimum cheiranthoides.
+ Reseda lutea. Carduus nutans.
Drosera anglica. Jasione montana.
7+ Medicago maculata. 7 Linaria repens.
Potentilla procumbens. + Mentha sylvestris.
Alchemilla vulgaris, var. alpestris. Salvia Verbenaca.
Saxifraga sponhemica. + Ballota nigra.
Epilobium roseum. Rumex sanguineus.
Hieracium rigidum. Carex paludosa.

87. PERTH, WEST.
(All records from “ Flora of Perthshire,” by Dr. /. Buchanan White.)

Utricularia minor. Eriophorum latifolium.
. intermedia. Carex paniculata.

Lysimachia thyrsiflora. >» aquatilis.

Potamogeton crispus. 5» limosa,

88. Mip PERTH.
“Thalictrum Kochi” )
Polygala oxyptera {
Pinguicula lusitanica.
Lysimachia thyrsiflora. + Dr. White, in “ Flora of Perthshire.”
Calamagrostis Epigejos.

Somerville, ‘‘ teste Linton.”

89. PERTH, EAST.
Kobresia caricina.

Carex atrata. =| Dr. White, in “ Flora of Perthshire.”
Calamagrostis Epigejos.

Festuca rubra.
go. FORFAR.

Pyrola uniflora, /. S. Midler, “Edin. Bot. Soc. Trans.” of 8th July

1897.
gt. KINCARDINE.

+Linaria viscida, Zraz/, in “ Ann. S. N. H.,” 1897, p. 52.
+Rhinanthus major, Zvaz/, Zc.
92. ABERDEEN, SOUTH.

Caltha “ radicans,” Druce, in “ Ann. S. N. H.,” 1897, p. 55.

228 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

93. ABERDEEN, NORTH.

Ranunculus fluitans, Z7az/, in “ Ann. S. N. H.,” 1897, p. 52.
Rhinanthus major, Z7vaz/, l.c.

95. ELGIN.

Ranunculus Baudotii, Druce, “Ann. S. N. H.,” 1897, p. 54.
Silene conica, Druce, /.c., “‘ native.”
Hieracium angustatum, Lindeberg, Marshall and Shoolbred, “J. B.,”
1898, p. 166.
i boreale, AZarshall and Shoolbred, Lc.

96. EASTERNESS.

7 Berberis vulgaris )
7Erysimum cheiranthoides - A. Somerville, sp.
Trifolium filiforme J

98. ARGYLE.

Erodium cicutarium, P. Lzw7ng, sf.

oO?)

99. DUMBARTON.

Ranunculus Drouetii, Z. Watt, “teste Hiern.
7 Viola odorata, A. Somerville.

NOOO CY DE NISiES:

Crambe maritima, A. Somerville, confm.
Chelidonium majus | Ballantyne.

Lychnis vespertina

Tragopogon pratensis (seg.)

Utricularia neglecta ? (no flowers) > A. Somerville.
Scirpus lacustris f

IOI. CANTIRE,

(Records from sfs. sent by P. Lwing.)

Fumaria officinalis. Briza media.
; Boreel. Sclerochloa loliacea.
Spergularia rupestris. Triticum junceum.

Carex remota. -
102. SoutH Epupss (Islay).

(Dr. Gilmour, sps., ex A. Somerville.)

7Clematis Vitalba (cult.), to Anemone nemorosa.
show climate. 7 Helleborus viridis.

RECORDS OF SCOTTISH PLANTS FOR 1897

7 Acer campestre.

Viola canina.

Sagina apetala.
Hieracium umbellatum.

7Chrysanthemum Parthenium.

Myosotis repens.

Habenaria chlorantha.
Carex sylvatica.

5, pallescens.
Polypodium Dryopteris.

Ophioglossum vulgatum.

103. Mip EBUDEs.

(S. MZ Macvicar, sps.)

Ranunculus bulbosus.
Cochlearia danica ?.
Draba verna.

Vicia Orobus, Rev. 7. £. Somer-

ville.

Helosciadium inundatum.

Valerianella Olitoria.
Centunculus minimus.
Utricularia intermedia.
Scirpus setaceus.
Carex extensa.
Sclerochloa maritima.

104. NorTH Exsupes (Canna).

Fumaria confusa
Hypericum elodes

ts. M. Macvicar, sp.

107. EAsT SUTHERLAND.

(Marshall and Shoolbred, in “J. B.,” 1898, pp. 166-177.)

Rubus villicaulis, Koehl.
» radula, Weihe.

» Balfourianus, Bloxam.

Hieracium auratum, Fr.

Hieracium strictum, Fr.
Zostera nana.

Avena pratensis.
Sclerochloa maritima.

108. Wrst SUTHERLAND.

(Marshall and Shoolbred, in “J. B.,” 1898, pp. 166-177.)

Hieracium globosum, Bach.
3 Sommerfeltii, Linde-

berg.
3 czesio-murorum,
Lindeb.
a dissimile, Lindeb.
3 angustatum, Lindeb.
2 zetlandicum, Beeby.
x dovrense, Fr.

Epipactis latifolia.
Isoetes echinospora.

229

Carex chordorhiza, Linn. (Ehrh.)

Near Loch Naver,

4th

AUIS USEMESO TE) Veo en bee
1897, VOl. XxXxXV.,/ Po 450:
A good addition to the

Scottish Flora.

110. HEBRIDES.

Isoetes echinospora, W. S. Duncan, sp.

230 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY, OF SCOLEAND:
By James W. H. Trait, A.M., M.D., F.R.S.

(Continued from p. 177.)

[Names of plants in z¢adécs, except as synonyms within curved brackets, denote
that the plants were certacnly introduced into Scotland by man. _ }+ after a
district-number denotes introduction by man into the district; ‘‘ cas.”
denotes casual occurrence, and “esc.” evident escape or outcast from culti-
vation, both being due to man’s agency. Square brackets enclosing the
name of a plant or a district-number denote that the record was made in
error. ? after a district-number denotes, at least, need of confirmation ;
after + it denotes doubt as to whether the plant owes its presence in the
district to man. ]

ComposiT& (continued ).

Hieracium, L. The conclusions arrived at by those who have
devoted special study to this perplexing genus in recent years
often differ so widely from those accepted by their predecessors
that the earlier records cannot, in many cases, be made use of
with confidence. I cannot claim to be able to sift these
records, and I have therefore asked Mr. F. J. Hanbury to favour
me with his assistance. This he has kindly promised to give,
but he has been unable yet to revise the records, owing to
circumstances beyond control. The consideration of this genus
must therefore be deferred.

Hypocheeris glabra, Z., 75, 877 (?), 99, 91+ (?), 95, 96, 100.

H. radicata, Z., except SO.

[H. maculata, L., reported from go, but in error, or only a casual. |

1 Leontodon ‘hirtus, Z., 72-74, 77 (2), 80, 82, 33, 88 (7), 92 cas,
g9t (?), 102.

L. hispidus, Z., 72, 73, 75-83, 85, 87, 88(?), 90, 91, 99, 100, 102,
103, 104(?), 108, 109.

L. autumnalis, Z., except S4.

6. pratensis (Koch), of frequent occurrence.
Taraxacum officinale, Wedé., all.
a. Dens-leonis, Desf, the common form.
6, erythrospermum (Avdrz.), 85, 88, 89, 92, 100, 102.
c. palustre (DC.), except 73, 74, 79, 84, 95, 101, 102, 103,
LOD, LOG,
d. levigatum (DC.), 85, 92.
Lactuca virosa, Z., 75, 81, 83, 85-89.

1 Leontodon hirtus, L.—This has not improbably been introduced by man in
some of the districts from which it has been reported as native. The same may
be true of LZ. hespidus, L.

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 231

oe muralis, fresen., 837; 86, 877, 887, 94 (?), 9575 96, 977) 987,
Io4t.

L. alpina, Benth., 90, 92.

Sonchus oleraceus, Z., all.

S. asper, Hoffm., except 80, 94, 95.

S. arvensis, Z., except 104.

[.S. palustris, L., has been recorded from 75 and 83, but apparently
in error. |

Tragopogon pratense, Z., 72, 73, 75, 77, 80-83, 85-93, 95, 100, 108,
109.

Crepis taraxactfolia, Thuill., 807.

©) wirens, |Z, except LION 712:

Gy biennis, 2... 72, 82)(er) So. O20).

C. succiseefolia, Zausch (hieracioides, W. and K.), 72, 73, 78, 80, 81,
83, 85 (?), 87, 88, 90, 91 (?), 92, 94, 99.

C. paludosa, Mench, except 110, 111, 112.

CAMPANULACEZ.

Lobelia Dortmanna, Z., 72-75, 77, 86-92, 94, 106, 108-112.
Jasione montana, Z., 72-77, 79, 86, 88 once, 91, 95, 97-102, III,
112.
6. major, Koch, 112.
Wahlenbergia hederacea, Rezchb., 75, 76, 98.
Phyteuma spicatum, L., casual, in 88.
Campanula glomerata, Z., 82, 85, 88-91.
Gy irachelinum; Z.,-72, 73) 75, 77s 25103 (a) 5 OO 1 OO) Gass
@Matifolia, Z., 72-77, 79-81, 82 (?), 83, 85-90, oh), 92-945707,
99, 1027.
C. rapunculoides, L., 73+, 827, 837, 857, 881, 897, 9°T, 92T-
C. rotundifolia, L., except 117.
6. lancifolia, Mert. and Koch, Perthshire.
d. hirta, Rich., 89
C. persicifolia, L., escape, in 72, 87, 88, 89.
C. Rapunculus, L., 857, 957-
Specularia hybrida, DC., 827, 857.

VACCINIACEZ.

Vaccinium Vitis-ideea, Z., except 74, 82, 4, 91, 101, 112.

V. uliginosum, Z., 72, 87-90, 92, 94, 96-98, 105, 106, 108, ITI, 112.

V. Myrtillus, Z., all.

Schollera Oxycoccos, Roth, except 78, 79, 82, 84, 93, 95, 97, 100,
HOD OT, 108, 109, 170, 111, 112.

1 ZLactuca muralis, Fresen.—Generally recorded as an introduction, though
sometimes in localities that give it the aspect of a native species.

232 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

ERICACEA.

Arctostaphylos alpina, Sfveng., go, 92(?), 96, 97, 105, 106, 108,
LOO; cli, elt or

A. Uva-ursi, Spreng., 72, 73, 78, 81, 87-92, 94-98, 100, 102-112.

Andromeda Polifolia, Z., 72-77, 86, 87.

Calluna Erica, DC., all.

a. glabrata, Seem., is the commoner form, but 4. incana,
Auct., is also widespread.

Erica Tetralix, Z., except 78.

By cinerea: 2/7. all.

[E. vagans, Z., has been reported from 75, 87, 96, 98, but probably
in error. |

Loisleuria procumbens, Desv., 85 (?), 86, 88-90, 92, 94, 96-99, 104-
TOQ srt, tna:

Ledum palustre, Z., 367 (?), 877 (?).

Bryanthus taxifolius, 4. Gray (Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb.), 88.

Pyrola rotundifolia, Z., 73 (?), 75 (?), 77, 78), 80(?), 8x (?), 83 (?),
B55 07 (0); 69-0 25190,108, 007,011, 112.

P. media, Sw., except 74, 76, 77 (2), 78, 79, 83, 84, 86, 99, 100, 107,
102; LOG ALOT LL.

Pominory 7. Cxcepe WOOL NOL, On OOy LO 1, el 09 aot LO eile miele

P. secunda, Z., 72, 73, 75 (?), 76(?), 77 (?), 88-98, 104-107.

Moneses grandiflora, Gray, 89, 90, 93-98, 106, 107, 110(?).

MONOTROPACE.

Hypopitys Monotropa, Cran¢z, 93, 96.

PLUMBAGINACE.

Statice Limonium, Z., 73, 74, 85.
S. rariflora, Dre7., 73, 74.
S. auriculefolia, Vahl, 74.
a. occidentalis (Lloyd), 74.
6. intermedia, Syme, 74.
Armeria maritima, W7//d., except 75, 7S.
6. planifolia, Syme, 88.

PRIMULACE.

Hottonia palustris, Z., go (?).

Primula acaulis, Z., except 78.

P, veris, Z., 72, 73) 744: 75) 791, 77%, 80-86, 877 (?), 88-94, 951;
90}, Loo}, 108; Teo; 711

Lf elatior, \acg., 724; 73%

P. farinosa, Z., 78 (? extinct).

TOPOGRAPHICAL BOTANY OF SCOTLAND 233

P. scotica, HZook., 94 (??), 108, 109g, III.

Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Az4#, 75, 76, 77, 83, 84, 86-90, 99.

L. vulgaris, Z., 72-77, 81 (?), 83+, 84, 85+, 86-88, 91+, 927, 99, 103-

L citata, We eseane vim 725073.

L. Nummularia, Z., 72, 747, 75, 76; 771, 78, 79, 807, 817, 831;
854, 86, 87%, 884, Sot, got, Toot.

L. nemorum, Z., except 112.

Trientalis europea, Z., except 73, 74, 78, 80, 82, 84, 101, 102, 103,
LOL LOS, PLO:

Glaux maritima, Z., except 77, 7S, 79, SO, 86, 88, 107.

Anagallis arvensis, Z., except 78, 79, 92+, 93, 104, 105, 106, 109,
LILO. LL.

A. coerulea, Schreb., 737 (?), 747, 88 cas., 89 cas., 92 Cas.

Antenella, -L.,-excep? 72, (38, 79, 80, 86, 875 69, FU GL (2), aouluos
107.

Centunculus minimus, Z., 72 (?), 73, 75, 76, 77(?), 81, 85, 87-90,
92, 95-97, 1900, 103, IIo.

Samolus Valerandi, Z., 72-76, 81-82, 84, 85, 95, 97-104, IIo.

OLEACE.

Fraxinus excelsior, Z., 72-111, marked + in 85-95, 100-102, 104-
III; nativity scarcely to be determined.
Ligustrum vulgare, L., + in many districts, e.g. 72-78, 80-83, 85-97,
100-103, 109.
APOCYNACE#.

Vancamazjor, X., 7324; 924:
‘V. minor, L., in 72, 73, 75-77, 81, 83-85, 88-92, 94, 95, 193; 107.

GENTIANACE,

Erythrea Centaurium, /ezs., except 78, 79, 91, 92, 93, 94, 105,
LOS LOD TLL,
b. capitata, Koch, 73, 74.
[Z. latifolia, Sm., has been erroneously recorded from 97 and 103.]
By littoralis, #7, 72-75, 82, 91, 93 (2), 94-908, LoO-re2, Tob; 1307,
PLO, Era,
KE. pulchella, 77, 72, 82, 102.
Gentiana nivalis, Z., 88, go [97, error].
G. Amarella, Z., 80-83, 86, 83, 90, 92-95, 102, 105-109, III, 112,
G. campestris, Z., except S4.
G. baltica, M/urbeck, 98, to1, 108.
Menyanthes trifoliata, Z., all.
Limnanthemum peltatum, Gmel., ~ in 77, 81, 88, 89 (?).

1 V. minor, L., despite its frequent profusion, must be regarded as introduced
by man into Scotland. I have never seen fruit upon it in Scotland.

234 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

POLEMONIACE.

Polemonium coruleum, L., ¢ or casual, in 72-75, 77, 81-87, Perth-
Shire, 90, 62, 94, TOC moe) ToD;

BORAGINACE.

Cynoglossum officinale, Z., 757, 777, 81-85, 88-90, 917 (?), 937,
O4f, 907, FOO, (PIT.
C. germanicum, /acg. (C. montanum, Lam.), 88, 897 (?), 907.
Asperugo procumbens, L., + in 77, 82, 85, 90, 93, 95, 106, 107.
LEchinospermum Lappula, L., casual, in 92.
Symphytum officinale, Z., 72-77, 79, 807, 81, 83, 841, 85, 86, 877,
887, 897, 907, 91T, 927, 937, 99T, TOOT, IOQF.
5. patens (Szbth.), 72, 74, 877, 887, 80T.
S. tuberosum, Z., 72+, 731, 741, 75°77, 79, 81-94, 951, 98, 99,
EO2, 106;
S. asperrimum, Bab., 72+, 747, 92 Cas.
Borago officinalis, L., casual, in 72-74, 86, 88, 92, 99, I00.
Anchusa sempervirens, L., — in 72-74, rare in Perthshire, 91, 92.
Lycopsis arvensis, Z., except 78, 103.
Pulmonaria officinalis, 1.., casual, in 72, 74.
Pneumaria maritima, /77// (Mertensia maritima, Don.), except 77,
18s 19, BO, OC, OI OM, OO, 1, 00% OF, 99) LOZ MOL.
Myosotis czespitosa, Schultz, all.
M. palustris, With., except 94(?), 95 (?), 96 (2), 97, 101, 104, 105,
IROL) THOT AG) Th Olop (2) TLTUON a)\, LILI TUL (2)
6. strigulosa, Wert. and Koch, 72, 74, 84, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93,
O99; 106, nx Tr.
M. repens, G. Don, except 82, S4.
M. alpestris, Schmidt, 88, 907.
1M. sylvatica, Hofm., 72, 73, 77 (?), 79-81, 83, 86, 877, 887, 897,
90, 91 (?), 927, 104.
M. arvensis, Zam., all.
6. umbrosa, Bad., 72-74, Perthshire.
M. collina, Hoffm., except 74, 78, 79, 80, 87, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101,
LOS: 105, HOS ALOR TAL: VL:
M. versicolor, Rezché., all.
Lithospermum purpureo-ceruleum, L., 857.
7. officinale, Z., 73, 741; 764,771, 62, 9315 95, 971, O81 @) 90;
OL 7 (?),95,.90 (2) 100, wor, nt g(r)!
3L. arvense, Z., 72, 73, 75-78, 80-86, 88-96, 106, 110.

1 Myosotis sylvatica, Hoffm.—The claims of this species to be indigenous in
several of the above districts are probably ill founded.

2 Lithospermum officinale, L.—The distribution of this is such as to suggest
its introduction by man in many habitats.

3 ZL. arvense, L.—The same remark applies to this, though less strongly.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 235

1Echium vulgare, Z., except 72+, 73+ (2), 747), 78, 79, ILF (?),
97, 98, 99; 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 112.

CONVOLVULACE.

2 Volvulus sepium, /wnger (Calystegia sepium, R. Br.), 72-77, 817, 82,
83, 857, 86, 877, 88+, 89f, 907, 927, 957, 977, 987, 99-103,
10Q7.

V. Soldanella, Junger (C. Soldanella, R. Br.), 727, 73% (), 744 (@);
75> 82 (?); 87, 9°, 97 (@); 100-103, IIO.

3 Convolvulus arvensis, Z., except 72+, 78, 79, 80, 92+, 93, 94, 97,
LOL LOS, 105, LOS LO MEL Lie

4 Cuscuta Epilinum, Weihe, 72+, 887.

C. europea, L., 72 (2), 77 (2), 807, 83 (?), 89 cas., 90 (?).

C. Epithymum, Jurr., 737, 75, 771, 83 (?)-

C. Trifolit, Bab., 75, 76 (?), 80-83, 85, 86, 88 cas., 89 cas., 90, 927,
937, (7 probably in all these).

(To be continued.)

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES.

An Obscure Point in the History of the Cadzow Herd of
White Cattle.—Not a little uncertainty surrounds the break in the
continuity of the Cadzow herd of White Cattle in the end of the last
and the beginning of the present century. Pretty full details of the
evidence of contemporary writers on the subject may be found in
the late Robert Turner’s article on this herd in the “ Transactions of
the Natural History Society of Glasgow” (vol. ii., N.S., pp. 222-244).
Mr. Turner laid considerable stress on the note of Sir Walter Scott
in the introduction to his ballad ‘‘Cadzow Castle,” wherein he states
that they were extirpated “about forty years ago,” say 1760. Scott’s
evidence is, however, conflicting—a fact of which Mr. Turner was
apparently unaware. ‘There is first in order of dates the above
quoted statement. The ballad was completed, Lockhart tells us,
before the appearance of vols. i. and ii. of the ‘‘ Border Minstrelsy ”
in 1802. In “The Bride of Lammermoor” (181qQ), chap. iv., there

1 Echium vulgare, L.—In the north-east of Scotland, at least, this plant is so
often a weed of cultivated ground or of roadsides as to point to its distribution
by man.

2 Voluulus sepium, Junger, should probably have + after a good many more
vice-county numbers.

3 Convolvulus arvensis, L., is extremely local in north-east Scotland ; indeed,
it occurs near Aberdeen, where not evidently introduced by man, only by one
roadside, where it is rare and does not increase.

4 Cuscuta, L.—No Cuscuta (except perhaps C. Zpzthymum) appears to be
indigenous in Scotland.

236 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

are two paragraphs relating to “wild cattle,” which, however, have
been ‘‘ extirpated at the places we have mentioned,” 7.e. Hamilton,
Drumlanrig, and Cumbernauld. This agrees with the former state-
ment, but it is curious to find that in ‘ Peter’s Letters to his Kins-
folk,’ by J. G. Lockhart, published in ‘‘ Blackwood’s Magazine” in
the same year (1819), there is a lively description of the Cadzow
cattle from personal observation. ‘They are white or cream-
coloured all over, but have their hoofs and horns and eyes of the
most dazzling jet. The fierceness of the race, however, would seem
to have entirely evaporated in the progress of so many ages, for the
whole herd lay perfectly quiet while our grave trio passed through
the midst of them.” In “Castle Dangerous” (1831) Scott again
refers to the cattle in Note B, where he states that they “were, in
the memory of man, still preserved in three places in Scotland—
namely, Drumlanrig, Cumbernauld, and the upper park at Hamilton
Palace, at all of which places, except the last, I believe, they have
now been destroyed on account of their ferocity.” This statement
traverses what he had written previously. He had apparently
learned, possibly through Lockhart, of the re-introduction at Cadzow,
but it is unfortunate that he throws no light on the source of the
restored herd, and this remains still a matter of conjecture.—]OHN
PATERSON, Glasgow.

Poleeat in Elginshire.—The Polecat is not quite extinct in
Elginshire yet. A large male was killed at Whitewreath, about four
miles south of Elgin, last January. Few of the young people have
ever seen a Polecat alive in this district, and I only know of three
or four having been trapped here during the past thirty years.—
Wi1LLi1AM Tay.Lor, Lhanbryde.

Lesser Rorqual in the Moray Firth.—A_ beautiful male
Lesser Rorqual (Lalenoptera rostrata) was captured in a fishing-
net off Portknockie on the 14th of August last. It was towed into
Portknockie Harbour, where it lay for some days. The baleen
was beautiful creamy white, but the boys had been helping them-
selves to specimens before I saw it. The bands down the throat
and chest were pure white, with slate-coloured grooves between.
The white patch on the outside of the arm was well marked. The
body was nearly black on the dorsal surface. I took the following
measurements :—Total length, 244 feet; greatest girth, 13 feet;
from snout to blowhole, 34 feet; height of dorsal fin, 1 foot
2 inches; length of pectoral fin, 3 feet 9 inches; breadth of tail,
6 feet 9 inches—WILLI1AM TayLor, Lhanbryde.

The Grampus in Clyde.—On Sunday, 5th June, this year, while
walking up the west side of the island of Bute, from Etterick Bay to
Kilmichael, with Mr. John Robertson, that gentleman drew my
attention to two whales proceeding down the Kyles. They might
be a mile from the shore, probably less, but with our binoculars

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 237

we could plainly see the tall (our estimate three and a half feet)
dorsal fin, with a prominent hook, and a white patch in the region
of the head. We watched them for a considerable time. On my
return I looked up the literature of the subject, and have no doubt
but that the whales were Killers (Ovca gladiator). I cannot recall
any record of the Killer or Grampus occurring in this area, but the
‘‘Finners,” well known to yachtsmen, will probably frequently be
referable to this species, although they remain undistinguished.—
Joun Paterson, Glasgow.

Prosecution under the Wild Birds’ Protection Aects.— At
Cupar, on 5th July, before SheriffSubstitute Armour, Alexander
Greig and Christopher Neilson, labourers, Tay Street, Newport,
admitted having taken eighty Terns’ eggs at Tentsmuir, contrary to
the Order of the Secretary for Scotland, for the Protection of Wild
Birds and their Eggs on Tentsmuir. A fine of Ar: 4s., or seven
days’ imprisonment, was imposed on each of the offenders.

Migrant Wagtails at Peterhead.—Migrant wagtails are a feature
of the Peterhead district during the latter three weeks of August.
They are everywhere in family parties, which, as the season goes on,
unite into flocks of about twenty. The fields where the fishermen
spread their herring-nets are a great attraction for these Pied Wag-
tails (AZotacilla lugubris), but the most unobserving notice them by
the side of small streams or catching flies amid the turnip-fields. They
have always struck me as birds that migrate very slowly. Mixed up
with them is a fair number of Gray Wagtails (AZotacilla melanofpe),
but these generally prefer to migrate later in the season. It is but
rarely you notice the Yellow Wagtail (AZo¢acil/a rayz) with them,
although they breed in the neighbourhood. Let me add that some
years ago, when I resided in Leith, I used to see hundreds of Pied
Wagtails, during September, sitting down for their night’s rest in
nurseries close to the Botanic Gardens and Fettes College. Often
I used to go along to see them coming in from all quarters,
and regularly before retiring to rest they used to sit in crowds
balancing themselves on the wires, or ran in little squadrons along
the road. —WILLIAM SERLE, Peterhead.

A Habit of the Black-headed Gull.—Did any of your readers
ever note that habit of this gull of fast pattering with its feet in the
shallows? Lately I was frequently down on the beach opposite
Cramond Island. Here the tide goes far back, and leaves shallow
pools. In these poois the gulls stood “beating time” in the most
rapid manner, and so making the water muddy. It seemed to be
as much a piece of diversion as a means of snatching any food that
might be stirred up.— WILLIAM SERLE, Peterhead.

Introduetion of the Caperecaillie into Inverness-shire.—Three
years ago Mr. Dalziel Mackenzie of Farr made an attempt to intro-

238 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

duce the Capercaillie (Ze¢rao urogallus), but owing to the arrange-
ments made—the birds being confined like pheasants—they all died
of cramp. He then obtained some more birds, some of which were
confined in a larger pen, with spruce trees, while others were turned
out in the open. ‘This second attempt has succeeded fairly well, for
two or three nests were known to have hatched out, and the young
were seen, I think the ground is well suited to their requirements, for
there are hundreds of acres of fir wood, ranging from old trees to those
planted a few years ago.—HrarLey Nose, Henley-on-Thames.

Pochard in Midlothian in Summer.—In consideration of the
fact that the Pochard has not yet been found breeding in Midlothian,
it is interesting to note that a drake remained all summer on Loch-
end Loch. I do not know whether in the early part of the season
it was accompanied by a mate or no, but on 16th June it was the
only duck on the loch, and on the 29th July its only companion was
a Tufted Drake in eclipse plumage. In the summer of 1892 also
a Pochard remained on the same loch. On 2nd July 1892 I came
on the bird sitting by the waters edge, and was surprised at its
exceeding tameness: it allowed me to approach within a short
distance before it entered the water. I may also note that in the
south of Fife in 1894, and again in 1895, I noticed the Pochard
in the nesting-season on a small loch well adapted for this bird.—
ROBERT GODFREY.

The Great Shearwater at St. Kilda.—An example of the Great
Shearwater (Pufjinus major) was captured at St. Kilda under the
following circumstances. On the 7th of August 1897 Neil Ferguson
and his colleagues were fishing a mile or two west of the Dune.
While hauling their lines a Shearwater was noticed on the water
near to the boat, and in company with some Fulmars (/idmarus
glacialis). Ferguson knew at once that the bird was a Great Shear-
water, a species concerning which I had in previous years questioned
him and others, and desired, if possible, that a specimen should be
obtained. At first the fishermen were at a loss how to act, as they
had no gun on board the boat. At the suggestion of Ferguson,
however, a quantity of ling’s entrails was thrown overboard. On
this being done, the Shearwater came to the feast at once, before the
Fulmars, and Ferguson struck it down with an oar and secured it.
Ferguson thinks that this Shearwater breeds on the Dune, because
the bird has been obtained there before, and because also there was
a bare nesting-patch on the breast of the specimen captured, “the
same as is to be seen on the Fulmars.” A very fair skin was made
of the bird, which I have presented to the collections in the Museum
of Science and Art, Edinburgh. I have identified probably two
hundred or two hundred and fifty Great Shearwaters in western
Scottish waters, but saw none there during the present year.— HENRY
Evans, Jura Forest.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 239

Uneommon Fishes in the Solway Firth.—Besides the Belted
Bonito (elamys sarda) said to have been recently taken in the
Solway, other scarce species have been found. I say “scarce”
because, although both the fish to be mentioned are very scarce in
our waters, they are not by any means rare elsewhere on the British
coasts. The first one to note is the “John Dory” (Zeus fader), a
specimen of which was sent me from Annan lately. That it is an
infrequent thing there is proven by the fact that none of the fisher-
men to whom it was shown had ever seen it before. The other
species is a fine little specimen of the Garpike (Be/one vulgaris) sent
me from Carsethorn, where it was found stranded at low tide. The
Garpike has been occurring in the Solway more frequently of late
years than formerly.—R. SERvicE, Maxwelltown.

Blue Shark in the Firth of Forth.—An example of the Blue
Shark (Carcharias glaucus), about five feet in length, was caught in a
salmon-net at Gullane Point, East Lothian, on 7th July 1898.
When I had my attention directed to it, a couple of days later, it lay
stranded among the rocks some 300 or 400 yards from the net. I
cannot call to mind any previous record of the actual occurrence of
the species within the waters of the Forth; but there can be little
doubt it occasionally enters the maritime portion of the Firth
during the summer months, seeing it is a not uncommon visitor to
St. Andrews Bay, and has been captured in the salmon-nets there,
as mentioned by Professor M‘Intosh in his ‘‘ Marine Invertebrates
and Fishes of St. Andrews,” p. 184.—WILLIAM Evans, Edinburgh.

Spread of the Roach in the Solway Distriet.—Hitherto in our
district the Roach (Lewciscus rutilus) has been known only from the
Lochmaben lochs, the Lochar, the Black Loch of Colvend, and the
White Loch of Inch, near Stranraer. For the last year or two
numerous specimens have been got from time to time in the little
sluggish water of Cargen. It seems to be quite established there.
That it is quite a recent immigrant there is positively certain. It was
a puzzle where it had come from, until I found recently that Roach
had been placed in Terregles ponds by the late Captain Maxwell.
There seems no reason to doubt that the Roach of the Cargen are
the produce of fish that have escaped from the ponds in Terregles
Park.—R. SERVICE, Maxwelltown.

Meta menardi (Zazr.) on Ailsa Craig.—Mr. W. Eagle Clarke
has forwarded to me for identification a couple of specimens (both
females) and an egg-cocoon of this large cave-loving spider which
were sent to him from Ailsa Craig in July last by Mr. Tulloch,
lighthouse-keeper there. I have already recorded the species in the
pages of this magazine from the Forth and Solway areas. It has
also been recorded from Tweed and Dee; but not till now, so far
as I know, from Clyde.—W1xi1AMm Evans, Edinburgh.

240 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

On the occurrence of Corophium affine, 47ze/zus, in Loeh
Fyne.—Quite recently, when examining a small gathering of Crusta-
cea collected at Tarbert Bank near East Loch Tarbert, Loch Fyne,
in March last year but not examined till now, I obtained a single
male specimen of Corophium affine. ‘There does not appear to be
any previous record of this Amphipod for the Clyde district. It
seems to have a moderately wide distribution around the Scottish
coasts, as Dr. Norman has recorded it from Shetland, and I have
obtained it both in the Firth of Forth and the Moray Firth. It seems,
however, to be a rare Amphipod: I seldom find more than one or
two specimens at a time. ‘The species is quite a distinct one. The
structure of the second antennz in the male is characteristic, and so
are the last pair of uropoda, which are very slender. It cannot be
mistaken for any one of the other three British species of Coro-
phium.—T. Scott, Leith.

Sirex gigas, Z., in Argyleshire.—My friend Dr. J. S. Stewart
of Edinburgh, who has been spending a holiday at Glendaruel,
Argyleshire, has sent for my inspection a female specimen of this
handsome insect which he found on the woodwork of his door-
way there on 14th August. I do not know whether the species
has previously been noticed in the county. —WILLIAM Evans,
Edinburgh.

Noxious Insects in the Solway Distriet.—The present has been
one of the worst seasons for many years in the undue prevalence of
injurious insects. These have been further most remarkable in
that, with few exceptions, they were species not often noticed to
such an extent as to be hurtful. The Corn Grub or larve of the
“‘ Daddy-long-legs” Fly were complained of in many quarters, and
the “Turnip Fly” (which is, however, not a “fly” but a beetle) was
also prevalent to a very serious extent. Both are old familiar
enemies. But a new foe, Schizoneura fuliginosa, a dirty, sooty-
coloured Aphide, has done immense damage to young plantations
of fir trees, covering the twigs and young shoots in vast numbers.
A Scale Insect that I have been unable to find a name for amongst
those who specially study the class, has been met with everywhere
in countless hordes on laurel bushes, sucking the life sap of the
plants, and covering the foliage with masses of black frass. Then
arboriculturists have had much reason to ban the Pine Weevil and
its doings. The grubs or larvee of this insect have done very great
damage to the roots of young pine trees. Feeding underground,
these grubs cannot be got at with the usual insecticides, and have
just to be allowed to proceed with their ravages at their own sweet
will. The most casual observer must have seen during the hot dry
mornings that have prevailed of late, the wet, stained, and sticky
appearance of the ground under lime trees. This is the dripping
of “honeydew” from Affhzs “le, the Greenfly of the lime tree, which

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES 241

has also to be added to the host of insects that have provoked the
mildest-mannered horticulturist and arboriculturist to much wrath
during the few weeks of this summer.—R. SERVICE, Maxwelltown.

Homalomyia sealaris feeding on Wax.—In April and May
this fly is a familiar species. It is most often seen in small parties
of a score or more individuals flying together in sportive play under
trees during the warmest time of day. Under fruit trees in bloom,
more especially under plums, it is often conspicuous. In the larval
state it feeds on various decaying substances, usually of animal
origin, and has been found as an inmate of, and feeder upon, the
debris of wasp nests. In the summer of 1897 a small jar of stone-
ware that had contained preserves had been filled with fragments
of empty honeycémb, placed under a bee hive in my apiary, and
then forgotten. It was not noticed again until early in April last,
when it was taken into an adjoining shed. Shortly afterwards flies
of this species were observed to be congregated upon the shed
window, and it was found that they were issuing from amongst the
old combs in the jar. Careful notes were taken afterwards of the
emergence of the flies. Over 600 in all came forth, and these
(with the exception of half a dozen 4. canzcularis, and about a score
specimens belonging to other dipterous species) were all 4. scalaris.
They issued from r5th April to 20th May, and the time was during
the morning hours up till about ten o’clock. At first only males
were noted, afterwards about equal proportions of both sexes, and
during the last fortnight the few stragglers were all females. Taking
the whole brood, the proportion of males to females was slightly
more than two to one.-—ROBERT SERVICE, Maxwelltown, Dumfries.

Cyelops Dybowskii, Zande.—This comparatively rare Cyclops
was obtained while I was making an examination of the shore of
Loch Lomond near Balmaha on the 21st of June last. I was
inclined at first to ascribe this Copepod to Cyclops otthonotdes,
G. O. Sars, but a further examination convinced me that it must be
Lande’s species ; and on comparing notes with my friend Mr. Scour-
field, whose recent discovery of Cyclops Dybowskit in England has
added another to the rapidly increasing number of British fresh-
water Entomostraca, I found that he also was of the same opinion
with myself in regard to the Loch Lomond Cyclops. Cyclops.
Dybowski, which is an addition to the list of Scottish freshwater
Copepods, is closely related to C. otthonoides ; and it requires careful
examination to differentiate the two, as the characters that distinguish
the one from the other are microscopic. They appear, however, to
be distinct.—T. Scott, Leith.

Streblocerus minutus, G. O. Sarvs, in the Dhu Loch, near
Rowardennan, Loch Lomond.—A few specimens of this rare
Cladoceran were obtained in a gathering of microcrustacea collected

28 E

242 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

around the shore of the Dhu Loch in June last. Stveblocerus is not
unlike a AZacrothrix, and some familiarity with the group is necessary
to enable one to discriminate between them. ‘This is the second
time I have taken S¢reblocerus in Scotland. It was obtained the
first time in Loch Morar in 1892, but was erroneously described in
the Fishery Board’s Report for 1893 as Macrothrix laticornis, Jurine.
It seems to be widely distributed, but on account of its habitat and
small size it is easily overlooked.—T. Scort, Leith.

BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS.

‘Flora of Perthshire.”—May I ask a little of your space in order
to correct a serious blunder in the recent ‘‘ Flora of Perthshire.”
Very much to my surprise, I learn that I have seen Hymenophyllum
unilaterale at Kilmadock. Now I never saw the plant there, and I
have a firm conviction that no other botanist will! The same
blunder has been made in regard to Carex vesicaria, etc. Many
years ago I was asked to furnish a full list of the flora of the Parish
of Kilmadock, and 1 did so by marking a copy of the London
Catalogue. This was sent to Dr. B. White, and as there were some
plants new to the county we had some correspondence in regard to
the matter, so that Dr. B. White knew very well that the list was a
parish flora and not a place one. If I remember right, the parish
covers about sixty-four square miles. I shall feel obliged if you
would correct a blunder for which I am not in any way responsible.
—A. Craic Curisti£, Edinburgh.

[To supplement this, we quote the following from the “ Journal
of Botany” for August. Our readers will from it see that Mr.
Christie’s objection is taken to the name being used for the parish
of Kilmadock instead of being restricted to the church and its
precincts :—

“ \ PERTHSHIRE Note.—In the recently published ‘Flora of
Perthshire’ I read with some astonishment that I have observed a
number of plants at ‘Kilmadock.’ As a matter of fact, I never got
one of the plants in question there, but I did get all of them in the
parish of that name. I think it is to be regretted that Dr. White
and his editor should have known so little of their ground as to
confound an old church and its precincts with a parish which covers
sixty-four square miles. In every instance the entry ought to read
‘parish of Kilmadock.’ I was asked to furnish Dr. White with a
complete flora of the parish ; I did my best to do so, but Kilmadock
as a ‘station’ was never referred to.—A. Craic CuristTi£.”—ED. |

‘‘The Flora of Perthshire.’”’—I was rather surprised to find that
no notice was taken in this work of the fact that I was the discoverer
of Calamagrostis borealis (Deyeuxia neglecta, var. borealis), and I

CURRENT LITERATURE 243

believe the only gatherer of it in Strathtay, since I am afraid it is
now destroyed in its original station near Killin. Nor is there any
reference to my gathering of Saxzfraga grentlandica, L., var. decipiens
(Ehrh.), on Ben Lawers, although Professor Engler verifies my
specimen. The name S. grenlandica, L., is included in the Flora,
but no locality or collector’s name is mentioned. So far as I am
aware, these were the first records of these plants not only for
Perthshire, but for Scotland. I failed to find the Saxifrage this
year, but I only saw two or three specimens when I first gathered
it near the summit of the mountain.—G. CLARIDGE DRUCE.

Carex xanthoearpa, D/seg.—I have this from Portree, Skye.-—
G. CLARIDGE DRUCE.

Agrostis pumila, Z.—I have this from Quiraing, Skye; Dal-
mally, Argyle; Glen Lyon, Mid Perth; and Torrs, Wigtown.—G.
CLARIDGE DRUCE.

Colours of Flowers and Moisture.—In walking along the
Slug Road to-night after a day of rain, the harebells (Campanula
rotundifolia) on the dry banks by the wayside showed their beautiful
characteristic blue. We had been along the same route last night
at the same hour (7.30), and had remarked how nearly all the
‘“‘bells” were of a purple-red colour. ‘Those on the driest soils
were redder than the ones on a soil a little damper, but all of them
showed a tendency to red. To-night they are all as near as may be
of the same shade. Of course the light is much less bright to-
night than it was last night, but the main difference must lie in the
different amounts of moisture present. Could this be the cause of
the decided change in colour >—A. Macpona.p, Durris.

Moss new to Britain.—Dr. Braithwaite has informed us that a
moss collected on 3rd July 1895 near Cowie Moss, or Craig Moss
as it is occasionally called, about three miles south-east of Stirling,
is the Zortula tnermis, Brid., which has not previously been met with
in Britain.—R. Krpston ; J. S. STIRLING.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

The Titles and Purport of Papers and Notes relating to Scottish Natural His-
tory which have appeared during the Quarter—July-September 1898.

[The Editors desire assistance to enable them to make this Section as complete as
possible. Contributions on the lines indicated will be most acceptable and
will bear the initials of the Contributor. The Editors will have access to the
sources of information undermentioned. ]

ZOOLOGY.

CAPTURE oF A Go~pEN Eacir. F.F. L. Zhe Meld, ard
September 1898, p. 440.—A specimen captured alive on 29th

244 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

August at Asknish, Lochgair, measuring 6 feet 7 inches between the
tips of the wings, and weighing between nine and ten pounds.

Ivory GULL ON THE SoLway. J. J. Armistead. Zvologist
(4), vol. ii. p. 414 (September 1898).—Specimen seen in the Firth
on 3rd August, and again on the following morning.

SCOTERS IN SUMMER. J. J. Armistead. Zoologist (4), vol. i.
p- 414 (September 1898).—This note refers to hundreds of Scoters
seen off Southerness on 7th June last, including four Velvet Scoters.
Remarks are also made as to the possible breeding of Red-throated
Divers in Wigtown Bay, and on the disappearance of the Chough
from the Kirkcudbrightshire coast.

THE SO-CALLED ST. KiLDA WrREN. H.S. Davenport. Zoologist
(4), vol. ii. p. 413 (September 1898).—Cnriticises a statement in the
Spectator of 30th July, referring to Mr. C. Dixon as the discoverer
of this bird in the island.

NOTES OF THE SEASON—WIGTOWNSHIRE. Roger S. Gordon.
Ent. Record, vol. x. p. 204 (August 1898). This note refers to five
species of Lepidoptera taken during the season of 1898.

LEPIDOPTERA CAPTURED IN THE ORKNEY ISLANDS. W. Chees-
man. Lt. Record, vol. x. pp. 204-206 (August 1898). A list is
given of 110 species captured during the last two or three years,
with notes on a number of the more interesting forms.

GELECHIA CONFINIS, STN., A NORTHERN FORM OF G. SIMILIS,
Stn. By Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S. Zt. Mo. Mag. (2),
x. pp. 196-198 (September 1898).—On the probable specific
identity of the two, as evidenced by comparison of Perth specimens
of the former with specimens of the latter from various English
localities.

SoME REMARKS ON THE COLOUR-VARIETIES OF THE SPECIES OF
ORSODACNA OCCURRING IN Britain. By G. C. Champion, F.L.S.
Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), ix. pp. 175-176 (August 1898).—Notes given
on some Paisley specimens.

REPORT ON THE TRAWLING EXPERIMENTS OF THE “ GARLAND,”
AND ON THE FISHERY STATISTICS RELATING THERETO. 1674 Ann.
Report Fishery Board Scot., pt. i. pp. 17-87 (August 1898).—
Tables given showing (1) the kinds of Fish, (2) the species of
Invertebrates, obtained in the Moray Firth and Firth of Clyde.

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF
THE FIRTH OF FORTH AND ITS VICINITY DURING THE SEVEN YEARS
FROM 1889 TO 1895, BOTH INCLUSIVE. By Thomas Scott, F.L.S.
16th Ann. Report Fishery Board Scot., pt. ii. pp. 153-210, and pls.
iv.-vil. (August 1898).—This useful paper gives particulars of the

CURRENT LITERATURE 245

Invertebrates captured during the years named by the tow-nets,
including Mollusca, Crustacea, Vermes, and Ccelenterata. The
plates are in the form of charts showing the distribution and relative
abundance of various organisms in the Firth, and the paper con-
cludes with a list of the species of Mollusca and Crustacea referred
to in the preceding notes, and showing the stations where they were
obtained.

THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE INLAND WATERS OF SCOT-
LAND — Part VIII. By Thomas Scott, F.L.S. Including an
ACCOUNT OF THE EXAMINATION OF SOME OF THE LOCHS OF
SHETLAND. By Thomas Scott and Robert Duthie. 16th Ann.
Report Fishery Board Scot., pt. iii. pp. 248-260 (August 1898).
—The first part of this paper deals with Lochranza (Arran),
Garry Loch (Ailsa Craig), and Park Loch and Tangy Loch, near
Campbeltown (Cantyre). The second part deals with the fresh-
water lochs of Shetland, with notes on their physical aspects. Tables
are given in both parts containing the names and showing the
distribution of all the species (Mollusca and Crustacea) from the
lochs referred to.

SoME ADDITIONS TO THE INVERTEBRATE Fauna OF LOCH FYNE.
By Thomas Scott, F.L.S. 16¢i Ann. Report Fishery Board Scot.,
pt. ili. pp. 261-282, pls. xil.-xv. (August 1898).—Deals with Crustacea,
Vermes, and Foraminifera, and describes, amongst others, Pseudo-
tachidius coronatus, gen. et sp. noy.(?); Ascomyzon simulans, sp.
noy.; and Neopontius angularis, gen. et sp. nov. An appendix
gives some extra notes on some Clyde Crustacea.

ADDITIONS TO “BriTisH ConcHoLocy.” By J. T. Marshall.
Journal of Conchology, vol. ix. pp. 65-74 (July 1898).—Numerous
Scottish records are given.

NOTES FROM THE GATTy MARINE LABORATORY, ST. ANDREWS
No. XIX. By Professor M‘Intosh, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. ii. pp. 103-118, and pl. ii. (August 1898).
—Deals with Scottish specimens of Clione limacina and Bipinnaria
asterigera.

BOTANY.

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF BRITISH AND IRISH BOTANIsTs. By
James Britten, F.L.S., and J.S. Boulger, F.L.S. /ourn. Bot., 1898,
pp. 267-271.—The following botanists, natives of Scotland or
writers on the botany of Scotland, are included in the present
instalment of the supplement :—Rey. Robert Hunter (1824 ?-97),
Charles Jenner (1810-93), Thomas King (1834-96), George
Lawson (1828 ?-95), John Leitch (1859 ?-96), David Lyall, M.D.
(1817-95).

246 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

A PERTHSHIRE Note. By A. Craig Christie. /ourn. Bot.,
1898, p. 319.—Will be found in full on p. 242 of this journal.

Notes FROM CanTirRE. By C. E. Salmon. /ourn. Bot.,
September 1898, pp. 338-340.—From near Ardrishaig, enumerates
a good many new records for Cantire; and &. rhamntfolius, from
the vice-county 98 (Argyle), also from near Ardrishaig.

LONICERA CAPRIFOLIUM IN PERTHSHIRE. By A. Craig Christie.
Journ. Bot., 1898, p. 275.—In Glenfarg.

EUPHRASIA LATIFOLIA, PURSH., IN CAITHNESS. By Rev. Edward
S. Marshall. Journ. Bot., 1898, p. 274.—Near Thurso.

GYMNADENIA CONOPSEA X ALBIDA IN SCOTLAND. By A. H.
Wolley Dod. /ourn. Bot., September 1898, pp. 352-353-—From
near Arisaig, in West Inverness. It had rose-purple flowers, spur
stout and only twice as long as the lip, which latter is intermediate
between tricuspidate and trilobed; spike resembles that of adda.
This example was noticed in the Gardener's Chronicle of 23rd July
as probably G. odoratisstma, Rich.

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CAREX HELVOLA IN BRITAIN. By
G. C. Druce, M.A., F.L.S. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany,
1898, vol. xxxiii. pp. 458-464.—Discusses its occurrence on
Lochnagar and Ben Lawers, and its relative rank, whether species
and hybrid.

BOTRYCHIUM MATRICARIEFOLIUM, A. BR., AND B. LANCEOLATUM,
ANcSst., IN Brirain. By William Whitwell, F.L.S. Journ. Bot.,
1898, pp. 291-297, pl. 388, B and C.—The former was determined
from an example found by Dr. O. St. Brody in Ayrshire in July
1887. The identity of B. rutaceum, Sw., figured by Newman from
a specimen found in 1839 by Mr. Cruickshanks on sands of Barry,
in Forfarshire, is discussed, and it is referred to 4. danceolatum,
Angst.

New anp Rare Scottish HeEpatic&. By W. H. Pearson.
Journ. Bot., September 1898, p. 340.—Enumerates from West
Inverness, collected by Mr. S. M. Macvicar, seven new to Scotland,
one not previously recorded from Scotland (though already collected
by Dr. Carrington at Loch Maree, and at New Galloway by Mr.
J. M‘Andrew), and fifteen others new to West Inverness.

PLAGIOTHECIUM MULLERIANUM, SCHIMP., IN BRITAIN. By H.N.
Dixon, M.A., F.L.S. Journ. Bot. (1898), July, pp. 241-246, pl. 387.—
Determined from barren specimens gathered by N. Sutherland and
A. M‘Kinley on Ben Wyvis in August 1867; by James Murray on
Ben Narnain, near Arrochar, in July 1896; and by H. N. Dixon on
Craig Cailleach, near Killin, in July 1897.

REVIEW 247

REVIEW.

LIFE AND LETTERS OF ALEXANDER GOODMAN More, F.R.S.E.,
F.L.S., M.R.LA. With Selections from his Zoological and Botanical
Writings. Edited by G. B. Moffat, B.A. With a Preface by Frances
M. More. (Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, & Co., Ltd., 1898.)

The volume before us is a fitting record of the labours of one
who was a worthy successor to the late William Thompson as our
leading authority on all subjects connected with Irish Natural
History. And in many ways More was Thompson’s superior, for
his interests were far wider, extending as they did to Botany as well
as to Zoology, in both of which branches of natural science—as far
as concerned Ireland—More had no equals.

But it was not only in his own work that More’s labours were
so successfully expended, for he had a wonderful power of attracting
to himself workers in all branches of Irish Natural History, to
whom it was his delight to suggest lines of research. Although he
never really enjoyed robust health, and was seldom able himself to
undertake long or arduous expeditions, his interest in the work of
others never flagged, and his readiness to help less experienced or
younger naturalists was such that for many years his room at the
Museum (and later in Leinster Road) was recognised as a sort of
meeting-place for all who were interested in Natural History: a
place where expeditions were planned, and results brought in and
discussed. During this period, hardly a paper on Irish Natural
History was published that had not received the benefit of More’s
advice, or, perhaps, of his actual revision.

Hence it is that the book before us teems with interest for
students of all branches of Natural History, and is so different from
the number of dry volumes produced nowadays for the eyes of
narrow specialists. Not a little of our pleasure in reading the
volume was derived from the light thrown by it on much that
appertains to the historical part of the subject—a matter too often
neglected or untouched of late years. Here we learnt much that
was new to us of the past generation of British Zoologists and
Botanists, and a great deal more about those who are still working
in the same field.

Very great credit is due to Miss More and Mr. G. B. Moffat
for the way in which they have accomplished their task. Great as
were the opportunities of producing a good book, all have been
made use of in a manner only possible to those who are thoroughly
conversant with Irish Natural History in all its phases, and we are
indebted to them for what we must regard as the most important
work on Irish Natural History as a whole since the appearance of
Thompson’s “ Natural History of Ireland.”——-G. E. H. B. H.

NED aX

Aberdeen, Botanic Garden in, 186
Acalla aspersana in Unst (Curr. Lit.),

9

ie atropos in Renfrewshire,
118; in Orkney, 187

ADAIR, PETER, notes on the birds of
Ettrick, 21

Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology ”
(Curr. Lit.), 245

Agrostis pumila, L., 243

Ailsa Craig, old note on, 113

Algze, new or critical British marine
(Curr. Lit.), 61; of Lamlash Bay,
Arran (Curr. Lit.), 61

Alucita hexadactyla in Scotland, 54

Ampelis garrulus in Ayrshire, 1153 in
Banffshire, 50; in Cairngorm
district, 50; in Elginshire, 50; at
Loch Lomond, 116; in Lothians,
116

Anas strepera in Moray, 117

ANDERSON, PETER, Wild Geese flying
at a great height, 116; birds
observed in the island of Tiree,

153
eee the late WILLIAM, F.R.S., 8
ARMSTRONG, ROBERT, the Pied Fly-
catcher, etc., in Nithsdale, 49
Auk, Little, in Moray, 53
Avifauna of West Ross-shire, contribu-

tion to, 65

BABINGTON, CHARLES CARDALE,
Memorials, etc., of (Curr. Lit.),
126

Bacteria of the soil, with special refer-
ence to soil inoculation (Curr.
Lit.), 60

Badger colony in Dalmeny Park (Curr.
Lit.), 124 ; in Dumfriesshire (Curr.
Lit.), 187 ; in Kirkcudbrightshire,
ie

Barra, additions to the birds of the
island of, 75

BENNETT, ARTHUR, F.L.S., records
of Scottish plants for 1897, addi-

tional to Watson’s ‘‘ Topographi-
cal Botany,” 225

Ben Nevis, additional Coleoptera from
the summit of, 30; vertebrate and
plant life on (Curr. Lit.), 58

Berwickshire zzéz and Rose
Lit.), 60

Lipalium kewense at Paisley (Curr.
Lit.), 60

Birds of Ettrick, notes on, 21; of
Carmichael, notes on, 47; of the
island of Barra, additions to, 75 ;
of Kintail, Ross-shire (Curr. Lit.),
124; observed in the island of
Tiree, 153; report on movements
and occurrence of in Scotland
during 1897, 200

Blackcock and Capercaillie hybrid near
Inverness, 52

Llysmus rufus, var. béfolius (Curr.
Lit.), 126

BoLaM, GEORGE, F.Z.S., Red-footed
Falcon in Scotland, 116

Loreus hiemalés in Midlothian, 55

Botanical and other notes [from Cold-
ingham] (Curr. Lit.), 125

Botanists, biographical index of British
and Irish (Curr. Lit.), 127, 188,
245

Botany, topographical, of Scotland, 39,
98, 164, 230

Botrychium matricariefolium and B.
lanceolatun in Britain (Curr. Lit.),
246

Brown, Henry H., Pygera bucephala
in Moray, 54; Luchelia Jacobee
and its food-plant, 54

BROWN, JAMEs, Waxwing in Elgin-
shire, 50; Leach’s Petrel and
Little Auk in Moray, 53

Buck ey, T. E., B. A., F.Z.S., hybrid
Capercaillie and Blackcock near
Inverness, 52; Gadwall in Moray,
117; Great Skua in Moray Firth,
118

Bunting, Ortolan, in Shetland, 178

(Curr.

INDEX 249

Caddis flies, In search of, in 1897 (Curr.
Lit.), 187

Cadzow herd of White Cattle, an
obscure point in the history of the,
235

CAMPBELL, BRUCE, Goldfinch in West
Lothian, 180

CAMPBELL, CHARLES, partial albinism
in Robin at Dalmeny, 49 ; Cuckoo
in captivity, 116

Cantire, notes from (Curr. Lit.), 246

Capercaillie and Blackcock hybrid near
Inverness, 52

Capercaillie and Pheasant,
between, 17, 117

Capercaillie in S.E. Lanarkshire, 118 ;
introduction into Inverness-shire,
237

Caranx trachurus in the Solway, 53

Carduelis elegans in Caithness, 115 ; in
Mid-Perth, 115 ; in West Lothian,
180

Carex chordorhiza, Ehrh., in Britain
(Curr lente) One zzecca the
British (Curr. Lit.), 126; helwola
on Ben Lawers (Curr. Lit.), 188 ;
in Britain (Curr. Lit.), 246; xaztho-
carpa, Diseg., 243

Cephenomytia auribarbts, larvee of, etc.
(Curr. Lit.); 125

Cerastium, on primary characters in,
TOT (Curr eit.) et26

Charr, peculiar, from Inverness-shire,

hybrid

78

Chiff-chaff in Clyde area (Curr. Lit.),
58; in East Renfrewshire, 115

CHRISTIE, A. CRAIG, F.L.S., flora of
Perthshire, 242

Cladodus Nezlsonz (Curr. Lit.), 58

CLARKE, WM. EAGLE, hybrids between
Capercaillie and Pheasant, 17, 117 ;
Lesser Shrew in Tiree, 111 ; Haw-
finch in Midlothian, 114; protec-
tion of Wild Birds and their eggs
in Scotland, 146

Claytonia perfoliata, Don, 186

Climatic zones, Watson’s (Curr. Lit.),
126

Club, excursion of the Scottish Alpine
Botanical, to Clova (Curr. Lit.), 60

Coccothraustes vulgaris in Midlothian,
114

Coleoptera, additional, from the summit
of Ben Nevis, 30; Ayrshire (Curr.
Lit.), 59; from Hoy (Curr. Lit.),

Be)

Coll plants (Curr. Lit.), 61

Columba palumbus nesting in the City
of Edinburgh, 183

Colymbus arcticus in East Renfrewshire,
1153 glactalis at St. Abb’s Head,

53

Copepods, apparently new, from Clyde
(Curr. Lit.), 125

Corallorhiza innata, new locality for
(Cury7 Lith) s026

Corophium affine in Loch Fyne, 240

CRAIG, ARCHIBALD, Ring Dove nesting
in the City of Edinburgh, 183

Crambus perlellus, var. rostellus, in
Ross-shire (Curr. Lit.), 59

Crows, hybrid, in Forth area, 186

Cuckoo in captivity, 116

Cuculus canorus in captivity, 116

Cyclops Dybowskii, 241 ; languidus in
Loch Doon, Ayrshire, 184 ; anus
in Loch Doon, Ayrshire, 184

Cymochorea leucorrhoa in Moray, 53 -

Dafila acuta nesting in the ‘ Forth”
area, 162

DAVIDSON, JOHN, migratory Locust in
Aberdeenshire, 55

Death’s-head Hawk Moth in Renfrew-
shire, 118

Delphinus delphzs in Moray Firth, 47

Dendrocopus major in Peeblesshire, 182

Dewar, Dr. T. F., Red-backed Shrike
in Forfarshire, 180

DeEwak, Drs. T. F. and W. J., Golden
Oriole in Forfarshire, 179

Deyeuxia stricta, var. borealis, extinc-
tion of (Curr. Lit.), 61

Diaptomus hircus in Loch Lochy,
Inverness-shire, 55

Diptera from Aberdeen (Curr. Lit.),
188

Diver, Black-throated, in East Renfrew-
shire, 115 ; Great Northern, at St.
Abb’s Head, 53

Divers, Great Northern and Black-
throated, nesting in Shetland (Curr.
Lit;), 58

Dossik, J. B., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., a con-
tribution to the avifauna of West
Ross-shire, 65 ; curious nesting site
of Marsh Titmouse, 180; Viper in
the Pentlands, 184

Dolphin, Bottle-nosed, in Moray Firth,
47; White-beaked, in the Moray
Firth, 112, 177

Dolphins in the Moray Firth, 177

Dove, Ring, nesting in the City of
Edinburgh, 183

Druce, G. CLARIDGE, M.A., F.L.S.,
plants of West Ross, 122; Rosa
dumetorum, Thuill., 122; oa
cenisia, All., var. flexuosa (Wahl.),
a new species of Grass in Scotland,
122; the ‘‘ Flora of Perthshire,”
242; Carex xanthocarpa, Diseg.,
243; Agrostis pumila, L., 243

Duck, Long-tailed, in Dumfriesshire,
2; in Kirkeudbrightshire, 52

250 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Duck, Tufted, early hatching of, in
Caithness, 184

Dulichia monocantha in the Clyde, 55

Dytiscus lappontcus in Mull (Curr. Lit.),

59
Eagle, Golden, capture of a (Curr. Lit.),

243

Edinburgh, Mosses and Hepatics near,
186

Elf Loch, Braids, fauna of (Curr. Lit.),
124

Emiberiza hortulana in Shetland, 178

Epione parallelaria in Scotland (Curr.
Lit.), 125; wespertarta in Rox-
burghshire (Curr. Lit.), 59

LEvithacus rubecula, partial albinism in,

49

Ettrick, notes on the birds of, 21

Loucalanus crassus, recurrence of, in
the Moray Firth, 119

Luchelia Jacobee and its food-plant, 54

Euphrasiz, Scottish, 57; monograph
of British species (Curr. Lit.), 60

Luphrasia foulaensis, Scottish localities
for (Curr. Lit.), 188; Jatéfolia,
Pursh., in Caithness (Curr. Lit.)
246

Evans, HENRY, the Great Shearwater
at St. Kilda, 238

EvANs, WILLIAM, F.R.S.E., Harvest
Mouse in Moray, 46; Boreus hiem-
alts in Midlothian, 55; A/eta men-
ardi in Kirkcudbrightshire, 55 ;
Goldfinch in Mid-Perth, 115; Wax-
wing in Lothians, 116; Pintail
nesting in the ‘‘ Forth” area, 162 ;
records of Scottish land and
freshwater Mollusca, 185; Blue
Shark in the Firth of Forth, 239 ;
Meta menardi on Ailsa Craig, 239 ;
Strex gigas in Argyleshire, 240

Excresences and diseases occasioned in
plants by mites (Curr. Lit.), 129

5)

falco tslandus in Shetland, 182; Zz2-
nunculus in Aberdeenshire, 51 ;
vespertinus in Scotland, 116

Falcon, Iceland, in Shetland, 182; Red-
footed, in Scotland, 116

Faunal areas, minor, 8

Fieldfares, late, in Midlothian, 178

Flora, a new British, 124

Flora of Tiree, 31

Flowers, colours of, and moisture, 243

Flycatcher, Pied, in Shetland, 178

Forth, Pelagic Invertebrate Fauna of
the Firth of (Curr. Lit.), 244

Fossils, Cretaceous, found at Moreseat,
Aberdeenshire, 125

Fow Ler, J. A., Rose-coloured Pastor
in West Ross-shire, 49

fFuligula cristata, early hatching of, in
Caithness, 183 ; fev2xa breeding in
Wigtownshire, 513; arz/a in in-
land waters, 51

Fungi, new or rare British (Curr. Lit.),
188

Fyne, invertebrate
(Curr. Wit:); 245

fauna of Loch

Gadwall in Moray, 117

Gallinula chloropus, mode of progres-
sion of young, 183

Galloway, botanical notes from, for
1896 (Curr. Lit.), 61

“* Garland,” trawling experiments of the
(Curr. Lit.), 244

Garrulus glandartus, in Berwickshire,
48; in Dumfriesshire, 49, 181 ; in
East Lothian, 48; in Scotland,
114

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews,
notes from the (Curr. Lit.), 245

Geese, Wild, flying at a great height,
116

Gelechia confinis, Stn., a Northern
form of G. szmzlzs, Stn. (Curr.
Lit.), 244

Germon in the Solway Firth, 53

GiBsON, Rev. J. D. W., notes on the
birds of Carmichael, 47

Glasgow Natural History Society, Pro-
ceedings (Curr. Lit.), 61

Globiocephalus melas in Moray Firth,
177

GODFREY, ROBERT, M.A., Jay in
East Lothian, 48; Goldfinch in
Caithness, 115; late stay of Field-
fares in Midlothian, 178; hybrid
Crows in Forth area, 181 ; mode
of progression of young Waterhen,
183; early hatching of Tufted
Duck in Caithness, 183 ; Pochard
in Midlothian, 238

Golden Oriole in Forfarshire, 179

Goldfinch in Caithness, 115; in Mid-
Perth, 115; in West Lothian, 180

Grampus in Clyde, 236 ;

Grebe, Great Crested, breeding in
Wigtownshire, 51

GRIMSHAW, PERcY H., F.E.S., note
on the life-history of Lochmea
suturalis, 27

Gull, a habit of the Black-headed, 237

Gull, Ivory, on the Solway (Curr. Lit. ),
244; Sabine’s, in Arran, 52 4

Gymnadenia conopsea x albida in Scot-
land (Curr. Lit.), 246

Halicherus grypus, note on female, from
Sutherland, 177

Harelda glactalis in Dumfriesshire, 52 ;
in Kirkcudbrightshire, 52

INDEX \ 251

Harrier, Marsh, in Dumfriesshire, 182

Harvest Mouse in Moray, 473; in
Renfrewshire, 112

HARVIE-BRowN, J.A.,F.R.S. E., F.Z.S.,
on the minor faunal areas, 8; Caper-
caillie in S.E. Lanarkshire, 118

Hawfinch in Midlothian, 114

HENDERSON, THOMAS, Jun., remark-
able visitation of migratory birds
to Shetland, 178

Hepatice, new and rare Scottish (Curr.
Lit.), 246

fTieracta, British, 57

Homalomyia scalarés feeding on wax,
241

Hoopoe at the Isle of May, 182

Hybrids between Capercaillie
Pheasant, 17, 117

Hybrid Capercaillie and Black Cock
near Inverness, 52

Hybrid Crows in Forth area, 181

Hydroptilide, new, from Scotland, 187

fyperoodon rostrata in the Moray Firth,
113

and

Inland waters of Scotland, invertebrate
fauna of (Curr. Lit.), 245

IrBy, Lieut.-Col. L. Howarp, F.L.S.,
Long-eared Owl in the Outer
Hebrides, 50

Lstas clavipes, recurrence of, in the
Firth of Clyde, 120

Isopods, notes on some Scottish marine,
218

Lynx torquilla in Foula, 182

Jay in Berwickshire, 48 ; in Dumfries-
shire, 49, 181; in East Lothian,
48

Jays in Scotland, 114

Kestrel, Lesser, in Aberdeenshire, 51

KO STON RCH RS. Eeseand | oS:
STIRLING, Moss new to Britain,
243

KINNEAR, NORMAN B., Badger in
Kirkcudbrightshire, 112

KIRK, CHARLES, Water Rail breeding
near Glasgow, 52 ; Great Northern
Diver at St. Abb’s Head, 53

Labidocera wollastont, recurrence of, in
the Firth of Clyde, 120

Lagenorhynchus albirostris in the
Moray Firth, 112, 177

LaIDLaw, T. G., Great Spotted Wood-
pecker in Peeblesshire, 182 ; report
on movements and occurrence of
birds in Scotland during 1897, 200

Lantus collurio in Forfarshire, 180

Lepidoptera from Orkney, variation in
(Curr. Lit:); 124

Lepidoptera, notes on, 1897 (Curr.
Lit.), 187 ; captured in the Orkney
Islands (Curr. Lit.), 244

Lepidopus caudatus, 53

Liddesdale district of Roxburghshire,
plants indigenous to (Curr. Lit.),
12

Lochmea suturalis, note on life-history
of, 27

Locust, migratory, in Aberdeenshire, 55

Lontceracaprifolium in Perthshire (Curr.
Lit.), 246

LUMSDEN, JAMES, Waxwings at Loch
Lomond, 116; Shelduck carrying
its young, 117

Lyctum barbarum and L. europeum
and their local culture (Curr. Lit.),
126

MACDONALD, A., colours of flowers
and moisture, 243

MACPHERSON, Rev. H. A., M.A.,
F.Z.S., Long-tailed Duck in Dum-
friesshire, 52; Germon in the Sol-
way Firth, 53; Scad in the Solway,
53

MacRury, JOHN, M.B., the birds of
the island of Barra—additions and
notes, 75

Macvicar, SYMERS M., on the flora
of Tiree, 31, 81

Man, early, in Scotland, 129, 193

MARSHALL, Rev. EDWARD S., M.A.,
F.L.S., Ranunculus petiolaris,
122

Mastigophora Woodst? in Inverness-shire
(Curr, eit) 127

MAXWELL, Sir HERBERT, Bart.,
F.L.S., Scaup in inland waters,
51; Jays in Scotland, 114

Meles taxus in Wirkcudbrightshire,
112

Mergulus alle in Moray, 53

Meta menard: in Kirkcudbrightshire,
553 on Ailsa Craig, 239

Mollusca, Jand and freshwater, records
of Scottish, 185

Morice, Rev. F. D., M.A., FuE.S.;
further notes on Saw-Flies (7ez-
thredinide) from the summit of
Ben Nevis, including a species new
to Britain, 80

Moss new to Britain, 243

Mosses, distribution of British, 121,
(Curr. Lit.) 126

Motactlla flava in Lanarkshire, 179

Mus minutus in Moray, 46, 47; in
Renfrewshire, 112

Muscicapa atricapilia in Nithsdale, 49 ;
in Shetland, 178

Mycology of Kelvingrove Park (Curr,
Lit.), 61

252

Nemeophila plantaginis, ab. hospita and
ab. vufa (Curr. Lit.), 59; black
aberration, 59

Nitragin, experiments with (Curr. Lit. ),
60

NOBLE, HEATLEY, introduction of the
Capercaillie into Inverness-shire,
237

Notes of the season—Wigtownshire
(Curr. Lit.), 244

Obituary Notices. —Morris Youne,

B.S., 1; GEORGE WILLIAM
TRAILL, 7; WILLIAM ARCHER,
HIRE Son, ts)
(Kstrine parasites of British deer (Curr.
Lit.), 125

Oporabia autumnata (Curr, Lit.), 187
Orcanus germo in the Solway Firth,

53

Oriolus galbuda in Forfarshire, 179

Orsodacna, colour-varieties in Britain
(Curr. Lit.), 244

Ospreys, destruction of, 182

Otters, White (Curr. Lit.), 124

Otus vulgaris in Outer Hebrides, 50

Owl, Barn, dark form of, in Kincardine-
shire, 50;
Hebrides, 50

Oxycera dives at Rannoch (Curr. Lit.),

188
Pachytylus migratorius in Aberdeen-
shire, 55

Paracalanus parvus in the Firth of
Clyde, 120

Paramunna bilobata in Loch Fyne, 56

Parus palustris, curious nesting site of,
180

Pastor roseus in West Ross-shire, 49

PATERSON, JOHN, Sabine’s Gull in
Arran, 52; old note on Ailsa Craig,
113; Garden Warbler south of the
Grampians, 114; Waxwing in Ayr-
shire, 115; Blue-headed Wagtail in
Lanarkshire, 179; an obscure point
in the history of the Cadzow herd
of white cattle, 235; the Grampus
in Clyde, 236

PATERSON, JOHN, and ROBERTSON,
Joun, Chiff-chaff, Wood Wren,
and Black-throated Diver in East
Renfrewshire, 115

Peltas berus in the Pentlands, 184

Perthshire, ‘‘ Flora” of, 242

Perthshire note, a (Curr. Lit.), 246

Petrel, Leach’s, in Moray, 53

Phasianus colchicus and Tetrao uro-
gallus, hybrids between, 17, 117

Pheasant and Capercaillie, hybrids
between, 17, 117

Phylloscopus rufus in East Renfrewshire,

Long-eared, in Outer

ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

1153; sebelatv¢x in East Renfrew-
shire, 115

Pied Flycatcher in Nithsdale, 49

Pintail nesting in the ‘‘ Forth” area, 162

Plagiothectum Mvillertanum in Britain
(Curr. Lit.), 246

Plant Plankton, observations on (Curr.
Lit.), 61

Plants, nitrogenous food of (Curr. Lit.),
60

Plants, records of Scottish, for 1897,
225

Poa cenisia, All., var. flexuosa (Wahl.),
a new species of grass in Scotland,
122

Pochard breeding in Wigtownshire, 51

Pochard in Midlothian, 238

Podicipes cristatus breeding in Wigtown-
shire, 51

Polecat in Elginshire, 236

Polyommatus astrarche ab.quadripuncta
(Curr. Lit.), 58

Pratincola rubetra in Shetland, 178

Protection of wild birds and their eggs
in Scotland, 146

Psychoda albipennis from Loch Maree
(Curr. Lit.), 188 ; Ahalenoides from
Loch Maree (Curr. Lit.), 188

Pygera bucephala in Moray, 54

Pyrus Ariaand its varieties (Curr. Lit.),
60

Rallus aguaticus breeding near Glas-
gow, 52
Ranunculus auricomus, note on (Curr.
Lit.), 60; Aetzolarzs, 122, (Curr.
Leits) >) 126
REID, WILLIAM, F.E.S., Zendocampa
gracias in Scotland, 119
Reviews—
Manual of British Birds, by Howard
Saunders, 62
A History of Fowling, by the Rey.
H. A. Macpherson, 62
With Nature and a Camera, by R.
Kearton, 63
Memories of the Months, by Sir
Herbert Maxwell, 63
Among British Birds in their Nesting
Haunts, by O. A. J. Lee, 64
A Handy Guide to Fish Culture, by
J. J. Armstead, 64
Wild Birds Protection Acts, 1880-96,
by J. R. V. Marchant, M.A., and
Watkin Watkins, B.A., Barristers:
at-Law, 127
A Sketch of the Natural History
(Vertebrates) of the British Islands,
by, GiAilaloy FRG. Ssh Zee
128
Audubon and his Journals—Maria
R. Audubon. With Zoological

INDEX 253

Reviews—
and other Notes by Elliot Coues,
189
Flora of Perthshire — Francis

Buchanan W.
ital basa 18o] Bass

White, M.D.,
Edited, with an
Introduction and Life of the
Author, a list of his Scientific
Publications, and an Appendix,
by James W. H. Trail, A.M.,
M.D., F.R.S., 190
Synopsis Characearum Europzarum,
—Dr. Walter Migula, 191
County and Vice-County Divisions
of the British Islands, 191
Coloured Figures of the Birds of the
British Islands, issued by Lord
ilfoxd sy H-Z5.5,193
Life and Letters of Alexander Good-
renga), Wierda, IRIS Bay We !bESs
M.R.I.A., edited by G. B. Moffat,
B.A., 247
Roach in the Solway district, spread
of, 239
ROBERTSON, Davip, LL.D., In
Memoriam (Curr. Lit.), 58
Robin, partial albinism in, at Dalmeny,

49

Rorqual, Lesser, in the Moray Firth,
236

Rosa dumetorum, Thuill, 122

Rose-coloured Pastor in West Ross-
shire, 49

Ross, plants of West, 122

Ross-shire, West, contributions to
avifauna of, 65

Salices, experiments in cross-fertilisa-
tion of (Curr. Lit.), 188

Salmo alpinus, peculiar, in Inverness-
shire, 78

Saw-Flies from the summit of Ben
Nevis, including a species new to
Britain, 80

Scabbard Fish in Scottish waters, 53

Scad in the Solway, 53

Scaup in inland waters, 51

Scoters in summer (Curr. Lit.), 244

Scorr, THOMAS, F.L.S., Dzaptomus
hircus in Loch Lochy, Inverness-
shire, 55; Dudlichta monocantha
in the Clyde, 55; occurrence of
Paramunna bilobata, 56; recur-
rence of Eucalanus crassus in the
Firth of Clyde, 119; recurrence
of Labidocera wollastont and Jszas
clavipes in the Firth of Clyde, 120 ;
Paracalanus parvus in the Firth of
Clyde, 120; Cyclops manus and
C. languidus in Loch Doon, Ayr-
shire, 184 ; notes on some Scottish
marine Isopods, 218; on the

occurrence of Corophium affine in
Loch Fyne, 240; Cyclops Dybow-
shit, 241 3 Streblocerus minutus in
the Dhu Loch, near Rowardennan,
Loch Lomond, 241

Seal, Gray, note on female,
Sutherland, 177

Sedges, British, 122; notes on some
British (Curr. Lit.), 126

Sericomyta borealis, habits of (Curr.
Lit.), 59

SERLE, WILLIAM, migrant Wagtails at
Peterhead, 237 ; a habit of the
Black-headed Gull, 237

SERVICE, ROBERT, Jay in Dumfries-
shire, 49, 181; Long-tailed Duck
in Kirkcudbrightshire, 52; Marsh
Harrier in Dumfriesshire, 182;
uncommon fishes in the Solway
Firth, 239; spread of the Roach
in the Solway district, 239;
noxious insects in the Solway
district, 240; Homalomyta scalaris
feeding on wax, 241

Shark, Blue, in the Firth of Forth, 239

Shearwater, Great, at St. Kilda, 238

Shelduck carrying its young, 117

Shetland, remarkable visitation of
migratory birds to, 178; Whinchat,
Ortolan Bunting, and Pied Fly-
catcher in, 178

Shrew, Lesser, in Tiree, 111

Shrike, ed-backed, in Forfarshire,
180

SIM, GEORGE, A.L.S., Harvest Mouse
in Moray, 46 ; dark form of Barn
Owlin Kincardineshire, 50; Lesser
Kestrel in Aberdeenshire, 51 ;
Scabbard Fish in Scottish Waters,

3

SIMPSON JAMES, note on female Gray
Seal obtained on the east coast of
Sutherland, 177

Strex gigas in Argyleshire, 240

Siskin in Kirkcudbright, 180

Skua, Great, in Moray Firth, 118

SMALL, ROBERT, Waxwing in Cairn-
gorm district, 50; Hoopoe at the
Isle of May, 182

Solway district, noxious insects in the,
240

Solway Firth, uncommon fishes in the,
239

Sorex minutus in Tiree, III

Sphinx convolvulé in Scotland (Curr.
Tit); 59

St. Abb’s and vicinity, plants found in
June 1896 (Curr. Lit.), 125

St. Kilda, Great Shearwater at, 238

St. Kilda Wren, the so-called (Curr.
Lit.), 244

STEELE, A. B., Claytonia perfoliata,

from

254 ANNALS OF SCOTTISH NATURAL HISTORY

Don, 186; Mosses and Hepatics
near Edinburgh, 186
Stercorarius catarrhactes in
Firth, 118

STIRLING, J. S., and R. KrpsTon,
F.R.S.E., Moss new to Britain,
243

Streblocerus minutus in the Dhu Loch,
near Rowardennan, Loch Lomond,
241

Strix flammea, dark form of, in Kin-
cardineshire, 50

STUART, CHARLES,
Berwickshire, 48

Moray

VEO S Se saya

Sunaristes pagurt, notes on (Curr.
Lit.), 59 — : ;
Sylvia hortensis south of the Grampians,

114

Tadorna cornuta carrying its young, 117

Tentocampa gracilis in Scotland, 119

Tayv.Lor, J. M. B., Harvest Mouse in
Renfrewshire, 112; <Acherontia
atropos in Renfrewshire, 118

TayLor, WILLIAM, Common or
Bottle-nosed Dolphins in the
Moray Firth, 47; White-beaked
Dolphin in the Moray Firth, 112;
Fly peroodon rostrata in the Moray
Firth, 113 ; Dolphins in the Moray
Firth, 177; Polecat in Elginshire,
2360; Lesser Rorqual in the Moray
Firth, 236

Tenthredinide from the summit of Ben
Nevis, including a species new to
Britain, 80

Tephrosia bistortata in Scotland (Curr.
Lit.), 59 ;

Tetrao urogallus in S.E. Lanarkshire,
118

Tetrao urogallus and Phastanus col-
chicus, hybrids between, 17, 117

THORNLEY, Rev. A., M.A., F.L.S.,
F.E.S., additional Coleoptera from
the summit of Ben Nevis, collected
by Mr. W. S. Bruce in 1896, 30

Tiree, birds observed in, 153 ; flora of,
31, 81; plants (Curr. Lit.), 61

Titmouse, Marsh, curious nesting site
of, 180

Topographical botany of Scotland, 39,
98, 164, 23

Tour in N. Scotland, notes on a (Curr.

Lit.), 188

TRAIL, JAMES W. H., A.M., M.D.,
F.R.S., topographical botany of
Scotland, 39, 98, 164, 230

TRAILL, the late GEORGE WILLIAM, 7

TRAILL, Mrs. A. L., Wryneck at the
island of Foula, Shetland, 182

AU UNOVNGR, KS] Valo, AWIGID),5 JLJL.)D),-
F.R.S., etc., on a peculiar Charr
from Inverness-shire, 78

Turdus pilaris, late, in Midlothian, 178

TURNERS (Sin (Winner DACalle
CED) BaRSS.,) Barly; Wiankein
Scotland, 129, 193

Tursiops tursio in Moray Firth, 47

Tutt, J. W., F.E.S., Aluctta hexa-
dactyla in Scotland, 54

Upupa epops at the Isle of May, 182

Venilia macularéa in Scotland (Curr.
Lit.), 125

Viola tricolor and its allies, 56

Viper in the Pentlands, 184

Wagtail, Blue-headed, in Lanarkshire,
179

Wagtails, migrant, at Peterhead, 237

Warbler, Garden, south of the Gram-

pians, 114; Wood, in Kast
Renfrewshire, 115
Waterhen, mode of progression of

young, 183
Water Rail breeding near Glasgow 52
Waxwing in the Cairngorm district,
50; in Elginshire, 50; in Ayr-
shire, 115; in Lothians, 116
Waxwings in Banffshire, 50; at Loch
Lomond, 116
Whale, Bottle-nosed, in the Moray
Firth, 113 ; Pilot, in Moray Firth,

177

Whinchat in Shetland, 178

Wild Birds Protection Act, prosecution
under the, 237

Willow hybrids, some Scotch (Curr.
Lit.), 60

Willows, set of British, 122

Woodpecker, Great Spotted, in Peebles-
shire, 182

Wryneck in Foula, 182

Xema sabintd in Arran, 52

YounG, MorrIs, the late, 1

END OF VOL. VII.

Printed by R. & R. Ciark, Limitep, Edinburgh

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