Ar\ \o\ Ss 6635 cALSSd Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1995 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1995 Contents Statement by the Secretary 5 Report of the Board of Regents 7 Chronology 9 Reports of the Bureaus and Offices of the Smithsonian Institution for Fiscal Year 1995 37 Members of Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30,1995 96 Visits to the Smithsonian Institution Museums and Galleries in Fiscal Year 1995 104 Academic, Research Training, and Internship Appointments and Research Associates in Fiscal Year 1995 105 Award Activity at the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1995 145 Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press in Fiscal Year1995 = 154 Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries in Fiscal Year 1995 158 The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1995 226 Donors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1995 251 Contributing Members of the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1995 298 Financial Report = 312 Note: The contents of Annals were produced from electronic files provided by the bureaus and offices. Smithsonian Institution Establishment, Board of Regents, Executive Committee, and the Secretary Office of the Secretary Office of the Under Secretary Office of the Provost Office of Inspector General Office of Planning, Management, and Budget Office of General Counsel Office of Government Relations Office of Communications Provost Sciences Conservation Analytical Laboratory National Museum of Natural History National Zoological Park Office of Fellowships and Grants Office of International Relations Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Smithsonian Institution Libraries Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Arts and Humanities Anacostia Museum 4 Archives of American Art Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art Center for Museum Studies Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Institutional Studies Office National Air and Space Museum National Museum of African Art National Museum of American Art National Museum of American History National Museum of the American Indian National Portrait Gallery Office of Exhibits Central Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Educational and Cultural Programs Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies National Science Resources Center Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Under Secretary Finance and Administration Institutional Advancement National Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian Office of Membership and Development Office of Special Events and Conferences Smithsonian Women's Committee Other Functions Business Management Office Office of the Senior Information Officer Office of Telecommunications The Smithsonian Associates Smithsonian Institution Press Smithsonian Magazine Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine Affiliated Organizations John F. Kennedy for the Performing Arts National Gallery of Art Reading Is Fundamental Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Statement by the Secretary When I look back at my installation as Smithsonian Secretary, in September 1994, it seems simultaneously to have happened yesterday and a decade ago. I can hardly remember doing anything else; yet I don’t know where the year went. For me, one of the most exciting events of the year was the launching of the Smithsonian's World Wide Web site on May 8, 1995. The Smithsonian Home Page (http://www.si.edu) is a gateway to more than 2,000 electronic pages and thousands of images in a fully integrated, cross-referenced presentation of the Smithsonian’s sites, people, and resources. This was the first step toward fulfilling the commitment I made at my installation, a promise that the Smithsonian would become more than the place to visit in Washington, that we should become present throughout the country in new ways, and that we would become deeply engaged in this new world of information transmission and sharing. As of September 30, more than 8.5 million “hits” have been recorded at the site. At the heart of the information revolution is something far more than an advance in technology. It is the fulfilling of one central promise of democracy: to make knowledge available to as many citizens as possible, and to allow that access to be shaped by their needs. The “Electronic Smithsonian” gives us an opportunity to interact with America’s homes, schools, senior-citizen and youth centers, universities, museums, laboratories, and research centers in ways undreamed of a few years ago. As we prepare for the celebration of our 150th anniversary in 1996, we have continued to enlarge our technological capacity and knowledge to extend the reach of our historic mission. James Smithson’s goal of the “increase and diffusion of knowledge” has been reborn for a new century. Three major challenges have also punctuated the year. First, leadership changed in Congress, and we have had to get to know a whole new group of legislators and staff whose actions can deeply affect us. Second, the Enola Gay episode exploded, raising other issues as well, and disproportionately dominated attention internally and externally; we were uncertain whether the Smithsonian would continue to be cherished in the light of so much negative publicity. However, a public opinion survey taken before the exhibit opened showed encouraging results. Seventy-two percent of the people who were surveyed said that the Smithsonian was extremely important or very important as a major place in which to understand American culture and American history. Just 14 percent said they were somewhat less favorable toward the Smithsonian given what had happened. Third, it became apparent that Congress was going to take serious action to tame the budget deficit, that our budget would have to be affected, and that we would have to concentrate on where to reduce operations to live within a lower appropriation. It appears that we have established a good relationship with our oversight and appropriation committees and others in the legislature. This is evidenced by fair treatment in the budger process, real participation by our Congressional Regents, both old and new, at Institution events, and a showing of great interest in various of our activities by the Speaker, other legislators, and key Congressional staff. The Enola Gay imbroglio was an enormous trial. The conflict required us to question anew how both to respect scholarly integrity and to assure our general and specific publics when we deal in controversial areas that we are not using exhibitions to inculcate a particular viewpoint. This 1s no easy task, and we now have a set of guidelines chat set forth useful processes for future exhibitions. However, there is no subsritute for good judgment and a disposition co try to be wv” objective, no matter how hard the quest. I do not urge the avoidance of all potentially controversial exhibitions. When they are done well, they respect both subject and audience and promote genuine understanding of tough issues. The Smithsonian's budget problems are very real. We have received sympathetic treatment in Congress which, at this writing, has saved the planned Cultural and Conservation Center of the National Museum of the American Indian (alchough completion will also require the expenditure of some private funds raised by the museum) and increased our repair and renovation budget by 30 percent (a welcome enhancement to address serious facility problems). However, by not funding mandatory wage and inflationary increases Congress has effectively cut our base budget by 4 to 5 percent. Since we cannot assume that this base cut 1s a one-year phenomenon, 1t is clear that change in the management structure and style of the Institution is required to prepare the Institution for the challenges of the 21st century. We must continue to reconfigure ourselves and to make permanent reductions and consolidations. To that end, our newly formed Provost's Office (which replaces three Assistant Secretary offices) will emphasize service to the museums, research institutes, and other program and support offices; coordinate central oversight more efficiently; decentralize decision-making; and encourage greater coordination and cooperation among the various program units across the Institution. I end this report on my first year as Secretary with an enthusiastic look ahead at our Isoth year celebration in 1996. We see the 150th anniversary as an opportunity to say “thank you” to the American public, which has supported the Smithsonian for all these years, by offering many of our best exhibits and programming. Although there will be special exhibitions and events here in the nation’s capital, the Instirution’s home, the most ambitious projects for our celebration will bring the national museums to millions of people who may not plan to visit Washington next year. If they cannot come to us, we will go to them. These include a wonderful traveling exhibition, “America’s Smithsonian,” which will take highlights from the national collections to people around the country, and television programs throughout the year on CBS. And we will continue to expand and enhance the role of the “Electronic Smithsonian.” As we end the fiscal year, Discover Card and Intel have joined the Smithsonian's Corporate Partner Program, which will support the network television programming, the traveling exhibition, and a celebration on the National Mall in Washington on August 10, 1996, the actual anniversary of the Act of Congress that established the Institution. Thanks to their cooperation, the Smithsonian will be able to touch the lives of Americans nationwide in ways new to all of us. I hope that these activities will both reinforce the splendor and importance of the Smithsonian in the minds of Americans and lead to expanded private support for our undertakings. We have entered an era in which the Smithsonian must rely more heavily on private support from individuals and corporations, and this presents us with both challenges and great opportunities. I, Michael Heyman Secretary September 30. 1995 Report of the Board of Regents The Smithsonian's Board of Regents held plenary meetings on January 30, May 8, and September 18, 1995, and sponsored committee meetings throughout the year. The Executive Committee, the Nominating Committee, the Audit and Review Committee, the Investment Policy Committee, and the Personnel Committee advanced the work of the board with increasing effectiveness. Membership on the board sustained a fair degree of turnover. In the November 1994 elections, House Speaker Tom Foley and Senator Jim Sasser were not returned to office and left the Board of Regents at the end of the 103rd Congress. Senator John Warner resigned to take on additional Senate responsibilities. Representative Norman Y. Mineta resigned from the Congress and thereby left the board. The board designated all four of these former regents as regents emeritus. New regents from the Congress were Representative Bob Livingston, Representative Sam Johnson, Senator Alan K. Simpson, and Senator Thad Cochran. There was also turnover among the citizen members, as I. Michael Heyman resigned to become secretary of the Smithsonian, and the second terms of Jeannine S. Clark and Samuel C. Johnson expired. To fill these vacancies, the regents nominated Louis V. Gerstner Jr. of Connecticut, Howard H. Baker Jr. of the District of Columbia, and Anne d’Harnon- court of Pennsylvania. The regents also nominated Regent Homer A. Neal for a successive statutory term of six years. During the fiscal year, the regents met with their Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian, received the commission's report, and, with the assistance of the new ad hoc Committee on Policy and Programs, formulated responses to the recommendations. Noting that a number of the recommendations required the secretary's response over time, they asked for a progress report at least once a year. Working with the ad hoc committee and the secretary, the regents adopted guidelines to help Smithsonian advisory boards fulfill their support functions. Secretary Heyman engaged the regents in discussions of particularly difficult issues. After extensive deliberations, the regents publicly expressed their support for the secretary's decision to cancel the long-planned and highly controversial exhibition on the Enola Gay and the end of World War II ar the National Air and Space Museum and replace it with a display of the aircraft and related artifacts. After reviewing the findings of a National Academy of Public Administration study on the organization and management of the museum, the board adopted guiding principles for recruiting a new director and developing a mission statement. The Board of Regents reviewed the secretary's plans for reorganization of Smithsonian senior management and adopted changes in its bylaws to conform to the new organization. The regents also approved revised bylaws for the Smithsonian National Board and appointed its officers and membership. By regents’ resolution, the chairman of the Smithsonian National Board will remain a nonvoting participant in regents’ meetings. The regents also adopted revisions to the bylaws of the Commission of the National Portrait Gallery. Several reports to the Board of Regents during the year were especially significant with respect to the future of the Smithsonian. The board received reports on Latino initiatives, plans for the 1996 Isoth anniversary year and the traveling exhibition “America’s Smithsonian,” the development of the 1soth Anniversary Corporate Partner Program, and the debut of the Smithsonian’s home page on the World Wide Web. The Regents also discussed issues of revenue enhancement, development initiatives, and increasing fiscal stringencies. In the latter context, the regents authorized the deaccession of the Barney Studio House subject to review by the Executive Committee. In other actions, the Board of Regents approved the development of an affinity credit card, endorsed the phased planning of the extension of the National Air and Space Museum and reaffirmed its placement at Washington Dulles International Airport, and voted to continue soliciting voluntary donations in selected Smithsonian museums. The board also noted that the Senate has requested a feasibility study on collecting admission fees in the museums. The regents awarded the Joseph Henry Medal to retiring General Counsel Peter G. Powers and to Representative Sidney R. Yates, a regent emeritus, in grateful recognition of their decades of extraordinary service to the Smithsonian. During the year, the regents appointed the following individuals to boards and commissions: Manley Alan Begay Jr., George L. Cornell, Billy L. Cypress, Dwight Gourneau, Gerald R. McMaster, Joann Sebastian Morris, Nancy Clark Reynolds, Phyllis Young, James A. Block, Ellsworth H. Brown, Catherine Sweeney Fowler, Douglas M. George, Jorge Flores Ochoa, Luci Tapahonso, and Bernard Julian Whitebear to the Board of Trustees of the National Museum of the American Indian; Kathleen Allaire, Harvey Krueger, Richard Smith, Agnes Bourne, Barbara Levin, and Richard Hayden to the Board of Trustees of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; David C. Driskell, Frances Humphrey Howard, Robin B. Martin, and Robert H. Nooter to the Commission of the National Museum of African Art; Nancy Ruth Morin, Alan K. Simpson, and Stanley O. Ikenberry to the Board of the National Museum of Natural History; Edwin I. Colodny, Ann Cousins, Frank K. Ribelin, Wanda M. Corn, Rosa Rionda de la Cruz, Paul D. Parkman, and Gerald L. Pearson to the Commission of the National Museum of American Art; Mrs. Hart Fessenden, Kurt Gitter, Jill Hornor Ma, Aboulala Soudavar, and Paul Walter to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Visiting Committee; and Roger Covey, Richard Danziger, and Cynthia Helms to the Freer Gallery of Art Visiting Committee. Staff Changes Throughout fiscal year 1995, under the new leadership of I. Michael Heyman, various reorganizations were undertaken to place greater emphasis on the responsibilities of the museums, research centers, and offices. The Office of the Provost was established under Robert S. Hoffmann, the Smithsonian's former assistant secretary for science. On an interim basis, former assistant secretaries Tom L. Freudenheim and James C. Early and deputy assistant secretary Ross B. Simons became assistant provosts. Former Assistant Secretary Thomas E. Lovejoy was named counselor to the secretary for biodiversity and environmental affairs, former deputy assistant secretary Marc J. Pachter became counselor to the secretary for special projects and the electronic media, and Miguel A. Bretos served as counselor to the secretary for Latino affairs under contract. Alice Green Burnette was given the new title of assistant secretary for institutional advancement. Retiring from the administrative ranks were Peter G. Powers, the Smithsonian's first general counsel, former Assistant Secretary John F. Jameson, and Contracting Officer Robert P. Perkins. Other departures of note included Director of Government Relations Mark W. Rodgers, Deputy Assistant Secretary Claudine K. Brown, Director of Facilities Services Richard L. Siegle, Director of Protection Services Charles A. Hines, and National Air and Space Museum Director Martin O. Harwit. We were fortunate to have recruited by year’s end J. Dennis O'Connor to become the Smithsomian’s first permanent provost on January 1, 1996; John E. Huerta to assume the position of general counsel on November 13, 1995; David J. Umansky, who was appointed to the new position of director of communications in March 1995; M. John Berry, who became director of government relations in April 1995; John W. Cobert to assume the directorship of the Contracts Office; Edith W. Hedlin, who became director of the Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives in October 1994; and Nicole L. Krakora, who was appointed director of special events and conferences services in June 1995. To these officers and countless others, we owe a debt of gratitude for their efforts to bring the Smithsonian to its present greatness and envision its possibilities for the future. Chronology Fall B Acquisition At auction, Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum acquired six lots of rare French wall- papers representing the work of some of the premier French wallpaper producers of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Fall @ Fellowship Four senior fellows in plant science were appointed under the Smithsonian Institution University Program in the Studies of Evolution of Terrestrial Eco- systems, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Fall @ Children’s Book 1n collaboration with Hyperion Books for Children (a Disney affiliate), the National Museum of American Art published Celebrate America in Poetry and Art. More than 20,000 copies of this children’s book have been sold, and a softcover edition is in the works. Fall @ Research Seminar Series Ina seminar series supported by the Educational Outreach Fund and coordinated by the Office of Fellowships and Grants, nine Smithsonian staff members spoke about Smithsonian research. The seminars were held at 16 large U.S. universities with sig- nificant numbers of students from underrepresented groups. October—September B Acquisitions The National Museum of American Art strengthened its collection with some 600 works, in- cluding major paintings by American modernists Georgia O'Keeffe and Robert Motherwell, a 24-foor- wide sculpture by Louise Nevelson, and a collection of approximately 300 prime examples of early American photography. The Renwick Gallery acquired some 60 new examples of 2oth-century American crafts, made possible in large part by The James Renwick Alliance, which this year passed the half-million-dollar mark in gifts to the Renwick for acquisitions. October—September The National Museum of Afri- can Art's Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives contin- @ Collections Preservation ued work on the Eliot Elisofon Motion Picture Film Collection Preservation and Classification Project, funded for the second year through a grant from the Smithsonian Research Resources Program. October—J uly @ Fellowships the Center for Museum Studies brought two museum Fellowships in Museum Practice from professionals to the Smithsonian. Teresa Morales of the Programa de Museos Comunitarios y Ecomuseos, Oaxaca, Mexico, conducted research on “Cultural Ap- propriation and Community Museums,” and D. Lynn McRainey of the Chicago Historical Society studied “In- terpreting History through Interactive Experiences.” October—November @ Teachers’ Program Thousands of teachers across the country participated in a nationally broadcast series of interactive videos produced by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Science Education Department to demonstrate how student misconceptions may interfere with the learning of science. October—November @ Research A Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory instrument aboard the Spartan 201 satellite launched from the space shuttle discovered extremely hot gas in -the atmosphere above the Sun’s south pole. This finding offers clues to the origin of the solar wind, a phenome- non that affects communications and power transmis- sion lines on Earth. October Bw Research The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center provided instrumentation for nine new auto- mated stations for the monitoring and sampling of stream discharges. This work is part of the center's Chesapeake Bay watershed study. October w Public Program The Smithsonian Environmental Re- search Center held its annual weekend sale of bird seed, bird feeders, natural history books, and T-shirts. Visitors also enjoyed hayrides, tours of the buildings, and hikes on nature trails. October w Publication staff scientist D. Ross Robertson, in collaboration with Gerald R. Allen, published Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific, the most comprehensive guide ever produced to Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute the fish fauna of this region. October @ Teachers’ Publication Beyond the Frame: Using Art for Interdisciplinary Learning, a teachers’ guide contain- ing lessons on eight works of art from five Smithsonian art museums, was published by the Office of Elemen- tary and Secondary Education. This publication was de- signed for middle school and high school educators and is the fifth publication in a series sponsored by Brother International Corporation. October w Latino Outreach Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Mu- seum received a $98,000 grant from the Smithsonian to support the Institution's efforts to increase its Latino audi- ence and expand its coverage of Latino contributions to his- tory, art, and science. The museum is using these funds to support educational programs, exhibition development, and the establishment of a Latino archive. October w Publications and Products \n conjunction with the opening of the George Gustav Heye Center, the Na- tional Museum of the American Indian released books on each of the three inaugural exhibitions, a music re- cording on compact disc and cassette tape, a calendar, a postcard book, and T-shirts. 10 October 1 w Visitor study The Smithsonian Office of Institutional Studies began a one-year survey of visitors to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art. Informa- tion gained through a year of face-to-face interviewing of gallery visitors should provide helpful knowledge for the focusing of priorities in exhibitions, research, and public programming. October 1-April 7 w Internships The new Museum Intern Partnership Program, sponsored by the Center for Museum Studies, offered a dual internship experience at the Smithsonian and a smaller, community-focused museum. October 1-2 @ Special Event The Friends of the National Zoo launched its first annual ZooArts Festival featuring the work of prominent Washington-area artists and photog- raphers as well as local high school students and people from community groups. October 3 @ Awards major awards at the annual meeting of the American The National Zoological Park won three Zoo and Aquarium Association: the top Conservation Award for NZP’s outstanding golden lion tamarin con- servation program, the Edward H. Bean Award for Ex- cellence in Conservation for collaborative work on behalf of the endangered tiger (shared with two other U.S. zoos); and a Significant Achievement award for breeding Matschie’s tree kangaroo at the Zoo's Conserva- tion and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. October ro mw Special Event Atasigning ceremony hosted by Na- tional Geographic Society President Gilbert M. Grosvenor, Nissan U.S.A.’s Vice-President of Brand and Consumer Marketing Jerry Florence presented a check for $950,000 to Smithsonian Secretary I. Michael Hey- man to become the national corporate sponsor of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service- National Geographic Society exhibition, “Earth 2U, Ex- ploring Geography.” The exhibition, which opened in November at the National Geographic Society, intro- duces children and their families to the wonders and complexities of world geography. October 10 mw Public Program Nobel Peace Prize recipient Arch- bishop Desmond Tutu addressed an audience of more than 2,000 Smithsonian Associates and the general pub- lic as part of an African American Studies Forum enti- tled “South Africa: After the Elections.” October 13 @ Lecture from a Chinese Imperial Kiln,” this year’s John A. Pope “Amusing the Emperor: Unique Discoveries Memorial Lecture at the Freer Gallery of Arc, was deliv- ered by Liu Xinyuan, director of the Jingdezhen Insti- tute of Ceramic Archaeology in China. October 14 w@ Major Gift The National Museum of Natural His- tory received one of the most significant contributions of jewelry and financial support in its history when Gil- bert S. Kahn announced a new gift from his mother, Janet Annenberg Hooker. Mrs. Hooker's gift included a suite of rare fancy yellow starburst diamonds and $2 million toward the creation of the museum's Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals, bringing her support for the new hall toa total of $5 million. The complex will be named in honor of Mrs. Hooker. October 15 w Honors Benefactors’ Circle Honoree and Lloyd G. Schermer was Glenn O. Tupper was the Smithsonian presented with the Joseph Henry Medal at the Smithsonian Benefactors’ Circle recognition dinner. October 18-December 18 w Lecture Series Eight Nobel laureates in physics partic- ipated in an unprecedented lecture series sponsored by The Smithsonian Associates. The world-renowned phys- icists recounted their prizewinning work and discussed their current research. October 19 @ Educational Publication The National Postal Museum published the Elementary School Postal Pack, an activity book and resource guide that integrates letter writing, postal history, and stamp collecting into language arts, history, geography, and math curriculums. October 20-23 @ Meeting The Smithsonian Council, a group of 25 in- dividuals active in a variety of fields and disciplines, met in Washington, D.C., to assess the Smithsonian's anthropological and cultural studies programs as well as programs of the Institution's conservation biology com- munity and the Conservation Training Council. October 20 w Lecture sented “Behind the Desk: Accommodating Volunteers The Smithsonian Accessibility Program pre- with Disabilities” to staff from the Smithsonian and Washington, D.C., cultural organizations. The program was one of 10 monthly lectures on museum accessibility for people with disabilities. October 21 w Public program sored by the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery opened with the A Southeast Asian Film Series spon- Vietnamese film, “Abandoned Field,” and went on to show four other seldom-screened classic films, includ- ing two directed by His Majesty Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia. October 24 @ Major Gift The Mashancucket Pequot Tribal Nation made a $10 million contribution to the National Cam- paign for the National Museum of the American In- dian, at the time the largest contribution to the Smithsonian in its 148-year history. October 25 @ Public program The Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Se- ries of six evenings of chamber music opened with the first of three appearances by Musicians from Marlboro. Other performers this year were The Shanghai Quarter, Pamela Frank, and the Takacs Quartet. October 27 @ Visit Leszek Kuznicki, president of the Polish Acad- emy of Sciences, visited the Smithsonian. October 28—February 26 @ Exhibition “Free within Ourselves: African- American Art from the Museum's Collection” was on view at the National Museum of American Art. Nearly II 200 works in all media by some 100 artists, drawn from the nation’s most extensive public collection of African American art, illustrated the scope of the African Ameri- can contribution to the visual arts. Affzrmation Today, a 30-minute video produced in conjunction with the exhibition, highlighted the life and work of five African American artists. October 28-May 12 @ Education Program The National Zoological Park and the Fairfax County Public Schools coproduced four “Science Safari” programs for elementary school stu- dents and an “Electronic Field Trip” for middle school students, both with related curriculum materials. The programs were broadcast to schools nationwide via satel- lite downlink or cable television. October 30 @ Opening The George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian opened with three inaugural exhibitions in New York City. More than 60,000 people visited the Heye Center during its first month, almost one and one-half times the number who had visited the museum in an entire year at its old location. October 30 The Office of Public Affairs or- ganized the publicity campaign for the opening of the m Publicity Campaign New York facility of the National Museum of the Amer- ican Indian. The opening began with a week of special previews for the media, donors, members, and other guests, culminating in a Native American blessing on the steps of the Custom House, the home of the mu- seum. Media coverage was extensive, reaching millions of Americans through network television, national news magazines, and Native American publications. October 30 8 Awards seum of the American Indian’s Art and Cultural The first five recipients of the National Mu- Achievement Award were announced. They were Allan Houser (Chiricahua Apache), posthumously; Oren R. Lyons (Onondaga); N. Jana Harcharek (Inupiat); Gero- nima Cruz Montoya (San Juan Pueblo); and Katherine Siva Saubel (Cahuilla). 12 October 30 w Publications Press served as the principal publication partner at the Smithsonian Institution University inaugural opening of the National Museum of the American Indian exhibit in New York City, through publication of the award-winning exhibition catalogues, Creation’s Journey and All Roads Are Good. both copublished with NMAI. October 31 w New Office the offices of three assistant secretaries to establish the Secretary I. Michael Heyman combined Office of the Provost and appointed former Assistant Secretary for the Sciences Robert Hoffmann as acting provost. The new office plans, coordinates, facilitates, and evaluates the Institution's activities 1n research, collections management, exhibitions, education, and cultural programs. November The National Museum of African Art added three important objects to its collections. Spoon, a B® Acquisition conceptually complex modern bronze sculpture, was created by Amir I.M. Nour (b. 1939), a contemporary sculptor who was born in the Republic of Sudan and has lived in the United States for most of his adult life. A superb and rare carved wooden face mask from the Lele peoples of Zaire is decorated with metal appliqué, beads, and cowrie shells. A carved wooden face mask, Oloju-foforo. attributed to Yoruba artist Bamgboshe of Osi-Ilorin, Nigeria (d. ca. 1920), will be featured in the 1995-96 exhibition “Three Explorations: Yoruba, Temne, and Baga.” November w Video Release munications film In Open Air: A Portrait of the American The award-winning Office of Telecom- Impressionists was released as a home video available for sale in the Museum Shops and through mail order. November @ Teachers’ Program Teachers’ Night at the Smithson- ian, sponsored and coordinated by the Office of Elemen- tary and Secondary Education, brought more than 1,200 local teachers together with educators from more than 30 Smithsonian museums and offices to sample educa- tional products and programs. November gw New Communication Facility A satellite earth station was installed at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute's Tupper Center to establish more reliable com- munication between the Smithsonian Institution in Washington and STRI. November 3—January 29 w Exhibition and Programs “Bruce Nauman,” an inter- nationally celebrated retrospective of this American art- ist (b. 1941), had its first East Coast showing at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Organized by the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis in association with the Hirshhorn, the exhibition of high-intensity sculpture, photographs, drawings, films, holograms, and installations spurred in-depth public programming. November 7-13 w Benefit Event tions, private receptions and special dinners, and other Visits to museums and private collec- activites filled the week in Laguna Beach, California, for an Archives of American Art fund-raiser. The week culminated ina gala evening honoring the IoI-year-old artist Beatrice Wood. November 7-10 B Course ist course “Conservation of Gilt Wood,” organized at Twenty-one participants attended the special- the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. The course is re- quired for students in CAL's Furnicure Conservation Training Program. November 14 @ Consortium The National Zoo's Conservation and Re- search Center, Environmental Systems Research Insti- tute, Inc., and Hewlett-Packard Company formed The Conservation Technology Support Program, a consor- tium that will provide computer hardware, software, and training to nonprofit conservation organizations 1n the United States and abroad. This program will enable biologists to more effectively analyze the environmental impact of land and natural resource utilization. November 17 B Exhibition “Directions—Gary Simmons” opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, featur- ing cartoon-derived chalk images on 10 panels and a Io- by-37-foot gallery wall created by this New York-based artist (b. 1964). Providing subtle commentary on stereo- types of African Americans, the blackboard-like draw- ings showed images and objects gleaned mostly from race-specific cartoons of the 1930s and 1940s. November 17 w Benefit Event The Archives of American Art hosted a gala event for 280 guests honoring Agnes Gund, chair- man of the board of trustees of the Museum of Modern AIt. November 18 The staff and children of the Em- bassy of Italy hosted a group of Resident Associate fami- w Family Program lies in celebration of International Children's Day. The Italian actor Carlo Cicala delighted participants with folktales, original stories, and a group sing-along. November 19-20 @ Special Event George Gustav Heye Center, the National Museum of In celebration of the opening of the the American Indian Powwow was held at the Jacob K. Javits Center in New York City. November 20 w Exhibition “In Search of Common Ground: Potomac Gardens, A Community of Senior Citizens,” an exhibi- tion focusing on senior residents of a housing complex in southeast Washington, D.C., opened at the Anacostia Museum. The exhibition explored the effects of migra- tion from rural to urban and public housing environ- ments. It was cosponsored and funded by the D.C. Community Humanities Council and the National En- dowment for the Humanities. November 20 w Exhibition opening “A Basketmaker in Rural Japan” at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery celebrated the life’s work of Hiroshima Kazuo, the last professional itiner- ant basketmaker in Hinokage, an agricultural region of southern Japan. Most of the works on view were loaned by the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History. 3 November 28 w Exhibition the White House,” a temporary exhibition at the Na- “Best Wishes: Holiday Greetings from tional Postal Museum, displayed White House Christ- mas cards from the Eisenhower administration to the present. December @ Latino Outreach The Office of Public Affairs ran the first of five advertising campaigns for the year in three local Latino newspapers. OPA staff wrote the text in Spanish. The campaigns were geared toward the Christ- mas holidays, springtime events, the Festival of Ameri- can Folklife, summer events near the time of the Latin American festival held in Washington, D.C., and Hispa- nic Heritage Month. December B Research Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory sci- entists and their colleagues completed the most accurate test yet of a prediction of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. December 2 w Benefit Event Archives of American Art members were invited to the opening gala of ART 94 Los Ange- les, the International Contemporary Art Fair. Proceeds from the evening benefited the Archives. December 2-May 29 w Exhibition “Federal Profiles: Saint-Mémin in Amer- ica, 1793-1814” was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. French émigré Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de Saint-Mémin spent 20 years in the United Srates creating distinctive profile likenesses of the citizens and French émigrés of the new nation. More than 200 of his miniature engravings and drawings were displayed. The accompanying catalog, Saint-Mémin and the Neoclassical Profile Portrait in America, by Ellen G. Miles, curator of painting and sculpture at the Portrait Gallery, is a Barra Foundation book published by the gallery in association with the Smithsonian Institution Press. It was selected as best illustrated book in the Washington Book Publishers’ annual Design and Effectiveness Competi- tion and also won second prize for books in the Museum 14 Publications Design Competition sponsored by the American Association of Museums. December 5—9 w Workshop The Center for Museum Studies Work- shop Series began with “Introduction to Public Pro- gramming.” Three more workshops in basic museum operations were offered during the year. December 6 B Award The New York Chapter of the Industrial De- signers of America awarded Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Director Dianne H. Pilgrim and Assis- tant Director for Public Programs Susan Yelavich the society's Bronze Apple Award for support, use, and en- couragement of good design. December 7 B Appreciation Event The Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center hosted the annual apprecia- tion event for volunteer information specialists, with re- marks by Secretary I. Michael Heyman. December 9 @ Awards Trophy awards were presented to Michael H. Carr for life- The 1994 National Air and Space Museum time achievement and to Patty Wagstaff for current achievement. December 9—February 19 w Exhibition sian artists for concepts to transform Moscow into a Recent proposals by Western and Rus- showplace of post-totalitarian art were the focus of “Monumental! Propaganda,” an exhibition produced by the International Gallery in the Office of the Pro- vost. “Collaborating with History,” an introductory video produced for the exhibition, raised additional questions about the past and future of commemora- tive monuments in the former Soviet Union. December 13—March 13 mw Exhibition “Katharine Kuh: Interpreting the New” was on view in the Archives of American Art's New York Regional Center exhibition gallery. As an art histo- rian, curator, gallery owner, and critic, Kuh champi- oned the cause of modernism throughout her life. December 18 w Special Event Three hundred fifty donors attended an afternoon holiday reception hosted in the Castle by Secretary I. Michael Heyman and his wife, Therese Heyman. December 24 @ Exhibition opening “Paintings from Shiraz,” an exhibi- tion selected from the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery's Vever Collection of Islamic Arts of the Book featured works from Shiraz, the city in southwestern Iran that was one of the great centers of Persian painting in the 4 through 16 century. January—March, A pril—October wm Exhibition “Workers at the White House” was on exhibit at the Carter Presidential Library in Atlanta, Georgia, and at the Reagan Library in Simi Valley, Cali- fornia. The exhibition was produced by the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies in cooperation with the White House Historical Association and the National Archives. January @ Education Program The National Museum of African Art launched an ongoing series for young audiences called “Let's Read about Africa.” The weekend pro- grams introduce young visitors to African culture, visual traditions, and the joy of reading. January w New Research Facility The Solar Radiation Group of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center moved into a newly completed laboratory addition at the center's main facility near Edgewater, Maryland. This group focuses on the measurement of solar radiation, es- pecially ultraviolet radiation, and on the effects of this radiation on living things. January B Grant The Smithsonian Institution Libraries was awarded $197,250 from the Getty Grant Program to fund an online index and finding guide to the literature of African art and culture. The index is being developed for access on the Internet as part of the Libraries’ online catalog. Responding to the public’s growing interest in non-Western art, the index of 52,000 citations was cre- ated by Libraries staff to identify source materials in this expanding field. January @ Research A submillimeter telescope developed by a consortium of research institutes including the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory was installed and operated at the South Pole to study giant molecular clouds in the Milky Way. January B Curriculum Development The National Science Resources Center began nationally field-testing the pre- liminary edition of Animal Studies, a fourth-grade unit in the Science and Technology for Children hands-on science curriculum program. January @ Electronic Outreach The Smithsonian Institution Libraries online catalog became available on the Internet at telnet://siris.si.edu. January B Radio Series Jazz Smithsonian, hosted by Lena Horne, began its third season on the air. It is being broadcast by Radio Smithsonian on a record 185 radio stations. January B Exhibition Exhibition Service's small-format, free-standing version The Smithsonian Institution Traveling of “Saynday was coming along . . . Silverhorn’s Draw- ings of the Kiowa Trickster” opened at the Kiowa Tribal Museum in Carnegie, Oklahoma. Organized with the National Museum of Natural History in collab- oration with and with participation from the Kiowa community, “Saynday” will travel to Native American centers and small exhibit centers during the next three years. January @ Teachers’ Publication Art to Zoo. the quarterly teaching guide for elementary and middle schools published by the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, adopted a new design, editorial, and distribution strategy. January w Exhibition “Women in Action: Rebels and Reform- ers, 1920-1980” opened at the National Museum of American History. The exhibition was sponsored by the League of Women Voters to celebrate the 75th anniver- sary of woman suffrage. January I w Name Change The Office of Museum Programs changed its name to the Center for Museum Studies. The new name more accurately reflects the mission and work of the office and better accommodates efforts to establish networks with college and university museum studies programs. January 7 @ New Facility The Visitors Center of the Smithsonian's Whipple Observatory in Arizona offic- ially opened to the public, presenting exhibits on astron- omy, natural science, cultural history (and Smithsonian history), and the environment. January 12 @ Research Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory scientists and their colleagues found by far the best evidence for the existence of massive black holes. The discovery was based on radio observations of swirling gas orbiting a very dense concentration of material with the mass of about 40 million Suns. January 16 m Lecture The Office of the Provost sponsored the annual Martin Luther King Jr. Lecture with keynote speaker Harold Hongju Koh, professor of international law and director of the Orville Schell Jr. Center for International Human Rights at the Yale University Law School. His lecture was titled “Aliens in our ‘Beloved Community’.” January 20 @ Award Ceremony The Slovak Academy of Sciences presented the Aurel Stodola Golden Plaque to Slovak- American physicist Igor Bazovsky in a ceremony at the Smithsonian. 16 January 23 w Radio Advertising Campaign The first radio advertise- ment ran in the Office of Public Affairs’ Black History Month campaign, one of three annual radio advertising campaigns aimed at local African American audiences, ages 25 to 45. OPA prepared the ad copy, and three local radio stations—WKYS, WPGC, and W HUR— produced the ads. The other campaigns were geared to spring school-break activities and to summer Festival of American Folklife events at the Smithsonian. January 24 @ Members’ Event Contributing Members attended a private viewing of the exhibition “Contemporary Crafts and the Saxe Collection” at the Renwick Gallery of the National Museum of American Art. January 28 @ Conference Prominent musicians and promoters who helped shape the local contemporary musical scene dis- cussed the history of Latin music in Washington, D.C., at a conference sponsored by the Anacostia Museum. January 28-February 13 w Study Tour For the first time, Smithsonian Associ- ates journeyed to Vietnam and Cambodia on two inter- national study tours sponsored by The Smithsonian Associates. January 30-February 18 m@ Tour The Archives of American Art sponsored an exploration of extraordinary architectural and artistic sights, “Temple-Mountains and Dragon Kings.” Tour- ing on land and sea, this adventure began in Bangkok and continued to Cambodia, Vietnam, and Hong Kong. Archives Trustee Council member Dr. Helen Jessup was the guest lecturer. February—September m Exhibition “Virgil Whyte ’All-Girl’ Band,” a display of photographs, documents, and artifacts, was on view at the National Museum of American History. The exhi- bition showed how a touring U.S.O. band promoted equal job opportunity for women during World War II because the band’s director, Virgil Whyte, demanded that his female musicians receive union pay equal to that of male musicians of comparable skills. February I-4 w Public Program John Singleton, director of the ac- claimed Boyz ’n the Hood, was among the participants at the conference “too Years of Black Film: Imaging African American Life, History, and Culture” at the National Museum of American History. February 6-9 @ Course “Exhibit, Storage, and Handling of Furniture Collections,” a preservation-oriented specialist course for caretakers of furniture collections, was organized at the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. February 8 @ Television Broadcast Millions of early-morning tele- vision viewers had a good look at the National Museum of American History when it was the site of a special broadcast of Good Morning America on ABC. February 10-November 19 w Exhibition “Majestic in His Wrath: The Life of Fred- erick Douglass,” coorganized with the National Park Service, was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. Commemorating the 100th anniversary of civil rights crusader Douglass’ death, this exhibition evoked his life and legacy. The accompanying catalog, Mayzestic in His Wrath: A Pictorial Life of Frederick Douglass. by Portrait Gallery historian Frederick S. Voss, received the Blue Pencil Award from the National Association of Government Communicators. February 10 @ Public Program na Cultures in Motion program at the National Portrait Gallery entitled “The Painted Gourd: Red and Black Voices,” Penny Gamble Wil- liams (Wampanoag/Chappaquiddick), ZSun-nee Matema (Choctaw/African), and Victoria Price (Cherokee/African) shared stories, histories, drama, and music from their mixed Native American and African American heritage of the Southeast. February 13 m Exhibition First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton addressed students, teachers, and several White House workers at Shaed Elementary School in northeast Wash- ington, D.C., in conjunction with the opening of the exhibition “Workers at the White House” at the school. The exhibition was produced by the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies in cooperation with the White House Historical Association and the National Archives. February 15 w@ Exhibition “Asbestos: Promise, Problems, Panic, Pru- dence” opened at the National Museum of American History as part of the museum's “History in the News” series. February 17 w@ Exhibition tion of children’s art, opened in the National Zoo's “Impressions of Another Land,” an exhibi- Education Building. The artists, fourth graders from Sydney, Australia, and Chevy Chase, Maryland, drew a remarkable series of pictures of Australian animals—the Sydney students from firsthand experience, the Mary- landers from photographs and videotapes. February 23 Workers at the White House aired on Washington public television station WETA as part @ Television Broadcast of the commemoration of Black History Month. The video was produced by the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies in cooperation with the White House Historical Association and the National Archives. February 28—March 1 @ Conference The National Science Resources Center and the Academia de la Investigacién Cientifica, the Mexican counterpart of the National Academy of Sci- ences, cosponsored Mexico's first Forum on Science Edu- cation. The 75 participants, including corporate executives and educators, explored how business and industry in Mexico could become involved in science education reform. March w Visit Science, and Technology Baldwin Ngubane visited the South African Minister of Arts, Culture, Smithsonian. March w Exhibition “Full Deck Art Quilts” opened at the Renwick Gallery of the National Museum of American Art. Developed by Maryland-based artist Sue Pierce and 17 the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Ser- vice, this exhibition features 54 dramatically colored quilts inspired by playing-card images. The exhibi- tion is traveling to 11 locations across the country, in- cluding regional art centers, university galleries, and art Museums. March B Fellowships stitute, Ulrich Mueller, a researcher from Cornell Uni- At the Smithsonian Tropical Research In- versity, was selected as the first Earl S. Tupper three-year postdoctoral fellow; he will conduct research on “The Evolution and Ecology of the Attine-Fungus Symbiosis.” Eloisa Lasso, a senior botany student at the University of Panama, was the first recipient of the Alan P. Smith Fellowship. March The National Museum of Natural His- tory completed a comprehensive visitor survey, devoting @ Visitor Survey one year to interviewing nearly 5,000 visitors. The sur- vey revealed that nearly half of visitors come to the mu- seum with children, many are visiting the museum for the first time, and most have a relatively focused goal for their visit. The results will help the museum de- velop the most effective and popular exhibitions and public programs. March w Exhibition Museum of Natural History and circulated by the “Spiders!"—organized by the National Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service— began its national tour at the American Museum of Nat- ural History in New York City. Funded by Marvel Entertainment, “Spiders!” will travel to nine more sci- ence and natural history museums through 1997, includ- ing the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, and the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. March gw New Construction Construction of a new 10,460- square-foot office building was begun at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. The new building will house the administrative and edu- cation program staffs as well as the center's central computer facilities. 18 March w Special Event Ina ceremony at the National Museum of American History, Hillary Rodham Clinton pre- sented the gown she wore to inaugural balls in 1993 to the First Ladies Collection. The gown is on exhibit in the “Ceremonial Court,” which displays many artifacts belonging to past presidents and first families and re- creates architectural details of the 1902 White House. March 6 w Benefit Event The Detroit Council of the Archives of American Art presented “Celestial Sorcery,” its annual benefit ball, at the Renaissance Club in Detroit. March 8 B Awards Program The National Science Resources Center cohosted a program for secondary school teachers who received the Presidential Awards for Excellence in Science and Mathematics Teaching. March 9 The Archives of American Art New York Committee visited the studio and home of the re- w Tour nowned sculptor Donald Judd. William Agee, professor of art history at Hunter College and chairman of the Archives’ New York Advisory Committee, lectured on Judd’s private collection, which shows the evolution of his work and displays the work of artists he admired. March 12-14 @ Conference Smithsonian scholars from many dis- ciplines held a three-day conference, “What About In- crease? The First Science and Humanities Dialogue.” The event was supported by the Office of the Provost. Focusing on the history and contributions of Smithson- ian researchers, the meeting brought together scholars from the sciences and humanities for the first time in many years and fostered a spirit of community, shared goals, and cooperative endeavor. March 15 w Publication Award Smithsonian Institution Univer- sity Press’s publication Eakins and the Photograph: Works by Thomas Eakins and His Circle in the Collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, by Suan Danly and Chery] Liebold, was selected as the winner of the George Witcenborn Memorial Award, given annually by the Art Libraries Society of North America. March 15 wm Exhibition Stills” opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture “Directions—Cindy Sherman: Film Garden, marking the first complete showing of a forma- tive series for this artist (b. 1954), who is known for her evocatively staged, self-posed photographs. The exhibi- tion inspired programs, including a film-noir festival, a high school photography project and exhibition, a lec- ture, and a “Young at Art” photo-collage workshop. March 16 @ Dedication tute dedicated its library to Earl S. Tupper on the open- The Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti- ing of the new annex and the expansion of the original library building, which were made possible by a gift from the Tupper family. The STRI branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries has been the premier Central American research library for the scientific com- munity since 1956. The renovated facilities will help staff serve the 18,000 library users who come each year. March 17 w Special Event and scope of the Smithsonian, the Visitor Information To promote understanding of the size and Associates’ Reception Center cohosted a reception with the Washington Area Concierge Association for leading international concierges who were in the city to attend the annual meeting of Les Clefs d'Or. March 18-19 @ Public Program and Exhibition The National Museum of American History presented “What's American about American Quilts?’”—a conference examining as- pects of American and European quilting traditions. The forum was produced with support from the Ameri- can Quilt Defense Fund. On March 14, the museum opened the exhibition “Putting Her Best Quilt For- ward: Exhibiting at the Fair,” which focused on how 19th-century fairs gave women quilters an opportunity to display their talents and gather new ideas. March 22 The National Air and Space Museum's most prestigious space lecture, the Wernher gw Public Program von Braun Memorial Lecture, was presented by Dr. John H. Gibbons, assistant to the president for science and technology and director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. March 23-26 @ Outreach At the National Science Teachers Association's annual convention in Philadelphia, the Na- tional Science Resources Center exhibited its programs, made presentations, and gave workshops on its Science and Technology for Children curriculum units. March 23 @ Milestone Jomu, one of the world’s first cheetahs produced by artificial insemination, became part of the National Zoo's Cheetah Conservation Station. The 21- month-old female is a product of new research in as- sisted reproduction of endangered cats conducted at the Caldwell Zoo in Tyler, Texas, by staff from the Zoo's New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences Center. March 24 Bw Major Gift niture and interior designer, and her husband Dr. James Agnes Bourne, a San Francisco-based fur- Luebbers sold their century-old landmark mansion, Stonehouse, and donated $2 million of the proceeds to Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum for the museum's renovation and accessibility project. March 24 w Exhibition ern Sculpture from the Hirshhorn Museum” opened “The Human Figure Interpreted: Mod- at the Taipei Fine Arts Museum in Taiwan, launching a tour that included museums in Otsu, Tokyo, Iwaki, and Takamatsu, Japan. The largest presentation of sculpture from the Hirshhorn ever sent overseas, the exhibition featured some 60 works by Edgar Degas, Henri Matisse, Alexander Archipenko, Alberto Giacometti, Henry Moore, Marino Marini, and—in Japan only, where the tour was supported by Tokyo's Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper chain—Auguste Rodin and Jacques Lipchitz. Marth 25—April 7 w Study Tour Smithsonian Associates traveled to Syria for the first time on an international study tour spon- sored by The Smithsonian Associates, visiting the classi- cal archaeological sites of Palmyra and Apamea. March 25 w Festival The largest crowd ever—estimated at more than 15,000 people—attended The Smithsonian Associates’ 29th annual Kite Festival on the Washing- ton Monument grounds. Kite flyers from all over the world entered the handmade-kite flying contest, and the sky was filled with stunning kite displays provided by contestants and various kite organizations. March 26 w Public program “A Discussion with Hiroshima Kazuo,” whose work was featured in the exhibition “A Basketmaker in Rural Japan” at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery drew members of the public whose interest had been piqued by Mr. Hiroshima’s remarkable repertoire of utilitarian baskets. March 27 w News Conference The Office of Public Affairs organ- ized a news conference to launch the planning and com- memoration of the Smithsonian's Isoth anniversary in 1996. Secretary I. Michael Heyman described the Institution's plans for the celebration, from the big event on the National Mall to the once-in-a-lifetime traveling exhibition of treasures from the collections. March 31 @ Facility Design of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center in The design of the National Museum Suitland, Maryland, was completed by the award-win- ning architectural firm of Polshek and Partners of New York City, working with Metcalf Tobey Davis of Res- ton, Virginia, in association with the Native American Design Collaborative. Spring 8 Awards received awards from the Art Director's Club and the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Type Director’s Club for the museum's new graphic identity program. Spring w Publiation National Museum of American Art, which invites readers to explore a wide range of the museum's collections, was published by the museum in collabora- tion with Bullfinch. Featuring 450 full-color illustrations, the book is organized thematically to re- 20 flect the variety of concerns and aesthetic visions that have shaped American art over the past three centuries. It was the Smithsonian's annual gift to almost 80,000 Contributing Members. April @ Exhibition developed of the popular National Museum of Ameri- A small-format, free-standing version was can History-Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibi- tion Service exhibition “Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington.” Two copies of this version, a coliaboration between SITES and the American Library Association, opened simultaneously at the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh and the Providence, Rhode Island, Public Library. SITES also prepared a third copy, which opened at the Broward County Main Library in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The original exhibition was on view in California at the San Francisco and Monterey Jazz Festivals during the summer of 1995. “Beyond Cate- gory” is part of the program America’s Jazz Heritage: A Partnership of the Lila Wallace-Reader’s Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution. April @ Exhibitions The National Air and Space Museum opened two World War II-related exhibitions: “Build- ing the Arsenal of Democracy: World War II Photo- graphs from the National Air and Space Museum Archives” and “Hellcat.” April @ New Laboratory The National Zoo’s Department of Zoological Research established a biovisualization lab- oratory. Orchestrated by Dr. Alfred Rosenberger, this state-of-the-art computerized system incorporates dig- itized 3-D imaging and animation. These tools will allow scientists to display and study biological and cultural artifacts, such as animal skulls, in three- dimensional digital form with a high degree of accuracy. April @ Research The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center initiated seasonal sampling of 100 tributaries of the Rappahannock and Shenandoah Rivers in Vir- ginia for concentrations of nutrients. The sampling was part of the center's overall study of the Chesa- peake Bay watershed. April w Publication tory published Space for Women. a 20-page booklet en- The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- couraging young women to pursue Careers 1n astronomy. April w Electronic Outreach With the introduction of its World Wide Web home page, the National Museum of American Art expanded its effort to offer Internet resources. The home page joined the museum's Gopher site, which premiered in January. Offerings on the award-winning World Wide Web site include an elec- tronic tour of the “White House Collection of American Crafts” exhibition and pages devoted to each of the museum's special exhibitions. April B Collections from the old location of the National Museum of the The move of more than 45,000 objects American Indian in New York City to the Research Branch in the Bronx, New York, began. April @ Conference The Fourth International Conference on Space Tether Systems was held at the Smithsonian with the joint sponsorship of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Italian Space Agency. April w New Membership Program The Center for Folklife Pro- grams and Cultural Studies initiated Friends of the Fes- tival, a group that will develop programs in support of the Festival of American Folklife. April w Exhibition Videos The Office of Telecommunications completed six videos for the new “Exploring Marine Ecosystems” exhibition at the National Museum of Nar- ural History, giving visitors a close-up look at the work- ings of various marine habitats. April The National Science Re- sources Center began nationally field-testing the prelim- B Curriculum Development inary editions of Solids and Liquids and Comparing and Measuring, two first-grade units in the Science and Technology for Children hands-on science curriculum program. April 1 w Exhibition opening “On the River” opened at the Freer Gallery of Art with a selection of 27 Chinese hand- scrolls, album leaves, hanging scrolls, and fans from the 13th through 19th century depicting life along China's waterways. April 3 @ Agreement The Smithsonian Institution and Lancit Media Productions Ltd. signed an agreement to jointly develop a major television series for children ages 8 to 12 based on Smithsonian resources. April 4—July 14 @ Exhibition was presented at the Archives of American Art New “Giorgio Cavallon: A Signal Luminosity” York Regional Center Gallery. Cavallon was an Italian- born American artist who showed in New York with the early abstract expressionists such as Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning. The show highlighted his quiet career of hard work and reticence in the face of the explosive art world of his day. April 5 The 1995 Rutherford J. Gettens Memorial Lecture on technical studies of art was delivered by @ Lecture Noel Barnard, professor emeritus of East Asian art his- tory at the Australian National University. His topic was “Centrifugal and Centripetal Aspects of the Devel- opment of Metallurgy in China.” April 6-8 @ Meeting The Smithsonian National Board held its spring meeting in Seattle, Washington. April 7-August 13 w Exhibition James McNeill Whistler” was on view at the National “In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of Portrait Gallery. The more than 80 works in the exhibi- tion showed aspects of Whistler's public and private lives, from his student days in Paris to his last years in turn-of-the-century London. April 7 w Lecture Series “First Fridays: Gallery Talks,” featuring informal talks by staff, was inaugurated by the Educa- tion Division of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden with Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig's discussion of Louise Bourgeois’s 1947—49 sculpture The Blind Leading the Blind. April 12 w Benefit Event Museum hosted its second annual benefit auction at Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Christie's. More than 500 guests attended the event, which raised over $130,000 for the museum's general operating expenses. April 12 B Artist Talk The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden continued its “Collection Reviewed” series of artist's talks, sponsored by the Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Fund, with a presentation by African Ameri- can artist Robert Colescott of New Mexico. On May 17, Juliao Sarmento of Lisbon, Portugal, continued the se- ries with an appearance that received additional support from the Luso-American Development Foundation. April 15 B Fellowships The Office of Fellowships and Grants offered 66 awards under the Smithsonian Fellowship Program. Twenty-one percent of the awards went to people from underrepresented groups. April 20 w Research Astrophysical Observatory scientist and European col- An experiment developed by a Smithsonian leagues to map ozone levels in Earth’s upper atmosphere was launched aboard the European Remote Sensing Satellite. April 22 w Exhibition “Ocean Planet,” which celebrates the spec- tacular biological diversity of the oceans and examines the human impact on them, opened at the National Museum of Natural History on Earth Day. The $4.1 mil- lion, 7,500-square-foot exhibition was made possible by a unique combination of foundation and corporate sup- porters, including the National Science Foundation, Times Mirror Magazines, Inc., and The Pew Charitable Trusts. The exhibition was organized by the museum 22 and the Smithsonian's Environmental Awareness Pro- gram and will be circulated nationally through 1999 by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. April 22 @ Special event chase at their annual dinner, the Friends of Asian Arts Among the works of art selected for pur- at the Freer and Sackler Galleries chose the rare Portrait of Yamamoto Kansuke, a hanging scroll by Gion Seitoku (1781-1829?) for addition to the collection of the Freer Gallery of Art. April 23 @ Workshop The National Science Resources Center conducted two science education workshops for more than 200 participants at the 123rd annual meeting of the National Academy of Sciences. April 24 w Endowment The Vincent Wilkinson Endowment was established in the Center for Museum Studies by Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Welters. The fund, named in honor of Mrs. Welters’ father, supports African American undergraduates in the center's Museum Intern Partner- ship Program. April 26 @ Appreciation Event The Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center hosted the annual apprecia- tion event for behind-the-scenes volunteers. April 27-30 B Craft Show 120 exhibitors at the Smithsonian Craft Show, held in Fifteen thousand visitors saw displays of the National Building Museum. This annua! event is sponsored by the Smithsonian Women’s Committee. April 28-September 4 w Exhibition and Electronic Outreach The “White House Collection of American Crafts” exhibition and its complementary Internet tour (heep://www.nmaa.si-edu//whc/americancrafts) show- cased 72 examples of contemporary craft by some of America’s most innovative artists in glass, ceramics, wood, metal, and fiber. The works were originally as- sembled for display in the White House in recognition of the Year of American Craft in 1993. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton introduced the exhibition to the press at the museum on April 25. As the exhibition tours Ameri- can museums through mid—1997, the regularly updated Internet tour invites electronic “visitors” to see the objects in the White House and visit the artists in their studios. The electronic tour was made possible by a gift from MCI. April 28 w Public Program More than 300 middle school and high school students from 18 public schools in the Washington, D.C., area participated in a showcase of poetry, song, and dance during the Smithsonian's Fourth Annual Duke Ellington Youth Festival at the National Museum of American History. The students also displayed original works of art based on themes in Ellington's life and work in a temporary exhibition presented in conjunction with the festival. April 29 The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery held a one-day symposium, “Saints, Sufis, and Siddhas: Holy m Symposium Men and Women in South Asian Art,” exploring the broad significance of the holy personage in the artistic culture of South Asia. The symposium was generously funded by Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler. May gw Visit Sirikit of Thailand was guest of honor at a luncheon at the During her visit to the Smithsonian, Queen National Museum of American History and an evening re- ception at the National Museum of Natural History. May mw Exhibition The National Museum of African Art opened the traveling exhibition “Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa,” which presented 300 artifacts that document the rise and fall of Nubian kingdoms from 3100 B.C. to A.D. 400. In conjunction with the exhibition, which was organized by the University of Pennsylvania Museum, the National Museum of Afri- can Art sponsored extensive programs for the public and teachers, including workshops, panel discussions, storytelling, and musical performances. May w Fellowship Dr. Pedro E. Leon Azofeifa of the School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, was awarded the second George E. Burch Fellowship, administered by the Office of Fellowships and Grants. May g@ Exhibition “VanDerZee, Photographer (1886—1983),” a National Portrait Gallery exhibition, began its national tour under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service at the African American Museum of Fine Arts in San Diego, California. May @ Publication The Freer Gallery of Art published With Kindest Regards, a volume of correspondence between James McNeill Whistler and Gallery founder Charles Lang Freer, edited by Linda Merrill, associate curator of American art. May 1 @ Internships Thirty-three students were offered awards under the Summer Minority Internship Program administered by the Office of Fellowships and Grants. Thirteen were African American, ten were Latino, seven were Asian American, two were Native American, and one was physically challenged. May 3-6 w Members’ Event and a half days of behind-the-scenes tours in the “Trea- Contributing Members enjoyed three sures of the Smithsonian” program. May 4 @ Tour and Reception In celebration of the Archives of American Art's 40th anniversary, the Detroit Council sponsored an art tour and reception at Masco Corpora- tion in Taylor, Michigan. Archives trustee Richard Manoogian and his wife, Jane Manoogian, hosted an eve- ning of dining and tours of the Masco Corporate Art Collection and the Masco Home Furnishings Showroom. May 5 @ Conference In coordination with the Office of the Pro- vost, the Smithsonian Council of Museum Education Directors organized an Institution-wide conference on “Museums as Partners in School Reform.” The confer- ence provided an overview of Goals 2000: Educate America Act and the national guidelines for disciplin- ary standards for education. Participants also learned tv rey) about local, national, and Smithsonian examples of the museum community’s involvement in school reform. May 6 w Children’s Program Children with visual impair- ments were encouraged to experience works of art at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in a “Young at Art” family workshop. During the year, eight “Young at Art” programs enthralled more than 160 six-to-eleven year olds and their parents. May 6 w New Research Facility A major field station for ma- rine biological research in the Caribbean was opened in the Cayos Cochinos Biological Reserve by a consortium of private partners in Honduras and Switzerland, the Honduras Coral Reef Foundation, and a partnership of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Honduran government. May 6-7 @ Conference In conjunction with the Anacostia Museum's exhibition “Black Mosaic: Community, Race, and Ethnicity among Black Immigrants in Washington, D.C.,” a two-day conference focused on Caribbean music in Washington. Promoters, performers, deejays, producers, and media personalities participated in panel discussions and musical demonstrations. May 7 w Public program Visitors of all ages to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery had the opportunity to explore the bio- logical, literary, musical, artistic, and even culinary asso- ciations of bamboo during the first “Spirit of Bamboo” family day. The program, presented during the exhibi- tion “A Basketmaker in Rural Japan,” was repeated three times during the month. May 7-11 mw Workshop The National Science Resources Center and the New York City Urban Systemic Initiative co- sponsored a Science Education Leadership Institute for New York City public school teachers. More than 70 participants representing kindergarten through 12th grade attended the week-long institute. 24 May 8 w Electronic Outreach The Office of Public Affairs helped open the Smithsonian's home page (http://www.si.edu), which instantly became one of the most popular sites on the World Wide Web. The cere- mony to launch the site was held in the office of the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The opening demonstration included the online exhibitions “Ocean Planet” and “White House Collection of American Crafts”; services such as what to see in the museums and what to buy in the shops; information on everything from dinosaurs to sculptures; 3,000 images; and a sam- pling of recordings from the Smithsonian collection. May & w Electronic Outreach The Smithsonian Institution Trav- eling Exhibition Service entered cyberspace on the Smithsonian's World Wide Web home page, which makes available a list of SITES exhibitions currently traveling around the country. May 8 w Electronic Outreach The National Portrait Gallery launched its virtual museum as part of the Smithsonian's home page on the World Wide Web and the Smithsonian Online educational service on America Online. Previews of exhibitions, current events, high- lights of the permanent collection, brochures, educa- tional programs, and publications are available on both services. On the Fourth of July holiday, America Online featured an image of Rembrandt Peale’s famous “Port- hole” portrait of George Washington; users downloaded the image nearly 1,400 times. May 8 w Electronic Outreach The National Museum of Natural History's home page made its debut on the World Wide Web. Museum information available to Internet users now includes the mission statement, the visitors’ guide, the quarterly calendar of events, and an online version of the “Ocean Planet” exhibition. Information about each of the research departments and many specialized publi- cations and collections is also provided. May 8 w Symposium The Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program hosted its annual luncheon program, “The Power of Learning in an Enlightened Information Age,” in the Castle Commons. May 8-12 gw Training With the course “Conservation Admin- istration,” the students in the class of 1996 at the Conservation Analytical Laboratory's Furniture Conservation Training Program finished their three years of course work. They will graduate after com- pleting one-year internships. May 9 w Special Event tration and their families visited the National Museum Members of Congress and the adminis- of Natural History during its first Open House Expedi- tion. Adults and children followed special maps to lo- cate nearly 50 stations throughout the museum where staff members displayed unusual objects from the museum's collections, described research projects, and answered questions from guests. The event was spon- sored by Motorola. May 11 w@ Public Program The National Air and Space Museum's most prestigious aviation lecture, the Charles A. Lindbergh Memorial Lecture, was presented by World War II fighter pilot Quentin C. Aanenson. May 12 gw Exhibition America,” an exhibition devoted to vacation postcards, “Are We There Yet? Vacationing in opened at the National Postal Museum. May 14, 1995 w Exhibition opening “Whistler and Japan,” featuring two of the best-known collections of the Freer Gallery of Art, was one of four exhibitions marking the work of the American expatriate artist James McNeill Whistler held in Washington, D.C., this year. May 17 w Family Packages The Office of Public Affairs released its Smithsonian Family Packages, a collection of useful information for adults who plan to visit the museums with children or young adults, updated for the summer of 1995. The free Family Package, issued in English and Spanish and intended for both news media and the pub- lic, contains a guide to museums with exhibitions and activities popular among children and young adults, a Smithsonian quiz for kids, and Io tips for visitors with children. May 18 w Benefit Event The Friends of the National Zoo's 12th annual fund-raising gala, ZooFari, featured food from 100 Washington-area restaurants and attracted thousands of guests. The proceeds supported National Zoo exhibition, education, conservation, and research programs. May 18 w Public program and seek), a dance-drama created as part of the Asian Culture Project of The Model Secondary School for the Deaf was offered in the Meyer Auditorium of the Freer A performance of “Kakurenbo (hide Gallery of Arc. The project resulted from collaboration among The Model Secondary School for the Deaf, The Freer and Arthur M. Sackler galleries, and the Japan Information and Culture Center. May 19 w Exhibition plants and animals went on view in the National Mu- A magnificent display of living marine seum of Natural History’s new permanent exhibition “Exploring Marine Ecosystems.” After entering through a simulated undersea kelp forest, visitors can view mod- els of two of Earth’s most fascinating natural communi- ties: the rocky coast of Maine and a Caribbean coral reef. The new exhibition is the second segment of a three- phase rejuvenation of the museum's marine hall. May 23 w Lecture In commemoration of the soth anniversary of Harry S. Truman's inauguration, Pulitzer Prize-winning biographer David McCullough addressed a capacity audience as The Smithsonian Associates paid tribute to the nation’s 33rd president. May 24 w Design Award The Hirshhorn Museum plaza won a 1995 Federal Design Achievement Award. The renova- tion and landscaping project by James Urban Associates of Annapolis, Maryland, introduced trees, accessibility features, areas of lawn, and granite flooring to the plaza. 25 May 24 w Design Awards Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Mu- seum received seven 1995 Federal Design Achievement Awards for recent exhibitions and the publication The Edge of the Millennium. May 25 w Milestone The first breeding outside the wild of a Hawaiian honeycreeper was achieved at the National Zoo's Conservation and Research Center. Scientists at the center are using several nonendangered types of honeycreepers as research surrogates to develop hus- bandry and propagation techniques for Hawaii's highly endangered avian species. May 26 @ Special Event United States travel destination for foreign visitors, the To promote the Smithsonian as a primary Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center cohosted a reception for major international tour operators at the National Air and Space Museum with the Washing- ton, D.C., Convention and Visitors Association. May 26 w Exhibition The Smithsonian Institution Libraries ex- hibition “Science and the Artist's Book,” cosponsored by the Washington Project for the Arts, explored how sci- entific ideas can stimulate artistic creation. The year- long show, featured in the June 1995 Smzthsonian magazine, displays original artists’ books inspired by and displayed with pioneering scientific studies in the rare book collections of the Libraries’ Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. May 30 w Lecture Roald Hoffmann, Cornell University’s Nobel laureate in chemistry, poet, and author, delivered the Dibner Library Lecture, “Chemistry Imagined,” which explored connections between science and art. The lecture was featured in conjunction with the opening of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries exhibition “Science and the Artist's Book.” May 31 w Major Gift and New Facility The Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation was established at the National Museum 26 of American History through a $10.4 million gift from inventor Jerome Lemelson and his wife, Dorothy. Their cash donation is the largest ever given to the Smithson- ian Institution by an individual. Summer w Teachers’ Workshops The National Museum of Ameri- can Art hosted three week-long summer workshops for teachers from across the country, extending the use of the museum’s education resource materials. Summer @ Grant The National Museum of American Art re- ceived a five-year grant to continue a New Media Learn- ing Environment project in Nebraska that will facilitate offering museum art and information online to schools. A summer workshop focused on integrating art and technology. The museum is also working on an online pilot project involving Texas schools. June @ New Membership Program The National Air and Space Society was established as an individual member- ship program designed to raise capital funds for the building of the National Air and Space Museum's Dulles Center as well as to support the museum's restoration and preservation projects and educational programs. By the end of the fiscal year, the society had more than 2,000 contributing members. June w@ New Department The National Museum of American Art established a development department and launched a quarterly members’ newsletter to keep spe- cial constituents in closer touch with museum activities and behind-the-scenes information. June @ [nternships mentary and Secondary Education, brought its 20th Intern '95, sponsored by the Office of Ele- class of graduating high school seniors to Washington for career-related work experience in the museums. June @ Electronic Republishing The Smithsonian Institution Libraries launched an electronic republishing program with a pilot project funded by the Atherton Seidell En- dowment. The full, searchable text of two volumes in the Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnology series of Native American anthropology studies will be avail- able on the Libraries’ World Wide Web site. June w Professional Development The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education coordinated 15 for-credit short courses for local teachers, ranging from “Insects in the Classroom” to “Using Museums to Teach Writing.” June w Exhibition Exhibition Service donated “Contrasts/Contrastes: Forty The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Years of Continuity and Change in Puerto Rico,” an ex- hibition of photographs by Jack Delano, to the Poncé Museum in Poncé, Puerto Rico. The donation coincided with Delano’s gift of his collection to the museum. The event was celebrated with a variety of public programs. June @ Publication Radio Smithsonian's 1996 Jazz Calendar was published for distribution to listeners of the radio series Jazz Smithsonian, showcasing the Smithsonian's broad commitment to preserving and celebrating jazz. June @ Research Consortium The headquarters of the Chesa- peake Research Consortium moved to the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. The consortium fosters research among its six members: the Smithsonian, Johns Hopkins University, the University of Maryland, the College of William and Mary, Old Dominion Uni- versity, and the Philadelphia Academy of Science. June w Promotional Initiative The Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center began providing informa- tion about Smithsonian exhibitions and activities to Digital Ink, the Washington Post's online service. June m Research A novel underwater videotape camera provided by the National Geographic Society was em- ployed by a team of scientists led by the National Zoo's Dr. Daryl] Boness to gather the first underwater images and data on harbor seal behavior. The team traveled to Sable Island in the North Atlantic Ocean to attach cam- eras temporarily to the backs of the seals. June—July @ Publiwations The Office of Public Affairs issued up- dated versions of two of its Institution-wide resource brochures: “Native American Resources at the Smithsonian” and “Latino Resources at the Smithson- ian.” These brochures encourage readers to participate in cultural activities at the Smithsonian and to take ad- vantage of research, employment, internship, and fellow- ship opportunities. Funding for “Latino Resources” was provided by the James Smithson Society. Partial fund- ing for “Native American Resources” was provided by the Phillips Petroleum Foundation, Inc. June—July w Exhibition The Center for Folklife Programs and Cul- tural Studies mounted an exhibition of the work of Cape Verdean photographer Ron Barboza in the Interna- tional Center. The exhibition featured portraits of Cape Verdeans from most of the islands in the archipelago and from communities in Portugal and the United States, landscapes, and the work Cape Verdeans do that contributes to their own and many of the world’s communities. June l @ Tour The Archives of American Art New York Committee visited the Hudson River Museum to view the highly acclaimed George Inness exhibition. Follow- ing the tour, participants were welcomed at the home of Archives trustee Frank Martucci and his wife, Katherine Martucci, for a tour of their collection, which includes works by Inness as well as by Russian, Israeli, and Ital- ian contemporary artists. June I @ Lecture The National Postal Museum hosted “Marilyn Monroe: The Myth and the Message,” a lec- ture by film critics and cinema scholars Molly Haskel and Andrew Sarris, held in conjunction with the issu- ance of the Marilyn Monroe stamp by the United States Postal Service. June r @ Colloquium The Freer Gallery of Art cosponsored a Whistler Scholars’ Colloquium with the Centre for Whistler Studies, University of Glasgow, and held at the Freer. The colloquium also marked the beginning of a col- laborative project between the two organizations to pub- lish all the letters written by James McNeill Whistler. June 2 “Whistler and His World,” a one- day segment of a three-day symposium on the life and pw Public Program art of James McNeill Whistler, was presented at the National Portrait Gallery in conjunction with the exhi- bition “In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of James McNeill Whistler.” The symposium was jointly spon- sored by the National Portrait Gallery, the National Gallery of Art, and the Freer Gallery of Arc. June 3 @ Members’ Event Contributing Members had a special after-hours viewing of the exhibition “Ocean Planet” at the National Museum of Natural History. June 5 w Milestone Griff, the National Zoo's 13-year-old Masai giraffe, gave birth to a 114-pound female calf. The new- born stood 5 feet, 10 inches tall and took its first stum- bling steps in just 28 minutes. Masai giraffes, although not endangered, are not common in North American ZOOS. June &-9 w Public Program Museum presented “Les Journées des Artisans: A Cele- Cooper-Hewitt, National Design bration of Craftsmanship,” a two-day festival featuring artisans from New York and France demonstrating traditional craft techniques in leather, stained glass, wrought iron, gold leaf, and other materials. June 8 w Research Ground was broken for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s pioneering array of six submillimeter radio telescopes at a site near the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. June 9 w Exhibition “Flight Time Barbie: Dolls from the Pop- ular Culture Collection of the National Air and Space Museum” opened in the museum's Flight and the Arts gallery. 28 June 12 w Public Program The National Portrait Gallery pre- sented “Friends of Frederick Douglass: Harriet Beecher Stowe,” a Cultures in Motion lecture and discussion by Stowe’s biographer Joan Hedrick on the phenomenal impact of Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. The presenta- tion was accompanied by a staged reading of scenes from I Ain't Your Uncle, Robert Alexander's recent play based on the novel. June 14—September 10 Bw Exhibition “Sean Scully: Twenty Years, 1976-1995” launched an international tour at the Hirshhorn Mu- seum and Sculpture Garden, accompanied by a public dialogue by the artist and organizing curator Ned Rifkin, director of the High Museum of Art in Atlanta. Organized by that museum, where it traveled after clos- ing in Washington, the retrospective charted the evoca- tive abstract imagery of this Irish-born American artist (b. 1945) with more than 60 paintings and works on paper. From Atlanta, the exhibition traveled to Barce- lona, Dublin, and Frankfurt. June 15 w Exhibition “World War II: Sharing Memories,” which opened at the National Museum of American History, used wartime artifacts to evoke the memories of visitors, who were encouraged to write their thoughts in notebooks. Hundreds of people wrote firsthand ac- counts and reminiscences handed down by family mem- bers. Many of the notes were posted on a bulletin board inside the exhibition for other visitors to read. June 17 w Exhibition and Education Programs At the Anacostia Museum, students from the Lucy Ellen Moten Elemen- tary School exhibited original writings, artwork, photo- graphs, and artifacts reflecting the Anacostia community. This exhibition, which followed a series of history lessons and exhibition-related workshops, was developed through the museum's continuing partner- ship with the school. It was supported by the Smithsonian's Educational Outreach Fund with addi- tional funding from the Freddie Mac Foundation. June 17 m Festival The Anacostia Museum held its annual day- long celebration of Juneteenth, the anniversary of the emancipation of Texas slaves in 1865. The free festivities included music, games, demonstrations, food, and fam- ily activities on the museum grounds. June 19-30 @ Research Seminar The Center for Museum Studies offered “Interpreting Latino Cultures: Research and Museums.” This 1995 Latino Graduate Training Semi- nar in Qualitative Methodology was cosponsored with the Inter-University Program for Latino Research and the University of Texas at Austin. June 20—July 11 @ Lecture and Concert Series This year’s free summer lecture and concert series at Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, “Crosscurrents,” focused on contempo- rary design and Latino culture. June 20 @ Symposium The National Zoo's Office of Public Af- fairs organized the symposium “Forever Changed: Birds on the Hawaiian Islands.” Smithsonian scientists dis- cussed the history and conservation status of Hawaii's remarkable bird population and the discovery of recently extinct birds that have provided DNA samples. As a result of these DNA analyses, scientists have begun to rethink the evolutionary relationships between Hawaiian avifauna. June 23-27. June 30—July 4 g Festival The Center for Folklife Programs and Cul- tural Studies produced the 29th annual Festival of American Folklife, featuring “The Cape Verdean Con- nection,” “The Czech Republic: Tradition and Transfor- mation,” “Heartbeat: Voices of First Nations Women,” and “Russian Roots, American Branches: Music in Two Worlds.” The festival included a visit by the president of Cape Verde and salutations from President Clinton. Two Smithsonian/Folkways recordings, Heartbeat: Vozces of First Nations Women and Old Beltevers: Songs of the Nekrasov Cossacks, were released at the festival's opening. More than one million people visited the festival. June 24-25 mw Special Event The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies presented the sacred and social music, traditional poetry, dance, food, and crafts of Washing- ton-area African-born immigrants as part of the African Immigrant Folklife Study Project. June 24 @ Lecture The Office of the Provost sponsored a lecture by Ana Maria Cabral, vice-president of the Amilcar Cabral Institute of the Republic of Cape Verde, West Africa. The address was delivered on the 20th anniver- sary of Cape Verdean independence and held in conjunc- tion with the Festival of American Folklife. June 25-30 and July 23-28 B Conferences The National Science Resources Center conducted two Elementary Science Leadership Insti- tutes for 36 teams from U.S. school districts and one team each from Mexico and South Africa. Most teams included a school superintendent or assistant super- intendent, a science coordinator or director of cur- riculum and instruction, an experienced teacher, and a senior scientist representing a company or academic institution. The teams developed strategic plans to improve the teaching of science in their elementary schools. June 26-29 B Workshop The American Indian Museum Studies Program, part of the Center for Museum Studies, spon- sored “Developing and Managing Living History Pro- grams,” a workshop hosted in Tahlequah , Oklahoma, by the Cherokee National Museum. June 27-30 @ Public Program As part of efforts to make its collec- tions accessible to Native Americans on reservations and in communities around the country, the National Museum of the American Indian displayed 24 19th- century Navajo wearing blankets at the Ned A. Hatathli Museum of the Navajo Community College in Tsaile, Arizona. June 27 @ Media Preview The Office of Public Affairs devel- oped and carried out the media preview held before the opening of the “Enola Gay” exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum, which was covered intensely by U.S. and foreign news media. More than 200 journal- ists, including 85 television crews, attended the preview. 29 June 28 gw Exhibition “Enola Gay,” an exhibition about the Boe- ing B-29 Superfortress that dropped the first atomic bomb and hastened the end of World War II, opened at the National Air and Space Museum. June 29 w Promotional Initiative The Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center expanded its capacity to promote Smithsonian programs and initiatives with the installation of graphic message capability in the Smithsonian Information Center's twin theaters. June 30-October 29 @ Exhibition An in-depth survey of the daguerreotype in America was the subject of “Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The Art of the American Daguerreotype” at the National Museum of American Art. The exhibition catalogue was named best photography book of 1995 by the New York Times Book Review. The innovative installation featured fiber-optic lights individually illuminating each of the 150 daguerreotypes without glare in a darkened space. June 30 w Exhibition “The Collection in Context: Thomas Eakins’s Portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing” opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, explor- ing the context and creation of an American realist’s portrayal of a Smithsonian ethnologist famed for his research at Zuni Pueblo. Preliminary studies from the Hirshhorn’s collection accompanied the 1895 oil por- trait, which was lent by the Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma. July @ Research The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center expanded its research on the introduction of ex- otic plants, animals, and microbes via ship ballast water. The new studies focus on the survival of these organisms in ballast ranks as ships travel from the port where they filled the ranks to the United States harbor where the ballast water will be released. July x m Professional Development The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education conducted “Teaching and 30 Learning in a Diverse Society,” a week-long program for 30 California teachers that culminated a two-year series of seminars about working with primary source material to teach from a multicultural perspective. July w Exhibition The National Museum of African Art opened the revised and refurbished exhibition “The Ancient West African City of Benin, A.D. 1300- 1897," featuring the museum's collection from the royal court of the capital of the Kingdom of Benin as it existed before colonial rule. Most of the works were a gift from Joseph H. Hirshhorn to the Smithsonian Institution in 1966 and 1979; the objects were trans- ferred to the National Museum of African Art in 1985 by the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. July @ Professional Development The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education brought to the Smithsonian 30 teachers from the four communities participating in its collaborative project with the National Faculty. The teachers worked with Smithsonian staff members and university faculty to study material culture and develop classroom materials. July w Education Program The National Museum of African Art Education Department sponsored an interdiscipli- nary panel discussion on “The Art and Culture of An- cient Nubia” in conjunction with the exhibition “Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa.” Participants in the standing-room-only program included historian Ismail Abdallah, College of William and Mary; archaeologist David O'Connor, University of Penn- sylvania Museum; cultural anthropologist Ann Jennings; and archaeologist Nettie K. Adams, Webb Museum of Anthropology. July w Research ror Telescope building at the Smithsonian's Whipple Observatory in Arizona were begun in preparation for Modifications of the existing Multiple Mir- the conversion of that six-mirror telescope into a single- mirror instrument 6.5 meters in diameter. July the late festival director Ralph Rinzler, featuring Pete and Mike Seeger, Piedmont blues musicians John Cephas and Phil Wiggins, and black Appalachian sing- ers Ed and Melissa Cabbell. m@ Major Gift The Smithsonian Institution Libraries welcomed a major gift of a microfilm copy of Trade-a- Plane magazine from TAP Publishing Company. Repre- senting the company, Jean Durfee presented the gift of July $226 114 reels of microfilm that preserve the run of the maga- zine from its beginning in 1937. The gift includes a aoe 4 i h ‘ @ Museum Careers Seminar The Center for Museum rinting copy, a user copy, and a cabinet to house the i : E P Be COPY? PY Studies held its annual Museum Careers Seminar film. ; : seek series for Smithsonian interns. The four-part program Jul explored museum practice and functions, museum uly positions, and career planning and guidance. w Exhibition The National Museum of African Art, in collaboration with the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, July 8 presented “The Ancient Nubian City of Kerma, 2500— 1500 B.C.” This three-year loan exhibition of works w Exhibition “The Graceful Envelope,” a temporary ex- hibition devoted to calligraphy, opened at the National features objects from Kerma, an ancient city that was lo- | Postal Museum. cated on the Nile River. The exhibition was organized by the Boston museum and its Department of Ancient from the Museum of Fine Arts’ permanent collection July 10-14 Egyptian, Nubian and Near Eastern Arr; all objects are from the bisected University-Museum of Fine Arts, Bos- @ Teachers’ Program With the New York City Board of ton, Expedition. Education, Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum cosponsored the second annual Summer Design July Institute. More than 100 public school teachers ttended thi i , which fe d h- @ Grant The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute SND nor ude eit Sober be aed . : : nology and education. and the Organization for Tropical Studies received a three-year grant for $350,000 from the Andrew W. Mel- lon Foundation to foster comparative studies among the July 10 two organizations’ sites. @ Public Program 1n its Cultures in Motion series, the July National Portrait Gallery presented “A Woman Bold Enough,” a new one-woman play by Jane Ross on the life of 19th-century artist Harriet Hosmer, America’s first successful woman sculptor. @ Agreement The Smithsonian and Hot Shots/Cool Cuts, Inc., signed an agreement that will open the Of- fice of Telecommunications’ extensive library of film and video footage for licensing by film and television July 10 production companies. @ Presentation National Science Resources Center July-August Deputy Director Sally Goetz Shuler gave the keynote : ; ; address, “Lessons Learned about Systemic Reform,” at mw Internships For the second year, the Smithsonian Astro- 3 : : : i the annual convention of the National Science Educa- physical Observatory Summer Intern Program brought a : ; niet tion Leadership Association. dozen college undergraduates to the observatory headquar- ters in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to work with Smithson- ian scientists on a variety of research projects. July 17-21 July 2 w Diversity Seminar The Center for Museum Studies sponsored “Awards for Museum Leadership,” an annual five-day program at the Smithsonian that explores cul- tural diversity issues in the museum environment. m Concert The Center for Folklife Programs and Cul- tural Studies held a special tribute concert in honor of 31 July 20 Bw Research The National Museum of Natural History's Research Initiatives program completed a successful first year with support totaling $325,100 going to pro- jects headed by 35 museum scholars. The five initia- tives—Collections as World Resources; Biodiversity: Systematics, Evolution, and Ecology; Ecosystem History and Global Change; Earth and Planetary Processes; and Human Cultural and Biological Diversity—represent broad research themes to be emphasized at the museum during the next decade. The museum established the new competitive process for directing research funds to encourage innovative projects that explore new ques- tions and integrate various fields of study. July 20 @ Exhibition Works on Paper” opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and “Directions—Martin Kippenberger: Sculpture Garden, featuring more than 50 colorful draw- ings on hotel stationery and collages by this German artist (b. 1954) from the 1980s and 1990s. July 21 w Television Broadcast Hall of Presidents doubled as a television studio when The National Portrait Gallery's C-SPAN's Washington Journal broadcast a live program on the gallery and its collections. Host Brian Lamb interviewed Director Alan Fern as camera crews pro- vided glimpses of the permanent collection on display. Pretaped segments on the photography collection, the Great Hall, and the Frederick Douglass exhibition were also included. July 22 w Public Program The Anacostia Museum invited the community toa Family Day, offering activities for all ages and a chance to see the exhibition “Black Mosaic: Community, Race, and Ethnicity Among Black Im- migrants in Washington, D.C.” Doll making, quilting and mask making workshops, steel drum music, and storytelling were featured. July 23 mw Exhibition opening “Painted Prayers” at the Archur M. Sackler Gallery celebrated the devotional art of Hindu women and girls all over India through the vi- brant photographs by writer and art historian Stephen P. Huyler. To further introduce the living tradition of 32 painted prayers to gallery visitors, women from the Washington area Indian community gave public paint- ing demonstrations within the exhibition. July 24 B Public Program The National Portrait Gallery pre- sented “Blues Woman,” a Cultures in Motion perfor- mance of music and life stories of Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and Billie Holiday, as interpreted by vocalist Beverly Cosham and narrated by Jewell Robinson. August w Publication Institution's first century and a half, The Smzthsonian: 150 A profusely illustrated history of the Years of Adventure, Discovery, and Wonder, written by James Conaway, was published by Smithsonian Books and Alfred A. Knopf, who will distribute the book to the retail trade. August w Publication Rare Books and Manuscripts in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, an illustrated review of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries’ most valuable collections, was published with support from The Dib- ner Fund. It is available from the Smithsonian Institu- tion Press and in the Museum Shops. August gw New Facility nian Environmental Research Center boat pier allows A new ramp adjacent to the Smithso- easier and safer launching and retrieval of the small boats that the center uses to conduct much of its research on the Chesapeake Bay. August @ Promotional Initiative InfoTravel, a new interactive multimedia promotional system developed by Bell At- lantic for Washington, D.C.-area hotels, added a feature on the Smithsonian after working with the Visitor Infor- mation and Associates’ Reception Center. August | Grant The Office of Telecommunications received a $200,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Arts to support its television and radio project, “A River of Song,” which explores music along the Missis- sippi River from Minnesota to New Orleans. August w Publication The National Museum of African Art and the Smithsonian Institution Press copublished the anthology African Nomadic Architecture: Space. Place. and Gender, edited by architect and architectural historian Labelle Prussin. In this handsomely illustrated book, Prussin identifies the three elements that distinguish nomadic from sedentary architecture: mobility, gender, and ritual. August B Renovation The Smithsonian Institution Libraries’ renovation of its rare book and special collections facil- ity, the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology, was completed, with new compact shelving to double the stack space, a redesigned staff work area, and electrical upgrades to accommodate researchers’ computing needs. August The Friends of the National Zoo introduced the first week-long overnight wildlife con- w Education Program servation camps for children at the National Zoo's Con- servation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. Campers learned basic conservation biology skills in the Blue Ridge foothills. August @ rs0th Anniversary The first official ad promoting the Smithsonian's Isoth anniversary celebration to tour and travel planners appeared in the Washington, D.C., Con- vention and Visitors Association Meeting Planners Guide. August 4-5 m Presentation National Science Resources Center Executive Director Douglas Lapp presented a paper entitled “Lessons Learned in Past Efforts to Improve Science Education” at the 10th Anniversary Conference of the Center for the Advancement of Science and Mathematics Education, held at the University of Natal, South Africa. He also gave a science education workshop for 70 South African teachers. August 8 mg Exhibition An exhibit promoting the Smithsonian as a primary tourist destination opened at Baltimore- Washington International Airport. It was a collabora- tive effort of the Office of the Provost, the Visitor Infor- mation and Associates’ Reception Center, the Office of Exhibits Central, and the National Museum of African Art. August 9-20 @ Study Tour A new international study tour format, “Family Cruises,” was developed especially for families by The Smithsonian Associates. More than 140 Associ- ates and accompanying children enjoyed a voyage in the Mediterranean. August 10 @w Educational Publication We Were There: Letters from the Battle Front, an activity book and resource guide for sec- ondary schools that integrates historic letters into the study of American history, was published by the Na- tional Postal Museum. August 12 w Public Program At the Anacostia Museum, young cultural critics joined in a panel discussion and film festival on hip hop, the popular yet controversial con- temporary musical form. August 18 B Collections Management The National Museum of Natural History began using the Transaction Manage- ment Subsystem of the planned Collections and Re- search Information System in the shipping office and several scientific departments. The new subsystem auto- mates the processing and tracking of the thousands of objects that the museum acquires, exchanges, lends, borrows, or relinquishes each year. All departments are scheduled to be using the new subsystem by the end of 1996. August 27 w Exhibition opening ‘“Goyo: Japanese Prints,” opened at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery featuring all 16 of the color woodblock prints produced by Hashiguchi Goyo (Japanese 1880-1921). The prints were the gift of H. Ed Robison in memory of Ulrike Pietzner-Robison. September m Award The Office of Telecommunications’ inter- active video program Meet the Ellington Orchestra. created 33 for the Smithsonian traveling exhibition “Beyond Cate- gory: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington,” received the New York International Multimedia Festival's Silver Award for second place among more than 200 entries. September w Video Release The JVC/Smuthsonian Folkways Video An- thology of Music and Dance of the Americas was produced in collaboration with the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies’ Smithsonian/Folkways Record- ings, JVC, and Multicultural Media. The six videotapes feature 158 examples of music and dance from many tra- ditions throughout the Americas, with accompanying texts. September @ Publication Award Smithsonian Institution Univer- sity Press's publication The Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds, edited by John Hagan and David Johnston, was awarded the Wildlife Societies Publication Award for Best Edited Volume. September B Workshop The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service hosted a workshop in Washington, D.C., to introduce representatives of humanities coun- cils in Arizona, California, Indiana, and Nebraska to the successful SITES-National Museum of American His- tory exhibition “Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941-1945.” The exhibition, cre- ated with rural areas in mind, completed its first tour to five states through those states’ humanities councils. This partnership between SITES and state humanities councils is making the Smithsonian's offerings accessi- ble in underserved areas of the nation, one of SITES’ primary goals. September w Radio Series Folk Masters from the Barns of Wolf Trap. hosted by Nick Spitzer, entered its fifth broadcast sea- son on public radio nationwide and abroad. September m New Construction The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center began construction of a visitor orienta- tion center that will include classrooms, a teacher resource room, and exhibit space. Public educational ac- tivities such as the Java History Trail, Estuary Chesa- 34 peake, and the Discovery Trail will be offered from this facility. September w Exhibition Vietnamese Art from the United States and Vietnam” “An Ocean Apart: Contemporary opened at the Ellipse Arts Center in Arlington, Vir- ginia. This exhibition, organized by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, is the first major U.S. exhibition of contemporary artworks by Vietnamese and Vietnamese American artists. September w Multimedia Projects Under the auspices of the Office of Telecommunications, the Smithsonian launched a re- lationship with Voyager Software to create multimedia programs, beginning with Insect World. and contracts with Macmillan Digital, a division of Simon and Schus- ter, for distribution of the 15oth anniversary America’s Smithsonian CD-ROM. September w Electronic Outreach Smithsonian Online, coordi- nated by the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, hosted a real-time chat with Michael Robinson, the first in a three-month series featuring Smithsonian experts. September 1 @ Video Release American Archivists, the Conservation Analytical Labo- At the annual meeting of the Society of ratory announced the completion and availability of the videotape Rescuing Records—Recognizing Values and Prob- Jems. Intended for collection managers of paper-based research collections in museums, archives, and libraries, the video identifies problems associated with such documents and provides recommendations for their preservation. September 1 g New Facilities On Barro Colorado Island off the coast of Panama, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute dedicated new laboratories, living quarters for workers, housing units for scientific visitors, and a pier, completing significant improvements to the island’s living and working environment that were begun in 1987. September 6 gw International Meeting Meeting in Washington, Panama's President Ernesto Perez Balladares presented a letter to Secretary I. Michael Heyman and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Director Ira Rubinoff expressing his government's intention to continue supporting STRI beyond the year 2000. September 7 w Lecture “Case Studies in Preservation and Access to Photographs at the Smithsonian Institution,” by Con- servation Analytical Laboratory postgraduate fellow Andrew Robb, concluded this year’s presentations for the Research Libraries and Archives Collections Con- servation Task Force. This three-year-old program, coordinated and organized by the CAL paper conserva- tion laboratory, combines educational presentations and demonstrations with practical assistance to Smithsonian research collections. September 15 @ Research Grants At the National Museum of Natural History, efforts to identify and describe the world’s or- ganisms were strengthened by three grants from the Na- tional Science Foundation’s Partnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy program. These multiyear grants support research projects that document poorly known groups of organisms and help train young re- searchers to continue this important work in the future. September 16-January 2 w Exhibition and powerful graphics made the exhibition “Luis Oversized, colorful fiberglass sculptures Jiménez: Man on Fire” a popular hit during its run at the National Museum of American Art. Based on an exhibition organized by the Albuquerque Museum, it emphasized the museum's strong holdings of Jiménez’ work, including Vaquero. This Mexican cowboy on a rearing horse stands on the steps of the museum and has become its unofficial symbol. September 16 w Benefit Event The Young Benefactors, a membership group of The Smithsonian Associates, held its sixth an- nual Blast-Off Black Tie Gala and presented the Institu- tion with a check for $100,000, representing funds raised during fiscal year 1995. September 17 w Performance The National Postal Museum was the setting for “Return to Sender,” a musical program of mail songs performed by Cindy Hutchins, Michael Tilford, and Howard Breitbart of the American Song Company. September 18 w Facility Improvement After eight and one-half months of construction on the ventilation systems in half of its laboratories, the Conservation Analytical Laboratory reopened the labs and became fully operational. September 19 @ Panel Discussion The Hispanic Heritage Planning Committee, in conjunction with the Wider Audience Development Program in the Office of the Provost, celebrated Hispanic Heritage Month with “Nueva Ola/New Wave: Emerging Latino Voices in US. Litera- ture.” The discussion featured writers Norma Cantu, Judith Ortiz Cofer, Gustavo Perez Firmat, and Rosario Ferre. Held at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the event received support from the Educa- tional Outreach Fund. September 22-25 w Film and Video Festival Seventy-five films, videos, and radio programs by Native American directors and other independent mediamakers were showcased at the Ninth Native American Film and Video Festival at the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian. September 24 w Exhibition opening “The Power of the Pen: Islamic Calligraphy in the i Century” at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery presented a selection from the Vever Collection of Islamic Arts of the Book, with emphasis on the use of calligraphy to transcribe verses from the Koran. September 25 w Educational Publication The National Postal Museum published Pen Friends, an intergenerational letter- writing guide and resource booklet for middle school and high school students working with older adults. 35 September 25 w Distinguished visitor Milo Beach, director of the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, was host of a reception in honor of the visit of the Dalai Lama to the Freer. His holiness toured the Buddhist galleries and addressed guests about the importance of preserving the cultural heritage of Tibet. September 26 B® Publication “Take Metrorail to the Smithsonian Mu- seums,” a pamphlet designed by the Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center, was updated and re- printed by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority to promote the use of public transportation to reach Smithsonian museums. September 26-27 w Meeting The 15-member National Postal Museum Advisory Commission held its fourth annual meeting. The commission includes corporate executives, scholars, educators, government officials, and representatives of the business mailing community. September 26 w New Advisory Committee The new external advisory committee for the Conservation Analytical Laboratory vis- ited CAL for a program review. Committee members heard program and management presentations, inspected the facilities, and met with staff and outside collaborators. 36 September 27 @ Lecture Sir David Attenborough addressed members of The Smithsonian Associates with a slide-illustrated lecture, giving a lively account of how plants work as living organisms. He also described his travels to re- mote parts of the world in search of rare, spectacular flowers. September 28 @ Film Series Dennis Potter's Midnight Movie launched the free film series for 1995-96 at the Hirsh- horn Museum and Sculpture Garden. In the previous year, more than 22,000 people attended these free programs, which feature cutting-edge international independent cinema, documentaries on contemporary artists, and family-oriented animation. September 30 w Public Program rotunda of the National Museum of Natural History Visitors of all ages gathered in the for BugFest ‘95. Staff members from the Department of Entomology and Office of Education displayed specimens and answered questions about katydids, flies, ants, bees, wasps, beetles, moths, butterflies, spiders, and many other kinds of insects. Visitors could also sample insect-based foods, try their hand at drawing insects, or watch a tarantula feeding at the museum's O. Orkin Insect Zoo. Many materials dis- tributed at the event were available in both Spanish and English. Reports of the Bureaus and Offices of the Smithsonian Institution for Fiscal Year 1995 The Provost Office of the Provost Robert S. Hoffmann, Acting Provost On October 31, 1994, Secretary Heyman combined the offices of three assistant secretaries to establish the Office of the Pro- vost and appointed former Assistant Secretary for the Sciences Robert Hoffmann as acting provost. The creation of this office marked a major step in the strategic planning of a more effi- cient and effective Institution. The Office of the Provost plans, coordinates, facilitates, and evaluates the Institution's activities in research, collections management, exhibitions, ed- ucation, and cultural programs. During the year, the Office of the Provost initiated activi- ties to commemorate the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary year. Major programs include a lecture series to accompany the traveling exhibition, “America’s Smithsonian”; “The Un- seen Smithsonian,” a photographic exhibition illustrating the diversity and breadth of research interests pursued by Smithsonian scholars; an endowed chair in museum studies at George Washington University; lectures and panel discus- sions at scholarly and professional organization meetings across the United States; and behind-the-scene tours of pro- gram units that help staff and volunteers appreciate and un- derstand institutional activities. The 25-member Smithsonian Council assessed the Smithsonian's anthropological and cultural studies pro- grams, as well as programs of the Smithsonian's conserva- tion biology community and the Conservation Training Council. 2 Through James Smithson Trust funds—the Research Opportunities Fund, Restricted Endowment Funds, Scholarly Studies Program, Special Exhibition Fund, Collections-Based Research Fund, and Educational Outreach Fund—the office distributed awards to museums, research institutes, labora- tories, and other offices. The awards support innovative scien- ufic endeavors; exhibitions that broaden public understanding of Smithsonian collections; and education, cul- tural interpretation, and audience development programs. The office initiated Institution-wide discussions and work- shops focusing on recent exhibitions and research that re- sulted in new guidelines and improved procedures for exhibition planning. The Council of Museum Education Directors organized a Smithsonian-wide conference that reviewed national educa- tion reform goals and guidelines and presented local, national, and Smithsonian examples of the museum community's in- volvement in education reform. Smithsonian scholars from the sciences and the humaniues gathered at a conference focusing on the history and contribu- tions of Smithsonian researchers. “What about Increase? The First Science and Humanities Dialogue” fostered a spirit of community, shared goals, and cooperative endeavor. The office continued support for the Material Culture Forum and the History Roundtable, which hold regular dis- cussions on topics that cross disciplines, thereby encouraging communication and collegial work among research staff. The Wider Audience Development Program coordinated nearly 30 lectures, films, performances, and other educational programs to explore different facets of America’s multicultu- ral heritage. The office supported several Smithsonian units in organiz- ing programs for Asian and Asian American communiues. The Accessibility Lecture Series offered 10 programs to staff from the Smithsonian and from cultural organizations in the Washington, D.C., area on topics such as universal design and audio description for performances. “Ocean Planet,” a traveling exhibition on ocean conserva- tion organized by the Environmental Awareness Program, opened at the National Museum of Natural History. Sciences Conservation Analytical Laboratory Lambertus van Zelst, Director Several events early in the year had major effects on CAL's pro- grams and activities during this past year. First, the year started with the implementation of the new management structure, which is matrix oriented rather than based on the traditional disciplinary departments. In the new structure, ac- 37 tivities take place in three program areas, research and devel- opment, education and training, and support and collabora- tion, each with a Program Coordinator overseeing and coordinating the work in their specific area. Staff, however, can and often does participate in several projects at a time, which can fall into more than one of these program areas; for each project the corresponding coordinator oversees the work done on 1t. The second event, which resulted in a major challenge to CAL staff, was the year long construction project at MSC to retrofit the ventilation system. In contrast to earlier planning, this project resulted in a major disruption, since half of the CAL facilities were closed down between January and August. Thanks to the gratefully acknowledged help from the Na- tional Museum of Natural History, temporary spaces could be identified within MSC to keep most of the programs going. However, the education program especially was seriously dis- rupted, and some major equipment, that could not be moved to temporary quarters, was shut down for several months. That the overall work progressed quite satisfactorily 1s testi- mony to the outstanding efforts made by the CAL staff to overcome these difficulties. In the research program on mechanical properties of materi- als, a major milestone has been passed. The quantitative rela- tionships between mechanical properties and environmental conditions (temperature and relative humidity) have been worked out for a large number of material types and this, in turn has enabled the researchers to formulate safe ranges for these environmental conditions inside which fluctuations pose no danger to the objects in storage or on display. The possible variations from the general set points of 50% RH and 68 de- gree F. are indeed much larger than has generally been as- sumed in the conservation literature; as a result substantial savings in energy costs may be realized in operating the cli- mate control systems in museums. A number of special sym- posiums has already been organized at various locations to disseminate these results to the museum community. Several museums nationwide that were planning new construction and/or climate control systems have asked for detailed infor- mation to include these data in their planning. At the Smithsonian, this work may lead to significant savings in the control system acquisition and operation at the planned Dul- les Airport facility of NASM. Moreover, in order to assess the possibility of savings in other facilities, che main investigators have been assigned on a special detail to a planning group at ODC charged with the drafting of Institutional guidelines for environmental control standards. The program of research into the preservation of photo- graphic materials successfully developed a packing technique which provides sufficient humidity control allows inside the package to allow the use of commercially available freezer technology for the long term storage of photographic materi- als. The advantage of freezer storage are in lower temperature, hence longer life expectancy, and in greater energy efficiency. Moreover, using commercial technology makes the equipment 38 scalable to the size of the collection, from a household size freezer, through supermarket freezers, to walk-in freezer vaults. This will make cold storage a feasible and affordable preservation strategy for small and large collections alike. At CAL, a pilot demonstration project has been started. In the modern materials preservation research, attention centered on the preservation of magnetic storage media, espe- cially videotape. Ic appears that the determining factor in the loss of use of the information is the chemical breakdown of the adhesive binder holding the magnetic particles. Hence, the research focussed on the development of a technique to as- sess, non destructively, the degree to which this chemical dete- rioration process is progressing, in order to make informed decisions as to when to copy the information. Based on prelim- inary results, the use of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infra red spectrometry appears to holds good prom- ise, and this work will be continued. Research on the chemi- cal ageing of paper under natural and accelerated conditions, and the relationship between chemical and physical deteriora- tion, progressed on schedule; since under not overly exagger- ated conditions these processes are rather slow this is a mulu year project. The conservation of the neolithic plaster statues from Ain- Ghazal, Jordan, entered its final phase, the reassembly and re- construction. An agreement has been reached with the Sackler Gallery and the Jordanian government, for a temporary ex- hibit at the Sackler gallery of these unique objects after the completion of their conservation, in late 1996. Work on the trace element characterization of archaeologi- cal ceramics was seriously hampered by a prolonged shutdown of the nuclear reactor at the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), where CAL operates a facility for neu- tron activation analysis. This provided one more argument for the need to develop alternative trace element analysis facili- ties, and a request has been submitted for the FY96 research equipment pool for funding to acquire a inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy instrument, later to be augmented by ICP mass spectrometry. On the other hand, good progress was made in the stable lead isotope ratio charac- terization of archaeological metal sources. Collaborative work on the early bronze age “Great Orme” tin mine in the UK was brought to conclusion, and the project on Nigerian (Benin and Ife and Igbo-Ukwu) bronzes produced a first series of promising data. In the biogeochemistry program, work continued on the de- velopment of molecular dissection techniques for light ele- ment (carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) isotopes, and, in collaboration with the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, on the comparison of isotopic compositions of pro- teins from fossil, Cambrian and contemporary, Hawaiian shells of the brachiopod Lingu/a. In collaboration with the an- thropology department of NMNH, and with funding from the James Smithson society, a vacuum line sample preparation facility for light element mass spectrometry (and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating) was constructed at MSC. Work also continued on the assessment of preservation, and recovery, of DNA and other biomolecules from the fossil record. A mechanism by which DNA is stabilized in the fossil record through cross-linking to collagen was identified. Although the earlier mentioned construction work greatly impeded the organization of courses, the Furniture Conserva- tion Training Program was still able to conduct the last four courses for the class of 1996; the students in that class will spend FY96, their last year in the program, in internships. Other educational activities proceeded successfully. Two stu- dents worked, as interns in the archaeological conservation training program, at sites in Pakistan (Harappa) and Hondu- ras (Copan). At the latter site, Harvard University established this year an archaeological field school and collaboration with the latter program enabled CAL to expand its activities to teaching of conservation principles to archaeologists in that school. Again, local archaeologists and museum professionals at both sites benefitted from the CAL presence through for- mal and informal instruction. The Research Library and Ar- chives Conservation Training (RELACT) program continued its educational activities for managers and users of paper based research collections in the Smithsonian museums and re- search institutions. Four research collections received practical preservation assistance within the context of this program, while professionals who have received instruction were again provided with access to the CAL based resource center. CAL proceeded with the production of instructional video- tapes: in addition to the first one on Furniture Care and Mainte- nance, a second one on Rescuing Records—Recognizing Values and Problems, intended for an audience of managers of paper based research collections in museums, libraries and archives, was produced. Both videotapes will be available shortly, after the ac- companying documentation has been prepared. Preparations with the faculty of the local Suitland High School, for a collaborative program aimed at the development and testing of high school curriculum enrichment materials, led to the formulation of a pilot program which saw its in- ception shortly before the end of the reporting period. During the first semester of the academic year 1995-96, a class of stu- dents will receive instruction at the laboratory on the proper- ties of materials in art. This instruction will also be integrated in other courses taught at the school by the faculty. This proj- ect is considered a first step in a long-term program of educa- tional outreach on the secondary education level. With an increased emphasis on production of special CAL publications, an in-house desk-top publishing facility was in- stalled. Its first production was a newly designed Annual Re- port for FY94. Another major addition to the Support and Collaboration group was the image storage and analysis equip- ment for microscopical images; in combination with the new optical research microscope, and able to receive images from the electron microscope, this addition has brought CAL to house a state-of-the-art microscopy facility, which will greatly help the laboratory to reach its stated goal of establishing a center of excellence in research microscopy. Close before the end of the year, the newly established ex- ternal Advisory Board paid a two day review visit to CAL. Pre- pared with advance documentation, the Committee heard presentations by CAL management and by leaders of various programs and projects, met with the Provost and Assistant Provost for the Sciences, inspected the laboratory facilities, had individual meetings with all staff members, and met over lunch with a group of external collaborators. While the Com- mittee had nor yet submitted its report at the time of this writing, preliminary reactions were highly favorable and encouraging. National Museum of Natural History Dr. Donald J. Ortner, Acting Director In keeping with its mission—to understand the natural world and the place of humans in it—the National Museum of Nat- ural History continued its tradition of excellence in scientific research, public outreach, and collections acquisition and man- agement in 1995. As one of the world’s largest research muse- ums, NMNH maintains more than 120 million cultural artifacts and specimens of plants, animals, fossils, rocks, and minerals. Through its educational programs, scholarly and popular publications, and numerous public exhibits—which ona yearly basis attract more than 6 million visitors— NMNH is at the forefront of natural history museums world- wide in disseminating knowledge about the natural and cultural diversity of the Earth. What follows are highlights from each of the Museum's many areas of accomplishment and expertise. General Information The Research Initiatives Program completed a successful first year with a cotal of $325,100 awarded competitively to 27 pro- posals involving 35 NMNH Principle Investigators (26 cura- tors and 9 support staff). The awards helped to foster exciting research and collections work within the Museum, as well as supporting new directions in research.. In 1995, NMNH staff obtained substantial outside research and collections grants totaling over $6 million. For example, Dr. Brian Kensley of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology (IZ) spearheaded an agreement between the National Science Foundation and the Smithsonian Institution concerning the Biological Collections from Polar Regions. This agreement, worth $1,250,000, is to be awarded over the span of 5 years and designates Invertebrate Zoology as a “Center for Excel- lence in Antarctic Research.” Two new scientists have been added to the Museum staff this year and will be joining the Department of Entomology. They are: Dr. Ted Schultz, a specialist in the systematics and ecology of ants, and Dr. Daniel Polhemus, an expert in flies, 39 with additional interest in the conservation and biota of Ha- wail. These researchers have filled positions vacated through retirements and will strengthen scientific and public pro- grams in both the Department and the Museum. On October 14, 1994, Museum board member Gilbert S. Kahn announced a gift of $2 million from his mother, Janet Annenberg Hooker, to the Campaign for the Hall of Geology, Gems and Minerals. The donation also included a four-piece jewelry suite of rare fancy yellow diamonds. Mrs. Hooker had contributed $3 million to the campaign in 1992, and the new hall will be named in her honor when it opens in 1996. The Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port in eastern Florida this year benefited from two generous supporters. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation agreed to a discounted sale of eight acres of land in Fort Pierce, Florida, which will provide a permanent site for the facility. In addi- tion, the station received a 1995 Ford Explorer from Ford Motor Company, a sponsor of the Museum's “Ocean Planet” exhibition. The Museum expanded its outreach significantly this year via the information superhighway. Online services now avail- able include an NMNH “home page” on the World Wide Web, an electronic version of the “Ocean Planet” exhibition, scientific and general-interest publications, collection informa- tion, specialized bibliographies, comprehensive species list for some groups of organisms, and discussion centers that link re- searchers around the world. The Fall meeting of the NMNH Board took place in An- chorage, Alaska, in early September. This venue was chosen to provide Board members a first-hand look at the NMNH Arc- tic Studies Center. Department of Anthropology The Asian Cultural History Program celebrated its roth anni- versary (1985-95) with several publications and new projects, including Chung-su Houchins’ monograph, “Artifacts of Di- plomacy: Smithsonian Collections from Commodore Matthew Perry's Japan Expedition (1853-1854),” (Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Anthropology, volume 37), and Dr. Paul Michael Taylor's edited volume, “Fragile Traditions: Indonesian Art in Jeopardy,” (Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press, 1994). Under the leadership of Dr. William Fitzhugh, The Arctic Studies Center was particularly active in outreach activities in 1995. The exhibition “Crossroads: Alaska” toured 15 small vil- lages throughout Alaska this past year. The objects from na- tive cultures of the Bering Straits region have special meaning for many of those who live in rural Alaska. The materials were made all the more accessible by means of the accompany- ing library of videos, educational materials, and related out- reach programs. After two years of planning, Dr. Dennis Stanford began ex- cavations and archival research in the Toluca Valley of central Mexico. This project, designed to study the processes of human-induced landscape change, found evidence of massive erosion and deforestation coinciding with the Spanish con- 40 quest of the Aztec empire almost 500 years ago. As a result of this discovery, new research collaborations were established with the Mexican National Institute for Anthropology and History, the National Autonomous University in Mexico City, Mexico's National Museum of Anthropology, and the govern- ment of the State of Mexico. Drs. Douglas Owsley and Douglas Ubelaker collaborated in the development of “Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains,” the published proceedings of a seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History. Drs. Owsley and Ubelaker were also instrumental in providing anthropo- logical contributions to the investigation of the events at the Branch Davidian Compound near Waco, Texas, in early 1993, and, as a result of these investigations, published a paper de- scribing the role of forensic anthropology in the recovery and identification of the Compound victims. During Fiscal Year 1995, the Department of Anthropology’s Collections staff—working in conjunction with the Museum's MOVE staff—cleaned, rehoused, packed, bar coded and relo- cated approximately 56,000 catalogue records, equivalent to more than 100,000 objects, to the Smithsonian's Museum Sup- port Center in Suitland, Maryland. These objects are represen- tative of cultures throughout the world. In addition, the Department captured digitized images of its catalogue records for the ethnology, archaeology, and physical anthropology col- lections. This documentation system, which will be made available on CD ROM, will facilitate collections access and re- search for both scholars and the general public. Department of Botany Drs. Warren Wagner and Vicki Funk, Department of Botany, were the editors of a book, “Hawaiian Biogeography: Evolu- tion on a Hot Spot Archipelago” (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1995). This volume represents the first detailed biogeographic study of Hawaiian organisms and brings together the work of a majority of the contemporary bi- ological researchers on the terrestrial Hawaiian biota. In col- lecting and synthesizing the available data, the publication offers not only a new understanding of the biogeography of the archipelago, but is certain to kindle new ideas concerning evolution on islands. As published in “Science, ” Drs. Mark and Diane Littler, Department of Botany, discovered a new bacterial pathogen of calcareous coralline algae that occurs in South Pacific reefs and spans a geographic range of at least 6,000 kilometers. Because of the important role played by coralline algae in reef build- ing, this pathogen has the potential to greatly influence coral reef ecology and related processes. On June 9, 1995, “Science” magazine featured an article en- titled “Multiple Origins of the Lichen Symbioses in Fungi Suggested by SSU rDNA Phylogeny” (“Science” 268: 1492- 1495, 1995). The article was co-authored by Drs. Andrea Gar- gas and Paula DePriest, members of the Deparcment of Botany, NMNH, in collaboration with Martin Grube and An- ders Tehler. The piece provided a phylogenetic placement based on molecular data for a diversity of lichen-forming fungi that demonstrated at least five independent origins of this type of symbiotic association. The research , which was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Botany with assistance from the Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, was funded by Research Initiative Awards, a Scholarly Studies Grant, and departmental funds. Additionally, Dr. DePriest was the 1994 winner of the Tuckerman award for the best lichen paper in Volume 97 of “The Bryologist.” The paper, “Variation in the Cladomia chlorphaea Complex II: Ribosomal DNA Variation in a South- ern Appalachian Population,” described extensive genetic vari- ation within an interbreeding population of pixie cup lichens. Department of Botany curator Dr. Pedro Acevedo’s manu- script, “Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands,” has been ac- cepted for publication by the New York Botanical Garden. The work treats the 747 native and naturalized species of vas- cular plants occurring on St. John, the strategic geographical position of which will ensure the volume’s value as a tool for students of the Caribbean flora in general. Department of Entomology The Department of Entomology received the donation of the Kawabe Lepidoptera collection, totaling approximately 50,000 specimens. This collection contains the finest represen- tation of Asiatic moths of the superfamily Totricoidea ever as- sembled. Included in this group of moths are several of the most serious pests of fruit and forest trees known. Butterfly curator Dr. Robert K. Robbins published an arti- cle with Paul A. Oppler (National Biological Survey) in a new book (“Biodiversity II”) that for the first time documents but- terfly diversity in each state and in each of the world’s major biogeographic realms. The authors show that butterflies dis- play a greater proportion of their diversity in the tropics than either birds or mammals. This result further emphasizes the importance of conserving tropical ecosystems, particularly if the diversity of other terrestrial arthopods mirrors that of butterflies. The Department of Entomology prototype GOPHER went on-line in October 1994. It contains information about staff, resources available to visitors, newsletters maintained by staff members and information about the collections. It also con- tains information abour, and from, various associated organiza- tions located at the National Museum of Natural History, including the USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory, the Walter Reed Biosystematic Unit, and the Maryland Center for Systematic Entomology at the University of Maryland. The Department's World List of Systematic Entomologists 1s particularly popular and its lists of type holdings are currently being expanded. The Department of Entomology was one of two depart- ments that participated in the testing of the CRIS Transaction Management computer system. The CRIS system facilitates our management of loans and exchanges. The state-of-the-art system will provide network access to individual curators and technicians as well as a crucial link to the NMNH Registrar's Office. Department of Invertebrate Zoology Department of Invertebrate Zoology curator Dr. Steven Cairns published “The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia,” (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). The volume is a major contribution to the knowledge of the world’s deep sea corals . The proceedings of the Cephalopod International Advisory Council Conference, held in Washington, D.C. in 1988, were edited by Dr. Clyde Roper, Dr. Mike Vecchione, and Michael Sweeney and are in press with Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology . Five papers in the volume are authored by Depart- ment of Invertebrate Zoology staff. Dr. Robert Hershler was elected President of the American Malacological Society for 1998, at the annual meeting in Hilo, Hawaii, in June 1995. The World List of marine and aquatic isopods, comprising about 5,000 species and prepared by Dr. Brian Kensley and Marilyn Schotte, was placed on the SI Gopher server, along with an authority file bibliography. The list, which provides original author, type locality, and some indication of depth of capture, will be invaluable to isopod systematists. Dr. Klaus Ruetzler and Kate Smith completed develop- ment of a multimedia taxonomic key and database for Carib- bean mangrove sponges supported by an award from the Smithson Society. The first results of this pilot study were pre- sented and discussed with other experts at the Xth Interna- tional Sponge Taxonomy Workshop - Biodiversity Database and Identification Systems - in Brussels in April 1995. Department of Mineral Sciences Drs. Tom Simkin (Department of Mineral Sciences) and Lee Siebert published “Volcanoes of the World: A Regional Direc- tory, Gazetteer, and Chronology of Volcanism During the Last 10,000 Years,” (Geoscience Press, Tucson). This book is a com- pilation of all known worldwide volcanic activity for the past 10,000 years, with statistics and diagrams showing frequen- cies and patterns of eruptions. Department of Mineral Sciences curator Dr. Glenn Mac- Pherson and colleagues published an invited paper on the evi- dence for the presence of the radioactive isotope of aluminum in the solar system at the time of the latter’s formation. The isotope has a very short half life, 700,000 years, and may have been one of rhe major sources of the heat that caused whole- sale melting of planets to form cores early in their existence. Department staff completed a major project in collabora- tion with the staff of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to evaluate several new methods of identification, characteriza- tion, and tracing of soil samples taken from crime scenes. In September 1995, the Department hosted an international conference, the Meteoritical Society Annual Meeting, at the Ripley Center. Over 200 talks and poster presentations cov- ered all aspects of research on the solar system: its formation 41 and evolution, and its component planets, asteroids, meteorids, and comets. Department of Paleobiology This year, research scientists in the Department of Paleo- biology published important papers, arising from several on- going research programs. Most notable among these are three publications based on Dr. Alan Cheetham’s long-term study, in conjunction with his colleagues Dr. Jeremy Jackson (STRI) and Dr. Lee-Ann Hayek (NMNH), of the evolutionary dynam- ics of bryozoans, a group of marine invertebrates. Their work provides the most compelling evidence gathered to date in support of the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution, which argues that speciation takes place in short bursts, fol- lowed by long intervals of stasis, rather than as a long series of small changes. These papers were published in “Evolution” (49:290-296); “Environmental and Biological Change in Tropi- cal America” (University of Chicago Press, 1995); and “New Approaches to Speciation in the Fossil Record” (Columbia University Press, 1995). Dr. Richard Benson and his colleagues, published a paper that extends the use of time resolution into the past using sedimen- tary patterns created by the Earth’s natural rhythms. This paper 1s part of an ongoing study of the geological history of the Mediter- ranean region. (“Paleoceanography” 10:5-20). The illustrated “Fossils of the Burgess Shale,” (Smithsonian Press, 1995) was released. This book is the result of collabora- tive work among Drs. D.E. Briggs, F. Collier, and Douglas Erwin (NMNH). This volume brings the history and current knowledge of the Burgess Shale to the scientific community and the layman. The Burgess Shale remains among the most important collections at the National Museum of Natural His- tory. It was collected by then Secretary Charles D. Walcott in the early 1900s. The collection has been pivotal in our under- standing of the diversification of animal life and the develop- ment of evolutionary theory. The Department of Paleobiology has made progress in the conservation of the vertebrate paleontology collections. Many specimens of Cenozoic mammals have been repaired and fitted with special jackets that offer both increased protection and accessibility cto scientists interested in their study. Major re- organization of collections has also been initiated. Large num- bers of specimens have been moved to new cases at the Museum Support Center, and collections have been reorgan- ized in virtually all areas of the Department's holdings. Department of Vertebrate Zoology The Department of Vertebrate Zoology’s Dr. Lynne Parenti was invited to attend the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Work- shop on “Conservation, Sustainable Use and Management of Wild Animals” and presented lectures on systematics relating to biodiversity. Dr. Parenti helped to establish ties with Chi- nese colleagues and to assure continued cooperation and ex- change of scientists, books, and specimens. 42 Twenty years of effort, including the detailed examination of over 9,000 specimens and the recording and analysis of an enormous amount of data, resulted in the 1995 publication by Drs. Victor G. Springer and Jeffrey T. Williams of “The Indo- West Pacific Blenniid Fish Genus Istiblennius Reappraised: A Revision of Istzblennius. Blenniella, and Paralticus. New Genus,” (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, Volume 565). This illustrated paper offers a systematic revision of three Indo- Pacific genera of common marine fishes, and describes a new genus and two new species. In 1995 the Department of Vertebrate Zoology entered the “information highways” with the development of a World Wide Web page on Internet (Fishes). Mammal collection data were made available over Internet via the Natural History Go- pher Server. This file encompasses information consolidated from over 477,000 specimen records into over 17,000 taxo- nomic-geographic records. The new Osteo-Prep/Marine Mammal Necropsy Labora- tory is virtually complete. The Lab is situated in Suitland, Maryland, adjacent to the Museum Support Center, and takes the place of the old East Court Laboratory. Like its predecessor, the new Marine Mammal Lab will allow mam- malogists to examine the remains of dolphins, porpoises, and whales that have beached themselves or drowned in fishing nets. The Osteo-Prep facilities will make possible the preparation of skeletal remains for addition to the Museum’s research collections. To inaugurate the site, Museum researchers hosted a workshop for some 20 por- poise researchers. Laboratory of Molecular Systematics Dr. Elizabeth A. Zimmer, Laboratory of Molecular System- atics Botanist, continued her National Science Foundation Visiting Professorship for Women at the California Insti- tute for Technology. While there she gained training in molecular developmental microscopy techniques applica- ble to systematics. Dr. Zimmer was named a Research Fellow at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden in Claremont, California, where she organized their annual symposium on the topic of “The New Morphology: Integrative Approaches to Plant Systematics.” *Laboratory of Molecular Systematics investigators Dr. Paul Lewis and Dr. David Swofford have recently discov- ered a very general way to estimate genetic distances. This year, they presented their newly devised method, which vastly expands the number of possible models that can be applied in arriving at estimates, at the joint meetings of the Society for the Study of Evolution and the Society of Systematic Biologists. The Laboratory of Molecular Systematics renovated 1,700 square feet of laboratory space at the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, to house frozen tissue collections. The space will also be used as a facility for recovering ancient DNA from Museum specimens. Office of Biodiversity Programs December 1994 saw the publication of “The National Biodiversity Information Center: A Consensus Paper Prepared by the National Biodiversity Information Center Advisory Planning Board.” A major symposium, “Measuring and Monitoring Forest Biodiversity: The International Network of Biodiversity Plots” was held at the Smithsonian in May 1995. In 1995, a number of courses were organized by the Office of Biodiversity Programs, among these “Ecology of Amazon- ian Rain Forests;” “Museum Techniques in Botany;” and a workshop devoted to an initial survey of Pelican Cays in Belize. The Office began the establishment of surveys and inven- tory programs in Burma, China, and Cuba. Dr. George Zug from the Division of Reptiles and Amphib- ians, with a colleague, Dr. Robert Reynolds, NBS, taught at the Department of the Interior Wildlife Inspector Basic Train- ing Program for newly appointed Wildlife Inspectors with the Division of Law Enforcement. Museum Exhibits in 1995 Special exhibits were a highlight of 1995 at the Museum. “Spi- ders!” completed it successful debut at the Museum in Janu- ary and began a North American tour that will continue untl 1998. In April, “Ocean Planet” opened with the generous sup- port of Times Mirror Magazines, the National Science Founda- tion, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Ford Motor Co, and Motorola. A new permanent exhibition, “Exploring Marine Ecosystems,” opened in May, followed by the traveling show “Royal Tombs of Sipan” in June. Later in the year, the Museum's first outdoor exhibition—a butterfly garden began attracting butterflies. “Ocean Planet’"—This exhibition, organized by the SI Of- fice of Environmental Awareness, opened to the public on April 22nd and continued through January 1, 1996. At that time it began national circulation by the Smithsonian Institu- tion Traveling Exhibition Service. The exhibition was pro- duced with the intention of promoting celebration, understanding, and conservation of the world’s oceans. In as- sociation with the show, Times Mirror Magazines, Inc., devel- oped a CD-ROM titled “Ocean Planet Explorer” for children. The Discovery Channel also produced a CD-ROM for general audiences. Scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- tration helped develop an on-line version of the exhibition, which became available in May over the Internet. Because of these and other partnerships, “Ocean Planet” is considered the most widely distributed exhibition and education effort cre- ated by the Smithsonian to date. “Exploring Marine Ecosystems’—Upon its opening on May 19th, “Exploring Marine Ecosystems,” a completely reno- vated exhibition, will introduce visitors of all ages to the com- plexity and importance of natural ecosystems. The exhibition features living models of two of the many ecosystems con- tained within the Earth's oceans: a tropical coral reef and a temperate rocky shore. A life-sized blue whale in her entirety is also on display as a permanent feature. “The Royal Tombs of Sipan"—This special exhibition was organized by the Fowler Museum of Cultural History at the University of California at Los Angeles and Bruning Archaeological Museum under the auspices of the National Institute of Culture, Peru. It opened to the pub- lic on June 2, revealing the riches excavated from the 1,700- year old burials in a Moche pyramid in Peru. Displaying more than 100 artifacts in gold, silver, and other precious materials, the exhibition introduced visitors to the Moche’'s remarkable jewelry, weaponry, regalia, and sacred ceremo- nies. The exhibition closed September 4, 1995 and returned to Peru. Smithsonian Butterfly Garden—The Museum's first out- door exhibition is located on the Ninth Street side of the Nat- ural History Building. Four distinct habitats—wetland, meadow, woods’ edge, and urban garden—encourage visitors to observe the partnerships between plants and butterflies. The garden is a joint venture of the Horticulture Services Di- vision and the Museum, with parcial funding from the Smithsonian Women’s Committee. The garden, on view at all times, serves as a valuable complement to the O. Orkin Insect Zoo on the second floor of the Museum. “Seminole Interpretations” is an expanded exhibit on the Seminole Tribe of Florida on view in the Native American halls. Additions to the previously existing display include a two-sided kiosk presenting Seminole culture in the 1990s. The Museum also collaborated with the Seminole’s Ah-Tha- Thi-Ki Museum in Florida to develop an interactive com- puter program from which visitors can learn about facets of tribal life such as crafts, language and architecture. Education, Public Programs, and Outreach The National Museum of Natural History, in association with the National Zoological Park, NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center, and Mississippi State University have agreed to work together to create a multimedia information system to give teachers and students greater access to the vast scientific edu- cational resources of the Smithsonian and the NMNH in par- ticular. The initiative will focus on teaching, research, and technology, with an emphasis on inquiry-based classroom re- search and interactive multimedia designed in accordance with the ongoing research within the participating organiza- tions. Referred to as the “Natural Partners Program,” this project expects to encourage, as one of its many goals, respon- sible decision-making about the conservation and the use of fi- nite natural resources, while presenting NMNH scientists and their research in relevant ways to encourage students to become future scientists. The Museum's premier program for national and inter- national undergraduates, the Research Training Program (RTP), had another successful year. Since its inception in 43 1980, RTP has developed into a highly competitive program, awarding stipends to approximately 25 of 500 applicants each summer. Funding for the program has come from the Smithsonian Institution and from various external sources, including the National Science Foundation and The Pew Charitable Trusts. In 1995, Motorola, a supporter of the Museum's “Ocean Planet” exhibition, donated funds to support an intern in 1995 and 1996. One of the recipients, Glenn Almany, a student of marine biology at San Fran- cisco State University, began work this year with Drs. G. David Johnson and Carole Baldwin, Department of Verte- brate Zoology. The Museum's Naturalist Center closed temporarily on April 2, 1995, while NMNH undergoes extensive renovation. In cooperation with Loudoun County, Vir- ginia, the Center reopened in September on the campus of the Xerox Document University near Leesburg. The Naturalist Center will return to the Museum in 1998. Magda Schremp, Head of the Docent Program at NMNH,, was successfully involved in recruiting docents for the relocated Center. Due to excellent press in the Loudoun Country newspapers, a number of very qualified volunteers will work with county teachers and museum staff. NMNH Docent Anne Marie LaPorte gave a highlight tour of the Museum for the creative staff of Lancit Media, who are working to develop a weekly Smithsonian TV program for children between 8-12 years of age. The Museum’s Fossil Preparation Laboratory reopened dur- ing the summer and is once again staffed with preparators. Visitors to the Laboratory can see how remains of dinosaurs and other ancient creatures are extracted from surrounding rock and preserved for study and display. “Bug Fest 1995,” a day-long Museum presentation dedicated solely to insects, was held in late September. Various display tables were set up throughout the build- ing, including: insects as food, insect identification tables, collecting and preserving tables, canopy collecting, scientific illustration demonstrations, and fossil insects. Curators, technicians, illustrators, and educators from the Museum, the Department of Agriculture, and the Depart- ment of the Army shared their knowledge of arthropods with hundreds of visitors of all ages. NMNH Department of Education staff participated in the Ocean Planet Teacher's Night at the Museum, an event organ- ized by the SI's Office of Environmental Awareness. Approxi- mately 150 teachers participated. In April, the Museum hosted its first Open House “Expedition” for members of Congress and the Admin- istration and their families. This successful event was organized by the NMNH's Office of Development and Public Affairs with the cooperation of its Senate of Scientist. A major objective was to make a direct link between the research staff ac the Museum and the con- gressional community. 44 National Zoological Park Michael H. Robinson, Director The National Zoological Park (NZP) continues its transforma- tion into a biological park that emphasizes the diversity and interdependence of plants and animals. New exhibits on its 163-acre Rock Creek facility in Washington, D.C., such as Amazonia, Invertebrate Exhibit, Wetlands, and Cheetah Con- servation Station, do away with the unnatural separation of plants and animals that characterize most zoos. These exhibits broaden appreciation for the ecological relationships among living organisms. Scientific studies conducted at Rock Creek, the 3,1s0-acre Conservation & Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia, and at various locations nationally and overseas, furthered both the NZP’s effort to advance the understanding of biological and veterinary science and its effort to preserve disappearing spe- cies and habitats worldwide. Jomu, a history-making cheetah, became a part of the Na- tonal Zoo's Cheetah Conservation Station. The twenty-one month old female was one of the world’s first cheetahs pro- duced by artificial insemination. Jomu was a product of new research in assisted reproduction of endangered cats conducted at the Caldwell Zoo in Tyler, Texas, by staff from the NZP’s New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences (NOAHS) Center. Griff, The National Zoo's 13-year-old Masai giraffe, gave birth to a 114 pound female calf on June 5, 1995. The 510" call calf was Griff’s fourth and 16-year old Lionel’s ninth. The baby giraffe dropped to the ground at 2:26 p.m., amid cheers from onlookers. The newborn stood and took its first stum- bling steps in just 28 minutes. Masai giraffes, although not en- dangered, are not common in North American zoos. Kumari, the National Zoo's female elephant calf, collapsed and died on April 26, 1995. She was 16 months old. Kumari was the first elephant born at the Zoo. She died of a type of herpes virus that is not found in humans. The Zoo's pathology department has launched a full scale investigation into the ori- gin and prevalence of this pathogen. The pathologists are studying the possible negative impact of this virus on the breeding of elephants in zoos. Efforts to increase zoo elephant populations are critical since their numbers in the wild are declining. The Department of Zoological Research established a BioVisualization Laboratory. Orchestrated by Dr. Alfred Rosenberger, this state-of-the art computerized system incor- porates digitized 3-D imaging and animation. These tools will allow biological and cultural artifacts, such as animal skulls, to be rendered as three dimensional digital specimens. Objects available in a digital catalog can be studied in virtual reality. The accuracy is so great that scientific research will be conducted on the images, which are digitized using a laser beam input device. The Office of Public Affairs organized “Forever Changed: Birds on the Hawaiian Islands”—an all-Smithsonian sympo- sium that featured scientists Helen James and Storrs Olson from the National Museum of Natural History and Rob Fleischer and Scott Derrickson from the NZP. These four dis- cussed the history and conservation status of Hawaii's remark- able bird radiation and the discovery of recently extinct birds that provided DNA samples for analyses that forced scientists to rethink evolutionary relationships between Hawaiian avi- fauna. The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ) began FY '95 by initiating its first annual ZooArts Festival featuring a number of prominent Washington area arusts and photographers as well as the works of local high school students and commu- nity groups. In the spring of ‘95, FONZ constructed and opened a modern gift and food service facility at Panda Plaza and celebrated its twelfth annual gala fund-raiser, ZooFari, which netted a record $240,000 for NZP exhibition, educa- tion, conservation and research programs. In the summer, FONZ also launched its first series of week-long overnight wildlife conservation camps for children at the NZP Conserva- tion & Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. FONZ vol- unteers also contributed over 100,000 hours of assistance that supported a variety of projects. The NZP won three major awards at the annual meeting of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA): the top Conservation Award for the NZP’s outstanding Golden Lion Tamarin Conservation Program (in FY '95 NZP marked its first decade of success in reintroducing golden lion tamarin monkeys back to Brazil); shared with two other U.S. zoos the Edward H. Bean Award for Excellence in Conservation for col- laborative work on behalf of the endangered tiger; and a Sig- nificant Achievement award for breeding Matschie’s tree kangaroo (at the Conservation & Research Center). The Conservation & Research Center, Environmental Sys- tems Research Institute, Inc. and Hewlett-Packard Company collaborated in forming a consortium, The Conservation Tech- nology Support Program, to provide computer hardware, soft- ware and training to non-profit conservation organizations in the U.S. and abroad. This program will make it possible for biologists to more effectively analyze the environmental im- pact of land and natural resource utilization. NZP and the Fairfax County Public Schools’ Office of Media Services co-produced four separate “Science Safari” programs that targeted elementary school students, and an “Electronic Field Trip” that was aimed at middle school students. Related curriculum materials were created and distributed to participating schools. The programs were broadcast to schools nationally via satellite downlink or cable TV systems. A novel underwater videotape camera provided by the Na- tional Geographic Society was employed by a team of scien- tists led by NZP’s Dr. Daryl] Boness to gather never-seen-before underwater images of and data on harbor seal behavior. The team traveled to Sable Island in the North Atlantic Ocean to temporarily attach cameras to the backs of the seals. The first breeding outside of the wild of a Hawaiian honeycreeper was achieved at the Conservation & Research Center in 1995. This unusual bird, an i'1wi (Vestzaria coccinea)( pronounced ee’eevee), was hatched on 25 May, and was subsequently raised to independence by its parents. Several non-endangered types of honeycreepers, including the i'iwi, are being used at the Center as “research surro- gates” in order to develop husbandry and propagation tech- niques for a number of Hawaii's highly-endangered avian species. The lobby of the Education Building was the location for “Impressions of Another Land,” an exhibition of children's art. The artists were grade 4 students from Sydney, Australia, and Chevy Chase, Maryland. The children drew a remarkable series of pictures of Australian animals—the Sydney students from their own personal experience; the Marylanders from photos and videotapes. Office of Fellowships and Grants Roberta W. Rubinoff, Director The Office of Fellowships and Grants supports and enhances research at the Institution, throughout the nation, and over- seas by linking the Smithsonian with students and scholars from universities, museums, and research organizations. Through fellowships, internships, and other visiting academic appointments, the Smithsonian maximizes the use of its vast and unusual resources and provides an important complement to more formal modes of education. The office manages cen- tralized fellowship and internship programs and all other sti- pend appointments, some of which are designed to increase minority participation in Smithsonian research activities and disciplines. Two competitive grant programs providing schol- arly support for Smithsonian professional staff also are admin- istered by the office. Approximately 900 students, scientists, and scholars from the United Scates and abroad received appointments to use the Institution's facilities and collections. These awards in- cluded stipends for visiting scholars and students, internships, and short-term travel grants. Of the 66 awards made under the Smithsonian Fellowship Program, 21 percent went Co stu- dents and scholars from underrepresented groups. With support from the Educational Outreach Fund, the office coordinated a seminar series given by nine Smithsonian research staff members at 16 large U.S. universities with a sig- nificant number of students from underrepresented groups. Students and faculty learned about some of the research being conducted at the Smithsonian and about the opportunities available to them here. 45 Dr. Pedro E. Leon Azofeifa from the School of Medicine at the University of Costa Rica received the second George E. Burch Fellowship to study the evolution of regulatory gene clusters in vertebrates. In the Smithsonian-wide Scholarly Studies Program, 22 grants were awarded to provide up to two years of research support in Smithsonian disciplines. Office of International Relations Francine C. Berkowitz, Director Since its inception, the Smithsonian has been an international organization. To limit the scope of the Smithsonian “to one city, Or even to one country,” argued the Institution's first Sec- retary, Joseph Henry, “would be an invidious restriction” of the terms of founder James Smithson's bequest. Over the course of the last 150 years, then, Smithsonian researchers have ranged the globe, conducting research, assembling museum collections, and participating in cooperative museum pro- grams in almost every country of the world. Thirty years ago this year, the Smithsonian first established an international office, in order to provide diplomatic support for its increasingly complex programs abroad and to assist with the technical details of the international exchanges of museum collections and personnel. The Office of Interna- tional Relations (OIR) today serves as the point of contract and channel of communications for the Smithsonian with foreign institutions or individuals, with international organizations, and with government agencies. The OIR provides coordina- tion for the various interests abroad of the different parts of the Institution, and maintains the Smithsonian’s central refer- ence source for information on the international activities un- dertaken by its museums, research institutes, and program offices. Grants for research in a limited number of countries abroad are provided through the Smithsonian Foreign Cur- rency Program, which is administered by the OIR. During 1995, OIR obtained nearly 200 foreign visas for Smithsonian travelers, and provided U.S. visa documentation for almost 190 foreign researchers and interns working at Smithsonian and at other kindred institutions in this country. The office handled arrangements for more than 90 official government visits to the Smithsonian during the past year, in- cluding those of the Queen of Thailand, the President of Cape Verde, the President of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and the South African Minister of Arts, Culture, Science, and Tech- nology. During 1995, OIR assisted in the drafting of several in- ternational agreements and arranged for research and specimen export permits in a number of foreign countries where Smithsonian staff conducted research. Staff of the OIR represented the Institution at international meetings and conferences in South Africa, Ghana, India, Mo- 46 rocco, and Norway. The OIR served as host at the Smithso- nian for events honoring a U.S.-Slovak physicist, a Danish- American photographer, an Indian poet, and a Cape Verdean artist. The December 1994 opening of the Cape Coast Castle Mu- seum in a former slave-trade fortress in the West African na- uon of Ghana marked a milestone in international cooperation for the Institution. With assistance from several Smithsonian divisions, and funding support from USAID, the OIR coordinated an effort to train Ghanaian staff in museum techniques, and assist in the development of the opening exhi- bition there on the African diaspora. Work is currently under- way further down the coast of Ghana on the restoration and exhibition development at another World Heritage site, Elmina Castle. Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives Edie Hedlin, Director The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives spent this year preparing for the Smithsonian’s 150th anniversary. The Insticu- tional History Division developed research tools, programs, publications, and presentations on the history of the Smithson- ian and its workers. The Archives Division made substantal progress on its enlarged and revised Guide to the Smithsonian In- stitution Archives and received a grant from the Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund to publish the new edition during the anniversary year. The National Collections Program ex- panded its annual Co/lection Statistics report and plans a special issue for 1996. The Archives Division opened a cold storage facility for spe- cial media on the grounds of the National Zoological Park's Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. The facility provides a steady, cool, and dry environment for the long-term storage of microfilm, motion picture film, audiotape, and videotape. The Archives Division, on behalf of the Archives and Spe- cial Collections Council and with support from the James Smithson Society, published an updated and expanded bro- chure, Archival. Manuscript. and Special Collection Resources, which outlines the many documentary collections maintained throughout the Smithsonian. The Institutional History Division produced two databases—a bibliography and a chronology—that support re- search into Smithsonian history. Both databases are available online through the Smithsonian Institution Research Informa- tion System and are accessible on the Internet. Staff members are working on other databases, including a historical photo- graph database expected to come online in 1996, and organiz- ing several exhibits for the 1soth anniversary year. During 1995, the Joseph Henry Papers Project staff completed text ed- iting of volume 8 of the papers of the Smithsonian's first secretary. With the Center for Museum Studies, the National Collec- tions Program cosponsored an introductory workshop on man- aging museum collections for staff in small, emerging, minority, and rural museums. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Irwin I. Shapiro, Director Summary The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is dedi- cated to the “increase of knowledge” through the discovery and explanation of those physical processes that determine the nature and evolution of the universe, and to its “diffusion” through the dissemination of research results to the scientific community, the creation of educational materials for teachers and students, the training of teachers, and educational out- reach to the general public. Headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, SAO is joined with the Harvard College Observatory in the Center for Astrophysics (CfA), which has more than 250 professional staff engaged in a broad program of research in astronomy, as- trophysics, and earth and space sciences organized by divi- sions: atomic and molecular physics, high-energy astrophysics, optical and infrared astronomy, planetary sci- ences, radio and geoastronomy, solar and stellar physics, and theoretical astrophysics. Observational data are gathered by instruments aboard rockets, balloons, and spacecraft, as well as by ground-based telescopes at SAO’s Fred Lawrence Whip- ple Observatory in Arizona and Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, and at a millimeter-wave radio installation in Cambridge. Current initiatives include the completion of an array of telescopes operating at submillimeter wavelengths, to be placed at a site near the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii; the conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope to a single-mirror instrument 6.5 meters in diameter; and preparation for the launch of space experiments in x-ray, submillimeter, and solar astronomy as well as the flight of a hydrogen maser clock aboard a joint US-Russian mission. Atomic and Molecular Physics Division Kate Kirby, Associate Director The Atomic and Molecular Physics Division carries out re- search in a broad range of theory, experiment, and observa- tions intended in large part to understand those atomic and molecular processes applicable to astrophysical environments and the terrestrial atmosphere. To help interpret astronomical data and co provide more accurate data for astrophysical diag- nostics, the AMP laboratory conducts experiments to measure dielectronic recombination coefficients, electron-impact exci- tation Cross sections, radiative transition probabilities and photoabsorption cross sections. Other experimentalists con- duct research in stratospheric chemistry via balloon-borne and satellite-borne instruments. Division staff also administer and participate in the Institute for Theoretical Atomic and Molec- ular Physics (ITAMP). Over the last seven years, the Institute has been extremely successful in attracting leading theorists in the field co visit and collaborate with each other, and in supporting a number of graduate students and postdocs to conduct independent research in forefront areas of theoretical atomic, molecular and optical physics. Funding for ITAMP comes from the National Science Foundation. High Energy Astrophysics Division Stephen Murray, Associate Director Research in high-energy astrophysics concentrates on some of the most energetic objects and processes in the universe. Studying their x-ray emission is essential for understanding their formation, evolution, and ultimate fate. Because x-rays are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, observations must be made from balloons, rockets, and satellites. Thus, approxi- mately 90 percent of the support for programs in this division is provided by NASA contracts and grants. For example, the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AX AF) will represent the highest resolution, most sensitive x-ray telescope ever to be flown; and, in preparation for launch in 1998, SAO has been involved in the fabrication and testing of its special op- ucs and the design and construction of its High Resolution Camera. In addition, SAO is the site for the AXAF Science Center (ASC) which will receive, analyze, and archive AXAF data and function as a central clearinghouse of information and support for astronomers using the facility. During the construction of AXAF, the ASC will provide support for test- ing and verification of the ground system, for mirror and in- strument calibration, and for planning orbital operations which relate to science data. Optical and Infrared Astronomy John Huchra, Associate Director Optical and infrared data are fundamental to astronomy, and research in this division includes observational cosmology, searches for extrasolar planets, infrared observations of star- forming regions of the galaxy, atmospheric chemistry, optical interferometry, and gamma-ray astronomy. This division is also charged with the operation of—and the development of instrumentation for—the ground-based facilities operated by CfA: the Fred L. Whipple Observatory (FLW), the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT), and the Oak Ridge Observatory (ORO). Users of these telescope facilities come from almost every division at the CfA and also include scientists from many other national and international institutions. Planetary Sciences Division Brian Marsden, Associate Director Research in Planetary Sciences is carried out along observa- tional, laboratory, computation, and theoretical lines by scien- tists with training either in geology or in astronomy/astrophysics. Traditionally, this division has been concerned with the small bodies of the solar system, including meteors, with particular interest in the positional observation and orbital determination of comets and minor planets. This division also serves as headquarters for the International Astro- nomical Union's Minor Planet Center and Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Among specific projects is a study of the long-term effects of Jupiter and Saturn on the population of the outer part of the asteroid belt. Another effort seeks to increase significantly the rate of discovery and appropriate followup of near-Earth asteroids (or com- ets). Geological research mainly involves the petrology of extraterrestrial materials, in particular meteorites and lunar samples. Other research involves the early conditions in the primitive solar nebula. Radio and Geoastronomy Mark Reid, Associate Director Research in the Radio and Geoastronomy Division covers a wide range of topics in radio astronomy, including the study of the formation of stars, evolved stars, supernovae, the struc- ture of the Milky Way, and extragalactic radio sources. Obser- vations of continuum and spectral line sources are conducted with a wide variety of instruments ranging from single anten- nas to interferometers such as the Very Large Array (VLA). The Division is currently in the process of building a major as- tronomical facility: a 6-element submillimeter wavelength telescope array (SMA) to be located near the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The SMA is intended to make observations with unprecedented resolution in the still largely unexplored sub- millimeter band between radio and infrared wavelengths. Other research in the division includes the application of radio astronomy techniques to the study of geophysical prob- lems, tests of general relativity, and the development of atomic clocks. Also, designs for satellite-borne optical inter- ferometers and space-based applications of tethered satellites are being developed. Solar and Stellar Physics John Raymond, Associate Director Scientists in the Solar and Stellar Physics Division carry out a wide range of research projects using data from x-ray and ultraviolet satellite observatories and telescopes on the ground. Major themes include the study of stellar coronae based on ultraviolet emission, investigation of the formation and early development of stars, and analysis of the surface lay- ers of the Sun. 48 The atmosphere of the Sun, our nearest star, contains complex magnetic structures which influence both solar radiation and the solar wind—the stream of energetic particles ejected at high speeds that bathe the bodies of the solar system, including Earth, with profound impacts on life. By designing and building in- creasingly sophisticated experiments to study the Sun's hot outer atmosphere, SAO scientists were the among first to idenufy the dominance of magnetic fields. In addition, the SAO-inspired interdisciplinary study of the Sun and stars has applied detailed knowledge of the solar corona to understand those processes which govern the coronae of distant stars. SAO also continues to study cycles and activity in stars like the Sun, with the goal of identifying and predicting the behavior of our own star. : Theoretical Astrophysics A.G.W. Cameron, Associate Director An underlying goal of astrophysical research is to understand as much of the universe as possible within the current state of technological development. Data come from astronomical ob- servations carried out with equipment collectively sensitive to the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum—from long- wavelength radio waves to very short-wavelength gamma rays. In the last three decades, access to space and the techno- logical development of sensitive new detectors and fast com- puters has revolutionized the gathering of data about the universe. Transforming that data into information and under- standing is the role of theory. The increasing use of super- computers to construct analytical models of objects, or simulations, has transformed the theoretical approach to such an extent that computational astrophysics is now considered on par with observational and theoretical astrophysics. Com- putational astrophysics requires that the simulation programs incorporate enough detailed physics for the results to bear a close resemblance to reality. This division attempts to apply such an analytical and computational approach to understand- ing the universe. SAO Highlights of 1995 Research An experiment to probe the fundamental laws of physics by searching for evidence of a permanent electric dipole moment in an atom led to development of an innovative technique for the laser magnetization of xenon gas. In a cooperative pro- gram with doctors at Harvard Medical School, the laser-gener- ated xenon is being applied to the enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to allow imaging of parts of the body, such as the brain, which cannot be imaged well with current techniques. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory scientists and their colleagues found by far the bset evidence for the existence of massive black holes. The discovery was based on radio observa- tions of swirling gas orbiting a very dense concentration of material with the mass of abour 40 million Suns. Analysis of data from SAO’s Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrome- ter that flew aboard the Spartan 201-2 satellite in September 1994, revealed the presence of a remarkably hot gas in the at- mosphere above the Sun’s south pole, a finding that offers clues to the origin and nature of the solar wind. An SAO scientist was a member of the team that used the Hubble Space Telescope to gather evidence showing the clouds of hydrogen gas found between galaxies at distances of billions of light-years from Earth are at least 1 million light- years in diameter, or about Io times larger than previously thought, and may have unexpected sheet-like structure. Hubble Space Telescope observations by SAO astronomers of faint stars deep inside a globular cluster provided strong ev- idence for the existence of cataclysmic variables, violently interacting double-star systems that may hold clues to the evo- lution of the clusters, which contain some of the oldest stars in the Universe. A large international team of radio astronomers, including SAO scientists, used the high-resolution capability of Very Long Baseline Interferometry to obtain the closest—and earli- est—view of the expanding shell of gas and dust of a recently exploded supernova, which maintained remarkably precise cir- cular symmetry. The analysis of VLBI measurements of the time delay in the arrival of radio signals from distant quasars passing near the Sun made by a team led by SAO scientists produced the most accurate measurement yet for the deflection of radiation by gravity predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity. SAO scientists participated in radio observations of the Earth-crossing asteroid Toutatis that revealed the object has a highly irregular shape and a complex “tumbling” roration, making it one of the strangest objects in the Solar System. Instrumentation An instrument designed to monitor ozone levels in the Earth's atmosphere was launched from French Guiana April 20 aboard ESA's second European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2). The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment, or GOME, was developed at SAO in cooperation with European scientists and is designed to generate a complete world ozone map every three days. Ground was broken June 8 for an array of submillimeter- wave radio telescopes near the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. An SAO submillimeter telescope (AST/RO) was installed at the South Pole in January to study giant molecular clouds in the Milky Way. Modifications of the existing MMT building were begun in July in a major step toward the conversion of that six-mirror tele- scope into a single-mirror instrument 6.5 meters in diameter. Preparations for the launch in 1998 of the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) continued apace at SAO. The telescope’s unusual cylindrical mirrors were completed for coating, with surfaces far exceeding the minimum require- ments; and the High Resolution Camera being constructed at SAO passed its Critical Design Review. Environmental testing of the SAO-designed Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer, one of the major instruments aboard the international Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), was completed in July and the instrument was shipped to the Kennedy Space Flight Center in preparation for launch. As the US Data Center for the Spectrum-X-Gamma (SXG) mission, an international collaborative space x-ray observatory led by the High Energy Division of the Institute for Space Re- search in Moscow, SAO will collect and archive data from the mission and make the information available worldwide through the Internet. Computers allowing Russian scientists easy accessibility to the data were shipped from SAO to the In- stitute June 26, in time for a meeting between U.S. Vice Presi- dent Al Gore and Russian Premier Viktor Chernomyrdin. The SXG mission will conduct multiple experiments in a broad wavelength range—from ultraviolet through x rays to gamma rays. The Fourth International Conference on Space Tether Sys- tems was held at the Institution in April with the joint spon- sorship of SAO, NASA, and the Italian Space Agency. Public Education and Outreach In autumn 1994, thousands of teachers across the country par- ticipated in a nationally broadcast series of interactive videos produced by the Science Education Department and designed to demonstrate how student misconceptions interfere with the learning of science and mathematics. In spring 1995, SAO published “Space for Women,” a 20- page booklet designed to encourage young women to pursue careers in astronomy. The Whipple Observatory’s Visitor Center in Arizona offic- ially opened on January 6. The Center features exhibits on as- tronomy, natural science, cultural (and Smithsonian) history, and the environment. For the second year, the SAO Summer Intern Program brought a dozen college undergraduates to Cambridge to work with SAO scientists on a variety of research projects. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center David L. Correll, Director The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) maintained its research and education programs with a focus on the interactions of plants and animals with their environ- ment. Construction of a new office and education buildings was initiated. A design package was completed for the fourth phase of the Charles Mathias Laboratory Building. A new boat launching ramp and small buildings for storing boat ac- cessories and dispensing boat fuel were completed. 49 This year SERC scientists published 35 research papers as a result of a series of ongoing atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic studies. Measurements were made of incident and undersea spectral irradiance, especially of ultraviolet B wave- lengths, over the Weddell-Scotia confluence in Antarctica dur- ing the austral spring in October, 1993, during the transit of a low ozone “hole”. The intensity of the shortest wavelengths, such as 304 nm, increased significantly. Such increased doses of ultraviolet radiation were simulated on an oceanographic research ship and natural phytoplankton, especially diatoms, were exposed to rest whether they were able to synthesize ultraviolet-absorbing compounds as a defense mechanism. Pigments such as mycosporine-like amino acids increased and could help protect the diatoms from increased ultraviolet radiation. SERC scientists have been conducting a long-term study of the effects on plant communities of elevated carbon dioxide con- centrations, such as are anticipated to occur on Earth 50 years from now. Respiration of C3 plants is strongly inhibited by ele- vated carbon dioxide. This, in combination with increased photo- synthesis, results in large increases in plant biomass. Studies of these C3 plants have now shown that the mechanism of inhibi- tion of respiration is a reduction in the concentration of cyto- chrome c oxidase. Plants grown in elevated carbon dioxide also had more non-structural carbohydrates and less ribulose bis- phosphate carboxylase, a key enzyme for photosynthesis. Thus, they had less photosynthetic capacity per weight of tissue, but the whole plants still out-produced normal plants in ambient car- bon dioxide concentrations. Wich concerns over the possible thinning of the strato- spheric ozone layer and the resultant increase in ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation at the Earth’s surface, SERC scientists con- ducted studies of the relative penetration of UVB and white light into hardwood deciduous forests. Under closed canopies, mean UVB transmittance through the canopy was only I to 2% of incident radiation. This transmittance increased to 30% during the leafless season. Vertically, the UVB radiation was extinguished rapidly, with 40-70% absorbed by the top 25% of the canopy. When compared with white light penetration, UVB had a higher transmittance. Nitrogen is a key nutrient in receiving waters, such as Ches- apeake Bay. When these waters receive to much nitrogen, algae become to productive resulting in reduced levels of dis- solved oxygen at night or in deep stratified layers of water. In the case of Chesapeake Bay, much of the nitrogen inputs ar- rive as nitrate, ammonium, and organic nitrogen dissolved in rain water. SERC scientists have measured the volume and nitrogen contents of each rainfall event for 20 years. Nitrate is the most abundant nitrogen nutrient in the rain and its delivery via the rain has more than doubled over this period. Ammonium is the second most abundant and its delivery has also more than doubled. Organic nitrogen delivery fluctuated bur declined, if anything, over this time period. SERC scientists also have conducted long-term studies of how the rates of discharge of nutrients from subwatersheds of 50 Chesapeake Bay vary with geology, land use, and variations in weather. Nutrient concentrations were measured for 153 streams in various parts of the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Appalachian physiographic regions. Concentrations of nitrate were strongly related to land use within any one geologic re- gion, with low concentrations in streams draining forested lands and high concentrations in streams draining agricul- tural lands. However, under conditions of similar land use, concentrations of nitrate were much higher in Piedmont and Appalachian streams than in Coastal Plain streams. This was primarily due to the fact that groundwater draining Coastal Plain streams has a relatively shallow trajectory, which allows the vegetation in the stream riparian zone to intercept more nitrate than in the other regions, where groundwater path- ways are often to deep for plant roots to have an effect. Another study by SERC scientists found that agricultural livestock populations in the Chesapeake Bay region release sig- nificant concentrations of hormones into streams and the Bay. An important source of estrogen in streams 1s chicken manure that is spread on farm fields as fertilizer. Another source of es- trogen and testosterone was sewage treatment plant effluent. Testosterone was found in the streams during the growing sea- son, but not during the rest of the year. Estrogen reaches the streams by surface runoff during storms, while testosterone reaches the streams in both groundwater and surface runoff. The blue crab is presently the most important fishery in Chesapeake Bay. A better understanding of its biology and ecology is fundamental to maintaining this species in the Bay. SERC scientists use ultrasonic telemetry to study the behavior of blue crabs in the turbid waters of the Bay. Although adults, on average, move faster and stay in deeper water, both alter- nate between periods of slow meandering movement with faster, directionally-oriented movement. Fertilized females mi- grate long distances into high salinity areas near the mouth of the Bay co incubate their eggs. They complete this migration cycle only once per two to five year generation. Adult abun- dance is determined by both recruitment and survival of juve- nile crabs. Cannibalism by large blue crabs was the source of 75 to 97% of the mortality of juvenile crabs. By seeking ref- uge in the shallows juveniles avoid some of this cannibalism. The European green crab has been introduced to the west coast of North America with an initial population developing in San Francisco Bay. SERC scientists have been monitoring the expansion of the green crab range and the mechanisms of expansion. These studies also show that this exotic crab is im- pacting the populations of clams and amphipods in estuarine habitats. The education program at SERC also had a successful year. Many visiting groups took part in such activities as the Java History Trail, the Discovery Trail, canoeing on the tidal creek, and estuarine activities in the shoreline area. These groups in- cluded handicapped, elderly, children, and minorities. SERC also hosted a large number of workshops and educational out- ings for teachers, administrators, and scientists. At SERC these groups can combine meetings and lectures with seeing field research in action within a wide variety of natural habitats. SERC also continued a very successful work/learn intern- ship program for undergraduate and beginning graduate stu- dents. This is a competitive international program. Prospective interns apply to work with a SERC staff scientist or educator on a specific project. In addition, SERC staff and facilities attracted a large number of graduate students, post- doctoral fellows, and visiting scientists. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Barbara J. Smith, Director The Getty Grant Program awarded the Smithsonian Insti- tution Libraries support for a three-year project to create an Online Index and Finding Guide to the Literature of African Art and Culture which is being developed for access on the Internet as part of the Libraries’ online catalog. Responding to the public's growing interest in non-Western art, the index of 52,000 citations was created by Janet L. Stanley, National Museum of African Art Branch Librarian, to identify source materials in this expanding field. The Libraries’ online catalog has been available on the Internet since January at fe/met:\\siris.st.edu: and a second edi- tion of aCD-ROM of the Libraries’ catalog, Smithsonian On Disc. was published by G. K. Hall, Macmillan. This year the Libraries launched an Electronic Republishing program with a pilot project funded by the Institution's Atherton Seidell Endowment. The full, searchable text of rwo volumes in the Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnology series of Native American anthropology studies is being prepared for elec- tronic dissemination and will be available on the Libraries’ World Wide Web site to Internet users around the world, making a contribution to The National Digital Library. All eighteen branch libraries now offer users access to the World Wide Web, and several branches have created Home Pages with links to external reference materials. Branch staff held training sessions to assist the Smithsonian research com- munity in making use of the resources from all over the world now available electronically. The Libraries’ CD-ROM Net- work, accessible in most branches and in many Institution of- fices, was upgraded to increase the number of CD-ROMs thar are available to users at one time. An agreement with the Li- brary of Congress has expedited access to and delivery of mate- rials from that facility to Smithsonian library users. The Management and Systems Division's Shipping and Receiving section decreased turn-around time for library materials by processing shipments using a new automated system. Thanks to a grant from the Smithsonian Women’s Committee, the Li- braries now has software to enlarge type on the screen so that visually impaired users can read from the screen, and thereby access computer-based information, including the Libraries’ online catalog and databases from the CD-ROM Network. SIL also purchased a closed-circuit tv enlarger to give visually impaired library users access to printed material. The equip- ment was installed in the Museum Reference Center, a cen- trally located branch on the Mall. A major event in 1995 was the opening of new and reno- vated facilities at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) Branch Library in Panama, both funded by the Tupper Foundation. A new Library Annex provides four levels of stacks to house the collections, and the library building itself was renovated to provide better services for STRI Branch Library, the premiere Central American research library for the scientific community since 1956. These facilities will assist Libraries staff in serving the 18,000 library users who come an- nually, including an international body of students in the nat- ural sciences and anthropology, and students in biological sciences from the University of Panama. The installation of compact shelving in the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology (located in the Mu- seum of American History) has doubled the stack size, in- creased work space for staff, brought the facility into conformance with the American with Disabilities Act regula- tions, and upgraded the electrical system connections for researchers’ computers. New datalog gers — electronic hygro- thermographs that can be read from a remote location — in the Libraries’ rare book locations have brought greater effi- ciency to the crucial task of monitoring the environmental conditions in those areas accurately. The Women's Committee provided funds for rare-book foam supports that ensure proper handling of rare books during use by researchers. In May the Libraries appointed William E. Baxter head of its Special Collections Department. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries’ exhibition Sczence and the Artist's Book, co-sponsored by the Washington Project for the Arts, explores how scientific ideas can stimulate artis- tic creation. The year-long show displays original artist's books inspired by and displayed with pioneering scientific studies from the rare-book collections of SIL’s Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. The exhibition, curated by book artist Carol Barton and the Libraries’ Rare Book Cataloguer Diane Shaw, opened at two venues, Part I in the Libraries Exhibition Gallery located in the National Mu- seum of American History, and Part 2 at che Washington Proj- ect for the Arts, the co-sponsor, in late May. This cooperative effort featured twenty-seven original artist's books created spe- cifically for this show by leading book artists from around the country displayed with major publications in the history of science and technology from the Dibner Library. Twenty-two of the participating artists attended the opening reception. Supported by the Glen Eagles Foundation and the Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Fund, the exhibition honors the gift of the Dibner Library in 1976 and focuses on one of the Libraries’ core strengths, the history of science and tech- nology. The exhibition was featured in the illustrated article, 51 “Science Defined by the Hands of a Book Artist” in Smithso- nian magazine (June 1995) and, with its own Web server in- stalled, Libraries’ staff began scanning images and marking up text for an electronic version of this exhibition. In conjunction with Science and the Artist's Book, Roald Hoffmann, Cornell University’s Nobel laureate in chemistry, poet, and author, delivered the 1995 Dibner Library lecture on “Chemistry Imagined” which explored connections between science and art. The lecture was supported by The Dibner Fund. The Libraries presented four public programs of music about balloons written between 1890 and 1910, from the collec- tions of the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) Branch. Performed by the U. S. Navy Band Sea Chanters, the musical programs were presented in conjunction with the Libraries’ ex- hibition, Balloons: the Birth of Flight, 1783-1793 which was on display in the Libraries Exhibition Gallery from September through April. Into the Blue: Materials from the National Air and Space Museum Branch, an exhibition in the Library Hall of the Natural History Building where the Libraries’ central ad- ministrative offices are located, featured additional ballooning materials from the NASM Branch. It was curated by NASM Branch Librarian Dave Spencer and NASM Reference Librar- ian Paul McCutcheon with the assistance of two interns. Claire Dekle and staff of the Book Conservation Laboratory created the subsequent exhibition for the Library Hall, Nineteenth-century Publishers’ Cloth Bindings. In August Rare Books and Special Collections in the Smithso- nian Institution Libraries. supported by The Dibner Fund, was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. This 108- page visual survey of the Libraries’ most distinctive and valu- able research materials in a wide sweep of disciplines contains more than 60 images (over forty in color) and is available from the Press and in Museum Shops. Despite limited acquisitions funds for book purchases, the Libraries was able to enrich its collections through the gener- osity of donors. Proceeds from the S. Dillon Ripley Library Endowment funded the purchase of over 50 notable books for seventeen of the Libraries’ eighteen branches. Other signifi- cant acquisitions came from donations to three memorial funds and from the newly established Wells Endowment Fund in memory of John W. Wells and Ellen B. Wells. More than 100 individuals and many corporations and institutions donated books and other library materials this year. The Li- braries welcomed a major gift of a microfilm copy of Trade-a- Plane magazine from TAP Publishing Company, including a printing copy, a user copy, and a cabinet to house the film. Representing the company, Jean Durfee presented the gift of 114 reels of microfilm which preserves the run of the magazine from its beginning in 1937. Following the departure of the deputy director, head cata- loguer, and several staff during a federal downsizing initiative at the beginning of the year, Director Barbara J. Smith re- organized the Libraries into three divisions, consolidating all technical services departments —cataloging, acquisitions, preservation— and special collections under the Collections 52 Management Division. Several economies were achieved by combining Management and Systems into a single division; and the Research Services Division continues to oversee the branch library system that serves users in fourteen locations in the Washington metropolitan area as well as in Cambridge, Massachusetts, New York City, Edgewater, Maryland, and the Republic of Panama. The Libraries is currently serving as the host institution to CAPNET (Capitol Area Preservation Network), a regional group of preservation officers and conservators in libraries and archives. The group, which fosters information and resource sharing and plans educational activities, co-sponsored a pro- gram in April with the Library of Congress on emergency pre- paredness and response. Tom Garnett, Systems Department head, was nominated and served as a Fellow for Excellence in Government during 1994-1995. His project was opening the treasures of the Libraries to a wider audience through estab- lishing the Libraries’ Web server. Working with an automa- tion project funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Margaret D'Ambrosio, Cataloguer, went on leave to serve as resource librarian at the Bibliotheca Berenson, the Harvard Center for Renaissance Studies in Fiesole, near Florence, Italy. Libraries’ staff presented papers at several association meet- ings, and published articles and reviews in professional jour- nals. The Dibner Library hosted two new SIL/Dibner Library Resident Scholars during the year, thanks to support from The Dibner Fund. Six interns from library schools and col- leges around the country worked in branch libraries and one intern assisted in the Systems Department. This year, the Libraries circulated 243,855 items, processed 51,076 inter- library loan requests, acquired by purchase or gift 19,700 books and other library materials, and answered 56,682 reference questions. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Ira Rubinoff, Director During FY 95 the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), based in the Republic of Panama, continued its efforts to increase our understanding of tropical nature and peoples and to communicate this knowledge internationally. To carry out its mission, STRI operates tropical forest and marine field stations, well-equipped laboratories, a research vessel, and a major tropical sciences library. These facilities support the work of 35 staff scientists and hundreds of visiting researchers and students that in FY 95 came from around the world. From October 16-18 STRI scientists and administrators held a retreat on Taboga Island to discuss present issues and future directions. In January 1995 director Ira Rubinoff deliv- ered a “State of STRI” address to all employees in which he re- viewed the Institute's budgetary situation, accomplishments, and present and future projects in the areas of research, educa- tion, construction and telecommunications. Several major construction projects completed this year advanced the master plan of STRI facilities. The renovation of two floors of Building 352, formerly Surfside Theater, and occupied for several years by STRI’s Oil Spill Project, added new offices and laboratories for fellows and visitors at the Naos Marine Laboratories. Construction of the annex for the Earl S. Tupper Library and renovation of the original building were also completed. This represents a significant expansion of the STRI Library faciliries made possible by a gift from the Tupper family. A bronze bust by sculptor Jay Carpenter of Earl S. Tupper, founder of Tupperware and supporter of STRI, was placed in the plaza outside the library. A mosaic based on the work of the Panamanian artist Brooke Alfaro, that was contributed by the artist to STRI, adorns the facade of the new annex. The work, entitled “El Trueque” (“The Exchange”) symbolizes Panama's traditional role as a site of biological, cultural and commercial exchange. On Barro Colorado Island, construction of new labora- tories, housing units for workers and visitors, and a new pier completed a major part of the program, begun in 1987, to replace buildings from the 1920s and improve the field station's living and working facilities. The new building has seven individual laboratories, a chemistry lab, instrument room, computer room, a darkroom, and walk-in freezer. During FY95 construction progressed on the renovation and conditioning of the Ancon facility to house the Center for Tropical Paleoecology and the building and installation of the new back up generator for the Tupper Research and Confer- ence Center complex. A major advancement this year was the installation of a sat- ellice earth station at the Tupper Center to establish more reli- able communications between STRI and SI. The satellite link will provide both data and voice services, thus helping to re- duce communication expenses at both ends. Of special interest was the publication of Fishes of the Eastern Tropical Pacific, coauthored by Gerald R. Allen and STRI staff scientist D. Ross Robertson. The most comprehens- ive guide of the fishes of the region, this publication is now being translated into Spanish. The Spanish version of the executive summary of STRI's Oil Spill Project's final report was published this year and dis- tributed widely by the Office of External Affairs. Also pub- lished, by Texas University Press, was the book Plants and Animals in the Life of the Kuna by STRI's environmental conser- vation specialist Jorge Ventocilla, Heraclio Herrea and Valerio Nufiz, and translated by Elisabeth King. Another translation that saw the light of day this year was La domesticacion y cria de la paca (Agouti paca) Guia FAO Conservacién No. 26 (The domestication and rearing of the paca, Agouti paca, FAO Conservation Guide No. 26 ), by Nich- olas Smythe and Ofelina Brown de Guanti, formerly at STRI. The project on which this publication was based was sup- ported by a grant from the W. Alton Jones Foundation. To reach wider audiences STRI published jointly with Panama's newspaper LA PRENSA 12 monthly color supple- ments in Spanish entitled “Naturaleza Tropical.” The supple- ments, written for lay audiences by STRI scientists and collaborators, dealt with various aspects of Panama's natural history and were enthusiastically received by readers. With support from the SI Women’s Committee the Span- ish version of a second edition of A Day on Barro Colorado Is- land was completed. The English version will be out in October, as will the Spanish edition of the guidebook for visi- tors to the Fausto Bocanegra Nature Trail on Barro Colorado Island. Two new fellowships were established and awarded this year. The Earl S. Tupper 3-year Postdoctoral Fellowship was awarded to Ulrich Mueller, a researcher from Cornell Univer- sity, who will conduct studies on the evolution and the ecol- ogy of the Attine fungus symbiosis. The Fellowship in honor of the late Alan P. Smith was awarded to senior botany stu- dent, Eloisa Lasso, from the University of Panama, who will conduct her thesis research on the canopy access system pion- eered by Smith. In FY 95 the recipient of the Burch Fellowship in Theoreti- cal Medicine and Affiliated Sciences was Pedro Leon Azofeifa, from the Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center of the University of Costa Rica. He received this distinction for his theoretical and applied work in vertebrate genetics and he will be interacting with STRI scientists during the course of this fellowship. To promote cooperation between the Organization of Tropi- cal Studies (OTS) and STRI, the Andrew W. Mellon Founda- tion awarded a three-year grant of $350,000 to be shared equally by STRI and OTS. The grant will fund exchange vis- its by STRI and OTS researchers as well as visits by outside researchers. A generous contribution of one million dollars was made by Glenn O. Tupper to the Earl S. Tupper Fund to support sci- entific research at STRI. The STRI Development Office began this year an “Alumnus Development Program” which raised approximately $10,000. Numerous letters received from STRI alumni provided testimony to the important role STRI has played in the careers of many biologists and conservationists. The Smithsonian Board of Regents approved the use of the name Fundacion Smithsonian de Panama for a new founda- tion to be established in Panama that will raise funds for STRI projects, specifically those that would involve outreach to the Panamanian community. One major project supported by this group of corporate and individual donors is the Ma- rine Exhibition Center at Culebra Point. A pilot marine envi- ronmental education program at this site has received over 20,000 students from the pre-kindergarten through the uni- versity levels. The U.S. Department of Defense provided funding to two STRI projects through its Legacy Program. The first project 53 concerns the restoration and renovation of military bunkers for the development of a visitor center and classroom for the Culebra Marine Exhibitions Center. The second project in- volved inventory and monitoring of birds and forest trees in U.S. military bases in Panama. The Center for Tropical Forest Science at STRI began the fourth census of the 50 hectare forest plot on Barro Colorado Island began in January 1995; previous censuses were con- ducted in 1982, 1985 and 1990. In Borneo the first census was completed on a 50-hectare plot that contains 1173 species and 380,000 stems. A new 50-hectare plot was initiated this year in a high-diversity Amazon forest in area of Yasuni, Ecuador in collaboration with the Catholic University of Ecuador and the Aarhus University of Denmark. On May 6, 1995 a new field station was opened in the Carib- bean by a consortium of private partners in Honduras and Switzerland, the Honduras Coral Reef Foundation and a part- nership of STRI and the Honduran government. The solar powered field station provides laboratory and living space for I5 scientists and will be the site for studies on coral reefs and other marine habitats, and for an initiative in the sustainable development of fishing and tourism. In Africa, the Mpala Research Centre, a collaborative re- search effort between Princeton University, the National Mu- seum of Kenya and the Kenya Wildlife Service, hired its first director, Nicholas Georgiadis, a STRI research affiliate. This unique savannah field station located, in the Laikipia plateau in northcentral Kenya, provides housing and dining facilities for 15 scientists. Director Georgiadis visited Panama this year to formalize links between Mpala and STRI, which adminis- ters the SI interests in this consortium. A working plan and cooperative agreement was signed be- tween STRI and Brazil's Federal University of Parana (UFPR). The agreement calls for technical and scientific exchange to re- construct the history of the vegetation and climate since the last glacial epoch, in several regions of Brazil. The STRI pale- oecology team headed by Paul Colinvaux and the UFPR de- partment of Botany headed by Raquel Negrelle will be working together towards the successful completion of the project. Several international workshops were held at STRI’s Tupper Center this year. From March 20-24, the Technical Meeting of Herbaria of Central America and the Caribbean brought to- gether twenty-six specialists from eight nations and was or- ganized by Mireya Correa, of STRI and the University of Panama, and Rafael Ocampo, of the Centro Agronémico Trop- ical de Investigaciones y Ensefanza (CATIE) in Costa Rica. Seventy-five specialists from around the world gathered at the Tupper Center for the United Nation’s Environmental Program's Global Biodiversity Assessment Workshop that was held from June 12-16. The U.S. State Department provided seed funding to initi- ate the development of an international travelling exhibit on coral reefs. The exhibit is conceived as a means Co increase public awareness of the plight of coral reefs, and is one way in 54 which STRI is helping to carry out the objectives of the Inter- national Coral Reef Initiative, in which STRI has an advisory and collaborative role. The exhibit will open at the ATLAPA Convention Center in conjunction with the Eight Inter- national Coral Reef Congress to be held in Panama from June 24-29, 1996, cohosted by the University of Panama and STRI. The bilingual itinerant exhibit “Parting the Green Cur- tain” continued its travels through its fifth country in Latin America, opening at the Banco Central de Reserva del Peru in Lima, from July through September 1995. The educational exhibit “Imagenes contra el SIDA” opened at the Tupper Cen- ter in December and was subsequently donated to Panama's Ministry of Health to support local HIV/AIDS prevention education. STRI and the University of Panama offered the V Intro- ductory Course in Field Research for biology students held from April 2-11 in the Gigante Peninsula, part of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. In collaboration with Panama’s Ministry of Education (MINEDUC), STRI organized the II Workshop in Marine Environmental Education held from March 27-31, 1995. The workshop supported by a grant from the SI Educational Outreach Fund was attended by 23 middle school teachers from Panama's coastal areas, including a repre- sentative from the San Blas islands. Thirty students from the University of Panama and the Azuero Regional University Center participated in the archae- ological excavations at the Cerro Juan Diaz site near the town of Los Santos, directed by STRI staff member Richard Cooke in collaboration with Panama’s Institute of Culture. The students’ training and participation was supported by a grant from the SI Educational Outreach Fund. Secretary I. Michael Heyman and Theresa Heyman visited STRI from February 6-10 to meet the staff and learn about on- going programs. Secretary Heyman and STRI director Ira Rubinoff met Panama's President Ernesto Perez Balladares at Blair House in September. President Perez Balladares pre- sented Heyman with a letter expressing his government's in- tention to continue supporting STRI beyond the year 2000. Arts and Humanities Anacostia Museum Steven Cameron Newsome, Director The Anacostia Museum continued its tradition of increasing public knowledge of the black experience through direct en- gagement with a variety of constituent groups in the develop- ment of exhibitions, public programs, and research projects. The groundbreaking exhibition “Black Mosaic: Community, Race, and Ethnicity among Black Immigrants in Washing- ton, D.C.” was the anchor for activities that strengthened the museum’s leadership in documenting and interpreting con- temporary urban and community history and culture. The collaborative strategies that the museum uses to develop and implement projects are useful models for other institutions. To complement “Black Mosaic,” the museum sponsored two conferences about music. “Musica Afro-Latino” explored the history of Latin musical forms in Washington, D.C., and featured performances and discussions by some of the city’s pioneers and trendsetters. “Beyond the Reggae Beat” in- creased public understanding of musical genres with origins in English- and French-speaking Caribbean communities. Free concerts followed both conferences. Three notable exhibitions were installed in the Community Gallery. “In Search of Common Ground: Senior Citizens and Community Life at Potomac Gardens” focused on eight resi- dents of a public housing development. “Art Changes Things: The Art and Activism of Georgette Powell” was a retrospec- tive view of the life and work of a noted African American art educator and artist who has been active since the 1930s. “Anacostia: Not the Same Old Story” was developed by stu- dents participating in the museum’s partnership with the Lucy Ellen Morten Elementary School. The National African American Museum Project became part of the museum's administrative structure and was re- named the Center for African American History and Culture. The center mounted two exhibitions in the Arts and Indus- tries Building. “Imagining Families” offered a provocative ex- amination of family history through a variety of art forms. In “The Harmon and Harriet Kelley Collection of Art,” the pub- lic gained insight into the impact of individuals who decide to commit themselves to collecting African American art. An advisory board began consulting with museum staff on plans for the 1997 exhibition “Speak to My Heart: African American Communities of Faith and Contemporary Life.” The exhibition, the second in a trilogy of major contemporary urban history offerings, will explore the social and culcural dynamics of Washington's African American spiritual institu- tions. It will also address the impact of changes in vestments, iconography, and liturgy on black religious traditions. Plans for the museum's Archives Study and Storage Center were completed. Construction is slated for 1996 and 1997. The addition will enable the museum to be more effective in col- lecting and caring for manuscript, archival, and photographic material that reflects black life. Archives of American Art Richard J. Wattenmaker Acquisitions Major groups of important papers were acquired this year by the Archives of American Art. John Gruen (b. 1926), art critic and author, donated original manuscripts, tape recordings and transcripts of interviews conducted with important artists who constitute a “Who's Who” of figures in the art world over the past 40 years. These comprise discussions with crit- ics, including Harold Rosenberg and Clement Greenberg, as well as the original, unedited draft manuscript of Gruen’s book, The Party's Over, with much more data than was ulti- mately published. A large group of personal papers were donated by the critic Lucy Lippard (b. 1937) including drafts of her books Six Years, Cross Fire, Mixed Blessings, and Eva Hesse, together with corre- spondence from 1970-1992. Other papers given include clip- pings, leaflets, broadsides on American culture and politics as well as her teaching notes for the University of Colorado, Boulder in 1986. The Archives received a group of rare catalogues (1944- 1992), newsletters and records of the Society of American Graphic Artists from Vice-President Richard Dorian. SAGA continues today as the leading organization of printmakers in America. Papers and gallery records were received from Kraushaar Galleries, New York. More than 35 cubic feet of documents comprising correspondence with artists, collectors, dealers, museums and other clients. These include artists such as John Sloan, Guy Péne du Bois, and Gifford Beal. Kraushaar, founded in 1885, is one of the oldest art galleries in America and played an important role in fostering the successful ca- reers of such American artists as the Prendergast brothers, Maurice and Charles, William Glackens, and John Sloan. In the 1920s the Gallery was a leading exhibitor of modern Euro- pean painters. Vose Galleries of Boston, Inc. also donated cus- tomer files 1914-1945 adding to a group of papers given by Vose over a period of years. The Gallery is the oldest family owned art gallery in America begun in Providence, RI in the 1840s and operating in Boston since before the turn of the century. These exceptional records constitute a continuing gift that will provide an invaluable resource for the study of 19th and 2oth century art in America. Among other continuing gifts are the papers of scholar Stanton L. Catlin (b. 1915), a leading authority on 19th and 2oth century Latin American art. One of his most notable achievements was the organization of the “Art of Latin Amer- ica since Independence” exhibition at Yale and the University of Texas in 1967. An addition to the papers of painter and draughtsman Hyman Bloom (b. 1913) was also received. Fel- low of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1960, Bloom is well known for his figure and anatomical com- positions, landscapes and Jewish genre subjects. The Archives acquired the papers of sculptress Bessie Vonnoh Potter (1872-1955) who gained a national reputation for bronze fountains, portrait busts and mother-and-child figure groups. The collection also includes vintage photographs. Of special in- terest are the artist's letters describing her visit to the 1900 Paris’ Exposition Universelle. The donor, Lulette J. Thompson, is Vonnoh’s 98-year old cousin and oldest surviving heir. 55 The papers of sculptor Heinz Warneke (1895-1983), born in Germany, and who migrated to the United States in 1923, have also been donated to the Archives. Warneke was head of the sculpture department of the Corcoran School of Art from the early 1940s to 1970. Another rich collection, papers (1907-1973) of painter Stanton Macdonald-Wright (1890-1973) including corre- spondence (1909-1915) from the artist and his brother Wil- lard Huntington Wright to their mother, and a diary (1909) from Paris concerning color theories and aesthetics, were donated by the artist's wife. Included is a treatise on color with palette and color wheels and an untitled manu- script loosely based on the lives of Stanton and Willard Wright as well as five journal notebooks kept by the artist from 1939-1973. Finally, the Archives was bequeathed the papers of art histo- rian Albert Elsen (1928-1995) professor of art history at Stan- ford University and president of the College Art Association from 1974-1976. Elsen was also author of the “Statement on Standards for Sculptural Reproduction and Preventive Mea- sures to combat Unethical Casting in Bronze.” Long-time member of the Archives’ West Coast Advisory Committee, he was instrumental in the acquisition of several collections. This collection includes correspondence, writings, photographs and printed materials related to his teaching and research in such figures as Rodin, Matisse, Seymour Lipton and Paul Jenkins. Exhibitions An exhibition of a promised gift of papers of sculptor Louise Bourgeois was presented at the New York Regional Center, November 11 to December 1, 1994. Ms. Bourgeois donated the papers to the Archives in honor of Agnes Gund, the well- known collector and supporter of contemporary art, and the Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Museum of Modern Art. Mrs. Gund was honored by the Archives of American Art at a black tie benefit dinner at the University Club on November 17 attended by 280 people. Katharine Kuh (1904-1994), an art historian, critic, gallery owner, and curator, gave the first installment of her papers to the Archives in 1971 and continued to make gifts of her corre- spondence throughout the 1970s and 1980s. It was her wish that after her death the remainder of her letters, manuscripts, photographs. and diaries also be given to the Archives. Archives’ staff member Nancy Malloy and art historian Avis Berman curated a wonderful exhibition at the Archives’ New York Gallery featuring Kuh’s papers, which document the broad range of interests and contributions to art history and criticism made by this remarkable scholar. Letters, sketchbooks, diaries, travel journals, and photo- graphs of abstract expressionist painter Georgio Cavallon (1904-1989) were on display at the Archives’ Gallery in the New York Center from April 4 to June 30. Complementing the papers were a selection of 18 of Cavallon’s paintings and watercolors that were lent for the exhibition. Critic Robert Hughes praised Cavallon’s work as “one of the most lucid, 56 steadfast, and articulate bodies of work in modern American painting.” Diane Kelder, Professor at CUNY Graduate Center and Chair of the Arc Department at Staten Island College, was the guest curator. Also on view at the Archives’ New York Regional Center was an exhibition featuring highlights from collections re- cently acquired by the Archives of American Art. Among the items displayed were letters, sketches, and books from private libraries of artists and critics such as Peter Dean, Frank Stella, Robert Smithson, and Lucy Lippard. Also on view were origi- nal birthday cards given to collector Roy Neuberger from art- ists such as Jackson Pollack, Romare Bearden, Stuart Davis, and Alexander Calder. Publications The Archives’ latest publication, Government and Art: A Guide to Sources in the Archives of American Art, will be published in late Fall. In addition to other materials the Archives has the largest collection of manuscripts, archives, and oral history interviews documenting the New Deal arts programs of the 1930s. Oral History During the 1995 Fiscal Year, the Archives conducted a number of new oral history interviews. Among figures interviewed were New York art dealer Paula Cooper, interviewed by Bill Weiss, who speaks of her gallery experiences and the begin- nings of her involvement with such contemporaries as Walter de Maria, Carl Andre, and other sculptors of the 1960s. Paul Karlstrom, West Coast Regional Director interviewed sculp- tor Viola Frey (b. 1933), as part of the Women in the Arts Oral History Project, she discusses her education and recalls artists such as Richard Diebenkorn, Marc Rothko, and Robert Arne- son. Claire Falkenstein (b. 1908), interviewed by Paul J. Karlstrom, provided a candid discussion of her development as an artist while a student at the University of California, Berkeley. Falkenstein discusses her largest commission at St. Basil’s Cathedral in Los Angeles. She also talks about her teaching in the Bay area and friendships with Clyfford Still as well as meetings with such figures as Karl Appel, Martha Jackson and Sam Francis. In an interview Fritz Scholder (b. 1937) discusses his family background and growing up in the parallel worlds of Anglo and Native American cul- ture, his education and his travel in Europe and Egypt as well as the importance of magic and occult in his work. He also recalls such contemporaries as Wayne Thiebaud, Vincent Price, Georgia O'Keeffe, Agnes Martin and Leonard Baskin. The Archives has undertaken an oral history project in cooperation with the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Orai History Proj- ect has interviewed twelve of the approximately twenty- five individuals who are or have been closely connected with the museum's operations and programs. These inter- viewees include staffand trustees including those who have served the museum in the past. Collecting The Director and Southeast Regional collector, Liza Kirwin traveled to San Antonio, Texas, where they met with artists and arts administrators to pursue the Archives’ longstanding activity documenting Mexican American and Latino art. The Archives is currently preparing a guide to Latino holdings. In Memorium William E. (Bill) Woolfenden, former Director and Director Emeritus of the Archives of American Art died July 19 in New Haven, Connecticut. He was 77. Mr. Woolfenden was Director of the Archives for 19 years and was involved with its programs from its inception in 1954. He was responsible for its growth into the nation’s largest repository for documenta- tion of the visual arts and culture of the United States. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art Milo C. Beach, Director With both the Sackler and Freer buildings open, in full opera- tion and physically linked for more than two years, the galler- ies began two major evaluative efforts. The first, a 12-month visitor study, was aimed at learning more about the galleries’ public—who they are and what they hope to gain from their museum experience. Working with the Smithsonian's Institu- tional Studies Office and a four-member gallery steering com- mittee, professional interviewers spoke to a random sampling of visitors over a period of seven days each month from Octo- ber 1994 through September 1995. Recognizing a related need to refine the galleries’ mis- sion statement and set programmatic priorities in a time of diminishing resources, the administration hired a strategic planning firm to help guide the staff and visiting commit- tees in identifying key issues and operating principles, while helping them to set goals, objectives, and tasks for the next five years. A series of workshops and retreats resulted in a newly drafted mission statement. Staff in individual departments are now engaged in discussions as to how departmental goals can further the achievement of the mission. A project to preserve some of the world’s great art was initi- ated by the government of Japan and private concerns in 1991, and the Freer Gallery was the first institution in the United States to benefit from this effort. By the time the project is completed early in 1996, 40 of the gallery’s masterpieces of Japanese painting, dating from the 12th through the 19th cen- tury, will have been stabilized, cleaned, and remounted in the traditional format by specialists in Japan. The Sackler Gallery exhibition “A Basketmaker in Rural Japan” presented the complete repertoire of baskets made by Hiroshima Kazuo (b. 1915) for use in the home, field, and stream during his 64-year career as a bamboo craftsman. The exhibition was the first in the United States to focus on Japanese baskets as objects of use. It exemplified the gallery's efforts to identify works of art with their makers and place them within a cultural context. The Freer joined the National Gallery of Art and the National Portrait Gallery in presenting a full range of the art of American expatriate James McNeill Whistler. “Whistler and Japan” was the first exhibition at the Freer to focus specifically on the rela- uonship between the Japanese and American painting collec- tions, and it examined Whistler's interest in Japanese art and how it affected his work. The Freer Gallery also cosponsored a Whistler Scholars’ Colloquium with the Centre for Whistler Studies, University of Glasgow. The colloquium was held at the Freer, with an opening reception at the British Embassy. During a one-day Sackler Gallery symposium, “Saints, Sufis, and Siddhas,” six scholars of art history and religion pre- sented papers examining the significance of the holy person- age, an overarching theme in the South Asian artistic idiom. Sessions devoted to Hindu, Islamic, and Buddhist “saints” were followed by an open discussion. The symposium was made possible by the generosity of Mrs. Archur M. Sackler. The Sackler and Freer family program ImaginAsia benefited by the addition of a part-time staff member, who expanded these popular activities to complement current exhibitions and devel- oped a variety of related hands-on activities. The public re- sponded enthusiastically and in great numbers to ImaginAsia’s increased frequency and changing themes. Since the Freer Gallery of Art reopened following renova- tion in 1993, concerts of Asian music and Western chamber music have drawn audiences of music lovers to the grassy plaza at the gallery's north entrance and to the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Auditorium inside. Concerts this year fea- tured che music of Partha Chatterjee on the lute-like sitar, ac- companied by Samir Chatterjee on the tab/a. or drums; the music of Afghanistan, North India, and Pakistan as per- formed by Wali Ahmad Raoufi and Broto Roy; the Gudecha brothers; and Shiv Kumar Sharma with Shafaat Ahmed Khan. The Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Series, now in its third year, included six programs of chamber music by such artists as Musicians from Marlboro, Pamela Frank, and the Takacs Quartet. A highlight of the concert by the Shanghai Quartet was the Washington, D.C., premiere of “Song of the Ch'in,” by the contemporary Chinese composer Zhou Long. The Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Series has been established in mem- ory of Dr. Eugene Meyer III and Mary Adelaide Bradley Meyer. It is generously supported by The Island Fund in the New York community Trust and Elizabeth E. Meyer. The Sackler Gallery sponsored six free public film series fea- turing recent and classic works from China, Taiwan, Hong 57 Kong, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Philippines, as well as films from the United States about Asia. Advertise- ments for the series appeared in Asian community newspa- pers, and that exposure helped attract large and diverse audiences to the films. The Freer and Sackler Library began major improvements in public service through an automated cataloging system that includes titles in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Library staff have begun to convert the 57,000-volume card catalogue to the electronic database, which eventually will be accessible by computer worldwide. Visitors entering the Freer Gallery through the north door can check current exhibitions and the day’s events on two interactive video monitors that were installed this year. Designed by gallery staff and made possible by a generous grant from the Smithson- ian Women’s Committee, the monitors attracted approximately 4,000 visitor queries in the first month of operation. The director was host of a reception at the Freer Gallery in honor of the visit of the Dalai Lama in September. His Holi- ness toured the Buddhist galleries and addressed guests about the importance of preserving the cultural heritage of Tibet. “Contemporary Japanese Porcelain,” an exhibition of recent work by living artists, received top honors as Best Overall Ex- hibition in the 1994 Smithsonian Exhibition Awards. “A Mughal Hunt,” which examined the process by which a scholar traces the history of an unidentified work of art, was cited for the excellence of its labels. The collections management departments of the Sackler and Freer Galleries were combined in a single department under a head registrar, who oversaw the acquisition of 175 works of art through gift, purchase, and transfer to the Sackler Gallery this year. Among the significant gifts were 72 photo- graphs of Asia by Lois Conner; a group of archaic Luristan bronzes; and a fine 14th-century Tibetan Buddhist sculpture, which was purchased by the Friends of Asian Arts and the Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Program. A highlight among the 18 gifts, purchases, and transfers to the Freer collection this year was the Portrait of Yamamoto Kansuke, a hanging scroll by Gion Seitoku (1781-18297), a Japanese artist known for his religious and historical portraiture, as well as for his paintings of courtesans. The subject of the Freer portrait was the crusted adviser and brilliant military strategist for one of 16th- century Japan's most cunning and powerful warlords. The paint- ing was purchased by Friends of Asian Arts and the Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Program. Center for Museum Studies Rex M. Ellis, Director The Center for Museum Studies (CMS) serves a diverse constit- uency of museum professionals, students, volunteers and cul- tural resource specialist by offering courses, seminars, 58 fellowships, internships, information services and professional support. CMS is committed to offering programs and services thar foster excellence, public service and diversity within the museum community. 1995 marked a year of change, new beginnings and in- creased private support for the center. In 1995, the Office of Museum Programs changed its name to the Center for Mu- seum Studies. The new name more accurately reflects the mis- sion and function of the office and more clearly aligns with what the museum community has come to accept as the termi- nology defining museum operations. The office mission has always been, primarily, to support external museums and mu- seum staff by providing training, information and professional support in museum operations. The name change will help to accomplish this more effectively as the office seeks to broaden service to a national constituency. The new name also more clearly facilitates and accommodates efforts to build networks with the many colleges and universities that offer courses and degrees in museum studies. The center began two programs in 1995: a new workshop series and the Museum Intern Partnership Program. Under the direction of Nancy Fuller, Research Manager, the center developed a new workshop series designed primar- ily to meet the needs of staff working in small, emerging, mi- nority and rural museums. The center's objective in offering the new workshop series (Introduction to Public Program- ming, December 5-9; Introduction to Museum Management and Operations, January 23-27; Introduction to Exhibition De- sign and Production, March 6-10; and Introduction to Manag- ing Museum Collections, April 24-28) was to help museums attain effective levels of professional operation to better serve their communities. Class size was intentionally limited to bet- ter meet the individual needs of the participants. The center also introduced the Museum Intern Partnership Program, under the direction of Bruce Craig, Communication Manager, and Bob Kidd, Museum Program Specialist. Given the size and scope of the Smithsonian, most of the Institution's interns do not get a museum experience compara- ble to the vast majority of museums in the United States. The Museum Intern Partnership Program provides a complimen- tary internship at a Smithsonian museum or office and at a smaller, community-focused museum. The program gives se- lected interns a well-rounded experience, provides a mecha- nism for Smithsonian staff to work closely with colleagues in other institutions and broadens the dissemination of Smithsonian resources. Three outstanding individuals were se- lected for the first year of the program, funded by a grant from the Smithsonian's Educational Outreach fund and pro- grams funds in the Center for Museum Studies. Partnerships took place at: National African American Museum Project, Washington, DC, and Museum of African Art, Tampa, FL; Anacostia Museum, Washington, DC, and the Motown His- torical Museum, Detroit, MI; and the National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC, and the Institute of Ameri- can Indian Arts, Santa Fe, NM. In April, at the end of the pro- gram, the three interns returned to the Smithsonian and led a half-day workshop on museum programming with students from the Duke Ellington High School for the Performing Arts. The center's fundraising efforts were recently given a boost by two generous donations which will support intern and fel- lowship programming. In March 1995, Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Welters made a generous contribution of $150,000 to estab- lish the Vincent Wilkinson Endowment Fund, within the Smithsonian Fund for the Future, in memory of Mrs. Welters’ father. The Wilkinson Endowment Fund will provide support for African American undergraduate students to participate in the Museum Intern Partnership Program. Interns supported by this fund will be known as the Vincent Wilkinson Interns. This generous contribution has also attracted the attention of other donors. At the end of the year staff were working to se- cure an endowment which would fund Latino/a students in the Museum Intern Partnership Program as well. The center's Fellowships in Museum Practice program re- ceived a pledged endowment of $150,000 from the Smithson- ian Women's Committee, in celebration of the upcoming 15oth anniversary of the Institution. This program was created in 1992 with an endowment of $100,000 from the Smithson- ian Women’s Committee, given in honor of their 25th anniver- sary, and remains the only activity at the Smithsonian funded by an endowment from that committee. Under the direction of Nancy Fuller, four fellows are selected each year to do re- search at the Smithsonian on museum issues. Fellows in 1995 were: D. Lynn McRainey, Associate Educator for Museum Pro- grams, Chicago Historical Society. Project title: “Interpreting History Through Interactive Experiences.” Project sponsor: Nancy McCoy, Director, Division of Education, National Mu- seum of American History. Helen Glazer, Exhibitions Director and Collections Coordi- nator, Goucher College.” Project title: “In Quest of Myth: A Prototype Multi-Museum Tour at the Smithsonian.” Project sponsor: Zahara Doering, Director, Institutional Studies, Smithsonian Institution. Nigel Holman, Executive Director, A:ishi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center, Pueblo of Zuni. Project title: “Debating the Curation and Use of Historic Photographs in Museums and Archives.” Project sponsors: Eulalie Bonar, Assistant Cura- tor, and George Horse Capture, Deputy Assistant for Cultural Resources, National Museum of the American Indian. Teresa Morales, Coordinator, Programa de Museos Com- unitarios y Ecomuseos, Oaxaca, Mexico. Project title: “Cul- tural Appropriation and Community Museums.” Project sponsor: Nancy Fuller, Research Program Manager, Center for Museum Studies. Project advisors: William Merrill and Christine Kreamer, Curators for Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History. The center continued its strong commitment Co increasing cultural diversity in the museum workforce through work- shops and technical assistance offered by the American Indian Museum Studies Program, the Awards for Museum Leader- ship and the Latino Graduate Training Seminar. In addition to offering workshops in cultural program- ming, collections management, archival methods and living history programs, Karen Cooper, Program Manager of the American Indian Museum Studies program, launched a new publication series in October: Perspectives, a series of technical pamphlets directed specifically for use in American Indian cultural centers. The first two pamphlets were Travelling Exhi- bitions for Tribal Museums and Cultural Centers and Tribal Collec- tions Management at the Makah Cultural and Research Center. The program also produced a directory of all participants since its inception in 1991; a “Bibliography of Current Museum-Oriented Writings on Native American Topics;” and developed resource lists on “Membership Organizations of Interest to Tribal Museums,” “Training for Museum Ca- reers,” and “Funding Sources for American Indian, Alaska and Hawaii Museums and Cultural Centers.” The Awards for Museum Leadership, held this year July 17A 21 under the direction of Bob Kidd, featured innovative topics and speakers. The program objectives were to broaden partici- pant perspectives on diversity issues in museums; explore technological, social, political and economic challenges in the museum profession; strengthen team-building skills and problem-solving capabilities; and create a supportive climate in which to nurture new networks of expertise and collabora- tion. Fifteen individuals participated in the program, reflect- ing a diverse range of ethnic backgrounds, geographic locations, career paths, educational backgrounds and insti- tutional/organizational sizes. Rennie Saunders, an indepen- denc human resource consultant and trainer, led a very successful session on Team Building and Dynamics of Teamwork. Another highlight of this year’s program was a Leadership Development seminar facilitated by Myra King, Assistant Professor at Montgomery College; Jane Delgado, Executive Director, The Bronx Museum of the Arts; and Elaine Heumann Gurian, former deputy director of the U.S. Holocaust Museum. With the Inter-University Program for Latino Research, the Center for Museum Studies sponsored the second annual Latino Graduate Training Seminar in Qualitative Methodol- ogy. Fifteen doctoral candidates participated in “Interpreting Latino Cultures: Research and Museums,” June 19-30. Magda- lena Mieri, Museum Programs Specialist at the center, served as a coordinator for the program. As the Smithsonian moves forward with plans to expand staffing and programming re- lated to Latino history and culture, this program represents an important milestone toward increasing the pool of Latino curators and museum professionals. The program challenges students to develop strong research skills while exploring is- sues of interpretation and representation of cultural materials and traditions in museums. The program also offers students an opportunity to forge relationships with a community of scholars, curators and archivists who are often not available at their home institutions. S9 Wich funding from the Smithsonian Institution's Latino Initiative Pool, the center created a new fellowship program, the Latino Graduate School Fellowship, under the direction of Magdalena Mieri. The goal of the program 1s to support the scholarly development and research interests of Latino gradu- ate students, to expose them to the resources available at the Smithsonian and to introduce them to museum operations. The program emerged as a result of issues raised during the Latino Graduate Training Seminar and a desire to extend the length of time Latino scholars could conduct research at the Smithsonian. Five outstanding Latino/a Ph.D. candidates, chosen from among participants in both the 1994 and 1995 seminars, were elected to begin research at the Smithsonian in Fiscal Year 1996. Responsibility for central intern services at the Institution is a major function at the center. During 1995 both Sarah Lan- don, Intern Services Coordinator, and Rebecca Culpepper, In- tern Services Assistant, left the center and were replaced respectively by Elena Piquer Mayberry and Allison Wickens. Intern Services at the center provides a weekly orientation to new Smithsonian interns as well as special programs, tours and discussions. The center also offers an annual Museum Ca- reers Seminar, held this year July 5-26. This four-part program explored museum practice and functions, the types of posi- tions available within the museum field, career guidance and advice. Through programming and counseling, Intern Ser- vices insures that all interns have access to, and use, the unique resources of the Smithsonian to explore the many fac- ets of museum work. In 1995 the center moved closer to providing comprehens- ive electronic outreach information to the museum commu- nity and beyond. Staff and volunteers began cataloging citations to the American Association of Museums annual meeting audio-tapes which will be added to the Museum Studies Database, accessible through the Smithsonian Institu- tion Research Information System (SIRIS). The center also es- tablished a “home page” on the Smithsonian's web site. The page includes program information and listings of resources available from the center. Several web users have already downloaded and sent to the office the Application for Smithsonian Internships which is posted in the Intern Ser- vices area. The center has also drafted out subject area and services to be placed on Smithsonian On-Line, the on-line information area of America On-Line in early Fiscal Year 1996. Increasing access to our materials as well as provid- ing information to the general public about museums, mu- seum careers and museum issues will guide the design of the center's web page. Discussions among staff continue about use of the internet to deliver training as well as the feasibility of tele-conferencing segments of our worskhops and seminars. The center begins 1996, and the Isoth anniversary of the Smithsonian, with excitement and a deep commitment to con- tinue servicing and promoting excellence and equity in the museum community as well as in its daily operations. 60 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Dianne H. Pilgrim, Director Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum seeks to enrich the lives of all people by exploring the creation and consequences of the designed environment. The National Design Museum is one of the largest repositories of design in the world, and the only museum in the United States devoted exclusively to historical and contemporary design. Four curatorial depart- ments, Drawings and Prints, Decorative Arts, Textiles, and Wallcoverings, care for, interpret, and add to the Museum's collection of nearly a quarter of a million objects. The Mu- seum also houses a Department of Contemporary Design, an outstanding reference library, extensive archival material on American industrial design, an African-American Design Archive and a newly established Latino Design Archive. During 1995, construction began on the Museum's major capital renovation and accessibility project. The project will accomplish several goals: create storage/study centers for the Museum's collections, improve conservation of the collections, and make the entire Museum facility—Mansion, Miller and Fox Houses, and the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden—com- pletely accessible. Approved by the New York City Land- marks Commission and the New York State Historic Preservation Trust, the design by the architectural firm of Polshek and Partners is already being hailed as a model for providing accessibiliry in a historic landmark building. In December of 1994, partial funding of $13 million for the $20 million project was approved by the Smithsonian. The Museum has worked during the past year to secure the addi- uonal $7 million needed to complete the project as originally planned. In less than one year, the Museum has secured pledges and gifts of cash and securities totaling $3.7 million. This figure includes a $2 million donation from Agnes Bourne, a San Francisco-based furniture and interior designer and her husband, Dr. James Luebbers. They sold their land- mark mansion, Stonehouse, and donated $2 million from the proceeds to the National Design Museum. The Museum has used the $3.7 million to restore elements of the project to the construction schedule that had been previously eliminated because of cost. In order to ensure the safety of both the public and the col- lections, the Museum suspended exhibitions for the duration of the renovation project. The galleries closed in August 1995 and will reopen in the fall of 1996 with the major exhibition, Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Contemporary Culture, spon- sored by the Mead Corporation. While the galleries are closed, the Museum will continue to offer a wide range of innovative educational programs and the Museums library of 56,000 vol- umes and extensive archives are available by appointment. Also, the Museum is collaborating with several outside organi- zations on off-site exhibitions. Six Bridges: The Making of the New York Megalopolis, a collaborative effort of the National De- sign Museum and the PaineWebber Art Gallery, will be shown at the PaineWebber Art Gallery from January 25 to April 19, 1996. The Museum 1s consulting with the Central Park Conservancy on Help Design Frederick Douglass Circle, an exhibition of the different designs submitted for improve- ment of the Frederick Douglass Circle area. It will be on dis- play from March 28 to June 2, 1996 in Central Park. Avant-garde Letterhead, an exhibition of letterheads de- signed between 1909 and 1950, will open at the American In- stitute of Graphic Artists’ gallery in March or April 1996. The exhibition is curated by Ellen Lupton, the Museum’s Curator of Contemporary Design. In addition, the Museum is plan- ning an exhibition on swings to be displayed in the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden in the summer of 1996. Before the gallery doors closed, the National Design Mu- seum presented a full roster of the innovative and creative ex- hibitions that have become the Museum's trademark. Exhibitions on the evolution of the workplace, Dutch Modern- ism and the applied arts from 1880 to 1930, the work of graphic designer Elaine Lustig Cohen, jewelry and accessories from the Museum's collection, a review of 1950's wallpaper and analysis of an 18th-century bedcover were all on view at the National Design Museum during 1995. The Museum created a Marketing Committee to help main- tain the Museum's momentum and public profile during the renovation project and to plan activities to celebrate the Museum's Centennial in 1997. The Committee consists of our- side professionals and several members of the Board of Trust- ees. The Committee is also involved in the creation of a National Design Awards program. These awards will give the Museum the opportunity to highlight the best work of the de- sign world and reward designers and companies for their cre- ativity and problem solving. The National Design Museum's work was honored this past year with seven Federal Design Achievement Awards for the exhibitions The Cooper-Hewitt Collections: A Design Resource; Mechanical Brides: Women and Machines from Home to Office; Packaging the New: Design and the American Consumer 1925-1975; The Power of Maps; Revolution, Life and Labor: Soviet Porcelain (1918-1985); and A Royal Gift: The 1826 Porcelain Jewel Cabinet and The Edge of the Millennium, a collection of essays by design- ers and scholars. In a competition involving more than 400 entries from 75 government agencies and departments, 77 fed- eral projects were chosen to receive Federal Design Achieve- ment Awards for superiority in design. The ceremony for the Northeast recipients of Federal Design Achievement Awards was held at the National Design Museum on July 14, 1995 and was hosted by National Endowment for the Arts’ Chairperson Jane Alexander. A small number of winning projects were then chosen to receive Presidential Design Awards. In recogni- tion of the high caliber of the National Design Museum's seven winning projects, the Museum will receive one Presi- dential Design award for all seven projects. The Museum's new graphic identity program, created by Drenttel Doyle Partners, continues to be honored by the graphic design field. In 1995, the Museum received a 1995 Dis- tinctive Merit Award for Environmental Graphics and a 1995 Merit Award for the Identity Program from the Art Director's Club and a Citation for Typographic Excellence from the Type Director's Club. The National Design Museum received a $98,000 grant from the Smithsonian Institution to support the Institution's efforts to increase its Latino audience and expand its coverage of Latino contributions to history, art, and science. The Na- tional Design Museum is using this grant to support educa- tional programs, exhibition development and the establishment of a Latino archive. The historical importance of the National Design Museum's collections was demonstrated when the Museum was asked to work with the restoration committee on the re- furbishing of the Blue Room at the White House. Assistant Curator for Wallcoverings, Joanne Warner, worked with a committee of historians, curators, and designers to select the wallcoverings for the room. The Blue Room wallcoverings are now complemented by borders adapted from two early nineteenth-century French papers found in Cooper-Hewitr, National Design Museum's collection. During 1995 the Education Department of the National Design Museum continued to offer exciting and imaginative educational programs. The National Design Museum and The Board of Education of the City of New York, Division of School Facilities co-sponsored the second annual Summer De- sign Institute in July. This year's program, attended by over one hundred public school teachers, focused on technology and education. The Summer Design Institute was one of many innovative workshops for educators and school pro- grams presented by the National Design Museum including “A City of Neighborhoods,” “Studio After School,” “Design Career Days,” and “Les Journées des Artisans.” In addition to achieving many noteworthy goals in 1995, the Museum continued work on several important long-term projects including major exhibitions on the North American city, universal design, and sports. The Museum is also devel- oping an exhibition, a triennial, that focuses on the best of the design world. Design and its impact on individuals, societies and the planet are critical issues for the present and the future. Cooper- Hewitt, National Design Museum is in an unique position to help the public gain a better understanding of design and learn to use design to create a better world. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden reached its 2oth anniversary as the Smithsonian Institution's showcase for modern and contemporary art in October 1994. Today, as in 1974, the Museum remains committed to increasing the 61 awareness and understanding of art through acquisitions, exhi- bitions and publications, research activities, innovative public programs, and the presentation of the collection in its galler- ies and outdoor exhibition spaces. The museum provides a public facility for the exhibition, study, and preservation of 19th- and 2oth-century art while presenting a spectrum of con- temporary work. With the help of various acquisition funds, as well as gifts from generous donors, the museum continued to acquire sig- nificant works by modern and contemporary artists, among them Chuck Close’s painting Roy II (1994), Agnes Martin's canvas Untitled #11 (1984), Ana Mendieta’s earth sculpture Un- titled (1984), Roberto Marquez's painting Theater of the World (1988), Juan Mufioz's bronze Conversation Piece (1994-95), and Andy Warhol's silkscreen Se/f-Portrait (1986). One acquisition thac proved particularly popular after its installation on the Sculpture Plaza was Barry Flanagan's eight-foot-high bronze Drummer (1989-90), a whimsical representation of a standing hare banging a drum. The 2.7-acre Hirshhorn Museum plaza won a 1995 Federal Design Achievement Award on May 24, 1995. The renovation and landscaping project by James Urban Associates of Annap- olis, Maryland, introduced trees, accessibility features, areas of lawn, and granite flooring to the plaza. Finished in 1993, it was among 77 designs chosen from more than 400 federal pro- jects completed between 1984 and 1994. The Hirshhorn’s exhibition program highlighted contem- porary artists with growing international reputations. Open- ing on November 3, 1994 (and continuing through January 29, 1995) was the first East Coast showing of “Bruce Nau- man,” a 30-year retrospective of some 60 works by this cele- brated American artist (b. 1941) that toured from Madrid, Minneapolis, and Los Angeles and was bound for New York and Zurich. Organized by the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis in association with the Hirshhorn, the exhibition included sculpture, photographs, drawings, films, architec- tural environments, holograms, and high-intensity video, neon, and voice installations. The challenging nature of the exhibition spurred in-depth public programming. “Floating” docents and an “advice cen- ter” encouraged visitors to articulate and discuss their re- sponses. “Young at Art” programs on November 19 and December Io focused on a shadow-puppet piece. Four champi- ons of Nauman’s art debated his reputation in a December 14 panel titled “Nauman Then and Now,” and programs of music (by the zoth Century Consort) and film echoed Nauman’s influences. In addition, the second annual Mordes Lecture in Contemporary Art, sponsored by collectors Dr. Mar- vin and Elayne Mordes of Baltimore, brought the renowned New York-based critic Peter Schjeldahl to the Hirshhorn on December 4 to discuss Nauman’s achievement. Publications accompanying the exhibition included a free gallery handout and a 215-page, richly illustrated softcover catalogue by exhibi- tion co-curators Neal Benezra, Director of Public Programs and Chief Curator at the Hirshhorn, and Kathy Halbreich, Di- 62 rector of the Walker, plus two guest essays. A 392-page hard- cover edition featured a catalogue raisonné. Support for the Washington presentation of “Bruce Nauman” was provided by Mr. and Mrs. Robert Lehrman and the Lannan Foundation. After the Nauman show closed, large-scale exhibitions at the Hirshhorn ceased for nearly four months to allow for ex- tensive renovations to the second floor. The schedule resumed from June 14 to September Io, 1995, with “Sean Scully: Twenty Years, 1976-1995,” which launched its international tour at the Hirshhorn. Organized by former Hirshhorn Chief Curator Ned Rifkin, now Director of the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, the retrospective charted the evocative abstract imagery of this Irish-born American artist (b. 1945) with more than 60 paintings and works on paper. After its Washington showing, it traveled to the High Museum, the organizing in- stitution (October 10, 1995-January 7, 1996), and then to Bar- celona, Dublin, and Frankfurt. Public programs included “Sean Scully: A Dialogue,” a slide-illustrated conversation be- tween Rifkin and the artist on June 14; “Summer Abstrac- tions,” a “Young at Arc” family workshop to make geometric images, on July 15; and a 40-minute interview video in the Orientation Theater. A fully illustrated, three-essay, 160-page catalogue was published by Thames and Hudson. The Directions series of one-gallery shows during the year offered three distinct installments underscoring the vitality of contemporary art. “Directions—Gary Simmons,” presented November 17 to February 12, 1994, featured cartoon-derived chalk images on ten panels and a 10-by-37-foot gallery wall created by this New York-based artist (b. 1964). The drawings on green or black chalkboard-like surfaces—half-erased, frag- mentary, or in motion—showed images and objects gleaned mostly from cartoons of the 1930s and 1940s starring Bosko, a now-largely-forgotten, race-specific character. The exhibition, organized by Assistant Curator Amada Cruz, marked the sec- ond solo show in a museum for Simmons. “Directions—Cindy Sherman: Film Stills,” presented March 15 to June 25, 1995, marked the first complete showing of a formative series for this New York-based artist (b. 1954) known for her evocatively staged, self-posed photographs. The 69 black-and-white photographs of 1977-80, echoing the at- mosphere and imagery of American and European movies from the late 1940s through early 1960s, featured an imagin- ary woman—always the artist herself, in make-up and costume—variously displaying vulnerability, anxiety, self- consciousness, or fear. The exhibition, organized by Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig, was accompanied by a free bro- chure illustrating the entire series in contact-sheet format. “Directions—Martin Kippenberger: Works on Paper,” pre- sented from July 20 through October 22, 1995, featured more than 50 drawings on hotel stationery and collages by this Ger- man artist (b. 1954) dating from the 1980s and 1990s. Statio- nery mostly from European hotels showed a colorful pastiche of styles, figures, portraits, images of objects, imaginary scenes, and references to high art and pop culture. The nine collages on view superimposed photographic and text frag- ments from magazines and tabloids. The exhibition, organ- ized by Frank Gettings, the Hirshhorn’s Curator of Prints and Drawings, marked the first solo show in Washington for Kippenberger, a highly visible participant in Germany's art scene, and one of his few ever in an American museum. It was accompanied by a free, illustrated brochure. Public programs were planned for all three Directions exhi- bitions, drawing enthusiastic response. On January 20, 1995, Simmons joined cultural critic Gina Dent for “Cartoons, Pop- ular Images and Culture,” an on-stage dialogue and screening of “Bosko” cartoon excerpts. Also in conjunction with the Simmons show, a Young at Art family workshop on February I inspired children to make “Chalkboard Expressions” in tan- dem with African American folktales. Sherman's “film stills” inspired a film-noir festival in March, a class photography project and exhibition in May with the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington, D.C., a technical lecture on film stills on April 26 by local photographer Dirck Halstead, and a “Young at Art” photo-collage workshop on March 18. The Hirshhorn continued its “Collection Reviewed” pro- gram sponsored by the Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Fund. Two artists represented in the permanent collection, Robert Colescott of New Mexico and Juliao Sarmento of Lis- bon, Portugal, spoke in slide-illustrated public lectures on April 12 and May 17, with Sarmento’s appearance receiving additional support from the Luso-American Development Foundation. The program also featured “The Collection in Context: Thomas Eakins’s Portrait of Frank Hamilton Cush- ing” opening June 30, 1995 (and continuing through January 7, 1996). Organized by Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig, the innovative one-gallery presentation explored the context and creation of an American realist’s portrayal, 100 years ago, of a Smithsonian ethnologist famed for his research at Zuni Pueblo. The 1895 portrait was lent by the Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Supplementing studies for the work owned by the Hirshhorn, loans came from the Smithsonian's National Anthropological Archives, National Portrait Gallery, and Library of the Na- tional Museum of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery. “First Fridays: Gallery Talks,” a program of informal monthly gallery talks by staff, was inaugurated in April 1995 with a discussion by Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig on a Louise Bourgeois sculpture, followed by conservators Lee Aks and Clarke Bedford ona sculpture by Anish Kapoor; Chief Curator/Director of Public Programs Neal Benezra and Chief Conservator Lawrence Hoffman on a painting by Ger- hard Richter; and Research Assistant Anne-Louise Marquis, Curator of Sculpture Valerie Fletcher, and Education Special- ist Teresia Bush on works by Jan Vercruysse, Alberto Giacometti, and Anselm Kiefer, respectively. Eight “Young at Art” family programs enthralled more than 160 six-to-eleven year olds and their parents with tours of a temporary exhibition or the permanent collection fol- lowed by hands-on art projects. Some workshops focused on sculpture: the first, on May 6, 1995, helped children with vi- sual impairments experience works of art, and the second on June Io, featured a sculpture-inspired dance-movement work- shop conducted in the Sculpture Garden. Meanwhile, more than 22,000 people attended free film programs from late Sep- tember 1994 through May 1995 featuring cutting-edge interna- tional independent cinema, documentaries on contemporary artists, and family-oriented animation. Among the highlights were the one-time-only American showing of British filmma- ker Peter Greenaway’s Baby of Macon on October 27 and 28, 1994; the world premiere of A Jury of Her Peers, a drama by local filmmaker Edgar Davis, on February 2 and 3, 1995; and Germany Year 90 Nine Zero, a new feature by French New Wave veteran Jean-Luc Godard on June 8 and 9. Staff changes included the retirement of Edward P. Lawson, Education Chief since 1973, and the appointment in May 1995 of Olga Viso, previously with the Norton Museum of Art in West Palm Beach, Florida, as Assistant Curator. Viso replaced Amada Cruz, who joined the staff of the Museum of Contem- porary Art in Chicago. A major exhibition introduced Asian audiences to the Hirshhorn’s sculpture collection. “The Human Figure Inter- preted: Modern Sculpture from the Hirshhorn Museum” was presented March 24-May 28, 1995, at the Taipei Fine Arts Mu- seum in Taiwan, accompanied by a bilingual catalogue in Chinese/English by Curator of Sculpture Valerie Fleccher, who organized the show. The largest presentation of sculpture from the Hirshhorn ever sent overseas featured some 60 works by Edgar Degas, Henri Matisse, Alexander Archipenko, Al- berto Giacometti, Henry Moore, and Marino Marini. After Taiwan, the exhibition was expanded to include works by Au- guste Rodin and Jacques Lipchitz and then toured Japan ac- companied by a Japanese/English catalogue. The tour, supported by the Tokyo-based Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper chain, included the Shiga Museum of Modern Art in Orsu (July 1-August 6, 1995), the Odakyu Art Museum in Tokyo (August 9-27, 1995), the Iwaki City Arc Museum (September 23-November 5, 1995) and the Takamatsu Municipal Museum of Art (November 10-December 10, 1995). Art historical research on objects in the permanent collec- tion continued as museum staff reactivated the Artist's Object Record program documenting each work of art. Information was obtained directly from 24 living artists. In other areas, in- depth research on British sculptor Henry Moore was con- ducted by Curator of Sculpture Valerie Fletcher as a Visiting Scholar to the Henry Moore Foundation in Much Hadham, England. The curatorial staff continued researching contemporary art by jurying shows, serving on panels, consulting or lectur- ing, and traveling abroad to visit galleries, studios, and col- leagues on several continents. In addition, the six curators kept current on the broad scope of modern and contemporary art through periodicals, catalogues, monographs, and inter- changes with artists and fellow curators. Finally, curatorial 63 staff members carried forward their writing on selected works from the collection for a major book to be published in 1996. Institutional Studies Office Zahava D. Doering, Director The Institutional Studies Office (ISO) is a pan-Institutional resource for the scientific study of the characteristics, attitudes, opinions and experiences of Smithsonian constituen- cies. The small staff includes professionals with expertise in so- ciology, demography, research methods, survey statistics, and a variety of quantitative and qualitative data analysis and eval- uation techniques. Since its founding in 1987, ISO has conducted studies and applied research for Smithsonian administrators, curators and programmatic staff. Areas of investigation include audience and membership profiles, background studies and assessments of SI exhibitions and public programs, and ongoing analyses of employee composition. For each study, ISO is responsible for all aspects of study or survey design, implementation of data collection, analysis and report writing. Institutional cli- ents are asked to assume the costs of data collection and data entry. In addition, the office provides some technical consulta- tion to cultural organizations throughout the country and pro- fessional review of applied research conducted for them. The staff is also available, on a limited basis, to conduct seminars in various aspects of applied quantitative and qualitative re- search and program evaluation. The results of ISO studies are disseminated in several for- mats. The major vehicle is a Report series; analyses include technical appendices which both document the work and can be used as methodological models. The Reports are distrib- uted both within and outside of SI. Results are also presented at professional meetings or in journal publications. (For exam- ple, a presentation at the American Association of Museums 1995 Annual Meeting, Who Attends Our Cultural Institutions? summarized national museum attendance.) Research Notes have a more limited distribution, either because of the subject matter or because the results are not generalizable. (For exam- ple, a Research Note (RN 95-3) Cognitive Development of SEEC Pre-School Students: Preliminary Results is based on a longitudi- nal study of students in the Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center; Research Note 95-2, 1994-95 National Museum of Ameri- can History (NMAH) Visitor Survey, Overview: October to December 1994, is based on only a few months of data collection from a year-long study.) Finally, to ensure that clients have timely ac- cess to results while more formal documents are prepared, memoranda are prepared for internal use. The Office's 1994-95 activities included: e Application of ISO-developed methodological and statisti- cal innovations in sampling and interviewing museum au- 64 diences (e.g. in studies of the characteristics, attitudes and behavior of visitors to NASM, NMNH, NMAH and the Freer-Sackler). These innovations are increasingly being used as models elsewhere in the country. e Assessments of major exhibitions, including profiles of visi- tors and analyses of their behavior and learning experiences (e.g., Science in American Life at NMAH, Star Trek at NASM). e Planning studies that determine the attitudes and expecta- tions of prospective visitors in advance of major exhibition projects (e.g., the National Museum of the American In- dian). © Providing statistical information on Smithsonian constitu- encies for bureau and office development staffs and pro- gram personnel (e.g., data gathered from various ISO studies is being used in the planning for the NASM Exten- sion at Dulles Airport). e All of the statistical analyses used by the Institution to meet its labor force reporting requirements to the Regents, the Congress and other federal agencies. e Sraristical, methodological, and analytical advice for units conducting their own studies or applying for grants which have evaluation components (e.g., OESE’s and OFG's inter- nal studies). As part of an on-going efforts to understand Smithsonian constituencies, three studies were completed (one based on ad- ministrative data, two based on personal interviews), and data collection completed for several new efforts. The first, 1994 Visits to Smithsonian Museums, conducted in collaboration with the Office of Public Affairs (OPA), analyzed the visit statistics collected routinely by the Office of Protection Services (Re- port 95-1). The second was Ar and Space Encounters: A Report Based on the 1994 National Air and Space Museum Visitor Survey (Report 95-4). The study, a follow-up to a study conducted in 1988, was based on interviews with 2,975 visitors. They were asked about their background, their experience of Washington and the Mall, and their attitudes and expectations of NASM. Data collection was also completed and a report issued based on a year-long study of the National Museum of Natu- ral History (NMNH). This is the first comprehensive study of visitors’ characteristics and experiences at NMNH (Beyond the Elephant: A Report based on the 1994-95 National Museum of Natural History Visitor Survey (Report 95-6)). Throughout the year, data collection took place at the Freer Gallery of Art (Freer) and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (Sackler), and at the National Museum of American History. Analyses and reports are scheduled for FY96. From October 1994 through September 1995, 2500 visitors were interviewed as they exited the Freer and Sackler galleries. During the same time period, a total of about 5300 visitors were interviewed at NMAH using a questionnaire similar to those developed for NMNH and NASM. Data from these year-long studies, in combination with data from NASM and NMNH, and the re- sultant analyses, provide a wealth of consistent data about major Smithsonian museums. Two major studies continued ISO efforts to understand the congruence between the intentions of exhibition creators and the responses of the visiting public to exhibitions. The Sczence and American Life (SAL) Study at the National Museum of American History (NMAH) was completed. Data were col- lected at the exhibition and the associated Hands On Science Center. Entrance and exit surveys were conducted with about 800 visitors to determine if any attitudinal changes resulted from a visit to the exhibition. In addition, the behavior of 160 visitors in the exhibition was systematically observed to un- derstand the importance of exhibition elements and their use (e.g., use of interactives). NMAH will use the analysis and ob- servations as part of an effort to improve the visitors’ experi- ence in SAL as well as to respond to questions about its communication effectiveness. A comprehensive assessment of the Ocean Planet exhibition, on view at NMNH prior to a national tour, was designed dur- ing FY95 and includes entrance and exit interviews and an ob- servation study. Data were collected from visitors in August 1995; in October 1995, data collection from visitors will be completed. In sum, as described here and in our publication listing, Fiscal Year 1995 has seen continued use, at SI and elsewhere, of ISO's technical expertise and utilization of the results accu- mulated since its establishment. National Air and Space Museum Robert S. Hoffmann, Acting Director The past year was an especially challenging one for the Na- tional Air and Space Museum. The museum's efforts to mount a complex exhibition about the end of World War II, featur- ing the Boeing B-29 Superfortress “Enola Gay,” elicited con- siderable debate. Meanwhile, the museum expanded its educational offerings, continued to move forward on plans for the much-needed facility at Washington Dulles International Airport, and launched a contributing membership program. As the year drew to a close, the museum staff was putting the finishing touches on a schedule of exhibitions and public programs that promise to make 1996, the twentieth anniver- sary of the public opening of the world’s most visited mu- seum, a memorable and exciting year. New Programs, Initiatives The National Air and Space Society, an individual member- ship program designed to raise capital funds for the building of the NASM Dulles Center as well as to support the Museum's restoration and preservation projects and educa- tional programs, was established in June, 1995. At the end of the fiscal year, the society had more than 2,000 contributing members. The Office of Development expanded to include both a for- mal Planned Giving program and a Marketing Office. The museum's Special Events Office coordinated 135 events during FY 1995. Gift-related events generated more than $450,000 in unrestricted funds, one of the highest totals ever received by NASM. In May 1995, the NASM home page went online on the Worldwide Web. Supported by a grant from NASA, the museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (CEPS) and the Education Services Department are developing online ma- terials and educational activities. The grant is also supporting development of electronic versions of “Exploring the Planets” and “Looking at Earth” galleries. Educational programs, se- lected curricula, schedules, and interactive opportunities are now presented through colorful, informative sites. Via a gift from NASA, a collaboration was formed with NASM, the University of California at Berkeley, Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory, the Lawrence Hall of Science, the New York Hall of Science, the Exploratorium, the Adler Planetar- ium, and the Virginia Museum of Science to create curricula and activities for the Internet. An on-line station was added to the museum's Teacher Resource Center to allow access to the materials from within the museum as well. To make our large-screen IMAX films more accessible to visitors, NASM has installed the world’s first closed-caption system for a motion picture theater. Captioning is available for up to 12 individuals at a time during all regular daytime features. A new box office is credited with boosting atten- dance at the Einstein Planetarium. Exhibitions Two exhibitions dominated the museum’s FY 1995 agenda. The first, “The Last Act: The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II,” demonstrated the challenges museums can face when attempting to display potentially controversial arti- facts and research. While “The Last Act” was cancelled by Sec- retary Heyman several months before its scheduled opening, the controversy surrounding the exhibition served as a catalyst for constructive discussions regarding exhibition development and guidelines. The cancelled exhibition was replaced with “Enola Gay,” an exhibition focusing on the aircraft itself; the men who flew it; and the efforts of museum staff and volunteers to restore it. More than a quarter of a million visitors passed through the “Enola Gay” exhibit in its first three months. “Building the Arsenal of Democracy: World War II Photo- graphs from the National Air and Space Archives” opened in March 1995. The 47 photographs in the exhibition illustrate the changes brought about by the combined efforts of mili- tary personnel and private citizens, working not only to sup- port those on the front lines, but also to protect the United States from attack. A Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat was the third and final aircraft in the museum's “Air Power in World War II” series. “Hell- cat” opened in April 1995 and provided visitors with the op- 65 portunity to learn about the premiere carrier-based fighter of World War II. “Flights of Fancy: Photographs by Jacques-Henri Lartigue, 1904-1922,” opened in September 1995. In 1904, at the age of eight, Lartigue photographed the first glider flight by French aviator Gabriel Voisin. By the age of 15, he had taken more than 1,000 photographs of early aviators and flying machines. This temporary exhibition features 84 prints. A light-hearted look at one of America’s best-known toys, “Flight Time Barbie: Dolls from the Popular Culture Collec- tion of the National Air and Space Museum” was on display from June 9 through Sept. 4, 1995. Fifty-six space- and avia- tion-related toys, including 15 Barbie dolls, 19 other Mattel personalities, outfits and playsets, were included in the sum- mertime display. The first in a series of major updates to the “Exploring the Planets” gallery were made in 1995. A “What's New” unit will highlight the Galileo Mission to Jupiter. It has been designed to allow for quick updates as new images and data become available. A unique, state-of-the-art 10’ X 10’ global color mo- saic of Venus generated for NASM at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory using images returned by the Magellan spacecraft has been installed over the gallery’s entrance. Publications and Research Retired Vice Admiral Donald Engen, U.S. Navy, is the museum's Dewitt C. Ramsey Chair for Naval Aviation His- tory. During his tenure as Ramsey Fellow, Admiral Engen is writing a book on the development of naval aviation from World War II through the 1980s. Von Hardesty, of the Department of Aeronautics, was cho- sen as a Regents Publication Fellow for 1994-1995. He 1s the editor of the Smithsonian History of Aviation Book Series. The series, now in its seventh year, has a total of 26 publica- tions. Treasures of the National Air and Space Museum, a small- format (4X4-1/2 in) picture book published in September, fea- tures more than 280 artifacts from the Museum's aeronautics and space collection. Published in April 1995, Aviation: A Smithsonian Guide and Spaceflight: A Smithsonian Guide, explore the technological and human achievements of aviation and space flight. A third book in this series, “Planets: A Smithson- ian Guide” was completed. Tom Crouch, chairman of the Department of Aeronautics, completed an essay, “Capable of Flight: The Saga of the 1903 Wright Airplane,” for the forthcoming volume, The Smuthson- ian on Exhibition. He also assisted the 2003 Committee of Day- ton, Ohio, the Ohio Centennial of Flight Commission, the North Carolina Centennial of Flight Commission and the First Flight Society, Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in planning for the 1ooth anniversary of powered flight. Flying aboard the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, a modified C-141 aircraft and telescope, Laboratory for Astrophysics staff members discovered that strong natural infrared lasers occur in the disk of material around a peculiar star, MWC349, and 66 they have successfully modeled the phenomenon in some detail. CEPS' ongoing research in Earth's drylands and studies as- sessing anthropogenic changes to the Earth’s surface are part of the Institution's Global Change Research Program. Staff members continued their study of present day sand transport and paleoclimatic change in the Western Desert of Egypt; con- ducted field work in support of a study of environmental sta- bility and change at the Mpala Research Station, central Kenya; and, using remote sensing data, field evidence, and sedimentological data, demonstrated that sand deposits in the Mojave Desert in the southwestern United States have been transported along distinct paths, crossing topographic barriers and several adjacent drainage basins. As a component of CEPS research in planetary geology and geophysics, staff members continued geologic mapping of areas of Mars; and, using radar images and data from Magel- lan, of Venus. CEPS Chairman Tom Watters, with a colleague at Cornell University, published the results of a comparative study of volcano-tectonic structures on Mars and analogous structures on Venus known as coronae. Ted Maxwell and Bob Craddock published the results of their analyses of the ancient terrain that provides further support for an early, wet Martian climate. Bruce Campbell, Bob Craddock, and Tom Watters have begun investigations of the Moon using new data re- turned by the Clementine spacecraft. Education and Outreach Activities During the past year, more than 129,000 people participated in educational programs and services at the Museum, 65,000 of them students. Several schools utilized the programs via Internet and television programs. The museum continues to look for opportunities to provide educational materials and re- sources not only to museum visitors, but also to educators and families who cannot physically come to the museum. In July 1996, the museum will open “How Things Fly.” The purpose of the gallery, is to teach the basic forces of flight in a hands-on, interactive fashion. The gallery will be sup- ported by the museum's successful Explainers Program, a group of high school and college students who provide chil- dren and families with demonstrations on the forces of flight and the nature of the universe. The Cessna Aircraft Company pledged $1.5 million for a ten-year period to fund “The Ex- plainers.” Cessna’s gift is the largest ever received by the Mu- seum for an educational program. Other recent successes include a summer camp for students in grades 4-12, focusing on the curricula for “Where Next, Co- lumbus?,” and two IMAX films, “Blue Planet” and “Destiny in Space.” More than 300 students attended the camp, made possible through a gift from the M&M Mars Company. In collaboration with the Foundation for Advancements in Science Education, the Public Broadcasting System, the Na- tional Science Foundation, and several other funders, the De- partment launched “Innovations in the American Classroom.” This special series invites nationally recognized outstanding science and history teachers to share teaching methodologies and practices with their peers. The first presentation was Dis- ney teacher of the year, Kay Toliver, who has been profiled in Time. Parade. Newsweek, and in the PBS series, “The Eddie Files” and “Good Morning Mrs. Toliver.” The Department worked with Maryland Public Tele- vision and other partners to produce “Live From the Stratosphere,” an interactive experience at the museum that allowed students and teachers to communicate directly via a satellice uplink with researchers aboard the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, as well as with research staff in the museum. The Department won an Educational Outreach grant in support of a history teaching program on the experience of Hispanics in the development of aviation entitled “Sin Limitas: The Latin American Experience in Aviation.” This program gave students from D.C. areas schools the oppor- tunity to meet World War II Flying Tiger Don Lopez and Orestes Lorenzes, a pilot who escaped from Cuba with his family. Students also had the opportunity to explore the museum's archives of photos and information on Hispanics in aviation and learn about the science and technology of flight. Although the Educational Services Division takes the lead in developing educational projects, other departments in the museum join in advancing the educational focus of the museum. The Laboratory for Astrophysics was cited by the U.S. Department of Education for its innovative family education series, “Learning 1s a Family Experience.” This program, now centered at the National Zoo, was developed by the Laboratory for Astrophysics, the NASM Educational Services Division, and the Zoo's NOAH center. The pro- gram works to build the support structures between par- ents, teachers, and students by presenting programs that they can all enjoy together, while providing teachers with follow-up curriculum materials and training. The program is supported in part by the American Institute for Aero- nautics and Astronautics. The Einstein Planetarium has started a monthly Saturday morning program called “Family Star Watch.” The program presents shows that combine live demonstrations, lectures, and fully automated pre-programmed shows, offering the pub- lic a variety of venues to learn about the nighttime sky. The Planetarium staff is also planning two new programs that will open in 1996. The 1995 Mutual Concerns of Air and Space Museums conference, in its eighth year, is a four day invitational sem- inar co-sponsored by the museum and the American Associ- ation of Museums. Held in Washington, D.C., it includes professionals from aviation and space museums around the world. A related publication, the Aviation and Space Compen- dium contains comprehensive information on 62 interna- tional aviation and space museums. The seminar and the Compendium are coordinated by the museum's Office of Cooperative Programs. National Museum of African Art Sylvia H. Williams, Director The National Museum of African Art celebrates the rich visual traditions and extraordinarily diverse cultures of Africa. Through its collections, exhibitions, research and public programs, the museum fosters an appreciation of Af- rican art and civilizations. It is also a research and reference center, housing the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives and the Warren M. Robbins Library, a branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, as well as exhibition galleries and educational facilities. Exhibitions The first level of the National Museum of African Art houses several permanent exhibitions: “The Art of the Personal Object,” “Purpose and Perfection: Pottery as a Woman's Art in Central Africa” and “Images of Power and Identity.” In addition, this year the museum reopened the revised and refurbished permanent exhibition, “The An- cient West African City of Benin, A.D. 1300-1897,” featur- ing the museum's collection from the royal court of the capital of che Kingdom of Benin as it existed before colo- nial rule. The majority of the works were a gift from Joseph H. Hirshhorn to the Smithsonian Institution in 1966 and 1979; the objects were transferred to the National Museum of African Art in 1985 by the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. In addition, this year, in collaboration with the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the museum opened “The Ancient Nubian City of Kerma, 2500-1500 B.C.,” a three-year loan exhibition of works from the permanent collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, featuring objects from Kerma, an ancient Nubian city that was located on the Nile River. The exhibition was organized by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and its De- partment of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian and Near Eastern Art; all objects are from the Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Expedition. Also located on the first level is the Point of View Gal- lery which presents small temporary exhibitions that focus on specific themes or objects. This gallery was the site of three exhibitions: “Beaded Splendor,” “Grace Kwami Sculp- ture: An Artist's Book by Atta Kwami” and “Art from the Forge.” The museum's second level gallery was the site of two important exhibitions. The first, “Mohammad Omer Khalil, Printmaker, Amir I.M. Nour, Sculptor,” was de- voted to selected works by two artists born in the Republic of Sudan. A second major exhibition, “Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa,” presented 300 artifacts that docu- ment the rise and fall of Nubian kingdoms from 3100 B.C. to A.D. 400. The exhibition was organized by the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania Museum. 67 Acquisitions Among the most significant works acquired by the museum in the past year were a superb and rare carved wooden face mask from the Lele peoples of Zaire and a carved wooden face mask, “Oloju-foforo,” attributed to Yoruba artist Bamgboshe of Osi-Ilorin, Nigeria (d. c. 1920). Another noteworthy acqui- sition was “Spoon,” a conceptually complex modern bronze sculpture by Amir I. M. Nour (b. 1939), a contemporary sculp- tor who was born in the Republic of Sudan and has lived in the United States most of his adult life. Outreach Efforts The museum presented a wide range of public programs. The year's offerings included tours, workshops, lecutres, gallery talks, panel discussions, films, musical performances and pro- grams for educators. An extensive series of programs were offered in conjunction with the exhibition “Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa.” One highlight was an interdisciplinary panel discussion on “The Arc and Culture of Ancient Nubia.” Participants in the standing room only program included historian Ismail Abdallah, College of William and Mary; archaeologist David O'Connor, The University of Pennsylvania Museum; cultural anthropologist Ann Jennings; and archaeologist Nettie K. Adams, The Webb Museum of Anthropology. In addition, the museum published a gallery guide for young audiences. Also this year the museum launched an ongoing program for young audiences called “Let's Read about Africa.” The weekend program introduces young visitors to African cul- ture, visual traditions and the joy of reading. The National Museum of African Art continues to make it- self accessible to people with special needs. Tours for hard-of- hearing visitors were made possible through a portable FM Assistive Listening System. This system also allowed hard-of- hearing visitors to participate in educational programs in the workshop and lecture hall. Sign language interpreters for deaf visitors were available upon request for all museum programs. Publications Throughout the year, the museum's curatorial staff published exhibition catalogues and additional informational materials to accompany exhibitions. This included a 52-page illustrated book, “Mohammad Omer Khalil, Etchings, Amir I.M. Nour, Sculpture,” published in conjunction with the exhibition of the works of two Sudanese-born artists. In addition, the mu- seum published gallery brochures in conjunction with two ex- hibitions: “Grace Kwami Sculpture: An Artist's Book by Atta Kwami” and “Art from the Forge.” The museum also co-pub- lished with the Smithsonian Institution Press the anthology African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place. and Gender edited by architect and architectural historian Labelle Prussin. In this handsomely illustrated book, Prussin identifies the three basic elements that distinguish nomadic from sedentary architec- ture: mobility, gender and ritual. 68 National Museum of American Art Elizabeth Broun, Director The National Museum of American Art and its Renwick Gal- lery offered thematic exhibitions and relevant public pro- grams on American art to audiences in Washington, and through traveling exhibitions and online programs, to museum-goers nationwide during 1995. The museum made important additions to its permanent collections of American art and crafts in all media. Significantly expanded electronic outreach and important strides in development and increasing private revenue were also major accomplishments. The White House Collection of American Crafts exhibition and its complementary Internet tour showcased 72 outstand- ing examples of contemporary craft by some of America’s most innovative artists in glass, ceramics, wood, metal, and fiber. These works were originally assembled by former Renwick Gallery curator-in-charge Michael W. Monroe for display in public and private rooms of the White House in recognition of the Year of American Craft in 1993. First lady Hillary Rodham Clinton addressed a press preview and a re- ception for the White House Collection of American Crafts exhibition. After irs Washington premier at NMAA April 26 through September 4, the show began a six-city national tour in Rochester, New York. An in-depth survey of the American daguerreotype through some 150 surprisingly varied examples, curated by NMAA senior curator Merry Foresta and John Wood of McNeese State University in Louisiana, was provocatively ti- tled, Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The Art of the American Daguerreotype. The use of fiber optic lights in the installation was a first for che museum. These lights permitted easy view- ing of the images on their silvered surfaces. The exhibition catalog, published by Smithsonian Press, was named best photography book of the year by The New York Times Book Review. Free Wirhin Ourselves: African-American Art from the Museum's Collection curated by Lynda Hartigan was a chance for the museum to display a broad selection from what has be- come the country’s most extensive public collection of African- American art. Nearly 200 works by some 100 African-American artists from the early 19th century to the present in all media made it possible to see the scope of the African-American contribution to the visual arts in America as never before. The show introduced the museum's first pho- tography by African-Americans. A lively reception for the exhibition drew a large component of artists and their fami- lies. The show's Family Day attracted a record number of par- ticipants for art demonstrations and hands-on activities, storytelling, and dance and dramatic performances. In con- junction with the exhibition, the education and curatorial deparrments of the museum produced “African American Art- ists: Affirmation Today,” a 30-minute video on the life and work of five contemporary artists. The film has been accepted by PBS for national broadcast in 1996. African-American crafts were featured in an exhibition at the Renwick Gallery called Uncommon Beauty in Common Objects: The Legacy of African American Craft Arc, April 7 through June 18. The exhibition, organized by the National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center in Wilberforce, Ohio, was complemented by more than a dozen artists’ talks and demonstrations. Many of the museum’s second floor galleries devoted to I9th-century art were reinstalled this year. Plans were com- pleted for the remaining second floor reinstallation, to be ready in time for the Isoth anniversary year. The National Museum of American Art continued to show great strength in its acquisitions program, adding some 600 works, including major paintings by American modernists Georgia O'Keeffe and Robert Motherwell, a 24-foot wide sculpture by Louise Nevelson, important works by Latino art- ists, and the Charles Isaacs Collection of 330 prime examples of early American photography. The Renwick Gallery ac- quired 60 new examples of zorh-century American crafts, made possible by its support group, the James Renwick Alli- ance. This year, the Alliance passed the half-million dollar mark in gifts to the Renwick for acquisitions. Building on the success of its two-year-old presence on America Online, the museum's New Media Initiatives staff achieved a quan- tum leap by making collection images and related texts avail- able to Internet users around the world. Parallel effort advanced design and production of a state-of-the-art multime- dia CD-ROM to be marketed during the Smithsonian's 15oth anniversary year in 1996. The museum's introduction of a rich Gopher site on the Internet in January was followed shortly by the April pre- miere of a World Wide Web Internet Home Page that maxi- mizes the site’s ability to seamlessly combine texts and images and transmit video and many other enhanced capabilities. The web site contains an unsurpassed complement of resources available electronically, including an extensive virtual tour of “The White House Collection of American Crafts” exhibition {hecp://www.nmaa.si.edw//whc/americancrafts], featuring vis- its to craft artists’ studios and the White House, made possi- ble by a gift from MCI. This and another tour based on the NMAA daguerreotype exhibition, “Secrets of the Dark Cham- ber: The Art of the American Daguerreotype,” inaugurated the museum’s plan for providing an online version of each major exhibition organized. Myriad electronic “visitors” have registered their delight with the online offerings, which have been acknowledged and praised in the national press. In Sep- tember senior staff participated in a retreat to consider the fu- ture of electronic technology initiatives at the museum. The first new publication on the permanent collection in a decade, National Museum of American Art, copublished with Bulfinch, features 450 full-color illustrations and texts and in- vites readers to explore a wide range of the museum's hold- ings. The book is organized thematically to reflect the variety of concerns and aesthetic visions that have shaped American art over the past three centuries. Three hundred objects for re- photographed for the publication. The book is a companion to the extensive collection CD-ROM to be issued in early 1996. Almost 80,000 Contributing Members of the Smithson- ian received Natzonal Museum of American Art as the Smithsonian's annual gift. Together with Hyperion Books for Children (a Disney affili- ate), the museum published a new book edited by education chief Nora Panzer. Celebrate America in Poetry and Art, joins poems and visual art to illuminate the ethnic, economic, and geographic diversity of the American experience. The illustrations are all from the museum’s collection; the poems feature some of America’s finest writers. The New Yorker's Daniel Menaker praised the book saying, “The pages team with creativity and variety.” Celebrate America was selected for the Notable Children’s Trade Books in the Field of Social Studies 1995 list and was awarded a star of recognition by the School Library Journal. Over 20,000 copies have been sold. Independent scholar Sidra Stich, former chief curator at the University Art Museum in Berkeley, California, was in resi- dence as NMAA'’s Distinguished Scholar in American Art for the 1994-1995 academic year. Professor Neil Harris, Preston and Sterling Morton Professor of History, University of Chi- cago was selected as Distinguished Scholar in American Art for the 1995-1996 academic year. At the Renwick Gallery, Kenneth R. Trapp, formerly cura- tor of decorative arts at the Oakland Museum, was appointed curator-in-charge as of October 1 after the retirement of 21- year-veteran Michael W. Monroe. Jeremy Adamson served as acting curator-in-charge following Monroe's departure on June 30. Outreach to District of Columbia schools by the Renwick was significantly increased in a program supported by the James Renwick Alliance. After the closing of Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House, discussions began between the museum and the National Park Service on how best to accommodate Renwick access and proposed landscaping. In the business arena, the museum hired its first ever full- time development officer in June and set up a Development Department to handle membership and fundraising for spe- cial exhibitions and their publications, education programs, electronic outreach initiatives and special projects. The mu- seum also launched a quarterly members’ newsletter to keep special constituents in closer touch with activities and behind- the-scenes information. Product development and licensing activity saw major growth, with fees to the museum increased by 25 percent over FY94 levels. For one project, the museum joined forces with the National Portrait Gallery to create a spectrum of new postcards from the collections at a great saving. Summer Courtyard Grill food service was expanded to twice weekly, in operation from May through September. 69 A space lease was signed on September 1 for 9,000 square feet of office space at 601 Indiana Avenue, NW to house ap- proximately 40 employees in the museum's Research and Scholars Center and the Publications and New Media Initia- tive Office. Renovations will proceed a move in January 1996. The museum's traveling exhibition program enjoyed a ban- ner year, with a William H. Johnson retrospective scheduled for seven museums across the country. Tours of contemporary landscape photography, Thomas Cole and William H. Johnson’s Homecoming were successfully concluded. In other travel-related activity, curators and the registrarial staff planned for 19 objects from the NMAA and Renwick collec- tions to travel with the two-year national tour of “America’s Smithsonian,” honoring the Institution's Isoth anniversary. National Museum of American History Spencer R. Crew, Director The National Museum of American History (NMAH) dedi- cates its collections and scholarship to inspiring a broader un- derstanding of our nation and its many peoples. Drawing on more than 17 million objects in its collections and the hold- ings of its Archives Center, the museum creates learning op- portunities, stimulates imaginations, and presents challenging ideas about our nation’s past through original re- search, exhibitions, publications, and public programs. The museum this year announced the founding of the Je- rome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation on May 31, 1995, through a $10.4 million gift from the Lemelson Foundation. The center is named after its benefactors, Jerome Lemelson, one of the nation’s most pro- lific inventors, and his wife, Dorothy. Their gift was the larg- est cash donation ever presented to the Smithsonian Institution. Lemelson holds more than 500 patents for a range of inventions relating to videocassette recorders, cordless tele- phones, and many other devices. His patented inventions in robotics, machine vision, and flexible manufacturing have profoundly influenced computer chip manufacturing and the automotive industry. The primary mission of the Lemelson Center 1s to docu- ment, interpret, and disseminate information about invention and innovation. Through a variety of public programs, exhibi- tions, research efforts, and electronic outreach projects, the center hopes to encourage inventive creativity in young peo- ple and foster an appreciation for the central role invention plays in the history of the United States. On June 1, the Lemelson Center kicked off its “Innovative Lives” program for children and young adults with a series of lecture—demonstrations by Hal Walker. An former aerospace engineer, Walker shared his ideas on innovation as a career and explained his research on lasers. He also helped illustrate 7o the properties and applications of laser light for 85 middle- school students in the museum's Hands On Science Center. The center also immediately opened its own home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.si.edu/or- ganiz/museums/nmah/homepage/lemel/ To serve the museum's large and diverse audiences, staff members organized, produced, presented, and often per- formed scores of other public programs—musical, dramatic, scholarly, popular, and participatory. On October 7 and 8, the continuing American Sampler series presented the first install- ment of “The Guitar: Art and Soul.” Hispanic artists per- formed classical, flamenco, and traditional works, followed later in the year by two more performance weekends featuring jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel guitar styles. Ameri- can Sampler also presented “Native American Women’s Music” in November to explore the often overlooked role of women in Native American music. In April, the continuing series American Song presented “This Song Is You: A Centen- nial Celebration of Oscar Hammerstein II,” the preeminent lyricist of the American musical theater's golden age. Another American Song offering in June focused on the work of lyri- cist Marilyn Bergman, cowriter of such songs as “Windmills of Your Mind” and the score for Yent/. The Office of Educa- tion and Visitor Services organized programs throughout the year, including “What's the Catch: Fish, Shellfish, and Fisher- ies in America.” In this the two-day conference, six panel dis- cussions focused on American fisheries, their role in the life of the nation, and how their harvests can be both bountiful and safe. “Campfire Diary,” presented in February, was a multime- dia presentation by art professor Roger Shimomura that grew out of a journal kept for fifty-six years by his grandmother, a Japanese American pioneer and midwife sent to an intern- ment camp during World War II. The Program in African American Culture (PAAC) offered “Fighting Two Wars: African Americans in World War II” in October. The conference, held at the historic Lincoln Theatre, chronicled the experiences of African American men and women in the U.S. Army during World War II. In January, PAAC presented “Birthplace of a Whirlwind: The 1960 Greensboro Sit-In,” an afternoon program of reminiscences, a song workshop, and a museum tour that commemorated the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. A few weeks before the program, the museum had put on display a section of the lunch counter from the Woolworth’s store in Greensboro, North Carolina, which was the scene of one of the first organ- ized sit-ins by college students to protest segregation during the Civil Rights Movement. Hollywood filmmaker John Singleton, director of Boyz ’n the Hood, was among the participants at the conference “100 Years of Black Film: Imaging African American Life, History, and Culture” on February 1-4. The conference featured a series of film screenings, a showing of Oscar Micheaux’s classic si- lent film Within Our Gates with live musical accompaniment, and lectures by historians, filmmakers, and authors. The four- day event was presented by PAAC and the Ethnic Imagery Project of the Archives Center. Additional sponsors included the Black Film Institute of the University of the District of Columbia and “Black Film Review” magazine. On April 28, more than 300 junior and senior high school students from 18 public schools the Washington, D.C., area participated in a showcase of poetry, song, and dance during the Smithsonian's Fourth Annual Duke Ellington Youth Festival. The students also displayed original works of art based on themes in Ellington's life and work in a temporary exhibition presented in conjunction with the festival. In March, for Women’s History Month, the museum of- fered “What's American About American Quilts?,” a confer- ence examining aspects of American and European quilting traditions. The forum was presented with support from the American Quilt Defense Fund. On March 14, the museum opened the exhibition “Putting Her Best Quilt Forward: Ex- hibiting at the Fair,” which focused on how fairs gave women of the 19th century an opportunity to display their talents and gather new ideas for quilts. Both the conference and the exhi- bition were offered in conjunction National Quilting Day. An- other Women’s History Month program, “The Yellow Rose of Suffrage,” was a one-woman performance by playwright— actress Jane Cox based on the life of suffragist Carrie Chap- man Cart. In August, to celebrate the 75th anniversary of woman suffrage, the museum also produced the symposium “Visions of Equality: Past and Future” on August 25. Several new program series presented lectures and discus- sions throughout the year. The Forum on Environmental Jus- tice series examined pollution in the nation’s capital, environmental justice and Native Americans, and other top- ics. Looking American focused on civilian dress during World War II. Staff of the museum's Division of Costume offered talks on subjects such as wartime restrictions and fashion, ap- propriate dress for factory work, and the war's influence on clothing styles. The museum also inaugurated its Viewpoints program, a series of informal talks by museum staff on sub- jects ranging from sea stories to caring for family heirlooms. The Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra (SJMO) pre- sented four weekends of performances from April through Au- gust at the National and Lincoln theaters. Musical directors Gunther Schuller and David N. Baker led the orchestra and the audiences through the music of Mary Lou Williams, Chick Webb, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, Lionel Hamp- ton, Woody Herman, Miles Davis, Jimmie Lunceford, Tommy Dorsey and other composers and orchestras. Like the SJMO, the Smithsonian Chamber Music Society is directed from the museum's Division of Cultural History. From the Smithsonian Chamber Orchestra to the Castle Trio, the society's ensembles offered works of Franois Couperin, Marin Marais, Henry Purcell, Mozart, Haydn, Brahms, Schubert, and other composers well known and lesser known. As every year, many of the selections were performed on original instru- ments from the museum's collections, including the 1854 “Queen Victoria” piano and the 1701 “Servais” Stradivarius cello. The concerts often featured guest performers, and this year several of the evenings began with brief lectures by noted scholars on conservation, recordings of early music, compos- ers, and other subjects. In August, the Smithsonian Chamber Players released a new CD, Metamorphosis, that features Sir Ed- ward Elgar's Serenade, Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings, and Richard Strauss’s Metamorphosen. In December, the museum's annual Holiday Celebration delighted thousands of visitors with music, storytelling, and demonstrations of holiday foods and crafts that reflect the many ways Americans celebrate Christmas, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, and the New Year. “With Pen and Graver: Women Graphic Artists Before 1900, " which opened in February, was one of the many well- received exhibitions at the museum this year. The exhibition included more than 80 examples of commercial and fine arts work by some of the leading women artists in the 19th cen- tury. The featured works included examples by such artists as Fanny Palmer, lithographer for Currier & Ives; Maud Hum- phrey, an illustrator and the mother of Humphrey Bogart; and Emily Sartain, a Philadelphia art teacher. Lithographs, greeting cards, illustrated books, copper plates, and wood blocks were among the objects on display. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II, NMAH presented several temporary exhibitions. “The Virgil Whyte ‘All-Girl’ Band,” an exhibition of photo- graphs, documents, and artifacts produced by the museum's Archives Center, showed how a touring U.S.O. band during World War II promoted the ideal of equality in job opportu- nity for women within the field of music. The band’s director, Virgil Whyte, demanded that his female musicians receive union pay equal to that of male musicians of comparable skills—all within the context of the traditional “home front” partnership which women were expected to contribute to the war effort. “Women War Workers” highlighted the contribu- tions of women during World War II through a display of photographs, cartoons, wartime advertisements, sheet music, and a rivet hammer, welding mask, coveralls, and other tools and equipment used by women during the war. “Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941-1945" ex- amined the images and underlying messages of the posters used to help mobilize Americans during the war. “World War II: Sharing Memories” offered a look back at the World War II era through paintings of wartime scenes commissioned by the U.S. armed forces during the war and everyday objects used by men and women at war and on the home front. Visi- tors were encouraged to record their memories of the war in notebooks, and hundreds of people wrote first-hand accounts or reminiscences of that era handed down among family mem- bers. Many of the notes were posted on a bulletin board inside the exhibition for other visitors to read. Documentary photography shows at the museum explored subjects such as industrial life and work in “Images of Steel” to the plight of migrant workers in “Earth Angels: Migrant Children in America,” to “Images of Vietnam: March 1970— February 1971,” an exhibition of 48 photographs taken by pho- 71 tojournalist Stephen H. Warner, who was killed in action. “Going Strong! Older Americans on the Job,” an exhibition of photographs by Harvey Wang, captured the images and stories of more than 35 Americans well past retirement age who still continued in their chosen professions—from a typesetter to a shepherd to a scrap metal dealer. The History in the News series presented one-case exhibitions such as “Asbestos: Promise, Problems, Panic, Prudence,” “Earth Day 1970,” and “Cinema’s Centennial,” commemorating the 1ooth anniversary of moving pictures. In June, the museum also co-sponsored a special display of student-created exhibitions that featured the work of selected state winners of the National History Day competition. The competition is designed for students in grades six through twelve who present months of research in media productions, papers, performances, and table-top projects. Acquisitions of note this year included the gown worn by Hillary Rodham Clinton's to inaugural balls in 1993. Now a part of the First Ladies Collection, the gown is on exhibit in the “Ceremonial Court,” which displays many artifacts belong- ing to past presidents and first families and re-creates architec- tural details of the 1902 White House. The University of Maryland School of Nursing donated a Florence Nightingale Nursing Cap, affectionately known to the school’s gradu- ates as “Flossie,” to the Medical Sciences Collection. The Flossie was patterned after a cap worn by Florence Nightin- gale. The museum also received a bacterial culture replic- ator from the laboratory of Joshua Lederman of the University of Wisconsin. Lederman’s research won him a Nobel Prize in 1958. The Warner-Lambert Company do- nated the last glass Listerine bottle to be manufactured; the first plastic bottle of Listerine; and the bottle with the oldest, rarest label. The Archives Center accepted the pa- pers of Robert G. Chamberlain, a mechanical engineer, business school graduate in finance, and one of the first numerical control programmers in the United States. Chamberlain's work centered on the use of computers in controlling machine tools and to problems of ensuring accuracy in metal cutting and forming operations under computer control. Around, beside, beneath, and among all the programs and activities, the National Museum of American History continued to remake itself, both organizationally and physically. The museum's continuing Master Plan saw extensive repair and renovation to the fifth floor and base- ment this year. More significantly, 1994-95 marked the first full year of the museum's reorganization under Director Spencer Crew. The process has brought forth both a new organizational structure at the museum and new goals and strategic objectives—in areas including visitor orien- tation at the museum, electronic access, computerized col- lections, space planning, project management, and staff development—that will guide the museum in the years ahead. 72 National Postal Museum James H. Bruns, Diector As a new museum, during 1995 the staff concentrated on estab- lishing operational priorities, developing departmental goals and objectives, formulating the museum's first long-range “Planning and Budget Document,” and writing essential operational procedures and plans. Among the operating plans prepared in 1995 were the museum's “Collecting Plan,” “Collections Management Pol- icy,” Public Affairs Policy," “Hazardous Materials Policy,” and “Exhibitions Policy.” In cooperation with the Office of Membership and Develop- ment, the museum drafted its long-range “Endowment Plan.” This plan, which will be part of the “Smithsonian Fund for the Future,” calls for the creation of $10 to $15 million in en- dowments over the next ten years. The museum dramatically expanded its educational out- reach with the publication of “We Were There: Letters from the Bartle Front,” an activity book and resource guide for sec- ondary school students; the “Postal Pack for Elementary Schools,” a curriculum guide and activity book that integrates letter writing and postal history into language arts, history, geography and math classes; and “Pen Friend,” an inter-gener- ational letter writing project guide book. During 1995 the museum's curatorial and collections man- agement staff processed 95 accessions, acquisitions that con- sisted of over 10,900 objects. Three exhibits opened in 1995, including “Best Wishes: Greetings from the White House” (November—February), “Are We There Yet? Vacationing in America” (May— indefinite), and “The Graceful Envelope” (July-August). The latter exhibic began as a national calligraphers’ demonstration and workshop sponsored by the museum. Hundreds of hand- crafted envelopes were mailed to the museum. The “most graceful” of these were placed on temporary exhibit. Many of these will soon be the subject of a book. During 1995 the museum’s education department con- ducted 24 pubic programs, including lectures by prominent philatelists, historians, and scholars. Among the museum's of- ferings were “Marilyn Monroe: The Myth and the Message,” a invitational lecture by theater and film critics Molly Haskell and Andrew Sarris conducted in conjunction with the issu- ance of the Marilyn Monroe stamp. Other presentations were provided by National Air and Space Museum curator Bob Van Der Linden, who lead a discuss of the role of the Post Office Department in the creation of America’s commercial airlines and National Museum of American History curator William Withuhn, who presented a program about American emigrant trains. Another offering included historian and author Alvin Josephy, who presented “A Portrait of Chief Joseph,” a discus- sion of the legacy of the leader of the Nez Perce tribe of the American norchwest in the late 19th century. Donations of cash, pledges and in-kind support amounted to more than $3.5 million in 1995. National Museum of the American Indian W. Richard West Jr., Director The National Museum of the American Indian is an institu- tion of living culture dedicated to the preservation, study, and exhibition of the life, languages, literature, history, and arts of the Native peoples of the Western Hemisphere. The museum's mission is to recognize and affirm to Native com- munities and the non-Native public the historical and con- temporary culture and cultural achievements of the Natives of the Western Hemisphere by advancing—in consultation, col- laboration, and cooperation with Natives—knowledge and un- derstanding of Native cultures. The museum has a special responsibility, through innovative public programming, re- search, and collections, to protect, support, and enhance the development, maintenance, and perpetuation of Native cul- tures and communities. When Southern Cheyenne Camp Crier Moses Starr, Jr., an- nounced the opening of the National Museum of the Ameri- can Indian in New York City on Oct. 30, it marked the beginning of a year in which the museum’s mission became a reality with the indigenous voice and world view resonating throughout the exhibitions at the Heye Center. As the mu- seum approached its anniversary in late September, more than 375,000 museum visitors had experienced the exhibitions and heard the accompanying Native American voices, more than nine times the number who visited the museum in one year at its old location at Audubon Terrace at 155th and Broadway. The inaugural exhibitions of the National Museum of the American Indian were second in museum attendance during the exhibition season in New York City only to the Metropoli- tan Museum of Art, where the exhibition “Origins of Im- pressionism” drew 794,108 visitors. “Creation’s Journey: Masterworks of Native American Iden- tity and Belief” features 165 objects selected for their beauty, rarity and historical significance, and representation of diverse cultures. Displaying objects from tribal groups in North, Cen- tral, and South America, with dates ranging from 3200 B.C. to the 20th century, the exhibition's multivoiced perspective includes anthropologists, curators, historians, scholars, and Native peoples. “All Roads Are Good: Native Voices on Life and Culture” features more than 300 objects chosen by 23 Native American selectors, who selected items from the museum's collection that were of artistic, cultural, and personal significance. Selectors’ responses to the process and the objects are shared with museum visitors on audio and videotape, as well as la- bels that accompany the objects. “All Roads Are Good” exem- plifies the museum's mandate for interpretation by indige- nous peoples with first-person insights and sensitivities to a world view that places the objects along a continuum of liv- ing culture. “This Path We Travel: Celebrations of Contemporary Na- tive American Creativity” is a collaborative exhibition featur- ing the collective and individual talents of 15 contemporary Native American artists. The exhibition combines installation with sculpture, performance, poetry, music, and video to pres- ent the artists’ views and concepts of creation, the importance of sacred places, and how the Indian universe has been af- fected by conflicts with Euroamerican beliefs and cultures. The exhibition represents how ancient indigenous ideas, as ex- pressed in the archaeological and historic objects in the other exhibitions, still contribute to contemporary Indian world views. In conjunction with the opening in October, the museum announced the five recipients of the first annual Art and Cul- tural Achievement Awards of the National Museum of the American Indian. They are Allan Houser (Chiricahua Apache), posthumously; Oren R. Lyons (Onondaga); N. Jana Harcharek (Inupiat); Geronima Cruz Montoya (San Juan Pueblo); and Katharine Siva Saubel (Cahuilla). On Nov. 19 and 20, in celebration of the Heye Center open- ing, the National Museum of the American Indian Powwow was held at the Jacob K. Javits Center in New York City. Ac- tivities included gourd dancing, intertribal dancing, Caddo stomp dances, Yupik dances, and Iroquois, Ponca and Osage social dances, a lacrosse workshop, a Northern Arapaho tpi construction demonstration, a Hocak (Winnebago) language project, arts and crafts sales, Ponca and Osage handgames, and Indian and Eskimo Olympics. In October, the museum staff began packing and moving more than 45,000 objects from the old location of the mu- seum at Audubon Terrace in New York City to the Research Branch in the Bronx, N.Y. Eventually, most of the one-mil- lion-object collection will be moved to the Cultural Resources Center, which will be built in Suitland, Md. The design of the museum's Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Md., was completed in March by the award- winning architectural firm of Polshek and Partners of New York City, working with Metcalf Tobey Davis of Reston, Va., in association with the Native American Design Collaborative. The Cultural Resources Center is scheduled to open in 1997. The museum displayed 24 19th-century Navajo wearing blankets from its collections at the Ned A. Hatathli Museum of the Navajo Community College in Tsaile, Ariz., on June 27 through June 30. The display concluded with a workshop for Navajo weavers, whose input will be incorporated into the final design and script for the exhibition “Woven by the Grandmothers: 19th Century Navajo Textiles from the Na- tional Museum of the American Indian” planned for the fall of 1996 at the Heye Center in New York City. On Oct. 24, the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation of Connecticut made a $10 million contribution to the National 73 Museum of the American Indian National Campaign. At the time, it was the largest cash contribution to the Smithsonian in its 148-year history. In October, the museum released a number of publications and products in conjunction with the opening of the Heye Center. Products included books on each of the three exhibi- tions, a music recording on compact disc and cassette tape, a calendar, a postcard book, and T-shirts. The museum began the Native American Expressive Cul- ture Series—on-going public programming that includes sto- rytelling, theater, music, dance, film and video. In the multimedia Resource Center, ten computer stations provide access to resource information about the objects in the exhibi- tions and the indigenous world view. During the year, Douglas J. Cardinal Architects, Ltd., in collaboration with Geddes, Brecher, Qualls and Cunning- ham Architects, and in conjunction with the museum staff and Native American consultants, developed a conceptual design for the National Museum of the American Indian, which will be constructed on the National Mall after the turn of the century. National Portrait Gallery Alan Fern, Director The National Portrait Gallery is dedicated to the exhibition and study of portraits of people who have made significant contributions to American history and culture and to the study of the artists who created such portraiture. The Gallery sponsors a variety of scholarly and public activities for audi- ences interested in American art and American history. Collections Acquisitions Acquisitions in the Painting and Sculpture Department in- clude two presidential portraits: Ronald Sherr’s portrait of George Herbert Walker Bush and Jan Woods's bust of Wil- liam Jefferson Clinton. Among the other portraits acquired were Smithsonian Secretary-emeritus Robert McCormick Adams by Burton Silverman, collector and art dealer Edith Gregor Halpert by Marguerite T. Zorach, General Winfield Scott by Robert Walter Weir, and poet Gwendolyn Brooks by Sara S. Miller. The Photographs Department received a gift of ninety-nine photographs from the estate of George Tames, Washington photographer for the New York Times from the 1940s through the early 1980s. Other important photographs include Martin Luther King, Jr. by Dan Weiner, labor leader Andrew Furuseth by Dorothea Lange, American poets Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton by Rollie McKenna, a group portrait of William Tecumseh Sherman and his generals by Mathew Brady, and a rare carte de visite of the sculptor Edmonia Lewis. Among the Print Department acquisitions are a mezzotint of 74 Benjamin Franklin by Charles Willson Peale and a drypoint of Henry Marquand by Anders Zorn. Research The National Portrait Gallery launched its virtual museum as parc of the Smithsonian's Home Page on the Internet’s World Wide Web and as part of the Smithsonian Online educational service on America Online. Previews of exhibitions, current events, highlights of the permanent collection, Gallery bro- chures, educational programs, and publications are available on both services. Featured by America Online for the Fourth of July holiday, the online image of Rembrandt Peale’s famous “Porthole” portrait of George Washington was downloaded by the public nearly 1,400 times. Interested visitors on the Amer- ica Online service may comment, ask questions, converse on message boards, and take part in online chat sessions. The Catalog of American Portraits continued its field sur- vey of portraits in public and private collections, cataloging portraits in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, the Norman Rockwell Museum in Massachusetts, and portraits of Ameri- cans in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Portraits in the state of Alaska were surveyed with the assistance of a grant from the Smithsonian Women's Committee. The Smithsonian Office of Fellowships and Grants supported two internship projects that added important Native American and Latino bi- ographies to the CAP’s multimedia research database. The Peale Family Papers project submitted volume four of Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family. sub- titled Charles Willson Peale: His Last Years, 1821-1827. to Yale University Press for publication. The staff is continu- ing research for volume 5, The Autobiography of Charles Will- son Peale, and for The Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of Rembrandt Peale. The Electronic Research Center became a reality in the NMAA/NPG Library at the end of December. Supported by both the National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of American Art, the Center collects reference sources avail- able in CD-ROM and online formats, as well as maintaining Internet and America Online functions. The Center has biblio- graphic, image-based, and online resources accessible to Li- brary patrons. Some of the titles available are: Art Index (1984-1995); ARTbibliographies Modern on Disc (1984-1994); Artfact (auction price information for both the fine and decora- tive arts, 1986-1995); Select Phone (1995); National Portrait Gal- lery, Smithsonian Institution: Permanent Collection of Notable Americans; and Artnet (an online resource to auction records from 1990 to the present). Exhibitions In commemoration of the 1ooth anniversary of the death of Frederick Douglass, the National Portrait Gallery and the Na- tional Park Service co-organized an exhibition on his life and legacy. Featuring paintings, photographs, and memorabilia, “Majestic in His Wrath” opened February 9, 1995, with a re- ception during which actor Billy Dee Williams read one of Douglass's most famous speeches. “In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of James McNeill Whistler” was the first of four exhibitions held in Washing- ton during the summer of 1995 that were devoted to this American expatriate painter. Whistler was the single most de- picted artist prior to the twentieth century, and NPG’s exhibi- tion demonstrated the evolution of his image and his carefully self-constructed role as a popular icon in Victorian England. Several 1995 exhibitions highlighted aspects of the Gallery's permanent collection. “Federal Profiles: Saint-Mémin in America, 1793-1814” amplified the museum's large holding of Saint-Mémin engravings by featuring many of the original drawings from which the engravings were made. “From Tru- man to Clinton: Presidents on Time” was the most recent ina series of exhibitions drawn from the Gallery’s collection of original Time magazine cover art. “The Passionate Observer: Photographs by Carl Van Vechten,” which was organized by Hallmark Cards, presented a comprehensive overview of an artist whose works are widely represented in the Gallery’s collection. Publications Saint-Mémin and the Neoclassical Profile Portrait in America by Ellen G. Miles, NPG's Curator of Paintings and Sculpture, was published in November 1994 by the National Portrait Gallery and Smithsonian Institution Press. The culmination of twenty years of research on the French émigré artist who made nearly a thousand likenesses of Federal-era Americans, this book includes an essay on the history of the neoclassical profile portrait with a biography of Saint-Mémin and a com- plete, illustrated catalogue of the artist’s known works. Ir has been awarded second prize in the book category in the Ameri- can Association of Museums’ 1995 Design Competition and first prize for illustrated books in the Washington Book Publishers’ design competition. Produced to accompany the National Portrait Gallery's ex- hibition, Mayestic in His Wrath: A Pictorial Life of Frederick Douglass. by NPG historian Frederick S. Voss, was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. This softcover book's more than seventy illustrations include rare daguerreotypes of Douglass and images of fellow abolitionists and reformers. In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of James McNeill Whistler, co-published by the National Portrait Gallery and the Univer- sity of Washington Press, was written by Eric Denker, curator of the NPG exhibition of portraits of Whistler. Available in softcover, this illustrated book illuminates how this unconven- tional American expatriate was perceived by the artists and writers of his time. Work has commenced on a new edition of the Natzonal Por- trait Gallery Permanent Collection Illustrated Checklist. Data is being gathered on NPG acquisitions over the past ten years, since the previous edition was published. A James Smithson Society grant will allow the purchase of state-of-the-art desktop-publishing equipment for NPG's Publications Of- fice. This will make it possible to produce this valuable ref- erence rool—including some 7,000 illustrated entries—in- house through the prepress stage in the coming fiscal year. Education NPG offered a dramatization that provided both historical background and context to enhance students’ knowledge gained during their tour of the Frederick Douglass exhibi- tion. Collaborations with publishers also made possible public lectures and book signings for biographies and portrait- related books. “Blues Woman,” an interpretation of the music and life sto- ries of Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and Billie Holiday, was presented through the Gallery's “Portraits in Motion” series. Special Projects On the morning of July 21, 1995, the National Portrait Gallery's Hall of Presidents doubled as a television studio when C-SPAN's “Washington Journal” broadcast a live pro- gram on the museum and its collections. Host Brian Lamb in- terviewed NPG director Alan Fern as camera crews rolled through the Gallery's second floor, providing viewers with glimpses of the permanent collection on display. Pre-taped segments included presentations by curator of photographs Mary Panzer, historian Fred Voss, curator for the Frederick Douglass exhibition, and a cameo appearance by curator of prints and drawings Wendy Wick Reaves. The three-hour broadcast also included a live interview with museum shop manager Jackie Jackson on the shop's offerings. Office of Exhibits Central Mike Headley, Acting Director The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) provides Smithsonian museums, galleries, and exhibitors with expertise in the creation of permanent, temporary, and traveling exhibitions, from concept to crating. Office of Exhibit Central services in- clude exhibition design and production, script development, consultation on design and production, writing, editing, graphic production, matting, and framing. Along with a wide range of exhibit fabrication services, OEC provides model making, gallery lighting, exhibit installation, and the han- dling, bracketing, and packing of artifacts. This year, OEC designed, edited, and produced five exhibi- uons for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES): “Try This On: A History of Clothing, Gender, and Power”; “Full Deck Art Quilts”; “Voyages and Visions: Nineteenth-Century European Images of the Middle East from the Victoria and Albert Museum”; “VanDerZee, Photographer’; and “An Ocean Apart: Contemporary 7 Vietnamese Art from the United States and Vietnam.” OEC also provided design and production consultation on four more SITES shows: “Earth 2U, Exploring Geography,” “Ex- otic Illusions: Arc, Romance, and the Marketplace,” “Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington” (small ex- hibit format), and “Wade in the Water: African American Sa- cred Song and Worship Traditions.” OEC editors developed the text for the last three exhibits. OEC’s Model Making Unit created an exact wooden replica of a 19th-century ship figurehead, hundreds of artificial fish, several mannequins, and three bronze creatures for “Ocean Planet,” an exhibition developed by the National Museum of Natural History, the Environmental Awareness Program, and SITES. In preparation for the Smithsonian's Isoth Celebration, OEC has contributed significantly to many of the anniversary events—and will continue to do so. OEC designed the ban- ners and signage on the Mall and for each museum. OEC designed, produced, and installed the plaque for the Unsung Heroes awards, and the exhibit cases for “Smithson’s Gift,” an exhibition dedicated to James Smithson’s bequest to the Smithsonian. “Revealing Exhibitions: Photography at the Smithsonian,” “From Smithson to Smithsonian: The Birth of an Institution,” and many other exhibitions and events associ- ated with the 1soth Celebration are still in the planning stages at OEC. OEC played a important role in many other exhibitions. For Horticulture Services Division, OPP, OEC provided de- sign, editing, fabrication, model making, lighting, installa- tion, and project coordination for the “Posy Holders” exhibition in the Arts and Industries Building. OEC pro- duced graphics for the 29th Annual Festival of American Folklife. For “Science and the Artist's Book,” a collaborative project involving the Smithsonian Institution Libraries and the Washington Project for the Arts, OEC was responsible for design, editing, fabrication, model making, and installation. At the National Museum of Natural History, OEC provided model making for “Exploring Marine Ecosystems,” while at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, OEC supplied exhibition consultation for the “Coral Reef’ exhibition and illustration for “Where Land Meets the Sea.” In addition, OEC collaborated with the Office of the Provost and the Na- tional Museum of African Art in the design, production, and installation of an exhibit at the Baltimore Washington Inter- national Airport. For the Office of Government Relations, OEC designed, fabricated, and installed two exhibit compo- nents, one for the Office of the Speaker in the U.S. Capitol and another for the Rayburn House Office Building. Further, OEC provided exhibition consultation and installation for “The Harriet and Harmon Kelley Collection of African Ameri- can Arc” and the “Equal Rights and Justice” exhibitions for the Anacostia Museum at the Center for African American History and Culcure. OEC also furnished project consultation and material management for the Ghana Project for the Inter- national Center. 76 In 1995 OEC Senior Designer Mary Bird won two Federal Design Achievement Awards for her design of “Spiders!” and “Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941-1945.” OEC also received honors from the Washington Building Congress for construction of a railway mail car at the National Postal Museum and a Smithsonian Exhibition Awards for Outstanding Team Effort on the Postal Museum's inaugural exhibits. There are many others projects that SI clients have taken advantage of OEC’s prompt, professional, and cost-effective services. The Office of Exhibits Central is dedicated to the continued success of the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, SITES Anna R. Cohn, Director Since 1952, the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) has been committed to making Smithsonian exhibitions available to millions of people who cannot view them firsthand on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Each year, audiences across North America experience the trea- sures and opportunities of the Smithsonian by visiting SITES exhibitions on view in local museums, libraries, science cen- ters, historical societies, zoos, aquariums, community centers, and schools. SITES’ FY 1995 program mirrored the scope and vitality of the Smithsonian as never before. Traveling exhibitions featur- ing spiders, ocean conservation, Mexican landscape painting, jazz, and art quilts are but a small sampling of the diverse sub- jects through which SITES represents collections and research from the Institution's many museums and offices, and from many of the nation’s finest cultural organizations. Over the past year, collaborations—with sister museums at the Smithsonian and other museums and cultural organiza- tions outside the Smithsonian, foreign countries, corporations, or at the grass-roots level—continue to drive the SITES pro- gram. Several new SITES exhibitions began traveling this year in small format, free-standing copiese: “Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington,” “Saynday was coming along...Silverhorn’s Drawings of the Kiowa Trickster,” “Before Freedom: African American Life in the Antebellum South,” and “Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941-1945.” These exhibitions, designed specifically for smaller institutions and rural exhibitors, are especially import- ant additions to SITES’ program and ensure more than ever that the wealth of the Smithsonian Institution will be experi- enced by audiences everywhere: from people in the nation’s largest urban centers to those in the most remote rural areas. SITES’ partnership with states humanities councils contin- ued to gain momentum in FY 1995. Ongoing collaborations with the Federation of States Humanities Councils and a sec- ond NEH grant will result in another tour of the highly suc- cessful NMAH/SITES small format version of “Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941-1945" to Arizona, California, Indiana and Nebraska. Designed specific- ally to reach rural areas, nine states are now part of this unique initiative which was begun in FY 1994. A National Portrait Gallery exhibition, “Lincoln and His Contemporaries: Photographs by Mathew Brady from the Meserve Collection” is also traveling to five communities in Utah as part of a block-booking arrangement reached with that state’s Humanities Council. Rural exhibitors are comple- menting their displays with local objects and programming. The Smithsonian's major Quincentennial exhibition, “Seeds of Change,” is also traveling in a small format version and opened in July in a brand-new specially designed facility ac Central Florida Community College in Ocala, Fla. Staff at the college and SITES have been in discussion since January about an on-site facility that would be suitable for SITES exhibi- tions, and raised the necessary funds and built a new exhibi- tion space in less than one year. The college is now slated to host six SITES exhibitions over the next two years. In addition to ongoing partnerships that SITES has forged with private foundations such as the Lila Wallace-Reader's Di- gest Fund and corporations such as Time Warner, Inc., SITES is proud to announce a new partnership this year with Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A., for the SITES/National Geo- graphic Society exhibition, “Earth 2U, Exploring Geography.” Ata special signing ceremony on October tenth hosted by Na- tional Geographic Society President Gilbert M. Grosvenor, Nissan's Vice President of Brand and Consumer Marketing Jerry Florence presented a check for $950,000 to Secretary Heyman to become the national corporate sponsor of the exhi- bition. Olympic gold medal speedskater Dan Jansen will serve as the national exhibition “Ambassador” of “Earth 2U, Exploring Geography,” which will open in November 1995 in Washington, D.C. SITES has spent the past year gearing up for the opening of this ambitious exhibition, and since May has received an addi- tional $936,000 from Nissan for extensive national educa- tional programming and public relations efforts in conjunction with “Earth 2U, Exploring Geography.” In July, a “Name the Mascot” contest commenced in the Smithsonian Castle for children ages 8—12, the exhibition's primary audi- ence. The “Mascot” is a lively-looking cartoon bird who is de- picted throughout the exhibition. The grand-prize winner of the contest, who will be announced at the exhibition's press preview, will receive an all-expenses paid trip to the 1996 Summer Olympic events in Atlanta. “Earth 2U, Exploring Geography” is geared toward children and their families and is expected to make a significant contribution to curbing geo- graphic illiteracy in the United States as it travels to 40 cities around the country in two versions. Several SITES exhibitions began national tours in FY 1995, reflecting the diversity of the SITES program. “Full Deck Art Quilts” opened at the Renwick Gallery in March. It is travel- ing to 11 additional locations, including regional art centers, university galleries and art museums in San Jose, Calif.; Tempe, Ariz.; Ocala, Fla.; Reno, Nev.; and Mobile, Ala. The small format version of the NMNH/SITES exhibition, “Sayn- day was coming along . . . Silverhorn’s Drawings of the Kiowa Trickster,” opened at the Kiowa Tribal Museum in Carnegie, Okla., in January. The national tour of “Spiders!,” organized with the National Museum of Natural History and funded by Marvel Entertainment, began in March at the American Mu- seum of Natural History in New In May, “VanDerZee, Pho- tographer (1886—1983)"—a National Portrait Gallery/SITES exhibition—began its national tour at the African American Museum of Fine Arts in San Diego, Calif. The opening of this exhibition garnered front-page news in the San Diego Union Tribune and significantly increased attendance at the museum. As a testament to how well-received this exhibition has been in San Diego, the museum is now preparing to accession an important, personal collection from a father and son who spon- sor an African American Studies program at a local university and who have lived in the area since the 1920s. In September, “An Ocean Apart: Contemporary Vietnam- ese Art from the United States and Vietnam” opened at the E]- lipse Arts Center in Arlington, Va. All of these exhibition openings were accompanied events and public programs that attracted enthusiastic media and public responses. Special initatives and events in FY 1995 included the forg- ing of a new relationship between the Smithsonian and the Mexican Embassy during the fall showing of “Mexico: A Landscape Revisited.” Secretary Heyman and Mexican Ambas- sador Jorge Montafio began a series of dialogues aimed at fu- ture cultural collaborations between Mexico and the Smithsonian. The exhibition is currently traveling to several cities around the country and will end its international tour next year in Monterrey, Mexico. In June, SITES donated the popular NMAH/SITES exhibi- tion, “Contrasts/Contrastes: Forty Years of Continuity and Change in Puerto Rico,” a collection of photographs by WPA photographer Jack Delano that toured several years ago, to the Poncé Museum in Poncé, Puerto Rico. The event was cele- brated with public programs which featured a conference given by Delano and a concert string performance of one of Delano’s original musical compositions. In September, SITES took the lead during National Arts and Humanities Month. A special mailing was orchestrated by SITES and the Office of the Secretary which alerted members of Congress to SITES’ activities in their states and districts. SITES entered cyberspace in FY 1995. A listing of SITES ex- hibitions currently traveling around the country is now avail- able by accessing the Smithsonian's Home Page which was launched on May 8. SITES exhibitions are oftentimes accompanied by hand- some and informative publications. On the occasion of last year’s opening of “Mexico: A Landscape Revisited,” SITES ™N NS published a bi-lingual catalogue and a 1995 wall calendar with Universe Publishing Co. (a division of Rizzoli). The calendars were mailed as holiday gifts from Secretary Heyman to mem- bers of the Smithsonian's Latino Task Force and the Congres- sional Hispanic Caucus. SITES is a high-visibility outreach arm of the Smithsonian. In FY 1995, 182 exhibitions traveled across the country. SITES hopes that its expanded visitor base in the coming year will enable more Americans than ever before to experience the rich variety of exhibition programs available from the Smithsonian. Educational and Cultural Programs Center for Folklife Programs & Cultural Studies Richard Kurin, Director The Center for Folklife Programs & Cultural Studies joins high quality scholarship with strong community service and educational outreach to promote the understanding and conti- nuity of diverse contemporary grassroots cultures in the United States and throughout the world. A primary goal is to foster greater appreciation and participation of community culture in civil society. This became very apparent in the plan- ning and production of the annual Festival of American Folklife. The more than one million visitors to the 29th annual Fest- val of American Folklife, which took place June 23—July 4, were witness to the strength in community in the four pro- grams chat were presented. “The Cape Verdean Connection” builc upon and articulated the contemporary transnational character of that culture. It not only occasioned a visit by the President of Cape Verde, Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro, but also prompted thousands of Cape Verdean Americans to orga- nize tours, reunions, and celebrations around the Festival. Co- sponsored by the government of Cape Verde, a host of Cape Verdean-American community fundraising committees, the Gulbenkian Foundation of Portugal, the Smithsonian, and many other benefactors, the program featured performances and demonstrations of crafts, cooking, music, dance, and occu- pational traditions. Discussions included many topics in which participants reflected upon the culture and historical ex- perience of this transnational people. A significant part of the program was a large “Cachupa Connection” tent—named for the hominy stew that is the (trans)national dish of Cape Ver- deans everywhere. The tent contained information about a dozen Cape Verdean-American communities, presentations on 78 seafarers and longshoremen, and a connection to the unofficial Cape Verdean home page on the Internet. From social com- mentary in ox-driving songs to conversations across the Inter- net, the program presented varieties of exchange that Cape Verdeans engage in to maintain their local and transnational communities. Chartered busloads of Cape Verdean Americans came from New England, where the Festival generated strong media coverage. Bana, the most popular male vocalist in the Islands for decades who lives and owns a nightclub in Lisbon, performed at the July 5 Independence Day celebration on the Mall as part of the program to mark the 2oth anniversary of Cape Verde’s independence from Portugal. Anna Maria Cab- ral, wife of the slain independence leader Amilcar Cabral, lec- tured on culture and national development at the International Center during the Festival. And a photography exhibit on Cape Verdean life by Ron Barboza was mounted in the International Center. “The Czech Republic: Tradition and Transformation” suc- cessfully reflected the range of music, crafts, and foodways that characterize grassroots, popular, and official genres today. The participants from the three major regions of the Czech Re- public—Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia—brought not only their cultural traditions but the fresh impacts of independence and changed borders on these traditions. Czech-American mu- sicians and cooks demonstrated survivals and transformations in foodways and soundscapes across the ocean. This extended community on the National Mall was broadened even more as Czech Americans drove the belfry—an example of a substitute church that serves small communities in mountainous Wallachia—to Texas after the Festival, where it is traveling among families of Wallachian descent. Czech officials also ob- served the Festival, and a Czech television documentary reached millions of viewers in that country. “Heartbeat: Voices of First Nations Women” was produced in collaboration with the Division of Cultural History at the National Museum of American History, as was a recently re- leased Smithsonian/Folkways recording of the same name. The program brought women from 20 different groups from the United States and Canada to the 1995 Festival, and visitors had the opportunity to see the important contributions that contemporary Native women are making to the preservation and perpetuation of their culture, especially in the area of lan- guage. The sense of community among participants was rein- forced during spontaneous demonstrations of intertribal song sharing that culminated in a memorable finale on July 4, with all the singers uniting in song on the main stage. Sales of the recording and critical reviews were very strong. Identities and community were key issues in the program, “Russian Roots, American Branches: Music in Two Worlds.” After several years of fieldwork, this program presented partic- ipants from four communities—Molokans and Old Believers, two religious minority communities both still active in Rus- sia and the United States—who joined together to discuss the changes that have affected their faith and, most importantly, to sing the choral music that provides the focus for their reli- gious identity. The program provided great opportunities for exchanges, and it provided these communities with an oppor- tunity to meet and share stories after more than a century of separation. The sacred and social music, traditional poetry, dance, food, and crafts of Washington-area African-born immigrants were presented as part of the “African Immigrant Folklife Study Project.” The Festival included two evening dance party/ concerts and a photo panel exhibition entitled, “New Ties: Portraits of African Immigrant Community Folklife,” featur- ing photographs by Roland Freeman, photographic advisor to the project. These activities grew out of a year of fieldwork by community scholars participating in the project and illuminated the vibrant range of newly emerging African cul- tures in the Washington area. And on the evening of July 2nd, a special tribute concert in honor of former Festival director Ralph Rinzler was held at the Festival to commemorate the first anniversary of his pass- ing. Paying tribute to Ralph were Pete and Mike Seeger, Pied- mont blues musicians John Cephas and Phil Wiggins, and Black Appalachian singers Ed and Melissa Cabbell. The event was very well attended and performers and audience shared a deep appreciation for many of Ralph's accomplishments. For those wishing to support the Festival of American Folklife, a Friends of the Festival group was formed that is developing memberships and benefits; the organization is now approach- ing 600 members. Cultural education at the Center saw six groups of teachers using the Festival of American Folklife as a living laboratory for developing resources, education materials move into test- ing and design phases, and new projects emerge from ongoing programs. The teachers seminars included “Bringing Folklore into the Classroom: A Multicultural Learning Experience,” di- rected by Center staff members with teachers from the Wash- ington, D.C., area; and “Teaching and Learning with Museums,” directed by a member of the Smithsonian Office of Elementary and Secondary Education staff, with teachers and museum educators from ten cities in California. A semi- nar for music educators was sponsored by the University of Maryland; and another general seminar on folklore and folklife was sponsored by the Northern Virginia Campus of the Univer- sity of Virginia. In addition, two groups of teachers came from New England to attend the “Cape Verdean Connection” pro- gram—educators from Massachusetts and Connecticut will be de- veloping educational materials about Cape Verde and Cape Verdean Americans for their schools, and teachers from the Bos- ton area will be working on multicultural educational materials. The educational materials on “Land in Native American Cultures,” “Borders and Identities,” and “The Bahamas” will be available for the 1996 school year. The Bahamas kit will be distributed to all public schools in the Commonwealth and in- cludes an extensive student/teacher guide or both the elemen- tary and secondary levels, rwo videotapes, and two audiotapes. The kit was developed by Center staff in cooperation with a team of educators and advisors in The Bahamas. New projects include “Voices of Virginia,” a teacher's guide and a recording that follows the fourth grade social studies curriculum and is being developed by teachers at Bailey's Ele- mentary School for the Arts and Sciences in Fairfax County; and the “Workers at the White House” materials which are being developed by a team of Washington, D.C., teachers in cooperation with Center staff and the Curator's office at the White House. The videotape, which is now available by itself, will be enhanced for classroom use by a teacher's guide, a 24- page educational booklet, and a full-color poster of a cross-sec- tion of the White House. These materials will be distributed free of charge to every public school in Washington, D.C., in the spring of 1996. The “Workers at the White House” exhibit continues to travel and was at the Carter Presidential Library in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Reagan Library in Simi Valley, California during the year. The exhibit was also mounted at Shaed Ele- mentary School in northeast Washington, D.C., where Hillary Clinton addressed students and teachers, and several of the workers were honored. Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings continues its work with collaborations with international scholarship, museum exhibi- tions, and artists’ creativity. International collaborations in- cluded the first two of a projected six volumes of music from different “departments” of Peru produced at the Archivo de Masica Tradicional Andina in Lima, with the support of the Ford Foundation of Peru; the CD Musical Trad:tions of Portu- gal, which was partly supported by the City of Lisbon and was produced by the director of the only ethnomusicology pro- gram in Portugal; a recording of the Kayap6-Xikrin of Mato Grosso, Brazil, annotated by two Brazilian anthropolgists; Sa- cred Rhythms of Cuban Santeria, produced by the Director of the Centro de Investigacion y Desarollo de la Musica Cubana in Havana; and three more volumes of the series, Music of Indo- nesia, produced with the Indonesian Society for the Perform- ing Arts, with the support of the Ford Foundation, Indonesia. Smithsonian/Folkways also collaborates with museums to make sounds part of the museum experience. Two recordings are the products of such collaborations: Heartbeat: Voices of First Nations Women, produced with the Smithsonian's Na- tional Museum of American History; and RAythms of Rapture: Sacred Musics of Haitian Vodou, which complements the exhibi- tion, “Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou” that opened at UCLA's Fowler Museum of Cultural History. Some new recordings develop out of ethnomusicological re- search. Those released this year include Dream Songs and Heal- ing Sounds in the Rainforests of Malaysia, and Old Believers: Songs of the Nekrasov Cossacks. Other recordings come directly from the vaults of the Folkways collection, and from Smithson- ian/Folkways artists themselves. Approximately 50,000 re- cordings were distributed through educational and archival fulfillment distributions. Smithsonian/Folkways also produces video projects. The JVC/Smithsonian Folkways Video Anthology of Music and Dance of the Americas consists of six videotapes, featuring over I50 exam- ik) ples of music and dance from many traditions throughout the Americas. Each tape is accompanied by a 40-80-page booklet that includes general articles on style as well as descriptions of each track, most of which have recommendations for further viewing, listening, and reading. Another Smithsonian/Folkways video project was initiated three years ago and documents music of the Great Lakes Indi- ans. It consists of two videotapes dealing with Ojibwe pow- wows in Wisconsin which will be targeted to the Wisconsin public school system. The first of the two videos, “Naamikaaget: Dancer for the People,” has been completed and shows a young dancer dressing for two powwows in suc- ceeding years. The second video will be a more generic treat- ment of powwows, including everything from singing and dancing to the preparation of fry bread. Approximately 35 interns who came from colleges and uni- versities from around the country, and several fellows from the United States, South America, and Africa, assisted with the re- search for and production of the many programs that were car- ried out by the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies. National Science Resources Center Douglas Lapp, Executive Director The National Science Resources Center (NSRC), a program of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sci- ences, helps the nations schools improve the teaching of sci- ence. The NSRC collects and publishes information about current science teaching resources, develops innovative curric- ulum materials, and sponsors activities to help teachers and administrators develop and sustain exemplary hands-on sci- ence programs. In the past year, the NSRC continued to involve teachers and school system officials, scientists and engineers, commu- nity organizations, and corporations in science education re- form through the National Science Education Leadership initiative (NSEL) and the Science and Technology for Chil- dren (STC) curriculum development project. The NSRC also expanded its international role in science education reform through ongoing contacts with education leaders in Mexico and South Africa. This years Elementary Science Leadership Institutes, a part of NSEL, brought together 38 teams of lead teachers, top ad- ministrators, and scientists, including teams from Mexico and South Africa, for training in the planning and implementa- tion of science education programs. To date, 178 teams from 43 states, two Canadian provinces, Mexico, and South Africa have participated in the institutes. The NSRC also co-hosted a regional Science Education Leadership Institute with the New York City Urban Systemic Initiative. The weeklong pro- 80 gram, modeled after the NSRCs national institutes, brought together more than 70 representatives from New York City schools. Seventeen of 24 STC hands-on science units for the elemen- tary and early middle school grades are now available in com- mercial or field-test editions. This year, Balancing and Weighing, Weather, and Floating and Sinking were published. Animal Studtes. Solids and Liquids, Comparing and Measuring, and Land and Water reached the field-test stage, and the devel- opment of the final three units in the STC program began. As part of the STC program, the NSRC also began work on sets of science activity cards for grades four to six. Each set will complement an STC unit. The NSRC completed work on Resources for Teaching Elemen- tary School Science, a completely revised and updated edition of its best-selling annotated guide to exemplary hands-on sci- ence curriculum materials. The NSRC also began reviewing exemplary curriculum materials for a resource guide for mid- dle school science teachers. The NSRC hosted Corporate Americas Impact on Elemen- tary Science Education, a one-day working conference held at the headquarters of Merck & Co., Inc., in Whitehouse Station, New Jersey. Sixty corporate executives and managers met to discuss how business and industry can work effectively with school district leaders to bring about and sustain science edu- cation reform. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Ann Bay, Director The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE), the Smithsonian’s central office for precollege education, has a threefold mission. First, it makes Smithsonian resources avail- able to teachers and students in the Washington, D.C., area and nationwide. Second, it provides materials and training that enable teachers and students to use museums and the pri- mary sources they contain for experiential learning in class- room and museum settings. Third, it fosters communication and collaboration among Smithsonian education units and be- tween the Smithsonian and education organizations. The office and Smithsonian magazine established an educator's membership in the Smithsonian. Member educa- tors receive a year’s subscription to the magazine, as well as subscriptions to OESE publications. The District of Columbia Public Schools established two museum magnet schools and named the office as coordinator of the Smithsonian's involvement. OESE developed the con- cept and worked with the school system to craft the proposal to the U.S. Office of Education. The museum magnet schools will show how the vast material and human treasures of the Smithsonian can be used to the best advantage in a public ed- ucation setting. Publications available in print and electronic versions in- formed teachers about museum-based learning. Beyond the Frame: Using Art as a Basis for Interdisciplinary Learning showed how to use works from five Smithsonian art museums in the classroom. Art to Zoo, the office’s quarterly teaching guide for elementary and middle schools, adopted a new de- sign, editorial, and distribution strategy. The Smithsonian Resource Guide for Teachers listed more than 500 publications available from the Smithsonian and its affiliates. A program with the National Faculty for the Humanities, Arts, and Sciences has extended the office's work in develop- ing models for museum-school collaboration. Working with schools and museums in Atlanta, St. Paul, Seattle, and Wash- ington, D.C., the program helps teachers explore ways to use material culture across the curriculum and from a multicultu- ral perspective. The Under Secretary Office of the Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary As the chief operating officer of the Smithsonian, the under secretary is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Institution. Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman also works with Secretary I. Michael Heyman, the provost, and the Board of Regents to set long-range priorities and de- velop mechanisms for carrying them out. The Smithsonian continued the process of downsizing and restructuring to meet stringent budget requirements and pre- pare for the challenges of the next decade. Future growth and strength will require wise choices through a careful assess- ment of priorities. Central to this year’s effort was the estab- lishment of a strategic planning committee to examine potential restructuring of the Institution. Finance and Administration Finance and Administration Nancy Suttenfield, Assistant Secretary Operating behind the scenes at the Smithsonian, a network of administrative offices serves the diverse programmatic needs of the Institution and facilitates the management and use of fi- nancial, human, and physical resources. Funding for financial and administrative services in 1995 amounted to nearly $22 million, or approximately 6.3 percent of the Institution's coral operating expenses. Central services for physical plant, secu- rity, and environmental safety account for an additional $58 million on behalf of the entire Institution. Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation Cynthia Field, Director Research conducted this year reflects the breadth of the Smithsonian's architectural history. The office’s study of the development of the National Air and Space Museum brought into focus the complex early history of the project from 1959 to 1972. A study of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar- den revealed the impassioned interpretations of the nature of the National Mall that were aired when this project was planned. Two important chapters in the history of the first Na- uonal Museum (now the Arts and Industries Building) were writ- ten as the result of research on the changing interior exhibition spaces and the meaning of the original building design. Office of the Comptroller M. Leslie Casson, Comptroller The office continued design of a new general ledger for the In- stitution, which will provide significantly improved financial information. The office also streamlined the transmittal of vendor payment data to the Department of the Treasury and participated in the planning, development, and implementa- uon of new institutional policies and procedures to comply with new financial accounting standards promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Office of Contracting and Property Management John W. Cobert, Director This office provides central contracting and procurement ser- vices for Smithsonian museums, research institutes, and of- fices. During fiscal year 1995, the office supported planning 81 efforts for the Smithsonian's 15oth anniversary celebration. On- going work included contracting in the areas of design and renovation, Smithsonian business activities, acquisition of mu- seum collections, concession services, and office supplies and services. Office of Design and Construction William Thomas, Acting Director Construction began on the $20 million renovation, restora- tion, and accessibility project at Cooper-Hewitt, National De- sign Museum. Other current projects include the East Court expansion at the National Museum of Natural History; design and procurement for construction of the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center and design of the museum's building on the National Mall; and construc- tion of two buildings at the Smithsonian Environmental Re- search Center. Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Era L. Marshall, Director This office monitors the effectiveness of the Smithsonian's recruitment efforts for minorities, women, and people with disabilities. As part of the Institution’s commitment to in- crease procurement opportunities for small, minority, and women-owned businesses, the office developed policies and procedures for implementing the Small Disadvantaged Business Utilization Program. For employees, the office made changes in the formal complaints program with a view toward resolving complaints before they are formally made. Office of Environmental Management and Safety William Billingsley, Director The office continued its responsibility for ensuring that safety, fire protection and prevention, industrial hygiene, and envi- ronmental principles are integrated into all aspects of the Smithsonian. 82 Office of Facilities Services Richard H. Rice Jr., Acting Director This office, along with other organizations in the Facilities Services Group, focused on collaborative efforts to improve service to the Institution. Among these activities were long-range strategic facilities planning and expansion of an organizational development project on the treatment of people, with an emphasis on empowerment and leadership. Office of Human Resources Susan Roehmer, Director In an ongoing effort to improve human resources programs and functions, the office identified ways to expedite the hiring process and give management greater personnel authority and flexibility. The office also continued to streamline the person- nel function through state-of-the-art technology. Office of Plant Services Patrick Miller, Director This office oversees the maintenance and operation of Smithsonian buildings and grounds and provides transporta- tion, mail, audiovisual, and related services. This year, the of- fice concentrated on improving customer service. A new customer service branch provides a central source for obtain- ing information and services. Office of Printing and Photographic Services James Wallace, Director The office continued its transition into increased digital delivery of photographic images. Each month, an average of 45,000 image files were delivered worldwide on the Internet (http://photol.si.edu). Coinciding with the launch of the Smithsonian's World Wide Web sire, the office brought its own Web server online (http://phoro2.si.edu). By year’s end, this server was delivering thousands of files daily from the office's collections. The office continued to provide digital image files to the consumer public through America Online, CompuServe, GEnie, and other online services. Office of Protection Services Michael J. Sofield, Acting Director The office continued to emphasize training for security officers as it seeks to protect Smithsonian facilities and col- lections. Nearly all officers have completed the first round of basic training, which has been reinforced with refresher and leadership courses. The office designed a program to respond to the increasing threat of violence in the work- place; provided a state-of-the-art security system for the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian; and designed a security system for the Hope Diamond display, for the new Hall of Geology, Gems and Minerals at the National Museum of Natural History, and for the National Museum of the American Indian’s Cultural Resources Center. Office of Risk and Asset Management Sudeep Anand, Treasurer This office manages the Smithsonian endowment and working capital funds and provides risk and insurance management services to protect the Institution's assets against risk or loss. It also evaluates and develops financing for large new trust projects and implements real estate transactions. Office of Sponsored Projects Ardelle Foss, Director This office served Smithsonian researchers and scholars by supporting their efforts in submitting 161 proposals valued at $24 million and by negotiating and accepting for the In- stitution 120 grant and contract awards having a value of $14.2 million. The staff also supported researchers and scholars throughout the lifetime of 600 ongoing awards valued at $50 million. Ombudsman Chandra Heilman, Ombudsman This year, the Smithsonian Ombudsman worked with man- agers and approximately 250 employees as a neutral party to resolve work-related concerns. The Smithsonian Employee Emergency Assistance Fund, coordinated by the Ombuds- man; the Employee Assistance Program; and the Agriculture Federal Credit Union made more than 75 loans to help employees through personal financial difficulties. Institutional Advancement Institutional Advancement Alice Green Burnette, Assistant Secretary The wide-ranging development activities of the Smithsonian are the responsibility of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement. The office coordinates the Institution's broad efforts with those of the museums and re- search institutes to ensure that the Smithsonian receives the fullest possible private support for its research, exhibitions, and educational and public service activities. The office also conducts special studies and demonstration projects on behalf of the Institution. During 1995, the assistant secretary continued to oversee marketing efforts for the Institution’s 150th anniversary cele- bration in 1996. The marketing plan includes activities in public relations, advertising, communications, fund raising, visitor services, membership, telecommunications, and busi- ness operations. The office continued to coordinate the National Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian. During the opening celebration for the museum’s George Gustav Heye Center in New York City in October 1994, the campaign raised $1.3 million. In June 1995, the office coordinated a traditional blessing ceremony and other events in connection with groundbreak- ing for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s submilli- meter telescope array atop Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Associated events were supported by contributions from Aloha Airlines, Bank of Hawaii, and GTE Hawaiian Tel. The assistant secretary held a seminar for the Institution's marketing and development staff during which participants heard presentations on the Smithsonian's economic impact on the area's economy, the results of the Smithsonian Institution Marketing Study, and the recruitment of Corporate Partners for the 1soth anniversary. 83 In 1995, the secretary joined the Greater Washington Board of Trade. This membership led to collaboration between the Smithsonian and the board's Greater Washington Initiative, which seeks to attract businesses to the metropolitan area. The as- sistant secretary has provided leadership in this collaboration, which will further enhance the 150th anniversary celebration. National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign John L. Colonghi, National Campaign Director The National Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian is responsible for carrying out the fund-rais- ing plan that the Smithsonian Board of Regents adopted for the Museum. By legislative mandate, the Institution must provide one-third of the construction cost of the museum on the National Mall. The Campaign has established a goal of $60 million to fund construction, as well an endowment for ongoing educational and outreach programs. In October, the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal National made a contribution of $10 million—the largest cash gift made to date to the Campaign and among the largest ever to the Institution. News of the contribution made headlines nationally, providing valuable visibility for the Campaign’s fund-raising efforts. The Campaign utilized the opening of the National Museum of the American Indian George Gustav Heye Center in New York City as a vehicle for raising funds and visibility. An opening gala for 1,000 guests generated net revenue of nearly $1.3 mil- lion—the most successful such event for the Smithsonian. The Campaign also initiated special advertising, direct-mail, and pub- lic relations activities focused on the New York opening. Program support for the Heye Center was provided by the AT&T Foundation, the Booth Ferris Foundation, the Educational Foundation of America, Toyota, The Hearst Foundation, Inc., The New York Times Company Foundation, and Con Edison. A national membership program continued to generate funds, as well as to establish a nationwide base of supporters for the National Museum of the American Indian. To date, the membership program has generated gross revenue of al- most $9 million. Membership outreach continued to be exten- sive. Special member activities were held in New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Office of Membership and Development Marie A. Mattson, Director The Office of Membership and Development (OMD) was cre- ated during fiscal year 1995 when the Contributing Member- 84 ship Program merged with the Office of Development. OMD generates restricted and unrestricted private financial support for the Smithsonian from individual donors and Contributing Mem- bers and corporations and foundations, to fund Institutional prior- ities and museum and office-based projects and programs. The office maintains central research and record-keeping functions, manages volunteer organizations, oversees the stewardship of grants, and directs the Contributing Membership Program. The Office of Membership and Development is responsible for the coordination of the Institution's Isoth Anniversary Cor- porate Partner Program. This program is an innovative mar- keting and outreach vehicle designed to promote greater public awareness for the incomparable scientific, historic, and cultural resources of the Smithsonian. Major gifts and pledges to the Smithsonian during the past fiscal year (October 1, 1994, through September 30, 1995) in- cluded: $10,400,000 commitment from the Jerome H. and Dorothy Lemelson Foundation for The Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the study of Invention and Innovation and a supporting endowment at the National Museum of American History; a $1,100,000 grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Ob- servatory; and $2,000,000 from Agnes Cowles Bourne for the Storage and Study Center at the Cooper-Hewitt, National De- sign Museum in New York, NY. In keeping with its efforts to increase private support for the Institution and reach out to potential Smithsonian constituen- cies, the office has integrated the Contributing Membership Pro- gram into the office's overall strategic plan for donor involvement, communication, and recognition. In preparation for fiscal year 1996 and the Smithsonian's 1soth Anniversary celebra- tion, the office has launched a variety of creative initiatives de- signed to streamline the program and expand the membership. The Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program continues to expand in membership with corporations representing various industries and geographic locations. The Corporate Program grew from 37 members in 1994 to 47 members in 199s. In the Spring, executives of national and international corporations, members of Congress, and Smithsonian leaders met at the annual Corporate Membership Luncheon to discuss “The Power of Learn- ing in an Enlightened Information Age,” which featured the Smithsonian online capabilities and other educational initiatives which impact technology, science, and the humanities. Office of Special Events and Conference Services Nicole L. Krakora, Director The Office of Special Events and Conference Services (OSECS) organizes special events and conferences throughout the Insti- tution that contribute to developing and maintaining import- ant current and potential constituencies. In 1995, the office coordinated activities with Smithsonian museums and research centers, corporations, and organizations whose missions coincide with those of the Institution. Each year, the office coordinates special events for the Board of Re- gents, the Secretary, Under secretary, and Provost, and for the Smithsonian Institution Council. The office also helps Smithsonian scholars and managers plan and coordinate conferences, international symposiums, and collaborative programs. OSECS coordinated the annual black-tie dinner honoring members of the James Smithson Society, held on October 14 at the National Zoo’s Amazonia exhibition. The exhibition opening reception for “Voyages and Visions: Nineteenth-Century European Images of the Mid- dle East from the Victoria and Albert Museum,” a major International Gallery exhibition, was planned and executed by OSECS. In May 1995, the queen of Thailand visited the National Museum of Natural History to commemorate the soth anniversary of the king’s accession to the throne and to review the museum's Thai collections. OSECS coordinated the program in Baird Auditorium and the reception in the Rotunda. OSECS assisted staff and coordinated several major con- ferences throughout 1995, including “What's American about American Quilts?” The Fourth International Conference on Tethers in Space,” and the 58th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting. Smithsonian National Board Wilbur L. Ross, Chair Jean B. Kilborne, Vice Chair Smithsonian National Board members work for the ad- vancement of the Institution as advocates and as private sector advisers to the Secretary and Under Secretary, as well as through personal financial support and fund-raising activities. Wilbur L. Ross and Jean B. Kilborne served as Chair and Vice Chair during 1995. With the leadership of the Smithsonian National Board, the Smithsonian Fund for the Future endowment initiative is helping to increase private contributions and provide a long- term base of private support. Board members contributed nearly $625,000 in annual support to the Institution. These funds were earmarked for the Board Annual Giving Fund to underwrite expansion of the Smithsonian's constituencies. The contributions also supported special projects throughout the Institution. Smithsonian Women’s Committee Gloria Shaw Hamilton, Chair The Smithsonian Women's Committee serves as an ongoing source of support for a variety of Institutional programs through volunteer fund-raising and public relations services. In 1995, the Committee voted to fund 23 projects in the amount of $240,936.16 at 13 Smithsonian museums and of- fices. The Discovery Theater received a grant for $7,400 funded by the Hildegard van Roijen Memorial Fund. This year, the Smithsonian Craft Show was relocated to the National Building Museum, which allowed the Committee to increase the number of exhibitor booths to 120. The Commit- tee received 1270 applications for the Show, which promotes an awareness of crafts in the Washington metropolitan area and serves as a fund-raising event for the Smithsonian. The Show features one-of-a-kind and limited-edition pieces and has generated over $1.2 million to benefit research and educa- tonal projects at the Smithsonian during its 13 years of opera- uon. The 1995 Show, held in April, raised over $250,000. Other Functions Business Management Office Nancy E. Johnson, Senior Business Officer The Business Management Office consists of three revenue- generating business activities: Retail Operations (comprising Museum Shops and the Mail Order divisions), Concessions, and Product Development and Licensing. It also oversees Business Development, which identifies additional revenue opportunities for the Institution. In midyear, oversight of the Marketing Database was transferred to the Office of Member- ship and Development. In June, Retail Operations opened its first permanent retail location outside of a Smithsonian museum in the new Obser- vation Gallery at Baltimore-Washington International Air- port. The shop features Smithsonian items and items related to flight. To support the shop, general information about the Smithsonian 1s displayed in the airport terminal. A new outdoor restaurant opened in July on the plaza of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The Full Cir- cle, which takes its name from the museum's architecture, is open from April through September. Last year's merger of the Museum Shops and Mail Order di- visions has resulted in almost $1 million in savings in opera- tional costs with minimal reduction in staff. Sales for both operations have remained steady. 85 Product Development and Licensing signed several import- ant new licensing agreements in 1995, including an agreement with Avon Products, Inc., for jewelry based on Smithsonian collections. This division also spent significant time in prepar- ing for the licensed merchandising opportunities that will re- sult from the Institution's 1soth Anniversary celebration in 1996. Office of Communications David J. Umansky, Director The Office of Communications is responsible for the public face of the Institution. Its Office of Public Affairs is dedicated to media relations, publications, and public relations. The Vis- itor Information and Associates’ Reception Area serves the 28 million people who visit the Smithsonian each year. Both groups began intensive preparations for the observance of the Institution's 1soth anniversary in 1996. Office of Public Affairs Through media relations and publications, the Office of Pub- lic Affairs (OPA) informs the American public, people around the world, and Smithsonian employees about the exhibitions, programs, and research activities of the Smithsonian. The of- fice provides the news media with press releases (more than 600 this year), photographs, written material, videotapes, and public service announcements. Its publications include Re- search Reports (a quarterly bulletin), Smithsonian Runner (a bi- monthly newsletter about Native American activities at the Smithsonian), and the Torch (a monthly employee newspaper), as well as brochures for the public. When it was launched on May 8, the Smithsonian’s Home Page (http://www.si.edu) instantly became one of the most popular sites on the World Wide Web. The Home Page fea- tures a rich variety of online exhibitions, services, informa- tion, images, and sound recordings. The opening of the “Enola Gay” exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum was covered intensely by U.S. and for- eign news media. More than 200 journalists, including 85 tele- vision crews, attended the media preview on June 27. Earlier in the fiscal year, OPA organized the publicity cam- paign for the opening of the New York facility of the Na- tional Museum of the American Indian on October 30. A week of special previews for the media, donors, members, and other guests culminated in a Native American blessing on the steps of the building. Extensive media coverage reached mil- lions of Americans. 86 This year, the office issued a number of updated publica- tions, including the Smithsonian’s general information bro- chure, “Latino Resources at the Smithsonian,” and “Native American Resources at the Smithsonian.” Information from these and other OPA publications is available on the Smithsonian's Home Page on the World Wide Web. OPA continued its program designed to reach new audi- ences with a radio advertising campaign geared to local African American listeners and a print advertising campaign targeting Latino readers. Activities for the commemoration of the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary in 1996 began with a news conference on March 27. Secretary Heyman described plans for the celebra- tion, from a major event on the National Mall to a traveling exhibition of treasures from the collections. Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Mary Grace Potter, Director Celebrating its 25th anniversary, the Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center (VIARC) continues to operate as a multi-program information and support organization respon- sible for Institution-wide information and assistance services for the public, Associate members, Smithsonian staff, and vol- unteers. Several VIARC programs operate seven days a week and involve the coordination and direction of two large corps of volunteers who constitute a primary source of support for the Institution's public information activities and for project assistance behind the scenes. Responsibilities of the Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center include: the Smithsonian Information Cen- ter, the Institution's primary orientation and information facil- ity for visitors; Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone Information Services, the Smithsonian's central information and referral point for public correspondence and phone inquir- ies; the Volunteer Information Specialist Program through which volunteers are recruited and trained to staff telephone information stations and information desks in most of the Institution's 14 Washington, DC museums; the Castle Docent Program through which tours of the Smithsonian Insticution Building are conducted; the Behind-the-Scenes Volunteer Pro- gram, a registration and placement activity for volunteers working in independent projects pan-Institution; a Pre-Visit Education Program which provides the principal Smithsonian contract with the local, national and international tour and travel industry; and an Exterior Graphic Information System through which out-of-doors wayfinding assistance is provided to visitors. VIARC’s Information Resource Division main- tains multiple computer-based information systems and pro- duces the variety of printed reference materials, information aids and publications that support all VIARC public informa- tion activities and service programs. Additionally this Divi- sion is responsible for the pre-publication review of all Smithsonian visitor information materials. Operating from 9 a.m.-5:30 p.m. daily, the Smithsonian Information Center attracted well over 1.7 million visitors in FY 95 an increase of 7.9% over FY 94. New seating was purchased for the Center in keeping with ADA guidelines and the number of sofas was increased to better accommo- date the visiting public. The Center's capacity to promote Institutional programs and initiatives was expanded with the installation of graphic message capability in both orientation theaters. Reception services were provided to 35,309 Associates and their families. 2,863 member- ships were sold and 260 Castle tours engaged 2,912 participants. Museum information desk services continued daily at 16 lo- cations in 13 museums. Automated information retrieval was operational at 11 desk sites and all phone information stations. Multiple training classes on how to use VIARC'’s InfoTools computer program equipped volunteers with the skills needed to fully utilize the system. 67 new Information Specialists were added to the corps. Incoming public mail inquiries numbered 44,617 (+ 4%). Ourgoing mail numbered 79,823 pieces. Inquiries resulting from VIARC'’s participation on America OnLine escalated to 7,123 (+160%). Public telephone inquiries totaled 303,627 up 2% from "94. 224 new volunteers were recruited and placed in projects behind the scenes. 398 were registered for other staff. Total volunteers participating in behind the scenes projects during the year numbered 1,103. 130 documents representing 10 different languages were translated for SI staff. Evaluations from volunteers completing projects were positive with few exceptions. The Instirution-wide volunteer survey conducted annually by VIARC counted a total of 5,412 volunteers who contrib- uted some 472,766 hours of service to the Institution during FY 95. The January supplement of The Torch recognized the contribu- tions of volunteers Institution-wide and focused upon new areas in which volunteers were participating. Information Specialists took advantage of some 29 in- service training opportunities designed to increase their knowledge and understanding of the work and collections of the Insticution. Appreciation events were held for both VIARC'’s behind- the-scenes and information volunteers. Secretary Heyman ad- dressed the Information Specialists at their event in December. The InfoSpecia! newsletter, produced quarterly, highlighted a cross section of Institution exhibitions and pro- grams while also reporting on volunteer activities. Efforts continued in FY 95 to extend use of VIARC'’s infor- mation database which became a primary resource for the Institution’s World Wide Web Home Page project. External on-line communications expanded to include the Washington Post's Digital Ink. Work with the courism industry continued through partici- pation in major marketplace activities, liaison with local hos- pitality, convention, and visitors associations and on-line through TravelFile. To promote the Smithsonian as a major destination for international travelers VIARC co-hosted two Smithsonian receptions, one for principal international tour operators and another for premier Concierges. Ads were de- signed and placed in key industry publications to promote travel to the Smithsonian during our Sesquicentennial year. Efforts with the American Bus Association resulted in the Smithsonian being selected as one of the top 100 destinations for visitors in 1996. Efforts to address the Institution's accessibility and cultural diversity goals were on-going. 36% of new Volunteer Informa- tion Specialists represented minority constituencies. 18% of new volunteers placed in projects behind the scenes were known to be minorities. Printed information in the form of “Samplers” was produced for all Heritage Celebrations and 24 hour recorded information tapes were also provided. Publica- tions were revised to reflect adherence to accessibility guide- lines as new updates were required. New public information initiatives included participation on Bell Atlantic's InfoTravel system installed in area hotels and Guest Info, an independent voice mail information sys- tem made available to hotel guests. An outreach project of the Provost provided another opportunity to promote the Insticu- tion as an important visitor destination. VIARC played a major role in shaping the new display at the Baltimore Wash- ington International Airport and the message. Photo images and text from the Information Center’s backlit panels and our Castle model form the primary features. Office of Government Relations M. John Berry, Director As the primary liaison with the Congress, the President, and other federal, state, and local entities, the Office of Govern- ment Relations represents the Institution on matters of policy, operations, and governance. It is the coordinator and advocate of the Smithsonian's overall interests and positions in the leg- islative process as well as the central provider of congressional constituent services and outreach activities. During 1995, the office oversaw the enactment of legisla- tion appointing two citizen members to the Smithsonian Board of Regents. Government Relations staff sought enactment of legisla- tion authorizing the minting of commemorative coins in ob- servance of the Institution's 1soth anniversary. Staff members also continued legislative negotiations to establish the Na- 87 tional African American Museum in the Arts and Industries Building. Office of Planning, Management, and Budget L. Carole Wharton, Director The Office of Planning, Management, and Budget provides analytical and budgetary information to aid the secretary and other senior staff in decision making. Working with Smithsonian management, the office presents the Institution's budget request to the Congress, executes and monitors cur- rent-year funding, develops the Smithsonian's response to the second phase of the National Performance Review, and initi- ates studies to support the secretary's strategic planning pro- cess. The office is developing a network to allow the rapid exchange of information with all Smithsonian units and the re- trieval of documents central to the Institution's operations. Office of Telecommunications Paul B. Johnson, Director, Office of Telecommunications The Office of Telecommunications, the Smithsonian's elec- tronic media production center, accomplished several of its major goals by developing a wide range of programming in television, radio, and multimedia for new audiences. These Smithsonian-based programs involve the latest technologies, pan-institutional working relationships, and solid marketing plans to assure their success in broadening the Institution's reach. The Office, with the Smithsonian Institution Press, began developing a major children’s television series for 8- to 12-year- olds, in conjunction with Lancit Media Productions, Ltd. As the first children’s series to spotlight the Smithsonian, it aims to use the museums and collections as catalysts for exploration and adventure, and provide a new opportunity for the Institu- tion to reach young audiences nationwide. Plans include si- multaneous development of multimedia programs, games, and books as well as ancillary educational materials. Looking toward the Smithsonian's Isoth anniversary cele- bration, Radio Smithsonian was awarded funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting to create Black Radio: Telling It Like It Was. the first radio series to document the his- tory of Black radio in America. The 13-part series, hosted by Lou Rawls, will air on public radio in January 1996 and again in September 1996. The project received additional funding from the James Smithson Society. 88 Two other Radio Smithsonian series, the multiple award- winning Fo/e Masters and popular Jazz Smithsonian continued their successful runs on stations in the U.S. and overseas. After an innovative marketing campaign, Fo/k Masters dou- bled its radio station carriage. Jazz Smithsonian, hosted by Lena Horne, was heard on 185 stations and became the most successful jazz series ever distributed by Public Radio Interna- tional. The Office created a jazz calendar, Radio Smithsonian Presents Jazz 1995-1996, in cooperation with National Museum of American History's Cultural History Division and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES), to promote the radio series and the many jazz activities of the Institution. The Office continued to play a leadership role in multime- dia by establishing new relationships with two publishers for the production of CD-ROM titles. Programs in production in- clude: Information Age, a look at the social impact of technol- ogy, to be distributed by Philips Media; Insect World, a view of arthropods in a variety of habitats, to be distributed by The Voyager Company; and 150 Years of America's Smithsonian: D1s- covering, Imagining, Remembering. to be distributed by Macmil- lan Digital. A direct mail campaign promoting existing Smithsonian/Philips CD-i titles drew an excellent response from individuals requesting additional information on Smithsonian electronic media. A new contract berween the Smithsonian and Hot Shots/Cool Cuts, Inc. of New York will greatly enhance licens- ing of the Office of Telecommunications’ extensive library of film and video footage. This arrangement makes Smithsonian footage available co television and film producers in a system- atic manner, and promises a new source of revenue for the Institution. The Office produced videos for museum exhibitions includ- ing First Ladies: Political Role and Public Image, a video for the new theater in NMAH's First Ladies exhibition; Think Tank. a multi-screen video for the National Zoological Park’s exhibi- tion examining animal intelligence; and six videos for the Ex- ploring Marine Ecosystems hall at NMNH. Meet the Ellington Orchestra, the interactive video produced by the Office for the SITES’ exhibition Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington won a Silver Medal at the New York International Multimedia Festival. To expand distribution into the home video market of the film In Open Air: A Portrait of American Impressionists, the Smithsonian Women’s Committee funded the repackag- ing and marketing of In Open Air to target markets of art enthusiasts, particularly National Museum of American Art members and museum shops. The campaign was suc- cessfully completed, and the video is now on sale in over a dozen museum shops nationwide, including Smithsonian museum ‘shops. A James Smithson Society grant was awarded to the Office to purchase hardware to allow creation of high-quality video, graphics, and audio materials for the Smithsonian Home Page on the World Wide Web. This equipment will also be used to enhance development of web sites operated by individual mu- seums and offices throughout the Institution. In collaboration with the Filmmakers Collaborative of Bos- ton and KajimaVision Productions of Toyko, the Office began developing a four-part television series exploring music along the Mississippi River. Called River of Song, this project will travel through the heartland of America focusing on the musi- cians, storytellers, and writers who share the unique culture of their communities along the Mississippi. Other components of the project include a radio series produced by Radio Smithsonian and a book/CD package to be developed with SI Press. Office of the Senior Information Officer Arthur Denny, Director The Office of the Senior Information Officer was established this year to develop Smithsonian information technology pol- icy and coordinate strategic management. It incorporates the Office of Information Technology (formerly the Office of In- formation Resource Management). In this year of restructur- ing, the office began evaluating functional and organizational models and established a strategic planning advisory group. The office was also at the forefront of the Smithsonian's elec- tronic transformation. In April, the office cohosted the “21st-Century Classroom” demonstration project, which showcased an array of educa- tional technology for the kindergarten through 12th-grade au- dience. In May, the office launched the Smithsonian’s home page on the World Wide Web (http://www.si.edu). The home page supplements the office's other online initiatives with extensive general information, colorful exhibitions, and research mate- rial. It attracted favorable notice in the general and trade press and remains one of the most popular World Wide Web sites. The Smithsonian Associates Mara Mayor, Director During 1995, The Smithsonian Associates (TSA) reached out to Smithsonian members and to the general public with an en- ticing array of educational and cultural programs that were carefully designed to highlight and complement the work of the Institution. The Resident Associate and Young Benefac- tors programs offered a wide array of events for those in the greater Washington, D.C., area. Opportunities to experience the Smithsonian's riches away from the National Mall were available to those who participated in special regional pro- grams and in national and international study tours and seminars. TSA's offerings provide audiences in the greater Washing- ton area with a Campus on the Mall that truly is unlike any other campus in the world. Participants were enthralled with lectures across a wide spectrum of subjects. Some of the more notable speakers included Nobel Peace Prize recipient Arch- bishop Desmond Tutu, playwright Neil Simon, British mys- tery writer P. D. James, Pulitzer Prize recipients David McCullough and Carl Sagan, and former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. The public's fascination with food and its cultural meaning was affirmed by the 1,600 people who at- tended a Smithsonian Gala Celebration featuring Master Chefs Julia Child and Jacques Pepin, with food critic Phyllis Richman as moderator. Associates were also dazzled by per- sonal appearances from such well-know personalities as Betty White, Charlton Heston, Lauren Bacall, Gregory Hines, and Carol Channing, each of whom discussed their life and art. TSA's Campus on the Mall also offered a wide variety of weekend seminars. This year’s favorites included “The Spirit of Finland: A Celebration of the Senses,” “Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Sipan,” “Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Af- rica” and “Frank Lloyd Wright: Visionary Genius of Modern Architecture.” For a still more penetrating examination of a subject, TSA offered an expansive range of multi-week courses in the arts, humanities, and sciences. Popular courses included “Robert E. Lee: A Study in Leadership,” “The Great Books of Western Civilization,” “Whodunit—And How: Criminal Investiga- tion with Forensic Scientists,” and “Interacting with the Inter- net: Its Impact on Society.” Theater-lovers delved into the creation of the American musical as it evolved from a book to a full-blown, live production in “American Musical Theater: From the Page to the Stage,” which was offered in conjunc- tion with Signature Theater. A five-week course celebrating the 75th anniversary of the National Football League featured NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue, former Dallas Cowboy coach Tom Landry, ABC’s Frank Gifford, and former players Gale Sayers, Mel Blunt, Ray Nitschke, Orto Graham, and Marion Motley. The ever-popular performers of the Emerson String Quartet played to sold-out audiences for the 15th straight year, while the Smithsonian Chamber Music Society presented a com- prehensive season of extraordinary music performed on origi- nal instruments from the National Museum of American History’s prestigious collection. Additional performing artists gracing Smithsonian stages mirrored the cultural diversity of the nation including “Chinese Kunqu Opera Theater,” “Boca Livre—Sounds of Brazil,” “Alrtan: The Heartbeat of Ireland,” the first U.S. performance by the Vietnamese “Perfume River Traditional Ensemble,” “Conjunto Cespedes: Sizzling Sounds of Cuba,” “Cuatro Tablas—Teatro de Protesta from Peru,” “Jose Greco and Company,” and the “T.S. Monk Sextet,” to name just a few. 89 Young people and families participated in lectures, tours, classes, and special events. A Halloween party featured Spider- Man, who was joined by real-life cronies in the dynamic inter- active exhibition “Spiders!” at the National Museum of Natural History. International Children’s Day, sponsored with the Embassy of Italy, offered children and their parents a chance to sing along with Italian actor Carlo Cicala as he taught holiday songs and told children’s folktales. “The Mak- ing of the Lion King: From Film to Book” gave youngsters a chance to get behind the scenes of the movie that became an instant classic. Live theater was also enjoyed by over 75,000 youngsters from elementary through middle school, thanks to the 12 different productions presented at Discovery Theater, including “When Lions Could Fly,” “Coyote Walk and other Native American Tales,” and the children’s favorite classic, “Aesop's Fables.” The Young Benefactors (YB), the Smithsonian membership group aimed at Washington-area professionals 25—45 years of age, continued their outreach and fundraising efforts by rais- ing a record $100,000 for the Institution during 1995. Young Benefactors hosted and participated in the following activi- ties: “Under the Sea,” a YB extravaganza highlighting the Ocean Planet exhibit at the National Museum of Natural His- tory; “Boot, Scoot, and Boogie at the National Zoo;” and “Tour de YB,” a bicycle excursion to Smithsonian's Conserva- tion and Research Center at Front Royal, Virginia. YB mem- bers celebrated their most successful year ever at the sixth annual Blast-Off Black Tie Gala and Silent Auction held ar the National Air and Space Museum. Specially designed weekend programs brought Smithsonian scholars to locales beyond the National Mall. TSA concluded its 10-city sequence of educational events in California, begun the year before, with programs in San Francisco and Los Ange- les under the theme, “Many Cultures, One Nation.” Working closely with the Arts Council of El Paso, Texas, and the Uni- versity of Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, TSA presented a borderland series of events in both English and Spanish. In addition, an exceptionally well-received series was presented as part of the Scranton Preparatory School's soth anniversary commemora- tion, in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Study tours and seminars were enjoyed by Associates who had the chance to experience the Smithsonian without having to come to Washington, D.C. Seminar participants traveled the globe from Indonesia to Ireland, from California to the District of Columbia, studying a variety of topics through four- and five-day intensive educational experiences. Some of the most popular seminars introduced Associates to ecological issues in Yosemite National Park, to the history of the atomic bomb at Los Alamos, and to the beauty and imagery of Monet's art. To make it more convenient for Associates to learn about domestic travel with the Smithsonian, the listing of U.S. seminars was combined into one catalog with the na- tional study tours. Smithsonian national tours took Associates to breathtaking out-of-the-way places such as Alaska’s spectacular fjords and 90 glaciers on “Exploring Alaska’s Coastal Wilderness.” “Spring Gardens of the Delaware Valley” covered one of the most hor- ticulturally rich areas in the U.S., with visits to the duPont es- tate gardens of Longwood and Winterthur. New domestic study tours in 1995 included “Railroading the Appalachi- ans”and “Arizona History and Architecture.” International study tours continued to lure Associates, offer- ing them a chance to see regions of the world through the unique perspectives that only the Smithsonian offers. After a four-year hiatus, Associates returned to Central Asia and the new countries of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan (formerly of the U.S.S.R). The Smithsonian's first tour to Syria focused on the classical archaeological sites Palmyra and Apamea, while new tours to Vietnam provided an intimate look into this rapidly changing country. TSA also launched several important initiatives in 1995. A very special collaboration with SITES and “Artrain: America’s Museum in Motion” resulted in the development of a traveling exhibition highlighting works from The Smithsonian Associates’ wonderfully varied commissioned art. In March 1996, the exhibition will begin a nationwide three-year trip via the railways to communities traditionally under-served by museums. TSA also started an audiotape collection of some of its well-regarded speakers. To be known as “Voices from The Smithsonian Associates,” the collection will build over the coming years, making it possible for people around the country to enjoy a varied selection of the best Resident Associate programs. TSA also took an important step in strengthening its ability to provide outstanding customer service with the implementation of new ticketing systems for all its events. Smithsonian Institution Press Daniel H. Goodwin, Acting Director In the more than 125 titles the Press publishes or distrib- utes each year, there is a range of scholarship from techni- cal science and academic subjects through general-interest illustrated works, classic recordings, historic videos, and high-volume works created with commercial partners. As the Institution's publisher, the Press is responsible for Smithsonian Year and Annals of the Smithsonian as well as other statute-mandated documents for distribution to Depository Libraries and the international academic com- munity. Books, recordings, and videos are printed and manufactured with nonfederal funds and are sold to the trade through commissioned sales representatives, direct response strategies, and copublishing agreements. Smithsonian Institution University Press published 74 books in 1995. Notable titles included Hajj Parntings: Folk Art of the Great Pilgrimage (also published as a German edi- tion); Ethics on the Ark. which launched a new book series in zoo and aquarian biology and conservation; The Civil War in Popular Culture, a History Book Club selection; In the Alleys: Kids in the Shadow of the Capitol: The Emergence of Pottery: Tech- nology and Innovation in Ancient Societies; African Nomadic Archi- tecture: Space, Place. and Gender; Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The American Daguerreotype. published with NMAA; and From Air- ships to Airbus: The History of Civil Aviation (in two volumes). Editorial work also began on America’s Smithsonian: Celebrating 150 Years, the companion volume to the planned exhibition of the best of the Institution's collections, which will travel to twelve U.S. cities in honor of the Smithsonian's sesquicenten- nial. Press books received numerous design and editorial awards. Prominent among the award-winners were Eakins and the Photograph. The Fossils of the Burgess Shale, and A Quest for Grandeur: Charles Moore and the Federal Triangle. Translations of SIUP books appeared in Japanese, French, Italian, German, Spanish, and Korean. Smithsonian Book Development copublished, with Dorling Kindersley, Smithsonian Timeline of Invention. The federal Series pub- lished more than 25 titles in the Contributions and Studies research volumes. Smithsonian Books published The Smithsonian: 150 Years of Adventure, Discovery, and Wonder, in com- memoration of the founding of the Institution. The book will be sold in book stores by Alfred A. Knopf. Smithsonian Books also published Discover America: The Smithsonian Book of National Parks; copublished, with Random House, the first four volumes of The Smzthso- nian Guides to Natural America; and oversaw production of the last three volumes in the Ancient Civilizations series. Smithsonian Collection of Recordings published the final four recordings in the American Songbook Series, music produced to honor twentieth-century American songwriters. Another series, the music of Great American Orchestras, began publication in February. A four CD/cas- sette set titled | Got Rhythm: The Music of George Gershwin, was released in June, followed by a two CD/cassette collec- tion of the love songs of World War II, You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To. Two coproductions were undertaken: with BMG Music, the three CD/cassette Victory Collection: The Smithsonian Remembers When America Went to War; and with Sony Music, the four CD/cassette Grammy Award-winning Louis Armstrong: Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 1923- 1934. The final release this year was Big Band Renaissance, another Grammy hopeful. Smithsonian Video released a thirteen-part series of selected segments of Smithsonian World; coproduced, with Station WGBH Boston, the Nova series entitled Haman Origins; and released the five-part series Dreams of Flight to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Apollo mission. Smithsonian Magazine Ronald C. Walker, Publisher Don Moser, Editor Since its founding in 1970, Smithsonian magazine has extended the Institution’s message, expanded its influence, and in- creased its public visibility throughout the United States and abroad. Considered one of the greatest success stories in maga- zine publishing history, Smzthsonian is now the 21st largest magazine in the country, with a circulation of 2.1 million. Ir continues to generate revenue for the Institution. Editorial subjects extend beyond the scope of the Institution’s museums. Leading authors contribute articles about the arts, history, the environment, conservation and the sciences, always written with the layperson in mind. Monthly features include “Phenomena, comment, and notes,” a com- mentary on nature and the natural world; “Smithsonian perspec- tives,” a column by the Smithsonian secretary; and reviews of recently released nonfiction. Smithsonian activities are covered in three regular departments: “Around the mall and beyond,” “Smithsonian highlights,” and “The object at hand.” Institution-related features included cover stories on the opening of the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian and the White House craft show, and articles or picture stories on the Mary Fraser batik show at the National Air & Space Museum, the Hiroshima Kazuo basket exhibition and the Painted Prayers exhibition at the Sackler Gallery; Smithsonian bamboo research in Peru; the Smithsonian Libraries’ “Art and the Book” exhbition and the “Save Our Sculpture” program. Other subjects covered during the year reflected the magazine's broad and diverse interests. To name just a few: Frederick Douglass, Haida artist Robert Davidson, the art of the Hermitage, the controversy over the disposal of nuclear waste, crash dummies, the music of Motown, killer whales, the special world of left-handers, the history of trial by jury and the upcoming Pathfinder probe of Mars. In April the magazine published a special issue to mark its 25th anniversary. The issue updated selected articles from each of the 25 years, and offered a varied menu of stories on unex- pected subjects — from the world inside a cubic foot of air to a selection of little-known museums. The magazine will pres- ent a special issue in the spring of 1996 to commemorate the Institution's 15oth anniversary. In partnership with the American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA), the magazine awarded the fourth annual ASTA/Smithsontan Magazine Environmental Award to Inter- Continental Hotels Corporation and the Natal Parks Board of South Africa. The award recognizes outstanding achievements by individuals, corporations, and countries toward furthering the goals of environmental conservation, particularly within the tourism industry. 91 To further carry the goals of the Institution across America, in November, the magazine merged onto the information su- perhighway via America On Line. In May, it went a step fur- ther and established a home page on the World Wide Web. Through its electronic sites, Smzthsonian now features each issue's columns and abstracts of feature stories, as well as infor- mation on Smithsonian Institution activities and events. Smithsonian magazine's Adopt-a-Library program, initiated in May 1995, by August had received more than 9,000 orders to donate gift subscriptions to libraries. Another new pro- gram, the Teachers’ Membership instituted in the summer of 1995, is geared to teachers and educators. Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine Ronald C. Walker, Publisher George C. Larson, Editor Air & Space/Smithsonian is published bimonthly as a benefit of membership in the National Air and Space Museum. With a circulation of 320,000, it ranks in the top half of major maga- zines in the United States and has the largest paid circulation of any aerospace periodical in the world. Since 1990, just four years after its launch, the magazine has generated revenue for the Institution. Articles cover the range of air- and space-related topics that appeal to the magazine's general readership. Regular features include “In the Museum,” a column about happenings in the museum; “Soundings,” short takes on events in the aerospace community; “Above and Beyond,” usually a first-person ac- count of personal experience; “Collections,” a narrated tour of less-visited aerospace museums and collections; and “From the Field,” a section in which scientists provide first-person ac- counts of their work. During the year, Arr & Space/Smithsonian prepared its first contemporaneous editorial feature and video, “Runways of Fire.” The subject is based on ‘50s Cold War advanced test flight experiments that involved launching fully loaded jet fighters from flat-bed trucks as deterrents to a first strike from the Soviets. Trucks were used to test the feasibility of launch- ing warheads in the event runways were damaged or non- existent. Although never put into action, the tests were successful. The one-hour video was produced throughout the year to be presented along with a related story in the Oct./Nov. 1995 issue. A presence on the World Wide Web netted immediate suc- cess for Air & Space/Smithsonian. After only two months of op- eration, the magazine's on-line site was awarded Point Surveys’s Top 5% Award in July, based on surveys of World Wide Web users and experts in Internet design and content evaluation. 92 When the Smithsonian Institution celebrates its 150th anni- versary in 1996, it will be even more special for Azr G Space/Smithsonian, as this momentous occasion coincides with the magazine's 1oth anniversary. The magazine has been work- ing on a special issue to celebrate these unique anniversaries. Affiliated Organizations John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts James D. Wolfensohn, Chairman Lawrence J. Wilker, President As the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts en- tered its 25th anniversary season, it prepared to celebrate a quarter-century of achievement as a guiding force in the nation’s cultural life. Its six theaters host the finest American and international artists for performances that attract nearly 2 million people each year. Through television and radio broad- casts and nationwide outreach efforts, the center reaches mil- lions more people across the country. The center has a strong tradition of nurturing new works and young artists, serving young people through its Education Department, and offering exemplary art education programs for teachers and students. The Kennedy Center's new online network, ARTSEDGE, pro- vided access to information about the center's innovative teacher education programs. Other national outreach pro- grams included a touring production of Alice in Wonderland and the center's third biannual “New Visions/New Voices” workshops for authors of new theatrical works for young people. The National Symphony Orchestra (NSO) commissioned 25 new fanfares by American composers in honor of the Ken- nedy Center's 25th anniversary season—also the NSO’s 65th season and its first programmed by Music Director Designate Leonard Slatkin. The NSO’s third annual American Residency program took orchestra members to Maine for two weeks of performances, master classes, and other educational activities. The Kennedy Center celebrated the “Routes of American Music” during its annual Open House Arts Festival, which emphasized blues, jazz, gospel, and other genres of American popular music. An ambitious season of jazz programming in- cluded the second season of Billy Taylor's Jazz at the Kennedy Center, taped for broadcast on National Public Radio. The “Exploring Ballet with Suzanne Farrell” residency pro- gram was opened to dance students nationwide in 1995. To mark its 25th anniversary, the center launched a five-year retro- spective of American modern dance and extended the success- ful Kennedy Center Ballet Commissioning Project. Meanwhile, the second year of the Kennedy Center/Dance Theatre of Harlem Community Residency initiative involved more than I00 local students and their families. The center’s new production of How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying. starring Matthew Broderick, played in the Opera House before beginning a successful Broadway run. Washington audiences had their first look at Ange/s in Amer- ica. the Pulitzer Prize-winning play by Tony Kushner devel- oped with financial support from the Kennedy Center Fund for New American Plays. National Gallery of Art Earl A. Powell III, Director The National Gallery of Art serves the United States in a na- tional role by preserving, collecting, exhibiting, and fostering the understanding of works of art at the highest possible mu- seum and scholarly standards. The temporary exhibition program continued to offer a selection of subjects and artists designed to appeal to widely diverse audiences. During the past year, exhibitions included original Italian Renaissance wooden architectural models of St. Peter’s in Rome and the cathedrals of Flor- ence and Pavia; “The Glory of Venice: Art in the Eigh- teenth Century”; the work of 2orth-century Dutch painter Piet Mondrian; a Claes Oldenburg survey; the mature work of Arshile Gorky; the most comprehensive gathering of work by James McNeill Whistler since 1904-05; and rare images by pioneers of photography. With the opening of new, small-scale exhibition space adjacent to the Dutch galleries, the Gallery now has an area suitable for the display of smaller Dutch and Flemish paintings and related objects such as drawings, prints, and small sculpture. Purchases for the collection are made possible by funds do- nated by private citizens. Outstanding among them were a major painting by the early-17th-century Dutch artist Osias Beert the Elder; a Claes Oldenburg soft sculpture, Clarinet Bridge: and the Mary and David Robinson collection of early photographs. Gifts to the collection included a group of important 19th- and 2orh-century French works from Paul Mellon; works by Jean Dubuffet, a partial gift from Stephen Hahn; and a 1981 sculpture by Richard Long, Whitechapel Slate Circle. from the Collectors Committee. The gallery’s ongoing efforts to find frames appro- priate to the period, style, and aesthetic character of its paintings are transforming the appearance of the perma- nent collection. Especially notable was the replacement of the frames of three paintings by the Dutch master Johannes Vermeer. The education division inaugurated a new annual series of lectures, gallery talks, and demonstrations exploring artists’ materials and techniques. The division also published 75 gal- lery guides; expanded the annual National Teacher Institute; and offered a new program for students at three District of Co- lumbia public schools. Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. (RIF) Ruth Graves, President Reading Is Fundamental (RIF) began in 1966 as a small pilot literacy project in the District of Columbia. The success of this experiment sparked the imagination of communities across America and RIF quickly grew into a nationwide pro- gram spanning all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam. By the beginning of 1995, RIF's grassroots network of local projects had put more than 152 million books into the hands of America’s children. Today, community groups across the country rely on RIF's volunteer force of 184,000 local citizens to ensure that chil- dren in their neighborhoods grow up reading. RIF projects now operate at more than 18,000 sites and in all kinds of set- tings—elementary and secondary schools, Head Start centers and other early childhood sites, libraries, hospitals, clinics, housing projects, Native American reservations, schools for children with disabilities, migrant worker camps, juvenile de- tention centers, and homeless shelters. RIF not only brings books and reading activities to chil- dren, it also tries to see that parents make reading a priority in the home. Last year, RIF continued to reach out to parents, other family members, and community volunteers with publi- cations, workshops, a training video, and a network of family literacy programs. RIF also focuses public awareness on the importance of reading. In 1995, that goal was furthered as a number of na- tional leaders demonstrated their support for literacy. Here are but three examples: As RIF's new spokesperson, basketball superstar Shaquille O'Neal of the Orlando Magic talked to children about the im- portance of reading in a new Public Service Announcement for RIF. Produced and televised by the National Basketball Association, the new PSA was aired during the NBA playoffs last spring. Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge presided over a cere- mony honoring RIF children in Summit Township, Pa. for winning the Margaret McNamara Readers Cup. For three years in a row, the children at the project have read more on average than any other RIF project in the nation. The children’s accomplishments were also noted by U.S. Senators Arlen Specter and Rick Santorum, who sent envoys from their offices to take part in the ceremony. 93 Another celebrity visitor was U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, a frequent guest at a RIF project in the District of Co- lumbia. During a RIF Career Day last February, Ms. Reno read aloud to children and talked about African American scholars and statesmen. The children, in curn, quoted their fa- vorite poems and then took part in a RIF book event. Targeted Initiatives At each stage of a child’s development, RIF works to promote reading: To ensure that children arrive at school ready to learn, RIF intensified its early childhood program for disadvantaged chil- dren through a collaborative agreement with the National Head Start Association (NHSA). Last year NHSA sent out questionnaires to 87 Head Start sites that had run RIF pro- grams and received an extremely positive response about the effect RIF has on children’s emergent literacy: Volunteers said that RIF is the key to bringing the excitement of books to pre- schoolers. They also said that RIF is helping Head Start groups attract community support amd involve even the most reluctant parents in their children’s literacy program. In the upper-elementary grades, children are learning that science can be fun through STAR Science Technology And Reading” —a supplemental RIF curriculum that combines hands-on science activities with reading and a sci-tech mentor- ing program. Last year, Jowa publisher Kendall/Hunt pub- lished the series of eight STAR “labs” and the GE Fund provided a grant to extend STAR to children in upstate New York, western Massachusetts, and southern Vermont. A course on the STAR program was conducted by RIF last July, during a Smithsonian Summer Seminar for Teachers. Children who have not had exposure to books because they live in highly transitional settings are being reached through RIF's Project Open Book®. Last year this privately-backed pro- gram for seriously at-risk children marked its fifth year by de- livering nearly 1.5 million books to 823 shelters, prison waiting rooms, and similar settings in 43 states and the Dis- trict of Columbia. RIF is also working with the private sector to bring books and reading activities to Native American children from doz- ens of tribes and in all kinds of settings. Over the last 12 years, for example, the New York Life Foundation has helped fund RIF programs for more than 186,000 Native American chil- dren in dozens of states. Another growth area was RIF’s program for children in hos- pitals and clinics. Last winter, for example, RIF established a new program in the Adolescent Wing and Pediatric AIDs Wards of the Harlem Hospital. The announcement was made following the dedication of two new RIF Reading Rooms in memory of the late Arthur Ashe, a longtime member of RIF's Advisory Council. The needs of young people who can’t meet the minimum reading and writing demands of our society (such as filling out job applications or reading directions) led RIF to form al- D4 liances with after-school programs and to stage book events that engage young people in reading adventures. In some cases, fun activities like these have completely turned young- sters around. One boy, while participating in a RIF activity or- ganized by the Boys and Girls Club RIF project in Milwaukee, changed his mind about books and began reading about pre-Columbian Indian tribes of the Southwest and ca- reers in paleontology and archeology. The boy even won a trip to Colorado to participate in a real archeological dig. The year 1995 found that youngster in college, just one of many RIF success stories. Young people are also being trained to promote children’s literacy through the RIF Youth Corps, modeled on the Club RIF project in Mesa, Ariz. Last year the Corps was operating in eight states: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and North Carolina. Highlights of the Year Last spring, the focus was on families reading together as RIF marked Reading Is Fun Week 1995 with a “Growing Up Read- ing” theme. During the National Awards Ceremony at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Jawan Howard, pro basketball star on the Washington Bullets team, spoke about how he had first discovered RIF books while attending a Chi- cago school. “Being a part of RIF has been a big inspiration to my life,” Howard told the children. RIF cooperated with the U.S. Department of Education in launching a summer reading program for young people called READ*WRITE*NOW!, as a project of the Secretary's Family Involvement Partnership for Learning. Under the program, kits with lists of children’s books and reading activities were sent out to RIF projects that operate during the summer months. RIF’s largest program for preschoolers was spotlighted dur- ing the Education Department's Satellite Town Meeting. Cathy Gafford, who coordinates Jean Dean RIF, a Kiwanis- sponsored RIF program that reaches disadvantaged children throughout the State of Alabama, was a panelist on the videoconference. In June RIF coordinators from 12 large multi-site programs came to a workshop in Washington D.C. to discuss how to better meet the needs of children through their RIF pro- grams, which are currently serving nearly 130,000 children at some 500 sites. During the sessions, RIF gathered information that it plans to use in its technical assistance to multi-site pro- grams, and the volunteers came away with new ideas on how to run their RIF programs. Throughout the last three decades the publishing com- munity and RIF have worked together to bring books to children and provide special discounts and services to RIF projects. Last year, Waldenbooks and Borders continued that tradition, by announcing a new decade of support for RIF during a black tie benefit at the Waldorf-Astoria Horel in Manharran. The benefit raised $100,000 for children’sbookprograms, thanks to the generosity of more than 300 publishing executives. Support for RIF from the book community was also demon- strated during the annual American Booksellers Association convention in Chicago, when the Ingram Book Co. sponsored a Chili Cook-Off to raise money for the literacy programs of Reading Is Fundamental, RIF in Chicago, and Literacy Chi- cago, a consortium of adult literacy groups. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Charles Blitzer, Director The Woodrow Wilson Center honors the nation’s 28th presi- dent by providing a place for free intellectual inquiry that strengthens links between the worlds of ideas and public af- fairs. Through an annual fellowship competirion, scholars from around the world are invited to the center for extended periods of research and writing. The center also sponsors pub- lic meetings, generates publications, and produces broadcast programs that make individual scholarship accessible to pol- icy makers and a broad public. A distinguished group of scholars and policy experts dis- cussed the political and policy questions surrounding the affir- mative action debate in a program at the center. Juan Williams, Washington Post journalist and guest scholar, was the moderator. The panelists addressed beliefs about race, gen- der, equality, and opportunity and debated whether affirma- tive action is an essential policy tool for ameliorating the dam- age of legal slavery and segregation or a racial and gender spoils system that is unnecessary and divisive. Through its new Environmental Change and Security proj- ect, the center is playing an important role in addressing the international ramifications of environmental degradation. Workshops and seminars focused on the relationship between environmental degradation and violent conflict; the environ- mental consequences of war; environmental assistance to de- veloping countries; and international perspectives on how the environment affects security. Anthony Lake, the president's national security adviser and a trustee of the center, defended U.S. foreign aid policies in a speech at the National Press Club, given under the center's auspices. Speakers in a new series on international financial issues ad- dressed recent exchange rate crises and the lessons of currency and sovereign liquidity problems. The series analyzed current proposals to moderate or prevent international financial crises. The center is unique among research centers in bringing to- gether academics, policy makers, and journalists to benefit from and contribute to the continuing dialogue between pub- lic affairs and scholarship. Academic participants during the past year included Russian economist Lilia Shevtsova; Roger Louis, general editor of the Oxford History of the British Empire: Yeats scholar Helen Vendler; and literary theorist Geoffrey Hartmann. Fellows participating from outside the academic community included Anatoly Dobrynin, former ambassador from the Soviet Union to the United States; author and femi- nist Betty Friedan; Japanese journalist Susumu Awanohara; French diplomat and journalist Eric Rouleau; counselor to the secretary of defense Larry K. Smith; and journalists E. J. Dionne, John J. Fialka, Elizabeth Pond, and Juan Williams. 95 Members of the Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1995 Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents The Honorable William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Vice President Albert Gore, Jr., Vice President of the United Srates Members of the Senate The Honorable Thad Cochran The Honorable Daniel P. Moynihan The Honorable Alan K. Simpson Members of the House of Representatives The Honorable Sam Johnson The Honorable Robert L. Livingston The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta Citizen Members The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr. Dr. Hanna Holborn Gray Dr. Manuel L. Ibanez Mr. Samuel C. Johnson Dr. Homer A. Neal Mr. Frank A. Shrontz Mr. Wesley S. Williams, Jr. 96 Senior Officers Mr. I. Michael Heyman Mrs. Constance Berry Newman Dr. Robert S. Hoffmann Mr. M. John Berry Mr. Thomas D. Blair Dr. Miguel A. Bretos Ms. Alice Green Burnette Mr. James D. Douglas Mr. James C. Early Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim Mr. James M. Hobbins Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy Mr. Marc J. Pachter Mr. Ross B. Simons Ms. Nancy D. Suttenfield Mr. David J. Umansky Dr. L. Carole Wharton Anacostia Museum Board Mrs. Theresa Jones, Chair Dr. Caryl Marsh, Vice Chair Mrs. Della Lowery, Secretary Mrs. Alenitha J. Qualls, Secretary Mrs. Helen Allen Mr. Stanley Anderson Mr. Glover Bullock Ms. Irene Carter Mrs. Marie Dale Ms. Dianne Dale Mrs. Iris Harris Mrs. Concha Johnson Mr. Alton Jones Mr. David Lyons Mrs. Cynthia Clark Matthews Archives of American Art Board of Trustees Mrs. Eloise A. Spaeth, Chairman Emeritus Mrs. Nancy Brown Wellin, Chairman The Honorable Max N. Berry, President Mrs. Anna Marie Shapiro, Vice President Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr., Vice President Mrs. Rona K. Roob, Vice President Mrs. Ruth Feder, Vice President Mr. Frank Martucci, Treasurer Mrs. Josephine Raymond, Secretary Ms. Laura Lee Blanton Dr. Charles Blitzer Ms. Lori Blount Mr. Eli Broad Mr. Gerald E. Buck Dr. Irving F. Burton, Honorary Trustee Mr. Willard G. Clark Mrs. Barbara R. de Marneffe Mr. Donald J. Douglass Mr. Gilbert S. Edelson Mr. Lawrence A. Fleischman, Founding Trustee Mrs. Leslie S. Fogg Mrs. Edsel B. Ford (deceased), Founding Trustee Mrs. Rita Fraad Mr. Raymond J. Horowitz Mr. John K. Howat Dr. Helen I. Jessup, Trustee Council Mrs. Dona S. Kendall Mr. Werner H. Kramarsky Mr. Alan D. Levy Mr. Richard A. Manoogian Mrs. Lucille G. Murchison Mrs. Vivian Potamkin Mr. Edgar P. Richardson (deceased), Founding Trustee Mr. John R. Robinson Mrs. Marilyn B. Schlain, Trustee Council Mr. Richard J. Schwartz, Honorary Trustee Mr. Alan E. Schwartz, Trustee Council Mr. A. Alfred Taubman Ex Officio Mr. William C. Agee Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim Mr. I. Michael Heyman Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution Dr. Maxine F. Singer, Chair The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr. Prof. Paul J. DiMaggic Dr. Sandra M. Faber Prof. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Prof. Stephen Jay Gould Mr. Robert E. Grady The Honorable Najeeb E. Halaby Prof. Neil Harris Ms. Irene Y. Hirano Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Mr. Roy M. Huhndorf Prof. Jorge Klor de Alva Mr. William H. Luers Dr. Michael A. Mares Dr. John S. Mayo Dr. Frank Press Mr. Wilbur L. Ross, Jr. Dr. John C. Sawhill Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer Dr. Harold K. Skramstad, Jr. The Honorable R. James Woolsey Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum Board of Trustees Mr. Kenneth B. Miller, Chair Mr. Arthur Ross, Vice Chair Mrs. Kathleen Allaire Mr. Jorge L. Batista Ms. Agnes Bourne Mrs. Karen Johnson Boyd Mr. Donald Bruckmann Mrs. Betty Evans Mrs. Joanne Foster Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim, ex officio Mr. George J. Gillespie Mr. August Heckscher Mr. I. Michael Heyman, ex officio Mr. Harvey M. Krueger Mrs. Barbara Levin Mrs. Nancy A. Marks Mrs. Enid W. Morse Mr. Harry G. Robinson, III Mr. Robert Sarnoff Mr. Richard M. Smith Prof. Sue Jane Smock Council of Administrative and Service Directors Ms. Nancy Johnson, Chair Mrs. Lori H. Aceto Mr. Sudeep Anand Mr. John Berry Mr. F. William Billingsley Ms. Mary Leslie Casson Mr. John Cobert Mr. John F. Coppola Mr. James D. Douglas Dr. Cynthia Field Ms. Ardelle G. Foss Ms. Edie Hedlin Ms. Nikki Krakora Mr. Vincent J. Marcalus Ms. Era Marshall Mrs. Marie A. Mattson Mr. Patrick Miller Mr. Rick Rice Ms. Susan Roehmer Dr. Barbara J. Smith Mr. Michael Sofield Mr. William L. Thomas Ms. Carole Wharton Council of Bureau Directors Dr. Ira Rubinoff, Chair Dr. Milo Cleveland Beach Dr. Elizabeth Broun Dr. Carolyn Carr Dr. David L. Correll Dr. Spencer R. Crew Ms. Gwendolyn Kay Crider Mr. James T. Demetrion Ms. Lucy B. Dorick Mr. Douglas E. Evelyn Dr. Alan Fern Mrs. Patricia L. Fiske Ms. Susan A. Hamilton Dr. Robert S. Hoffmann Mr. McKinley Hudson Ms. Martha Morris Ms. Sarah L. Newmeyer Mr. Steven Newsome Dr. Donald J. Ortner Ms. Dianne H. Pilgrim Ms. Sharon Reinckens Mr. Charles J. Robertson, III Dr. Michael H. Robinson Dr. Irwin I. Shapiro Dr. Richard T. Wattenmaker Mr. Stephen E. Weil Mr. W. Richard West, Jr. Mrs. Sylvia H. Williams Council of Information and Education Directors Dr. Rex M. Ellis, Chair Ms. Ann P. Bay Ms. Nancy J. Bechtol Ms. Francine C. Berkowitz Mr. Joseph Carper Ms. Anna R. Cohn Dr. Zahava D. Doering Mr. Daniel H. Goodwin Ms. Anne R. Gossett Ms. Edie Hedlin Ms. Nancy Johnson Mr. Paul B. Johnson Dr. Richard Kurin Dr. Douglas M. Lapp Mr. Vincent J. Marcalus Ms. Mara Mayor Ms. Mary Grace Potter Dr. Barbara J. Smith Dr. Lambertus Van Zelst Mr. Ronald Walker Mr. James H. Wallace, Jr. Folklife Advisory Council Dr. Roger Abrahams Dr. Jacinto Arias Dr. Jane Beck Dr. Pat Jasper Dr. Barbara Kirschenblatt-Gimblett Dr. Bernice Johnson Reagon Dr. John Roberts Dr. Carol Robertson Dr. Gilbert Sprauve Dr. John Kuo Wei Tchen Dr. Ricardo Trimillos Dr. Carlos Velez-Ibanez Folkways Advisory Board Mr. Michael Asch Mr. Don Devito Ms. Ella Jenkins Mr. Jon Kertzer Mr. John Nixdorf Freer Gallery of Art Visiting Committee Mr. Willard G. Clark, Chair The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta, Vice Chair Mrs. Jackson Burke Mr. Roger E. Covey Mr. Richard Danziger Prof. Marvin Eisenberg Dr. Robert S. Feinberg Mr. John Gilmore Ford Mrs. Katharine M. Graham Mrs. Richard Helms Sir Joseph E. Hotung Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. Rogerio S. Lam Dr. Sherman E. Lee Mr. Porter McCray Prof. Frederick W. Mote Mrs. Elizabeth Moynihan Prof. Martin Powers Prof. John M. Rosenfield 98 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Board of Trustees Mr. Robert T. Buck, Jr. Prof. Peggy C. Davis Mr. Jerome L. Greene Mr. Robert B. Lehrman Mr. Sydney L. Lewis Mrs. Camille Oliver-Hoffmann Prof. Robert Rosenblum Mr. Jerry I. Speyer Ex Officio Mr. I. Michael Heyman The Honorable William H. Rehnquist The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Board of Trustees Honorary Chairs Mrs. Hillary Rodham Clinton Mrs. George H. W. Bush Mrs. Ronald Reagan Mrs. Jimmy Carter Mrs. Gerald R. Ford Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson Officers Mr. James D. Wolfensohn, Chairman Mr. James H. Evans, Vice Chairman Mrs. Alma Gildenhorn, Vice Chairman Mr. Lawrence J. Wilker, President Mrs. Jean Kennedy Smith, Secretary Ms. Charlotte A. Woolard, Assistant Secretary Mr. Paul G. Stern, Treasurer Mr. Henry M. Strong, Assistant Treasurer Mr. William Becker, General Counsel Members Appointed by the President of the United States Mrs. Margaret Archambault Mrs. Anita Arnold Mr. Robert B. Barnett Mr. Stuart A. Bernstein Mrs. Anicamarie Cafritz Mrs. Phyllis C. Draper Mr. Kenneth M. Duberstein Mr. James H. Evans Mrs. Marjorie M. Fisher Mr. Craig L. Fuller Mrs. Mary Galvin Mrs. Alma Gildenhorn Mr. Lionel Hampton Mrs. Phyllis Middleton Jackson Mr. Donald M. Koll The Honorable James A. McClure Mr. William F. McSweeny, Jr. Mr. Frank H. Pearl Mr. Ronald O. Perelman Mrs. Alma Johnson Powell Mrs. Casey Ribicoff Ms. Joy A. Silverman Mrs. Jean Kennedy Smith Mr. Joshua I. Smith Mr. Jay Stein The Honorable Roger L. Stevens Mr. Lew R. Wasserman Mr. Jerry Weintraub Mr. Thomas E. Wheeler Mr. James D. Wolfensohn Members Ex Officio Designated by Act of Congress The Honorable Donna E. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services The Honorable Richard W. Riley, Secretary of Education The Honorable Joseph D. Duffey, Director, U.S. Information Agency Senator Edward M. Kennedy Senator Mark O. Hatfield Senator Max Baucus Senator John Hubbard Chafee Senator Robert Joseph Dole Rep. Joseph M. McDade Rep. Charles Wilson Rep. Sidney R. Yates Rep. Norman Y. Mineta Rep. Bud Shuster Mr. Marion Barry, Mayor, District of Columbia Mr. I. Michael Heyman, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution Dr. James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress Mr. J. Carter Brown, Chairman of the Commission of Fine Arts Mr. Roger G. Kennedy, Director, National Park Service Founding Chairman The Honorable Roger L. Stevens Honorary Trustees Mr. Philip F. Anschutz Mrs. Kathrine D. Folger The Honorable Melvin R. Laird Mrs. Alice Marriott The Honorable Leonard L. Silverstein Mr. Dennis Sranfill Mr. Henry M. Strong National Air and Space Museum Advisory Board Rear Admiral Brent M. Bennitt Mr. Thomas L. Blair Lieutenant General Harry Blot General John R. Dailey Mrs. Linda Hall Daschle Rear Admiral William C. Donnell General Ronald R. Fogleman Mr. Thomas W. Hoog Brigadier General John M. Riggs Dr. Y.C.L. Susan Wu Public Programming Advisory Committee Dr. Hans O. Andersen Lieutenant General Benjamin O. Davis Mr. Thomas Hoving Ms. Linda M. Johnson Mr. Louis R. Purnell Dr. Harold K. Skramstad, Jr. Mr. Michael Spock Ms. Marie Tibor Dr. Mitchell Waldrop Smithsonian National Board Mr. Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., Chair Mrs. Jean B. Kilborne, Vice Chair Current Members Sir Valentine Abdy Mr. Lester M. Alberthal, Jr., ex officio Mrs. Margaret D. Ankeny Mrs. Robert M. Bass The Honorable Max N. Berry Mrs. John M. Bradley Mr. Stephen F. Brauer Mr. Charles T. Brumback Mr. Cason J. Callaway, Jr. Mr. Ivan Chermayeff Mr. Landon T. Clay Mrs. Dollie A. Cole Mr. Peter R. Coneway Mr. Thomas Edward Congdon Mrs. William H. Cowles, III Ms. Joan Dillon Mrs. Patricia Frost Ms. Nely Galan Mr. Bert A. Getz Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton, ex officio Mrs. Marguerite Harbert Marion Edwyn Harrison, Esq. Mr. Paul Hertelendy Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Mr. S. Roger Horchow Mr. Richard Hunt Mr. Robert L. James Mr. Edward C. Johnson, III Mrs. James W. Kinnear Mrs. Marie L. Knowles The Honorable Marc E. Leland Mr. Donald G. Lubin Mr. Frank N. Magid Mrs. John F. Mars Mr. Michael Peter McBride Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Dr. George E. Mueller Mr. Thomas D. Mullins Mr. John N. Nordstrom Mrs. Lucio A. Noto Mrs. Vivian W. Piasecki Mr. Heinz C. Prechter Mr. David S. Purvis Mr. Alvin Puryear Mr. Robert Redford Mr. Clive Runnells Ms. Jill Sackler Mr. Leveo V. Sanchez Mr. Ivan Selin Mrs. Esther Simplot Mr. Kenneth L. Smith Ms. Kathy Daubert Smith Mrs. E. Maynard Smith Mr. Kelso F. Sutton Mr. Jack W. Warner Mr. Jeffrey N. Watanabe Mr. Frank A. Weil Mr. William R. Wiley Honorary Members Mr. Robert McC. Adams Mr. William S. Anderson Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. Joseph F. Cullman, III Mr. Charles D. Dickey, Jr. The Honorable Leonard K. Firestone Mr. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Mr. W.L. Hadley Griffin The Honorable William A. Hewitt Mr. James M. Kemper, Jr. Mr. Seymour H. Knox, III Mr. Lewis A. Lapham The Honorable George C. McGhee Justice Sandra Day O'Connor The Honorable S. Dillon Ripley, II Mr. Francis C. Rooney, Jr. Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer Mrs. Gay F. Wray National Gallery of Art Board of Trustees Mr. Robert F. Erburu Mr. Alexander M. Laughlin Mrs. Louise W. Mellon Mr. Robert H. Smith Mrs. Ruth Carter Stevenson Ex Officio The Honorable William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States The Honorable Warren M. Christopher, Secretary of State 99 The Honorable Robert E. Rubin, Secretary of the Treasury Mr. I. Michael Heyman, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution Trustee Emeritus John R. Stevenson, Esq. National Museum of African Art Commission Prof. David C. Driskell, Chair James L. Hudson, Esq., Vice Chair Mrs. Frieda Rosenthal, Vice Chair Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim, ex officio Mr. John A. Friede Mr. Joseph M. Goldenberg Dr. Joseph E. Harris Mr. I. Michael Heyman, ex officio Mrs. Frances Humphrey Howard Mrs. Helen Kuhn Mr. Brian S. Leyden Mr. Robin B. Martin The Honorable Frank E. Moss Mr. Robert H. Nooter Prof. Robert Farris Thompson The Honorable Walter E. Washington National Museum of American Art Commission Mrs. Patricia Frost, Chair Mr. Ronald D. Abramson, Vice Chair Mr. Norman Bernstein Mr. Frederick Brown Mr. Edwin I. Colodny Dr. Wanda M. Corn Mrs. Ann Cousins Mr. James T. Demetrion Mr. Barney A. Ebsworth Mrs. Rita Fraad Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr. Mr. Walker Hancock Mr. I. Michael Heyman Mr. Raymond J. Horowitz Mrs. Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan Mr. R. Crosby Kemper, Jr. 100 Mr. Jacob Lawrence Mr. Melvin Lenkin Mr. Peter H. Lunder Dr. Paul D. Parkman Mr. Gerald L. Pearson Mr. David S. Purvis Mrs. Francoise Rambach Mr. Frank K. Ribelin Mr. Charles Sawyer Mr. Richard J. Schwartz Mr. Samuel A. Yanes National Museum of the American Indian Board of Trustees Dr. Keith Basso Mr. Manley Alan Begay, Jr. Dr. Ernest L. Boyer The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr. Mr. George L. Cornell Mr. Billy L. Cypress Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim Mr. Dwight Gourneau Ms. Suzan Shown Harjo Mr. I. Michael Heyman Dr. Norbert S. Hill, Jr. Dr. Frederick E. Hoxie The Honorable Daniel Inouye Dr. Jennie Joe Mr. Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. Mr. Gerald R. McMaster Ms. Joann Sebastian Morris Mr. Waldemar A. Nielsen Mr. Allen V. Pinkham, Sr. Ms. Nancy Clark Reynolds Ms. Ann R. Roberts Mr. David Rockefeller, Sr. Dr. Helen M. Scheirbeck Dr. David Hurst Thomas Ms. Rosita Worl Ms. Phyllis Young National Museum of the American Indian Ntional Campaign International Founders Council Mr. Gene A. Keluche, Co-Chair Secretary I. Michael Heyman, Co-Chair Mr. Robert McC. Adams Ms. Ann Simmons Alspaugh Mrs. Barbara H. Block Mr. James A. Block The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr. Mr. Charles M. Diker Mrs. Valerie T. Diker Mrs. Joan C. Donner Mr. John L. Ernst Mrs. Margot P. Ernst Ms. Jane Fonda Mr. George Gund HI Mr. Brian C. McK. Henderson Mrs. Loretta A. Kaufman Mr. Victor A. Kaufman Mrs. Seymour H. Knox HI Mr. Gerald M. Levin Mr. Ivan Makil Mrs. Nancy Fields O'Connor Mr. Lewis S. Ranieri Mr. David Rockefeller Mrs. Ellen Napiura Taubman Mr. William S. Taubman Mr. Eugene Victor Thaw Mr. R.E. Turner Mr. Peterson Zah Mrs. Rosalind Begay Zah National Museum of Natural History Board Dr. Isabella C.M. Cunningham Dr. William B. Ellis Mr. Archur Gray, Jr. Mr. John S. Hendricks Mr. I. Michael Heyman Mr. David M. Hicks Dr. Stanley O. Ikenberry Mr. Gilbert S. Kahn Dr. Andrew H. Knoll Mrs. Jean Lane Mr. Quentin R. Lawson Mr. Robert H. Malott The Honorable James A. McClure Mr. Jeffery W. Meyer Dr. Nancy R. Morin Dr. Donald J. Ortner Mr. James R. Patton, Jr. Dr. David R. Pilbeam Mr. Elmer E. Rasmuson Mr. Donald M. Simmons The Honorable Alan K. Simpson Mr. Alan G. Spoon Dr. David B. Wake Mr. Milton H. Ward Mr. Howard H. Williams, III Dr. E-an Zen National Portrait Gallery Commission The Honorable Jeannine Smith Clark, Chair The Honorable Anthony C. Beilenson Mr. Thomas M. Evans Prof. Stephen Jay Gould Ms. Julie Harris Mr. I. Michael Heyman, ex officio Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Prof. David Levering Lewis Prof. R.W.B. Lewis Ms. Bette Bao Lord The Honorable Robert B. Morgan Prof. Barbara Novak Dr. Earl A. Powell III, ex officio The Honorable William H. Rehnquisr, ex officio National Postal Museum Advisory Commission Mr. Cary H. Baer The Honorable Winton M. Blount The Honorable William L. Clay Mrs. Lovida Coleman Ms. Amina Dickerson Mr. Azeezaly Jaffer Mr. James Michener Mr. John J. O'Connor, III Ms. Elizabeth C. Pope Mr. Douglas A. Riggs Mrs. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy Mr. Edwin M. Schmidt The Honorable Robert Setrakian The Honorable Ted Stevens National Postal Museum Coordinating Committee The Honorable Susan E. Alvarado Mr. Richard H. Arvonio Mr. Ronald E. Becker Dr. Spencer R. Crew Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim Mr. Angus MacInnes The Honorable Marvin T. Runyon Ms. Nancy D. Suttenfield National Science Resources Center Advisory Board Dr. Robert M. Fitch, Chair Dr. Russell Aiuto Dr. Marjory Baruch Ms. Ann P. Bay Ms. DeAnna Banks Beane Dr. F. Peter Boer Mr. Douglas K. Carnahan Dr. William Colglazier Dr. Fred P. Corson Dr. Goery Delacote Ms. JoAnn DeMaria Dr. Hubert M. Dyasi Mr. James C. Early Dr. Bernard S. Finn Dr. Gerald David Fischbach Mr. Samuel H. Fuller Dr. Jerry P. Gollub Dr. Ana M. Guzman Dr. Robert M. Hazen Dr. Norbert S. Hill, Jr. Mr. Manert Kennedy Dr. John W. Layman Ms. Sarah A. Lindsey Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy Dr. Lynn Margulis Dr. Mara Mayor Dr. Shirley M. McBay Dr. Joseph A. Miller, Jr. Dr. John A. Moore Dr. Philip Needleman Dr. Carlo Parravano Ms. Ruth O. Selig Dr. Maxine F. Singer Dr. Paul H. Williams Ms. Karen L. Worth National Zoological Park Resource Council Mr. Peter C. Andrews Mr. Robert A. Bartlett, Jr. Dr. David Challinor The Honorable Jeannine Smith Clark Mr. George A. Didden, III Mrs. Joan C. Donner Mrs. Elizabeth B. Frazier Ms. Caroline D. Gabel Mr. Paul B. Green Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Mrs. Laura Howell Mrs. John F. Mars Mrs. Withrow Weir Meeker The Honorable S. Dillon Ripley, II Mr. Jeffrey R. Short, Jr. Mrs. Judith Stockdale Mr. Henry M. Strong Mr. M. Lee Sutherland Mrs. Beatrix von Hoffmann Reading 1s Fundamental, Inc., Board of Directors Mrs. Anne Richardson, Chairman Mrs. Ruth Graves, President Mr. Arthur White, Vice President Mr. Samuel B. Ethridge, Secretary Mrs. Jean Head Sisco, Treasurer Ms. Alexandra Armstrong Ms. Loretta Barrett Mr. Leo Beebe Mr. William D. Budinger Mr. Robert W. Coy, Jr. Mr. James C. Curvey Ms. Patricia Diaz Dennis, Esq. Mr. Lloyd Derrickson, Esq. Mr. Robert S. Diamond IOI Mr. Lawrence A. Hough Mrs. Kathryn W. Lumley Dr. Floretta McKenzie Mrs. Lois D. Rice Mrs. Lynda Johnson Robb Mr. James A. Sutton Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Visiting Committee Mrs. John B. Bunker, Chair The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta, Vice Chair Mr. George J. Fan Mrs. Hart Fessenden Dr. Kurt A. Gitter Dr. Florence Cawthorne Ladd Mrs. James R. Lilley Mrs. Jill Hornor Ma Mr. Porter McCray Dr. Kenneth X. Robbins Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Mr. Sichan Siv Mr. Michael R. Sonnenreich Mr. Aboulala Soudavar Dr. John Kuo Wei Tchen Dr. Frederic Wakeman Mr. Paul F. Walter Smithsonian Institution Archives and Special Collections Council Dr. Thomas F. Soapes, Chair Mrs. Rachel M. Allen Mr. Alan L. Bain Mr. John D. Barbry Mr. James B. Byers Mr. Timothy Carr Ms. Cecilia H. Chin Ms. Maygene Daniels Dr. John A. Fleckner Ms. Christraud Geary Ms. Marilyn Graskowiak Mrs. Nancy E. Gwinn Mr. Robert S. Harding Ms. Edie Hedlin 102 Ms. Colleen A. Hennessey Dr. Pamela M. Henson Mr. John Homiak Ms. Janet Kennelly Ms. Julia Lewis Ms. Gail Lowe Dr. Lillian B. Miller Ms. Lauranne C. Nash Mr. C. Jeffrey Place Ms. Kathleen Robinson Dr. Marc Rothenberg Mr. Ross B. Simons Dr. Barbara J. Smith Ms. Joan R. Stahl Mr. Paul H. Theerman Mr. Bill Thompkins, Secretary Ms. Linda A. Thrift Mr. James H. Wallace, Jr. Mrs. Beverly Westermeyer Mr. Mark A. Wright Dr. Judith K. Zilczer Smithsonian Institution Council Dr. Arjun Appadurai Dr. Joyce Oldham Appleby Dr. Mary Frances Berry Mr. Luis R. Cancel Dr. George R. Carruthers Dr. Linda S. Cordell Dr. Ruth Schwartz Cowan Prof. Freeman J. Dyson Mr. David R. Gergen Dr. Arturo Gomez-Pompa Dr. Daniel H. Janzen Dr. Michael Kammen Dr. J. Jorge Klor de Alva Dr. Shirley M. McBay Mrs. Cheryl McClenney-Brooker Dr. Gordon H. Orians Dr. Richard J. Powell Dr. Lauren B. Resnick Dr. Beryl B. Simpson Dr. John Kuo Wei Tchen Dr. Susan Mullin Vogel Dr. Frederic E. Wakeman, Jr. Dr. John Walsh Dr. Katharine J. Watson Dr. Tomas Ybarra-Frausto Smithsonian Institution Libraries Users Advisory Committee Dr. Lisa Ceryle Barnett Ms. Bryna M. Freyer Dr. Conrad Labandiera Dr. Brian Marsden Dr. Nancy L. Matthews Dr. Jess Parker Mr. Dominick A. Pisano Ms. Michelle K. Smith Dr. Barbara J. Smith Dr. Deborah Jean Warner Mr. Edmund Worthy Smithsonian Institution Women’s Council Ms. Heidi L.R. Schwartz, Chair Ms. Donna J. Coletu Mr. William Gaghan Ms. Ann R. Garvey Ms. Marilyn Graskowiak Ms. Kristine Money Ms. Judy Ryan Ms. Melissa Snodgrass Ms. Donna M. Tillman Smithsonian Internship Council Mrs. Lori H. Aceto Ms. Frederica Adelman Ms. Wendy Aibel-Weiss Ms. Victoria Avera Mr. Daryl Ayers Ms. Myra Y. Banks Ms. Ann M. Bissell Mr. Arthur J. Breton Ms. Teresia Bush Ms. Susan Mond Carpenter Ms. Barbara Casana Ms. Faya Causey Ms. Montrose R. Cones Mr. William E. Cox Ms. Deirdre Cross Ms. Georgina de Alba Dr. Zahava D. Doering Ms. Kimberly L. Dow Ms. Mary W. Dyer Ms. Betty Epps Ms. Leasa Farrar-Frazer Ms. Paula Fletemeyer Ms. Ann R. Garvey Mr. Mark Hadden Mr. Robert L. Hall Mrs. Judith H. 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Michael Heyman Dr. Gertrude Himmelfarb Dr. Carol Iannone Mr. Eli S. Jacobs The Honorable Anthony Lake Mr. Paul Hae Park The Honorable Richard W. Riley The Honorable S. Dillon Ripley, II The Honorable Donna E. Shalala The Smithsonian Women’s Committee Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton, Chair Mrs. Parker S. Oliphant, Vice Chair Mrs. Doniphan Carter, Treasurer Mrs. John Franklin, Secretary Mrs. Gloria Allen Mrs. James M. Beggs Mrs. Christine Blazina Mrs. Philip S. Bowie Mrs. I. Townsend Burden, III Mrs. Margaret Bush Mrs. Thomas J. Camp, Jr. Mrs. John F. Clark Mrs. Lloyd E. Clayton Mrs. Richard Cobb Mrs. Margaret Collins Mrs. Louis J. Cordia Mrs. William Gruman Cox Mrs. Willis D. Crittenberger, Jr. Mrs. Allen R. Cross, Jr. Mrs. J. Edward Day Mrs. Philip S. Dickson Mrs. Alan P. Dye Mrs. Rockwood H. Foster Mrs. Harriet Sweeney Fraunfelter Mrs. Paul R. Gibson Mrs. John W. Gill Mrs. Walter Y.K. Goo Ms. Allison Butler Herrick Mrs. Omer L. Hirst Mrs. Anne Stevens Hobler Mrs. James P. Holden Mrs. George H. Hughey Mrs. John Hunnicutt Mrs. Aaron G. Jackson Mrs. Donald W. Jeffries Mrs. George W. Jones Ms. Patricia Larkin Mrs. Bruce K. MacLaury Mrs. Middleton A. Martin Mrs. Arthur K. Mason Mrs. James K. Mitchell Mrs. Suzanne Moore Mrs. Horace White Peters Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley Mrs. Pecer Talbor Russell Mrs. William C. Thompson Mrs. Joy Vige Mrs. James Bud Ward Mrs. John R. Webster Mrs. Philip C. 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Students and museum professionals who held museum internships or participated in special pro- jects administered by the Office of Museum Programs are listed in the second section. The third section con- tains a listing of Smithsonian Research Associates. Academic and Research Training Appointments The Smithsonian offers, through the Office of Fellow- ships and Grants, research and study appointments to visiting scientists, scholars, and students. The ap- pointees are provided access to the Institution's facili- ties, staff specialties, and reference resources. The persons—listed by bureau or office—in this Appendix began their residencies between October 1, 1994, and September 30, 1995, and have been in residence for three months or longer. Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Fellows, Visiting Scientists or Scholars, and other awardees and participants in special programs are so listed. Listed for each Fellow or Visitor is the institution where each received, or expects to receive, a degree or the home university or institution; a brief description of the project undertaken at the Smithsonian; the Smithsonian advisor; and dates of residency. Arts and Humanities Anacostia Museum Audrey Brown, SI Graduate Fellow, American University. “Women of African Descent, Religion, Cultural Continuity and Change,” with Portia James and Gail Lowe, from Sep- tember I, 1995 to November Is, 1995. Center for Museum Studies Teresa Morales, Fellow in Museum Practice, Programa de Museos Comunitarious y Ecomu. “The Cultural Appropria- tion and Community Museums,” with Nancy Fuller, from August I, 1995 to October 31, 1995. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Tracy Ehrlich, Peter Kruger/Christie’s Fellow, Columbia Uni- versity. “The Villa Mondragone and Early Seventeenth- Century Villeggiatura at Frascati,” with Marilyn Symmes and Maria Ann Conelli, from September 1, 1995 to May 31, 1996. Enrique Limon, SI Graduate Fellow, The Architectural Associ- ation. “Arc Theory and Urbanism and its Relationship to City Making,” with Susan Yelavich, from August I, 1995 to October 15, 1995. Freer Gallery of Art Quanyu Wang, Forbes Fellow, Peking University. “Systematic Research on the Corrosion of Qucun’s Bronzes,” with W. Thomas Chase, from September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Marisa Kayyem, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Columbia University. “Thomas Eakins’ Late Bust Portraits: Identity and Topol- ogy in Turn of the Century Portraiture,” with Phyllis 105 Rosenzweig and Mary Panzer, from September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Institutional Studies Office Helen Glazer, Fellow in Museum Practice, Goucher College. “Creation and Test of a Prototype for a Self-Guided Walk- ing Tour of Works in the Permanent Collections of the Smithsonian Institution Musems,” with Zahava Doering, from November 14, 1994 to July 15, 1995. National African American Museum Project Bob Myers, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of California, Los Angeles. “Do You See What I See?: Wild Communica- tion in Darkness,” with Deborah Braithwaite and Claudine Brown, from July 1, 1995 to September 30, 1995. National Air and Space Museum Mark Bulmer, Gaber Fellow, University of London. “An Inves- tigation into the Possible Reasons for Apparent Mobility of Debris Aprons on Venus and the Mechanisms of Caldera Formation,” with Thomas Watters, from June I, 1995 to May 31, 1996. Donald Engen, Ramsey Fellow, Alexandria, Virginia, “The History of United States Naval Flight,” with Thomas Crouch, from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 1995. Sarah Fagents, Lancaster University, England, “Basaltic Lava Fountains on Earth, Venus, and Mars,” with James Zimbel- man, from January 20, 1995 to January 19, 1996. Erik Rau, Guggenheim Predoctoral Fellow, University of Pennsylvania. “PERT and the Culture of Integration: Oper- ations Research, Systems Engineering, and American Soci- ety form the Cold War to the Great Society,” with Robert Smith, from September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Jill Snider, Verville Fellow, University of North Carolina. “The Lone Eagle and African-American Visions of America, 1927-1941,” with Dominick Pisano and Cathleen Lewis, from August I, 1995 to July 31, 1996. Vladimir Strelnitski, Visiting Scientist, Institute for Astron- omy, Russian Academy of Sciences. “Hydrogen Maser Emis- sion from the Infrared Galaxy M82,” with Howard Smith, from June I, 1995 to September 30, 1995. 106 Mark Wolfire, Senior Research Fellow, NASA. “Infrared Emis- sion from ISO,” with Howard Smith, from September 11, 1995 to September Io, 1996. National Museum of African Art Aisha Fadhil Ali, International Exchange Fellow, Fort Jesus Museum. “Study of Exhibition Development and Design in Preparation for a Re-Installation of the Major Exhibition Hall at Fort Jesus Museum in Mombasa, Kenya,” with Philip Ravenhill, from January 15, 1995 to March Io, 1995. Amanda Carlson, SI Graduate Fellow, Indiana University. “Object Photography: Representing African Art,” with Christraud Geary, from May 8, 1995 to July 14, 1995. Helen Shannon, Columbia University, “The Reception of Afri- can Arc in the United States From:1905 to 1945 and Its In- fluence on American Moderist Art,” with Philip Ravenhill, from April 1, 1995 to February 28, 1996. National Museum of American Art Jack Becker, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Delaware. “A Taste for Landscape: Tonalism in America, 1880-1920,” with William Truettner, from September 1, 1995 to May 31, 1996. Neil Harris, Distinguished Scholar of American Art, Univer- sity of Chicago. “Research on Twentieth Century Land- scape; Attitudes Toward Visual Culture; and Building Rituals, Museums, and Newspaper Buildings ,” with Eliza- beth Broun, from September 1, 1995 to May 31, 1996. Janet Headley, Loyola College, “Structuring Urban Space: Public Sculpture in Boston, 1825-1900,” with George Gurney, from June I, 1995 to May 31, 1996. Cynthia Mills, University of Maryland, College Park, “The Adams Memorial and Its Impact: American Funerary Sculp- ture, 1891-1925,” with George Gurney, from November I, 1994 to April 30, 1995. Jonathan Yorba, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Califor- nia, Berkeley. “Picturing Miscegenation: Multiracial Imag- ery in American Art, 1848-1967,” with Andrew Connors, from September 11, 1995 to September 10, 1996. National Museum of American History Barbara Allen, SI Graduate Fellow, Resselaer Polytechnic In- stitute. “Environmental History of the Chemical Corridor in Louisiana,” with Jeffrey Stine, from July 17, 1995 to Sep- tember 22, 1995. Angela Blake, SI Graduate Fellow, American University. “Street Advertising and the Construction of Urban Con- sumer Geographies in New York City, 1880-1930,” with Charles McGovern, from June 5, 1995 to August II, 1995. Martha Burns, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Brown University. “A Piano in the Parlor: Music and the Making of Victorian Culture in America, 1790-1860,” with Cynthia Hoover, from September I, 1995 to May 31, 1996. Valentijn Byvanck, SI Graduate Fellow, New York University. “The Making of American Nationalism, 1820-1860,” with Charles McGovern and Larry Bird, from June Is, 1995 to July 15, 1995. Arlene Davila, The Graduate Center, CUNY, “From the Center to the Centros: Dynamics of Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico,” with Marvette Perez, from April 15, 1995 to April 14, 1996. Laura Edwards, University of South Florida, “The Politics and Power of Womanhood and Manhood: Reconstruction in the U.S. South,” with Pete Daniel, from February 1, 1995 to October 31, 1995. Sungook Hong, University of Toronto, “Research on the Early History of Vacuum Tube Engineering: The Triode Revolu- tion and the Development of Amplifiers-Oscillators,” with Bernard Finn, from June I, 1995 to May 31, 1996. Janet Hutchison, Visiting Scholar, Appalacian State Univer- sity. “Housing Identity: Gender, Architecture and Ameri- can Culture,” with Rodris Roth, from January 1, 1994 to August 30, 1995. Meg Jacobs, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Virginia. “The Politics of Purchasing Power: The Rise of Mass Con- sumption and the Evolution of a Modern American Politi- cal Economy, 1919-1959,” with Harry Rubenstein and Larry Bird, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Shelley Kaplan, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Virginia. “Object Lessons: Designing Household Appliances, 1920— 60,” with Steve Lubar, from September 15, 1995 to Septem- ber 14, 1996. Craig Keller, SI Predoctoral Fellow, George Washington Uni- versity. “Civil Religion During the Cold War: A Study of Civil Religious Symbolism and Material Culture,” with Larry Bird and James Bruns, from June 1, 1995 to August 31, 1995- Anna McCarthy, Northwestern University, “Early American Television and Public Space: The Tavern and the Depart- ment Srore in the Late Forties,” with Larry Bird, from Janu- ary 10, 1995 to April Io, 1995. Lynn McRainey, Fellow in Museum Practice, Chicago Histori- cal Society. “Interpreting History Through Interactive Ex- periences,” with Lonn Taylor and Nancy McCoy, from October 21, 1994 to February 28, 1995. Tey Nunn, SI Graduate Fellow, University of New Mexico. “Hispana/o Artists of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in New Mexico,” with Richard Ahlborn, from June I, 1995 to August IO, 1995. Barry Shank, University of Kansas, “Design and Sentiment: Cultural Production in the American Greeting Card Indus- try,” with Charles McGovern, from January I5, 1995 to July 14, 1995. Deborah Steinbach, SI Predoctoral Fellow, New York Univer- sity. “Lines of Scrimmage: A Gender History of American Sports 1915-1940,” with Ellen Hughes, from June 15, 1995 to June 14, 1996. Stefan Timmermans, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Illinois. “Saving Lives: Mechanical Versus Manual Resusci- tation Techniques,” with Ramunas Kondratas, from June 1, 1995 to August 31, 1995. Terence Young, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Clemson University. “Heading Out: Camping in America, 1870-1990,” with Jeffrey Stine, from August 1, 1995 to July 31, 1996. National Museum of the American Indian Nigel Holman, Fellow in Museum Practice, A:shiwi A:wan Musuem & Heritage Center. “Debating the Curation and Use of Historic Photographs in Museums and Archives,” with Clara Sue Kidwell and Eulalie Bonar, from March 1, 1995 to May 30, 1995. Emily Kaplan, Postgraduate Conservation Fellow, Queen's University, Canada. “Conservation of Archaeological and Ethnographic Materials,” with Marian A. Kaminitz, from November 1, 1994 to October 31, 1995. Rose Wyaco, Visiting Scholar, Zuni, New Mexico. “Photographs for the Hedricks-Hodge Expedition at Hawikuh,” with Alyce Sadongei, from March 1, 1995 to May 31, 1995. National Portrait Gallery Julie Brown, SI Senior Fellow, University of Texas, San Anto- nio. “Making Photography Public: Exposition, Fairs, Exhi- bitions, and Displays in the United States,” with Mary Panzer and Deborah Warner, from June 19, 1995 to October 20, 1995. Stephanie Cassidy, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Cali- fornia, San Diego. “Reconstructing the Artist: The Rise of the Art Students League, 1875-1915,” with Lillian Miller, from September 1, 1995 to August 30, 1996. 107 Education and Public Service Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Gina Sanchez, SI Graduate Fellow, University of Texas. “Di- versifying Cape Verdan American Scholarship,” with John Franklin and Raymond Almeida, from June 1, 1995 to Au- gust 20, 1995. Wendy Walters, SI Graduate Fellow, Cornell University. “Labor's Lost and Other Sad Songs: Dislocation and Dispos- session in the Blues,” with Anthony Seeger and Diana Barid N'Diaye, from May 22, 1995 to July 28, 1995. Finance and Administration Horticultural Services Division Judy Wells, Enid A. Haupt Fellow in Horticulture, Univer- sity of Maryland. “Pest Management in the Haupt Garden; Developing and Implementing an Integrated Management Program,” with Nancy J. Bechtol, from June 1, 1995 to May 31, 1997. Sciences Conservation Analytical Laboratory Patrick Albert, Conservation Internship, Antioch University, Canada. “Literature Search on Shellac Based Period Furni- ture Varnishes,” with Donald Williams, from June 12, 1995 to June II, 1996. Holly Anderson, CAL Third Year Intern, Buffalo State Col- lege. “Scientific and Historic Research in the Use of Red Chalk in Drawings,” with Diane van der Reyden, from Oc- tober 2, 1994 to September 2, 1995. John Courtney, Conservation Internship, Antioch University, Canada. “A Survey of Gilt Stenciling on Philadelphia Furni- ture,” with Donald Williams, from June 15, 1995 to June 14, 1996. 108 Paul Koening, Graduate Fellow in Furniture Conservation, Antioch University. “Study of the Relationship Between ‘Original’ Coating and Barrier Coats with Synthetic Poly- mers on Furniture,” with Melvin Wachowiak, from Septem- ber 1, 1995 to August 30, 1996. Mark Kutney, Graduate Fellow in Furniture Conservation, An- tioch University. “Study of the Affects of the Manufactur- ing Process on Shellacs Performance as a Furniture Coating,” with Melvin Wachowiak, from September 1, 1995 to August 30, 1996. Catherine McGee, Postgraduate Conservation Intern, University of Delaware. “Archaeological Conservation Training,” with Carol Grissom, from September 4, 1995 to September 3, 1996. Charles Moore, Graduate Fellow in Furniture Conservation, Antioch University. “Identification and Study of Materials Used to Emulate Gold Leaf in High-Style Architectural El- ements from 1880-1920,” with Melvin Wachowiak, from September I, 1995 to August 30, 1996. Andrew Robb, University of Delaware, “Investigation of the Consolidation of Flaking Gelatin Binder on Glass Plate Negatives; The Investigation of Exhibition on Photo- graphs,” with Diane van der Reyden, from October 17, 1994 to October 16, 1995. Ellen Rosenthal, Post-graduate Fellow, Archaeological Conser- vation, University of London. “Archaeological Conservation Training,” with Carol Grissom, from September I, 1995 to August 30, 1996. Daniela Triadan, Postdoctoral Fellow, Freie Universitat, Ber- lin. “Provenance and Production of White Mountain Red- ware from Kinishba Pueblo, East-central Arizona,” with Ronald Bishop, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996. National Museum of Natural History Debra Bemis, SI Graduate Fellow, University of California, Santa Barbara. “Characterization of the Enzymatic Oxida- tion of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in an Isolated Chloro- plast Fraction from Anadyomene stellata,” with James Norris, from June 1, 1995 to August 15, 1995. Cynthia Caplen, Mellon Visiting Student, Old Dominion University. “Genetic Relationships in the Blechnum Occidentale Group,” with Charles Werth and W. John Kress, from January 1, 1995 to July 1, 1995. Joseph Dineen, University of Maryland, College Park, “Trans- port of Brachyuran Larvae in a Coastal Lagoon,” with Anson Hines, from October 1, 1994 to April 30, 1995 Don Dumond, University of Oregon, “Archaeology of the Hillside Site, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska,” with William Fitzhugh, from January 16, 1995 to May Is, 1995. Michael Dillon, Field Museum of Natural History, “Generic Flora of the Paramos,” with Laurence Dorr, from November I, 1994 to November 30, 1994. Patricia Erikson, University of California, Davis, “The Role of the Smithsonian Institution in the Professionalization of Tribal Museology,” with William Merrill, from January 1, 1995 to March 21, 1995. Jennifer Frick, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Clemson University. “Establishment of Larval Polarity,” with Mary Rice, from September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Debra Gold, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Michigan. “Subsistence, Health and Emergent Social Inequality: Oste- ological Analysis of Three Late Woodland Sites in Interior Virginia,” with Douglas Ubelaker, from August 15, 1995 to June I5, 1996. William Hahn, Visiting Scientist, University of Wisconsin, Madison. “Molecular Phylogenetics of the Monocots,” with Elizabeth Zimmer, from July 1, 1995 to November I, 1995. Gregory Kallemeyn, SI Senior Fellow, University of Califor- nia, Los Angeles. “Compositions of Chondrites,” with Eu- gene Jarosewich, from September 1, 1995 to November 30, 1995. E1ja-Maija Kotilainen, Academy of Finland, “Gender and Ma- terial Culcure in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia,” with Paul Taylor, from January I, 1995 to June 30, 1995. Marion Kotrba, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Regens- burg, Germany. “Comparative Morphology of the Internal Female Reproductive Tract: A Contribution to our Under- standing of Schizophoran (Diptera) Phylogeny,” with Wayne Mathis, from July 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996. Paul Kramer, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Princeton University. “U.S. Anthropology in the Occupied Philippines, 1899— 1914,” with Paul Taylor and Charles McGovern, from Sep- tember I, 1995 to June 30, 1996. Robert Kuzoff, Visiting Student, Washington State Univer- sity. “Molecular Phylogenetics of Plants: New Approaches for Studies of Molecular and Morphological Divergence,” with Elizabeth Zimmer, from January 15, 1995 to June 30, 1995. Paul Lewis, North Carolina State University, “Robustness of Maximum Likelihood Phylogeny Inference to Departures From Model Assumptions,” with David Swofford, from No- vember 1, 1994 to October 31, 1995. Leigh Johnson, Visiting Student, Washington State Unvers- ity. “Molecular Phylogenetics of Plants: New Approaches for Studies of Molecular Divergence,” with Elizabeth Zim- mer, from January 15, 1995 to June 30, 1996. Mary Muungu, Visiting Museum Professional, National Mu- seums of Kenya. “Study of Conservation and Collections Policy at the National Musuem of Natural History,” with Richard Potts, from April 30, 1995 to June 30, 1995. Sandra Romano, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, “Molecular Anal- ysis of Phylogenetic relationships of Families of Corals (Phylum Cnidaria, Order Scleractinia),” with Stephen Cairns and Michael Braun, from April 20, 1995 to April 19, 1996. Tod Reeder, American Museum of Natural History, “The Use of Multiple Data Sets in Phylogenetic Analysis and the Phylogenetic Placement of the Limbless Squamates,” with Kevin de Queiroz, from November 14, 1994 to November 13, 1995. Stephen Reyes, Snow Entomological Museum, “Cladistic Analysis and a Study of the Evolution of Social Behavior of the Exoneura Bees (Apidae: Xylocopinae Allodapini),” with Ronald McGinley, from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 1995. Sara Russell, Visiting Scientist, California Institute of Tech- nology. “The Distribution of 26Al in Early Solar System: Constraints on Solar System Chronology,” with Glenn Mac- Pherson, from February 1, 1995 to January 31, 1996. Gregory Scheib, Visiting Student, George Washington Uni- versity. “Associating Archival Information with Museum Collections Using CD-ROMs and Virtual Museums,” with Paul Taylor and Bruno Frohlich, from June 26, 1995 to Jan- uary 5, 1996. John Skillman, Visiting Scientist, Duke University. “Conse- quences of Seasonal Changes in Light and Water Resources for Photosynthetic Physiology and Plant Productivity in Aechmea magdalenae, a CAM Species Native to the Rain- forest Floor in Panama,” with Klaus Winter, from October I, 1994 to September 30, 1995. Scott Steppan, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Chicago. “Development Constraints and Tail Evolution in Mam- mals,” with Michael Carleton and Richard Thorington, from October 15, 1995 to October 14, 1996. Lyubov Tjukova, Visiting Scientist, Institute of Zoology. “Sys- tematic Studies of the Fossil Rodents and Lagomorphs from the Tertiary Deposits of the Zaysan Basin in North- eastern Kazakhstan,” with Robert Emry, from January 1, 1995 to May 31, 1995. Lucy Thomason, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Texas, Austin. “An Investigation of Discourse Structure in Fox,” with Ives Goddard, from August 10, 1995 to August 9, 1996. Christopher Tudge, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Queensland. “Phylogeny of Anomuran Crustaceans (Decapoda) Based on the Gross Morphology and Ultra- structure of Spermatophores and Spermatozoa,” with Rafael Lemaitre, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Peter Wagner, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Chicago. “Phylogenetic and Morphometric Analysis of Paleozoic Gastropods,” with Douglas Erwin, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Banyue Wang, Visiting Scholar, Academia Sinica. “Compari- son of the Small Rodents found in Kazakhstan to Rodents of a Similar Age found in China,” with Robert Emry, from March 1, 1995 to May 1, 1995. Jill Weber, SI Graduate Fellow, University of Pennsylvania. “Animal Exploitation at 3rd/2nd Millennium Tell-es- Sweyhat,” with Melinda Zeder, from September 18, 1995 co November 24, 1995. : Charles Werth, Mellon Senior Fellow, Texas Tech University. “Genetic Relationships in the Blechnum Occidentale 109 Group, A Neotropical Hybrid/Polyploid Species Complex of Ferns,” with John Kress, from January 1, 1995 to June 30, 1995. Matthew Wills, University of Bristol, “Phylogeny and Mor- phological Disparity of Fossil and Recent Crustacea,” with Douglas Erwin and Conrad Labandeira, from January 10, 1995 to January 9, 1996. Liling Xiang, Visiting Student, Beijing Natural History Mu- seum. “Genetic Relationships in the Blechnum Occidentale Group,” with Charles Werth and John Kress, from January 15, 1995 to May 14, 1995. Jin Yugan, Visiting Scientist, Academia Sinica. “End-Permian Mass Extinction,” with Douglas Erwin, from September 3, 1995 to October 17, 1995. Jutta Zipfel, “Origin of Olivine in Pallasitic Meteorites: Evi- dence from Trace Elements in Olivine,” with Glenn Mac- Pherson, from October 1, 1994 to September 30, 1995. National Zoological Park Janette Boughman, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Mary- land. “Group Recognition, Vocal Learning and Information Transfer in a Group-Foraging Bat, Phyllostomus hastatus,” with Eugene Morton, from June 1, 1995 to May 31, 1996. Kathy Carlstead, Visiting Scientist, Takoma Park, Maryland. “Methods of Behavioral Assessment for the Captive Propa- gation of Endangered Species,” with Devra Kleiman, from January 1, 1995 to March 31, 1995. Adriana Grativol, Visiting Student, University of Maryland, College Park. “Population Genetics and Evolution of the Genus Leontopithecus,” with Robert Fleischer, from Sep- tember I, 1995 to August 30, 1996. Matthew Hamilton, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Brown Univer- sity. “The Influence of Forest Reserve Size on Standing Ge- netic Variation and Paternity Pool Diversity in Tropical Forest Plants,” with Robert Fleischer, from September 15, 1995 to September 14, 1996. Thomas Hildebrandt, Short Term Visitor, Institut fur Zoo- und Wildtierforschung. “An Examination of Various Ani- mal Species Using Ultrasonic,” with Dick Monrali, from July 1, 1995 to January 30, 1996. Peter Leimgruber, Visiting Student, University of Oklahoma. “Abundance and Diversity of Songbirds and Small Mam- mals in Managed Forest Mosaics,” with William McShea, from May I5, 1995 to August 15, 1995. Catherine Morrow, Visiting Student, George Mason University. “Understanding Reproductive Mechanisms to Conserve the Endangered Scimitar-Horned Oryx (Oryx dammah),” with Ste- ven Monfort, from May 1, 1985 to July 31, 1997. Linda Penfold, Visiting Scientist, United States Department of Agriculture. “Crisis in Parrot Conservation: The Poten- tial of ‘Assisted’ Breeding,” with David Wildt, from July 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996. IIo Ellen Paxinos, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Brown University. “Using Ancient DNA Techniques to Determine the Effects of a Population Bottleneck on Genetic Variability and Pop- ulation Structure in the Hawaiian Goose,” with Robert Fleischer, from August I5, 1995 to August 14, 1996. Jay Schulkin, Visiting Scientist, National Institute of Mental Health. “Self-Selection of Minerals in the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus Agassizii),” with Olav Oftedal, from April 1, 1995 to September 30, 1995. Michael Schwartz, SI Graduate Fellow, American University. “An Examination of the Breeding Biology of the Hum- boldc Penguin Using Molecular Genetic Techniques,” with Daryl Boness, from June 19, 1995 to August 25, 1995. Daniel Shillito, SI Graduate Fellow, State University of New York, Albany. “Attribution of False Knowledge States in Orangutans,” with Benjamin Beck, from June 1, 1995 to August 10, 1995. Katerina Thompson, Visiting Scientist, University of Mary- land, College Park. “Olfactory Control of Reproduction in Female Sable Antelope: Behavioral and Physiological Mech- anisms of Estrous Synchrony,” with Christen Wemmer, from June 1, 1995 to August 31, 1995. Lisa Wooninck, University of California, Santa Barbara, “Mea- surements of Relative Sperm Contribution Correlated with Distribution of Paternity in an External Fertilizing Spe- cies,” with Robert Fleischer, from January 2, 1995 to March 10, 1995. Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives Hae-Gyung Geong, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Wis- consin, Madison. “Exerting Control: Biology and Bureau- cracy in the Development of American Entomology, 1870-1930,” with Pamela Henson, from August 15, 1995 to April 14, 1996. Elizabeth Hanson, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Penn- sylvania. “American Zoos: A Cultural History,” with Pa- mela Henson, from September 15, 1995 to March 15, 1996. Joseph Taylor, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Washing- ton. “Making Salmon: Transcontinental Discourse in Fish Culture, 1870-1941," with Pamela Henson, from June I5, 1995 to September 14, 1995. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Joao Alves, Visiting Student, University of Lisbon. “A Study of the Clustering Properties of Young Stars and its Relation to Dense Molecular Cloud Cores,” with Charles Lada, from February 6, 1995 to February 5, 1996. MinQ:i Bao, Visiting Student, University of Nebraska. “Multi- photon Detachment (MPD) of Negative Ions in a Static Electric Field,” with Eric Heller, from August 28, 1995 to November 30, 1995. Cesar Briceno, Predoctoral Fellowship, Universidad Central de Venezuela. “Search for Very Low Mass Pre-Main Se- quence Stars in Nearby Star Forming Regions,” with Lee Hartman, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Patrick Boyle, Visiting Student, University College, Dublin. “Extracting the Spectra of TeV X-Ray Sources and Electronic/ Optical Upgrading of the 10 meter Reifector,” with Trevor Weekes, from September 1, 1995 to December 31, 1995. Nuria Calvert, Visiting Scientist, Centro de Investigaciones de Astomomia. “Infalling Envelopes; Magnetospheres in T Tauri Stars; Near Infrared Bands of CO from Accretion Disks,” with Lee Hartmann, from March 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Ming-Tang Chen, Visiting Scientist, Academia Sinica, Taipei. “Engineering and Operation of the Ongoing Sub-MM Array Project,” with Paul Ho, from July 1, 1995 to Decem- ber 31, 1995. Junfeng Chen, Short Term Visitor, Shanghai Jiao-Tong Uni- versity. “Calculations of Energy Transfer in the Elastic Col- lisions of Fast Nitrogen and Oxygen Atoms,” with Alexander Dalgarno, from October 1, 1994 to December 31, 1994. Eduardo Hector Colombo, Visiting Student, Buenos Aires University. “Observation of AE Aqi and PSR1752 with the use of the Whipple 1om Gamma-Ray Telescope,” with Trevor Weekes, from July 12, 1995 to October 15, 1995. Valerie Connaughton, Visiting Student, University College, Ireland. “Search for Gamma-Ray Bursts in the 10m Reflec- tor Data-Base,” with Trevor Weekes, from March 15, 1995 to June I5, 1995. Manuel Ruiz Delgado, Visiting Student, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid. “Dynamics of Multi-Probe Tethered Satellites Deployed into the Relatively Dense Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere,” with Enrico Lorenzini, from July 1, 1995 to September 30, 1995. Antonaldo Diaferio, Visiting Scientist, University of Milano. “Investigation of Interacting Galaxies and Galaxy Meging in the Current Epoch,” with Margaret Geller, from Novem- ber 1, 1995 to September 30, 1996. Charles Gammie, Postdoctoral Fellow, Virginia Institution for Theoretical Astronomy. “Galactic Structure: How Mixed Star and Gas Disks Differ From the Single-Component Models Studied in Classical Density Wave Theory and The Magnetic Instability in Accretion Disks,” with Ramesh Narayan, from February 1, 1995 to August 31, 1995. Jose Miguel Girart, University of Bareclona, “High Angular Resolution Radio Observations of Molecular and Herbig- Haro Outflow Regions,” with Paul Ho, from October 1, 1994 to September 30, 1996. Mark Gurwell, Postdoctoral Fellow, California Technical Insti- tute. “Research related to the Submillimeter Wavelength Interferometry,” with Paul Ho, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1995. Lambertus Hartmann, Visiting Scientist, University of Leiden. “Use of the Clean HI Sky Maps from Data Collected with the Dwingeloo Single-Dish Radio Telescope to Instigate New CO Observations with the 1.2m Radio Telescope,” with Patrick Thaddeus, from December 1, 1994 to November 30, 1995. Luis Ho, CfA Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley. “The Properties and Luminosity Function of Low- Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei,” with Mark Reid and Alan Knezevich, from August I5, 1995 to August 14, 1996. William Hoston, Visiting Student, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Study of the Bose-Einstein Condensation,” with Eric Heller, from October 1, 1994 to January 31, 1995. Mahir Hussein, Visiting Scientist, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Study of Semiclassical Coupled-Cannels De- scription of the Electron-Molecule Scattering within the Vibron Model of Diatomic Molecules,” with Eric Heller, from February 1, 1995 to July 31, 1995. Rolf Jansen, Predoctoral Fellowship, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute. “Theories of Galaxy Evolution,” with Daniel Fab- ricanc, from September 1, 1995 to February 29, 1996. Vasili Kharchenko, Visiting Scientist, St. Petersburg Techni- cal University. “Thermalization of Fast Nitrogen Atom in the High Thermosphere and NO Production by Energetic N Atoms,” with Alexander Dalgarno, from January 1, 1995 to October 31, 1995. Richard Kiely, Visiting Student, St. Patrick’s College. “Im- plementation and Testing of a Low-Cost Cherenkov Imag- ing Telescope,” with Trevor Weekes, from August 12, 1995 to February 12, 1996. Rodney Lessard, Visiting Student, University College, Dub- lin. “Observations with the Whipple Telescopes Aimed at Extending the EGRET Observations on Supernova Rem- nants to Higher Energies,” with Trevor Weekes, from May I, 1995 to June 20, 1995. Chien-Nan Linu, Visiting Student, University of Nebraska. “Photodetachment of Li- Below the Li(3s) Threshold and Multiphoton Detachment of Li-,” with Eric Heller, from August 28, 1995 to December 31, 1995. Omar Lopez-Cruz, Visiting Student, University of Toronto. “Study of History of the Intracluster Medium (ICM) and the Galaxies within the Cluster,” with Christine Jones For- man, from April 1, 1995 to June 4, 1995. Isaac Lopez-Fernandez, Visiting Scientist, Yebes Astronomical Center. “Estimation of VLBI Observing Session, Ampli- tudes of Diurnal and Semidiurnal In-Phase ad Out-of- Phase Radial and Horizontal Site Motions,” with James Davis, from January 15, 1995 to April Is, 1995. Michael McCarthy, Visiting Scientist, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Electronic Spectroscopy of Astrophysical Carbon Chains,” with Patrick Thaddeus, from August I, 1995 to July 31, 1996. Julie McEnery, Visiting Student, University College Dublin. “Methods of Discriminating the Gamma-Ray Signal From Ill the Background Muons,” with Trevor Weekes, from Janu- ary 3, 1995 to April 3, 1995. Brian McLeod, University of Arizona, “Evolution of Faint Field Galaxies,” with John Huchra, from October 1, 1994 to September 30, 1996. Joan Najita, University of California, Berkeley, “Mag- netocentrifugally Driven Winds from Rapidly Rotating Protostars,” with Mark Reid, from October 15, 1994 to Oc- tober 13, 1995. Maxim Ol’Shanii, Visiting Scientist, Ecole Normale Superie- ure. “Atomic Lithography Aided by Velocity Selective Cohernent Population Trapping and Atomic Beam Splitter Based on Multiple Adiabatic Population Transfer,” with Eric Heller, from August 15, 1995 to August 14, 1996. Rachel Pildis, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Michigan. “Deep X-Ray and Optical Observation of Compact Groups of Galaxies,” with Stephen Murray, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996. John Quinn, Visiting Student, University College, Belfield. “Observation of Whipple Telescopes Aimed at Extending the EGRET Catalog to Higher Energies,” with Trevor Weekes, from October 10, 1994 to September 30, 1995. Alastair Rodgers, Visiting Student, University of Leeds. “Methods of Detection of Gamma-Rays Using Stereo Sys- tems,” with Trevor Weekes, from January 29, 1995 to April 28, 1995. Juan Ramon Sanmartin, Visiting Scientist, University Politecnica de Madrid. “Theoretical Research on the Prob- lems Related to Propagation of Plasma Waves in the Iono- sphere and Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide,” with Robert Estes, from July 21, 1995 to September 2, 1995. Uros Seljak, CfA Postdoctoral Fellow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Light Propagation in a Weakly Perturbed Expanding Universe,” with Alastair G.W. Comeron, from July 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996. Anthony Starace, Visiting Scientist, University of Nebraska. “Electron-Atom Scattering Effects on Laser Detachment of H- ina Sratic Electric Field,” with Eric Heller, from Au- gust 28, 1995 to January 2, 1996. Darian Stibbe, Visiting Student, University College, London. “Quantum Mechanical Solution to the Problem of (Large Amplitude) Nuclear Motion in Molecules and the Collision of Electrons (Positrons) With Molecules,” with Eric Heller, from September 15, 1995 to June 15, 1996. Jonathan Tennyson, Visiting Scientist, University College, London. “Quantum Mechanical Solution to the Problem of (Large Amplitude) Nuclear Motion in Molecules and Colli- sion of Electrons (Positrons) with Molecules,” with Eric Heller, from September 15, 1995 to June 15, 1996. Jathindas Tharamel, Visiting Scientist, University of New Hampshire. “Relaxation Process of Nonequilibrium Sys- tems,” with Alexander Dalgarno, from January I, 1995 to October 31, 1995. Anne Thorne, Visiting Scientist, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, England. “Measuring the Abso- Ii2 luce Absorption Cross Sections of O,S-R Bands with V’ 12 by using the VUV-FT Spectrometner with Synchrotron Source at the Photon Factory, Japan,” with Koshino Yoshino, from March I, 1995 to March 31, 1995. Eddy Timmermans, Postdoctoral Fellow, Rice University. “Spin Holography and Quantum Statistical Effects in Reso- nant Photon Scattering,” with Eric Heller, from September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Ching-Hua Tseng, Visiting Scientist, Harvard University. “In- vestigations of a New Biomedical Diagnostic Technique: The Inhalation and Magnetic Resonance (MR) of Laser- Polarized’*?XE (Xenon) Gas,” with Ronald Walsworth, from June I, 1995 to October 31, 1995. Petri Vaisanen, Predoctoral Fellowship, Helsinki University. “Observational Cosmology in the Infrared, Doing Number Count Modelling,” with Giovanni Fazio, from August 15, 1995 to August 14, 1996. Carl Williams, Visiting Scientist, National Institute of Stan- dards and Technology. “Problems With Ultracold Atomic Collisions,” with Eric Heller, from February 1, 1995 to May 13, 1995. Jennifer Wiseman, Visiting Scientist, Harvard University. “Study of Staf Forming Molecular Clouds,” with Pual Ho, from June I, 1995 to August 31, 1995. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Anastazia Banaszak, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Cali- fornia, Santa Barbara. “UV Photobiology of Phytoplankton in the Rhode River, Chesapeake Bay,” with Patrick Neale, from September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Damian Barrett, Mellon Visiting Scientist, CSIRO Division of Plant Industry. “The Effects of Rising Atmospherici CO, and Climate Change,” with Bert Drake, from May 1, 1995 to October 31, 1995. Paul Bushmann, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Boston University. “Chemical Urine Signals, Vision, and Current Generation in the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus,” with Anson Hines, from July 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996. Kelton Clark, SI Graduate Fellow, University of Maryland, College Park. “The Response of Prey to Variability in Pred- ator Guild Composition and Refuge Habitat Value: An Ex- ample from the Chesapeake Bay,” with Anson Hines, from June 1, 1995 to August 31, 1995. Ilka Feller, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Georgetown University. “Effects of Light Levels, Gender, Mineral Nutrients, Ele- vated CO, on Herbivory in the Woody Deciduous Shrub, Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume (Lauraceae),” with James Lynch and Dennis Whigham, from August I, 1995 to July 31, 1996. Jennifer Gavin, Visiting Student, University of North Caro- lina. “Mating Display of Male Blue Crabs: Role of a Male Pheromone,” with Anson Hines, from June 12, 1995 to Au- gust 18, 1995. Roger Gifford, Mellon Senior Fellow, CSIRO Divisicn of Plant Industry, Australia. “The Effects of Rising Atmo- spheric CO, and Climate Change,” with Berk Drake, from February I, 1995 to January 31, 1997. Miguel Gonzalez-Meler, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Barcelona. “Regulation of Respiration by Athospheric CO, Concentration,” with Bert Drake, from June Is, 1995 to December 14, 1995. L. David Smith, University of Maryland, College Park, “Understanding Ballast-Mediated Invasions: The Effects of Transoceanic Transport and Prolonged Darkness on Plank- tonic Survival and Development,” with Gregory Ruiz, from November 1, 1994 to October 30, 1995. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Kenneth Caneva, Dibner Library Resident Scholar, University of North Carolina. “Orsted, Colding, and the Meanings of Force in Nineteenth Century Physics,” with Nancy Gwinn, from June I, 1995 to June 30, 1995. Bruce Janacek, Dinber Libaray Resident Scholar, University of California, Davis. “Redemption and Reformation: The Reli- gious Significance of Alchemy in Early Modern England,” with Nancy Gwinn, from September 12, 1995 to December 12, 1995. Helen Rozwadowski, University of Pennsylvania, “Fruits of the Sea: The Literary Products of Nineteenth-Century Ocean Travel,” with Ellen Wells, from February 1, 1995 to April 30, 1995. Steven Walton, University of Toronto, “Engineering the Body: Mechanical Beings 1600-1900,” with Ellen Wells, from May Is, 1995 to August 15, 1995. Smithsonian Tropical Research Center Mitchell Allen, Visiting Student, University of Kansas. “Photosynthesis and Whole Plant Performance in the Understory at Barro Colorado Island,” with S. Joseph Wright and Robert Pearcy, from July 1, 1995 to March 31, 1997. Nigel Asquith, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Duke University. “Abi- otic and Biotic Control of Tree Regeneration: An Experi- mental Comparison of Sites Around Gatun Lake, Panama,” with S. Joseph Wright, from February 1, 1996 to January 31, 1997. Henrik Balslev, Senior Mellon Fellow, Aarhus University, Denmark. “Study of the Structure and Evolution of Terres- trial Ecosystems,” with Robin Foster, from March 1, 1995 to February 28, 1997. Heidi Banford, SI Graduate Fellow, College of William and Mary. “Historical Zoogeography of Scomberomorus (Teleostei: Scombridae) From the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific: A Mo- lecular Approach,” with Eldredge Bermingham, from Sep- tember 1, 1995 to November 9, 1995. Mairi Best, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Chicago. “Tapho- nomy of Tropical Molluscan Assemblages: Comparative of Car- bonate and Siliciclastic Marine Environments of the San Blas Archipelago Caribbean Coast of Panama,” with Jeremy Jack- son, from September 1, 1995 to November 30, 1995. Hans Bohnert, Mellon Senior Fellow, University of Arizona. “Metabolic Pathways for Assimilation of Carbon Dioxide in Vascular Plants,” with Klaus Winter, from March 1, 1995 to February 28, 1997. David Chalcraft, SI Graduate Fellow, Virginia Polytechnic In- stitute. “Predation on Lizard Eggs by Ants: Interaction Modifications in an Unstable Physical Environment,” with A. Stanley Rand and S. Joseph Wright, from June 1, 1995 to August 9, 1995. Neil Davies, Short Term Fellow, University College, London. “Islands: Phylogenetic Sinks or Engines of Evolution,” with Eldredge Bermingham, from November 1, 1994 to January 31, 1995. Pedro Gonzalez, National Institute of Health, “Analysis of the Molecular Divergence in the Sea Urchin Geminate Spe- cies in Both Sides of the Panama Isthmus,” with Harilaos Lessios, from January 6, 1995 to January 6, 1996. Ralph Kaemmerer, Mellon Visiting Scientist, Freie Uni- versitat, Berlin. “Metabolic Pathways for Assimilation of Carbon Dioxide in Vascular Plants,” with Klaus Winter and Hans Bohnert, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1997. Roland Kays, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Tennessee. “Ecological Influences of Social Structure: A Study of Two Primate-Like Carnivores,” with Egbert Leigh and A. Stan- ley Rand, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Kaoru Kitajima, Visiting Scientist, University of Minnesota. “Comparative Ecology of Tree Canopies in a Tropical Dry Forest Near Panama,” with Joseph Wright, from January 1, 1995 to August 31, 1995. Deborah Olander, SI Graduate Fellow, University of Missouri, St. Louis. “Late Second Growth Forest Light Environments: Implications for Forest Regeneration,” with S. Joseph Wright, from June 10, 1995 to August 19, 1995. John Pandolfi, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Davis. “A Comparative Analysis of Stability in Pleistocene Reef Coral Assemblages for the Caribbean and the Indo-Pa- cific,” with Jeremy Jackson and Anthony Coates, from Oc- tober I, 1994 to September 30, 1997. Carla Penz, Short Term Fellow, University of Texas. “Phyloge- netic Relationships among He/iconitt: genera (Lep: Nymph- alidae),” with Eldredge Bermingham, from November 1, 1994 to January 31, 1995. 113 Stephen Rehner, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. “Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Attine Fungi and Neotropical Lepiotaceae,” with Eldredge Bermingham, from September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996. Kayra Romoleroux, Visiting Scientist, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador. “Structure and Evolution of Terres- trial Ecosystems,” with Robin Foster and Henrik Balslev, from June 1, 1995 to May 31, 1997. Gerald Urquhart, Short Term Fellow, University of Michigan. “Paleoecological Investigation of Patterns of Disturbance and Regeneration in Hurricane and Fire-Damaged Tropical Swamp Forests,” with Paul Colinvaux, from February 1, 1995 to April 30, 1995. Fernando Vallardares, Mellon Visiting Scientist, University of California, Davis. “Photosynthesis and Whole Plant Performance in the Understory at Barro Calorado Is- land,” with S. Joseph Wright, from April 20, 1995 to March 31, 1996. Jeanne Zeh, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Rice University. “Female Promiscuity Meets Genomic Anarchy in the Hybrid Zone,” with Eldredge Bermingham, from June 1, 1995 to August 31, 1995. Internships and Other Appointments The Smithsonian offers internships and other special ap- pointments to undergraduate and graduate students and to museum professionals. The interns included here began their appointments in fiscal year 1995. Those who received special awards or participated in special pro- grams are so listed. Wherever possible the home institu- tion, a brief description of the project undertaken at the Smithsonian, and the dates of service are given. Anacostia Museum Michelle Black Smith, Masters Candidate, Fashion Institute of Technology. Education. Exhibition and educational pro- gramming at both the Anacostia and Motown Historical Museums as a participant in the Museum Intern Partner- ship Program. October 3, 1994 through April 15, 1995. Raymond Doswell, Masters Candidate, University of Califor- nia, Riverside. Working on the Black Mosaic exhibit. Janu- ary 9, 1995 through March 17, 1995. Marisa Keselica, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. An- acostia Museum History Office “Speak to my heart” ex- hibit examining African-American religious experience 114 especially ourside the mainstream protestant church. Sep- tember 6, 1995 through December 22, 1995. Deidre R. Lee, Bachelors Candidate, University of Virginia. Public Programs. Working on a traveling exhibit/video slide presentation to highlight important aspects of re- search/exhibits at the museum. Developing press releases for summer events. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Jose A. Ortiz, Masters Candidate, New York University. Pub- lic Programs. Evaluating five traveling exhibitions with conservator for future circulation. Automating/cataloging exhibition by developing historical archives and assisting in audience development for Latino population. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Archives of American Art Titus Agee, Bachelors Candidate, Rollins College. Prelimi- nary manuscript and archival processing and arrangement. October 4, 1994 through December 23, 1994. Genevieve Bensinger, Bachelors degree, Georgetown Univer- sity. Archives of American Art. Research and Writing to prepare guides to the collections in the Archives. August 30, 1995 through December 30, 1995. Kaira M. Cabanas, Bachelors Candidate, Duke University. Re- search and writing to prepare guides to the collections in the Archives. Working on a reference guide to the collec- tions of Latino artists at the Archives of American Art. This will facilitate research on further study of Latino artists. May 22, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Jennifer E. Ciszewski, Bachelors Degree, University of Con- necticut. Research and writing to prepare guides to the col- lections in the Archives. October 3, 1994 through December 25, 1994. Heather Hole, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Curato- rial. Research and writing to prepare guides to the collec- tions in the Archives. June 5, 1995 through September 1, 1995. Lars D. Kokkonen, Bachelors degree, Boston University. Ar- chives of American Art. Research and writing to prepare guides to the collections in the Archives. September 5, 1995 through December 23, 1995. Lisa Lynch, Bachelors Degree, University of Oregon. Prelimi- nary manuscript and archival processing and arrangement. June 5, 1995 through September 8, 1995. Victoria McCulloch, Bachelors Degree, University of Central Lancashire. Research and writing to prepare guides to the collections in the Archives. January 5, 1995 through May 30, 1995. Jennifer Anne Sarzynski, Bachelors Candidate, Jakeaud Uni- versity. Research and writing to prepare guides to the col- lections in the Archives. May 8, 1995 through August 31, 1995- Ashli White, Bachelors Degree, University of Virginia. Re- search and writing to prepare guides to the collections in the Archives. January 5, 1995 through May 30, 1995. Laurel A. Williams, Bachelors Degree, Wesleyan University. Research and writing to prepare guides to the collections in the Archives. July 5, 1995 through August I, 1995. Archives of American Art/New England Mary Ellen Sciortino, Masters Candidate, Sinnins College. Ar- chives of American Art, Boston. Processing papers of Peter Blume. October I, 1994. Arthur M. Sackler/Freer Gallery of Art Kathy Byun, Bachelors Degree, Skidmore College. Conserva- tion science, generating a library of infrared spectra of un- organic materials to be used for reference to materials taken from works of art. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Jacqueline Curro, Masters Candidate, University of Maryland. Library/Archives. Assist in review, update, and revision of various forms created and used in the archives and review of records policies. February 2, 1995 through May 3, 1995. Mitchell Douglass, Bachelors Candidate, Oberlin College. Cu- ratorial. Research Chinese furniture styles. January 3, 1995 through February I, 1995. Konrad Fiedler, Bachelors Candidate, Columbia College. Edu- cation Department. Arrange and preserve the early expedi- tion records and professional papers of Carl Whiting Bishop, an associate curator at the Freer Gallery of Art from 1922 to 1942. July 5, 1995 through August I8, 1995. Erica Henry, Bachelors Degree. Conservation. Paper conserva- tion: rehousing, surveys, mending. September 25, 1995 through September 25, 1996. Laura Lewis, Masters Candidate, George Washington Univer- sity. Education. Modifications of the Yani Teacher Packet. January 17, 1995 through April 27, 1995. Anne Marteyn, Masters Degree, Sorbonne University. Conser- vation. Study the philosophy and techniques of conserva- tion of Asian works of art. December 1, 1994 through March 1, 1995. Susan McCaffrey, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington University. Photography. Assist in photo lab shooting, printing and filing photos of art objects. May 12, 1995 through September 30, 1995. Susan McCullough, Masters Candidate, Indiana University. Curatorial. Working on exhibit of Whistler. January 23, 1995 through May 15, 1995. J. Melissa Miller, Bachelors degree. Registrar's Office. Preser- vation and Access Project: Freer Gallery of Art Study Col- lection. August 23, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Chris Murphy, High School Graduate. Photography division. Photo lab intern; Filing, Printing, Assisting etc. August 1, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Laura Phang, Bachelors Candidate, Amherst College. Curato- rial. Updating and maintaining files on Whistler works on paper. Independent project involves exploring Whistler's connection to Asian art. June 5, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Jacob Preminda, Doctorate, University of California-Los An- geles. Curatorial. Assisting with the development of the ex- hibition of “Puja: Personal Devotion in India.” October 3, 1994 through January 3, 1995. Farhad Sepambodi, Bachelors Candidate. Design. Various de- sign work throughout the museum. March 13, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Laura Sonjara, Bachelors Degree, University of Wisconsin. Conservation. Translate Chinese materials and study Asian painting conservation techniques. December 5, 1994 through December 5, 1995. Helen E. Spande, Bachelors Degree, Williams College. Con- servation Lab. Paper lab conservation assistant. July 1o, 1995 through September 10, 1995. Deborah Stein, Bachelors Candidate, Barnard College. Curato- rial. Research on the permanent collection. Reorganization of South Asian art for the reopening of the gallery in the new space. Shadowing the curator of South Asian art. May 22, 1995 through August I, 1995. Alexandra Tunstall, Bachelors Candidate, Oberlin College. Chinese Art. Research assistant to Chinese Arc Curator. July 24, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Center for African American History and Culture Rachel Jean-Baptiste, Bachelors Degree, Bryn Mawr College. Les Anneaux de Memoire - co exhibit between museum in Nantes, France and several African American museums in the US on the slave trade between France and Africa in the 18th century. May 16, 1995 through July 21, 1995. Rodney Reynolds, Bachelors Degree, Howard University. Working with curatorial and education staff to organize and implement educational programs and work with cura- torial and education staff to organize and implement educa- tional programs and packets for exhibits. October 3, 1994 through April 15, 1995. II5 Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Sam Ankerson, Bachelors Degree, Yale University. Assisting and marketing of folkways materials. June 9, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Beth Binkley, Bachelors degree, Guilfurd College. The intern will be working on the upcoming Folklife festival which in- cludes 150 years of Smithsonian workers. Continuing work of previous interns and compiling information on histori- cal/current Smithsonian workers as well as the Smithsonian as a museum and research institution. September 9, 1995 through March 31, 1996. Dani Brune, Bachelors Candidate, Dartmouth College. I will be doing preliminary research for one topic of next year’s Folklife Festival. My research will focus on Smithsonian workers for the past 150 years. June 19, 1995 through Au- ZUST 30, 1995. Alexa Jane Burcroff, Bachelors Candidate, Rochester Institute of Technology. Assisting with the folklife festival. June 5, 1995 through July 14, 1995. Christine E. Dee, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington University. Preparation and production work on the Cape Verde project, which will be a part of the 1995 Festival of American Folklife. November 14, 1994 through July 31, 1995. Ann Marie Denninger, Bachelors Degree, James Madison Uni- versity. Assisting in the creation of a membership drive packet and assembling information for a catalogue display- ing work of artisans countrywide. January 9, 1995 through February 28, 1995. Vladimir Donskoi, Bachelors Degree. Work with 1995 Festival of American Folklife Russian pro- gram.May 17, 1995 through July 3, 1995. Mary Faial, Bachelors Candidate, Howard University. Re- search, mailing, calling involved members of the Cape Ver- dian Community. February 6, 1995 through June 1, 1995. Dana Frye, Masters Candidate, The American University. In- tern will put together a video and/or radio piece for the dis- semination of information on the “Culture and Development" program concentrating on sustainable agri- culture. July 6, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Catherine Hardman, Bachelors Candidate, George Mason Uni- versity. Editing, filing. Research for ongoing project regard- ing the 1950s. Musical focus on Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, and rockabilly music. January 27, 1995 through Au- Sust 3, 1995. C. Mark Hill, Bachelors Candidate, Duke University. Festival of American Folklife Cape Verde program. June 14, 1995 through February 1996. Anne M. Hobbs, Bachelors Degree, Salisbury State Univer- sity. Assisting with participant coordination of 1995 Fes- tival of American Folklife. June 6, 1995 through July 6, 1995. 116 Sandi Horowitz, High School Student, Hillsboro High School. Czech republic for the American Folklife Festival. June 19, 1995 through July 4, 1995. Robert Hsiung, Bachelors Candidate, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Folklife and Culture. Assisting with the History of American folklife and culture. December 19, 1994 through January 10, 1995. Kristen Jackson, Bachelors Degree, Lewis and Clark College. African immigrants folklife study project to be included in the 1995 Festival of American Folklife. November 28, 1994 through June 30, 1995. Shawn Kline, Bachelors Degree, Indiana University of Penn- sylvania. Folkways Recordings. Constituent research, devel- oping project specific databases and coordinating media kits. December 12, 1994 through December 12, 1995. Katie Knoll, Bachelors Degree. Working on friends of the fes- tival program, organization of folklife festival. June 12, 1995 through August I8, 1995. Peter Kornberg, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington University. 1995 Festival of American Folklife: Design pro- duction. May 2, 1995 through July 19, 1995. Suzanne Lettrick, Masters candidate, College of St. Rose. Edu- cation. Working on educational packets which promote knowledge of other cultures (i.e. Bahamian, Native Ameri- can, etc) Also working on folklorist updates and commu- nity scholar survey results. August 7, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Su-Lian Li, Masters Candidate, The American University. In- ventory and catalogue crafts, identifying Asian American crafts, working with archives and assisting with the Festival’ Russian music program. January 23, 1995 through April 21, 1995. Liza K. Lopez, Bachelors Candidate, New Mexico State Uni- versity. Video documentary on Latin American/Caribbean components of last year’s Folklife Festival. June 5, 1995 through August I, 1995. Elena Martinez, Masters Candidate, University of Oregon. Work on exhibit at Festival of America’s craft traditions; as- sisting with production of the catalogue; working with demonstrators. June 12, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Mary Ellen McDermott, Masters Candidate, George Washing- ton University. Craft traditions. May 15, 1995 through July 10, 1995. Emily C. McDonald, Bachelors Candidate, University of North Carolina. Organization of the Czech Republic por- tion of the Festival of American Folklife, especially food ways. May 21, 1995 through June 23, 1995. Jenna A. Moniz, Bachelors Candidate, Howard University. Helping coordinate and put together Folklife Festival. Jan- uary 23, 1995 through July 31, 1995. Ann M. Ochsendorf, Bachelors Candidate, Wellesley College. Assisting with the folklife festival. June 5, 1995 through Au- gust IO, 1995. Tracy Patterson, Bachelors Degree, Clark Atlanta University. African Immigrant Folklife. Assisting with various aspects of production leading to the Festival of American Folklife and conducting field interview with community scholars and artists to be archived and analyzed for the office. June 5, 1995 through August I8, 1995. Sarah Padilla, Bachelors Candidate, College of William and Mary. Festival of American Folklife. Working on the Cape Verdean exhibit. June 12, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Rebecca D. Peters, Bachelors Candidate, Yale University. Czech program for the American Folklife Festival. May 15, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Emily Quirk, Bachelors candidate, The American University. Bibliography for Richard Kurin, the director of the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, regarding the folklife festival regarding forthcoming festivals. September Il, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Melanie Robinson, Bachelors Candidate, University of Penn- sylvania. Assisting with the Folklife festival. May 15, 1995 through July 31, 1995. Marcela Rossello, Bachelors Degree. Assisting with the cul- tural development video project. February 21, 1995 through April 30, 1995. Joshua J. Shaw, Bachelors Candidate, Bard College. Archives. Archival work involving research and cataloging of oral tra- ditions. October 24, 1994 through December 24, 1994. Edward Sterret, High School Student, Chevy Chase High School. Working with folkways record on the musical ar- chives. March 2, 1995 through June 3, 1995. Anne E. Thomas, Bachelors Candidate, College of William and Mary. Folkways. Folkways recording and the archives; observing the production of folkways recordings and treat- ment of ethnomusicological issues in this context. May 22, 1995 through August 9, 1995. Lynn M. Tuttle, Masters Degree, The Johns Hopkins Univer- sity. Folkways Archives. Cataloging the original tapes of Frederick Ramsey's fieldwork in the South in the 1950's and collating the results of a survey directed toward educators who use Smithsonian curriculum materials. January Io, 1995 through July 1, 1995. Elena Williams, Bachelors Candidate, University of Arizona. Working on completion of Borders and Identity Educa- tional Kit and planning for Talleres de la Frontera. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Kelli E. Woodrow, Bachelors Candidate, University of Michi- gan. Video. Documentation of the Folklife Festival. Meet with program curators and set up a filming schedule and fa- cilitate in the training of the festival video and volunteers. May 22, 1995 through July 12, 1995. Center for Museum Studies Anika Bachhuber, Bachelors Candidate, George Mason Uni- versity. Center for Museum Studies Intern Office. Coding intern evaluation forms and compiling report for future sur- veys and assessment of Center for Museum Studies Intern Services. July 3, 1995 through August HJ, 1995. Anika Bachhuber, Bachelors Candidate, George Mason Uni- versity. Cataloguing audio tapes of annual meetings of the American Association of Museums. Tapes of various “ex- pert” panelists on subjects concerning museums. August 25, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Don Edward Baylor Jr., Bachelors Degree. Provide courses and information that encourages cultural diversity. Helping dis- cover innovative ways to reach across cultural boundaries in learning. October 3, 1994 through December 9, 1994. Alexander A. Guzhalovsky, Doctorate Degree, Belarus State University. Study museum operations in the United States with special emphasis on design and education. Project work will result in development of a museum studies cur- riculum to be implemented at Belarusian State University. October 3, 1994 through April 1, 1995. Maria Eduarda Castro Marques, Masters Degree, Ponticicia Universidade catolica-R7. Researching methods of Develop- ment throughout the Smithsonian Institution. September 5, 1995 through November 5, 1995. Marissa Payton, Masters Candidate, Howard University. Re- search potential internship sites for the Museum Intern Partnership Program; assist in developing 1996 program; including planning conference to be held at The Smithson- ian Institution in fall 1995. June 19, 1995 through Septem- ber 1, 1995. Maria Venclova, Bachelors Candidate, Baldwin-Wallace Col- lege. Contacting prospective faculty participants, writing confirmation and thank you letters to participants, research- ing and compiling museum career info to be included in program resource books, plan program agenda, session plans. June 12, 1995 through July 31, 1995. K. Allison Wickens, Bachelors Degree, Grinnell College. American Indian Museum Studies. Compiling a directory of people who attend American Indian workshops and col- lecting information to use in future workshops. December 28, 1994 through February 24, 1995. Angela Wickham, Bachelors Degree. Grant research and as- sisting in the development of the 1995 Museum Leadership Seminar. February 5, 1995 through May 20, 1995. Conservation Analytical Laboratory Holly Anderson, Masters Candidate, Buffalo State College. Paper Conservation Laboratory. October 2, 1994 through September 2, 1995. Tania Collas, Masters Candidate, Buffalo State College. Ob- jects Conservation. Treatment and research of objects and field experience working at archaeological sites. October 17, 1994 through September 17, 1995. 117 Evin Erder, Masters Degree, University of Pennsylvania. Con- servation Analytical Lab. Development of an evaluation methodology for cleaning damage assessment. July 5, 1995 through September 11, 1995. Andrea S. Morris, Bachelors Degree, University of Delaware. Conservation. June 19, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum Joao Camacho Baptista de Meireles Felia, Bachelors Candi- date, Istituto Superiore Ind. Artistiche. Education. Assist- ing the curator with the organization of the Henry Dreyfuss exposition. July 1, 1995 through September 1, 1995. Stephanie K. Farrell, Masters Degree, Palmer School of Li- brary and Information Science. Library. Various projects to include working with Cooper-Hewitt Museum archives. June 12, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Ibena Spasova Georgieva, Bachelors Candidate. The American University in Bulgaria. Exhibitions. Researching and organ- izing two exhibitions for 1997. One is based on a collection in honor of a centennial and the other one is an outdoor project on solar power. June 12, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Nic Maffei, Masters Candidate, University of Delaware. Assisting the curator in organization of Henry Dreyfuss exhibit and publication. June 1, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Paul Makovsky, Masters Degree, University of Toronto. Researching the projects “Mixing Messages" and “The Avant-Garde Letterhead.” June 12, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Beth Mangini, Bachelors Candidate, Stanford University. Edu- cation. Summer Design Institute; cross currents series; in- tern visits; garden party coordinator and facilitator. June 12, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Rachael Eliza Smith, Bachelors Candidate, University of Penn- sylvania. Public Information. Assisting Public Information specialist in all duties including mailing list project, build- ing renovation dissemination project, services to the nation. June 12,1995 through August I8, 1995. Chaim Stadtmauer, Bachelors Degree. Membership and Special Events. Preparing a report on current member- ship packages from local institutions and comparing them to the Cooper-Hewitt. June 16, 1995 through Au- gust 18, 1995. Thorin R. Tritter, Bachelors Degree, Columbia University. Public Programs. Researching information for upcoming exhibition on the North American City. June 12, 1995 through August I8, 1995. 118 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Tobey Ballenger, Bachelors Degree, Dartmouth College. Edu- cation. Education intern at the HMSG, redesigning the do- cent training handbook, creating and giving tours, working with the family days team on Saturday program- ming. June 12, 1995 through August I8, 1995. Bridget Theresa Cecchini, Bachelors Candidate, Oglethorpe University. Education Department. Researching informa- uon for special exhibitions including Stephan Balkenhol, keeping Bruce Nauman information organized and current, organizing information on upcoming exhibits and public programs, and researching Barbara Hepworth. October 3, 1994 through December 16, 1994. Romy Lisa Cohen, Bachelors Degree, Duke University. Cura- torial. Assisting both the sculpture and painting curators with research as well as updating general information about some of the artists who are exhibited. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Jennifer King, Bachelors Candidate, Rice University. Publica- tions. Working with director of publications on museum catalogs, calendar of events and other various publication intended to facilitate communication becween the museum and the public. June 5, 1995 through August 1, 1995. Marni P. Kravitz, Bachelors Candidate, Georgetown Univer- sity. Education. Assisting in program development. Sep- tember 29, 1995 through December 20, 1995. Amy Louise Miller, Bachelors Candidate, Westminster Col- lege. Education. Researching artist Bruce Nauman, orienta- tion with of departments by following docent tours and attending lectures. February 3, 1995 through April 28, 1995. Todd E. Rosenbaum, Bachelors Candidate, Virginia Common- wealth University. Sculpture Conservation. June 5, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Marinda Jeanne Scott, Bachelors Candidate, George Washing- ton University. Curatorial. Assistant curatorial internship conducting research on up coming exhibitions for Spring 1995. October 6, 1994 through May 30, 1995. Julie Wolfe, Masters Candidate, Buffalo State College. Conser- vation. Outdoor sculpture maintenance program. June 5, 1995 through August 25, 1995. International Center Oscar Daniel Diaz Aguilar. International Project Develop- ment Group Perform research and develop possible projects in Paraguay. Assisting with marketing efforts for the IPDG and researching debt information for Paraguay. February 27, 1995 through May 31, 1995. Olga Ananina, Bachelors Candidate, Hope College. Interna- tonal Project Development Group. Researching and com- piling a document summarizing several Smithsonian projects relating to Russia. Researching and compiling a document summarizing several Smithsonian projects relating to Russia. Working with the Office of Development in securing funding sources for possible activities. Translation from Russian to En- glish. Light administrative assistance for the Director of the IPDG. Assisting with activities relating to the Gutana Work- ing Group. March 20, 1995 through April 27, 1995. Ione Anderson, Bachelors Degree, McGill University. Environ- mental. Producing a “family guide" for the Ocean Planet exhibition. May 22, 1995 through September 22, 1995. Paul Feldman, Bachelors Degree. Man and the Biosphere. Working on a user's guide to the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve Biodiversity Plot 02. October 3, 1994 through De- cember 13, 1994. Naina Mistry, Bachelors Degree, U.C. Berkeley. Environmen- tal Awareness. Working on materials related to the “Ocean Planc” exhibit at the Natural History Museum. May 8, 1995 through July 17, 1995. Sonal I. Pandya, Masters Candidate, University of Maryland. International Project Development Group. Researching and formulating proposals on various issues relating to the Guianas Ad Hoc Working Group, i.e. revenue generating alternatives to timber harvesting. Creating a list containing the debt information for various countries. Assisting with marketing efforts and possible design of A National Mu- seum of Natural History Training Brochure. February 6, 1995 through May 22, 1995. Sarah Piepmeier, Bachelors Candidate, Wellesley College. As- sistant to the staff coordinator, I5oth anniversary commu- nity committee. Producing camera ready copy of catalog for leading community activity-the great Smithsonian giveaway. This will help implement other 150th projects. June 5, 1995 through August 8, 1995. Anita Van Harten, Masters Candidate, George Washington University. Environmental Awareness Program. Assisting in development and implementation of public programs and educational materials in support of the “Ocean Planet” exhibition. January 17, 1995 through May 5, 1995. National Air and Space Museum Ellen Alvord, Masters Degree, William and Mary. Educa- tional Services. Research support in aviation, aerospace, en- vironmental education, and adult education. June 12, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Tyrin Heather T.C. Avery, Bachelors Candidate, Wellesley College. Space History. Research support to the develop- ment of an upcoming gallery on the history of Blacks in aviation. The gallery research will entail extensive oral his- tory interviewing, collection of personal items and back- ground research. June 5, 1995 through August 11, 1995. Joy Bowman, Bachelors Candidate, West Virginia University. Educational Services. Assisting the coordinator in manag- ing the internship program. Responsible for creating files on each student, scheduling tours and other activities relat- ing to the program. Developing careers program in avia- tion. May 30, 1995 through August II, 1995. Joy Bowman, Bachelors Candidate, West Virginia University. Education. Working on a project for the National Air and Space Museum Education department consisting of re- search into the aeronautical field. The research will be com- piled into a contest to be presented to DC high school students, to get them interested in air/space. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. David Burton, Bachelors Candidate, University of the District of Columbia. Preservation/Restoration. Restoring the “B- 29” aircraft. Working on control systems, hydraulic sys- tems, power plants, propellers, landing gears, instruments, and other aircraft or spacecraft parts, wooden and metal. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Joseph Cabutto, Bachelors Candidate, Embry-Riddle Aeronau- tical University. Preservation/Restoration. Restoring and preserving aircraft engines. Working on control systems, hydraulic systems, power plants, propellers, landing gears, instruments, and other aircraft or spacecraft parts, wooden and metal. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Juliana E. Carpenter, Bachelors Candidate, Wittenberg Uni- versity, Educational Services. Assisting program coordina- tor with the Summer Science Camp for approximately 120 children ages 9-12. The theme of the camp will be “Envi- ronment and You—Perfect Together." June 12, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Marcelo Catalan, Bachelors Candidate, Embry-Riddle Aero- nautical University. Preservation/Restoration. Restoring the “Hawker Hurricane,” aircraft. Working on control sys- tems, hydraulic systems, powerplants, propellers, landing gears, instruments, and other aircraft or spacecraft parts, wooden and metal. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. David Cremer, Bachelors Candidate, Gateway Technical Col- lege. Exhibits Production. Advanced techniques of Agfa Copy Camera, which includes producing film positive, paper copy, line art and text labels. Intern will learn about mixing of ink color, color separation, and silkscreen tech- nique. June 5, 1995 through August Il, 1995. Sarah Evans, Bachelors Degree. Archives. Assisting in the preparation plan for the U.S. Air Force Pre-1943 still photo- graphic collection, Phase II. This phase will consist of color images which appear in prints, slides and film. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Katherine Finch, Bachelors Candidate, Trinity College. Multi- cultural Outreach. Work on creating a video library from all public programs. Library will include research of biographical information, current address, phone number and a brief de- scription of each lecture. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Kevin Govier, Bachelors Candidate, Prince George’s Commu- nity College. Assisting in preserving and restoring a World 119 War II artifact, involving learning skills regarding corro- sion control and how to disassemble and reassemble the ar- tuifact upon completion of the treatment. November 21, 1994 through January 23, 1995. Samuel Hicks, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington University. Computer Services. Assisting in configuring and installing personal computer hardware and software, including necwork hardware. In addition, student will assist personal computer users to solve hardware and software problems. June 12, 1995 through August 11, 1995. Timothy Howard, Bachelors Candidate, Parks College of St. Louis. Restoration/Preservation. Working on the cowlings of the B-29 which entails a complete break- down of the engine cowlings followed by a thorough cleaning and then re-assembling them. Cowlings will be attached to powerplants. January 23, 1995 through March 31, 1995. Peter KeKe, Bachelors Candidate, Bowie State University. Ed- ucation/Exhibits. Developing, constructing and evaluating interactive devices for the “How Things Fly” gallery, which will open in 1996. The majority of the prototypes will be electro-mechanically operated. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Angie Kelic, Bachelors Candidate, University of Michigan. Preservation/Restoration. Restoring the"B-29" aircraft. Working on control systems, hydraulic systems, power plants, propellers, landing gears, instruments, and other air- craft or spacecraft parts, wooden and metal. June 5, 1995 through August I, 1995. Ronald Kurpiers, Masters Candidate, Catholic University. Ed- ucation/Library. Creating bibliographies on topics that re- late to the museum's collections and exhibits. Creating an index to the Scrapbook of Early Aeronautical, which in- cludes materials dating from 1783-1840. June 5, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Stephan Lisimaque, Bachelors Candidate, Florida Tech. Preser- vation. Restoring the “Aichi Seiran" aircraft. Working on control systems, hydraulic systems, power plants, propel- lers, landing gears, instruments, and other aircraft or space- craft parts, wooden and metal. June 5, 1995 through August 11, 1995. Crystal G. Lovett, Bachelors Candidate, University of Illinois Urbana. Center for Earth and Planetary Studies. Analyzing and interpreting remote sensing characteristics of vegetated and non-vegetated sand accumulations in the eastern Mo- jave Desert of California. Working with Landsat and SPOT satellite data to discriminate sand features. June 5, 1995 through September 8, 1995. Erica Mestuzzi, Bachelors Candidate, New York University. Archives. Creating physical and intellectual control of in- coming archival collections. Rehousing and preparing ini- tial container lists for small collections and assisting with the technical manuals and drawings collections. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. 120 Heidi Oertle, Bachelors Candidate, Carleton College. Coop- erative Programs. Production of an Air and Space Com- pendium. A catalog of information on museums which participated in the Mutual Concerns of Air and Space Museum Seminars from 1988-92. Updating and expand- ing the compendium. June 12, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Jennifer Ohgi, Bachelors Candidate, Cal Tech. Education/ Exhibits. Developing, contructing and evaluating inter- active devices for the “How Things Fly” gallery which will open in 1996. The majority of the prototypes will be electro- mechanically operated. June 19, 1995 through August 11, 1995. Nagini Paravastu, Bachelors Candidate, University of Vir- ginia. Astrophysics. Work closely with the supervisor on in- frared spectra of galaxies taken at Palomar Observatory. Intern will address data reduction problems and assist in the interpretation of the data. May 30, 1995 through Au- Sust 4, 1995. Penelope Ramirez, Bachelors Candidate, Purdue Univer- sity. Aeronautics. Assisting the curator with the production of a pamphlet on women in aviation on exhibit. This guide will be used by tourists, media, and interested parties on the subject. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Mounir Regragui, Bachelors Candidate, University of the Dis- trict of Columbia. Education/Exhibits. Developing, con- structing and evaluating interactive devices for the “How Things Fly” gallery, which will open in 1996. The majority of prototypes will be electro-mechanically operated. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Christopher Sands, Bachelors Candidate, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Preservation/Restoration. Re- storing and preserving aircraft engines. Working on con- trol systems, hydraulic systems, power plants, propellers, landing gears, instruments, and other aircraft or spacecraft parts, wooden and metal. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Lolita Street, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington Uni- versity. Education/Exhibits. Developing, constructing and evaluating interactive devices for the “How Things Fly” gallery, which will open in 1996. The majority of proto- types will be electro-mechanically operated. June 5, 1995 through August HW, 1995. Erik Thogersen, Bachelors Degree, University of Wiscon- sin. Education. Student will work on designing, build- ing and testing electronic-mechanical devices for the “How Things Fly" gallery. January 30, 1995 through April 7, 1995. Lisa Young, Bachelors Degree, University of Wales, Car- diff. Education. Conservation intern with conservation unit. Participating in daily activities including active and preventive conservation, environmental monitoring and condition assessments. July 11, 1995 through September 2, 1995. National Museum of African Art Penelope J. Agodoa, Masters Candidate, University of Mary- land. Curatorial. Verification and location of published im- ages of Olouse of Ise towards the production of a catalogue. Project includes research of other artists working in the Ekiti area during the same period. June 1, 1995 through Au- gust II, 1995. Susanna Aulbach, Bachelors Degree, University of Texas. Cu- ratorial. Working on survey of the permanent collection in preparation for cataloging. Assisting curator in identifying incorrect attributions in collection and up date curatorial records and assisting in ongoing projects. January 9, 1995 through March 33, 1995. Andrea Bergmann, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington University. Curatorial. The intern will be engaged in li- brary research devoted to the first Portuguese navigators and traders who explored the coasts of West, Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa in the late 1400s and early 1500s. see form for rest. September 19, 1995 through No- vember 21, 1995. John R. Glavan, Bachelors Degree, Michigan State Univer- sity. Library of the National Museum of African Art. The intern will serve as research assistant to the Working Group on Terminology to research and document the usage, meaning and variants of terms relevant to African Art indexing and cataloging. September 18, 1995 through November 24, 1995. Holly Long, Bachelors Candidate, College of William and Mary. Conservation. Will be provided a pre-program experi- ence regarding the conservation of ethnographic art to in- clude environmental monitoring and control, preventative maintenance and conservation technique. June 19, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Helen Morgan, Bachelors Degree, Art Gallery and Mu- seum, Kelingrove. Registrar. Assist registrar with a physical inventory of the collections. This will include reconciling computer printouts of storage locations with exact locations of object in storage areas to include metal objects and textiles. March 4, 1995 through February 6, 1996. Pilar Quezzaire-Belle, Masters Candidate, Harvard University. Photo Archives. Research for an upcoming exhibit on raffia, a plant used in Africa for many objects, both practical and artistic. June 5, 1995 through July u1, 1995- Elizabeth Quinn, Bachelors Candidate, University of Wis- consin. Publications. Working with Public Affairs on updating the museum's media lists as well as being ex- posed to other public affairs department activities. Also assisting the Editor in the production of a wide range of museum materials. July 10, 1995 through September 22, 1995- National Museum of American Art Jane Carpenter, Masters Candidate, Howard University. Cura- torial Office. Update bibliography and exhibition history drafts for cornell catalogue raisonne in progress. Folk art and African American art related research tasks pertaining to permanent collection holdings in these areas NMAA Advanced Museum Training Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Angela Chang. Education. NMAA Advanced Museum Train- ing Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Ricardo Compean, Bachelors Candidate, Blackhawk College. Curatorial. Working with Curatorial office at the Museum of American Art. Translation and research on Latino Artists and Art work. July 5, 1995 through August 12, 1995. R. Leo Costello, The American University. Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Museum Training Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Erica Renee Davis, Bachelors Degree. Working in curatorial division with curators on their projects. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Alison Field, Bachelors degree. Intern Programs. NMAA Ad- vanced Museum Training Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Andrea Foster, Bachelors degree. Registrar's Office. NMAA Advanced Museum Training Program. Registrar/Curato- rial. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Timothy Gately, Bachelors Candidate, University of Mary- land. Assistance on all levels for upcoming museum publi- cations. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Kelly Gayden, Masters Candidate, The American University. Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Museum Training Pro- gram. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Shannon Holden, Bachelors Candidate, University of Texas at Austin. Work on curatorial publication and research on up- coming HL. Sayen exhibit. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Janice A. Homesky, Bachelors Degree, LCO Tribe. Curatorial. Curatorial research and exhibition design as a participant in the Museum Intern Partnership Program. October 3, 1994 through April Is, 1995. Lori Johnson, Masters Candidate, The American University. Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Museum Training Pro- gram. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Amy K. Jones. Assistance in various aspects of the NMAA registrar's office. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Danielle Kensey, Masters Candidate, The American University. Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Museum Training Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Timothy Laun, Bachelors Candidate, University of Wiscon- sin Stevens Point. Intern Programs. Re-installation of second floor of NMAA. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995- Hoojung Lee, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Registrar's Office. NMAA Advanced Training Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Lisa M. Lynch, Bachelors Degree, University of Oregon. Manuscript processing, editing oral history tapes. June 5, 1995 through September 8, 1995. Susan Nalezyty, The American University. Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Museum Training Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Hilary Nordholm, High School Senior, Potomac School. Reg- istrar. General overview of registrar's office. May 10, 1995 through June 6, 1995. Jessica Porter, Bachelors Candidate, University of Delaware. Research on Joseph Cornell collection. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Sarah Puckett, Masters Candidate, San Jose State University. Assist in conducting summer teacher workshops, develop- ment of photo festival in conjunction with up-coming exhi- bition. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Anne Samuel, Masters Degree. Curatorial Office. NMAA Ad- vanced Museum Training Program—Curatorial. September 8, 1995 through April 4, 1995. Jennifer A. Sarzynski, Bachelors Candidate, Oakland Univer- sity. Curatorial. “Diaries and Memoirs": writing, research- ing and preparing for publication. May 8, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Emily Shapiro, Bachelors Degree. Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Museum Training Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Jennifer Shell, Bachelors Candidate, Indiana University. Re- search on possible exhibition on Miriam Shapiro, abstract expressionist period. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Elisabeth Sherratt, Bachelors Degree, University of California, Los Angeles. Research on upcoming monotype exhibition. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Monica Sirimarco, Masters Degree. Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Museum Training Program, Curatorial and Edu- cation. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Amy Sloan, Bachelors Candidate, Auburn University. Assis- tance on all levels for upcoming museum publications. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Rachel Smith. Curatorial Office. NMAA Advanced Training Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996. Christina Tompkins, Masters Candidate, The American Uni- versity. Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Training Pro- gram. September 8, 1995 through August 28, 1996. Roxanna Ware, Bachelors Candidate, Salisbury State Univer- sity. Assist in work on all levels related to the NMAA per- manent database. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Laurel A. Williams, Bachelors Degree, Wesleyan Univer- sity. Archives of American Art. Will be cataloging and summarizing diaries and journal entries of American art- ists and those related to them, producing and publishing a guide to these diaries. July 5, 1995 through August I, 1995. 122 Erika Yowell, Bachelors Degree, College of William and Mary. Assistance on NMAA's directors circle and develop- ment of brochure. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995. National Museum of American History Jennifer Agresta, Bachelors Degree, Mount Holyoke College. Researching social science professors at Howard University in the 1930s. January 17, 1995 through May 26, 1995. Elizabeth Ann Albert, Doctorate. American Culture. Work on collections management at the National Museum of Ameri- can History. October 3, 1994 through March 31, 1995. Leah Angell, Bachelors Candidate, Yale University. Agricul- ture & Natural Resources. Research project and paper on botanical chemotheruputics and drug “pharming.” June 5, 1995 through August 30, 1995. Eric Aron, Bachelors Candidate, Clark University. Intern- ships/Fellowships. Coordinating Brown Bag Lunch series and editing “intern opportunities.” Also working on Red Hor and Blues exhibit. June 5, 1995 through August 30, 1995. Joan Axthelm, Bachelors Candidate. Internship and Fellow- ship, Assisting internship and fellowship coordinator by or- ganizing the Brown Bag Lunch series for spring interns and coordinating the recruitment and orientation of new in- terns. January 12, 1995 through June 2, 1995. Ann Marie Baldonado, Bachelors Degree, Haverford College. Archives. Surveying the Ethnic Imagery Project. January 19, 1995 through July 31, 1995. Rebecca J. Barnes, Bachelors Candidate, Taylor University. So- cial History. Researching domestic life in America, past and present. Learning about handling artifacts and putting together exhibits. September 18, 1995 through December 14, 1995. Amy Frances Bartow, Masters Candidate, George Washington University. Public Services. Work on the development and evaluation of a bilingual preschool guide for adult/child au- dience. January 17, 1995 through April 7, 1995. Michelle Bayes, Bachelors Candidate, American University. Public Services. Research museum education programs of the last five years and create an annotated bibliography. Jan- uary 26, 1995 through April 28, 1995. Robert J. Benjamin, Bachelors Candidate, Stanford Univer- sity. Public Services. Assisting in model making, architec- tural drawing, project organization and general tasks in the design division. January 30, 1995 through August I5, 1995. Kathleen Bergen, Bachelors Degree, Maryland Institute, Col- lege of Art. Program Planning and Design. Assisting the supervisor with the planning and designing of an exhibit ti- tled “on Time” to be on exhibit in the museum of Ameri- can History. August 28, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Daniel I. Berger, Bachelors Candidate, Bates College. Armed Forces. Preparing specimens for inventory and data entry. January 25, 1995 through April 28, 1995. Justin M. Bernthal, Bachelors Candidate, University of Puget Sound. Public Services. Bulletin board posters, rosters, an- nouncements, thank-you notes. Decide what is important for interns to learn about for the brown bag lunch series. June 1, 1995 through July 27, 1995. Anne Berry, Masters Candidate, George Washington Univer- sity. Community Life. Working on 1939-40 New York World's Fair Collection. October 24, 1994 through January 31, 1995. Damon T. Bethea, Bachelors Candidate, Allegheny College. Historical Resources. Ethnic imagery. Researching the view of ethnicity over the past 100 years in American advertise- ments, films and television. May 30, 1995 through August 2, 1995. Fran Biehl, Bachelors Degree, University of Colorado. Ameri- can Indian Program. Changing landbase and land-use on the Kiowa allotted land area. February 22, 1995 through April 11, 1995. Daniela Bleichmar, Bachelors Candidate, Harvard-Radcliffe University. Historical Resources. Researching Dr. George Washington Crile’s wax models of animal glands. June 19, 1995 through August 21, 1995. Matthew Block, Bachelors Candidate, American University. Special Events/Public Affairs. Begin arrangements for pro- jected symposium auction fund-raising event. Assisting with routine planning and paperwork for ongoing events. Attending events in order to assist with set-up and opera- tions. Assist in the Office of Public Affairs. August 31, 1995 through December 7, 1995. Samuel M. Bond, Masters Candidate, University of South Florida, Tampa. Public Programs. Planning and develop- ment of impending exhibit for Museum of American His- tory. June 5, 1995 through August 30, 1995. Kristin Bornholdt, Bachelors Degree. Numismatic Collec- tion. General collections management with various pro- jects, including some work with viking age coin collection. March 1, 1995 through May 31, 1995. Gary F. Bouthillette, Bachelors Candidate, Virginia Tech, Ar- chitectural History. Researching historic Washington buildings, architects, etc. February 14, 1995 through April 28, 1995. Debra J. Brennesholtz, Bachelors Candidate, Colorado State University. Exhibits. Working on projects related to graphic design, putting together foam models, drafting and working on the computer. January 27, 1995 through May I, 1995. Julie Anne Buck, Bachelors Candidate, Brigham Young Uni- versity. Cultural History. Compile, organize, and list divi- sional film stills. September 6, 1995 through December 13, 1995. Jodi L. Bunnell, Masters Candidate. Archives. Archival pro- cessing, subject guide preparation and outreach develop- ment of multimedia production. June 5, 1995 through Au- gust II, 1995. Tracy Bush, Bachelors Candidate, Union College. Community Life. March 27, 1995 through June 2, 1995. Sarah M. Cady, Bachelors Candidate, Trinity College. Medical Sciences. Research materials for spectacle collection and sev- eral book projects. September 12, 1994 through May 31, 1995. Ryan Carey, Bachelors Candidate, Dartmouth College. Politi- cal History. Researching for the Land of Promise exhibition with a focus on westward expansion. June 19, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Rhonda J. Carlson, Mc. Vernon. Social History. To assist in photographing designer clothing in costume’s collections and sort through and photocopy primary source articles for designer/manufacturer reference files. August 21, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Kristi Catanach, Bachelors Candidate, Santa Fe Community College. Historical Resources. Cataloguing the Hispanic collection. May 30, 1995 through June 27, 1995. Keith Champney, Bachelors Candidate, Boston University. Fellowship Office. Dissertation research assistant for “To Make a Nation: Politics and Patriotism, 1865-1918. January 24, 1995 through April 21, 1995. Kim Charlton, Bachelors Degree, Cornell University. Cultural History. Researching/setting up exhibit on sports in Amer- ica. April 5, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Christine Chen, High School Student, The Madeira School. Social and Cultural History. Assisting on the project Poetic License. February 22, 1995 through June 1, 1995. Kerry Christiano, Masters Candidate, The George Washing- ton University. Cultural History. Research and any other work assigned on the 1998 exhibition “Rock and Soul: So- cial Crossroads. May 22, 1995 through October 31, 1995. Estella M. Chung, Bachelors Degree, University of Michigan. Cultural History-Community Life Collection. Assistance with research for exhibit and brochure on Lander Design Collections of Packaging and Corporate Imagery. Septem- ber 5, 1995 through May 1, 1995. Heather Collins, Bachelors Candidate, Colgate University. Cultural History. Working on history of jazz project, help- ing put together CD Rom thar will teach people how to lis- ten to jazz, according to geography and historical period. June 19, 1995 through August 19, 1995. Dennis Comerford, Bachelors Candidate, George Mason Uni- versity. Public Service. The creation and production of the 1995-96 “Intern Opportunities” booklet. May 30, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Julie Conaway, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State Univer- sity. Commerce, Transportation and Work. Research paper on the development of the railroad. July 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Frances K. Cox, Bachelors Candidate, Duke University. Ar- chives. Research of antebellum literature. May 22, 1995 through August 12, 1995. Cathleen Cronin, Bachelors De- 123 gree, Occidental College. Social History. Project on depic- tions of women’s bodies in the 18th century by looking at portraits and interpreting. May 16, 1995 through July 31, 1995. Carrie M. Crowder, Bachelors Candidate, Mary Washington College. Armed Forces. Research and document the Division's photographic collections and develop a database. January 18, 1995 through April 15, 1995. Nadia E. Curry, High School Student, Duke Ellington School of the Arts. Program in African American Culture. Greens- boro Project, answering phone, filing, copying and other project related duties. February 6, 1995 through June 15, 1995. Kim Curry-Gardner, Masters Candidate, The George Wash- ington University. Social and Cultural History. Assisting with move of ethnic collection and assisting with accession- ing incoming collection of suffragette artifacts. October 3, 1994 through March 31, 1995. Mark P. Dantos, Bachelors Degree, Colby College. Cultural History. Research assistant on “Rock and Soul” exhibition. May 15, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Elisa Borchert Davies, Bachelors Candidate, Coe College. Of- fice of Interns and Fellows. Intern as Research Assistant to Meg Jacobs who is researching on mass consumption in the U.S. between the 1920s and the 1950s. September 18, 1995 through December 8, 1995. Monica Ann Degn, Bachelors Candidate, Brigham Young University. Office of Interns and Fellows. Assist intern coor- dinator with programming and placement of interns at American History. July 17, 1995 through December 15, 1995. Marjolein de Laat, Bachelors Degree, Hageschad. Medical Sci- ences. Research on 18th Century optical equipment. Janu- ary 9, 1995 through May Is, 1995. Margaret Dennis, Bachelors Degree, University of Colorado- Boulder. Community Life. Assist with accessioning, cata- loging, research and related collections management activities in the museum's Edward J. Orth World Fair Col- lections. October 3, 1994 through August 31, 1995. Elizabeth Dubrovsky, Masters Candidate, University of Rhode Island. Preservation Services. Work with storage and exhibi- tion projects. May 22, 1995 through June 23, 1995. Gina Dyson, Bachelors Candidate, Georgetown University. Ar- chives Center. Working on the Ethnic Imagery Project being developed in the Archives Center, specifically, Hispa- nic, Latino business materials. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Sarah Ellison, Bachelors Candidate, University of Virginia. Af- rican American Culture. Supporting existing programs and concept paper on francophoone African American Commu- nities in the New World. June 5, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Rodney Evans, High School Student, Duke Ellington School of the Arts. Program in African American Culture. Work- ing on Greensboro exhibit, answering telephones and work- 124 ing on other programs. February 6, 1995 through June I5, 1995. Amy Featherston, Bachelors Candidate, Baylor University. Exhib- its. Administrative assistant for America’s Smithsonian project team for the traveling exhibit celebrating the Smithsonian's 15oth anniversary. May 25, 1995 through July 26, 1995. Caleb O. Fey, Bachelors Candidate, Corcoran School of Art, Archives Center. Sorting and cataloging of the Skurlock stu- dio photograph collection. September 18, 1995 through De- cember 31, 1995. Laura K. Fleming, Doctoral Degree. Writing and editing. Writing and editing scripts for the “Land of Promise,” ex- hibit atc American History under the supervision of Diana Cohen. April 25, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Katherine Freed, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni- versity. Education. Diversifying docent staff. January 17, 1995 through May 1, 1995. Yuko Fukunaga, Masters Degree. Division of History and Technology. To work with curatorial development team on new exhibition, “On Time” with special attention focused on Japanese-American interactions. August I, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Tammy M. Furrow, Masters Degree, Villanova University. Commerce, Technology & Work. Assist in compiling an in- ventory of firearms and working with ordinance photo files. February 6, 1995 through March 31, 1995. Eleanor P. “Nonie” Gadsden, Bachelors Candidate, Yale Uni- versity. Historical Resources. Working on the symposium on the 75th anniversary of women’s suffrage. June 15, 1995 through August I5, 1995. Jay Garcia, Bachelors Degree. Archives. Working on the “Eth- nic imagery Project. October 11, 1994 through December 16, 1994. Jasmine Teal Getrauw, Junior High, St. Gabriel Junior High. Program in African American Culture. Office Assistant— filing, data entry, faxing and copying, answering phones, messenger (inside American History only) preparing mail- ings, organizing office message center and bulletin boards. July 5, 1995 through August 8, 1995. Ashley Shannon Gross, Bachelors Candidate, Knox College. Internships and Fellowships. Assistant intern and coordina- tor, editing, design and production of 1995-96 “Intern Op- portunities” with two other interns. June 12, 1995 through August 24, 1995. Rachel Hallett, Bachelors Candidate, Bennington College. In- ternship and Fellowship. Working with a fellow on the his- tory of Politics and patriotism. January 17, 1995 through February 24, 1995. Rhonda Hamilton, High School Student, Duke Ellington School of the Arts. Program in African American Culture. Working on Greensboro Project, answering phones, and conducting re- search. February 6, 1995 through June 15, 1995. Keith Haran, Bachelors Candidate, Providence College. 1soth Exhibition. Curatorial researcher, retrieving information for exhibitions. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Judic Hargitay, Bachelors Candidate, ELTE University-Buda- pest. Public and Private Life. Research on the media in America. February 13, 1995 through May Is, 1995. Chris Harrington, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor- nia, Los Angeles. Community Life/Cultural History. Assist- ing with project dealing with Cuban involvement in Spanish-American war. April 3, 1995 through June 7, 1995. David G. Harstad, Masters Candidate, Indiana University. Director's Office. Help to facilitate che museum's strategic planning. September 18, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Michael A. Haubert, Bachelors candidate, UC Santa Barbara. Office of Interns and Fellows. To assist Angela Lakwete with dissertation research by conducting searches at the U.S. Patent and Trademark office, do research and any pho- tocopy required, evaluate and compile data of case files at the Library of Congress law library, patent case files at the National Archives, city directories at American History and tracking down 19th century cotton gin manufacturers. September 19, 1995 through December I, 1995. Karen Heil. Publications. Working as a publication specialist and graphic designer. January 25, 1995 through December 31, 1995- Jen Michelle Hickes, Bachelors Degree, Washington & Lee University. Office of Historical Resources. History of Sports and exercise. September 5, 1995 through December 31, 1995- Kelly Hogan-Dames, Bachelors Degree, Purdue University. Conservation. Conservation and preservation of costumes. January 9, 1995 through March 9, 1995. Renee Susan Jackson, Masters Candidate, Virginia Tech. Pres- ervation Services. Restoration and conservation of textiles, specifically costumes. May 22, 1995 through July 23, 1995. George Jacob, Masters Degree, University of Toronto, Science and Technology. Visitor studies and exhibit development re- search; production process and an overview of related activi- ties at the Smithsonian. May 1, 1995 through July 20, 1995. Joshua Jacobstein, Bachelors Candidate, Washington Univer- sity. Assisting Oz Frankel researching westward expansion in the 1840s and the explorers’ encounter with the Native Americans. May 30, 1995 through August I, 1995. Peniel Joseph, Bachelors Degree. Program in African Ameri- can Culture. Design a conference for summer deadline with issues related to the so-called “underclass.” Conference will deal with the ways in which issues such as race, class, and gender affect the poor. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Becah Jubon, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni- versity. Public Service. To have exposure to the role of design in the context of conceptualization, development and detailed design of actual exhibitions with real-life criteria for decision making. June 13, 1995 through Sep- tember 22, 1995. Paula M. Kaczor. Bachelors Candidate. Boston College. Com- munity Life Researching political imagery and language in advertising. January 26, 1995 through April 28, 1995. Carolyn Karabaic, Bachelors Candidate. Intern and fellow of- fice. Intern offices assisting with orientations and program- ming. May 31, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Carol Elaine Keesling, Masters Candidate, Cambridge Univer- sity. American Indian Program. Assisting with projects. October 1, 1994 through April 11, 1995. Teri Beth Kestenbaum, Masters Degree, Cornell University. Science, Medicine and Society. Project assistant for Medi- cines: The Inside Story. January 17, 1995 through Novem- ber 24, 1995. Nadia Khatchadourian, Bachelors Candidate, McGill Univer- sity. Musical History. Assist with “Voices of First Nation Women’; radio broadcast special “Guitar: Art and Soul"; routine office work. May I5, 1995 through August Is, 1995. Michael Knighten, Bachelors Candidate, Louisiana State Uni- versity. Graphic Arc. Digitalize art, sort warehouse mate- rial. May 21, 1995 through August I, 1995. Julie Morgan Kraus, Bachelors Candidate, Mary Washington College. Community Life. Photo research for the “Wade in the Water” exhibition including looking at photos of 19th and 2oth century sacred music personalities and assisting with and ordering photos and getting permission for usage of artifacts. January 18, 1995 through April I5, 1995. Audrey E. Krause, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State Uni- versity. Archives Center. Conducting research on organiza- tions that created about 450 German and Austrian posters during World War I and writing brief histories of these or- ganizations. January 6, 1995 through March 15, 1995. Gordon Lanpher, Bachelors Candidate, Brown University. In- ternships and Fellowships. Researching Legislation of Patri- otism. October 4, 1994 through December 31, 1994. Alison E. Larmee, Bachelors Candidate, The American Uni- versity. Internship and Fellowship. Will assist with re- search towards dissertation. Tasks include visual research and traditional documentary research. January 23, 1995 through April 20, 1995. Siri Larsen, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State University. History Services. To research Selman Waksman’s discovery of streptomycin in the commercial development and appli- cation of the antibiotic. March 29, 1995 through June 2, 1995- Jim L. Lasser, Bachelors Candidate, University of Michigan. Military History. Working with the Jackson collection of European history uniforms/World War II American history uniforms exhibit. June 1, 1995 through August I, 1995. Rachel Ledford, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Divi- sion of Public and Private Life. Life in America in the 19th century, a land of contested promises. The exhibit is di- vided into five major sections - industrialization, African Americans, immigration, Native American removal or westward expansion. September 5, 1995 through December 25, 1995- Alfonzo Leon, Bachelors Candidate, University of Virginia. Planning. Help with the project “On Time”. Consists of constructing models, drafting plans and making measure- 12 nn ments of room spaces. May 22, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Julia Leonhard, Masters Candidate, Smith College. Political History. Research assistant for the 19th century “Land of Promise” exhibition, research about culturally diverse peo- ple in the U.S. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Meredith Levine, Bachelors Candidate, Indiana University. Ex- ternal Affairs. Research on individual and corporate level for funding for special events and development. June 27, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Stephen Liss, Bachelors Candidate, Vassar College. Public Ser- vices. The history of Afro-Caribbean music and the history of black colleges and universities in America. June 5, 1995 through August 12, 1995. Donald (Larry) Loew, Bachelors Degree, University of Louis- ville. Director's Office. Research donation records. March 13, 1995 through June 2, 1995. Ana-Maria Lopez, Bachelors Degree, College of William and Mary. Community Life. Inventory of Jesuit Missions in New Mexico 1767 list of objects of material culture includ- ing Spanish and English. November 10, 1994 through May 31, 1995. Timothy Lupin, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni- versity. Transportation. Archival and collections catalogue and research. June 6, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Sabine Manke, Bachelors Degree, Philipps University. Histori- cal Resources. Research on the development of the cosmetic industry during World War II with focus on lipstick. May 30, 1995 through August 17, 1995. Mikel Maron, Bachelors Candidate, University of California, Santa Cruz. Computers, Information and Society. HTML- ifying the CIS collection. June 26, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Ariane McCarthy, Masters Candidate, George Washington University. Administrative assistant with related strategic program and planning in director's office. May 30, 1995 through August 24, 1995. Kathryn McElveen, Bachelors Candidate, College of William and Mary. History Resources. Researching photos of banjos for a computer database. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Kathleen McLaughlin, Bachelors Degree, University of Dela- ware. Internship and Fellowship. Assisting intern coordina- tor by serving as orientation leader for perspective interns and those who are starting their internships. December 12, 1994 through May 31, 1995. Beverley J. McQuillan, Bachelors Degree, Washington Center UC Davis. Public Services. Will assist the exhibit designer in scaled drawings/models of research on architectural his- tory of the museum as need arises. March 29, 1995 through June 8, 1995. Jay D. Metz, Bachelors Degree, Bennington College. History of Science. Research to identify equipment used by research- ers in the field sciences (for example entomology, mammo- logy, icthyology, ornithology) during the period 1830-1930; 126 to be carried out using archival resources. January 3, 1995 through February 27, 1995. Aaron Micallef, Masters Candidate, George Mason University. Archives. Looking through collections for items pertinent to exhibit, entering onto database. March 6, 1995 through May 31, 1995. Jason Mittell, Masters Candidate, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Archives. Archiving film stock for industry on pa- rade. June I, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Peter Moen, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State College. American Festival. Acting as liaison for book project, find- ing artifacts to doa photo shoot for book project. January 6, 1995 through March 18, 1995. Matthew L. Moffett, Bachelors Candidate, James Madison University. Communication, Technology and Work. Re- search on American architecture. May 8, 1995 through Au- gust 15, 1995. Helen Morgan, Bachelors Degree. Collection Management Ser- vices. Experience in Smithsonian Institution’s Collection Management Practices. July 10, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Darenda Motley, Bachelors Candidate, University of Missis- sippi. Social History. Women in WWII clothing, research- ing in Library of Congress. May 16, 1995 through July 21, 1995. Mary Lynn Murphy, Masters Candidate, Hamilton College. Historical Resources. Review of exhibits in National Mu- seum of American History and isolating where religion ap- pears in the museum. Creating a list to be used by the public and museum personnel as a map of where religion can be found in the museum. June 5, 1995 through August 11, 1995. Paige Myers, Graduate Student, University of Alberta. Preser- vation Services. Conservation Techniques. July 10, 1995 through August I, 1995. Melissa C. Naulin, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Com- merce Technology and Work. research project related to the development of a new exhibition, “on time,” in the time- keeping hall of American History. September 5, 1995 through December 25, 1995. James Nelson, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State Univer- sity. goth Anniversary. Visual research 1soth anniversary ex- hibit. June 28, 1995 through August 21, 1995. Raney M. Nelson, Bachelors candidate, Portland State Univer- sity. Information, Technology and Society. Self-image of the american physicist with advent of post-modernity. Septem- ber 5, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Christopher C. Newbern, Bachelors Candidate, West Virginia University. Design group. Help with design work on the Land of Promise exhibit. May 22, 1995 through July 30, 1995. Susan O'Donnell, Bachelors Degree, Smith College. Archives Center. Princeton Posters Research. September 5, 1995 through December 25, 1995. Norma O'Mara, Bachelors Degree, Louisiana State University. Internships/Fellowships. Assist internship coordinator, ori- entation of incoming interns. May 12, 1995 through June 1, 1995. Sumiko Oshima, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor- nia, Davis. Textile/Costume Conservation. Collection Man- agement of Textiles, Storage and Exhibition with emphasis on flags and flat textiles. September 19, 1995 through De- cember I, 1995. Alison L. Oswald, Masters Candidate, State University of New York at Albany. Archives Center. Archival Processing. June 5, 1995 through August I5, 1995. Joanne Ottaviano, Bachelors Candidate, Bowdoin College. Ed- ucation. Research in the Library of Congress in housing in 1920s and 1930s. June 11, 1995 through August 20, 1995. Martha E. Overby, Bachelors Degree. History Services. Working with the “Go Forth and Serve” project on the conference, mu- seum, newsletter, and assisting in other programming activi- ues. February 1, 1995 through March 1, 1995. Nicholas Owers, Bachelors Candidate, Oxford University. To provide office assistance in the promotion of the museum programs and activities and providing routine office sup- port. January 17, 1995 through May 6, 1995. Jennifer Ozichowski, Bachelors Candidate, Catholic Univer- sity. Division of Science and Technology. Research for his- tory of timekeeping exhibit. May 22, 1995 through August 15, 1995. Mark H. Palmer, Masters Candidate. American Indian Pro- gram. Evolution of land use on the Kiowa Allotted land area in Southwestern Oklahoma. February 6, 1995 through April 11, 1995. Ryan Papir, Bachelors Candidate, University of Pennsylvania. Cultural History. Working on exhibit “Sport in American Life.” May 30, 1995 through August II, 1995. Amy Pass, Bachelors Degree, SUNY Geneseo. Information and Society. Assisting with routine museum activities, setup of new exhibition and museum demonstrations. Feb- Tuary 3, 1995 through May I, 1995. Sarah A. Patterson, Bachelors Candidate, Wellesley College. Historical Resources. Studying the architectural history of Washington, DC. May 30, 1995 through September 4, 1995. Marissa Payton, Masters Candidate, Howard University. Pro- gram in African American Culture. Researching African American Women’s history. November I5, 1994 through May 31, 1995. Anna Pegler-Gordon, Masters Degree, Brown University. De- partment of History and Technology. To work with curato- rial development team on new exhibition, “On Time”, with special attention focused on immigrant experiences with american time systems and disciplines. June 5, 1995 through September 1, 1995. Larissa Nicole Perkins, Bachelors Degree, Georgetown Col- lege. Community Life. Research and collections work for history of rock and soul music project. February 6, 1995 through April 28, 1995. Jennifer Ponza, Masters Candidate, Academy of Art. Ameri- can Music. Compiling interviews for a project encompass- ing women in jazz music, gathering photographs, histori- cal data and oral interviews with artists’ friends and family members. January 9, 1995 through March 17, 1995. Alison M. Poulsen, Bachelors Degree, George Washington University. Costume Division. Taking out of storage the de- signer costume collection and photographing it, replacing it in storage, working with collection and conservation de- partment. May 8, 1995 through July 31, 1995. Susan Priscott, Bachelors Candidate, American University. Ed- ucation. Earth Day project coordination and work on the explainer for the Hands-on Science Center. February 2, 1995 through April 29, 1995. Brendan Ravenhill, High School, Woodrow Wilson. Armed Forces History. To learn to handle historic Civil War Vir- ginia artifacts in preparation for their photography. June 26, 1995 through August II, 1995. Jodi Reborchick, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington University. Musical History. Researching and helping with Folklife Festival. February 3, 1995 through May 1, 1995. Alice Byrd Reed, Masters Candidate, George Mason Univer- sity. Domestic Life. Research on an upcoming exhibit about homes in America. January 17, 1995 through April 28, 1995. Priscilla A. Reinhardt, Masters Candidate, University of Rhode Island. Costume Conservation. Working ona rehousing project for the collection of ethnic costumes, as- sisting with dismantling and assembling forms and cos- tumes for exhibit, possibly will be involved with some aspect of First Ladies inaugural ball gowns. May 22, 1995 through June 22, 1995. Elena Lucia Rivellino, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Archives Center. Doing Research on American History Ar- chives collections for an Ethnic Imagery project about rep- resentations of people in commercial advertising. September 4, 1995 through December 20, 1995. Sara Romeyn, Doctorate Candidate, George Washington Uni- versity. Domestic Life. Researching for history of childhood exhibits title “Kidstuff.” January 17, 1995 through May 1, 1995. Kathryn R. Rosenberger, Bachelors Degree, George Washing - ton University. Social History. 75th anniversary of Women’s Suffrage “Visions of Equality: Past and Future” sympo- sium. May 15, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Zachary Schoening, Bachelors Candidate, Brown University. Electricity. Cataloging “Dial-a-joke” tapes. June 26, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Katie Scott-Childress, Masters Candidate, University of Mary- land. Archives. Archival processing, subject guide prepara- tion, outreach activities, development of multimedia products and oral and video documentation projects. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Jessica Silver, Masters Degree, University of Michigan. Ar- chives Center. The intern will work with manuscript collec- tions that document innovation and invention in the United States. The intern will participate in and be respon- 127 sible for a wide range of archival tasks relating to the col- lection to which she has been assigned. The intern will be expected to undertake research relating co the collec- tion and produce well written reports and documents as directed. July 10, 1995 through September 19, 1995. Peter Simon, Bachelors Degree, Jate University-Szeged. Ar- chives Center. Research on ethnic imagery in films. Febru- ary 13, 1995 through June 9, 1995. Pamela K. Snyder, Bachelors Degree, Union College. African- American History. Research assistant in African American History. May 8, 1995 through July 15, 1995. Puttra Som, Bachelors Candidate, Arizona State University. Automation Services. To develop, conduct and analyze a training survey of all American History staff. To develop a database of employee training information that can be assessed in a variety of ways. Prepare written analysis of the survey information. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Abbie N. Sprague, Bachelors Candidate, Bucknell University. Historical Resources. Assisting Dr. Marefat with research for a book on architecture she is writing. May 24, 1995 through August I5, 1995. Susan Stark, Bachelors Candidate, Wake Forest University. Of- fice of Interns and Fellows. Research Assistant to Laura Ed- wards in the area of 19th century American society. June 7, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Siani N. Steen, Bachelors Candidate, Lewis and Clark College. Fellows Office. Filing photos, researching medical and den- tal history in the U.S., short write ups. September 25, 1995 through December 14, 1995. Jonathan B. Streff, Bachelors Candidate, Gettysburg College. Cultural History. Research connected to future exhibit on New Orleans jazz. May 15, 1995 through August 13, 1995. Julia Surak, Art Institute of Chicago. Exhibic Design. Assist with the “Land of Promise” exhibit. October 3, 1994 through December 31, 1994. Joanne R. Tashiro, Bachelors Degree, University of California, San Diego. Archives. Ethnic Imagery Project development in Archives center. Involved in production of fund raising packet for project. Ethnic Imagery Working Group and in- volved in exhibit and development planning. May 26, 1995 through September Jo, 1995. Dan Trachtman, Bachelors Candidate, Washington Univer- sity. Information and Technology. Designed World Wide Web page for photo history and numismatics. June 28, 1995 through August 20, 1995. Katherine E. Turner, Bachelors Candidate, Colgate University. Armed Forces. Working with the National Collections of antique weapons, inventorying them into a database and helping with cleaning them. June 5, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Myra L. Valdez, Bachelors Candidate, American University. Numismatics. Performing various tasks in the department of numismatics based on persons in charge of the specific projects. February 9, 1995 through May 31, 1995. 128 Sandor Vegh, Bachelors Candidate, L. Kossuth University. Culcural History. Research on consumerism in 20th- century America. February 13, 1995 through May Is, 1995. Reid Veto, Bachelors Candidate, Dartmouth College. Office of Interns and Fellows. Photos for Intern Opportunities Publication. July 3, 1995 through September 1, 1995. Ashley W. Vietor, Bachelors Degree, St. Johns College. Public Programs. Research for Oz Frankel's project “The Politics, Culture and Rituals of Public Investigations in 19th Cen- tury America.” Focusing research on abolitionist literature and the Civil War US Sanitary Commission. May 1, 1995 through August Io, 1995. Elizabeth Voyatzis, Bachelors Degree, University of Virginia. Cultural History. Working with musical history collec- tions, doing various collections management duties. Janu- ary 3, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Sharon R. Vriend, Doctoral Candidate, Bowling Green State University. Cultural History/Archives Center. Ethnic imag- ery project. June I, 1995 through June 29, 1995. Allison Wickens, Bachelors Degree, Grinnell College. Interns and Fellows. Assisting in the selection of summer interns, the Brown Bag lunches and conducting orientation for new interns. February 27, 1995 through June 30, 1995. Anita Wiehr, Bachelors Degree & Candidate, Oregon State University. Program Planning & Design. Internship affords an opportunity to learn the exhibition design development process through hands-on experience working closely with the design chief on a variety of exhibits projects. September 21, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Adam Wolfson, Bachelors Candidate. Historical Resources. Working on merger between ACTWU and ILGWU as well as working on other labor history projects. April 10, 1995 through June 3, 1995. Martha Wright, Masters Degree, University of Wisconsin- Madison. Public Services. Contact school systems to notify them of the facc chat NMAH now has bilingual self guides; develop brochure for those who are interested in African- American history and the AA materials in the Hands on History room. June 14, 1995 through August 16, 1995. Candace Wyder, High School Student, Duke Ellington School of the Arts. Program in African American Cul- ture. Working on Greensboro exhibit, answering tele- phones, typing and other jobs. February 16, 1995 through June 15, 1995. Cedric Yeh, Masters Candidate, George Washington Univer- sity. Numismatic Collection. Working with the ancient Chinese coin collection to ascertain the accuracy of earlier research. June 5, 1995 through August I, 1995. Junghyun Yuh, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni- versity. Public Services. Assist in evaluating exhibitions and public programs. Participate in development of out- reach programs. Evaluate published literature about NMAH exhibits and programs. May 22, 1995 through July 24, 1995. Larisa Zimmerman, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State Uni- versity. History Services. Images of Ethnicity, 1880-1980. March 29, 1995 through June 2, 1995. National Museum of the American Indian Sallie S. Anderson, Bachelors Candidate, College of William and Mary. Technology. Working on homepage on internet (world wide web and America On Line). Updating and add- ing information to NMAI homepage. May 22, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Erica Brick, Masters Candidate, University of Wisconsin. Re- patriation Office. Assisted in conducting research for the Repatriation Office. June 12, 1995 through August I8, 1995. Jeffrey Davenport, Masters Candidate, University of Arizona. Administration. Intern will be introduced to all phases and departments within the NMAI's administrative depart- ment. Intern will rotate from budget, personnel, technol- ogy and facilities planning. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995. James P. Henry. Collections. Will work with staff in preserva- tion rechniques, care and handling of collections. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Francesca Hillary, New York University. Film and Video. As- sist in all phases of planning and presenting the NMAI film and video film festival. Project includes organizing and working with selection committee, funding strategies, planning publicity, audience evaluation,etc. April 1, 1995 through September I, 1995. Johnnie Jacobs, Masters Candidate, University of Oklahoma. Exhibitions. Focus on the exhibition master planning for the mall museum. Organize and catalogue a collection of slides that will supplement a database. Organize study sketches of exhibit designs compiled by the master plan team. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Lydia Jennings, Institute of American Indian Arts. Collec- tions. Will work with staff in preservation techniques, care and handling of collections. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Linda Martin, Bachelors Degree, Arizona State University. Publications. Assisting in the design of printed materials. January 17, 1995 through March 22, 1995. Traci L. McClellan, Masters Candidate, University of Arizona. Public Programs. Cherokee hymn project-compiling and cataloguing Cherokee hymns to provide the Cherokee and English translations for all of them. This database can then be utilized by both of the Cherokee nations. May 30, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Emily Murphy, University of California/Santa Cruz. Film and Video. Assist in the marketing and publicity for an upcom- ing film festival sponsored by the NMAI’s film and video department. August 1, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Derek C. Schoettle, Bachelors Degree, Dickinson. Public Af- fairs. Assist public affairs office with the NMAI’s bi-annual film festival. June 12, 1995 through September 22, 1995. Sabine Scholz, George August University. Research Branch. Will assist researchers in the repatriation department. In- tern will also develop a database of native cultural re- sources. July 10, 1995 through October 15, 1995. Margaret Seymour, Bachelors Candidate, South Puget Sound Community College. Resource Center. The intern will as- sist in the design and development of exhibit guides for the museum visitor. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Tatiana Slock. Photo Archives. The intern will help to iden- ufy and catalog photographic material accessioned in the early and mid-eighties. The intern will generate an inven- cory of artifact slides and help develop a new catalog. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Luanne M. Prosperi Srefanucci, Masters Candidate. Exhibi- tions. Exploring the potential for an exhibition and publica- tion from the photographic archives. September 18, 1995 through December 15, 1995. Shannon Valerio, Bachelors Degree. Evaluate public program- ming for the Native American constituency of the NMAI by analyzing research done with the Native American com- munity. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Stephanie Jenny Vasquez, Bachelors Candidate, George Mason University. Assisting in organizing a workshop on Indian Affairs. January 22, 1995 through May 2, 1995. Jennifer Verling, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor- nia, Davis. Exhibitions. Assist in the development of the NMAI exhibition masterplan. March 28, 1995 through June 9, 1995. Heather Whiteman Runs Him, Bachelors Candidate, Insti- tute of American Indian Arts. Conservation. Will assist staff conservators in a survey of artifacts at the Audubon Terrace facility and perform conservation treatments on a group of selected artifacts. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995- National Museum of Natural History Michelle Aasrud, Bachelors Degree, University of Massachu- setts/Amherst. Handbook office. Research assistant for Lan- guage and Plateau volume; photographic research; general research on photography. May 22, 1995 through November 30, 1995. Glenn R. Almany, Bachelors Candidate, San Francisco State University. Fishes. Morphology and relationships of a new atlantic species of acanthemblemaria. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Julie Arington, Bachelors Candidate, Murray State University. Botany. Revision of a small genus of the Guianas. May 29, 1995 through August 4, 1995. 129 Alfredo G. Auador, Bachelors Degree, University of Havana. Invertebrate Zoology. Study of the Paralarval Octopods of the Florida current. May 29, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Suzanne Bass, Bachelors Degree, The American University. Special Events. Assist the special events coordinator in all aspects of preparation, coordination, and execution of events at the museum. June 9, 1995. Ryan W. Bavis, Bachelors Degree, St. Mary's College of Mary- land. Molecular Systematics. Identification of Branta bernicla subspecies using cytochrome bmitochondrial DNA. May 29, 1995 through July 7, 1995. Roberto E. Bello, Bachelors Candidate, Michigan State Uni- versity. V2-HERPS. Two new species of leptodactylid frogs from the Guiana highlands of Venezuela. June 19, 1995 through July 7, 1995. Brendan Best, Bachelors Candidate. Development and Public Affairs. Science writing and public affairs assistance. Janu- ary 31, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Aimee D. Betts, Bachelors Candidate, Albertson College of Idaho. Vertebrete Zoology. Examining the evolutionary ori- gins of the African tree squirrels. June 5, 1995 through Au- gust 25, 1995. Shaunese Niccole Branch, High Schoo! Student, Manchester High. Public Programs. Object research for the African voices project. July 10, 1995 through July 7, 1995. Karen Brockman, Masters Candidate, George Washington University. Anthropology/Repatriation. Introduction to var- ious facets of the work conducted by the repatriation office of Natural History, with an emphasis on archival research. Documentation of archaeological and physical anthropol- ogy collections from the Southeastern United States. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Heather Broxson, Masters Candidate, George Washington University. Exhibits. Assisting exhibits office with the Hall of African Cultures. January 17, 1995 through July 31, 1995. Carlos Bustamante, Bachelors Candidate, Harvard University. Anthropology. The history and evolution of male/female differences in immune reactivity. May 29, 1995 through July 7, 1995. Ivan Castro-Arellano, Bachelors Candidate. National Autono- mous University of Mexico. Mammals. Ecogeographic dis- tribution of selected families of African mammals. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Kristina Collmann, Bachelors Candidate, Wittenberg Univer- sity. Development. Working with donor database to man- age lists for stewardship project. November 28, 1994 through December 31, 1994. Jennifer Marie Crane, Bachelors Degree. Native American Pro- gram. Research on various photographers of Native Ameri- cans for the language volume of the Handbook of North American Indians. October 3, 1994 through May I5, 1995. Jessica Crowley, Bachelors Candidate, Sweet Briar College. Public Relations. Assisting with the daily activities of the office, including special events media projects, and office re- ports; working on specialty project such as the upgrade of 130 the media resource guide. January 3, 1995 through January 27, 1995. Flavia F. de Jesus, Bachelors Candidate, Bard College. Botany. Examine new species of plant genus Resia having bracts as well as closely related genera of similar habit, habitat and rarity. SEM study of pollen and cladytic analysis will be done as well. May 28, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Wida Faryar, Masters Candidate, George Mason University. Automated Data Processing. Geographic map and database entry and editing of ongoing GIS projects at the museum. May 30, 1995 through September 30, 1995. Cameron Fraser, Bachelors Candidate, University of Iowa. American Indian. Verifying information on the Mohave people. May 30, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Teresa J. Friedrich, Bachelors Candidate, Hope College. Mam- mals. A study of the anatomy of flying squirrels to test the hypotheses that flying squirrels are monophyletic and de- rived from New World tree squirrels. May 28, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Kurt E. Galbreath, Bachelors Candidate, Illinois Wesleyan University. Invertebrate. Using amphipod crustaceans to interpret evolutionary history and biogeographic pattern in coral reefs. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Henry Goethals, Bachelors Degree, Tufts University. Public Affairs. Assist in public affairs and development. December 12, 1994 through June 30, 1995. Philip M. Gottshall, Bachelors Candidate, Moravian College. Paleobiology. A morphometric-based study of a Permian gastropod clode to show general trends in evolutionary spe- ciation and their subsequent natural history. May 29, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Jennifer Raye Gough, Bachelors Candidate, Shepherd College. Graphics. Assisting in silkscreening, computer graphics, di- orama construction, painting, photo-mounting, hall main- tenance and refurbishing. January 30, 1995 through May 5, 1995. Christopher Hale, Bachelors Degree, University of Miami. Division of Fishes. Assist the Division of Fishes staff with various duties. June I, 1995 through June 30, 1995. Christopher R. Hardy. Botany. Comparative leaf anatomy of the two genera Pollia and Commelina. June 2, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Dianella Howarth, Bachelors Candidate, University of Penn- sylvania. Botany. Study the phylogeny of scaevola in Ha- wail. May 29, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Eugene Hunt, Bachelors Degree, Duke University. Paleobio- logy. Growth and variation in early paleozoic trilobites. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. John P. Janovec, Bachelors Degree, Kansas State University. Borany. Conducting a traditional taxonomic study of Sene- cio Durandii (Asterauae: Senecioneae); a species of Costa Rica which is believed to be anomalous among the present concept of Senecio s. str. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Maria A. Jaramillo, Bachelors Candidate, Universidad de los Andes. Botany. Phylogenetic relationships in the family Costaceae (Order Zingiberales). May 27, 1995 through Au- gust 6, 1995. Nicholla C. Johnson, Bachelors Candidate, University of the West Indies. Botany. Monographic study of legumin osae genus asadia. May 28, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Tricia L. Kennedy. Public Affairs Office. To learn about the functions and activities of a public affairs office in a na- tional museum. May 31, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Tara S. Kirkpatrick, Bachelors Candidate, Mount Holyoke College. Mineral Sciences. To study lepidolite, a lithium- rich mica, in pegmatites to determine the criteria for distin- guishing between primary and secondary growth of these lenses. May 29, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Jeffrey K. Lake, Bachelors Candidate, Grinnell College. Bot- any. Phylogenetic analysis of generic relationships in the family Musaceae. It will focus primarily on morphological characters and secondarily on molecular data. The phylog- eny will be used to trace evolution of pollination system. May 29, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Katherine E. Langer, Bachelors Candidate, University of New Hampshire. Mineral Sciences. To determine significance of trace element chemistry in amazonite and microcline for classifying rare element granitic pegmatites. May 29, 1995 through August 8, 1995. Claudia B. Mackey, Bachelors Candidate, University of Cen- tral Florida. American Indian Program. Catalog photo- graphs of Native American (Plains) and enter information onto a computer database. February 16, 1995 through April 14, 1995. Barnaby N. Marsh, Bachelors Candidate, Cornell University. Fishes. Systematic revision of toungefishes. July 3, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Michael Mastrota, Bachelors Candidate, University of Virginia. Anthropology. Text and graphic database entry and editing for ongoing projects. January 13, 1995 through June 9, 1995. Carolyn J. McClennan, Bachelors Candidate, University of Ar- izona-Tucson. Native American cataloguing. Cataloguing items of Mohave material culture found in the Harrington manuscripts. May 30, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Robert D., Miller II, PhD Candidate, University of Michigan. Anthropology. Research into the archaeological profile of Highland Palestine in the 12th-11th cencuries B.C. with em- phasis on settlement patterns. August 18, 1995 through Au- gust 30, 1995. Fancine Millman, Masters Candidate, George Washington University. Exhibits. Assisting in project management and educational outreach for the new Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals. January 10, 1995 through May 14, 1995. Denise Mitchell, Bachelors Candidate, University of Oregon. Native American Program. Researching ethnological and historical information on Native American groups of South- west Oregon Coast. April 4, 1995 through June 9, 1995. Peter Murch, Bachelors Candidate, State University of New York. Zoology. Analysis of the distinctive west of gresgrutus like characids from the western and central Am- azon basin. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Mary L. Murphy, Masters Candidate. Anthropology. Helping research for Egyptian exhibit and human origins exhibit. June 12, 1995 through August II, 1995. Abdul-Karim Mustapha, Bachelors Candidate, University of Maryland. Anthropology. Looking at local archival collec- tion and documents by African Americans during the ante- bellum period. These will be used as a source material to engage the issue of African American literacy at this time. June 5, 1995 through August 1, 1995. Peter Nichols, Bachelors Candidate, James Madison Univer- sity. Mineral Sciences. Preparation of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, a monthly update on active volcanoes. March 20, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Kara A. O'Connor, Bachelors Candidate, University of Ver- mont. Botany. To use a variety of microtechniques to com- pare leaf anatomy in the Commelinacene. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Makiko Okuma, Bachelor's Candidate, Wichita State Univer- sity. Anthropology, Asian Ethnology. Geographical terms annotations in Abbot project, specifically Central Asia June 11, 1995. Catherine Ann Osuna, Bachelors Candidate, Sweet Briar Col- lege. Public Programs. Reworking Discovery Room Collec- tion box “What is a Fossil?” Including research, script writing and refurbishing the box. January 9, 1995 through January 31, 1995. Karin L. Owens, Bachelors Candidate, Alabama A&M Univer- sity. Learn and actively participate in all financial aspects of the program including the distribution of funds across mul- uple fund numbers, budget spending, record keeping, fi- nancial management and budget reconciliation. June 5, 1995 through August I, 1995. Bret A. Payseur, Bachelors Candidate, University of Colorado at Boulder. Conservation. DNA extraction from taphonomic bones, PCR amplification, and inspection of changes in the DNA over time. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Ana L. Porzecanski, Bachelors Candidate, University de la Re- publica. Paleobiology. Comparison of preservation of experi- mentally decayed and fossil leaves. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Lola H. Purvis, Masters Candidate, University of New Or- leans. Anthropology. Directed independent archival intern- ship—Acee Blue Eagle Collection. May 22, 1995 through June 9, 1995. Edward A. Rehfeld, Bachelors Candidate, Stone Child Col- lege. Marine. Taxonomic re-appraisal of compsomediama medium chabanand 1951 (cynoglossidae: pleuronecti- formes), a poorly-known Indo-Pacific tonguefish. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Michelle B. Roche, Bachelors Candidate, College of William and Mary. Anthropology. Archaeobiology of the Habur 131 Basin: analysis of faunal remains from two Syrian sites. May 29, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Laura E. Rose, Bachelors Degree, UC Davis. Botany. Compar- ing the anatomy of leaves of Commelinacene using tech- niques including paraffin embedding, whole leaf clearings, epidermal peels and SEM photography. May 29, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Danielle Rudin, Bachelors Candidate, The American Univer- sity. Anthropology. Helping with the moving and storing of the Oceania and Asia collections. May 15,1995 through August 18, 1995. Scott J. Rufolo, Bachelors Degree, Rutgers, The State Univer- sity. Anthropology. Zooarchaeological analysis of faunal ma- terial from 3 sites in NE Syria dating to the 3rd millenium BC with the intent of placing the assemblage into a theoret- ical model of the emergence of domestication in Mesopota- miuan region. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Aniko Sabo, Bachelors Candidate, Faculty of Mathematics and National Science. Invertebrate Zoology. Identify marine nematodes from Fort Pierce and determine during what sea- son of the year they are reproducing. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Lou Ann Saunders, Bachelors Candidate, George Mason Uni- versity. Anthropology. Working with ongoing projects in- volving geographic information systems. October 11, 1994 through April 11, 1995. Jacqueline Schraad, Masters Candidate, George Washington University. Anthropology Conservation. Pack and store ob- jects as a move technician and assist with the conservation of ethnological objects in the Anthropology Conservation Lab. February 21, 1995 through May Is, 1995. Patrick Q. Sheridan, Bachelors Candidate, Corcoran School of Art. Graphic Arts/Production. Graphics Arts/production as- sistant working on screen printing and computer design. July 15, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Rebecca A. Siegel, Bachelors Candidate, Tulane University. Public Affairs. To learn about the functions and activities of a public affairs office in a national museum setting. June 13, 1995 through June 28, 1995. Pilar M. Somma, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni- versity. Repatriation. Researching collection for repatriation, assisting in any returns. June 5, 1995 through August IJ, 1995. Tarra D. Speaks, Bachelors Candidate, The College of Woos- ter. Invertebrate Zoology. A reassessment of the status of Western Atlantic species of the gen-star genus Astropecten, using collections literature and photographic data. May 29, 1995 through August 6, 1995. Renee Audrey Stein, Bachelors Degree, Smith College. An- thropology Conservation Labs. Assistance in Anthropology conservation laboratories. December 19, 1994 through Au- gust 15, 1995. Patricia Sternheimer, Masters Degree. University of Virginia. To learn collections management procedures, cataloguing, data management and storage techniques. February 8, 1995 through May 31, 1995. 132 Terrell Stoessell, Bachelors Candidate, University of Virginia. Development of a standard for the nomenclature of ceta- cean skull osteology. May 18, 1995 through May 30, 1996. Joseph F. Trottier, Masters Candidate, University of Montana. Native American. To work on the Cutlin artifact collection and microfiling files of his original letters and notes. May 30, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Arianne Vanrell Vellosillo, Masters Candidate, Paris I Pan- theon-Sorbonne. Anthropology. Ethnographic Conserva- tion. November 30, 1994 through February 28, 1995. Karen Viskupic, Bachelors Candidate, Washington University in St. Louis. Mineral Science. Describe the mineralogy of hornblende bearing pegmatites. The major and trace ele- ment chemistry of the pegmatites will be investigated by the use of an electron microprobe and x-ray fluorescence. May 29, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Jessica Wade, Bachelors Candidate, Miami University-Ohio. Update research library, foundation research projects, donor database training and report development, stewardship pro- jects. June 6, 1995 through August 5, 1995. George B. Wasson, Doctorate Degree, University of Oregon. Native American Program. Researching ethnological and historical information on Native American groups of South- west Oregon Coast. April 4, 1995 through June 9, 1995. Mary Whittle, Bachelors Candidate, Amherst College. Bot- any/Fishes. Created algae page for world wide web server; placed info on fish drawing collection in computer database. June 12, 1995 through August II, 1995. Diane Wong, Bachelors Degree. Entomology. Scientific illustration internship illustrating various lacewing struc- tures/morphologies with critiques and conferences with staff illustrator. October 3, 1994 through April 30, 1995. Jason T. Younker, Doctoral Candidate, University of Oregon. Native American Program. American Indian Anthropologi- cal Collections: Southern Oregon Coast. April 3, 1995 through June 9, 1995. Shirod Younker, Bachelors Candidate, University of Oregon. Native American Program. American Indian Anthropologi- cal Collections: Southern Oregon Coast. April 3, 1995 through June 9, 1995. National Portrait Gallery Elizabeth Ann Albert, Doctorate. Peale Papers. Work on Cata- logue Raisonne of the Paintings of Rembrandt Peale. Octo- ber 3, 1994 through March 31, 1995. Holly Anderson, Masters Candidate, Buffalo State College. Conservation. Participant in Conservation Analytical Labo- ratory project for National Portrait Gallery conducting a survey of the Time collection. January 17, 1995 through March 31, 1995. Whitney Anderson, Masters Candidate, University of Ari- zona, Catalog of American Portraits. Researching historical portraits of American Indians and compiling bibliographic records to be put into a computer database. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Lalaine Bangilan, Masters Candidate, George Washington University. Education. Assistance with lunchtime lecture series, audience development and with preparation for Fall docent training. January 17, 1995 through July 7, 1995. Lynne C. Colton, Bachelors Candidate, Brigham Young Uni- versity. Historian's office. Researching and assisting with various exhibits-especially Red, Hot and Blue and The Barrymores. May 15, 1995 through August II, 1995. Amy Featherston, Bachelors Candidate, Baylor University. Ex- hibits. Working on development of “Red, Hot, and Blue” exhibit celebrating American musicals. May 31, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Shannon Rae Fincke, Bachelors Candidate, Susquehanna Uni- versity. Education Department. Develop program materials based on the Permanent Collection of the National Portrait Gallery for use in an inter-disciplinary Humanities pro- gram for high school students. September 11, 1995 through December 8, 1995. Tuliza Fleming, Bachelors Degree. Curatorial. Research exist- ing curatorial information and initiate new research on the National Portrait Gallery's collection of forty-four painted portraits of distinguished African Americans donated by the Harmon Foundation. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Francis I. Fletcher, Bachelors Candidate, College of Wooster. Prints and Drawings. I will be cataloguing some three hun- dred drawings by Gardner Cox recently acquired by the Portrait Gallery. May 15, 1995 through August 23, 1995. Jeana K. Foley, Masters Candidate, University of North Caro- lina Chapel Hill. Photographs. Researching Matthew Brady for future exhibition. October 17, 1994 through April 15, 1995. Eleanore P. Gadsden, Bachelors Candidate, Yale University, Catalog of American Portraits. Biographical research on subjects and artists of portraits at the Koshare Indian Mu- seum, La Junta, Colorado, and research and data entry for portraits at che Montana Historical Society and other west- ern collections. June 13, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Nancy Lynn Hall, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington University. Peale Family Papers. Biographical research on the sitters of Rembrandt Peale, 1778-1860, American Por- traitist, for a catalog reisonne of his works being prepared at the Peale family papers. September, 7 1995 through April 30, 1996. Julie Carol Hart, Graduate, George Washington University. Painting and Sculpture. The intern will primarily be in- volved with research on pending acqusitions and answering public inquiries, although other curatorial duties involved with the permanent collection will be assigned as they arise. September 7, 1995 through December 15, 1995. Alexis K. Hill, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Peale Family Papers. Researching and catalouging the Papers of Titian Ramsay Peale. September 5, 1995 through December 15, 1995. Leslie Ivie, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. painting and sculpture. Research on the forty-five portraits of distin- guished African Americans given by the Harmon Founda- tion in 1967. September 5, 1995 through December 25, 1995. Susanne Javdani, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor- nia Santa Barbara. Catalog of American Portraits. Collating portrait images and documentation, integrating portrait material into archival files, researching portrait collections, individual art works, sitter and artist biographies. January 9, 1995 through March 22, 1995. Shi Jung, Bachelors Degree, American University. Registrar. Will help update files on the museum collections. June 12, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Sharon Lanza, Bachelors Candidate, Northwestern University. Researching for Barrymore exhibit for National Portrait Gallery. June 21, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Flai Livingston, Bachelors Candidate, Howard University. Education. Serving as principal assistant to the Public Pro- gram Manager in the film program by researching, locat- ing and ordering films for the film series. February 31, 1995 through April 27, 1995. Stefne A. Lynch, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Educa- tion Department. Design highlights of the gallery tours for the National Portrait Gallery. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. John Carpenter McKee, Masters Candidate, Winterthur Mu- seum. Curatorial. Curatorial research in painting and sculp- ture. December 27, 1994 through April 30, 1995. Sandy Meyer, Bachelors Degree. Education Department. Responsible for the National Portrait Gallery's film series, and other duties as assigned. September 9, 1995 through November 30, 1995. Laurie O'Donnell, Bachelors Candidate, Brown University. History Department. To assist in researching the portraits of Henry Clay, in addition to researching a small exhibit on George C. Marshall. This research will involve newspaper and periodical searches in the Library of Congress. July 3, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Amy L. Richardson, Bachelors Candidate, Mount Holyoke College. Computer Services. Research and compiling infor- mation for “see more about” pamphlets. September 5, 1995 through December 25, 1995. Cary Riker, High School Senior, St. Timothys School. Catalouge of American Portraits. Organizing and labeling portrait material; researching sitter and artist biographies; editing catalog information; incorporating portrait mate- rial into CAP files; entering portrait data and images into CAP computer database. May 18, 1995 through June 6, 1995. Anne F. Sawicki, Masters Candidate, University of California, Davis. Education. To begin the preparation of the National 133 Portrait Gallery's permanent collection illustrated checklist in book form, also removing and sorting half-tone illustra- tion films. June 4, 1995 through August I2, 1995. Katherine D. Sevier, Bachelors Candidate, Wellesley College, Prints and Drawings. Acting as research assistant to Wendy Reaves, curator of Prints and Drawings. Cataloging incom- ing prints and drawings; miscellaneous research for depart- ment. May 30, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Ilana Shafran, Bachelors Candidate, Barnard College. Edu- cation. Organization, research and computer entry of por- trait records from New Mexico state survey. Also research work with National Portrait Gallery curatorial files and public reference requests. June 12, 1995 through August 21, 1995. Amy R. Stegman, Bachelors Degree, Mary Washington Col- lege. NPG Registrar's Office. Assisting in the National Por- trait Gallery Registrar's Office with a special project to create new permanent registrarial records for all Gallery col- lections. July 5, 1995 through January 5, 1996. Leslie Ann Stubbs, Bachelors Degree, U.S. International Uni- versity. Design and Production. Assist Production Manager and assist Chief of Design with all aspects of design prepara- tion and coordination. Specific tasks will include drafting plans, assisting with scheduling and maintenance of master calendar. January 30,1995 through April 30, 1995. Natasha L. Suber, Bachelors Candidate, Morgan State Univer- sity. Education. Assist education program assistant with the Cultures in Motion program series, film series, and in- tern program at the National Portrait Gallery. June 7, 1995 through September 7, 1995. Heather Sullivan, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Office of the Historian. The Rise of Celebrity Culcure-(the Barry- mores, musical theater videos). September 5, 1995 through December 25, 1995. Stephanie Lee Tadlock, Bachelors degree. Education Depart- ment. Assist with 12 week initial Docent Training Course. Promote and help run the Lunchtime Lecture and Portraits in Print Series. September 14, 1995 through December 20, 1995- Lesley Tucker, Bachelors Candidate, Middlebury College. Na- tional Portrait Gallery. Assisting in the National Portrait Gallery Registrar's office with a special project to create new permanent registrarial records for all Gallery collec- tions. June 21, 1995 through August 30, 1995. Jessica Cole Udvardy, Masters Degree, George Washington University. Photographs. Project will be to catalog 99 photographs by George Tames from the Hines collection taken during the Cold War era. February 6, 1995 through May 26, 1995. Allison Wickens, Bachelors Degree, Grinnell College. Educa- tion. Assisting in the research and development of class- room materials that can be used in conjunction with two special exhibitions at the gallery, and will have work as a teaching assistant during a four day seminar. February 27, 1995 through July 14, 1995. 134 Kirsten E. Williams, Bachelors Candidate, University of Vir- ginia. Publications. Helping to edit and publish books for the National Portrait Gallery, including “1846”, a book about the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary. Also, editing exhibition captions and other written materials for the museum. May 22, 1995 through July 28, 1995. National Postal Museum Tracy Brown, Masters Candidate, George Mason University. Public Affairs. Text entry and editing of the museum news- letter, updating all press materials in the museum's media kit, updating and writing new captions for publicity photo- graphs, and writing press releases. January 23, 1995 through May 15, 1995. Kathryn Concannon, Bachelors Candidate, Grove City Col- lege. Collections Department. Arranging a small collection of 19th century post office correspondence and rehousing. Alson creating a finder’s aid. June 6, 1995 through August 22, 1995. Mark Dellapietra, Bachelors Candidate, Catholic University. Collections. Assisting in the rehousing of the Certified Plate Proof Collection. Assisting with various collections management projects as assigned. August 31, 1995 through December 15, 1995. Alan Hiebert, Bachelors candidate, Coe College. Public Af- fairs. Develop press releases for up-coming exhibits and programs, update media lists and activity logs, send mailings, assemble press kits to include clips, summer newsletter, create postcard mailer for VIARC, video proj- ect and other related duties. September 5, 1995 through December 8, 1995. Leigh A. Kale, Bachelors Candidate, University of North Car- olina. Public Affairs. Assemble press kits, organize slides and photos for distribution, answer media and public's questions about museum, write press releases and various other tasks relating to the public, media and advertising. May 21, 1995 through August 9, 1995. Jeff Kishman, Masters Candidate, George Washington Univer- sity. Education. Creating a secondary school Postal Pack and public programming. January 17, 1995 through April 27, 1995. Richard J. Moniz, Jr., Masters Candidate, Rhode Island Col- lege. Music Department. Original research in the Music De- partment of the Library of Congress, contacting other museums and repositories, etc. May 30, 1995 through July 7, 1995. Christine Mulligan, Masters Candidate, George Washington University. Education. Designing activity kits, revising and teaching student tours, and creating a pre-visit curriculum materials for high school students. January 17, 1995 through April 27, 1995. National Zoological Park Surangi Punyasena, Bachelors Candidate, Yale University. Working in the Bio Visualization Lab at the National Zoo under Dr. Alfred Rosenberger. Exploring the way in which three-dimensional scanning could be used to study bio- logical specimens, namely the molar teeth of primates. Scanning teeth using a three ton laser named Huxley. Developing a technique in which to orient the digitized images of these casts of howler and squirrel monkey molars so that the differences in morphology between individuals and the differences between species and their ancestors could be compared. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation Fay A. Beilis, Bachelors Candidate, Oberlin College. Research into architectural history of the patent office building, fo- cusing on issues concerning its preservation. Project will re- sult in an evaluation of historic character and original fabric of building. June 12, 1995. Katherine Eggers, Bachelors Degree, Yale University. Re- search into the architectural history of the Hirshhorn Mu- seum and Sculpture Garden, culminating in a twenty page research paper. June 12, 1995 through August 21, 1995. Denis R. McNamara, Masters Candidate, University of Vir- ginia. Research on Adolf Cluss, architect of Arts and Indus- tries Building. July 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Victoria Solan, Bachelors Degree, Oberlin College. Research history of the interior of the Arts and Industries Building. October 11, 1994 through December 22, 1994. Office of the Assistant Provost for Arts and Humanities Rebecca Jubon, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni- versity. Accessibility Program. The intern will illustrate and produce a design layout for the accessibility program;s “Guide for Accessible Exhibition Design.” The document will be published for internal Smithsonian Institution use. September 18, 1995 through December I, 1995. Kristin Schumacher, Masters Candidate, Cooperstown. Work- ing with accessibility coordinator on various projects in- cluding possible major internet accessibility project. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Christopher Z. Breault, Bachelors Candidate, Saint Michael's College. Introductory and observational program for clini- cal case. Aid technicians in general hospital maintenance. Includes cleaning equipment and assist with making obser- vations and recording them. June 26, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Ricardo J. Cavo Acosta, Bachelors Candidate, University of Puerto Rico. Invertebrate Exhibit. Maintenance of the ex- hibits, feeding the animals, cleaning the exhibits, designing the aquaria interiors, carry out water tests, an- swer visitors questions, conduct feeding demonstrations and help visitors use a microscope to identify invertebrates in water and soil samples. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Shawn Djernes, Bachelors Candidate, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Computer Services. Work as a member of the In- formation Resource Division staff and assist staff responsi- ble for training and end-user support for mainframe and PC-based applications. Edit and update OIRM training manuals using WordPerfect on the local area network. Serve as the teaching assistant in the Information Resource Division Training Room and assist in the maintenance of Training Room computers. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Lynn-Steven Engelke, Masters Candidate, George Washing- ton University. Teacher Services. Providing research and general program support for “Teaching and Learning ina Diverse Society.” January 18, 1995 through April 28, 1995. Welana A. Fields, Bachelors Candidate, Oklahoma University. Support the exhibition department in the development of the exhibit masterplan for the National Museum of the American Indian mall museum. Learn and observe exhibit design and master planning, museum management, admin- istration and Native American art and culture. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Ethan R. Jolley, Bachelors Candidate, Utah Valley State Col- lege. Work with National Air and Space museum lighting designer in designing, installing and maintaining exhibit lighting systems. Research new equipment, drafting plans for proposed exhibits, installing and focusing lighting units for new exhibits, and re-lamping existing fixtures. Assist the lighting designer in writing specifications, in applying basic engineering standards, and in complying with Smithsonian Institution regulations and the Na- tional Electrical Code. June 26, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Ciani J. Jones, Bachelors Candidate, Georgetown University. Research and organization of several small touring exhibi- tions drawn from the National Museum of American Art's collection as well as conducting research on Hispanic and Indian artists. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. 135 Mai Le, Bachelors Candidate, University of Texas at Austin. Assist in configuring and installing personal computer hardware and software, including network software in of- fices of the National Air and Space Museum. Assist per- sonal computer users in solving hardware and software problems. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Betty Limon. Latino Outreach. Work with Public Affairs staff involved in the Institution's outreach program directed to- ward the Latino community in Washington D.C., and across the nation. Work with other Smithsonian bureaus, various forms of Latino media, developing contacts and par- ticipants. in PR activities. June 26, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Farhan Malik, Bachelors Candidate, University of Kansas. Space History. Work with primary source materials dealing with the technology of manned spaceflight in order to orga- nize and prepare archival records. Assist with the care and storage of the space suit collection from the Mercury, Apollo and Gemini eras. June 26, 1995 through August 8, 1995. Javier T. Moreno, Bachelors Candidate, Texas Tech University. Golden Lion Tamarin. Assist zoo staff in interpreting the exhibit to the general public, Perform specific animal obser- vations. Assist in daily care tasks like food preparation and will learn to use radio tracking equipment for public dem- onstrations. June 24, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Melissa Neuman, Bachelors Candidate, Harvard University. Historian. Assist National Portrait Gallery historian with ongoing research projects using the collections of the Gal- lery itself and perhaps those of the District of Columbia's Public Library and the Library of Congress. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Callie J. Newcombe. Primate House. Assist primate keepers with their daily routine including cleaning enclosures, pre- paring food, and conducting behavioral observations of eight species of primates. Assist with some record keeping. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Chi T. Ng, High School Senior, Lane Technical High School. Armed Forces History. Working with collections of over 400,000 objects (uniforms, insignia, art). Caring for collec- tions and assisting with mounting exhibitions. Use compu- terized catalogue system. Assist in routine museum work. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Steven C. Pabst, Bachelors Candidate, Bal! Stace University. Exhibit Interpretation. In National Zoological Park's pho- tography department, experiencing Black & White photog- raphy printing, copy work, filling photo requests, and assisting the staff photographer with animal and other pho- tography. Learn about and help survey, rehouse, identify, and catalog historic and recent photographs in the Zoo's photo archive. Assist with the development of the Photo CD project to integrate photo CD images into a database. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Nazzy Pakpour, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor- nia, Davis. Insect Zoo. Will learn to care for the animals 136 found in Insect Zoo and learn interpretive techniques which have been developed specifically for the exhibit. Will participate in teacher training workshops. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Jaime Petrovich. Early Enrichment Center. Assist in research- ing and coordinating developmentally appropriate mu- seum-based activities for children. Responsible for assisting in planning and implementing the actual activities. The in- tent of the program is to integrate museum experiences with early childhood education, stressing active learning, critical thinking, and problem solving skills. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Taj J. Polite, Bachelors Candidate, North Carolina State. Edu- cation. Assist the education department by conducting tours of the education department by conducting tours of the “Black Mosaic Community, Race and Ethnicity” exhibi- tion. Additional duties include answering telephone inquir- ies, working with the education department's archive, and helping to update the mailing list. June 26, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Corlei N. Prieto, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor- nia, Santa Barbara. Education. Assist with various duties re- lated to the care and maintenance of the “Exploring Marine Ecosystems” exhibit. Participate in the daily maintenance and monitoring of 3,000-gallon Caribbean coral reef ex- hibit. a 2,000-gallon gulf of Maine exhibit, and two 130- gallon aquarium exhibits. Perform technical duties including monitoring chemical parameters (temperature and salinity), observing and feeding organisms within the systems, harvesting algal turf scrubbers, and checking me- chanical equipment. Provide behind the scenes tours and answer questions for the general public. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Michael William Twitty, Bachelors Candidate, Howard Uni- versity. African-American Studies Center. Aid The Smithsonian Associates Studies Center in the planning and implementation of programs, and to research, collect, and record data on past programs and overall successes of the Studies Center. June 25, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Melanie J. Weeks, Bachelors Candidate, McNeese State Uni- versity. Curatorial Affairs. Introduction to basic curatorial concepts, review of exhibits proposals, discuss process and planning with curators and participate in evaluation pro- cess through review committee. June 2, 1995 through July 26, 1995. Olivia M. Wendr, Bachelors Candidate, St. Norbert. Library. Assist professional staff in standard library duties, learning about variety of research tools. Help to determine whether incoming materials are to be catalogued or to be discarded, following library guidelines to sort materials already se- lected for the library's vertical files, and helping to elimi- nate the backlog of materials already selected for the vertical files. June 26, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Maria Wiehe, Bachelors Candidate, Mesa Community Col- lege. Horticulture. Work in the Grounds Management Branch includes maintaining turf and flower bed areas. The Greenhouse-Nursery Branch work introduces general green- house practices. June 24, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Jasmine Williams, Bachelors Candidate, Indiana University Northwest, Office of Registrar. Assist the National Mu- seum of American Art’s Registrar staff in its daily work ranging from filing records and entering data to moving art work and crates. June 26, 1995 through August 7, 1995. Office of Exhibits Central Monika Hirshbichler, Bachelors Candidate, University of Maryland. Graphics. Working with graphics coordinator on matting and framing plus assisting with various phases of silkscreening. February 8, 1995 through May 31, 1995. Susan Linton, Bachelors Candidate, Tulane University. Work- ing in the fields of graphics, model making, computers and © design of museum exhibits. June 26, 1995 through August 23, 1995. CarolAnne Otto, Bachelors Degree, Beaver College. Model Shop/Exhibits. Working in exhibit fabrication for the Duck Stamp Hall of the National Postal Museum and Land of Promise for the National Museum of American History as well as other projects in Natural History. May 30, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Robert J. Patterson. Fabrication Shop. Fabrication of display cases for exhibits. June 5, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Lenard Reid, High School Student, Duke Ellington School of the Arts. Illuminating the gallery walls and illuminating art works. November 1, 1994 through November 29, 1994. Rodney H. Robinson, Bachelors Degree, University of Kan- sas. Model making. Assist and make a variety of models for various exhibitions. Projects such as making a life mask, fish mold, a diorama and leaves from cellulose acetate. In- volve planning, gathering of materials and final presenta- tion. May 1, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Office of General Council Jeannie Diane Mandoline, Law Student, Washington College of Law. Legal research and writing in various Smithsonian related areas. October 3, 1994 through December 31, 1994. Susan Marino, Masters Candidate, Columbus School of Law. Legal research and writing on various Smithsonian related legal problems; other special projects as they may arise. Jan- uary 9, 1995 through April 26, 1995. Tricia Sanders Wellman, Masters Candidate, George Mason University. Legal research and writing on various Smithson- ian related legal problems and other special projects as they may arise. January 9, 1995 through May 5, 1995. Office of Government Relations Carlos G. Rosa, Bachelors Candidate, Inter American Univer- sity. Information systems intern to design and implement legislative, constituent service and administrative function recording and tracking systems. To work on commermera- tive coin program and congressional zoo night. To instruct office personnell on computer usage. June 13, 1995 through August II, 1995. Office of Latino Affairs Adrian Guerra, Bachelors Candidate, Blackhawk College. As- sisting the Office of Public and Government Affairs and working at the museum of American History in cataloging pictures from the early 1900s. July 5, 1995 through August 10, 1995. Jose Salazar, Bachelors Candidate, Western Illinois University. Photographs. Labeling and sleeving photographs and nega- tives of Cuban and Philippine photographer Charles Doty. July 5, 1995 through August 12, 1995. Roberto Venegas, Bachelors Candidate. Colorado College. Col- lecting information regarding Latino issues in the Smithsonian collections. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Office of Membership and Development Amy S. Jones, Bachelors Candidate, Duke University. Com- pile bibliography for corporate partner program. May 17, 1995 through June 30, 1995. Office of Plant Services Flora Cox, Bachelors Candidate, University of the District of Columbia. Horticulture Services. Learning about the basics of application and classification standard of the Institution. February 14, 1995 through April 21, 1995. Larry Loew, Bachelors Degree, University of Louisville. Horti- culture Services. Working with the management of the Or- 137 chid Collection. Reviewing collection to prepare physi- cal inventory locating the label on each plant. Replacing damaged and faded labels, identifying unknown speci- mens. Researching, computerizing, and organizing col- lections and records. July 17, 1995 through September 22, 1995. Kerrie L. Pinnell, Bachelors Candidate, Southwest Mis- souri State University. Horticulture. Working with the maintenance of the Haupt Garden. Project will include turf management, pruning and training of hedges and parterres, maintenance of large expanses of ground cover and rose gardening. June 19, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Francie Schroeder, Bachelors Degree, George Washington Uni- versity. Horticulture Services Division. The intern will cata- log 35mm slides in the AAG collection and prepare a set of guidelines to be used for evaluation of 35mm slides of gar- dens and landscapes. September 11, 1995 through December 22, 1995. Karen A. Swanson, Masters Candidate, University of Michi- gan. Horticulture. Assist the landscape architect in updat- ing the master planting plans of the museum grounds. The project will include verifying plants on the site and prepar- ing drawings to accurately represent the landscape. June 19, 1995 through November 17, 1995. Jane Williamson, Bachelors Degree, University of the South. Horticultural Services. Working with the maintenance of the Haupt Garden, Project will include turf management, pruning & training of formal hedges and parterres, mainte- nance of large expanses of graound cover, and, rose garden- ing. October 3, 1994 through January 27, 1995. Anna S. Yellin, Bachelors Degree, University of Maryland. Horticulture Services Division. Intern will maintain the Butterfly Garden. While maintaining the garden, the in- tern will develop a record from which future plant lists can be selected; develop maintenance routines; doing research along the way; will record butterfly visits (time of year and type of plant visited.) August 14, 1995 through November 3, 1995. Office of Printing G Photographic Services Vanda Manprasert, High School Senior, Winston Churchill High School. Office of Photographic Services. Work on NAA copywork and black and white printing. Scan images into electronic format for database in World Wide Web use. Assist photographers in studio as needed. September 5, 1995 through June I, 1996. Office of Public Affairs Rosane Maria Rocha de Carvalho, Bachelors Degree, Museum of the Republic. Assisted the Office of Public Affairs with marketing programs, multimedia and computer programs October 24, 1994 through December 19, 1994. Colleen Hershberger, Smith College. Advertising. Publicity and promotions for 1995 Festival of American Folklife, craft show, and other projects. April 24, 1995 through September 24, 1995. Craig Lambert, Bachelors Candidate, University of New Hampshire. Work on 150th anniversary public relation pro- jects. June 1, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Office of the Secretary Elizabeth Hart, High School Student, Sidwell Friends School. Biodiversity and Environmental Affairs. Assisting with the Smithsonian Earth Day Conference on Biodiversity. January 24, 1995 through April 28, 1995. Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives Morgan Andreae, Bachelors Degree. Institutional History/Jo- seph Henry Papers Project. Compile a database of Joseph Henry quotations which provide insight on certain key is- sues in the history of the Smithsonian. He will also be ex- posed to techniques of documentary editing. June 6, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Anne Armstrong, Bachelors Candidate, James Madison Uni- versity. Institutional History. Researching the history of Smithsonian art museums and creating a database of the in- formation. June 12, 1995 through August 26, 1995. Eleanor Curry, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Smithson- ian Institution Archives. Records of William Jores Rhees - Smithsonian Institution Archives. September 5, 1995 through December 25, 1995. Kalia Edmonds, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Ar- chives Division. Accessions 1834-1958, Smithsonian Institu- tion Archives. September 5, 1995 through December 20, 1995. Susan W. Haskell, Bachelors Degree. Office of Smithsonian Archives. Appraise, arrange, describe, and preserve a large collection of records of the History of Science Society. Au- gust 7, 1995 through October 13, 1995. Bethany Leigh Johnson, Bachelors Candidate, Princeton Uni- versity. Joseph Henry Papers. Compile a database of news- paper accounts of the Smithsonian during the 1850s focusing on the coverage of Joseph Henry's clash with Charles Jewett over future control and direction of the Insti- tution. Documentary editing. June 5, 1995 through August Il, 1995. Rebecca L. McCadney, Bachelors Candidate, Carnegie Mellon University. Assisting historian in research for a project on former Smithsonian Institution Secretary S. Dillon Ripley. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Shawn A. Thompson, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Assisting in the Isoth anniversary exhibitions. September 5, 1995 through December 23, 1995. Office of Sponsored Progects Michael Aaron Barnes, Bachelors Candidate, Washington and Jefferson College. Developing a survey to collect staff's aca- demic/program interests for which they need external fund- ing. Set up a database and enter the information once it is collected. June 5, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Idana Bonsi, Bachelors Candidate, Alabama A&M University. Perform a study on projected financial impact analysis. June 5, 1995 through August 1, 1995. Janet L. Dauber, Bachelors Degree, Mount Union College. As- sist in pre-award administrative functions, including e- mail and database duties and assisting Grant Contract Administrator in proposal development and administra- tion. February 3, 1995 through June 30, 1995. Sarah A. de Aguero, Bachelors Candidate, University of South Florida. Office of Sponsored Projects. I will be designing, writing, and editing a technical manual for the Post-Award division of the Office of Sponsored Projects. The manual will detail the services provided to the Smithsonian princi- ple investigators. July 5, 1995 through August II, 1995. Courtney Lenhard, Bachelors Candidate, Whittier College. Assisting financial analysts in preparing corrected invoices and in analyzing indirect costs. Reviewing monthly finan- cial reports to identify deficits. June 5, 1995 through Au- Bust 4, 1995. Julianne Simpson, Masters Candidate, Arizona State Univer- sity. Assist in developing a management curriculum for Fi- nance and Administration and assist in development of a pan-institutional matrix of responsibilities for federal regu- lations and compliance for the Smithsonian. June 26, 1995 through July 28, 1995. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center M. Carole Anderson, Bachelors Candidate, Agnes Scott Col- lege. Spicebush research, especially insect interactions with plant; also bird predation or larvae that feed on spicebush. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Allison Eddy Blouin, Bachelors Candidate, St. John’s College. Studying rate of soil efflux of COz from forest floor. May 22, 1995 through August IJ, 1995. Cynthia Boyer, Bachelors Degree. Intern in the education and public programs department. March 6, 1995 through May 26, 1995. Andrea L. Craig, Bachelors Degree, Allegheny College. Ef- fects of UV radiation on phytoplankton in Chesapeake Bay. May 1995 through August 1995. Charlee H. Darby, Bachelors Candidate, Washington College. Amoebae in shipballast. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Manuel Gortschick, Bachelors Candidate, Fachhochschule, Hamburg. Forest canopy project. February 28, 1995 through August 31, 1995. Lisa A. Hartman, Bachelors Degree, Hood College. To iden- tify non-indigenous species of marine organisms entering the Baltimore and Norfolk harbors from the ballast water of cargo ships. May 22, 1995 through November 3, 1995. Kirsten Hauser. Quantify identification in wetland systems using gas chromatography to detect N2O levels. February 27, 1995 through May 19, 1995. Susan Njeri Mambo, Masters Candidate, Louisiana State Uni- versity. Environmental education and research. Reviewing environmental education materials, leading canoe tours, seminars, explaining ecological research. March 12, 1995 through May 5, 1995. Nancy Merrill, Bachelors Candidate, Cornell University. As- sisting Mark Hadden. Filming an environmental education video aimed at middle schools. We are trying to show that environmental science is fun, exciting and important. June 5, 1995 through August 20, 1995. Eleanor Milne, Masters Candidate, Essex University. The ef- fects of elevated CO2 on root respiration in a tidal marsh ecosystem. May 22, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Nancy Polen, Bachelors Degree, Grove City College. Long term bird census with Dr. Jim Lynch. Research takes place on 30 acre plot with vegetation in a variety of successful stages. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Tonya Kafi Rawlings, Bachelors Degree, Cornell University. Intern will be studying the blue crab/rock fish interactions in the Chesapeake Bay. May 6, 1995. Francisca Saavedra, Masters Candidate, University of Florida. Canopy Lab. Collect data in forest and analyze it on com- puter. November 28, 1994 through February 3, 1995. Gabriela W. Smalley, Bachelors Degree, University of Mary- land. June 5, 1995 through August 25, 1995. 139 William G. Smithhart, Bachelors Candidate, Southwest Texas State University. To determine geological influences on water quality in study areas within the Chesapeake Bay wa- tershed using available SERC resources and geographic in- formation systems. May 22, 1995 through August II, 1995. Sasha I. Weinstein, Bachelors Degree, Brown University. Nu- trient cycling in a constructed wetland. June 5, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Amy Cancienne, Masters Candidate, Louisiana Stace Univer- sity. Museum Reference Center. Answering most frequently asked reference questions and developing packets. Decem- ber 19, 1994 through January 6, 1995. Teria A. Curry, Masters Candidate, Catholic University. Cen- tral Reference and Loan. Learning the range of interlibrary loan activities. April 16, 1995 through August 10, 1995. Kimberly Matthews Graber, Masters Degree, Emporia Strate University. Museum Reference Center. Working on the or- ganization of the Native American Museums vertical files, and newly obtained materials and actively soliciting up- dated materials. January 9, 1995 through March 9, 1995. Marci Madatic, Masters Candidate, Louisiana State University. American History Library. Working with Worlds Fair Books deciding which ones to keep and which to discard along with some reference work. December 19, 1994 through January 6, 1995. Dei Olson, Masters Degree, The American University, Mu- seum Reference Center. Identify and prepare a guide on visi- tor evaluation studies. May 31, 1995 through December 31, 1995. Debra Shumate, Masters Candidate, Catholic University. Na- tional Portrait Gallery & American Art Library. Profes- sional librarianship, experience via practicum. August 29, 1995 through January 31, 1996. Debra Shumate, Masters Candidate, Catholic University of America. National Postal Museum. Develop bibliography of the Colonial Post Office. January 12, 1995 through May 13, 1995. Smithsonian Institution Travelling Exhibition Service Shannon Brown, Masters Candidate, Arizona State University. Contribute to the development of interpretive components and written materials for the traveling exhibition exotic illusions: art, romance and the marketplace. Drafting exhi- bition text for interactive and Audio Visual components, re- 140 searching photographs, library research, meeting with exhibition team, drafting text for gallery handout, exhib- itor kits, participating in general office activities related to the SITES program. June 1, 1995 through August 11, 1995- Smithsonian Institution Women’s Committee Kelly O'Donnell, Masters Degree, University of San Diego. Assisting the women’s committee with organizing records in order to publish anniversary book. January 23, 1995 through April 30, 1995. Smithsonian Magazine Tonya E. Manuel, Bachelors Candidate, Hampton University. Gain an overall view of how the publication operates with an emphasis on editorial activities. Read and evaluate unso- licited manuscripts, working with an editor, doing research on an article and working in picture department. June 5, 1995 through August 4, 1995. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Erasmo C. Gonzalez, High School Senior, Landon School. Of- fice support work for Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti- tute. May 15, 1995 through June 2, 1955. Juan Posada Hostettler, Bachelors Degree, Universidad de los Andes. Researching plant response to elevated carbon dioxide levels. October 1, 1994 through December 31, 1994. Robert McCormick, High School Senior. Landon School. Of- fice support work for the Center for Tropical Forest Science. May 17, 1995 through June 2, 1995. Elizabeth Stoel, Bacheiors Candidate, Princeton University. Working in the office doing secretarial work and learning about acting as a liason for offices and laboratories all over the world. June 5, 1995 through August 30, 1995. The Smithsonian Assoctates Emily A. Allen, Bachelors Candidate, Harvard and Radcliffe Colleges. Provide support to TSA volunteer office, work on customer service training project, volunteer newsletter, etc. June 12, 1995 through August 24, 1995. Michele Renee Cardin Bailey, Bachelors candidate, The Uni- versity of Tampa. The Smithsonian Associates. Archiving, press releases, TSA operations etc. September 5, 1995 through December 1s, 1995. Betsy A. Baird, Masters Degree, Dartmouth. Resident Associ- ate Program. Assisting in the Resident Associate Program programming. July 31, 1995 through June 30, 1996. Jennifer Bergeron, Bachelors Degree, U Mass-Dartmouth, Lib- eral Arts and Special Events. Assist Program Coordinator with general office work in addition to work on special pro- jects. July 12, 1995 through August 25, 1995. Lyra J. Colfer, Bachelors Candidate, Cornell University. The Young Associates. Work on fall activities: scholarship pro- gram, Family Halloween Party, research prospective films and tours, other duties as assigned. September 5, 1995 through December 6, 1995. Kimberly A. Geiler, Bachelors Candidate, Trinity University. Office of Public Affairs. Assisting with press releases, ar- chiving, and the Smithsonian Associates operations. May 15, 1995 through August II, 1995. Mark A. Nakamura, Bachelors Candidate, University of Cali- fornia, Santa Cruz. Marketing/Development. I will be pro- viding support in all areas of marketing and development at the Smithsonian Associates. In addition, I will be work- ing on several photography projects for the Associates. Sep- tember 20, 1995 through December 6, 1995. Anne M. Shoemake, Bachelors Candidate, University of the South. Progamming assistant for domestic tours and the Odyssey program. June 5, 1995 through August 5, 1995. Daisy H. Voorhees, Bachelors Candidate, Wesleyan Univer- sity. The Young Associates. Coordinate the Smithsonian Summer camp. Responsibilities include oversight for the daily operation of the camp and logistical planning in ad- vance of the Summer Camp session. June 12, 1995 through August II, 1995. Blythe E. Wallgren, Bachelors Candidate, George Washing- ton University. Young Benefactors. Coordinate the Young Benefactors annual silent auction. Work with young bene- factors committee members and local area merchants. Work with Young Benefactors liaison at special events in- cluding the annual gala.May Is, 1995 through September 22, 1995. Michele Winkler, Bachelors Degree, Pennsylvania State Uni- versity. Visual Arts/Studio Arts. Assisting in various admin- istrative procedures which include conducting research, marketing of programs, assisting at council meetings, writ- ing memos and letters, and attending workshops and classes. February 13, 1995 through June 9, 1995. 141 Research Associates Research Associates status is conferred by the Provost on individuals from outside the Institution who are conducting ongoing research in areas in which the Smithsonian has collections or expertise. Research Associates are granted access to the Institution's facilities and reference resources and often consult or collaborate with Smithsonian researchers. Most appointments of Research Associates are for a duration of three years and are renewable. The following is a list of individuals who held the title of Research Associates during fiscal year 1995. Office of the Provost Dr. Wilton S. Dillon Center For Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Mr. Kenneth Bilby Conservation Analytical Laboratory Dr. Veletta Canouts Freer Gallery of Art/Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Dr. Esin Aul Ms. Elizabeth West Fitzhugh Mrs. Mary S. Slusser National Air and Space Museum Dr. Tsevi Mazeh Dr. Vladimir Strelnitski National Museum of African Art Dr. Labelle Prussin National Museum of American Art Dr. Wanda M. Corn Dr. Charles C. Eldredge National Museum of Natural History Anthropology Department Dr. William P. Barse Dr. Michael L. Blakey Dr. Ernest S. Burch, Jr. Dr. Anita G. Cook Dr. Gillian Feeley-Harnik Dr. Ann Fienup-Riordan Dr. Dr. Dr. Don Fowler Catherine S. Fowler George C. Frison Dr. John M. Fritz Dr. James Lowell Gibbs, Jr. Dr. James B. Griffin Dr. Dr. Dr. . Corinne Ann Kratz A Kris L. Hardin Catherine A. Hawks Richard T. Koritzer, D.D.S. . Bonnie S. Magnes-Gardiner . Betty J. Meggers . Michael D. Petraglia . Stephen R. Potter . Bruce D. Ragsdale . Mara E. Rosenthal . Robert G. Schmidr . Douglas Siegel-Causey . Kenyan G. Tomaselli Dr. John W. Verano Ms. Mildred Mort Wedel Dr. John E. Yellen Botany Department Dr. Dr. Lisa Ceryle Barnett Carol J. Bult Dr. Jose Cuatrecasas Dr. Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr. Dr: Dr. Dr. Elbert L. Little Diane S. Littler Alicia Lourteig Dr. John J. Pipoly, III Dr. Dr. Velva E. Rudd William Louis Stern Entomology Department Dr. Dr. Mr. Dr. Dr. . Margaret S. Collins . Gregory W. Courtney Y David N. Adamski Annette Aiello Donald M. Anderson William E. Bickley Harley P. Brown . Eduardo Dominguez . Lance Durden . Robert L. Edwards . Neal L. Evenhuis . Adrian B. Forsyth . Amnon Freidberg . Robert D. Gordon . Ralph E. Harbach . Paul M. Marsh . Scott E. Miller Dr. Charles Mitter Dr. Paul A. Opler Dr. Philip D. Perkins Dr. Robert V. Peterson Mr. E. L. Peyton Dr. Dan A. Polhemus Dr. John T. Polhemus Dr. Patricia Gentili Poole Dr. Robert W. Poole Mr. Curtis Sabrosky Dr. Silvia Santiago-Fragoso Dr. Jay C. Schaffer Dr. Nikolaj Scharff Dr. Jeffrey W. Shultz Mr. Theodore J. Spilman Dr. Robert Traub Dr. David P. Wooldridge Dr. Frank N. Young Invertebrate Zoology Department Dr. G. Denton Belk Dr. Darryl L. Felder Dr. Gorden L. Hendler Dr. John R. Holsinger Dr. E. Taisoo Park Mr. Richard E. Petit Dr. Donald C. Ports Dr. Marjorie L. Reaka Dr. Janet W. Reid Dr. Edward E. Ruppert Dr. James D. Thomas Paleobiology Department Dr. William I. Ausich Dr. Raymond L. Bernor Dr. Annalisa Berta Dr. Robyn Burnham Dr. Zhongyuan Chen Dr. James M. Clark Dr. Stephen J. Culver Dr. John D. Damuth Dr. Daryl P. Domning Dr. J. Thomas Dutro, Jr. Dr. Ralph E. Eshelman Dr. Jerzy Fedorowski Dr. Thomas G. Gibson Dr, Nigel Hughes Dr. Paul L. Koch Dr. Carl F. Koch Dr. Sergius H. Mamay Dr. Christopher G. Maples Dr. Jerry N. McDonald Dr. Robert B. Neuman Dr. William A. Oliver, Jr. Dr. Lisa E. Osterman Dr. John Pojeta, Jr. Dr. Kenneth D. Rose Dr. William J. Sando Dr. David E. Schindel Dr. Judith Skog Dr. Anthony Socci Dr. Norman F. Sohl Dr. I. Gregory Sohn Dr. Steven M. Stanley Dr. Hans-Dieter Sues Dr. Kammer W. Thomas Dr. Joshua I. Tracey Dr. James W. Valentine Dr. Andrew G. Warne Dr. David Bruce Weishampel Dr. Frank C. Whitmore Dr. Debra A. Willard Dr. Christopher Wnuk Dr. Keddy Yemane Dr. Ellis L. Yochelson Vertebrate Zoology Department Dr. Ronald Altig Dr. Aaron M. Bauer Mr. Bruce M. Beehler Dr. Eleanor D. Brown Dr. Robert L. Brownell Dr. John R. Burns Dr. John E. Cadle Dr. Philip J. Clapham Dr. Kenneth Dodd Dr. Andreze) Elzanowski Dr. Louise H. Emmons Dr. Carl H. Ernst Dr. William Fink Ms. Sara V. Fink Dr. Thomas H. Fritts Dr. J. Whitfield Gibbons Dr. David A. Good Dr. Catherine Hawks Dr. Lawrence R. Heaney Dr. Richard Highton Dr. Aleta Hohn Dr. Peter W. Houde Mr. Ivan Ineich Mrs. Phyllis R. Isler Mr. Morton L. Isier Dr. Elisabeth Kalko Dr. Roy K. Kropp Ms. Roxie C. Laybourne Dr. Bradley C. Livezey Dr. Jonathan B. Losos Dr. Linda E. Resnik Maxson Mr. Roy W. McDiarmid Dr. Naercio Menezes Mr. Joseph C. Mitchell Dr. Guy G. Musser Dr. Rafael Omar de Sa Dr. Hidetoshi Ota Dr. William Perrin Mr. Gregory K. Pregill Dr. John E. Randall Hon S. Dillon Ripley, I Dr. Sentiel A. Rommel Dr. William F. Smith-Vaniz Mr. Wayne C. Starnes Dr. David L. Stein Mr. Ian R. Swingland Dr. Merrill Varn Mr. Richard J. Wassersug Dr. E. O. Wiley National Zoological Park Dr. Mary Katherine Carlstead Dr. Adelmar Coimbra-Filho Dr. Perry S. Barboza Dr. Susan D. Crissey Dr. Kim C. Derrickson Dr. James M. Dietz Dr. Wolfgang Dittus Dr. John F. Eisenberg Dr. John M. Francis Dr. Karen L. Goodrowe Dr. Theodore I. Grand Dr. Mary M. Hagedorn Dr. Sara J. Iverson Dr. David W. Johnston Dr. Thomas H. Kunz Dr. Brian Miller Dr. Dale Miquelle Dr. Steven L. Monfort Dr. James B. Murphy Dr. Donald H. Owings Dr. Stephen J. O’Brien Dr. Thomas W. Quinn Dr. William F. Rall Mr. Alfred Rosenberger Dr. Stephen I. Rothstein Dr. Mitchel Schiewe Dr. George Schwede Dr. Norman J. Scott, Jr. Dr. Michael Stuwe Dr. Steven D. Thompson 143 Dr. Duane E. Ullrey Dr. Samuel K. Wasser Dr. Per Wegge Dr. Elsie May Widdowson Dr. Kevin Winker Conservation Research Center/National Zoological Park Dr. Govindasamy Agoramoorthy Dr. Joel Berger Dr. W. Don Bowen Dr. Scott Creel Dr. John G. Frazier Dr. Mary Victoria McDonald Dr. Charles W. McDougal 144 Dr. William J. McShea Dr. Richard R. Tenaza Dr. Paul Weldon Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives/ Joseph Henry Papers Dr. Albert E. Moyer Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Dr. Alastair Cameron Dr. Alyssa Goodman Dr. Josh Grindlay Dr. Robert Kirshner Dr. Chris Kochanek Dr. Avi Loeb Dr. Jane Luu Dr. Ramesh Narayan Dr. William Press Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Dr. Peter Shaw Ashton Dr. Stephen P. 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University Press Ardouin, Claude Daniel, and Emmanuel Arinze. Museums and the Community in West Africa. June 1995. Arriaza, Bernardo T. Beyond Death: The Chinchorro Mummies of Ancient Chile. September 1995. Ben-Amos, Paula Gershick. The Art of Benin. Revised edition. June 1995. Bendix, Deanna Marohn. Diabolical Designs: Paintings. Interi- ors. and Exhibitions of James McNetll Whistler. May 1995. Brigham, David R. Public Culture in the Early Republic: Peale's Museum and Its Audience. March 1995. Brown, Dona. Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in the Nineteenth Century. March 1995. Chaussonnet, Valérie, ed. Crossroads Alaska: Native Cultures of Alaska and Siberia. Copublished with the Smithsonian Insti- tution Arctic Studies Center. September 1995. Clark-Lewis, Elizabeth. Living In, Living Out: African American Domestics in Washington, D.C., 1910-1940. October 1994. Collar, N. J., M. J. Crosby, and A. J. Stattersfield. Birds to Watch 2: The World List of Threatened Birds. Distributed for BirdLife International. July 1995. Cooper, J. E., ed. Disease and Threatened Birds. Distributed for BirdLife International. July 1995. Cottonwoods: Photographs by Robert Adams. January 1995. Craddock, Paul T. Early Metal Mining and Production. Copublished with Edinburgh University Press. May 1995. 154 Croxall, J. P., ed. Seabird Status and Conservation: A Supplement. Distributed for BirdLife International. July 1995. Cullen, Jim. The Civil War in Popular Culture: A Reusable Past. March 1995. Danly, Susan, and Chery! Leibold. Eakins and the Photograph: Works by Thomas Eakins and His Circle in the Collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. September 1994. Davies, R. E. G., and I. E. Quastler. Commuter Airlines of the United States. November 1994. Diamond, A. W., and FE L. Filion, eds. The Value of Birds. Dis- tributed for BirdLife International. July 1995. Doss, Erika. Spirit Poles and Flying Pigs: Public Art and Cul- tural Democracy n American Communities. March 1995. Elias, Scott A. Ice-Age History of Alaskan National Parks. April 1995. Evans, M. I. Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. Distrib- uted for BirdLife International. July 1995. Flores, Richard R. Los Pastores: History and Performance in the Mexican Shepherd's Play of South Texas. September 1995. Foresta, Merry A., and John Wood. Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The Art of the American Daguerreotype. Copublished with the National Museum of American Art. June 1995. Frankel, Godfrey, and Laura Goldstein. In the Alleys: Kids in the Shadow of the Capitol. September 1995. Franklin, John Hope, and Genna Rae McNeil, eds. African Americans and the Living Constitution. March 1995. Garcia Rodero, Cristina. Espana Oculta: Public Celebrations in Spain. 1974-1989. Copublished with Lunwerg Publishers. August 1995. Glines, Carroll V. Roscoe Turner: Aviation’s Master Showman. March 1995. Goriup, Paul D., ed. Ecology and Conservation of Grassland Birds. Distributed for BirdLife International. July 1995. Hendler, Gordon, John E. Miller, David L. Parson, and Porter M. Kiev. Sea Stars. Sea Urchins. and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. August 1995. Horses and Dogs: Photographs by William Eggleston. January 1995. Houchins, Chang-su. Artifacts of Diplomacy: Smithsonian Collec- tions from Commodore Matthew Perry’s Japan Expedition (1853- 1854). August 1995. Hyatt, Vera Lawrence, and Rex Nettleford, eds. Race. Dis- course, and the Origin of the Americas: A New World View. March 1995. Jackson, Robert. F-86 Sabre: The Operational Record. Copublished with Airlife Publishing. April 1995. Jacob, Kathryn Allamong. Capital Elites: High Society in Wash- ington, D.C., after the Civil War. October 1994. Johnson, David R. I/legal Tender: Counterfeiting and the Secret Service in Nineteenth-Century America. January 1995. Jones, David L. Palms Throughout the World. Copublished with Reed Books. July 1995. Kan, Michael, Roy Sieber, David W. Penney, Mary Nooter Roberts, and Helen M. Shannon. African Masterworks in the Detroit Institute of Arts. September 1995. Kelly, Robert L. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter- Gatherer Lifeways. July 1995. Leary, William M., ed. From Arrships to Airbus: The History of Civil Aviation. Volume x Infrastructure and Environment. April 1995. Light, Ken. Delta Time: Mississtpp: Photographs. March 1995. Lopez, Donald S. Fighter Pilot's Heaven: Flight Testing the Early Jets. March 1995. McFarland, Stephen L. America’s Pursutt of Strategic Bombing. rgro—1945. March 1995. Miles, Ellen G. Saznt-Memin and the Neoclassical Profile Portrait in America. Copublished with the National Portrait Gallery. December 1994. Merrill, Linda, ed. With Kindest Regards: The Correspondence of James McNe:ll Whistler and Charles Lang Freer. 1890-1903. Copublished with the Freer Gallery. April 1995. Morrell, Abelardo. Camera in a Room. August 1995. Nettleship, D. N., J. Burger, and M. Gochfeld, eds. Seabirds on Islands: Threats. Case Studies. and Action Plans. Distrib- uted for BirdLife International. July 1995. Norton, Brian G., Michael Hutchins, Elizabeth F. Stevens, and Terry Maple. Ethics on the Ark: Zoos. Animal Welfare. and Wildlife Conservation. June 1995. Parker, Ann, and Avon Neal. Hajj Paintings: Folk Art of the Great Pilgrimage. September 1995. Partridge, Elizabeth, ed. Dorothea Lange: A Visual Life. Octo- ber 1994. Piehler, G, Kurt. Remembering War the American Way. March 1995- Pollack, Howard. Skyscraper Lullaby: The Life and Music of John Alden Carpenter. December 1994. Prosterman, Leslie. Ordinary Life, Festival Days: Aesthetics in the Midwestern County Fair. October 1994. Prussin, Labelle. African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place. and Gender. July 1995. Redding, Joan, and Diane Vogt-O’Connor. Guide to the Photo- graphic Collections at the Smithsonian Institution. Volume lV. National Air and Space Museum. April 1995. Salathé, T. Conserving Migratory Birds. Distributed for BirdLife International. July 1995. Samuels, Peggy and Harold. Remembering the Maine. April 1995. Schiffer, Michael Brian. Taking Charge: The Electric Automobile in America. August 1994. Schoenfeld, Max. Stalking the U-boat: USAAF Offensive Antisub- marine Operations in World War II. December 1994. Schwartz, Glenn M., and Steven E. Falconer, eds. Archaeologi- cal Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies. October 1994. Seiler-Baldinger, Annemarie. Textiles: A Classification of Tech- niques. Copublished with Crawford House Publishers. January 1995. Thorp, Nigel, ed. Whistler on Art: Selected Letters and Writings, 1849-1903. of James McNeill Whistler. Copublished with Car- canet Press. December 1994. Trimble, William E. From Airships to Airbus: The History of Civil Aviation. Volume 2: Pioneers and Operations. April 1995. Tucker, G., M. Heath, L. Tomialojc, and R. Grimmett. Bzrds in Europe: Thetr Conservation Status. Distributed for BirdLife International. July 1995. Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. Easter Island: Archaeology. Ecology, and Culture. Copublished with British Museum Press. January 1995. Voss, Frederick S. Majestic in His Wrath: A Pictorial Life of Frederick Douglass. Copublished with the National Portrait Gallery. February 1995. Wagner, Warren L., and V. A. Funk, eds. Hawatian Brogeogra- phy: Evolution on a Hot Spot. June 1995. Waller, Gregory A. Mazn Street Amusements: Movies and Commer- cial Entertainment in a Southern City, 1896-1930. April 1995. Weil, Scephen E. A Cabinet of Curiosities: Inquiries into Museums and Their Prospects. March 1995. Yamba, C. Bawa. Permanent Pilgrims: The Role of Pilgrimage in the Lives of West African Muslims in Sudan. Copublished with Edinburgh University Press. June 1995. Young, Edward M. Aerial Nationalism: A History of Aviation in Thailand. October 1994. Smithsonian Institution Books Conaway, James. The Smithsonian: 150 Years of Adventure. Discov- ery, and Wonder. A profusely illustrated history of the Institution's first century and a half August 1995. The Smithsonian Guides to Natural America. A 16-volume series companion set to the highly successful Smzthsonian Guides to Historic America Exploring the Ancient World. The last 3 titles in the 8-part se- ries. Copublished with St. Remy Press. Smithsonian Recordings Great American Orchestras series. New titles in the series are Philadelphia Orchestra/Eugene Ormandy and New York Philharmonic: 1940-1954. Compilation and notes by Richard Freed. Old Time Radio series. Four different boxed sets: The Cinnamon Bear, A Classic Children's Story (5-CD/5-cas- sette set). Contains 26 original radio episodes of the magi- cal adventures of Judy and Jimmy Barton and the Cinnamon Bear through Maybeland. Let's Pretend (4-CD/4-cassette). 12 adventures from “radio's outstanding children’s theater.” Science Fiction (4-CD/4-cassette set). 10 classic radio shows of the science fiction genre including H. G. Wells’ “War of the Worlds”. The Stan Freberg Show. 7 complete radio shows from Freberg’s famed 1957 CBS radio series. Big Band Renaissance: Big Band Jazz from the 40s to the 90s. 5-CD/5-cassette boxed set. Compiled with notes and annota- tions by Bill Kirchner. 155 Mean Old World: The Blues From 1940 to 1994. 4-CD/4-cassette boxed set. Compiled with notes and annotations by Law- rence Hoffman. Hot Jazz On Blue Note. 4-CD/4-cassette boxed set. Compiled with notes and annotations by Dan Morgenstern. Smithsonian Video Division The Earth Is Our Mother. Vand II. Now, A Moment on Earth. Smithsonian Expedition. Two programs. Smithsonian World. A 12-tape collection: The Wyeths: A Father and His Family; The Living Constitution; Zoo: Web of Life; The Vever Affair; Tales of the Human Dawn; Nigerian Art—Kin- dred Spirits; The Quantum Universe: Gender: The Enduring Par- adox; From Information to Wisdom: A Certain Age: The Doors of Perception. Federal Series Publications Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 37. Chang-su Houchins. “Artifacts of Diplomacy: Smithson- ian Collections from Commodore Mathew Perry's Japan Ex- pedition (1853—1854).” 155 pages, 143 figures, 2 maps. (31 May 1995) Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 79. Nigel C. Hughes. “Ontogeny, Intraspecific Variation, and Systematics of the Lace Cambrian Trilobite Drkelocephalus.” 89 pages, 47 figures, 11 plates, 27 tables. (29 November 1994) 81. Alexandre F. Bannikov and James C. Tyler. “Phylogenetic Revision of the Fish Families Luvaridae and +Kushlukiidae (Acanthuroidei), with a New Genus and Two New Species of Eocene Luvarids.” 45 pages, 20 figures. (18 May 1995) Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 552. Karl V. Krombein and Wojciech J. Pulawski. “Biosyste- matic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, XX: A Revision of Tachysphex Kohl, 1883, with Notes on Other Oriental Spe- cies (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Larrinae).” 106 pages, 257 figures. (16 November 1994) 555. R. Daniel Bricefio and William G. Eberhard. “The Func- tional Morphology of Male Cerci and Associated Characters in 13 Species of Tropical Earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae, Labiidae, Carcinophoridae, Pygidicranidae).” 63 pages, 98 figures, I table. (17 March 1995) 557- Stephen D. Cairns. “Scleractinia of the Temperate North Pacific.” 150 pages, 3 figures, 42 plates, 5 tables. (18 October 1994) 156 559. Colin Patterson and G. David Johnson. “The Intermuscu- lar Bones and Ligaments of Teleostean Fishes.” 85 pages, 16 figures, 2 plates, 8 tables. (20 April 1995) 560. Nancy E. Adams and Robert E. Lewis. “An Annotated Catalog of Primary Types of Siphonaptera in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.” 86 pages. (4 January 1995) 562. Louis S. Kornicker. “Ostracoda (Myodocopina) of the SE Australian Contnental Slope, Part 2." 97 pages, 54 figures, 2 tables. (12 April 1995) 563. Alessandra R. Baptista and Wayne N. Mathis. “A Revi- sion of New World Cyamops Melander (Diptera: Peri- scelididae).” 25 pages, 59 figures, 1 table. (29 November 1994) 564. Richard P. Vari. “The Neotropical Fish Family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): Supra and Intrafamilial Phylogenetic Relationships, with a Revisionary Study.” 97 pages, 51 figures, 12 tables. (6 April 1995) 565. Victor G. Springer and Jeffrey T. Williams. “The Indo-West Pacific Blenniid Fish Genus Istzblennius Reappraised: A Revision of Istzblennius, Blenniella, and Paralticus. New Genus.” 193 pages, 73 figures, 45 cables. (29 November 1994) 566. David G. Smith. “Catalog of Type Specimens of Recent Fishes in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 6: Anguilliformes, Saccopharyngiformes, and Notacanthiformes (Teleostei: Elopomorpha).” 50 pages. (19 December 1994) 567. Wayne N. Mathis. “Studies of Gymnomyzinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), VI: A Revision of the Genus G/enanthe Hali- day, from the New World.” 26 pages, 59 figures. (10 Janu- ary 1995) 568. Louis S. Kornicker and Thomas M. Iliffe. “Ostracoda (Halocypridina, Cladocopina) from an Anchialine Lava Tube in Lanzarote, Canary Islands.” 32 pages, 16 figures, 1 table. (12 April 1995) 569. C. Allan Child. “Pycnogonida of the Western Pacific Islands, XI: Collections from the Aleutians and Other Bering Sea Islands, Alaska.” 30 pages, 10 figures. (12 April 1995) 570. Rafael Lemaitre. “A Review of the Hermit Crabs of the Genus Xy/opagurus A. Milne Edwards, 1880 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Paguridae), Including Descrip- tions of Two New Species.” 27 pages, 17 figures. (20 April 1995) 571. Mario C.C. de Pinna and Richard P. Vari. “Monophyly and Phylogenetic Diagnosis of the Family Cetopsidae, with Synonymization of the Helogenidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes).” 26 pages, 20 figures. (12 April 1995) 572. Cynthia Gust Ahearn. “Catalog of the Type Specimens of Seastars Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.” 59 pages. (26 April 1995) Publications for Museums, Bureaus, and Related Organizations Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Calendar of events. Published three times a year. National Museum of African Art. Brochure reprint. August 199s. National Museum of African Arc. Calendar of events. Pub- lished three times a year. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. Let's Go. Bulle- tin. Published twice a year. Office of Fellowships and Grants. Fellowships in Residence at the Smithsonian Institution. Poster. September 1994. Office of Fellowships and Grants. Smithsonian Opportunities for Research and Study. Booklet. August 1993. Office of the Secretary. Regents’ Bylaws, July 1995. 1§7 Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries in Fiscal Year 1995 Sciences Conservation Analytical Laboratory Alexander, Ingrid C. “Technical Studies and the Field of Conservation.” Study Series, June, 1995, 17-18. Baker, Mary T. “Ancient Mexican Rubber Artifacts and Modern American Spacesuits: Studies in Crystallization and Oxidation.” Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology IV. edited by Pamela B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik, J.L.G. Madrid, I. C. Freestone, G. S. Wheeler, pp. 223-232 Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Series 352 Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society, 1995. . “Conservation Issues for Modern Materials.” In Preserving the Recent Past, edited by D. Slaton and R. A. Shiffer, pp. IV/11-IV/18 Washington, DC: Historic Preservation Education Foundation, 1995. . “Lifetime Predictions for Polyurethane-Based Recording Media Binders: Determination of the 'Shelf-Life’ of Videotape Collections.” In Resins: Ancient and Modern, edited by M. M. Wright and J. H. Townsend, pp. 106—110 Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Conservation and Restoration, 1995. . “Thermal Studies on Ancient and Modern Rubber: Environmental Information Contained in Crystallised Rubber.” In Resins: Ancient and Modern, edited by M. M. Wright and J. H. Townsend, pp. 53-56 Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Conservation and Restoration, 1995. Ballard, Mary W. “Mechanical Properties: Preview and Review,” Textile Conservation Newsletter, no. 28 (Spring, 1995): 14-28. 158 Beaubien, Harriet F. “’Low Tech’ Methods for Characterizing Materials in the Field.” Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology IV, edited by Pamela B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik, J.L.G. Madrid, I. C. Freestone, G. S. Wheeler, pp. 641-652 Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Series 352 Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society, 1995. . Summaries of “Discussion #1,” “Discussion #2” and “Discussion #3.” In Loss Compensation: Technical and Philosophical Issues, compiled by Ellen Pearlstein and Michele Marincola, Proceedings of the Objects Specialty Group Session, 10 June 1994, 22nd Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN, Washington, D.C.: American Institute for Conservation, 1995, pp. 35-37, 72 and 122. Becker, Mary A., P. Willman, and Noreen C. Tuross. “The U.S. First Ladies Gowns: A Biochemical Study of Silk Preservation.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 34, 2, 141-152, 1995. Bishop, Ronald L. “Pre-Columbian Pottery: Research in the Maya Region.” In Archaeometry of Pre-Columbian Sites and Artifacts, edited by D. A. Scott and P. 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Allen and Tyree, Melvin T. “Physiological Determinants of Ficus Fruit Temperature and the Implications for Survival of the Pollinator Species: Comparative Physiology Through an Energy Budget Approach.” Oecologia 100: 13-20 (1994). Patino, Sandra, Tyree, Melvin T. and Herre, E. Allen. “Comparison of Hydraulic Architecture of Woody Plants of Differing Phylogeny and Growth Form with Special Reference to Free-Standing and Hemi-Epiphytic Ficus Species from Panama.” New Phytologist 129: 125-134 (1995). Pandolfi, J.M. and Greenstein, B.J. “Comparative Taphonomy of Indo-Pacific and Caribbean Reef Corals.” In: VII International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera. Madrid. Spain. 12-15 September (1995). Paton, Steven. Barro Colorado Island {Colored detailed map of the Island}. Published in B/W in STRI Newsletter 39: 4 (1995). . 1994 Meteorological and Hydrological Summary for Barro Colorado Island. Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: I-27 (1995). Patron, Steven, Castro, Isabel C. and Whelan, Pradraig. Introduccion a la Bioestadistica de Campo. Quito: Fundacion Charles Darwin para Islas Galapagos (1994). Pearsall, Deborath M., Piperno, Dolores R, Dinan, Elizabeth H., Umlauf, Marcelle, Zhao, Zhijun and Benfer, Jr., Robert A. “Distinguishing Rice (Oryza sativa Poaceae) from Wild Oryza Specoes Through Phyrolith Analysis: Results of Preliminary Research.” Economic Botany 49(2): 183-196 (1995). 206 Pennisi, Elizabeth. “Blackened Mangrove, Smothered Reef: Years Later, Oil Still Sickens Tropical Coastal Ecosystems.” Science News 145(15):232—233 (1994). . “Gone Batty.” Sczence News 145( 18): 284-285 (1994). . “Tallying the Tropics: Seeing the Forest Through the Trees.” Sczence News 145(23): 362, 363, 366 (1994). Petersen, Christopher W. “Reproductive Behavior, Egg Trading, and Correlates of Male Mating Success in the Simultaneous Hermaphrodite, Serranus tabacarius.” Environmental Biology of Fishes 43: 351-361 (1995). Piperno, Dolores R. “Death in a Small Town, by John Hedges.” {Book review]. Antiquity 69(264): 641-642 (1995). . "On the Emergence of Agriculture in the New World.” Current Anthropology 35(5): 637-643 (1994). . “Phytolith and Charcoal Evidence for Prehistoric Slash-and-Burn Agriculture in the Darien Rain Forest of Panama.” The Holocene 4(3): 321-325 (1994). . “Plant Microfossils and their Application in the New World Tropics.” In: Archaeology in the Lowland American Tropics: 130-153, edited by Peter W. Stahl. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1995). Popp, M. and Winter, Klaus. “Carbohydrates and Osmotic Adjustment in Canopy Leaves.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 50-51, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). Porvin, C. “Optimal Seed Size, Maternal Selection and Leaf Phenology of Two Neotropical Tree Species.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 51, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). Poulin, Brigitte and G. Lefebvre. “Additional Information on the Use of Tarcar Emetic in Determining the Diet of Tropical Birds.” Condor 97: 897-90 (1995). Pratt, Stephen C. “Ecology and Behavior of Gnamptogenys horni (Formicidae: Ponerinae).” Insect Soctoux 41: 255-262 (1994). Purz, Francis E. “Tree Fates in Vine Tangles” [Abstracr]. In: Forest Canopies: Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation. First International Canopy Conference, November 9-13. Sarasota. Florida: 58. Sarasota: The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens (1994). Quintero A., Diomedes and Cambra T., Roberto A. “Systematics of Pseudomethoca areta (Cameron): Sex. Association, Description of the Male and a Gynandromorph. and a New Synonymy (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae).” Journal of Hymenoptera Research 3: 303-308 (1994). Radetsky, Peter. “Gut”. Discover 1995(May): 76-81 (1995). Rand, A. Stanley. “Introduction to Behavioral Ecology Section.” In: Lizard Ecology: Historical and Experimental Perspectives: 91-93, edited by L.J. Vitt and E.R. Pianka. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1994). Robb-Bevier, Catherine. Physiological Constraints on Calling Activity in Neotropical Frogs. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Connecticut. Robertson, D. Ross. “Competitive Ability and the Potential for Lotteries Among Territorial Reef Fishes. Oecologia 103: 180-190 (1995). Rodriguez, Viterbo, Windsor, Donald and Wright, S. Joseph. “Biodiversity and Host Plant Association in the Coleoptera and Homoptera of a Tropical Forest Canopy.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 14-14, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). Romero, Luz Maria. “Gira al Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales e Isla de Barro Colorado.” Rothschildta 2(1): 18 (1994). Roubik, David W. “Tropical Pollinators in the Canopy and Understory: Field Data and Theory for Stratum ’Preferences’.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 13-14, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). Roubik, David W. (editor). Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics. FAO Agricultural Bullletin 118 (1995). Rubinoff, Ira. “Introduction.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Wright and Marti Coley (1994). Rowan, Rob and Knowlton, Nancy. “Intraspecific Diversity and Ecological Zonation in Coral-Algal Symbiosis.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92: 2850-2853 (1995). Sagers, Cynthia L. and Coley, Phyllis D. 1995. “Benefits and Costs of Defense in a Neotropical Shrub.” Ecology 76(6): 1835-1843. Salazar Allen, Noris. “Syrrhopodon simmondsit New to Panama and Central America.” The Bryologist 97(3): 325 (1994). Salazar A., Noris and Morales Z., Maria Isabel (eds). Briolatina. Boletin Informativo No. 34. Panama: Sociedad Latinoamericana de Briologia (1994). Santos Granero, Fernando. E/ Poder del Amor: Poder, Conocimiento y Moralidad entre los Amuesha de la Selva Central del Per. Quito: Abya-Yala (1994) . “;Historias Etnicas or Historias Interétnicas?: Lecciones del Pasado Amuesha (Selva Central, Pera.” In: Memorias del I Seminario Internacional de Etnohistoria del Norte del Ecuador y Sur de Colombia: 351-372, edited by Guido Barona and Francisco Zuluaga. Santiago de Cali, Colombia: Universidad del Valle/Universidad del Cauca (1995). Santos Granero, Fernando and Barclay Rey de Castro, Frederica. Ordenes y Desérdenes en la Selva Central: Historia y Economia de un Espacio Regional. Serie Estudios de la Sociedad Regional 13. Lima: FLACSO-Ecuador/IEP/IFEA (1995). Santos Granero, Fernando and Barclay Rey de Castro, Frederica (eds.). Guia Etnografica de la Alta Amazonia, Volumen II. Quito: FLACSO-Ecuador/IFEA (1994). Schulz, William. 1995. “Spotlight: New Laboratories on Barro Colorado Island.” The Torch (September): 6. Santos Granero, Fernando and Barclay Rey de Castro, Frederica. Ordenes y Desérdenes en la Selva Central. Quito: Serie Estudios de la Sociedad Rural 13 IEP, FLASCO (1995). Schnitzler, Hans-Ulrich, Kalko, Elisabeth K.V., Kaipf, Ingrid and Grinnell, Alan D. “Fishing and Echolocation Behavior of the Greater Bulldog Bat, Noctilzo leporinus. in the Field.” Behavior Ecology and Soctobiology 35: 327-345 (1994). Schulz, William. “In Caribbean, Scientist Chart 10-Million-Year Geological History.” Smithsonian Institution Research Reports: 1, 6 (1995). . “Jola People Reflect Changes in Africa, STRI'’s Olga Linares Says.” The Torch June 1995: 3 (1995). . "New Marine Station Benefits People and Environment.” Smithsonian Institution Research Reports No. 81: 1 (1995). . “Southbound in September: Flight of the Urania Moth, Search for Omphalea.” Tropic Times (Nature), Sep 22, Br, B3. Schwartz, Joshua J. “Male Advertisement and Female Choice in Frogs: Recent Findings and New Approaches to the Study of Communication in a Dynamic Acoustic Environment.” American Zoologist 34: 616-624 (1995). Searles, Perer S., Caldwell, Martyn M. and Winter, Klaus. “The Response of Five Tropical Dicotyledon Species to Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation.” American Journal of Botany 82(4): 445-453 (1995). Seutin, Gilles. “Plumage Redness in Redpoll Finches Does not Reflect Hemoparasitic Infection.” Ozkos 70: 280-286 (1994). Seutin, Gilles, Klein, N.K., Ricklefs, Robert E. and Bermingham, Eldredge. “Historical Biogeography of the Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola) in the Caribbean Region: A Mitochondrial DNA Assessment.” Evolution 48(4): 1041-1061 (1994). Seutin, Gilles, Lang, Franz B., Mindell, David P. and Morais, Réjean. “Evolution of the WANCY Region in amniote Mitochondrial DNA.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 11(3): 329-340 (1994). Seutin, Gilles and Letzer, M. “The Short-Tailed Nighthawk 1s a Tree Nester.” Journal of Field Ornithology 66(1): 30-36 (1995). Skillman, John and Winter, Klaus. “Aechmea magdalenae. a Tropical Understory CAM plant, Utilizes Lighflecks more Effectively in Photosynthesis than Sympatric C3 Species.” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America (Suppl) 76: 389 (1995). Smythe, Nick and Brown de Guanti, O. La Domesticacion y Cria de la Paca (Agouti paca). Roma: Guia FAO Conservacion 26 (1995). Tennant, Leeanne Elizabeth. Ecology of a Facultative Ant-Plant “Mutualism”. Ph.D. Thesis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University (1994). Terborgh, J. and Wright, S. Joseph. “Effects of Mammalian Herbivores on Plant Recruitment in two Neotropical Forests. Ecology 75: 1829-1833 (1994). 207 Thiele, Alexandra, Winter, Klaus and Krause, Heinrich. “Mechanisms of Phoytoinhibition in Leaves of Tropical Plants.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 47-48, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). . “Phoroinhibition of Photosyntesis Related to Xanthophyll Cycle and D1 Protein Turnover in Higher Plants.” {Abstract} In: Xth International Photosynthesis Congress: 198 (1995). Tissue, D.T. and Wright, S. Joseph. “Effect of Seasonal Water Availability on Phenology and the Annual Shoot Carbohydrate Cycle of Tropical Forest Shrubs.” Functional Ecology 9(3): 518-527 (1995). Tyree, Melvin T., Davis, Stephen D, and Cochard, Herve. “Biophysical Perspectives of Xylem Evolution: Is there a Tradeoff of Hydraulic Efficiency for Vulnerability to Dysfunction?” [AWA Journal 15(4): 335-360 (1994). Veit, M. and Winter, Klaus. “Ultra-Violet-B Absorbing Substances in Canopy Leaves.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 57, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). Ventocilla, Jorge. Anmar Napguana Mimmigana: We the Children of Mother Earth: Nosotros. los Hisos de la Madre Tierra. (Illustrations by Ologuagdi). Washington D.C. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution (1994). Ventocilla, Jorge and King, Beth. Gusa del Sendero Fausto, Isla Barro Colorado. Panama (1995). Ventocilla, Jorge, Herrera, Heraclio and Nujfez, Valerio. Plants and Animals in the Live of the Kuna. Edited by Hans Roeder and translated by Elisabeth King. Austin: University of Texas Press (1995). Villa, Marictin Valentin and Viera del Cid, Roque B. Evaluacién Comparativa de Tres Agentes de Control Bioldgico, sobre Larvas de Anopheles albimanus y Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Thesis. Panama: University of Panama (1994). Villalaz, Janzel R. “Morphometric and Biochemical Changes is Two Age Classes of the Tropical Scallop, Argopecten ventricosus, Under Laboratory Conditions.” American Malacological Bulletin 11(1): 67-72 (1994). Wachter, Ysyzyana S., Batista Zenith and Foster, Robin B. “Inscant Field Guides and Micro-Herbaria for Tropical Floras” [Abstract]. In: Forest Canopies: Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation. First International Canopy Conference, November 9-13, Sarasota, Florida: 86. Sarasota: The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens (1994). Weislo, William T. “Learning Capabilities and the Evolution of Condition-Sensitive Social Behavior.” In: Les Insectes Socieaux: Proceedings of the 12th Congress International of the Union for the Study of Social Insects: 183. Paris: Universite Paris Nord (1994). 208 Wcislo, William T. “The Relevance of Mate Recognition to the Evolution of Sociality in Sweat Bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae).” In: Les Insectes Socteaux: Proceedings of the 12th Congress International of the Union for the Study of Social Insects: 184. Paris: Universite Paris Nord (1994). Weislo, William T. “Why Bother with Behavior?” [Book Review}. Journal of Insect Behavior 7(6): 891-893 (1994). Wcislo, William T. and Buchmann, S.L. “Mating Behaviour in the Bees, Diexnomia heteropoda and Nomia tetrazonata, with a Review of Courtship in Nomiinae (Hymenoptera: Halictidae).” Journal of Natural History 29: 1015-1027 (1995). Wcislo, William, Danforth, B.N. and Mieller, U.G. “In Memoriam: George Campbell Eickwort.” Imsect Soctoux 41: 461-463 (1994). Weislo, William, Minckley, Robert L., Leschen, Richard A.B. and Reyes, Stephen. “Rates of Parasitism by Natural Enemies of a Solitary Bee, Diexnomia triangulifera (Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera) in Relation to Phenologies.” Soctobiology 23(3): 265-273 (1994). Wceislo, William and Turillazzi, Stefano. “Symbiosis: Parasitic and Beneficial Associations Among Social Insects: Intriduction.” In: Les Insectes Socteaux: Proceedings of the 12th Congress International of the Union for the Study of Social Insects: 191. Paris: Universite Paris Nord (1994). Wceislo, William T. and West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. “Nourishment and Evolution 1n Insect Societies”, edited by James H. Hunt and Christine A. Nalepa [Book review]. Quarterly Review of Biology 70: 226 (1995). Wieder, R.K. and Wright, S. Joseph. 1995. “Tropical Forest Litter Dynamics and Dry Season Irrigation on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.” Ecology 76(6): 1971-1979. Weil, Ernesto and Knowlton, Nancy. “A Multi-Character Analysis of the Caribbean Coral Montastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786) and its Two Sibling Species M. faveolata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) and M. franksi (Gregory, 1895).” Bulletin of Marine Science 55(1): 151-175 (1994). Wellington, Gerard M., Allen, Gerald R. and Robertson, D. Ross. “Xyrichtys perlas (Labridae), A New Species of Razorfish from the Tropical Eastern Pacific.” Revue fr. Aquariol. 21: 49-52 (1994). Wellington, Gerard M. and Dunbar, R.B. “Stable Isotopic Signature of E] Nifio Southern Oscillation Events in Eastern Tropical Pacific Reef Corals.” Coral Reefs 14(1): 5-26 (1995). West, Stuarc A. and Herre, E. Allen. “The Ecology of New World Fig-Paratizing Wasps Idarnes and Implications for the Evolution of the Fig-Pollinator Mutualism.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 258: 67—72 (1994). Wilczynski, Walter, Rand, A. Stanley and Ryan, Michael J. “The Processing of Spectral Cues by the Call Analysis System of the Tangara Frog, Physalaemus pustulosus.” Animal Behaviour 49: 911-929 (1995). Windsor, Donald M., Demacedo, M.V. and Siqueiracampos, A.D. “Flower Feeding by Species of Echoma chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on Mikania (asteraceae) in Panama and Brazil.” Coleopterists Bulletin 49(2): 101-108 (1995). Winter, Klaus and Engelbrecht, Bettina. “Short-Term CO, Responses of Light and Dark CO, Fixation in the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Kalanchoé pinnata.” Journal of Plant Phystology 144: 462-467 (1994). Winter, Klaus and Virgo, Aurelio. “Photosynthesis and Photoinhibition.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 40-43, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). Wolda, Henk. “The Demise of the Population Regulation Controversy?” Research in Population Ecology: 37(1): 91-93 (1995). Wong, Marina and Ventocilla, Jorge. A Day in Barro Colorado Island. Second Edition. Panama: Poligrdfica (1995). . Un Déa en Ia Isla de Barro Colorado, Second Edition. Panama: Poligrdfica (1995). Wright, S. Joseph. “La Selva: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest (Book Review).” Vida Silvestre Neotropical 3: 51-52 (1994). Wright, S. Joseph and Colley, Marti (editors). Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I. Nairobi: United Nations Environmental Program (1994). . “Achievement Indicators of Short-Term Objectives.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 58-59, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). . “Biodiversity.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 12-13, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). . “Canopy Energy Balance.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 20, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). . “Effects of Ultra-Violet Radiation on the Upper Canopy.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 55-56, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). . “Evaluation of the Prototype Construction Crane As a Canopy Access System.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 5-11, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). . “Future Perspectives.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 60-88, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). . “Introduction to Tropical Forests and the Parque Natural Metropolitano.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 1-4, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). . “Physiological Responses to Variation in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 52, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). . “Preface.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: iv—v, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). . “Upper-Canopy Micro-Climate and Its Effect on Plant Performance.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 23-25, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). Wright, S. Joseph, Gompper, Matthew E. and Deleon B. “Are Large Predators Keystone Species in Neotropical Forests? The Evidence from Barro Colorado Island.” Ozkos 71(2): 279-294 (1994). Wright, S. Joseph, Mulkey, S.S. and Kitajima, Kaoru. “Leaf Area Seasonality in a Tropical Forest.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 29-32, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). Wright, S. Joseph and Samaniego, M. “Herbivory.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 17-18, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). Wright, S. Joseph and van Schaik, C.P. “Light and the Phenology of Tropical Trees.” American Naturalist 143: 192-199 (1994). Yavitt, Joseph B., Battles, John J., Lnag, Gerald E. and Knight, Denis H. “The Canopy Gap Regime ina Secondary Neotropical Forest in Panama.” Journal of Tropical Ecology 11: 391-402 (1995). Zeh, David. W., Zeh, Jeanne A. and May, C.A. “Charomid Cloning Vectors Meet the Pedipalpal Chelae: Single-Locus Minisatellitce DNA Probes for Paternity Assignment in the Harlequin Beetle-Riding Pseudoscorpion.” Molecular Ecology 3: 517-522 (1994). Zeh, Jeanne A. and Zeh, David W. “Last-Male Sperm Precedence Breaks Down When Females Mate with Three Males.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 257: 287-292 (1994). Zeh, Jeanne A. and Zeh, David W. “Tropical Liaisons on a Beetle’s Back.” Natural History 1994(3): 36-42 (1994). Zimmermann, U., Hasse, A., Langbein, D and Meinzer, F. “Mechanisms of Long-Distance Water Transport in Plants: A re-Examination of Some Paradigms in the Light of New Evidence.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 48—49, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). 209 Zotz, Gerhard, Harris, Gary, Koniger, Martina and Winter, Klaus. “High Rates of Photosynthesis in the Tropical Pioneer Tree, Ficus insipida Willd.” Flora 190: 265-272 (1995). . “Photosynthesis and Carbon Gain of the Tropical Pioneer Tree, Ficus insipida.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 43-44, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994). Zotz, Gerhard and Winter, Klaus. “Photosynthesis of a Tropical Canopy Tree, Cetba pentandra, in a Lowland Forest in Panama.” Tree Physiology 14(11): 1291-1301 (1994). Zotz, Gerhard and Winter, Klaus. “Predicting Annual Carbon Balance from Leaf Nitrogen.” Naturwissenschaften 81: 449 (1994) Arts and Humanities Archives of American Art Office of the Director Wattenmaker, Richard J. “Les pays du danger, le pays de mes vingt ans"/"Jean Hugo and the First World War," in Jean Hugo Dessins des années de guerre (1915-1919. exhibition catalogue, Musée national de la coopération franco-américaine, Chateau de Blérancourt, October Is, 1994—January 30, 1995 and Historial de la grande guerre, Péronne, February 15s—May 15, 1995. . Observations sur Jean Hugo," in Jean Hugo. exhibition catalogue, Maison de Victor Hugo, Paris, November 22, 1994—February 26, 1995. . “Samuel Yellin Metalworker,” public lecture, Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens, Akron, Ohio, February 7, 1995. . “Dr. Albert C. Barnes and The Barnes Foundation,” public lecture, Philadelphia Museum of Arc, March 17, 1995. . “Jean Hugo: Le peintre,” public lecture, Musée Fabre, Montpellier, France, May 29, 1995. . "Lart de Jean Hugo.” in exhibition catalogue, Jean Hugo: Une Reétrospectif, Réunion des musées nationaux, Actes Sud and Musée Fabre, Montpellier, Musée Fabre, May 30—October 8, 1995. . “The Western Tradition of Wrought Ironwork,” lecture, as part of symposium, Expressive Design in Iron: A Penland Symposium, Penland School of Crafts, Penland, North Carolina, September 14-17, 1995. New England Region Brown, Robert F. Editor. Archives of American Art Journal, Vol. 33 no. 3, Vol. 33 no. 4, Vol. 34 no. I: (1994-1995). 210 Southeast Region Kirwin, Liza. public lecture, “The East Village in the 1980s: The Evolution of an Art Scene from Block Party to Cocktail Reception.” George Mason University, December 1, 1994. . organizer/moderator, “The Life History of an Object,” twenty-seventh meeting of the Smithsonian Forum on Material Culcure. National Museum of American Art and National Portrait Gallery Building. October 5, 1994. . “Report of the October Meeting, The Life History of an Object.” The Grapevine (November 1994):5. . gallery talk, “The Real Inside Story of Roy de Forest.” National Museum of American Art, November 2, 1994. . public lecture, “Pluralism and the East Village art scene in the 1980s.” University of Maryland at College Park, March 28. 1995. . “Transparent Truths: Glass In the Archives of American Art,” lecture as part of symposium, Glass Weekend '95. The Arc Alliance for Contemporary Glass, the Creative Glass Center of America, and the James Renwick Alliance, Millville, New Jersey, June 10-11, 1995. . “Material Matters: Things at the Archives of American Art.” The Grapevine (September 1995):I. . public lecture, “Primary Evidence: The Papers of Latino and African American Artists at the Archives of American Art.” University of Texas at Austin, October 25, 1994. West Coast Region Karlstrom, Paul J. public lecture, “The Many Faces of Public Service,” public lecture, Stanford University, October 16, 1994. . “Interviewing Artists: Myth and Image,” public lecture as part of Oral History Association annual meeting, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 27, 1994. . “The Asian-American Experience in the Visual Arts,” public lecture, Honolulu Academy of the Arts, Honolulu, Hawaii, October 30, 1994. . “California Figurative Art,” public lecture, as part of Art Forum program, Rancho Santiago College, Santa Ana, California, November 14, 1994. . “Education and the Archives of American Art,” public lecture and recipient of, Distinguished Alumnus Award, Los Angeles Valley College, Van Nuys, California, March, 1995. . “Figuration and Personalism in California Painting,” public lecture, M.H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, California, April 27, 1995. . They Painted from Their Hearts: Pioneer Asian American Artists, catalogue, Wing Luke Asian Museum, Seattle, Washington, with forward to the “Asian American Artists Directory,” Spring 1995. New York Region Polcari, Stephen. “Barnett Newman's Broken Obelisk,” Art Journal. Winter, 1994 . “Abstract Expressionism as, Historical Myth,” in Giese, Lucrecia and Burnham, Patricia, Redefining American History Painting, Cambridge University Press, 1995. . guest seminar, University of Delaware, Winter and Spring, 1995. . public lecture, “American Artists Respond to World War II: From Omaha to Abstract Expressionism,” University of Delaware, March 1994. . public lecture, “Adolph Gottlieb, ” Brooklyn Museum, March 1995. . public lecture, “Pre-Pop Art at Rutgers,” Newark Museum, June 1995. . public lecture. “Lee Krasner,” Krasner Symposium, Pollock-Krasner House and Study Center, August, 1995. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Office of the Director Beach, Milo Cleveland. “Characteristics of the St. Petersburg Album.” Orientations. (January 1995), 66-79. . Review of Sammlung Alice Boner—Illustriertes Gesamtverzeichnis indischer Bilder, by Georgette Boner, Eberhard Fischer, and B.N. Goswamy. Orientations, (December 1994), 57-58. Research and Collections Division Chase, W.T. “Chinese Bronzes: Casting, Finishing, Patination and Corrosion.” In Ancient and Historic Metals: Conservation and Scientific Research, edited by David Scott, Jerry Podany, and Brian B. Consadine, 85—117. Marina del Rey, California: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1994. Chase, W.T. and Jane Bassett. “Considerations in the Cleaning of Ancient Chinese Bronze Vessels.” In Ancient and Historic Metals; Conservation and Scientific Research, edited by David Scott, Jerry Podany, and Brian B. Consadine, 63-74. Marina del Rey, California: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1994. Chase, W.T., I. Lynus Barnes and Emile C. 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Hollenbach and C.H. Townes. “A Search for Hydrogen Lasers in MWC349 from the KAO,” In: Proceedings of the Airborne Astronomy Symposium on the Galactic Ecosystem: From Gast to Stars to Dust. ed. M.R. Haas, J.A. Davidson, and E.F. Erickson; San-Francisco: ASP, 1995, Pp.271-274, 1995. Strelnitski, V.S., H.A. Smith, M. Haas, S. Colgan, E. Erickson, N. Geis, D. Hollenbach and C.H. Townes. “Will Natural Lasers be Detected from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory?” Proceedings of the Airborne Astronomy Symposium on the Galactic Ecosystem: From Gas to Stars, ed. M. Haas, J. Davidson and E. Erickson; San Francisco, ASP 1994. Thum, C., V.S. Strelnitski, J. Martin—Pintado, H.E. Matthews and H.A. Smith. “Hydrogen Recombination beta-Lines in MWC349", Astron. and Astrophys., vol.300, pp. 843-850, 1995. Van Buren, D., and M.A. Greenhouse. “A More Direct Measure of Supernova Rates in Starburst Galaxies,” Ap/. 431, 640, 1994. Woodward, Charles, E., M.A. Greenhouse, R.D. Gehrz, Y.J. Pendleton, R.R. Joyce, D. Van Buren, J. Fischer, N.J. Jennerjohn and C.D. Kaminski. “The Temporal Evolution of The 1 to 5 Micron Spectrum of V1974 Cygni,” ApJ. 438, 921, 1995. National Museum of African Art Loughran, Kristyne. Art from the Forge. Washington, D.C., 1995 (National Museum of African Art). Prussin, Labelle. African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place. and Gender. Washington, D.C., 1995 (Smithsonian Institution Press and National Museum of African Art). Ravenhill, Philip L. “The Power of Objects” (Note), African Arts. Summer, 1995. . “Introduction” in Museums and the Community in West Africa. Edited by Claude Daniel Ardouin and Emmanuel Arinze. London, 1994 (James Currey Publisher). . “Grace Kwami Sculpture An Artist's Book by Atta Kwami” (A Gallery Brochure for Young People), Washington, D.C., 1994 (National Museum of African Art). Staples, Amy J. “An Interview with Dr. Mondo” (Film Review Essay), American Anthropologist. March 1995, Vol. 97, No. I. Williams, Sylvia H. Mohammad Omer Khalil. etchings; Amur I. M. Nour, sculpture. Washington, D.C., 1994 (National Museum of African Art). National Museum of American Art Publications American Art 9, no. I-3 (1995). National Museum of American Art, National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1995. Engelke, Lynn-Steven, Bottlecaps to Brushes: Art Activities for Kids, National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1995. Foresta, Merry A. and John Wood, Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The Art of the American Daguerreotype, National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Insticution Press, Washington, D.C., 1995. Foresta, Merry A. and Steve Dietz, American Scene: Spanish Harlem, Joseph Rodriquez, National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1994. New Media Initiatives White House Crafts, virtual tour on the World Wide Web, 1995. Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The Art of the American Daguerreotype, virtual tour on the World Wide Web, 1995. Gopher://nmaa-ryder.si.edu Calendars Rubdiyat of Omar Khayyam, Drawings by Elihu Vedder 1996 wall calendar, co-published with Pomegranate Calendars and Artbooks, 1995. Art of the Southwest 1996 wall calendar, co-published with Pomegranate Calendars and Artbooks, 1995. Free Within Ourselves 1996 wall calendar, co-published with Pomegranate Calendars and Artbooks, 1995. Homecoming: The Art of William H. Johnson 1996 wall calendar, co-published with Pomegranate Calendars and Artbooks, 1995. National Museum of American History Department of History Molella, Arthur P. “Apolitical Science.” Washington Post. “Arts” section, 16 October 1994. . “Science in American Life’: An Exhibition.” News and Views 11 (Fall-Winter 1994):1-2. . “Scientists Should Inform Public of Impact of Research on Society.” APS News 4 (January 1995):12. . Letter to the Editor. Wall Street Journal (July 31, 1995): Als. . Letter ro the Editor Scrence 266 (October 7, 1994). Molella, Arthur P., with Carlene Stephens. “Naturwissenschaftliche Bildung ist Kein Luxus’: Die Austellung ‘Science in American Life’ in Washington.” Kultur & Technik 4 (1995). Archives Center Haberstich, David. “Betty Hahn: The Early Year.” In Berry Hahn: Photography or Maybe Not. Alburquerque, N.M.: University of New Mexico Press, 1995. . “Tips On Identifying and Dating Photographic Processes.” National Capital Buckeye Quarterly 6, no. 2 (Spring 1995): 7—I0. . “American Photographs in Europe and Illusions of Travel,” pp. 57-75. In American Photographs in Europe. edited by David Nye and Mick Gidley for the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: VU University Press, 1994. Harding, Robert S. Register of the Melvin Kranzherg Papers, 1934-1988. Washington, D.C.: Archives Center, National Museum of American History, 1995. . Register of the Sam DeVincent Collection of Illustrated American Sheet Music. ca. 1790-1980. Series 4: Songwriters, 1847-1975. Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: Archives Center, National Museum of American History, 1994. Naff, Alixa. “The Early Arab Immigrant Experience.” In The Development of Arah American Identity, edited by Ernest McCarus. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1994. Division of Cultural History Bowers, Dwight Blocker, producer-editor. American Songhook Series: Fats Waller/Andy Razaf. With biographical essay and selection notes by J. R. Taylor. Smithsonian Collection of Recordings compact disc, 1995; AD-048-21. . American Songbook Series: Richard Whiting. With biographical essay and selection notes by Margaret Whiting. Smithsonian Collection of Recordings compact disc, 1995; AD-048-22. . American Songbook Series: Alec Wilder. With biographical essay and selection notes by James Morris. Smithsonian Collection of Recordings compact disc, 1995; AD-048-24 Bowers, Dwight Blocker, producer-annotator. American Songbook Series: Arthur Schwartz. With biographical essay and selection notes by Dwight Blocker Bowers. Smithsonian Collection of Recordings compact disc, 1995; AD-048-24 Bowers, Dwight Blocker, producer-principal annotator. | Gor Rhythm: The Music of George Gershwin. Smithsonian Collection of Recordings 4 compact discs,1995; RD 107 Green, Rayna, and Howard Bass. “A Tale of Survival: An Interview With Rayna Green by Francine Cary.” Touchstone: 217 A Publication of the Tennessee Humanities Council, 27 (Fall 1994): 3-7. . “The Tribe Called Wannabee: Playing Indian in Europe and America.” Reprinted in Ansyunwiya/Real Human Beings: An Anthology of Contemporary Cherokee Prose. edited by J. Bruchac. Greenfield Center, N.Y.: The Greenfield Review Press, 1994. Green. Rayna, and Howard Bass. producers. Heartheat: Vorces of First Nations Women. An audio-recording (CD and cassette) of women’s music from Native North America. Smithsonian Folkways compact disc and audiocassette, C-SF 40415. Rayna Green and Howard Bass. “Heartbeat: The Voices of First Nations Women.” 1995 Festival of American Folklife Program Book. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution,1995. Hasse, John Edward. Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington. Revised edition. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995. . Music of the River. New Orleans: The Delta Queen Steamboat Co., 1995. . “All That Jazz.” In The Smithsonian: 150 Years of Adventure, Discovery. and Wonder, by James Conaway. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995. . “Duke Ellington.” In Sepia Panorama. edited by Gunther Schuller. Washington, D.C.: Jazz Masterworks Editions, 1995. . “Preserving the History of Jazz.” in Daybreak Express I, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 5-6. Hasse, John Edward, producer and annotator. Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington; His Greatest Victor, Bluebird. and RCA Victor Recordings. 1927-1967. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Collection of Recordings 2 compact discs; New York: BMG Music, 1994. Hoover, Cynthia Adams. “Music and Theater in the Lives of Eighteenth-Century Americans.” In Of Consuming Interests: The Style of Life in the E:ghteenth Century. edited by Cary Carson, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, 307-353. Published for the United States Capitol Historical Society. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 1994. Hoover, Cynthia Adams, Paul Michael Taylor, and Patricia Thatcher, eds. The Gift as Material Culture. New Haven, Connecticut, and Washington, D.C.: Yale-Smithsonian Seminar on Material Culture. Ya/e-Smithsonian Reports on Material Culture, no. 4 ISSN 1080-0530. Slowik, Kenneth, cond. Metamorphosis. Works by Samuel Barber, Edward Elgar, and Richard Strauss. Smithsonian Chamber Players. Liner notes by Kenneth Slowik. BMG/deutsche harmonia mundi, compact disc. 05472-77343-2. Slowik, Kenneth, cellist. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: String Quartets K387 & K421/417b. Performed by the Smithson String Quartet (Kenneth Slowik, cellist). Virgin Classic, compact disc. VC 72435-45029-27. 218 . Georges Onslow: String Quintets Opp. 38, 39 & 40. Archibudelli and the Smithsonian Chamber Players. Liner notes by Kenneth Slowik. SONY Vivarte, compact disc. SK 64-308. . Friedrich Dotzauer: Chamber Music. Anner Bylsma and members of the Smithsonian Chamber Players. Liner notes by Kenneth Slowik. SONY Vivarte, compact disc. . Joseph Gehot: Chamber Music. Smithson String Quartet. Koch/Schwann, compact disc. 3-1558-2. Slowik, Kenneth. Johannes Brahms: Cello Sonatas. Anner Bylsma and Lambert Orkis. Liner notes by Kenneth Slowik. Released in Europe and Asia. SONY Vivarte, compact disc. SK 68-249. Slowik, Kenneth. “Issues in the Restoration of Musical Instruments." In The Age of Elegance. Ithaca, NY: New York State Early Music Association,1994. Division of Science, Medicine and Society Kondratas, Ramunas. Images from the History of the Public Health Service. Washington, D.C.: Government Printung Office, 1994. . associate editor. The History of Pharmacy: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995. Sharrer, G. Terry. “The Great Glanders Epizootic, 1861-1866—A Civil War Legacy,” Agricultural History 69, no. I (Winter, 1995): 79-97. Warner, Deborah J. “The Campaign for Medical Microscopy in Antebellum America,” Bulletin for the History of Medicine 69 (Fall 1995): 367-386. . “Compasses and Coils: The Instrument Business of Edward S. Ritchie.” Rittenhouse 9 (November1994): I-24. . “The Microscopes and Telescopes of Robert B. Tolles. Rittenhouse 9 (May 1995): 65-83. Division of the History of Technology Johnson, Paul F. (ed.) Underwater Archeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archeology Conference. Washington, D.C.: Society for Historical Archeology, 1995. and Paula J. Johnson eds. The Maritime Administration Collection of Ship Plans (1939-1970). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1994. Langley, Harold D. A Hzstory of Medicine in the Early U.S. Navy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1995. . “An American Surgeon and His Papal Patient.” Fugitive Leaves. College of Physicians of Philadelphia (Spring 1995): 3-6. Lubar, Steven. “Foreword.” InThe Smithsonian Visual Timeline of Inventions, by Richard Platt. London, England: Dorling Kindersley, 1994. . “Inventing History.” Reviews in American History (December1994). . “Representation and Power.” Technology and Culture 36, no. 2, suppl. (April 1995): 54-81. . “In the Footsteps of Perry: The Smithsonian Goes to Japan.” The Public Historian (Summer 1995). Stine, Jeffrey K. Twenty Years of Sctence in the Public Interest: A History of the Congressional Science and Engineering Fellowship Program. Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1994. Division of Information Technology & Society Allison, David K. “Computers and Education.” Radio programs prepared with Soundings, the radio service of the National Humanities Center, Fall 1995. Bower, Thomas. “Make My Day, Use My Image: New Visual Resources Technologies and Some of the Applicable Laws from the User's Viewpoint.” Visual Resources Association Bulletin 22 (1995): 54. Carter, Debbie. Book review. The Public Historian 17 (1995): 3- Doty, Richard G. “Boulton, Watt and the Canadian Adventure.” In Coznage of the Americas Conference at the American Numismatic Society, New York, 1994. Doty, Richard G. “Friends in Strange Places: Ancient and Medieval Coinage in the National Numismatic Collection.” The Picus (1994): 6-26. Dory, Richard G. Radio scripts. American Numismatic Association of Colorado Springs, 1995. Forman, Paul. “Swords into Ploughshares: Breaking new ground with radar hardware and technigue in physical research after World War II. Revzews of Modern Physics 67 (1995): 2. Harris, Elizabeth M. “William Kelsey, Entrepreneur.” Campane (October 1995):1-11. Harris, Elizabeth M. “The Rail Press.” Printing History 30 (1995): 42-48. Kidwell, Peggy. “American Adders: Circles and Bands.” ETCetera: Magazine of the Early Typewriter Collectors Association 31 (June 1995): 3-6. . “Ideology and Invention: The Calculating Machine of Ramon Verea.” Rittenhouse 9 (February 1995): 33-41. Kidwell, Peggy, and Paul Ceruzzi. Landmarks in Digital Computing: A Smithsonian Pictorial History April 1995 (Japanese translation). Kidwell, Peggy. Reviews. Annals of the History of Computing 16, no.4; 17, nos. 1-3. Wright, Helena E. With Pen and Graver: Women Graphic Artists Before 1900. Washington: National Museum of American History, 1995. Division of Social History Foore, Shelly, and Claudia B. Kidwell. “Du travail au loisir, le demin et l’evolution de l'Amerique,” Histories du jeans de 1750.4 1994. Paris: Paries Musees, 1994. Mayo, Edith. First Ladies: Political Role and Public Image. Washington, DC: National Museum of American History, 1995. Mayo, Edith. “Introduction,” in Doris Stevens, Jailed For Freedom. ed. Carol O'Hare. Troutdale, OR: Newsage Press, 1995. Smith, Barbara Clark. “A Case Study of Applied Feminist Theories.” In Gender Perspectives: Essays on Women in Museums, edited by Jane R. Glazer and Artemis A. Zenetou,137-46. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994. Barbara Clark Smith. “Children in the House: The Material Culture of Childhood.” reviewed in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Taylor, Lonn. “Southern Roots of Western Cattle Ranching: Some Thoughts on the Literature.” Kingsville, Texas: John E. Conner Museum of Texas A & M University. National Museum of the American Indian Ash-Milby, Kathleen. “Warbonnets in the Work of T.C. Cannon and David Bradley: The Reappropriation of a Stereotypic Image.” Talk given at Native American Art Studies Association Biennial Conference, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1995. Benamou, Catherine. Review of “Carmen Miranda: Bananas Is My Business,” directed by Helena Solberg, in The Independent Film and Video Monthly (October 1995): 17-18. . “Notes Towards a Memography of Latin American Women’s Cinema,” in Latin American Women's Vorces: 500 Years After, special issue of Symposium XLVII (4) (1995): 257-269. . “Cuban Cinema: On the Threshold of Gender,” in Frontiers XV (1) (1994): 51-75. Bonar, Eulalie. Contributing author in Tom Hill and Richard W. Hill, Sr., eds. Creation's Journey: Native American Identity and Belief. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press/National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, 1994. Dewey, Pam. Original interactive for “Bad Museum,” in Blender (CD-ROM magazine), 1995. . Arust in “The Apartment Store: Artist-made Chess and Checkers Sets.” Exit Art, New York City, 1995. . Artist in “Domestic Landscapes.” Catskill Art Society, Harleyville, New York, 1995. . Artist in “Naked Words.” Gay and Lesbian Alliance, New York City, 1995. . Artist in “Other Spaces.” Ronald Feldman, New York City, 1995. . Artist in “Women of the Smithsonian.” SITES Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1995. Ganteaume, Cécile R. Contributing author in Tom Hill and Richard W. Hill, Sr., eds. Creation’s Journey: Native American 219 Identity and Beltef. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press/National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, 1994. Heth, Charlotte Wilson. “This Precious Heritage,” in Natzve American Expressive Culture. Ithaca, N.Y.: AKWE:GON Press/National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, 1994. Kaminitz, Marian A. “The Conservator’s Approach to Sacred Arc,” in Stady Series of ICOM-CC (June 1995) and Western Association for Art Conservation Newsletter 17 (3) (September 1995). Clara Sue Kidwell. Choctaws and Misstonaries in Mississippi. 1818-1918. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. Lenz, Mary Jane. “Art of the Northwest Coast.” Antiques CXLVI (4) (October 1994): 476-485. . Contributing author in Tom Hill and Richard W. Hill, Sr., eds. Creation’s Journey: Native American Identity and Belief. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press/National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, 1994. Martine, David Bunn. Drawing of aboriginal whaling practices, illustration in The Long Island Historical Journal (Winter 1994), Hofstra University. Matos, Ramiro. Contributing author in Tom Hill and Richard W. Hill, Sr., eds. Creation’s Journey: Native American Identity and Beltef. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press/National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, 1994. John C. Moses. “The Conservator’s Approach to Sacred Art,” in Western Association for Art Conservation Newsletter 17 (3) (September 1995). Rosoff, Nancy. Contributing author in Tom Hill and Richard W. Hill, Sr., eds. Creation’s Journey: Native American Identity and Beltef. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press/National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, 1994. West, W. Richard Jr. “Whence the ‘Art Object?” Grantmakers 1m the Arts 6 (2) (Autumn 1995). . “The National Museum of the American Indian: Perspectives on Museums in the 21st Century.” Museum Anthropology 18 (3) (October 1994). . “Cultural Rethink.” Masewm Journal (June 1995). Nattonal Portrait Gallery Office of the Director Carr, Carolyn K. Foreword to Cecilia Beaux and the Art of Portraiture by Tara Leigh Tappert. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995. Fern, Alan. “Presidential Gifts in America.” In The Gift as Material Culture. Yale/Smithsonian Reports on Material Culture, no. 4 (1995): 48-50. 220 . Foreword to In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of James McNeill Whistler by Eric Denker. Washington, D.C.: National Portrait Gallery and University of Washington Press, 1995. Department of Painting and Sculpture Miles, Ellen G. American Paintings of the Eighteenth Century, with contributions by Patricia Burda, Cynthia J. Mills, and Leslie Kaye Reinhardt. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1995. . Saint-Mémin and the Neoclassical Profile Portrait in America, edited by Dru Dowdy. A Barra Foundation Book. Washington, D.C.: National Portrait Gallery and Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994. Department of Prints and Drawings Wagner, Ann Prentice. “Japanese Printmaking: Talk by Paul Schweitzer.” Washington Print Club Quarterly 30, no. 4 (Winter 1994-1995): 4-6. . “Earning a Living with Pen and Graver.” Washington Print Club Quarterly 31, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 12-14. . "The Glory of Venice: Exhibition Tour by Andrew Robison.” Washington Print Club Quarterly 31, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 6-7. . “Prints On-Line: PRINTS-L.” Washington Print Club Quarterly 31, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 8. Walker, Lucile Lenore. “Roy Lichtenstein Retrospective.” Washington Print Club Quarterly 30, no. 4 (Winter 1994-1995): I-12. Department of Photographs Panzer, Mary. Review of “American Art at Harvard.” In Archives of American Art Journal 34, no. 2 (1994 [forthcoming 1995]). . Review of Robert Frank, Moving Out by Sarah Greenough and Philip Brookman. In Archives of American Art Journal 33, no. 4 (1993 {1994]): 22-24. . Radio interview. “The Photographs of Carl Van Vechten.” A// Things Considered, National Public Radio, July 7, 1995. . Radio interview. “The Photographs of Carl Van Vechten.” Vozce of America, August 1, 1995. Department of History Voss, Frederick S. Biographical entries on Margaret Bourke-White, William Laurence, William Eugene Smith. In Dictionary of American Biography. Supplement Ten. 1976-1980. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1995. . Mazestic in His Wrath: A Pictorial Life of Frederick Douglass. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995. Publications Department Dowdy, Dru. “’A School for Stoicism’: Thomas Tudor Tucker and the Republican Age.” South Carolina Historical Magazine 96 (April 1995): 102-118. Catalog of American Portraits Svoboda, Patricia H. Preface to Villa Lanna—Classtcal Antiquity and Prague 1872. organized by Jan Baant. Prague: Institute for Classical Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and Koniasch Latin Press, 1994. The Peale Family Papers Hart, Sidney. “The Enlightened City: Charles Willson Peale’s Philadelphia Museum in its Urban Setting.” In Shaping a National Culture. The Philadelphia Experience, 1750-1800, edited by Catherine E. Hutchins. Winterthur, Delaware: Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1994. and David C. Ward. “Subversion and Illusion in the Life and Art of Raphaelle Peale.” American Art 8, nos. 3 & 4 (Summer/Fall 1994): 97-121. Miller, Lillian B. “Father and Son: The Relationship of Charles Willson Peale and Raphaelle Peale. The American Art Journal 25, nos. 1 & 2 (1993 [1995]): 4-61. . “Not Guilty: A Response to a Debate.” MD 38 (1994): 10-12. . “History and the Peales.” in Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, ser. 5, vol. 16 (December 1994 [1995]): 101-6. . Review of Alice Pike Barney: Her Life and Art by Jean L. Kling. Washington History, 6, no. 2 (Fall/Winter 1994-1995): 81-83. . Review of Audubon: Life and Art in the American Wilderness by Shirley Streshinsky. Journal of the Early Republic. 15, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 136-38. Ward, David C. Review of Picturing a Nation: Art and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century America by David Lubin. Archives of American Art Journal 33, no. 4 (1993 {1995]) 1-14. . Review of The Letters of William Cullen Bryant Vol. 5: 1865-1871 and Vol. 6: 1872-1878 edited by William Cullen Bryant II and Thomas G. Voss. New York History 76 (January 1995): 111-13. . Review of Barry Goldwater by Robert Alan Goldberg. The Boston Book Review 2 (October 1995): 19. . Review of The Grass of Another Country: A Journey Through the World of Soccer by Christopher Merrill and The Story of the World Cup by Brian Glanville. Aethlon: The Journal of Sport Literature 12 (Fall 1994 [1995]): 157-58. . Review of “Gazza Agonistes” by lan Hamilton. Granta 45 (Autumn 1993) in Aethlon: The Journal of Sport Literature 12 (Fall 1994 [1995}): 159. . Review of Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby. Aethlon: The Journal of Sport Literature u (Spring 1994 [1995]: 180-81. . Review of Harriet Beecher Stowe by Joan D. Hedrick. Boston Book Review 2 (March 1995): 200. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, SITES Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington. Exhibition brochure with text by John Edward Hasse. Published by the American Library Association, 1995. Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy. Exhibition poster. Washington, D.C.: SITES, 1994. Mexico: A Landscape Revisited/Una vision de su paisaye. Illustrated exhibition book with essays by Esther Acevedo and Mary Schneider Enriquez. Washington, D.C.: SITES in association with Universe Publishing, New York, N-Y., 1994. Mexico: A Landscape Revisited/Una viston de su paisaye. Exhibition poster. Washington, D.C.: SITES, 1994. Mexican Landscapes. New York, N.Y.: Universe Publishing in association with SITES, 1995. (Reissued for 1996.) People Power! Making Geography. 1995 Geography Awareness Week Poster, published by SITES in conjunction with the exhibition “Earth 2U, Exploring Geography.” Curriculum lesson and poster, conceived and written by Gail Ludwig, illustrated by Marc Rosenthal. Washington, D.C.: SITES, 1995. Siteline. (SITES newsletter). Washington, D.C.: SITES, Spring 1995, Number 37. Update. 1995-96. SITES annual program catalog. Washington, D.C.: SITES, 1995. Educational and Cultural Programs Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Printed Materials Belanus, Betty. “Center Education News.” Smithsonian Talk Story (6)(Fall 1994):17. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . Review of A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History by Michael Frisch. New York Folklore XX(1-2). . “Education Update.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7\(Spring 1995):9. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Borden, Carla M., editor. Smithsonian Talk Story (6)(Fall 1994). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. i) is) a , editor. Smithsonian Talk Story (7)(Spring 1995). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. , editor. Festzval of American Folklife Program Book. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Cadaval, Olivia. “Ta/leres de la Frontera: The 1993 Borderlands Program Returns to the Border.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7XSpring 1995):11. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Franklin, John. “The Bahamas Festival Program Back Home.” Smithsonian Talk Story (6)Fall 1994):5. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. and Peter Seirel. “Learning from Cape Verdean Experience.” In Festival of American Folklife Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden, 41-43. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Horowitz, Amy. “The Czech Republic Program: Cross-cultural Negotiation and the Performance of Scholarship.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7)(Spring 1995):5- Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Cross-cultural Negotiation: Building Stages of a Festival Program.” In Festival of American Folklife Program Book. edited by Carla M. Borden, 60-63. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Hunt, Marjorie. “Masters of Traditional Arts.” Smzthsonian Talk Story (6)Fall 1994):6. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Serving Those Who Serve: White House Workers.” In Our Changing White House. edited by Wendell Garrett, 201—223. Boston: Northeastern University Press. James-Duguid, Charlene. “For Folklife Friends and Crafts Lovers.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7XSpring 1995):1. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Kennedy, Richard. “The National Mall Becomes the Sanam Luang for Thai Americans.” Smithsonian Talk Story (6)(Fall 1994):7. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Russian Roots, American Branches: Music in Two Worlds.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7(Spring 1995):6. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Celebration of the Manas Epic in Kyrghyzstan.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7)(Spring 1995):14-15. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Tradition in Two Worlds: A Russian-American Cultural Exchange.” In Festival of American Folklife Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden, 80-82. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Kurin, Richard. “Director's Talk Story.” Smithsonian Talk Story (6XFall 1994):4. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Instiration. . “Director's Talk Story.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7XSpring 1995):2. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “So Long, It’s Been Good to Know You:’ A Remembrance of Festival Director Ralph Rinzler.” In Festival of American Folklife Program Book. edited by Carla M. Borden, 8—13. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 222 . “Public Display as Cultural Policy.” Journal of Popular Culture 29(1). . “The Festival of American Folklife: America on the National Mall.” Trends 32(2). . “Promotional Value and Public Image: Press Coverage of Tennessee at the Smithsonian Institution Festival of American Folklife.” Temmessee’s Business 6(1). and Diana Parker. “A Short History of the Festival of American Folklife and Michigan's Contribution to Smithsonian Practice.” Folklore in Use: Applications in the Real World 2(2):159-180. Middlesex, England: Hisarlik Press. and Marjorie Hunt. “In the Service of the Presidency.” American Visions Commemorative Issue:48—51. Washington, D.C.: Dialogue Diaspora. . “Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief.” Anthropology 94/95. Guilford: The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc. , concluding remarks. “Presenting History - Session 4: Museums in a Democratic Society.” Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Folkways Cassette Series Soo004. N'Diaye, Diana Baird. “From Project to Festival Program: African Newcomer Communities in Metropolitan Washington, D.C.” Smithsonian Talk Story (6)(Fall 1994):16. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Building a Home Away from Home: African Immigrant Culture in Metropolitan Washington, D.C.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7)(Spring 1995):12. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. and Berry Belanus. “Research Report: The African Immigrant Folklife Study Project.” In Festival of American Folklife Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden, 90-96. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Parker, Diana. “1994 Festival of American Folklife.” Smithsonian Talk Story (6)(Fall 1994):1. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Notes from the Festival Director.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7Spring 1995):3. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “The Festival Never Ends.” In Festival of American Folklife Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden, 14-15. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Seeger, Anthony. “Six Perspectives on Music Ownership” excerpt from “Ethnomusicology and Music Law.” In Womex 1994. 20-21. Berlin: House of World Cultures. . “Anthony Seeger on Music of Amazon Indians” part of series “In Depth Series Music in Cultural Context.” Music Educators Journal, February 1995:17—23. . Canta per tua sorella: Struttura e performance negli akia dei Suya in Tullia Magrini (editor) Uomini e Suont: Prospettive antropologische nella ricerca musicale, 99-145. Bologna: Clueb. . “Whar Is the Folkways Collection?” Smithsonian Talk Story (7\Spring 1995):7—9. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Seitel, Peter. “Notes from a Visit to Tanzania.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7XSpring 1995):13. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. and Ray Almeida. “The Cape Verdean Connection.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7)(Spring 1995):4. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Vennum, Thomas. “Southern Paiute Song Texts with a Note on Musical! Transcriptions.” In The Collected Works of Edward Sapir IV, edited by Regna Darnell and Judith Irvine. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. . “Lacrosse.” Encyclopedia of the American Indian. New York: Houghton Mifflin. . “The Song Repertoire of the Big Drum Societies in the Western Great Lakes: A Study in Repertoire Diffusion.” In Themes and Variations: Writings on Music in Honor of Rulan Chao Pian, edited by Bell Yung and Joseph C. Lam. Boston: Department of Music, Harvard University and the Institute of Chinese Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. . Lacrosse: Little Brother of War. Germany: Baum Verlag. Walters, Matt. “Folkways Update.” Smzthsonian Talk Story (6)\Fall 1994):14. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Sound Recordings Sterling A. Brown. The Poetry of Sterling A. Brown. Read by the Author. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 47002. Dream Songs and Healing Sounds in the Rainforests of Malaysia. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40417. The Educated Eye: A Seven-Part Program on Connoisseurship and Collecting. Smithsonian/Folkways SFSP 90003/4. Field to Factory: Voices of the Great Migration. Smithsonian/Folkways SFSP 90005. Heartbeat: Voices of First Nations Women. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40415. Langston Hughes. The Voice of Langston Hughes: Selected Poetry and Prose. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 47001. Music of Indonesia. Vol. 5: Betawi and Sudanese Music of the North Coast of Java. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40421. Music of Indonesia. Vol. 6 Night Music of West Sumatra: Saluang, Rabab Parlaman. Dendang Pauah. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40422. Music Traditions of Portugal. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40435. Old Believers: Songs of the Nekrasov Cossacks. Smithsonian/Folkways 40462. Rhythms of Rapture: Sacred Musics of Haitian Vodou. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40464. Ritual Music of the Kayapé - Xikrin. Amazonia. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40433. Sacred Rhythms of Cuban Santeria. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40419. Doug and Jack Wallin. Famsly Songs and Stories from the North Carolina Mountains. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40013. Videos “Ralph Rinzler: A Celebration of Life,” 85-min. memorial at the Festival of American Folklife, July 7, 1994. Produced by the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. Beyond the Frame: Using Art as a Basts for Interdisciplinary Learning. 1995. . “Memorials: Art for Remembering.” Art to Zoo. January/February 1995. . “Perfectly Suited: Clothing and Social Change in America.” Art to Zoo. May/June 1995. . “Tomorrow's Forecast: Oceans and Weather.” Art to Zoo. September/October 1995. . “Visions of the Future: Technology and American Society.” Art to Zoo. March/April 1995. Other Functions Office of Communications Office of Public Affairs Blue Bulletin. A biweekly two- to four-page newsletter with administrative information for staff. Circulation is to every Smithsonian staff member. Editor: Colleen Hershberger The Torch. A monthly newspaper for Smithsonian employees. During this year, the newspaper's contents were revised to highlight the Institution’s 1soth anniversary, exhibition spotlights, the Home Page and other computers stories, exhibitions “Now Showing,” classified ads, and more. Circulation is 10,600, which includes staff, volunteers, and a list of interested individuals and organizations outside the Smithsonian. Editor: Jo Ann Webb Smithsonian Institution Research Reports. A quarterly newsletter that disseminates information on Smithsonian research to an audience of nearly 90,000 readers (approximately 10,000 scienusts, libraries, museums, universities, journalists, and others and 80,000 Contributing HI embers of The Smithsonian Associates). Editor: William Schulz Smithsonian Runner. A bimonthly newsletter about Native American activities at the Institution, featuring informational updates on the National Museum of the American Indian and articles on research and other projects, activities, and events. Circulation is more than 32,000, which includes Native American journalists and we Nv wa community leaders, as well as members of the National Museum of the American Indian. Editor: Dan Agent Office of Telecommunications Radio Smithsonian Productions Folk Masters from The Barns of Wolf Trap The fifth season of this series of 26 one-hour stereo programs featuring traditional music of the Americas—produced by Radio Smithsonian, the Wolf Trap Foundation for the Performing Arts, and WETA-FM; distributed by Public Radio International and broadcast nationwide on more than 140 public radio stations and BBC Scotland. Jazz Smithsonian Second season of this series of 8 one-hour programs of classic jaw hosted by Lena Horne featuring the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra, conducted by David Baker and Gunther Schuller, performing jazz of the 1920s, '30S, ‘40s, '50s, and ‘60s—produced by Radio Smithsonian, distributed by Public Radio International and broadcast on 185 public radio stations nationwide. Home Video In Open Air: A Portrait of American Impressionism A 28-minute video portraying the life and times of the pioneers of American Impressionism, illustrated with some of the finest paintings created in America from 1880 to 1915—produced by the Office of Telecommunications. Exhibition Videos Exploring Marine Ecosystems A series of six videos offering a close-up look at the workings of various marine habitats for the National Museum of Natural History—produced by the Office of Telecommunications. First Ladies: Political Role and Public Image A 15-minute video for the new theater in the National Museum of American History's First Ladies exhibition—produced by the Office of Telecommunications. Promotion Publications Radio Smithsonian Presents Jazz 1995-1996 A jazz calendar promoting the Jazz Smithsonian radio series and the Smithsonian Institution's jazz activities—features historic photographs and birthdays of jazz greats whose music is heard on the radio series—produced by Office of Telecommunications in cooperation with the National Museum of American History's Division of Cultural History and the Smithsonian Institution's Traveling Exhibition Service. 224 Affiliated Organizations Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. (RIF) Reading Is Fundamental Annual Report 1994: Building Connections through Reading. RIF Newsletter. Published four times a year, the News/etter reports on RIF activities nationwide. A technical assistance insert, addressing local projects’ requests for information on how to motivate youngsters to read, is included twice a year in Newsletters sent to RIF projects. The Newsletter reaches 13,000 people throughout the United States and offshore territories. The Fun & Fundamentals of Running a RIF Project. A brochure outlining the basic details on running a RIF program. The RIF Handbook: How to Run a Successful Reading Is Fundamental Project. A technical assistance manual to help RIF volunteers organize and operate an effective reading motivation program. Includes an overview of RIF as well as sections on fundraising, book selection and ordering, and activities to motivate reading. “Parent Guide” Brochures. A series of 12 brochures on the topics “Choosing Good Books for Your Children,” “TV and Reading,” “Reading Aloud to Your Children,” “Upbeat and Offbeat Activities to Encourage Reading,” “Teenagers and Reading,” “Children Who Can Read, But Don't...,” “Encouraging Soon-To-Be Readers,” “Magazines and Family Reading,” “Family Storytelling,” “Building a Family Library,” “Encouraging Young Writers,” “Summertime Reading.” The RIF Guide to Encouraging Young Readers. (Doubleday, 1987). A sourcebook of activities, children’s book suggestions, and resources for parents. Helping Your Children Become Readers/Como Ayudar a Que Sus Manos Sean Buenos Lectoers. Available in English or Spanish, this reproducible, illustrated flyer features 10 reading tips in simple language. The Family Facts Book. This 24-page booklet provides a place to keep important information about your children; also features tips on raising readers. Shared Beginnings® Idea Book: Tips and Activities for Young Families and Their Babies. With an illustrated format designed to appeal to teenage parents, this publication features more than 100 ideas for nurturing emergent language and literacy in infants and toddlers. Includes rhymes, songs, and fingerplays. Shared Beginnings® Leader's Guide. An eight-part activity curriculum, resources, and reproducible pages. Developed to provide a family component for those offering services to teen parents. Family of Readers® Activity Book. This booklet features activities for families to enjoy together: reading, writing, cooking, coloring, and other do-at-home projects. Also available in Spanish. Family of Readers® Parent's Handbook. Gives parents an easy-to-follow overview of Inning the RIF book program. Also explores the importance of parental involvement in children’s reading and learning. Famuly of Readers ®Advisor's Guide. An expanded version of the Parent's Handbook. with additional notes to the advisor. Resource section includes lists of children’s favorite books, and family-related activities. RUNNING START ® Teacher's Handbook. Helps first grade teachers create reading-rich classrooms during RUNNING START and beyond. Includes activity ideas and reproducible pages for use in the classroom and to send home. RUNNING START ® Coordinator's Guide. Gives program coordinators step-by-step instructions on setting up and administering the program, including information on fundraising, publicity, and working with teachers, principals, volunteers, and other program partners. STAR Science Technology And Reading® “Labs.” A supplemental curriculum for the upper elementary grades that engages children in discovery through hands-on science and uses literature to spark and extend their interest. STAR activities are presented in eight thematic “labs” including: Mystery, Inventors, Habitat, Water, Sports, Ecology, Flight, and Geology. STAR Science Technology And Readings ® Mentor’s Guide. A guide for career scientists from local industry to assist teachers in conducting STAR in the classroom. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson Center Press Books Constas, Dimitri, and Theofanis G. Stavrou, eds. Greece Prepares for the Twenty-first Century. Copublished with Johns Hopkins University Press. De Silva, K. M. Regronal Powers and Small State Security India and Sri Lanka. Copublished with Johns Hopkins University Press. Janes, Robert W. Scholars’ Guide to Washington, D.C.. for Peace and International Security Studies. Copublished with Johns Hopkins University Press. Morris, James M., ad. Legacies of Woodrow Wilson. Orlovsky, Daniel, ad. Beyond Soviet Studies. Distributed by Johns Hopkins University Press. Reins, Mitchell. Bridled Ambition: Why Countries Constrain Their Nuclear Capabilities. Distributed by Johns Hopkins University Press. Rimer, J. Thomas, ed. A Hidden Fire: Russian and Japanese Cultural Encounters, 1868-1926. Copublished with Stanford University Press. Ruble, Blair A. Money Sings: The Changing Politics of Urban Space in Post-Soviet Yaroslavl. Copublished with Cambridge University Press. Shaker, Sallama. State, Society, and Privatization in Turkey. 1979-1990. Distributed by Johns Hopkins University Press. Shea, William M., and Peter A. Huff, eds. Knowledge and Belief in America: Enlightenment Traditions and Modern Religious Thought. Copublished with Cambridge University Press. Taranovski Theodore, ed. and trans. Reform im Modern Russian History: Progress or Cycle? Copublished with Cambridge University Press. is) v al The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1995 The Secretary Office of the Secretary The Secretary I. Michael Heyman Executive Assistant James M. Hobbins Deputy Executive Assistant Kathy A. Boi Administrative Assistant for Appointments Mary Lee Nissley Secretariat Records Management Supervisor Betty J. Russell Administrative Assistant Carol Anderson Personal Secretary Carol Anderson Office of Inspector General Inspector General Thomas D. Blair Counsel to the Inspector General Richard C. Otto 226 Assistant Inspector General for Investigations Gerard A. Roy Assistant Inspector General for Audits John C. Fawsett Administrative Officer Mary Brough Emond Office of Planning, Management and Budget Director L. Carole Wharton Budget Formulation and Execution Assistant Director C. Austin Matthews Compliance and Representation Assistant Director Mary J. Rodriguez Program Planning and Management Support Special Assistant Katherine Johnson Systems and Administrative Support Assistant Director Jack D. Zickafoose The Provost Office of the Provost Provost (Acting) Robert S. Hoffmann Executive Assistant Ruth Selig Emeritus Sentor Scholar Wilton Dillon Executive Officer Mary Tanner Office of the Assistant Provost for Science (Acting) Assistant Provost (Acting) Ross Simons Special Assistant Sandy Blake Office of Environmental Awareness Director Judy Gradwhol Scientific Diving Program Diving Officer Mike Lang Office of the Assistant Provost for the Arts and Humanities Assistant Provost Tom L. Freudenheim Program Manager Barbara K. Schneider Special Assistant Jane Glaser Accessibility Program Accesstbility Coordinator Jan Majewski Office of Institutional Studies Director Zahava Doering International Gallery Director Anne Gossett Office of the Assistant Provost for Educational and Cultural Programs Assistant Provost James Early Executive Assistant Maggie Bertin Program Manager Manjula Kumar Program Manager Marshall Wong Program Manager Alicia Gonzalez Office of the General Counsel Acting General Counsel James D. Douglas Acting Deputy General Counsel Marsha S. Shaines Associate General Counsel Alan D. Ullberg Assistant General Counsels Rachelle V. Browne Ildiko P. DeAngelis Lauryn Guttenplan Grant Elaine L. Johnston James I. Wilson Sciences Conservation Analytical Laboratory Director Lambertus van Zelst Assistant to Director Beverly M. Smith Administrative Officer Vernetta M. Williams Administrative Support Assistant Loretta E. Ester-Clark Training Program Assistant Francine T. Lewis Office Assistant Jocelyn D. Sellers Research and Development Research Coordinator!Senior Research Archaeologist Ronald L. Bishop Senior Research Scientist Marion F. Mecklenburg Senior Research Chemist M. James Blackman Jacqueline S. Olin Charles S. Tumosa Senior Research Organic Chemist W. David Erhardt David W. von Endr Senior Research Photographic Scientist Mark H. McCormick- Goodhart Sentor Research Biochemist Noreen C. Tuross Research Organic Chemist Mary T. Baker Research Art Historian Ingrid C. Alexander Metallurgist Martha E. Goodway Sentor Ceramic Scientist Pamela B. Vandiver Support and Collaboration Scientific Support Coordinator! Conservation Scientist Melanie E. Feather Research Chemist Emile C. Joel Conservation Information Specialist Gail L. Goriesky Ann B. N’Gadi Senior Conservator Roland H. Cunningham Analytical Chemist Camie S. Campbell Organic Chemist Walter H. Hopwood Computer Network Administrator Cheryl! D. Sultzer Education and Training Education Coordinator/Senior Furniture Conservator Donald C. Williams Senior Conservator Carol A. Grissom Dianne van der Reyden Mary W. Ballard Melvin J. Wachowiak Conservator Harriet (Rae) F. Beaubien Jia-Sun Tsang National Museum of Natural History Acting Director Donald J. Ortner Special Assistant to the Director Maria Ballantyne Staff Assistant to the Director Colleen Dixon Acting Assoctate Director for Administration Dianne Niedner Administrative Specialists Danielle Bielenstein Kasandra Brockington P. Yvette Butler Nella Fischer Associate Director for Development and Public Affairs T. C. Benson Development Officer Mary Crowley Public Affairs Manager Randall Kremer Associate Director for Public Programs Robert D. Sullivan Acting Associate Director for Science Anna K. Behrensmeyer Associate Director for Special Projects Catherine J. Kerby Director, Biodiversity Program Don E. Wilson Director, Laboratory of Molecular Systematics Michael J. Braun Biological Sciences Program Administrator Matthew D. Kane Botanist Elizabeth A. Zimmer Research Biologist David L. Swofford Assistant Director for Collections Janet Gomon Collection Inventory Manager Susan Wilkerson Assistant Collection Program Manager Carol Butler Assistant Director for Automatic Data Programs T. Gary Gautier Mathematical Statistician Lee Ann Hayek Assistant Director for Education Laura L. McKie Physical Plant Administrator Jerome A. Conlon Museum Facilities Manager Edward McCoy Supervisory Museum Specialist, Scanning Electron Microscope Laboratory Walter Brown Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port Director Mary E. Rice Administrative Assistant Joan L. Kaminski Research Assistants William D. Lee Sherry Anne Reed Julianne Piraino Hugh F. Reichardt Department of Anthropology Chairman Dennis J. Stanford Deputy Chairman Carolyn Rose Administrative Specialist Carole Lee Kin Public Information Specialist P. Ann Kaupp Collections Management Collections Manager Deborah Hull-Walski Conservators Natalie Firnhaber Greta Hansen Senior Research Conservator Carolyn Rose Handbook of North American Indians Managing Editor Karla Billups Administrative Technician Melvina Jackson te Production Manager Diane Della-Loggia Bibliographer Lorraine H. Jacoby Lingurst R. H. Ives Goddard III Human Studies Film Archives Director John Homiak National Anthropological Archives Director John Homiak Archivist Paula R. Fleming James R. Glenn Native American Indian Program Durector JoAllyn Archambault Division of Archaeology Division Head J. Daniel Rogers Senior Scientist Bruce D. Smith Curators Theresa Singleton Gus W. Van Beek Melinda A. Zeder Arctic Program Director William W. Fitzhugh Archaeologist Stephen Loring Paleo-Indian Program Dennis J. Stanford Betty Meggers 228 South American Archeology Division of Ethnology Division Head R. H. Ives Goddard, II Curators Mary Jo Arnoldi Adrienne Kaeppler Robert Laughlin William Merrill William C. Sturtevant Paul M. Taylor William Trousdale Division of Physical Anthropology Division Head Douglas W. Owsley Curators Donald J. Ortner Douglas H. Ubelaker Human Origins Program Richard B. Potts Office of Repatriation Program Manager Thomas Killion Case Officers William Billeck Tamara Bray Paula Malloy Karen Mudar Charles Smythe Research Associates Larry Banks William Barse Kenneth M. Bilby Allison Brooks Ernest Burch Anita Cook Jean Paul Dumont John M. Fritz Don Fowler George Frison Kathleen Gordon James Griffin Joel Corneal Knipers Betty Meggers Mike Petraglia Stephen Potter Mildred Wedel John Yellen Collaborators Daniel Halperin Pegi Jodry Paulina Ledergerber Robert Leopold Li Liu Tom Plummer Henry Heuveling van Beek Curators Emeritus William Crocker John Ewers Lucile St. Hoyme T. Dale Stewart Department of Botany Chairman Warren L. Wagner Administrative Specialist Linda M. Moreland Collections Management Collections Manager George F. Russell II Greenhouse Management Horticulturist Michael Bordelon Sentor Botanist Mark M. Littler Curators Pedro Acevedo Paula T. DePriest Laurence J. Dorr Robert B. Faden Maria A. Faust Vicki A. Funk W. John Kress David B. Lellinger Ernani G. Menez Dan H. Nicolson James N. Norris Joan W. Nowicke Paul M. Peterson Harold E. Robinson Stanwyn G. Shetler Laurence E. Skog Warren L. Wagner Dieter C. Wasshausen Elizabeth Zimmer Research Associates Lisa Barnett Jose Cuatrecasas Joseph Kirkbride Elbert Little Diane Littler Alicia Lourteig John Pipoly Collaborators Scott Armbruster Carol Annable Christian Feuillet Lynn Gillespie Aaron Goldberg Charles Gunn Elizabeth Harris Lauritz Holm-Nielson Robert King Joan Follen Hughes Koven Olga MacBryde Angela Newton Richard O'Grady Lynn Raulerson Gene Rosenberg Edward Salgado Ruth A. Siaca Edward E. Terrell Anna Weitzman Curators Emeritus John Wurdack Department of Entomology Chairman Jonathan A. Coddington Collections Management Collections Manager Gary F. Hevel Curators John M. Burns Don R. Davis Terry L. Erwin Wayne N. Mathis Ronald J. McGinley Robert K. Robbins Theodore R. Schultz Paul J. Spangler Research Associates Donald M. Anderson William E. Bickley Harley P. Brown Margaret S. Collins Gregory Courtney Eduardo Dominguez Lance Durden Robert L. Edwards Neal L. Evenhuis Amnon Freidberg Patricia Gentili-Poole Adrian Forsyth Ralph E. Harbach Yiau-Min Huang James L. Krysan Mary F. Mickevich Scort E. Miller Charles Miter Paul A. Opler Philip D. Perkins E. L. Peyton Dan A. Polhemus John T. Polhemus Robert W. Poole Curtis Sabrosky Silvia Santiago Nicolaj Scharff Jay C. Shaffer Jeffrey W. Schult Petra Sierwald Robert Traub Frank N. Young Collaborators Joachim Adis Mark J. Rothschild Louise M. Russell Affiliated Scientists Robert W. Carlson Douglas C. Ferguson Raymond G. Gagné Jayson Glick Robert D. Gordon E. Eric Grissell Thomas J. Henry Ronald W. Hodges Douglass R. Miller Sueo Nakahara David A. Nickle Allen L. Norrbom James Pakaluk Michael E. Schauff Scott Stockwell Rick C. Wickerson Robert L. Smiley David R. Smith M. Alma Solis Manya B. Sroetzel F. Christian Thompson Natalia J. Vandenberg Richard E. White Norman E. Woodley Senzor Scientist Emeritus Karl V. Krombein Screntist Emeritus Oliver S. Flint, Jr. Richard C. Froeschner Department of Invertebrate Zoology Chairman Brian Kensley (term ended 9/30/95) Administrative Assistant Martha V. Joynt Emeritus Zoologists Thomas E. Bowman (deceased 8/10/95) Fenner A. Chace Jr. Roger F. Cressey Robert P. Higgins Marian H. Pettibone Harald A. Rehder Crustacea Senzor Scientist Raymond B. Manning Curators Frank D. Ferrari C. W. Hart Jr. Brian Kensley Louis S. Kornicker Rafael Lemaitre James D. Thomas Echinoderms and Lower Invertebrates Senior Scientist David L. Pawson Curators Frederick M. Bayer Stephen D. Cairns Klaus Ruetzler Mollusks Curators 7 M. G. Harasewych Robert Hershler Clyde F. E. Roper Worms Curators Kristian Fauchald W. Duane Hope Jon L. Norenburg Mary E. Rice Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals Director John Harshbarger Research Associates Richard B. Aronson G. Denton Belk Darryl! L. Felder Gordon Hendler John Holsinger E. Taisoo Park Richard E. Petit Marjorie L. Reaka Janet W. Reid Edward E. Ruppert Michael Vecchione Collaborators Sigurd v. Boletzky Mark Grygier Peter Hovingh Michael Lang Donald W. Sada Affiliated Scientists J. Bruce Bredin Steven Chambers Elizabeth Chornesky Maureen E. Downey Joan D. Ferraris Stephen J. Gardiner Terrence M. Gosliner Lipke B. Holthuis J. Ralph Lichtenfels Patsy McLaughlin Charles G. Messing Richard O'Grady Isabel Perez-Farfante (Canet) Esther C. Peters Anthony J. Provenzano, Jr. I. G. Sohn Ronald B. Toll Austin B. Williams David K. Young Department of Mineral Sciences Chairman Glenn J. MacPherson Administrative Specialist Ellen Thurnau Meteorites Curators Robert F. Fudali Glenn J. MacPherson Mineralogy Curators Jeffrey Post Michael A. Wise Petrology and Volcanology Senzor Scientist William G. Melson Curators Richard S. Fiske James F. Luhr Tom Simkin Sorena Sorensen Physical Sciences Laboratory Chemists Eugene Jarosewich Joseph A. Nelen Global Volcanism Network Museum Specialists Edward Venzke Richard L. Wunderman Collaborators Howard T. Evans, Jr. Michael Fleischer Kurt Fredriksson Curator Emeritus Roy S. Clarke Jr. Brian H. Mason i) i) \o Department of Paleobiology Chairman William A. DiMichele Administrative Assistant Patricia K. Buckley Paleobiological Information Specialist Raymond T. Rye II Collections Management Collections Manager Jann W. Thompson Senzor Scientists Richard H. Benson Martin A. Buzas Alan H. Cheetham Richard E. Grant (deceased 12/7/94) Daniel J. Stanley Kenneth M. Towe Curators Anna K. Behrensmeyer William A. DiMichele Sergius Mamay Jerry N. McDonald Herbert W. Meyer Robert B. Neuman William A. Oliver, Jr. Lisa E. Osterman John Pojeta, Jr. Kenneth A. Rasmussen Ruth Pamela Reid Kenneth D. Rose William J. Sando David E. Schindel Judith E. Skog Anthony Socci Gregory I. Sohn Hans D. Sues Joshua I. Tracey, Jr. David B. Weishampel Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Debra A. Willard Christopher Wnuk Keddy Yemane Ellis L. Yochelson Collaborators Lisa E. Osterman Curators Emeritus Nicholas Horton III Division of Birds Curators Gary R. Graves Storrs L. Olson Collections Manager J. Phillip Angle Division of Fishes Curators G. David Johnson Lynne R. Parenu Victor G. Springer Richard P. Vari Stanley H. Weitzman Collections Managers Susan L. Jewett Jeffrey T. Williams Division of Mammals Curators Michael D. Carleton Charles O. Handley, Jr. James G. Mead Morton L. Isler Phyllis R. Isler Elisabeth Kalko Roxie Laybourne Bradley C. Livezey Jonathan B. Losos Linda E. Resnik Maxson Naercio Menezes Joseph C. Mitchell Molly R. Morris Guy G. Musser Hidetoshi Ora William F. Perrin Gregory K. Pregill John E. Randall Sentiel A. Rommel Norman J. Scott Jr. Ian R. Swingland Richard J. Wassersug Michael Leonard Smith William F. Smith-Vaniz Jiakuu Song Wayne C. Starnes David L. Stein Marilyn Weitzman Edward O. Wiley Merrill Varn Robert J. Emry Jack W. Pierce Richard W. Thorington, Jr. Douglas H. Erwin Brian T. Huber Francis M. Hueber Ian G. Macintyre Conrad C. Labandeira Thomas R. Waller Scott L. Wing Research Associates William E. Ausich Barbara Bedette Raymond L. Bernor Anna Lisa Berta Robyn Burham Z. Chen James M. Clark Stephen J. Culver John D. Damuth Dary! P. Domning J. Thomas Dutro Ralph Eshelman Jerzy Federowski Thomas G. Gibson Robert W. Hook Carol L. Hotton Nigel Hughes T. W. Kammer Kenneth G. MacLeod Christopher G. Maples 230 Clayton E. Ray Affiliated Scientists Alan H. Cutler Katherine Davies-Vollum Christian DeMuizon Jason Hicks Ken Macleod Department of Vertebrate Zoology Chairman G. David Johnson Administrative Assistant Sybil Descheemaeker Technical Information Specialist Joy P. Gold Division of Amphibians and Reptiles Curators Kevin de Queiroz W. Ronald Heyer George R. Zug Collections Manager Elyse J. Beldon Ronald I. Crombie Collections Managers Linda K. Gordon Charles W. Potter Research Associates Ronald G. Altig Aaron M. Bauer Bruce M. Beehler Eleanor D. Brown Robert L. Brownell John Robert Burns John E. Cadle Rafael Omar de Sa Philip J. Clapman Kenneth C. Dodd, Jr. Andrezej Elzanowski Carl H. Ernst Louise H. Emmons Sara V. Fink William L. Fink J. Whitfield Gibbons Anthony Charles Gill David A. Good Catharine A. Hawks Lawrence R. Heaney Richard Highton Aleta Hohn Peter W. Houde Ivan Ineich Collaborators Miriam H. Heyer Patricia B. Zug Curators Emeritus Ernest A. Lachner William R. Taylor Richard L. Zusi Affiliated Scientists Richard C. Banks Bruce B. Collette Mercedes S. Foster Thomas H. Fritts Alfred L. Gardner Joe T. Marshall, Jr. Roy W. McDiarmid Thomas A. Munroe National Zoological Park Director Michael H. Robinson Deputy Director McKinley Hudson Associate Director for Biological Programs Benjamin B. Beck Associate Director for Interpretive Programs David Jenkins Associate Director for Conservation Christen M. Wemmer Office of the Director Registrar Judith Block Office of Facilities and Construction Assistant Director for Facilities and Construction Robin Vasa Office of Public Affairs Chief Robert J. Hoage Safety Office Head Kenneth R. Gilliam Department of Biological Programs Associate Director for Biological Programs Benjamin B. Beck Department of Mammalogy Curators Edwin Gould John Seidensticker Assistant Curators John Lehnhardr Lisa Stevens William Xanten Department of Herpetology Curator Dale Marcellini Collection Manager Michael Davenport Department of Ornithology Assistant Curator and Head Charles Pickett Collection Manager Paul Tomassoni Department of Invertebrates Assistant Curator Alan Peters Amazonia Department Curator Jaren Horsely Collection Manager Vincent Rico Department of Nutritional Resources Manager Mary Allen Assistant Manager Earl L. Pinkney Department of Zoological Research Assistant Director for Research Devra G. Kleiman Deputy Head, Research Mammalogist Miles S. Roberts Scientific Staff Daryl J. Boness Robert Fleischer Eugene S. Morton Olav T. Oftedal Katherine S. Ralls Population Manager Jonathan Ballou Department of Animal Health Assistant Director or Animal Health Richard C. Cambre Associate Veterinarian Lucy H. Spelman Pest Control Officer Prince Seabron NOAHS Center Director Ruth Stolk Director for Science Outreach Judy Manning Department of Pathology Pathologist-in-Charge Richard J. Montali Associate Pathologist Don Nichols Department of Interpretive Programs Associate Director for Interpretive Programs David M. Jenkins Office of Development Head Ruth Stolk Development Specialist Daniel Studnicky Office of Management Services Head James E. Fitzpatrick Division of Exhibits Interpretation Head Lynn G. Dolnick Office of Police and Communications Head George P. Day, Jr. NZP Polzce Chief Eugene Hicks Office of Horticulture Head Charles Fillah Department of Conservation Associate Director for Conservation Christen M. Wemmer Deputy Associate Director Scott R. Derrickson Research Coordinator John H. Rappole Conservation Training Officer Rasanayagam Rudran Clinical and Research Veterinarian Mitchell Bush Head, Reproductive Physiology Program David E. Wildr Research Veterinarian Steve L. Monfort Theriogenologist JoGayle Howard Endocrinologist Janine L. Brown Collection Manager Larry Collins Administrative Officer Martha H Rogers Friends of the National Zoo Executive Director Clinton A. Fields Deputy Director James Schroeder Office of Fellowships and Grants Director Roberta W. Rubinoff Assistant Director Elizabeth W. Veatch Assistant Director for Administration Catherine F. Harris Academic Programs Specialists Pamela E. Hudson Bruce W Morrison Sharon K. Nishizaki Office of International Relations Director Francine C. Berkowitz Assistant Director Brian W. J. LeMay Liaison Officer Leonard P. Hirsch Exchanges Officer Raymond W. Seefeldt Administrative Officer Saundra A. Thomas Program Officer Vera H. Hyatt Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives Director Edie Hediin Archives Division Archivist and Division Director Alan L. Bain Associate Archivist Paul H. Theerman 232 Supervisory Archivist Kathleen M. Robinson Assistant Archivists William E. Cox Susan W. Glenn R. Shawn Johnstone Bruce Kirby James A. Steed Archives Specialist Gerald J. Rosenzweig Institutional History Division Historian and Division Durector Pamela M. Henson Program Assistant Lynn M. Wojcik Joseph Henry Papers Project Editor Marc Rothenberg Assistant Editor Kathleen W. Dorman Staff Historians Deborah Y. Jeffries Frank R. Millikan National Collections Program National Collections Coordinator William G. Tompkins Assistant National Collections Coordinator Lauri A. Hinksman Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Director Irwin Shapiro Associate Director Planning Bruce Gregory Atomic and Molecular Physics Kate Kirby High Energy Astrophysics Stephen Murray Optical and Infrared Astronomy John P. Huchra Planetary Sciences Brian G. Marsden Radto and Geoastronomy Mark J. Reid Solar and Stellar Physics John C. Raymond Theoretical Astrophysics Alastair G.W. Cameron Department Manager Central Engineering Richard B. Dias Computation Facility Van L. McGlasson Contracts and Procurement George D. Dick Controller's Office Philip A. Hatfield Library Donna Coletti Human Resources Marion R. Aymie Publications James Cornell Science Education Philip M. Sadler Travel Nancy M. Adler Scientific Staff Thomas L. Aldroft Yakov Alpert Alice Argon Eugene Avrett James Babb Robert Babcock Sallie Baliunas Carlo Benna Mark Birkinshaw Raymond Blundell Jay A. Bookbinder Nancy Brickhouse Roger J. Brissenden James Buckley Nelson Caldwell Robert A. Cameron Nathaniel P. Carleton Christopher Carilli Frederic Chaffee Kelly Chance John Chandler Jon H. Chappell George A. Chartas Allan F. Cook, II Mario Cosmo Salvador Curiel Alexander Dalgarno Thomas M. Dame Laurence P. David James L. Davis Robert J. Davis Edward E. DeLuca Marino Dobrowolny Adam Dobrzycki R. Hank Donnelly Andrea Dupree Richard Edgar Guenther Eichhorn Martin S. Elvis Ruth Esser Robert Estes Giuseppina Fabbiano Daniel G. Fabricant Emilio Falco-Acosta Giovanni G. Fazio George Field Silvano Fineschi Fabrizio Fiore Kathryn A. Flanagan Craig Foltz Christine J. Forman William R. Forman Fred A. Franklin Franco Fuligni Terrance J. Gaetz Michael R. Garcia Larry Gardner John C. Geary Margaret J. Geller Owen Gingerich Leon Golub Paul Gorenstein Dale E. Graessle Lincoln Greenhill Mario Grossi Gordon Gullahorn Shadia Habbal F. Rick Harnden, Jr. Daniel E. Harris Lee Hartmann Eric Heller Paul Ho Robert Hohlfeld Paul F. Hsieh John P. Hughes Paul Jaminet Diab Jerius David G. Johnson Kenneth W. Jucks Jiahong Zhang Juda Michael Juda Kenneth Kalata Wolfgang Kalkofen Margarita Karovska Edwin M. Kellogg Almus T. Kenter Scott Kenyon Dong Woo Kim Steven C. Kleiner John L. Kohl Sylvain Korzennik Ralph P. Kraft Michael J. Kurtz Robert L. Kurucz Marc G. Lacasse Charles Lada Adair Lane David W. Latham Mark Lawrence Myron Lecar Marc LeGros Enrico Lorenzini Glen H. Mackie Ursula B. Marvin Colin Masson Smita Mathur Edward Mattison Jeffrey E. McClintock Richard E. McCrosky Walter McDermott Jonathan C. McDowell Kim McLeod Brian R. McNamara Gary J. Melnick Karl Menten Alejandra Milone Arun Kanti Misra Vladilal J. Modi James M. Moran Marc Murison Philip C. Myers Ramesh Narayan Martin C. Noecker Robert Noyes Eduardo Oteiza Scott Paine Alexander Panasyuk Costas Papaliolios William Parkinson Michael Pearlman Michail I. Petaev James Phillips Paul P. Plucinsky Andrea H. Prestwich Francis A. Primini Charles F. Prosser Michael I. Ratner Somak Raychaudhury Robert Reasenberg Cordula A. Robinson Suzanne E. Romaine George Rybicki Steven H. Saar Hossein Sadeghpour Jonathan Schachter Rudolph E. Schild Brian Schmidt Matthew H. Schneps Daniel A. Schwartz Joseph H. Schwarz Frederick D. Seward Aneta L. Siemiginowska Eric Silver Patrick Slane Wei-Hock Soon Anthony A. Stark John R. Stauffer Robert P. Srefanik Leonard Strachan Andrew Szentgyogyi Harvey D. Tananbaum Patrick Thaddeus Volker Tolles Eric V. Tollestrup Guillermo Torres Wesley A. Traub Ginevra Trinchieri Eugene Y. Tsiang Wallace H. Tucker Han Uitenbroek Aad van Ballegooijen Leon P. Van Speybroeck Olaf Vancura Robert Vessot Jan Vrtilek Saeqa Dil Vrtilek Ronald Walsworth Zhong Wang Brad Wargelin Trevor C. Weekes Steven Weinberg Fred L. Whipple Barbara A. Whitney Charles A. Whitney Belinda Wilkes Steven P. Willner Robert Wilson Jonathan W. Woo John A. Wood Diana M. Worrall Kouichi Yoshino Ping Zhao Martin V. Zombeck Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellows Paola Caselli Hua Chen Merces Crosas Robert Donahue Charles Gammie Paul Green Luis Ho Suzanne Huettemeister Shude Mao Alessandro Massarotti Michael McCarthy Brian McLeod Joan Najita Nagayoshi Ohashi Eve Ostriker Rachel Pildis Dimitar Sasselov Uros Seljak Richard Stoner Mario Tafalla Jathindas Tharamel Jack Wells David Wilner Insu Yi Li You Ite Albert Yu Xiaolei Zheng Jun-Hui Zhao T. Scott Zaccheo Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Director David L. Correll Assistant Director Anson H. Hines Administrative Officer Helen M. Dalaski Facilities Manager Paul F. Tavel Education Specialist A. Mark Haddon Animal Ecologists James F. Lynch Gregory M. Ruiz Chemical Ecologist Richard Smucker Environmental Engineers Gary Peresta Peter Stone Ecologists Thomas E. Jordan Geoffrey G. Parker Microbial Ecologists D. Wayne Coats Charles L. Gallegos Modeler Donald E. Weller Plant Ecologist Dennis F. Whigham Photobiologist Patrick J. Neale Plant Physiologist Bert G. Drake Smithsonian Institution Libraries Director Barbara J. Smith Assistant Director Nancy E. Gwinn Assistant Director Bonita D. Perry Assistant Director Mary A. Thomas 233 Special Assistant to the Director and Publications Officer Nancy L. Matthews Development Officer Gwendolen R. Leighty Management and Systems Division Assistant Director and Division Manager Mary Augusta Thomas Management Services Office Department Head Laudine L. Creighton Personnel Specialist David L. Bartlett Systems Office Department Head Thomas Garnett Systems Librarian Marcia Adams Computer Equipment Analyst Mimi Scharf Systems Librarian Anne Gifford Systems Librarian Sujata DeHart Collections Management Division Assistant Director and Division Manager Nancy E. Gwinn Acquisitions Services Department Department Head Lucien R. Rossignol 234 Special Collections Department Department Head and Exhibitions Officer William E. Baxter Reference Librarian Leslie Overstreet Preservation Services Department Department Head Susan F. Blaine Conservator Clare Dekle Conservator Janice Stagnitto Cataloging Services Department Department Head Vacant Cataloging Project Manager Victoria Avera Librarian Cataloguer Thomas Baker Librarian-Cataloguer Margaret D'Ambrosio Librartan-Cataloguer Carolyn Hamilton Librarian-Cataloguer Suzanne Pilsk Librarian-Cataloguer Margaret A. Sealor Special Collections Cataloguer Diane Shaw Catalogue Management Manager Sheila Riley Research Services Division Assistant Director and Division Manager Bonita D. Perry Cooper-Hewitt Museum Branch Branch Librarian Stephen Van Dyk Reference Librarian Jean Hines Center for Astrophysics Branch Branch Librarian Donna Coletti Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Branch Branch Librarian Vielka Chang-Yau Central Research Services Department Central Reference and Loan Services Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Martin A. Smith Information Access Coordinator Martin Kalfatovic Circulation and Loan Librarian Patricia Lasker Museum Reference Center Branch Librarian Valerie Wheat Museum Support Center Branch Branch Librarian E. Gilbert Taylor History, Technology, and Art Department National Museum of American History Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Rhoda S. Ratner Reference Librarian Amy Begg Reference Librarian James Roan Anacostia Museum Branch Branch Librarian Thomas Bickley National Museum of African Art Branch Branch Librarian Janet L. Stanley National Air and Space Museum Branch Branch Librarian David M. Spencer Reference Librarian Paul McCutcheon Technical Information Specialist Philip D. Edwards | History Museum Branch Branch Librarian Timothy Carr Horticulture Branch Branch Librarian Marca Woodhams Natural and Physical Sciences Department National Museum of Natural History Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Ann Juneau Reference Librarian Alvin R. Hutchinson Reference Librarian Amy Levin Reference Librarian Robert J. Skarr Reference Librarian David T. Steere, Jr. Anthropology Branch Branch Librarian Maggie Dittemore Reference Librarian Mayda Riopedre Botany Branch Branch Librarian Ruth F. Schaller National Zoological Park Branch Branch Librarian Kay A. Kenyon Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Branch Branch Librarian Angela N. Haggins Historian Emeritus Silvio A. Bedini Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Director Ira Rubinoff Deputy Director Anthony G. Coates Assistant Director for Facilities Carlos Tejada Assistant Director for Fellowships and Education Georgina de Alba Assistant Director for International and External Affairs Elena Lombardo Assistant Director for Scientific Support Services Howard S. Barnes Comptroler Leopoldo Leon Executive Officer and Assistant Director for Administration and Legal Affairs Leonor G. Motta Special Advisor to the Director for Technology Transfer! Environmental Poltcy Issues Stanley Heckadon-Moreno Accounting Office Accounting Officer Carlos Urbina Development Office Head. Development Office Lucy B. Dorick Development Officer Lisa Barnett Human Resources Office Personnel Management Specialist Carmen Sucre Photographic Department Photographer Antonio Montaner Procurement Office Supervisor. Contract Specialist Mercedes Arroyo Protocol Office Protocol Officer Monica Alvarado Safety Office Safety Officer José Ramon Perurena Visitor Services Office Visitor Services Manager Gloria Maggiori Scientific Staff Sentor Scientist Jeremy B.C. Jackson Olga F. Linares Martin H. Moynihan A. Stanley Rand Mary Jane West- Eberhard Staff Scientist Annette Aiello Eldredge Bermingham John H. Christy Richard G. Cooke Paul Colinvaux Mireya Correa Luis D'Croz William G. Eberhard Robin Foster Héctor Guzman E. Allen Herre Llewellya Hillis Nancy Knowlton Egbert G. Leigh, Jr. Harilaos Lessios Dolores Piperno D. Ross Robertson David W. Roubik Noris Salazar Allen Fernando Santos-Granero Neal G. Smith William Wcislo Donald M. Windsor Klaus Winter S. Joseph Wright Center for Tropical Forest Science Director Elizabeth C. Losos Research Affiliate Carlos Arellano-Lennox Tomas Arias Peter Ashton Penelope Barnes Héctor Barrios Emérita de Borace Edward B. Brothers Roy L. Caldwell Kenneth Clifton Phyllis Coley Laurel Collins T. Robert Dudley S. Robert Gradstein Mahabir Gupta Stephen Hubbell Roberto Ibdfiez Jorge Illueca Patricia Jacobberger Peter Jung Elisabeth Kalko Thomas Kursar Stephen Mulkey Diomedes Quintero Robert E. Ricklefs Tyson Roberts Michael Ryan Julieca C. de Samudio Henry Stockwell Melvin Tyree Arts and Humanities Anacostia Museum Office of the Director Director Steven Newsome Deputy Director Sharon Reinckens Administrative Officer Cynthia Chase Maintenance Mechanic Oscar Waters III Director's Assistant Patricia Lindsey Registrar Margaret Hutto Education Department Director Robert Hall Education Specialist Clara Turner Lee Joanna Banks Bus Driver Wade Stuart Partnership Coordinator Wanda Aikens Design Department Visual Information Assistant Pearline Waldrop Program Assistant Folami Ahota Photographer Harold Dorwin Research Department Senior Historian Portia James Program Assistant Shelia Parker Historian Gail Lowe Researcher Leah Williamson Kim Freeman Jennifer Morris Librarian Tom Bickley Public Affairs/Programs Public Program Coordinator Louis Hicks Public Affairs Assistant José Ortiz Program Assistant Habeebah Muhammad 236 Archives of American Art Director Richard J. Wattenmaker Deputy Director Susan Hamilton Assistant Director for Archival Programs James B. Byers Sentor Archivist Arthur J. Breton Research Services Chief Judith E. Throm Development Officer Eric Hausmann Membership Manager Nancy Haitch Southeast Regronal Collector Elizabeth S. Kirwin New York Regional Director Stephen Polcari New England Regional Director and Journal Editor Robert F. Brown West Coast Regional Director Paul J. Karlstrom Curator Emeritus Garnett McCoy Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art Director Milo C. Beach Deputy Director Thomas Lentz Executive Assistant to the Director Toni Lake Head. Public Affairs Susan Bliss Head. Development Barbara Phillips Assistant Director. Finance Sarah Newmeyer Head. Merchandising & Marketing Sally Guaragna Head. Photography John Tsantes Research & Collections Division Senior Research Scholar Thomas Lawton Curators Louise Cort Vidya Dehejia Associate Curators Massumeh Farhad, Islamic Near Eastern Ann Gunter, Ancient Near Eastern Linda Merrill, American Jenny So, Chinese James Ulak, Japanese Ann Yonemura, Japanese Assistant Curator Jan Stuart, Chinese Head. Conservation & Scientific Research W. Thomas Chase, III Head. Library & Archives Lily Kecskes Head, Publications Karen Sagstetter Head, Collections Management Bruce Young Public Programs Division Associate Director. Exhibitions G& Faciltties Patrick Sears Head, Design & Production John Zelenik Head, Education Lucia Pierce Head. Facilities Management Robert Evans Center for Museum Studies Director Rex M. Ellis Administrative Officer Eleanor M. David Director's Secretary Tiphanie Hill Research Manager Nancy J. Fuller Program Assistant Rosa Aguayo American Indian Museum Studies Manager Karen R. Cooper Museum Programs Specialist Bob Kidd Museum Programs Specialist Magdalena Mieri Communications Manager Bruce C. Craig Curriculum Coordinator Bettie J. Lee Secretary Stacey Burkhardt Intern Services Intern Services Coordinator Sarah C. Landon Elena Piquer Mayberry Intern Services Assistant Rebecca Culpepper Allison Wickens Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Durector Dianne H. Pilgrim Assistant Director for Administration Linda Dunne Assistant Director for Public Programs Susan Yelavich Head of Development and Public Affairs Laura James Special Assistant to the Director Caroline Mortimer Special Assistant to the Assistant Director for Administration Nerissa Tackett Special Assistant to the Assistant Director for Public Programs Hilda Wojack Computer Specialist Victor Dorizio Budget Analyst Mary Schlitzer Personnel Specialist Lorna Hannah Museum Shop Manager Chris Masaoay Operations Manager Angelo Rodriguez Assistant Facilities Manager Jeffrey Schwartz Public Affairs Officer Barbara Livenstein Special Events Coordinator Pamela Haylock Membership and Volunteer Coordinator Marla Musick Registrar Cordelia Rose Associate Registrar Steven Langehough Head of Security Luis Palau Curatorial Curator in Charge-Applied Arts and Industrial Design Deborah Shinn Curator of Drawings and Prints Marilyn Symmes Assistant Curator of Drawings and Prints Gail Davidson Paper Conservator Konstanze Bachmann Curator of Textiles Milton Sonday Assistant Curator of Textiles and Curatorial Chair Gillian Moss Textiles Conservator Lucy Commoner Assistant Curator of Wallcoverings Joanne Warner Curator of Contemporary Design Ellen Lupton Exhibitions Exhibition Researcher Lucy Fellowes Exhibition Specialist John Fell Editorial Editor Nancy Aakre Library Librarian Stephen Van Dyk Education Department Head of Education Dorothy Dunn Program Coordinator for School Programs Kerry MacIntosh Program Coordinator for Audience Development Vacant Program Coordinator for Adult Education Egle Zygas Photo Services Brad Nugent Plant Services Director of Plant Services Tom Murdy Director of CHM/Parson’s Masters Program Maria Conelli Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Director James T. Demetrion Deputy Director Stephen E. Weil Administrator Beverly Lang Pierce Durector of Public Programs/Chief Curator Neal Benezra Curators Valerie J. Fletcher Frank B. Gettings Phyllis D. Rosenzweig Olga Viso Judith K. Zilczer Publications Manager Jane McAllister Librarian Anna Brooke Chief Conservator Laurence Hoffman Conservators Leland Aks A. Clarke Bedford Susan Lake Registrar Douglas Robinson Chief, Exhibits and Design Edward Schiesser Sentor Educator Teresia Bush Head, Public Affairs Sidney Lawrence Chief Photographer M. Lee Stalsworth Maseum Facility Manager Franklin Underwood (through 9/1/95) Institutional Studies Office Director Zahava D. Doering Social Science Analysts Adam Bickford Stacey L. Bielick Audrey E. Kindlon Elizabeth K. Ziebarth Statistician Steven J Smith National Air and Space Museum Acting Director Robert S. Hoffmann Deputy Director Gwendolyn K. Crider Special Assistant to the Director Steven L. Soter Special Assistant to the Associate Director LeRoy London Senior Advisor for Science Ted A. Maxwell Multicultural Outreach Toni Amos Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Chairman Thomas R. Watters Geologists Ted A. Maxwell Patricia A. Jacobberger Jellison James R. Zimbelman Robert A. Craddock Geophysicist: Bruce A. Campbell Program Manager Priscilla L. Strain Geographer Frederick C. Engle Research Technicians Michael J. Tuttle Diane Hanley Andrew K. Johnston Victoria A. Portway Computer Systems Analyst Karen L. Peters Data Manager Rosemary Steinat Administrative Research Assistant Donna J. Slattery Admin. Tech./Typist Ruth Ann McGrail Postdoctoral Fellows: Mark Bulmer Sarah Fagents Department of Administration Assistant Director Alice Adams Staff Assistant for Personnel Ellen Sprouls Management Analyst Theresa Unkle Budget Analysts Cynthia Carter Deborah Swinson Clerk-Typist Angela Sumner Department of Aeronautics Chairman Tom Crouch Curators Tom Alison John Anderson Dorothy Cochrane R.E.G. Davies Von D. Hardesty Peter Jakab Russell E. Lee Richard Leyes Michael J. Neufeld Dominick A. Pisano F. Robert van der Linden Museum Specialists Thomas J. Dietz Sam Fishbein Joanne M. Gernstein Alex M. Spencer 238 Ramsey Fellow Donald Engen Department of Art and Culture Chairperson Mary S. Henderson Museum Specialist Susan Lawson-Bell Department of Collections Management Assistant Director Linda N. Ezell Extension Planning and Special Proyects Al Bachmeier Collections Processing and Support Group Howard Kirshner Conservation Ed McManus Restoration William Reese Facilities Management Rod Milstead Collections Preservation and Care/Dulles Operations Ed Marshall Registrar for Loans Ellen Folkama Registrar for Collections Natalie Rjedkin-Lee Archives and Collections Management Division Supervisory Archivist Thomas Soapes Team Leader. Processing Marilyn Graskowiak Team Leader, Reference Dan Hagedorn Team Leader. Acquisitions Patti Williams Department of Exhibits Assistant Director for Exhibits and Public Spaces Nadya A. Makovenyi Program Manager Sandy Ritrenhouse-Black Chief. Design Division John Clendening Chief, Audiovisual Division David N. Heck Chief, Production Unit Dave Paper Chief, Film and Video Production Patricia A. Woodside Exhibits Writer-Editor David Romanowski Department of Museum Operations Assistant Director Ronald Wagaman Special Assistant for Plans and Programs Claude D. Russell Department of Building Management Museum Facilities Manager Jan Hall Computer Services Division Manager, Computer Services Dan Cassil Samuel P. Langley Theater Manager Bridget Shea Department of Museum Programs Special Assistant James H. Sharp Cooperative Programs Division Manager Helen C. McMahon Program Coordinator Pam Blalock Einsteen Planetarium Director James H. Sharp Aadtovisual Production Coordinator Geoff Chester Program Resource Manager Cheryl Bauer Planetarium Technicians Dalton McIntosh Dena Harris Department of Space History Chairman Gregg Herken Curators Paul E. Ceruzzi Martin Collins David DeVorkin Cathleen S. Lewis Valerie Neal Allan A. Needell Frank Winter Historian Robert W. Smith Museum Specialist James David Collections Manager Amanda Young Oral History Manager JoAnn Bailey Administrative Technician Alice Jones Special Assistant Toni Thomas Laboratory for Astrophysics Chairman Howard A. Smith Astrophysicists Jeffrey J. Goldstein Matthew Greenhouse Physical Science Technician Jodi Schroemer Fellows Tilak Hewagama John Miles Vladimir Strelnitski Mark Wolfire Office of External Relations Assistant Director Susan Beaudette Development Offtcers Anne Seeger Terry Putnam Special Events Division Special Events Manager Kathie Spraggins Special Events Coordinators Darlene Rose-Barge Marilyn Kozak Marketing Marketing Coordinator Raymond Stephens Publications Chief of Publications Patricia Graboske Educational Services Division Assistant Director Jacqueline Hicks Grazette Educational Programs and Services Assistant to the Director Tytishia Frazier Formal Education Chief of Formal Education Maureen Kerr Teacher Services Manager Debra Daggs Educational Services Center Coordinator Maretta Hemsley Student Service Coordinator Myra Banks Curriculum Developer Carolyn Balch Informal Education Chief of Informal Education Jo Hinkel Public Program Coordinators Gloria Fulwood Barbara Harrick Gallery and Demonstration Services Manager Christopher Stetser Explatners Coordinator Suvinee Vanichkachorn Office Assistant for Programming Departments Vondale Spinks Tours and Reservations Supervisor Davide Jackson Scheduler Thomas Gordon Docent Coordinator Carolyn Triebel Office Assistant Zelda Tooks Office of Public Affairs Chief J. Michael Fetters Writer-Editors Helen M. Morrill Walton Ferrell Public Affairs Specialists Kim Riddle Amy Dyson Public Affairs Assistant Kathleen Brooks National Museum of African Art Director Sylvia H. Williams Assistant Director for Administration Patricia L. Fiske Assistant Director, Exhibits Design and Facility Alan Knezevich Founding Director Emeritus and Senior Scholar Warren M. Robbins Senior Scholar Emeritus Roy Sieber Curatorial Department Chief Curator Philip L. Ravenhill Curators Lydia Puccinelli Roslyn A. Walker Assistant Curators Bryna Freyer Andrea Nicolls Public Affairs Department Public Affairs Officer Janice L. Kaplan Education Department Curator of Education Edward Lifschitz Assistant Curator of Education Veronika Jenke Education Specialists Pedra Chaffers Leasa Farrar-Frazer Peter Pipim Registration Department Registrar Julie Haifley Conservation Department Conservator Steve Mellor Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives Curator of Photographic Archives Christraud M. Geary Archivist Amy Staples Warren M. Robbins Library Librarian Janet Stanley Publications Office Writer-Editor Joan Amick National Museum of American Art Office of the Director Director Elizabeth Broun Deputy Director Charles J. Robertson Curatorial Office Chief Curator Virginia M. Mecklenburg Deputy Chief Curator Jacquelyn D. Serwer Associate Curator (Pntg. & Sculpt.) Andrew L. Connors Senior Curator (Photography) Merry A. Foresta Curator (Sculpture) George Gurney Curator (Painting & Sculpture) Lynda R. Hartigan 239 Senior Curator (Graphic Arts) Joann G. Moser Senior Curator (Pntg. & Sculpt.) Richard N. Murray Senior Curator (Pntg. & Sculpt.) Harry Rand Senior Curator (Pntg. & Sculpt.) William H. Truetcner Renwick Gallery Curator-in-Charge Kenneth R. Trapp Curator Jeremy E. Adamson Research & Scholars Center Chief Rachel M. Allen Office of Educational Programs Chief Nora M. Panzer Office of Registration & Coll. Mgmc. Registrar Melissa L. Kroning Office of Design & Production Chief Val E. Lewton Administrative Office Administrative Officer Maureen E. Damaska Office of External Affairs Chief W. Robert Johnston 240 Office of Publications & New Media Initiatives Chief Steve Dietz Office of Development Development Officer Marilyn B. Montgomery Public Affairs Office Public Affairs Officer Katie M. Ziglar National Museum of American History Director Spencer R. Crew Deputy Director Martha Morris Special Assistant Deborah Scriber-Miller Planning Office Planning Coordinator Nanci Edwards Planning Coordinator Patrick Ladden Project Management Director Harold Closter Projector Coordinator Eleanor Boyne Administrative and Automation Services Associate Director Dennis Dickinson Budget Director Richard J. Nicastro Budget Analyst Sandra G. Dunnigan Management Analyst Margaret M. Limehouse Admistrative Specialist Francis D. Roche Computer Services Center Computer Specialist Edward Johnson Barbara L. Jordan Bradley Tesh Raelene L. Worthington Capital Programs Associate Director Ronald E. Becker Facilities Planning and Management Director James D. Whoolery Facilities Manager Richard A. Day Assistant Facilities Manager Kenneth I. Jordan Safety Manager William Prebble General Foreman Sinclaire Jennings Office of External Affairs Associate Director Elizabeth E. Greene Office of Development Director of Development and Special Events Ruth A. Sexton Office of Special Events Events Coordinator Elizabeth Little Events Coordinator Bee Gee Thompson Office of Public Affairs Director Tensia Alvarez Office of Historical Resources Associate Director Lonnie G. Bunch Department of History Assistant Director Arthur P. Molella Collections Support Collections Manager Ray A. Hutt Archives Center Chief Archivist John A. Fleckner Deputy Archivist Robert S. Harding Division of the History of Technology Chair Steven Lubar Assistant Chair Jennifer Locke Curators Pete Daniel Paul Johnston Harold Langley Mina Marefat Robert C. Post Carlene Stephens Jeffrey Stine William L. Withuhn Division of Cultural History Chair James M. Weaver Assistant Chair Gary Sturm Curators Richard Ahlborn Anthony Brown Rayna Green John Hasse Cynthia Hoover James O. Horton Charles McGovern Marvette Perez Division of Information, Technology & Society Chair David K. Allison Assistant Chair Joan E. Boudreau Curators Elvira Clain-Stefanelli Richard G. Doty Jon B. Eklund Bernard S. Finn Elizabeth M. Harris Paul Forman Helena C. Wright Lemelson Center Director Arthur P. Molella Program Manager Claudine Klose Division of the Social History Chair Susan H. Myers Assistant Chair Shelly J. Foote Curators William L. Bird Barbara Clark Smith Anne Golovin Claudia Kidwell Edith P. Mayo Keith E. Melder Susan Myers Rodris Roth Lonn Taylor Division of the Science, Medicine, & Society Chair Ramunas A. Kondratas Assistant Chair Steve Turner Curators Patricia Gossel G. Terry Sharrer Linda Tucker Deborah J. Warner nagement Services Assistant Director Katherine P. Spiess Program Manger Karen Garlick Administrative Services Manager Rosemary Phillips Collections Documentation Services Manager Anne Serio Operations & Storage Services Group Leader/Off-site Manager Steve Hemlin Deputy Group Leader Debra Hashim MSC Move Coordinator Ginger Deucher Master Plan Coordinator Frances Dispenzirie Collections Manager 1876 Margaret Grandine Preservation Services Manager . Karen Garlick Program Administrator Joan Young Registration Services Registrar Jeanne M. Benas Deputy Registrar Edward L. Ryan Office of Public Services Associate Director Harold A. Closter Sentor Program Manager Catherine C. Perge American Past Times Magazine Elizabeth M. Sharpe Education and Visitor Services Director Nancy L. McCoy Docent Coordinator Martha Jo Meserole Internship and Fellowship Programs Mary West Dyer Hands on Science Center Director Dina Rosenthal Exhibits A/V & Services Director William Thomas Tearman Program in African American Culture Director Niani Kilkenny Program Planning and Design Design Director Harold E. Aber Program Production Director Kathryn Campbell Cabinet, Paint, Plastic Shop Supervisor Peter Albritton Graphics Shop Supervisor D. Omar Wynn Historic Restoration Shop Supervisor Terry Conable Office of Publications Director Robert D. Selim NMAH Library Chief Rhoda S. Ratner America’s Smithsonian (150th Project) Project Director J. Michael Carrigan Project Manager Ellen J. Dorn National Postal Museum Director James H. Bruns Assistant to the Director for Financial Affairs Pat Bonds Administrative Officer Antoinette G. Williams Registrar Ted Wilson Senzor Historian and Director of American Studies Program Wilcomb Washburn Museum Specialist (Philately) Joseph Geraci Museum Program Specialist Nancy Pope Head of Education Wendy Aibel-weiss Public Affairs Specialist Daisy Ridgway Exhibibits Coordinator Pat Burke Building Manager Greg Cunningham Librarian Tim Carr Museum Shop Manager Maxine Kniseley Security Office Captain Gordon Swain National Museum of the American Indian Office of the Director Director W. Richard West, Jr. Deputy Director Douglas E. Evelyn Office of Finance and Administration Assistant Director for Administration Donna A. Scott Human Resources Manager Carol Belovitch Acting Budget Manager Kelly Bennett 242 Office of Cultural Resources Assistant Director for Cultural Resources Lee Davis Deputy Assistant Director for Cultural Resources George Horse Capture Acting Registrar Ann Drumheller Acting Senior Curator Mary Jane Lenz Conservation Program Manager Marian Kaminitz Acting Archives/P hoto Services Manager Pamela Dewey Office of Public Programs and Community Services Assistant Director for Public Programs Charlotte A. Heth Deputy Assistant Director for New York Operations John Haworth Deputy Assistant Director for Exhibitions James W. Volkert Publications Program Manager Terence Winch Resource Center Manager Martha Kreipe de Montafio Film & Video Program Manager Elizabeth Weatherford National Portrait Gallery Director Alan Fern Deputy Director Carolyn K. Carr Associate Director for Administration Barbara A. Hart Curator of Paintings and Sculpture Ellen G. Miles Curator of Exhibitions Beverly J. Cox Curator of Prints and Drawings Wendy Wick Reaves Curator of Photographs Mary C. Panzer Historian Frederick S. Voss Education Program Director Vacant Publications Officer Frances K. Stevenson Chief, Design and Production Nello Marconi Keeper, Catalog of American Portraits Linda Thrift Editor of the Charles Willson Peale Papers of American Culture Lillian B. Miller Librarian Cecilia Chin Chief Photographer Rolland White Registrar Suzanne Jenkins Public Affairs Officer Brennan Rash Facilities Manager Daniel Davies Office of Exhibits Central Acting Director Mike Headley Program Analyst George Quist Administrative Officer Debbie Yang Supervisor. Design. Edtting. and Graphics Unit Mary Bird Supervisor. Fabrications Unit Harold Campbell Supervisor. Model Making Unit Richard Kilday Computer Systems Administrator Glenn Adams Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Director Anna R. Cohn Deputy Director Lori D. Wesley Assistant Director for Budget and Finance Allegra Wright Program Associate Director for Programs Frederica R. Adelman External Relations Assoctate Director for External Relations Andrea P. Stevens Public Relations Durector Liz Hill Development Durector Johleen D.N. Cannon Educational and Cultural Programs Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Director Richard Kurin Deputy Director Richard Kennedy Director, Festival of American Folklife Diana Parker Director and Curator. Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings Anthony Seeger Senior Folklorist Peter Seitel Senior Ethnomusicologist Thomas Vennun, Jr. Administrative Officer Barbara Strickland Folklorists Olivia Cadaval Amy Horowitz Diana N'Diaye Folklorists/Education Specialists Betty Belanus Marjorie Hunt Program Managers Carla Borden John Franklin Charlene James-Duguid Technical Director Pete Reiniger Design Director Joan Wolbier Archivist Jeff Place Media Specialist Van Robertson Folkways Fulfillment Manager Dudley Connell Folkways Business Manager Matt Walters Folkways Promotion Manager Brenda Dunlap Folkways Acting Program Assistant Mary Monseur Program Specialists Felicia Erickson Arlene Reiniger Mary Van Meter Education Coordinator Emily Botein Folkways Fulfillment Service Tom Adams Lee Michael Demsey Andrea Lecos Matt Levine Fiscal Managers Bill Holmes Heather MacBride Administrative Assistants Linda Benner Donnell Gudger Bernard Howard Design Assistant Karin Hayes Acting Assistant Archivist Harris Wray Research Associates Ken Bilby Roland Freeman Ivan Karp Corrine Kratz Alan Lomax Worth Long Yoon Park Kate Rinzler National Science Resources Center Executive Director Douglas M. Lapp Deputy Director for Information Dissemination. Materials Development, and Publications Charles N. Hardy Deputy Director for Development. External Relations, and Outreach Sally Goetz Shuler Administrative Officer R. Gail Thomas Financial Associate Anne E. Pomerleau Information!Technology Specialist Terence Proctor Executive Administrative Assistant Gail Greenberg Administrative Assistant Katherine Darke ice Assistant Tonya M. Miller Public Information Consultant Kathleen Holmay Development Consultant Leslie OF lahavan Science and Technology for Children Prosect Director Joyce Lowry Weiskopf Research Associates Wendy R. Binder Edward Lee Christopher T. Lyon Carol ODonnell Katherine Stiles Program Assistant Lisa Bevell Office Assistant Amanda Revere Research Consultants Donald Cammiso Judith White Outreach Director Open Program Officer: Technical Assistance Open Program Associate: Leadership Institutes Julie Clyman Lee Program Assistant Cathy Gruber Consultant L. J. Benton Director of Information Dissemination Evelyn M. Ernst Program Officer Marilyn Fenichel Research Associate: Middle School Resources Barbara K. Johnson Program Officer: Networking Theodore D. Schultz Resource/ Database Specialist Rita C. Warpeha Program Assistant Sharon S. Seaward Director of Publications Dean Trackman Writer/Editor Lynn A. Miller Publications Technology Specialist Heidi M. Kupke Illustrator Max-Karl Winkler Editorial Assistant David Stein Editorial Consultants Laura Akgulian Cindy Allen Judith Grumstrup-Scott Linda Harteker Dorothy Sawicki Illustrator Consultant Lois Sloan Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Director Ann Bay Deputy Director for Administration Thomas E. Lowderbaugh, Ph.D. Publications Director Michelle Knovic Smith Finance and Administration Office of the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration Assistant Secretary Nancy D. Suttenfield Deputy Director for Finance Rick R. Johnson Executive Assistant for Administration Carolyn E. Jones Executive Assistant Betty Lathern Special Assistant Aileen F. Wakefield Ombudsman Chandra Heilman Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation Director Cynthia R. Field Keeper of the AAHP “Castle” Collection Richard E. Stamm Historic Preservation Specialist Amy Ballard Architectural Historian Robert J. Orr V Restoration Specialists Peter L. Muldoon Michael Hendron Office of the Comptroller Comptroller M. Leslie Casson Deputy Comptroller Robert A. Mills Operations Manager Phillip F. Norton Financial Analysis and Reporting Manager Elard J. Phillips Financial and Payroll Systems Manager Edward J. Ballotta Office of Contracting and Property Management Director John W. Cobert Deputy Director Vacant Federal and Trust Contracting Division Manager Lynn R. Spurgeon Business Contractin Division Manager Ronald F. Cuffe Assistant Manager Melissa S. Levine Travel Services Office Manager Judith Petroski Adminstration. Program Analysis and Property Division Manager (Acting) John P. Howser Procurenment Branch Chief Vacant Assistant Chief Laura E. Simmons Property and Inventory management Branch Chief Jospeph Swihart Office of Design and Construction Director (Acting) William L. Thomas Associate Director William L. Thomas Project & Construction Management Division Chief. Project & Construction Management Charles H. Schneider Construction Management Branch Chief, Construction Branch Loren D. Raap Planning & Programming Division Chief, Planning G Programming Harry Rombach Support Division Chief. Support Laura O. Hoing Engineering & Design Division Chief, Engineering & Design Division I Shelley E. Harlan Chief, Engineering & Design Division I Sukhinder S. Sodhi Chief, Engineering & Design Division II Susan B. Wertheim Office of Environmental Management and Safety Director F. William Billingsley Environmental Management Division Assistant Director Rachel L. Gregory Executive Assistant to the Director Walter G. Bailey Fire and Life Safety Division Assistant Director J. Andrew Wilson Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Director Era L. Marshall Complaints Program Manager Robert L. Osborne Special Assistant to the Director McKinley Harris Affirmative Action Program Manager Carol Gover Special Emphasis Program Manager Angela Roybal Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization Program Manager Mauricio P. Vera Office of Facilities Services Director of Factlztres Services (Acting) Richard Rice, Jr. Program Manager (Organization and Development) Mary Anne Valentine Program Manager (Finance) Ellen W. Miller Education Specialist Aimes L. Hill Office of Human Resources Director Susan Roehmer Assistant Director. Operations Division Bernice B. Abram Assistant Director, Policy Division vacant Employee Assistance Program Manager Verdine Frederick Office of Plant Services Director Patrick Miller Financial management Officer Glennel Cooper Assoctate Director Engineering and Customer Service Division Lawrence Stuebing Asssttant Director Horticultural Services Division Nancy J. Bechrol Assitant Director Crafts Services Division Judie Cooper Associate Director Utilitiers. Operations & Maintenance Division Howard L. Wink Office of Printing and Photographic Services Director! Curator Jim Wallace Deputy Director Lorie H. Aceto Production Control Officer Mary Ellen McCaffrey Special Assignments/ Photography Branch Chief Dane A. Penland Laboratory Branch Chief Edes F. Talman Services Branch Chief Joyce M. Goulait NASM Branch Chief Mark Avino NMNH Branch Chief Victor Krantz Color Branch Chief Joe A. Goulait Duplicating Branch Chief Herman Thompson Office of Protection Services Director (Acting) Michael Sofield Associate Director “Management” Vacant Associate Director “Operations” Thomas H. Bresson Protection Division Chief Vacant Security Services Division Chief Joseph Gallimore Security Systems Division Chief Warren J. Danzenbaker Health Services Division Medical Officer Vacant NYC Security Operations Chief Luis A. Palau STRI Security Chief Alejandro Arze Parking Office Manager John W. Bausch OPS Supply Supply Officer Vacant Budget Officer Grady Kimbrough Office of Sponsored Progects Director Ardelle G. Foss Administrative Officer Angela M. Lippitt Grant Management Unit Assistant Director. Grant Management J. Scort Robinson Grant/Contract Administrator Kathleen Hindle Karen E. Ou): David R. Short Financial Management Unit Assistant Director, Financial Management Ernest L Duncan Jr. Grant/Contract Financial Analysts Delores Clyburn Leni Figueiras Karen Williamson Office of Risk and Asset Management Treasurer Sudeep Anand Risk Manager Jacqueline C. Young Senior Investment Analyst Debra Winstead Endowment Control Analyst Korri Gruner Risk Management Analyst Katherine Tkac Paralegal Specialst Nancy Lewis Budget Assistant Lizzie Clark Disaster Preparedness Coordinator Priscilla A. Terry Risk Management Analyst Katherine Tkac Claims Assistant Nancy Lewis The Under Secretary Office of the Under Secretary Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman Executive Assistant Anna B. Martin Administrative Officer Luwan Brown Confidential Assistant Constance Lykes 245 Institutional Advancement Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives Assistant Secretary Alice Green Burnette Special Assistant Daniel K. Stevenson Program Manager Lois A. Noack Secretary Donna R. Attaway Office Assistant Dorothy A. Black National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign Director John L. Colonghi Assistant Director Susannah Kellems Development Officers John Carlin Lon Saavedra Melissa Tallent Program Specialist Lisa Meredith Development Assistants Sean Jenkins Ashley Tripplehorn Membership Services Director Lisa Gills Membership Services Assistants Arlette Draper Danielle Lote Manager, Special Events Mary Thomson Public Information Specialist Carol Grace Woodruff 246 Public Relations Assistant Lorraine Maughlin Administrative Officer Carol Nottingham Management Support Assistant Patricia Davis Secretary to the Director Stephanie Fick Office Automation Clerk Kim Frietze Office of Membership and Development Director Marie A. Mattson Assistant Director for Corporate/Foundation Relations Nancy Fischer Assistant Director for Individual Giving Donna B. Ari Assistant Drrector for Membership & Volunteer Relations Diana D. Duncan Assistant Director for Administration & Operations Margo H. Knight Development Officers John Brown Barbara W. Freeman Arthur Gardner Daniel M. Linguiti Thomas Woodruff Contributing Membership Program Manager Christine Skennion Events Manager Nancy Lynner Database Coordinator Ann Bissell Information Resource Specialist James R. Stone Administrative Officer C. Fred Burnette Office of Special Events and Conference Services Acting Director Katherine Kirlin Special Events Coordinator Ted Anderson Cheryl Gibney Angela Leipold Nancy Lynner Conference Coordinator Evan Stoddard Other Functions Business Management Office Acting Senior Business Officer Roland Banscher Assistant Director of Operations Joe Carper Retail Museum Shops Assistant Director, Shops Personnel Dana S. Moreland Store Operations Manager Richard Kavanaugh Financial Manager Shawn Keeley Loss Prevention Manager Claude Nelson Retail Design Specialist Thora Color Warehouse Operations Manager Jim Storr MIS Manager Christopher smith Office Manager Janice Boggs Mail Order Division Assistant Director, Catalogue Maxine Ross Controller Donald Fretwell Assistant Director. Operations Carol Fox Marketing Manager Susan Boghosian Purchasing Manager Ruby Sherman Office of Communications Director David J. Umansky Secretary to the Director Michelle Carr Management and Administration, Office of Public Affairs Associate Director Eileen Jones Administrative Officer Carolyn Amundson Media Relations, Office of Public Affairs Associate Director Linda St.Thomas Staff Mary Combs Vicki Moeser Hamlet Paoletti Margaret Pulles Cesar Quinones William Schulz Rachel Sears Publications Office, Office of Public Affairs Associate Director Kathryn Lindeman Staff Ana Acosta Dan Agent John Barrat Volunteer Coordinator Office of Office of the Senior Colleen Hershberger ) ‘ Susan Mond Carpenter Jo Ann Webb Government Information Officer Relations Educational and Director Cultural Programs : Arthur Denny 21.53 : Bese Enterprise Network Strate n : Visitor I nformation M. John Berry ut es ey Study Tours/Seminars and Associates ; eae. Relations JohnLeMaredi 3 ter Reception Center : Co ae ee Pablita Abeyta Amy Korkin Senior Government Relations Office of Information : Offi : : Director ee A nil eae Technology Liberal Arts/Special Mary Grace Potter pemacadh ators D Events DEA Dieoir Government Relations UAE PEE yea DE Specialist Vincent J. Marcalus Elizabeth Bennett Administrative Officer Manager, Infrastructure Program Manager Manuel J. Melendez Government Relations Technologies Ene ea Grace Tull Specialist George A. Anderson Carey A. Wilkins Manage, Customer Service Humanities, Arts, Sciences Information Resource Secretary ahs Nanene Dale Director of Systems Engineering Division Unit Manager Jane Gardner Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone Information Service Unit Unit Manager Katherine Neill Ridgley Visitor Information Unit Associate Coordinators Patricia Byrne Sheila Harris Behind-the-Scenes Volunteer Program Program Coordinator Robby Buchanan Telephone Information Service Program Coordinator Cordelia Benedict Office of Telecommunications Director Paul B. Johnson Deputy Director Karen Loveland Motion Picture Production Specialist John W. Hiller Audto/ Visual Production Specialists John P. Meehan Laura Schneider Jacqueline Gales Webb Lee Woodman Marketing and Promotion Manager Denise Freeland Marketing Spectalist Martha Knouss Radio Production Specialist Wesley Horner John Tyler Administrative Officer Charlotte Brown Administrative Assistant Marie Gray Susan McFarland Manager, Research Information Systems Beverly Westermeyer Manager of Budget and Administration Betsey Woods Manager. Policy and Security William McGeehan The Smithsonian Associates Director Mara Mayor Deputy Director Barbara Tuceling Associate Director for Education and Cultural Programs Carol Bogash Associate Director for Marketing and Membership Holly Dell Shaheen Public Affairs Officer Howard White Editor Cecelia Reed Administrative Officer Crystal Fleary Program Manager Faye Browning Performing Arts and Humanities Program Manager Penne Dann Smithsonian Institution Press Acting Director Daniel Goodwin Deputy Director Vincent MacDonnell Chief Financial Officer John Ouellette Administrative Officer Anne Garvey University Press Acting Director Peter F. Cannell Managing Editor/Assistant Director Ruth Spiegel Production Manager Kenneth J. Sabol Design Manager Alan Carter Marketing Manager Hilary Reeves Supervisor, Series Publications Diane Tyler Book Development/New Media Executive Editor Caroline Newman Smithsonian Video Executive Edttor Andrew Ferguson Smithsonian Books Editor-in-Chief Pat Gallagher Senzor Editor Alexis Doster III Smithsonian Collection of Recordings Executive Producer Bruce Talbot Smithsonian Magazine Editor Don Moser Board Editors Constance A. Bond Jim Doherty Tim Foote Marlane A. Liddell Sally Scott Maran Edgar Rich Nancy Seaman John P. Wiley, Jr. Associate Editors Diane M. Bolz Kathleen M. Burke Suzanne Crawford 248 Frances R. Glennon Bruce Hathaway Beth Py-Lieberman Ruth Ravenel Bonnie Stutski Assistant Editors Caneel Cotton Marian Smith Holmes Taehee Kim Alison C. McLean Lucinda Moore Articles Assistants Elizabeth J. Erskine Angela M. Pleasants Research Assistants Karla Henry Carolyn McGhee Minna Morse Contributing Editors Edwards Park Bennett Schiff Publisher Ronald C. Walker Executive Assistant Publisher Michelle A. McMahon Associate Publisher Carey O. Randall Business Director Mary Ellen Bobb Business Manager Valerie Martin Circulation Director Liberta Abbondante Assistant Circulation Director Gale Page Marketing Director Carolyn Topak Planning Director Elizabeth Hopkins Fulfillment Director Andrea Sole Production Director E. Cherry Doyle Quality Manager Greg Williams Editorial Production Briggs Cunningham Advertising Director David C. Cator Associate Advertising Director James J. Sullivan Marketing Director ; Margaret M. Clerkin Founders S. Dillon Ripley Edward K. Thompson Publisher Emeritus Joseph J. Bonsignore Air&Space/ Smithsonian Magazine Editor George C. Larson Managing Editor Tom Huntington Sensor Editor Linda Musser Shiner Departments Editor Patricia Trenner Senior Associate Editor Perry Turner Associate Editors Karen Jensen Diane Tedeschi Photography/Illustration Caroline Sheen Art Director Phil Jordan Assistant Gretchen Lessing Publisher Ronald C. Walker Associate Publisher Carey O. Randall Aavertising Director Louis C. Kolenda Circulation Director Liberta Abbondante Assistant Circulation Director Gale Page Marketing Director Caroline Topak Planning Director Elizabeth Hopkins Production Manager Sally Kingsley Production Assistant Sue Nixson Business Manager Shelia Perry Brannum Founder Walter J. Boyne Publisher Emeritus Joseph J. Bonsignore Affiliated Organizations The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Chairman James D. Wolfensohn President Lawrence J. Wilker National Gallery of Art President Robert H. Smith Office of the Director Director Earl A. Powell III Deputy to the Director Carol W. Kelley Executive Assistant Angela LoRé Office of the Deputy Director Deputy Director Alan Shestack Andrew W. Mellon Senior Curator of Prints. Drawings, Photographs, and Sculpture Andrew C. Robison, Jr. Senior Curator of Paintings Edgar Peters Bowron Curator of American and British Paintings and Deputy Senior Curator of Paintings Nicolai Cikovsky Curator of Northern Renaissance Painting John O. Hand Curator of Southern Renaissance Painting David A. Brown Curator of Northern Baroque Painting Arthur K. Wheelock Curator of Southern Baroque Painting Diane DeGrazia Curator of French Paintings Philip Conisbee Curator of Twentieth-Century Art Mark Rosenthal Curator of Sculpture and Decorative Arts Douglas Lewis Curator of Old Master Prints H. Diane Russell Curator of Old Master Drawings Margaret Morgan Grasselli Curator of Modern Prints and Drawings Ruth Fine Curator of Photography Sarah Greenough Head. Department of Curatorial Records and Files Nancy Yeide Head. Department of Loans and the National Lending Service Stephanie Belt Chief Registrar Sally Freitag Registrar for Collections Mary Suzor Chief of Conservation Ross M. Merrill Chairman, Department of Painting Conservation David Bull Head, Department of Paper Conservation Shelley Fletcher Head. Department of Object Conservation Shelley Sturman Conservator. Textiles Conservation Julia Burke Head. Scientific Research Department René de la Rie Head. Loans & Exhibitions Conservation Mervin Richard Chief of Exhibitions Programs D. Dodge Thompson Sentor Curator. Chief of Design Gaillard F. Ravenel Executive Librarian Neal T. Turtell Curator of Photographic Archives Ruth Rowe Philbrick Editor-in-Chief Frances Smyth Head, Imaging and Visual Services Department Ira Bartfield Head of Education Linda Downs Head, Adult Programs Department Lynn Russell Head, Department of Education Exhibition and Media Programs Susan Arensberg Head of Education Publications Programs Barbara Moore Head of Education Resources Ruth R. Perlin Head. Teacher and School Programs Ann Henderson Curator, Micro Gallery Vicki Porter Office of External Affairs External Affairs Officer Joseph J. Krakora Assistant to the Director for Special Events Genevra Higginson Press and Public Information Officer Deborah Ziska Corporate Relations and Venture Programs Officer Sandy Masor Development Officer Ruth Anderson Coggeshall Assistant to the Director for Music George Manos Chief of Horticulture Donald Hand Office of the Secretary-General Counsel Secretary-General Counsel Philip C. Jessup, Jr. Deputy Secretary-General Counsel Elizabeth A. Croog Chief of Gallery Archives Maygene Daniels Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts Dean Henry A. Millon Associate Dean Steven A. Mansbach Associate Dean Therese O'Malley Acting Associate Dean Gail Feigenbaum Office of the Treasurer Treasurer Ann R. Leven Assistant Treasurer/F inancial Management Michael W. Levine Budget Officer William H. Roache Comptroller Dale Rinker Office of the Administrator Administrator Darrell Willson Deputy Administrator Charles Schneider Facilities Manager Vacant Chief of Administrative Services Cathy Yates Personnel Officer Michael B. Bloom Chief of Protection Services James Davis Gallery Architect James M. Grupe Chief. Publications Sales R. Keith Webb Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. Chairman of the Board Mrs. Elliot Richardson President Ruth Graves Director of Finance Christina Dykstra Mead Director, Systems, Computer, and Support Operations Don Perron Durector of Development Wade Sc. Clair Director of Special Progects Nancy Sullivan Director. Programs and Planning James H. Wendorf Director, Resource Coordination Jack K. White Finance Officer Oriente Arzadon Deputy Director. Programs Victoria J. Heland Senior Writer/Editor Gail Oerke Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Drrector Charles Blitzer Deputy Director Samuel F. Wells, Jr. Deputy Director for Planning and Management Dean W. Anderson Librarian Zdenek V. David Director of External A ffatrs Moira E. Egan Director of DIALOGUE George L. Seay Director of Fellowships Ann C. Sheffield International Studies Division Director Robert S. Litwak 250 Division of Regional and Comparative Studies Director. Asta Program Mary Brown Bullock Director, Latin American Program Joseph Tulchin Director. Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studtes Blair Ruble Director, East European Studtes John Lampy Director, West European Studies Samuel F. Wells, Jr. Division of United States Studies Director Michael J. Lacey Division of Historical, Cultural, and Literary Studies Director James M. Morris The Woodrow Wilson Center Press Director of Publications Joseph Brinley The Wilson Quarterly Editor Jay Tolson Publisher Kathy Read Donors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1995 The Board of Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution join with the entire staff in thanking all of the Institution's friends for the gener- osity they have shown with their financial support, gifts to the collection, and in-kind donations. Gifts are recorded under the title of the recipient bu- reau or office, with a brief description of the gift where appropriate. If per- chance the name of any donor has been omitted from these lists, it is an inadvertence and in no way diminishes the Institution's gratitude. Many gifts were received from donors who prefer to remain anonymous; the Smithsonian wishes to thank these people, as well, for their support. Sciences National Museum of Natural History Donors of Financial Support $1, 000, 000 or more Mrs. Janet Annenberg Hooker $ 500, 000 or more The Nippon Foundation (formerly known as the Sasakawa Peace Foundation) The Pew Charitable Trusts Times Mirror Magazines, Inc. $100, 000 or more Anonymous Citibank, N.A. Discovery Communications, Inc. Freeport McMoRan, Inc. Harbor Branch Institution, Inc. Integraph Corporation S.C. Johnson & Son National Ocean Industries Association Orkin Pest Control $50, 000 or more Dr. and Mrs. Robert C.C. Chiu Elesabeth Ingalls Gillet Foundation The Ambassador & Mrs. L.W. Lane, Jr. Fund Motorola, Inc. Mr. Laurence W. Lane, Jr. Peninsula Community Foundation Rockefeller Foundation Surdna Foundation, The $10, 000 or more American Physical Therapy Association Anonymous Apple Computer, Inc. Aroaima Bauxite Company, Ltd. Bran & Luebbe, Inc. Center for Marine Conservation, Inc. Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc. Dr. G. Arthur Cooper Cyprus Amax Minerals Company Marna Disbrow Elle Corporation Ford Division Ford Motor Company Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Golden Key National Honor Society Mrs. Katharine M. Graham Heinz Family Foundation Mrs. Drue M. Heinz Mrs. Teresa Heinz Mrs. Marion C. Link The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Marpat Foundation, Inc. Molson Breweries USA, Inc. National Geographic Society National Ocean Industries Association Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Smithsonian Women’s Committee Space Biospheres Ventures UNDP Representative in Guyana Mr. and Mrs. Milton H. Ward The Washington Post Company World Wildlife Fund World Wildlife Fund-Canada $5, 000 or more The American Society for Cell Biology Camalott Charitable Foundation S. Sidney DeYoung Foundation Dr. William B. Ellis Mr. and Mrs. Ben Hammett IBM Corporation Estate of Helen Katchmar Madame Tomo Kikuchi Northeast Utilities Service Company Royal Ontario Museum Thai Airways International, Ltd. The Science Alliance T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Mrs. Lillian Turner University of California at Los Angeles The Washington Biologist Field Club, Inc. Mrs. Alexander Wetmore $1, 000 or more American Federation of Mineralogical Societies Amoco Eurasia Petroleum Company Bank of America Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Richard W. Carr King and Jean Cummings Charitable Trust Mr. H. King Cummings Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Gray, Jr. Tatiana Dominick Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson Sumner Gerard Foundation Mr. David M. Hicks Hicks Charitable Foundation Elaine R.S. Hodges Dr. Ronald W. Hodges Mr. D. Brainerd Holmes Fidelity Investments Jorge Scientific Corporation Alice Stockton Konze Fund Lieutenant Colonel William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Dr. Roxie C. Laybourne The Lerner-Gray Foundation, Inc. The Maine Community Foundation Mr. John C. Meeker Norcold Division Mr. & Mrs. David A. Olive Mrs. Withrow Weir Meeker Mr. and Mrs. James Patton, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph A. Peterson Ms. Judy Lynn Prince Quad/Graphics Reef Encrustaceans, Inc. Danforth K. Richardson Honorable and Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley, II Charles A. Ross Marguerite V. Schneeberger C.G. Sloan & Company, Inc. Dr. Dwight Smith and Ms. Marillyn Suzuki-Day Mr. Alan G. Spoon Sumner Gerard Foundation The Honorable Sumner Gerard Mr. and Mrs. William C. Storey Dr. F. Christian Thompson TPA Company Dr. Austin B. Williams Mr. John A. Traina, Jr. 252 The Washington Biologist Field Club, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Zlotnick $500 or more American Marine, Inc. The Honorable and Mrs. James L. Buckley Coralife/Energy Savers Unlimited Detroit Zoological Society Mr. Samuel C. Ford Ms. Olga M. Mazza Mr. John J. Trelawney USA Hosts Dr. Michael Vecchione Dr. Don E. Wilson The Zoological Society of San Diego Donors to the Collection Combined Gifts and Exchange Materials from Institutions Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Mexico. 137 plants (414342). Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste, Ar- gentina. 268 plants (408813). Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, France. 109 plants (409764). National Tropical Botanical Garden. 142 plants (409322). New York Botanical Garden. 76 plants (408722, 409346). Real Jardin Botanico (Madrid), Spain. 69 plants (414115). Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia. 15 plants (410118). Universidad Central de Venezuela, Ven- ezuela. 291 plants (408443). Materials Received as an Exchange Between Institutions Aarhus, University of, Denmark. 27 plants (410855, 412844, 414766). Academia Sinica, Republic of China (Taiwan). 56 plants (411658) . Academy of Natural Sciences. 18 fishes (413513). Alberta, University of, Canada. 10 mosses (412993). All Russia Plane Quarantine Institute, Russia. 53 insects (410760). Arizona, University of. 46 plants (411683). Australian National University, Aus- tralia. 25 lichens (412486). Bergen, University of, Norway. 49 insects (414872). Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 1,439 plants (406640, 407180, 410814, 411998, 412995, 414765) Botanical Garden and Museum, Nor- way. 81 plants (412018, 412986). Botanical Museum and Herbarium, Denmark. 650 plants (407224, 414145, 414267). Botanische Staatssammlung, Germany. 651 plants (412497). Brigham Young University. 70 plants (413049). California Academy of Sciences. 8 fruit flies (412726). California Department of Food and Ag- riculcure. 10 fruit flies (412721) California, University of. 4 insects (412743). Centre ORSTOM de Cayenne, French Guiana. 77 plants (411667, 414774). Centre de ORSTOM de Tahiti, French Polynesia: 428 plants (414335) Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico. 94 plants (410775). Department of Natural Resources, Puerto Rico. 38 plants (411627). Fairchild Tropical Garden. 4 plants (407177). Field Museum of Natural History. 26 plants (410811, 413025). Florida, University of. 400 mollusks (410389, 410414); 33 plants (410073). Friedrich-Schiller Universitat, Ger- many. 4 plants (407149). Guam, University of, Guam. 20 ferns (408871). Harvard University. 4 fishes (412253); 127 lichens (413820). Helsinki, University of, Finland. 12 li- chens (414333). Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Bolivia. 188 plants (411930, 414072, 414314). Herbario Nacional de Costa Rica, Costa Rica. 91 plants (410856). Hungarian Natural History Museum, Hungary. 35 insects (410761). Institute for Taxonomic Zoology, Neth- erlands. 10 echinoderms (412867). Institute of Botany, People’s Republic of China. 200 plants (412475). Institute of Systematic Botany, Nether- lands. 727 plants (411685, 412484, 412833). Instituto Boranico (Caracas), Venezuela. 12 plants (411706). Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazonia, Brazil. 3 fruit flies (412739); 54 plants (406188, 414100). Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agro- pecuaria, Argentina. 77 plants (414343). Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste, Ar- gentina. 119 plants (413823). Instituto de Ecologia, Mexico. 18 insects (411797). Iowa State University. 161 plants (411655). Kansas, University of. 212 plants (412547). Kyoto University, Japan. I cast of a bird skeleton (411612). Laboratory for Plant Taxonomy and Ge- ography, Netherlands. 26 plants (407708). Michigan Srate University. 210 lichens (411684). Michigan, University of. 4 plants (414814); 1 vertebrate skull cast (412179). Missouri Botanical Garden. 803 plants (411666, 412019, 412804, 413761, 413779, 414083, (414125, 414318, 414767). Museo Argentino de Ciencias Natura- les, Argentina. IO insects (414051). Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, France. 61 plants (411992, 412965, 414813). National Boranical Institute, South Af- rica. 50 plants (412494). National Herbarium of Canada, Can- ada. 101 lichens (414842). National Herbarium of New South Wales, Australia. 42 plants (413822). National Science Museum, Japan. 25 li- chens (414784). National Tropical Botanical Garden. 251 plants (411663, 412988, 413026). Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Aus- tria. 100 plants (410837). Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Germany. 13 echinoderms (410987). New Hampshire, University of. 40 plants (410815). New Mexico State University. 6 plants (410843). New York Botanical Garden: 1,020 plants (410794, 410836, 411665, 411720, 411988, 412502, 412824, 412987, 413760, 413763, 414063, 414126, 414302, 414304, 414827). Oregon State University. 131 plants (413762). Panama, Universidad de, Panama. 7 ferns (408405). Queensland Museum, Australia. 157 bird specimens (411605). Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. 256 plants (410854, 414146) . Real Jardin Botanico, Spain. 22 plants (411721). Rijksherbarium, Netherlands. 33 plants (414778). Royal Botanic Gardens, England. 439 plants (410824, 411697, 412515, 414094, 414796). Royal Botanic Gardens (Edinburgh), Scotland. 1 plant (411971). Royal Botanic Gardens, Sri Lanka. 119 plants (412509). Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. 655 lady beetles (414052). South Australian Museum , Australia. 162+ Crustaceans (410324). State Herbarium of South Australia, Australia. 90 plants (411651). Stellenbosch, University of, South Af- rica. 7 insects (409583). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden. 64 bird skins, skeletons, etc. (411535). Tasmania, University of, Australia. 53 crustaceans (413575). Texas A & M University. 127 plants (414787). Texas at El Paso, University of. 2 mol- lusks (410398). Texas, University of. 69 plants (408811, 411985, 413768). Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan. 40 insects (411806). Universidad Complutense, Spain. 50 plants (414106). Universidad de Alicante, Spain. 4 in- sects (414050, 414863). Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. 2,670 fishes (411101, 414970). Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Bra- zil. 69 fishes (412302) Uppsala, University of, Sweden. 158 li- chens (412476). V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Rus- sia. 264 plants (412992). Vanderbilt University-Herbarium. 85 plants (410499). Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 6 fishes (412269). Wisconsin, University of. 81 plants (407212, 409732). Institutional Gifts ARCO Alaska, Inc., Alaska. 17 fishes (413533). Aarhus University, Denmark. 166 plants (407188, 410860, 411644). Academy of Natural Sciences. 2 fishes (411103). Agriculture, U.S. Department of. 12,513 insects (408016, 409060, 411802). Alabama, University of. 23 echinoderms (412952). Alberta, University of, Canada. 11 ground beetles (411818). Amazonas, Universidade do, Brazil. 26 fishes (412247). American Indian Program Fund. 51 arti- facts (380530, 400197). American Museum of Natural History. 2 mollusks (408055); 20 echinoderms (409673). American University. 3 worms (410625). Antioquia, Universidad de, Colombia. 53 plants (410783). Architect of the Capitol. 4 rocks (411446). Arizona, University of. 1 plant (414306); 5 snake skeletons (400121). Asociacion Jardin Botanico La Laguna, E! Salvador. 28 plants (411637). Asociacion Mexicana de Orquideologia A.C., Mexico. 10 orchids (412008). Australian Museum, Australia. 15 crusta- ceans (392567); 4 mollusks (413103). Australian National University, Aus- tralia. 25 lichens (414768). Bergen, University of, Norway. 1 plant (414811). Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 8 plants (411934, 411972, 412765, 413027); 4 crustaceans (361637); I fish (412285). Biosphere II. 100 + echinoderms (412921). Biosystematic Research Center, Canada. 3 insects (414880). 253 Birmingham, University of, Great Brit- ain. 87 plants (414830). Bonn, University of, Germany. 21 plants (412.485). Brigham Young University. 8 insects (409605); 1 plant (412826). British Columbia, University of, Can- ada. 9 plants (414266). British Museum (Natural History), En- gland. 21 birds (406588, 411556). California Academy of Sciences. 2 in- sects (411805); 2 plants (414799); 2 echinoderms (412886). California State University. 593+ crusta- ceans (405300); 20+ echinoderms (412898). California, University of. 20 crustaceans (411863, 413569); 302 echinoderms (412859, 412870, 412880, 412887, 412918, 412903, 415463); 1,357 imsects (409044); 5 plants (411719, 414151); 18 fishes (413546). Cambridge, University of, Great Brit- ain. 10 plants (411970). Campinas, Universidade Estadual de, Brazil. 7 plants (414278). Canfield Fund. 3 minerals (409199, 411234, 411246). Canfield and Mineral Funds. 2 minerals (411298). Canovas del Castilio, Spain. 4 mollusks (410448). Casey Fund. 3,484 insects (414033). Center for Biodiversity. 6 crayfish (411866). Centre ORSTOM de Cayenne, French Guiana. 381 plants (410813, 410866). Centre for Land and Biological Resource Research. 12 plants (408890). Centre for Research in Medical Ento- mology, India. 3 insects (409055). Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo, Mexico. 6 crustaceans (407871, 410302, 411921, 413616). Chamberlain Fund. 1 mineral (411302). Charleston, College of. 1300+ crusta- ceans (405155). Chiba University, Japan. 2 plants (412764). China University of Geosciences, China. 430+ fossils (411180). Clemson University. 28 insects (409604, 410740); 1 plant (411643). Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico. I plant (411625). 254 College of William and Mary. 275 fishes (412263). Colorado College. 1 plant (414781). Colorado State University. 7 plants (414073, 414324). Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, Brazil. 8 plants (410849, 411702). Conservation Fund. 20 crustaceans (411859). Conservation International. 54 echino- derms (409685). Cook Islands Natural Heritage Project. Go freshwater fishes (412261). Copenhagen, University of, Denmark. 2 spiders (414045). Coral Reef Research Foundation, Micro- nesia. I echinoderm (412871). Cornell University. 43 crustaceans (410386); 130 plants (407660). Costa Rica, Universidad de, Costa Rica. 4 fishes (414964). Department of Marine & Wildlife Re- sources, American Samoa. I bird skin (411544). Department of Natural Resaurces, Mari- ana Islands. 1 bird skin (410285). Desautels Fund. 1 mineral (404721). Doe Run Company. 2 rocks (411441). Drew University. 4 crustaceans (411887). Dublin, University College, Ireland. 33 worms (412556). East Tennessee State University. I crusta- cean (413600). Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Brazil. 10 plants + 1 seed packet (414359). Fairchild Tropical Garden. 1 plant (414311). Far Eastern State University, Russia. 4 worms (410628). Field Museum of Natual History. 25 plants (411983, 412963, 414268). Florentinae, Universitatis, Italy. 37 plants (414084). Florida State University. 1 plant (410845). Florida, University of. 29 crustaceans (407858, 407788); 4 insects (414870); 1 plant (408365). Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Germany. 17 insects (410766, 411813). Fundacao Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica, Brazil. 379 plants (412984, 414091, 414841). Gdansk University, Poland. 25 lichens (414313). Geological Institute, Yokohama Na- tional University, Japan. 50 mollusks (398251). George Washington University. 5 echi- noderms (410995). Georgia, University of. 121+ crustaceans (403806). Gottingen, Universitat, Germany. 6 plants (412000). Guadalajara, Universidad de, Mexico. 92 plants (410804). Guam, University of, Guam. 328 plants (407480, 410835). Guelph, University of, Canada. 1 proto- zoan type slide (412891). Gulf Coast Research Laboratory. 114 echinoderms (412940, 415467). Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institu- tion. 3 worms (410620). Harvard University: 1 plant (411682). Helsinki, University of, Finland. 40 in- sects (414869). Herbario Amazonico Colombiano. 5 plants (411937). Herbario Forestal Nacional “Martin Car- denas”, Bolivia. 70 plants (412478). Herbario Nacional de Bolivia. 512 plants (411924, 411928, 414066, 414067, 414315, 414316). Horticulture & Food Restaurant Insti- tute of New Zealand, New Zealand. 2 echinoderms (412924). Hugo de Vries - Laboratory, Nether- lands. 11 plants (412542, 412774). Hungarian Natural History Museum, Hungary. 18 insects (411787). INBIO, Costa Rica. 2 insects (410771). Idaho, University of . 15 insects (410758). Illinois Natural History Survey. 35 plants (412471). Institut d’Estudis Avancats de les Illes Balaers, Spain. 2 bird skeletons (414370). Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Belgium. 5 crustaceans (410379). Institute of Systematic Botany, Nether- lands. 51 plants (412544). Instituto Botanico (Caracas), Venezuela. 108 plants (410527). Instituto de Biologia, Brazil. 113 crusta- ceans (410353). Instituto de Botanica (Sao Paulo), Bra- zil. 1 algae specimen (414068); 1 fern (414331). Instituto de Ecologia, Mexico. 41 in- sects (411792). Insticuut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Netherlands. 2 worms (408614). Instituut vor Systematiek en Pop- ulatiebiologie, Netherlands. 22 crus- taceans (410381). International Potato Center, Peru. 68 plants (410099, 414104, 414852). Towa State University. 3 plants (414061, 414281, 414290). Iowa, University of. 20 echinoderms (412876). J-L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, South Africa. 5 fishes (412266, 413465). Jardin Botanico Juan Maria Cespedes, Colombia. 71 plants (411923, 413793). Juiz de Fora, Universidade Federal de, Brazil. 19 plants (410851, 414142). Kansas, University of. Io insects (409057). Khartoum, University of, Sudan. 160 plants (414307). La Habana, Universidad de, Cuba. 25 crustaceans (407861). Laboratory for Plant Taxonomy & Geog- raphy, Netherlands. 1 plant (411964). Lamar University Orange. 3 shrimps (411824). Lisboa, Universidade de, Portugal. 6 crabs (411857). Liverpool Museum, England. 76 plants (411713). Los Angeles County, Natural History Museum of. 11 flies (414040). Louisiana State University. 126 crusta- ceans (410358); 4 fishes (411117); 68 plants (414782); 1 bird skin (411601); 1 worm (412585). Lund University, Sweden. 4 echino- derms (411005). MacQuarie University, Australia. 10 worms (410612). Maine at Orono, University of. 1 rock (411463). Maryland, University of. 2 crustaceans (413639); 2 echinoderms (412916). McMurry University. 3 crustaceans (413561). Miami, University of. 1 echinoderm (412875); 1 crustacean (407800). Michigan, University of. 2 plants (414137). Minas Gerais, Universidade Federal de, Brazil. 89 plants (414273, 414279, 414332). Mineral Fund: 23 minerals (406382, 411262, 411301, 413672). Mississippi State University. I insect (409591); 682 salamanders (398017). Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium. 919 plants (404952, 407687, 410561, 410841, 410852, 412017, 412021, 413859, 414850). Monterey Bay Aquarium Institute. 8 mollusks (413102). Museo de Historia Natural, Peru. 669 freshwater fishes (412317). Museu Botanico Municipal, Brazil. 377 plants (407381, 410850, 411701, 412815, 412967, 414118, 414127, 414785, 414792, 414815, 414818). Museu de Ciencias Naturais, Brazil. 85 plants (413037, 414297). Museum National D’Hiscoire Naturelle, France. 3 insects (411796); 3 crustaceans (407831, 407863); 186 plants (413812, 414345, 414822, 414848); 5 mollusks (413082). Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Netherlands. 1 crustacean (410354). National Institute of Biology, Slovenia. 17 crustaceans (410361). National Institute of Hygiene & Epide- miology, Vietnam. 397 crustaceans (407853). Natural History Museum, Great Brit- ain. I plant (413019). Natural History Society of Maryland, Inc.. 1 mummified human head (409910). Nature Conservancy. 1 plant (412802). Naturhistorisches Museum, Austria. 2 crabs (405154). New Hampshire, University of. 15 echi- noderms (411019). New Mexico State University. 10 plants (410842, 414761). New Orleans Mosquito Control Board. 1,402 crustaceans (407904, 411870, 413574). New South Wales, National Herbarium of, Australia. 1 plant (414136). New York Boranical Garden. 6 crusta- ceans (407784); 122 plants (410791, 410820, 411662, 411668, 411987, 412500, 412541, 412985, 413795). New York State Department of Health. 5 fossils (410245). New Zealand, National Museum of, New Zealand. 34 mollusks (413104). Newberry College. 72 plants (411931, 412.490). Newfoundland, University of, New- foundland. 30+ crustaceans (395911). Nippon Veterinary & Animal Science University, Japan. 2 protozoan slides (412881). North Carolina Central University. 5 echinoderms (412922). North Carolina State Museum of Natu- ral Sciences. 7 crustaceans (410345); 1 fossil shark tooth (410207); 52 insects (414030); I worm (412567). North Carolina at Charlotte, University of. 7 echinoderms (412874). North Texas, University of. 132 insects (410735). Northern Arizona University. 2 echino- derms (410997). Northern Kentucky University. 27 plants (412837). Northern State University. 1 bird skin (407622). Nova University. 6 decapods (403787); 2 worms (410624). Nova University Oceanographic Center. 11 echinoderms (411004). Oceanology, Institute of, China. 1 echi- noderm (410994). Office of Director Discretionary Fund. 1 skull cast (412201). Ohio Strate University. 3 echinoderms (415469). Old Dominion University. 48 crusta- ceans (394096). Oman Natural History Museum, Oman. 1 bird skin (406588). Oporto, University of, Portugal. 2 pro- tozoan type slides (411006, 412897). Oregon State University. 264 insects (409596, 409602, 410759). P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russia. 12 fishes (412296). Panama, Universidad de, Panama. 4 crustaceans (410334). Pennsylvania, State Museum of. I cast of fossil skull (411206). Pernambuco, Universidade Federal de, Brazil. 126+ crustaceans (405265). Pisa, University of, Italy. 40 insects (411791). Portobello Marine Laboratory, New Zea- land. 6 crustaceans (407859, 411826). Potomac Museum Group. 6 fossils (411208). Prirodovedecka fakulta Univerzity, Czechoslovakia. 6 insects (409588, 409590). Puerto Rico, Universidad de, Puerto Rico. 2 plants (414310); 14 echino- derms (411013, 411018, 411906, 412894); 1 leech (410593); 34 shrimps (410383); Io fishes (413547). Queens University, Canada. 1 echino- derm (412860). Queensland, University of, Australia. 1 worm (412568). Reading, University of, Great Britain. 1 echinoderm (415462); 3 plants (412755). Real Jardin Botanico, Spain. 30 plants (410810). Remington and Marguerite Kellogg Fund. 400 fossil vertebrates (408303, 411165). Rio de Janeiro, Univ. do Estado do, Bra- zil. 66 insects (412729). Rochester, University of. 2 crustaceans (405341). Roebling Fund. 86+ minerals (406383, 409122, 409123; 409152, 409153, 411242, 411303, 411311, 411312, 411313, 411314, 411315, 411318, 411320, 413669, 413670, 413673, 413679). Roland W. Brown Fund. 121 fossil plants (412191). Royal Botanic Gardens, England. 24 plants (410543, 414119, 414801). Royal Botanic Gardens, Scotland. 37 plants (412810, 414105, 414788). Royal British Columbia Museum, Can- ada. 1 echinoderm (410998). San Marcos, Universidad Nacional Mayor de, Peru. 19 plants (411623, 413801, 414325). Sao Paulo, Universidade de, Brazil. 32 plants (412548); 2 mollusks (413147). Sarawak Forest Herbarium, Malaysia. 21 plants (414330). Servicio Agricola y Ganadero, Chile. 3 insects (414054). South Carolina, University of. 7 plants (406116). Southern Arkansas University. 8 cray- fish (407742). Southwest Louisiana, University of. 1 shrimp (411874). Stuart Fund. 14 minerals (406376, 409121, 411235, 411269, 411300). Scuart and Chamberlain Funds. 2 miner- als (411233). 256 Sul Ross State University. 116 plants (411714, 413017). Tel-Aviv University, Israel. 89 insects (414047). Texas A&M University. 1 shrimp (410350). Texas Park & Wildlife Department. 2 insects (409063). Texas Technical University. 4 mites or ticks (411804). Tokyo University of Fisheries, Japan. 3 fishes (413516). Transkei, University of, South Africa. 9 plants (410853). Trondheim, Universitetsbiblioteket, Norway. 15 fishes (412311). Turku, University of, Finland. 96 crusta- ceans (407798). Ucah, University of. 1 plant (414844). Valle, Universidad del, Colombia. 4 plants (410793). Venezuela, Universidad Central de, Ven- ezuela. 11 plants (410781). Virginia Department of Conservation. 1 insect (411788). Virginia Division of Natural Resources. 5 crustaceans (407764, 411858). Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 2 shrimps (411878); 289 fishes (412263, 413487). Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University. 4 freshwater clams (413135). Walcott Fund. 220 fossils (411132, 413905). West Florida, University of. 23 echino- derms (410999, 412917). West Indies, University of the, Jamaica. 9 echinoderms (411011). Western Australian Museum, Australia. 430 marine fishes (412242); I5 meteor- ices = (414490). Wildfowl and Wetland Trust, England: 15 bird skeletons (411578). Wisconsin, University of. 18 plants (410798). Yale University. 2 insects (409053). Zulia, Universidad del, Venezuela. 37 plants (411984). Zurich, Universitat, Switzerland. 26 plants (413041, 413042). Material Found in the Collections Smithsonian Institution. 6 rocks (411442, 414492); 8 birds (411528); 9 meteorites (411406); scientific equip- ment (409909). Transferred Materials from other Government Entities Agriculture, U. S. Department of. 273 crustaceans (407797); 4,692 insects (414024, 414037); 18 beetles (412748). Commerce, U.S. Department of. 1 echi- noderms (412926); 102 crustaceans (256361, 405195, 410355); 54 fishes (412299, 413486). Department of Environmental Quality. 142 fossils (413916). Environmental! Protection Agency, U.S.. 13,773+ fishes (411084, 414963); I worm (410598). Interior, U.S Department of the. 372 birds (387814, 399219, 411526, 411530); 115 crustaceans (410311, 411910); 2 fishes (412273); 249 fossils (411200, 411202, 412126, 412149, 412155, 412220, 413955, 414562); 12 minerals (411243, 411282, 413674, 413717); 44 plants (410496); 231 rocks (364237, 411462); 10 slides (413862); 2 sets of drill cores (411445). National Biological Service. 401 fishes (414965). National Marine Fisheries Service: 400+ crustaceans (406087) National Science Foundation. 302 mete- orites (414476). Smithsonian Institution. 7 crustaceans (407756). Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhi- bition Service. 19 rocks (411439). Smithsonian National Zoological Park. lizards (373545). Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti- tute, Panama: 340 plants (407136, 408404, 408827); 4 worms (412574.) Donors to the Collection Bequests George W. Bain. 3 minerals (411278). Louis Walters: 1 mineral (404731). Material Collected for the Museum Dr. Pedro Acevedo-Rodriquez. 1,074 plants (411974, 411975, 411976, 413798). Nancy E. Adams. 14 insects (412736). D. Appleman: See also Timothy Rose (411497). Dr. Diomedes Quintero Arias. 31 insects (409041). Vic Avery: See also Timothy Rose (411430). Dr. Bruce M. Beehler. 1 bird (411590). Dr. Raymond W. Bouchard. 68 insects (410741). Dr. Michael J. Braun. 584 birds (408936, 411598, 411618). Dr. Mike Brett-Surman. 50 fossil reptile specimens (410187). D. Chaney: See also Timothy Rose (411497). Dr. Jon Coddington. 329 spiders and other arthropods (412733, 412744). Deborah Danaher. 1 echinoderm (412955). Dr. Don R. Davis. 1,080 insects and plants (410753). James P. Dean: See also Dr. Michael J. Braun (411618). Dr. Paula DePriest. 437 lichens (410564). Louise Emmons: 43 frogs and lizards (400118). Dr. Robert Faden: 105 plants (410844, 411963, 412487, 412775). Dr. Kristian Fauchald. 500+ crustaceans (407887). Dr. Daniel J. Feller. 50+ mollusks (410444). Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr.. 2,974 insects, 6 crustaceans (410767, 410770, 411793). Dr. and Mrs. Oliver S. Flint, Jr.. 9,728 insects (410765). Dr. Kurt Fredriksson. 52 meteorites (414489). Dr. Terrence Frest. 300+ mollusks (410429). Vicki A. Funk. 145 plants (414303). Gary R. Graves. 113 bird specimens (411560, 411561). Leslie Hale: See also Timothy Rose (411430). , See also Dr. Sorena Soren- son (411433). Christopher R. Hardy. 1 plant (411965). John Haynes: See also Dr. Sorena Soren- son (411433). Dr. Robert Hershler. 200+ freshwater snails (413144). Dr. W. Duane Hope. 65+ worms (412577). Dr. Nicholas Horton, III. 200 fossils (412164). Carol L. Kelloff. 116 plants (410534). Dr. John Kress. 182 plants (411700, 412506, 412545, 412976, 414350). J. Jerry Landye. 1000+ freshwater snails (413127). David B. Lellinger. 86 plants, mostly ferns (407640). Jon Lewis. 191 insects (414057). Jim Luhr. 6 rocks (411434). ; See also Dr. Sorena Sorenson (408650, 411433, 411440). Dr. Raymond B. Manning: 1 worm (403762). Dr. A.M. Frias Martins. 30+ freshwater snails (410483). Dr. Wayne N. Mathis. 7,701 insects (409577, 411789, 414031, 414048, 414049). Dr. Michael Mazurkiewicz. 1000+ fresh- water snails (413121). Dr. William Melson. 1 rock (411443). Dr. Ernani G. Menez. 39 marine fishes (413527). Dr. Ellinor Michel. 25+ mollusks (410397). Natalie Nielson: See also Timothy Rose (411430). Albert Noonan: See also Dr. Kurt Fredriksson (414489). Dr. Lynne R. Parenti. 912 freshwater fishes (413478). Dr. Paul M. Peterson. 41 grasses & other plants (411693). Arnold L. Powell. 15 echinoderms (411009). John Pruski. 7 plants (407722, 414344). John Rappole: See also Dr. Pamela C. Rasmussen (411569). Dr. Pamela C. Rasmussen. 397 bird specimens (411569, 411622). Mark B. Robbins: See also Dr. Michael J. Braun (411618). Timothy Rose. 19 rock (411430, 411497). See also Dr. Sorena Sorenson (408650, 411440). Dr. Klaus Ruetzler. 13 echinoderms (412939). Eugene Sattler: See also Dr. Michael J. Braun (411598). Dr. Laurence E. Skog. 29 plants (408397). Dr. Sorena Sorenson. 43 rocks (408650, 411433, 411440). Dr. Paul J. Spangler. 5,999 insects (409592, 410756). , 50 mollusks (410756). Mark T. Strong. 117 plants (411961). Dr. James C. Tyler: 1 crab (403489). , 17 fishes (412252, 414986). Dr. Dieter Wasshausen. 120 plants (407666). Chris Wemmer: See also Dr. Pamela C. Rasmussen (411569). Kristof Zyskowski: See also Dr. Michael J. Braun (411618). Material Received as Part of an Exchange Dubi Benyamini. 16 bees (412753). Jerrell Daigle. 10 insects (409585). Dr. Mark N. Feinglos. 7 minerals (404732). Dr. Stuart M. Fullerton. 14 insects (409049). Dr. A. A. Godovikov. 16 various miner- als (409149). Dr. B. Hofmann. 7 minerals (396381). Dr. John W. Ismay. 41 insects (409573). Marvin Killgore. 1 meteorite (409649). Karel Majer. 7 insects (410755). Dr. Bernhard Merz. 24 imsects (411794). Thomas W. & Jane P. Nelson. 1 plant (412009). Dr. Shuji Okajima. 40 insects (410750). Dr. Masataka Sato. 16 insects (409054). Dr. James Schwade. 1 meteorite (411344). Donations from Individuals Dr. Philip A. Adam. 1 insect (410737). Dr. James K. Adams. 27 moths (414877). John Allaman. 39 minerals (411281). David Alligood. 306 fossils (411217). L. E. Anhorn. 18 spiders (409575). Dr. J. S. Ash. 1 partial pelvis bone of a bird (411619). Sheridan W. Atkinson: See also James W. Cowan (411249). Dr. Warren T. Atyeo. 12 mites and ticks (414042). Dr. S. W. Bailey. 1 mineral (409202). Dr. Joseph K. Balcionas. 16 moths (414036). Dr. George E. Ball. 5 insects (409578). Dr. R. M. Baranowski. 2,560 insects (411795). Dr. Roberto Barbieri. 8 fossils (413913). Carlos do Prado Barbosa. 1 mineral (409120). Ruth S. Barnes. 4 Somalian artifacts (400217). Linda Basham. 2 cicadas (414053). Vernon Bates. 1 plant (410784). John L. Baum. 1 mineral (372621). Eric N. Beach. 10 fossil vertebrates (407551). Dr. R. S. Beal, Jr.. 3 beetles (414864). Dr. Rudolf W. Becking. 4 plants (413802). Dimicrii Belakovskii. 2 minerals (413714). Mrs. Genevieve H. Bellis. 27 artifacts, 102 photos & 1 book (400216). Marcia K. Benouameur. 8 fossil mol- lusks (413888). Dubi Benyamini. 6 ants (414035). Joe Bernstein. 13 fossil vertebrates (409465). Vito Bertocci. 8 fossils & 3 casts (413899). Dr. Wes Bicha. 73 insects (409058, 414058). Dr. George H. Bick. 4 insects (414881). Dudley Blauwet. 1 mineral (404729). David J. Bohaska. 50 fish fossils (408266). Dr. Richard Boscoe. 4 insects (409043). Dr. L. Botosaneanu. 82 insects (410768). Jim Bourdon. 3 fossils (412215, 413950). Dr. David E. Bowles. 1 insect (411799). Marcelo Silva Briano. 18 crustaceans (407789). James G. Bulich. 1 cicada (414041). Drs. Tom & Beatrice L. Burch. 61+ mol- lusks (410450). Dr. George Byers. 4 insects (414028). J. Gregory Cahill. 2 rocks (411481). Stephen & Janet Cares. 3 minerals (413700). Kevin R. Chamberlain. 2 rocks (411454). Dr. Richard Chandler. 1 fossil whale tooth (411193). Dr. Jose Clarijo. 7 insects (414038, 414039). 258 Carl C. Clayton. 1 lot of synthetic miner- als (409180). Dr. Mark Cloos. 8 rocks (411464). H. R. Colbert, Sr.. 1 bird (411602). Aulano Contreras-Ramos. 552 insects (409600). Dr. Charles V. Covell, Jr.: 185 insects (411822, 412727). James W. Cowan. 8 minerals (411249). Elizabeth M. Cridlin. 4 fossils (410160, 410222, 411213). Brad C. Cross. 2 minerals (413720). Dr. Earle A. Cross. 5 mites (409046). Stephen J. Culver. 24 fossils (412206, 410246). Tom Cushman. I mineral (411307). Dr. D. L. Deonier. 579 flies (414027, 414868). Mrs. K. Sobita Devi. 1 carnelian neck- lace (400218). Harold & Doris Dibble. 1 mineral (404716). Dr. Henri Dillen. 1 mineral (409148). Dr. Daryl! P. Domning. approx. 30 fossil vertebrates (410201). Dr. Stephen K. Donovan. 2 fossils (410168, 413869). William F. Douglas, Jr.. 2 fossil bones (409487). Trevor Dumitru: See also Dr. Juhn G. Liou (411494). Richard Dunn. 1 plant (414263). Dr. Lance A. Durden. 4 insects (412420, 412421, 412422). Fred S. Ellers. 1 gold specimen (409158). Michael Ellwood. 3 fossils (407493, 411148). Dr. N. J. Elton. 1 mineral (409147). Al Falster. 1 mineral (413716). Benny Fenn. 45 minerls (409200). Dr. Glenn Fisher. 101 insects (411809). Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr.. 191 insects (414056). Dr. Michael A. Floyd. 15 caddisflies (414044). Dr. C. Edgar Folk, Jr.. 125 artifacts (400225). George C. Fonger. 307 fossil vertebrates (410198, 411127, 411195, 411215, 412217, 412145, 412167, 412183, 413909, 413940). John M. Foster. 1 crab (407811). Dr. Carl Francis. 1 rock (411437). Dr. J. H. Frank. 2 insects (411801). Dr. Richard Franz. 10 insects (410751). Dr. Jack Frazier: 1 barnacle (337938). Dr. Claudio Froehlich. 18 insects (410764). Dylan Fuller. 1 plant (408652). Dr. Stuart M. Fullerton: 18 insects (410763). Dr. Richard V. Gaines. 1 opal (409124). Marilyn Galvin. 8 artifacts (400224). Mr. and Mrs. Lucien P. Garo. 2 artifacts (400227). J. L. Garrison. 7 meteorites (411394). Dr. Rosser W. Garrison. 12 insects (411803). Dr. Jon K. Gelhaus. 244 insects (410769). Dr. Julio Antonio Genaro. 20 insects (409601). Dr. Mario Gentili. 28 insects (414865). Ernest H. Gilmour. 12 fossils (411199). James B. Glover. 82 caddisflies (414034). Dr. A. A. Godovikov. 2 minerals (409150). Dr. Richard Gordon. 34 flies (411821). Pat Gotsis. 1 fossil skull (413911). Dr. Carlo Maria Gramaccioli. 1 mineral (411260). Dr. John C. Green. 5 rocks (411455). Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd F. Gunther. 41+ fos- sils (411158). Val Gunther. 1 fossil slab with ca. 28 specimens (411157). Dr. Dale Habeck. 1 insect (409042). Jeff Hall. 12 plants (411935). Dr. Tsu-Ming Han. 2 fossils (412171). Martin I. Harman. 1 mineral (406358). Christopher Harmatuk. 1 fossil seal ver- tebra (409451). Peter J. Harmatuk: ca. 350 fossil verte- brates (409452, 411150). Dr. Steven C. Harris: 116 insects (409603, 411800, 414871). Peter Hattenschwiler. 127 bagworm moths (412746). Erik Hauri. 2 rocks (411485). Dr. John Haynes. 3 rocks (411480). R. W. Heard. 25+ freshwater snails (410465). Mark Helper. 1 blueschist rock (411466). Amy Hochberg. 53+ freshwater snails (410473, 413062). Dr. E. Richard Hoebeke. 17 insects (412731). Dr. Michael D. Hogan. 5 fossil verte- brates (410199, 411164). Doris S. Holt. approx. 50 fossil shark teeth (411186). Janet A. Hooker. 4 pieces of diamond jewelry (411277). Dr. Robert J. Horodyski (deceased). . 1 fossil (411201). Dr. J. Michael Howard. 12 minerals (406292). Steve Howard. 1 mineral (409166). Dr. David A. Hubbard, Jr.. 90+ fresh- water snails (408080, 408136, 410447, 410463, 410466, 411166, 413064, 413076, 413089, 413142). Jane Hubbard: 15 fossils (411166). Paul H. Humann. 3 echinoderms (412877). , 1 fish (413555). William Huntc. 1 mineral (406350). W.R. B. Hynd. 213 insects (414059). Mr. & Mrs. Frank Hyne. 1,036 fossil ver- tebrates (408301, 412178, 413870). Dr. Teruo Ishida. 340 crustaceans (401115, 405264). Dr. Glen Izett. 1 bedded ashfall (411498). Dr. James B. Johnson. 6 insects (409584). Linda Johnson. 7 fossils (411207). Ralph Johnson. 366 fossils (411214, 413929). Mark Joiner. 1 fossil walrus tusk (413956). Theodore R. Kahn. 26 amphibians & reptiles (398061). Dr. Chester Karwoski. 3 minerals (404714). Gregory Katz. 1 rock (411473). Dr. Yosuke Kawachi. 1 mineral (413686). Ron Keil. 21 fossil vertebrates (412222, 413893). Tim King. 37 insects (409052). Dr. Donald N. Kinn. 3 mites (409045). Dr. Guennadi N. Kisselev. 17-fossils (412190). Trish Kohler. 1 fossil (402070). Dr. Boris Kondratieff. 123 insects (409582, 411807, 411817). Dr. B. C. Kondratiev. 24 moths (414032). Dr. Richard C. Konopacky. 30+ mol- lusks (410456). Hugo H. Kool. 50+ marine mollusks (413107). Dr. Chris Langdon. 50+ crustaceans (405258). William Larson. 5 minerals (413690). Dr J. Lewis. 25+ freshwater snails (408121, 413136). Dr. Robert Lewis. 9 insects (409571). Dr. Juhn G. Liou. 1 rock (411494). Dr. Bruce Lockard. 1 spider (414046). Alan Logan. 27 fossils (410253). Dr. Roger D. Longley. 50+ freshwater snails (408097). Peter Lyckberg. 1 topaz (411305). Sue Ellen Lyons. 18 fossil shark & ray teeth (409484). Dr. John F. MacDonald. 2 insects (409056). Dr. Allison Macfarlane. 2 rocks (411478). Robert & Elizabeth Mallott. 8 artifacts (409929). Arnaldo Mangeaud. 9 insects (410736). Dr. Bryant Mather. 749 insects (409048, 409606, 412728, 414878). Deborah Mathews. Io! insects (411816). Dr. W. P. McCafferty. 2 insects (409594). Dr. Miriam E. McColloch: See also Dr. Ernest H. Gilmour (411199). Marion McDowell. 2 fishes (412284). Frank K. McKinney. 1 fossil (413865). Ralph E. McLintock. 10+ samples of quartz (406388). Dr. J.E. McPherson. 2 insects (412734). John Medici. 1 mineral (409145). Mark Meisenhalder. 31 minerals (411261). Ray Meisenhalder: 16+ minerals (404703). Silvina Menu-Marque. 209 crustaceans (405203). Eric H. Metzler. 408 insects (411798). Dr. David L. Meyer. 90 fossils (412189). Ruth Mickelson. 1 cicada (414882). Dr. W. W. Middlekauff. 7 insects (409597). Dr. Scott Miller. 589 insects (412724). Glenn Minnick. 1 jadite ring (409119). Margot Monson. 2 insects (409061). Dr. Tomas Moore. 2 insects (410762). Dr. Steven Moulton. 2,515 caddisflies (414874, 414875). Wolfgang Mueller. 2 minerals (413678). Dr. James D. Myers. 1 rock (411479). Robert.F. Myers. 1 fish (413466). Kusum S. Naorunne. 1 mineral (411304). Randall Nix: 3 minerals (409151). Dr. P. Nornberg. 1 mineral (409177). Peter T. Oboyski. 2 insects (409599). Ray Ogilvie & Son. a fossil dinosaur claw (406866). Dr. Vladimir Ortsharenko. 103 spiders (410757). Dr. John Oswald. 17 insects (411814). Peter B. Pearman. 1,134 insects (409040). Dr. David L. Pearson. 2 beetles (412738). Patricia Pendery-Bernard. 5 minerals (411247). Dr. William Peters. 78 mayflies (414043). Sid Pieters. 10+ minerals (413710). Dr. Ingeborg- Zenner Polania. 27 in- sects (412747). Woody Pollard: See also Dr. Thomas Rockwell (411471). Dr. Leonid Popov. 347 fossils (411138). Dr. Jeffrey Post. 1 rock (411482). Arnold L. Powell. 1 fossil shark vertebra (408344). George W. Powell, Jr.. 4 fossils (408309, 411172, 412203, 412204). Dr. Roger Price. 70 insects (410739, 414862). Eric Prokopi. 2 fossil vertebrate bones (413944). Jay Quade. 2 freshwater snails (413063). Rob Raguso. 18 insects (408015). Robert W. Read. 1 plant (405443). Edward B. Reed. 597 crustaceans (410356, 410380). John Remer, Jr.. 1 mineral (404717). Carla Restrepo. 4 plants (410557). Dr. J. Keith Rigby. 84 fossil sponges (412148, 413895). Dr. Tyson R. Roberts. 5 fishes (412262). Dr. George Robinson. 3 minerals (409167). Dr. Peter Robinson. 29 rocks (411470). Dr. Thomas Rockwell. 1 rock (411471). Dr. Sergio A. Roig. 2 ground beetles (411820). Dr. William I. Rose. 1 rock (411435). Dr. John L. Rosenfeld. 1 rock (411493). Vince Roth. 1 spider (409050). Mark J. Rothschild. 138 insects (409059). Dr. David E. Ruiter. 8 caddisflies (412722). Aniko Sabo. 200+ worms (412614). Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky. 1,011 insects (409047, 411812, 414025). Mr. and Mrs. Parker Savage. 7 minerals (411253). 259 Dr. Donald E. Schnell. 1 plant (410818). Dr. G. G. E. Scudder. 37 insects (412737). Christopher Shaw. 2 rocks (411438). Dr. Scott Shaw. 3 insects (414866). Dr. Rowland Shelley. 132 insects and other arthropods (409576, 412723, 412732, 414867). Professor Haraldur Sigurdsson. 1 rock & 6 meteorites (411403). Gordon Simonson. 4 fossils (399123). Robin M. Smith. 2 insects (412730). Samuel B. Snyder. 1 insect (411815). Dr. James E. Sorauf. 7 fossils (412127). Dr. Felix Sperling. 681 insects (412741). Dr. Lionel Stange. 2 net-veined insects (414026). Mrs. H. Goodwin Stevenson. 4,718 in- sects (412742). Dr. Jeffrey Stevenson. 1 mineral (406315). Dr. Bruce L. Stinchcomb. 70 fossil mol- lusks (412221). Dr. Carl W. Stock. 4 fossils (411182). Robert D. Storch. 1 quartz (409129). Dr. Ben Srour, III. 10 caddisflies (414879). Dr. S. L. Straneo. 130 ground beetles (411819). Mr. & Mrs. Dale Stream. 2 fossils (410158, 410208). Patricia Stream. 1 partial fossil mammal bone (413957). Professor Franco Strumia. 92 insects (411790). Dr. Keith Sturgeon. 4 fossils (410165). Dr. J. Bolling Sullivan: 311 insects (414055, 414876). Dr. Rebecca F. Surdick. 2 insects (409580). Dr. Robert F. Surdick. 6 stoneflies (414861). Mrs. Juanda Taylor. 4 fossil vertebrates (411133). Richard Tellekamp. 49 fossil inverte- brates (411194). Dale Theiling. 6 fossil blowfish bones (408313). Mary S. Thieme. 1 Nigerian textile (400226). David Thomas. I mineral (411248). Dr. F. C. Thompson. 2 bird skins (408912). Dr. Ichiji Togashi. 1 insect (409586). Herve de Toulgoet. 2 insects (411810). 260 Dr. Annette B. Tucker. 11 fossils (412138). Thomas L. Tucker. 2 quartz specimens (411254). Dr. George Uetz. 17 spiders (412720). Michael Valenti. 2 moths (408017). Papo Vives. 1 plant (412959). Tim Vogt. 12 insects (409051). John Wakabayashi: See also Dr. John G. Liou (411494). Dr. Kurc Walenta. 1 mineral (406314). Dr. Paul Wallace. 5 rocks (411474). Dr. David J. Ward. 1 fossil sharks tooth (410229). Maxine West. I insect (412735). Dr. Nathaniel Whitney. 49 bird skins (390033, 402861). Mrs. Gail Willeke. 17 echinoderms (411002). Larry Wilner. 5 Native American arti- facts (400223). Dr. Harry C. Yeatman. 161 crustaceans (405355). Dr. Frank N. Young. 703 beetles (409593, 412740, 412745). National Zoological Park Donors of Financial Support $500, 000 or more Friends of the National Zoo $100, 000 or more Director's Circle of the National Zoo Mrs. Shirley P. Sichel $50,000 or more The Freed Foundation The Estate of George Sisley Smithsonian Women's Committee The Pew Charitable Trusts World Wildlife Fund $30, 000 or more Arcana Foundation The Estate of Florence B. Dowdy Philip Reed Foundation $20, 000 or more Ms. Caroline D. Gabel $10, 000 or more Dorothy Jordan Chadwick Fund Communications Satellite Corporation Japan Marmoset Institute Ralston Purina Company $5, 000 or more American Association for the Advance- ment of Science Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Mrs. Joan D. Haig Mrs. Martha A. Healy Mrs. Adrienne Mars Mr. William P. McClure $ 2, 500 or more Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Bartlett, Jr. Mrs. Esther S. Bondareff The Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation Ms. Marna Disbrow John and Lucia Heard Mr. and Mrs. Ladislaus von Hoffmann Ms. JunAnn Holmes Dr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Kelly, HI Mars Foundation Mr. and Mrs. John C. Meeker National Geographic Society Mr. Khan Usun Nimmanheminda The Esther Simon Charitable Trust Dr. Joseph R. Spies Tom and Michelle Wiseman $1,000 or more Dr. William L. Amoroso Legent Corporation Raymond E. Mason Foundation J.R. Short Milling Company Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey R. Short, Jr. Mr. Stephen Winthrop $250 or more Ms. Loretta Ames Dr. Mitchell Bush Mr. and Mrs. George A. Didden, III Mr. and Mrs. Robert Eisenstein French American Foundation Mr. Robert B. Johnson The Johns Hopkins University Mr. Alan Kaplan Oxford University Press Inc. Betty and Lloyd Schermer Foundation Woodlin Elementary School Donors of In-Kind Support Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg, wooden, painted cow sculpture for Think Tank IBM Corporation, computer Hardware for Think Tank Michael Nichols Photography, photos (and rights to reproduce) from his collection for Think Tank Snap-on Incorporated, five large tool storage boxes with maple tops for Think Tank Vector Research, Inc., crash test dummy (withour electronics) for Think Tank Office of International Relations Donors of Financial Support $50,000 or more United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives Donors of Financial Support $1,000 or more Nathan Reingold to the Joseph Henry Papers Project Donors to the Collection American Ornithologists’ Union. Re- cords of the Union. Calvert Marine Museum. Leonard P. Schultz Film. Josephine Edwards. Papers of Timothy William Stanton. Terry L. Erwin. Papers of Terry L. Erwin. David Ferrand. Papers of Robert Ridgway. History of Science Society. Records of the Society. Robert S. Hoffmann. Papers of Robert S. Hoffmann. International Palaeontological Associa- tion. Records of the Association. International Society of Cryptozoology. Records of the Society. International Union of Directors of Zoo- logical Gardens. Records of the Union. Richard W. Leche, Jr. Papers of Herbert Girton Deignan. Mrs. Robert H. McCauley, Jr. Papers of Robert H. McCauley, Jr. Nancy Clark Menke. Papers of John Frederick Gates Clark. Office of the Clerk, Supreme Court of Nevada. Papers of Harrison Gray Dyar. Robert V. Peterson. Papers of Robert V. Peterson. S. Dillon Ripley. Papers of S. Dillon Ripley. Stephen J. Rogers. Henry J. Rogers Manuscript on the History of the Telegraph. Curtis W. Sabrosky. Papers of Curtis W. Sabrosky. Robert W. Smith. Papers of Robert W. Smith. Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections. Records of the Society. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Re- cords of the Society. Janet W. Solinger. Papers of Janet W. Solinger. Paul J. Spangler. Papers of Paul J. Spangler. Holman J. Swinney. Papers of Holman J. Swinney. Henk Wolda. Papers of Henk Wolda. Ellis L. Yochelson. Papers of Ellis L. Yochelson. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Donors of Financial Support $50,000 or more Philip D. Reed Foundation $10, 000 or more James C. Penney Foundation $1,000 or more Frank N. Magid Associates Smithsonian Institution Libraries Donors of Financial Support $5,000 or more The Dibner Fund Gerty Grant Program Atherton Seidel! Endowment Smithsonian Women's Committee ind $1, 000 or more Charles Blitzer Florence Fearrington John Jell and Dorothy Hill George Pillsbury Marvin Sadik Mr. and Mrs. George Stubbs Time-Life Books $500 or more Mary L. Elder Nancy E. Gwinn TAP Publishing Company $250 or more Frederick Bayer J. G. Browne Irene and Marvin Schneiderman Barbara J. Smith Jean Chandler Smith $100 or more Anonymous (2) John Anderson Antiques on the Hill Robert Blackwell Staff of Bowling Green State University Mary Lou Cowden Ross M. Cowden Mary Kay Davies R. J. Durling Giraud V. Foster Pamela M. Henson Alice L. Kniskern Gwendolen R. Leighty Bruce McFadden Ellen Nemhauser William Oliver Lawrence Rickard Lucien H. Rossignol Jo Schneiderman Alvin Schorr Albert H. Small Mary Augusta Thomas Donors to the Collection Individual Donors Dr. Joseph Adande Dr. Kraig Adler 262 Mr. Jorma Ahvenainen Ms. Josephine Anderson Mr. Willie Atencio Prof. Enrico Baldini Mrs. Mary W. Ballard Ms. Paola Barbarino Mr. Bruce Barkley Dr. Nestor Guillermo Basso Ms. Esther Bierbaum Mr. David Binkley Mr. Ralph A. Bufano Dr. Elizabeth Chilver Mr. Roy S. Clarke, Jr. Dr. Jeremy Coote Mr. Jean d’Aigneaux Mr. R.E.G. Davies Mr. Everett C. Davis Mr. Michel De Trez Ms. Patricia Dunston Dr. Janna M. Ellingson Mr. Carl H. Ernst Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. Mr. John T. Foster Ms. Cornelia Stewart Gill Ms. Martha Goodway Ms. Patricia Graboske Mr. Richard B. Graham Ms. Joan Grant Mr. Burton S. Greenstein Mr. Andrew G. Gurka Mr. Richard Haigh Mr. M. G. Harasewych Ms. Jessica B. Harris Dr. Hans-Joachim Herrmann Mr. Howard W. Herz Lic. Bia Hetzel Ms. Pat Hewitt Dr. Robert S. Hoffmann Mr. Edward H. Hutchins Dr. John M. Hyson Dr. Pascal James Imperato Mr. David L. Jickling Mr. Eugene C. Johnston Mr. Alan R. Kabat Mr. Martin R. Kalfatovic Dr. S. A. Kasparinskaja Mr. Brian Kensley Mr. George L. T. Kerr Dr. Fernando Morban Laucer Ms. Valerie B. Lester Mr. Patrick A. Lewis Mr. Guy Loudmer Mr. Sranely J. Luft Mr. Geoff Luscombe Mr. Mark L. Madsen Dr. Francisco Mago-Leccia Sr. Juan A. Manelia Mr. Juan Manuel Martinez Ms. Liesel N. McCurry Mr. William Miko Mr. Gerald Minkoff Prof. Osahito Miyaoka Mr. D. Jose Moreno Mr. John W. Morrisey Dr. Walusako A. Mwalilino Mr. Michael J. Neufeld Ms. Rachel Noerdlinger Dr. Toyin Oguntona Mr. Storrs Olson Mr. Steig Olson Mr. Ozioma Onozulike Mr. Robert Organ Mr. Simon Ortenberg Mr. Martin Ortenheimer Mr. Chuck Park Ms. Nancy Winslow Parker Mr. Ohioma Pogoson Dr. Labelle Prussin Prof. Norman S. Ramsey Mr. Clayton E. Ray Ms. Suzanne Ripley Dr. Allen F. Roberts Dr. Victoria Rovine Dr. Mario L. Sanchez Mr. Blaine A. Schmeer Mr. Bill Schulz Mr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr. Mr. Donald W. Smith Dr. Barbara J. Smith Mr. I. Gregory Sohn Mr. Michael Spencer Dr. Victor G. Springer Ms. Eleanor Stoddard Mr. Roger W. Sudbury Mr. Steve O. Taylor Sr. Kyran D. Thelen Mr. Peter U. Theuss Dr. F. Christian Thompson Mr. Karl C. Tollefsen Mr. Alex H. Townsend Mr. Theo Van Dam Ms. Rosamonde Van Miert Ms. Ellen B. Wells Mr. Ken White Ms. Emily Wilson Mr. Les Winick Mr. Saul E. Zalesch Corporate and Institutional Donors Asian Vegetable Research and Develop- ment Center, Taipei, Taiwan Basler Mission, Basel, Switzerland Centro Aclantico de Arte Moderno, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain Columbian Harmony Society, Washing- ton, D.C. : Division of Electricity and Modern Physics, National Museum of Ameri- can History, Washington, D.C. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Veracruz, Mexico International Council of Museums, Paris, France Krause Publications, Iola, Wisconsin Maruzen Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Museum Rietberg Zurich, Zurich, Swit- zerland National Gallery of Art, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria National Geographic Society Library, Washington, D.C. Naval Historical Center, Washington, DG: Odebrecht S.A., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Onderzoekinstituur CNWS, The Netherlands Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute $1,000, 000 or more Mr. Glenn O. Tupper $500,000 or more Department of Defense Honduras Coral Reef Fund $100, 000 or more Andrew W. Mellon Foundation International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG) Program $50, 000 or more National Science Foundation The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation US AID $10, 000 or more CITIBANK, N.A. Fundacion Natura Government of Canada Mrs. Katherine Medlinger Midland Bank Refineria Panama, S.A. The Tinker Foundation Transporte y Equipo, S.A. United Nations Environment Pro- gramme US Department of State US Forest Service US Department of Agriculture $5,000 or more ALICO Banco General Concreto, S.A. Ocean Futures Foundation Petrolera Nacional Ventas y Proyectos, S.A. $1,000 or more Losos, Elizabeth Dr. Dr. Douglas W. Morrison Ruth Covo Family Foundation University of Miami $100 or more Mr. T. Mitchell Aide Ms. Robin M. Andrews Mr. Jonathan Baskin Mr. Nicholas V.L.Brokaw Mr. James M. Connolly Mr. Andrej Dyrcz. Mr. Stanley Fidanque Dr. Bennett G. Galef Dr. William F. Graney Mr. Rex L. Jensen Dr. Carlos Perez Moreno Dr. Gordon H. Orians Mr. Robert T. Paine Dr. Robert Erick Ricklefs Mrs. Anne Marie Smith Mr. Paul J. Weldon Mr. Water Wilczynski Prof. Dieter Wittmann Arts and Humanities Anacostia Museum Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Foundation Giant Food Foundation Smithsonian Institution Educational Outreach Smithsonian Institutions Women Committee Smithsonian Special Exhibition Fund Freddie Mac Foundation Roland Kave Georgette Seabrooke Powell Vernith Scott June Brown Rev. Amitiyah Elayne Hyman Wilfred A. Wason Archives of American Art Donors of Financial Support $10, 000 or more The Honorable and Mrs. Max N. Berry The Brown Foundation Ms. Agnes Gund and Mr. Daniel Shapiro Mr. Gordon Gund Mr. Mark Keating Mr. and Mrs. Alan D. Levy Mr. and Mrs. Meredith J. Long Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian Mr. and Mrs. John Murchison Mr. and Mrs. Philip S. Niarchos Mr. and Mrs. Meyer P. Potamkin Mr. and Mrs. John R. Robinson Mr. and Mrs. Keith S. Wellin $5, 000 or more The Beinecke Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Jack S. Blanton, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Eli Broad The Samuel Bronfman Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Gerald E. Buck Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Fogg III Mrs. Daniel Fraad Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Halff, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Mr. and Mrs. Werner H. Kramarsky Mr. and Mrs. Frank Martucci Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Shapiro Mr. and Mrs. A. Alfred Taubman $1, 000 or more Mr. Warren Adelson Mr. and Mrs. Brooke Alexander Mr. Arthur G. Altschul Mrs. Amy Cohen Arkin Mr. Richard Brown Baker The Barra Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin R. Cadwalader Mrs. Iris Clark Mr. and Mrs. Raymond M. Cracchiolo Ms. Gabriella De Ferrari and Mr. Ray- mond Learsy Miss Annette M. De Lorenzo Dr. and Mrs. Francis de Marneffe The Aaron Diamond Foundation The Dover Fund, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Eichenberg Mr. and Mrs. Robert Emett Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Enders Geraldine Fabrikant and Robert T. Metz Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Feder First National Bank of Chicago First American Title Insurance Co. The Fluor Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ganz, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty Ms. Sondra Gilman and Mr. Celso Gon- zalez-Falla Dr. and Mrs. Frank C. Glover Mr. and Mrs. James Goodman Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Graham, Jr. The Miriam and Peter Haas Fund Mr. Joseph Helman Ms. Mary E. Hendrickson Ms. Marlene Hess and Mr. James Zirin Ms. Allison A. Hilding 264 Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Isenberg Mrs. David Jacknow Mr. and Mrs. Richard Janes Mr. and Mrs. David Jensen K G Ventures Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Alex Katz Mr. and Mrs. William A. Kaynor Mr. Walter Keating Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall Mr. and Mrs. Donald Kennedy Ms. Joan Peterson Klimann Hilva P. Landsman Mr. and Mrs. Alvin S. Lane Mrs. Frank Y. Larkin Mr. Thomas H. Lee Mr. and Mrs. Robert Lehrman Mr. and Mrs. Sam Lehrman Mr. Melvin and Mrs. Thelma Z. Lenkin Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert LeVasseur, Jr. Dr. Barry Lew Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Liman Mr. and Mrs. William Mathews Mr. and Mrs. Bogdan Matysek Mr. Robert T. Metz Dr. Martyna Miskinis Mission Viejo Imports Mr. and Mrs. John F. Monroe, Jr. Henry and Lucy Moses Fund, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. James Muzzy Mr. Jack Nash Mr. and Mrs. Roy Neuberger Mr. and Mrs. John W. Payson The Honorable and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky Mr. Steven Rattner Mr. and Mrs. Dana M. Raymond Renaissance Cage Mr. and Mrs. John Richards Mr. and Mrs. William Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Rodman C. Rockefeller Mr. and Mrs. Mark K. Rosenfeld Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Rosowski Mr. and Mrs. Abbott K. Schlain Mrs. Wolfgang Schoenborn The Schwartz Family Foundation Mrs. Stuart R. Shamberg Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Slavin Sorrento Grill Mr. Carl Spielvogel and Ms. Barbaralee Diamonstein Mr. Theodore Stebbins, Jr. Jules and Doris Stein Foundation Mr. Michael Stout Mr. and Mrs. Philip A. Straus Ms. Kathleen Stuart Tiffany & Co. Union Bank of Switzerland Mr. and Mrs. Jeff Vieth Dr. and Mrs. Richard J. Wattenmaker Mr. and Mrs. William Weed Nina Werblow Charitable Trust $500 or more Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Allessee Dr. Lourdes V. Andaya Dr. Stephen Andrus Dr. and Mrs. Donald C. Austin Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bahssin Mr. Louis C. Baker Mr. Geoffrey C. Beaumont Mrs. Edwin A. Bergman Mrs. F. Henry Berlin Mr. William L. Bernhard and Ms. Cath- erine Cahill Ms. Judi Betts Mr. and Mrs. Myron Blank Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Blum Mrs. Ruth Bowman Dr. Philip L. Brewer Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Brown Mr. and Mrs. Howard B. Camden Mr. and Mrs. Herman M. Canner Dr. and Mrs. John M. Carroll Ms. Elizabeth M. Chapin Mrs. Robert J. Chapman Christie’s Associates CJV Corporation Mrs. Joan Hardy Clark Ms. Joan Utman Clawson Maurice and Margo Cohen The Honorable and Mrs. Avern Cohn Mrs. Norbert Considine Mrs. Therese Crandall Mrs. John de Menil Michael and Dudley Del Balso Dr. Charles C. Dickinson III Mr. and Mrs. Woodward Dike Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Doerer Mr. and Mrs. Cameron P. Duncan Mrs. Dorothy Dunitz Mr. and Mrs. Barney A. Ebsworth Mrs. Irma B. Elder Mr. Christian P. Erdman Ms. Martha W. Farmer Ms. Gwen L. Feder Fine Art Dealers Association Ms. Barbara Foshay-Miller Mrs. Helena Fraser Mr. and Mrs. Yale Ginsburg Mr. Arnold Glimcher Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Goodman Mrs. Robert S. Greenbaum Mrs. Theodora P. Haen Mr. John G. Hagan Mr. and Mrs. David Handleman Dr. and Mrs. Philip Handleman Jim Herrington and Carol Camiener Ms. Patricia House Mr. David Hoy Mrs. Philip Iselin Mrs. Morris I. Jaffe Ms. Olive M. Jenny Jewish Communal! Fund of New York Jordan-Volpe Gallery Martin and Cis Maisel Kellman Mr. Tibor Kerekes, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Charles Kessler Mr. Jeffrey Klein Dr. and Mrs. Myron M. LaBan Martin J. and Cecile C. Landay Mr. and Mrs. Joe Lebworth Ms. Barbara Fish Lee Mr. Leo Castelli Ms. Sandy Lepore Mrs. Norman Levitt Mr. and Mrs. John L. Libby Dr. and Mrs. Kim K. Lie Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Linton Lowitz Foundation Mrs. Louisa B. MacLaren Mr. and Mrs. Tom F. Marsh Mrs. Barbara M. Marshall Mrs. Edgar M. Masinter Mr. Jay D. McEvoy Mr. and Mrs. John F. McGuigan, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Gregor Medinger Robert and Jane Meyerhoff Mrs. John E. Miller Edward Mittelman Memorial Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Alexander M. Nick Mrs. Roy Nutt Ms. Benita O'Meara Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Oroshnik Pacific Union Mr. and Mrs. John Parkinson Ms. Mamie S. Pillsbury Mr. and Mrs. Bernard E. Pincus Mrs. Herbert Polacheck Ms. Joan E. Primm Mr. John Provine Ms. Joan B. Rehnborg Mrs. E. P. Richardson Mrs. James J. Rorimer Rutan & Tucker Mrs. Walter Scheuer Mr. and Mrs. Douglas A. Schubot Ms. Rhonda Segal Mr. and Mrs. Edward Sellers Mr. and Mrs. Peter L. Sheldon Dr. and Mrs. Robert R. Silver Mrs. Ruth Snider Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Strome Mrs. Elizabeth Strong-Cuevas Mr. and Mrs. Emanuel Sulkes Mrs. Patricia C. Tartaglia Mrs. Rebekah A. Taube Ms. Jane Timken Mrs. Josephine R. Turner Kathryn Gibson Vickers Mr. Duane A. Wakeham Mr. and Mrs. Theodore I. Wallace, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Wasserman Dr. and Mrs. Richard J. Wattenmaker Ms. Angela K. Westwater Reba White Williams Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson Mr. and Mrs. James H. Wineman Mrs. Warren R. Woodward Dr. and Mrs. Clyde Wu Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Wyeth $250 or more Mr. and Mrs. Ansel Aberly Mr. and Mrs. Hale R. Allen Martin and Irene Bader Mr. W. N. Banks Dr. and Mrs. James Bannon Mr. Edward Larrabee Barnes Mr. Randall C. Bassett Mr. and Mrs. Bogdan Baynert Mr. and Mrs. Gifford R. Beal Mr. and Mrs. William G. Beaumont Mr. and Mrs. Donald A. Benyas Dr. Annette Blaugrund Mr. and Mrs. Paul Borman Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Brosch Mr. and Mrs. Henry F. Burroughs Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Burstein Dr. Irving F. Burton John W. Butler, Jr. and John M. VanderLinden Mrs. Martin L. Butzel Ms. Natalie Canvasser Mr. and Mrs. David M. Chamberlain Citimark, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Henry Ive Cobb Mr. Harry Coburn Mrs. Ellen R. Cooper Mrs. Lammot DuPont Copeland Ms. Priscilla Cunningham Dr. and Mrs. Arnold C. Curry Mr. and Mrs. Joseph L. Davidson Mr. Bruce A. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Day Mr. and Mrs. Brian Dillon . William A. Dreher Zee . Virginia Dwan Mrs. Beatrice Elkin Mr. and Mrs. Alex J. Erkin Mr. and Mrs. Marvin A. Evenchik Mrs. Hortense F. Feldblum Mr. and. Mrs. Frank W. Ford, Jr. Walter and Josephine Ford Fund Ms. Jeanette Forrest Mrs. Irma L. Fraad Dr. and Mrs. Jacob B. Freedman Mr. and Mrs. Walter J. Fried Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Friedlander Miss Elizabeth H. Fuller Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Germack, Jr. Mrs. Henry Goldberg Ms. Judith Goldman Ms. Barbara Goldsmith Mrs. Ralph Graves Mr. Philip J. Hahn Mrs. Miriam L. Hamburger Harcourt General, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Reginald F. Harnett Mrs. Iola S. Haverstick Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Heaton Mr. Charles Hess Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin D. Holloway Mr. and Mrs. Gedale Horowitz Mr. and Mrs. John K. Howat Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Jacobson Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Jaques Mr. Harry Kahn Mrs. Martha Katz Mr. John W. Kegler Ms. Marcia Gygh King Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod Kraushaar Galleries Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kughn Dr. and Mrs. Richard W. Kulis Lachaise Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Gregory K. Lane Mrs. Eugene M. Lang Mr. and Mrs. David Leader Mrs. Harry Lenart Mrs. Robert H. Levi . and Mrs. Lawrence F. DuMouchelle Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Lifton Mr. and Mrs. David Long Mr. and Mrs. Mark O. Lynton Mrs. William B. Macomber Mrs. William A. Marsteller Mrs. Susan McClatchy Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mary McFadden Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Millhouse Mrs. Edward P. Moore Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. E. Clarence Mularoni Mrs. John U. Nef Mr. and Mrs. Milford Nemer Mrs. Annalee G. Newman Dr. and Mrs. Kevin T. O’Donnell Mr. and Mrs. Calvin W. Odom Mrs. Harris K. Oppenheimer Mrs. Janice C. Oresman Mrs. Henry Pearlman Dr. and Mrs. Terry Podolsky Mr. and Ms. David Pollack Mr. and Mrs. Martin J. Rabinowitz Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Richter Mr. Roger S. Robinson Mr. Norman H. and Mrs. Dulcie Rosenfeld Mrs. Audrey Rosenman Ms. Joan Sankovich Mr. Michael Schoenith Mr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Schoenith Mr. and Mrs. Everett C. Schultz Mrs. Lillian Schwartz Mr. and Mrs. Jack Seedman Mr. and Mrs. Frederic A. Scharf Dr. Robert F. Sly Mrs. Betty S. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Howard Smits Mr. James W. Snyder Mrs. Markely Spivak Mr. David H. Steinmetz George Stern Fine Arts Mr. and Mrs. George Strumbos Mr. Bernard E. Sullivan Ms. Ann E. Summers Mr. James Thacher Mrs. Helen S. Tucker Mr. and Mrs. Richard Tucker Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Usher Mr. Robert C. Vose III Mr. John F. Walker, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William C. Wallstein Mrs. Joan Washburn Mr. and Mrs. Cameron Waterman Mr. and Mrs. Robert Wechsler 266 Wildenstein & Co., Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Erving Wolf Mr. Kenneth Wolfson Mr. Richard T. York Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Donors of Financial Support—Freer Gallery of Art $100, 000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney $50,000 or more E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foun- dation Smithsonian's Scholarly Studies Program $10,000 or more Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation Duron, Inc. The New York Community Trust Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Pro- gram (formerly SEF) Smithsonian Women’s Committee $5, 000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Melvin G. Alper Dr. and Mrs. Alexander Chase Madame Tomo Kikuchi Mr. and Mrs. Peter L. Kreeger Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation $1, 000 or more Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Brice M. Clagett Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark Mr. and Mrs. Walter Freedman Carl M. Freeman Foundation The Hon. and Mrs. Richard Helms Dr. and Mrs. David Ingall Embassy of Japan Mr. and Mrs. Alex C. Levin Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies Ms. Evelyn S. Nef Mr. and Mrs. David Osnos Mr. and Mrs. Peter Schwartz Mr. and Mrs. John C. Walton $500 or more Mr. and Mrs. Donald Brown Dr. and Mrs. Richard H. Conant Mr. Gary L. Krauthamer Ms. Karol Kirberger Rodriguez Dr. Ronald M. Costell and Ms. Martha E. Swiss Donors of Financial Support—Arthur M. Sackler Gallery $100, 000 or more Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Pro- gram (formerly SEF) $10, 000 or more The AMS Foundation for the Arts, Sci- ences & Humanities Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd E. Costen The Arthur M. Sackler Foundation Smithsonian's Educational Outreach Fund James Smithson Society $1,000 or more Embassy of Japan Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling Sumitomo Corporation of America $500 or more Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Benkaim Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins Mrs. Else Sackler Donors to the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery $10, 000 or more American Business Conference, Inc. Xerox Corporation $1,000 or more Boeing Company Christie, Manson & Woods Interna- tional, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Peter Rosenberg Taipei Economic and Cultural Represen- tative Office in the USA $500 or more Mr. and Mrs. Nathan J. Stark Donors of Financial Support—Friends of Asian Art (Freer and Sackler) $10, 000 or more (Corporate and Foundation Sponsors) The Arthur M. Sackler Foundation $5,000 or more (Founders’ Circle) Harriett Ames Charitable Trust The Hon. Max N. Berry Mrs. Jackson Burke Mr. and Mrs. Roger E. Covey Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally Mrs. John A. Pope $2, 500 or more (Director's Circle) Mr. and Mrs. William Beierwaltes Mr. and Mrs. Brice M. Clagett Mrs. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark Mrs. Myron S. Falk, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George J. Fan Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden Mr. and Mrs. John G. Ford Sir Joseph E. Horung Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. and Mrs. R. Robert Linowes William Douglas McAdams, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. David Osnos Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins Ms. Karol Kirberger Rodriguez Ms. Elizabeth A. Sackler and Mr. Fred Berner Mrs. Else Sackler Mr. Robert C. Tang $1,000 or more (Patrons’ Circle) Dr. and Mrs. Bruce Alberts Mrs. James W. Alsdorf Mr. and Mrs. Steven Ames Mr. and Mrs. David Austern Mr. and Mrs. John T. Bennett Mr. and Mrs. Dries Blitz Mr. and Mrs. John B. Bunker Dr. Victoria Chan-Palay Mrs. Nien Yuan Yao Cheng Mr. and Mrs. O.B. Collins Mr. and Mrs. John R. Curtis, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger Mr. R. H. Ellsworth Mr. and Mrs. Giuseppe Eskenazi Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Feinberg Dr. and Mrs. Horace Z. Feldman Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Ms. Alice Yelen The Hon. and Mrs. Donald P. Gregg Dr. Gaylen Hallick and Ms. Angelina Chuang Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Harris Mr. John B. Henry and Ms. Ann Crittenden Mrs. Rolf Jacoby Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Jessup, Jr. Ms. Shirley Z. Johnson and Mr. Charles Rumph Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Jue Mr. Andrew Kahane Mr. and Mrs. Ramesh C. Kapoor Mr. Subhash Kapoor Dr. and Mrs. Gregory T. Kruglak Mr. and Mrs. Jatinder Kumar The Hon. and Mrs. William Leonhart Mr. and Mrs. James Marinaccio Mr. and Mrs. Peter Marks Ms. Johanne Master Mr. Takeo Mayuyama Dr. Allen M. Mondzac Dr. and Mrs. Stanton P. Nolan Mr. and Mrs. Lucio A. Noto Ms. Toshihiko Okoshi and Mr. Machiko Oyama Mr. and Mrs. William H. Peters Lt. Col. and Mrs. Joseph T. Pisciotta Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Poster Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Pritzker Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Reeves Dr. Marietta L. Sackler Mr. Anthony H. M. Schnelling Mr. and Mrs. Iwao Setsu Mrs. Richard E. Sherwood Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. Simmons Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Slusser Ms. Laura Smith Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Sokol Dr. Mahinder and Mr. Sharad Tak Mrs. H. William Tanaka Mrs. and Mrs. John C. Walton Mr. and Mrs. Guy Weill Ms. Shelby White and Dr. Leon Levy Ms. Doris Wiener Donors to the Collection —Freer Gallery of Art David, Evan, Franklin and George Chow. Ritual drum, China, Eastern Han or Six Dynasties period, 3rd—6th century, bronze (F1994.25a—b). Dr. and Mrs. Robert Feinberg. “Thirty- Six Poets at Leisure,” by Matsumura Goshun (Japanese, 1752-1811), Edo pe- riod, late 18ch—early 19th century, ink and light color on paper (F1995-11). Mr. and Mrs. Shigeru Fujisawa. Table, China, Ming dynasty, 16th or 17th century, lacquer inlaid with mother- of-pearl (F1995.5). Ruth and Sherman Lee. Allegorical fig- ure, attributed to Nar Singh (Indian, active 1589-1604), Mughal period, ca. 1600, ink and color on paper (F1995.13). Elizabeth Meyer Lorentz. Inkstone in firted, carved, wooden box with lid, China, Qing dynasty, Republic Pe- riod, late 19th—early 20th century, fine-grained rock, wood (F1995.4a—). Nieces and nephews of Janet Gaylord Moore. Album on landscape paint- ings by Chikkei Nakabuyashi (Japan- ese, 1816-1867), Edo period, 19th century, ink and color on paper with brocade binding F1995.12a-). Alan, Donald and David Winslow. Three prints by Hiroshige Ando (Jap- 267 anese, 1797-1858), Edo period, 1857, ink and color on paper (F1994.28—.30). Donors to the Collection— Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Anonymous. Pair of manuscript covers, Nepal, 17th century, polychrome- painted wood (S1995.91a—b). Anonymous. Set of ten sake cups in original, inscribed box, Japan, ca. 1953-54, earthenware, porcelain, and wood (S1995.95.1—.11a—b). Eileen Aderton. Vase, by Kawai Kanjiro (Japanese, 1890-1966), stoneware, ca. late 1930's —early 1940's (S1994.17). Pisarn Boonpoog. Waterjar with stand and lid, by Thongrochana Boonpoog, Kokhred, Pakkred, Nonthaburi Prov- ince, Thailand, ca. 1882, earthenware (S1994.16a—c). Lois Connor. Collection of photographs of Asian landscapes, by Lois Connor (American b. 1951), late 2oth century, platinum prints (S1995.16—.88). Gregory Kruglak. Group of 39 wood- block prints by various Japanese art- ists, 19th century, ink and color on paper (S1994.21-58.) Joan and Frank Mount. Cermaic vessels, Iran, 1350-500 B.C., ceramic (S1994.11-I5). Lily Overton. Hanging flower basket and liner, bamboo, by Tanabe Chikuunsai IJ (Japanese, b. 1910), ca. 1965 (S1995.90a—b). Elizabeth Sackler. Vessel (jue), 12th—11th century B.C., China, bronze (S1994.61). William Saunders. Group of three Jap- anese prints, various artists, mid to late 20th century, woodblock print, ink and color on paper (S1994.18- 20). Hiroshi Sugimoto and the Sonnabend Gallery. Photograph, “Sea of Japan/Oki,” by Hiroshi Sugimoto (Japanese, b.1948), gelatin silver print on paper, 1987 ($1995.93). Duncan M. Whittome Revocable Trust. Collection of archaic bronze objects, Iran (Luristan), 1200-600 B.C. (S1995.98—113). 268 Donors of In-Kind Support Jenny So Tokyo National Resource Institute of Cultural Properties Center for Museum Studies Donors of Financial Support Donors of $100,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Welters Smithsonian Women’s Committee Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution Donors of Financial Support $500, 000 or more Ms. Agnes Cowles Bourne The Estate of Ellinor Merrell $100, 000 or more The J.M. Kaplan Fund The Marks Family Foundation The Enid and Lester Morse Foundation $50,000 or more Mrs. Joan Bull Hayden Family Foundation $10,000 or more Mrs. Kathleen Allaire The American Express Company Lillian and Huber Boscowitz Charitable Trust Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc. Choate Rosemary Hall Foundation, Inc. Colbert Foundation Krueger Family Foundation, Inc. New York State Council on the Arts The New York Times Company Founda- tion, Inc. The John M. Olin Foundation, Inc. Paine Webber Group Inc. The Pinkerton Foundation Smithsonian Women’s Committee Worldesign Foundation $5,000 or more The Baird Family Fund at New York Community Trust Chiat/Day, Inc. Liz Claiborne Foundation, Inc. Goldman Sachs & Co. Mr. & Mrs. George Gillespie, II Mr. Clifford H. Goldsmith Mr. Richard M. Hayden The Drue Heinz Trust The Joe and Emily Lowe Foundation McGraw-Hill, Inc. Newsweek, Inc. . Charles E. Sampson Memorial Trust Frances D. Smyth Steelcase, Inc. The Roy & Niuta Titus Foundation $1,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Joseph C. Abeles Architectural Digest Art Center College of Design Mr. Jorge L. Batista Ms. Ruth Bowman Mr. Donald J. Bruckmann C & C Imports Cenro Corporation Coury Rugs, Inc. Nancy Corzine Cy Mann Designs Ltd. Darius Corporation Estee Lauder Companies, Inc. Mrs. Joanne D. Foster Mrs. Louise Grunwald Mr. Albert Hadley Ms. Birgit Hall Ms. Harriet Sims Harvey Ms. Laura S. James Mr. Marshall Levinson Mr. Kenneth B. Miller Arthur Ross Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Herbert D. Schimmel F. Schumacher & Co. Joseph Seagram & Sons, Inc. ial Ms. Deborah Sampson Shinn Ms. Frances D. Smyth Sotheby’s, Inc. Dr. Frank Stanton Mr. Kenneth H. Walker Mr. Gregory J. Wallance Wood & Hogan, Inc. Donors to the Collection AIDS Action Committee. Posters, AIDS-related, 1993, U.S.A. (1995-30- 1/6) Steve Albini. Three record sleeves de- signed by Steve Albini, 1993-1994, U.S.A. (1995—22-1/3) Alfred and Elizabeth Bendiner Founda- tion. Prints and drawings by Alfred Bendiner, various dates. (1994—135- 1/16) Arthur G. Altschul. Group of Rozen- burg Pottery vases and plate, c. 1900, The Hague, Netherlands. (1994-117- 1/6) Anglepoise, Ltd. Two lamps, “Anglepo- ise,” steel enamel, c 1930 and c. 1990, England. (1995-56-1,2) Anonymous Donor. Group of graphic design material, paper, 1993-1994, posters, announcements. (1995-78-1/7) Anonymous Donor. Daguerreotype brooch, ca. 1860, U.S.A.; Tintype brooch, c. 1870, U.S.A.; Photograph brooch, c. 1890, U.S.A. (1995-12-1/3) Anonymous Donor. Poster for Issey Miyake, 1994; Poster, “Design Talk.” (1995-52-1,2) Anonymous Donor. Collection of jew- elry, c. 1940-1968, Kenya. (1995-37- 1/11) Anonymous Donor. Group of graphic design material: announcements, posters, brochures, greeting cards. (1995-77-1/48) Anonymous Donor. Scarf, c. 1960, Paris, France. (1995-85-1) Anonymous Donor. Group of topical maps, printed paper, various loca- tions, U.S.A. (1995-71-1/13) Anonymous Donor. Group of posters, various subjects, designers, dates. (1994-114-1/40) Anonymous Donor. Group of shopping bags, c. 1990, U.S.A. (1994-111-1/6) Anonymous Donor. Bracelet, gold, ruby, c. 1950, U.S.A.; Earrings, gold, ruby, c. 1960, U.S.A. (1995-5I-1,2) Anonymous Donor. Group of posters, various subjects, printed paper, C. 1950, U.S.A. (1994-109-1/20) Art Chantry. Group of graphic design material: postcards, CD covers, post- ers, book covers by Art Chantry. (1995-69-1/94) Asian AIDS Project. Posters, brochures, AIDS-related, U.S.A. (1995-28-1/10) The Baltimore Museum of Art. Portfo- lio of historic ornament, watercolor and ink, by Elizabeth A. Nedwill, c. 1900, U.S.A. (1994-90-I-1/51) Leo J. Blackman. Fabric with photo print of New York scenes, c. 1940, U.S.A. (1995-14-1) Andrew Blauvelt. Graphic design mate- rials, printed paper, by Andrew Blauvelt, U.S.A. (1994-89-1/7) Lee Bolton. Four posters designed by Lee Bolton, 1993-1994, U.S.A. (1995- 21-1/4) Jonathon Boorstein. Two pins, “Ruby Slippers,” plastic metal, 1994, U.S.A. (1995-9-1,2) June Braun and Robert Leibowits. Poster, glass dish, printed paper bag and box. All c.1920, designed in The Netherlands. (1994-63-1/6) Brother's Network. Poster, AIDS-re- lated, 1985, U.S.A. (1995-27-1) Melissa Burch. Poster, “Big Red,” paper, designed by Susan Stoltz, 1991, U.S.A. Barbara E. Busch. Bracelet, agate, gold, c. 1870, Scotland; Brooch, silver, dia- monds, c. 1810, England or France. (1994-130-1,2) Chuck Byrne. Group of graphic design material, by Chuck Byrne, U.S.A. (1995-63-1/11) Jessie B. Carlton and Carrie Carlton Helser. Scarf, lino block for scarf and design drawing for scarf. By Brents Carlton, c. 1924, U.S.A. (1994-75-1/3) Donald Carr. Prototype, “Video Sign- Post 101,” U.S.A. (1995-58-1) Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights. Poster, “Want to Know a Dirty Little Secret?,” color litho- graph, 1994, U.S.A. (1995-64-1) Cicena, Inc. Two telephones, “Home Phone Basic Unit,” designed by Cicena, Inc., U.S.A. (1995-94-1,2) Estate of David Harris Cohen. Group of silver cufflinks designed by Georg Jensen Silversmithy, twentieth cen- tury, Denmark. (1994-113-1/55) Robert Coleman. Two architectural pan- els, cast aluminum, c. 1925, U.S.A. (1995-40-1,2) E. Richard Covert. Group of tableware, glazed stoneware, by Glidden Pot- tery, c. 1950, U.S.A. (1995-10-1/7) Julie Curson. Group of matchbooks, printed paper, various locations de- picted. (1995-68-1/13) Dansk International Designs, Ltd. Cut- lery, “Liisa”, stainless steel, 1993, U.S.A. (1994-99-1/6) Gail Davidson. Three holiday cards, c. 1990, U.S.A. (1995-16-1/3) Department of Health, City of New York. Posters, “Decision” series, En- glish and Spanish text, 1992-1993, U.S.A. (1995-32-1/7) Gilles Derain. Group of design draw- ings for jewelry, pen and ink, tracing paper, c. 1985, France. (1995-61-5) Kristina T. Ells. Woven tape for lace- making. Europe. (1995-54-1) Helen Federico. Booklet for Charm Magazine, printed paper, c. 1950, U.S.A. (1994-76-1) John Fell. Two bicycle tools, “Milk Lever,” plastic, by Pedro's U.S.A., c. 1990, U.S.A. (1994-95-1,2) Edward Fella. Graphic design materials designed by Edward Fella, U.S.A. (1995-42-1/65) Louise Fili. Three book covers designed by Louise Fili, c. 1980, U.S.A. (1995- 25-1/3) Fitch, Inc. Model of cellular telephone, “Talisman.” (1995-60-1) Nancy Flinchum. Roll of wallpaper, “Nicty-Gritty,” machine print on paper, 1968, U.S.A. (1994-127-I) Russell Flinchum. Tie tack, “Telstar,” metal, c. 1958, U.S.A. (1994-133-1) Florville Design. Holiday card and enve- lope, cut-paper, U.S.A.; “Year Round” perpetual calendar, plastic, 1986, U.S.A. (1995-95-1,2) 269 frogdesign, inc. “EO” personal com- puter; “Angelo” cordless telephone, group of office equipment. (1995-59- 1/7) frogdesign, inc. Computer monitor and system unit, “NeXt,” ABS plastic, 1986-1988, U.S.A. (1995-36-1,2) FE. Schumacher & Co. Sidewalls, children’s designs, by F. Schumacher & Co., U.S.A. (1994-100-1/7) Gallery 91. Group of office equipment, “Repro.” (1995-91-1/5) Gallery 91. Posters, “Good Manners Campaign,” printed paper, designed by Miyake Masahisa, 1992, Japan. (199 4-112-1/16) Denis Gallion and Daniel Morris. Group of tableware and housewares: vases, tureen, candlesticks, trays— various dates, materials. (1994-118- 1/26) Cora Ginsburg. Linen damask, made in Germany. (1994-103-1) Cora Ginsburg. Printed fabrics, late eighteenth—early nineteenth centu- ries, France. (1994-80-1/36) Cora Ginsburg. Dress fabric, woven silk, c. 1710, England or Holland. (1995-43-1) Barbara Glauber. Postcard, “Lift and Separate,” designed by Barbara Glau- ber, 1993, U.S.A. (1995-24-1) Janet Laib Gortlieb. Applique and em- broidery cover, c. 1960, Czechoslova- kia. (1994-83-1) GVO, Inc. Concept model, “I/O Com- municator,” designed by GVO, Inc. U.S.A. (1995-88-1) Julia Haiblen. Group of six buttons, var- ious dates, materials. (1994-96-1/6) Phyllis Harrison and Irene Spielman. Poster, printed paper, for Geoffrey Beene, c. 1990, U.S.A. (1994-II0-I) Ariel Holdsworth. Fabric made in France. (1994-94-1) Jareth Holub. Vase, porcelain, by the Rozenburg Pottery and Porcelain Fac- tory, 1907, The Netherlands. (1994- 134-1) Herbert Hoover. Poster, “New,” litho- graph, by Herbert Hoover, 1994, USS.A. (1995-66-1) Coalition for the Homeless. Two post- ers, printed paperboard, c. 1980-1995, 270 U.S.A.: “Jesus,” “Frigidaire.” (1995- 67-1,2) ICF. “The Layered Wood Chair,” maple wood, designed by Timothy deFiebre, 1993, U.S.A. (1994-108-1) Iris Center. Posters, AIDS-related, c. 1990, U.S.A. (1995-33-1/4) Helen Salich James. Two architectural drawings by Warren A. James, graphite, paper, 1994, U.S.A. (1995- 46-3,4) Simon Johnston. Graphic design materi- als by Simon Johnston, 1993, U.S.A. (1995-17-1/14) Raphael Kalkstein. Sample book color sep- arations, design drawings for wallpa- per. 1950-1970, U.S.A. (1994-77-1/I18) Rich Kilby. Graphic design materials designed by Barefoot Press, c. 1990- 1994, U.S.A. (1995-19-1/6) Dorothy G. Kolb. Collection of deco- rated papers, c. 1928-1929, U.S.A. (1994-124-1/96) Carole Krohn. Vacuum cleaner, Model 30, designed by Lurelle Guild, 1937, U.S.A; Pyrex percolator, glass, metal, U.S.A. (1994-128-1,2) Carole Krohn. Pocket Stapler, “Aceline” stapler, “Wolverine typewriter ribbon case. (1994-126-1/3 Stephanie Brody Lederman. Two calen- dars, paper, designed by Stephanie Lederman, 1989 and 1994, U.S.A.: “Plug,” “Bronx Linoleum Floor.” (1995-75-1,2) Robert Leibowits. Vase, porcelain, enamel, gilding, c. 1900, Austria; Drawing, “A Masque of Winter & Spring,” 1899, England. (1995-84- 12 Loewe Binatone. Telephone, “AlphaTel F Comfort Telephone,” Germany. (1995-93-1) Joshua Mack. Portfolio, posters, various subjects, c. 1960-1970, U.S.A. (1995- 38-1/28) David R. McFadden. Key ring, alumi- num, by Miguel Calvo, 1994, U.S.A. (1995-II-1) David R. McFadden. Holiday card, paper, designed by Peter Srathis, 1994, U.S.A. (1995-35-I) David R. McFadden. Padlock, meral, designed by Tapio Wirkkala, 1975, Finland. (1994—98-Ia/c) Matuschka. Poster, “Time for Preven- tion,” designed by Matuschka, 1994, U.S.A. (1995-23-1) Elsie Melby. Vase, “BM 86,” glass; Vase, “BM 85,” glass. 1985-1986, Norway. (1995-57-1,2) Minnesota AIDS Project. Posters, AIDS- related, 1993, U.S.A. (1995-29-1/I0 Mario Mirelez. Graphic design materi- als: posters, letterhead, advertise- ment. By Mirelez/Ross, Inc. (1994-125-1/7) Valerie Mitchell. Group of costume de- sign drawings by Erte, paper, France. (1994-131-1/6) Gillian Moss. Queen Elizabeth IT lug- gage label; German banknotes, vari- ous denominations, 1934. (1994-132-1/6) Richard Neagle. Group of design draw- ings for packaging by Richard Nea- gle. 1958, U.S.A. (1994-85-1/17) Meryl Moss Nesbitt. Archive of Saul Nesbitt, 1951-1980, U.S.A. (1994-84-1) Dirk Nienhuis. Mantel clock, patinated bronze, copper, brass, c. 1920, The Netherlands. (1995-53-1) The Panwy Foundation, Inc. Collection of precious tableware: perfume bot- tles, snuff box, cups -various coun- tries. (1994-129-1/I5) Edward Pope. Group of jewelry, c. 1950- 1960, India. (1994-119-1/9) Herbert T. Pratt. Ashtray, metal, de- signed 1952, U.S.A. (1995-55-1) Quadmark. Copier, “Passport,” U.S.A. (1995-89-1) Remington Products Co. Two hair dryers, “Aero Series,” designed by Tucker Viemeister, 1994, China. (1994-86-1,2) Sarane Ross. Sweetmeat dish, glass, sil- ver gilt, by Jean-Baptiste-Claude Odior, c. 1805, France. (1994-12I-1) Royal Copenhagen, Inc. Group of office equipment, “Wave”, designed by Steve McGugan. (1995-96-1/7) Charlotte Salisbury. By Faberge: Brooch and hair pin, gold and garnets; Glass and silver gilt jar; Pad holder, green malachite. Chess set, “The Reds and the Whites,” porcelain, 1922, Soviet Union. (1994-122-1/5) Charlotte Salisbury. Group of jewelry: gold pendant, brooch, finger ring, various dates, countries. (1995-15-1/7) Sam Schaefler. Poster, color lithograph, by Coulange Lautrec, 1910, France. (1994-74-1) Susan Silton. Graphic design materials, printed paper, by Susan Silton, U.S.A. (1994-88-1/9) Jilly Simons. Group of graphic design material, letterhead designs, by Jilly Simons, U.S.A. (1995-74-1/36) Simple Machines. Graphic design mate- tials designed by Kristin Thomson, 1993, U.S.A. (1995-20-1/5) SisterSerpents. Four posters designed by SisterSerpents, U.S.A. (1995-18-1/4) Nancy Skolos. Two posters, offset litho- graph, U.S.A.: “ALL-IN-1 Informa- tion Systems...”, “Kloss Video Corporation.” (1995-72-1,2) Margaret Spader. Life Magazine issue, “To the Moon and Back”, 1969, U.S.A. (1994-106-1) Eddie Squires. Fabric, photo-print, c. 1950, England. (1994-81-1) Henry S. Spencer. Group of wallpaper rolls, early twentieth century, En- gland. (1995-13-1/7) Alice Stern. Plate, “MacKinley”, glazed earthenware, France; Glazed stone- ware vase, France; Glazed stoneware match holder, France; Silver tape measure, U.S.A. (1994-105-1/4) Alice Stern. Jeweled finial, silver, opal, France; Pendant, gold, enamel, France; Tie tack, gold, tooth, France. (1994-120-1/3) Gilbert Tauber. Sample book, “Oriental Printing and Art Papers,” printed paper, U.S.A. (1994-107-1) Lucille Tenazas. Graphic design materi- als, printed paper, by Lucille Tenazas, U.S.A. (1994-87-1/9) Transfer from the Exhibitions Depart- ment. Group of road maps, c. 1990, U.S.A. (1994-79-1/10) Cynthia Plaut Trope. Roll of wallpaper, printed in metallic pigment, c. 1925- 1935, France. (1994-78-1) University Research Library, UCLA. Ar- chive of lighting design drawings, 1894-1945, U.S.A. (1995-79-1) Rick Valicenti. Five posters, color litho- graph, designed by Rick Valicenti, c. 1980-1995, U.S.A. (1995-73-1/5) Rudy Vanderlans. Group of graphic de- sign material for music packaging by Rudy Vanderlans, U.S.A. (1995-65- 1/11) Visual AIDS. Five posters, AIDS- related themes, 1991-1994, U.S.A. (1995-26-1/5) Tsirl Waletzky. Laser cut cards by Tsirl Waletzky, 1982, U.S.A. (1994-123-1/6) Walcraud Bethge Papiere. Group of of- fice equipment, copper. (1995-92-1/4) Seth Joseph Weine. Printing roller for wallpapers, aluminum, U.S.A. (1994- 82-1) Whitman-Walker Clinic. Poster, AIDS- related, 1993. (1995-34-1) WMEF Aktiengesellschaft. Cutlery, “Taika,” designed by Peter Kuster, 1994, Germany. (1995-41-1/II) Women and AIDS Resource Network. Two posters, AIDS-related, 1990 and 1993, U.S.A. (1995-31-1,2) Mrs. Edward J. Wynkoop. Embroidery sample by Princess Marie of Greece and Denmark. (1994-93-1) Donors of In-Kind Support Christie's. Donated free subscriptions to various auction catalogs to the Na- tional Design Museum Library. Bombay Sapphire Gin. Donated liquor for a special event. Frangelico Liqueurs. Donated liquor for a special event. Kirin Beer. Donated liquor for a special event. Pimm’s Cup. Donated liquor for a spe- cial event. San Pellegrino Mineral Water. Donated beverages for a special event. Stolichnaya Cristal Vodka. Donated li- quor for a special event. Alex Donner Entertainment. Donated music services for a special event. The Body Shop. Donated products for goody bags. Hammacher Schlemmer. Donated mer- chandise for special event. HunterDouglas Window Fashions. Do- nated products for goody bags. Classic CD Magazine. Donated maga- zines for goody bags. InStyle Magazine. Donated magazines for goody bags. Interior Design Magazine. Donated magazines for goody bags. Museums New York. Donated maga- zines for goody bags. Whole Earth Magazine. Donated maga- zines for goody bags. Sotheby's. Donated free subscriptions to various auction catalogs to the Na- tional Design Museum Library. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Donors of Financial Support $50,000 or more Jerome L. Greene Foundation, Inc. The Robert and Phyllis Tishman Speyer Family Foundation, Inc. $25, 000 or more Robert and Carrie Lehrman $10, 000 or more The Sydney and Frances Lewis Foundation $ I, 000 or more Anonymous gift Austrian Cultural Institute $100 or more Dodge Color, Inc. Luso-Americana Foundation of Portugal Pro-Photo, Inc. Washington Chapter NSAL Award Fund Donors of In-Kind Support Sandy and Jim Fitzpatrick Robert and Carrie Lehrman Peggy and Conrad Cafritz Marvin and Elayne Mordes Donors to the Collection Olga Hirshhorn, Maquette No. 1: Study for “Terpsichore.” 1994, pencil on paper, by Richard Fishman (94.23). Olga Hirshhorn, Ambrose Vollard (Bloch 232, Bollinger 99), n.d., aquatint and etching on paper, by Pablo Picasso (94.24). Paul W. Hoffmann and Camille Oliver- Hoffmann, Farm No. 3. 1972, syn- thetic polymer and charcoal on fiberboard, by Richard Artschwager (94.30). Paul W. Hoffmann and Camille Oliver- Hoffmann, Four Color Frame Painting No. 9. 1984, acrylic and graphite on canvas, by Robert Mangold (94.31). Stéphane Janssen, Theater of the World, 1988, oil on canvas, by Roberto Mar- quez (95.2). Choong-Sup Lim, Untztled (Fossil. Scape) #4, 1993, painted rubber and steel spring on steel shelf, by Choong-Sup Lim (94.25). Choong-Sup Lim, Untitled (Fossil. Scape) #5. 1993, painted rubber and elastic band on steel shelf, by Choong-Sup Lim (94.26). Choong-Sup Lim, Untitled (Fos- sil. Scape) #6. 1993, painted rubber and wire on steel shelf, Choong- Sup Lim (94.27). The Robert Miller Gallery, Objective Ab- Straction, 1933, oil on linen, by Rodrigo Moynihan (95.3). The Peter Norton Family Foundation, Black Chalkboard (Triple Eye Mae- stro). 1993, chalk and fixative on slate-painted fiberboard with artist's oak frame, by Gary Sim- mons (94.29). Searle, Inc., Skokie, Illinois, PAysiczan and Arthritis Patient, 1994, plaster, by George Segal (94.28). The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. (partial gift), Se/f- Portrait. 1986, synthetic polymer and silkscreen ink on linen, by Andy Warhol (95.1). National Air and Space Museum Donors of Financial Support $1, 000, 000 or more The Boeing Company $500, 000 or more $100, 000 or more Bantam Books, a Division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. The Estate of Thomas McLaughlan $50,000 or more M&M/Mars $10, 000 or more Air Line Pilots Association American Apparel Manufacturers Asso- ciation, Inc. American Council of Life Insurance Andersen Consulting Baxter Diagnostics, Inc. Delsey Luggage Incorporated Dun & Bradstreet Corporation Founda- tion Fairchild Space & Defense Corporation Ford Motor Company Fortis, Inc. Healthcare Insurance Services, Inc. Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, Inc. IEEE Computer Society Johnson & Higgins Lockheed Martin Corporation Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars Merrill Lynch & Company Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority National Space Club Oracle Applications Users Group Price Waterhouse PROMAX International Sandoz Pharmaceutical Corp. Schindler Elevator Corporation Teradyne, Inc. Young Presidents’ Organization, Inc. $ 5,000 or more Aircraft Electronics Association $1, 000 or more American Astronautical Society Mr. Edward J. Campbell The James A. Macdonald Foundation Dr. George E. Mueller National Capitol Section, AIAA $500 or more Ms. Kathleen M. Ilyin Mrs. Helen J. McCray $250 or more The James A. Michener Art Museum Donors of In-Kind Support AG Industries, Inc. Paper airplanes used during the Great Paper Air- plane Contest. Mr. Fredric J. Bell. Video tapes used in public lecture series. Colortone Press. Design and printing of the 1994 National Air and Space Mu- seum holiday card. E.I. Dupont Company. Tyvac used as kite making materials for Educa- tional Services “Kite Making Work- shop.” Eastman Kodak Company. Single-use cameras distributed to those attend- ing the “Flights of Fancy” exhibition opening event. Future View, Inc. Installation services for video projection in the Langley Theater. Fusion Lighting, Inc. State-of-the-art lighting system for “Space Hall” gallery. Mr. David P. Gianakos. 1/34 scale model of the Saturn V launch vehicle for “Apollo to the Moon” gallery. Mr. Robert A. Hinkle. Storage/Display unit for the Paul E. Garber Preserva- tion, Restoration and Storage Facility. Holiday Inn Capitol. Hotel accommoda- tions and catering services for lecture series and programs. The Home Deport, Inc. Kite making materials for Educational Services “Kire Making Workshop.” Hughes Information Technology Corpo- ration. Hughes/JVC Projection Sys- tem for video projection in the Langley Theater. General Electric Aircraft Engines. An- nual GE Aviation Lecture series dur- ing 1995. GSCS, Inc. Repair and maintenance ser- vices for Grid computer display in “Beyond the Limits” gallery. M&M/Mars. Candy distributed to those attending the 1994 National Air and Space Museum Trophy event. National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration. Posters distributed to those attending the 1994 National Air and Space Museum Trophy event. Novadyne Computer Systems. Annual maintenance services for computer equipment in “Beyond the Limits” gallery. Paris Chocolates, Inc. Candy distrib- uted to those atrending the 1994 National Air and Space Museum Trophy event. Lr. General Thomas P. Stafford, USAF (Ret.). Marker of Oklahoma granite to commemorate the Apollo-Soyuz mission and the cooperation in space between the US and the USSR. Trans-Lux Corporation. Datawall dis- play for closed captioning system in the Langley Theater. United Airlines, Inc. Round-trip air transportation for winners of the 1994 National Air and Space Mu- seum Trophy. Dr. Ronald Wilkinson. Bausch & Lomb 8001 telescope and accessories used for public programs held in the Ein- stein Planetarium. WSI Corporation. Hardware and data service for weather system in “Look- ing at Earth” gallery. National Museum of African Art Donors of Financial Support $1,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Milton F. Rosenthal Ms. Joan S. Wadelton $500 or more Noah-Sadie K. Wachrel Foundation Donors to the Collection Anonymous. Seated female figure from Céte d'Ivoire (1995-04-001). Ernst Anspach. Figure of a woman and child from the Republic of Benin (1994-18-001). Ernst Anspach. Four figurative weights from Ghana (1995-06-001, 002, 003, 004). Mr. and Mrs. Frank Erwin. Icon from Ethiopia (1994-21-001). Mr. and Mrs. Lucien P. Garo. Gameboard from Liberia (1994-17- oo!). Deborah and Jeffrey Hammer. Emblem of office from Nigeria (1994-19- OOI.001-.002). Bernice M. Kelly. Repoussé panel by Nigerian artist Asiru Olatunde, 1918- 1993 (1995-07-00I). Bernice M. Kelly. Linocut by Nigerian artist Bruce Onobrakpeya, b. August 30, 1932 (1995-07-002). Bernice M. Kelly. Pen and ink drawing by Nigerian artist Obiora Udechukwu, b. June 4, 1946 (1995- 07-003). Dr. and Mrs. Robert Kuhn. Necklace from Nigeria (1994-15-O01). Mr. and Mrs. Waldemar A. Nielsen. Screens by artist Adebisi Akanyji, b. 1930s, Nigeria (1994-20-00I—004). Brother Louis Ruch, FSC. Shield from Ethiopia (1995-05-001). Ellen B. Wells. Currency from Zaire (1994-16-001). National Museum of American Art Donors of Financial Support $100, 000 or more The PEW Charitable Trusts The James Renwick Collectors Alliance $50, 000 or more Howard Kortler Testament Trust MCI Foundation $10, 000 or more Elizabeth Cheney Foundation Gillman Paper Melvin and Thelma Lenkin William R. & Nora Lichtenberg Foun- dation, Inc. Philip Morris Companies, Inc. Rabobank Nederland David Schwartz Foundation $5,000 or more Anonymous Consolidated Natural Gas Co. Foundation Hayes, Domenic: & Nunn Hines Interests Limited Partnership Mr. David Maxfield Harvey & Francoise Rambach $1, 000 or more Abramson Family Foundation The Barra Foundation, Inc. The Thelma W. Bauerdorf Revocable 1990 Trust Thomas W. & Ann M. Barwick Beadles Lumber Co. (Mr. & Mrs. C. Vic- tor Beadles) Mr. Norman Bernstein Berry-Hill (Mr. & Mrs. Frederick Hill) Frederick J. Brown Andrew J. Carrollman Mr. & Mrs. Willard G. Clark Edwin I. Colodny Mr. and Mrs. Dale F. Dorn is) ~~ ww Mr. & Mrs. Donald J. Douglass The Dunoir Trust Fund Ebsworth Foundation Mr. Frank Everett Bertram Fields & Barbara Guggenheim Fields Mrs. Daniel Fraad Mr. & Mrs. Morton Funger Robert & Gayle Greenhill Barbara Guggenheim Associates, Inc. Gulf States Paper Corp. (Mr. & Mrs. Jack Warner) Hugh & Marie Halff Mr. & Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Ruth Horwich Marital Trust Jaquelin Hume Foundation Maurice & Margery Katz Mr. & Mrs. Jack Kay R.C. Kemper Jr. Charitable Trust & Foundation The Robert S. and Grayce B. Kerr Foun- dation, Inc. Blanche M. Koffler Mr. & Mrs. Robert P. Kogod Jon and Barbara Landau Mr. Robert Lehrman Mr. Samuel Lehrman Mr. & Mrs. Jacques E. Lennon Nan Tucker McEvoy Foundation Mr. Paul Mellon Marilyn L. or Michael A. Mennello Mr. Harvey S. Shipley Miller Mr. and Mrs. Charles & Judith Moore The Ohio Historical Society, Inc. Mr. Richard B. Pfeil Polaroid Corporation Jack and Marjorie Rachlin Frank Ribelin Mr. Samuel G. Rose Mr. Samuel Rosenfeld Mr. & Mrs. James F. Sams Mrs. John Farr Simmons Ted & Carole Slavin Ira Spanierman (Spanierman Gallery) Terry & Margaret Stent Mrs. Keith S. Wellin Mr. & Mrs. Stephen A. West Mr. Eli Wilner & Ms. Barbara Brennan Dr. & Mrs. Edward T. Wilson Estelle R. Wolf $500 or more Mrs. Therese Heyman Jordan-Volpe Gallery, Inc. 274 Miller-Plummer Foundation, The Mr. Jon Randall Plummer Joyce Ann Thurston Weaving Workshop $250 or more Helen Drutt Gallery John Kaldor Foundation Stephen Lorch Mrs. Beatrice Cummings Mayer Quilts, Inc. Judith N. Ross Bob Stocksdale & Kay Sekimachi Donors to the Collection Julius and Anne Akman, in honor of the dedicated docents of the Renwick Gallery. Renwick Gallery, 1992, mo- saic, by Julius Akman (born 1912) (1994.86) Dale and Doug Anderson. Tzptoe Ten- dency, 1993; Cool Candy, 1993, collages by Bruce Helander (born 1947) (199 4.117.1,.2) Dudley Anderson. San Blas, 1967, by Ed Rossbach (born 1914) (1995.54) Anonymous donor. Autumnal Warp, fm. the series, Order from Chaos, 1982; Mendenhall fm. the body of work, The Tongass, 1986; CVNRA #37, fm. the body of work, The Federal Lands, 1986; Jordanelle/Autumn Equinox, fm. the portfolio, The Sundance Equinox, 1990, cibachrome prints, by Robert Glenn Ketchum (1994.119.1-4a-c) Anonymous donor. Sky Cathedral, 1982, painted wood construction, by Louise Nevelson (1900 Russia-1989 USA) (1994.85) Anonymous donor. Modern Consciousness, 1989, oil on canvas, by Daniel Sprick (born 1953) (1994.79) Thelma W. Bauerdorf Trust. Breathing Series, #16, 1993, Monotype on paper, by Anne Neely (born 1946) (1995.71) Mr. and Mrs. Milton Baxt, in honor of Michael W. Monroe, Renwick Gal- lery Curator-in-Charge, 1986-1995. Blue Flesh, 1991, blown glass and oil paint, by Danny Perkins (born 1955); #8 Study in Stone, 1989, fabricated glass, granite and metal, by Jack Schmidt (born 1945) (1995.36.1,2) Ernest Birdseye Bayliss. The Canons of Colo- rado, n.d., mechanical reproductions of photographs, by William Henry Jack- son (1843-1942) (1995.49.1-.16) William L. Blockstein. Vernal Elegy, 1992, color lithograph by Georgia Marsh (born 1950); AGB 1+ 10, port- folio, 1993, etchings, by various art- ists (20th c.) (1994.10.1,.2.1-.11) Frid! M. Blumenthal, in memory of her husband, Bernhardt Blumenthal. K7- netic Brooch, ca. 1990, 18k gold, chryso- prase, cabochons, and baroque pearl, by Fridl M. Blumenthal (born 1905) (1994.16) Bogen Photo Corp. South Carolina Ocean #2, 1992, selenium-toned gelatin sil- ver print, by Harry Kalish (born 1947) (1994.102) Bogen Photo Corp., made possible by the Perkins Center for the Arts. Shav- ing My Head, 1994, type C print, by Matt Clowney (born 1969) (1995.57) A. J. Carrollman Trust. Breathing Series #9, 1993, monotype on paper, by Anne Neely (born 1946) (1995.7.2) Dr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Carter. Leroy Neiman Pulls a Screenprint, 1982; Durer at 23. in Venice, in Love, H1s Bags are Stolen, 1977; Lunch with Lautrec, 1977; Goya Studies War, 1976; Senefelder Re- cerves the Secrets of Lithography, 1976; S. W. Hayter Discovers Viscosity Printing, 1976; Entry of Lasansky into lowa City, 1976; The Last Printmaker, 1978; Pi- casso at the Zoo, 1978; Ben Franklin at Versailles, 1976, Rauschenberg at Tama- rind in Hollywood, 1978; Rembrandt Bankrupt, 1978; color etchings by Warrington Colescott (born 1921) (1994.97-I--12) Maria Emilia Castagliola. A Matter of Trust, 1994, paper on fiberglass screen with cotton thread, by Maria Castagliola (born 1946) (1995.21) Mr. and Mrs. William M. Clary, Laura and Marvin Clary (with Jane and Bert Hunecke), Girl Standing in the Mist of Heaven, 1985, oil on panel, by Lorenzo Scott (born 1934) (1994.125) Carlos Cortez. Welcome Home, 196s, lino- cut, by Carlos Cortez (born 1923) (1995-1) Mr. and Mrs. Bartow V. Daniels, in memory of their son, Bartow G. Dan- iels. Primary Colors, 1978, acrylic, metal, mirrors and styrofoam, by Bartow G. Daniels (1952-1989) (1995.31) Dr. Hilbert H. DeLawter, in memory of his wife, Lori. Untitled, 1961, reduced stoneware with multi-glazes, by John Glick (born 1938); Spring, 1961, wool, by Joseph Hamling (born ca. 1939), 1995-44.1,.2 Darlene Mason Denard. Profile in Blue, 1988, ink, charcoal conté on paper, by Ron Adams (born 1934) (1994.58) Stuart and Beverly Denenberg. Depth Bomb, ca. 1930, etching and drypoint on paper; The Rainbow, ca. 1938, lino- cut on paper, by Edward Hagedorn (1902-1982) (1994.83.1,.2) Reverend Virgilio Elizondo. La Tienda de Elizondo, 1993, acrylic on canvas, by Jesse Trevifio (born Mexico 1946) (1994.126) William W. Ellis, donated in memory of A. Russell Ellis by his sons. Land- Scape, ca. 1860, oil on canvas, by Charles Herbert Moore (1840-1930) (1994.82) Henry David and Barbara Tannenbaum Epstein. Selenium Ruby, 1994, cut, pol- ished, constructed and cast optical and dichroic glass and vitrolite, by Michael Taylor (born 1944) (1994.94) Joan Farrell. Double Summer, 1991, two raku sculptures, by Susan Kemenyffy (born 1941) and Steven Kemenyffy; born 1943) (1995-38) Matthew Fraser, for Caitlin Holcomb, Douglas Holcomb, Lacy Presley, Anna Presley, Jessica Presley, Mat- thew Brenner, Thomas Brenner. Szh- lings, 1990, 5-color reductive linocur, by Judith Linhares (born 1940); Cut- away, 1989, color linocut with Japan- ese papers, by Robin Winters (born 1950); Life's Lures, 1985, etching; Lzfe's Comet, 1985, mezzotint; Up or Down Hill, 1991, color mezzotint with chine collé by (C) Rayberry (born 1952); Habitat, 1990, eight-color linocut with chine collé, by Hunt Slonem (born 1951); Untitled, 1990, etching (var- ious techniques), by Michael Tetherow (born 1942) (1995.18.1-.7) Robert B. Green. Cartoon for “Palinello”, 1934, conté crayon on paper; Phantas- magoria, 1985, brush and ink and pen and ink with white highlights on paper; January Lark, 1986, watercolor on paper; Chloe with Tobias and An- gels, 1980, watercolor on paper; A/zce’s Reverie, 1987, watercolor on paper; Cy- clamen, 1989, watercolor on paper; Palinello II, 1934, egg tempera on gessoed masonite; Angels of Light and Darkness, 1950, egg, oil, casein on a gesso ground on imported herring- bone weave hemp canvas; by Robert B. Green (born 1909) (1995.19.1-.8) Arthur Fribourg (bequest). Nude on the Rock, n.d., brown marker on paper, by Milton Avery (1893-1963); Ruzs, 1977, color lithograph, by Nancy Graves (born 1940); After the Harvest, 1970, aquatint and intaglio, by Mark Tobey (1890-1976) (1995.62.1-.3) Hand Graphics. fm. portfolio Revisited, 1995: Untitled (New Mexican Site); Un- titled (Intertor Site—rust ink), Untitled (Ryan 21); Untitled (Interior Site—deep brown ink), photo-electric intaglios, by Nathan Oliveira (born 1928) (1995.55-1--4) Susan Harder, in honor of Pat Chieffo. Untitled, 1971 (possibly later print), gelatin silver print, by Andre Kertesz (1894-1985), (1994.12) Nancy Heller. Bird and Microphone (a.k.a. Canary), 1953, linocut and lithograph; Icarus and Mysterious Stranger, 1982, monotype; Portrazt of Pablo O'Higgins, 1947, linocut; Se/f- Portrait, 1947, lithograph; Clown, 1952, color lithograph; Phoenix, 1984, monotype, by Jules Heller (born 1919) (1994.122.1-.6) Lloyd E. Herman, Director Emeritus of the Renwick Gallery in memory of Paul Vickers Gardner, Curator Emeri- tus, Division of Ceramics and Glass, National Museum of American His- tory. Untitled, 1969, hot formed glass, by Dominick Labino (born 1910) (1994.101) Olga Hirshhorn. Poster from the Armory Show, ca. 1913, Letterpress and silk- screen, by an unidentified artist (1994.70) Lee Hoffman. Malcolm as Griinwald, 1982-1983, drypoint on zinc plate with watercolor and gouache on paper; fm. portfolio It 7s Now Early May, 1994: Rough and Tough (1); Drag- ons sous la lune (11); Flourimond et Ray- mond regardent une table immense (III); Mon neveu avec les cheveux de Jerome (IV); Sauce Pimentée (V); VE elise Tourmentée (VI); Taze Dansant (VII); Le Paysage de L'Atr (VIII); Nous Attendons Avec nos Chapeaux (1X); En- core Tot! (X); Le Vier! Homme de la Forét (XI); Trente pas vers la Chine (XII), gravures, by Lee Hoffman (born 1942) (1994.99.1,2.1-.12) Robyn and John Horn. Spoon from a For- gotten Ceremony, 1994, dogwood, by Norm Sartorius (born 1947) (1994.75) Mr. and Mrs. Bert Hunecke (with Mr. and Mrs. William M. Clary, Laura and Marvin Clary). Girl Standing in the Must of Heaven, 1985, oil on panel, by Lorenzo Scott (born 1934) (1994.125) Charles T. Isaacs, Jr. Hunting by Stream in Melville Bay..., 1873, albumen print, by Dunmore and William Bradford Chritcherson, (19th c.); Cas- tle Geyser Cone, n.d., mammoth albu- men print, by F. Jay Haynes (1853-1921); The Manger, 1900, plati- num print, by Gertrude Kasebeir (1852-1934); Tropical Scenery: The Ter- minum of the Proposed Canal-Limon Bay, 1870, albumen print, by John Moran, 19th c.; Edztor (man in odd hat at table with writing...), 1850s, da- guerreotype, by an unidentified artist (19th c.); Family at Niagara Falls, c. 1860s, amabrotype, by an unidenti- fied artist (19th c.) (1994.90.1-.6); 38th General Hospital, Camp Bowie, Texas, July 3rd, 1942, ca. 19408, gelatin silver print, by Walton Studio (ca. 19405) (1995.8) Dr. Charles T. and Alma Isaacs, Sr. Va/- ley of the Yosemite from Union Point, 1872, by Edweard Muybridge (1830— 1904); Cathedral Rocks, Susquehanna near Meghoppen, LVRR, 1899, mam- moth albumen print, by William H. Rau (1855-1920); Corn Shocks and Sky, ca. 1920s, platinum print, by Doris Ullman (1844-1934); Watches Rock near Echo City. Utah, ca. 1870, mammoth albumen print, by Carleton Watkins (1824-1916); Mirror Lake. Yosemite, 1865, mammoth albumen print, by Charles L. Weed (1840-1903) (1994.89.1-.5) Girard Jackson. Study for Paderewski Con- cert, Carnegie Hall, ca. 1913-14; Stand- ing Figure study for Paderewski Concert. Carnegie Hall, ca. 1913-14, charcoal drawings on paper, by Theresa Bern- stein (born 1885) (1994 106.1,.2) Frederick Jules (with Gabriel Zepecki). Cove, ca. 1988; Night, ca. 1988, mono- types, by Mervin Jules (1912-1994) (1994.96.1,.2) Max Kahn, Estate of (bequest). sketches for Greenhouse, 1950, charcoal on paper; Rising Sun Farm, 1953, oil on canvas, by Lee Gatch (1902-1968) (1995.23.1-.4) Ron Kent. Footed Vessel, 1993, Norfolk Is- land pine, by Ron Kent (born 1931) (199 4.103) Jim Kitchens, in honor of Michael Ford. Untitled sculptures, 1986, mixed media, by Humberto Dionisio (born 1950) (1994.118..1,.2) Rebecca Klemm. Cabbage Vase on a Pedes- tal, 1993, wheel thrown, carved and incised porcelain with celadon glaze, by Cliff Lee (born 1951) (1995.39) Judge William G. Kocol. Brain Trust (Conference), 1935, oil on masonite, by Jack Levine (born 1915) (1994.88) Alan and Michael Lipton. Untitled draw- ings, 1957, 1959, 1971, 1972, 1982, 1982, oil crayon on paper, by Sey- mour Lipton (1903-1986) (1994.98.1- .6) Michael Mazur. Nightswimmer, 1983, by Michael Mazur (born 1935) (1995.68) Sam and Alfreda Maloof, in honor of Mi- chael W. Monroe, Renwick Gallery Curator-in-Charge, 1986-1995. M:- chael W. Monroe Low-back Side Chair, 1995, zircote, by Sam Maloof (born 1916) (1995.29) Alfred T. Morris, Jr. Untitled, n.d., oil on masonite, by Rolph Scarlett (1889— 1994) (1994.123) Jan Myers. Golden Warriors, n.d., seri- graph, by Guy Maccoy (1904-1981) (1994.109) Benjamin P. Nicolette. River House, 1980, painted wood and dirt, by Wil- liam Christenberry (born 1936) (1994.92) 276 Michael and Justine O'Donovan. Head- lands VI, 1965 (signed 1985), etching, by Gordon Cook (1927-1985) (1995.33) Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation. Cityscape with Roses, 1932, oil on canvas; Special No. 32, 1914, pastel on paper, by Geor- gia O'Keeffe (1887-1986) (1995.3.1,.2) Mrs. William Ordway Partridge. Bust of Percy Bysshe Shelly, n.d., by William Ordway Partridge (1861-1920) (1994-73) Gerald L. Pearson. John Henry, 1979, oil on canvas; Green Window, 1970, oil on canvas, by Fred Brown (born 1945) (1995.22.1,.2) Sue and Bernie Pucker, in honor of Ir- ving and Charlotte Rabb. Large Vase with Cover, 1991, porcelain with honan tenmoku glaze, by Brother Thomas Bezanson (born 1929) (1995.63) Roderick S. Quiroz. The Bridge, Sunday, 1952; Black on Black. Pittsburgh, 1948; Orpheus—The Look Back, 1953; Sunday Night in the Plaza, 1961; Self-Reflection at Museum of Modern Art, 1971, litho- graphs, by Prentiss H. Taylor (1907- 1991) (1995.45-1-.5) John Raimondi. In the Fifth Season II, 1985, by Gregory Amenoff (born 1948) (1994-113) James Renwick Alliance. When She Was Bad..., 1994, painted wood, rift white oak, pau amarello, hand-made paper, by Roseanne Somerson (born 1954) (1995.32); Rehoboth Meander: Quilt #159, 1993, machine pieced cotton and silk; machine quilted, by Mi- chael James (born 1949) (1994.76); Huntress, 1933, bronze, gold-plated bronze, blown glass and plate glass, by Dan Daily (born 1947) (1994.77); Tea Service, 1991, teapot: sterling sil- ver with rosewood; sugar and creamer: sterling silver with cloisonné enamel lids, by Maureen Banner (born 1946) and Michael Ban- ner (born 1939) (1994.78.1-.3); Neck- lace, 1954, cast sterling silver, by Ronald Hayes Pearson (born 1924) (1995.6); G. W. Cabinet, 1994, painted wood, by Tommy Simpson (born 1939) (1995.13); Ooh! I am Precious #21, 1987, gold and silver papercord and canvas, by Gene and Hiroko Pijanowski (born 1938; born 1942) (1995.14); Fruit Still Life, 1994: Opaque Apple; Zanfirico Apple; Zanfirico Plum; Opaque Pear, hand-blown glass sculp- tures, by Flora Mace (born 1949) and Joey Kirkpatrick (born 1952) (1995.16.1-.4); Teapot Goblet (#260), 1991; Teapot Goblet (#94-14), 1994; Tea- pot Goblet (#324), 1992; Teapot Goblet (#3206), 1992; Teapot Goblet (#94-17), 1994, hand-blown glass, by Richard Marquis (born 1945) (1995.24.1-.5); Bracelet, (1988), sterling silver, 18k gold, metal and slate, by Rachelle Thiewes (born 1952) (1995.26); Head Vase with Large Lips, 1988; Head Vase with Jagged Harr, 1988, cast bronze with relieved and burnished edges, carnauba wax, by Janet Prip (born 1950) (1995.42.1,.2); Red Group, 1995, blown glass vessels, by Dante Marion: (born 1964) (1995.88.1-.3); Noon Mark, 1995, bronze, by Jona- than Bonner (born 1947) (1995.60); Log Cabin Maze, 1992, hand-painted, hand-quilted, and machine-sewn dyed fabric, by Ellen Oppenheimer (born 1952) (1995.66) James Renwick Alliance, in honor of Michael W. Monroe, Renwick Gal- lery Curator-in-Charge 1986-1995. Monkey Settee, 1995, walnut and bronze, by Judy McKie (born 1944) (1995.67) James Renwick Alliance (and museum purchase). Arabian Seasons, 1994, glass, paint and plastic, by Therman Statom (born 1953) (1995.5) Park and Phyllis Rinard, in honor of Nan Wood Graham. Shrine Quartet, 1939; Family Doctor, 1940; March, 1939; Sultry Night, 1939; Honorary De- gree, 1938; January, 1938; Fertility, 1939; Seed and Harvest Time, 1937 ; July Fifteenth, 1938; In the Spring, 1939; lithographs, by Grant Wood (1891— 1942); Coyotes Stealin’ a Pig, 1927, lithograph, by John Steuart Curry (1897-1943); Sons of Peace, 1934, litho- graph, by John T. McCutcheon (1870— 1949) (1994.115.1-.12) Dr. S. Dillon Ripley II and Mary Living- ston Ripley (partial and promised gift). Washington Sea Eagle, (ca. 1836- 1839), oil on canvas, attributed to John James Audubon (1785-1851) (1994.121) George and Dorothy Saxe, in honor of Michael W. Monroe, Renwick Gal- lery Curator-in-Charge, 1986-1995. Implied Movement, 1986, blown, cut and polished glass, by Harvey Little- ton (born 1922) (1995.35) Paul and Deane Shatz. Dis/ocations Suite, 1995, chine collé, intaglio, silkscreen, and monotype on artist-made papers, by Christopher French (born 1957) (1995.28.a-f) Rosalind Solomon, in memory of Harry- ette Cohn. Turkey, 1995; Staten Island Ferry—New: York, 1987; Staten Island Ferry—New York, 1987, gelatin silver prints, by Rosalind Solomon (born 1930) (1995.17.1-.3) Lenore and Allan Sindler. Untitled, ca. 1976, earthenware with acrylic paint, by Bennett Bean (born 1941) (1994.100) Smithsonian Women’s Committee in Honor of Michael W. Monroe, Renwick Gallery Curator-in-Charge, 1986-1995. Black Textured Jar, 1994, box elder, fossilized ivory, India ink and lacquer, by John Jordan (born 1950) (1995-41) Bernard and Estelle Sobie. The Forest, ca. 1964; Blue Churn on Yellow, ca. 1964; Red Boat on Blue, ca. 1964, crayon/craypas drawings on paper, by Eddie Arning (1898-1993) (1994.105.1,.2) Lionel Sosa, Ernest Bromley, Adolfo Aguilar of Sosa, Bromley, Aguilar and Associates. Mus Hermanos, 1976, acrylic on canvas, by Jesse Trevino (born Mexico, 1946) (1994.74) Samuel and Marilyn Stern. prints from the series African Sculpture, 1935, by Walker Evans (1903-1975) (1994.II.1- 10) (1995.9.I-.10) Louis K. Stone Art Trust. Untitled (2140), 1945, watercolor and gouache on paper, Untitled (2074), 1939, water- color and gouache on paper; Untitled (2149), 1940, watercolor and gouache on paper, by Louis K. Stone (1902— 1984) (1994.124.1-.3) Marjorie Tyre Sykes. Birch Bark, n.d., pen and ink, watercolor, acrylic; The Cage, n.d., color lithograph; Street in Guanjuato, n. d., lithograph; Adeste Fidelis, n. d., lithograph; Calsada de Guadolupe, Guanjuato, n.d., litho- graph; Untitled (soldier walking along tents at night), n.d., watercolor and pencil on paper; Pemaguid, 1984, pen and ink wash drawing; Colosseum, n.d., etching and aquacint; Tre//zs, n.d., color etching; Caterpillar, n.d., etching (sepia); Mazne Coast Two, n.d., color lithograph; Zen Garden Two, n.d., black and white litho- graph, by Maltby Sykes (1911-1992) (1994.108.1-.12) University of Tennessee. Hokes Bicenten- nial View, 1994, color lithograph, by Beauvais Lyons (born 1958) and Rob- ert Cothran (born 1930) (1995.56) Leila Usher. Francis James Child, 1891, plaster bas relief, bronzed, by Leila Usher (1869-1955) (1994.71) The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts (and museum purchase). Untitled (Eyeglasses). 1976/1986, six stitched gelatin silver prints, by Andy Warhol (1928-1987) (1995.64) Marc Wise. Walcott. lowa, 1990; Sayre, Oklahoma, 1988; Wise. North Carolina, 1989, color photographs, by Marc Wise (born 1964) (1994.69.1-.3) Don and Caro! Wiiken (and museum purchase). Asymmetry Necklace, 1992, glass, silver, copper and 18k and 14k gold, by Julie Anne Mihalisin (born 1962) (1994.114); William P. Wright, Jr. fm. The Tiguas: Pueblo Indians of Texas, 1994: T1gua Women Dancers, Ra- mona Paiz Residence, A Tigua Family, Johnny Hisa and the Rio Grande, Ra- mona and her TV; Grandsons of Att- wood, A Tigua Wedding, Cacique Trinidad Granillo, Herminia Silvas, Breadmaker, Shotgun, Joe Sierra and Grandson, The Whipping Ritual, Tribal Dancers, Cacique Granillo and Mary Jopola; Cactque Enrique Paiz, gelatin silver prints, by William P. Wright, Jr. (born 1933) (1994.93-1-.15) Tomas Ybarra-Frausto. works on paper, various dates, by various Hispanic artists (20th c.) (1995.50.1-.60) George C. Zachary, in memory of Devlin Mario Archie. Vase, ca. 1970, glazed earthenware, by Beatrice Wood (born 1893) (1994-104) Gabriel Zepecki (with Frederick Jules). Cove, ca. 1988; Night, ca. 1988, mono- types, by Mervin Jules (1912-1994) (1994.96.1,.2) National Museum of American History Donors to the Collections Rear Adm. Faye G. Abdellah, R.N., Ed.D., Sc.D., FAAN, USPHS (Ret.): Dr. Abdellah’s Class A U.S. Public Health Service uniform including a jacket, skirt, shirt, tie, shoulder bag, black pumps, black hose, cap, cap cover, and a hat box, 1980s (1992.0453). Rita J. Adrosko: brown leather hat, made in France for Lord & Taylor De- partment Store, 1967—69 (1994.0201); woman's clothing of the 1970s includ- ing 2 blouses, a skirt, and a dress (1994.0323). Harold H. and Marjorie A. Alexander: boxed set of 15 sample papers hand- made from agricultural refuse and weed fibers, researched and made by Mr. and Mrs. Alexander, 1994 (1995.0184). Nancy M. Allen: 5 nightgowns ac- quired by Miss Allen for her wed- ding trousseau in 1944 (1994.0159). American Type Culture Collection (through Dr. Frank Simione): 2 ship- ping cannisters, 2 sets of ampules, a cane to hold ampules, and a circular slide rule, all related to shipping in- fectious materials (1995.3043). Leathy N. Anderson (through Susie Smith): man’s watch chain made of brown human hair woven into a deco- rative design, “Carrie” and “1893” are written on the fob attachment (1994.0374). Anne Arundel! County Central Services (through James F. Ryan): 12 pistols and 3 revolvers (1993.0444). Anonymous: covered aluminum bowl made by Buehner-Warner of the Pfaltzgraff Company of York, Penn- sylvania, 1930-59 (1995.O1I0); tin- i) ™S N plated sheet iron open-topped kettle painted rust-orange, 19th century (1995.0221). Government of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbuda Post Office, Philatelic Bu- reau: 44 stamps and 6 first day covers of Antigua and Barbuda (1993.2024); 34 stamps, 6 first day covers, and a miniature sheet of Barbuda (193.2097). University of Arkansas, John Brown Watson Memorial Library (through Edward J. Fontenetto): dried cotton plant in a box (1990.3028). Betty J. Askin (through Norman M. Sevin): linen hand trowel embroidered by “Mary A. Kraft the January the 30 1840” (1994.0352). AT&T Network Systems (through Joann M. Pacifico) and Bell Atlantic Network Operations (through Ed- ward H. Sproat): 10-piece control unit of the #1-ESS electronic switch- ing system, the first such system used in the U.S. which went into ser- vice in Succasunna, New Jersey, used 1965-91 (1993.0247). Jalil Azzouz: diazo print of sheet music, photocopy of sheet music, and a pho- tocopy of a newsletter article (1994.3116). Mrs. Basidio Balkinson: pair of man’s black wool trousers with a silk lin- ing, hook-and-eye closure is patent dated 1894 (1994.31I5). Stanley M. Barkin in memory of Daniel Barkin: concert program from Duke Ellington's 1943 debut at Carnegie Hall (1995.3079). Bruce S. Bazelon: 217 pieces of military insignia, badges, buttons, and medals (1979.0130). Miriam Lloyd Beall and Richard Louis Lloyd: 3 man’s black silk bow ties, 1935, and a pair of man’s white kid leather gloves, 1895-1905 (1995.0050). Marion R. Behr: print by Marion and Omri Behr using their patented elec- troetch method, 1993 (1995.0183). Arthur A. and Lanenne L. Beltrone: in- vasion vest used in WW II (1994.0025). Bradley F. and Virgina W. Bennett: 391 ancient Greek coins made of bronze, silver, potin, and billon (1993.0493); 278 307 ancient Greek and Roman coins of Asia Minor (1994.0023); 319 silver and bronze ancient Greek coins (1994.0104). Sharon N. Berger: infant's coat, cap, and sacque, all made and embroidered for Ms. Berger by her grandmother in 1946 (1995.0091). John M. Bergey: 15 mostly Pulsar wrist watches and watch mechanisms show- ing the origin and development of the electronic digital watch, the re- search of which was directed by Mr. Bergey, a Pulsar advertising sign of the early 1970s, and a plastic sample case (1994.0354). Maryrose A. and Neal S. Bezoenik: Gor- don platen jobbing printing press, ca. 1858 (1994.0380). Dara Minocher Bhot: 2 silver medals with portraits of Mr. Bhor (1994.0290). William L. Bird: plastic President Clin- ton face mask (1995.0029); 2 issues of Time magazine, 1938 (1995.0059); 18- piece corn service set and an acrylic kitchen knife (1995.0112). Mr. & Mrs. E. J. Blume: Vitascope mo- tion picture projector (1994.0333). Richard Bogard: 9 pharmaceuticals, 2 photographs, and an advertising tie tack (1991.0415). Elizabeth I. Bonnes: Permutit domestic water softener and its original instruc- tion card, ca. 1928 (1995.0120). Banco Central do Brasil, Departamento do Meio Circulante (through Jose dos Santos Barbosa): 3-reazs proof silver coin of Brazil, 1995 (1995-0192); (through Antonio Carlos Meda): sil- ver proof coin commemorating the tercentenary of the establishment of the Brazilian Mint, 1994 (199 4.0393); 8 bank notes and 5 steel coins of Brazil, 1994 (1995.0031); silver proof coin com- memorating Brazil's World Cup soccer victory in 1994 (1995.0075). Geralyn R. Breig, Elizabeth T. Rella, Jo- seph G. Rella, and Mary Ellen Rella in memory of Joseph and Marie Rella: blue Kodak Petite camera (1995.0046). Deborah Bretzfelder: woman's mutton- shaped off-white net undersleeve dec- orated with a blue velvet ribbon and lace trim, 1860-75 (1995.0150). Brookhaven National Laboratory, Asso- ciated Universities, Inc. (through Ber- nard J. McAlary): set of 5 “coat hangers,” transparent plastic retrore- flective bars for illuminating particle tracks in the 80-inch hydrogen bub- ble chamber, ca. 1964 (1988.0766); documentary material of the 80-inch bubble chamber including 11 films of particle tracks, 6 reels of audio tapes of operations, a film of construction, log book, operations manual, and a user package (1995.3003). Francis W. Brown: slave whip with wooden handle and leather strap (1993.0507). Mrs. W. N. Brown: woman's gray silk bustle dress, muslin drawers, muslin chemise, and a white cotton robe, all 1873, woman’s pale green silk gauze stole, 1800-25, and a child’s pale blue silk coat, 1882 (1994.0346). Donald C. Burnham: Napoleonic coach model made by Mr. Burnham in 1931 for the Fisher Body Craftsman’s Guild contest, the original wooden base, a box of dies and brasses, and 2 junior division first place award rib- bons (1993.0501). Sal Buscema: 23 original storyboard drawings, a script, and a published comic book, all for Spiderman stories by Mr. Buscema (1994.0196). William E. Bustard: 2 plans drawn by Mr. Bustard of the skipjack Flora A. Price. originally built in 1909 at Champ, Maryland (1994.3095). University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (through Bri- gitte Fitzsimmons and Dr. Leroy T. Kerth): emulsion-scanning micro- scope, “Frankenstein” track-measur- ing machine, 4-inch hydrogen bubble chamber, and an inflatable gasket, 1950s—60s (1989.0171). Capital Film Labs (through John Gant): tripod head (1995.3015). Bobb Carson: motorized midget car built by Mr. Carson, with his father's help, from plans purchased from Pop- ular Mechanics. 1955 (1995.0153). Prof. Lester Earl Casida, Jr.: box con- taining a vial of crystalline penicillin G sodium, labeled as being assayed in September 1946 by the Upjohn Company (1994.0359). Elizabeth Chabanoff, M.D. (through Rev. Serge Kotar and The Very Rev. Stefan Pavlenko): woman’s black silk dress with embroidered ecru tissue linen shawl collar, made by Bouet Soeur of Paris and sold in New York, 1913-18 (1994.0262). Robert G. Chamberlain: 2.5 cubic feet of archival material documenting nu- merical control of machinery and Mr. Chamberlain's role in its develop- ment (1995.3009). Chick Publications, Inc. (through Rita McGarity): 170 Protestant religious tracts and publications printed in 39 languages (1993.0552). David E. Christie in memory of Elise Eugenia Hagan Carlier and Harry Raymond Arnold: man’s 3-piece black wool wedding suit and an extra wool and silk vest, ca. 1895 (1994.0116). Citizen Watch Company, Ltd., Corpo- rate Communications Division (through Youichi Urabe and Yukoh Yamamoto): watch whose time can be regulated by very low frequency radio waves associated with an atomic clock for extreme accuracy, 1993 (1993.0177). Camilla S. Clough: plastic Barbie doll Christmas tree ornament, 1994 (1995-OIII). Barbara J. Coffee: woman's plaid mo- hair, wool, and nylon bag, 1970s (1994.0238). Helen D. Colison in memory of Alvina and Fred Drew: folio of 42 photo- graphs showing the construction of the reinforced concrete foundation of the Lincoln Memorial in Washing- ton, D.C., done by the Fred Drew Company, 1914-15 (1995.0207). Kenneth R. Colwell (through Russell E. Colwell): 19th-century American treadle loom with a 100-hook French jacquard head mechanism, card sew- ing board, card hand punch, and a set of punches (1992.0034). Mary C. Combs: objects relating to Mark Farmer's First Ladies Dolls in- cluding 5 clothing patterns, a doll kit, and an Emily Donelson doll as- sembled from a kit (1993.0580). David and Harriett M. Condon: match rifle made by Morgan James and Edwin Phillips of Utica, New York, mid-r9th century (1994.0395). Coolican: child's 2-piece dresses, skirt, and a blouse, all of cotton, 1850-75 (1995.0151). P. S. Corbin, Ruth Ann Skaff, Thomas Skaff, and Melanie S. Wood in mem- ory of Elaine Khoury Skaff and Rev. Thomas Skaff: 5 cubic feet of docu- ments, correspondence, photographs, artwork, and books relating to the ca- reer of Rev. Thomas Skaff as a priest in the Antiochian Christian Ortho- dox Church in America (1995.3047). Rosemarie A. (Harmon) Costick: U.S. Marine Corps enlisted man’s green uniform coat and trousers worn by Sgt. Frederick George Harmon, 1918- 19 (1994.0086). Colleen K. Cotter in honor of Elizabeth Crehan Miniter: Timesaver typing copy stand made by the Lineatime Manufacturing Company, given to Mrs. Miniter when she left her bank job to marry during WW II (1993.0564). George A. and Lily K. Coury: 9 family photographs and a souvenir program from the 1959 Overseas Convention of the National Association of Federa- tions of Syrian and Lebanese Ameri- can Clubs (1995.3022). Dan C. Cowman, M.D.: glass vial sam- ple of Dr. Jayne's Sanative Pills, late 19th to early 20th century (1993.0443). Henry P. Crawford: Eastman Kodak folding pocket camera (1994.3105). Mario Cruder and Stanley Suzdak: Wat- son regulator, Foster regulator, Pen- delton steam service control, gauge tester, and a bayonet lock valve seat (1995.0107). Joseph G. Curry, Jr.: 15 photographs and 3 patent certificates (1994.3081). Winifred Curtis-Stebbins: 750 homeo- pathic medicines used by Dr. Wini- fred Woodmans Curtis and her mother, Ethel R. Woodmans, over an 80-year period (1988.0190). Government of the Czech Republic, The Postal Museum (through Pavel Crvrtnik, Ph.D.): 38 stamps and 4 souvenir sheets of the Czech Repub- lic and Czechoslovakia (1993.2127). DEJA, Incorporated (through Julie M. Lewis): 10 samples of material, most from recycled contents, used to make a DEJA shoe, and a shoebox made from recycled cardboard, 1993 (1995.0105). Alan H. Darby: 2 small amateur print- ing presses made in Baltimore, Mary- land, a printing wheel marking device, pamphlet about one of the presses, and a trade card featuring a boy printer (1992.0608); Multigraph duplicator with roller, empty oil can, and a set of miscellaneous accessories (1993.0008). Delores Ziton David: calendar of the Antiochian Christian Orthodox Church (1994.3099). Harry T. Davies: Elto outboard boat motar, 1927, with a rudder that func- tions as a cooling system (1995.0189). Clyde Dawson: page of Universal Prod- uct Codes and a Marsh Supermarket cashier's smock with the name tag “Betty,” worn by Betty Kessler who was the first person to scan a UPC coded label at point-of-sale, 1974 (1994.0341); 24 food containers with Universal Product Codes for scan- ning technology (1994.3123). S. LeRoy Deavenport and Judith D. Mitchener: Kodak Cine 16mm movie camera (1994.0299). The Deep River Historical Society, In- corporated (through Edith M. DeFor- est): 0.13 cubic foot of archival documents relating to the firm of Pratt, Read & Company and its pre- decessors, ca. 1863—68 (1995.3033). Berthe Delkin: pocket watch with a gold nugget-encrusted case, made by Anton L. Delkin when working in Nome, Alaska, 1906 (1994.0160). Robert Dennis: Io stereoviewers, 4 ste- reographs, a set of eye pieces, and a sliding holder (1995.3049). Irwin Dermer: 4 color photolithographs (1994.0367). Jane des Grange: 19 cubic feet of histori- cal ephemera, dated from the late 1700s to ca. 1978, including trade ad- vertisements and catalogues, fashion 279 plates, magazines, photographs, ac- count books, etc., collected by histo- rian Gladys Reid Holton (1992.3188). Hyman Diamond: composing stick and a cylindrical calculator for type mea- suring on the Monotype keyboard (1994.0209). Katherine Dickason: man’s striped tan cotton gauze handkerchief, 1949 (1995.0147). Donald S. Dinsmore: Blatz beer can and a Schlitz “Tall Boy” beer can (1993.3015). Lilian Price Dixson: 2-piece tan silk and lace wedding dress, 2 photographs, and a wedding certificate, all used by Lilian Brockett Roberts Price who was married June 8, 1881 (1994.0179). Joan Donahue: black machine-knitted silk shawl, 1850-99 (1995.0148). Anne Doniger in memory of Paul Doni- ger: Revolutionary War era officer's saber and flintlock Kentucky type rifle (1994.0370). Joel Dorn: 5 cubic feet of recording ses- sion logs, ledgers, accounting sheets, correspondence, photographs, and newsclippings documenting the ca- reer of Mr. Dorn at Atlantic Records (1995.3087). Albert Doumar: 2 ice cream cone man- drels used to lift the waffle from the griddle iron and shape the cone, 1920s and 1970s (1993.0572). Margaret Driggs in honor of Camile Quarrier Bradford and Ruth Woelfle: woman's traveling satchel, 1870-1900 (1994.0193); 2 hair ornaments, 1920- 35, and a woman's purse with a scene of New Orleans, 1974-76 (1994.0375). Eve Drossos: Greek bouzouki, a stringed musical instrument made in the sec- ond quarter of the 20th century (1995.0130). Louis F. Drummeter, Jr.: pamphlet, “1962 Official Fallout Shelter Plans for Home & Family” (1995.0027). Douglas L. Dunbebin: 2 T-shirts, a tote bag, and a button, all featuring Presi- dent Clinton and his saxophone, de- signed by Mr. Dunbebin as a fund raiser for Habitat for Humanity, 1992-93 (1995.0028). Duncan Industries (through Dennis E. Brown and Richard T. Farrell): Dun- 280 can AutoParq electronic personal parking meter, 1994 (1994.0266). E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Incorporated (through Catherine L. Andriadis): empty cylinder for SUVA non-ozone-depleting alternative re- frigerant and a refrigerant recovery unit (1993.3164). Willis H. du Pont: U.S. silver dollar of 1804 in the “draped bust” design and a $5 gold coin struck in Stockton, California, in 1850 (1994.0391). Earth Day USA (through Patricia Hill): 2 posters and a bumper sticker com- memorating Earth Day and its goals, 1990-93 (1994.3090). Nanci K. Edwards: pair of pruning shears (1993.3142). Central Bank of Egypt, Note Issue De- partment (through Fanauk El Ashu): Egyptian 100-pound specimen bank note, 1994 (1994.0392). Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt, The National Postal Organiza- tion, Philatelic Office (through Omar Amer): 36 stamps of Egypt (1993.2085). Elias Brothers Restaurants, Inc. (through William H. Morgan): video- tape cassette of the “Elias Brothers Through the Years,” about Elias Brothers Restaurants including Big Boy Restaurants (1994.3118). Marion K. Elias in memory of David G. Elias: Lebanese style copper and iron still used to make arak by Mr. Elias in Utica, New York, 1930-75 (1994.0058). Charlotte T. and Loretta Ellis: 9 pieces of correspondence, an Arabic book, notebook, photocopy of a driver's li- cense, naturalization certificate, and a U.S. citizenship certificate, all of which belonged to Anthony Elias Ellis and Marie Ellis (199 4.3117). Edward Epremian: Leeds & Northrup portable potentiometer (1995.0103). Ralph E. Eshelman: 18 sets of paper la- bels for various canned seafood from packing companies in Washington State (1995.3048). Martha M. Evelyn: General Electric sun lamp and its original box, 1950-65 (199 4.0313). Elizabeth M. Everall: woolen Greek bag, 1968-72 (1990.3135). Government of the Faroe Islands, Phila- telic Service, The Faroese Postal Ad- ministration: 85 stamps, 8 first day covers, and a souvenir sheet of the Faroe Islands (1993.2091). Floralee Felsenthal: single shot German pistol, Belgian revolver, and a Ger- man dagger with scabbard (1994.0254). Fender Musical Instruments Corpora- tion (through Daniel J. Smith): elec- tric Stratocaster guitar made from a 1957 design and an electric bass gui- tar made from a 1967 design, both made by Fender in 1995 (1995.0186). Dr. Eugene S. Ferguson: 0.33 cubic foot of documents from Dr. Ferguson's tenure as president of the Society for the History of Technology, 1977-80 (1995-3057). Jane Adams Finn: Social Security card issued to Alfred L. Herrington, 1950s (1995.0025). Carolyn E. Fix: 2 woman's floral brooches and a pair of off-white cot- ton gloves with the original box, 1949-50 (1995.0052). Shelly Jayne Foote: woman's clothing in- cluding 3 dresses, 2 blouses, a T-shirt, denim trousers, sweater, and a jumpsuit, 1974-88, and a Garfinkel’s Department Store box, 1970-87 (1994.0153). Mrs. R. H. Frain: 2 man’s silk and linen waistcoats with floral embroidery, 1780s (1994.0256). Beatrice and Jacques Francais: 10 violin cases, 18th and 19th centuries (1994.3114). John Gallaher: binder of MITS Altair documentation (1994.3089). David L. Ganz: Chinese bank note, 1980 (1995.0054). Hyman J. Gardsbane, O.D.: 3 sets of glass eyes, 2 individual glass eyes, and a broken glass eye showing its hollow interior, probably made in Germany, early 1900s (1994.0133). Carole S. Geithner: clothing from the wedding of Florence and Henry Ben- son, great-grandparents of Ms. Geith- ner, on November 12, 1902, including the woman's dress, sash, mitts, petticoat, drawers, shoes, stockings, and 2 corset covers, and the man’s shirt and vest (1994.0206). Daphne deL. Gemmill: 2 pamphlets produced for Earth Day 1970, one about automobiles and the other about water pollution (1995.3065). Geochron Enterprises Inc. (through James M. Kilburg): illuminated world time indicator clock showing time zones, date, and the sunrise and sunset positions, 1993 (1993.3067). Gibbs & Cox, Incorporated (through Clifford G. Prime): 29 sets of design drawings of the S.S. United States (1994.3121). William E. Gilbert: 2 slide rules and a Dalton “Dead Reckoning Course Computer” plotting board (1995.0087); set of drawing instru- ments sold by the Hirshberg Art Company of Baltimore, Maryland, ca. 1918 (1995.0125). Arlyn S. Gill: pass to the Democratic Con- gressional Campaign Committee's Democratic Party Election Night on November 8, 1994 (1994.0337). Deem A. Gillmore: 7 Armed Services edition paperback books, WW II (1993.3018). The Honorable Newt Gingrich: 2 cop- ies of TV Guide magazine for the week of October 22-28, 1994, contain- ing the Republican National Committee’s “Contract with Amer- ica” (1994.0369). Gold Bond-Good Humor Ice Cream (through Lawrence A. Link): 4 bur- tons, a measuring tape, emblem, coin apron, belt, hat, and a set of pushcart bells, all used by persons selling Good Humor ice cream (1994.0143). Alan N. Gold and Joseph A. Verones: Toro Fly-Mo push lawnmower (1992.0203). Mary A. Goles and Ruth Hunter Sobolewski in honor of the Wedel Family: 13 pieces of Homer Laughlin’s refined earthenware dishes in the Angelus pattern including 2 serving plates, 2 dinner plates, 2 bowls, a relish bowl, serving bowl, sugar bowl, cream pitcher, gravy pitcher, salt dish, and a cup with sau- cer (1994.0215). ° Martha Goodway: Amana Radarange Model RR-1, developed in part by Ms. Goodway’s father, John T. Goodway, 1950s (1995.0034); set of fabric samples and receipts, wedding announcement, patterned stockings, and a light green rayon crepe dress made by Elizabeth Bliss Tinkham for her marriage to John Tomlinson Goodway on August 3, 1933 (1995.0053). Vice President Albert Gore: 11 Christ- mas decorations made from recycled materials (1995.3039). Archie Green: U.S. silver dollar of 1923 presented to Mr. Green upon the launching of a ship on which he worked to build, ca. 1941 (1994.0296). Virginia Lee Grimes: 2 Eastman Kodak box cameras, both patented in 1902 (1995.0040). Paul B. Girsso, Jr.: Westclox Bull’s Eye open-faced “dollar” pocket watch, ca. 1962 (1993.0368). Calvin B. and Marilyn B. Gross: bronze busts of musicians Louis Armstrong and Benny Goodman made by sculp- tor Ed Dwight (1994.0400). Dr. Phillip D. Grub: hand-pulled news- paper delivery cart, used by the Wash- ington Evening Star. ca. 1927 (1994.0203). Gurley Historical Services (through William H. Skerritt): 2 surveyor’s chains made by W. & L. E. Gurley of Troy, New York, one 20 varas in length and the other Io meters in length (1994.0280). Bernard Hahn: Mississippi River clam shell with 12 holes drilled through it from which buttons were made (1993.3191). John R. Halko: stock certificate in the Swarthmore National Bank and Trust Company, Pennsylvania, and a flawed dollar bill of 1969 (1994.0291). Constance Gay Morenus Hammerman: set of 2 photographs of, and a sketch with poem by, Pocahontas Virginia Gay (1992.0534). David.S. Hamrick: political banner used to support James K. Polk’s presi- dential campaign in Dallas, Texas, 1844 (1995.0080). Harley-Davidson, Inc. (through Rich- ard F. Teerlink): 1993 Harley-David- son FLHTC-U Electra Glide Ultra Classic motorcycle commemorating the company’s 90th anniversary (1994.0226). Samuel E. Harris, Jr. in memory of Reba A. Harris: woman's wool cloth- ing including 2 coats, 1957-65, and a 2-piece gray suit, 1952-57 (1994.0178); 2 pairs of man’s Rockport shoes and their original shoeboxes, 1990-91 (1994.0322). Donna D. and John D. Hartigan and Patrick J. and Sherry McGarry in memory of Flora and Len Hartigan: brown leather Spalding football with autographs, 1920s (1994.0162). L. L. Hassoun: Middle Eastern cook- book by George P. and L. Louise Hassoun, 1989 (1995.3031). Rosina Hassoun: 2 photocopies of Mid- dle Eastern songbooks, 1958 and 1975, photocopy of an article about Arab-Is- raeli conflict, 1989, and a newsletter with an article by Ms. Hassoun, 1993 (1994.3097). Robert M. Hazen: square fortepiano made by Carl Toefling of Gotha, Ger- many, ca. 1820 (1995.0233). Daniel A. Healy, BMCS, USCG: photo- graph album documenting a 1935 cruise to Bermuda aboard the yacht Migrant (1994.0297). Catherine W. and Jerome E. Henderson: decorated brass and silver trombone acquired in Leipzig, Germany about 1900 by a member of John Philip Sousa’s Concert Band (1994.0273). Linda M. Henderson: 10 uniform items worn by Col. Pauline E. Maxwell of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps, and an embroidered pillowcase, 1943-73 (1993.0224). Linda M. and Richard A Henderson: 3 hats, 3 caps, 2 shirts, a collar tab, and a raincoat, all worn by Col. Pauline E. Maxwell of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps, 1943473 (1993-0449). Jules Herstein: military-issued Jewish prayer book used by Mr. Herstein during service in WW II (1993.0505). Dr. Sue Hickmott: neckerchief deco- rated with the combat history of the U.S.S. Canberra in the Pacific theater 281 of war, used by Ronald Atkinson, 1941-45 (1993.0455). Michael E. Hill: pair of man’s reptile skin platform boots, 1973 (1994.0151); man’s silver belt buckle with an ab- stract inlaid shell design, made in Mexico, 1973 (1994.0199). Warren Himmelberger: 2 Massachusetts auromobile license plates, 1910 and 1915 (1994.0267). Hoffman & Hoffman (through Michael L. Hoffman): obverse and reverse dies for the William Jefferson Clinton in- augural medal, 1993 (1993.0588). Richard Hollerith, Jr. for the Herman Hollerith family: 2 weights, a tabu- lating machine component, tube, and a wooden box, all associated with inventor Herman Hollerith (199 5.3037). Homer Laughlin China Company (through J. D. Conley): Fiesta signa- ture ceramic plate, 1994 (1994.0234). Dr. John M. Hood: chart of the infrared spectrum of the sun produced by Samuel P. Langley and Charles Gree- ley Abbot at the Smithsonian Astro- physical Laboratory in Washington, D.C., published in 1901 (1995.0063). Richard L. Hopkins: set of braille type made by the American Type Found- ers Company and a set of steel matri- ces for casting braille characters fora multigraph machine (1994.0270). Houston Museum of Natural Science (through Truece Latimer): 6 groups of objects from the 1969 voyage of the S.S. Manhattan through the North- west Passage including an oil barrel, 47-piece survival sled, 23-piece set of ice boring equipment, 14-piece set of documentation, I1-piece survival kit, and a 2-piece voyage logo sign and stamp set (1993.0494); 3 groups of objects from the 1969 voyage of the S.S. Manhattan through the North- west Passage including a set of 7 food pouches, set of 7 matchboxes, and a set of 5 canvas bags (1993.3208). Charles R. Howe IV: traveling shaving kit, provided to customers of United Air Lines, containing an Enders razor and Glider shaving cream in their original box, 1947-55 (1994-0157). 282 Betty A. and Roger W. Hubbell: Kodak disc camera, Minolta disc camera, and a Rollei 35mm camera with a Toshiba flash attachment (1995.0131). Government of Hungary, Enterprise de la Poste Hongroise, Direction Generale: 4 stamps and a souvenir sheet of Hungary (1993.2145). J. B. Hutton, Jr.: Edison Voicewriter dictating and transcribing machine and a set of vinyl discs, ca. 1950 (1993-0277). Government of India, Ministry of Com- munications, Department of Posts (through S. K. Parthasarathy): 16 stamps of India (1993.2105). Government of the Republic of Indone- sia, Directorate General of Posts and Telecommunications (through Baringin Batubara): 36 stamps of In- donesia (1993.2129). Government of the Srate of Israel, Min- istry of Communications, Philatelic Services: 11 first day covers of Israel (1993-2099). Theodore J. Janssen: ice cream scoop, ca. 1876, and a baster, napkin holder, spoon set, plate set, and a serving tray set, 1940s-50s (1995.01I5). Alice Mokarzel Jaoudi: 28 family photo- graphs and 0.15 cubic foot of family documents (1994.3093). The Bank of Japan, Issue Department (through Toshitaka Sakoda): 8 Japan- ese coins commemorating the open- ing of the Kansai International Airport and the Asian Games, 1994 (199 4.0320). J. J. Johnson: King Silver Sonic slide trombone, stamped on the silver bell as being presented to Mr. Johnson “in recognition of his unique contri- butions to American music, June 26, 1976” (1994.0358). Mrs. Mary Ellen Johnson: sample of En- ovid oral contraceptive made by G. D. Searle and Company of Chicago, Illinois (1991.0883). Juliana C. and Robert M. Jones in memory of their father, Thomas J. Jones: 2 baseballs, one autographed by Babe Ruth and the other au- tographed by Connie Mack (1993.0460). Jordan: black silk net shawl with a woven floral design, 1920s (1994-0257). Wayne M. Joseph: notebook and a vid- eotape cassette of the Joseph family genealogy (1994.3098). Sylvia E. Josif in honor of Simon Yousif Estfan and Victoria Saigh Estfan: miniature camel made from fabric wrapped around lamb’s bones, made by Julia Hanna Saigh (1994.0277). Phyllis H. Joyce: Spanish military re- volver with leather holster (1994.0255). Junghans Uhren GmbH (through M. Kiolbassa and Dietrich Rosin): radio- controlled Junghans Mega I wrist watch with original packaging (1993.0367). Lila Kadaj: 2.75 cubic feet of archival materials related to the singing ca- reers of Amer and Sana Kadaj (1995.3021). Lawrence J. Kamm: 2 Pickett calculat- ing rules, a Multiflex curve, and a pamphlet of instructions for a Deci- mal-Keeper slide rule (1995.0126). Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan: woman's silk vest handmade by designer Sao which is number 4 in a limited edi- tion of 50, 1975 (1995.0017). Edward K. Kaprelian: portrait photogra- phy lens with a sliding barrel, pat- ented by Ulrich Nehring on February 9, 1904 (1994.0332). Nicoletta Karam: 2 biographical ex- cerpts, a manuscript, and a photo- graph, all pertaining to Arab American author Afifa Karam (1995.3030). Celine Karraker: 7 diaries of Leo H. Baekeland, 1925-30 (1994.3055); 9 dia- ries of Leo H. Baekeland, 1927-35 (1994.3056); 8 diaries of Leo H. Baeke- land, 1936—42 (1995.3073). Constance L. Kelly (through Kathryn DuBois Elliott): silver gelatin photo- graph, it’s original glass plate nega- tive, and a frame, photograph taken in 1885 by R. L. Kelly of “The Bull Train” showing 250 head of cattle pulling 30 wagons to haul freight in South Dakota (1995.0002). Frances Hall King: 2 pin cushions, a set of 3 spools of crochet thread, and a length of silk ikat stripe fabric (1994.0184). Todd Alan Kinser: 17 pieces of man’s clothing including 4 pairs of blue jeans, 4 neckties, 2 pairs of jogging shorts, 2 pairs of boxer shorts, a pair of Bermuda shorts, briefs, khaki trou- sers, T-shirt, and a 2-piece suit, and a woman’s black nylon Wonderbra brassiere (1995.0085). Amy Loeserman Klein: framed color photograph of 2 John Deere com- bines in a soybean field by William Eggleston (1994.0368). Belle Kogan: 14 pieces of household glass, 7 pieces of ceramics, and a plas- tic tumbler, all designed by Ms. Kogan, 1940-64 (1992.0257). C. Everett Koop, M.D.: Dr. Koop’s Class A U.S. Public Health Service uniform including a jacket, trousers, shirt, necktie, cap, and a name tag, 1980s (1992.0452). Government of the Republic of Korea, Ministry of Communications, Bureau of Posts, Postage Stamps and Philat- ely Division (through Kwak Tae- geun): 36 stamps and 12 souvenir sheets of Korea (1993-2043). Alfred Koury, Jr.: 89 photographs and 0.6 cubic foot of family papers (1994.3III). Krest Products Corporation (through Rick DiMarzio): 12 burgundy combs made of du Pont Delrin plastic, 1993 (1993.0408). Mark A. Kritz: Earth Action poster and button, 1970 (1995.3064). Karen E. Krueger: 16 uniform items worn by Hilda Lois Johnson when serving in the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps during WW II (1992.0488). Tsugio Kubota: 5 commercial product containers designed by Mr. Kubota and others at Landor Associates (1993-0544). Rev. Abram G. Kurtz in memory of Ellen Scheifley Kurtz: nearly com- pleted piece of Duchess tape lace mounted on a printed pattern worked by Mrs. Kurtz, early 20th century (1995.0007). C. B. Landberg: white cotton crocheted minidress, 1967-69 (1994-0194). Landis & Gyr Powers, Inc. (through Gary P. Lukas): 8 thermostats and regulators, a damper motor, pneumatic switch damper control board, and a balancing relay (1994.0269). Landor Associates (through Jean Marc Bara): 50 cubic feet of archival mate- rial documenting the designing of product packaging and graphics by Landor Associates after January 1, 1973 (1993-3206). Walter and Josephine Landor Revocable Trust (through Ted Mitchell): 50 cubic feet of archival material docu- menting the business and personal history of Walter Landor before De- cember 3], 1972 (1995.3036). George J. Lannen: pamphlet, “Technical Manual, Converter M-209,” prepared by the War Deparcment, Chief Sig- nal Officer, 1942 (1978.3004). Harry J. Lasell, Sr. in memory of Cmdr. Harvey Lasell, USN (Ret.): cased set of duelling pistols made by E. P. Caron of Paris, France, 1852-74 (1994.0309). Prof. Kennon A. Lattal: 2 laboratory manuals covering studies of condi- tioned response and operant behavior of animals (1995.3066). Melvin Lerner (through Adelaide Kaplan and Frances Smyth): 3,158 ob- jects from World's Fairs and Exposi- tions of the 19th and 2oth centuries collected by Larry Zim (1989.0438). Sidney H. Liebson: 3 deForest AudioT- ron audion tubes (1995.0066). Dean C. Lincoln: mechanical Bible study device consisting of a scroll with color lithograph scenes, a box- like container for the scroll, and a key used to turn the scroll in the box, 1902 (1994.0164). Lionel Trains, Inc. (through Richard P. Kughn): 9 Lionel/Smithsonian 20th Century Limited model railroad cars, reproduced from the original cars styled by Henry Dreyfuss in 1938 (1994.0239); (through Nicholas J. DeGrazia and Richard P. Kughn): lo- comotive engine model of the Penn- sylvania Railroad K-4 with tender, trackbase, sound box, and storage box, and 4 model railroad cars for the 20th Century Limited locomotive model (1995.0030). Leland L. Locke: 55 calculating machine components, 5 groups of documents concerning George B. Grant, 2 sets of documents and a photograph album about calculating machines, and 2 adding machines (1983.3003). Mrs. Walter C. Louchheim: man’s brown felt hat, 1950s (1994.3086). Lewis G. Lowe: 8 commercial product containers designed by Mr. Lowe and Landor Associates (1993-0543). Steve Lubar: Multi calculating rule set including 2 thermal controls, a sleeve, and an instruction sheet (1995.3051). Government of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Entreprise des Postes et Telecommunications, Direction Generale, Office des Timbres: 20 stamps of Luxembourg (1993.2141). Maria Maccaferri: plastic guitar de- signed by Mario Maccaferri, 1954 (1994.0136). Dick Mackay: sign,"!NOTICE! Mario Cuomo is NOT here - it is a RUMOR!," which had been posted at a hall where Cuomo was supposed to appear during the New Hamp- shire Primary Campaign, 1992 (1995.0024). Michael B. Margolius and Kurt F. O'Connor: 2 black Western electric French style telephones of the 1920s and 1930s (1995.0043). Dr. Frank Maria: 2.5 cubic feet of docu- ments relating to Dr. Maria's career and his involvement in the Syrian Lebanese American Federation (1995.3046). University of Maryland School of Nurs- ing Alumni Association (through Jean W. Keenan and Judith E. Littlejohn): cotton and lace nurse's cap patterned after the cap worn by Florence Nightingale about 1860 (1995-0139). Massachusetts General Hospital: set of Mazda foil-filled flash bulbs, manu- factured by General Electric, con- tained in Sylvania packaging (1994-0345). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Nuclear Science 283 (through Richard Adams): multiwire proportional chamber, and a pencil drawing of the experiment layout, from the J-particle experiment of Samuel C. C. Ting at Brookhaven, New York, 1973-74 (1989.0050). McKee Button Company (through Jay McKee): sample box of McKee poly- ester buttons, ca. 1994 (1994.3041). James Edgar Mead and Virginia Lee Mead: Chinese black lacquered trunk containing 25 pieces of clothing, 3 baby carriers, and a commemorative wall hanging, all used by the Lee B. Lok family, 1885-1935 (1992.0620). Ruth L. Meehan: woman's jacket of ecru-colored tape lace over white silk gauze, 1901-3 (1995.0149). Betty J. Meggers: 2 coins of Cuba, 1992, a coin of Bermuda, 1986, silver sports commemorative medal of the city of Santo Domingo, and an unofficial cer- uficate designed for the War Finance Committee by Walt Disney, 1944 (1995.0076). Curtis G. Mellen: boxed dry-card boat compass made by Samuel Thaxter of Boston, 1792-1822 (1995.0014). Selma Merkin in memory of Lester Mer- kin: US. silver dollar of 1795, in the “draped bust” design, and a silver proof commemorative Lafayette dol- lar of 1900 (1994.0288). Government of the United States of Mexico, Servicio Postal Mexicano, Departamento de Asuntos Inter- nacionales, Oficina de Convenios y Aguerdos (through Jorge E. Aldana Margain): 35 stamps of Mexico (1993.2062). Fred Milkie: 4 convention catalogs from the Western Federation of Lebanese and Syrian Arab American Clubs, 1959-70 (1995.3027). Irving Miller: 3 brochures and an adver- tising pull-out card, all relating to the Sanforizing process to control cot- ton fabric shrinkage (1993.3202). Ruby C. Miller: 2 issues of the Farmer's Bulletin. 1921 (1994.3127). Millipore Corporation (through Thomas Anderson): 2 videotape cas- setres of the Millipore teleseminar ti- tled “Bioresearch Tools for the 1990s” and a videotape cassette titled 284 “Miligen Bioresearch Sequenet Pro- tein Entrapment Chemistry,” dated July 28, 1989 (1990.3202). State of Missouri, Department of Natu- ral Resources, Missouri Geology and Land Survey Division (through Dr. James H. Williams): pocket sextant made by E. & G. W. Blunt of New York in the first half of the 19th cen- tury and a carriage odometer which clamped onto a wagon wheel to oper- ate, made by A. S. Aloe of St. Louis in the last half of the r9th century (1994.0147). University of Missouri—Rolla, Depart- ment of Civil Engineering (through Dr. R. W. Stephenson): surveying compass patented by James M. Lilley of Greenville, Virginia, 1857, and manufactured by F. W. & R. King of Baltimore (1994.0377). R. Madison Mitchell, Sr.: 9 duck decoys made by Mr. Mitchell in 1975 (1994.0188). Government of the Principality of Mo- naco, Postes et Telecommunications, Office des Emissions de Timbres- Poste: 29 stamps and a souvenir sheet of Monaco (1993.2147). Robert Mondavi: Chateau style oak wine barrel made in France by the Seguin Moreau cooperage firm, 1990 (1993-3034). Mary O. Monte: woman’s navy blue plaid coat with bars of peach, peri- winkle, and magenta colors, 1940 (1995.O114). Howard W. Mordue: bottle of Hostetter’s Bitters patent medicine and a hanging show globe (1988.0618). Mrs. John H. Murray: 3 perfume bor- tles, 2 stickpins, a cigarette lighter, stud set, tie bar, and a manicure set, 1910—60 (1994.0061); brownish-pur- ple wool coat, brown felt hat, and the original hat box, all acquired by Mrs. Murray in December 1978, and a brown and white polyester scarf, 1978-79 (1994.0200); 4 stipple en- gravings of street criers published by S. & Jv Fuller of London, 1812 (1995.0094). Ann B. Muth: woman's camisole style slip with beige medallion-patterened lace and openwork embroidery, hand- made in Paris for Laura Fondeville, 1920S (1995.3055)- Judie C. Neel and Barry O. and Robert M. Weinshenker in memory of Simon Weinshenker: Victory Edition of Pacific Newsweek magazine printed in Tokyo, September Io, 1945 (1986.3086). Government of the Netherlands, Royal PTT Nederland NV, PTT Post BV (through J. W. A. Mijne): 72 stamps of the Netherlands (1993.2033). New York Academy of Medicine (through Steven A. Pelovitz, J.D.): 9 vials of radium, 2 blue glass vials, a pharmaceutical hourglass containing radium, radium detector, wire device, and a display case, all related to the work of Drs. Marie Curie and Robert Abbe (1993.0262). New York Yacht Club (through Robert B. MacKay): club yearbook of 1880 (1993.0506). Nike, Inc. (through Joseph D. McCar- thy and Mark Thomashow): 4 cubic feet of advertising materials of Nike, Inc. including videotape cassettes, tearsheets, business records, and corre- spondence, 1970-91 (1991.3087). Joseph Veach Noble: 7 bronze medals 1s- sued by the Society of Medalists in- cluding a 6-medal set picturing dinosaurs designed by Don Everhart and a medal of Old Kabul Bazaar de- signed by Amanullah Haiderzad (1995.0088). Larry A. Noble: color print titled Sheridan's Ride, by Mr. Noble, ca. 1984 (1984.3065). George A. Norton: Nikon 8x Super Zoom motion picture camera and 12 accessories (1994.0298); Vernon flash gun reflector, made in Japan (1995.3016). Government of Norway, Norwegian Post Stamp Bureau: 41 stamps, 7 first day covers, and 3 souvenir sheets of Norway (1993.2089). Madeleine Noumair: The Syrian Ameri- can Directory Almanac. Vol. 1, pub- lished in 1930 (1994.3014). State of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Depart- ment of Transportation (through John F. Crowley): “Oklahoma US 66” shield-shaped route marker (1993.0282). Jean M. Olsen: blue jumper and a black neckerchief worn by Charles Gilette Pratt while serving in the U.S. Navy, 1864-65 (1993-0433). Gregory Orfalea: book of poems by Mr. Orfalea, 1988 (1994.3100). Craig A. Orr: photograph of a nurse with patient at Base Hospital #34 in Nantes, France, dated August 14, 1917 (1993-3167). Raymond A. Osbourn: Keuffel & Esser model 4088-5 slide rule (1994.0376). Rudy Padilla: 12 panos. painted handker- chiefs made by Mexican American prisoners in New Mexico jails (1993.0150). Government of the Republic of Pan- ama, Direccion General de Correos y Telegrafos, Departamento de Filatelia: 12 stamps of Panama (1993.2082). Donna L. Parsons: film about a polluted river made by a high school student for the first Earth Day observance in 1970 (1994.3091). Ginette V. Patch: 6 woman's dresses and gowns and 6 muslin dress pat- terns, all designed by Mrs. Patch’s mother, Charlotte Villaret, 1945-63, and a Julius Garfinckel & Company clothing box, 1960—90 (1994.0263). Alice Paul Centennial Foundation, Inc. (through Jill Zahniser): wooden drop- front desk used by Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul and 170 pieces of suf- fragette memorabilia which belonged to Alice Paul (1987.0165); 461 photo- graphs, 68 postcards, 43 sets of maga- zines, IO texts, 3 newspaper clippings, 2 folders, a set of nega- tives, and a note, all related to suf- fragette Alice Paul (1991.3016). Les Paul (aka Lester W. Polfusen): Gibson's “Les Paul” model studio electric guitar, 1984, owned and played by Mr. Paul (1993-0579). Pierce Chemical Company (through Ralph T. Farmer): 4 sets of Slide-A- Lyzer dialysis cassette units invented by Carl Clark, Ph.D., at Pierce Chem- ical Company (1995.0188). Dan and Mary Ann Pocapalia: 0.33 cubic foot of archival material docu- menting the manufacture and sale of Kit mobile homes (1995.3004). Government of Poland, Muzeum Poczty 1 Telekomunikacji: postal sou- venir card of Poland for Christmas 1992 (1993.204I1). Christina A. Popenfus: paper fan pictur- ing a girl with hymnal and a bank ad- vertisement, 1945—60 (1994.0152); woman's clothing and accessories 1n- cluding 6 dresses, 4 necklaces, a pair of shoes, black tights, knit leggings, sweater, and an elastic vest clip, 1987— 94 (1995.0084). Carol E. Porter: coat and vest set, 1975— 80, and an Ancient MacLaren tartan kilt, 1979, all worn by Kent Worth Porter for Scottish country dancing (1993.0468). The Presidential Museum (through Timothy M. Hewitt): Presidential Directory educational kit containing portraits of the presidents from George Washington to James E. Carter (1994.3079). Al Prueict and Sons, Inc. (through David J. and Sandra Prueitt): 4 sam- ples of green embroidered silk, leather, and pile carpet used in a 1933 Duesenberg automobile (1993.0554). Wilhelmine E. Pryor in memory of Lewis A. Pryor: instruction leaflet for using Taylor's adjustable type mold (1994.0382). Government of the State of Qatar, Min- istry of Communication and Trans- port, Department of Posts (through Abdulrahman Jaber Muftah): 20 stamps of Qatar (1993.2037). QUALCOMM Incorporated, Om- niTRACS Business Unit (through Dr. Irwin Mark Jacobs): OmniTRACS Complete Satellite Sys- tem consisting of a communications computer, external antenna, and an operator's keyboard and display unit (1994.0384). Elizabeth Rawlinson: woman’s black silk crepe evening dress with leopard print silk jacket, designed by Geof- frey Beene, 1987-89 (1994.0321). Keith S. Rerd-Green: 18 sets of docu- mentation relating to tabulating equipment and computers (1994.3128). Franklin J. Richards: pair of man’s gloves and pair of woman's gloves, both of white kid leather with shell buttons, worn for a wedding in 1912 (1995.0038). Col. Eri H. Richardson, AIA and USAF (Ret.) and Phyllis Richardson: can- nonball from the War of 1812 exca- vated from the west bank of the Patuxent River in Maryland (1994.0005). Dorothy Riggle: 2 buttons, 2 letters, and a leaflet, all from recent political campaigns (1995.0026). Mary Livingston Ripley: woman's black and white diagonally-striped silk tea gown designed by Arnold Constable & Cie, 1885-1900 (1994.0361). Alice Robinson: Silvertone 12-string electric guitar, ca. 1960, and a hand- made foot-operated electric fotd:lla for bass accompaniment, both played by Jesse Fuller (1994.0053). Franklin A. Robinson, Jr: 2 “show” T- shirts from plays in which Mr. Robin- son acted including The Pirates of Penzance and White Jacket. 1987 and 1992 (1994.0304). John Rockett: Mark IV computer pro- gram, 1955-60 (1981.3013). Stephen J. Rogers: set of experimental telegraph wires, ca. 1850, used by Henry J. Rogers who worked on de- velopment of the first telegraph line in the U.S. (1995.0067). J. William Rosenthal, M.D.: voodoo pain doll with pins applied and a gris-gris bag worn around the neck to alleviate pain (1994.0059); 3 pairs of Chinese spectacles (1994.0075). Cathy L. Cox Roznovsky: pair of inflat- able yellow plastic boot forms, 1967- 68 (1994.0294). Harry R. and Max Eli Rubenstein: child's T-shirt with cartoons by R. Flores, made for the 15th Annual Great Labor Arts Ex- change, Labor Heritage Foundation (1994.0300). Fath Davis Ruffins: 2 paper patterns for woman's dresses in an African Ameri- can style, 1970-75 (1993.3004). SAS Philatelic Club (through Niels Sommer): 21 first flight covers of the 285 Scandinavian Airlines System (1993-2021). Terry M. Sachs: 6 instruction pam- phlets, 2 boxes for slide rules, and an IBM logic template (1995.3023). Mehrdad Sadigh: ancient Greek Parth- ian silver drachm with a bust of Parthamaspates (1995.0089). Frank Salerno: Marchant Figurematic calculating machine, early 1950s (1994-0307). Helen Samhan: 2 issues of the New Leba- nese American Journal. 1971-73, a New York Times article, photograph of a Lebanon American Society dance, 1947, Gibran International Peace Conference poster and program, 1986, and a dedication catalog and pro- grams for the Kahlil Gibran Memo- rial Garden, 1991 (1995.3076). Mr. and Mrs. William Santillo: woman's striped silk dress of the 1860s (1994.0360). Sarns Incorporated (through T. R. Eng- els): model 5000 heart and lung ma- chine with a heater-cooler unit (199 4.0366). Edward J. Schantz: vial of Botulinum toxin type A, vial of Oculinum, empty vial for Botulinum toxin, photomicrograph of Botulinum toxin crystals, gel diffusion apparatus, mili- tary test kit, and a patent certificate awarded to Mr. Schantz for the test kit in 1958 (1995.0190). Robert A. Schein, M.D.: American Standard hemacytometer, an apparatus used to count red blood cells, containing a Levy-Hausser counting chamber, ca. 1938 (1994.0032). Richard S. Schlein: 710 pieces of obso- lete 19th-century paper currency is- sued mostly by state chartered banks in New Jersey and New York, 1807- 1864 (1993.0583); 400 pieces of 19th- century U.S. paper currency (1994-0390). Clarence Schmarje: 2 button sawheads and a Barry cast iron button tum- bling machine (1993-0511); 8 sets of river shells with holes where buttons were cut out, 3 cards of pearl buttons, 2 sample books, and 2 pearl shell but- tons (1993.3193). 286 Mary Elizabeth Schmidt: 5 sets of pa- pers, 4 sets of photographs, 2 sets of books, and a set of pamphlets, all re- lated to the work of Dorr E. Felt and his development of the Comptometer (1994.3060). Patricia E. Schneider: Washington Job- ber printing press made by John M. Jones of Palmyra, New York, 1880s (1995.0142). Alfred H. Schrader: first numbered bul- let using Mr. Schrader’s 8-digit num- ber and letter system (1995.0193). Raymond A. Schwartz: 2 Stegmann view camera outfits made in Berlin, Germany (1994.0282). Catherine D. Scott: pair of woman's white pearlized leather shoes with a pink rose- bud and leaf motif embroidered and painted on, worn at the second Eisen- hower Presidential Inaugural Ball, Jan- uary 1957 (1995.0078). Charley Scott: Willis polar planimeter #749, made by James L. Robertson & Sons of New York, patented in 1896 (1994.0356). Sea Heritage (through Bernard Klay): print of The Charles W. Morgan at Chubb’s Wharf by Moonlight, by John Stobart (1994.0349). David H. Shayt: Clinton caricature watch whose hands run counterclock- wise, 1994 (1994.0301); “Guide For Civil Defense Action in the Washing- ton Warning Area,” published by the U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959 (1995.0060). Michael Sherman: Condex Io0-key add- ing machine (1995.0018). Roger E. Sherman: Fuji 35mm dispos- able camera printed with a cigarette advertisement (1995.0175). George L. Sherwood: hanging ring fora chandelier patented by William Law- rence of New Haven, Connecticut, on March 23, 1831 (1994.0378). Richard B. Siday: trophy won by Rich- ard R. John for the 1963 Fisher Body Craftsman’s Contest and a “Body by Fisher” nameplate (1994.0046). Simpro Corporation of America (through Arnold S. Cohen): 5 Simpro- X cameras (1995.0039). Edward Simpson: wire rope suspender assembly, 1883, removed from the Brooklyn Bridge in the 1980s (1995-0159). Government of the Republic of Slovenia, Sestavljeno PTT Podjetje (through Janez Gril): 64 stamps and 2 miniature sheets of Slovenia (1993.2044). Henry W. Smit, Jr. and Linda L. Smit in memory of Martha M. Phillips: 18 insecticides and a package of Kotex sanitary napkins (1993.0348). SmithKline Beecham, Incorporated (through Douglas B. Cox): 4 objects relating to the first change of pack- aging for Sucrets throat lozenges in 60 years including a Sucrets Early Retirement kit, invitation to the re- tirement party with a Sucrets tin ina rocking chair, a tin of the 1930s, and the new plastic package introduced commercially on October 1, 1994 (1994.0233). Society for the History of Technology (through James C. Williams): 4.5 cubic feet of archival records of the Treasurer of the society (1995.3010). Government of the Solomon Islands, Solomon Islands Philatelic Bureau: 66 stamps and 3 souvenir sheets of the Solomon Islands (1993.2109). Government of the Republic of South Africa, South African Post Office Limited, Philatelic Services and Inter- sapa (through Hennie Diedericks): 50 stamps of South Africa (1993.2068); 59 stamps of South Africa (1993.2132). Michael Spodak, M.D.: 41 miscella- neous utensils, equipment, and canned food, collected by Dr. Spodak for use in a family fallout shelter (199 4.3131). Lawrence R. and Harvey G. Stack: 2 $20 U.S. quintuple Stella coins of 1879, one in gold and the other in gilt copper, struck as prototypes for an unsuccessful attempt to make a standard equivalent of European coin- age (1994.0371). Harvey G. Stack: 3 silver halfdollars of 1861 struck at the U.S. Mint in New Orleans, one struck while the mint was under Federal control, the second struck after the mint was seized by the State of Louisiana, and the third struck after the mint came under the control of the Confederate States of America (1994.0105). Fletcher C. Stewart, Sr., M.D., F. Clark Stewart, Jr., and Grace M. Stewart: 2 uniform jackets, 2 pairs of trousers, a bridge coat, hat, pair of shoes, tie, sword, sword belt with scabbard, and a white lab coar, all worn by Dr. Stewart during his career in the USS. Public Health Service (1991.0774). Jeffrey K. Stine: unopened package of 3 man’s handkerchiefs of white lawn with woven bands of satin, 1950s (1995-0129). Nancy L. Stipe for the John Stipe Fam- ily including Sydnor Stormy Stipe- Lowrey, Skipper G. Stipe Maas, Shirley M. Stipe-Raines, Sabra Bragg Stipe, Sea Stipe, and Shaddock Lowrey Stipe: split white oak basket with pieces of cotton caught in the plaits from its last use in the fields, made ca. 1960 (1993.0281). Mary-Alice Stoddard: woman's 4-piece wedding dress of gold-colored velvet with a voided floral pattern, 1880-85 (1994.0275). Lois Greene Stone: dress designed and made by Mrs. Stone for her eldest daughter's wedding, 1985 (1994.0158); Eicor reel-to-reel tape recorder, ca. 1949, and a Louis Marx and Company toy train transformer (1994.0340). Isabella Larner Stott: woman's white grosgrain satin wedding gown with brown silk lining, worn by Anna Par- ker Larner on Apri! 8, 1891 (1994.0276). Susan B. Strange: girl's alligator leather purse, 1954-57 (1995.0016). Lea E. Sullivan: phonograph record la- beled “Victor Records of Health Exer- cises,” 1908, and a vibrator (1994.0364). Government of Sweden, Sweden Post Stamps (through Sirkha Lehtinen): 112 stamps and 12 first day covers of Sweden (1993.2113). Hildegard P. Swick: 7 pieces of paper money from Switzerland, Sweden, and Denmark, 1936-55 (1994.0289). Government of the Swiss Confedera- tion, Swiss PTT General Directorate: 52 stamps of Switzerland (1993.2150). Mary N. Symington: U.S. Army winter uniform vest worn by Lt. James McKim Symington during WW II (1993.0009). Synergistic Designs (through Jennifer C. King): 4 posters and 3 T-shirts about biotechnology (1994.3092). Judith Jaidinger Szesko: 3 prints made by the wood engraving process by Ms. Szesko (1994.0336). David A. Taylor: folk art coffin with codfish, made by Daniel Murphy of Dunville, Newfoundland, Canada, 1994 (1994.0330). Claudette Koodray Tencza: 16 photo- graphs and a videotape cassette (194.3084). Nan Lane Terry: souvenir pillowcase from the 2nd Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps Training Center in Day- tona Beach, Florida (1993.0015). Audrey H. Thomas (through Stephen M. Schneebaum): Oakland Motor Car Company All-American 4-door sedan made in Pontiac, Michigan, in 1929 (1993-0483). Donald D. Thornton: Dover rotary- cranked eggbeater, ca. 1891 (1992.3007). Marilee Tillstrom: woman's accesso- ries including a powder cake, lip- stick, false eyelashes, white shoe powder, and a clear plastic rainhat, 1940-80 (1994.0373); Thread-Mas- ter needle threader patented in 1883 (1995.0010). Miriam D. Tod: wooden piece of the steering wheel of the U.S.S. Mazne, 1898 (1994.0183). Jane Townes: pair of man’s bell-bottom blue denim Levi Strauss jeans and a unisex Woodstock logo T-shirt, 1968— 69 (1994.0250). Margot Townsend, Inc. (through Rich- ard P. Clark, Jr. and Margot Townsend): 10 pieces of woman’s cos- tume jewelry which are reproduc- tions or adaptations from objects in the National Museum of American History's Division of Costume collec- tions, 1988-93 (1993.0465). Travenol Labs Incorporated, Fenwal Di- vision (through Roberto Perez): blood warmer and a thermometer (1993-0414). Don Troiani: 2 signed lithographs of Civil War subjects by Mr. Troiani (1994.3112). Linda B. Tucker: 2 Domino granulated cane sugar sacks (1994.3023). James Tuma: 2 booklets and 2 photocop- ied newsclippings about the Rashid family, 1949-79 (1995.3006). Government of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Directorate of the Department of Posts (through Aysel N. Erduran): 9 stamps, 4 first day covers, and a souvenir sheet of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cy- prus (1993.203I). Elise W. Tyree: deep blue cotton-rayon caftan and a pair of green plastic ear- rings, 1970s (1994.0103). Fred C. Uhlmann: 13 pieces of costume jewelry, 7 original boxes, 2 litho- graphs for store advertisements, a dis- play stand, and a card (1994.0211). Katherine Uniss-Haddad: Arabic man’s vest, sash, and headband (1993.0590). Unisys Corporation (through D. R. Curry): 7 UNIVAC [and II com- puter components, a UNIVAC photo- graph notebook, and a Remington Rand pamphlet, 1950s (1982.0638). U.S. Department of Defense, Depart- ment of the Air Force, Air Force In- telligence Support Agency (through Brad Houston): 2 light machine guns, 2 submachine guns, 2 auto- matic rifles, a semiautomatic rifle, semiautomatic carbine, bolt action rifle, and a rifle (1992.0007); Head- quarters Air Force Military Personnel Center (through Victor Arnold-Bik): Taurus pistol with accessories, made in Brazil, ca. 1983 (1994.0326); Yugo- slavian cased semiautomatic pistol with accessories, 1986 (1994.0329); Robins Air Force Base, Georgia: leaf assembly shutter (1995.0033); 7th Communications Group (through Lr. Col. Richard H. Hange): Western Electric tactical switchboard position #4 used at the Pentagon from WW II to the early 1990s (1994.0128). U.S. Department of Defense, Depart- ment of the Army, Corps of Engi- neers, Canal Park Museum (through C. Patrick Labadie): piece of iron hull from the steamship Surveyor. one 287 of the first iron ships built in Amer- ica, 1842 (1995.0042); Headquarters (through Victor Arnold-Bik): Pioneer model Rossi cased pistol, made in Brazil, 1986 (1994.0327); U.S. Total Army Personnel Com- mand (through Victor Arnold-Bik): rifle with case made in the Federal Republic of West Germany, 1988 (1994.0331). U.S. Department of Defense, Depart- ment of the Navy, Naval Research Laboratory (through C. Woods): spec- trograph made by Adam Higler Lim- ited of London, NaCl rock salt prism, and a CaF2 prism (1995.0048); U.S. Marine Corps, Museums Branch, Ma- rine Corps Combat Development Command (through Jennifer L. Cas- tro): 2 shoulder knots of 2nd lieuten- ant grade worn by Brig. Gen. Woodrow M. Kessler in 1937, and a leather storage box (1993.0182). U.S. Department of Defense, Director of Administration and Management, OSD (through Victor Arnold-Bik): Helwan semiautomatic pistol with ac- cessories, 1988 (1994.0328); silver handgun with accessories and a dou- ble action revolver with case, 1994 (1995.0141). U.S. Department of Energy, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (through Christine Bach): streaking camera, framing camera, capacitor discharge unit, dual air control unit, telescope attachment, and a rotor, all developed to record and analyze ther- monuclear tests, 1940s—50s (1992.0609); Superconducting Super Collider Project Office (through An- tonio Acuna, Jr. and Edward G. Cumesty): rock bolt used in tunnel construction (1995.0095). U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Mar- shals Service (through Cary H. Cope- land): 1948 Tucker 4-door sedan, 39th of 51 such automobiles made (1993-0484). U.S. Department of State, Office of the Chief of Protocol (through Vic- tor Arnold-Bik): cased double bar- rel shotgun made in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1990 (1994.0325). 288 U.S. Department of the Treasury, Bu- reau of the Mint: 855 U.S. and for- eign coins and medals, pre-1923 (1992.0121); 491 U.S. and foreign coins and medals received between 1923 and 1957 (1993.0205); U.S. Cus- toms Service, Armament Research and Development Center (through Carol Barr): 19 pistols and revolvers and 10 carbines of U.S. and foreign manufacture, 20th century (1986.0220); U.S. Mint (through Philip N. Diehl): 13 U.S. commemo- rative coins and a piece of commemo- rative paper currency, 12 uncirculated coins, Io proof coins, and a medal commemorating Secretary of the Treasury Lloyd Bentson, 1979-94 (1994.0235); 4 gold and a silver eagle proof coins, 4 coins commemorating veterans and the U.S. Capitol, and a bronze medal commemorating Joe Lewis (1994.0372); Marketing Depart- ment (through Christy Bidstrup): ob- verse and reverse plasters used to cast dies for striking the Thomas Jeffer- son commemorative silver dollar, 1993 (1994.0319). U.S. Legislative Branch, Library of Con- gress, Exchange and Gift Division, American-British Exchange Section (through Joseph P. Molnar): DeJur Grundig Stenorette B dictating ma- chine with accessories (1992.0343); Manuscript Division (through David C. Mearns): hand seal of the Associa- tion of Acting Assistant Surgeons, U.S. Army, 1888 (1994.0004). U.S. Resolution Trust Corporation (through Steve McGregor): 2 Spanish silver coins dated 1492 and 1741 (1994.0110); Public Affairs (through Joe B. Taylor): April 9, 1800 issue of The Spectator newspaper of New York carrying the story “Franking Privledge to Martha Washington” (1994.0114). U.S.S. Alabama Battleship Memorial Park (through Charles M. Breland): 7 pieces of U.S. Navy officer’s ward- room china service including 2 bowls, a dish, plate, cup, saucer, and a mug, WW II (1994.0181). United States Singer Company (through William D. Enerson): 13 sewing machine accessories, 2 empty accessory boxes, and a cast iron trea- dle stand (1993.0573). Unknown: 2 Revere Camera Company photographic enlargers (1994.0281). Muriel I. Urban: military style revers- ible raincoat and topcoat and a gray wool felt bag, 1943 (1995.0065). Chantal and Jan L. Vagassky: 13 silver imitation Roman coins (1994.0107). Margaret E. Vaill: 66 molded plastic ob- jects and sets of objects reflecting the career of Edward W. Vaill in early plastic technology (1994.3122); 45 molded plastic objects and sets of ob- jects (1995.3053). Government of the Vatican, Ufficio Filatelico - Numismatico: 36 stamps of the Vatican (1993.2143). John J. Vicari: 0.33 cubic foot of cata- logs and newsletters documenting the partial history of the Midwest Federation of American Syrian-Leba- nese Clubs, Inc. (1994.3018). Will Vinton Productions (through Todd Norgaard): 44 objects includ- ing animation figures, materials used co make figures, advertising papers and videotapes, and promotional goods, all related to California Raisin advertisements using Claymation ani- mated figures (1991.3182). Robert Vogel: 5 photographs and a Pathex motion picture projector (1994.0148). Barbara H. Walker: woman's clothing including an evening dress, matching shoes, and a shoebag of 1888-1900, and an off-white organdy dress, para- sol, parasol cover, and silk slip of 1906-10 (1994.0112). Mary Linn Wallace: Jane Addams Peace Dove medallion and its original Jap- anese lacquered box (1995.0023). Warden Leathers, Incorporated (through Warren Dennie): maple wood block used to hand cut leather to make gloves, used at Zimmer Gloves of Gloversville, New York (1994.0268). Warner-Lambert Company (through Melvin R. Goodes): 4 bottles of Listerine mouthwash including a corked bottle of 1895-1906, and the last 2 glass bottles produced and the first plastic bottle packaged on Au- gust 9, 1994 (1995.0013). Virginia C. Warren: woman's brown faille and patterned plush dress disassembled into I3 pieces, 1885 (1994.0347). Bertha A. and Herbert Waters: wooden block, drawing, overlay, and a final print of the wood engraving My Stx- dto by Mr. Waters, 1982 (1995.0122). George Watson: man’s brown straw hat with a black silk hatband, 1840-90 (1995.0037). Merle G. Waugh: Dress Gordon tartan kilt, made by a member of Mr. Waugh’s family in 1906, and a Bal- moral style cap, possibly of the 1930s (1993-0352). Nancy S. Webb: paperback book, How to Survive an Atomic Bomb. by Richard Gerstell, 1950 (1994.0287). Siham Wehbe: 8 magazines and 4 books in Arabic including the D.A.R. Man- ual for Citizenship, 1920-40 (1994.3109). Elizabeth Lucile Lenfers Westby (through Paul deHoll): framed em- broidered picture of a dairy farm scene signed and dated by “Lucile L. Westby Apr 1980” (1994.3048). Ellen R. Wheeler: woman's dark blue wool jacket, 1885-1910 (1994.0312). Roger B. White: American Revolution Bicentennial license plate, 1976 (1994.0047). Dr. Ronald S. Wilkinson: Dobsonian- mounted 13.1 inch reflecting tele- scope made by the Coulter Optical Company, ca. 1982 (1994.0399). Edith R. Williams: woman's black and off-white slubbed tweed pantsuit and a photograph of Mrs. Williams’ mother wearing the suit, 1924-25 (1995-0113). Sule Gregory C. Wilson: 6 publicity buttons, 3 T-shirts, 2 posters, and a brochure, all reflecting African Amer- ican college and social life (1993.0567); 3 T-shirts and a man’s shirt, 1961-89, all with African Amer- ican slogans or designs (1994.0251). The Windsor Historical Society of Windsor, Connecticut, Inc. (through Robert T. Silliman): pair of man’s blue and white checked cotton over- alls, 1930-45 (1994-0353). University of Wisconsin, College of Ag- ricultural and Life Sciences, Depart- ment of Bacteriology (through Prof. Ronald D. Hinsdill, Ph.D.): 20 ob- jects from early science laboratories and the study of bacteriology and mo- lecular biology (1995.0191). The Wolper Organization (through David Wolper): set of hand shackles used in the television miniseries “Roots,” 1977, and a rag doll used in the television miniseries “Queen,” 1992 (1993.0170). Priscilla Q. Wood: 11 sets of shoulder pads, 1985-90 (1994.0335). Woolworth Corporation (through Au- brey C. Lewis and E. J. Swain): 26 ob- jects including a lunch counter with footrest, 4 stools, 3 mirrors, 2 cornice pieces, a soda fountain, milk shake container and glass, napkin holder, pie case, salt shaker, waitress’ uni- form and notebook, and 8 signs, all from the Greensboro, North Caro- lina, Woolworth store where 4 stu- dents conducted the first sit-in against segregated lunch counters in 1960 (1994.0156). Eugene C. Worman, Jr.: lithograph by Mrs. Orra Hitchcock of the “Gorge Between Holyoke and Tom” used in a book about the geology of Massa- chusetts, 1830s (1994.0362). Yamaha Corporation of America (through Terry Lewis): 24-piece cus- tom maple drum set (1994.3072). Rose C. Yanney: 2 convention booklets of Federated Syrian, Lebanon Clubs of America, 1947 and 1948 (1994.3108). William H. Yeignsct: Wham-O sling- shot, ca. 1950, Kimball fiberglass bowl, 1950s, and a Tuppercraft plastic box set, 1960s (1995.0109). Richard C. Young: 2 Landor Associ- ates T-shirts and a Hills Brothers coffee can printed with an Ansel Adams photograph, 1969 (1993.0542). Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe, Posts and Telecommu- nications Corporation, Philatelic Bureau: 8*"Owls of Zimbabwe” postage stamps, 1993 (1993.2059); 12 “Pottery of Zimbabwe” stamps (1993.2103). Barry and Margaret A. Zorthian: Safe- Guard Model Y checkwriter and a vial of Protex ink (1993.0289). National Postal Museum Donors of Financial Support $500, 000 or more Pitney Bowes Inc. $100,000 Jeanette Cantrell Rudy $50,000 or More National Grange Norfolk Southern Foundation $10, 000 or more Friden Neopost Subaru of America Alvin and Marjorie Kantor David and Donald Sundman Florence Corder-Witter United States Postal Service Leo August Envelope Manufacturers Association of America $5, 000 or more Avery Dennison Lillian Turner Jimmy Dean Foods AT&T Rodale Press Meredith Publishing National Association of Postmasters of the United States Hallmark, Inc. Prudential Insurance Company Ducks Unlimited, Inc. $1, 000 or more Book-of-the-Month Club Joan M. Berkley Advertising Mail Marketing Association Amos Press Donors to the Collection A collecting moratorium, imposed in 1992 1n conjunction with the reloca- tion of the collections from the Na- tional Museum of American History to the National Postal Museum, re- mained in effect for the National Postal Museum during 1995. Donors of In-Kind Support Pitney Bowes Inc. Significant technical support to maintain mailing and ad- dressing kiosks and exhibition development. Subaru of America. A 1995 “Outback Legacy” station wagon for the museum's use. Avery Dennsion. Technical support for an upcoming exhibit. Westinghouse. Technical support for an upcoming exhibit. Weigh-Tronix. Technical support for an upcoming exhibit. Excelsior Publishing. Printing an educa- tional pamphlet. National Museum of the American Indian Donors to the Collection Anita Alvarez de Williams. Cucapa fishtrap. Douglas Coffin. Grandfather Pole, sculp- ture by Douglas Coffin (Potawatomi- Creek) from This Path We Travel exhibition. Henry Curtis. Painting on sealskin from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Estate of Patricia C. Dodge. Northwest Coast basket and Chavin-Chimu str- rup pot from Peru. 290 Eel River Micmac Community. Gesgapegiag Micmac ash splint basket. Monica Flaherty. Records of petro- glyphs in Puerto Rico. Peter B. Greenough. Passamaquoddy club. Marian Kaminitz. Achuar comb, Ecu- ador; Bush Negro comb; palm fiber bag from Maka, Paraguay. T)jyraru Karaja. Two Karaja wetaara (dance belts). Helen Katchmar. Collection of South- west jewelry and artifacts. Barbara Knapp. Pair of Naskap: snow- shoes. Naralie K. Kutz. Three dolls, made by Bobbie Bear (Ottawa). Estate of Joan W. Leidesdorf. Collection of southeast pottery and jewelry. Ellen Loewenthal. Four Eskimo-An- aktuvuk Pass masks. Robert A. Logan. Assorted Eastern Woodlands materials (six objects). Janis M. Maxwell. Plains pipe bag. Mid-America Arts Alliance. Assorted Hopi materials (seven objects). Peyton S. Moncure. Two blankets, pair of moccasins, and necklace from trad- ing post in Busby, Montana. Darlene Raskind. Navajo sandpainting from the Whiteshell Arrow people. Mrs. Moreland Griffith Smith. One blackware vessel (“Maria/Popovi") and set of three katsinas by H Namaquaptewa (Hopi). Charles Steiner. Plenty Coups. sculpture in bronze. Liane Fenelon Waite. Seminole skirt. Tony L. Weldon. Learning How to Fly, pencil drawing by Tony L. Weldon (Cherokee). National Portrait Gallery Donors of Financial Support $50,000 or more Scripps Howard Foundation $10, 000 or more The Barra Foundation, Inc. Fannie Mae Foundation The Shubert Foundation, Inc. $5,000 or more Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association Clark 1983 Charitable Trust $1,000 or more Esthy and James Adler Philanthropic Fund in The Foundation for the Na- tonal Capital Region Bank One, Springfield Mr. and Mrs. Alan Fern Rosemary L. Frankeberger Leslie Goldberg Charity Fund of the Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund Jack Haas Chester H. Lasell Harold and Judy Prince Gordon Tindale and W.H. Smith Group (USA) Inc. The Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation $250 or more Sidney Hart Mr. and Mrs. Barry Pierce Elena Klionsky Pipko Turner Associates, Inc. Donors to the Collection— Painting and Sculpture Anonymous gift in memory of the Charles Carroll Simms Family. Wi/- liam Gilmore Simms, oil on canvas, by an unidentified artist (NPG.95.020). Eleanor Morein Foster. Jenny Lind. 1852, oil on canvas, by Francis Bicknell Carpenter (NPG.94.123). Mr. and Mrs. C. Joseph Giroir, Jr. Wil- liam Jefferson Clinton. 1994, bronze bust, by Jan Woods (NPG.94.126). IBM Corporation. Thomas J. Watson, Sr., 1956-57, oil on canvas, by Albert K. Murray (NPG.94.125). Everett Raymond Kinstler. Charles Ad- dams. 1975, oil on canvas, by Everett Raymond Kinstler (T/NPG.94.124.98). Estate of Herbert Leldon Kirk. Col. Lewis Morris, ca. 1800, watercolor on ivory, by an unidentified artist (S/NPG.95.115); and Anne Elliott Mor- ris. ca. 1800, watercolor on ivory, by an unidentified artist (S/NPG.95.116). The Beneficiaries of the Andrew Longa- cre Estate. Coins and medals de- signed by James Barton Longacre (AD/NPG.95.1.1 - 10). Jonathan Prude. Agnes de Mille. oil on fi- berboard, by Elizabeth Montgomery (T/NPG.95.118.03); and Martha Gra- ham. oil on fiberboard, by Elizabeth Montgomery (T/NPG.95.019.01). Robert Gordon Stewart. Suit of cloth- ing worn by Stewart in his 1969 por- trait by Alice Neel (AD/NPG.94.2). Joan Lieber Sweeney. Frederick W. MacMonnies. 1922, oil on canvas, by James Montgomery Flagg (NPG.94.86). Harold Tovish. e. e. cammings. 1994 cast of 1962 original, death mask, made by Harold Tovish (NPG.95.7). Billy Dee Williams. Self-Portrait with Gardenia, 1993, acrylic on canvas (S/NPG.94.92). Donors to the Collection— Prints and Drawings Alfred and Elizabeth Bendiner Founda- tion. 5 caricature drawings, ink on paper, Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne, 1943, Ethel Merman and Burt Lahr. 1939, Van Cliburn, c. 1955, Alfred and Elizabeth Bendiner, c. 1950, Helen Hayes. 1943, by Alfred Bendiner (NPG.95.63-67). Heywood Hale Broun. Heywood Camp- bell Broun, c. 1935, pencil on paper, by Joseph Hirsch (NPG.94.111). Lydia Freeman. 7 drawings on paper, Boris Aronson, Joe E. Brown, William Glackens, Henry Kaiser, Buster Keaton, two drawings of Arnold Schoenberg. by Don Freeman (NPG.95.135-141). Everett Raymond Kinstler. Joan Fon- taine, 1993, charcoal on paper, by Ev- erett Raymond Kinstler (S/NPG.94.112). Al Hirschfeld, 1993, charcoal on paper, by Everett Ray- mond Kinstler (T/NPG.94.113.). Rob- ert Motherwell. 1985, pencil on paper, by Everett Raymond Kinstler (T/NPG.94.114.01). Ruth Munson. Nolan Ryan, 1993, water- color on paper, by Ruth Munson (T/NPG.95.044.). Bernard Perlin. Erick Hawkins, 1942, silverpoint on paper, by Bernard Per- lin (NPG.95.028). Patrick Hurley, 19443-1944, pencil on paper, by Ber- nard Perlin (S/NPG.95.031). Vincent Price, 1942, silverpoint on paper, by Bernard Perlin (NPG.95.029). Glenway Wescott. 1946, silverpoint on paper, by Bernard Perlin (NPG.95.030). Milton Rose. Nathaniel Lyon. c. 1861, lithograph, by T. Sinclair (NPG.95.71). Stephen Grover Cleveland and Thomas Andrews Hendricks, 1884, engraving, by James R. Rice (NPG.95.72). Edward Sorel. The Warner Mob. 1983, color halftone poster, by Edward Sorel (S/NPG.95.003). Thinking Tuna Fish, Talking Death. 1988, color half- tone poster, by Edward Sorel (S/NPG.95.002). Erwin P. Vollmer. Aline Fruhauf. 1928, pencil on paper, by Alexander Calder (NPG.95.32). Donors to the Collection— Photographs Herbert H. Coburn. Judith Anderson, 1937, gelatin silver print by Carl Van Vechten (S/NPG.95.10). William Coupon. George Herbert Walker Bush, 1991, Iris print on watercolor paper by William Coupon (NPG.95.21). Edward Brooks DeCelle. Lawrence Ferlinghetti, 1974, gelatin silver print by Crawford W. Barton (T/NPG.94.100.). Keith de Lellis. Cecz/ B. DeMille. c. 1930, gelatin silver print by George Hurrell (S/NPG.95.118); Mae West, 1935, gelatin silver print by C. Ken- neth Lobben (S/NPG.95.119). Elsa Dorfman. Adlen Ginsberg and Peter Orlovsky, 1983, Polaroid Polacolor print by Elsa Dorfman (T/NPG.95.17). Eastman Kodak Company. Summit of the Americas, 1995, chromogenic print by Eduardo Galliani (NPG.95.77). Louis and Jude Patch Guglielmino. Ge- ronimo, c. 1886, albumen silver print by C.S. Fly (NPG.95.117). Claire Kaland. 19 lantern slides of Civil War scenes, various dates, by Mathew Brady Studio (S/NPG.95.121; AD/NPG.95.2.1-18). Danny Lyon and the Jan Kesner Gal- lery. John Lewis, 1962, gelatin silver print by Danny Lyon (T/NPG.95.16). Rollie McKenna. James Merrill, 1995 from 1969 negative, gelatin silver print by Rollie McKenna (T/NPG.95.74.05); Sylvia Plath, 1995 from 1959 negative, gelatin silver print -by Rollie McKenna (NPG.95.75); Anne Sexton. 1995 from 1961 negative, gelatin silver print by Rollie McKenna (NPG.95.76). Estate of Hans Namuth. 52 gelatin sil- ver portrait prints, various dates by Hans Namuth (NPG.95.) Maurice Roth. Mabel Mercer. 1978, chro- mogenic print by James D. Wilson (S/NPG.95.73). Mrs. Albert B. Sabin. Adbert B. Sabin, 1982, gelatin silver print by unidenti- fied photographer (T/NPG.95.79.03). William and Drew Schaeffer. A/fred E. Smith, c. 1925, photographic montage by unidentified photographer (NPG.94.101). Ruth and Richard Shack. 2 gelatin sil- ver prints of Jane Alexander, 1992, by Timothy Greenfield-Sanders (S/NPG.94.279-80); Hillary Rodham Clinton. 1994, gelatin silver print by Timothy Greenfield-Sanders (S/NPG.94.281). Frances O. Tames. 99 gelatin silver por- trait prints, various dates, by George Tames (NPG.94.144-242). Diana Walker. William Jefferson (“Bill”) Clinton, 1993, chromogenic print by Diana Walker (NPG.95.107); George Herbert Walker Bush, 1990, chromo- genic print by Diana Walker (NPG.95.108); Ronald Wilson Reagan. 291 1986, chromogenic print by Diana Walker (NPG.95.109); Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev. 1987, chromo- genic print by Diana Walker (S/NPG.95.110); William Jefferson (“Bill”) Clinton and Albert Gore, 1994, chromogenic print by Diana Walker (S/NPG.95.111); William Jefferson (“Bill”) Clinton, 1994, chromogenic print by Diana Walker (S/NPG.95.112); George Herbert Walker Bush and Barbara Bush, 1988, chromo- genic print by Diana Walker (S/NPG.95.113),; William Jefferson “Bill” Clinton. 1994, chromogenic print by Diana Walker (S/NPG.95.114). Sandra Weiner. Dan Werner, c. 1949, gel- atin silver print by Sandra Weiner (NPG.94.99); Ed Zern, 1985, gelatin silver print by Sandra Weiner (T/NPG.94.98.04). Donald Windham. Donald Windham and Sandy Camptell, 1955, gelatin sil- ver print by Carl Van Vechten (S/NPG.95.78); 15 gelatin silver por- trait prints, various dates, by George Platt Lynes (S/NPG.94.264-78). Library Herbert Waide Hemphill. Thirty-nine (39) boxes of of folk art books, exhibi- tion catalogs and vertical file items. Archives of American Art. Four (4) boxes of art magazines and newslet- ters and three (3) boxes of small press publications. Merry Foresta. Five (5) boxes of bio- graphical information, exhibition an- nouncements and small catalogs. Donors of In-Kind Support Eastman Kodak Company. Kodak Photo CD Player. Capital Plastics Company, Inc. Vitrines and book cradles displayed in the ex- hibition “In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of James McNeil Whistler.” Capitol Paint Center. Paint and paint supplies for the installation of the ex- hibition “In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of James McNeil Whistler.” 292 General Typographers, Inc. Produc- tion of film positives used in preparation of graphics for the exhibition “In Pursuit of the But- terfly: Portraits of James McNeil Whistler.” Heritage Flag Co., Inc. Outdoor ban- ner used to publicize the exhibition “In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Por- traits of James McNeil Whistler.” Normandy Carpet Care Co. Cleaning of gallery space carpeting in support of the exhibition “In Pursuit of the But- terfly: Portraits of James McNeil Whistler.” Schneidereith & Sons. Printing of invitations for preview reception for the exhibition “In Pursuit of the But- terfly: Portraits of James McNeil Whistler.” Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition service, SITES Donors of Financial Support $ 500, 000 or more Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A. $50,000 or more The Boeing Company $10,000 or more Rockefeller Foundation Educational and Cultural Programs Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Donors of Financial Support $100, 000 or more The Ford Foundation $10, 000 or more Cape Verdean American Folklife Festi- val, Wareham Folklife Comm. William H. & Camille O. Cosby Embassy of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian Fundacao Luso-Americana New Bedford Cape Verdean Smithson- 1an Committee NYNEX Corporation Pontificia Universidad Catolica Del Peru The Rex Foundation David Schoenbach Trust for Mutual Understanding $5,000 or more Fleet Charitable Trust Ford Motor Company Organization of American States $1,000 or more Bell Atlantic of Washington, D.C. Cape Verdean Club of Falmouth, Inc. Cape Verdean Cultural Preservation Council Cookson-America, Inc. Elizabeth G. Cushman Czech Heritage Society of Texas Foundation of Cabo Verde, Inc. Kathryn Rinzler Toshi Aline Seeger $500 or more Adler Pollock & Sheehan Louise Andrade Arts in Progress, Inc. Citizens Bank of Massachusetts Citizens Financial Group, Inc. Melvin and Ryna Cohen James C. Early Edwards & Angell Julius Gonsalves & Son Shirley Gould Guest Services Inc. Martin & Marianne Harwit Bess Lomax Hawes Hope St. KFC, Inc. Hospital Trust Institute for Community Research, Inc. International Packaging Corp. Charlene James-Duguid Kilmartin Charitable Corp. Richard Kurin The Monet Group New England Trust Company Marion Surling Pugh Mr. and Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley Rockland Trust Company Peter and Martha Seitel Tillinghast Collins & Graham White House Historical Association $250 or more Associacao Caboverdiana De Brockton Francisco L. & Lynne M. Borges Cape Verdean Women’s Social Club, Inc. Gerald Cerny Cooper & Sanchez Gordon D. Fox Harris Co. Czech Heritage Society Hope Webbing Company Carolyn Long Doug Wonderlick Donors to the Collection Cape Verde Delegation. Clay figure of woman with mortar and pestle; clay figure of woman grinding corn with stone; clay figure of man playing a drum for cola procession; and clay fig- ure of man playing ourim game, all made by Tito from Mindelo, San Vincente, Cape Verde. Cape Verde Delegation. Woven pano (body cloth), a round stone corn grinder, and a clay cuscus por with steamer. Center for Popular Music, Murfrees- boro, Tennessee. 200 LPs donated to the archives. Czech Republic participants. Three small painted eggs, one large painted egg, and two corn husk dolls, one of a woman carrying firewood. Flying Fish. Recordings donated to the archives. Rebel/County Records. Recordings do- nated to the archives. Russian participanc. Recording, The Nekrasov Cossacks: Russian and Turkish Songs and Tunes. Shanachie. Recordings donated to the archives. Donors of In-Kind Support Ben & Jerry's. Two cases of Peace Pops for the Festival of American Folklife. Dunkin’ Donuts. Three dozen donuts for the Festival of American Folklife. Farberware, Inc. Two coffee urns for par- ticipant hospitality at the Festival of American Folklife. Faxland Corporation. Loan of two fax machines for administrative use at the Festival of American Folklife. Fischer's Hardware. Office supplies for the Festival of American Folklife. Frito-Lay, Inc. Twelve cases of chips for the Festival of American Folklife. Herr's Food, Inc. Several cases of potato chips for participant hospitality at the Festival of American Folklife. Johnson's Flower & Garden. A $25 gift certificate for the Festival of Ameri- can Folklife. KMart. A $25 gift certificate for mer- chandise for the Festival of American Folklife. Krispy Kreme Donuts. Ten dozen donuts for the Festival of American Folklife’s volunteer orientation. Little Caesar's Pizza. Several large pizzas for the technical crew working on the Festival of American Folklife. Melitta North America, Inc. Ground coffee for participant hospitality at the Festival of American Folklife. Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. Donation of 8,000 single-portion cartons of juice for participant hospitality at the Festival of American Folklife. Pepperidge Farm. Cookies for partici- pant hospitality at the Festival of American Folklife. Recording Industries Music Perfor- mance Trust Funds. Honoraria for the musicians from the United States at the Festival of American Folklife. Reliacare Medical Systems. Loan of four wheelchairs for the Festival of Ameri- can Folklife. Safeway. A $25 gift certificate for grocer- ies for foodways demonstrations at the Festival of American Folklife. Shoppers Food Warehouse. A $25 gift certificate for groceries for foodways demonstrations at the Festival of American Folklife. Snyders of Hanover. Several cases of po- tato chips for participant hospitality at the Festival of American Folklife. The Sugar Association, Inc. 400 pounds of sugar for participant hospitality and foodways demonstrations at the Festival of American Folklife. USDA Subtropical Horticultural Re- search Sration. Approximately 900 stalks of sugar cane for use in demon- strating a sugar mill from Cape Verde at the Festival of American Folklife. Wilkins Coffee. Ground coffee for par- ticipant hospitality at the Festival of American Folklife. William B. Riley Coffee Company. Twenty-four pounds of coffee for par- ticipanc hospitality at the Festival of American Folklife. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Donors of Financial Support $50,900 or more Brother International Corporation Pacific Murual Foundation 293 National Campaign Office Donors of Financial Support $100, 000 or more Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block The Coca-Cola Foundation The George Gund Foundation George Gund III Ru Lennox Lang Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation Merrill Lynch and Company Eugene and Clare Thaw Charitable Trust Jerry R. White Zemurray Foundation $50, 000 or more The Chase Manhattan Bank N.A. The Educational Foundation of America Victor and Loretta Kaufman John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Carroll and Nancy O'Connor Time Warner Inc. $10, 000 or more Aspen Celebration for the American In- dian The Chickasaw Nation Consolidated Edison Company of New York Coopers & Lybrand Valerie T. and Charles M. Diker The Walt Disney Company The Heard Museum Norman Hirschfield Foundation Gene Keluche The Knowles Foundation Henry and Lucy Moses Fund, Inc. Newman’s Own, Inc. The New York Times Company Foundation Olympus Corporation Procter and Gamble Company Ann R. Roberts Helen Roberts William D. Rollnick Samuel and May Rudin Foundation, Inc. Seminole Tribal Museum Authority Spring Creek Art Foundation Paul and Helga Tarver Ellen Napiura Taubman Turner Entertainment Group $5, 000 or more Ann Simmons Alspaugh Joseph Boyle Bozell Worldwide Inc. Corning Incorporated Foundation Joseph and Barbara Cowen Foundation Carl and Wally Davis DeGrazia Art and Cultural Foundation Grey Advertising, Inc. IBM Corporation Mr. and Mrs. J. Rukin Jelks Kenner & Company, Inc. James N. Krebs Joe and Emily Lowe Foundation Richard & Jane Manoogian Foundation The Nature Company Neutrogena Corporation Antoinette Peskoff Research Foundation of the City Univer- sity of New York Santa Fe Pacific Gold Corporation Charles Simon Norman-Rita Tishman Fund, Inc. $ 1, 000 or more Alexander Gallery Alixandre Furs, Inc. Charmay B. Allred Arnold Aronson Jacalyn Askin Bank of Hawaii Bankers Trust New York Corporation Leah K. Barnett Bartfield Galleries Mr. and Mrs. T. E. Beck, Jr. Frances and Benjamin Benenson Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Howard R. Berlin Richard and Elaine Binder Patti Birch Mrs. Martin Blumenthal Beth B. Braden Jeffrey Bronfman CBS Entertainment Productions Caledonia Pictures, Inc. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. Sandra C. Chapin Philip Chapman Sang Ho Chung City Parks Foundation, Inc. Coldwater Creek Common Ground, Inc. Barber B. Conable, Jr. Nan Cooper Jean Coyne The Louise B. and Edgar M. Cullman Foundation Georgia DeHavenon Paula Delnunzio Ehrenkrantz & Eckstut Architects, P.C. Donald Ellis Gallery Ltd. Thomas W. Evans Arlene Farkas Felberbaum Family Foundation Minna J. Finberg Anne Forbes Debra L. Franklin Michael R. French Gallery to, Inc. General Service Foundation Richard Gilbert Golden Family Foundation James C. Goodale Gover, Stetson & Williams, P.C. Emily L. Grant Glenn Green Galleries GTE Hawaiian Telephone Agnes S. Gund Geoffrey Gund Robert D. Haas David C. Harrison Samuel J. Heyman Trinidad Hidalgo Tracy Hill Hobbs, Straus, Dean & Walker The Horn Foundation Phillip S. Hughes Humana Inc. Clarice Hunter Jewish Communal Fund of New York Ann L. Johnson Steven W. Kohlhagen Rose C. and Harold H. Kramer Robert J. Krane Robert Krissel Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Krueger Lannan Foundation William & Mildred Lasdon Foundation Leonard A. Lauder Naomi Leff & Associates, Inc. Lindenbaum Family Charitable Trust Margot T. and Robert E. Linton E. F. MacNichol, Jr. Maryann McCaffery Amy McCombs The McDonough Foundation Meek Family Foundation Mrs. R. K. Merrill, Jr. Marie B. Miller Monterey Fund, Inc. Joan Moore Anne M. and Paul Morgan Morse Family Foundation Brean Murray, Foster Securities Inc. R. Carlos Nakai NECO Foundation New York Vista Hotel Frances Newman Oklahoma State Regents Peabody Essex Museum Max Pine Anne C. Pizzorusso Polo/Ralph Lauren Corporation Joel Portugal Stephen Potters Harold and Judy Prince William M. Ray James Reid Ltd. Ann Reinking Nancy Clark Reynolds Lawrence Robinson Edward J. Rosenthal Richard & Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Steve Rufer Mary A. H. Rumsey Foundation Stephen Russell Saturn Corporation Edmund C. Shaw Shiprock Enterprises, Ltd. Allen T. Short, Jr. Adrianne W. Silver Slovin Foundation Kenneth L. Smith Spear, Leeds & Kellogg Sandra D. Speiden Frank and Domna Stanton Foundation Deborah Szekely J. Richard Taft Organization Tambaran Gallery Terner Foundation J. Walter Thompson Company The Times Mirror Company Alan & Peg Tishman Foundation, Inc. John and Daniel Tishman Fund Twenty-First Century Limited Corporation Ruby Uthman J. David Walker Barbara Ann Watkins Wear Me Apparel Corporation Ruth L. Webb W. Richard West T. S. Whirecloud, III D. G. Whitmore David Wilshin Ralph C. Wilson Foundation Reagan Wilson William Stewart Woodside Edward Wooh Zeckendorf Foundation, Inc.? $500 or more Robert Abrams Ameritech Foundation Automated Mailing, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Horace W. Baker JoAnn and Bob Balzer Chemical Bank Victor J. Barnett Cletos O. Bennett Bruce C. Berger Leonard and Patricia Berliner Robert A. Bernhard Royd A. Byjornoy Michael Bondanza Inc. John G. Borden Donald S. Bowman Bernadette M. Brown Helen Brown Vaughan W. Brown Charitable Trust Murray Bruce Productions Inc. Alice Green Burnette James J. Butler Canyon Records and Indian Art Dr. Joni Cherbo Kay L. Clausen Dorothy Collins Robert W. Conklin Copeland, Rutherford Find Arts Carina Courtright Nancy Criswell Joel Delisa Mr. and Mrs. David Dibner June Elliott Exhibit Management Corporation Bruce Geismar Ruth Greenberg Ann Sward Hansen Jane Henson Jennefer Hirshberg Frank W. Hoch Ellen P. Isan Karen Keland Mrs. Thomas A. Kelly Susannah Simpson Kent Julie Kollitz William Lauder Jay B. Langner Wendy Lavitt Elizabeth & John Levin Fund Kathy E. Levin Ruth Lopp Diana T. MacArthur James S. Marcus Foundation McGraw Hill Foundation, Inc. Edward Mele Eugene Mercy Mary Miller Morning Star Gallery, Ltd. D. Moritz Mrs. Paul M. Niebell, Sr. Melvin Olsen Deborah Olson C. Osterman John H. Paes Melvin F. Pervais William L. Phillips Barbara B. Poirkhead Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Ramscale Judson P. Reiss Rolando Reyes Grace Jones Richardson Trust Henry and Betsy Robertson Shelia Robertson Judith Schalic Linda N. Schapiro Deborah A. Schaudt Mr. and Mrs. Lewis C. Schneider OI S. Schneider Elementary School Whitney N. Seymour Mrs. Robert L. Simmons Philip Smith Jerry I. and Lynne Speyer Kenneth A. St. Andre Helen D’Olier Stowell Alan Sturm Jay T. Suagee Telephone Employees Credit Union Ted N. Trotta John Ungar Diane van Amerongen Frances C. Wagenseil Elisabeth Waldo Mr. and Mrs. Richard Wright Beth Zucker 295 $250 or more Anonymous Phyllis K. Abell Alethea A. Adams Rebecca Alexander American Indian Store Amerind Gallery Marilyn Anderson Thelma L. Antal F. Arcuri L. B. Armentrout AT&T Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Victor G. Atuyeh Dr. Virginia M. Ayres D. R. Baines William Banner A. M. Bard The Barns Fund Brian Bartlett Anthony D. Bastone Peter H. Beck and Luli Mendez-Beck Elicia W. Beebe Elizabeth A. Bell Marie K. Bell Donald Belz Hans and Jutta Bertram-Nothnagel Bill's Trading Post Connie Binghier Martha O. Blaxall Richard Block, Jr. Evangeline G. Bollinger Moe Bordwin Mary Ann Borkowski Wilbur C. Bragg, I I. H. Brennan Harriet Brittain Dr. Jean Cramer Brown and S. H. Oliver Lawrence D. Brown Nomie Budelier Christine Budzyski David Burr CBR Inc. Ed and Shirley Cheramy Billie J. Cherry Citicorp Robert K. Clawson Tom Conlon Robert A. Conway Catherine Cooper Dr. Robert B. Craven William H. Crocker Paul Cronson Priscilla Cunningham John G. Danz, Jr. 296 Mr. and Mrs. Richard Davison David Davies C. Y. Deknatel Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Demartino Michael W. Devlin M. C. Dickinson Mrs. J. E. Dillinger Dieter Doppelfeld Mr. Marvin Droes and Dr. Nellie Droes H. Drury James E. Dykes G. Efting Gerald Eskin H. Allen Evans Dr. Joyce M. Evans Gary Felumlee Richard R. Ferland S. Leigh Ferst Nancy K. Fine Michelle D. Funatsu Jack Flores, Jr. Jeffrey B. Flores Lorraine Forston Four Winds Trading Company Mrs. Thomas W. Frank W. L. Freeman Dr. and Mrs. E. W. Friday, Jr. Harriet Frieze John W. Gage Nicklaus Gerspach Jim Gerth Galleries Dr. Murray Gell-Mann Bea Gian Arnold B. Glimcher Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Grice H. E. Griffith Elaine Grudzinski Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Gumbinner J. R. Hafemann John Haldeman Pamela Hall Marjorie Haller Ms. Louise G. Harper and Mr. Theodore Schuchat Cynthia Harris Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hart Ann C. Hartfiel Enid A. Haupt April and Joseph Heindl John Heller A. Hertzler Johanna Hill Lawrence B. Hobson Miriam S. Hogan Wendy Holmes Dr. Lois T. Hunt Illinois Tool Works Foundation The Indian Craft Shop K. Irons Marie Jensen Diane Jergins Dorothy C. Jones Fred Kaplan Sigrun Kast Keshi, The Zuni Connection Katharine Kosmak Nancy B. Krieble Elizabeth J. Kuen Robert B. Kullman John L. Kuruc Evelyn Larson Lisabeth S. Lehman Eleanor Lewis Elsa Limbach Samuel H. Lindenbaum Mr. and Mrs. Robert MacCrate Lee Anne MacDonald Ginny MacDowell James P. and Roselle Mackellar The Magazine Antiques Ronald Main John and Susanne Manley Vanessa Martens Lola H. Mason Judith A. Mattich Tomoyoshi Matsuda Dewi McCormack George McDonnell Mrs. Ray F. McIntire Sue Melchair Mesa's Edge Mrs. Osmond Molarsky Marilyn Monkman Sheila C. Montooth Ray Moody Mrs. E. P. Moore Peter A. Morgan Mrs. James Moriarty Jack R. Mummert Ellen E. Murphy Kimberly Murphy Mrs. Alfred K. Murway, Jr. Mrs. Carl Muschenheim Nanticoke Indian Association, Inc. Native American Perspectives I. Nazar P.B. Newman Mr. and Mrs. Henry V. Nickel Mr. and Mrs. G. S. Nolte Joseph E. Nordsieck The Contributing Membership of the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1995 The Contributing Membership supports the Institution through generous annual donations and special giving opportunities. Members’ participation enables the Smithsonian to pursue specific projects and broader research, acquisition, preservation, and education efforts than might otherwise be possible. The Smithsonian Institution therefore gratefully acknowledges the loyal and thoughrful assistance of the Contributing Members, including Patron Members ($1,200 annual contribution), Sustaining Members ($600 annual contribution) and Sponsoring Members ($300 annual contribution), listed below. Patron Members Mr. Laurence J. Adams Mr. Terry L. Albertson Mr. & Mrs. Lambert E. Althaver Mr. Alfred C. Antoniewicz Mr. & Mrs. S. D. Bechtel, Jr. Ms. Marguerite Bender Ms. J. A. Boorman Mr. E. T. Byram Ms. Eva M. Casner G. E. Chapin, Jr. Mrs. Harold W. Cheel Mr. Fred Clements Ms. Leslie A. L. Coggins Mr. Robert L. Cummings Dr. Robert D. Cunningham Mr. E. A. Defalco 298 Mrs. Mary J. Deutschbein Mr. Hilton B. Dickerson Mrs. Mary Jane Fisher Ms. Virginia Friend Ms. Cornelia M. Geddes Ms. Judith F. Geller Mr. Gary R. Gibson Ms. C. Graton Ms. Ruth C. Greenberg Mr. Corbin Gwaltney Mr. Harold Haverty Mr. William Herbster Ms. Catherine W. Herman Mrs. H. Houseman Mr. & Mrs. Phillip S. Hughes Mrs. Elizabeth:L. Hunter Mr. Arthur Jung, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Charles J. Kennedy Ms. Mary E. Kingsland Mr. Michael N. Klein Mrs. Margaret R. Knudsen Mr. Otto Kruse Mr. & Mrs. Robert H. Lando Ms. Marilyn Brody Lane E. M. Lang Mr. Edmund W. Littlefield Dr. Wayne Mathews Mr. & Mrs. John D. McLean Mr. & Mrs. M. McNulty Mr. Edwin E. Meader Mr. Vincent Mercurio Mr. & Mrs. E. Mercy, Jr. Ms. Mildred Middlekauff Mr. & Mrs. Peter R. Monrose, Jr. Mr. H. W. Morgan Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth F. Mountcastle Mr. Henry Nickel Ms. Margaret M. Norton Ms. Marvis J. Oehm Mr. Stephen E. Peat Mr. H. Posner, Jr. Mr. Conrad W. Raker Ms. Nina Belle Redditr Mr. L. A. Roepcke Mr. & Mrs. L. Rothschild Ms. Marcia Rubenstein Mr. Bruce Schreider Mr. Harold A. Serr Mr. & Mrs. David M. Shapiro Mrs. V. Spratley Mr. Jeffrey Sturgess Mr. Michael D. Sullivan Ms. N. Taft Mr. Charles A. Turner, III Mr. & Mrs. J. Bernard Vallandingham Mrs. Maria C. Volpe Ms. Mary Wibel Mr. James E. Wiley Mr. & Mrs. Robert Willson Mrs. Richard E. Wright Sustaining Members Dr. A. Ackil Mr. Davey L. Adams, Jr. Dr. & Mrs. Samuel W. Adams The Honorable & Mrs. James E. Akins Mr. Yale H. Alexander Mr. & Mrs. William C. Allbert Carrol B. Allen Ms. Marcia Y. Almassy Mr. George J. Ames Mr. & Mrs. Richard S. Antes Dr. & Mrs. Darrel J. Apple Miss Edith-Marie Appleton Mr. R. Arkin Mr. Donald G. Avery Dr. Wilma A. Bailey Mr. William W. Baker Seth W. Baldwin Ms. Velma N. Baldwin Mr. & Mrs. Edward Balfour Captain Celia Barteau Mr. & Mrs. Dorsey Baskin Mr. Jeffrey D. Bauman Mr. Claude P. Baumann Mrs. Caroline Beck The Honorable & Mrs. Berkley Bedell Mr. Charles Beer Ms. W. Tapley Bennett, Jr. Mr. Robert P. Benninghofen Mr. Richard H. Berg Mr. James H. Berkson Dr. Harold Berman Mr. Charles P. Berney Mr. Samuel W. Bernheimer Jules Bernstein Mr. Jerry Bethel Mr. Michael D. Bielucki Mr. J. Blazek Mrs. Irene D. Bosse Mr. & Mrs. Mitchell T. Bowie Mrs. Constance T. Boyd Mr. & Mrs. Jay M. Boyd Mr. & Mrs. Terry Boykie Mrs. Rose J. Bratton Mr. John F. Breyer, Jr. Mr. James E. Brodhacker Mr. John J. Brogan Mrs. Arlene A. Brown Mr. & Mrs. William L. Bryan Mr. Frederick Buechner Mr. & Mrs. I. Townsend Burden, II Mr. & Mrs. Richard W. Burkhardt Mrs. Poe Burling Mrs. Poe Burling Mr. & Mrs. D. C. Burnham Dr. Marjorie L. Bush Suzanne J. Obaid Lawrence F. O’Brien, III Stanley P. Owen Pacific Western Traders Mrs. Walter H. Page Y. C. Parris Susan Penick Veronique Pepin Gladys and Arie Pilz Joseph Pisciotta Allan S. Pohle Norman Porter Lesley C. Powell Prarie Edge Adaline H. Rand Red Cloud Indian Arts Patricia F. Redeker David and Roslynne Reed Catherine Rein Phoebe Resnick Caethe Richardson Mr. and Mrs. Albert K. Roehrig Whyland Rose Nancy Rosenberg Eileen Rosner David Saity J. Patricia Scanlon Dr. John Scheid Marion A. Scott Sealaska Corporation Mrs. Dan Searight Kate M. Sheehy Allan Shore O. Six Howard M. Smith Dean B. Smith Robert M. Smith Ruth K. Smith Nancy B. Sokal Beano Solomon The Suskind Family Foundation Rick Terry Andrew Thomas Jacqueline Thompson Mrs. E. B. Tolman Deborah J. Travis Tribal Expressions Pearl Urist Marilyn Vaughan Esther L. Voorsanger Virginia M. Voss Mr. and Mrs. Fred Weck Ray T. Weeks Richard Weiner Norman and Janet Welford Ruth Wender Gordon Wesdahl The White Buffalo Lenore Winters Mrs. Jacque D. Workman Joseph Yeager Judy Anne Young Howard L. Zauder Marie L. Zefi Brian Zimmerman Donors of In-Kind Support Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. Office of Public Affairs Donors of Fonancial Support $50,000 or more Chevy Chase Bank Office of telecommunications Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more The Corporation for Public Broadcast- ing The Wolf Trap Foundation for the Per- forming Arts 297 Mr. Nicholas Bush Mr. Kenneth S. Cameron Mr. John E. Cannaday Mr. J. Carson Mrs. Betty G. C. Cartwright Mr. Frank T. Cary Mr. Michael Cassidy Mr. Donald Chase Mrs. Betty Sams Christian Captain Roy T. Church Mr. Roy T. Church Mr. & Mrs. Page B. Clagett Mr. & Mrs. W. H. Clement Mr. Charles C. Convers Mr. Mark E. Cooper Mr. & Mrs. Robert W. Copeland Mr. & Mrs. Frederick D. Cornelius Mr. Dennis J. Cotter Mr. Geoffrey Creede Lieutenant Commander Wilmer H. Cressman Mr. Jerry D. Crites Frances J. Cronin Mr. & Mrs. Thomas R. Dashiell Mrs. L. S. Daspit Mr. Madhavarao S. Dasu Mr. & Mrs. Jerry R. Davis Mr. & Mrs. J. Edward Day Mr. Joseph E. Dean Mr. Marvin Dekelboum Dr. W. Morgan Delaney Mr. Arthur F. Dellheim Mrs. V. E. Demarest Mr. & Mrs. George W. Devoe Mrs. D. J. Dewart Ms. Marna Disbrow Michael Diteccia Farina Eleonore Dmitrieff Reverend & Mrs. James K. Donnell Mrs. Joyce N. Dortch Ms. Barbara M. Doty Mr. Joseph F. Douglas Mr. Karl Douma Dr. & Mrs. Joseph S. Drage Mr. Jim Drehle Mr. & Mrs. H. Stewart Dunn, Jr. Ms. Mildred King Dunn Mrs. Shirley Egashira Mr. Douglas Eggli Mr. Peter D. Ehrenhaft Mrs. Bart M. Eisner Mrs. Harriet J. Eiwen Mr. Bruce Francis Elchison Mr. & Mrs. Richard England Dr. & Mrs. John Esswein Mr. & Mrs. James G. Evans, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Paul Evenson Commander & Mrs. Thomas E. Fahy Ms. Ruth S. Feltner Mr. & Mrs. John Ferguson Mrs. Rugeley Ferguson Dr. Ruth C. Flanagan Mr. Alan Ford Mr. & Mrs. Samuel C. Ford Mr. C. Herbert Foutz Mr. Benjamin Frank Mr. Peter L. Frechette Ms. Mary M. Free Mrs. Frances Freeman Mrs. Charlton Friedberg Mr. Cary J. Frieze Mrs. P. Fuller Dr. & Mrs. Peter M. Fuller Captain & Mrs. J. E. Galloway Mr. & Mrs. Arthur F. Gerding Mr. & Mrs. William W. Gilbert Dr. Leonard M. Glassman Dr. & Mrs. Clarence Glenn Mrs. Charles C. Glover Dr. Louis Gluck Colonel & Mrs. Julius Goldstein Dr. & Mrs. Kenneth P. Gorelick Colonel & Mrs. Herbert Graeser Mr. & Mrs. Bernard Green Mr. Regis A. Greenwood Mr. George Grenley Mrs. James T. Griffin Mr. Tom Gwaltney Mr. Ronald K. Hamburger Mr. & Mrs. B. M. Hanley Ms. Morella R. Hansen Mrs. Walter E. Hansen Dr. David L. Harden Mr. Jack R. Harlan Mr. & Mrs. Edwin F. Harper Mr. Irving B. Harris Ms. Leslie S. Harrold The Honorable & Mrs. Parker T. Hart Mr. Sid Harth Ms. J. L. Harvey Cynthia L. Hathaway Mr. Mones E. Hawley Miss Nancy A. Haynes Mr. & Mrs. E. H. Heaton Mr. & Mrs. Felder F. Heflin Mrs. D. E. Heimark Mr. Landis C. Heistand Mr. Robert A. Hennings Ms. June Herrick Dr. William Herring Dr. & Mrs. David C. Hess Mr. Edwin L. Hill Mr. Roderick M. Hills Mr. & Mrs. William J. Hines Mr. & Mrs. Bill Hirsch Mrs. Miriam S. Hogan Mr. Richard Hollander Mr. & Mrs. Larry Hollingsworth Mrs. Richard W. Homer Mr. William R. Hoover Mr. Embry Howell Mr. & Mrs. Dean Huffman Mr. William H. Hunter Mr. L. R. Ingels Dr. John R. Jacoway Mr. David A. Jacques Mr. John F. Jameson Mr. Arthur W. Johnson Mr. Bruce E. Johnson Mr. & Mrs. David D. Johnson Mr. Ray A. Johnson Mr. Brian L. Jones Mr. & Mrs. Guy W. Jones Mr. & Mrs. Richard E. Jones Mr. & Mrs. Samuel C. Jones Mr. L. R. Jordan Mr. & Mrs. Edward H. Judson Mr. Eugene Kalbfleisch Daniel C. Kaufman Mr. Walter Keating Mr. Kenneth E. Kerle Mrs. Juliet F. Kidney Ms. Marjorie B. Kiewit Mr. Stephen King Mr. William W. King Mr. Richard F. Kingham Mr. Edward J. Kirby Mr. Albert T. Kister Mr. Karl D. Klauck Ms. Susan L. Klaus Mr. & Mrs. E. L. Koning Mr. Norman H. Kreisman Miss Martha Ladd Dr. Emanuel Landau Ms. Virginia R. Lazzati Mr. & Mrs. L. Gene Lemon Mr. & Mrs. Elmore Leonard Mr. Garry Lewis Mr. Walter H. Long, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Stephen Lorch Mr. & Mrs. Schuyler Lowe Mr. & Mrs. Harry D. Ludeman Mr. & Mrs. Ronald P. Lynch Ms. Nancy Lynner Dr. Gwen R. MacDonald Mr. Ralph K. Madway Ms. Ashley Malinovsky Miss Helen J. Malmstead Mr. Elli Malta Mr. Robert A. Marmon The Honorable & Mrs. William M. Martin, Jr. Mr. Michael L. Martin ~ Mr. & Mrs. Benjamin L. Mar, Jr. Miss Priscilla Mason Dr. Robert B. Matheny Dr. & Mrs. M. Mathews Dr. Pam Matsuura Mr. & Mrs. Bruce Mayor Mrs. W. V. Mc Clain Mr. James I. McAuliff Mr. W.W. McCalla Mr. Donald E. McCallister Dr. Jeane McCarthy Mr. James D. McClary Mr. Edward J. McCormack, Jr. Mrs. Jack H. McCreery Mr. Dale E. McDaniel Mrs. J. A. MclIlrath Dr. & Mrs. Frank W. McKee Mr. George M. McNulty Mr. George W. McQueen Mr. James C. Meade Mr. Kevin T. Medwedeff Mr. Robert S. Melville Mr. Louis W. Menk Mrs. Rose Menz Michael Mermelstein Mrs. Ida C. Merriam Mr. Paul D. Meyer Mr. Harvey L. Miller Colonel & Mrs. James E. Miller Mr. & Mrs. John L. Miller Mr. Kim Edward Miller Mr. & Mrs. Roger W. Miller Mr. Stanley G. Miller Mr. Damon F. Mills Dr. & Mrs. Gary M. Mire Dr. Michael H. Mishkind Mr. J. B. Montgomery Mrs. Ann K. Morales Mr. John H. Morison Mr. & Mrs. James:A. Morrill Dr. Joel M. Moskowitz Elizabeth W. Murphy Mr. John M. Murray Mrs. R. D. Murray Mrs. Ray Murray Mr. & Mrs. James Myles Mr. R. Nelson Sharon T. Nelson Mr. Robert W. Ney Mr. & Mrs. Richard A. Niles Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. North Ms. Kim Golan Norton Mr. & Mrs. Karl G. Nowak Mr. & Mrs. Francis R. Nullet Ms. Eileen O'Brien Mr. Robert K. Oaks Mrs. Alfred J. Olmo Mr. & Mrs. James R. Palmer Mr. Vincent N. Palmo Mrs. Irvine H. Paris Mr. William T. Parker Mr. & Mrs. David T. Parry Miss Muriel H. Parry Ms. Mabel Parsons Dr. J. D. Patterson Ms. Joan A. Payden Mr. & Mrs. C. E. Peck Mrs. Mary V. Pendleton Mrs. Thomas Perkins Mr. James T. Pettus, Jr. Dr. Marjorie P. Pollack Dr. Muriel Pollia Mrs. Donald T. Pomeroy Mr. Daniel B. Pope Mr. Ralph Porter Ms. Mildred Potocki Mr. R.D. Ports Mr. A. Price Mr. & Mrs. John A. Prignano Mr. William Rapp, Jr. Ms. Ivy Reade Mr. Rollin M. Reeder Mrs. Ralph Richardson Mr. William W. Richardson Miss B. A. Richmond Mr. Daniel M. Ricker, Jr. lal = al 300 Mr. Roland Rieder Mr. Edward K. Robertson Mr. & Mrs. George A. Robeson, Jr. Ms. Marilie W. Rockefeller Mr. Dietrich Roesler Dr. Daniel P. Rollo Mr. Barrie D. Rose Mrs. George Rosenfeld Mrs. Nathan Rosenfeld Mr. & Mrs. Howard W. Rosser Mr. & Mrs. Thomas E. Rowland Mr. & Mrs. Roy R. Russo Mr. Dick Sanborn Mr. A. Herbert Sandwen Dr. John R. Sauer Mr. & Mrs. Thorndike Saville, Jr. Mrs. Lillian M. Saxe Ms. Alice E. Sayre Mr. & Mrs. J. Vincent Schlegel Mr. Robert Schneider Mr. Lyndon J. Schroeder Mr. Paul Schumacher Mrs. Charles M. Scott Mr. James J. Scott Mrs. Martha E. Seely Mrs. Stephanie Shell Mr. & Mrs. Gerard E. Shelton Dr. & Mrs. R. M. Shepard Mr. & Mrs. Gerald A. Sheppard Mr. & Mrs. Theodore J. Shively Mrs. Ross K. Shoolroy Mr. George B. Short Mrs. Laura Devine Shown Mr. Richard Sills Mr. L. M. Silverman Mr. & Mrs. Robert E. Skelly Mrs. Alan P. Smith Mr. Dean B. Smith Mr. & Mrs. Dean Smith Mr. Malcolm A. Smith Mr. Robert D. Smith Mr. William Y. Smith Miss Ginny Sniegon Mr. John B. Snyder Mr. William B. Snyder Ms. M. F. Sorel Mr. & Mrs. William H. Spooner = Mr. Sydney Staffin Mr. R.N. Stefan Mr. William O. Stewart Mr. & Mrs. Richard W. Suckell Mr. Robert L. Stober Mr. Robert A. Stone Mr. Roy T. Strainge Mr. Jay V. Strong Ms. Joanna Sturm Dr. & Mrs. J. M. Sudarsky Mr. Louis W. Swann, Jr. Mr. W. Warren Taltavull Louis Tenebaum Mr. & Mrs. James W. Tester Mr. Allen D. Thomas Ms. Marjorie E. Thomas Ms. Velma Pate Thomas Mr. H. D. Thompson Mrs. B. W. Thoron Mr. & Mrs. Paul Thran Mr. R. T. Throckmorton Mr. & Mrs. John T. Tielking Ms. Rosalie Toko Mr. Farrell C. Toombs Mr. T. Toussoun Mr. R. F. Trefielo John W. Vessey, Jr. Ms. Ada Vincent Dr. M. C. Vincent Ms. Jacquelyn E. Vinson Mr. Gerard J. Vyskocil, Jr. Dr. & Mrs. Peter E. Wagner Mr. George W. Walburn Dr. Joe W. Ward Mr. F. B. Warder Ms. Mildred V. Watts Mr. & Mrs. P. Devers Weaver Mrs. Ruth L. Webb Mrs. Arvid G. Wedin Mr. & Mrs. John F. Weersing Ms. Ann Welborn Mr. & Mrs. Jack W. Wells Mr. Craig L. Weston Mrs. B. A. Whitmarsh Ms. Lesley A. Wildfong Mr. & Mrs. Norman C. Willcox Mr. & Mrs. Robert A. Williams Dr. B. Willis Mrs. John M. Willits Mr. Harvey Wilmeth Mrs. Penelope P. Wilson Mr. Perkins Wilson Mrs. Harriet L. Wilt Mr. & Mrs. David Wintermann Mr. Joseph G. Wirth Mr. Carl F. Wolfe Mr. & Mrs. Payson Wolff Mr. & Mrs. Stanton Wong Mrs. Margaret Y. Woodbridge Mrs. Ella L. Woolf Ms. Florine Yoder Mrs. John S. Young Dr. & Mrs. Keith Young Mr. & Mrs. Robert A. Zarzar Dr. & Mrs. Don B. Ziperman Mr. & Mrs. Thomas E. Zitter Mr. & Mrs. F. W. Zoeller Sponsoring Members Mr. Paul R. Aaronson Mr. & Mrs. Byrle M. Abbin Mrs. August Ackel James D. Adams Mr. Joseph H. Adams Mrs. R. E. Adams, Jr. Mr. E. R. Adkins Mr. William Edward Adkins Mr. Max Adkison Mr. Howard Adler Mrs. Mary E. Ahern Ms. Doris D. Albert Mr. Michael S. Albritton Mrs. Mery! Alderson Mrs. Lynne L. Alfieri Mrs. George E. Alford Mr. C. D. Allen Mrs. Christine Allen Mr. Ethan Allen Mrs. K.C. Allen Mr. Robert H. Allen Mr. Steven J. Allen Mrs. Carolyn Alper Mr. Bert Amador Mr. & Mrs. John Amdall Ms. Valerie Amerkhai! Mr. & Mrs. Donald F. Ames Ms. Betty Jane Anderson Mr. Clifford H. Anderson Mr. & Mrs. Ellis B. Anderson Mrs. Harry R. Anderson Mr. Tim Anderson Perry Andrews Miss Wilma M. Angelbeck Miss E. Pauline Annis Ms. Rose C. Anthony Dr. Walter E. App Mr. E. J. Archbold Mr. T. Stanton Armour Diane L. Armstrong Mr. Richard Armstrong Ms. Mary Arnett Mr. Steve Arnold Ms. Helen J. Arthur-Dunn Ms. Helen L. Ashley Mr. J. Ashman, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Ralph L. Ashton Mr. James M. Atkins Dr. & Mrs. A. K. Atkinson Mrs. John W. Auchincloss Ms. Jeanette D. Auernig Mr. Gunther Augustin Mr. Frank Avellino Ms. Imogen Averett Mrs. B. Lou Axline Mr. C. W. Axsom Mr. William I. Bacchus Mr. John L. C. Bachofer, Jr. Dr. & Mrs. Joseph A. Backer Mr. David G. Bacon Dr. W.E. Badenhausen Jr. Mr. Robert Baer Dr. Bernard W. Bail Mr. Charles S. Bailey Mr. Stephen P. Bailey Mr. Charles L. Bain Mr. & Mrs. John G. Baker Mr. Peter D. Baker Robert H. Baker Mrs. Virginia B. Baker Mr. Steven C. Bakerink Mr. Thomas W. Bakewell Mr. & Mrs. Barrett S. Baldwin, Jr. Mrs. Elizabeth F. Balk Mr. Donald F. Ball Mr. Mark J. Ball Vivian E. Ball Mrs. Charles Bancroft Mr. Walter F. Bandi, Jr. Mr. William C. Banning Mr. Tom Bantle Mr. & Mrs. Quinten Barbee Mr. Leo T. Barber, Jr. Mr. Michael Barczak Ms. Harriet Vincent Barker Mr. & Mrs. John Barker Ms. Donna J. Barnes Mr. Julian L. Barnett Ms. Elizabeth V. Barrer Mrs. D. P. Barrett Mr. & Mrs. E. W. Barrett Mrs. Marjorie Barrick Mrs. E. Barrow Dr. Charles I. Bartfeld Mrs. R. G. Bartheld Mrs. Carolyn G. Bartholomew Mr. Art Bartlett Mr. George L. Barton Mrs. Elizabeth H. Bass Ms. Lois Battersby Mrs. Ruth S. Bauer Mr. & Mrs. Myron C. Baum Mr. & Mrs. M. F Bauman Mr. David C. Bay Mr. Robert L. Bayless Mrs. Clarence E. Beach Ms. Elizabeth A. Beam Mr. William H. Beardsley Mr. R. Gifford Beaton Ms. Maria Beavens Mr. & Mrs. Bernhard G. Bechhoefer Mr. Lawrence Becker Ms. Jeanne V. Beekhuis Mrs. Alan Beerbower Mr. Glenn E. Beerline Mr. Bernard J. Beiser Mr. & Mrs. George Belding Mr. o. Nile Bell Mrs. James W. Bell Mr. Bernard E. Belleville Ms. Margaret M. Bellucci Mr. Charles A. Bender Mrs. Jack Bender Dr. & Mrs. David C. Benjamin Dr. & Mrs. Richard W. Benjamin Mr. Robert Benjamin Mr. Gregory Benkovic Mrs. Iona Benson Ms. Grace Berg Schaible Mr. Kenneth Berger Ms. Marie Bergmann Ms. Maureen A. Berkner Mrs. F. Henry Berlin Mr. Jeffrey Berlin Mr. Steve Berlin Mr. & Mrs. Bernard Berman Ms. Susane Berman Mrs. Seymour Bernett Sharon L. Bernier Mr. P. Bernik Dr. Spencer Berry Dr. William R. Bertelsen Mr. Bruce Biggs Ms. Barbara S. Bill Mrs. Anne Bilos Mr. J.K. Birchfield, Jr. Ms. Susan K. Bird Mr. R. S. Birmingham Mrs. Loris G. Birnkrant Mr. Alan Bitterman Mrs. Viola H. Blaine Mr. Allen L. Blanc Mr. Norman H. Blanchard Mr. James Blaser Mr. A. D. Blatnikoff Ms. Dorothy Anne Blatt Dr. Karen S. Blisard Mr. Lyle A. Bliss Dr. Margaret N. Bliss Mr. Howard H. Bloom Ms. Naomi: Lee Bloom Mr. Kenneth Blount Mrs. Betty Bluemle Mrs. Sarah S. Boasberg Ms. Enola V. Bode Mr. & Mrs. Philip Boerschinger Gail A. Bohan Mr. Vernon G. Bohl Constance J. Bohon Mr. Jeffry Boice Ms. Laura E. Bonnett Mr. Bruce Booker Mr. & Mrs. John Boppart Mr. & Mrs. Nicholas Boraski Mr. Rick Borchert Dr. Fredricka Borland Mr. & Mrs. Blaine Jonathan Bos Mr. Arthur D. Bosworth Mr. David A. Boudreaux Dr. & Mrs. Maxwell Boverman Ms. Helen Caldwell Bowen Kevin Boyd Mr. & Mrs. Alton Boyer Ms. Maria Brabb Mrs. Robert G. Braden Ms. Eugenie R. Bradford Mr. William G. Bradford Mr. Wilbur C. Bragg, II Mrs. Calvin Brantley Mr. Fred J. Braun Mr. & Mrs. Michael Braunstein Mr. William W. Bray Mrs. Shirley F. Brazil Mr. & Mrs. Robert A. Brechler Mr. Robert B. Breisblatr Mr. & Mrs. Roy Bremerman, jr Mr. & Mrs. Charles E. Brett Mrs. Gene C. Brewer Mrs. Lorna E. Bridenstine Mr. Robert L. Bridges Mrs. Shirley . Brinker Mr. & Mrs. H. A. Brinner Mr. & Mrs. Allan C. Brittle Dr. Sylvia Broady Mr. R. Brockgreitens Mr. Richard Brockman Mr. Marc H. Brodsky Jere Broh-Kahn Mr. Randall Brooks Mr. William Brose Mr. & Mrs. F. M. Brosio, Jr. John A. Bross Mr. Albert Brown * Miss Dorothy A. Brown Mr. Glen F. Brown Mr. Gregory W. Brown J. R. Brown Mr. Robert R. Brown Miss Sara Brown Mrs. Thomas M. Brown Mr. Gary M. Browning Mr. F. A. Brubaker Dr. M. Brumbach Mrs. Laurence Brunswick M. R. Brush Mr. & Mrs. William L. Bryan Ms. Nancy D. Bryant Mr. Jon H. Bryson The Honorable & Mrs. Philip Buchen Mr. Evan Buck Mr. & Mrs. H. Paul Buckingham Mr. J. Buckley Mr. & Mrs. Lowell Buckner Mr. William W. Budge Mr. Robert F. Bulens Mrs. Jane Bullock Mrs. Diane Burke Mr. J. F. Burke, Jr. Ms. Leslie Burket Mr. Carl A. Burkhart Gerald A. Burlieigh Mr. Brian A. Burnell Dr. Elizabeth A. Burns Mrs. Laura W. Burr 301 Ms. Jeanette M. Burrell Dr. & Mrs. Boyd L. Burris Mr. Don Burton Mr. & Mrs. Glenn F. Burton Mr. Peter Alan Burton Mr. & Mrs. James T. Bush Mrs. H. M. Busick Mr. Lawrence E. Bustle, Jr. Dr. A.R. Butler - Mrs. Hugh H. Butler Dr. & Mrs. James H. Butler Mrs. Jane E. Buxton Mr. Darcie Byrn Mr. Dennis G. Cadena Mrs. Gary W. Cage Mr. & Mrs. William M. Cahn, Jr. Mrs. Bartley H. Calder Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence B. Caldwell John L. Call Mrs. Lewis S. Callaghan Mr. John D. Cameron Ms. Elizabeth E. Campbell Mr. & Mrs. Edgar H. Canfield Miss Helen R. Cannon Mr. C. G. Carey Mrs. Phyllis H. Carey Mr. James A. Carley Mrs. Barbara J. Carlson Mr. Bill Carlson Mr. P. Allan Carlsson Mr. Lloyd E. Carnright Mr. Richard V. Carolan Dr. Whatron Carole Ms. Anne Carpenter Dr. John M. Carper Mrs. Martha A. Carr, Ms. Christine K. Carrico Mrs. E. A. Carson Colonel & Mrs. Douglas H. Carter Mr. Paul H. Casey Dr. William H. Casson Ms. Caron Caswell Lazar Mrs. James A. Cathcart Dr. Charlotte Catz Mr. & Mrs. James E. Caudill Mr. Ford Cauffiel Mr. John L. Caughey, Jr. Mr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. Ms. Colleen M. Chalker Mr. William H. Chandler Mr. Jonathan L. Chang 302 Daniel T. Chapman Dr. Samuel Charache Mrs. Kevin P. Charles The Honorable & Mrs. Steven M. Charno Ms. Cynthia M. Chase Mr. Donald Chase Ms. Linda K. Cheatham Mr. Richard T. Chenoweth Mr. & Mrs. Steven D. Cherry Mr. H. T. Chester, Jr. Mrs. June Chewning Dr. J. Chiaramonte Mrs. Jane Childers Dr. & Mrs. Timothy W. Childs Dr. & Mrs. Purnell W. Choppin Ms. Marlene H. Cianci Mr. George Clark Mr. H. Lawrence Clark Mrs. D. S. Charke Mr. Edward J. Clarke Mrs. Robert L. Clarke Mr. James A. Clements Mr. & Mrs. J. Donald Cline Mr. Carl C. Close Mr. & Mrs. Keith A. Cloyed Ms. Ansly J. Coale Mr. & Mrs. Charles F. Coates Dr. Bryan Cobb Mr. Bruce E. Cobern Mr. & Mrs. William W. Cobey Mr. Donald R. Cochran Mr. William H. Cochrane Ms. Linda L. Cogswell Mr. & Mrs. George H. Cohen Mrs. Gladys Cohen Mr. James Coke Mr. Edmond Colaianni Mr. & Mrs. Richard D. Colburn Mr. & Mrs. W. H. Coldiron Mr. Addison D. Cole Franklin C. Coleman Mrs. John E. Coleman Mr. Patrick J. Coletta Ms. Pamela D. Collins Mr. Philip R. Collins Mrs. W. A. Colvin Miss Bertita E. Compton Mr. & Mrs. Barber Conable Mr. Paul F. Condon Mrs. Herman Cone, Jr. Mrs. Ethel Conlisk Mr. Steven S. Conner Dr. Philip Connolly Mr. James T. Connor Mr. & Mrs. Charles W. Consolvo Mr. J. Conte Mr. John W. Cook Mr. David O. Cooke Ms. Lori Cooke-Marra Dr. Lawrence U. Cookson Mr. & Mrs. H. Warren Cooper, III Ms. Janet B. Cooper Miss Margaret Sue Copenhaver Dr. W. G. Corey Mr. Ray Corley, Jr. Ms. Judith Corley Mr. M. C. Cornell Mr. James A. Corwin Mr. Charles R. Cory Mr. Ralph J. Coselli Mr. Arthur Cotts Donald Couchman Mr. & Mrs. C. L. Coulter Mr. & Mrs. Donald N. Coupard Columbus B. Courson Ms. Twyla B. Courtot Mr. Jorge Covarrubias Ms. Marylouise Cowan Mr. W. L. Cowden Edwin Cox Miss Mary L. Cox Ms. Jean Coyne Mr. & Mrs. David M. Crabtree Miss Frances M. Craig Mr. Herbert R. Crane Dr. & Mrs. James A. Cranford, Jr. Mr. G. B. Crary, Jr. Dr. Robert B. Craven Mrs. Verna H. Craven Mr. Crayton M. Crawford Dr. H. David Crombie William S. Crowder Mr. Gilbert W. Cullen Mr. & Mrs. Roy Cullen Mr. Joseph S. Cummins Ms. Kathleen V. Cummins Mr. & Mrs. Leo C. Cunniff Mr. Charles A. Cunningham Mr. Charles S. Curran Mrs. George H. Curran Mr. John Joseph Curtin Mr. Charles B. Curtis Mrs. Richard M. Cutts Mr. John E. Dabbert Mr. Tom Daggy Miss Margaret M. Dahm Mrs. Charles S. Dake Mrs. Kathryn Daley Mr. Roger Dane Mrs. Christine Danforth Ms. Ethel E. Danzansky Mr. B. J. Daroga Mrs. Leonore Daschbach H. P. Daulton Mr. Jerry P. Davanzo Dr. Jack Davidson Mr. D. S. Davidsoon Mrs. David G. Davies Mr. David Davies Mr. Bernard E. Davis Mr. Deforest P. Davis Mr. E. E. Davis Dr. & Mrs. J. Sanford Davis Ms. Jane Davis Mrs. Ralph Davis Dr. T. S. Davis Mr. & Mrs. Vernon E. Davis Mrs. Margaret C. Davison General & Mrs. Kenneth F. Dawalt Ms. Deanna K. Dawson Irene P. Dawson Mr. J. L. Dawson Ms. Marianne Dawson Mr. Daniel M. Dayton Mr. & Mrs. Michel A. Daze Mr. Peter J. De La Garza Mr. Craig M. Dean Mr. Robert Dean Mr. & Mrs. William J. Dean Mr. Michael D. Debevec Mrs. Thomas Dedomenico Ms. M. Deen Mr. David M. Degabriele Ms. Lucretia Anne Dehaney Mr. Vicente F. Del Castillo Captain Victor Delano Mr. & Mrs. Andrew S. Deming Mr. David Demko Mrs. John R. Dempsey Ms. Danna Denning Mr. H. H. Dennis Dr. & Mrs. Lewis Hilliard Dennis Mr. John Robert Denny Dr. Gail Deplanque Ms. Patricia W. Deramus Colonel & Mrs. Joseph F. Derienzo Mr. Roy M. Derrick Mr. Stanton Derry Mr. Thomas J. Desipin Mr. Robert Jay Deutsch Mrs. Jessie C. Dickens Ms. Claudia Dickman Mrs. F. Diefenderfer Mr. Fred J. Diemer Mr. C. P. Dietz Mr. Robert A. Diggs Mr. E. B. Dillon, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. John B. Dilworth Mr. & Mrs. Joseph Dimuro Ms. Loraine Dipietro Mr. Dennis O. Dixon Mr. George A. Dixon Mr. & Mrs. John B. Doak Mrs. Porter W. Dobbins, Jr. Mr. Keith A. Dobbins Mr. Peter Dobroff Mr. & Mrs. Barry & Lydia Dobyns Mr. Richard G. Dodds Mrs. Walter W. Doescher John H. Doles III Mrs. Henry R. Dolstra Mr. Henry T. Donahoe Dr. Mary R. Donahue Mrs. Lloyd Donant Mr. James R. Donnelley Ms. Elinor C. Donnelly Ms. Jacqueline Donnet Colonel & Mrs. William H. E. Doole Ms. Linda S. Doolittle Christopher J. Doozan Mr. James R. Dorcy Mrs. Sally Doughton Mr. D. D. Dowling Mr. John Doyle Major Chery! L. Dozier Ms. Barbara B. Drackett Mr. David C. Dressler Mr. William M. Dreyer Ms. Imogene S. Driscoll Ms. Patricia D. Driver Mr. Marvin Droes Dr. John Charles Duby Mr. Frank J. Dudek Mr. & Mrs. Robert . Dufek Mr. John L. Duffy Mr. William E. Duffy Mrs. M. D. Duggan Mr. & Mrs. William E. Duke Ms. Joanne E. Dumene Mr. William T. Duncan Mr. & Mrs. John M. Dunnan Mr. A. F. Dupont, Jr. Mr. Julius Dupree Mr. Wayne Durbin Mr. & Mrs. F. C. Duthweiler Mr. R. H. Dwan, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Douglas & Linda Dwyer Ms. Ann L. Dyke Mr. & Mrs. Bainbridge Eager General & Mrs. George D. Eastes Mr. Walter P. Eatherly Mr. & Mrs. Russell Eaton, III Ms. Helen Eccleston Mr. B. Toro Echague Mr. Laurence Edelman Mr. & Mrs. Roy C. Edgerton Mr. William W. Edgerton Mr. John H. Edlund Ms. Margaret W. Edwards Mr. Joe B. Eggen Mr. Frank K. Eggleston Mr. Robert P. Ehas Mr. Joel Eisenberg Mr. David A. Elko Mr. Don W. Elleman P. E. Ellingsen Mr. Paul G. Ellis Ms. Barbara Ellison Mr. George T. Elmore Mr. Robert Emmons Mr. Bernard Engel Ms. Suzanne B. Engel Mr. G. C. Engels Mr. Victor England Dr. Michael J. Epstein Mr. Robert Epstein Mrs. Jane M. Epstine Mrs. F. Erickson Dr. Janet Erickson Mr. Dale J. Ernster Mr. A.C. Escalle Mr. Allen Evans Mr. Douglas Evans, Jr. Mr. Larry Evans Dr. Richard Evans Mr. Robley D. Evans Miss Shirley M. Evans Mr. W. M. Evans Mr. & Mrs. Leroy Fadem Mr. & Mrs. Ross N. Faires Mr. R. Fanyo Mr. Francis W. Farley Mr. James Alan Farley Mr. T. M. Farley Mrs. Norman Farquhar Mr. Arthur W. Farr Ms. Gloria M. Farrar Mr. Joel Farrell Mr. Kit Farwell The Franciscan Fathers Mr. Robert N. Faust Mr. John C. Fawcett Mr. John D. Fedde Dr. & Mrs. Robert Feinberg Mr. Jack K. Feirman Mr. T. Feldmann Ms. Shirley Felix Ms. Ruth S. Feltner Mr. Gregory G. Fergin Dr. & Mrs. Edward H. Ferguson Mr. John R. Ferguson Mr. & Mrs. Robert E. Ferguson Mr. & Mrs. William L. Ferguson Dr. Willard B. Fernald Reverend H. A. Ferrell Ms. Janet A. Fertig Mr. Donald M. Feuerstein Ms. Sarah Fincke Mrs. Emily H. Fine Ms. Janet A. Fink Miss Susan J. Finke Mr. Thomas F. Finkle Mr. & Mrs. M. Peter Fischer Dana B. Fisher Mr. Thomas A. Fitzgerald Mr. Paul D. Fitzpatrick Mr. Edward J. Flammer Ms. Jane G. Flener Mr. W. R. Fletcher Miss Kathryn M. Flexer Mr. Peter A. Flihan, Jr. Mr. Ted Flora Mr. & Mrs. James D. Flynn C. Fogelstrom Mr. Stuart Foler Mr. L. D. Follmer Ms. Hariett Forbell Mr. Robert Forcey Dr. & Mrs. Otto L. Forchheimer Mr. & Mrs. J. W. Forrester Mrs. Russel Fosbinder Mr. Frank B. Foster Mr. Redmond Foster Mr. Tom Rolfe Foster Thiry Foundation Whitney Foundation Mrs. Theodore V. Fowler III Mrs. Richard L. Fowler Dr. & Mrs. Robert L. Fox Mr. S. Fox Dr. Denis J. Frank Mr. Norman Frank Mr. Peter L. Frechette Dr. Donald E. Frein Mrs. Theodore French Mr. & Mrs. John P. Frestel, Jr. Mrs. Valerie T. Freund Mr. Andrew L. Frey “Mr. & Mrs. T. E. Frey Mrs. Jean W. Friedlander Mr. Arnold S. Friedman Mr. Kenneth I. Friedman Mr. Edward Fritz P. Froeder Mr. Warren Fugate Mr. Reginald H. Fullerton, Jr. Mrs. L. J. Futchik Mrs. Guy Gabrielson, Jr. Dr. & Mrs. Paul A. Gade Mr. William R. Gage Mrs. D. R. Gairing Dr. & Mrs. Harry Galblum Mrs. M. J. Galbraith Mr. Robert J. Gale Mr. Vernon M. Gale Mr. & Mrs. F. A. Gallagher Mrs. Marion G. Galland Mr. & Mrs. Thomas J. Galligan, Jr. Dr. & Mrs. Robert Ganelin Mr. & Mrs. Malcolm O. Garfink Ms. Janet E. Gargiulo Mrs. Joy Garney Miss Olga M. Gazda Mr. A. F. Gegenheimer Mr. & Mrs. Walter F. Geisinger Mr. & Mrs. Daniel D. Geller Mr. Peter L. Geller Ms. Susan C. Gentz 303 Mr. & Mrs. Emanuel Gerard Mrs. K. J. Germeshausen Mr. & Mrs. Carl S. Gewirz Ms. Patricia L. Gibbons Mr. A. Edward Giberti Mr. Allan Gibson Dr. & Mrs. David M. Gibson Mr. Fred O. Gibson, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Lincoln J. Gilbert Mrs. Wanda Gilbert Ms. Joyce S. Gilding Ms. Nancy V. Giles Mrs. Robert Gilkey Miss Terri H. Gillatt Yvonne L. Gillespie Mrs. Sara E. Gillis Mr. David E. Gingrich Mr. Thomas S. Gionfriddo Mr. Edward D. Gladden Ms. Martha Glantz Mr. Bernard Glaser Mrs. Anna May Gleim Mr. John C. Glenn Mr. & Mrs. Warren Glick Mr. Helmuth Goepfert Mr. & Mrs. John B. Goering Mr. James W. Goff Ms. Anne C. Goldberg Mr. & Mrs. Arthur E. Goldberg Mr. Leslie H. Goldberg Mr. Raymond R. Goldberg Mr. Gregg H.S. Golden Mr. James R. Golden Mr. Aaron Goldman Ms. Susan S. Goldman Mr. & Mrs. Charles Goldsberry Mrs. Fred Goldsmith, Jr. Dr. Edwin G. Goldstein Resa Goldstein Dr. S. Goodloe, Jr. Ms. Connie Goodman Mr. & Mrs. James F. Goodman Mr. Stuart N. Goodman L. Goodwin Dr. Richard FE. Gordon Mr. David W. Gorham Mrs. Mary Beck Gorman Harold W. Gossett II Mrs. Christian V. Graf Mr. William F. Graff Mr. Steven Grainger Mr. S. Grandits ial eal 304 Dr. M. L. Oster Granite Mr. Gerald W. Grantham Mr. Cameron Graves Lieutenant General & Mrs. Ernest Graves Mrs. Mary Graves Mr. Ian J. Gray Mr. Leslie Gray Dr. Robin B. Gray Mr. Thomas E. Gray Mr. & Mrs. Louis J. Grayson Dr. & Mrs. Henry D. Green Dr. & Mrs. Joseph E. Green, II Mr. Hix H. Green, Jr. Mrs. Susan Green Mr. David J. Greenburg Mrs. L. S. Greene Ms. Stefanie Greene Miss Joanne T. Greenspun Ms. Lumina Greenway Mr. & Mrs. William Greer Mr. & Mrs. John Gregory Mr. Gerhard R. Grieb Mr. Herbert E. Grier Ms. Helen W. Grieve Mr. Donald O. Grimes, Jr. Mr. Ronald K. Grimes Mr. & Mrs. Steele T. Griswold Mrs. Helen Grossman Mr. & Mrs. Paul W. Guenzel Ms. Mary N. Guild Dr. Joseph I. Gurfein Mr. Sanford L. Guritzky Mr. Edward Guro Mr. & Mrs. Richard J. Haayen Mr. Dean Alan Hadley Ms. Lindsey Haggar Mr. & Mrs. William H. Haggard Mr. Philip J. Hahn Mr. & Mrs. Richard G. Hahn Mr. Dean O. Haley Mrs. Timothy J. Haley, II Ms. Dorothy M. S. Hall Mr. J. Richard Halley Dr. Mimi Halpern Mr. M. Hamada Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Lieutenant Commander Maynard L. Hamilton; Ret. Mr. Robert A. Hamilton Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth C. Hamister Dr. & Mrs. John W. Hammon, Jr. Miss M. A. Hammond Mr. Mark Hampshire Barbara Hampton Mr. P. M. Hampton Mr. J. S. Handler Mrs. Vincent S. Haneman Mrs. Hamp Hanks Ms. Dolly D. Hansen Ms. Morella R. Hansen Mr. Peter U. Hansen Mr. Stan Hanssen Mr. Charles C. Hansult Ms. Linda Hardcastle Mr. William L. Harding Mr. & Mrs. Gordon A. Hardy Mr. & Mrs. Hardy Hargreaves Mr. John M. Harker Mr. Kenneth R. Harkins Mr. Peter B. Harkins Dr. Robert A. Harper Mrs. Lucy W. Harrell Mr. C. J. Harrington Miss Catherine E. Harringron Dr. John M. Harris, III Mr. Robert C. Harris William D. Harris Mr. Graham Harrison Mr. Frank C. Hart Mrs. Pauline Hart Mr. Alfred A. Hartley Ms. Janet W. Hartley Mr. P. W. Hartloff, Jr. Ms. Gertrud B. Hartmann Mr. James E. Haskins Mrs. Audrey H. Hatry Mr. Timothy S. Haueter Ms. Gertraud E. Haupt Dr. & Mrs. James W. Haviland Mr. G. W. Hawk Dr. Jeffrey W. Hawkins Mr. William M. Hawkins Neil F. Hawks Mr. James M. Hawley, II Mr. J.Y. Hawthorne Mrs. Marjorie C. Hayes Mr. Kenneth C. Healy Mr. & Mrs. Frank R. Heath Mrs. Kathleen H. Heaton Mr. Gordon E. Hed Mrs. Jeannette P. Heim Mr. William J. Heim Mr. Carl Heishman Captain & Mrs. Arthur A. Helgerson Ms. Kathleen Hellmann Mr. James W. Hellwege The Honorable & Mrs. Richard Helms Mr. William A. Helsell Mr. & Mrs. Robert J. Helwig Ms. Deborah W. Hemenway Dr. & Mrs. Jack Hendershot Mr. & Mrs. Allyn B. Henderson Mr. E. M. Hendrickson Mr. John R. Hendrickson Mr. & Mrs. Louis Henke, Jr. Mrs. W. Henrick Mrs. E. Henriksen Ms. Beverlee B. Henry Mr. Joseph Henry Mr. & Mrs. Irving N. Hepner Mr. Richard A. Herbert Mr. Richard N. Herbert Mr. & Mrs. Michael Herman Mr. Birgit Hershey Mr. & Mrs. Paul & Martha Hertelendy Mr. Terrence J. Hertz Mr. Michael J. Hessell Mr. Edward G. Hetrick Mr. Barry R. Heuring Mr. L. R. Heurlin Dr. Peter F. Heywood Mrs. Laura E. Hicks Mrs. Jane D. Highsaw Dr. Steven I. Hightower Dr. Albert G. Hill Mrs. G. E. Hill Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth E. Hill Ruth C. Hill Mr. & Mrs. John Hille Mr. H. Hilton-Green,Jr Miss Barbara L. Hinckley Mr. Richard L. Hocker Ms. Roberta Hockman Mr. Lorentz R. Hodges, Jr. Mr. Morton S. Hodgson Jr. Miss K. T. Hoffacker Mr. Wilfred C. Hoffman Lucy Hogan Dr. & Mrs. Raymond T. Holden Mr. Barton S. Holl Mr. Ian E. Holland Mr. William M. Hollis, Jr. Mr. Milton C. Holloman Mr. David R. Holly Ms. Dorothy K. Holmberg Mrs. Hazel Hooker Mr. Samuel P. Hoopes Mr. & Mrs. James P. Hope Mr. J. K. Horne Dr. John H. Hoskins Sally S. Hortle Mrs. Amory Houghton Mr. Guy T. Howard Mrs. James Howard Ms. Margaret J. Howe Mr. Theodore L. Hoy Mr. & Mrs. James W. Hubbel Ms. Bonnie Huber F. Hubert Mr. & Mrs. Larry L. Hubler Mr. C. Huckins Mr. Charles E. Hucks Mr. & Mrs. Robert S. Hudgins, IV Mr. David Huffman Mr. Joseph G. Huffman Mrs. Charles A. Hufnagel Mr. John R. Huggard Mrs. Edward W. Hughes Mr. & Mrs. Norman Hughes Ms. Jean M. Hulme Mr. Ronald Hummel Ms. Suzanne Humpstone Mr. William F. Huneke Dr. & Mrs. James C. Hunt Mrs. Margaret Stuart Hunter Ms. Margie Hunter Ms. Nancy B. Hunter Mr. Ronald D. Hunter Mr. & Mrs. Sidney H. Hurlburt Mr. Bruce Husted Mr. Alan S. Hutchinson Captain & Mrs. George Hutchinson Mrs. J. E. Hutchinson Ms. Marjorie P. Hutchinson Mrs. Avis C. Hyde Mr. William W. Idler Mr. & Mrs. P. W. Ifland Mr. & Mrs. John L. Ingersoll Reverend R. M. Ireland Mr. John E. Irons Mr. George Irving Ms. Mary A. Irwin Mr. William D. Iverson Miss Yoko Iwawaki Dr. & Mrs. Barry S. Jackman Mr. Gordon L. Jacks Mr. B. B. Jackson Ms. Joanne B. Jackson Ms. Ellen Jacobson Mr. Sidney A. Jaffe Mr. & Mrs. William Jagoda Mr. Reinhardt H. Jahn Mr. Joe Jankowski Mr. & Mrs. Robert T. Jaske Miss Ruth M. Jeltema Mrs. C. Jennings Mr. & Mrs. David G. Jennings Reverend Andrew Macaoidh Jergens Mr. Douglas F. John Dr. & Mrs. A. Johnson Mr. Harald R. Johnson Mr. Robert R. Johnson Dr. Robert S. Johnson Ms. Sally P. Johnson Mrs. Thomas W. Johnson Mr. Woodrow C. Johnson Mr. John H. Johnston Mr. Alfred Jones Mr. Buell B. Jones Mr. James E. Jones Mr. & Mrs. John Allen Jones Mr. John O. Jones Mr. Howland B. Jones, Jr. Mr. John B. Jones, Jr. Ms. Mayorie C. Jones Ms. Margaret E. Jones Mr. W.R. Jones Ms. W. S. Jones Mr. William J. Jones Mrs. C. Jory Mr. Andrew Joskow Mr. A. Jossey-Bass Mrs. Jove Mrs. Jean Joyner Mr. & Mrs. A. W. Jurgeleit Mrs. Rosemary Bonar Kabel Mr. Richard Kaczmarek Mr. George W. Kahler Mr. & Mrs. John M. Kalbermatten Mr. F. M. Kalenborn Ms. Sona Kalousdian Dr. James P. Kane Mrs. W. R. Kanne Mr. Raymond S. Kaplan Mr. Steven Kaplan Dr. & Mrs. K. S. Karb Dr. & Mrs. Richard A. Kaslow Captain William J. Kastner Mr. Jack Katz Dr. & Mrs. Nathan Katz Mr. R. L. Katz Mr. W. Katz Mr. Larry Katzmire Mrs. A. G. Kavalar Lieutenant Colonel Eugene K. Keefe Ms. Sheila A. Keefe Mr. Frank S. Keene, III Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth C. Keller Captain & Mrs. William Keller Ms. Jettie Kelly Mr. Edward S. Kelly, Jr. Dr. June L. Kelsay Mrs. John L. Kemmerer Mr. John William Kemper Mrs. Harris L. Kempner Mrs. R. Grice Kennelly Mr. & Mrs. David T. Kenney Mr. G. Dickson Kenney Mrs. Anna Marie Kent Mr. & Mrs. B. R. Kent Ms. Rebecca Kenyon Mr. William Keohane Mr. & Mrs. Donald M. Kerr Mr. & Mrs. Robert Kerr Ms. Susan Kerslake Mr. & Mrs. Paul D. Kervin Mr. & Mrs. Thomas H. Kerwin Mr. Marc Keshishian Mr. W. Ben Kibler Dr. & Mrs. Thomas M. Kiefer Dr. Kyumgsoo Kim Mr. & Mrs. William R. Kimball Mrs. Jeanette Kimmel Mr. & Mrs. David Kimmelman Mr. Charles T. Kindsvatter Mrs. Paul M. King Mr. Robert L. King Mrs. Richard K. Kingsley Ms. Elizabeth R. Kipp Mr. Dan L. Kirby Mr. & Mrs. Philip C. Kirby Mr. Harry L. Kirkman Mr. Stephen Kirkpatrick Mr. Ron Kite Mr. John G. Kittredge Mr. J. W. Klages Mr. Kenneth W. Klein Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence R. Klein Mr. Norman S. Klein Ms. Elaine H. Klemen Mr. W.A. Kloos Mr. L. S. Klotz Mr. J. A. Knapp Mrs. J. K. Knee Mr. M. G. Knerr Mrs. James H. Knowles Mr. & Mrs. Keith L. Knowlton Ms. Susan J. Koch Ms. Margie Koenig Mr. & Mrs. Leonard R. Kojm George C. Konolige Dr. & Mrs. C. Ronald Koons Mr. Herbert J. Kopff Mr. A. George Koplow Gary A. Kopp Dr. & Mrs. Marvin C. Korengold Dr. & Mrs. Ross Kory Mr. & Mrs. Donald S. Koskinen Dr. & Mrs. George Kottemann Mr. Stanley Kottock Mr. George Kovar Mrs. Anna Kovasznay Mr. & Mrs. Brian R. Kowalk Mrs. Solveig M. Kramer Mr. David K. Krane Ms. Sandra R. Krawchuk Mr. Irving Kreisberg Mr. Irvine P. Krick Mr. & Mrs. William H. Krohn Mr. Harold E. Kubly Dr. & Mrs. Max J. Kukler Ms. Linda Kulin Mrs. William O. Kurtz, Jr. Miss Suzanne Kuser Mrs. Grant E. Lachapelle Mr. & Mrs. Frank A. Ladd Mrs. Patraicia K. Laftercy Mr. Richard D. Lake Mrs. Richard T. Lambert Dr. Robert M. Lambert Mr. Thomas Lamotte Mr. & Mrs. Frederick W. Lamson Mrs. Edwin H. Land Mrs. Ernest A. Land Mr. & Mrs. Hans A. Land Mr. W. G. Land Mr. & Mrs. Robert G. Lander Mr. James H. Landers, Jr. Mrs. Stephens J. Lange Mr. Richard F. Langston Ms. Janet E. Lanman John V. Lanterman Mr. & Mrs. Peter Larocca Dr. Kathie Larsen Mr. Francis Y. Lau Ms. Rose Mary Laur Mr. Robert E. Laux Mr. & Mrs. Harold A. Lavalley Mr. L. G. Lavengood Dr. & Mrs. Noel Lawson Dr. Jack M. Layton Mr. Richard A. Lazarus Dr. Deborah Leavens Mrs. Barbara Lecky Mr. & Mrs. David B. Lee Ms. Elizabeth B. Lee Ms. Florence S. Lee Ms. Mary Carolyn Lee Mr. T. C. Lee Ms. E. A. Lefevre Mr. & Mrs. William Lehfeldt Mr. John H. Lehman Mr. Roger M. Lehman Ms. Ellen R. Leighton Ms. Jeanne Lemmer Ms. Kimberly D. Lenczuk Ms. Christiana M. Leonard Mrs. Ethelynne H. Leonard Mrs. Aleen Leslie Mrs. Lawrence S. Lesser Mr. Daniel W. Leubecker Ms. Luanne K. Levens Mr. Eugene M. Levin Richard Levine Dr. Richard A. Levinson Dr. Jerrold Levy Mr. & Mrs. Baugh Lewis Mr. Ernest E. Lewis Dr. Ronald W. Lewis Dr. Fredrick J. Lieb Ms. Toni Lieberman Mr. Peter Liebesman Mrs. Francis Light Mr. Raymond Yung Lin Mr. Donald V. Lincoln Mr. W. L. Lindholm Dr. A.F. Lindquist 306 Dr. Patricia Lindquist Ms. Teri Lindstrom Mr. Robert F. Lint Mr. & Mrs. Rodney C. Linton Mr. L. H. Linville Mr. James A. Lipsett Mr. Robert S. Lipsey Mr. & Mrs. Robert J. Liskay Mr. & Mrs. Robert J. List Mr. Burton J. Litman Mrs. Frances L. Litvin Mrs. John H. Livingston Mr. Mark E. Lloyd Ms. Maureen C. Locke Mr. C. Henry Lockwood, II Ms. Diana L. Lodzinski Dr. Arthur J. Loerzel Mr. James E. Loesch Dr. Charles J. Loewe Ms. J. Logermann Ms. Joyce A. Lonergan Mr. Nimrod W. E. Long Mr. & Mrs. T. M. Louden Mr. Homer B. Louya, Jr. Mr. H. M. Love Mr. Robert B. Love Mrs. Hazel L. Lozier Mrs. George E. Luce Mr. Joseph Luchok Mr. & Mrs. Jack Ludwick Ms. Sarah L. Ludwig Mr. Dean Luedlke Mr. Arthur Luedtke Dr. & Mrs. Ronald R. Lund Mr. & Mrs. Wilbur A. Lunday Mr. La Rue R. Lutkins Mr. Kevin P. Lyden Mr. H. Lykken Mr. & Mrs. J. R. Lynch Mrs. Lee Lynch Mr. & Mrs. William Lynch Miss I. T. Lynn Mr. & Mrs. E. Phillip Lyon Mr. Dennis L. Maas Mr. Neil R. MacDonald Mr. Watson MacInnes Mr. & Mrs. Steven A. MacIntyre Mr. P.E. Macallister Ms. Caroline S. Maccoll Mr. W. K. Maccready Mr. Louis A. Mackenzie William G. Maclaren Jr. Mr. James G. Maclean Mr. Fred Macleod Dr. & Mrs. J. Macnamara Mrs. John Macomber Mr. Rex A. Maddox Mr. Raymond F. Mahaffy Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. Maher Dr. & Mrs. Leslie D. Major, Jr. Mr. Dayton S. Mak Ms. Alexie M. Malcolm Mr. T. L. Malec Mr. & Mrs. Pal Maleter Mrs. Janet Malley Richard Mr. James Malloy Lieutenant General & Mrs. W. R. Maloney Mr. Elli Malta Dr. Randall C. Manaka Mrs. E. B. Mann Ms. Elizabeth S. Mann Mrs. Sandra Alan Mannherz Mr. & Mrs. George C. Mansius Mrs. Catherine Manson Mr. Stanley A. Maple Dr. & Mrs. Peter D. Marbarger Mrs. A. Marcelle Mr. Eugene A. March Dr. B. T. Marchello Mr. & Mrs. Stanley J. Marcuss Mrs. F. J. Margolis Dr. R. N. Margrave Mr. Paul Margus Mr. Jack Mark Mr. & Mrs. William J. Marlow Mr. Kenneth S. Marsh Dr. & Mrs. William G. Marsh Mr. D. B. Marshall Mr. Robert M. Marshall Mr. Bernard H. Martin Mr. Earle W. Martin Mr. Guy R. Martin Mr. Robert M. Martin, Jr. Mr. S. E. Martin, Jr. Ms. Margaret A. Martin Mr. S. T. Martin Mrs. Mildred H. Martindale Mr. Robert E. Martini Mr. Arthur Marush Mr. & Mrs. Arthur K. Mason Mr. David Mason Mr. Joel J. Mason Ms. Pamela W. Massey Mr. & Mrs. Frederick W. Mast Mr. Thomas R. Masters Mrs. Elbert G. Mathews Captain Tyler R. Matthew, Usnr Mr. Winton E. Matthews, Jr. Mr. James Mattimore Mr. Robert Mattox Mr. & Mrs. Calvin R. Maurer Mr. & Mrs. W. W. Maxey Mr. & Mrs. Jesse C. Maxwell Dr. Bella J. May Mary J. Mayer Mr. George D. Maynard, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Gerald Mayo Mr. & Mrs. Harry W. Mazal Dr. John E. Mazuzan, Jr. Mr. Allan H. McAlpin Mr. Terence McAuliffe Ms. Nancy M. McCabe Mr. Robert E. McCabe Mr. Gregory P. McCarron Ms. June W. McCarron Mr. Francis X. McCartin Dr. Maclyn McCarty Mr. Stephen McClanahan Dr. Jonathan McCone Ms. Patricia McConnell Mr. Michael McCormack Dr. Marie C. McCormick Mrs. Anne B. McCourt Dr. Catherine F. McCoy Mr. John A. McCoy Mr. Clayton McCuistion Mrs. Emily P. McDaniel Mr. Brian L. McDonald Mr. J. McDonald Mrs. Rosa Hayward McDonald Ms. Suzanne O. McDougal Ms. Cornelli McElrath Mr. William D. McElroy Ms. Elizabeth McFadden Ms. Mary F. McFadden Mr. John McGreevey Mr. John McGuinn Mr. Donald G. McInnes Mr. Larry V. McIntire Mr. Thomas H. McIntosh Francis J. McIntyre Dr. J. W. McKibben Mr. Joseph McKinley Mr. & Mrs. Albert P. McKinney Ms. Katharine K. McLane Mr. & Mrs. John H. McLaren Mrs. Betty H. McLaughlin Mr. Charles McLaughlin Mr. James D. McLean Mr. Paul B. McMahon, Jr. Mr. Wallace McMartin Mr. & Mrs. Andrew J. McMillan Mrs. S. McMullen Mr. & Mrs. Paul McNitt Mr. & Mrs. R. V. McPherron Mr. James I. McPherson Lieutenant Colonel John L. McRae Mr. & Mrs. C. P. Mead Mr. & Mrs. David L. Mead Mr. Thomas Mears Mr. & Mrs. James W. Meek Mr. Frank Meek, Jr. Mrs. Roberta V. Meek Dr. Henry P. Meijer Donald F. Mela Mr. & Mrs. Richard P. Mellon Phillip Melville Mr. Dennis Mendyk Mr. & Mrs. George A. Menendez Mr. Leon A. Mensing Ms. Marilyn Mercer Captain Robert H. Mereness Mr. James Mero Mrs. William H. Meroney Dr. David F. Merten Mr. John J. Meyer II Mr. Gregor F. Meyer Mr. Henry H. Meyer, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Louis Meyer Mr. & Mrs. Samuel M. Meyers Mr. R. D. Michaelson, Jr. Dr. Catherine Michaud Dr. Marie L. Michelson Mr. B. Jenkins Middleton Ms. Betty J. Middleton Mrs. Clara Blackburn Miksic Mr. & Mrs. Jeremiah Milbank Commander & Mrs. R. J. Miles Mr. & Mrs. David H. Millang Dr. Alan G. Miller Mr. Carroll L. Miller Mr. Herbert S. Miller Mr. J. R. Miller Mr. John W. Miller Marcia J. Miller Ms. Margaret A. Miller Mr. Steven G. Miller Mr. William B. Miller Mr. Richard Millett Mrs. Joan H. Milligan Ms. Gloria Mills Ms. Marie E. Minnich Mr. Stephen L. Minter Dr. Joseph C. Mirabile Mrs. Michele Mirman Dr. & Mrs. Albert R. Mitchell Dr. D. W. Mitchell Mr. & Mrs. Donald M. Mitchell Colonel & Mrs. Robert O. Mitchell Colonel & Mrs. Jerome M. Modolo Mr. Edward O. Moe Mr. John Mohlar Mr. & Mrs. Eric Mcd. Moir Mr. James J. Monagle Mr. T. R. Monge Mrs. Sarah D. Monk Dr. & Mrs. J. Charles Monnet Ms. Maria Montalvo Lucille H. Montgomery Mr. & Mrs. Robert M. Montgomery Mr. Ray Moody Mrs. Christel K. Moore Ms. Joan Turner Moore Dr. & Mrs. Paul D. Moore Mr. Richard H. Moore Thomas Moore Mr. & Mrs. John H. Morava Mr. Robert L. Morelli Mr. & Mrs. Robert Morey Mr. Joyce Morgan Mr. Shane Moriarity Ms. Firth Morris Mr. Frank Morris J. Morris Mr. J. C. Morris, Jr. Mr. David E. Morse Mr. Arthur R. Morse, Jr. Dr. & Mrs. Samuel Moskow Mrs. Wilson Mothershead Dr. & Mrs. Gary L. Mueller Mr. R. Mueller Dr. J. Andrew Mulholland Mr. J. W. Mullins Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth C. Mundell Mr. David C. Mundy Mr. & Mrs. Robert Munoz Dr. & Mrs. John C. Munson Mr. C. Murphy, Jr. Mr. James L. Murphy, Jr. Mrs. Helen M.. Murway Mr. & Mrs. E. H. Muschlitz Mr. Rob Mustard Ms. Carol A. Myers Mr. Raymond R. Myslivy Mr. Gordon J. Naff Mr. Andrew Najberg Dr. M. .J. Nareff Mr. George Nassauer Mr. Robert H. Neff Mr. Walter G. Negwer, Jr. Mr. Robert Negwer Mr. George E. Nelson Dr. J. R. Nelson Mr. Lawrence L. Nelson Ms. Linell E. Nemeth Mr. Andrew K. Ness Mr. Conley W. Ness Mr. C. R. Neuburger Mrs. Paul W. Neuenschwander Mr. & Mrs. A. Newell Mrs. Frances Newman Mr. Gerard K. Newman Ms. Martha Newman Mr. & Mrs. Palmer E. Newman Mr. W. E. Newman Mr. Herbert L. Newmark Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Newton Mr. Kenneth E. Nicholl Mr. William L. Nicholls, Ms. Penny L. Nickle Mr. Gary Nielsen Dr. Orville F. Nielsen Dr. Thomas P. Nigra Ms. Kathlene Nissenbaum Mrs. Elizabeth A. Noble Mrs. Henry M. Noel Mr. Roger M. Nolan Roxanne Nolan A.J. Nolewajka Dr. Patricia F. Norman Mrs. Nanna M. Norrington The Honorable & Mrs. Allen L. Norris Mr. David S. Norris Ms. Judith A. Norris Mr. Donald North Ms. D. A. Norton Mrs. John Norton Mr. R.H. Norweb Mr. James F. Noss Mr. & Mrs. David P. Notley Mrs. Dorothy Nubel Mrs. Elisabeth H. Null Mr. & Mrs. Peter M. Nunn Mr. Michael Nussbaum Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence C. Nussdorf Mr. Michael Nuzzo Mr. William J. O'Brien, Jr. Mr. J. E. O'Connell Ms. Frances Jean O'Connor Linda O'Connor Mr. & Mrs. William J. O'Connor Mr. Joseph F. O'Neil Ms. Betty O'Neill Mr. & Mrs. Denis T. O'Sullivan Ms. Angela Caldwell Oates Dr. & Mrs. Robert W. Oblath Mr. & Mrs. R. L. Oborn Mr. Robert S. Oelman Ms. Margaret Oettinger Ms. Donna Oetzel Mrs. Edward Ogle Dr. S.W.J. Ogush Mr. W. G. Ohde Ms. Helen L. Ohler Stellan Ohlsson Dr. Snorri Olafsson Mr. T. K. Oliver, Jr. Ms. Janet L. Olsen Mr. Melvin Olsen Mrs. Rachael B. Olsen Mr. Sam R. Olsen Dr. Jean L. Olson Ms. Ruth G. Olson Mr. Richard Omohundro Mr. & Mrs. Guy H. Orcutt Mr. W. R. Orthwein, Jr. Mr. Martin B. Ortlieb Dr. Thomas O. Orvald Mr. & Mrs. David Osnos Ms. Anna M. Orhold Mrs. James C. Otis Mr. James A. Ort 307 Mr. Joseph H. Owen Mrs. Kathleen M. Owren Mr. & Mrs. Gerald W. Padwe Mr. James A. Painter Mr. Donald K. Palmer Lynne & Archie Palmer Mr. William R. Palmer Mr. Pravin Panchal Dr. J. F. Paquet © Mr. G. M. Pardee, Jr. Mr. W. Robb Parish Mr. & Mrs. Rogers Parker Mrs. Grace M. Parr Ms. Mary L. Parramore Theda A. Parrish Mrs. George E. Parsons, Jr. Mr. R. F. Paschal, Jr. Mr. Jerry Pasek Mrs. George I. Pattee Jackie W. Patterson Mr. Geoffrey L. Patton Miss Ruth Uppercu Paul Mr. Benjamin C. Payne Mr. E. George Pazianos Mrs. Julian . Peabody Dr. Joanne M. Pearson Ms. Sylvia L. Pearson Mrs. Ben M. Peckham Thomas Peele Mr. Michael Peetz Ms. Caroline F. Peine Mrs. William P. Pence Mrs. Ann Cooper Penning Mr. Clarence Pennington Mr. John Peper Mr. James S. Peppell Mr. Alan L. Perkins Robert A. Perkins Mr. & Mrs. Warren A. Perkins Mr. Michael Perlberg Mr. Eric C. Peters Mr. & Mrs. C. Wrede Petersmeyer Mr. Ewart A. Peterson Mr. & Mrs. Fred M. Peterson Mrs. Irene E. Peterson C. Pettis Mr. Cliff Pfaff Mr. R. Pflager Mr. & Mrs. P. Pfouts Mr. Frank Phelan Mr. Daniel Phillips Mr. I. S. Phillips Mrs. W. R. Phillips aon 308 Mrs. Robert H. Phinny Mr. E. Chilton Phoenix Ms. Eileen Pickenpaugh Mr. & Mrs. William H. Pierson, Jr. Mrs. Charles M. Pigott Dr. Karol Pilarczyk Mr. & Mrs. William Piper Mr. & Mrs. Ronald G. Piskork Mrs. P. E. Pitts Mr. David Pixley Mrs. Louise E. Planet Ms. Elinor Plimack Ms. Clarideth J. Plott Ms. Diane J. Plotts Mr. Richard R. Plum Mr. John E. Poland Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. Pollard Mr. & Mrs. Robert D. Pomeroy Ms. Janice Popp Mr. & Mrs. Dwight J. Porter Mrs. Elias H. Porter Mrs. Mary Ann Porter Mr. Charles H. Potter, Jr. Mrs. Sandra A. Potter Mr. & Mrs. Steven E. Potts Mr. & Mrs. Franklin E. Powell Mr. Watson Powell, Jr. Mr. Patrick K. Preminger Dr. Robert C. Prentice Ms. Jana Prewitt Mrs. Helen G. Price Dr. Robert E. Price Mr. Lolt D. Proegler Mrs. Juanita Prough Ms. Laurel Provine Mr. R.A. Praszynski Mr. Henry Pupke Mr. & Mrs. John E. Purcell Mr. W. M. Quackenbush Ms. Marjorie R. Quandt Mr. & Mrs. James Quarles Mr. Fred Quebec Miss Anne E. Quiggle Mr. Michael J. Quigley, HI Ms. Dennis O. Quinn Mr. Jeff Raben Colonel & Mrs. Robert S. Rabinowitz Mr. Charles Anton Rademaker Mr. Lawrence Randall Mr . & Mrs. Donald A. Rankin Mr . Coleman Raphael Miss Ann Rasche Mr Mr Ms Mr. Mr Ms Mr Mr Ms Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Ms Ms Ms . Robyne Rast: . Eleanor L. Rathbun . W. Wyatt Rauch . & Mrs. Earl C. Ravenal . & Mrs. F. Jan Ravenscroft . & Mrs. Paul Rawn s. Carol H. Ray . Ruth A. Ray s. Robert Raymond . & Mrs. Lawrence Raz . Patricia Reardon s. Jane S. Reaves . Ralph H. Redford . Sue Redman s. E. N. Redmon . D. R. Redmond . Atlee J. Reeb . Sara Reed . William A. Reed . William R. Reed . Conrad Reese . & Mrs. Robert Reeves . Ann Regan . Lynn Regnery . Carol A. Reichgut Mrs. Frances Reid Mr. Robert J. Reid Mr Mr. Mr . W. Reid s. Joan Reilly . Lawrence F. Reinalcer Mr. Ray Reinheimer Mr. & Mrs. John W. Reiser Dr. John W. Remo Mr. Paul A. Renard Mr. & Mrs. G. Resnick Dr. Mary Restifo Mrs. N. Linn Reusswig Mr. & Mrs. J. C. Reynierse Mr. Don F. Reynolds Mr. R. L. Rhodes, Jr. Dr. Walter Ricci Mr. Robert Rice Mr. G. R. Rich Dr. Nancy E. Rich Mr. E. Jerome Richards Mr. B. Richardson Mrs. R. M. Richardson Ms. Pamela Richey Mi Mi ss Nancy Ann Ridenhour ss Rozanne L. Ridgway Mr. M. M. Rifkin Ms. Mary Lou Riley Mr. James F. Rill Dr. J. Jerome Rinaldi Mrs. H. T. Rindal Ms. Kimberly Ringley Miss Marilyn Rising Mr. David M. Ritchie Mr. Robert L. Ritter Mr. & Mrs. Carlos Rivas Mr. & Mrs. Chalmers M. Roberts Mr. George O. Roberts Mrs. Helen Roberts Mr. & Mrs. Richard Roberts Ms. Ruth Roberts Mrs. Susan E. Roberts Dr. Louise W. Robertson Ms. Jean Robins Mr. & Mrs. J. M. Robinson Ms. Jane Washburn Robinson Dr. N. M. Robinson Ms: De Ann Roddy Mr. S. Rodriguez Ms. Duane C. Roe Dr. & Mrs. D. K. Roeder Mr. & Mrs. Albert K. Roehrig Mr. Scott Roeth Mr. Arthur H. Rogers Ms. Bonnie M. Rogers Mr. H. Rogers Ms. Mimi Rolland Mr. Alan R. Rollow Ms. Barbara K. Rolph Ms. I. Romero Dr. Barbara Roop Mrs. H. D. Root Mr. & Mrs. Robert W. Root Mrs. M. Elaine Roschman Mrs. J.S. Rose Mr. & Mrs. John M. Rose Dr. & Mrs. Quentin Rose Mr. & Mrs. Raymond T. Rose Norman R. Rosen (Ret) Mr. Daniel Rosenbaum Mr. Ernest S. Rosenberg Mr. M. L. Rosenthal Mr. & Mrs. Richard R. Rosettie Mrs. Arthur H. Ross Mr. Dale Ross Mr. David W. Ross Dr. Mitchell Neal Ross Dr. James A. Roth Mrs. M. W. Roth Ms. Janice K. Rothlauf Mrs. Elizabeth D. Rott Dr. James A. Rourke Mr. & Mrs. Herbert J. Rowe Mr. & Mrs. Josiah P. Rowe Mr. Gerald M. Rubin Mr. & Mrs. Donald Ruegg Ms. Jeanne Ruesch Mrs. James A. Rugh Mr. Lawrence A. Ruh Mr. Jay A. Runkel Dr. Edward C. Ruth Mr. William Rutledge Mr. William A. Rutter Dr. & Mrs. Abner Sachs Mr. & Mrs. W. Leo Saddler Mr. & Mrs. Richard H. Salz Ms. Jean E. Sammet Ms. Linda Sampey Mr. Charles L. Samz Mr. James N. Sande, Jr. Dr. Janice E. Sanders Mr. T. B. Sanders Mr. Ronald Sanderson Ms. Arbelyn W. Sansone Mr. Nilo M. Santiago Mr. Thomas J. Sarmento Mr. George A. J. Sarner Mrs. Stanley J. Sarnoff Mr. Rodney W. Saubers R. Wayne Sayer Mr. Francis B. Sayre Mr. James P. Scannell Sheryl Scarborough Mr. & Mrs. John P. Schaefer Mr. Thomas R. Schafer Mr. Charles W. Schaffer, Jr. Ms. Judith Schalit Dr. E. A. Schenk Mrs. Robert S. Scheu Mr. Roger Schlemmer Dr. S. P. Schmal Captain Victor A. G. Schmidt Mr. Albert D. Schmutzer Miss Marguerite V. Schneeberger Ms. Katy Schnitger Mr. James Schnitz Mrs. Debra C. Schoenstein Mr. Adolf Schoepe Mrs. Jean D. Schrader Dr. Leonard Schreier Mr. Allen B. Schroeder Mrs. Gene M. Schroeder Mr. & Mrs. J. Schroeder Mr. Edward J. Schroeder, Jr. Mr. Donald Schuder Mr. Robert Schwaner Mrs. Lillian E. Schwartz Dr. Edward H. Schwarz Mr. W. Harry Schwarzschild Mr. B. Elmo Scoggin Mr. Frank Scott Mr. & Mrs. Harlan Scott Mr. David C. Searey Dr. Barbara Searle Mr. & Mrs. Gene F. Seevers Mr. Richard E. Seidell Mr. Steve Mary Seidlitz Ms. Sarahelen Selby Mr. & Mrs. Harold J. Selinsky Mr. Paul C. Seltman Mr. & Mrs. Clarence Semler Miss Susan I. Sewell Ms. Catharine Seybold Mr. & Mrs. Guy Shaffer Mrs. H. Shambaugh Mr. Kevin E. Shanahan Dr. & Mrs. Lewis Shapiro Mr. & Mrs. Philip H. Sharpe Ms. Barbara W. Shaw Dr. Daniel L. Shaw, Jr. Mrs. Norris Shealy Mrs. R. L. Sheetz Dr. Carol V. Sheldon Mr. & Mrs. George E. Sherman Ms. Amanda Sherwin Ms. Virginia Sherwood Mr. David C. Shinstrom Mr. Ken Shirey Mr. & Mrs. Felix F. Shore Billie Lou Short Mrs. S.C. Shortlidge, Jr. Mr. Roy Shrobe Mrs. D.L. Shuman Ms. M. L. Sibley Ms. Martha F. Siccardi Mr. S.S. Sickels Mr. W. R. Sieben Mr. & Mrs. Irving H. Siegel Mr. Steve Sigafoos Mr. & Mrs. Jack Silberman Mrs. Barbara B. Silge Victor Silveira Dr. Lester P. Silverman Colonel & Mrs. Robert L. Simmons Mr. Erwin S. Simon Mr. Raymond Simon Mr. Robert E. Sinclair Mr. Richard Singer Mrs. Richard W. Singer Ms. Tammy Sisson Ms. M. J. Skidmore Mr. & Mrs. George S. Skinner Mr. & Mrs. Robert Skold Mrs. Eileen S. Slack Mr. Kevan Slattery Mr. Harold Slawson Ms. Helen Slinger Mr. Charles E. Slonaker Mrs. Leon Sloss Miss Anne Smalet Albert/Shirley Small Dr. K. C. Smeltz Mr. J. A. Smith III Mr. Charles H. Smith Mrs. Duane Smith Mrs. Golden R. Smith Dr. & Mrs. H. Zack Smith Mr. Harold R. Smith Dr. J. T. Smith Mr. James T. Smith Ms. Janet S. Smith John B. Smith Mr. Joseph C. Smith Mr. & Mrs. Howard Worth Smith, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. James F. Smith, Jc. Mrs. L. Smith Mr. & Mrs. Lee Smith Dr. Lex B. Smith Ms. Margaret Smith Mrs. Muriel E. Smith Ms. R. Marianne Smith Mr. Raymond S. Smith Mr. S. Wylie Smith Mr. Michael L. Smithson Mr. Patrick Snead Dr. George E. Snider, Jr. Ms. Virginia L. Snider Mr. C. Stewart Snoddy, Jr. Mr. Edward W. Snowdon Mr. J. Edward Snyder Mr. David Solo Mrs. Lawrence Solomon Mr. Stephen Sondheim Mr. Paul Sonnenblick Mr. & Mrs. C.B. Sorrels Ms. Lynn A. Soukup Ms. Alice F. Southworth Leslie L. Spain Mr. & Mrs. John L. Sparks Mr. H. Speer Mr. Mark Speizer Mr. Harry H. Spence Mr. Thomas R. Sperling Mr. Michael G. Spishock Mr. George S. Sproesser Mrs. J. R. Spung Mr. Omer F. Spurlock Mr. Bernie Stadiem Mr. Marvin N. Stanford Ms. Irene T. Stankiewicz Mr. William R. Stanmeyer Mr. Philip Stanton Ms. Karen Stanuch Mrs. Linda J. Starzman Mr. Anthony V. Stassi, Jr. Mr. F. J. Stastny Farmers State Bank - Mr. & Mrs. Albert H. Staton, Jr. Ms. Cynthia V. Stauffacher Mrs. Catherine Strayer Mr. W. R. Stealey Mr. Donald P. Stearns Mr. & Mrs. Frederick R. Stebbins Mr. Simon Steely Mrs. A. Stein Mr. Alexander W. Stein Mr. Peter Stein Ms. Kim R. Steinke Mr. & Mrs. William L. Stenger Dr. Peter J. Stephens Mr. Richard Stephens Mr. & Mrs. Robert B. Stephens Mr. Mason W. Stephenson Mrs. Shanda Stephenson Mr. August Stepura Mr. William Scernfe!d Mr. Edwin L. Stevens Mr. Jay Stevens Ms. Suzanne E. Stevens Mr. Ralph D. Stewart Mr. Robert E. Stewart Mr. John S. Stiles, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Glen E. Stillwell Mr. & Mrs. John E. Stinchfield Mr. & Mrs. David D. Stirrett 309 Mr. & Mrs. Frank A. Stocking Mr. Fred Stoddard Mr. & Mrs. Dennis W. Stolldorf Mr. Columbus M. Storey, Jr. Mrs. Alberta Stout Mr. Frank D. Stout Mrs. E. E. Stowell Mr. S. Tudor Strang Mr. Everett Strickland Mr. & Mrs. E. H. Strobel Mrs. Roxalena T. Strong Dr. & Mrs. J. M. Sudarsky Mr. Steven C. Suddaby Mr. Ed Sullivan Mr. Thomas J. Sullivan Mr. Vincent M. Sullivan Ms. Nuzhat Sultan-Khan Mrs. Harriet C. Sumerwell Mr. Sid Sussman Mr. David M. Swan Mr. Richard Swan Ms. Patricia S. Swaney Mr. H. H. Sweeney Ms. Carolyn Swift Mrs. Phelps H. Swift Mr. Steven L. Swig Smelkinson Sysco Ms. Anne E. Tait Ms. Donna G. Takeda Mr. Craig Talbot Mr. & Mrs. Leland E. Talbort Mr. Donald J. Tamulonis Mr. Gary E. Tanglin Mr. Darrell G. Tangman Mr. & Mrs. Ronald Tansky Mr. Parker D. Tappen Ms. Nancy Tarsitano Ms. Nancy E. Tate Mr. James Tateyama Mrs. Walter Tauer, Jr. Mr. John Tavano Mr. John W. Taylor Dr. Jon Taylor Mr. G. Kimbrough Taylor, Jr. Mr. L. H. Taylor Mr. Mark E. Taylor Mr. Rowan H. Taylor Mr. T. C. Taylor Mr. William C. Taylor Mrs. Mary L. Tecklenburg Ms. Linda Teixeira Mr. & Mrs. Charles E. Tennant 310 Mr. Roy Teramoto Mr. Norman R. Thal, Jr. Mr. Harper Thayer Mr. Alan Thebert Mr. Edmund Thomas Dr. F. Joseph Thomas Mr. & Mrs. Holcombe H. Thomas Dr. Alvin D. Thomas, Jr. Mr. William E. Thomas, Jr. Mrs. Lewis V. Thomas Ms. Marcia A. Thomas Ms. Marjorie Thomas Mr. & Mrs. Robert J. Thomas Mr. & Mrs. Edward L. Thompson Dr. Jack Thompson Ms. Jacqueline Thompson Mr. & Mrs. John A. Thompson Mrs. Thelma G. Thompson Mrs. Grace M. Thoms Miss Isabel Thomson Mrs. James L. Thornton Mrs. Veronica Thorp Miss Margaret Joy Tibbetts Ms. Barbara L. Tierney Mr. William J. Tierney Mr. & Mrs. C. L. Tillman, HI Mr. Clayton M. Timmons Miss Catherine Tinkham Mr. W. L. Tinslar Mrs. J. Tischler Mr. F.C. Titus Christina Tochko Mr. Hartley K. Todee Ms. Paula Lynne Todrin Mr. C. Tofte Mr. Toshio Tokunaga Mr. John A. Tolleris Mr. & Mrs. Vladimir R.S. Tolstoy Mr. James S. Tomes Mr. W. W. Townes Mr. & Mrs. F. Gerald Toye The Honorable & Mrs. Russell E. Train Mr. & Mrs. Francis R. Trainor Mrs. W. Trainor Mr. Anthony Tralla Ms. Lorraine Tregde Mr. Pete V. Treibley Mr. Richard T. Trelfa Mr. Edmond R. Tremblay eS i Mr. Glenn E. Trezona Ms. Margaret Tribble Mr. T. Trickett Bernard H. Trimble Mr. Donald O. Tucker Mr. Ernest H. Tuenge, Jr. Mr. Robert L. Tull Mrs. James N. Tulloh Ms. Eva F. Tully Ms. Christine Turnbull Mr. James F. Turner Mr. Richard A. Turner Mr. Robert W. Turner Mr. D. FE. Tuthill Ms. Evelyn Twigg-Smith Mr. & Mrs. Philip E. Uhrig Reverend R. L. Ullman Mr. Glenn A. Ulrich Dr. Paul L. Urban Mr. Donald Usher Mr. Robert C. Utley Mr. Tomoyuki Uyesugi Mr. & Mrs. Robert Vallier Mr. Ray E. Van Alstine Mr. John P. Van Alstyne Mr. J. V. Van Cura Mrs. Deborah Van Vlack Miss Julia M. Vance Mrs. Richard C. Vandusen Mr. William A. Vanelli Ms. Caroline E. Vanmason Mr. W. G. Vansant, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Robert F. Vanvoorhees Mr. John A. Varela Mr. Armen Varterssian Mr. Samuel M. Vauclain, III Mr. Henry J. Velsor, Jr. Mr. Emilio Jose Venegas Ms. Natalie D. Venneman Mr. Richard Venning Mr. Rowland P. Vernon, Jr. Dr. John J. Vill Mr. Charles Villa Mr. J. A. Vincent Mr. James F. Vincent Donald J. Vitale Mr. R. G. Volk Ms. Florence E. Voorhees Mrs. J. Vroom Ms. Jill R. Wade Ms. Frances C. Wagenseil Mr. David H. Wagner Mrs. J. E. Waites Mr. Edward B. Waldmann Mr. Robert C. Waldvogel Mr. & Mrs. George E. Walker Mr. James F. Walkup Mr. Kent Wall Mr. C. Wallace Mr. James N. Wallace Ms. Jane Wallace Mr. & Mrs. J. M. Wallace, Jr. Mr. Wayne D. Walling Mr. Edward J. Walsh, Jr. Mr. George R. Walter Mr. & Mrs. Frank S. Walters Mr. Robert W. Walton Dr. Alan B. Wambold Mrs. H. R. Ward Mr. & Mrs. John W. Ward, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Robert B. Wareheim Mr. & Mrs. Richard Wargowsky Mr. & Mrs. C. Grant Warner Mr. & Mrs. George E. ' Warner Mrs. Vernell Warrington Mr. Kyle V. Washbourne Mrs. Wanda A. Washburn Ms. Eileen Waslin Dr. Bernard Wasserman Mr. B. Y. Wat Dr. & Mrs. Richard C. Waterbury Ms. Ruth M. Wathen Mr. J. C. Watkins Mr. & Mrs. Scott J. Watson Mr. & Mrs. Alvin D. Wax Mr. H. Wayne Weagly Mr. John E. Weaver Mrs. Sylvia B. Weaver Mr. V. Phillips Weaver Mr. Glyn H. Webber Mr. Richard L. Weed Mr. William C. Weeden Mr. Peter M. Wege Mrs. Robert M. Weidenhammer Mr. & Mrs. Edward Weinberg Mrs. Marjorie Weinberg Dr. Jon L. Weingart Mr. Eric W. Weinmann Charles J. Weir Mr. G. R. Weir Ms. Jean M. Weis Mr. W. Weisberg Mr. Carl J. Weisel Mr. & Mrs. Joseph A. Weiss Mr. Charles E. Wells Mr. & Mrs. Terry Welsh Mrs. D. C. Welton Mr. P. A. Wentz Mr. Henry Wentzien Mr. Fred H. Werner Mr. Gerald L. Werner Mr. Stuart L. Werner Kenneth F. Wesolik Captain J. H. Wesson, US.N. Mr. & Mrs. James T. West Mrs. Sharon Westafer Mr. R. R. Westberg Mrs. Harriet K. Westcott Ms. Betty S. Westfall Mrs. John Wettroth Miss Hilda Wexler Ms. Virginia Weyres Mr. Grant D. Whipple Mr. Howard Whitaker, Jr. Mr. David R. White Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Donald W. White Mr. John K. White Ms. Karen K. White Leslie M. White Mr. W. C. White Ms. Jaan Whitehead Mrs. Mary Tyler Whitney Ms. Ruth E. Whitt Mrs. Bradford A. Whittemore Mr. Bret G. Wien ial Mr. & Mrs. Leonard A. Wien Mrs. Muriel S. Wiessner Dr. & Mrs. Herman S. Wigodsky Dr. & Mrs. U. V. Wilcox, i Mr. & Mrs. Edwin N. Wilkins Mr. & Mrs. J. Burke Wilkinson Dr. & Mrs. Robert S. Wilkinson, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Andrew W. Williams Mr. Jack B. Williams Mr. & Mrs. John M. Williams Ms. Kathleen R. Williams Mrs. Wanda Rees Williams Mr. Kenneth R. Williamson Mr. R. H. Williamson Dr. & Mrs. William N. Williford Mr. & Mrs. Vernon B. Willis Mr. & Mrs. W. Cooper Willits Ms. Katheryne Willock Mr. George C. Willson Ms. Louise W. Willson Captain Lucille A. Wilson (Ret) Mr. Hugh H. Wilson Mr. F. A. Wilson, Jr. Mr. Lowell Wilson Mr. Paul Robert Wilson Mr. Peter Wilson Dr. & Mrs. Richard B. Wilson Mr. Stephen Wilson Mr. Wallace H. Wilson Dr. Carl D. Winberg Mr. Philip H. Winter Mr. James D. Wirt Mr. Robert Wissoker Dr. Raymond R. Wittekind Mr. & Mrs. William W. Wittie Mr. David L. Wittle Ms. Linda Wohl Mr. Leland A. Wolf Mrs. Harry B. Wolfe Mr. J. Wolfgang, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. Marvin Womack Mr. Gary S. Wong Dr. & Mrs. Thomas P. Wood Ms. L. Wooden Mrs. W. Woodmansee Mr. R. H. Woodrow, Jr Mr. Marshall D. Woods Mrs. Louise Woodson Mr. H. Woodward Mrs. W.T. Wooley Mr. & Mrs. Mark S. Woolley Mr. Cyrus G. Wright Mr. David M. Wright Mrs. Harriet A. Wright Dr. Martha Wright Miss Nancy Wright Dr. Reverdy E. Wright Mr. Wallace C. Wu Dr. Christopher Wuerker Mrs. Bernard J. Wulff Mr. Robert Wulff Mr. Charles E. Wylie Mr. Charles Yarbrough Mrs. Orval Yarger Mr. M.H. Yendrejczyk Mr. John Yeomans Ms. Rhinee Yeung Miss Jane B. Young Mr. & Mrs. Daniel K. Young, Jr. Ms. Marguerite G. Young Mrs. Patricia B. Young Mr. Robert L. Young Mrs. W. Young Ms. Jean R. Youtsey Mr. & Mrs. William A. Zachary, Jr. Mary Zaemes Ms. Shereen Zakauddin ‘Mr. Rudy Zalesak Dr. Jay Zatzkin Mr. David R. Zauner Dr. Berton Zbar Mrs. Robert Zeppa Mr. Lee B. Zeugin Mr. & Mrs. Edwin Zimmerman Dr. Richard L. Zizza Dr. & Mrs. M. J. Zukel Mr. & Mrs. C. Lee Zwally 311 FINANCLAE (REPRO Re Introduction The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both federal appropriations and nonappropriated trust sources. Nonappro- priated trust funds include all funds received from sources other than direct federal appropriations. These other sources include gifts and grants from individuals, corporations, and foundations; grants and contracts from federal, state, or local government agencies; earnings from short- and long-term investments; re- ceipts from membership programs; and receipts from sales activi- ties, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops, mail order catalogues, and food service concessions. Federal appropriations provide funding for the Institution’s core functions: caring for and conserving the national collec- tions, sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and unique strength, and educating the pub- lic about the collections and research findings through exhibi- tions and other public programs. Federal appropriations also fund a majority of the activities associated with maintaining and securing the facilities and with various administrative and support services. Scientist Roberto Ibanez studies a frog at the Smithsonian Tropical Research In- stitute in Panama in a project to determine the causes for a de- cline in the amphibian population. (Photo- graph by Marcos Guerra). NANCY D. SUTTENFIELD, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Smithsonian trust funds allow the Institution to undertake new ventures and enrich existing programs in ways that would not otherwise be possible. These funds provide the critical mar- gin of excellence for innovative research, building and strength- ening the national collections, constructing and presenting effec- tive and up-to-date exhibitions, and reaching out to new and under-represented audiences. In recent years, the Smithsonian has also begun to rely on trust funds for a portion of the funding for major new construction projects. The following sections describe the external environmental factors affecting the Institution’s general financial! condition, the Institution’s financial status, and its planned response to chang- ing conditions; financial results for fiscal year 1995; and mea- sures, both organizational and financial, being taken to ensure the continued fiscal health of the Institution. Financial Situation and Prospects The Smithsonian celebrates its 150th anniversary in 1996. It will be an exciting year marked by the spectacular traveling exhibi- tion, America’s Smithsonian, as well as many other grand events. These events will be funded almost exclusively by private contri- butions and funds generated from business activities related to the events. Funding for these celebratory events exemplifies the paradigm shift facing the Smithsonian and many education and cultural organizations—less reliance on government and more reliance on the private sector. The transition to this new paradigm will be challenging for the Smithsonian as it will be for many public institutions. For- tunately, the Smithsonian enters the new year with a strong balance sheet and excellent prospects for the future. The Smith- sonian occupies a special place in the hearts and minds of Amer- icans and receives generous support from its many constituen- cies. Congressional and private support continues to be strong. Through many years of prudent financial management, the Smithsonian has built a sizeable and growing endowment and adequate reserves. Moreover, the Smithsonian has taken decisive action to address prospective funding shortfalls over the last few years. Immediate steps have been taken in recent budgets both to cut cost and enhance revenues. More fundamentally, the Institution has recognized the need to restructure—both programmatically and organizationally— to meet the challenges of the future. To better inform the restruc- turing process, the Smithsonian Board of Regents established the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution in September 1993. This Commission was asked to conduct “an examination of the Smithsonian, its mandate and its roles, and an examination of the cultural, societal, and technological fac- tors that influence its capacity to act.” The Commission deliv- ered its report to the Board of Regents in May 1995. The report describes the Commission’s vision of the future of the Smith- sonian and makes specific recommendations for making that vision a reality. The Regents formed a committee to consider the recommendations and to work with the Secretary in his strategic planning process. Last summer, the Secretary formed a Strategic Planning Group of senior management staff to analyze, at a detailed level, potential restructuring, consistent with the mission, vision, and priorities of the Institution, that will assure fiscal stability. Sev- eral restructurings have already taken place. The Office of Plant Services, Design and Construction, and Architectural History and Historic Preservation were consolidated into the new Office of Physical Plant. This consolidation brings together three inter- dependent organizations for more efficient management of the Institution’s facilities. The Smithsonian continues to take a close look at the effec- tiveness of its revenue-producing and fund-raising activities. Senior management currently is addressing several years of de- clining revenues at Smithsonian magazine and examining a major loss at the Smithsonian Institution Press this past fiscal year. On the fund-raising side, the Institution plans to rely on the promotion of its 150th anniversary celebration activities in forming new and expanded relationships with individuals, cor- porations, and foundations. The deterioration of the Institution’s facilities continues to be a major concern. The current rate of facilities deterioration and obsolescence will, if not fully addressed, place the collections, ongoing activities, and public accessibility at risk. Smithsonian facilities total more than 5.5 million square feet of space and range in age from new to more than 140 years old. Funding for maintenance, repair, and renovations has not kept pace with the deterioration of the buildings. Best estimates indicate that at least $50.0 million annually is needed to fully meet the require- ments for systematic facilities renewal and maintenance to offset normal wear and tear. While funding in fiscal year 1995 was only $24.0 million, prospects for a significant increase in fiscal year 1996 are strong. Congress has been very helpful in working with the Smithsonian to meet this challenge. It is hoped that in- creased appropriations in future years will be at a level that will arrest the rate of decline of those buildings in greatest need. The Smithsonian faces significant challenges, but it has prepared itself to meet them by emphasizing strategic planning, focusing on a future vision, and by setting resource allocation priorities that are tied to its mission and its core functions. FY 1995 Sources of Net Operating Funds Federal 71% Sl ke eas ay Pe ve — y Gifts & Grants 4% Investments 3% Membership & Sales 10% Gov't G&C 11% ~~ Other 1% Fiscal Year 1995 Results Revenues received by the Institution in fiscal year 1995 from all sources totaled $708.1 million. Federal appropriations ac- counted for $358.0 million, and nonappropriated trust funds provided an additional $350.1 million. When adjusted to remove auxiliary activity expenses of $185.8 million, net revenues for operations, construction, and additions to endow- ment totaled $522.3 million, a 5.7% increase from fiscal year 1994. The following chart reflects revenues by source and broad purpose of use. 313 Fiscal Year 1995 Sources of Gross/Net Revenues Percent Net Gross Net* Operating Revenues Revenues Revenues ($millions) — ($millions) (%) Operations Federal Appropriations 313.3 313.3 71 Nonappropriated Trust Funds Unrestricted 226.8 41.0 10 Restricted Gov’t Grants and Contracts D033 50.3 11 General Restricted 36.7 36.7 8 Total Sources for Operations 627.1 441.3 100 Construction Federal Appropriations 44.7 44.7 Nonappropriated Trust Funds 7.0 7.0 Total Sources for Construction S127, S27 Endowment and Similar Funds 29.3 29.3 Total Revenues from All Sources 708.1 522.3 * Net of expenses related to revenue-generating activities, e.g., museum shops, restaurants, publications, etc. OPERATIONS (TABLES I AND 2) Federal appropriations of $313.3 million provided the core fund- ing for ongoing programs of the Institution. An increase of $10.9 million from the fiscal year 1994 level funded the continued de- velopment of the National Museum of the American Indian, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s Submillimeter Tele- scope Array, the move of collections to the Museum Support Center, expanded Latino programming, and partial support for inflationary increases in salaries and benefits. Unfunded but mandatory inflationary costs for salaries and benefits, rent and utilities were absorbed within baseline resources through cost savings gained from restructuring of programs and activities. Unrestricted trust fund income showed an increase of $4.9 million from last fiscal year. Several business activities, such as Smithsonian magazine, restaurant concessions and museum shops, along with investment income, showed healthy increases. However, these increases were more than offset by the $4.5 million loss by the Smithsonian Institution Press. This unprece- dented loss led the Institution to begin to reevaluate this activity completely. Restricted income from investments, gifts and non-govern- ment grants and contracts totaled $36.7 million, a level that sustains and modestly improves upon the large, 38% growth last fiscal year. The Institution continues to intensify its fund- raising activities and focus on new strategies. Last fiscal year was the most successful year ever in raising funds for a wide range of educational, exhibition, research, and related construc- tion programs throughout the Institution. Major gifts and grants received in fiscal year 1995 helped to support the National Postal Museum, the exhibition “How Things Fly” at the National Air 314 and Space Museum, and the establishment of the Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Inno- vation at the National Museum of American History. The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generosity contributed vitally to its work. The names of major donors are listed in the Benefactors section of this publication. In fiscal year 1995, the Institution received $50.3 million in contracts and grants from government agencies, an increase of $4.6 million over fiscal year 1994. Support from government agencies constitutes an important source of research monies for the Institution while also benefiting the granting agencies by providing access to Smithsonian expertise and resources. As in prior years, the majority of these funds were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for research programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Other projects funded included a study at the Smithsonian Environ- mental Research Center of the rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and support for sorting biological specimens from the polar regions at the National Museum of Natural History. ENDOWMENT (TABLES 3, 4, AND 5) The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment purposes into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment purchasing shares in a manner similar to shares purchased by an investor in a mutual fund. The Investment Policy Committee of the Smithsonian’s Board of Regents establishes investment policy and recommends the annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The Smith- sonian’s policies for managing the endowment are designed to achieve two objectives: 1) to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures and 2) to protect the value of the endowment against inflation and maintain its purchasing power. Current policy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent of the average market value over the prior five years. With this payout policy, to achieve the endowment’s objectives, the invest- ment policy targets a real rate of return of 5 percent. In fiscal year 1994, the Investment Policy Committee approved a new asset allocation policy with higher exposure to equities to increase expected return, while controlling risk through modest international diversification. During fiscal year 1995, the Com- mittee implemented this policy. The investment managers were given global mandates, and new specialist investment managers were hired for domestic and international equities. As depicted in the chart below, the market value of the en- dowment increased from $379.0 million to $434.6 million dur- ing fiscal year 1995. Of the $434.6 million, $189.6 million, or 44 percent, was unrestricted, and the balance of $245.0 million was restricted. New gifts and internal transfers totaling $3.4 mil- lion were added to the endowment while the payout was $14.8 million. Investment management fees were $1.2 million. The total return on the consolidated portfolio was 18.3 percent. At year end, the Institution’s portfolio was invested 76 percent in equities, 21 percent in bonds, and 3 percent in cash equivalents. Marker Value of Endowment and Similar Funds (in $ millions) ($ millions) $450 ORestricted, Freer ®Restricted, Other $400 Unrestricted $344 $350* $324 $300 1 1992 1993 1994.—«1995 Fiscal Year CONSTRUCTION AND PLANT FUNDS (TABLE 6) In fiscal year 1995, the Smithsonian received federal appropria- tions for construction netting $44.7 million after a rescission affecting both fiscal year 1995 and balances from prior years. Net funds provided in fiscal year 1995 included $24 million for general repair, restoration, and code compliance projects throughout the Institution. Although the repair amount Is a substantial sum, it is less than half the estimated $50.0 million per year required to keep up with the rate of deterioration in the physical plant. Net funds earmarked for new construction, al- terations, and modifications totaled $20.8 million. Included in this amount is $19.5 million to continue development of a collections, study, reference, and support facility in Suitland, Maryland, and the Mall facility for the National Museum of the American Indian; $3.0 million for renovations, repairs, and mas- ter plan projects at the National Zoological Park, including con- struction of the African Grasslands exhibit; and $2.4 million in rescissions related to prior years. Additions and transfers to nonappropriated trust construc- tion funds, termed plant funds, totaled $10.2 million. Approxi- mately $5.4 million was for construction of facilities for the National Museum of the American Indian, $1.6 million was for renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, and $2.2 million was for reinstallation of the Gem Hall at the National Museum of Natural History. Financial Condition The Smithsonian Institution’s Statement of Financial Condition represents the total assets, liabilities, and fund balances of the Institution. Total assets of $1.2 billion far exceed total liabilities of $187.0 million and are indicative of the financial strength of the Institution. In fact, only $3.4 million of the $187.0 million in liabilities represents long-term debt. The Smithsonian dnstitu- tion’s assets increased by $96.0 million since the end of fiscal year 1994, while liabilities increased by just $37.0 million for the same period. Financial Management The Institution’s overall effectiveness in utilizing its newly imple- mented purchasing and payables system accelerated during fiscal year 1995. It began to use newly available data from the system, such as transaction status, purchase volume by type of product, individual staff output, etc., to generate efficiencies in procure- ment and document processing. Significant progress was also made on the second phase of a new accounting system that in- cludes replacement of the Institution’s general ledger, financial reporting, and management information system. A new coding structure has been developed that will provide new opportunities to report on and analyze programmatic activities and to increase the utility of financial reports for management decision-making. Other financial management improvement initiatives under- taken in 1995 include: e Finance units routinely make use of internal and external cus- tomer feedback, strategic and operational planning, performance measurement, and process reengineering to continually improve. e New approaches have been developed to increase procure- ments from minority and small business contractors. e Teams developed the policies and procedures necessary to implement new not-for-profit accounting standards for contribu- tions (SFAS No. 116) and financial statement presentation (SFAS No. 117) effective in 1996. e Procurement efficiencies and improved customer service were achieved through limited use of electronic data interchange strategies and expanded delegations of authority while maintain- ing effective internal controls. e New systems, processes, and procedures were developed so that the Institution could shift to Office of Management and Budget Circular A-122, Cost Principles for Nonprofit Organiza- tions, which covers federal grants and contracts received by the Institution. Previously, the Smithsonian followed cost principles for educational institutions. e Work began on an initiative that will automate the plan- ning and budget formulation process. Audit Activities The Institution’s financial statements are audited annually by KPMG Peat Marwick, an independent public accounting firm. The audit plan includes an in-depth review of the Institution’s internal control structure. KPMG Peat Marwick’s Independent Auditors’ Report for fiscal year 1995 and the accompanying fi- nancial statements are presented on the following pages. The Smithsonian’s internal audit staff, part of the Office of Inspector General, assists the external auditors and regularly audits the In- stitution’s various programs, activities, and internal control sys- tems. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents provides an additional level of financial oversight and review. In accordance with the government requirement for the use of co- ordinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Smith- sonian Office of Inspector General, and KPMG Peat Marwick coor- dinate the audit of grants and contracts received from federal agencies. 315 Table 1. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Year Ended September 30, 1995 (in $000s) Nonappropriated Trust Funds Total Restricted Federal Funds and Total Nonappropriated Government Non- Trust Funds Federal Grants and _—Appropriated Funds Unrestricted General Contracts Trust Funds FY 1995 FY 1994 FUND BALANCES: Beginning of Year ..... $35,624 $39,396 $24,576 $ 63,972 $99,596 $101,166 FUNDS PROVIDED: Federal Appropriations (see Note 1) ...... 313,254 313,254 302,349 InvestmenteImCOme ys,chedeus,=yck> Sytasceccneusisve tous 10,756 9,915 20,671 20,671 18,268 Government Grants and Contracts ....... 50,353 50,353 50,353 45,701 Gifts & Non-Government Grants ........ 9,859 23,340 33,199 33,199 32,175 Sales and Membership Revenue ......... 193,808 193,808 193,808 197,233 (@theripsyereeepsesrsasloe a eyncye heats Seasieineones 12,398 3,428 15,826 15,826 8,844 TOTAL FUNDS PROVIDED ......... 313,254 226,821 36,683 50,353 313,857 627,111 604,570 TOTAL FUNDS AVAILABLE......... 348,878 266,217 61,259 50,353 377,829 726,707 705,736 FUNDS APPLIED: Sciences: ASSISTANTISECECLARY gi); salcs.'sx a Maca 326,226 367,889 12,580 — Smithsonian Bequest Fund) (See JNoter]) 9575. 622 ose cvencie yee rae eee 2,759,283 2,601,565 87,890 — Stiltner) Oma lve rere con satay eve ver seeeese a howe catea eicpavewe soXeraioancler tera.s 655,630 1,003,336 33,978 — Plagparts (Gansonitee ates cis ccsretecs)