AM 101 .S6635 1999 MSRLSI Annals of the Ci r LC _ Beenie Institution National Collections Program Smithsonian Institution Archives Washington, D.C. ‘> Smithsonian Institution Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Natio ee llections Program Smithsonian In stitutio n Archives Washi ington, D.C. The Annals were copyedited and proofread by Chester Zhivanos. Princeton Editorial Associates, Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, assembled and typeset the material. Complete volume printed by Colonial Printing, Richmond, Virginia. The contents of the Aznals were produced from electronic files provided by the museums, offices, and research institutes of the Smithsonian. Contents MAR 0.7 2005 Smithsonian Institution 4 Statement by the Secretary 6 Report of the Board of Regents 9 Report of the Provost 11 Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 14 Reports of Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services 42 Report of the Under Secretary 51 Reports of the Administrative Offices 53 Report of Development and Membership 66 Contributing Members 70 Donors 85 Chronology 132 Academic, Research Training, and Internship Appointments 137 Award Activity 207, Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press 218 Publications of the Staff 220 The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 280 Members of the Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1999 303 Visits to the Smithsonian Institution Museums and Galleries 309 Reports of Affiliated Organizations 310 Financial Report 314 Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of America “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establish- ment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” After receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress vested responsibility for administering the trust in the Smithsonian Board of Regents. Board of Regents and Secretary September 30, 1999 Board of Regents William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor, ex officio Albert Gore Jr., Vice-President of the United States, ex officio Thad Cochran, Senator from Mississippi Bill Frist, Senator from Tennessee Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York Sam Johnson, Representative from Texas Robert T. Matsui, Representative from California Ralph Regula, Representative from Ohio Howard H. Baker Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia Barber B. Conable Jr., Citizen of New York Anne d’Harnoncourt, Citizen of Pennsylvania Hanna H. Gray, Citizen of Illinois Manuel L. Ibdfiez, Citizen of Texas Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan Frank A. Shrontz, Citizen of Washington Wesley S. Williams Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia The Secretary I. Michael Heyman, Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary J. Dennis O'Connor, Provost Gary M. Beer, Chief Executive Officer, Smithsonian Business Ventures Thomas D. Blair, Inspector General Robert V. Hanle, Executive Director for Development Donald L. Hardy, Director of Government Relations James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary John E. Huerta, General Counsel David J. Umansky, Director of Communications L. Carole Wharton, Director of the Office of Planning, Management, and Budget Smithsonian National Board September 30, 1999 Current Members Hon. Frank Weil, Chairman Hon. Max Berry, Vice-Chair Mrs. Carolyn S. Blount Mr. L. H. “Hacker” Caldwell Mr. Peter R. Coneway Mr. Thomas E. Congdon Mr. Frank A. Daniels Jr. Mr. Archie W. Dunham Dr. Sylvia A. Earle Mrs. Jane B. Eisner Mrs. Patricia Frost Ms. Nely Galan Mr. Bert Getz Mr. Stephen Hamblett Mr. Frederic C. Hamilton Mr. Paul Hertelendy Mr. Robert L. James Mrs. Dona Kendall Mrs. Marie L. Knowles Hon. Marc E. Leland Mrs. Elizabeth S. MacMillan Mr. John D. Macomber Mrs. Holly Madigan Mrs. Millicent Mailliard, ex officio Mr. Michael McBride Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mr. Kenneth B. Miller Hon. Norman Y. Mineta Mr. Thomas D. Mullins Mr. Henry R. Mufioz II Ms. Nancy Brown Negley Mr. John M. Nelson Mrs. Mary Ourisman Mr. James Patton Mr. Heinz C. Prechter Smithsonian Institution Mr. Thomas F. Pyle Jr. Baron Eric de Rothschild Mr. A. R. Sanchez Mr. David M. Silfen Mr. Kenneth L. Smith Mr. Kelso Sutton Mr. Jackson Tai Mr. Anthony Welters Mr. Daniel Yohannes Honorary Members Mr. Robert McC. Adams Mr. William S. Anderson Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Mr. Charles D. Dickey Jr. Mr. Alfred C. Glassell Jr. Mr. James M. Kemper Jr. Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney Hon. George C. McGhee Justice Sandra D. O’Connor Mr. S. Dillon Ripley Mr. Francis C. Rooney Jr. Mr. Wilbur L. Ross Jr. Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer Mrs. Gay F. Wray Statement by the Secretary I. Michael Heyman Museums and the New Millennium In the last five years, from 1994 to 1999, I have had the Opportunity to report to you on the many ways that the Smithsonian serves the nation. Last year, for example, I took up the theme of the Smithsonian’s extensive commitment to the increase of knowledge through scientific research and scholarship in the humanities. This, my final report to you as Secretary, is an attempt to share my view of the Smithsonian's significant role as a family of great museums. In some ways, what has happened to museums in our society in the decades since the end of World War II is nothing less than miracu- lous. And there is no better way to understand these changes than to look at our remarkable Smithsonian Institution. When we organized our 150th anniversary celebration, which I described in my 1996 report, researchers went back to the hundred-year commemoration, in 1946, and discov- ered to our collective amazement that the entire staff of the Smithsonian was then about 400 people and the number of museums, incorporating various kinds of collections and stretching various definitions, was four. Fifty years later, the staff had grown to roughly 6,500 and the number of muse- ums to 16 and research institutes to five. In 1946, our museums recorded more than 2 million visits. At last count, that figure was more than 28 million. By any standard, that’s amazing growth. This expansion reflects the vitality of the American museum community in general. There are more than 8,300 museums listed in the Official Museum Directory, which some actually consider an undercount. According to the summer 1999 issue of Daedalus, the journal of the American Acad- emy of Arts and Sciences, when statistics were last reported in a 1989 study called Museums Count, “only 4 percent [of America’s museums] were founded before 1900. Three- quarters have been founded since 1950 and 40 percent since 1970.” In the last two years of this waning century, Daedalus reports, it is estimated that 150 museums will be built or significantly expanded. The Smithsonian is a part of this forward momentum. At the end of September 1999, I had the pleasure of break- ing ground with Native Americans from all regions for the National Museum of the American Indian to be built in the shadow of the Capitol on the last available site on the National Mall. My successor as Secretary, Larry Small, will have the pleasure of presiding over another great occasion one day, the opening of the enormous extension to the National Air and Space Museum at Dulles Airport outside Washington, D.C. Clearly, museums count more than ever before, in every meaning of the word. But why? Let me make a few guesses. At one level, the explosive growth of museums may sim- ply have a great deal to do with the growth in prosperity, in the desire for meaningful leisure activities, and in the expan- sion of our college-educated population, all of which have marked the postwar decades. At the Smithsonian, we have particularly benefited from the growth in national confi- dence in the era some have called the American Century. At least four of our Smithsonian museums—the National Museum of American History, the National Museum of American Art, the National Portrait Gallery, and, above all, the National Air and Space Museum—burst forth out of that need to represent our national pride. Other museums around the country have come to express civic, regional, community, and ethnic pride in the same spirit. As a corollary, I suspect museums have come to be places of validation in a society that has seen the erosion of many social institutions traditionally representing trust and au- thority. While religion and family retain their strong foundations for many Americans, other Americans are expe- riencing uncertainty and drift. Museums have always been places where society asserts that certain things are impor- Statement by the Secretary Uf tant. But increasingly, all of society, not just traditional elites, look to museums and similar organizations to recog- nize values, to represent permanence in a changing world, and in general just to sort out what matters. This process has proven particularly vitalizing for many of America’s ethnic communities. The Museum of African American History in Detroit has become a crucial institu- tion in the life of its community. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has pioneered a way to sort out one of the darkest chapters in human existence, not only for the Jewish community but for the nation as a whole. And the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles has defined for its community and the world at large the nature of the Japanese American experience. Many in the museum world are embracing a new notion of public service that is proactive. Increasingly the argument is being made that museums must demonstrate their useful- ness to their communities. It is no longer enough to simply represent the good and the beautiful. In a speech earlier this year, my Smithsonian colleague, Stephen Weil, imagined at least some of the goals museums must aspire to: Museums can provide forms of public service that are all but infinite in their variety. Museums can inspire indi- vidual achievement in the arts and in science, they can serve to strengthen family and other personal ties, they can help communities to achieve and maintain social stability, they can act as advocates or play the role of mediator, they can inspire respect for the natural envi- ronment, they can generate self-respect and mutual respect, they can provide safe environments for self- exploration and ever so much more. Seeing museums as not only passive environments for in- spiration but actual problem solvers for American society is a new and exciting approach. Sometimes the goals are quite targeted. I noticed recently, for example, that the Drug Enforcement Administration has just created what amounts to a museum on addiction to show the terrible costs of a national blight and the strategies used to combat it. But goals for museums can be very broad in scope as well. My own hope for the Smithsonian, and particularly for its National Museum of American History, is that it can play some part in healing some of the fractures in our social frame- work, in creating an inclusive sense of national identity in the new century. That may, in fact, be our most important task. I had the opportunity to make this point in the presence of President and Mrs. Clinton at a ceremony launching our effort to conserve the Star-Spangled Banner: We at the Smithsonian recognize our roles as custo- dians of our most loved national treasures. But we see as an extension of that responsibility our obligation to provide a national place where the many communities of America can learn about each other and honor each other’s past and present. We are bound together as a people not in uniformity but in shared hope and, if we get it right, mutual respect. There is one sphere of public service for which the value of museums is just beginning to be understood—that of public education. We understand, of course, that museums have long had an important role in what is called informal educa- tion. They are, after all, places to discover and to learn about the world. But the emerging museum of the future, which takes its educational responsibilities seriously, will find itself more and more a full participant in classroom education. As I described in my 1997 report, this responsibility goes be- yond the important task of providing materials that are useful to teachers. The Smithsonian, as I mentioned, in the fall of 1996 forged a partnership with the District of Colum- bia Public Schools to establish two Museum Magnet Schools, one elementary and one middle school. Students in these schools collect, study, and interpret objects to learn science, art, and geography, among other subjects. Like the curators they resemble, the young people conduct research and then choose ways to communicate their discoveries to others. Often it is the private sector that has shown us how to rein- vent our educational involvement. I am particularly intrigued by the recent partnership between our National Museum of Natural History and Voyager Expanded Learning, Inc., to create after-school and summer programs that enrich and en- liven the educational experience. A particular favorite of mine is the four-week Smithsonian T-Rex program that involves such hands-on experience as the casting of dinosaur teeth to separate fact from fantasy under the guidance of scientists. Equally exciting is our own Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center for preschoolers. Immersed in object-based education, these three- and four-year-olds are exceeding expected achievement in all areas. Two thirds of the center’s preschool- ers score in the 99th percentile in nationally normed science tests upon completion of the program. That’s exciting by any standards and gives museums the hope of making a difference in ways we did not even suspect a decade ago. That’s the good news. But we need also to examine the challenges and uncertainties that museums face in the future. Challenges, of course, can lead to opportunities for reinven- tion, but we have to be aware of them and intelligent in our response. Because museums have so many responsibilities and are the focus of so many expectations, the pressures on staff and directors to clarify what it is they do and how to manage and increase their resources are growing at an incredible rate. We used to think of the ideal director of a museum as a profes- sional risen from the ranks of one of its key scholarly fields, but now directors must deal with issues of management, fund-raising, and political interaction unimaginable in qui- eter days. Take the questions of corporate sponsorship or the launching of business ventures. Each entails risks to an insti- tution that values its integrity, but the risks can be handled, I think, and are outweighed by benefits. Taking on these new challenges represents a new way of thinking that incorporates ideas of true partnership with the private sector, involving strategies for using the marketplace without going down pathways that conflict or seem to conflict with our mission. There’s another challenge to be met, one that also creates its fair share of worry among my colleagues. It is the increasing 8 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 competition for the public’s attention from the many dimen- sions of entertainment available on television or movie screens, in the great theme parks, and even in the retail universe repre- sented by Niketown or the Hard Rock Cafés around the nation and the world. A recent article in the Harvard Business Review has created a sensation in both the museum and the re- tail worlds by heralding the arrival of what the two authors call “the experience economy.” Cultural institutions must in- creasingly appeal to an audience making choices among a variety of experiences and must learn not only to recognize this role but also explicitly to define what is unique and valu- able in the educational and aesthetic experiences they offer. I am one who believes that cultural institutions have a re- sponsibility to engage actively with the popular culture while not confusing our purposes with those of the commer- cial world. One of my initiatives that has surprised a number of traditionalists has been to open a discussion with Holly- wood about possible partnerships in the creation of what I would call a quality brand in films, television, and possibly even theatrical performance. At the moment, I am opti- mistic that we can create programs with both educational and entertainment value. We have curators working on Mel Gibson’s next film, an American Revolutionary epic, Te Patriot, now in produc- tion. We are also planning three films for television on the African American experience, with some of the best actors, producers, and directors in Hollywood. Museums can and must have influence far beyond their buildings. Less surprising but equally important is my commitment and that of my colleagues in other museums to use the atest technologies to make available what we have to offer in new ways to audiences throughout the nation and the world. One of my first statements as Secretary was to announce my hope to create an electronic Smithsonian, and I have seen our Web site become one of the most visited cultural sites in the world. We are committed to digitizing millions of our objects in order to guarantee universal access to our collections, only 3, to 4 percent of which we can actually display. But digitization is, of course, just the beginning. We can all foresee a future when not only flat images but the full three dimensions of objects can be easily communicated elec- tronically so they can be explored in all their wonderful complexity. We have already experimented at the Smithson- ian with a CD-ROM that effectively uses impressive 3D technology. We will also, Iam convinced, one day have cura- tors able to create cyber-exhibitions that use the unique properties of that medium to connect objects to contexts in space and time. Imagine, if you will, an object in our collec- tion of Native American artifacts returned visually to the world that created it hundreds of years ago, or a natural ob- ject morphed back to its place of origin in the natural world. The challenge here, of course, is not of imagination; we can meet that. The challenge that must be solved is re- sources. It is expensive to do what we must do electronically. And it is not only the electronic world that will test our resources. Where will we find the funds to collect and con- serve those millions of objects in our care? None of them are getting any newer. And what of the buildings to house them? The Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian requires, in addition to the museum we are building on the National Mall and the exhibition facility in New York, a large, separate resource center to house more than a million objects in ways that respect their preservation needs on the one hand and their many uses on the other. And to mention another problem, where do you put a jumbo jet or new spacecraft models? One of those could fill up an entire wing of the National Air and Space Museum on the Mall. So we build bigger and bigger facilities for them. The issue of the economics of museum creation and preser- vation opens up a host of related issues as we contemplate our future as valued social institutions. How do we judge our usefulness, our reason to exist? When we are asked if we are well run, what do we say? What is our standard and process of accountability? These, as Steve Weil argues, are not a mat- ter of insisting that museums look like the commercial world but only that they more clearly articulate their own goals and their basis for evaluating whether they are meeting them. I found the summer 1999 issue of Daedalus devoted to the subject of museums to be fascinating precisely because it re- vealed that museums are just now beginning to ask tough definitional and structural questions about themselves, much as has already happened in other contexts in the modern world. Think, for example, of the realignment of the infor- mation and global economy or of the continual reinvention of both our political parties. One writer wondered whether to be called a museum a place had principally to house and display objects. Another wondered whether museums really do “shape anyone’s val- ues, validate anyone’s identity, impose any lasting sense of order.” And another asked museums to add to their curator- ial expertise “collaboration with filmmakers, game creators, artists, poets, storytellers.” There was another challenge to traditional ways of think- ing in Daedalus that I found particularly telling. Many museums, historically, have been quite territorial in their view of their responsibilities, more competitive than coopera- tive in the building and sharing of their collections. One of the Smithsonian’s initiatives in the last five years that am most proud of is our Affiliations Program, which establishes partnerships with museums and planned museums through- out the country, making available to them Smithsonian collections and expertise. One example, and in fact the first of our arrangements, has been the cooperation of our National Museum of American History with a group in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, to create in the former steel mills a place to ex- hibit America’s industrial history. Objects too big to display in the American History Museum will now take their place in the telling of one of our nation’s great stories. These are the best and worst of times for museums. They are attracting enormous public attention; they are broaden- ing the range of what they do; they are groaning under the weight of expectations and resource shortfalls; they are stir- ring and complaining and aspiring and competing and sometimes ducking for cover. At the height of their popular- ity, they are wondering what they are. I wouldn't have it any other way. Report of the Board of Regents This year, the Board of Regents welcomed two new members, Representatives Ralph Regula and Robert T. Matsui, who filled vacancies created by the departures of Representatives Bob Livingston and Esteban E. Torres. At year’s end, Louis V. Gerstner Jr. resigned from the Board of Regents. Regents Barber B. Conable Jr., Hanna H. Gray, and Wesley S. Williams Jr. were appointed for successive statutory terms. At the Regents’ January 25, 1999, meeting, Secretary I. Michael Heyman announced his decision to retire at the end of the year. A Search Committee was formed under the cochairmanship of Howard H. Baker Jr. and Wesley Williams, with Hanna Gray, Barber Conable, Anne d’Harnon- court, and Manuel L. Ibdfiez. Smithsonian National Board Chair Frank A. Weil served in a nonvoting capacity. During the winter and early spring, the committee advertised the position widely, sought nominations through extensive corre- spondence and personal contacts, and consulted with staff and trusted advisers. At the May 10, 1999, meeting of the board, the committee discussed with the Regents a proposed list of qualities to be sought in an 11th Secretary and presented the leading possibilities among a group of 250 names. At the Sep- tember 13, 1999, Regents’ meeting, after some 13 interviews and exhaustive reference checks, the committee unanimously recommended Lawrence M. Small, president and chief operat- ing officer of Fannie Mae, electing him to:serve as Secretary effective January 23, 2000. With assistance from the Secretary and their ad hoc Com- mittee on Facilities, chaired by Wesley Williams, the Regents approved the Smithsonian’s acquisition of property near the Old Patent Office Building. The site selected, the Victor Building, will house the programs and offices cur- rently encroaching on public space in the Patent Office Building. It will also allow the Institution to relocate most offices from leased space. The Victor Building appears to of- fer the Smithsonian space at a significant savings over the long term. The Secretary and his staff will be raising funds to make this acquisition affordable. The Board of Regents authorized the establishment of Smithsonian Business Ventures. Pursuant to the recommen- dations of the Regents’ ad hoc Committee on Business chaired by Senator Baker, Smithsonian Business Ventures is a separate entity under the direction of its board and chief executive officer and the oversight of the Secretary and the Regents. Robert W. Fri, Thomas M. Kenney, Constance Berry Newman, M. Ronald Ruskin, Robert J. Thomas, and Anthony Welters were appointed by the Regents to the Business Ventures Board, and Chief Executive Officer Gary M. Beer serves as an ex officio member. The Regents consulted with the Secretary throughout the year on progress toward a major national fund-raising campaign. It was particularly gratifying to see the Smithson- ian National Board’s Campaign Committee contributing to this year’s substantial progress. During the course of the year, the Regents approved budget requests for fiscal years 2000 and 2001 and established the following endowment funds: the Edna E. Blum Endowment for general purposes of the Institution; the Krieg Drawings and Prints Endowment at the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; the Karl Hagan Fund for the National Air and Space Museum; and the National Zoo Endowment. The Regents were pleased to confer on Professor Ikuo Hirayama membership in the Order of James Smithson in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the Freer Gallery of Art. The Regents also voted to present Samuel P. Langley Medals to Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, and Michael Collins in commemora- tion of their pioneering mission to the Moon. Much of the Regents’ work between meetings was ac- complished by their standing committees, including the Ex- ecutive Committee, the Nominating Committee, the Audit and Review Committee, the Investment Policy Committee, and the Personnel Committee. As the year drew to a close, the Regents considered the complexities of the Smithsonian’s financial management and decided to establish a new ad hoc 10 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Committee on Financial Affairs to recommend to the board the appropriate roles and responsibilities of a standing com- mittee on finance. The Regents established a National Board for the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives and an Advisory Council of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. They expanded the Board of Trustees of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden as authorized by the Omnibus Appropriations Act for fiscal year 1999. The Regents were mindful of the diligence of many Smithsonian advisory boards. In recognition of the importance of these contributions, the Regents made the following appointments and reappointments: Siddharth Bhansali, Elizabeth Moynihan, and Michael Sonnenreich to the Visiting Committee of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery; Elizabeth Ernst Meyer and Frank Pearl to the Visiting Committee of the Freer Gallery of Art; Elliot Lawrence, Brian S. Leyden, and Frieda Rosenthal to the Commission of the National Museum of African Art; Jorge Batista, William Drenttel, Joanne duPont Foster, Elaine La Roche, Jeffrey T. Leeds, Nancy Marks, Kenneth Miller, and Arthur Ross to the Board of Trustees of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; Bernadette Berger, Ann Cousins, Ruth Sulzberger Holmberg, Jestis Moroles, David M. Silfen, and Carole Slavin to the Commission of the National Museum of American Art; Anne B. Baddour, Eugene A. Cernan, Frank A. Daniels Jr., Stanley Hiller, Thomas G. Pownall, Allen E. Puckett, Richard T. Schlosberg II, and Patty Wagstaff to the National Air and Space Museum’s Dulles Center National Board; Paul K. Dayton, Henry L. Diamond, Charles McC. Mathias, and William R. Sweeney Jr. to the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Advisory Board; Jane Beck, Pat Jasper, Barbara Kirshenblatt- Gimblett, Bernice Johnson Reagon, Gilbert Sprauve, Jack Tchen, and Ricardo Trimillos to the Advisory Council of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage; Anita DeFrantz, David M. Fields, and Donald Lubin to the National Museum of American History Board; Paula Apsell, Isabella Cunningham, Thomas Eisner, William Ellis, James McClure, Robin Martin, James Patton, Desiree Rogers, and Howard Williams to the National Museum of Natural History Board; Susan Hager, Michael Hayman, Norman Mineta, Beth Stevens, Richard Thornell, and Kathleen Wagner to the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Advisory Board; Richard E. Gray, John B. Henry, and Margery F. Masinter to the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Board; Eloise Cobell, Vine Deloria, Peter Johnson, Loretta Kaufman, Henrietta Mann, and Ofelia Zepeda to the Board of Trustees of the National Museum of the American Indian; Wilson Hulme II, Myron Kaller, Barbara R. Mueller, Betsy Towle, and Irwin Weinberg to the Council of Philatelists of the National Postal Museum; Rudy Beserra, Gilberto Cardenas, Jestis Chavarria, Miriam Cruz, Roberto Cruz, Olga Garcia, Sandra Guzman, Gema Hernandez, Abel Lépez, Monica Lozano, Edward James Olmos, H. R. Bert Pefia, Ricardo Romo, Esteban E. Torres, Carlos Tortolero, Joseph Wiscovitch, Raul Yzaguirre, Fernando Zazueta, and Teresa Zubizarreta to the Smithsonian National Board for Latino Initiatives; and Laura Lee Blanton, L. H. “Hacker” Caldwell, Frank A. Daniels Jr., Fredric C. Hamilton, Norman Y. Mineta, Henry R. Mufioz HI, Nancy Brown Negley, Mary Ourisman, James Patton, Thomas F. Pyle Jr., Eric de Rothschild, A. R. Sanchez, and Jackson Tai to the Smithsonian National Board. Staff Milestones The Smithsonian suffered a huge loss this year with the death of Donald D. Engen from a tragic accident in his sail plane over Nevada in July. In three short years, Engen be- came a much loved and admired director of the National Air and Space Museum, the capstone to his marvelous career in naval aviation, air safety, and the Federal Aviation Adminis- tration. His most memorable contribution, his passion for and advancement of the Dulles Center, will long be remem- bered. Thankfully, Deputy Director Donald S. Lopez again stepped in as acting director of the museum. The Institution proudly welcomed Gary M. Beer to the new position of chief executive officer of Smithsonian Busi- ness Ventures. Beer brings vast experience to the challenges of ensuring that this new organization succeeds to the benefit of the entire Institution. Edward Knapp was recruited as the new comptroller, George Van Dyke was tapped to be chief of information technology operations, and Peter Cannell was ap- pointed director of the Smithsonian Institution Press. The Secretary's Gold Medal for Exceptional Service was presented to Irwin Shapiro for his outstanding work at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and to Derrick Ross for his outstanding work at the Office of Physical Plant. Both received their medals from the Secretary on June 15, 1999, at the Smithsonian’s first Day of Excellence celebration. The ongoing contributions of countless additional em- ployees and volunteers deserve recognition as well. Public servants—from custodians to curators, astrophysicists to ac- countants, and engineers to public information officers— are the real backbone of the Smithsonian. As the Institution prepares for the new millennium, all Smithsonian supporters have reason to be grateful to this cadre who will chart its course and determine its destiny. Report of the Provost J. Dennis O’Connor Extending the Smithsonian’s Reach Each year, the reports from the Smithsonian’s museums and research institutes present an evolving portrait of an Institu- tion dedicated to its traditional mission—the increase and diffusion of knowledge—and committed to engaging and serving a broad audience. Those complementary emphases are especially apparent this year. On the one hand, the Smithsonian’s fundamental activities—research, education, and stewardship of the national collections—seem more im- pressive than ever in their scope and substance. On the other hand, the Institution is actively looking for ways to broaden access to its extraordinary resources and intensify its already significant presence in the worlds of the sciences, art, and the humanities. As the Smithsonian maintains a focus on ex- cellence in activities of collection and research, we are simultaneously turning outward, seeking greater public en- gagement in all that we have to offer. From the Smithsonian’s base in Washington, to a barrier reef in the Caribbean, to the far reaches of the cosmos, the Institution’s cutting-edge research continues to break new ground. So, too, does our commitment to make research re- sources and research findings widely available. Here in Washington, the Smithsonian has acquired the Victor Building, which will be home to staff offices for the Na- tional Museum of American Art, the National Portrait Gallery, and the Archives of American Art, as well as a planned Center for American Art. This major research facil- ity will welcome scholars and the interested public who want to study research materials and curatorial records re- lated to the history of American art. On Carrie Bow Cay in Belize, the National Museum of Natural History this year dedicated its rebuilt field station, which is considered one of the world’s leading facilities for the study of coral reefs. Re- search from this remote one-acre island contributes to our understanding of the diverse and fragile barrier reef ecosys- tem, and ultimately to its preservation. The images of cos- mic phenomena now being returned from the powerful Chandra X-ray Observatory are amazing even to scientists at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, home of Chandra’s flight operations control center. Anyone with In- ternet access can examine a changing selection of these images on the project’s Web site, accessible from the Smith- sonian’s home page. There is no question that electronic access is revolutioniz- ing the way the Smithsonian does business. By sharing resources through the Web or cable networks, we are extend- ing our service in ways that were unimaginable only a few years ago. The online publication of digital editions of rare books, for instance, brings illustrated volumes from the Smithsonian Institution Libraries’ collection to a worldwide audience while reducing the handling of fragile materials. The Libraries’ Web site is a fast-growing “electronic library” that attracts everyone from curious youngsters to advanced scholars. Elsewhere in the Institution, electronic education initiatives are helping us reach more students and teachers than ever. As an example, this year students in more than 6,500 middle schools participated via cable broadcast in a program on the African American inventor Lewis Latimer, developed by the Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation at the National Mu- seum of American History. The Smithsonian’s capacity for research and public educa- tion is linked to stewardship of the national collections, which require effective management, careful preservation, and continued development. This year, for example, the Star- Spangled Banner Preservation Project in the National Museum of American History invited the public to observe and learn about the complex conservation of this national icon, while every Smithsonian museum added objects to their collections, opening exciting possibilities for research, exhibitions, and education. 12 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Across the Institution, there are many more examples of an outward focus. The Smithsonian Affiliations Program has initiated innovative collaborations with museums in com- munities around the country, sharing both objects and expertise. Through a variety of activities, we are dedicated to making the art, history, and culture of Latino, Asian Pacific American, and African American communities an integral part of the Institution. And the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service continues its 47-year tradition of taking the Smithsonian on the road to every state. If the reports on the following pages leave a collective im- pression, it is that the boundaries that once defined the Institution are disappearing. Americans who once knew us best as buildings on the National Mall can now add another dimension to their direct experience with museum objects and exhibitions. They can see Smithsonian artifacts in their hometown museums, browse our Web site for virtual exhibi- tions and nuggets of information, or take electronic field trips without leaving their classrooms. Research by Smith- sonian scientists contributes to major advances in nearly every discipline, including medicine, marine biology, and the conservation of endangered species. With fewer limita- tions of place and time, we have extraordinary potential to extend the boundaries of knowledge, while at the same time reaching out to engage more and more people in what the Smithsonian offers. An Anniversary Acquisition for the Hirshhorn Acquired and installed in summer 1999, Are Years What? (for Marianne Moore), 1967, a monumental steel sculpture by American artist Mark di Suvero (b. 1933), rises dramati- cally some 40 feet from a street-level section of the Hirshhorn Museum's Sculpture Garden. This to-ton compo- sition of industrial I-beams—with a suspended, moving V element—epitomizes di Suvero’s gift for communicating human fragility in intractable, industrial materials. The title refers to a short poem celebrating life, by the American writer Marianne Moore (1887-1972). Are Years What? (for Marianne Moore), considered one of the artist’s greatest works, strengthens the Hirshhorn’s im- pressive collection of monumental sculptures and was a fitting addition to the collection as the museum celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1999. Consistently included in retro- spectives of di Suvero’s work, it was most recently seen in a citywide installation in Paris in 1997. The sculpture was acquired in part through the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Purchase Fund and in part as a gift of the Insti- tute of Scrap Recycling Industries, by exchange. Visibility for American Art The National Museum of American Art may be closed offi- cially for a three-year renovation beginning in January 2000, but a program of major national touring exhibitions will keep the museum, and American art, very much in the pub- lic eye. This year, the museum concluded an arrangement with The Principal Financial Group for a marketing spon- sorship worth $3.75 million. The campaign is timed to coin- cide with “Treasures to Go,” eight thematic exhibitions of masterworks from the museum’s collections that will tour the country during the renovation of the Old Patent Office Building. Public relations and marketing initiativés will in- clude advertising, media appearances, cable television programs, special events, and travel to the cities hosting the exhibitions. The paintings and sculptures in “Treasures to Go” cover eight themes from the eighteenth century through the present: Young America, Lure of the West, American Im- pressionism, The Gilded Age, Scenes of American Life, Modernism and Abstraction, Contemporary Folk Art, and Arte Latino. The exhibitions are traveling to more than 70 museums. The Principal Financial Group began supporting the arts in the 1930s to promote cultural awareness, reach diverse audiences, and foster creative thinking among employees through participation in the arts. Preservation on Display In a custom-designed laboratory at the National Museum of American History, a team of conservators is engaged in the painstaking process of saving the Star-Spangled Banner. But this is no ordinary object and no ordinary museum preserva- tion project. While conservators work from a mobile platform six inches above the flag, visitors watch intently through a floor-to-ceiling glass wall. An interactive exhibi- tion, “Preserving the Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem,” explains the flag’s history and describes the treatment process. As the museum stabi- lizes the condition of this national icon—damaged by time and exposure to the elements—visitors are learning about a fascinating process that usually goes on behind the scenes. Designing a conservation facility suitable for the 1,020- square-foot banner presented unusual challenges. The flag rests on a large table, with the work platform spanning its width. Low-level ambient lighting and a specially designed heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system protect the flag from harmful ultraviolet light, contaminants, and tem- perature and humidity fluctuations. During the treatment phase of the project, conservators will carefully vacuum the flag and then clean it using chemi- cal solvents and detergents. Stitch by stitch, they will remove a linen lining added in 1914. A new support will stabilize the flag when it is returned to exhibition in 2002. The Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project is made possible with major support of $10 million from Polo Ralph Lauren. Generous support and significant leadership are also provided by The Pew Charitable Trusts, the U.S. Congress, the White House Millennium Council, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, and Save America’s Treasures at the National Trust for Historic Preservation. At the end of the fiscal year, the museum was preparing to launch a special feature on its Web site devoted to the Star- Spangled Banner and the preservation project (http://americanhistory.si.edu/ssb/). A book by museum his- Report of the Provost 13 torian Lonn Taylor, based on research carried out as part of the project, will be published by the museum and Harry N. Abrams, Inc., in the spring of 2000. Galapagos Behind the Scenes A Smithsonian marine biologist’s scientific explorations, undersea and on land, are revealed in realistic detail in Gala- pagos, a spectacular 3D IMAX® film produced for the National Museum of Natural History’s new Johnson The- ater. The 40-minute film follows Carole Baldwin on her first research trip to the Galapagos Islands, the isolated, geologi- cally young archipelago 600 miles west of South America on the equator, studied by Charles Darwin in the 1830s. Bald- win is the human lead in the film, but she shares the screen with a cast of blue-footed boobies, sea lions, moray eels, hammerhead sharks, and other wild residents of this Ecuado- rian national park. Galapagos wildlife are unusually tame, and Baldwin fre- quently found herself inches away from creatures that live nowhere else on Earth, among them giant tortoises and ma- rine iguanas. The highlight of the expedition was diving at depths of up to 3,000 feet in the Johnson Sea-Link sub- mersible. Many of the species collected on the expedition came from the little-explored realm between 400 and 1,000 feet. Batfish that stride across the ocean bottom on leglike fins, viper fish equipped with formidably long fangs, and other odd creatures were brought back for the museum’s pre- served fish collection, the largest in the world. While Galapagos tours IMAX® theaters around the world, Baldwin will be working at the museum to describe several new species collected in the islands, including a new kind of cat shark and a new sea bass. She will also be identi- fying scores of larval fish—one of her research interests—brought back from the expedition. The museum’s partners in the Galapagos project were Imax Corp., the National Science Foundation, and Mandalay Media Arts. America Online is sponsoring the film’s interna- tional tour. Discovery Communications, Inc., is the principal sponsor of the 80,000-square-foot, $40.6 million Discovery Center, which houses the Johnson Theater, a café, and a mu- seum shop. “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic” The drama of the sinking of the RMS Titanic played out over just a few hours, yet this tragic event has captivated our imaginations for decades. What few realize is that the Titanic was more than the largest and most luxurious vessel of her time. She also was an “RMS”—a Royal Mail Ship. Using ar- tifacts recovered at sea nearly nine decades ago, “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic,” an exhibition at the National Postal Museum, examines the tragedy from this previously over- looked perspective. The sinking of the Titanic cost the lives of five valiant postal workers who struggled in vain to save the mailbags in the ship’s final hours. American sea post clerks John Starr March, Oscar Scott Woody, and William Logan Gwinn, along with their two British colleagues, postal workers James Bertram Williamson and John Richard Jago Smith, were last seen by Albert Thessinger, a steward aboard the Titanic who survived the sinking. Thessinger was briefly pressed into service to help the five clerks move mailbags, but he gave up on this seemingly suicidal task when the water in the mailroom rose to waist height. Thessinger later recalled, “I urged them to leave their work. They shook their heads and continued at their work.” Despite the clerks’ valiant effort, none of the mail was saved. Video film footage shown in the exhibition reveals that the mailbags remain within the sunken liner. “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic,” which opened on Septem- ber 17, 1999, and continues until June 12, 2000, was made possible by generous gifts from Dr. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy, the James E. Pehta Foundation, the Atlantic Envelope Com- pany, the American Postal Workers Union, the AFL-CIO, and the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Hus- bandry. An Earth-Bound Innovation from SAO The development of low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) sci- entists was cited by the American Institute of Physics as one of the outstanding developments in physics in 1998. A typi- cal MRI device uses a huge, high-field magnet to polarize hydrogen nuclei inside water molecules in the human body. The spinning molecules produce radio signals that can im- age most organs in great detail—to detect tumors, for example. SAO researchers use lasers to increase the nuclear spin-polarization of inert gases like helium, enabling MRI of the inhaled gas in the lung, the sinuses, and other body cavi- ties where MRI has been ineffective. This new biomedical imaging technique, a spin-off of research in atomic physics, is only about five years old. Already, doctors are using laser- polarized gas MRI to diagnose and plan treatment for people with lung diseases, such as emphysema and asthma. The SAO innovation, developed in cooperation with the Massachusetts General Hospital, uses small, low-field mag- nets for MRI of laser-polarized gas. It promises much simpler, less intimidating, and lower-cost MRI units in hos- pital settings, as well as portable instruments that can be used in remote, cramped environments, such as space vehi- cles. Recently, SAO scientists have begun to apply laser-polarized gas MRI in other fields, such as probing the porous structure of rocks that may hold oil, natural gas, and subterranean water. These innovations demonstrate the vital synergy between basic science and practical applications, and the important role SAO plays in making these connections. Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes Office of the Provost J. Dennis O’Connor, Provost The Provost serves as the Smithsonian's chief programs offi- cer, providing leadership and integrated oversight for all of the Institution's program activities carried out in the muse- ums, research institutes, and education and scholarly service units. The Provost reviews and evaluates the management of programs in research, exhibitions, and education outreach in the sciences, arts, and humanities; provides operational facil- itation to the program units; maintains close working relationships with directors and their boards and commis- sions; and assists the units in undertaking collaborative initiatives. The Accessibility Program collaborates with all Smithson- ian organizations to ensure that current and planned programs, exhibitions, and facilities are fully accessible to staff and visitors with disabilities. The Scientific Diving Pro- gram oversees all diving activities conducted under the auspices of the Institution, including establishing safety standards and providing training and certification. The Institutional Studies Office produces analyses of in- ternal Smithsonian data, and conducts studies of visitors, exhibitions, and activities for administrators, curators, and program staff. Important secondary products are long-term databases and an increasing body of scientific knowledge about Smithsonian visitors and their experiences. The Provost is responsible for managing the new Affilia- tions Program, which enables qualified museums across the country to receive long-term loans of Smithsonian collec- tions. He oversees the Institute for Conservation Biology which was established to improve coordination among the Institution’s existing conservation biology programs, en- hance their effectiveness, and increase efforts to obtain private and government funding for related research. The Office is also responsible for coordinating and facilitating Latino and Asian Pacific American initiatives. Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture Steven Cameron Newsome, Director It was the Year of Spirituality for the Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture. To explore the rich African American tradition of worship, praise, and keeping faith at the center of life and commu- nity, in-house historians and curators created exhibitions, workshops, lectures, and a series of music, dance, and theater performances. Building on the momentum created by the exhibition “Speak to My Heart: Communities of Faith and Contempo- rary African American Life,” the museum produced and released its first compact disc recording, Praise the Lord! Gospel Music in Washington, D.C. Project coordinators se- lected eight vocal ensembles and 15 songs to display the creative and spiritual continuity that runs from traditional hymns through the rousing rhythm and blues now standard in contemporary gospel. Bi//board magazine called the Smithsonian Folkways release “indispensable to aficionados and a perfect starting place for anyone just discovering the rich heritage of gospel music.” With the exhibition “Locating the Spirit: Religion and Spirituality in African American Art,” the museum showed how art gives a clear voice to complex and personal expres- sions of faith. Curator Deborah Willis assembled some 115 paintings, photographs, sculptures, and textile pieces to spotlight the impact of more than 70 African American artists, including Henry Ossawa Tanner, William H. John- Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 15 son, Sister Gertrude Morgan, Romare Bearden, Chester Hig- gins Jr., and David C. Driskell. “Locating the Spirit” inspired and served as the backdrop for the roth annual James A. Porter Colloquium on African American Art and Spirituality. The museum collaborated with the Howard University Department of Art to bring 700 participants to a three-day symposium featuring lecture- demonstrations by some of the nation’s major artists and art scholars. Among the presenters were 20 artists whose work was exhibited in “Locating the Spirit.” Named for James A. Porter (1905-70), a former chair of the Howard art depart- ment who produced the nation’s first in-depth scholarship in African American art history, the Porter Colloquium is now an annual feature of the museum’s educational programming. The museum also made a deeper and more intense exami- nation of the art and cultural issues of Africa. In its first collaboration with the John F. Kennedy Center for the Per- forming Arts, the museum organized an exhibition distilling more than a century’s worth of photographs taken by artists born and based in Africa. “Revue Noire: Africa by Africans” explored diverse esthetics and techniques from a wide range of places and photographers, created a fresh view of the African family, and presented studio portraiture rarely seen in the United States. In a first-time collaboration with the National Museum of African Art, the Anacostia Museum and Center helped pres- ent “Wrapped in Pride: Ghanaian Kente and African American Identity.” For its part of the two-sited exhibition, the museum examined how Africa’s most popular textile art has become a vital part of contemporary life in America, used in worship services, formal ceremonies, and home decor. February's Black History Month observances got an un- usual launch as a crowd of about 16,000 turned out for the debut of the Capital Children’s Carnival. With a challenging Black History Month Quiz as the centerpiece—featuring the D.C. delegate to the House of Representatives Eleanor Holmes Norton as quiz master—the day’s events included hands-on arts and crafts, storytelling, folk dancing from Africa, the Caribbean, and South America, and a carnival pa- rade with participants wearing the masks and costumes they made that day. Archives of American Art Richard J. Wattenmaker, Director The Archives of American Art (AAA) is the world’s largest repository of primary source documentation about the his- tory of visual arts and culture in America. For more than 45 years, the Archives has collected, preserved, and made avail- able for study such diverse materials as letters and diaries of artists and crafts people; manuscripts of critics and scholars; records of art museums, galleries, and schools; photographs; works of art on paper; and recorded oral and video inter- views. More than 14 million documents comprise an indispensable resource for researchers, who, in addition to consulting original papers at the Washington, D.C: head- quarters, may access selected holdings on microfilm worldwide through interlibrary loan or at Archives centers in Washington, New York, and San Marino, California, and affiliated research facilities in Boston and San Francisco. The Archives also provides Internet access to its resources and services through its Web site and on-line catalog. The Archives of American Art collects, preserves, and makes available for study the records, original papers, photo- graphs, diaries, and oral history interviews of artists, crafts persons, collectors, dealers, critics, museums, and other arts institutions. In FY 1999, AAA continued to meet its goal of increasing accessibility to the collections through a variety of means, including the processing of papers, the publication of finding aids, the display of original documents in exhibi- tions, Web site enhancement, and other forms of outreach. Because of the ongoing renovation of the Patent Office Building, AAA relocated its Washington offices to The Aerospace Center, one block from the National Mall. Large, climate-controlled processing rooms facilitate the processing of archival documents. The consolidation of Interlibrary Loan with the rest of Reference Services has enhanced serv- ices to researchers worldwide. Research In FY 1999, AAA continued to employ technology to in- crease access for its Internet users. Among the enhancements was “A Preliminary Guide to Resources on Asian American Artists at the Archives of American Art.” The guide, pre- sented in conjunction with Asian Pacific American Heritage Month, provides documents and photographs on-line. A published guide comparable to those already published by the Archives for the papers of African American and Latino artists 1s 1n preparation. The Archives is currently engaged in a pilot project em- ploying encoded archival description (EAD) to encode 50 of its finding aids. EAD is a digital format that will make the finding aids accessible to researchers worldwide on the Web. A researcher can search encoded finding aids individually or in combination with the growing number of similarly en- coded finding aids contributed by other archival repositories throughout the world. Once encoded in EAD, the finding aids will be contributed to the Research Libraries Group (RLG) Archival Resources, providing even greater accessibil- ity to the Archives’ rich holdings. Collections Acquisitions In FY 1999, the Archives made significant additions to its holdings of over 14 million documents. Among these was the final installment of the papers of Marcel Breuer (1902-1981), comprising financial records and personal and professional correspondence with his colleagues from the Bauhaus, including Walter Gropius, Herbert Bayer, and Josef Albers. AAA also acquired the complete records of the Byron Gallery, 1960-1971, which specialized in Sur- realist masters (Ernst, Matta, Magritte) and younger Pop, 16 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Op, Conceptual, and Minimal artists. Other new acquisi- tions include the Thomas Craven (1919-1975) papers, the papers of New England artist Marion Huse (1896-1967), an addition to the John Steuart Curry (1897-1946) papers, the Stephen Etnier (1903-1984) papers, the Gifford Beal (1879-1956) papers, and the papers of Mildred Baker (1905-1999), which document her work on the Federal Art Project from 1935 to 1943. Also in FY 1999, AAA col- lected the Kate Steinitz (1889-1975) papers, additions to the Beatrice Wood (1893-1998) papers, and papers of Ab- bott Handerson Thayer (1849-1921), who corresponded with numerous contemporaries, including Samuel Clemens, Daniel Chester French, William James, N.C. Wyeth, and others. Also noteworthy were the latest additions to the Philip Pearlstein (b. 1924) papers from 1991 to 1996, as well as the latest installment of the Robert Rosenblum (b. 1927) papers. Funds from the then Institution-wide program for Latino programming enabled the Archives to complete its Puerto Rican Art Documentation Project, including a com- prehensive survey of art-related material in Puerto Rico and a survey of Puerto Rican art-related primary source mate- rial in New York City. Also funded by the Latino Pool Allocation was the Cuban-American Oral History Inter- view Project, which funded the transcribing and final editing phase of oral history interviews of ten prominent Cuban-American artists in Miami. The transcripts were made available on-line through the Archives’ Web site in October 1999. Funding also supported the Chicano Art Documentation Project, with oral histories being con- ducted with artists in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Also under way is the publication of a revised, expanded research guide to the papers of Latino and Latin American artists in the Archives. Collections Management AAA made significant progress in its goal to increase acces- sibility to collections with several processing projects. Among these were the papers of Cuban art historian Giulio V. Blanc (d. 1995), dating from 1923 to 1995, which are particularly valuable for the extensive artists files of both major and lesser known contemporary Cuban artists. The Archives also processed the records of the American Federa- tion of Arts, dating from AFA’s founding in 1909 through 1993. The collection is particularly valuable for its docu- mentation of twentieth-century American art history and the wealth of information about the numerous programs and ex- hibitions supported and implemented by the AFA to promote the study of contemporary American art. AAA is publishing a finding aid to this collection, as well as a find- ing aid to the Downtown Gallery papers, which the Archives has recently processed and microfilmed. The Downtown Gallery specialized in contemporary American art as well as pioneering in the field of American folk art, and its founder, Edith Halpert (1900-1970), was deeply involved in foster- ing the efforts of African American artists to gain recognition of their work. Publications and Outreach The Archives of American Art Journal publishes scholarly articles showcasing AAA's collections, as well as book re- views and reports on recent important acquisitions. In FY 1999, AAA presented the exhibit “In Sight: Portraits of Folk Artists by Chuck Rosenak.” The show, comprised of photo- graphs and selected documents from the folk art collectors Chuck and Jan Rosenak, included objects from the Smith- sonian American Art Museum’s Rosenak Collection that complemented the Archives’ documents. The Rosenaks had previously donated to the Archives their extensive research files, including letters, more than a thousand photographs of folk artists, printed material, and tape-recorded interviews. “In Sight” afforded an excellent opportunity for the Archives to reach a broad audience of folk art afficionados and to make contacts that may lead to acquisitions of additional papers. An on-line version of the show is found on the Archives Web site. The Archives also presented the exhibit “Eyre de Lanux: Designs of a Muse,” chronicling the life and works of little-known American artist Eyre de Lanux (1894-1996), whose papers span 80 years and highlight her friendships with Picasso, Brancusi, and Louis Aragon. The Archives manages an active program of outgoing loans to museums and other scholarly institutions, and con- tinues its tradition of providing educational opportunities to an ethnically diverse population through internships and fellowships. Non-appropriated Resources Trust funds provide partial support for Archives operations as well as financing a variety of projects and programs. In FY 1999, grants from The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc., and the Getty Grant Program enabled AAA to fund the processing of several major collections. Throughout the year, donors made numerous gifts toward the matching of a $500,000 challenge grant from The Brown Foundation, Inc., to endow Archives’ publications. Among these was a $100,000 gift from The Beinecke Foundation, Inc., and a gift totaling $50,000 from Agnes Gund, former President of the Board of the Museum of Modern Art, New York, which will also be used to support Archives’ operations. In addition, the Archives received a gift of $12,000 from the Gerta Charita- ble Trust for the processing, microfilming, and publication of a finding aid to the Marcel Breuer papers. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Milo C. Beach, Director With the organization and presentation of the splendid exhi- bition “Devi: The Great Goddess” at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, the galleries concluded two years of anniversary cele- brations—the Sackler Gallery’s roth in 1997 and the 75th Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 4 anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art, which began in 1998 and concluded this year. In 1996 the galleries could not have predicted the benefits that would emerge from these observances. The anniversaries and accompanying publicity brought unprecedented and continuing public attention to the galleries. Increased no- tices attracted new circles of visitors, scholars, friends, and supporters. Now acknowledged together as the national mu- seum of Asian art, the Freer and Sackler galleries with their separate yet complementary collections are increasingly known and appreciated as an exceptional international re- source for scholarship, publication, and exhibition. Recognition also took the form of magnificent gifts of art. The Dr. Paul Singer Collection of Chinese Art of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, was a joint gift of the Arthur M. Sackler Foundation, Paul Singer, the AMS Foundation for Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, and the Children of Arthur M. Sackler. The collection includes some 5,000 works—in jade, bronze, ceramic, ivory, wood and other materials—dating from the fourth millennium B.C. to the twentieth century. Of particular interest is a group of objects that Dr. Singer assembled from the state of Chu in southern China. Archaeo- logical discoveries have given the formerly obscure Chu culture new status as one of the most exciting research topics in the field of ancient Chinese art history. Thomas Lawton, director emeritus, is spearheading the effort to publish and exhibit this extraordinary collection. Three important awards brought recognition to friends of the galleries this year. Ikuo Hirayama, president of the Japan Art Institute, Tokyo, was inducted into the Order of James Smithson for his contributions totaling $11 million to the Freer and Sackler galleries. The Order of James Smithson is the highest honor the Smithsonian Institution can bestow. Professor Hirayama’s induction ceremony was capped by an- nouncement of his gift of $2.5 million to fund a major program for the care of Japanese painting in the galleries’ department of conservation and scientific research. The second award, the Charles Lang Freer Medal, was pre- sented to Sherman Lee for his lifelong commitment to connoisseurship. Dr. Lee has enriched the studies in a wide range of artistic traditions in Asian countries: Buddhist art, Chinese painting, and the arts of Japan, India, Southeast Asia, and the Himalayan kingdoms, among others. The im- pact of his extensive publications has been augmented and broadened by frequent, often ground-breaking exhibitions and by a dazzling series of acquisitions he has made for vari- ous museums. Intended to honor a scholar of truly extraordinary distinction, the Freer Medal celebrates Dr. Lee's career and extraordinary achievements. The third award, the biennial Shimada Prize for distin- guished scholarship in the history of Asian art, was presented to the Japanese art historian Toshie Kihara, who is also an official of Japan’s Agency for Cultural Affairs. Kihara was selected from a group of 21 nominees for her two-volume treatise on the Japanese painter Kano Tan’yu (1602-1674), whom art historians regard as the most signif- icant painter of the early Edo period (1615-1716). Kihara’s publication in Japanese—Yubi no tankya: Kano Tan’yn ron (The Search for Profound Delicacy: the Art Of Kano Tany’yn), (Osaka, Japan, Osaka Daigaku Shuppanki, 1998)—is the first critical scholarly work to interpret Tany yu’s major contributions to the history of art in Japan. The award car- ries a $10,000 prize and is presented jointly by the Freer and Sackler galleries and the Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art in Kyoto, Japan, for the best research publica- tion in the field. Development Activities Support for the galleries acquisitions and programs has grown tremendously through our 300-member group, Friends of the Freer and Sackler Galleries. In fiscal year 1999 there was a 17 percent growth in membership, and approximately $329,000 was raised from Friends memberships, an increase of 20 per- cent over fiscal year 1998. The galleries are grateful to the Friends for their immense generosity to the Friends Purchase Fund, which in 1999 enabled the museum to purchase two works of art at the April 17, 1999, annual dinner: Bhairava, a fifteenth—sixteenth century Nepalese gilt copper repousseé sculpture and The Five Sacred Festivals, a set of hanging scrolls by Ikeda Koson, painted in ink and color on silk, ca. 1830. Additionally, special contributions to the fund from members and participants on the Friends spring trip to Iran added a third object to the permanent collections: a blue-and-white ceramic plate, which is from the Timurid dynasty (ca. second half of the fifteenth century) and associated with the city of Nishapur in northeastern Iran. Exhibitions Anniversary festivities came to a festive climax with the six- month run of the exhibition and associated activities for “Devi: The Great Goddess,” March 28—September 6, 1999. Devi, as she is commonly known in South Asia, is among the three most important deities of Hinduism, and yet this year’s exhibition was the first major museum exploration of her role and her many manifestations. Complementing the galleries’ strong holdings in Indian paintings, the works bor- rowed for this exhibition from collections in Europe and the United States included a wealth of sculpture. Images of the goddess came from many regions of South Asia and richly represented the diversity of her forms and identities. Several other Sackler exhibitions this year offered richly varied stylistic and thematic interpretations of the land, peoples, and monuments of South Asia. Visitors had oppor- tunities to compare the work by both indigenous artists and foreigners recording their impressions of the land. One exhi- bition, “The Jesuits and the Grand Mughal: Renaissance Art at the Imperial Court of India 1580-1630,” September 27, 1998—April 4, 1999, for example, examined the enduring ef- fects of cultural exchange between Jesuit missionaries from Europe and the Mughal emperors of northern India. Another small exhibition, April 25—July 18, 1999, focused on the work of a single Indian artist, Nainsukh of Guler (ca. 17 10— 1778). Because many of Nainsukh’s paintings were created 18 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 for a single royal patron, the exhibition gave an absorbing look at life in one particular Rajput court. “Yoshida Hiroshi: Japanese Prints of India and Southeast Asia,” August t—October 17, 1999, featured color wood- block images by the Japanese artist Yoshida based on his travels in 1930. Another exhibition, “Behind the Himalayas: Paintings of Mustang,” presented 19 watercolors by the Aus- tralian architect Robert Powell showing the stunning architecture and desolate landscape of the region of Nepal known as Mustang. Celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Freer Gallery culminated in a splendid dinner and preview of the exhibi- tion “Beyond the Legacy: Anniversary Acquisitions for the Freer Gallery of Art” for donors and patrons on October 2, 1998. The Freer anniversary exhibition presented the results of a four-year campaign to acquire works of Asian art, and it in- cluded more than 100 works selected from among many fine gifts and supported purchases. “Asia in Museums: New Per- spectives,” an international symposium to mark the anniversary, was made possible by a generous grant from the Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation. Complementing the anniversary show at the Freer were important presentations from the collection. These exhibi- tions brought attention to the work of directors and curators, past and present, in carefully enlarging the size and scope of the gallery’s holdings over the past three quarters of a century. For the first time since it was purchased for the Freer in 1931, A Breath of Spring, the eight-and-a-half-meter-long Chinese handscroll dated 1360, was exhibited in its entirety. The scroll is among the most famous Chinese paintings in the Freer collection and the only known work by the Daoist recluse Zou Fulei. It has inspired poetry by distinguished writers from Yang Weizhen (1296-1370), considered one of the greatest poets of the Yuan dynasty, to the celebrated Canadian Michael Ondaatje, author of The English Patient. Yang wrote his poem directly on the scroll, which was joined by colophons, or commentaries, by other Chinese literati and a later owner. “Whistler and the Hadens,” including some of the artist’s earliest etchings, was a small exhibition of American expatri- ate James McNeill Whistler's (1834-1903) prints and drawings. Whistler was regarded in his lifetime as the most accomplished etcher since Rembrandt and among the great- est printmakers in the history of Western art. The prints in this show were made during his initially friendly but ill- fated association with his brother-in-law, Francis Seymour Haden (1818-1910). Public Programs While the galleries’ staff planned many of this year’s pro- grams to complement the exhibition “Devi: The Great Goddess,” it also offered performances, films, and demon- strations from a variety of cultures. The galleries’ feature film offerings, for example, included our first surveys of the cinema from Vietnam and Turkey, plus a series of 11 recent films of the Arab world. The third festival of Iranian films focused on the 30-year career of director Dariush Mehrjui, including his 1998 film, The Pear Tree. The fifth annual “Made in Hong Kong” series included eight Washington premieres and prompted a cover story and five-page spread on Hong Kong cinema in the “Weekend” section of the Washington Post. “Women in Indian Cinema,” a program of 14 art films and documentaries featured the premiere of Prakash Jha’s “Death Sentence.” Finally, the Freer launched its first look at the globally popular genre of Japanese ani- mation, including the Washington premiere of the blockbuster Princess Mononoke. The Asian performing arts series focused on women in South Asia, with such prominent dancers as Mallika Sarabhai and Alarmel Valli; classical vocalists Abida Parveen and Veena Sahasrabuddhe, and pop singer Najma. The galleries’ exploration of contemporary Asian music included Jason Hwang and the Far East Side Band from New York; the Japanese shakuhachi (bamboo flute) artist Teruhisa Fukuda; and the Indian fusion ensemble, Facing East. To close the year, the galleries presented Shinto music, dance, and ritual from the Kasuga Taisha, one of Japan’s old- est and most prestigious shrines in Nara. ImaginAsia, the galleries’ hands-on art education program for children and families, continued to draw enthusiastic crowds year-round, with even larger numbers in the summer, as late afternoon to early evening sessions were a hit with families during “Art Night on the Mall.” Experimentation marked many of this season’s offerings, which included a new format of music and conversation by performers. Highlights were an appearance by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and composer Bright Sheng, who demonstrated and dis- cussed the incorporation of folk and traditional Asian music into such contemporary works as Bright Sheng’s new compo- sition for solo cello. Another concert discussion featuring oud player Simon Shaheen, lutanist Ronn McFarlane, and pipa player Wu Man, centered on the evolution of their three related instruments in different societies along the Silk Road and in Europe. Experimentation and tradition was also apparent in the Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Series this season. In “New Music from China,” composer Zhou Long led two groups, Music from China and the New Music Consort, in a per- formance featuring the reconstruction of a composition discovered in the Buddhist caves at Dunhuang, China, and a performance of his own work, “Tales from the Cave.” Sharing the program was “The Points,” a prizewinning work by the prominent female composer Chen Yi. Other concerts in- cluded performances by Musicians from Marlboro I, IJ, and IH; the Shanghai Quartet; Angela Hewitt, piano; Paul Neubauer, viola; and the Guilford Ensemble. Gallery shop sales increased by 4 percent during 1999 to the highest level ever achieved. This success has been accom- plished by providing merchandise that ties directly into our collections and exhibitions, providing outstanding customer service, advertising to broaden our market in conjunction with public affairs, and by sponsoring various gallery and product-related events. The gallery shops sponsored 10 read- Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 19 ings by authors of new books related to the galleries’ collec- tions. Among the writers was Michael Ondaatje, who read from Handwriting, his new book of poetry. These efforts re- sulted in the shops’ important contribution to the cost of museum programs and acquisitions of art. Research This year’s scholarly investigations emphasized collaboration and preparation for the many exhibitions planned for the next few years. Kenneth Myers, assistant curator of Ameri- can art in the Freer, and Martha Smith, the galleries’ paper conservator, have continued the research connection between the Freer and the University of Glasgow, Scotland. The Freer and the university together house the world’s largest collec- tions of art, papers, correspondence, and memorabilia by or relating to James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903). Through a formalized “Scheme of Association,” the institutions pro- mote and support scholarly research about Whistler and his period. The project is centered in Glasgow and overseen by Nigel Thorpe, director of the Center for Whistler Studies at the university. With a wealth of Chinese objects coming to the galleries as gifts and purchases during the recent anniversary obser- vances and several important exhibitions in the planning stages, there is much activity among the galleries’ scholars of Chinese art. Jenny So, curator of ancient Chinese art, is working on an important research volume about the jades in the collections of the Freer and Sackler. Joseph Chang, asso- ciate curator, is preparing a catalogue of the Freer collection of Chinese painting and calligraphy from the Song and Yuan dynasties. Both catalogues have received multiyear support from the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation. Dr. Chang is writing two additional exhibition catalogues, the first on later Chinese calligraphy from the gift of Robert H. Ellsworth, and a second on the painting and calligraphy of Bada Shanren. Stephen D. Allee is translating poetry and prose texts for Dr. Chang’s publications and also working on a book to introduce children to Chinese painting. Jan Stuart, assistant Curator, received a grant from the Smithsonian’s Collections-Based Research Program for research for her forthcoming exhibition, “Worshiping the Ancestors: Chinese Commemorative Portraits in Late Imperial China.” Prepara- tion for the exhibition also took her to Korea and China under a grant from the Smithsonian’s Research Opportuni- ties Fund. Louise A. Cort, curator for ceramics, is working on a cata- logue of the Freer’s collection of Japanese ceramics from Kyoto and Kyushu and collaborating with Jan Stuart on a publication about the Freer’s Chinese celadons. She is contin- uing her annotated translation of the diary of Japanese potter Morita Kyuemon and working on a book about India enti- tled Temple Potters Of Puri. Vidya Dehejia is producing a volume, India through the Lens, Photography 1840-1911, to accompany her exhibition of the same name that is scheduled to open in November 2000. At the same time, Dr. Dehejia is conducting research for a book and exhibition of south Indian bronzes of the Chola dynasty made between the ninth and thirteenth cen- turies. She is also preparing a publication about India for a series entitled “The Sources of Art History” being produced by Harvey Miller Publishers. Massumeh Farhad, associate curator of Islamic art, has been pursuing ongoing research concerning later painting of the Safavid dynasty (1501-1732) and its patronage, on the Shahnama (The King’s Book of Kings), and on the Falnama (Book of Omens). Ann Gunter, associate curator of Ancient Near Eastern art, continued her study of the Hauge gift of ancient Iranian ceramics, as well as her work on two books, Defining Cultural Boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean, ca. 1000-600 B.C., and Charles Lang Freer and Egypt. Jane Norman, exhibitions conservator, is continuing her studies of the physical properties of Japanese and Chinese lacquer. Members of the department of conservation and scientific research continue technical studies on Asian metalwork (Paul Jett); Chinese jades (Janet G. Douglas); papers used by Whistler and Indian (Martha Smith), gilded bronzes (Blythe McCarthy, principal investigator, with funding from the Na- tional Park Service); Japanese raku ceramics (McCarthy); and the structures of East Asian paintings John Winter with Marco Leona and Jennifer Giaccai in a project funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation). Dr. Winter is also working on a related book, East Asian Paintings: Their Materials, Struc- tures, Techniques, and Deterioration Mechanisms. Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage (formerly, Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies) Richard Kurin, Director At the January, 1999, meeting, the Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents endorsed our change of name to the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, from the previous Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, thus leaving us better equipped to do our job. “Cultural heritage” resonates much better with all sorts of community-based groups, both in the United States and around the world, interested in the study, presentation, and conservation of their cultures. “Folklife” still allows people to locate us conceptually as a unit dedicated to living people and grassroots, vernacular traditions. We have become concerned with the training of community scholars, leading to several programs, and we recognize the need to help train students from the academy for public cultural work and have begun a graduate course in the subject with the George Washington University. More recently, we have been exploring issues of cultural heritage policy. As an example of these outreach efforts, the Center and Children’s Television Workshop (CTW) cosponsored a half- day symposium at the National Museum of American History that examined the 30-year history of diversity and multicultural programming on “Sesame Street,” the longest- 20 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 running television series in the world. Several cast characters presented a sketch about diversity to children from the Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center and the adult audi- ence from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Reading Is Fundamental, Congressional offices, and media representa- tives, among others. The Center’s cosponsorship of the symposium was based on shared values around diversity and multiculturalism and the important implications of the CTW “Sesame Street” model for the development of cultural heritage policies in other media, cultural, and educational institutions. In January, the Center hosted a forum for the Smithsonian Congress of Scholars on our varied involvement in cultural research as public scholarship. Staff members presented case studies on the questions and hypotheses that are the starting points for our research, our methodologies, and the intellec- tual, programmatic, and policy/applied implications of our work. The case studies provided an introduction to discus- sion with colleagues in research positions throughout the Smithsonian on issues such as the nature of humanities ver- sus physical sciences research, and the value of research collaborations with community-based cultural workers and educators. These collaborations can be seen in many recent Smith- sonian Folkways projects. Praise the Lord! Gospel Music in Washington, D.C., is the product of a collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution’s Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture, and provides the au- dio background to the exhibition, “Speak To My Heart: Communities of Faith and Contemporary African American Life.” The two CD set, The Mississippi: River of Song involved collaboration with Smithsonian Productions and other indi- viduals and organizations, and became a companion to the public radio and television documentary series, book, home video, and Web site with educator’s guide. And Taquachito Nights: Conjunto Music from South Texas was recorded from live performances at the 1998 Conjunto Festival in San Ben- ito, Texas, and was produced in collaboration with the Narciso Martinez Cultural Arts Center and in conjunction with the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Jointly developed by the Center and the Smithsonian In- stitution Traveling Exhibition Service, the exhibition “Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Ameri- cas” opened in March at the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee. The exhibition highlights the cul- tural traditions and historical documentation of the Maroon experience as expressed through the voices of contemporary Maroon peoples of Jamaica, French Guyana, Suriname, and the Seminole community along the U.S.-Mexico border. On June 20, the day following the traditional Juneteenth cele- bration of the abolition of slavery in Texas, members of the Texas Seminole Maroon community traveled to San Antonio for the opening of the exhibition at the Institute for Texas Culture. The show continues to travel to sites throughout the United States. Collaborations continued with the Center’s cohosting with UNESCO a working conference entitled, “A Global Assessment of the 1989 Recommendation on the Safeguard- ing of Traditional Culture and Folklore: Local Empowerment and International Cooperation.” This conference was the cul- mination of a decade-long UNESCO initiative aimed at deepening awareness of and commitment to cultural expres- sions—sometimes referred to as intangible cultural heritage—that incorporate folklore, popular culture, and grassroots expressions. Over 35 conference attendees, 30 ob- servers, and some 20 Smithsonian and UNESCO staff members focused on the 1989 Recommendation in light of the profound sociopolitical and technological changes that have occurred in the ensuing decade and the way these have influenced, and been influenced by, traditional cultures. Over the course of the conference, working groups concen- trated on three areas: legal protection; national cultural policy; and the relationship between traditional cultures and a variety of current environmental and sociopolitical issues. These issues included cultural identity, gender, sustainable development, globalization, peaceful coexistence of ethnic groups, conflict prevention, youth cultures, and the impact of new information technologies. Smithsonian and UNESCO staff realized a shared goal of having community practition- ers and leaders sit together with academics and representatives of governments and philanthropic institu- tions. This succeeded in strengthening the original intent of the 1989 Recommendation by reforumulating it as an Ac- tion Plan and expanding its vision in significant ways, among them: focusing institutional protection not only on folklore items but on the practitioners themselves and on the processes through which they nurture and develop their her- itage; assisting communities in locally based measures to protect and safeguard their own traditions with the support of national, regional, and international bodies; and develop- ing the protection of traditional cultural practitioners and practices within a framework of international standards of human rights. The Smithsonian Folklife Festival once again was the venue where long-term collaborations with governments, regional organizations, local communities, and individual participants came together to present varied grassroots tradi- tions. The New Hampshire program was organized around four theme areas: “Home, Town & Community,” “Ingenuity & Enterprise,” “Seasonal Work & Recreation,” and “Farm, Forest, Mountain & Sea.” Added to this was a lively musical component and several special events, which contributed to the presentation of a microcosm of New Hampshire folklife. Some of the special events included a barn raising by the New Hampshire Timber Framers Association and Benson- wood, an Old Home Day celebration with one of the state’s oldest community bands and a fireman’s muster, and Franco- American Day that acknowledged the importance of French-Canadian traditions in shaping the state’s history and present-day character. The program was produced with the New Hampshire Commission on the Smithsonian Folklife Festival and its nonprofit affiliate Celebrate New Hampshire Culture in partnership with the New Hampshire State Council on the Arts, Department of Cultural Resources. The Romanian program was the culmination of American scholars working with colleagues from the Romanian Cul- Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 21 tural Foundation, ASTRA Museum, the University of Bucharest, the Peasant Museum, Aid to Artisans, the Gov- ernment of Romania, and other institutions to develop the idea of “gateways to Romania” as an organizing concept for the Festival program. The Festival offered metaphoric access to everyday life, ritual, and knowledge of and about Roma- nia; and literal access as skilled carpenters and woodworkers from the Maramure6 region erected traditional gateways on the National Mall. The carpenters also demonstrated their skills of traditional basilica building, pointing to the impor- tance of the sacred and ritual arts in Romanian life, along with icon painters, carvers, and egg decorators. Music and dance groups from Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia performed a range of rural celebratory traditions. And a vari- ety of craftspeople including weavers and potters demonstrated the arts of everyday life in various regional styles. The program was inevitably an interesting mixture of grassroots, popular, and official genres. The South Africa Festival program “Crafting the Eco- nomic Renaissance of the Rainbow Nation” presented over 100 craftspeople, music and dance performers from each of the nine provinces. Text panels described the cultural and linguistic diversity of each province and its natural resources, provided overview of how traditional artisans and provincial and national government representatives work to craft cul- tural policy, public aesthetics, and sustainable employment and cultural enterprises based on the diversity of grassroots cultural communities throughout the nation. Participants and officials discussed various topics with visitors—culture and protest, and contemporary issues of traditional culture and economic development—at the shebeen, a reproduction of the matchbox-like family houses that met the need for social centers under the racially restrictive social codes of the for- mer apartheid system. The program was produced with the collaboration and support of the South African Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology and the National Arts Council. The Fifth Annual Ralph Rinzler Memorial Concert fea- tured two bands from recent immigrant groups, the Yuri Yunakov Band and Ensemble Tereza. The Yuri Yunakov Band played music from Bulgaria and the Republic of Mace- donia that is known for its haunting melodies, dense ornamentation, and complex rhythms. The contemporary style is known as wedding music, because it most often ac- companies dancing at life-cycle celebrations such as weddings and baptisms. The program featured instrumental music from various regions of Bulgaria and a Rom (Gypsy) repertoire. This repertoire is currently popular in the Bronx community of Roma from Macedonia, which dates from the 1960s. Ensemble Tereza performed Mountain Jewish music by recent immigrants from the eastern Caucasus, in particu- lar Azerbaijan and Dagestan to New York. Lead singer Tereza Elizarova sang in a variety of languages including Djuburi, Azeri, Turkish, Persian, traditional Hebrew, and nowadays Arabic and modern Hebrew. Dance styles include the energetic Caucasian men’s dances, as well as the stately circle dances and Turkish/Persian-style solo dancing most of- ten performed by women. And in another collaboration, a conjunto concert and dance party was produced with the National Museum of American History’s “Encuentros” program. This program marked the release of the Smithsonian Folkways recording Taquachito Nights: Conjunto Music from South Texas, produced in partnership with the Narciso Martinez Cultural Arts Cen- ter of San Benito, Texas. This year’s Festival also hosted two teacher seminars, the annual five-day course “Bringing Folklife into the Class- room,” cosponsored with the Smithsonian Office of Education, and a special three-day intensive seminar organ- ized for 30 New Hampshire teacher-fellows chosen to develop a folklife curriculum for their state through the New Hampshire program cosponsor, Celebrate New Hampshire Culture, under a grant from the National School to Work initiative. Both seminars used the Festival as a context in which teachers could develop techniques and skills in the use of multicultural resources that could enhance their classroom teaching. Teachers in the seminars shared stores about their own family and community traditions, met with curators for a behind-the-scenes look at how Festival programs are put together, and engaged with traditional artists from New Hampshire, Romania, and South Africa. Through these collaborations and others, we continue to work with colleagues around the nation and the world in helping cultural communities flourish in ways that enhance their own well-being and also contribute to the larger hu- man family. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden James T. Demetrion, Director The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Smithson- ian Institution’s museum for modern and contemporary art, is committed to increasing the awareness and understanding of art through acquisitions, exhibitions and publications, re- search activities, public programs, and the presentation of the collection in its galleries and outdoor exhibition spaces. The museum provides a public facility for the exhibition, study, and preservation of nineteenth- and twentieth-century art while presenting a spectrum of contemporary work. The museum, which opened to the public in October 1974, spent much of the year generating celebratory exhibi- tions, programs, and activities in anticipation of the 25th-anniversary month of October 1999. On February 24 the third-floor collection galleries, which had been closed for renovations for more than six months, reopened with new car- pets, a far more effective lighting system, and, in several areas, reconfigured walls and platforms. At the heart of the anniver- sary “makeover” was a complete rethinking, on the part of the curators, of how to tell the story of modern art using the Hir- shhorn’s unusually broad and often surprising collection. “The Hirshhorn Collection at 25: Celebrating Modern Art,” as the reinstallation was titled, was a team effort led by 22 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Neal Benezra, the Hirshhorn’s Assistant Director for Art and Public Programs, with Judith Zilczer, Curator of Paintings, and Valerie Fletcher, Curator of Sculpture. Energized by the new, mostly smaller spaces, up-to-date halogen lights, and many reframed or newly conserved objects, the curators went far in aiming for thought-provoking, revelatory combina- tions. Mixing Americans and Europeans, the famous and not so famous, and diverse styles and media, “The Hirshhorn Collection at 25” presented a roughly chronological proces- sion of some 135 objects. Some of the more striking juxtapositions included Edward Hopper’s lonely urban- dwellers with Elie Nadelman’s attenuated carved-wood figures, both projecting a kind of pared-down, stark human- ity for Depression-era America, and sculptures by Henry Moore and Alexander Archipenko employing taut string, re- vealing the influence of technology on modern sculpture despite, in the case of Moore, the influence of nature. Among other artists represented were Anni Albers, Constantin Bran- cusi, Daniel Baranoff-Rossiné, Jean Dubuffet, Alexandra Exter, Man Ray, Clyfford Still, Peter Voulkos, and Charmian von Wiegand. A similar redesign in the sculpture ambulato- ries also underscored stylistic affinities and crosscurrents. “The Hirshhorn Collection at 25” was well received by the press, prompting a Washington Post critic to write, “The collection has never looked better. . . . Old favorites . . . have begun to sing again, [and diverse artists} seem very much at- tuned here.” The reviewer concluded that an installation designed to “prod viewers to look anew at the museum's best-known works, as well as at others rarely seen” could only create a successful experience and the Hirshhorn’s new look was proof positive of its emergence over 25 years as “a vital and respected national museum of modern and contem- porary art.” Commemorations of the museum’s anniversary continued in April. First, the Hirshhorn’s genesis as a public museum based on private philanthropy was underscored in a small show that ran from April 7 to May 9. Titled “Faces of Friendship: The Art-World Circle of Joseph and Olga Hir- shhorn in Documentary Photographs,” the show featured 51 photographs from an archival collection donated to the museum by Olga Hirshhorn, the founding donor’s widow. The exhibition presented a multitude of camera-made im- ages, many personally inscribed to the collector, of such well-known personalities of public life and international art of the 1950s to 1970s as Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson, Chief Justice Abe Fortas, Smithsonian Secretary S. Dillon Ripley, British art histo- rian and TV host Sir Kenneth Clark, art dealers Sidney Janis of New York and Daniel Kahnweiler of Paris, painters Pablo Picasso and Georgia O'Keeffe, sculptors Alberto Giacometti and Alexander Calder, and numerous younger artists. This revealing collection of mementoes started after Olga Hirshhorn, seeking to surprise her husband with a holiday gift of an inscribed photo from one artist-friend, expanded the idea and urged virtually all of the benefactor’s intimates and associates to pay their respects with images of themselves. The month of April was also highlighted by “Hirshhorn Open House: Celebrating 25 Years,” featuring a full after- noon on April 25 of hands-on art-making activities for families, several storytelling sessions, musical selections by the Ambassador String Quartet, and a gallery talk on the ghostly figurative works of Portuguese artist Juliao Sar- mento in the Directions Gallery. Director James T. Demetrion capped off the day with a lecture reflecting on the quarter-century evolution of the Hirshhorn collection. Plans proceeded, meanwhile, for October 1999's anniver- sary exhibition, “Regarding Beauty: A View of the Late Twentieth Century,” and the fund-raising gala, also that month. The exhibition’s co-organizers Neal Benezra and Olga M. Viso, Associate Curator, finalized the loans of 88 works to be assembled from more than 55 international lenders, and worked painstakingly with the Exhibits Depart- ment’s Edward Schiesser to reconfigure second-floor galleries to accommodate several room-sized installations, a “Media Arts” theater, and other custom designs to be integrated into the show. Financial support received from numerous entities re- flected a general increase in fund-raising initiatives at the Hirshhorn. A 1999 sampling includes the Luso-American Development Foundation (in support of the Julido Sarmento exhibition); Vivian and Elliot I. Pollock (in support of the “Young at Art” programs); and the Canadian Embassy, Pro Helvetia Arts Council of Switzerland, and the Institute for Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany (in sup- port of the “Regarding Beauty” exhibition). The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc., Peter Norton Family Foundation, and Lannan Foundation have repeatedly supported Hirshhorn projects, as have numerous generous individuals both on and off the Board of Trustees. Benefac- tors for the 25th-anniversary fund-raising gala included Merrill Lynch, Janine and J. Tomilson Hill, Robert Lehrman, Mary and John Pappajohn, and Mitchell Rales. The museum’s Board of Trustees experienced renewed en- ergy and vigor following congressional approval, endorsed by the Regents, to expand from ten to up to 25 members. The Board was also saddened by the deaths of cherished longtime members and former Chairmen Sydney Lewis on March 12 in Richmond, Virginia, and Jerome Greene on May 27 in New York. Both individuals received broad recognition for their national work as patrons and collectors. John Pappa- john of Des Moines, Iowa, joined the Board in May, and Anthony T. Podesta of Washington, D.C., became a member of the Committee on Collections. Acquisitions this year were highlighted by Are Years What? (for Marianne Moore), 1967, by American artist Mark di Suvero (b. 1933), adding new strength to the museum's collection of monumental steel sculpture. Rising diagonally some 40 feet from a street-level section of the Sculpture Gar- den, this red composition of industrial I-beams—with a suspended, moving V element—epitomizes di Suvero’s gift at communicating human fragility in intractable, industrial materials. It was installed on the street-level plot of the Sculpture Garden in mid-August. Among other important Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 23 acquisitions for the year were several that kept the museum collection current with recent examples of contemporary art: Luc Tuymans’s Passe-Partout, 1998, an oil painting; Juliao Sarmento’s Licking the Milk Off Her Finger, 1998, a rare sculp- ture by this artist included as part of his “Directions” show; Charles Simonds’s Rock Flower, 1986, a clay sculpture; Katharina Fritsch’s Display Stand with Madonnas, 1987-89, a sculpture; and Stereoscope, 1999, a film with several related drawings by William Kentridge. The Hirshhorn’s large solo shows during the year featured two American painters of the same generation—one realist and one abstract—each of whom holds a significant position of influence in contemporary art. “Chuck Close,” on tour from the Museum of Modern Art in New York, was launched on October 15 with a filled-to-capacity lecture by the artist, a depicter of monumental faces who has gained a wide following among the general public and art world. Re- ceiving wide recognition in the Washington press, the Close show also brought attention to a wheelchair-bound artist whose partial paralysis since 1988 has not stopped him from continuing to develop a distinctly engaging style of demate- rializing rectangles that come to life as giant faces—and penetrating character studies—when viewed from afar. The Close show was followed by “Brice Marden, Work of the 1990s: Paintings, Drawings, and Prints,” touring from the Dallas Museum of Art, which opened on May 27. Marden’s sensuous and colorful linear abstractions, which show the in- fluence of Jackson Pollock as well as aspects of East Asian art, encompasses calligraphic “Cold Mountain” and other evocative images that stand as testament to the dynamic per- sistence of abstraction today. Although representing nearly opposite ends of painting’s spectrum, the exhibitions gener- ated strong followings and solid attendance. Reflecting a general trend at the Smithsonian, the breadth and focus of education programs expanded. Department head Linda Powell’s staff introduced a “Young Artist” pro- gram for school groups, “Art Explorers” workshops for adults, the “Improv Art” on-site family workshop, a series of gallery tours by Washington area artists, and a “Poetry Slam” competition for local poets held outdoors on the Plaza. As with last year, the public participated in writers’ workshops, workshops for teachers, meet-the-artist gallery talks for exhibitions, First Friday gallery talks by staff, and New Voices gallery talks by local graduate students in art history. Art Night on the Mall, a four-museum program of late Thursday hours during summer, again combined per- formances of Latin music outdoors with free films and gallery talks and tours. “Directions” shows this year, showcasing new visions by two important emerging artists from abroad, featured a suite of just-completed narrative figures by Portuguese painter Julido Sarmento (b. 1948), opening February 3 with a pre- view attended by Portuguese Ambassador Fernando Guimaraes, and Noli Me Tangere, 1998, a two-sided, floor-to- ceiling video projection of a colossal figure by British artist Sam Taylor-Wood, the first solo show in an American mu- seum for this young internationally known British artist. National Air and Space Museum Donald S. Lopez, Acting Director Fiscal Year 1999 brought many changes to the National Air and Space Museum. Most significantly, on July 13, 1999, Admiral Donald D. Engen, who had been director of the museum since July 1, 1996, was killed in a motorized glider accident. Donald S. Lopez, deputy director of the museum, was named acting director. Three months after Admiral En- gen’s death, his dream of an aviation and space center at Washington Dulles International Airport was given a tremendous boost when Steven F. Udvar-Hazy pledged $60 million toward the project. It was the single largest cash gift in the Smithsonian's 154-year history. During the fiscal year, the museum celebrated several his- toric events. On October 29, 1998, when STS 95 was launched with former senator John Glenn on board, the Mu- seum set up several HDTV monitors allowing hundreds of visitors to watch the event live via the newest broadcast technology. The museum also hosted a series of events to cel- ebrate the 30th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing. In fiscal year 1999, the total number of visitors to the museum since its July 1976 opening exceeded 200,000,000. Renovation of the building continued, with emphasis on minimizing disruption to museum visitors. Significant acquisitions to the museum included the 20,000-pound Spacelab module. On October 3, 1998, it ar- rived for storage at Washington Dulles International Airport, where it will remain until it goes on display at the Dulles center. The gondola of Breitling Orbiter 3, which completed the first nonstop balloon flight around the world, went on display in the museum’s Milestones of Flight gallery in September 1999. The museum received a “Save America’s Treasures” grant (a joint congressionally funded program of the White House Millennium Council and the National Historic Trust) to pre- serve “threatened objects of the Apollo era.” A special environmentally controlled storage facility was constructed at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration and Storage Fa- cility, and work was begun to stabilize all of the flown lunar spacesuits in the national collection and to research and pub- lish authoritative guidelines for their safe storage and display. These guidelines will also form the basis for spacesuit storage and display at the new center at Dulles. The balance of the Save America’s Treasures grant is being earmarked to support the restoration of the giant Saturn V rocket located at the NASA-Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. During fiscal year 1999, the site design for the new cen- ter at Dulles was completed. The site work will be provided by the Commonwealth of Virginia as a contribution to the project. Collections and Research The three scholarly divisions at the National Air and Space Museum, the Division of Aeronautics, the Division of Space 24 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 History, and the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (CEPS), continued their work in scientific and historical re- search, collecting significant artifacts, and developing exhibitions related to all aspects of aviation and space flight. The Smithsonian Institution History of Aviation series was replaced by the Smithsonian Institution History of Avia- tion and Spaceflight series. Allan A. Needell, chair of the Division of Space History, and Dominick A. Pisano, chair of the Division of Aeronautics, serve as series editors. Senior Aeronautics Curator Tom Crouch’s book Aiming for the Stars: The Dreamers and Doers of the Space Age was pub- lished by Smithsonian Institution Press, and Rick Leyes’s The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft En- gines was published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. CEPS continued an active research program in planetary and terrestrial geology and geophysics using remote sensing data from Earth-orbiting satellites and manned and un- manned space missions. The scope of research activities in fiscal year 1999 included work on Mercury, Venus, the Moon, and Mars, and corresponding field studies in terres- trial analog regions. CEPS staff study a variety of geophysical processes, such as volcanism, floods, cratering, tectonics, and sand movement. Of particular interest are studies of past and present Mars climate, using data from ac- tive spacecraft such as the Mars Global Surveyor. CEPS staff are also involved in mission design and landing site selection for future Mars exploration. Many of the terrestrial studies also address topics of current concern for global climate change. In addition to the Spacelab and Breitling Orbiter 3, major items added to the collection in fiscal year 1999 included a full-scale engineering prototype of Mars Pathfinder, the flown Faint Object Spectrograph from the Hubble Space Telescope, and a digital camera carried by former senator John Glenn on his recent space shuttle mission. Fiscal year 1999 saw the beginning of a major shift toward preparing the collections for the move to the planned center at Dulles. The Collections Division entered into a partnership with Rolls Royce NA to assist in creating the Rolls-Royce Avia- tion Heritage Trophy competition. NASM authored an Aircraft Restoration Judging Guideline and assisted in the actual judging of the aircraft in the highly successful inau- gural competition. Several long-term projects to complete environmental control systems in storage buildings at the Garber Facility were completed. This allowed the Collections Processing Unit to complete inventories of the objects stored in these particular buildings and accomplish major strides in the project to barcode the objects. The Restoration/Preservation Unit of the Collections Division began the shift from major restoration projects to preparing artifacts to be moved to the center at Dulles. Major restoration work on the Soviet SA-2 missile transporter, the Aichi Seiran, and Nieuport 28 was completed. The exterior of the aft fuselage of the Boeing B- 29 Enola Gay was polished. In addition, work on one of the first projects being prepared for the move to the center at Dulles, the Soviet MiG-15, was begun. The Business Aviation exhibition was removed from Gallery 104 in the NASM West End. The Beech King Air was lowered, and it and the Cessna Citation were then disas- sembled, mounted on stands, and prepared for transport. The Henri Keyser-Andre conservation intern for 1999 ac- complished a conservation project on the Mars Viking Lander and a badly corroded navigational sextant that had been discovered during an earlier collections inventory. As of January 1, 1999, the museum’s new collections in- formation system, The Museum System (TMS) was fully operational. After rigorous testing, existing collections data were migrated into the new system, and a new decentralized method of inputting object information was adopted. Cura- tors and Collections staff now share the responsibility for entering data and for ensuring their accuracy and complete- ness. When the data were converted, TMS contained basic accession records for 32,635 objects. Due to limits of the for- mer CIS system, few of these object records had significant contextual information and none had images. During fiscal year 1999 a coordinated program was initiated to close a backlog of uncatalogued objects and add historical informa- tion and other context to TMS object records in place. By the end of fiscal year 1999, TMS contained over 40,000 records and nearly 20,000 images. Approximately 13,000 object records had had basic historical information added as well, significantly exceeding the performance goals origi- nally set for the transition program. The Archives Division began reviewing its database sys- tems with the intent of replacing its DOS-based software with a Windows compatible system. Near the end of the year, software, which will be tested in FY 2000, was se- lected. The museum also became a member of SIRIS (Smithsonian Institution Research and Information System). The new software and SIRIS will enhance the museum’s abil- ity to manage collections and to make those collections available to the staff and the public. Processing of the Aircraft Technical Files, consisting of over 400 cubic feet of reports, photographs, and publications about heavier-than-air flight from its beginning to the pres- ent, was completed. Exhibits and Public Service The pace of exhibit work for the center at Dulles remained brisk. Accomplishments in fiscal year 1999 included the completion of prototype display cases and exhibit stations, graphic design for signage, the design of the donor recogni- tion wall and information desk, and a 3-D model of the major artifact placement layout. In October 1998 a new planetarium show, “And a Star to Steer Her By,” opened in the Planetarium. It explores the tools humans have used, from stars to satellites, to meet the challenge of navigation. Complementing the planetarium show is “GPS: A New Constellation,” a new exhibit that ex- plores the Global Positioning System. Two temporary exhibits were added to the Space Race gallery in June. “The Soviet Challenge in Space: Illustrating the Threat” is a display of 12 paintings created for the De- Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 25 fense Intelligence Agency to illustrate Soviet weapons sys- tems and advanced technology during the Cold War. The other exhibit is on the Faint Object Spectrograph. In time for the anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing in July, a visitor-operated video camera was placed in the Museum’s lunar module so visitors could look around inside the craft. Planning and development work continued on several other major projects. In fiscal year 1999 the label script and much of the exhibition design was completed for “Explore the Uni- verse,” a major new permanent exhibition scheduled to open in September 2001, as well as the design for the revised Air Transportation hall, scheduled for completion in 2002. The planning document for “Dream to Fly,” a future exhibition on African Americans and aviation, was also completed. Planning and development of Up, Up, and Away, a new IMAX film on vertical flight, continued this year as well. Maintenance of older exhibits and refurbishment of public spaces in the museum were given high priority. Maintenance work this year included a complete redo of the aging Dou- glas World Cruiser exhibit in the Pioneers of Flight gallery, and upgrades to several other galleries. Also completed this year was a major expansion and redesign of the Museum Shop. In addition, planning is under way for a new Exploring the Planets gallery. And in fiscal year 1999, major upgrades to the Looking at Earth gallery, including replacement of large photomurals, oblique air photos, and transparencies in the “What’s New” section, were begun. Upgrades to the Ex- ploring the Planets gallery replaced outdated material on observational tools, asteroids, Mercury, and Mars. Through the Regional Planetary Image Facility (RPIF), CEPS continued its mandate to NASA-funded investigators, other interested researchers, and the general public by pro- viding access to catalogued collections of imaging data from all American spacecraft missions. RPIF staff conducted tours through the facility for visiting groups ranging from two to 40 people. The data manager also continued development of a Hypercard guide to facility holdings, accessed by our users through a dedicated RPIF computer workstation. The Public Services Division recruited and trained 35 new docents. In addition, in-service training for new and experi- enced docents was held monthly. The Education Unit conducted ten teacher workshops, which reached 227 teach- ers. Education also produced 51 programs for families and the general public, which reached more than 3,100 visitors and produced seven school programs for five different schools, in which 370 students participated. They also sup- ported the Challenger Center's production of 11 Family Science Night events, in which approximately 3,300 people participated. The annual Internship Program supported 13 students (June 1 to August 6, 1999). Live demonstrations and other related activities compris- ing some 1,171 programs for 91,673 visitors to the How Things Fly gallery were implemented. The Explainers Pro- gram trained and worked with 32 student Explainers. In the How Things Fly Gallery attendance usually exceeded 10 percent of museum attendance. In the How Things Fly Visi- tor Center, volunteers assisted 27,646 visitors. The Educational Services Center also distributed more than 60,000 copies of publications and responded to 3,090 mail in- quiries from teachers, students, and the general public. National Museum of African Art Roslyn A. Walker, Director The National Museum of African Art celebrates the rich visual traditions and extraordinarily diverse cultures of Africa and fosters an appreciation of African art and civiliza- tions through its collections, exhibitions, research, and public programs. Acquisitions Among the most significant art works acquired by the mu- seum in the past year were a rare set of polychromed wooden panels carved in high relief from the Nkanu peoples of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and a 92-pound D’mba mask from the Baga peoples of Guinea, one of the largest masks in all of Africa. The mask was donated to the museum by internationally known contemporary artist Armand Ar- man and his wife Corice, a fashion consultant and business manager. An important donation of 14 traditional sculptures from central and eastern Africa, the gift of New York busi- nessman Lawrence Gussman, fills gaps in the museum’s collection. These sculptures were showcased at the museum. In addition, the museum’s Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives acquired three important collections: The Kyriazis Photographic Collection of images of activities and places in Ethiopia taken from 1950 through 1970, The Robert and Nancy Nooter Ethiopian Collection of images of activities and places in Ethiopia taken in 1988, and The Leon de Sous- berghe Collection of images of the Pende peoples in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, taken from 1955 through 1957. Exhibitions The first level of the National Museum of African Art houses several permanent exhibitions drawing on the museum’s col- lection: “Images of Power and Identity,” “The Art of the Personal Object,” and “The Ancient West African City of Benin, A.D. 1300-1897.” In addition, in collaboration with the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the museum offers “The Ancient Nubian City of Kerma, 2500-1500 B.C.,” a loan exhibition of works from the permanent collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, featuring objects from Kerma, an an- cient Nubian city that was located on the Nile River. The exhibition was organized by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and its Department of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian and Near Eastern Art; all objects are from the Harvard Uni- versity-Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Expedition. Also located on the first level is the Sylvia H. Williams Gallery, which was the location of “South Africa, 26 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 1936-1949: Photographs by Constance Stuart Larrabee,” and “Claiming Art/Reclaiming Space: Post-Apartheid Art from South Africa.” The first level also houses the Point of View Gallery that presents small temporary exhibitions that focus on specific themes or objects. On view were “African Forms in the Fur- niture of Pierre Legrain,” “Sokari Douglas Camp: Church Ede, A Tribute to Her Father,” and “Hats Off: A Salute to African Headwear.” Also featured on the first level was “New Acquisitions: Gifts from the Lawrence Gussman Collection.” The museum hosted, in its large second-level gallery, “Baule: African Art/Western Eyes.” In addition, the gallery was the site of one component of the exhibition “Wrapped in Pride: Ghanaian Kente and African American Identity,” a unique collaboration between two Smithsonian museums, the National Museum of African Art and the Anacostia Mu- seum and Center for African American History and Culture. The two-sited exhibition offered visitors not only a glimpse into the history and meaning of the colorful African textile, but provided both programming and interactive activities that engaged diverse audiences. School groups and teachers from hundreds of schools took advantage of related program- ming including exhibition tours, weaving demonstrations by master weavers from Ghana, and teacher workshops. Four large cast concrete screens by Nigerian artist Adebesi Akanj, donated to the museum in 1994 by Mr. and Mrs. Waldemar A. Nielsen, were restored by the museum’s con- servation department. The screens will be featured in an exhibition on several artists from the important Oshogbo art movement in southwestern Nigeria. The museum’s educational offerings, which spring from the permanent collections and special exhibitions, provide audiences with provocative and insightful views of the world of African art. An array of tours, workshops, and focus pro- grams gave students of all ages their first encounters with real works of African art. Highlights included a family day on the arts and culture of Ghana with food, music, song, dance procession, games, demonstrations, and storytelling; and a conservation clinic open to the public in which conservation staff advised visi- tors on the proper care of their collections. A South African film series that accompanied the “Claiming Art/Reclaiming Space” exhibition attracted standing-room-only audiences. The museum’s extended summer hours drew hundreds of visitors on Thursday nights as part of “Art Night on the Mall.” Youngsters made colorful hats and then showed them off as they paraded to the exhibition “Hats Off!: A Salute to African Headwear,” while art lovers had the opportunity to talk with South African artist Rudzani Nemasetoni. In addi- tion, the museum’s entrance pavilion filled with the sounds of musicians from Cameroon and South Africa. In addition, workshops and demonstrations by practicing artists engaged attentive audiences eager to meet and talk with African artists. For example, Nigerian artist Sokari Douglas Camp conducted a two-day workshop for teachers in which participants created sculptures from ordinary mate- rials and Pamela Botchway of Ghana taught visitors how to tie their own African headwraps in a public demonstration. The museum also continues to make itself accessible to people with special needs. Tours for hard-of-hearing visitors were made possible through a portable FM Assistive Listen- ing System. This system also allowed hard-of-hearing visitors to participate in educational programs in the workshop and lecture hall. Sign language interpreters for deaf visitors were available upon request for all museum programs. Publications Throughout the year, the museum published informational materials to accompany exhibitions. Photographic Archives and Library The museum continues to be a leading research and reference center for the visual arts of Africa. The Warren M. Robbins Library, a branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, contains more than 20,000 volumes on African art and ma- terial culture. The Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives specializes in the collection and preservation of visual mate- rials on African art, culture, and the environment. National Museum of American Art (Smithsonian American Art Museum) Elizabeth Broun, Director The 1999 fiscal year was significant for award-winning exhi- bitions and on-line technology, accompanied by advances in education, research, and intern programs. Planning contin- ued for the upcoming renovation of the Old Patent Office Building, with discussions focusing on gallery allocations between SAAM and NPG. The roof replacement project pro- ceeded with some delays, preventing the reopening of the Lincoln Gallery before the year 2000. By the end of the year, the skylights in the gallery and along the South Wing had been replaced and judged a great success. Having consulted with the Smithsonian Secretary, Provost, General Counsel, and other officials, the National Museum of American Art decided to begin using the name Smithson- ian American Art Museum for all exhibitions, loans, and other activities, effective January 2000. This change was recom- mended by the museum’s Commission in order to link the museum more closely to the Smithsonian, shorten the name, and avoid confusion arising from the term “National.” If the new designation proves effective, the Smithsonian will seek formal approval from the Congress for the change. The SAAM Collections Committee approved the purchase of Horace Pippin’s O/d Black Joe, which will enhance the mu- seum’s exceptional and growing collection of African American art. The Smithsonian American Art Museum presented two complementary exhibitions that examined the California Gold Rush in celebration of the 150th anniversary of the discovery of gold in California. “The Art of the Gold Rush” featured Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 27 paintings, watercolors, and drawings from the 1850s, and the nostalgic views created a generation later. The museum was the only East Coast venue for this exhibition. “Silver & Gold: Photographs of the Gold Rush” featured rare daguerreotypes documenting this exciting time in American history. “Picturing Old New England: Image and Memory” opened on April 2 and “Abbott Thayer: The Nature of Art’ opened on April 22. Both are major loan exhibitions organ- ized by SAAM curators William Truettner and Richard Murray, respectively. A catalogue to accompany the exhibi- tion “Picturing Old New England” was coauthored by curators William Truettner and Roger Stein, along with three guest contributors, and copublished with Yale Univer- sity Press. Tipper Gore, wife of Vice President Al Gore, was the Honorary Patron for the Thayer exhibition. “Edward Hopper: The Watercolors,” jointly organized by SAAM and the Montgomery Museum of Fine Art in Al- abama, opened on October 22 to great reviews and large audiences. Commissioners Hugh Halff, Jr., Melvin Lenkin, and Peter Lunder contributed to make the exhibition possi- ble. This was the final exhibition before the museum closed for renovations. “Edward Hopper: The Watercolors,” by Vir- ginia Mecklenburg, curator at SAAM, was copublished with W.W. Norton under a favorable contractual arrangement. The museum shop sold out of its initial order on the first weekend of the exhibition. A year 2000 wall calendar was produced for the show in cooperation with Universe Pub- lishing. In addition, the New Media staff at the museum produced an extensive Web site called “An Edward Hopper Scrapbook” to complement the exhibition and offer a glimpse into Hopper’s life, his friends and the paintings that have fascinated art lovers worldwide ever since Hopper first came to prominence during the mid 1920s. The installation of “David Beck: LOpéra,” a miniature opera house with 207 automated hand-carved figures, was adroitly handled despite unusual challenges. The Education office arranged for special docents to be in attendance, to > protect, explain, and operate this small wonder. For the first time, music was included in an exhibition installation. “Daniel Brush: Gold without Boundaries” won the Smith- sonian Exhibition Award for Best Design—justly recognizing this show as the most handsome produced at the Smithsonian (at its Renwick Gallery) during the past 18 months. “Glass! Glorious Glass!” continued drawing unusu- ally strong attendance, accompanied by strong publicity. On March 19, the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum opened two exhibitions: “Shaker: Furnishings for the Simple Life,” an exhibition drawn from Commissioner Ken Hakuta’s extensive collection of Shaker artifacts and “Dominic Di Mare: A Retrospective,” a touring exhibition of fiber sculptures by Dominic Di Mare from the Palo Alto Arts Center. A Memorandum of Agreement with the James Renwick Alliance, signed in March, was implemented with a pledge of $110,000 in support for fiscal year 2000 for the Renwick Gallery. Curator-in-Charge Ken Trapp received a two-year $68,000 grant from the Smithsonian's Scholarly Studies Pro- gram to conduct research on American Naval Presentation Silver, which is expected to be the subject of a major book and exhibition. The Museum’s On-line Reference Desk, now renamed Ask Joan of Art, received a 1998 Exemplary Service Award at a Harvard University conference called “Reference in the New Millennium.” This on-line reference service is a high priority for fund-raising for the museum. In its continuing quest to provide on-line resources, the museum signed an interagency agreement with the National Endowment for the Arts that will provide $430,000 over the next two years for digitizing 50,000 slides of works by 5,000 artists in the NEA’s Visual Artists Fellowship Pro- gram from 1967 to 1995. The NEA Artists Archive will be hosted on the museum’s Web site. The Web site, redesigned and launched in January, won an award as “Best Museum Research Site” at the 1999 Museums and the Web conference in New Orleans in March. Depth of research information—a testament to the museum’s long tra- dition of developing research resources—was cited by the judges. The New Media staff, working with the publications staff who handle fulfillment, introduced the capacity to process credit card payments on the Web site. Books and other products can now be purchased on-line with a credit card. The museum's Registrar’s Office successfully booked 60 venues for the extensive national tour planned for the reno- vation period, tentatively titled “Treasures to Go,” scheduled to run from January 2000 through 2002. The Development office signed a marketing sponsorship contract totaling $3.75 million with the Principal Financial Group of Des Moines. The sponsorship firm IMG of New York was also signed to help with the project, which will include media appearances, cable television specials, advertising, national media placement, advertorials, product licensing, and special events. Five national public relations companies were inter- viewed for the publicity aspect of the Principal Financial Group component of the contract, and a selection was for- warded to the Contracting Office for approval. The education department continued breaking new ground by hosting artists’ lectures including talks by Jesus Morales, Hung Liu, Robert Cottingham with Chuck Close, Malcah Zeldis, and David Beck. “The NMAA Educational Resources Guide for Teachers” was mailed to 3,500 teachers, and the tour booklet “Explore the National Museum of American Art” was republished. A number of partnerships helped raise funds for education programs at the museum, including the Prince George’s County Schools for a “Reading Through Art” kindergarten program and the Fairfax County Public Schools for a K-12 Arts Curriculum ($40,000 awarded by the NEA), and the Cafritz Foundation to de- velop teacher enrichment programs. National Museum of American History Spencer R. Crew, Director The National Museum of America History dedicates its col- lections and scholarship to inspiring a broader understanding 28 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 of our nation and its many peoples. The museum creates learning opportunities, stimulates imaginations, and presents challenging ideas about our nation’s past through publica- tions, family programs, electronic outreach and distance learning, community-based collaborations, and affiliations. In FY 1999, the museum acquired 5,712 objects, bringing the total number of the collection to 3.1 million and had a budget of $32.96 million. The annual visitation was 5.6 million. The museum continued its exploration of “What is Amer- ican Identity?” by relaying the histories of individuals and groups who have made America what it is today. “American Identity,” the organizing theme of the museum, brings to- gether many of the activities—from exhibits, programs, symposiums, and collecting, into a framework concerned with what it means to be an American. The museum’s premier symbol of American Identity, the Star-Spangled Banner, was the centerpiece of activity in 1999. On December 1, 1998, the three-story-high flag was removed from its current display and laid flat on a platform in Flag Hall. It was thoroughly examined and conservators began to devise a full treatment plan. The Star-Spangled Banner was then carefully rolled and crated in January and moved into the specially constructed conservation lab near Flag Hall on the museum’s second floor. This lab, with its floor to ceiling windows, provides the public with their clos- est look ever at the flag, which is carefully unrolled a few feet (and sometimes inches) at a time on an immense alu- minum table. Conservators reach the flag by sitting or lying on a 35-foot-wide moveable gantry platform that is sus- pended above the flag. During the treatment phase of the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project, conservators will carefully vacuum the flag and then clean it using chemical solvents and detergents. Stitch by stitch, they will remove a linen lining added in 1914. The laboratory and the accom- panying exhibition, “Preserving the Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem,” which ex- plains the flag’s history and describes the treatment process, opened to the public in May 1999. The Star-Spangled Ban- ner Preservation Project is made possible with major support from Polo Ralph Lauren. Generous support and significant leadership are also provided by The Pew Charitable Trusts, the U.S. Congress, the White House Millennium Council, and Save America’s Treasures at the National Trust for His- toric Preservation. The History Channel broadcast an original one-hour documentary about the Star-Spangled Banner and the preservation project on December 3, 1998, and with the museum's Education staff, developed a com- panion teacher's manual, “Save Our History: Teaching the Star-Spangled Banner.” “Communities in a Changing Nation” offered another perspective on American Identity by exploring the promise and reality of life in the 1800s through the experiences of three different communities: factory owners and workers in Bridgeport, Connecticut; Jewish immigrants in Cincinnati, Ohio; and African Americans in the South Carolina low country. Subtitled “The Promise of t9th-Century America,” it opened in February 1999. On July 29, 1999, “Photographing History: Fred J. Ma- roon and the Nixon Years, 1970-1974” opened, coinciding with the 25th anniversary of the end of the Nixon Adminis- ration. It featured 120 of Fred J. Maroon’s photographs, which document President Nixon’s years in the White House. This exhibit has been added to the museum’s Web site as a virtual exhibit, complete with textual narrative and audio recordings. Several programs were held with the ex- hibit, including a Smithsonian Associates discussion and signing of his 1999 coauthored book, The Nixon Years, 1969-1974: White House to Watergate, and a gallery talk hosted by Maroon and the exhibition curator. The exhibition year began daringly with “Evel Knievel: Happy Landings.” Evel Knievel’s helmet and white leather jumpsuit and other memorabilia were installed alongside his Harley Davidson motorcycle in the museum's Road Trans- portation Hall. The museum hosted “Closings: the Life and Death of an American Factory,” a documentary photography show from the North Carolina Museum of Art, examining one photographer's view of the last days of a North Carolina factory. The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service premiered “Americanos: Latino Life in the United States” at the museum in spring of 1999. This exhibit pre- sented 120 photographs displaying the breadth and variety of the Latino experience. “A Visual Journey: The Lisa Law Photographs,” presented one woman’s view of the sweeping cultural changes of the 1960s, as well as their origins and results. Lisa Law docu- mented daily life, and the larger cultural and political events during this era, from the psychedelic music scene of San Francisco and Los Angeles to the spiritual and family-ori- ented world of commune life in New Mexico and Woodstock. Showcase exhibitions included “Santo Pinhole: A Saint for Photography,” which examined a tribute to Ansel Adams by New Mexican artist Elizabeth Kay. “Feather Trade” cele- brated the centenary of American conservation with a look at the fad for feathered hats, hunting and collecting, and the beginning of the Audubon and conservation movement at the turn of the last century. “History in the News” case ex- hibits, spotlighting noteworthy or anniversary-related collections, included “Transistors: 50 Years Old” and a case entitled “Duke Ellington and the Smithsonian” as part of the Ellington centennial celebration. The museum produced a wide variety of public programs, tours, outreach and educational programs, and hands-on learning opportunities. “Encuentros: Latino America at the Smithsonian” is a series of public programs that reflect the rich and distinctive contributions of Latinos to the history of the United States. In 1999, “Encuentros” programs included Puerto Rican guitarist Yomo Toro, a re-creating of the Car- naval de Ponce from Puerto Rico, the Ehecatl Aztec Dancers, Mexican-American performing artist Guillermo Gomez- Pefia, Ehecatl Aztec Dancers, painter and storyteller Carmen Lomas Garza, Washington’s own Latin American chamber choir Coral Cantigas, and the contemporary Chicano play The Last Angry Brown Hat. In addition, there were also fam- Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 29 ily workshops on santos and masking traditions, and a schol- arly conference on the “Legacies of 1898.” For the 1999 centennial of Duke Ellington’s birth, the museum took a leadership role in the celebration. The Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra led with “Duke Ellington: A Centennial Tribute,” a nationwide concert tour. It touched down in Washington, D.C., in February for the Duke Ellington rooth Birthday Celebration at the Kennedy Center, and in April presented Ellington’s three rarely per- formed sacred concerts at the Washington National Cathedral. In July, the orchestra embarked on its first-ever world tour, “Duke Ellington Cotton Club Revue,” visiting 14 cities and headlining in Canada, Europe, and the Middle East. The Program in African-American Culture continued its initiative to extend the Ellington Collection to teachers and students in Washington, D.C. On Ellington’s birth date, April 29, the museum and students from Washington, D.C., were linked via satellite with students in Kansas City, Mis- souri, and Cleveland, Ohio, for a distance learning experience that included live performances, lectures, and Ellington family guests. In addition, the museum hosted the Ellington Youth Festival, which included poetry readings and an art show. One of the key additions to the museum’s collection was the acquisition of archival material including music, correspondence, photographs, and newspaper articles relating to the activities of the Duke Ellington Orchestra, along with a Wurlitzer electronic piano and cigarette case owned and used by Ellington. The Program in African-American Culture launched the multiyear series “African-Americans at the Millennium: From Middle Passage to Cyberspace.” The focus of PAAC’s annual conference was the Middle Passage, the second leg of the Atlantic slave trade triangle. This is a story of pain, sur- vival, and transformation—a historic episode that transformed millions of people from Africans to African- Americans and gave rise to the construction of a social category called race. The Chamber Music Program hosted its season series of concerts for Washington, D.C., audiences. The centerpiece of the program, the Axelrod Quartet, traveled with the Stradi- varius quartet of instruments from the museum’s collections, performing on these masterpieces in Fort Worth, Texas, and Toronto, Canada. Always a high point of the year, the museum’s annual “Holiday Celebration” drew more than 100,000 visitors in three days in December. Audiences sampled, participated in, and learned about the diverse ways American communities celebrate the holiday season through music, crafts, dance, and food. FY 1999 saw the beginning of two new education pro- grams developed by the Education and Visitor Services Department. In collaboration with the District of Columbia Public Libraries and Reading Is Fundamental (RIF), the mu- seum launched a multiyear literacy and history education project called “The Story in History.” As part of the project, ten classes of fourth graders from metro area “at-risk” schools came to visit the museum’s Hands on History Room (HOHR) twice. Each student had the opportunity to select three thematically related books to keep. In June, the chil- dren returned to the museum with their families for the culminating event of The Story In History, the Family Literacy Festival. This after-hours event featured award-winning au- thors reading from their books, storytellers, and related hands-on museum activities. Five hundred children, their families, and teachers attended. The second new program, “OurStory,” addresses the museum’s commitment to better serve families and children. Each program invites families to explore America’s past through museum objects, literature, and hands-on activities. The annual Kids Learning History Conference took place at American History in April, cosponsored by the National History Alliance and the National Council for History Edu- cation. More than 275 teachers and museum educators attended workshops and seminars designed to help them bring innovative educational practices into their classrooms and local museums. “Disability and the Practice of Public History” was an interdisciplinary conference for disability scholars, public history and museum professionals, exhibit developers, and activists on integrating ideas about people with disabilities into history content, beyond issues of access. The museum Web site (http://americanhistory.si.edu) continues to expand and better serve our audiences. This year was a blockbuster for virtual exhibitions such as “Edison After 40,” “A Visual Journey: Photographs by Lisa Law,” “The Feather Trade,” and “Photographing History: Fred J. Maroon and the Nixon Years.” Other new sites focused on collections (“Parthian Coins” and the “Ellington Archive Virtual Tour and Program”) and events (“Encuentros,” the “Disability and the Practice of Public History” Conference, and the “Duke Ellington Anniversary Site,” which was nom- inated for a Smithsonian Institution Exhibition Award. This year, the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation kicked off its 1999-2000 theme, “Invention at Play,” an exploration of the creative role of play in the in- ventive process and the importance of invention in American toys, games, and sports. The annual showcase exhibition, “Sporting Invention,” featured Howard Head’s skis and tennis rackets, along with a prototype of a snowboard accessi- ble to individuals with physical disabilities. To celebrate the 150th anniversary of Lewis Latimer, the Center commis- sioned the Brewery Troupe to create a puppet play about this African American inventor's life. “Lewis Latimer: Renais- sance Man” was performed at the museum in 1998 for school and family audiences, and in March 1999 a taped broadcast of the show aired in more than 6,000 schools nationwide. The puppets, depicting Lewis Latimer, Frederick Douglass, and Thomas Edison, are now part of the museum’s collection. The Center’s ongoing program “Innovative Lives” intro- duces middle schoolers to living inventors. In 1999, Ann Moore, inventor of the Snugli baby carrier, and Newman Darby, inventor of the sport of windsurfing, came to the museum. To encourage use of invention and support research on invention, in 1999 the Center initiated the “Travel to 30 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Collections Awards Program,” which offers transportation awards for scholars to come and study at the museum. The Affiliations Program gained momentum. In 1999, the museum had a total of 21 affiliate relationships with muse- ums nationwide. Of those, eight active affiliations involve more than 350 loaned objects, with ro other affiliations in the planning stages. The largest and most active affiliate in 1999 was The National Museum of Industrial History (NMIH), a new museum that will be located at the former Bethlehem Steel Corporation mill in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. In 1999, American History dismantled its “1876: A Centennial Cele- bration” from the Arts and Industries Building after a 23-year run and sent it to Bethlehem. In addition, an American His- tory team shipped 100 artifacts weighing more than 50 tons from the Arts and Industries Building to Bethlehem. That in- cluded the “Great Locomotive Switch”: a Smithsonian rigging crew and two contracted rigging crews, with curatorial assis- tance from American History’s train experts, moved three Smithsonian locomotives to new homes. The Jupiter was moved into the railroad hall at American History. The Olo- mana and the 11-ton Pioneer of 1851 went to Bethlehem on long-term loan to the new museum, along with items such as an 1875 Otis elevator, steam engines, a tractor, machine tools, telegraphy equipment, and a windmill. Other Allifiations involved with American History in- cluded the Chabot Observatory in Oakland, California. Eight objects, including six telescopes, from American His- tory’s physical science collection are going on long-term loan to the state-of-the-art observatory and planetarium. Origins, a museum and cultural center in Arlington, Texas, received items from American History’s sports history collection last year for installation at the Legends of the Game Museum in Rangers Stadium. The B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland, and American History are exploring collaborative research, exhibit, and educational programs. The first tangi- ble step occurred in 1999, when American History lent the museum a nineteenth-century B&O signage drum that was used on a B&O caboose. National Museum of the American Indian W. Richard West, Director The National Museum of the American Indian, established in 1989 by Public Law ror-185, is a hemispheric institution of living cultures dedicated to the preservation, study, and exhibition of the historic and contemporary life, languages, literature, history, and arts of Native Peoples. The museum also is dedicated to supporting and perpetuating contempo- rary Native cultures and communities. Three days of events from September 26 to 28 celebrated key museum achievements as the National Museum of the American Indian also marked its first decade. The public opening of the Cultural Resources Center on September 26; delivery of a seminal speech titled “Against All Odds” by NMAI Director W. Richard West to the national press corps about the purpose of the museum on September 27; and on September 28, a ground-breaking ceremony for the National Mall museum. The ground-breaking ceremony was covered by media from throughout the world and captured front- page attention in the Washington Post and the New York Times. More than 1,500 museum members and others toured the new Cultural Resources Center (CRC) in Suitland, Mary- land, which eventually will house the museum’s entire 800,000-object collection. The collection is being moved from the Research Branch in the Bronx, New York. The CRC now serves as a research, study, and educational facility. At the Cultural Resources Center, which reflects Native design concepts and orientation thanks to extensive tribal consultations, indoor and outdoor ceremonial areas are avail- able to tribal delegations. There tribal elders and others can perform ceremonies and rituals with objects from the collec- tion connected to their tribes. NMAI Native artist fellows, Native interns, scholars, and researchers are other primary users of the Cultural Resources Center. Since its founding in 1989, the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) has worked closely and collaboratively with tribes throughout the Western Hemisphere. The museum’s world-renowned collection has been available to tribes for inspection and ceremonial use. During these visits, tribal representatives have assisted the museum in identifying objects and explaining their traditional uses. The museum’s Community Services Department works regularly with tribes throughout the hemisphere in cultural exchanges, workshops, and other programs. For example, a daylong workshop was held by the NMAI in Sonoma County, California, to introduce a new generation of basket weavers from Pomoan tribes to a sedge and willow gathering area that was not known to them. As development erases tra- ditional gathering areas for basket-making materials, connecting weavers to previously unknown sites helps to perpetuate their art and craft. The workshop was held in conjunction with an NMAI exhibition “Pomo Indian Basket Weavers, Their Baskets and the Art Market.” Pomo weavers, storytellers, dancers, and others tribal members participated in the exhibition programming and traveled to New York from California. In the past year, NMAI’s interdisciplinary research has been focused in Peru and Mexico and the North American Plains, Southeast, and Southwest. Current research with and for indigenous communities is creating the inaugural exhibi- tions for the museum on the National Mall, which will encompass the worldview and philosophies, histories, and vi- talities of indigenous peoples. NMAT’s curatorial staff is working collaboratively with the Seminole Tribe of Florida, Eastern Band of Cherokees of North Carolina, Oglala Lakota of South Dakota, and Quechua of Peru on the first several of approximately 40 tribal consultations that will be the basis of tribally curated exhibitions at the Mall museum. Tribes will also select ob- jects from the NMAI collection to represent their cultures in Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes Sil three planned exhibitions: “Our Universes,” “Our Peoples,” and “Our Lives.” A December 2, 1999, gala for the benefit of the endow- ment fund of the museum’s George Gustav Heye Center endowment for the museum was held at the Pierre Hotel in New York City and resulted in a net profit of $1.2 million. U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, Ted Turner, Jane Fonda, and others helped to lead the event for the NMAI. A new NMAI four-color 32-page quarterly publication named American Indian was developed during 1999 to replace the NMAT's use of Native Peoples magazine as well as the Run- ner and Quarterly Calendar. American Indian will be sent to all NMAI members beginning in January with a winter issue. The publication will focus the museum’s mission-driven work throughout the hemisphere and will present NMAI members with an insider's view of the museum. The publica- tion also will raise awareness of our development needs, as well as the progress of the Mall museum construction and programs and exhibitions at the GGHC. Design and construction of the NMAI Mall museum was assumed by the Smithsonian in 1999. Assisting the Smith- sonian are Polshek Partnership, Tobey + Davis, joint venture architects; Johnpaul Jones (Cherokee/Choctaw), design con- sultant; Lou Weller (Caddo/Cherokee), design consultant; EDAW, landscape architects; Severud Associates, structural engineers; Cosentini Associates, mechanical/electrical engi- neers; Donna House (Navajo/Oneida), ethnobotanist landscape consultant; and Ramona Sakiestewa (Hopi), inte- rior design consultant. National Museum of Natural History Robert W. Fri, Director The National Museum of Natural History enhances the un- derstanding of the natural world and humanity’s place in it. The museum’s researchers study natural and cultural diver- sity by collecting and identifying specimens of nature and human invention, establishing relationships among them, and explaining the underlying processes that generate, shape, and sustain their diversity. The close linkage among research, outreach, and collections stewardship is a hallmark of the museum, lending perspective and authenticity to its research and authority to its outreach. With the opening of the Samuel C. Johnson Theater and the completion of work on the film Galapagos in 1999, the museum embraced a vivid and accessible new medium for presenting the diversity, complexity, and value of the natural world. The Johnson Theater and the other facilities in the new Discovery Center—the Atrium Café and the Museum Shops—promise to make the museum an even more reward- ing place to visit. New initiatives and technologies are making the mu- seum the hub of a national network for science education. Through live satellite links to the museum’s Electronic Classroom, students and teachers take part in electronic field trips and research presentations conducted by Museum staff. Each participating school receives an “expe- dition kit” so that during the broadcast students can conduct an experiment while watching the demonstration at the museum. Conrad Labandeira and Peter Wilf of the Paleobiology Department reported in the journal Science on their study of insect damage on fossil plant assemblages in southwestern Wyoming. Their research demonstrated that insect herbi- vores responded by increased levels of herbivory and in the variety of damage types on host-plant species. Focusing on an interval of time from the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene (from 56 to 53 million years ago) that is associated with the greatest rise in global temperatures during the past 65 mil- lion years, they documented the first evidence in the fossil record of a long-term insect herbivore response to a major temperature shift. Tim McCoy of the Department of Mineral Sciences has been investigating how lava flows solidify on the surface of Mars by studying the Martian meteorite Zagami from the Smithsonian meteorite collection. The presence of different rock layers in this meteorite, one of only 13 known to come from Mars, suggests that lava flows may break up over long cooling periods, a common process that future Mars explor- ers (robots and humans) might encounter. The museum received an unprecedented four-year grant from the National Science Foundation to support 13 biology, geology, and anthropology students in the museum's Re- search Training Program. Each summer, the program offers 24 to 28 undergraduate students from around the world an opportunity to explore their research interests under the di- rection of museum scientists. Working with private-sector partners Scansite 3D, Stein- bichler, and Virtual Surfaces, Inc., the museum’s Department of Paleobiology and Morphometrics Lab are producing a vir- tual Triceratops that can be examined and manipulated by computer. At the same time, scientists and conservators are restoring the original fossil Triceratops and making molds that will be used to cast Triceratops models for display and study at other institutions. “Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People,” the first American exhibition exploring the 10,000-year-old culture of the native people of northern Japan, opened April 30, 1999. Produced by the museum’s Arctic Studies Center, the exhibi- tion and book of the same name were made possible in part by the generous financial assistance of the Nippon Founda- tion, Japan-United States Friendship Commission, and Japan Foundation. The National Anthropological Archives received a grant from Save America’s Treasures, a partnership of the White House Millennium Council and the National Trust for His- toric Preservation, to preserve and make accessible a collection of 20,000 nineteenth-century Native American drawings. The drawings record their makers’ lives and their experience of western expansion. 32 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 National Portrait Gallery Alan Fern, Director The National Portrait Gallery is dedicated to the exhibition and study of portraits of people who have made significant contributions to American history and culture and to the study of the artists who created such portraiture. It collects, documents, and preserves portraits in all media as both his- torical and artistic artifacts. An important exhibition exploring the world of science in the years surrounding the Revolutionary War—’Franklin & His Friends: Portraying the Man of Science in Eighteenth- Century America’—was organized by Brandon Brame Fortune, Assistant Curator of Painting and Sculpture, and Deborah J. Warner, Curator, Division of Science, Medicine, and Society, NMAH. Other exhibitions presented included “Theodore Roosevelt: Icon of the American Century,” “Philippe Halsman: A Retrospective,” “Paul Robeson: Artist and Citizen,” “George and Martha Washington: Portraits from the Presidential Years,” “Hans Namuth: Portraits,” “Picturing Hemingway: A Writer in His Time,” “Edward Sorel: Unau- thorized Portraits,” and “A Durable Memento: Portraits by Augustus Washington, African American Daguerreotypist.” Major acquisitions included a bequest of the painting of Thomas Jefferson by Mather Brown. Gifts included portraits of Lafayette attributed to Pierre-Paul Prud’hon, General George S. Patton Jr. by Boleslaw Czedekowski, Henry James by Ellen Emmet Rand, Richard Watson Gilder by Cecilia Beaux, Washington Irving by Charles Loring Elliott, draw- ings of Edna Ferber, Gordon Bunshaft, David Sarnoff and William Paley by Louis Bouché, and Jamie Wyeth by Andy Warhol. Purchases included a donative purchase of 25 pho- tographs by Philippe Halsman, a full-length portrait of John F. Kennedy by Elaine de Kooning, a silhouette of Rufus King attributed to William Bache, and an oil sketch of Mike Mansfield by Aaron Shikler. A photograph of Rosa Parks by Ida Berman was acquired, along with photographs of Mo- hammed Ali, Malcolm X, and Stokely Carmichael by Gordon Parks, Ernest Hemingway by Yousuf Karsh, and a daguerreotype of Lemuel Shaw by Southworth & Hawes. On January 9, 2000, the Gallery will close its doors to the public for approximately three years while the Old Patent Office Building, which houses the museum, undergoes a ma- jor renovation. Four new exhibitions drawn from more than 18,000 images in the Portrait Gallery’s collection and four shows previously exhibited in Washington will travel throughout the United States and to Japan and Europe while the museum is closed. The new exhibitions include a major group of portraits of the U.S. presidents based on the mu- seum’s renowned Hall of Presidents; 75 paintings spanning more than two centuries, including works by the most im- portant portrait artists the nation has produced; a wide-ranging group of 60 photographs of notable American women of the twentieth century portrayed by the preemi- nent photographers of our time; and a collection of extraordinary portrait drawings beginning with a luminous watercolor self-portrait by Mary Cassatt. The Director's Circle, the first formal group of individual donors, was successfully created to bring a broad range of supporters together in an organized manner to support the Gallery's programs. In addition, an NPG Council is being planned to broaden the base of support by opening doors to foundations, corporations, and individuals on a national and international basis. The Gallery appreciates the funds it re- ceived this year from the Smithsonian’s Center for Latino Initiatives, Educational Outreach Fund, Scholarly Studies Program, and the Special Exhibitions Fund; American Her- itage Magazine, The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation, The J. Paul Getty Trust, Home Box Office, J.M. Kaplan Fund, Thomasville Furniture Industries, Inc., the Washington Post, the Washington Times, and WBIG-FM. The Education Department received a major grant to de- velop, implement, and evaluate an expanded menu of outreach programs for our Washington, D.C., metropolitan area and national audiences. A series of 48 living history per- formances drew a combined audience of 3,230, and Hispanic Heritage Month programs featured a series of panel discus- sions and a series of U.S.-made Latino films, shorts, and documentaries. Close to 3,000 visitors enjoyed the varied sounds of July’s Courtyard Concert series, “The Age of Elvis: The Roots of Rock & Roll.” Visits to NPG’s award-winning Web site averaged approximately 180,000 per month. More than 4,000 digital images now accompany records on the newly implemented Collections Information System with various scanning projects in progress. The Charles Willson Peale Family Papers submitted final page proofs and index to Yale University Press for volume 5 of the Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, The Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale. Publication is scheduled for spring 2000. Plans for volumes 6 and 7, to be comprised of selected letters and documents from the chil- dren of James and Charles Willson Peale, have been approved by the Advisory Board. National Postal Museum James H. Bruns, Director The National Postal Museum, through its collection and li- brary, is dedicated to the preservation, study, and presentation of postal history and philately. The museum uses research, ex- hibits, education, and public programs to make this rich history available to a wide and diverse audience. Remembering a Titanic Year Since opening its doors in July 1993, the National Postal Museum has continued to work vigorously to improve its ex- hibits, exploring new, innovative methods for interpretation. The museum prides itself on its development of engaging and informative public programs, and interactive digital ex- hibitions for the Internet to expand the scope and reach of our exhibitions. The National Postal Museum regularly par- Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 33 ticipates in both national and international philatelic and postal events. In Fiscal Year 1999, the staff of the National Postal Museum combined the energies and talents of its en- tire staff for a yearlong series of events, exhibitions, public programs, and on-line exhibits dedicated to telling the pow- erful story of the RMS Titanic. The official name of the great ship that could not be sunk was Royal Mail Ship Titanic. The great disaster claimed the lives of five sea post clerks as well as six million pieces of mail. Fiscal Year 1999 was truly a Ti- tanic year for the National Postal Museum. The National Postal Museum was invited to exhibit “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic” at two venues in Melbourne, Australia from March through June 1999. “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic” marked the museum’s first traveling exhibi- tion and was seen by more than 250,000 visitors in Melbourne as part of the “Melbourne 99” international phil- atelic exposition. The exhibition was later installed in the Postmaster’s Gallery at the Australia Post in Melbourne. In May, “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic” was featured in San An- tonio, Texas, at the National Postal Forum in conjunction with the American Postal Workers Union. Following these events, the museum installed and opened the complete “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic” at the National Postal Museum on September 17, 1999. The expanded exhi- bition featured large-scale murals of the ship, an exploration of sea post mail service, and paintings of the five sea post clerks who perished while attempting to save Titanic’s mail. The highlights of the exhibition were the extraordinary ob- jects removed from the bodies of the clerks recovered at sea. These included Oscar Scott Woody’s keys to Titanic’s mail room and John Starr March’s gold pocket watch eerily stopped at 1:27. “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic’ was kicked off with a spec- tacular gala event with the museum’s supporters, leaders of the mailing industry, and leaders from the U.S. Postal Ser- vice. Educational and public programs, an interactive digital exhibition, and special tours carried this important story to an exceptionally broad audience. The exhibition is expected to travel to Smithsonian Affiliate museums in the future. In addition to the concentrated effort on the Titanic exhi- bitions, the National Postal Museum installed three other major exhibitions. On October 6, 1998, “As Precious As Gold,” documenting the role of the Post Office during the 1896 Alaskan gold rush opened to the public. Immediately following this, “Mayhem by Mail,” exploring the world of postal inspectors and crime in the mail opened on October 16. Finally, in January, “Down With the Frauds!,” featuring a rare collection of revenue stamps used to regulate adulter- ated foods opened in the museum’s Rarities Gallery. Collection Management The 13-million-object collection of the National Postal Mu- seum is selectively expanded each fiscal year. In accordance with the collecting policy, the museum acquires rare or sig- nificant United States and international philatelic and postal history objects and routine amounts of U.S. stamp material from the U.S. Postal Service, Bureau of Engraving and Print- ing, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In Fiscal Year 1999 the museum acquired a rare example of the first adhesive postage stamp on cover (the 1831 Greek 40-lepta charity tax or postage due issue). And special emphasis was placed on obtaining Titanic-related material for the exhibition “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic.” Collection Management’s agenda targets every aspect of object care: research, retrieval, and distribution of object-re- lated data and images; object storage, shipping, and accountability; preservation and treatment; and observance of the legalities of custodianship over acquisitions and loans. Continued goals of the department are the greater accounta- bility, utilization and visibility, and better long-term care of the collection. In Fiscal Year 1999 the museum began its first coopera- tive project with a Smithsonian Affiliate, The Women’s Museum: An Institute for the Future, located in Dallas, Texas. Staff worked with contracted facilitators to select mu- seum objects suitable for that museum’s inaugural exhibition. More specialized collections became the focus of cata- loging and rehousing efforts. Work continued on rehousing the extensive U.S. certified plate proof collection. And with financial support from the Center for Latino Initiatives, early Honduran airmail proofs and overprinted postage stamps were linked to accession records, described and archivally housed for future research use. Specialized collections of mid-nineteenth to early twentieth-century Salvadoran phila- telic objects were also professionally conserved and archivally rehoused. With a commitment to expanding and better utilizing object information, the Collection Management Department contracted for the installation of the relational database, The Museum System (edition 9.1). This system of related infor- mation modules will allow multiple users to access, update, and create information about every aspect of object and ob- ject-related activities. It also promises a future for public accessibility. Approximately 60,000 records were converted to Access format for final conversion into TMS records. The lengthy assessment and stocking of the U.S. stamp collection continued. This project, which ultimately intends to build complete Master, Reference, and Exhibit collec- tions, has a short-term goal of producing a new U.S. stamp exhibit. In this period, one quarter of the exhibit material was assembled. Department staff led a museum committee to assess the need for collections supplementary to the Registered Collec- tion and to create standards and definitions for their management. An eight-page draft, completed by Collection Management staff, proposed definitions and policies to address educational collections, exhibit props and nonacces- sioned collections. This draft will be attached to the museum’s revised Collection Management policy. Education Department The Education Department successfully attracted larger numbers of visitors to our public programs, to hands-on days 34 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 in the Discovery Center, and to our curricula publications than ever before. We reached out to two traditionally under- served constituent groups: pre-kindergarten students and the self-guided visitor. For pre-kindergarten children (ages 2—4), we developed a fanciful story-tour entitled “Let’s Deliver Mail.” Using a felt storyboard, students follow the mail de- livery adventures of three characters (a Little Letter, a Pretty Postcard, and a Big Package). They learn about a letter car- rier’s job, don mailbags to pick up and deliver mail to Owney the Dog in the museum’s atrium. To serve self- guided visitors, we created colorful, laminated self-guides that craftily invite the visitor to learn in every gallery. The Education Department's other highlights for the year included continuing docent training classes who in turn, conducted literally thousands of tours for the public. The Education Department developed and hosted more than 20 engaging and interactive programs and lectures for visitors covering a wide range of postal history and philately. A new style of hands-on Discovery Center day was created with monthly themes, drawing an average of 50 visitors each two- hour session. Among the many public program offerings of the Education Department were a lecture and slide presenta- tion about the “Letters of Van Gogh” in January and the “Boys and Girls Club Absolutely Incredible Kids Day” in March where visitors wrote letters to homeless children that were particularly touching. The Graceful Envelope Contest enjoyed another successful year with Nature as the contest theme for Fiscal Year 1999. Seventy-five winning envelopes were selected from the en- tries and displayed in a special exhibition from May to October. Similarly, the second Folk Art Mailbox Contest at- tracted many entries with photographs of five winning mailboxes displayed in the museum. The Education Department continued its strong outreach efforts by distributing the “Classroom in a Can Lesson One: Cuneiform” to more than 1,000 Title 1 schools nationwide. In addition, the demand for Education Department publica- tions remained constant. The Education Department distributed 1,603 Postal Pack for Elementary Students, 542 Pen Friends, 611 Secondary School Postal Packs, and 1,000 Letters From Home publications. National Zoological Park Michael H. Robinson, Director The mission of the National Zoo, established by Congress in 1889 as a Smithsonian bureau, is to encourage the advance- ment of science and the education and recreation of the people. The Zoo is carrying its founders’ visions into the new Millennium and positioning itself to respond to the looming biodiversity crisis. When Director Michael Robinson arrived in 1984, he en- visioned transforming the Zoo into a “biopark,” where basic biology and conservation concepts could be explained by drawing examples from the best elements of zoos, botanic gardens, and natural history museums. He also saw an op- portunity to cross-reference other Smithsonian museums where exhibits relate to themes one might encounter at the Zoo. Now, Robinson’s concept is embodied in many popular exhibits, including the recently opened American Prairie. American Prairie Exhibit Opens American Prairie, located along Olmsted Walk, opened on July 8. Two bison, numerous prairie dogs, and native plants introduce the prairie’s delicate ecological system. Reflecting the prairie theme, the bison shelter is reminiscent of the Great Plain’s sod-roofed barns. Montali Research An article by Dr. Richard Montali, chief of the National Zoo's pathology department, and Dr. Laura Richman, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, was published in the February 19, 1999, issue of Scvence. The article explained how the death of Kumari, the National Zoo's Asian elephant calf, led them to discover two new herpesviruses believed responsible for at least ten Asian and African elephant calves’ deaths in North America since 1983. It also points to solutions for successfully treating calves that contract the viruses. Thanks to Montali’s and Richman’s work, veterinarians successfully treated a similar infection using the drug famciclovir on a calf at a zoo in Springfield, Missouri. Frog Fungus Identified The Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation published a re- port by Don Nichols, NZP pathologist, describing an unusual skin disease he first observed in 1991 in a research colony of California toads. Nichols later found similar cases in two of the Zoo’s White's tree frogs and an ornate horned frog. He has also seen the disease in many of the Zoo’s young poi- son arrow frogs and in wild frogs from Arizona to Quebec. Joyce Longcore, a world expert on fungi, identified the unique organism causing the disease as an aquatic fungus in the phylum Chytridiomycetes—the only fungus group that produces spores with flagella. In Mycologia, Longcore and Nichols named this new genus and species Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Nichols is now certain that the organism is responsible for the disease. He and Zoo biologist Elaine Lamirande note that fungal spores are attracted to keratin, present in frog skin and in the mouth of tadpoles, and that the fungal cul- tures prefer temperatures below 26° C. Nichols and Lamirande hope these clues will help develop techniques to combat the disease. ELIPSE The Zoo and its Conservation and Research Center, along with the National Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, have collabo- rated with the Institute for Conservation Biology to bring the Smithsonian's resources to the Miami Latino community. Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 35 Steven Monfort directs the effort, known as ELIPSE (Envi- ronmental Latino Initiative Promoting Science Education). This project has forged a network between Smithsonian researchers and several Southern Florida organizations—the Zoological Society of Florida, the Miami Museum of Science and the Miami-Dade County Public School system. Hsing-Hsing’s Health Hsing-Hsing, the Zoo's giant panda, experienced serious health problems during the spring. For several years he re- sponded to treatment for arthritis, but this spring, he experienced lethargy and appetite loss. When veterinarians anaesthetized him, the exam revealed incurable progressive kidney dysfunction. Hsing has responded to medication, but his long-term prognosis is not good. Panda Negotiations Ben Beck, Devra Kleiman, and Lisa Stevens, three Zoo staffers with long-term panda involvement, traveled to China in late June to discuss details of an agreement that might bring new pandas to the Zoo. Zoo staff hope the Chi- nese will consider the Zoo’s proposal because of its contributions to medical, behavioral, nutritional, and demo- graphic wild panda studies. As of late August, the request is still under negotiation. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Irwin I. Shapiro, Director Headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the scientific staff at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) carries out a wide variety of research programs in astronomy and astrophysics, Earth and space science, and science education in close collaboration with the Harvard College Observatory (HCO). The combined staff now numbers nearly 300 scientists, with many holding joint appoint- ments. Together, the two observatories form the Harvard- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) to coordinate related activities under a single director. Research is organized in seven divisions, with an addi- tional department devoted to science education. And, while both observatories retain their separate identities, the com- bined CfA staff actively cooperates, conducting programs of study among the following divisions and department: Atomic and Molecular Physics, High Energy Astrophysics, Optical and Infrared Astronomy, Planetary Sciences, Radio and Geoastronomy, Solar and Stellar Physics, Theoretical As- trophysics, and Science Education. Facilities Observational facilities include the multipurpose Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) on Mt. Hopkins in Arizona and the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts. The major instrument on Mt. Hopkins is the multiple mir- ror telescope (MMT), operated jointly with the University of Arizona. Also located at the FLWO are a 10-m-diameter re- flector to detect gamma rays, a 1.2-m imaging optical/infrared telescope, and a 1.5-m spectroscopic tele- scope; it also houses a 1.3-m optical telescope, operated by the University of Massachusetts and other partners, and an optical and infrared interferometer (IOTA), built in collabo- ration with the universities of Massachusetts and Wyoming and MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory. Major support facilities in Cambridge include a panoply of computers connected by a local area network, a central en- gineering department, a machine shop, a large astronomical library, design and drafting capability, and in-house printing and publishing services. Special laboratories are maintained for the petrologic and mineralogic studies of meteorites and lunar samples, for the spectroscopy of atoms and molecules, and for the develop- ment of instrumentation, including advanced electronic detectors and atomic maser clocks. Major research endeavors include the development of a Submillimeter Array (SMA) (a joint project with the Institute of Astronomy and Astro- physics of Taiwan’s Academia Sinica) on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, and the conversion of the MMT to a single-mirror telescope 6.5 m in diameter. SAO instrumentation is also operating in space. For exam- ple, the ultraviolet coronagraph spectrometer (UVCS) conducts ongoing studies of the Sun’s corona, one of a suite of experiments aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observa- tory (SOHO) spacecraft launched in 1995. In addition, development of new instrumentation for other space mis- sions led to two successful launches during the year—the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) in Decem- ber and, in July, a similar successful launch and deployment of the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Further, the Science Education Department conducts sev- eral programs designed to improve the teaching of precollege science and mathematics, partly through the use of examples from astronomy. These programs include the de- velopment of curriculum materials and videos, and the training of precollege educators. Numerous facilities serving the general astronomical com- munity are located at the CfA in Cambridge as well. The Institute for Theoretical Atomic and Molecular Physics, es- tablished in 1988 to attact and encourage talented graduate students to enter this field, emphasizes study of fundamental questions in atomic and molecular physics. Other services include the International Astronomical Union’s Central Bu- reau for Astronomical Telegrams and the Minor Planet Center, both of which disseminate information on astronom- ical discoveries worldwide. The gateway for SIMBAD, an international astronomical computer database, is also located at the Cambridge site, as is Harvard’s extensive collection of astronomical photographic plates, the largest in the world. In addition, on behalf of NASA, SAO operates the astro- physics data system (ADS), as well as the flight control center for AXAF and the AXAF Science Center—now re- named the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Chandra 36 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 X-ray Center, respectively. And, SAO continues to provide guest observer facilities for investigators using the Roentgen X-ray satellite (ROSAT), a joint venture of Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Research Highlights The Chandra X-ray Observatory, one of NASA's “Great Ob- servatories” and a landmark U.S. mission, was successfully deployed from the Space Shuttle in July 1999. SAO played a lead role in designing Chandra, and operates it from the Chandra Operations Control Center in Cambridge. Chandra has been orbiting Earth and is sending back a steady stream of spectacular X-ray images. SAO is also the site of the Chandra Observatory Science Center, which coordinates re- search of the space observatory, and receives and archives its data for the world’s astronomical community. The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite, designed by SAO for NASA, was launched from a Pegasus-XL vehicle on December 5, 1998, and began its routine operations. SWAS is the first spaceborne observatory to operate at sub- millimeter wavelengths and has been giving astronomers new clues to some old cosmic mysteries, including how stars—and their accompanying planets—are born. For exam- ple, SWAS discovered that large amounts of water seem to pervade the interstellar medium, with particularly copious amounts in the huge molecular clouds thought to be the in- cubators of newborn stars. By contrast, SWAS has so far failed to detect molecular oxygen in those same interstellar clouds. SAO continued its leadership in solar studies in 1999. For nearly four decades, solar scientists have been puzzled by the fact that the high-speed portion of the solar wind travels twice as fast as predicted by theory, with some particles reaching velocities of 2 million miles per hour as they stream out of the Sun and wash over the entire solar system. Now, observations made with instruments built by SAO and flown aboard NASA's Spartan 201 spacecraft and the international Solar and Heliospheric Observatory have revealed a surpris- ing explanation for this mystery: Magnetic waves propel the particles through the corona like surfboarders riding the crests of a cosmic sea. The Sun’s outermost atmosphere, or corona, is an extremely tenuous, electrically charged gas that is seen from Earth only during a total eclipse of the Sun by the Moon, when it appears as a shimmering white veil sur- rounding the black lunar disk. Using ultraviolet coronagraph spectrometers on Spartan and SOHO to create artificial eclipses, SAO scientists detected rapidly vibrating magnetic fields within the corona that form magnetic waves that, in turn, seem to accelerate the solar wind. The electri- cal charges of the solar-wind particles, or ions, force them to spiral around the invisible magnetic lines. When the lines vibrate, as they do in a magnetic wave, the spiraling ions are accelerated out and away from the Sun. Indeed, SAO scien- tists believe there are magnetic waves in the corona with many different “wiggling periods,” or frequencies. Thus, these waves can accelerate various solar-wind particles at dif- ferent rates. For example, SAO researchers found, surprisingly, that the heavier oxygen ions actually move faster than the lighter hydrogen ions. The popular image of nascent planetary systems as thin, spinning pancakes of cosmic dust and debris may be changed by a new computer model that shows such disks are trans- formed into distinct rings once Pluto-like bodies form. By analyzing Hubble Space Telescope images of a suspected young planetary system recently discovered around the star HR 4796A, SAO scientists and their colleagues produced a computer model that suggests that rings around new plane- tary systems are common features. Indeed, the well-known Kuiper Belt of asteroids in our own solar system may be the residual remains of such a ring. Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives Refugio |. Rochin, Director The Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives, established in 1998, has as its mission to advance knowledge and under- standing of Latino contributions to U.S. history, culture, and society. In January 1999, the Board of Regents approved the establishment of the Smithsonian National Board for Latino Initiatives. In September 1999, the Regents approved the first members of the board, including representation from the academic, corporate, mass media, public, and nonprofit sectors. The board will provide advice, support, and expert- ise on Latino history, culture, art, and science and help develop the financial base for Latino initiatives at the Insti- tution. National interest in Smithsonian programs on Latinos is strong, and opportunities for expanding activities on Latinos are improving. Staff at the center increased from four to nine to bolster the center’s capacity for outreach, fund raising, training, Web site development, and research. During its inaugural year, the center promoted dialogues with Latino-related museums, cultural centers, and academic programs throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. Partners in programming included the Smithsonian’s affilia- tions programs in San Antonio, San Jose, and Miami, as well as the Inter-University Program for Latino Research (IUPLR), a national consortium of Latino studies centers. The center's summer workshop and research fellowships brought 20 schol- ars to the Smithsonian to work on projects and to learn from Smithsonian curators, researchers, and project managers. The center joined with the Argentine Embassy to honor Argentine archaeologist Alberto Rex Gonzales for his eminent contribu- tions in natural history. He received the Smithsonian Bicen- tennial Medal from Secretary I. Michael Heyman. The center’s director received the Partnership Award from the Hispanic Caucus of the American Association for Higher Education. The center developed its Web site (www.si.edu/latino) with national links to major programs for research, educa- tion, and museum studies. The purpose of the Web site is to make available and known the riches of Latino history and culture and to advance communication, collaboration, Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 37 and network building among organizations serving Latino communities. The Latino Initiatives Fund, administered by the center, contributed to more than 45 projects within the Smithson- ian. Among them were “Arriba! The History of Aviation in Latin America” at the National Air and Space Museum; a photography exhibition on Los Angeles Latino communities, “El Nuevo Mundo/The New World,” at the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; and studies of Latino musicians and writers, business entrepreneurs, and religious image carvers (santeros) at the National Museum of American His- tory. The National Museum of American History, National Museum of Natural History, National Portrait Gallery, and National Zoo received funds to develop educational pro- grams for Latino youth and communities. Several cultural events by Latino artists, educators, and performers were part of the outreach. The Latino music tradition is a major concern of the cen- ter and the core of a long-term initiative including exhibits, performances, and research. In 1999, the center and The Smithsonian Associates cosponsored “Musica de las Améri- cas,” an acclaimed series of performances and scholarly panels exploring the influence of Latin music on the musical and cultural heritage of the United States. With the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, the center produced the widely acclaimed exhibition “Americanos: Latino Life in the United States,” which will travel through the United States until 2003. In partnership with Time Warner, an exhibition sponsor, the center has de- veloped a visitor brochure and a related poster exhibit for schools. Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Lambertus van Zelst, Director The Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Educa- tion (SCMRE) is the Smithsonian’s specialized facility dedicated to research and training in the area of conserva- tion, analysis, and technical study of museum collections and related materials. Conservation and preservation research seeks to increase our understanding of the mechanisms that affect the preservation of materials in museum collections, in order to formulate improved exhibit, storage, and other use conditions, as well as to develop, test, and improve treat- ment technology. In collections-based research, objects from museum collections and related materials are studied to in- crease their contextual information value and address questions in archaeology, art history, etc. Several of these re- search programs are conducted in collaboration with other institutions, notably the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, and the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The international collaborative research program on the applications of these techniques in Latin American archaeol- ogy, coordinated by SCMRE and sponsored by the interna- tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), concluded its second year with a successful workshop in Cuzco (Peru). SCMRE also cosponsored the Conference on Modern Trends in Acti- vation Analysis hosted by the National Institute for Standards and Technology. Research continued on historic and prehistoric technolo- gies, on the preservation of natural history collections and the potential to recover molecular information from such collections, and on the mechanical and chemical properties of a wide variety of materials in museum collections and their implications on the preservation of objects in such col- lections. This year, SCMRE and Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California, agreed to develop joint programs in re- search, education, and outreach focused on the history of the California missions and aiming specifically at a Hispanic American audience. Initial research will examine production and distribution of ceramics at the California missions, and is intended to result in a variety of educational offerings, in- cluding exhibit programs and curriculum units for secondary schools. SCMRE continued a series of education and outreach ac- tivities based on technical information obtained from studies of santos, objects of veneration art specific to the Hispanic American cultural traditions. This year the laboratory organ- ized the exhibit “A Closer Look at Santos/Una Mirada mas Profunda a los Santos,” which had its first showing at the de Saisset Museum in Santa Clara, California. This bilingual ex- hibit, centered around four santos from the de Saisset Museum and the National Museum of American History, fo- cused on aspects of materials and techniques and the scientific methodologies employed in the technical studies. Continuing the offerings of its Research Libraries and Archives Conservation Training (RELACT) program, SCMRE this year organized, hosted, and conducted, in col- laboration with the International Centre for the Study of the Conservation and the Restoration of Cultural Property (IC- CROM), an intergovernmental organization based in Rome, Italy, a six-week international course on Preservation Princi- ples for Paper-based Collections. This course, attended by 11 professionals from archives in countries in Africa, Asia, Aus- tralia, and Europe, integrated technical and managerial issues involved in the preservation and use of archival collec- tions. An innovative, Web-based curriculum designed for this course will remain available and accessible for profes- sionals worldwide, and serve in future offerings of similar courses in various regions in the western hemisphere. SCMRE'’s Archaeological Conservation Training Program continued to serve an audience of conservation professionals, archaeologists and museum collection care staff. A number of conservators and conservation students received practical training experiences at archaeological sites in Harappa (Pak- istan), Copaén (Honduras), and Aguateca (Guatemala). At the same time, archaeologists and archaeology students active in field schools at these sites, as well as local professionals in the cultural sector, received training in conservation and preservation principles for archaeological materials during 38 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 excavation and subsequent laboratory processing and storage, through demonstrations, workshops, and lectures. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Ross Simons, Director The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) is a major international research and education center dedi- cated to understanding the ecological dynamics and human impacts in land/sea interactions of the coastal zone. SERC carries out research from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to the Antarctic Ocean; and from the farmlands of the Chesa- peake Bay watershed to the Mangroves of Central America. SERC scientists recently published a series of journal arti- cles on a 25-year study of stream discharges of materials from the Rhode River watershed. The studies, begun by Dr. David Correll, revealed in unprecedented detail the relation- ships between stream discharges and precipitation. Storms had an especially big effect on particulate materials in stream water. The establishment of a beaver dam on one watershed led to significant retention of nutrients. Unexpected long- term declines in discharges of silicate may reduce the growth of silicate-dependent phytoplankton, which help support the food chain in the Rhode River and Chesapeake Bay. Drs. Gallegos, Jordan, and Neale received a three-year, $510,181 grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to become a pilot site in a network of long-term, intensively monitored coastal index sites. The Coastal Intensive Site Network (CISNet) is part of Phase II of U.S. EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). CISNet is being established to provide a network of “outdoor laboratories” at which research and monitoring will be conducted to establish linkages between observed changes in environmental stressors and concomi- tant changes in ecological resources. The grant will allow SERC scientists to supplement ongoing measurements of nutrient fluxes from the watershed with new instrumenta- tion to monitor estuarine optical properties, namely spectral absorption and scattering coefficients. Research to interpret the monitored data will focus on three areas: (1) research to interpret estuarine optical properties in terms of the concen- trations of water quality parameters that are indicative of eutrophication and sediment pollution; (2) manipulative ex- periments to establish the response of i” sztw concentrations of water quality parameters to inputs of nutrients (both watershed discharge and atmospheric deposition) and partic- ulate matter on event to interannual time-scales; (3) process level research to examine the effects of solar UV (and espe- cially UV-B) radiation on nearshore plankton communities, as influenced by estuarine optical properties. The research is expected improve the environmental decision-making process, by establishing comparative mechanisms by which nutrient inputs by watershed discharge and precipitation af- fect trophic structure of an estuary, resulting in measurable and interpretable variations in estuarine optical properties on multiple time-scales. One SERC program investigates the harmful effects of so- lar UV-B radiation, which is intensifying worldwide. Dr. Patrick Neale and his colleagues showed that UV-B absorb- ing pigments in a common form of Chesapeake Bay algae (dinoflagellates) protect against damage to photosynthesis. This finding resolved a controversy about whether such “sunscreens” really protect single-celled organisms only a few thousandths of an inch in diameter. New SERC studies in the Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of Mexico and the Southern Ocean near Antarctica investigate effects of UV-B on the growth of aquatic bacteria. Such effects may influence global nutrient cycles. Another SERC program examines the effects of global in- creases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Dr. Bert Drake led the ongoing, long-term study of a scrub-oak forest at the Merritt Island Wildlife Refuge on Cape Canaveral, Florida. The research showed that the effects of the severe drought during 1998 were to some extent mitigated by increasing at- mospheric carbon dioxide. Scrub oak exposed to a level of carbon dioxide that we expect to occur during the next cen- tury used water more efficiently and therefore continued to grow even at the height of the drought. In contrast, oaks ex- posed to normal ambient carbon dioxide were so severely stressed that their abilities to assimilate atmospheric carbon dioxide and to grow were severely repressed. These results confirm that at least some effects of rising atmospheric car- bon dioxide have a positive effect on native species plant species. SERC researchers directed by Dr. Jess Parker completed a 10-year study of development in local forests using an exten- sive network of plots in forests of different ages. The results show how forests change over time in structure, growth, and diversity. The way a patch of vegetation changes when left alone is an important component of how entire landscapes change—the other dominant component is change caused by external events, such as the disturbance by human modifica- tions, by natural disasters, and by pests. One SERC forest was mapped in particularly great detail. A large cadre of vol- unteers helped map the large, canopy trees in a 43-hectare (107-acre) area around SERC's forest research tower. The de- tailed study provides insight on the main factors controlling how trees are distributed within the main type of forest in the SERC vicinity: the tolerance of moisture and shade and the effects of past human modifications to the land. Parker has also extended his forest studies to include a broad survey of light transmittance patterns measured in tropical, subtropical, western conifer, and eastern deciduous forest canopies. This survey is showing the importance of de- velopmental stage, forest type, and disturbance on how light is distributed in forests, and will likely have some implica- tions for forest management. Future studies of forests will be aided by SERC's recent development of a portable laser system for sensing forest canopy structure. The prototype system has been deployed both from the ground, carried by a person on a backpack, and from the air, supported by a helicopter. Such a system Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 39 has a potentially wide application in forest survey, experi- mentation, and management. SERC's studies of forest ecology also extend to understory plants. One such plant, is Arisaema, commonly known in the United States as Jack-in-the-pulpit, a genus of woodland herbs common to the forests of both eastern North America and Japan. Each species is dioecious (with separate male and female plants), but individual plants experience sex changes during its growth process. Their vase-like flowers are used extensively by many species of insects, including herbivores, predators, parasites, fungivores, and detritivores. Recent studies by Dr. Ilka Feller have revealed similar patterns of sex-biased herbivory and community structure in North America and Japan. This study helps to understand how nat- ural communities of organisms are organized and what factors control plant-animal interactions. Another plant ecology study at SERC focused on orchids. Orchids are the most diverse family of flowering plants on Earth, and many species, particularly species of terrestrial habitats such as forests, bogs, and fens, have become endan- gered because of human activities. Development of restoration plans for threatened and endangered terrestrial orchids requires an understanding of the ecological relation- ships that exist between the orchids and the mycorrhizal fungi that they host. Particularly important is an under- standing of the relationships between mycorrhiza and orchid seeds and seedlings, life history stages, which are difficult to study in nature. SERC scientists had previously developed a technique to study the germination of orchid seeds in na- ture. More recently they have used isolation techniques to develop a large collection of orchid mycorrhiza for use in lab- oratory and field experiments. Dr. Dennis Whigham of SERC and collaborators from Denmark, Oregon State Uni- versity, and York University in the United Kingdom have recently used molecular, morphological, and physiological techniques to determine that most of the terrestrial orchids that they are studying host several different mycorrhiza. Seeds of several of the orchid species being studied germi- nate without orchid mycorrhiza, but they germinate faster when mycorrhiza are present. Seeds of other orchids will not germinate at all unless they are exposed to very specific or- chid mycorrhiza. Perhaps most importantly, SERC researchers have demonstrated that orchid seedlings need to become infected with mycorrhiza very soon after germina- tion in order for them to survive and grow. They are also finding that the spatial distribution of orchid mycorrhiza in nature is highly variable at very small scales. These results suggest that restoration plans, to be successful, will require a much greater understanding of the habitat requirements of orchid mycorrhiza. The SERC research to date has revealed for the first time the high level of complexity that exists be- tween terrestrial orchids, their mycorrhiza, and the environments where both occur. SERC's Invasion Biology Program, directed by Dr. Gre- gory Ruiz, continues to be the nation’s leading center for research and analysis of biological invasions in coastal marine ecosystems. Currently, the transport of ballast water in com- mercial ships is the most important mechanism of species introduction in the coastal zone, because it moves large numbers of planktonic larvae and micro-organisms from port to port across oceans. SERC is the home of the National Bal- last Water Information Clearinghouse, which is developing a database of ballast water released by all ships arriving from foreign ports to all U.S. ports. The database will be used to determine patterns of ballast water delivery and compared to biological invasions in U.S. coastal waters. During the past year, SERC scientists completed an analysis of the history of biological invasions of Chesapeake Bay, providing the most detailed summary of introduced species for any region in the world. SERC experiments aboard oil tankers headed for Port Valdez, Alaska, tested ways to rid ballast water of potentially invasive species transported on ships. This year there was a big success story for SERC exemplify- ing public-private partnership. Major corporate support was received from the Mills Corporation for SERC’s outreach ac- tivities. Donations from the Mills Corporation supported SERC's first traveling school exhibition, “Tales of the Blue Crab.” The exhibition illustrates the ecology of the blue crab and is directly tied to national science curriculum standards. The innovative exhibition was dedicated at a gala ceremony and reception held at the Institutions Arts and Industries Building in Washington. Smithsonian Provost Dennis O’Con- nor, SERC Director Ross Simons, and Victoria Jenkins of the Mills Corporation, corporate underwriter of the exhibition, addressed specially invited guests, who included members of the U.S. Congress and their staffs and Smithsonian benefac- tors. The exhibition will begin traveling to schools throughout the mid-Atlantic region in the fall of 1999. The Mills Corporation also provided support for SERC’s public lecture series “An Ecological History of the Chesa- peake Bay.” This well-attended lecture series featured both SERC's PI’s and guest speakers who provided attendees a wealth of knowledge regarding the complex interrelation of cultural and scientific history on one of America’s most im- portant and cherished waterways. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Ira Rubinoff, Director During FY 1999, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti- tute (STRI) hosted more than 500 visiting scientists and students who joined the STRI scientific staff of 33 in their efforts to enrich our knowledge about tropical environments, biologically the richest on our planet. Several STRI staff scientists, visiting researchers, and stu- dents initiated research programs at STRI’s Bocas del Toro field station in Isla Colon on the Caribbean coast of Panama that was opened in FY 1998. STRI staff scientists Nancy Knowlton and Hector Guzman are conducting research on corals, Penelope Barnes is studying sea grasses and mollusks, and Candy Feller and Catherine Lovelock from the Smith- sonian Environmental Research Center are studying mangroves. Anthony Coates and Jeremy Jackson, STRI 40 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 scientists, are continuing their work on the Panama Paleon- tology Project, which studies the 20-million-year history of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of the rise and closing of the Isthmus of Panama. At another research site in Panama at Sardinilla, Colon, engineers from the Brookhaven National Laboratories of the Department of Energy, who participate in a collaborative project with STRI, McGill University, the University of Panama, and the Universidad Catélica Santa Maria La An- tigua, set up the equipment and conducted successfully the first test run of the FACE project (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment project) ring. The equipment, used for the first time in the tropics, was tested to determine how it re- sponded to Panama’s wet and dry season conditions. The FACE project aims to understand the consequences of future emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, particularly on the regeneration of forest. Due to the high costs of carbon dioxide that are released to simulate future emission levels, the continuation of this project will depend on securing funds for its future operation. At Panama's Metropolitan Natural Park, visiting scien- tists Stephen Mulkey, Kaoru Kitajima, and Eric Graham, from the University of Florida, with Joseph Wright of the STRI staff used the canopy access system to study the effects of the atmospheric phenomenon of “La Nifia” on tropical for- est. As part of this experiment, they installed high-intensity lamps on the crowns of two trees to augment sunlight dur- ing cloudy and rainy periods. Their preliminary results indicated that tropical trees may be light-limited during part of the year. This would suggest that the increase in cloud coverage produced by La Nifia could potentially have an impact on the carbon dioxide uptake of tropical forest. STRI fellows Cameron Currie and Ulrich Muller with Ted R. Schultz, a curator of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and researchers at the University of Toronto advanced our knowledge of the evolution of the mu- tually beneficial relationship between ants of the genus Attini and the fungus they cultivate as their sole food source. Their findings demonstrate that this relationship is extraor- dinarily complex and could be quite recent: Ants can acquire a new fungus from the wild or from different ant groups. They also discovered a highly specialized fungus that can at- tack the ants’ fungal gardens, and another mutually beneficial relationship between the ants and actinomycete bacteria, which help maintain the ants’ garden suitable for their fungal crop. This research was highlighted in the New York Times Science Section on August 3, 1999. During FY 1999 STRI scientists, visitors, and students published the results of their studies in 203 scholarly publi- cations. This included books such as Tropical Forest Ecology: A View from Barro Colorado (Oxford University Press: 1999) by staff scientist Egbert G. Leigh, Jr.; A Paleobiotic Survey of Caribbean Faunas from the Neogene Isthmus of Panama (Allen Press: 1999), a collection of papers edited by visiting scien- tist Laurel S. Collins and Anthony G. Coates, STRI; and Peces del Pacifico Tropical Oriental (1998) by Gerard R. Allen and STRI scientist D. Ross Robertson, a Spanish translation of a guide of Pacific fishes from the Gulf of California to the Galapagos, supported by a grant to STRI from the Smith- sonian’s W. Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund. STRI-affiliated authors published three papers in Sczence and two in Nature and contributed to the diffusion of scientific knowledge through the publication of a bilingual guide (Spanish-English) on The Amphibians of Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Soberania National Park and Adjacent Areas (1999) by Roberto D. Ibafiez, A. Stanley Rand, and César A. Jaramillo. This guide is also accompanied by STRIs first CD, which includes frog vocalizations produced by the same authors, in conjunction with Michael J. Ryan, visiting scien- tist from the University of Texas at Austin. Another major publication aimed at non-scientific audiences produced this year was La Cuenca del Canal: Deforestacién, Urbanizacion y Contaminacion, edited by Stanley Heckadon-Moreno, Roberto D. Ibafiez, and Richard Condit (STRI: 1999). This publica- tion was the summary of a three-year environmental monitoring study of the Panama Canal Watershed, con- ducted by STRI, affiliated with Panama’s National Environmental Authority (ANAM), and funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Another major accomplishment of the year was STRI’s signing the five-year agreement with Panama's National En- vironmental Authority (ANAM) that permits STRI-affiliated scientists to carry out a project designed to link conservation of Panamanian biodiversity with bio- prospecting for novel products for medicine and agriculture. This project, which will be conducted jointly with laborato- ries at the University of Panama and Panama’s Ministry of Health, developed from basic information on tropical forest trees and insects produced by studies at STRI’s field station on Barro Colorado Island. Funding for the project was pro- vided by the National Institutes of Health through a competitive grant process of the International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) program. In addition to providing opportunities for research in the tropics, STRI promotes training in its research areas. During FY 1999, STRI hosted two undergraduate field programs, with Princeton and McGill Universities, as well as held its annual field course for University of Panama students from July 18 to 26 at STRI Gigante Peninsula, a part of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. For the first time this year, STRI cosponsored a six-week intensive eco-tourism guide training course with the local tourism industry and the U.S. Agency for International Development. Many STRI scien- tists participated along with international and local instructors in this course from April 19 through May 28, which responded to Panama’s Tourism, Conservation and Research (TCR) Action Plan, designed to develop a sustain- able tourism industry. STRI continued its outreach efforts in FY 1999, with the presentation of the traveling exhibition “Our Reefs: Caribbean Connections” in Belize, City, Belize, during the month of November. STRI’s exhibition “Parting the Green Curtain,” which explains how the isthmus of Panama and STRI research has contributed to the development of tropi- Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 4] cal biology, was on view at the Costa Rican National Mu- seum in June 1999. STRI's major administrative accomplishment in FY 1999 was the designation in 1998 of six transition committees inte- grated by 34 STRI employees to handle diverse aspects of the changes in STRI’s employment systems and administration procedures that were necessary to comply with the Panaman- ian legislation when the Panama Canal Treaties ended on December 31, 1999. The committees included a transitions committee, procedures, policies and operations committee, human resources committee, human relations committee, communications committee, and evaluations committee. This effort was directed by Leonor Motta, executive officer; An- thony Coates, deputy director; and Monica Alvarado, transition coordinator. Several activities for STRI employees were organized by the Human Relations committee through the year, which included a column on employee accomplish- ments in the STRI newsletter, a series of talks on STRI work and activities at Culebra Exhibits Center, Cerro Juan Diaz, and a trip on the STRI research vessel, the R.V. Urraca. After successfully leading the STRI transition process, Leonor G. Motta retired on August 31 as STRI’s executive officer, after being at this position for 15 years. Natacha Chandler was hired in July 1999 as STRI's new in-house attorney. Eileen Jones, associate director for grants and ad- ministration for the STRI development office in Washington, D.C., retired in January 1999. One of STRI’s first staff scientists, Neal G. Smith, who had come to work as a biologist for the Canal Zone Biological Area in 1963, retired in December 1998 and was appointed scientist emeritus in January 1999. Staff scientist Robin Foster re- signed to accept an endowed, full-time position at the Field Museum in Chicago. He will continue affiliated as a re- search associate, collaborating with STRI’s Center for Tropical Forest Science. I. Fang Sun, professor at Tunghai University in Taiwan, was selected as the Asia Program Coordinator for STRI’s Center for Tropical Science. On Sep- tember 30, 1999, STRI had 192 employees, who actively contributed to its mission of conducting and facilitating tropical research. Reports of Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services National Science Resources Center Douglas M. Lapp The National Science Resources Center (NSRC), established in 1985 and operated jointly by the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academies (including the National Acad- emy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council), works to improve science education in the nation’s elementary and secondary schools. In addition to developing science ma- terials for classroom use, the NSRC collects and disseminates information about exemplary science teaching resources and sponsors outreach activities to help school districts develop, implement, and sustain inquiry-centered science programs. The NSRC’s reform strategy begins with the assumption that informed leadership at all levels is critical in developing and implementing a new vision for science education reform. The NSRC conducts leadership development institutes to help identify and develop effective leaders within school dis- tricts and their local communities. It also provides ongoing technical assistance to catalyze and maintain science educa- tion reform efforts. The NSRC’s mission is to— ¢ Develop effective teaching materials for precollege science education. ¢ Collect and disseminate information on science teaching resources. ¢ Develop informed leaders to spearhead local, regional, and state science education reform efforts. ¢ Provide technical assistance to help school systems im- prove their science programs. ¢ Create networks of individuals and organizations that will promote the exchange of knowledge and experience useful to the improvement of science education. During fiscal year 1999 the NSRC focused mainly on science curriculum development and outreach efforts. In the area of curriculum development, work on the first four mod- ules in the Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools (STC/MS) curriculum reached completion. These modules are unique in they have undergone an extensive, two-year research and development process. Nineteen sites were involved in the national field testing of these modules during the past year. The feedback from the teachers, stu- dents, parents, and technical reviewers provided direction for the curriculum developers to refine these materials and ready them for commercial use. Also in the area of curriculum development, the NSRC published the final STC Discovery Decks. These are illus- trated sets of resource cards that expand on the Science and Technology for Children (STC) elementary units for fourth through sixth grade. Their completion brought to a close the STC elementary curriculum project. Second, the NSRC’s Leadership and Assistance for Science Education Reform (LASER) initiative made significant con- tributions to helping school districts reform their K-8 science programs. As one of the National Science Foundation’s three Science Education Implementation and Dissemination Cen- ters, LASER is a huge outreach initiative. During the past year, 375 school districts participated in 18 LASER events in the eight LASER regions across the country. Third, the NSRC’s Information Dissemination division provided unique electronic tools to help these projects meet their goals. For instance, staff set up a password- protected, Internet-based bulletin board to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas by the STC/MS field-test teachers. Information Dissemination staff also began work ona LASER Implementation Guide, following a national survey of school districts participating in NSRC science education reform ef- forts, to provide LASER participants with information on how to implement an effective science education program. Reports of Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services 43 Office of Exhibits Central Michael Headley, Director The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) is one of the Smithson- ian’s largest and most comprehensive exhibit producers, providing high-quality products and services to nearly every museum, research institute, and office at the Institu- tion. This year, OEC performed consulting, design, editing, graphics, modelmaking, fabrication, object handling, crat- ing, and installation and deinstallation services for more than two dozen Smithsonian clients and affiliates. Assisting staff in the execution of these responsibilities is OEC’s Ad- ministrative Unit, which offers management oversight and administrative and computer support. Consultation Consulting services are a growing and important component of OEC’s work. Sharing their expertise with Smithsonian clients, Smithsonian Affiliates, and outside organizations, OEC staff have helped define the content, execution, and even feasibility of several proposed exhibitions over the past year. Among these are “Mammals on the Move” for the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH); “Looking Both Ways: Heritage and Identity for the Alutiiq People” for NMNH'’s Arctic Studies Center; “Piano 300” for the National Museum of American History (NMAH) and Inter- national Gallery (IG); “Make the Dirt Fly: Building the Panama Canal” for Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL); “Corridos sin fronteras: A New World Ballad Tradition,” “Hannelore Baron: Works from 1969-1987,” and “Explor- ing Garden Transformations, 1900-2000” for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES); and a planned exhibition at Wyoming’s Cheyenne Cultural Center, a Smithsonian Affiliate. Design, Editing, and Graphics Among the SITES exhibition projects in which the Design, Editing, and Graphics Unit participated are “On Miniature Wings: Model Aircraft from the National Air and Space Museum,” “Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas,” “This Land Is Your Land: The Life and Legacy of Woody Guthrie,” and the refurbishment of “Full Deck Art Quilt,” “Barn Again,” and “Women in Flight.” The Unit also worked on “Microbes: Invisible Invaders, Amazing Allies” for IG; and “Vanishing Amphibians” (Spanish-language version) for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI). Staff prepared presentation sketches for a proposed new exhibit on farming at the National Zoo, and provided edit- ing services associated with the refurbishment of the Star- Spangled Banner for NMAH. The Unit provided long-term design consultation for Smithsonian senior management. Working with SI organiza- tions and an outside architecture-engineering team, an OEC-designer-led team developed interior and exterior sig- nage for the Arts and Industries Building. The Unit also implemented a donation box program for the National Air and Space Museum (NASM). The Unit furthered Secretary Heyman’s Web site and digitization initiatives by offering consulting, editing, or content development expertise on several projects, including a proposed Web site for The Mil- lennium Project, which would have demonstrated the range of the Smithsonian’s holdings using the latest technologies; “Digilab: Digitizing at the Smithsonian,” an NMAH exhibi- tion that opened in fall 1999; and a series of building evaluation reports posted on the SI intranet (Prism) for the Office of Physical Plant. Modelmaking OECs Modelmaking Unit continued its work on the life-size recreation of an Ainu traditional house (chise) and several fig- ures for the “Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People” exhibition at NMNH. The renovation of the Rotunda was another high- profile NMNH project with the Unit’s work comprising a new elephant diorama, taxidermy support, specimen collec- tion from the African savanna, and sculpted bronze identification medallions for species and objects included in the diorama. “Communities in a Changing Nation: The Promise of 19th-Century America,” a new permanent exhi- bition at NMAH, was a third major project, requiring mannequins, diorama work, and the creation of artificial fruits and vegetables. During the year, the Modelmaking Unit also was respon- sible for design and fabrication of art deco metalwork for “The Jazz Age in Paris, 1914-1940,” a SITES exhibition; recreated animals for a 505-million-year-old scene in the Canadian Rockies for “The Burgess Shale: Evolution’s Big Bang,” also for SITES; a full-size replica of the Good Broth- ers’ “Guff,” the world’s first successful radio-controlled flying model, for “On Miniature Wings: Model Aircraft from the National Air and Space Museum”; 16 painted-foam microcrobe “critters” for “Microbes: Invisible Invaders, Amazing Allies”; and full-size interactives recreating the keys, striking mechanisms, and strings for the harpsichord, clavichord, and four pianos featured in “Piano 300.” Fabrication The Fabrication Unit’s skilled craftspeople provided compre- hensive services encompassing fine cabinetry, crating, object handling and packing, and exhibition installation and de- installation. Highlights of its work this year included ex- hibit vitrines for “Instrument of Change: James Schoppert Retrospective,” which opened at the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI); extensive casework for “This Land Is Your Land: The Life and Legacy of Woody Guthrie” and “Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People”; construction of the OEC-designed VIARC information desk at the Arts and Industries Build- ing; installation of “Microbes: Invisible Invaders, Amazing Allies”; and faux finishing for a peddler’s house and a South- ern market in the “Communities for a Changing Nation” exhibition at NMAH. 44 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Miscellaneous Services The Unit also provided various “spot services,” including signage for the Smithsonian Craft Show, new donor plaques for the James Smithsonian Society, custom lettering for a historic aircraft undergoing renovation at NASM’s Garber facility, redesign of the Unsung Hero employee pin, kiosks for the Horticulture Services Division display at the Atlanta and Newport, Rhode Island, flower shows, and support serv- ices and signage for the new Affiliations program’s annual Roundtable. Outreach and Training Modelmaking staff conducted a Summer Workshop for Teachers organized by the Smithsonian Office of Education and provided training in mold making of crabs for the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. Office of Fellowships and Grants Roberta W. Rubinoff, Director Support from the Office of Fellowships and Grants enhances the quality, quantity, and diversity of research conducted at the Smithsonian. Each year, nearly 800 students and scholars come from universities, museums, and research institutes throughout the United States and abroad to use the Institu- tion’s collections and facilities. The office manages centralized competitive internship and fellowship programs, as well as competitive grant programs that support Smith- sonian staff research. This office also administers all stipend appointments offered by the Institution. Eighty-four awards were offered to graduate students, pre- doctoral students, and postdoctoral and senior scholars through the Smithsonian Fellowship Program. The individ- uals conducted independent research in fields actively pursued by the Institution, utilizing the collections and fa- cilities. Through the office’s minority internship programs, 38 students came to study and participate in ongoing re- search or other museum-related activities. Fourty-six grants were made through the office’s competitive grant programs for Smithsonian staff. Among this year’s fellowship recipients are Jorge Duany of the University of Puerto Rico and Mark Farris from the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Dr. Duany’s research focused on the construction and representation of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora, working at the National Museum of American History with Marvette Perez, curator in the Divison of Cultural History. He was a senior fellow in the Latino Studies Fellowship Program, which broadens and increases the body of Latino-related re- search. Mark Ferris was a Smithsonian Institution Predoctoral Fellow at the National Museum of American History with Lonn Taylor. His research explored the histori- cal and symbolic significance of “The Star-Spangled Banner.” This work will expand the understanding of national iden- tity and the evolution of patriotism in the United States as reflected in the debates that raged over the national anthem. Through the Scholarly Studies Program, Christraud Geary, curator of the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives at the National Museum of African Art, is leading a project which looks at the representation of African art in modernist photography. This research will increase the understanding of the relationship of Primitivism to that of modern art. Office of International Relations Francine C. Berkowitz, Director As the Smithsonian’s liaison with individuals and institu- tions abroad, as well as with international organizations and government foreign affairs agencies, the Office of Interna- tional Relations (OIR) fosters the Institution’s position as a global center for research and education. This year, OIR staff represented the Smithsonian or the scholarly community in a number of official meetings and consultations, including State Department and U.S. Infor- mation Agency discussions about changes in the rules governing cultural exchange with Cuba; a World Bank- Organization of American States symposium on the preser- vation of cultural heritage in Latin America; and meetings of the Inter-American Biodiversity Informatics Network. The office was also involved in visits to Washington by scientific, cultural affairs, or museum officials from Belize, Burma, Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Germany, Haiti, Iran, Luxembourg, and Peru. The office coordinated an Institution-wide project to de- velop an exhibition and symposium commemorating the bicentenary of Felipe Poey in early 2000. This pioneering Cuban biologist, an early friend and correspondent of the Smithsonian, was one of the first naturalists to develop a concept of biodiversity. Foreign officials who visited the Smithsonian this year included the president of Colombia, the queen of Jordan, the president of Ecuador, the first lady of China, the queen of Bhutan, and the president of Panama. For the visit of Cuba’s vice-minister of culture, OIR organized a briefing by representatives of 25 Smithsonian units. OIR handles arrangements for visits such as these and serves as internal adviser on foreign affairs and the Smithsonian’s interests abroad. In cooperation with the State Department and Smithsonian staff, OIR also organizes briefings on environ- mental affairs for newly confirmed ambassadors before they take up their posts abroad. Office of Sponsored Projects Ardelle G. Foss, CRA, Director The Office of Sponsored Projects served Smithsonian researchers and scholars by supporting the work of approxi- Reports of Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services 45 mately 167 principal investigators by submitting 258 new proposals valued at $85.3 million and by negotiating and accepting for the Institution 211 grant and contract awards valued at $40.4 million. Asian Pacific American Studies Program Franklin Odo, Director The APA Program seeks to integrate Asian Pacific American contributions to U.S. history, culture, art, and society through Smithsonian collections, research, exhibitions, and programs. It also serves as the principal portal through which the extremely diverse Asian Pacific American commu- nities can provide input into the Institution. During FY 1999, the Asian Pacific American Studies Program made great strides in establishing itself in the Asian Pacific Amer- ican communities in the Washington, D.C., area and nationally. The Program’s most significant achievement with the local community was the mounting of the exhibition, “From Bento to Mixed Plate: Americans of Japanese Ancestry in Multicultural Hawai'i.” The APA Studies Program part- nered with the Los Angeles-based Japanese American National Museum to bring this traveling exhibition to the Arts and Industries Building for six months. To bring the exhibition to life, the APA Studies Program worked closely with local community groups to recruit over 100 volunteer gallery guides and artists to demonstrate art forms reflecting Hawaii’s multicultural heritage. Gallery guides provided visitors with a memorable experience by sharing their per- sonal stories about multicultural Hawaii. On Saturdays, visitors participated in crafts such as raku pottery, origami, and lauhala leaf weaving. This exhibition made an impressive impact on the Wash- ington, D.C., Asian Pacific American community and greatly benefited visitors. Between May 23 and August 15, Bento gallery guides logged more than 1,400 volunteer hours. During the summer months (June, July, and Au- gust), more than 700 visitors participated in weekend arts demonstrations. On the national front, the APA Studies Program worked with Asian Pacific American leaders around the country to identify priorities for a strategic plan. More than 45 scholars, directors of arts organizations, and civic leaders participated in the process. Inviting these opinion leaders into our strate- gic planning process not only familiarized them with the breadth of Smithsonian’s activities, but also helped make Smithsonian more relevant to their communities around the country. APA Director, Franklin Odo, made regular site visits to centers of APA communities including Seattle, Washington, northern and southern California, New York City, and Hawaii in order to inform leaders, groups, and potential donors of the opportunities unfolding for partnerships and affiliations. Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center Sharon Shaffer, Executive Director The Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center (SEEC) is a unique museum-based child development center, preschool, and kindergarten that takes advantage of the Smithsonian's invaluable resources. SEEC provides a model, high-quality educational program for young children in Smithsonian facilities and advances educational opportunities for all chil- dren by sharing its expertise on a national level, furthering the Smithsonian’s educational mandate. The program serves 125 children at three Smithsonian sites and has more than 30 staff members. This year, SEEC reached a new five-year agreement out- lining its relationship with the Smithsonian. SEEC’s board of directors issued a new strategic plan, A Design for Our Future, which outlines growth in financial planning, diver- sity, educational outreach, curriculum, and the SEEC- Smithsonian partnership. SEEC advances its outreach mission through twice-yearly seminars for teachers and museum professionals from around the country and through partnerships with museums and educational institutions. Several schools and federal agency child-care centers currently license the SEEC curriculum, including a cluster of five preschools and several cultural institutions in Cleveland. This year, Secretary I. Michael Heyman presented SEEC’s founding executive director, Sharon Shaffer, with the Secre- tary’s Gold Medal for Exceptional Service to the Institution, the first such award ever given to a Smithsonian educator. Smithsonian Affiliations ]. Michael Carrigan, Director The Smithsonian Institution Affiliations Program is an inno- vative, collections-based outreach initiative that shares Smithsonian collections, staff expertise, and programmatic resources with communities nationwide. Affiliations offer museums an opportunity for long-term artifact loans and stimulate strong collaborations that can sustain other pro- grams. More than 20 organizations currently participate in the program. At the first annual Affiliations Program Roundtable, di- rectors and staff members of affiliating museums learned more about the Smithsonian and addressed issues specific to their ongoing projects. This well-attended two-day confer- ence was a positive forum for assessing projects, exchanging experiences, providing feedback, and generating networks among the affiliates. In the past year, seven organizations have fully imple- mented their affiliations with the long-term loans of objects from the national collections: B&O Railroad Museum (Balti- more, Maryland), Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum (Bisbee, Arizona), Kansas Cosmosphere (Hutchinson, 46 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Kansas), Mexican Heritage Plaza (San Jose, California), Mi- ami Museum of Science (Miami, Florida), National Museum of Industrial History (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania), and San Carlos Institute (Key West, Florida). These additions bring the total number of implemented affiliations to nine. The program welcomed six new participants during fiscal year 1999: B&O Railroad Museum, Florida International Museum (St. Petersburg, Florida), McAllen International Museum (McAllen, Texas), San Carlos Institute, Storytelling Foundation International (Jonesborough, Tennessee), and The Women’s Museum: An Institute for the Future (Dallas, Texas). As an extension of their affiliations projects, the Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum and Centro Alameda (San Antonio, Texas) each had interns working in Smithsonian of- fices during the summer. The Affiliations Program office also oversaw one fellowship this year. Smithsonian Institution Archives Edie Hedlin, Director Improving internal systems and promoting outreach were the major goals in 1999 for Smithsonian Institution Archives. The National Collections Program (NCP) made significant progress in coordinating the Institution’s revision of SDGoo: Collections Management Policy by securing the Board of Regents approval of “Smithsonian Collections Man- agement Guidelines.” The Archives Division began a multi-year project to implement a new system for describing its holdings. By adopting a method of using contextual de- scriptions, known as agency histories, combined with content descriptions of series of records, SIA will provide re- searchers with improved access to the hundreds of collections in its care. The Electronic Records Program within the Technical Services Division developed advice for Smithsonian Institu- tion staff that was placed on the Smithsonian’s Intranet PRISM to assist them in managing their e-mail messages as the Institution upgraded its e-mail system. In response to perceived problems with insect infestations, the Preservation Team developed an integrated pest management program. The Joseph Henry Papers project entered into the Model Editions Partnership, a cooperative effort by documentary editing projects and the National Historical Publications and Records Commission to establish standards for efficient coding procedures for electronic publications. A major effort to convert individual databases tracking various aspects of archival processes commenced in 1999. Staff from both the Archives Division and the Technical Ser- vices Division defined the fields required by the various activities and began the design of the Collections Manage- ment System. The ultimate goal is to incorporate all of this information into an integrated database that can share com- mon information across archival functions. The Institutional History Division (IHD) continued its vigorous schedule of publication in both printed and virtual form, as evidenced by the issuance of volume 8 of The Papers of Joseph Henry, Staff from the Joseph Henry Papers provided the information that appeared in the Mini Page syndicated column, featuring Joseph Henry and his role in creating a weather reporting system in the United States. They also added three new articles on Henry’s role in the history of American technology to its Web site. Other Web activities included the completion of the “Bairds’s Dream: A History of the Arts and Industries Building” electronic exhibition, the initiation of a new Web resources that will offer public access to legal documents relating to the history of the Smithsonian, and the inclusion of the finding aid, “Field Re- ports of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 186-61” on the SIA Web site. NCP compiled and published the Institution’s annual col- lection statistical report. In June, the Provost approved the transfer of the production of the Smithsonian Annals from the Smithsonian Institution Press to NCP. During this first year, NCP staff began to gather information for the 1997 and 1998 Annals. The focus for the Electronic Records Program in 1999 was on issues associated with electronic record keeping systems. SIA participated in a pilot project with the Archives Center to determine the feasibility of managing and preserving the Office of the Director's e-mail records by creating a parallel electronic system. SIA purchased electronic record keeping software to examine the feasibility of using this type of sys- tem for managing both paper and electronic files. The Preservation Team focused its activities on addressing the core preservation needs of SIA by performing holdings maintenance on high-value collections, conducting preserva- tion assessments of accessions and high-value collections, environmental monitoring of records storage facilities, preparing collections to National Underground Storage, and treating collections identified as containing mold. With funding from a research resources grant, the team members rehoused 215 archival collections comprising 941 cubic feet. A second project funded by research resources grant and the Women’s Committee continued the work begun in 1998 of appraising, preserving, and making accessible the films and videotapes created by Smithsonian Productions. The team continued its practice of providing outreach services to the National Anthropological Archives, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, and the Archives of American Art. The core archival activities continued with providing services to Smithsonian offices. SIA completed a survey of 1,400 cubic feet of records for the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, which culminated in a comprehensive records disposition schedule for that museum. The Archives Division coordinated the transfer of SIA records and those of other Smithsonian repositories to National Underground Storage in Boyers, Pennsylvania. By the end of 1999, over 6,400 feet of Smithsonian material had been moved to NUS. SIA transferred 559 cubic feet into its holdings and dis- carded 37 cubic feet. Total archival holdings at the end of 1999 amounted to 22,207 cubic feet of material. Staff brought in 364 cubic feet and discarded 310 cubic feet of records at the records center. Reports of Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services 47 Finally, SIA posted a 27 percent increase in reference use of its holdings. There were 4,095 inquiries, which included daily visits, telephone, e-mail, and mail inquiries and charge-outs to Smithsonian units. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Nancy E. Gwinn, Director Expanding the variety and the volume of the information services it offers electronically, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries provided a wealth in information to Smithsonian researchers at their desktops. More full-text e-journals, six digital editions of rare books, and multi-subject reference- desk services were brought on-line to personal computers throughout the Institution and the world. Immediate benefi- ciaries of this growing body of electronic information made available by the Libraries were staff working in Smithsonian research laboratories and in the field on their laptops, in col- lection storage areas, in exhibits design studios, and in education offices. Recognizing the Libraries’ reliance on and mastery of electronic resources and technology, Libraries’ Di- rector Nancy E. Gwinn established the Information Systems Division this year. Headed by Tom Garnett who was named Assistant Director and appointed to the Libraries’ Executive Committee, the division manages the Electronic Library Pro- gram that includes all on-line products and initiatives, from publication of original electronic works and digital editions of rare books to delivery of information for research in e-jour- nals. Illustrated rare books in natural history and the history of science and technology are now accessible as digital edi- tions to a worldwide audience of book lovers, students, scientists, and bibliographers. Each digital edition carries historical background material prepared by Libraries’ staff and subject specialists, which is valued by the researcher and book connoisseur alike. The on-line publication of digital editions has brought these texts to a worldwide audience while safeguarding the Smithsonian Libraries’ collections for future generations by reducing the amount of handling of fragile materials. The Jaques Admiralty Law Firm and the Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund provided funding for the equipment. The SI Libraries’ Imaging Center opened in March as a production unit where printed materials are scanned, casting images and text from paper-based materials into a digital format. At the March 2 opening of the SIL Imaging Center, attended by Provost Dennis O’Connor and members of the Libraries’ Board, Director Nancy E. Gwinn said, “We cannot yet predict how these digital editions, which are destined to reach an audience worldwide, will be used in research. As new technologies enable us to move our collections off the Mall, it is clear the Libraries plays a crucial role in bringing students, scholars, and members of the pub- lic into the new information age with stunning works kept until now within the security of our rare-book libraries.” The Libraries’ administration and its Board created the Spencer Baird Society in July. Named for the Smithsonian’s second Secretary, this annual giving and premiere donor- recognition society recognizes individuals who provide significant philanthropic support for top priority projects of the Libraries. Some possible uses of Baird Society funds are purchase of unusual or especially important rare books for the collections; acquisition of new equipment to support digitizing efforts for the collections; providing stipends for resident scholars, interns, or a minority postgraduate residency for a new librarian; cataloging a new collection; or conservation treatments of volumes at the top of the Libraries’ conservation priority list. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries opened its nine- teenth branch at the National Museum of the American Indian Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland, in February 1999. The branch began offering full-time library services in June when a library technician joined the Libraries. The branch has a limited collection of materials from the curatorial offices and provides interlibrary loan services. SIL now offers access to 320 e-journals to its Smithsonian library users. Journal literature in electronic format, or e- journals, as they are called, allows researchers to get to vast amounts of information directly from their computers. E-journals are invaluable because they allow libraries to make better use of their space and budgets while providing information to a wider audience than could be served on location in the branch libraries. (The number of e-journals published has grown significantly over the past five years.) New electronic education aids published by the Libraries published on www.sil.si.edu include Anthropology on the Inter- net for K-12 (1999) by Margaret R. Dittemore, Librarian of the Anthropology Branch. The American Anthropology As- sociation linked this useful K-12 guide to its home page. Offered as part of the larger Smithsonian effort to support education for diverse audiences, each section is illustrated with photographs of Smithsonian anthropologists working in the field or in their laboratories. Modern African Art (1998), an annotated bibliography of more than 350 pub- lished articles, reviews, catalogs, and books prepared by Janet L. Stanley, Librarian of the National Museum of African Art Branch, was published in 1998. Both the African art and the anthropology published guides are up- dated regularly. The Libraries’ Web page is also home to “Library and Archival Exhibitions on the World Wide Web,” a site with links to approximately 600 on-line exhibi- tions created by or related to libraries, archives, and historical societies. The site, which is maintained by Diane Shaw of SIL staff, received four national awards and was named the USA Today Hor Site in June. The Libraries’ home page has Quick Reference links, and the 19 branch libraries each have home pages with subject-specialty information. The SIL User Guide and its newsletter, “Information,” are available on-line along with application forms for its Resi- dent Scholar Programs. In 1999 the Libraries completed a multiyear project funded by the Getty Grant Program, creating approximately 25,000 on-line bibliographic records relating to the litera- ture of African art and culture. Museum of African Art 48 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Branch librarian Janet Stanley, author of the bibliographic index and principal investigator for the grant, began to com- pile the information in 1979, and she will continue adding records as new literature on African art is published. Ms. Stanley’s work resulted in the addition of hundreds of new subject terms relating to African art and culture to the Getty’s Art and Architecture Thesaurus, and the addition of more than 100 new subject headings used by the Library of Congress for cataloging. Since these 25,000 records of the African Art bibliographic index have been available with the Libraries’ catalog on SIRIS (www.siris.si.edu), reference and interlibrary loan inquiries to the African Art Branch library have more than tripled. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries is a key player in cooperative efforts that will benefit research at the Institu- tion. As a member of the Chesapeake Information and Research Library Alliance, a consortium of nine libraries of which SIL is a founding member, a CIRLA task force is ad- dressing the complex nature of contracts and licenses for access to information in a digital format and designing a model for user agreements with publishers of e-journals to negotiate cost savings and to expand access to published in- formation. Smithsonian Libraries Director Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn is serving as chair of CIRLA 1999-2000. CIRLA members in addition to the Smithsonian Institution Li- braries are the Library of Congress and the National Agricultural Library and several universities (Georgetown University, The George Washington University, Howard University, Johns Hopkins University, the University of Delaware, and the University of Maryland). Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) Anna R. Cohn, Director The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) is the largest traveling exhibition service in the world. Its mission is to extend the Smithsonian collections, research, and exhibitions to “sites” across the nation and beyond. SITES organizes and circulates exhibitions of all shapes and sizes on the arts, sciences, and humanities. Since the first exhibition went on the road in 1952, SITES has traveled thousands of exhibitions for the education and en- joyment of museum-goers in every state and several foreign countries. To expand the Smithsonian’s outreach, SITES has contin- ued to seek out alternative partners and spaces to create and host exhibitions. Presented at the International Gallery un- der the auspices of SITES, “Microbes: Invisible Invaders, Amazing Allies,” an interactive, kid-friendly traveling exhi- bition that introduced the world of bacteria and germs using virtual reality, 3D animation, theatrical sets, and special ef- fects was sponsored by Pfizer Inc. in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health and produced by BBH Ex- hibits, Inc. SITES also continues to work with the American Library Association to create exhibitions for display in li- braries across the country. SITES’ Museum on Main Street Program is designed to reach underserved communities in rural areas throughout the United States. In addition to providing these venues with exhibitions, SITES works with the Federation of State Hu- manities Councils to provide the venues with professional development programs and training, as well as assisting in the development of site-specific public programming. “Yes- terday’s Tomorrows: Past Visions of the American Future,” is the third Museum on Main Street traveling exhibition and will begin touring in 2001. America’s Jazz Heritage (AJH), a partnership of the Lila Wallace—Reader’s Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institu- tion, Continues its mission to research, preserve, and present the history of jazz. AJH/SITES traveling jazz exhibitions have and continue to fulfill institutional visibility across the nation. AJH reached diverse audiences through informative and entertaining exhibitions focused on one of America’s most treasured legacies, its history, icons, and priceless col- lections. AJH coproduced the distance learning program entitled “An Ellington Experience” free of charge in collabo- ration with the Cleveland Education Fund’s Excellence in Music Initiative during the April 1999 Duke Ellington Youth Festival. AJH also coproduced “The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington,” an Electronic Field Trip in collaboration with the Fairfax Network and the Cleveland Education Fund, which was broadcast free of charge to more than 8,000 schools and 2.8 million students. Through the Smithsonian's growing Affiliations program, AJH is afforded heightened institutional support for creat- ing partnerships and collaborations with jazz museum affiliates such as the American Jazz Museum in Kansas City, Missouri, and the emerging National Jazz Museum in Harlem. Smithsonian Office of Education Ann Bay, Director A yearlong strategic planning process culminated in the merger of the Smithsonian Office of Education (SOE) and the Center for Museum Studies (CMS). The new office inter- prets the collective knowledge of the Smithsonian and serves as a gateway to the Institution’s education resources. It also promotes the understanding and use of museums in general. This expansion of mission began nearly three years ago when the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education became the Smithsonian Office of Education. The role of SOE broad- ened to include service to educators and parents and administration of the Educational Outreach Fund and the Wider Audience Development Program. In the year leading up to the merger, SOE and CMS to- gether offered professional development opportunities and services for educators. In the Washington area, summer sem- inars helped elementary and secondary teachers learn how to Reports of Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services 49 use museum resources to meet curriculum objectives. The Paul Peck Humanities Institute, a partnership at Mont- gomery College in Maryland, provided faculty research fellowships, internships, and seminars. The office continued to promote the popular heritage-month programming at the Institution. This year, for example, a workshop for teenage writers conducted by prominent Afro-Latino authors was filled to capacity. The office also brought Smithsonian expertise to places throughout the country. The American Indian Museum Studies Program conducted extensive seminars in Louisiana, Florida, and Alaska. Regional workshops in Riverside, Cali- fornia, and Austin, Texas, fostered partnerships between school districts, local museums, and the Smithsonian. In these community-based programs, the Smithsonian models methods and gives technical support. The new Smithsonian Field Trip Guide for Educators, funded by several Washington-area foundations, was launched this year. This 96-page guide details tours and programs for stu- dents and professional development opportunities for educators at all Smithsonian museums, research institutes, and offices. An “educator's toolkit” section, developed with the cooperation of schoolteachers and some 60 Smithsonian contributors, contains proven educational strategies and a guide to making connections between the Smithsonian’s per- manent exhibitions and national education standards in history, science, and the arts. Accessibility Program Janice Majewski, Accessibility Coordinator The number of people who have disabilities has been increas- ing as life spans lengthen. Today, one in five Americans has a disability. That translates into greater numbers of Smithson- ian visitors with diverse abilities and disabilities. The Accessibility Program advocates for and coordinates actions by Smithsonian museums, research institutes, and offices to accommodate audiences that include people with disabili- ties. The program’s activities this year demonstrate the diversity of the audiences and issues. The program collaborated with the National Museum of American History and the National Rehabilitation Aware- ness Foundation to present “Disability and the Practice of Public History,” a ground-breaking conference for scholars, museum professionals, and disability advocates. The partici- pants concluded that disability history must be part of public narratives, including exhibitions. Integral to the suc- cess of the conference was the program's model provision of accessibility services to accommodate the 200 conference registrants with diverse disabilities. Professionals from the Smithsonian and Washington, D.C., area cultural organizations attended five continuing education sessions held by the program, focusing on accom- modations for visitors who are blind or have low vision. The topics were tactile opportunities in museums, site orienta- tion and wayfinding, assistive technologies, the Mashan- tucket Pequot Museum’s information system for visitors with vision impairments, and publications accessibility. As Smithsonian visitors’ demand for accessibility services increased, the program provided more than 550 hours of sign-language interpretation, audio description, and Real- time captioning services through its centralized resources. Review of design and construction plans for the accessibility of facilities and exhibitions is a priority. Significant projects this year included renovation plans for the National Museum of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery, the Na- tional Museum of the American Indian’s museum on the Mall and its Cultural Resources Center, the Victor Building, and the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project conserva- tion laboratory and exhibition. Institute for Conservation Biology The Institute for Conservation Biology (ICB) continued its mission to facilitate multidisciplinary initiatives in conserva- tion science by drawing together the myriad skills and resources of the Smithsonian Institution, collaborating with other organizations, and creating alliances that effectively address a broad range of conservation issues resulting from the biodiversity crisis. ICB continued to forge strong rela- tions with non-Smithsonian agencies and nongovernmental organizations. ICB and The World Bank cohosted an environmental roundtable for 35 participants from the host organizations, the U.S. and Ecuadorian governments, nongovernmental or- ganizations, and foundations. Jamil Mahuad, president of Ecuador, spoke on “Ecuador's New Vision on Sustainable Development,” followed by an open discussion. U.S. Secre- tary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt gave the concluding remarks. Two distinguished guests were featured in ICB’s ongoing Visiting Speaker Luncheon Series: Timothy Wirth, president of the United Nations Foundation, and Rosina Bierbaum, associate director for environment in the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President. This series acquaints Smithsonian scientists and staff with the Institution’s environmentally oriented neighbors and serves as a springboard for cooperative initiatives. With the University of Maryland graduate program in Sustainable Development and Conservation Biology, ICB hosted the Society for Conservation Biology’s 1999 annual meeting, “Integrating Policy and Science in Conservation Biology.” The institute and The World Bank cosponsored a luncheon meeting with Ernesto Perez Balladares, president of the Republic of Panama, to discuss ecotourism and the need for strategic alliances among tourism, conservation, and scientific research. ICB continued to offer its course, “Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation,” at Johns Hopkins University’s Washington, D.C., campus. Thirteen Smith- sonian scientists taught the course during the fall 1999 semester. 50 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Institutional Studies Office Zahava D. Doering, Director The activities of the Institutional Studies Office (ISO) can be grouped into four major categories: museum and exhibition planning, exhibition assessment, membership studies, and research. In museum and exhibition planning, the office conducted a major study of three linked museums—the National Museum of American Art, the National Portrait Gallery, and the Renwick Gallery—that was designed to provide es- sential data on visitors to guide planning. Data collection took place in different seasons to capture a wider range of visitors. For the National Air and Space Museum, the office conducted exploratory interviews with visitors to aid in planning the new Air Transportation hall, as well as surveys and in-depth interviews for the future “Explore the Uni- verse” exhibition. At the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), ISO interviewed visitors extensively in the Kenneth E. Behring Hall of Mammals to learn how they experience the displays. These explorations led to a large- scale survey study that yielded information to guide planning for the reinstallation of the hall. Exhibition assessment activities included an in-depth study of the “Geology, Gems, and Minerals” exhibition at NMNH that provided valuable insights into how the mu- seum could enhance attendance in its major exhibitions. At the National Zoo, a series of three studies investigated visi- tor behavior, attitudes, and experiences in the Amazonia exhibit, with a focus on the Amazonia Science Gallery and its use by families. Two membership studies repeated and enlarged on studies conducted ro years earlier. For the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, a study showed how the museum’s support has changed over time. A study for The Smithsonian Associ- ates emphasized Internet use by members. ISO's research activities continued work on the types of experiences that visitors anticipate and find satisfying in museums. A study of entering and exiting visitors at the National Museum of American History demonstrated the usefulness of this model in clarifying the museum’s impact on its visitors. The peer-reviewed journal Curator invited the office to submit articles for a special issue on ISO’s work. Staff mem- bers prepared five major articles, which were accepted and scheduled for publication early in 2000. Scientific Diving Program Michael Lang, Scientific Diving Officer As an Institution-wide research support program dedicated to the safe conduct of underwater science activities by Smithsonian staff and affiliated researchers, the Scientific Diving Program facilitated projects and diving expeditions by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Smith- sonian Environmental Research Center, the National Museum of American History, the Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, and the National Museum of Nat- ural History. These projects involved more than 200 scientific divers and approximately 4,000 incident-free dives. Program staff were involved in research diving expedi- tions in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The Scientific Diving Control Board chair and the scientific diving officer co-chaired a two-day marine sciences workshop at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center that examined underwater research efforts at the Smithsonian and its net- work of marine research facilities. The program also conducted two three-week scientific diving courses, one at the National Museum of Natural History and one in Spanish at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. At the invi- tation of the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, the program was involved in the development of a scientific diver network and manual in Japan. Report of the Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman A Core Commitment to Excellence The public knows to expect excellence from the Smithson- ian. Whether visiting a museum on the Mall, attending Smithsonian Associates events in their hometowns, or browsing the Web site, people are confident that they will have an experience of the highest quality. This dedication to excellence permeates the Institution, and not just in the visi- ble programs that the public enjoys. The reports in this section of the annual report highlight the pursuit of excellence behind the scenes, where staff members provide essential support for the Institution’s mu- seum and research activities. Stimulating programs from The Smithsonian Associates, for example, open a world of knowledge to those who participate, but first it takes tal- ented staff to develop the content, orchestrate the logistics, and make the experience a rewarding one. Visitors to the National Museum of Natural History enjoy the expanded facilities and services in the new Discovery Center, thanks in part to several years of intense effort by staff in the various Operations units who helped make this addition to the Smithsonian landscape a reality. Our dedicated volunteers— this year, some 5,400 strong—make their own special contributions to excellence in just about every corner of the Institution. Sustaining excellence requires more than hard work, high standards, and the will to succeed. For the Smithsonian, reli- able and steady commercial revenue sources are increasingly essential as we look for ways to support our programs and create new ones that serve widening audiences. This year, the Smithsonian strengthened its commitment to developing and expanding for-profit business activities by establishing Smithsonian Business Ventures, a separate en- tity within the Institution with its own board of directors. Gary Beer, the chief executive officer, oversees Smithsonian magazines, museum shops, mail-order catalogues, conces- sions, commercial alliances, media-content products, direct marketing, and product development and licensing. Beer, who joined the Smithsonian near the end of this fiscal year, guided a similar venture to success when he was president and CEO of the Sundance Group, the for-profit arm of the Sundance organization founded by Robert Redford. Underlying this organizational change is the same com- mitment to excellence that has driven the Smithsonian for all of its 153 years. During I. Michael Heyman’s five years as Secretary, we have continued to explore new realms—physi- cal, intellectual, and electronic. Now we are responding to present needs while thinking ahead to the Smithsonian's possible future roles and anticipating how we will support them. As the reports in this volume suggest, the various organizations that make up the Smithsonian are always look- ing at ways to fulfill their missions more effectively. As long as the commitment to excellence is at the heart of everything we do, we cannot help but succeed. Musica de las Américas In a celebration of Latino music traditions that the Washing- ton Post called “sizzling,” “superb,” and “invigorating,” The Smithsonian Associates presented its ground-breaking “Musica de las Américas” program. This series of six monthly concerts and complementary panel discussions ex- plored the continuing influence of Latin styles on popular music in the United States. Top musicians performed in highly praised concerts that focused on popular Latin Ameri- can musical genres: mambo and Afro-Cuban jazz, merengue, conjunto nortefio, tango, bossa nova and cool jazz, and salsa and Latin jazz. Brazilian jazz icon Leny Andrade, the Machito 52 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Orchestra, jazz legends Charlie Byrd and Herbie Mann, 1999 Grammy Award winner Flaco Jiménez, and Lydia Mendoza, the “Queen of Tejano Music,” were among the many performers. Involvement with Latino communities is a priority for The Associates, and programs by, for, and about the history and culture of people of Hispanic origin are increasingly popular. “Musica de las Américas” was made possible with the support of the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives and America’s Jazz Heritage, a Partnership of the Lila Wallace— Reader’s Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution. Connecting to Smithsonian Resources For more than 25 years, staff and volunteers in the Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center’s (VIARC) Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone Information Services have fielded an extraordinary variety of questions, from the predictable (“What are the Smithsonian’s hours?”) to the startlingly specific (“What is this insect? See enclosed.”). When the public is curious, VIARC is ready with assistance. Today, people seeking information are more likely to send an e-mail than to pick up the telephone or mail a letter. Some 15,600 electronic inquiries arrived at VIARC’s address, info@info.si.edu, in fiscal year 1999, representing 45 percent of all inquiries received and an 80 percent increase over last year’s electronic mail. Each month, thousands of cyber-visitors log on to the Smithsonian’s Web site, where they can browse Encyclopedia Smithsonian, a VIARC page that provides se- lected links to on-line information throughout the Institution. A VIARC behind-the-scenes volunteer has made critical contributions to the creation of this site, working with many Smithsonian organizations. Most recently, she collabo- rated with the Department of Entomology in the National Museum of Natural History to create the extensive “Bug Info” area (click on “Insects” in Encyclopedia Smithsonian). VIARC volunteers and staff work with an impressive li- brary of fact sheets and bibliographies on everything from mollusks to the history of taxicabs, created and revised over the years in cooperation with Smithsonian specialists. When the Institution joined forces with America Online in 1993 to create Smithsonian Online, VIARC contributed highlights from these information resources. By 1995, the Smithsonian had launched its own Web site, and VIARC was instrumen- tal in supplying much of the initial content. Although e-mail makes asking questions easy, VIARC still fields telephone queries at (202) 357-2700. “People are astonished when they get a live response,” says VIARC’s Katherine Neill Ridgley. Whether in person or on-line, she says, “people tell us how grateful they are to be connected to the wealth of knowledge and information the Smithsonian has to offer.” Reports of the Administrative Offices Office of General Counsel John E. Huerta, General Counsel The Office of the General Counsel (OGC) protects the legal interests of the Smithsonian Institution. In carrying out that mission, the OGC provides legal advice and counsel to the Smithsonian Board of Regents, Secretary, Provost, Under Secretary, and other managers on the administration of the Institution; represents the Smithsonian in litigation and other adversarial proceedings to which the Institution is a party and before federal, state, and local government entities on administrative matters; issues final determina- tions on administrative tort and personal property claims against the Smithsonian; and generally monitors develop- ments in the law for application to the Smithsonian programs. Office of Planning, Management and Budget L. Carole Wharton, Director The Office of Planning, Management and Budget (OPMB) assists the Secretary and Board of Regents in setting priori- ties, allocating resources, and measuring performance. OPMB gathers, analyzes, and presents Institutional needs to the Regents, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and Congress for evaluation and disposition. OPMB also provides services to central and unit managers in order to improve planning for, as well as management of, Smithson- ian resources. In addition, OPMB develops and disseminates Institu- tional policy directives and announcements. Budget Management Planning and Policy System (BUMPPS) BUMPPS is the Smithsonian’s automated planning and budget system that provides up-to-date data for senior man- agement and also interfaces with Office of Comptroller's (OC) Smithsonian Financial System to provide current year budget data on the financial reports. The BUMPPS team improved the security foundation and modified the existing eight modules of the system. It also developed, tested, and released the Grants and Contracts Budget Module, which al- lows the Office of Sponsored Projects to create, update, view, and report on the detailed budget records for nongovern- ment and government grants and contracts sources. In addition, the team redeveloped the Budget Transfer module based on enhancements identified by OPMB analysts and the units, and created and released new reports for the Bud- get Transfer and OMB Non-Allocated modules. Team Based Organization (TBO) The TBO structure of the office continued to evolve as team members became more accomplished in the art of teamwork. Changes occurred in the structural details, but TBO re- mained the governing concept. The Smithsonian Associates Mara Mayor, Director Programs In and Around Washington Resident Associate Program The Smithsonian Associates’ (TSA) Resident Associate Pro- gram provided a spectacular array of courses, seminars, and special events for the greater Washington, D.C., area. The 54 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 year began with Lesprit de France, an exceptional collage of nearly 40 special events and programs to explore France and its contributions in art, architecture, music, history, philoso- phy, literature, language, cuisine, and style. The centerpiece of Lesprit de France was an elegant black-tie gala held at the Washington Design Center, chaired by Mary Ourisman and attended by the Ambassador of France. The celebration was headlined by events cosponsored with the Hotel Ritz Paris, such as “The French Art of Tea” and “Rendezvous with the Ritz’ Chefs.” TSA collaborated with Smithsonian museums on a variety of cultural and educational programs. Tim Johnson of the National Museum of the American Indian used stunning images to review the photographic history of Native Ameri- cans from the very beginning of photography more than 150 years ago. An impressive roster of speakers, including Doris Evans McGinty, Ed Guerrero, and Mark Naison, presented a seminar, “Celebrating the rooth Anniversary of Paul Robe- son’s Birth,” to complement the National Portrait Gallery’s exhibition on this great artist. TSA presented a dazzling array of world-renowned fig- ures. After a screening of extraordinary vintage footage trumpeting his historic Everest conquest, Sir Edmund Hillary, in an extraordinarily rare public appearance, re- ceived the James Smithson Bicentennial Medal. Author Tom Wolfe delighted his audience with witty repartee about his life as a writer in a conversation with Marc Pachter. Lesley Stahl reflected on her 25 years as a reporter. Psychologist Richard Carlson told us, “Don’t Sweat the Small Scuff.” Peter Jennings, anchor and editor of “ABC World News Tonight,” reflected on the twentieth century. Two very special programs highlighted the year. TSA pre- sented one of the largest groups of former Presidential Press Secretaries ever assembled. Moderated by historian Michael Beschloss, the list of luminaries included George Christian (Johnson); Marlin Fitzwater (Reagan and Bush); Joe Lock- hardt, Mike McCurry, and Dee Dee Myers (Clinton); Ronald Nessen, (Ford); Pierre Salinger (Kennedy); Larry Speakes (Reagan); and Ronald Ziegler (Nixon). The other spectacular program featured the great NASCAR drivers including Dale Earnhardt, Dale Earnhardt, Jr., Jeff Gordon, Kyle Petty, Richard Petty, and Darrell Waltrip. TSA has had a long association with Oxford University through its study tours program. This year, for the first time, Smithsonian Associates were able to enjoy Oxford in Washing- ton through three daylong seminars. Barry Cunliffe, professor of archaeology at Oxford, spoke about the history of the Celts and their contribution to western civilization. Oxford tutors Geoffrey Tyack and David Eddershaw covered “The English Country House” and “Oxford as University, City, and County.” Continuing its long collaboration with the National Air and Space Museum, TSA presented the 33rd Annual Smith- sonian Kite Festival on the National Mall. This years theme, “A Century of Flight: Looking Back” celebrated the centen- nial of Orville Wright’s historic 1899 kite, which was a milestone in aviation history. Associates in the greater Wash- ington area took part in more than 200 day and overnight tours in the region. Of special note is the popular journey to Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater (PA), which was ex- panded to include Kentuck Knob, another Wright home re- cently opened to visitors on a limited basis. Young Benefactors The Young Benefactors entered its tenth year, continuing its mission of raising unrestricted funds for the Smithsonian Institution and increasing awareness among young profes- sionals of the goals and objectives of the Institution. Among activities this year were a reception at the Latin American photography exhibit at the National Museum of American History, a cocktail reception at the Renwick Gallery, and the Tenth Annual Blast-Off Black-Tie Gala at National Air and Space Musuem, which raised more than $150,000. Masters Program in the History of Decorative Arts: Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century American Decorative Arts Maria Ann Conelli, Chair The Masters Program, now in its fourth year, sponsored a symposium entitled “The Theme Is Glass” in conjunction with the exhibition “Glass! Glorious Glass!” at the Renwick Gallery of the National Museum of American Art. Renowned glass artist Dan Dailey opened the morning session and was later joined by curators Paola Antonelli of the Museum of Modem Art and Vicky Clark from the Pittsburgh Center for the Arts. They addressed an enthusiastic audience of more than 125 attendees. Kenneth Trapp, curator-in-charge at the Renwick, provided an afternoon tour of the exhibition. The day ended with a lively panel discussion that ranged from the future of art glass to glass and modem technology. Professor John Wilton-Ely, the distinguished art historian, joined the faculty and lectured on his forthcoming book, Robert Adam and the Adam Style. Stadents from the Masters Program later joined Professor Wilton-Ely in England to explore the cel- ebrated English country houses and their interiors. During this summer seminar, students visited the collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum, Spencer House, the Wallace Collection, Osterley Park, The Sir John Soane’s Museum, Strawberry Hill, and Chiswick House, to name a few. The Masters Program continued production of the “Newsletter of the Decorative Arts Society.” This publica- tion, with an international readership, offers articles, exhibition and book reviews, news on recent acquisitions, and a calendar of events pertaining to the applied arts for museum and historic houses across the United States. Stu- dents in the Washington, D.C., program serve as writers, editors, and designers. Some have found their voice and ca- reers in writing for the Newsletter. Programs Across America and Around the World Smithsonian Institutes for Professionals Geared for corporate and association audiences who come to Washington from across the country, TSA's Institutes are Reports of the Administrative Offices Dy) custom designed to meet the interests and needs of each client and can be used for training, awareness, or incentive programs. The programs, which may last from a few hours to several days, use Smithsonian collections, laboratories, re- search facilities, and exhibitions to help participants better understand diverse cultures and to foster fresh approaches to problem solving. The institutes include Smithsonian Cre- ativity Institutes, Smithsonian World Affairs Institutes, and Smithsonian Signature Institutes. Companion programs also are offered. In April, TSA presented a three-day World Affairs Insti- tute about Southeast Asia for Indiana University as part of an ongoing relationship with that university. Notable inter- national experts including ambassadors and congressmen as well as representatives the U.S. Department of Commerce and The Brookings Institution introduced 45 participants and their spouses to the economic complexity of the region through lectures. Embassies hosting events included Viet- nam, Thailand, and Singapore. A Signature Institute for 22 international members of the Young Presidents Organization (YPO) also occurred in April. Through a lecture, tour, and hands-on demonstration exercises, participants had a chance to get behind the scenes, learning the work of the National Museum of Natural His- tory forensics department, as well as about skeletal biology. An agreement was made with Lockheed Martin Leader- ship Institutes to provide Creativity Institutes to approximately 25 executives on a quarterly basis. The first half-day event was held in August. Smithsonian Voices of Discovery TSA’s Voices of Discovery takes Smithsonian experts into communities around the country. They present lectures and workshops in a variety of settings, from museums to public libraries. For the 11th year, TSA participated in “An Ap- palachian Summer Festival” in Boone, North Carolina, with speakers and topics relating to Appalachian crafts. Smithsonian Scholars in the Schools This newly created program takes Smithsonian specialists into schools around the country to share their expertise with students and teachers. In addition to group lectures, hands- on classroom sessions, and teacher workshops, each custom-tailored program offers an evening public presenta- tion for the greater school community. The Spring Branch Independent School District in Houston, Texas, which served as a pilot facility last year, hosted another highly suc- cessful series that reached several thousand students through live appearances and via Web and distance learning interac- tions with the scholars. The Museum of Me Working with Educational Field Studies, Inc., TSA re- designed and expanded its Museum of Me program. Targeted at middle school student groups visiting Washing- ton, D.C., this two-part program introduces them to muse- ums, collecting, museum careers, and exhibit design. Before their trips, teachers receive a preview packet that includes a CD-ROM about the Smithsonian and a learning guide with suggested activities to complement their museum visit. While in Washington, the students attend a live, interactive 30-minute presentation in Discovery Theater where they are challenged to think like museum professionals and design an exhibition. Smithsonian Study Tours With more than 350 national and international study tours offered this year, Smithsonian Associates had the opportu- nity to experience and learn about virtually every corner of the globe. For example, Associates traveled to “Southern Africa by DC3” for a classic aerial exploration of Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia. Grandparents, parents, and children joined educators atop Gargonza, a medieval Italian hilltop town, for the Smithson- ian’s first “Tuscan Summer for Families” study tour. Forty-one Associates took part in day tours specially geared for families, with children having the opportunity to experi- ence a different culture and even play soccer with local youngsters. In the United States, 80 Associates took part in a first- time cruise on a new ship, Le Levant, on the Great Lakes. Others enjoyed gala performances and joined music and drama experts behind the scenes at U.S. and Canadian per- forming arts festivals that included Spoleto USA (Charleston, South Carolina), Carmel Bach (Carmel, Califor- nia), and Stratford (Ontario). Smithsonian Businesses Roland Banscher, Acting Senior Business Officer The Smithsonian is committed to developing and licensing products that reflect its educational values and extend its message. From a business point of view, selling merchandise of high quality helps strengthen the Institution’s financial base. From an education point of view, an exhibition cata- logue, a CD-ROM, or products carrying descriptive information contribute to people’s knowledge of collections and research programs throughout the Institution. At the National Museum of Natural History, museum shop sales increased following the opening of the Discovery Center in May. A shop in the International Gallery sup- ported the exhibition “Microbes: Invisible Invaders, Amazing Allies,” with everything from gummy microbes to educational microscopes. The Arts and Industries Building shop now features “The Best of the Smithsonian” merchan- dise, including best-sellers from several museum shops, publications, recordings, Smithsonian Catalogue merchan- dise, and souvenirs. The Smithsonian Catalogue continues to reflect the educa- tional values and rich diversity of the museums and research 56 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 institutes. Every product receives curatorial approval. Sales in fiscal year 1999 exceeded $39 million, an Ir percent in- crease over the previous year. The catalogue continues to dominate the museum theme catalogue market with a 30 percent market share. For the first time, circulation passed the 20 million mark. Licensed products based on items in the Smithsonian's collections help extend the Institution's educational mission and generate revenue to meet programmatic needs. Every product must meet high standards before it reaches the marketplace. New products this year included a reproduc- tion of explorer William Clark’s compass in the National Museum of American History; jewelry adapted from the Hope Diamond and the Hooker Emerald from the National Gem Collection of the National Museum of Natural History; and a planetarium kit for students ages 8 and up inspired by the Albert Einstein Planetarium at the National Air and Space Museum. Public food services attracted more than 2.5 million visits and almost one half million staff member visits, generating more than $1.5 million in net revenue for the Smithsonian. The newest dining facility, the Atrium Café at the National Museum of Natural History, features six-story skylights and a varied menu, including made-to-order salads, soups, pasta, and a rotisserie station. Smithsonian Magazine Ronald Walker, Publisher One of the Institution’s primary outreach vehicles is Swzith- sonian magazine, read by nearly 7 million people each month. This year, lively and informative articles introduced readers to the usual broad scope of topics, including Erector Set inventor A. C. Gilbert; the mystical beauty of turquoise; “star parties” for amateur astronomers in Arizona; turn-of- the-century American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer; the cloud of “space trash” that orbits Earth; and the contentious new world of dam removal. The magazine attracts reprint interest from a variety of sources, particularly the field of education. Academic institutions, associations, and textbook publishers request permission to use Smithsonian articles as part of coursework material or for informational distribu- tion. Roughly 70 percent of the more than 500 permission requests received in fiscal year 1999 were from organizations with an educational purpose or affiliation. Smithsonian Productions Paul B. Johnson, Director Smithsonian Productions is the electronic media production center for the Smithsonian, basing its work on the research and exhibition activities of the Instirution’s museums and research institutes. The unit shares the vast world of the Smithsonian with millions in the United States and abroad through quality television and radio programs, exhibition videos, and on-line media. This year, Smithsonian Productions presented “The Mis- sissippi: River of Song,” the largest multimedia project in the Institution’s history. The centerpiece was a four-part tele- vision series that premiered in January 1999 on PBS stations nationwide, taking viewers on a musical journey down the Mississippi River, from the north woods of Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico. Produced with the cooperation of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, the project also included a seven-part radio series broadcast nationally on Public Radio International, a two-CD set issued by Smithsonian Folkways, a companion book, and extensive educational materials distributed via the project Web site. With major funding from Kajima Corporation, Hitachi, Ltd., the Corpo- ration for Public Broadcasting, and PBS, the series was coproduced with the Filmmakers Collaborative of Boston. Smithsonian Productions also produced a variety of pro- grams for Smithsonian exhibitions. The video Woody Guthrie's Legacy accompanies the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service exhibition “This Land Is Your Land: The Life and Legacy of Woody Guthrie.” For the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation at the National Museum of American History, the unit produced two videos and a puppet show for young people on African American inventor Lewis Latimer. Titanic Mail, produced for the National Postal Museum, is the first close look at the five mailroom clerks and the 6 million packages and letters that went down with the RMS Titanic. Office of Communications David J. Umansky, Director The Office of Communications is responsible for the public face of the Institution. Its Office of Public Affairs (OPA) is dedicated to media relations, publications, and public rela- tions. The Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center (VIARC) serves the millions of people who visit the Smithsonian each year. Office of Public Affairs The Office of Public Affairs, part of the Office of Commu- nications, collaborated with the National Museum of American History to create and implement a plan to en- courage media coverage of the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project. From the beginning, this project was of intense interest to the public, especially museum visitors, the media, and the White House Millennium Council, which selected the flag as a centerpiece of its Save America’s Treasures campaign. Reports of the Administrative Offices BYE The first media “event,” held in October, was the in- frared examination of the flag by National Aeronautics and Space Administration scientists. The after-hours taking down of the flag was shared with national television via a video news release sent out on satellite the following after- noon. Science media had a briefing on the project and a tour of the special conservation lab where the flag is in- stalled for three years. OPA provides regular support for the public relations efforts of Smithsonian museums and offices. This year’s proj- ects included publicity and an advertising plan for “Microbes: Invisible Invaders, Amazing Allies” in the International Gallery. The exhibition brought record numbers of visitors to the S. Dillon Ripley Center and additional evening visitors to other museums that were part of the Summer Science Nights on the Mall program. In addition, OPA played a lead- ing role in the publicity campaign surrounding the ground breaking for the National Museum of the American Indian on September 28. The office continued implementation of the Smithson- ian’s new visual identity program, which was initiated last year with the introduction of a new logo, by working with staff around the Institution to apply the logo to everything from brochures and newsletters to product labels, signs, and stationery. Three publications produced by OPA won First Place in the National Association of Government Communicators’ publications competition: Smithsonian Year 1997, jointly produced with Smithsonian Institution Press; Smithsonian Institution Research Reports, a quarterly newsletter; and The Torch, the monthly employee newspaper. During the year, OPA produced two additional brochures to assist visitors in touring the Smithsonian—an update of “Smithsonian Access,” a guide for disabled visitors, and a visitor brochure titled “Exploring African American Heritage at the Smith- sonian,” which was supported by a grant from the Educational Outreach Fund administered by the Smithson- ian Office of Education. As part of OPA’s Institution-wide promotion program, the office bought commercial time for six months begin- ning in September on WTOP radio, the dominant news-talk station in the Washington area. The station's lis- tener demographics match those of Smithsonian visitors, Associate members, and donors. The spots, called “Inside the Smithsonian,” were broadcast every Friday morning during drive time and featured information for area resi- dents on everything from what’s new at the museums to the latest artifact acquisition. To promote the museums’ fall season of exhibitions and programs, OPA ran two half-page advertisements in the Washington Post's fall preview section on Sunday, September 12. Near the end of the fiscal year, the Board of Regents was ready to name a new Smithsonian Secretary, and OPA han- dled the September 13 announcement in the Enid A. Haupt Garden and the publicity for the event. Secretary-designate Lawrence M. Small’s biography and other materials were available to staff, the public, and the press. Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center Mary Grace Potter, Director Throughout fiscal year 1999 the Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center (VIARC) pursued its mission to broaden the public’s knowledge, appreciation, and enjoy- ment of the Institution and to facilitate and promote Participation in its programs and activities As a central support organization and the principal con- tact point for information about the Smithsonian, VIARC’s work was carried out through the Smithsonian Information Center (SIC); the Internet; museum information/member re- ception desks; response services for public and member mail, telephone, and electronic inquiries; outreach to the tour and travel industry; outdoor wayfinding stations; two large volunteer programs providing primary support for the Insti- tution’s public information activities and for staff project assistance behind-the-scenes; and a docent program for the Castle. VIARC observed an ambitious schedule of activity during the year to ensure timely contracting, implementation/ installation and completion of major projects affecting the Institution’s public information activities, for example, a new phone system, new backlit panels for the Smithsonian Information Center, and re-engineered outside wayfinding pylons; first-time digitization and photographic enlarge- ments of the Information Center’s electronic maps; and design and installation of a new software program for the touch screen interactives in the Center, including the pur- chase of new hardware. Fiscal year 1999 also marked the roth anniversary of the Smithsonian Information Center, which over the decade has provided assistance to some 20 million visitors. Most of the Center's primary information components were redesigned, refurbished, or replaced. The system for generating promo- tional graphics between theater shows was perfected and utilized extensively to highlight various exhibitions, serv- ices, and activities across the Institution. Operating from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily, the Center served some 1,854,903 visitors. Reception services were provided to 19,562 Associate Members and their families; 3,267 memberships were sold representing $101,593.00 in revenue for membership programs. Castle Docents led 2,881 participants on 268 tours of the Smithsonian Build- ing, which included the special biannual tours for TSA members. Information desk services were provided in 13 museums by a corps of 664 Volunteer Information Specialists. Ninety new volunteers were recruited, trained, and placed in desk and telephone information assignments to maintain estab- lished staffing levels; 106 continuing education programs were provided to keep volunteers abreast of new exhibitions and activities and to enhance their knowledge of ongoing work in the museums. The “InfoSpecial” newsletter for Vol- unteer Information Specialists was produced quarterly. Volunteer contributions Institution-wide were acknowl- 58 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 edged in the annual Torch supplement. The annual Smith- sonian-wide volunteer survey documented a total of 5,408 volunteers who contributed some 475,597 hours of service to the Institution during fiscal year 1999. Appreciation events for each of VIARC’s volunteer groups were held with the Secretary speaking at both the winter and spring events. Some 6,000 comment forms received from visitors/callers were processed and referred to the appropriate museums/ programs for information and handling. Postal and electronic public mail inquiries numbered 34,958. Electronic correspondence continued to escalate (15,585) reflecting an 80 percent increase over FY 1998. Almost two thirds of the electronic requests (9,776) were handled on-line. All preprinted resource materials (100+) were updated or revised at least twice during the year. Thir- teen new fact sheets/bibliographies were created/uploaded to the World Wide Web. The Sa/es Reference List was updated and published quarterly. Outgoing responses to both mail and phone requests for information numbered more than 75,700. Documented public phone traffic handled through VIARC numbered 287,300 calls. (This figure is lower than the traffic actually handled because system crashes and the installation of the new Lucent phone program and hardware destroyed large segments of data.) Activities resulting in a high volume of telephone calls included “Star Wars” at NASM, “Van Gogh” at NGA, the Freer film series, Everest at the Langley Theater, and the NATO weekend. In FY 1999, 1,224 volunteers were active in the Behind- the-Scenes program, contributing more than 171,437 hours of service in departments, divisions, and offices across the Institution. Translations completed for staff members by the program’s translators numbered 116 in 13 languages. One hundred twenty-seven new requests from staff for project as- sistance were received during the year, bringing the total number of projects on file to 557. Efforts to address the Institution’s accessibility and cul- tural diversity goals were ongoing. Volunteer recruitment efforts continued to be successful in reaching a broad cul- tural pool. Of all new Volunteer Information Specialists and Behind-the-Scenes Volunteers, 24 percent and 30 percent, respectively, represented minority constituencies. VIARC staff played leadership roles on planning committees for all Heritage Month celebrations. Tours of the SIB were offered in Spanish during Hispanic Heritage Month and on a re- quest basis throughout the year. The Tourism Outreach Coordinator attended the annual La Cumbre marketplace to promote travel to the Institution/D.C. from Latin America. Efforts to further accessibility were numerous, including ini- tial planning to accommodate two blind and one low-vision candidate for the Volunteer Information Specialist corps; the design and installation of the new NMNH information desk; supply of WP and ASCII copies of the SI and Access brochures to all information desks for distribution to the public; uploading all Heritage Month activities to the Web; promotion of same in the Information Center theaters, via special recordings and through quarterly “Samplers” mailed in previsit packets; and redesign of the video cover for Guide to the Smithsonian. Greater use of technology enabled VIARC to streamline internal and external communication and to facilitate on- going information service responsibilities. Information re- sources (monthly exhibition directories, calendars, and other reference materials) were produced in hard copy and made available on-line to staff and volunteers through VIARC cus- tom programs and to the public via the Web. Information on some 1,758 public programs was edited and formatted for the chronological calendar alone. Increased use of the capacity to produce “flash notes” through our in-house Info- Tools program alerted staff and volunteers to last-minute changes in information reducing previously required hard- copy memoranda by over 40 percent. In addition, moving the Information Center's interactive program from laser disk to hard drive reduced text entry from three programs to one, eliminating reformatting for separate programs, thus lessen- ing the chance for error and saving hours of repetitive work and proofing time. VIARC printed 26 publications using outside vendors and produced 62 in house including a new style manual and special Folklife binders. The Guide to the Nation's Capital and the Smithsonian Institution was updated and redesigned. A 50 percent increase in requests to review SI information in out- side publications occurred boosting the annual total to 54. Estimates indicate VIARC served some 400,000 visitors a month via the Web. Up-to-date information was available on planning a visit, new exhibitions, public programs, and answers to frequently asked questions. In addition, the Ency- clopedia Smithsonian Web site, created and maintained by VIARC, functioned successfully as an index to the Smithson- ian’s vast resources and was the recipient of a second Dow Jones Business Directory “Select Site” award. Some 225 fact sheets/bibliographies were available to the public from the Encyclopedia site, which continued to be a work in progress. On the tour and travel front, quarterly mailings to pro- mote Smithsonian activities were sent to some 1,600 domestic/international tour operators, and 400,000 At A Glance leaflets were distributed to hotels/motels/information centers and travel agents. VIARC represented the Smithson- ian at the three major travel trade shows, NTA, TIAA, and ABA, and also attended La Cumbre. A total of 290 tour op- erators requested and received meetings with VIARC’s Outreach Coordinator. Significant time and effort were ex- pended assisting SITES, NMNH-Discovery Center/Johnson Theater/Eurest and the Craft Show in promoting their activ- ities to the travel industry with very positive results. The NATO 5oth Summit presented the most taxing prob- lem of the year. To advise travel industry contacts of limited National Mall access and minimize the impact on clients, an “urgent” informational memorandum was sent to some 1,000 tour operators; faxes were sent to NTA online, ABA, DC Concierge, WCVA, the D.C. Chamber and TravelFile. VIARC cohosted with WCVA an educational breakfast seminar for participants traveling to La Cumbre and worked with SITES to host a reception for D.C. Concierge to pro- mote “Microbes.” Work continued with the Downtown D.C. Business Im- provement District (DBID) signage committee. Text was Reports of the Administrative Offices 59 prepared for the 88 pedestrian directional signs scheduled for installation in the National Mall area. The latter received the approval of the Under Secretary. Office of Special Events and Conference Services Nicole L. Krakora, Director The Office of Special Events and Conference Services (OSECS) offers its knowledge and expertise to organizations throughout the Smithsonian, producing events that pro- vide donors, guests, and visitors with memorable, positive experiences, which serve to cultivate continued support for the Institution. OSECS made possible nearly 400 events and scientific conferences this year, many of them for the Board of Regents, the Secretary, senior Smithsonian staff, and the Office of Membership and Development. Over the last five years, and following a change in office mission, the number of events OSECS produces each year has more than doubled. The ground-breaking ceremony for the National Museum of the American Indian capped a year of high-level activities. Throughout the year, OSECS produced events for visiting dignitaries, including a reception and a meeting for the pres- ident of Colombia, hosted by the Office of the Provost; a benefit fund-raising reception on the occasion of the visit of His Holiness, the Dalai Lama of Tibet, hosted by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage; and a dinner in honor of the president of the Republic of Panama, hosted by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Opening receptions were held for a number of exhibi- tions, including “From Bento to Mixed Plate: Americans of Japanese Ancestry in Multicultural Hawai’i,” hosted by the Office of the Provost, and “Microbes: Invisible In- vaders, Amazing Allies,” hosted by the Office of the Provost and the International Gallery. A luncheon marked the opening of the Folklife Festival, and a press conference and luncheon hosted by Smithsonian Productions cele- brated the premiere of the Smithsonian television series “The Mississippi: River of Song.” Fund-raising events in- cluded the Anacostia Museum’s annual benefit masquerade ball, Carnival ’99. Meetings and conferences included the National Confer- ence on Cultural Property Protection in Los Angeles, hosted by the Office of Protection Services; meetings and a lunch- eon for the President’s Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, hosted by the Secretary; and activities in con- junction with the Board of Regents meetings, hosted by the Secretary. Among numerous events produced for the Office of Membership and Development were the annual James Smithson Society and Smithsonian Treasures weekends, as well as activities associated with meetings of the Smithson- ian National Board and the Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program. Office of Government Relations Don Hardy, Director Although always a priority of the Office of Government Re- lations, efforts to educate members of Congress and their constituencies about the abundance of Smithsonian outreach programs were significantly accelerated. Secretary I. Michael Heyman’s determination and his success in bringing the In- stitution’s collections and professional expertise into local communities have resulted in a greater congressional under- standing of the Smithsonian’s range and depth and, as important, an appreciation of its commitment to public service. By emphasizing the educational components of the Institution’s museum and research activities, Government Relations staff are stressing the practical and immediate public benefit of Smithsonian programs and enlisting con- gressional assistance in making these program opportunities and educational materials available to their communities. Operations Directorate The many different organizations that make up the Smith- sonian depend on the internal framework of services provided by Washington-based administration, facilities, finance, and information technology staff. These services support and promote effective management throughout the Institution. This year, several offices in the Operations unit concentrated on strengthening their own operations through refined organizational structures, effective use of technology, and improved service to the Institution’s museums, research institutes, and offices. Efforts to strengthen internal financial services included organizational changes in the Office of the Comptroller, along with the hiring of Edward Knapp as comptroller. The Office of the Chief Financial Officer developed a report to better inform senior management about the Smithsonian's financial condition and began investigating the implementa- tion of a new financial system. The Office of Planning, Management, and Budget put into place the final modules of the integrated electronic Budget Management, Planning, and Policy System (BUMPPS). The Office of Protection Services (OPS) made significant progress in advancing the Smithsonian’s strategic plan for replacing the Smithsonian Institution Proprietary Security System (SIPSS) and upgrading and integrating the security systems throughout Smithsonian museums and facilities. In partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, OPS developed a master plan that outlines the technical specifica- tions for a new integrated security system. In fiscal year 1999, OPS developed and implemented a comprehensive Y2K contingency plan for the electronic security system. Replace- ment of SIPSS in the National Air and Space Museum, Arts and Industries Building, Smithsonian Castle, and Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden was initiated and was sched- uled for completion in December 1999. OPS also began the 60 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 designs for SIPSS replacement in the National Museum of Natural History, Central Control, and the Museum Support Center. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute is un- der design for that facility’s first technical security system. With continued funding through fiscal year 2002, OPS is on schedule for complete SIPSS replacement within calendar year 2002. Digital imaging possibilities continue to expand, as the Office of Imaging, Printing, and Photographic Services (OIPPS) began offering color prints made from digital image files and produced on photographic-quality digital printers. For the first time, OIPPS used all-digital imaging tech- niques to document remote fieldwork. National Museum of Natural History researchers recorded images with a high- quality digital camera and processed them on the spot ina laptop computer. The Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs enhanced its capacity to track the effectiveness of the Smith- sonian’s staff recruitment efforts. This office also launched a Web site that gives small and disadvantaged businesses con- venient access to information about doing business with the Smithsonian (www. si.edu/oeema/sdbu. htm). For the Office of Physical Plant, the ground-breaking cer- emony for the National Museum of the American Indian’s Mall museum signaled the start of a major construction proj- ect. Design of the National Air and Space Museum’s Dulles Center was completed, and the replacement of the museum’s skylights and windows continued. At the National Museum of Natural History, the new 80,000-square-foot Discovery Center opened to the public, and restoration of the mu- seum’s Rotunda was in progress. The Folger Rose Garden, offering year-round interest with roses, annuals, perennials, and woody plants, opened as a permanent addition to the Smithsonian landscape. Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Era L. Marshall Fiscal year 1999 for the Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs (OQEEMA) was marked by continued em- phasis on, and improvement in, advocating, facilitating, overseeing, monitoring, and reporting on all aspects of equal opportunity in the Smithsonian Institution’s employment and business initiatives and relationships. OEEMA made solid progress in reducing the backlog of EEO counseling cases to improve services to customers in- volved in the informal and formal aspects of the EEO complaint process. Mid-point (February) into the second quarter of FY 1999, the office had completed all of its pend- ing EEO counseling cases, an achievement in line with a goal expressed a few years ago in the Five-Year Strategic Plan. Although an EEO office will always have new cases to process, we are convinced that our simplification of intake procedures, increased reliance on networking with such SI partners as the Ombudsman, the Employee Assistance Pro- gram, and Labor Employee Relations, advocacy and use of mediation to produce settlements, and a continued use of internal staff to produce succinct and helpful Reports of In- vestigation have all contributed to our ability to resolve workplace disputes. The mandatory “diversity action plans” required of units with 25 or more employees, which provide information used in OEEMA’s annual “Accomplishment Report for Diversity Action Plans,” detail unit initiatives in equal employment and provide OEEMA with one of the Institutional standards used in monitoring and evaluating the professional perform- ance of SI Directors. A major emphasis in FY 1999 was to refine, improve, and monitor our applicant flow database to ensure affirmative employment/diversity recruitment and hiring and to analyze Institutional trends by means of weekly, quarterly, and an- nual “applicant flow analysis reports.” We have collaborated closely with OHR to produce a new “applicant survey form,” which has already resulted in increased use by job applicants. OEEMA further promoted diversity/affirmative employ- ment goals of the Smithsonian by sharpening and expanding its Prevention of Sexual Harassment (POSH) database to gain a better understanding of the units and employees who need to take the training. We continue to make significant inroads in providing training for all SI employees in this very significant area that often provides the basis for filing EEO complaints. OEEMA launched a SDBU Web site on SI's Internet Web page to make SDBU information easily accessible to small and disadvantaged businesses (SDBs) via the Internet Web page. The site includes information on doing business with the Smithsonian, the annual forecast of upcoming con- tracting opportunities, a link of SDBs to register their information electronically in the SDB database of vendors, copies of SI notices posted in the Commerce Business Daily, and other information. OEEMA hosted the second in its series of focused small- business procurement fairs in November 1998. The fair focused on industrial supply vendors, and more than 70 SI staff members from various units met and networked with nine exhibitors. We have also initiated the planning process for the next fair, which will feature small exhibit supply ven- dors. SDBU also reports the Smithsonian's yearly contracting achievements relating to small, disadvantaged, and women- owned businesses in the “Contacting Achievement Report” to the Small Business Administration. Through its SDBU Program OEEMA continues to part- ner with OPP, which generates approximately 70 percent of the Smithsonian’s total contractual expenditures. Over the last fiscal year OEEMA organized numerous site visits to construction projects completed by these firms, and these efforts contributed to the awarding of three new 8(a) open- term contracts. We also coordinated training and education efforts with OCon, to include participation in OCon’s “infor- mational briefings” to SI staff with delegated procurement authority. OEEMA also worked with OCon to train SI staff who took part in OHR’s “training for new supervisors” on Reports of the Administrative Offices 61 contracting procedures and SI’s policy in doing business with SDBs. We participated in OCon’s procurement policy committee meetings to ensure that SDB interests were con- sidered in new SI policy initiatives. The OEEMA Director and staff members served on im- portant internal and external committees, councils, and advocacy organizations to provide advocacy for, and to pro- mote, the Institution’s diversity/affirmative employment goals. The OEEMA Director chaired the Council of Admin- istrative Services Directors throughout the fiscal year. In addition, she participated, along with appropriate taff, in a number of Employee Relations Working Group meetings to discuss overlapping EEO issues in OHR, labor relations and OGC, and various attempts to resolve them. The Director and/or the SDBU Program Manager participated in monthly OSDBU (Offices of Small and Disadvantaged Business Uti- lization) Interagency Council meetings. The Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (SDBU) Program Man- ager also chaired the OSDBU Directors Interagency Council’s SBA Working Group meetings. During FY 1999 OEEMA provided advice and assistance to 330 employees and 178 management officials. The follow- ing were leading issues which the Director, OEEMA's cadre of EEO counselors, and qualified mediators worked to resolve over the fiscal year: selection/nonselection, promotion/ nonpromotion, sexual/nonsexual harassment in the work- place, hostile work environment, proposals to suspend/ remove, termination, reprisal/retaliation, performance evalua- tions/ratings, disparate treatment and perceptions thereof, time limits in the EEO process, the status of individual EEO complaints, the status of EEO investigations, the ADR process and procedures, settlement issues and procedures, performance evaluations/ratings, work duties and responsibil- ities, and employee/managerial rights and responsibilities. The OEEMA Director attended a meeting on September 29, 1999, with OGC officials and the Office of the Under Secretary to discuss new EEOC regulations and their effect on the federal sector. We met with the SI Ombudsman to address issues not covered under Title VII. The OEEMA Director and the Precomplaints Program Manager participated in a meeting with SI Archives and OGC personnel on July 26 to discuss when reports of inves- tigation should be destroyed. The OEEMA Director and the Precomplaints Program Manager participated in an EEOC briefing on July 21 to discuss ways to improve efforts to eliminate and prevent discrimination in the federal workplace and the impact of revised EEOC regulations on the federal sector. During FY 1999 OEEMA received 457 telephonic re- quests for assistance/information from employees and managers, and 170 office visits. At the end of the fourth quarter only 14 requests for counseling were carried over. Our counseling and assistance efforts encompassed a wide range of units, including OPP, MSC, SERC, NASA, NZP, NMNH, OMD, Ocon, CFCS, etc., where we focused indi- vidual advice and assistance efforts to resolve issues, including hostile work environment, harassment, health, safety, promotions, and reasonable accomodations. OEEMA attended a meeting between members of the Quality of Workplace Review Committee and the National Council of La Raza to seek assistance in publicizing the Smithsonian’s co-op initiative to recruit Hispanic applicants. Thirty-four formal complaints were filed during FY 1999. Forty-two formal complaints were closed during the fiscal year; 76 complaints were open at the end of the reporting period. Of the 42 closures, there were 15 dismissals, 1 with- drawal, 13 settlements, and 13 final agency decisions (FADs), including those with and without a hearing. Of the 13 FADs, no discrimination was the finding in each. Four of the 13 final agency decisions were without hear- ing; 9 of the 13 were with a hearing. The Smithsonian accepted all 9 recommended decisions of the administrative judges. At the end of the fiscal year, 3 complaints were pending written acknowledgment of receipt; 16 investigations, 32 hearings, and 21 FADs were pending in inventory. Relevant OEEMA staff members participated in a series of Smithsonian alternative dispute resolution program meet- ings over the fiscal year and it was agreed that presentations would be made to each museum/bureau and each Smithson- ian Council. OEEMA staff members participated in a meeting on December 1, 1999, to develop a roll-out plan for the alterna- tive dispute resolution process under development by OHR. During FY 1999 34 investigations were closed; 19 inves- tigations were closed by one OEEMA staff member. At the end of the fourth quarter, 10 investigations were being con- ducted. Of these, 2 were being conducted by one OEEMA staff member. With the assistance of a summer employee, new filing systems and an electronic database for formal complaints were refined. These are ongoing initiatives into the new fis- cal year. OEEMA prepared the FY 1999 “Accomplishment Report on Diversity Action Plans” for units with 25 or more em- ployees. The report was provided to the Provost and the Under Secretary and is being used to evaluate SI Directors’ equal employment opportunity performance. We assisted EEO officers in OPS, OMPB, NPM, OMD, NMAH,, and AAA in the development of their unit diversity action plans. We participated in a November 12 meeting to evaluate OHR’s pilot mandatory training program for new supervi- sors, providing information on the training and suggesting ways to improve its effectiveness. We worked with NUNH to advise and assist in evaluating progress in meeting mandatory requirements for the training as well as for the Prevention of Sexual Harassment briefing. In addition, we proposed ways to improve attendance at these courses. OEEMA met with the Director, Center for Latino Initia- tives, to discuss the hiring, recruitment, and retention of Latino employees. The Diversity/Affirmative Employment Program Man- ager served as OEEMA'’s representative on the planning committee for the SI Secretary’s Day of Excellence, in tan- dem with the Executive Director, Office of the Under Secretary, the Director of OSE, and with staff from OHR and 62 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 OEMS. The committee developed publicity and nominations criteria. The Day of Excellence was held on June 15, 1999, and was very well received. On April 2, 1999, we met with the Deputy Director, NMAfA, to discuss a diversity roundtable for supervisors. Further discussion, led by OEEMA’s Diversity Program Man- ager and NMAfA’s Deputy Director, was held on April 13. The Diversity/Affirmative Employment Program Man- ager participated as a speaker at an in-service meeting of the Smithsonian’s Occupational Health Services Branch on May 27. The topic of discussion was “An Update on Providing Reasonable Accommodations.” We briefed OHR’s personnel management specialists on reasonable accommodation issues to include information on how to verify an individual’s disability, the process for determining reasonable accommo- dations, and special hiring authorities for people with disabilities. We attended EEOC’s Technical Assistance Program on August 4. Topics included the impact of recent Supreme Court decisions on ADA and harassment cases and their im- pact on implementing EEO laws. We met with OHR staff on August 18 to discuss internal procedures for processing reassignments based on disability. This committee was established in response to an OEEMA briefing on EEOC’s new ADA guidelines. We met with OHR’s Chief, Recruitment and Training Branch, on August 23 to develop a request for training data within OEEMA'’s Call for Accomplishment on Diversity Plans. The Smithsonian's new applicant survey form was devel- oped and coordinated with relevant SI units and will be implemented in FY 2000. The Director and the Special Emphasis Program Manager met with an OHR official on May 4 to request that a state- ment be included in OHR’s notification to applicants that would highlight the importance of submitting information on race/gender through proper completion of the “Back- ground Survey Questionnaire.” We worked with the Assistant Director for Operations, OHR, to add a diversity awareness statement and change the wording from “EEO approval” to “EEO review” on the selection certificate. A total of 459 certificates were re- viewed during FY 1999. A total of 1,046 selections were processed. OEEMA revised the tracking system for applicant flow. We devised a new way to record senior-level positions, ethnicity, promotions, and selectees who have changed series, as well as qualified applicants, referred applicants, and com- ments. We continually analyze the data to determine the impact of the Smithsonian’s recruitment and hiring trends. A total of 260 records were added to the database in the fourth quarter. We also generated an improved and more comprehensive report for the weekly review of recruitment trends, the “Applicant Flow Analysis Report.” The OEEMA Barrier Analysis Team researched and pre- pared narratives and graphics on applicant flow senior-level historical trends. Selecting, reviewing, adapting, and presenting a training module to provide mandatory Prevention of Sexual Harass- ment training for Smithsonian employees was a major and ongoing initiative for the fiscal year. We developed a plan for the POSH refresher module as well. The training was pre- sented to more than 177 employees at SI Retail, NASM, OPS (including OPS New York and summer hires), and SERC (NY) employees. We also improved and enlarged the POSH database to include 1,976 records. A total of 1,740 records were added in the last quarter. We also assisted OPS training staff on May ro to correct their POSH and “EEO for Supervisors” databases. The databases were used by OPS to ensure that personnel participated in the required training modules. OEEMA presented four briefings for the OHR-sponsored New Employee Orientation Program to advise recently hired employees of the office mission, programs, and contact information. OEEMA worked extensively with employees and supervi- sors of a number of units to reasonably accommodate disabled employees and to address other workplace issues. OEEMA continued to coordinate training and education efforts with OCon. This included participation in each of OCon’s quarterly informational briefings to SI staff with delegated procurement authority. Along with OCon we also trained SI staff who took part in OHR’s Training for New Supervisors on contracting procedures and SI’s policy in doing business with SDBs. We participated in OCon’s procurement policy committee meetings to ensure SDB in- terests were considered in new SI policy initiatives. We also organized regulation meetings with OCon management to discuss various issues, including renewal of our memoran- dum of understanding (MOU) with the Small Business Administration (SBA), which delegated 8(a) contracting authority, discussed FY 1999 contracting achievements, and obtained input on SI’s FY 2000 procurement goals. We continued to work closely with the SDB liaisons, particularly at the larger bureaus of NUAH, NMNH, and NASM. We obtained their assistance in organizing pro- curement fairs which were held at NMAH (FY 1998) and NMNH (FY 1999). We provided a comprehensive overview of the SDBU Program to NASM fund managers. The NMAH SDB Liaison was awarded the Secretary's Award for Excellence in SDB Utilization. We also organized two meet- ings of the liaisons during the year to discuss the SDBU Web site and other topical issues. We continued to participate in the OSDBU Directors In- ter-Agency Council monthly meetings and also participated in several special meetings called by the SBA or the Office of Federal Procurement Policy to discuss topical issues. The SDBU Program Manager chaired the Council’s SBA Work- ing Group and held quarterly meetings to discuss SBA programs. We participated and staffed exhibit booths at several local and national SDB conferences. Over the fiscal year we provided advice and assistance to more than 356 representatives from more than 350 firms and had individual meetings with approximately 6o of these firms. Reports of the Administrative Offices 63 Subcontracting is becoming more important as the size of the average contract rises due to consolidation and larger construction projects. During the year we evaluated three new subcontracting plans submitted by SI prime contractors and monitored performance on six existing large contracts. We also had extensive discussions and meetings with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which is contracting with various large and small businesses via its multiyear MOU with the Smithsonian to upgrade SI's security systems. Office of Facilities Services Richard H. Rice, Jr., Senior Facilities Services Officer The Office of Facilities Services, along with other organiza- tions in the Facilities Services Group, focused much attention to managing for results and strategically aligning the entire organization to move toward a more performance- based, customer-oriented system. The Office also led the strategy to increse funding for repair of the Smithsonian’s physical plant, which resulted in appropriation of $47.9 mil- lion for FY 2000, including repairs at the National Zoological Park. Office of Physical Plant Michael J. Sofield, Director The Office of Physical Plant creates and maintains the infrastructure and environment within which the Smith- sonian museums, research institutes, and offices pursue their goals. The work of the office includes capital con- struction projects; repair, restoration, and alteration of buildings; crafts and trade work to maintain facilities; op- eration of utilities systems; landscaping and gardening for Smithsonian properties, transportation and mail services; and architectural research and historic preservation. Ken Olmsted joined the office as Deputy Director in 1999. During the year, the office maintained its emphasis on projects that support repair and restoration of Smithsonian facilities and broke ground for the National Museum of the American Indian Mall Museum. Office of Protection Services David F. Morrell, Director Deriving its legal authority from Title 40, U.S. Code, Sec- tion 193, the Office of Protection Services (OPS) has as its mission, “Protecting and securing the National Collections and other properties entrusted to the Smithsonian Institu- tion and ensuring the safety and security of staff and visitors, while permitting an appropriate level of public access to col- lections and properties.” During this year, the Office of Protection Services re- cruited and hired 131 Museum Protection Officers (MPOs). The OPS Training Division conducted seven two-week basic training courses for all new MPOs. The two-week training courses focused on basic security operations within a museum setting. OPS continued its contract with Wackenhut Services Incorporated to provide supplemental training to OPS staff. In a two-day MPO refresher course developed by OPS and Wackenhut, 500 MPOs received re- fresher training. OPS and Wackenhut also conducted 11 two-day Supervisory Security Officer refresher training courses for 150 supervisors. In addition, OPS contracted with Wackenhut to provide three five-day administrative training courses for 75 administrative personnel and one five-day supervisory administrative course for 20 adminis- trative supervisors. In April 2000, OPS worked closely with the U.S. Park Police and the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Police De- partment in implementing citywide security precautions during the 50th anniversary of the United Nations held at the Department of Commerce near the National Museum of American History. Also this year, Francis Roche was selected as Assistant Fi- nancial Management Officer in May 1999. David Voyles was selected as Chief of the Audits and Compliance Office in Au- gust 1999. In addition, Howard Blum was selected as Chief of the Security Services Division in August 1999. In our continuing effort to upgrade and modernize secu- rity systems throughout the Smithsonian, OPS continued to work closely with the U.S. Army Engineering Support Cen- ter, Huntsville, Alabama. During this year, OPS evaluated and selected two modern off-the-shelf electronic security management systems, responsive to the Smithsonian's need to replace the Smithsonian Institution Proprietary Security System. OPS also worked to ensure that the Institution was prepared to meet the technological requirements for the year 2000. OPS also worked closely with the Smithsonian’s Office of Physical Plant to complete the design and installa- tion of a new security system for the National Museum of the American Indian Cultural Resources Center. In addi- tion, OPS completed engineering designs and began system replacement installation at the National Air and Space Mu- seum, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Arts and Industries Building, Smithsonian Institution Building, and Renwick Gallery. The National Conference on Cultural Property Protection was held in Los Angeles, California, from March 7 to 11, 1999. The conference was cohosted by the J. Paul Getty Trust. For over 20 years, this self-supporting conference has provided an opportunity for the diffusion of knowledge among security, library, and administrative professionals. The theme for the conference was “Cultural Property Pro- tection From the Ground Up.” The conference attracted close to 300 participants from the United States, Canada, and abroad. 64 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Office of Contracting John W. Cobert, Director During fiscal year 1999, the Office of Contracting continued to be the central office for advisory and assistance services to the Smithsonian Institution museums, research institutes, and offices (units) on contracting and procurement require- ments. These services were provided directly by the Office of Contracting staff, and indirectly through the over 400 indi- viduals at 66 Smithsonian units who have been delegated authority by the Director of the Office of Contracting to make transaction commitments on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution. Administrative and program support to the Smithsonian units was also continued in FY 1999 by the Administration Division through the activities of the Travel Services Branch and the Property and Inventory Manage- ment Branch. Under the guidance of Office of Contracting staff, neces- sary actions were completed by the units, or in the Office of Contracting, for the formation and administration of busi- ness transactions involving most of the Smithsonian’s appropriated federal and Institutional trust funds that were obligated during the fiscal year. Major contract awards by the Federal and Trust Fund Contracting and the Renovation and Construction Contracting Divisions during FY 1999 in- cluded a contract for renovations to the Castle and to the Arts and Industries Building, and a contract for renovations to the Carnegie Mansion and Miller Fox townhouse of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. Contract admin- istration was continued for completion of the Cultural Resources Center (CRC) of the National Museum of the American Indian located in Suitland, Maryland, which was opened in February 1999. The Business Contracting Division provides advisory and planning support services to the Smithsonian units for in- come-generating contracts and special business relationship agreements. During FY 1999 the Business Contracting Division completed agreements for some of the Smithsonian- sponsored events that were part of the “Millennium on the Mall” celebration. An agreement to purchase the Victor Building was also developed and negotiated with the assis- tance of the Business Contracting Division staff. The Procurement and Training Branch continued to con- duct and sponsor procurement-related training courses in FY 1999. These courses were designed to provide staff at the Smithsonian units with information to assist in effective and efficient management of the decentralized procurement program, as well as to support unit responsibilities for devel- oping and managing contracts. During FY 1999, the Office of Contracting was able to accommodate 425 participants at the 19 training courses that were conducted. The courses covered six different topics. The Travel Services Branch completes travel arrangements and provides carrier-ticketing services for Smithsonian em- ployees. There were 10,758 transactions completed by the Travel Services Branch during FY 1999. Transactions cover tickets issued and allowable refunds for travel that was not completed. In November 1998, the Travel Services Branch issued information and guidance to Smithsonian staff regard- ing the change of employee travel card provider that was effective at the end of the month. Ms. Judith Petroski, Travel Services Branch Manager, met with the Smithsonian Administrative Officers to advance information regarding the travel card provider procedures and the commensurate changes to the Smithsonian’s travel card policy and coordina- tion practices. Among the services that the Property and Inventory Management Branch staff provided to the Smithsonian units during FY 1999 was to tag and record more than 2,200 items of accountable property. Other services provided in- cluded delivery of approximately 6,100 items to the Smithsonian units that involved 2,700 trips by the central warehouse staff The Office of Contracting staff is dedicated to providing quality services to our clients to assist in furthering the mis- sion of the Smithsonian Institution. We shall continue to do our very best to assist in bringing to fruition the world-class exhibits, programs, and services that the public enjoys, and has come to expect, from the Smithsonian Institution. Office of the Treasurer Sudeep Anand, Treasurer The Office of the Treasurer (OT) is responsible for ensuring the growth, safety, and integrity of the Smithsonian’s finan- cial assets, developing funding for major new Trust projects, and preserving and protecting its operations, collections, facilities, and other assets. OT manages the Institution’s Endowment and working capital funds. The overall objectives of the Endowment are to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures while protecting the purchasing power of the Endowment. Investment of the Endowment to ensure that it grows more rapidly than inflation contributes importantly to the financial strength of the Institution. In 1999, OT man- aged over $700 million in assets. OT is responsible for the evaluation, structuring, and fund- ing of major Trust projects. The disciplined evaluation of new projects ensures that the Institution manages its capital re- sponsibly. The effective structuring and funding of major projects provides the wherewithal to undertake the major building (and other) projects, which are required to dramati- cally increase the public impact of the Smithsonian. In 1999, OT was actively involved in the NASM Dulles Center project. OT is also responsible for the risk management, insur- ance, and disaster preparedness planning programs of the Institution. The risk management program identifies the risks inher- ent in dealing with large audiences, research activities, and the businesses of the Smithsonian. The insurance programs are designed to complement the federal immunities in pro- tecting the Institution against this broad range of risks. In Reports of the Administrative Offices 65 FY 1999, insurance claims were kept at a minimum and col- lection insurance was purchased at less than .0042 per $100. The disaster preparedness and continuity planning pro- grams are aimed at minimizing the damage from emergency situations. The Institution-wide programs emphasize the protection of staff and visitors, collections, and research ma- terials; the recovery and restoration of assets; and the resumption of operations in an organized, efficient, and timely manner. These contingency plans protect the finan- cial strength of the Institution and allow the Institution to minimize the impact of unforeseen emergencies on the Insti- tution’s public outreach and scientific research activities. In 1999, OT served on the Under Secretary’s special committee on Y2K. OT also obtained the services of an internationally known continuity planning expert who provided an execu- tive-level presentation for upper management at SI. Office of Information Technology Operations George Van Dyke, Director The Director of Information Technology Operations is re- sponsible for planning and managing the implementation, day-to-day operation, maintenance, IT security, and disaster recovery of the Smithsonian's information technology infra- structure, including end-to-end network connectivity oper- ations and technical support services: Help Desk, office au- tomation, and desktop support services; the Smithsonian’s computer facilities; system and data base software; and Internet/Intranet services. Report of Development and Membership Robert V. Hanle, Executive Director for Development Building Momentum for Tomorrow: Development and Membership The final year of the twentieth century saw the Smithsonian developing stronger and more varied partnerships with a va- riety of audiences. As we build toward the public phase of our first-ever national capital campaign, these partnerships become increasingly vital to our continued health and ability to reach new audiences in innovative ways. Of course, since the Institution’s first philanthropic bequest from James Smithson, the Smithsonian has forged ties with individuals and with the business and foundation communities. This year was no different, even as the range and diversity of these partnerships expanded. The Institution remains the sole organization of its kind in the world, a unique public-private partnership that bene- fits from the foundation of support of the U.S. government but flourishes and evolves through private funding. In fiscal year 1999, the Institution received more than $146 million from this public-private partnership. Donations from indi- viduals constituted $94.155 million, or 64.46 percent of the total, which includes the extraordinary gift of Steven Udvar- Hazy to the National Air and Space Museum, and planned gifts such as annuities and bequests from individuals. Corpo- rations and foundations, including those established by individuals, contributed $41.5 million. Of the total raised, $130.8 million was restricted to specific programs. For two consecutive years, private support has been signif- icantly higher compared to previous years, and this momentum highlights both the strength of our work and the meaning our goals and programs have for audiences throughout the world. The Smithsonian is striving not just to keep pace with technological advances, but to break new ground so that the time-tested objects we hold in trust can open new stories for future generations and continue to in- spire all who step through our doors today. In this Development and Membership report, we grate- fully recognize the many individuals, corporations, foundations, and organizations that have joined in partner- ships with the Smithsonian this year and over the long term. Many successes are described throughout this publication. Donors of $2,000 and above from October 1, 1998, through September 30, 1999, are listed later in the publication. Campaign Smithsonian Much progress was realized this year in the upcoming na- tional capital campaign in which the Smithsonian will ask the American people for their support to ensure that the In- stitution remains a vital national resource. Steven Udvar-Hazy’s $60 million pledge to the National Air and Space Museum’s Dulles Center in September al- lowed the museum to announce its capital campaign—with a goal of $130 million—nine months earlier than antici- pated. This wonderful leadership gift is the largest the Smithsonian has ever received and one of the largest ever to a museum. It signifies the personal involvement with the Smithsonian that will be key to the campaign’s success. We salute Steven Udvar-Hazy, his commitment to the field of aviation, and his pledge to work with others who have the capacity to make significant gifts toward the Smithsonian's future. Also this year, Smithsonian museums, research institutes, and offices began to draft their own statements of needs. We worked to formulate campaign messages and develop mar- keting strategies. A new Institution-wide database will help us cultivate our supporters. We launched Swithsonian Today, Report of Development and Membership 67 a newsletter for the Contributing Membership and other Smithsonian supporters that highlights ways their giving is having an impact. New policies include an endowment pol- icy that details different ways our friends can support the Smithsonian in perpetuity, including the establishment of academic chairs, and a policy for naming opportunities that outlines how supporters can link their name, or those of their family or loved ones, to exhibition galleries, lecture and performance halls, reception areas, and other spaces visited by millions of people each year. A donor recognition room in the Castle, now nearing completion, will recognize major gifts from individuals, foundations, and corporations—the visionary support that enables us to pursue ground-breaking initiatives and permanently shapes the future of this unpar- alleled Institution. We all have a stake in this Institution, as well as an emotional connection to it, and that is the true core of part- nership. While supporters receive tangible benefits, including recognition and special opportunities, at the core is an agreement between them and the Smithsonian that their support will be used wisely, advancing one of the great- est public-private partnerships the world has ever known. Smithsonian National Board The Smithsonian National Board continues to be one of the Institution’s premier volunteer groups, serving in an advi- sory capacity to the Secretary and raising significant funds both for unrestricted use and for specific areas the board has targeted. This year, the board’s annual giving fund raised more than $1.5 million for a donor recognition room in the Castle, now under construction across from the Smithson Crypt, and a membership and donor coordination system that will have a measurable impact on the Smithsonian’s ability to form meaningful relationships with supporters nationwide. In addition to its two yearly meetings, for the first time the board held a February meeting, inviting chairs of all the volunteer boards and commissions across the Institution, along with directors of the museums and research institutes. The meeting was a basis for dialogue about how these im- portant volunteers could maximize their efforts on behalf of the Institution. Secretary I. Michael Heyman delivered a keynote address on ways the wide-ranging parts of the Smithsonian relate to an organic whole. Breakout groups discussed the national capital campaign and how the boards will work together for greatest impact. The Smithsonian National Board will continue to play a leading role in the capital campaign. Contributing Membership The Contributing Membership continues to be a major re- source for the Institution. In 1999, annual dues and additional contributions from this generous group of indi- viduals yielded nearly $10.2 million in unrestricted funds, the highest gross income in the history of the program. This success was a result of a strategic marketing investment that generated 9,000 new members and a 12.6 percent increase in contributions from existing members. These funds can be targeted toward research, exhibitions, or other areas where support is needed. The Contributing Membership is the fertile ground from which many of our longest-lasting partnerships with indi- viduals emerge, and the program provides an avenue for them to further explore the Smithsonian through tours, publications, and special events. This year’s “Smithsonian Treasures,” the week-long series of tours for members, took more than 50 people behind the scenes at the Smithsonian Institution Archives, the Horticulture Services Division, the National Portrait Gallery, and other areas that reflect the many facets of the Institution. Many Contributing Members also strengthened their support by moving to higher mem- bership levels. In response to new targeted messages in their renewal letters, 54 Contributing Members upgraded to the James Smithson Society, the highest number in recent years. The Contributing Membership also led the way to a greater philanthropic visibility on the World Wide Web and developed a Web site where visitors can make a secure gift to the Smithsonian on-line, at www.si.edu/sidonations. James Smithson Society As the leading circle of support through membership, the James Smithson Society continues to raise significant funds for the Institution. The society's 550 members this year gave nearly $826,000 in dues and special gifts. To enhance rela- tionships with these members, especially in preparation for the national capital campaign, the society added a director and program coordinator this year, both committed to the program’s success and growth. The James Smithson Society Endowed Life Program welcomed new member Richard Triska. Endowed Life Members make a one-time gift of $40,000 or more. Earned income from the endowment gift supports priority initia- tives across the Institution in perpetuity and the member's annual dues for the James Smithson Society. This growing program provides long-term support critical to Smithsonian planning and to the Institution’s ability to serve future generations. In the summer, a tour of “Posters American Style” and dinner with Secretary and Mrs. I. Michael Heyman brought together Smithson Society members in the San Francisco Bay area. Members also enjoyed a new program called “Food for Thought,” in which curators talked with members about the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project, panda con- servation, and the National Air and Space Museum's Dulles Center. The Eberly Family Charitable Trust was recognized with the James Smithson Society Founder Medal at the society's annual black-tie dinner in May. The Eberly family, a long- time member of the Smithson Society, was honored for its gift to create the Eberly Minerals and Gems Gallery in the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Min- erals in the National Museum of Natural History. 68 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Highlights of Corporate Philanthropy Partnerships with the business community are expanding as corporations recognize the many ways the Smithsonian can invigorate their employees and improve the quality of life for people across the globe. This year, the Corporate Membership Program continued to grow and now counts 75 members who represent a wide range of industries and geographic locations. At the pro- gram’s annual luncheon in June, held at the Department of State, Smithsonian Regent Howard H. Baker Jr. awarded membership certificates to 24 new members. Polo Ralph Lauren was recognized with the annual Corporate Leadership Award for its support of the Star-Spangled Banner Preserva- tion Project. In 1999, the Corporate Membership Program raised more than $1 million for unrestricted use and served as a basis for further partnerships between the Smithsonian and the busi- ness community. The Institution’s successful work in this area has begun to open new doors for exchange. Many corpora- tions entered into innovative partnerships, from Southern Company’s donation of electric vehicles to the National Zoo, to Pfizer Inc’s support of the popular interactive exhibition “Microbes: Invisible Invaders, Amazing Allies.” The generos- ity of the business community has a substantial and positive impact on the work of the Smithsonian, and through these partnerships, we are able to explore new technologies, reach new audiences, and study mutually beneficial approaches to our world. To clarify guidelines whereby the Smithsonian may bene- fit from corporate support while maintaining its integrity and autonomy, a corporate sponsorship policy now elaborates on different ways corporations can work with the Institution. Foundations Foundations continued to invest in Smithsonian programs and services this year, finding through the Smithsonian a multitude of pathways for reaching different audiences. Work continues to target key programs through which the Smithsonian can leverage foundation support to make a dif- ference to the lives of citizens of the National Capital region, around the country, and throughout the world. The range of foundation types and the scale and focus of projects they supported were as comprehensive as the Smith- sonian itself. To name a few, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation supported the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service’s Museum on Main Street program, which takes Smithsonian resources to rural communities; The Eberly Family Charitable Trust created the stunning Eberly Minerals and Gems Gallery, an extraordinary resource for learning about geologic phenomena; The Hill Family Foun- dation supported the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden’s “Regarding Beauty” exhibition, a 90-work show with 36 international artists that will explore the age-old concept of beauty as a topic and issue for art making; the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation supported the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute’s plant ecological research; and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation funded the Center for Tropical Forest Science, which provides an overview of environmental change and conservation issues through its long-term monitoring of forest plots. Smithsonian Benefactors Circle In October, the Smithsonian Benefactors Circle enjoyed a black-tie dinner and gave its annual award to the Kenneth E. Behring family for its $20 million gift to the National Museum of Natural History. The gift will resonate for years to come through the museum’s renovated Behring Family Rotunda and Kenneth E. Behring Hall of Mammals, as well as through traveling programs that will raise awareness about mammals, their habitats, and their interactions with humans. Smithsonian Women’s Committee Once again, the annual Smithsonian Craft Show, which in 1999 was chaired by Margaret Collins, demonstrated why it remains the most prestigious juried craft show in the nation. The volunteers of the Women’s Committee, which is chaired by Millicent Mailliard, staged the spectacular event in April at the National Building Museum, bringing in record num- bers of attendees and raising nearly $335,000 for the committee’s Competitive grants program. In turn, more than $319,000 from the 1998 show was distributed in the spring to an extraordinarily wide range of worthwhile Smithsonian programs, providing seed money and small grants to projects that otherwise might never leave the drawing board. From film preservation to specialized training for students, this grant program continues to fill a valuable funding need at the Institution. Smithsonian Washington Council The Smithsonian Washington Council is a group of area civic and philanthropic leaders working toward strengthen- ing the Smithsonian’s ties and services to the National Capital region. Chaired by Washington attorney R. Robert Linowes, the group meets regularly with the Secretary. This year, members made a gift in support of a lecture series at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center for the 1999-2000 season and also made several gifts for the Insti- tution’s unrestricted use. Smithsonian Legacy Society The Smithsonian Legacy Society, chaired by Gloria Hamil- ton, also grew this year, holding its second annual luncheon and meeting at the National Museum of American History in November. The group honors supporters who carry on James Smithson’s tradition through gifts such as bequests, charitable gift annuities, and life insurance plans. This year, Legacy Society member Karl Hagen’s generous bequest ben- efited the National Air and Space Museum. Report of Development and Membership 69 Smithsonian Luncheon Group The Smithsonian Luncheon Group, a circle of supporters from the Washington area, meets regularly to learn about Smithsonian programs. Chaired by C. Benjamin Crisman, the group this year heard from Secretary Heyman and cura- tors and directors about the Smithsonian’s goals and activities for the coming year. Other programs highlighted the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project, the latest work of the National Zoo, the “Picturing Old New Eng- land” exhibition at the National Museum of American Art, construction of the Discovery Center and renovation of the rotunda and mammal hall at the National Museum of Nat- ural History, and the search for a new Secretary. Museum on Main Street When the Smithsonian comes to town, exciting things happen—especially when the impetus is Museum on Main Street. In more than 100 communities in 20 states, Museum on Main Street has inspired creative programs, unprece- dented volunteerism, generous local philanthropy, and ambitious capital improvements. The partnership joins the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES), the Federation of State Humanities Councils, indi- vidual state humanities councils, and rural museums in a collaborative effort to serve rural audiences and promote professional growth in small cultural institutions. This year, Museum on Main Street received a generous grant from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation to support the development and tour of the program’s third exhibition. “Yesterday’s Tomorrows: Past Visions of the American Future,” which explores the ways we have envi- sioned our future since the late nineteenth century, will begin touring in 2001. The first two exhibitions capitalized on small-town local history: “Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941 to 1945” and “Barn Again! Celebrating an American Icon.” A significant legacy of Museum on Main Street is the op- portunity for professional development. SITES provides staff assistance in exhibit management and object care. The state humanities councils train rural organizers in program plan- ning and proposal writing. Working with in-state scholar teams, the humanities councils also help museums prepare exhibition-related events for and about their communities. Gary Burger, director of the Knight Foundation’s Arts and Culture Program, observes that Museum on Main Street “brings quality exhibitions to underserved communities, helps strengthen the programmatic and educational capabili- ties of rural institutions, and builds collaborative networks— all at a very reasonable cost.” For SITES, Museum on Main Street exemplifies the fulfillment of its mission: to extend Smithsonian collections, research, and exhibitions to com- munities across the nation. Eberly Family Charitable Trust Honored by Smithson Society Since 1978, the James Smithson Society has presented its Founder Medal to members of the society who have provided extraordinary support for Smithsonian programs and initia- tives that they feel most passionate about. This year’s recipient, The Eberly Family Charitable Trust, exemplifies the tradition of individual giving, through annual member- ships and gifts throughout the year, that distinguishes previous medalists. The trust’s recent pledge of $1.4 million will be applied primarily toward creating a center for learning about earth sciences, the Eberly Minerals and Gems Gallery in the Na- tional Museum of Natural History. The gallery will be an appropriate tribute to the family’s strong interest in educa- tion—the primary focus of its philanthropy—and to its involvement in the mining and gas industry. Through The Eberly Foundation and The Eberly Family Charitable Trust, the family has been a loyal supporter of the Smithsonian. The foundation, established through the efforts of Orville Eberly, is a longstanding member of the James Smithson Society. Family members have always been actively involved in the administration of both organizations. Robert E. Eberly Sr., who currently heads the family philanthropies, accepted the Founder Medal on behalf of the trust at the Smithson Society’s annual dinner on May 21, 1999. Contributing Members Smithsonian Benefactors Circle The Smithsonian Benefactors Circle recognizes and honors those whose generous gifts have preserved the traditions of the Smithsonian and furthered its vision. Honorary Founder Enid A. Haupt Founders Russell B. Aitken} Joe L. and Barbara B. Allbritton Arthur G. Altschul William S. Anderson Mary Griggs Burke Joan K. Davidson Gaylord} and Dorothy Donnelley Thomas M. Evans} Katharine Graham Robert C. and Julie Graham, Jr. Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr.+ William A.} and Patricia W. Hewittt Ikuo Hirayama Olga Hirshhorn Ruth S. Holmberg Samuel C. Johnson Marvin Breckinridge Patterson Laura E. Phillips S. Dillon and Mary L. Ripley? +Deceased Arthur Ross Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Else Sackler W. Mason and Jean D. Shehan Ta, Tsui Glenn O. Tupper Patrons Ronald D. and Anne Abramson Kathleen B. Allaire Ann Simmons Alspaugh Peter C. and Joan Andrews Marjorie Arundel Herbert and Evelyn Axelrod Edward P. Bass Patricia and Kenneth E. Behring Honorable Max N. Berry and Mrs. Heidi Lehrman Berry Randy and Nancy Best Peter and Helen Bing James and Barbara Block Winton and Carolyn Blount Agnes C. Bourne and James Luebbers Michael J. Brophy Hildegard Bruck Joan Bull George E. Burch II Vivian G. Burch Michael W. Cassidy Scott Chinery Marcus Cohn Barber B. Conable, Jr. and Charlotte Conable Guido Craveri Joseph F. Cullman, HI Peggy and Richard M. Danziger David L. Davies Evelyn Y. Davis David and Frances Dibner Charles M. and Valerie T. Diker Joseph Di Palma Anne G. Earhart Barney A. Ebsworth Robert H. Ellsworth John L. and Margot P. Ernst Kitty Fassett Nancy Fessenden Kathrinet, Juliet and Lee Folger Rita Fraad John A. Friede Phillip and Patricia Frost Tito Giamporcaro Daniel D. and Alice P. Gilbert George J. and Eileen D. Gillespie F. Warrington Gillet, Jr. and Elesabeth I. Gillet Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Alvin L. Gray Jerome L. Greenet Barrick W. Groom Agnes S. Gund George Gund III Karl H. Hagent Joan D. Haig Evelyn A. J. Hall Gloria Shaw Hamilton Marguerite J. Harbert Martha A. Healy Drue M. Heinz John Hendricks Lloyd Herman Henry L. and Elsie H. Hillman Frank W. and Lisina M. Hoch Janet Annenberg Hookert Sir Joseph Hotung John R. Huggard Mrs. Jaquelin H. Hume Gilbert S. Kahn Jacob and Ruth C. Kainen Victor and Loretta Kaufman Narinder K. Keith Rajinder K. Keith Gene A. and Freita F Keluche James M. Kemper, Jr. R. Crosby Kemper, Jr. James W. and Mary T. Kinnear Ann and Gilbert Kinney Ethel Niki Kominik7 William K. and Alice S. Konze Karl V. Krombein Harvey M. and Connie Krueger Robert E. and Elizabeth Krueger Robert and Helen Kuhn Rogerio S. Lam Ru Lennox Lang+ Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman Foundation Robert Lehrman Jeromet and Dorothy Lemelson Barbara and Gerald Levin Sydney? and Frances Lewis John Livermore Putnam Livermore Henry Luce III Frank J. Lukowski Barbara A. Mandel Harry and Beverly Mandil Edwin S. and Nancy A. Marks John F. and Adrienne B. Mars Kathleen C. Masont Vera M. McBeth Brooks and Hope B.+ McCormick Nan Tucker McEvoy Katherine Medlinger Antony M. Merck Eugene and Sue Mercy, Jr. Elinor Merrell Jeffery W. and Janet Meyer James and Lolly Mitchell Lester S. Morse, Jr. and Enid W. Morse Honorable Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Elizabeth Moynihan Charles T. and Nancy Munger Nancy Brown Negley + Deceased Contributing Members Eleanor Smallwood Niebell Jean Niemeier Robert H. and Nancy Nooter Marta G. Norman Carroll and Nancy Fields O’Connor Charles Rand Penney Al and Cecilia Podell Winifred and Norman Portenoy Lewis and Margaret Ranieri Philip D. Reed, Jr. and Elizabeth Reed Douglas F.+ and Sanae I. Reeves Frank K. Ribelin Carlyn Ring David Rockefeller, Sr. Elihu Rose and Susan Rose Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Ganister Milton F. and Frieda Rosenthal Wilbur L. Ross, Jr. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy Cecile Salomon Joseph H. Samuel, Jr. Mrs. Stanley P. Sax Lloyd G. and Betty L. Schermer Margaret Knowles Schink Richard J. and Sheila Schwartz Catherine F. Scott Ivan and Nina Selin Shirley P. Sichel Emma M. Sims George Sisleyt James C. Slaughter George L. Small Kathy Daubert Smith Guenther and Siewchin Yong Sommer Bernie E. Stadiem Mrs. Sydney Stein, Jr. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. and Marion Stuart A. Alfred Taubman Vernon F. Taylor, Jr. Eugene V. and Clare E. Thaw Jeffreyt and Diane Tobin R.E. Turner and Jane Fonda Ladislaus and Beatrix von Hoffmann John Weeden Daniel Weinstein Anthony and Beatrice W. Welters Jerry R.+ and Carolyn L. White Julius Wile Warren and Barbara Winiarski Ronald H. Winston and Heidi Jensen-Winston Elizabeth B. Wood Gay F. Wray Nancy B. Zirkle 71 Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more Anonymous The Art Research Foundation The Kenneth E. Behring Family Emil Buehler Trust Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Eberly (The Eberly Foundation and the Eberly Family Trust) Holenia Trust Lemelson Family Foundation* Mr. and Mrs. Peter H. Lunder Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Andrew W. Mellon Foundation National Stone Association Nordic Council of Ministers Mr. Paul L. Peck Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation Principal Mutual Life Insurance Company Susan and Elihu Rose Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Terry Stent Mr. and Mrs. Steven F. Udvar-Hazy The Upton Trust USS. Postal Service Volvo $500,000 or more Anonymous E. Rhodes & Leona B. Carpenter Foundation Discovery Communications, Inc. FDX Corporation Friends of the National Zoo John S. and James L. Knight Foundation The National Air & Space Society Naval Submarine League Nissan North America, Inc. Pfizer Inc $100,000 or more Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton (Allbritton Foundation) American Cocoa Research Institute American Express Company Estate of Richard Ree Anthis *Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds, both unrestricted and special purpose. 72 The Beinecke Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Norman Bernstein The Honorable Winton M. Blount and Mrs. Blount Edna F. Blum Foundation Mr. Richard L. Bolling Bristol-Myers Squibb Company The Brown Foundation, Inc. Morris & Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Carolina Biological Supply Co. The Coca-Cola Company Corning Incorporated Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman, III* Arthur Vining Davis Foundations Earthwatch Eastman Kodak Company Mr. and Mrs. Barney A. Ebsworth (The Ebsworth Foundation) Farmers Group, Inc. Federal City Council Mr. and Mrs. Morton Funger Mrs. Katharine M. Graham George Gund III and Iara Lee Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Mrs. Drue M. Heinz (Drue Heinz Trust) Mr. J. Tomilson Hill (The Hill Family Foundation, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. A. William Holmberg* Honda of North America Mr. Thomas L. Humphrey Hydro Research Foundation, Inc. Japanese American National Museum Mrs. Alice Eve Kennington Mr. Clay Lacy Mr. and Mrs. Philip A. Lathrap Lockheed Martin Corporation Mr. Henry Luce, III (The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc.) The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Mr. Bruce R. McCaw Memphis Rock ’N’ Soul, Inc. Merck Company Foundation National Association of Music Merchants National Park Foundation New Hampshire Culture Commission Northrop Grumman Corporation Piano Manufacturers Association International Mr. Thomas G. Pownall *Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds, both unrestricted and special purpose. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. Mitchell Rales (The Glenstone Foundation) Rolls-Royce Inc. The Romanian Cultural Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Clive Runnells Margaret Knowles Schink Dr. and Mrs. Ivan Selin Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd. Mrs. Warren H. Sichel Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Smithsonian Women’s Committee The Tang Research Foundation Texaco Foundation Mr. Eugene Victor Thaw (Eugene V. and Clare E. Thaw Charitable Trust) The Tinker Foundation Trimble Navigation Limited Tropical Resorts International, Inc. Turner Entertainment Group Mr. Robert E. Turner, IJ] (Turner Foundation, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. DeVer K. Warner Mr. Julius Wile Young Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution $50,000 or more Anonymous Ms. Ann Simmons Alspaugh AT&T Corporation Col. and Mrs. Joseph $. Benham Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum Agnes Bourne Brother International Corporation Mrs. Jackson Burke (Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation) Chabot Observatory and Science Center Champion International Corporation Commission for Environmental Cooperation Consolidated Natural Gas Company Mr. Guido Craveri Mr. Raimondo Craveri The Nathan Cummings Foundation Delta Education Mr. James FE. Dicke, I Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Diker (Valerie & Charles Diker Fund, Inc.) The Walt Disney Company DuPont Duron, Inc./The Feinberg Foundation Ebrahimi Family Foundation Fannie Mae Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden Mrs. June M. Fontanier Dr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost (Philip and Patricia Frost Philanthropic Fund) J. Paul Getty Trust Mr. Tito Giamporcaro Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico Mrs. Ruth Greenberg Ms. Agnes S. Gund (Agnes Gund Charitable Account) Herman Miller, Inc. Frank and Lisina Hoch* Mrs. Edgar McPherson Howell Hughes Network Systems The Island Fund in The New York Community Trust The Japan Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson (S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.) Mr. Harvey M. Krueger Thelma & Melvin Lenkin Family Charitable Foundation Inc. The Lovett Foundation, Inc. Elizabeth and Whitney MacMillan (WEM Foundation) Maharam Mr. and Mrs. Frank Martucci Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mercy, Jr. Merrill Lynch & Company Foundation, Inc. Mr. Jeffery W. Meyer Miami Museum of Science The Mills Corporation National Geographic Society National Grange of The Order of Patrons of Husbandry Col. Erickson S. Nichols Peter Norton Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Carroll O’Connor (Carroll & Nancy O’Connor Foundation) Pacific Life Foundation The Park Foundation Mrs. Jefferson Patterson* Pricewaterhouse Coopers LLP Regional Citizens Advisory Council, Inc. James Renwick Alliance The Rice Family Foundation, Inc. Sara Roby Foundation Mr. Arthur Ross (Arthur Ross Foundation) Mr. B. Francis Saul, II (Chevy Chase Bank) Shell Oil Company K. Paul & Virginia M. Singh Foundation, Inc. The Surdna Foundation Thomasville Furniture Industries, Inc. United States Golf Association Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Mr. Francis W. Worrell Xerox Corporation Zoologische Gesellschaft $10,000 or more Anonymous Mr. Roger Abelson The Abington Foundation Ms. Jin-Hyun Weatherly Ahn (Weatherly and Company) Drs. Waheed and Raana Akbar Mrs. Kathleen B. Allaire Allied Corporate Services American Academy Of Underwater Sciences American Petroleum Institute American Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO The American Society for Cell Biology The American-Turkish Council and American Friends of Turkey Annenberg Institute for School Reform Atlantic Envelope Company Lily Auchincloss Foundation, Inc. Avery Dennison Corporation B.F. Goodrich Aerospace Ms. Elizabeth Ballantine Banco Popular de Puerto Rico The Banks Association of Turkey Mr. and Mrs. Perry Bass Bell Atlantic Corporation The Honorable Max N. Berry and Mrs. Berry Mr. Randy Best and Ms. Nancy Best Mr. Leon D. Black (The Leon Black Family Foundation) Mrs. Laura Lee Blanton (Scurlock Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block The Bodman Foundation Bombardier Inc. BP America Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Stephen F. Brauer (Stephen F. & Camilla T. Brauer Charitable Trust) Mr. and Mrs. Tom Brokaw (Brokaw Family Foundation) Mr. John Spoor Broome Contributing Members Mr. G. Michael Brown (Manhattan Cruises) Mr. Gerald E. Buck (Buck Investments) The Martin Bucksbaum Family Foundation Bucyrus-Erie Company Ms. Margelus Burga Mrs. Lenora Burstein Ms. Uschi Butler Mr. Berchman T. Carville Caterpillar, Inc. CH2M Hill Companies, Ltd. Mr. Alger Chaney The Chase Manhattan Bank Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation Clark-Winchcole Foundation Dr. Charles H. Clark, Jr. Mr. Peter Claussen and Ms. Linda Claussen Ms. Jan McLin Clayberg Mr. Joseph M. Cohen (Joseph & Barbara Cohen Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. Harryette N. Cohn (Harryette Cohn Fund) Mr. Lester Colbert, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Peter R. Coneway (Coneway Family Foundation) Ms. Gertrude H. Conner (The Gerta Charitable Trust) Conservancy for Tibetan Art & Culture Conservation, Food & Health Foundation, Inc. Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. David Cook Mrs. Ann Cousins (Cousins Foundation, Inc.) Crate & Barrel Cyprus Amax Minerals Company Da Capo Fund Mr. and Mrs. Carl B. Davis Rosa and Carlos de la Cruz Eric de Rothschild Defenders of Wildlife Deutsche Bank Dewey Ballantine LLP S. Sydney DeYoung Foundation Mr. Joseph A. Di Palma Mr. and Mrs. David Dibner (The Dibner Fund, Inc.) Discovery International Divers Alert Network, Inc. The Douglass Foundation The Max & Victoria Dreyfus Foundation Mr. Archie W. Dunham 73 The Dunn Foundation Duron Paints & Wallcoverings Mrs. Anne G. Earhart (The Homeland Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkranz (Joel and Anne Ehrenkranz Philanthropic Fund) Mr. and Mrs George W. Elliott Mr. and Mrs. Michael D. Eisner (The Eisner Foundation) Enterprise Rent-A-Car Company Ernst & Young Mr. and Mrs. John Ernst (Richard C. & Susan B. Ernst Foundation, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. Ralph O. Esmerian Alfred and Harriet Feinman Foundation Fisher Company Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Fisher (D&DF Foundation) Fisher Scientific International, Inc. Mr. Aaron I. Fleischman (The Aaron I. Fleischman Foundation) Ms. Barbara G. Fleischman Ms. Dielle Fleischmann (Monomoy Fund) Mrs. Leslie S. Fogg, III Juliet and Lee Folger (The Folger Fund)* Forbes, Inc. Mr. Christopher Forbes (Forbes Foundation) Ford Motor Company Mrs. Daniel Fraad Freddie Mac Foundation The Helen Clay Frick Foundation Gagosian Gallery, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Gans (Frederick Gans Fund) Mrs. Aileen M. Garrett General Atlantic Partners, LLC General Electric Company General Society of the War of 1812 George Publishing Company Georgia Tech Foundation, Inc. Mr. Richard Gilbert Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Glaxo Wellcome Inc. The Glenstone Foundation Bernard S. Goffe, M.D. Golden Family Foundation Florence J. Gould Foundation *Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds, both unrestricted and special purpose. 74 Mr. and Mrs. Hermen Greenberg (The Monica & Hermen Greenberg Foundation) Greening America Mr. H. Malcolm Grimmer (Morning Star Gallery) Mr. Peter E. Haas, Sr. (Miriam & Peter Haas Fund) Phoebe W. Haas Charitable Trust Hachette Magazines, Inc. Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr. Mr. Robert R. Harris Mr. Alan Hartman Mr. Ben Hartnett Harvard University M.A. Healy Family Foundation, Inc. Ms. Elizabeth Hecht Mr. J. Roderick Heller, HI (The Heller Family Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. John S. Hendricks Mr. Paul Hertelendy (Gramp Foundation) Mr. Alan J. Hirschfield (Norman Hirschfield Foundation) Mr. Charles L. Hoar Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. Ms. Hanna Lore Hombordy Home Box Office Hong Kong Economic & Trade Office Ms. Robyn Horn Ms. Catherine M. Horne Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Hough (Lawrence A. and Kathleen M. Hough Family Fund) Hospitality Sales & Marketing Associates International Mr. David Hudgens Mr. and Mrs. Milton M. Hyatt IBM Corporation ILA Foundation, Chicago Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. James Jewelers of America Mr. Nelson T. Joyner J.M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Victor Kaufman Keebler Company Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund Mr. Gene A. Keluche (Communication Resources, Inc.) Kemper Lesnik Communications Mr. and Mrs. James M. Kemper, Jr. (The David Woods Kemper Memorial Foundation)* *Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds, both unrestricted and special purpose. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall The Robert S. & Grayce B. Kerr Foundation, Inc. Mr. Fred M. Kirby, Il (RM. Kirby Foundation, Inc.) J. I. Kislak Foundation, Inc. John and Mary Lu Koenig Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod Koniag, Inc. Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Robert Krissel Ms. Elaine La Roche The Honorable and Mrs. L. William Lane, Jr. (The Ambassador & Mrs. L.W. Lane, Jr. Fund) Robert Lehrman (Jacob & Charlotte Lehrman Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. Barbara Riley Levin Mr. and Mrs. Aaron Levine The Levitt Foundation The Link Foundation R. Robert Linowes and Ada H. Linowes Fund of the Community Foundation for the National Capital Region Lockheed Martin Mission Systems Loeb & Loeb LLP Ms. Shirley Loo Mr. Anton C. Love Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Lubin (The Barr Fund) The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. at the request of Mr. H. Christopher Luce Mr. H.C. Luce and Ms. Tina Liu Luso-American Development Foundation Lutheran Brotherhood The Honorable John D. Macomber and Mrs. Macomber Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Malott (Camalott Charitable Foundation) Barbara and Morton Mandel (Morton and Barbara Mandel Family Foundation) Nancy and Edwin Marks (The Marks Family Foundation) Mars Incorporated Margery and Edgar Masinter (The Masinter Family Foundation) Dr. John P. McGovern (McGovern Fund) Mrs. Marilee McNeilus The Mead Show Room Medical and Science Communications Development Corporation Mr. James R. Mellor (Mellor Family Foundation) Merck Institute for Science Education Merrill Lynch & Company Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Miller Mitsubishi Corporation The Mnuchin Foundation Morgan Stanley & Co., Inc. Morris Animal Foundation Mr. John Morss Motorola, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Mullins Multiples, Inc./Marian Goodman Gallery Mr. and Mrs. Roger K. Myers National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. National Film Preservation Foundation National Museum of Industrial History National Wildlife Federation Natural American Spirit Foundation Natural Heritage Trust The Nature Conservancy Ms. Nancy Brown Negley Mr. John M. Nelson John M. Nelson Fund) New York Mercantile Exchange The New York Times Company Mr. Paul L. Newman (The Newman’s Own Fund) Newmont Mining Corporation Nippon Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Stanton P. Nolan Mr. and Mrs. Lucio A. Noto (Mobil Corporation) Mr. and Mrs. Morris W. Offit Ralph E. Ogden Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Camille Oliver-Hoffmann Open Lands Project Orbital Sciences Corporation Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos John and Virginia Paes Mr. and Mrs. James Patton, Jr. Peabody Holding Company, Inc. Mr. Gerald L. Pearson (Pearson Art Foundation, Inc.) Dr. Arthur Peck Mr. James E. Pehta (James E. Pehta Foundation) Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation of Connecticut Pillsbury Company Mrs. Cynthia H. Polsky (Hazen Polsky Foundation, Inc.) Dr. and Mrs. Meyer P. Potamkin Pratt & Whitney Mr. and Mrs. Heinz C. Prechter (World Heritage Fund) Mr. and Mrs. Sushil Premchand Mrs. Charles H. Price, II (Carol Swanson Price Foundation) The Lynn R. & Karl E. Prickett Fund Mr. Gene Quintana (Valerie & Charles Diker Fund) Reed Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed, Jr. Rexam Paper Products Mr. John R. Risher, Jr. Ms. Ann R. Roberts Rockefeller Foundation Rocks Build American Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Milton F. Rosenthal Mr. E. John Rosenwald, Jr. (Monterey Fund, Inc.) Mr. Stephen M. Ross The May and Samuel Rudin Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Arthur F. Sackler Dr. Elizabeth A. Sackler Mr. and Mrs. James F. Sams (The James & Betty Sams Family Foundation) San Carlos Institute Victoria P. and Roger W. Sant (The Roger and Vicki Sant Fund) Mr. Ignatius Sargent SC Costica Prosper SRL Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd G. Schermer Mr. Richard J. Schwartz (David Schwartz Foundation, Inc.) Ms. Isabelle Scott (Jacob & Charlotte Lehrman Foundation, Inc.) Sempra Energy Sequent Computer Systems, Inc. Shaw Industries, Inc. Siemens Corporation Mr. and Mrs. David M. Silfen (David & Lyn Silfen Foundation) Silver Dollar City Inc. The Gertrude E. Skelly Charitable Foundation Mr. Bruce Slovin (Slovin Foundation) Mr. Richard M. Smith (Newsweek, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. Franchon M. Smithson Mrs. Eloise O. Spaeth Mr. Clemmie Dixon Spangler, Jr. (C.D. Spangler Foundation) State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company Mr. Thomas H. Stoner Ms. Mary P. Surrey (Max & Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, Inc.) Contributing Members Mr. Kelso F. Sutton (Kelso F. & Joanna L. Sutton Fund) Tarver Family Fund Mrs. Ellen N. Taubman (Ellen Napiura Taubman, Ltd.) Ms. Ann Tenenbaum and Mr. Thomas H. Lee Tenneco Inc. Texaco, Inc. Time Domain Corporation Mr. Ward J. Timken (Timken International Fund) John and Daniel Tishman Fund Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. Trellis Fund Unico Banking Group Uniform Code Council, Inc. United Airlines, Inc. United Transportation Union Venable, Baetjer & Howard Foundation, Inc. Beatrix and Ladislaus von Hoffmann Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Waite Mr. and Mrs. Milton H. Ward Warren Wilson College Mrs. Ruth L. Webb Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Honorable and Mrs. Frank A. Weil (Hickrill Foundation, Inc.) Mr. Thomas W. Weisel Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research White Oak Corporation Williams College Warren and Barbara Winiarski Mr. James D. Wolfensohn (Wolfensohn Family Foundation) The Women’s Museum World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Mrs. Gay F. Wray (Roger S. Firestone Foundation) Wyeth-Ayerst Pharmaceuticals Wyeth-Lederle Zero International Inc. Ms. Nina Zolt and Mr. Miles Gilburne $5,000 or more Anonymous Mr. Ronald D. Abramson (Abramson Family Foundation) Mr. Warren J. Adelson Philip & Henrietta Adler Foundation AERO Club Foundation of Washington Alaska Federation of Natives Mr. and Mrs. Ahmed Ali (Geo-Etka, Inc.) 75 Ms. Charmay B. Allred Alnell Farm American Association for the Advancement of Science American Association of Retired Persons American Zoo & Aquarium Association Harriet Ames Charitable Trust Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson (William S. and Janice R. Anderson Fund) Joan and Peter Andrews Mr. and Mrs. Rand Araskog ARCO Foundation, Inc. Arts & Entertainment Network/ABC/NBC Asian Cultural Council, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Barwick Mr. and Mrs. William Beierwaltes Black Entertainment Television Holdings Inc. BMW of North America, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John M. Bradley Mrs. Fleur S. Bresler Mr. Willard W. Brown, Jr. Mrs. Rochelle L. Brunner Mr. Howard G. Buffett (The Sherwood Foundation) Bunge Corporation Center for International Forestry Research Chesapeake Wildlife Heritage Ms. Nancy L. Connor (Ringing Rocks Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Roger E. Covey Ms. Allison Stacey Cowles and Mr. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger* Drs. William H. and Isabella C.M. Cunningham Dames & Moore Mr. and Ms. Richard M. Danziger Deloitte & Touche LLP Mr. Dean S. Edmonds, III (Dean S. Edmonds Foundation) EMA Foundation for Education & Technology Research Entertainment Industry Foundation Ms. Audrey G. Falkenstein Joseph and Bessie Feinberg Foundation Feld Entertainment, Inc. Ms. Martha Feltenstein Dr. Alan Fern and Mrs. Lois Fern *Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds, both unrestricted and special purpose. 76 Ms. Rosemary L. Frankeberger Mr. George C. Freeman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Fri Fundatia Culturala Romana Mr. Edward O. Gaylord GEICO Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty (Ann & Gordon Getty Foundation) Mr. Bert Getz (Globe Foundation) Dr. Margaret Goodman Ms. Elizabeth Gosnell Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Gray, Jr. (Lerner Gray Foundation, Inc.) David Greenewalt Charitable Trust The Grodzins Fund GTE Hawaiian Telephone Company, Inc. Mr. Bertram Fields and Ms. Barbara Guggenheim (Guggenheim, Asher Associates, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Haas (Colleen and Robert D. Haas Fund) Mr. and Mrs. George W. Haldeman Mr. and Mrs. Ben Hammett Mr. and Mrs. Irshad-ul-Haque Heinz Family Foundation Mr. Frederick D. Hill (Berry-Hill Galleries, Inc.) Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn (Olga & Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc.) Mr. John K. Howat Dr. Stanley O. Ikenberry Imax Limited Institut fur Auslandsbeziehungen International Mass Retail Association Mr. and Mrs. Maurice H. Katz The Katzenberger Foundation, Inc. Kell, Munoz, Wigodsky Architects Mr. R. Crosby Kemper, Jr. (Enid & Crosby Kemper Foundation) Mr. William G. Kerr (The Robert S. & Grayce B. Kerr Foundation) Drs. Aziz and Deanna Khan Kimsey Foundation Mr. and Mrs. James W. Kinnear Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mrs. Marie L. Knowles The Samuel H. Kress Foundation Mr. Myron Kunin (Curtis Galleries, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally Mrs. Emily Fisher Landau Mr. and Mrs. Jon Landau Alvin S. Lane, Esq. (The Alvin S. Lane Family Fund) Mr. Albert G. Lauber, Jr. and Mr. Craig W. Hoffman Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. Leonard A. Lauder (Lauder Foundation) Mr. Ronald S. Lauder (Mrs. Estee Lauder Philanthropic Fund) Dr. Thomas Lawton Lee Enterprises The Levitt Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert V. Lindsay Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Linton (Linton Foundation) Ms. Nina Liu Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space The Lucelia Foundation, Inc. The Lucy Foundation Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney Mr. and Mrs. Hamid Malik (Amtrend Corporation) Mallinckrodt, Inc. Mr. Richard A. Manoogian (Masco Corporation) Marpat Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Spencer Marsh, HI Mary Martell and Paul M. Johnson University of Maryland College Park Mr. John F. McGuigan, Jr. Mr. Robert L. McNeil, Jr. (The Barra Foundation, Inc.) The Mead Corporation Mr. Makhdoom Ahmad Mehmood Mr. Paul Mellon Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Mennello Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies Mrs. Jane B. Meyerhoff Miller Freeman, Inc. Mr. Vern Milligan Mobil Foundation, Inc. Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc. Enid and Lester Morse (Morse Family Foundation) NAMSB Foundation, Inc. National Association of Display Industries Inc. Ms. Annalee Newman Nordstrom, Inc. Mr. George L. Ohrstrom, Jr. (Little River Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Ricard R. Ohrstrom (Little River Foundation) The Pace Gallery Helen Ann Patton Parsons Engineering Science, Inc. Mr. Gerald P. Peters (Gerald Peters Gallery, Inc.) Peterson Family Foundation Philip Morris Companies, Inc. Mr. Victor M. Pinzon Placer Dome, Inc. Mr. John Edward Plunket Mr. James S. Polshek (Polshek Metcalf Tobey and Part) Mrs. John Alexander Pope William A. & Ronnie N. Potter Philanthropic Fund The Henry & Henrietta Quade Foundation Mr. Safi U. Qureshey, Uns Safi Qureshey and Zeshen Neil Qureshey Mr. and Mrs. Jack Rachlin Mr. and Mrs. Harvey W. Rambach The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc. Republic National Bank of New York Mary Livingston Ripley Charitable Lead Trust* Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins Mr. David Rockefeller, Sr. Karol K. Rodriguez Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob Mr. Robert Rosenkranz and Ms. Alexandra Munroe (The Rosenkranz Foundation) Benjamin J. Rosenthal Foundation Mrs. Polly Rubin Ms. Celia C. Rumsey (Mary A. H. Rumsey Foundation) Ms. Hattie Ruttenberg Mrs. Else Sackler Charles E. Sampson Memorial Foundation Ms. Louisa S. Sarofim Ms. Helen G. Schneider Mr. and Mrs. A. Harvey Schreter Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry Sheffield Mr. and Mrs. W. Mason Shehan Mrs. H. Robert Slusser Mr. and Mrs. E. Maynard Smith Sotheby’s Mr. Ira Spanierman Mr. Alan G. Spoon The Summit Charitable Foundation, Inc. Mrs. H. William Tanaka Mr. Jahangir Tareen A. Alfred Taubman (Taubman Endowment for the Arts) Tetra Tech EM Inc. Dr. F. Christian Thompson Timken Company Ms. Rita Tishman (Norman-Rita Tishman Fund, Inc.) *Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a Citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds, both unrestricted and special purpose. Mr. John Travolta United States Postal Service United Technologies Corporation Mr. Warren W. Unna WETA Mr. William FE Whalen and Ms. Nancy Mattson Mr. Eli Wilner and Ms. Barbara Brennan (Eli Wilner & Company, Inc.) World Wildlife Fund Young & Rubicam Inc. $2,000 or more Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Addison (Addison/Ripley Gallery) Ms. Tina Alster Danese Altman American Zinc Association Mrs. Robert Amory, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Anderson ANR Pipeline Company Mrs. Iris Apfel Mr. Eugene Applebaum Aria Foundation Mr. Arnold Aronson Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Auchincloss (Monadnock Fund) Milton & Sally Avery Arts Foundation B&O Railroad Museum Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Baddour (Baddour Family Fund) Bajaj Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert Balzer Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Barnett Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Bartlett, Jr. Ms. Karen H. Bechtel Bell Atlantic of Washington, D.C. Mr. Robert A. Bernhard Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Bernheim, Jr. (The Bernheim Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. Esther S. Bondareff Mr. Robert H. Braunohler Bristol Associates, Inc. Mr. Eli Broad (The Broad Art Foundation) Mr. Edward Cafritz (Dr. Edward & Mildred Cafritz Camily Foundation) The Center for Arts Education Centre National De La Recherche Scientif Vinton G. and Sigrid T. Cerf Mr. and Mrs. John D. Chapman Contributing Members Dr. and Mrs. Timothy W. Childs Christie’s, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Dennis Cirillo Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark Cofers, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Howard Cohen Drs. John Y. Cole and Nancy E. Gwinn Computer Associates International, Inc. Ruth Covo Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. James W. Crystal Jeffrey P. Cunard D.C. Chartered Health Plan, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Daniels, Jr. The Gloria & Sydney Danziger Foundation, Inc. Mr. Frederick M. Danziger Dart Industries, Inc. Mrs. Mary A. DeBare Decorative Arts Society, Inc. Mr. Arun K. Deva Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Dickey, Jr. Mr. George A. Didden, III Mr. and Mrs. George C. Dillon Dublin Historical Society Duncan Aviation Dr. Sylvia A. Earle East West Foundation Eli Lilly & Company Emilio Ambasz & Associates, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Anthony T. Enders Mr. and Mrs. Giuseppe Eskenazi Ms. Elizabeth S. Eustis Mr. Thomas M. Evans, Jr. (Thomas M. Evans, Jr. Foundation) Mrs. Myron S. Falk, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George J. Fan Faucett Family Trust The Federal Society for Law & Public Policy Studies Mr. and Mrs. Roger Felberbaum (Felberbaum Family Foundation) First Center for Visual Arts, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Miles Q. Fiterman Mr. and Mrs. John Fletcher, HI Ms. Anne Forbes Mr. Sidney Forbes Mrs. Ann B. Friedman Mrs. Marilyn Friedman Ms. Ellen L. Frost and Mr. William F. Pedersen Mr. Richard S. Fuld, Jr. (Richard S. Fuld, Jr. Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. Martha F. Game Mr. Edward K. Gamson Mr. and Mrs. Howard Ganek 77 Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ganz, Jr. Gem, Lapidary & Mineral Society of Montgomery County MD, Inc. General Dynamics Corporation Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Ms. Alice Yelen Mr. Virgil D. Gligor (V D G, Inc.) Mr. Leslie H. Goldberg (Leslie Goldberg Charity Fund) Colonel Richard H. Graham, USAF (Ret.) Ms. Elizabeth W. Gwinn Mr. John M. Haddow (Rita C. & John M. Haddow Family Foundation) Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Dr. William T. Hardaker, Jr. Harrison Family Trust Mr. Joseph A. Helman (Joseph Helman Gallery, Inc.) Mr. John B. Henry Mr. and Mrs. William Herbster Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Herlitz Levy Hermanos Foundation, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess Dr. W. Ronald Heyer Olga & Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Hoehn Mr. Craig W. Hoffman Ms. Nancy Hoffmann Mr. Gary Honbarrier Mr. and Mrs. S. Roger Horchow Hoss Charitable Foundation Sir Joseph E. Hotung Ms. Susan Hurowitz Illinois Tool Works Foundation Mrs. Ruthanne Iselin ITT Industries, Inc. Mr. Richard J. Janes Ms. Wendy Jeffers Jefferson-Pilot Corporation David and Pat Jernigan Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Jessup, Jr. Johnson & Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Jacob C. Kainen Mrs. Floy Kaminski Mr. Eugene J. Kaplan Dr. and Mrs. Ashok H. Kaveeshwar Mr. Walter Keating Miss Narinder Kaur Keith and Miss Rajinder Kaur Keith Dr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Kelly, III Ms. Marie-Louise Kennedy Lieutenant Colonel William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze (Alice Stockton Konze Fund) KPMG Mrs. Rose C. Kramer 78 Mr. Jay Kriegel and Ms. Kathryn McAuliffe (The Tides Foundation) Mr. James D. Krissel and Ms. Dina K. Krissel Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Krueger Mr. Jatinder Kumar, Trustee of APCA Ms. Nanette L. Laitman (William & Mildred Lasdon Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Mel S. Lavitt Ms. Naomi Leff (Naomi Leff & Associates, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Lehrman The Honorable Marc E. Leland (Marc E. Leland Foundation) Mr. Edward J. Lenkin John H. Lese Company Drs. Edmund and Julie Lewis Lippincott & Margulies S. Arthur Localio Mr. Meredith J. Long Mr. Penn Lupovich Dr. Jerry H. Lynn Mr. Dennis H. Lyon and Mr. Russ Lyon, Jr. (Russ Lyon Realty Company) M. Ronald Ruskin Consulting LLC Mr. Burt Manning Mr. Matthew Marks (Matthew Marks, Inc.) Mars Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Tom Marsh Mr. William N. Mason, HI Mr. and Mrs. James A. Mateyka Mr. and Mrs. William P. McClure Nan Tucker McEvoy Foundation, Inc. Mr. Terence McInerney Mr. Arnold B. McKinnon Mr. Floyd W. McRae (Eleven Eleven Fund) Mrs. Kimberly R. Menninger Milford Plaza Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Miller Dianne and Kenneth Miller Mineta for Congress Committee Dr. Marvin and Elayne Mordes Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Morgan Jane and John Morrison Charles Nagel Trust Mr. Andrew Nasser (Wear Me Apparel Corporation) National Air Transporation Association National Association of Display Industries Inc. NationsBank Fund Ms. Evelyn Nef John and Linda Nelson NHK Enterprises America, Inc. Mr. Eliot C. Nolen Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 The Nomura Securities Co., Ltd. North American Airlines, Inc. Mr. Harold Oelbaum (Harold & Nancy Oelbaum Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Harris K. Oppenheimer (Harris & Lois Oppenheimer Foundation) Pacific Art Foundation The Palace Bingo Dr. Paul D. Parkman William and Antoinette Peskoff Mr. Richard E. Petit Ms. Mary L. Pierce Lt. Col. and Mrs. Joseph T. Pisciotta Mr. and Mrs. Elliott I. Pollock Lt. Col. and Mrs. Norman S. Portenoy, USAF (Ret.) (Max & Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. Lewis T. Preston Dr. Kazuko K. Price Prince Charitable Trusts Ms. Judy Lynn Prince Pro Helvetia Mr. Thomas F. Pyle Mr. and Mrs. Frank R. Ramirez Dr. William C. Ramsay (C.B. Ramsay Foundation, Inc.) Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling Ms. Tamara Rebanks Mrs. Douglas F. Reeves Ms. Barbara P. Richards Mr. Jim Richman (Richloom Fabrics Group, Inc.) Ms. Rosemary L. Ripley Mr. and Mrs. Gregory S. Rodman Summer Rodman Mr. William D. Rollnick (William D. and Nancy Ellison Rollnick Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Francis C. Rooney, Jr. Rose Associates, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel J. Rosenfeld Ms. Loretta Rosenthal Mr. Thomas Rosse (Rosse Family Charitable Foundation, Inc.) Mr. Earl Rubley (South Florida Communications) The Safer-Fearer Fund Mr. and Mrs. David Saity Mr. A.R. Sanchez (Sanchez Oil & Gas Corporation) Ms. Diane Schafer and Dr. Jeffrey Stein Mr. and Mrs. Leo Schenker Dr. and Mrs. Rolf G. Scherman Sara D. and Roy A. Schotland Mr. Alan E. Schwartz Seymour I. Schwartz, M.D. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. Second Story Books Sedgwick County Zoological Society M. Sigmund & Barbara K. Shapiro Family Fund Mr. Shelby Shapiro Mr. Lawrence Shar (Julius Lowy Frame & Restoring Company, Inc.) Mrs. Richard E. Sherwood Mr. and Mrs. James Shinn Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey R. Short, Jr. Simarc Foundation, Inc. Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mr. Stephen Simon (Esther Simon Charitable Trust) Mr. Theodore J. Slavin Capt. and Mrs. Charles E. Smith Kathy Daubert Smith Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth L. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Anthony M. Solomon Mr. Richard H. Solomon Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Stamler Mr. Theodore R. Stanley Mr. Henry M. Strong Ms. Patricia S. Swaney Dr. Mahinder Tak and Mr. Sharad Tak Mr. Berrin Tekiner Joseph H. Thompson Fund Lady Judith O. Thomson The Tides Foundation Mr. Laurence A. Tisch (Tisch Foundation, Inc.) Mr. Steve Tisch (The Jamie and Steven Tisch Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Donald Tober (Sugar Foods Corporation) Honorable and Mrs. Russell E. Train Mr. Ted Trotta and Ms. Anna Bono Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Unterberg (Correspondent Services Corporation) US WEST Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Nathaniel H. Usdan (Lemberg Foundation, Inc.) Ms. Lillian M. Vernon (Lillian Vernon Foundation) Visual New York Inc. Mrs. Dina K. von Jaeger Mr. Robert L. Wald Mr. and Mrs. Allen Wardwell Mr. and Mrs. Stanford S. Warshawsky (Centennial Foundation) Washington Gas Light Co. Washington Inc. The Washington Post Company The Raymond John Wean Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Guy Weill Mr. and Mrs. Edward A. Weinstein (Edward A. and Sandra R. Weinstein Philanthropic Fund) Mr. and Mrs. Franc Wertheimer Sperone Westwater, Inc. Mr. Richard E. Whalen Ms. Wynelle W. White Mr. and Mrs. Norman C. Willcox Mr. and Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson The Robert I. Wishnick Foundation World Wildlife Fund Mr. and Mrs. Charles Bagley Wright, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Daniel W. Yohannes Mr. Martin Zelman Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Zucker Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program The Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program is a national initiative through which corporations provide unrestricted support to Smithsonian education, research, and exhibition initiatives. ABC, Inc. American Express American General ARCO Arthur Andersen LLP AT&T Bayer Corporation Bell Atlantic BellSouth Corporation BMW of North America Booz, Allen & Hamilton Inc. BP Amoco Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. The Capital Group Companies Capital One Capital Re CH2M Hill Companies The Clark Construction Group, Inc. The Coca-Cola Company Concert Management Services, Inc. Conoco Inc. Crate and Barrel DaimlerChrysler A.G. Deloitte & Touche LLP Deutsche Bank Dewey Ballantine LLP The Walt Disney Company DuPont Exxon Corporation Contributing Members Fannie Mae Foundation Fidelity Investments Ford Motor Company General Electric Company George Magazine Glaxo Wellcome, Inc. Goldman, Sachs & Company GTE Corporation Hitachi Limited Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. Hunter Engineering Company IBM ID Magazine S.C. Johnson & Sons, Inc. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. The Kansai Electric Power Company, Inc. KPMG Lee Enterprises Litton Industries Liz Claiborne Loeb & Loeb LLP Mars Incorporated Marubeni Corporation Merrill Lynch Mitsubishi Public Affairs Committee Mobil Corporation J.P. Morgan & Company, Inc. New York Stock Exchange, Inc. Newman's Own Noble Drilling Corporation Novartis Corporation PEPCO Pfizer Inc Pharmacia & Upjohn PricewaterhouseCoopers Raytheon Riggs Bank N.A. SBC Communications Scripps Howard Foundation Siemens Corporation Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom Sony Corporation of America Southern Company Sprint State Farm Insurance Companies Teknion Texas Instruments Time Warner, Inc. The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A, Inc TRW Inc. US. Bank Warner-Lambert Company Xerox Corporation 79 James Smithson Society James Smithson Society members share a deep commitment to the dynamic unfolding of James Smithson’s vision. The society’s dues and special gifts provide unrestricted support for the Smithsonian’s research, exhibition, and educational programs. Endowed Life Members Anonymous (1) Karen and Edward Burka Ms. Ruth Boyer Compton Mr. and Mrs. Dean S. Edmonds Mr. Daniel Gilbert and Mrs. Alice Petree Gilbert Mrs. Alton B. Grimes William Logan Hopkins Richard and Elaine Kaufman Lt. Col. and Mrs. William K. Konze Pearl Bell and Colonel Billie G. Matheson Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert D. Mead Mr. Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Ganister Catherine F. Scott Shelby Shapiro Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry Sheffield Mrs. Shirley P. Sichel Mr. Richard L. Triska Annual Members $10,000 or more The Jean Axelrod Memorial Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass Ms. Nancy L. Connor The Eberly Foundation The Gordon Fund Mrs. Roy Johnson Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman Fdn. John L. and Carolyn J. Peterson Betty Rhoads Wright $5,000 or more Mr. William Arndt Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Ballman Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Barton Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block Mrs. Howard M. Booth Carter and Melissa Cafritz Charitable Trust 80 Dr. and Mrs. David A. Cofrin Mrs. Carole D. Crocker Mr. and Mrs. James C. Day Mr. and Mrs. James A. Elkins, Jr. The Virginia Sugg Furrow Foundation Ms. Lumina Greenway Mr. Corbin Gwaltney Leslie Hackenson and Roger Allers Stephen and Jocelin Hamblett Miss Nancy A. Haynes Therese and I. Michael Heyman Mr. James T. Hines, Jr. Mary Martell and Paul M. Johnson Mr. Mark Miller Mr. and Mts. Lester S. Morse, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Munroe Mr. Michael D. O'Dell and Ms. Judith Grass Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Poor Philip and Elizabeth Reed Mr. and Mrs. John Watts Roberts Vicki and Roger Sant The Simpson PSB Fund The Ruth and Vernon Taylor Foundation Ms. Evelyn Twigg-Smith Miss Winifred E. Weter Ellen and Bernard Young $2,000 or more 35 Anonymous Mrs. August Ackel Mr. Terry L. Albertson Mr. and Mrs. Lambert E. Althaver Miss Barbara Anne Ames Mrs. Robert Amory, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William G. Anderson Mr. Leonard Andrews Donna Barnard Ari and Ewing H. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph Arkin Mrs. Jack R. Aron Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Avery Joe and Holly Baker Steven and LaRae Bakerink Mr. Robert J. Barker Janine F. Barre Elizabeth Barrer Rhoda and Jordan Baruch Mrs. Elizabeth H. Bass Albert Beekhuis Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Michael B. Beeman Mr. and Mrs. James M. Beggs Mr. Michael D. Bielucki Dr. Deborah Black The Honorable Robert O. Blake and Mrs. Blake Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. John H. Blazek Mr. and Mrs. Huntington T. Block Mr. and Mrs. William J.D. Bond J.A. Boorman Mr. Bennett Boskey Ms. Margaret L. Bourgerie Ms. Rebecca A. Bowman David Boyes Charles and Fleur Bresler Mr. Alfred Pope Brooks Mrs. Keith S. Brown Mr. J. Kevin Buchi and Dr. Kathleen Buchi The Bunting Family Foundation George E. and Clare M. Burch Dr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Burnes Ms. Alice Green Burnette Mrs. Helen Cabell and Christine Cabell Mr. Kenneth S. Cameron Phyllis H. Carey Mr. Donald W. Carl Mr. William Carlebach Mae Casner Vinton and Sigrid Cerf Dr. Jonathan L. Chang Colonel and Mrs. George E. Chapin, Jr. Ms. Li Chu Mr. and Mrs. J. Donald Cline Melvin and Ryna Cohen Naomi and Nehemiah Cohen Foundation The Honorable Barber Conable Jr. and Mrs. Conable Mr. and Mrs. Richard Cooley Ms. Florence Corder-Witter Ms. Jean Coyne Mrs. Gretchen S. Crow Mr. John H. Darlington, Jr.7 Mrs. Joseph H. Davenport, Jr. Barry and Nora Davis Mr. and Mrs. Charles Alfred Davis Anna M. Day Kathleen and Eugene De Falco Ms. Dorothy J. Del Bueno Mr. Arthur F. Dellheim Mrs. Deborah J. Denefrio Bernard and Susan Dennis Geert M. DePrest and Laura Travis- DePrest Hilton B. Dickerson Ms. Claudia Dickman Douglas Dillon Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Dixon Dr. William H. L. Dornette +Deceased Ms. Diane M. Dudley Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson Miss Babs Eisman Mr. and Mrs. Richard England Gary and Jeri Epstein Ernst and Elfriede Frank Foundation Inc Colonel Charles O. Eshelman Dorothy D. Eweson Mr. and Mrs. Michael L. Fayad Dianne L. Fecteau Mr. Harry Feldman Dr. and Mrs. James J. Ferguson, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Adrian E. Flatt Mary and Henry Flynt Mr. Philip E. Forest Mr. Benjamin Frank Virginia McGehee Friend Mr. Cary J. Frieze and Mrs. Rose Frieze David Morgan Frost Mrs. L. J. Futchik Mrs. J. Gardiner Mr. Phil Gardner Mr. Caspar C. Garrigues Michael and Susie Gelman Mary O’Brien Gibson Bonnie Gillespie Dr. and Mrs. Clarence Glenn George C. and Erna M. Graham Ms. Catharine Graton Mrs. John B. Greene Ms. Marion E. Greene Calvin and Marilyn B. Gross Mr. and Mrs. Patrick W. Gross Bruce Guthrie Adele and Donald Hall Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Robert V. and Rita S. Hanle Mr. Niles Hanson Ms. Helen Leale Harper Mrs. Jane S. Hart Mr. and Mrs. Max E. Hartl Dr. and Mrs. Herbert A. Hartman, Jr. The Honorable and Mrs. John Hechinger, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. David Heebner Robert M. and Gladys F. Henry Catherine W. Herman Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess Mrs. Virginia L. Hickman Mrs. Gloria Hidalgo Clara Jane Hill Mr. William M. Hollis, Jr. and Andrea M. Baldeck, M.D. Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Hopkins Mr. and Mrs. Peter House Mr. Tommy D. Hughes Mrs. Peter D. Humleker, Jr. Mrs. Elizabeth L. Hunter R. Bruce Hunter Mrs. Jane Hunter-Mac Millan Mr. Joshua R. Icore Mr. L. R. Ingels John B. Ippolito, Diane M. Laird- Ippolito Doctors Jay and Mary Anne Jackson David A. Jacques David and Pat Jernigan Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Johnson Mrs. Roy Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson W. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Stanley B. Jones Mr. Sheldon T. Katz Ina and Jack Kay Shelley Kay Stephen C. Keeble and Karen Depew Ms. Jettie Kelly Anne B. Kennedy Dr. Rebecca Kenyon Mrs. Virginia W. Kettering Mr. and Mrs. Clark H. Kilhefner Mr. James V. Kimsey Dr. William M. King Mr. and Mrs. Norman V. Kinsey Mr. Edward J. Kirby Ms. Elizabeth Gelman Kossow Irene Daniell Kress Robert E. and Elizabeth W. Krueger Mrs. James S. Lacock Judge Marion Ladwig Dr. and Mrs. Emanuel Landau Mrs. Stephens J. Lange Janet E. Lanman Dr. and Mrs. LaSalle D. Leffall, Jr. Mrs. William Leonhart Mr. William B. Levin and Ms. Canice Kelly Levin Mrs. Jean C. Lindsey Dr. and Mrs. John G. Lodmell Mr. Frank J. Lukowski Dr. Steven Lunzer Edmund C. Lynch, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Fred W. Lyons, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Mahfouz Dr. (CDR) Hugh M. Mainzer and Ms. Jill Jarecki Mr. and Mrs. Jack A. Mark Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars, Jr. Ms. Virginia C. Mars Mr. Frederick P. Mascioli Major General Raymond E. Mason Jr. and Margaret E. Mason Dr. Thomas R. Masters Wayne and Tina Mathews Contributing Members Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Mathias Mr. James I. McAuliff Emmett and Miriam McCoy Richard and Vivian McCrary Mr. and Mrs. Clayton McCuistion Mr. and Mrs. John D. McLean Meriam McNiel Scott McVay Mr. Paul Mellont Sue B. and Eugene Mercy, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Merriman His Excellency Sir Christopher Meyer, KCMG Mr. George H. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Miller Jerry M. Miller and Dorothy T. Miller Mr. Peter Monrose Mrs. Rosalis Montgomery Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Moran Mr. Robert E. Mortensen Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth F. Mountcastle Dr. Gary L. Mueller and Dr. Carolyn R. Mueller Dr. J. Andrew Mulholland Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. Murray Mr. and Mrs. Eric B. Nettere Mrs. Frances Newman Mary L. Nucci and Abraham Abuchowski Dr. and Mrs. J. Dennis O'Connor Ms. Nancy F. O’Connor Beverly H. and William P. O’Hara William and Jean O'Neill James D. Oglevee and Susan Marie Halliday Mr. and Mrs. Steven F. Paes Christine M. and Gregory J. Parseghian Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Peacock Foundation, Inc. Mr. Scott D. Pearson C. Wesley and Jacqueline Peebles Mrs. Joseph S. Pendleton Mr. J. Liddon Pennock, Jr. George and Sally Pillsbury Mr. John Pitts, Sr. Jane P. Plakias Carol Pochardt Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky/The Polsky Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Henry Posner, Jr. The Rev. and Mrs. Charles Price Mrs. Melville J. Price Mr. and Mrs. Whayne S. Quin Claire and John Radway Mr. Elmer Rasmuson + Deceased 81 Mr. and Mrs. Norval L. Rasmussen Mrs. Carol H. Ray Mr. and Mrs. Michael F. Reagan Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Rice Mrs. Carlyn Ring Doug Ring and Cindy Miscikowski Mrs. Dorothy Hyman Roberts Ms. Nancy J. Robertson and Mr. Mark N. Cookingham Mr. Arthur Rock The Honorable John D. Rockefeller, IV and Mrs. Rockefeller Mrs. I. Alfred Rosenbaum, Jr. Dr. Norman Rosenzweig Mrs. Yvonne W. Roth Marya Rowan Ms. Marcia Rubenstein Marcos and Dina Russek Mr. William R. Salomon Albert and Thelma Sbar Ambassador James H. Scheuer and Emily Malino Scheuer Mr. and Mrs. Douglas R. Scheumann Roger P. and Nancy L. Schlemmer Elizabeth and Edwin Schreiber Frank and Emily Scott Mrs. Robert D. Scott Mr. and Mrs. S. Norman Seastedt Mr. and Mrs. David M. Shapiro Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Shatz Mr. Winslow T. Shearman Allan E. Shore Mr. Alan B. Showalter Mr. Frank Shrontz Charles Siegel Ms. Tammy Sisson Dr. Lionel J. Skidmore and Dr. Jean M. Karle Mrs. David E. Skinner Dr. Harvey C. Slocum, Jr. Sandra and Larry Small Gretchen Smith Crow Dr. Frank Smith General and Mrs. William Y. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Michael R. Sonnenreich Mr. and Mrs. John L. Sparks Harriet and Edson Spencer Mrs. Colletta F. Sperling Mr. Bernie Stadiem Mr. Sydney Staffin Dr. Marjorie L. Stein Ann C. Stephens Mr. and Mrs. William C. Sterling, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T. J. Stewart Mr. and Mrs. Franz T. Stone Shepard and Marlene Stone Mr. Roy T. Strainge Mr. Ernest C. Swigert 82 Ms. Marjorie E. Thomas Mr. Stephen Tilton Mrs. Helen Brice Trenckmann Ms. Eva F. Tully Mr. James F. Turner Mr. M. S. Ursino Colonel and Mrs. W. G. Van Allen Mr. and Mrs. L. Von Hoffmann Colonel Harold W. Vorhies Mrs. Robert Waidner Dr. Wesley W. Walton Craig and Catherine Weston Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Wherley Mr. and Mrs. Ben White Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. White Mr. John K. White The Honorable John C. Whitehead Mrs. Elizabeth Williams Mr. and Mrs. Wesley S. Williams, Jr. Ms. Kirsten Wilson and Mr. Johnny Bivera Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson Joseph G. and Michael M. Wirth Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Womble Mrs. Jane Ludwig Worley Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Wright Ms. Alice Wrobleski Mrs. Charlotte Shirley Wyman Mary L. Zicarelli/The Zicarelli Foundation Anda and Henri Zimand Nancy Behrend Zirkle Mrs. Sidney S. Zlotnick Life Members Prior to 1985, Life Members were appointed to the James Smithson Society in recognition of significant, one-time contributions to the Institution. Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton David K. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo Mr. Scott R. Anselmo Dr. and Mrs. Herbert Axelrod Richard R. Bains Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow Mrs. Donald C. Beatty Mrs. Henry C. Beck, Jr. Mrs. Ralph E. Becker Mrs. Edward B. Benjamin Mrs. John A. Benton Dr. and Mrs. William B. Berry Dr. and Mrs. B. N. Bhat Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. Richard A. Bideaux Edwin W. Bitter Dr. and Mrs. William Beaty Boyd Lee Bronson Dr. Ruth D. Bruun Mrs. George E. Burch Mrs. Arthur J. Burstein Mrs. Hyman Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell Burstein Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Caldwell, Je Lawson J. Cantrell Mr. Allan Caplan Mrs. George H. Capps Carol Chiu Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cleveland Dr. and Mrs. George L. Compton Dr. and Mrs. Roger Cornell Dr. and Mrs. E. J. Cunningham Dr. Bruce E. Dahrling, II Mr. Sam DeVincent Mrs. Peter N. Delanoy Mr. John R. Doss Mr. and Mrs. Willard D. Dover Edward R. Downe, Jr. Dr. Dale B. Dubin Mr. and Mrs. Willis H. Dupont Mr. Joseph M. Erdelac Thomas M. Evans Dr. and Mrs. Dan Feriozi Mrs. Walter B. Ford, II Dr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost Mrs. Edwin Fullinwider Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Andrew Funt Mrs. George Garfield Dr. and Mrs. Lamont W. Gaston Mr. Kirkland H. Gibson C. Paul and Pat S. Gilson Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P. Gott Mrs. W. G. Gould Dawn Greene Doris Stack Greene Mrs. Chaim Gross Mrs. Melville Hall Mr. and Mrs. Don C. Harrold Mrs. Enid A. Haupt Mr. and Mrs. Wayne C. Hazen Edward L. Henning Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn Mr. Paul Horgan Mr. and Mrs. George H. Jacobus Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Kastner Dr. Annette Kaufman Dr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Kirk Peter Merrill Klein Blanche M. Koffler Mrs. Lewis Kurt Land Mrs. David Landau Dr. Maury P. Leibovitz Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Leininger Harry E. and Jane F. Lennon Mrs. Sara L. Lepman and Mr. Joshua M. Lepman Mr. and Mrs. John Levey Mr. and Mrs. Robert Levey Mrs. Frances Lewis Mrs. Jack Lord Adele Lozowick Mrs. Robert Magowan Dr. and Mrs. Leo J. Malone Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian John A. Masek Mrs. Vincent Melzac Mr. and Mrs. Jack L. Messman Mr. W. A. Moldermaker Dr. and Mrs. Walter A. H. Mosmann Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Mullins Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Murray Mr. Mortimer L. Neinken Dr. Melanie Newbill Mrs. Henry K. Ostrow Mrs. Rudolf Pabst The Honorable G. Burton Pearson, Jr. and Mrs. Pearson Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. Persons Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Pflueger Mrs. John Alexander Pope Mrs. Abraham Rattner Kate Rinzler The Hon. Thomas M. Roberts The Honorable Martin J. Roess Dr. and Mrs. Richard G. Rogers, Jr. Mr. Arthur Ross Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Sachs Mr. Harry I. Saul Mrs. Janos Scholz Mr. and Mrs. Morton Silverman Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Slattery Mrs. Helen F. Sloan Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Sherwood Smith Mrs. Otto Spaeth Earl and Trudy Spangler Mr. Stuart M. Speiser Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G. Stack Mr. and Mrs. Norman Stack Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Stavisky Dr. and Mrs. Leo F. Stornelli Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. Mrs. Hans Syz Mrs. Katherine S. Sznycer Drs. Yen and Julia Tan The Ruth and Vernon Taylor Foundation Mrs. David J. Tepper Mr. Richard W. Thomssen Mr. Bardyl! R. Tirana Mr. Glenn O. Tupper Lillian Scheffres Turner Dr. and Mrs. Adolfo Villalon Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. Walker Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Wang Dr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Whiteley Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Williams Mr. Archibald M. Withers Mrs. David O. Woodbury Mr. Stanley Woodward Mr. and Mrs. James Wu Mr. and Mrs. Barry Yampol Bequests We remember with appreciation the following generous donors whose gifts through bequests from their estates were received this year. Richard Ree Anthis Edna FE Blum William A. Burleson Jean M. Chisholm Karl H. Hagen Marie R. Hosea Janet W. Johnson Theodore A. Krieg Curtis W. Sabrosky Carol T. Shore Donald Sultner Victor J. Van Lint Albertus T. VanDuren Annie B. Wetmore Smithsonian Washington Council The Smithsonian Washington Council, an initiative established in 1997 by the Secretary and regional leaders, is dedicated to expanding the Smithsonian’s relationship with the entire Washington region. R. Robert Linowes, Chairman Jin Hyun Ahn John M. Brophy Oliver T. Carr Emilio Fernandez Lee M. Folger Donald E. Graham J. Roderick Heller III Kathleen Hough Contributing Members James V. Kimsey Robert Kogod Robert Lehrman Irene Pollin James J. Rouse Vicki Sant William H. Swanson Ladislaus von Hoffmann Smithsonian Legacy Society The Smithsonian Legacy Society honors our friends who carry on James Smithson’s tradition by making legacy gifts to the Smithsonian, such as bequests, charitable gift annuities, charitable remainder trusts, pooled income fund gifts, gifts of retirement and life insurance plans, and other giving vehicles. Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton, Founding Chairman Anonymous (9) Mr. H. V. Andersen Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Mrs. J. Paul Austin Mr. and Mrs. William R. Baecht Col. and Mrs. Joseph S$. Benham George and Bonnie Bogumill Mr. Richard L. Bolling Mr. and Mrs. Mark Boone Mrs. Agnes M. Brown Mr. Patrick Butler Mr. Berchman T. Carville Mr. Michael W. Cassidy Fenner A. Chace, Jr. Mr. Harry R. Charles, Jr. Mr. Louis P. Clark Mr. Earl Clayton Mr. Lawrence G. Clayton The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr. and Mrs. Conable Ms. Patricia Daniels Mr. Dennis O. Dixon Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Dixon Dr. Harold A. Dundee Mr. and Mrs. William C. Dutton Mr. John M. Elling Mr. and Mrs. George W. Elliott Mrs. June M. Fontanier Mr. Oscar Galeno Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Gardner Mrs. Aileen M. Garrett Mr. Gilbert W. Glass Mr. Charles Goldsberry 83 D. L. Hasse Mr. Lloyd E. Herman Mr. and Mrs. Carl D. Herold Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess Frank and Lisina Hoch Miss K. T. Hoffacker Mr. and Mrs. A. William Holmberg Ms. Hanna Lore Hombordy Catherine Marjorie Horne Dr. and Mrs. Lee Houchins Mrs. Edgar McPherson Howell Mr. John R. Huggard Mr. Thomas L. Humphrey Dr. and Mrs. James C. Hunt Mr. and Mrs. Milton M. Hyatt Mr. Joseph E. Johnson Ms. Judy Kaselow Miss Narinder K. Keith Miss Rajinder K. Keith Ms. Moselle Kimbler Mrs. Bessie M. Koehler John and Mary Lu Koenig Lt. Col. William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Ms. Lee Kush Dr. Geraldine E. La Rocque Mrs. James Spencer Lacock Mr. and Mrs. Philip A. Lathrap Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Leighty Ms. Eleanor L. Linkous Ms. Shirley Loo Mr. Anton C. Love Dr. and Mrs. Burton N. Lowe Mr. Frank J. Lukowski Mr. Ronald W. McCain Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. McCrary Miss Minnie Belle McIntosh Ms. Lowen McKay Mr. and Mrs. Allen McReynolds, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Carl Mikuletzky Mr. and Mrs. Mike Mitchell Mrs. Jane R. Moore Mr. and Mrs. Roger K. Myers Colonel Erickson S. Nichols Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Mr. Paul L. Peck Mr. and Mrs. David S. Purvis Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Rabbitt Mr. and Mrs. Galen B. Rathbun Sanae I. and Douglas E.+ Reeves Mr. Robert A. Rice Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Rick George W. and Margaret P. Riesz Mr. Stuart W. Rosenbaum Mr. Edward H. Sachtleben Lloyd G. and Betty A. Schermer + Deceased 84 Allan E. Shore and Carol T.+ Shore Mrs. Warren H. Sichel Mary F. Simons Dr. Barbara J. Smith Kathy Daubert Smith Mrs. Margaret Sokol Mr. and Mrs. Guenther Sommer Irene Sorrough Mr. Charles W. Speck Mr. Bernie Stadiem Mr. Kevin B. Stone Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T. N. Suarez George D. and Mary Augusta Thomas Dr. and Mrs. F. Christian Thompson John and Ellen Thompson Jeffrey A.t and Diane D. Tobin Mr. David E. Todd Mr. and Mrs. W. Carroll Tornroth Ms. Patty Wagstaff Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Waite Miss Catherine M. Walsh Dr. and Mrs. Richard Ward Mr. and Mrs. DeVer K. Warner Mr. and Mrs. Charles Watts Mr. Charles Weingartner Mrs. Harriet K. Westcott Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. White Mr. Julius Wile Mrs. Laurence I. Wood Mr. Francis W. Worrell Mr. and Mrs. Robert Zapart Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Zelenka Dr. P. Joseph Zharn Mrs. Michael N. Zirkle +Deceased Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Memorial and Commemorative Gifts The following were so honored by their families and friends. Steve Diamond VADM Donald D. Engen, USN (Ret.), former director of the National Air and Space Museum Barbara Fleischman William T. Hardaker Fredrick M. Hecht Alice Eve Kennington Frederick Krieg Swoosie Kurtz Jerome H. Lemelson James F. Lynch Dr. and Mrs. Edward S. Miller Judith Peck Robert Rodman Jean Rubley-Adams Charles E. Sampson J. T. Vida William J. Woolfenden Donors of In-Kind Support Airbus Industries of North America, Inc. American Airlines, Inc. Aviation Week BARCO Projection Systems British Airways Bushnell Sports Optics Worldwide CH2M Hill Companies Ltd. Continental Airlines, Inc. Delta Air Lines Envelope Manufacturers Association Hach Company Hallmark Cards, Inc. Hewlett-Packard Company Mr. James Houghton Jackson & Tull Kalmbach Publishing Co. Mrs. Patricia Kenner Kinko's Copies Mr. Albert G. Lauber Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Aaron Levine Mrs. Jill Hornor Ma National Film Preservation Foundation Oldies 100 FM WBIG Mr. Virgil Ortiz The Recording Industries Music Performance Trust Funds Joseph E. Seagram & Sons Inc. Southern Company Southwest Airlines Telemundo Group, Inc. Trimble Navigation Limited United Airlines, Inc. US Airways, Inc. U.S.A. Direct, Inc. The Washington Times WGMS 103.5 Donors The Board of Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution join with the entire staff in thanking all of the Institution’s friends for the generosity they have shown with their financial support, gifts to the collection, and in-kind donations. Gifts are recorded under the title of the recipient bureau or office, with a brief description of the gift where appropriate. If perchance the name of any donor has been omitted from these lists, it is an inadvertence and in no way diminishes the Institution’s gratitude. Many gifts were received from donors who prefer to remain anonymous; the Smithsonian wishes to thank these people, as well, for their support. Office of the Provost Donors of Financial Support $50,000 or more Champion International $20,000 or more Mitsubishi Corporation $5,000 or more McGovern Fund Archives of American Art Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more The Beinecke Foundation, Inc. The Brown Foundation, Inc. $50,000 or more Agnes Gund and Daniel Shapiro Mr. and Mrs. Frank Martucci $25,000 or more Barbara G. Fleischman Nancy Brown Negley $10,000 or more Leon D. Black Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Buck Mrs. McCauley Conner Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Fogg II Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall Robert and Jane Meyerhoft Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Miller Dr. Meyer P. and Dr. Vivian O. Potamkin Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth $5,000 or more Warren and Jan Adelson Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Adler The Honorable and Mrs. Max N. Berry Mr. and Mrs. Jack S. Blanton, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Douglass Mrs. Daniel Fraad Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Halff, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Mr. and Mrs. John K. Howat David Hudgens Julius Lowy Frame & Restoring Co., Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. and Mrs. Sheldon Landau Mr. and Mrs. Alvin S. Lane Mr. and Mrs. Ronald S. Lauder Mr. and Mrs. Meredith J. Long Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian Matthew Marks Annalee G. Newman Republic National Bank Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob Mrs. Stephen D. Rubin Louisa Stude Sarofim Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Slavin Mr. and Mrs. A. Alfred Taubman $1,000 or more The Alfred E. Knopf Company Arthur G. Altschul Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Applebaum 86 Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Armstrong HI Dr. and Mrs. Robert L. Arnstein Art Advisory Services, Inc. Milton & Sally Avery Arts Foundation, Inc. Anne Bass Mr. and Mrs. Sid R. Bass Karen Bechtel Benjamin Moore & Co. William L. Bernhard and Catherine Cahill Dr. Annette Blaugrund Irving Blum Mary Boone Mr. and Mrs. John Bowes Ruth Bowman Mr. and Mrs. Jay R. Braus Mr. and Mrs. Eli Broad Donald L. Bryant, Jr. Henry Buhl Dr. Irving F. Burton Hugh Bush Constance Caplan Dr. and Mrs. Robert E. Carroll Christie's, Inc. Condé Nast Publications Ltd. Ellen R. Cooper Paula Cooper Mr. and Mrs. Jack Cowart Mr. and Mrs. Raymond M. Cracchiolo Therese Crandall Mr. and Mrs. Lewis B. Cullman Yvonne de C Segerstrom Michael and Dudley Del Balso Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Diker Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkranz Mr. and Mrs. Andre Emmerich Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Enders Mr. and Mrs. Ahmet M. Ertegun Gwen Feder and Ran Kohn Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Fisher Mr. and Mrs. Miles Q. Fiterman Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Forbes Debra Force Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Friedlander Mr. and Mrs. Richard S. Fuld, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ganz, Jr. Barbara Goldsmith James Goodman Mr. Paul Gottlieb and Ms. Elisabeth Scharlatt Dagny Janss Grant Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Greenbaum Mr. and Mrs. Bernard A. Greenberg Mr. and Mrs. Peter E. Haas Mr. and Mrs. John M. Haddow Peter R. Halley Joseph Helman Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. and Mrs. FE. W. Herlitz Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch David Hockney Robert Hoehn Dr. Linda Hyman Milton and Sheila Hyman Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Janes Wendy Jeffers Dr. Helen I. Jessup Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Karatz Mr. and Mrs. Alex Katz Walter Keating Robert Kidd Mr. and Mrs. John Klingenstein Mr. and Mrs. Werner H. Kramarsky Kraushaar Galleries Nanette L. Laitman Mr. and Mrs. Leonard A. Lauder Naomi Leff Melvin and Thelma Lenkin Mr. and Mrs. Perry A. Lerner Mr. and Mrs. Alan D. Levy Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Linton M. Knoedler & Co. Mr. and Mrs. Brice Marden Stephen Mazoh Kathryn McAuliffe and Jay Kriegel Jay D. McEvoy Nan Tucker McEvoy Richard Meier Dr. Martyna Miskinis Museum of Contemporary Arts, Los Angeles Jack Nash Lynn Nesbit Roy R. Neuberger Eliot C. Nolen Lois G. Oppenheimer Pacific Art Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Pate III Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky Mr. David Rockefeller, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Felix G. Rohatyn Nicholas Rohatyn and Jeanne Greenberg Eric Rudin Mr. and Mrs. Keith Sachs Mr. and Mrs. Ira Sahlman Mr. and Mrs. Walter Scheuer Mr. and Mrs. Alan E. Schwartz Judith Selkowitz Mrs. Stuart R. Shamberg Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Shapiro Joel Shapiro and Ellen Phelan Susan Sheehan John Silberman Mr. and Mrs. Alan B. Slifka Mr. and Mrs. Richard Solomon Sotheby’s Mr. and Mrs. Jerry Spiegel Mr. and Mrs. Harry Spiro Roselyne C. Swig Rose K. Tarlow Melinda Thompson and James Rosenquist Judith Ogden Lady Thomson The Truettner Foundation Helen S. Tucker Mr. and Mrs. Thurston Twigg-Smith Mr. and Mrs. Paul Waldman Mrs. Paul L. Wattis Mr. and Mrs. William H. Weed Jerome Westheimer Gertrude Wilmers Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Wimpfheimer Mr. and Mrs. C. Bagley Wright $500 or more Dr. Stephen Andrus Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bahssin Elizabeth Calhoun Baker Louis C. Baker Dr. and Mrs. James Bannon Mrs. Will Barnet Kay Sprinkel Beaumont Paul Beirne Mrs. Edwin A. Bergman Karen Johnson Boyd Mrs. John Lee Bunce Mr. and Mrs. John W. Butler Mr. and Mrs. Howard B. Camden Jay Cantor Mr. and Mrs. Ralph C. Chapa Mrs. Robert J. Chapman Albert Cohn Dr. and Mrs. C. Arnold Curry Maria Mercedes de Medina Mr. and Mrs. Brian Dillon Mr. and Mrs. Cameron B. Duncan Mr. and Mrs. Barney A. Ebsworth Ann Eisenberg Mr. and Mrs. Robert Emett Mr. and Mrs. Christian P. Erdman Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Fleischer, Jr. Martha J. Fleischman Helena Fraser Mr. David A. Gardner and Ms. Lynn Shostack Mr. and Mrs. Yale Ginsburg Sarah and Seth Glickenhaus Dr. and Mrs. Frank C. Glover Mr. and Mrs. Richard Gray Edith Greenwood Sylvia Guggenheim Dr. and Mrs. Reginald Harnett Nancy M. Herstand Patricia Johanson Maxine C. Johnson John Lowell Jones Mr. Wolf Kahn and Ms. Emily Mason Karl L. Koss Ronald and Mary Lamparter Dr. and Mrs. Kim K. Lie William S. Lieberman Marion Lynton Nancy H. Manella Judge Nora M. Manella Mr. and Mrs. Tom FE. Marsh Barbara Mathes Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Menschel Mr. and Mrs. Howard Milstein Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse, Jr. Katherine H. Coudon Murphy Evelyn Stefansson Nef Claire O. O'Malley Janice C. Oresman Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Oroshnik Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Pastor Elizabeth M. Petrie Mr. and Mrs. Bernard E. Pincus Dr. Martin S. Posner Marsha Ralls Mr. and Mrs. Dana M. Raymond Mr. and Mrs. Jock Reynolds Lois Ribicoff and A. A. Ribicoff Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Rosowski Fayez Sarofim Barbara Schneider Mr. and Mrs. Morton L. Scholnick Sydney L. Shaper Mr. and Mrs. Peter L. Sheldon Mr. and Mrs. Morris P. Silver Daniel Slott Mrs. Howard Smits Mr. and Mrs. Alvin L. Snowiss Mrs. Ronald P. Stanton Nancy Teichner Mara Thorpe Barbara and Donald Tober Dean Valentine Karen M. Van Antwerp Vose Galleries of Boston Duane A. Wakeham Joan Washburn Mr. and Mrs. Dave H. Williams Mr. and Mrs. Harold Zlot $250 or more Mr. and Mrs. M. Bernard Aidinoff Dr. Lourdes V. Andaya Donors Dr. and Mrs. Donald C. Austin Brenda P. Ballin Georgia B. Barnhill Bogdan Baynert Geoffrey C. Beaumont Sherman Becker Mrs. George Berlinger Berry-Hill Galleries, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Biggs Esther Bloch Roger and Nancy Boas Mr. and Mrs. Paul Borman Dr. and Mrs. Philip L. Brewer Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Burton John W. Butler, Jr. and John M. VanderLinden Rosalie K. Butzel Mr. and Mrs. David M. Chamberlain Mr. and Mrs. Robert Charleston Elaine Lustig Cohen Mrs. Norbert Considine Mrs. Lammot DuPont Copeland Priscilla Cunningham Catherine G. Curran Diana Gornick Day Mr. and Mrs. Irwin Deutch Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Doerer Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Doran Joel S. Dryer Dorothy Dunitz Mr. and Mrs. Robert Eichenberg Mr. and Mrs. Alex J. Etkin Carol J. Feinberg Mr. and Mrs. John J. Ferron Mr. and Mrs. David B. Findlay, Jr. Mr. Blaine V. and Mrs. Diane A. Fogg Dr. and Mrs. Jacob B. Freedman Mrs. John S. French Mr. and Mrs. Walter J. Fried Elizabeth H. Fuller Frederic J. Fuller, Jr. Mrs. Frank Germack, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Gersh Lawrence J. Goldrich Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Goodman Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Graham, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Green Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Grigg Rachel K. Grody Philip J. Hahn John W. Harris Mrs. E. H. Heaton Louise Hodgson Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin D. Holloway Mrs. William White Howells Mrs. Philip Iselin Mrs. David Jacknow Mr. and Mrs. David Jensen 87 Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Katz Trudi Kazlov Dr. and Mrs. Charles Kessler Janet Wright Ketcham Mrs. John M. Kingsland Ruth and Alfred Koeppel Robert P. and Arlene R. Kogod Mrs. Roger Kyes Dr. and Mrs. Myron M. LaBan The Honorable Charles L. Levin Mira Linder Mrs. Richard M. Livingston Mr. and Mrs. Peter Lunder Mrs. William B. Macomber Susan McClatchy Mrs. John N. McNaughton Mrs. A. A. Minowitz Mrs. Edward P. Moore Mr. and Mrs. Donald F. Morris Raymond D. Nasher Caren Nederlander, Ph.D. Dr. and Mrs. Kevin T. O'Donnell Mr. and Mrs. Irving W. Rabb Mr. and Mrs. Leo Rabkin Mrs. James A. Rawley Elizabeth Richebourg Rea Sheila Robbins Florence R. Rolfe Mrs. Harry Rubin Mr. and Mrs. Abbott K. Schlain Mr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Schoenith Lillian Schwartz Mr. and Mrs. Frederic A. Sharf Cameron M. Shay Dr. and Mrs. Robert R. Silver Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert B. Silverman Mr. and Mrs. Robert Skotheim Mina L. Smadbeck Betty S. Smith Mrs. Markley Spivak Mrs. Lee T. Sprague Martha Roby Stephens Bayard and Frances Storey Mr. and Mrs. George Strumbos Bernard E. Sullivan Vance Jordan Fine Art Inc. Elizabeth Von Wentzel Robert C. Vose HI Mr. and Mrs. William C. Wallstein Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Wasserman Ruth Westphal Wildenstein & Co., Inc. Paul W. Worman William Patrick Young Robin Zendell and Paul E. Taylor II 88 Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery $10,000 or more (Sponsor's Circle) Duron, Inc./The Feinberg Foundation Ebrahimi Family Foundation Medical and Science Communications Development Corporation The Arthur M. Sackler Foundation Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc. $5,000 to $9,999 (Founder's Circle) Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. William Beierwaltes The Hon. Max N. Berry and Mrs. Berry Mrs. Jackson Burke Mr. and Mrs. Roger E. Covey Ms. Martha Feltenstein Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden Dr. Margaret Goodman Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally R. Robert and Ada H. Linowes Fund of the Community Foundation for the National Capital Region Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos Mrs. John A. Pope Mr. Robert Rosenkranz and Ms. Alexandra Munroe Mr. and Mrs. Arthur F. Sackler Dr. Elizabeth A. Sackler Mrs. Else Sackler Mrs. H. William Tanaka $2,500 to $4,999 (Director’s Circle) Harriett Ames Charitable Trust Vinton G. and Sigrid T. Cerf Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark Mr. Jeffrey P. Cunard Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger Mr. and Mrs. Arun K. Deva Mr. and Mrs. Giuseppe Eskenazi Mrs. Myron S. Falk, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George J. Fan Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Ms. Alice R. Yelen Mr. and Mrs. Peter Haas Mr. and Mrs. George W. Haldeman Sir Joseph E. Hotung Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Hung Mrs. H. Kaveeshwar Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney et ames) G Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. Albert G. Lauber, Jr., and Mr. Craig W. Hoffman Mr. and Mrs. Yo-Yo Ma Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Miller Mrs. Lewis T. Preston Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling Mr.* and Mrs. Douglas F. Reeves Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins Karol K. Rodriguez Ms. Diane Schafer and Dr. Jeffrey Stein Sara D. and Roy A. Schotland Mrs. Richard E. Sherwood Mr. and Mrs. James Shinn Mr.* and Mrs. H. Robert Slusser Mr. Robert C. Tang, S.C. Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Zucker $1,000 to $2,499 (Patron’s Circle) Dr. and Mrs. Bruce Alberts Mr. and Mrs. Steven Ames Mr. and Mrs. David Austern Bajaj Family Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Baker Mr. and Mrs. William D. Baskett III Ms. Susanne K. Bennet Mr. and Mrs. John T. Bennett Mr. and Mrs. Dries Blitz Mr. and Mrs. William T. Breer Mr. and Mrs. Jere Broh-Kahn Mr. and Mrs. John B. Bunker Mr. and Mrs. Howard Burpee Ms. Ruby Chan and Mr. Edward Wan Mrs. Nien Y. Cheng Joan Lebold Cohen and Jerome A. Cohen Mr. Thomas Colville Mr. Richard Cooper and Ms. Judith Areen Mr. and Mrs. John R. Curtis, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Curtis Cutter Mr. and Mrs. Michael de Havenon Mr. and Mrs. Aashish D. and Dinyar S. Devitre Dr. Willem J. R. Dreesmann Mr. and Mrs. John L. Eastman Mr. Robert H. Ellsworth Mr. and Mrs. John H. Enns Mr. and Mrs. James G. Evans Ms. Patricia Falk Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Feinberg Dr. and Mrs. Horace Z. Feldman Ms. Ellen L. Frost and Mr. William EF Pedersen Dr. Edward K. Gamson Mr. and Mrs. Donald Gavin Mr. and Mrs. Hitendra Ghosh Mr. and Mrs. James B. Godfrey Dr. and Mrs. Walter Y. Goo Mrs. Burton Gray Mr. Howard Griffin and Mr. Michael Dompas Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Guttentag Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Halpern Mr. and Mrs. Anthony J. Hardy Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Harris The Hon. Richard M. Helms and Mrs. Helms Mr. John B. Henry and Ms. Ann Crittenden Mr. and Mrs. William Herbster Mr. Koji Higashiyama Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth S. Hitch Dr. Josephine Huang and Mr. An L. Huang Mr. Sebastian Izzard Mrs. Rolf Jacoby Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Jessup, Jr. Ms. Shirley Z. Johnson and Mr. Charles Rumph Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Jue Dr. and Mrs. Rajesh S. Kadian Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Kahane Mr. and Mrs. Ramesh C. Kapoor Mr. Subhash Kapoor Ms. Marie-Louise Kennedy Ms. Miriam Kent Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Kramer Dr. and Mrs. Gregory T. Kruglak Mr. and Mrs. Jatinder Kumar Mr. Navin Kumar Mr. and Mrs. Shau-wai Lam . Douglas A. J. Latchford . Robert Lehrman Mrs. William Leonhart Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Levin Drs. Edmund and Julie Lewis The Hon. James R. Lilley and Mrs. Lilley Ms. Ann Ling Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Lo Mr. H. C. Luce and Ms. Tina Liu Dr. Robert W. Lyons and Dr. Virginia P. Riggs Mr. and Mrs. Peter Marks Ms. Johanne Master Mr. Takeo Mayuyama Ms. Anne Mcllvaine Mr. Terence McInerney Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence G. Meyer Dr. Allen M. Mondzac Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Moore, II Dr. and Mrs. Martin Morad Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Moskowitz zx Drs. Umesh C. and Florabel G. Mullick Mr. and Mrs. David Newman Amb. Paul H. Nitze and Mrs. Elisabeth S. Porter Dr. and Mrs. Stanton P. Nolan Mr. and Mrs. Halsey North Mr. and Mrs. Lucio A. Noto Mr. and Mrs. Teruko Okuda Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Overton Ms. Machiko Oyama and Mr. Toshihiko Okoshi Mr. Harish K. Patel Mr. and Mrs. William H. Peters Lt. Col. and Mrs. Joseph T. Pisciotta Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Poster Ms. Judy Lynn Prince Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Pritzker Ms. Barbara P. Richards Miss Jacqueline Rizik Dr. Dorothy Robins-Mowry Dr. and Mrs. Ignacio Rodriguez Mr. and Mrs. Howard Rogers Mr. and Mrs. H. David Rosenbloom Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H. Rotberg Ms. Dorothy Ing Russell Miss Hana Sackler Miss Maile Sackler Mr. Malcolm Sackler Dr. Marietta L. Sackler Miss Neoma Sackler Mr. Michael Sackler-Berner Mr. and Mrs. Manoj Sanghvi Dr. and Mrs. Rolf G. Scherman Mr. and Mrs. Iwao Setsu Dr. and Mrs. Robert L. Sherman Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Silberstein Mrs. John F. Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. Simmons Ms. Laura Smith and Mr. Bryan Louisell Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Sokol Mr. and Mrs. Anthony M. Solomon Mr. and Mrs. Nathan J. Stark Mr. and Mrs. Michael H. Steinhardt Dr. Mahinder Tak and Mr. Sharad Tak Ms. Nella Taylor Mrs. Emilio Torres Mr. Theow H. Tow Mr. Victor Trasoff and Ms. Barbara Meister Mr. and Mrs. Ranvir K. Trehan Ms. Ellen Van Dernoot Dr. Charles Linwood Vincent Mr. M. Glenn Vinson Mr. Paul F. Walter Ms. Ute Weatherall Mr. and Mrs. Guy Weill Donors Mr. and Mrs. Franc Wertheimer Ms. Shelby White and Dr. Leon Levy Ms. Doris Wiener Ms. Nancy Wiener and Mr. Corwith Hamill Mr. and Mrs. David Y. Ying Gifts to Capital and Endowment Funds $1,000,000 and above Art Research Foundation Mrs. Katharine M. Graham $500,000 to $999,999 Anonymous $100,000 to $499,999 Philip L. Graham Fund The New York Community Trust— The Island Fund $1,000 to $100,000 Ms. Kathleen A. Preciado Annual Support for Programs and Projects $100,000 and above Anonymous E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation Mary Livington Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation $50,000 to $99,999 Anonymous Ebrahimi Family Foundation Hughes Network Systems The New York Community Trust— The Island Fund $25,000 to $49,999 The American-Turkish Council and American Friends of Turkey Duron, Inc./The Feinberg Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden Juliet and Lee Folger/The Folger Fund ILA Foundation, Chicago Mr. and Mrs. Sushil Premchand 89 $10,000 to $24,999 The Banks Association of Turkey Da Capo Fund Deutsche Bank Glaxo Wellcome, Inc. Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office Mr. Albert G. Lauber, Jr., and Mr. Craig W. Hoffman R. Robert and Ada H. Linowes Fund of the Community Foundation for the National Capital Region Ralph E. Ogden Foundation Hazen Polsky Foundation, Inc. Smithsonian Educational Outreach Fund Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation $5,000 to $9,999 Joan and Peter Andrews Dr. Thomas Lawton Mr. H.C. Luce and Ms. Tina Liu The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc., at the request of Mr. H. Christopher Luce Mr. and Mrs. Yo-Yo Ma Mallinckrodt, Inc. Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies Min Chiu Society Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos University of Maryland WETA Mr. William F. Whalen and Ms. Nancy Mattson Mr. and Mrs. David Y. Ying $1,000 to $4,999 Dr. and Mrs. Melvin G. Alper Anonymous Bajaj Family Foundation, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Milo C. Beach Mr. and Mrs. Vinton G. Cerf Joan Lebold Cohen and Jerome A. Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger Ms. Ellen L. Frost and Mr. William F. Pedersen Mrs. Edwin Gaines Fullinwider Dr. Edward K. Gamson Dr. Margaret A. Goodman Mr. and Mrs. George W. Haldeman Victor and Takako Hauge Ms. Narinder K. Keith Ms. Marie-Louise Kennedy Jatinder Kumar, Trustee of APCA 90 Drs. Edmund and Julie Lewis Ms. Anne McIlvaine Mr. Terence McInerney Dr. Allen M. Mondzac Ms. Evelyn S. Nef Dr. and Mrs. Stanton P. Nolan Nomura Securities Co., Ltd. Mr. and Mrs. Barry Pierce Mrs. Lewis T. Preston Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling Harsha V. Reddy and Srilatha Reddy Fund of the Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund Mr.* and Mrs. Douglas F. Reeves Ms. Barbara P. Richards Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins Ms. Karol K. Rodriguez Ms. Diane Schafer and Dr. Jeffrey Stein Dr. and Mrs. Rolf G. Scherman Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc Mrs. Richard E. Sherwood Mr.* and Mrs. H. Robert Slusser Mr. and Mrs. Anthony M. Solomon Mr. and Mrs. Roger D. Stone Dr. Mahinder Tak and Mr. Sharad Tak The Hon. Russell Train and Mrs. Train Mr. Warren Una Mr. and Mrs. Franc Wertheimer Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Zucker Donors to the Collections— Freer Gallery of Art Dr. John Fuegi, from the “Large Fish Series,” Kurodai: black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) and akadai: Red sea bream or golden tai, by Ando Hiroshige (1797-1858), Japan, ink and color on paper (F1998.312) Dr. John Fuegi, from the “Large Fish Series,” Ise-ebi: Crawfish or spiny lobster and eb: shrimp, by Ando Hiroshige (1797-1858), Japan, ink and color on paper (F1998.313) Dr. John Fuegi, Carp, by Ando Hiroshige (1797-1858), Japan, ink and color on paper (F1998.314) Dr. John Fuegi, Carp, by Taito II (flourished 1810-1853), Japan, ink and color on paper (F1998.315) Dr. John Fuegi, Carp, by Totoya Hokkei (1780-1850), Japan, ink and color on paper (F1998.316) * In Memoriam Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Alice Rae Yelen, Landscape, by Kameda Bosai (1752-1826), Japan, hanging scroll, ink and slight color on silk (F1998.311) Dr. and Mrs. Leonard Gorelick, collection of stamp and cylinder seals, some with wax impressions, Ancient Near East, ca. 2500 B.C.—A.D. 651, assorted materials (F1999.6.1—.64) Laurence I. Hewes, III, in loving memory of Laurence I. Hewes, Jr., and Patricia E. Hewes, Korean Ambassadors Introduce Buddhism to Japan, Japan, 18th century, three panels from a folding screen (with mandala painting on the reverse of one panel), ink and color on paper (F1998.308.1-.4) Gift of Anne Hollis Reese, Mandarin Ducks, by Unkoku Toetsu (active late 17th—early 18th century), Japan, hanging scroll, ink and color on silk (F1998.310) Gift of Douglas and Sanae Reeves, Tanzaku (poetry slip), by Otagaki Rengetsu (1791-1875), Japan, Edo period, 1869-70, ink on paper mounted on a hanging scroll (F1999.1) Donors to the Collections— Arthur M. Sackler Gallery John L. Bates, Pen box, signed and dated: Sahib al-zaman, Iran 1792-93, watercolor on paper board under varnish (S1999.118) Catherine and Ralph Benkaim, coin, dated 1298-99 (reign of Ala-udin Muhammad, 1296-1316), India, gold (S1999.17) Catherine and Ralph Benkaim, coin, dated 1328 (reign of Muhammad bin Tughlug, 1325-51), India, gold (S1999.18) Catherine and Ralph Benkaim, coin, dated 1328 (reign of Muhammad bin Tughlug, 1325-51), India, gold (S1999.19) Catherine and Ralph Benkaim, coin, dated 1563 (reign of Akbar, 1556-1605), India, gold (S1999.20) A. Peter Burleigh, painting on Hindu themes, Nepal, 1715, distemper on cotton (S1999.2) Dr. Siddharth Bhansali, Krishna and Cows at a Pond, India, Sirohi, roth century, opaque watercolor on paper (St999.6) Dr. Siddharth Bhansali, Bhuta mask of the deity Panjurli, India, State of South Karuataka, early 20th century, brass (S1999.7) Gift of Lee and Roy Galloway, Group of twelve views of Calcutta, by Thomas Daniell (1749-1840) and William Daniell (1769-1837), English working in India, 1786-88, aquatints (S1999.8.1B.12) William E. Harkins, Scene of a Family Outing, by Yuki Somei (1875-1957), Japan, 1920s, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.293) William E. Harkins, Vegetables and Flowers, attributed to Terazaki (1866-1919), Japan, 1910, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.294) William E. Harkins, Actor in a No play, by Tsukioka Kogyo, 21869-1927, Japan, early 1900s, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.295) William E. Harkins, Hollyhocks, by Nishimura Hodo (flourished 1930), Japan, 1930, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.296) William E. Harkins, Plover, by Ohara Shoson (Koson) (1877-1945), Japan, early 20th century, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.297) William E. Harkins, Crows in Moonlight, by Ohara Shoson (Koson) (1877-1945), Japan, after 1926, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.298) William E. Harkins, Autumn Grasses in Moonlight, by Ohara Shoson (Koson) (1877-1945), Japan, early 20th century, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.299) William E. Harkins, Pheasants in Snow, by Ohara Shoson (Koson) (1877-1945), Japan, 1920s, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.300) William E. Harkins, ta (sea bream) and sake bottles, by Ogata Gekko (1859-1920), Japan, early 1900s, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.301) William E. Harkins, Carp and Wisteria, by Ogata Gekko (1859-1920), Japan, early 1900s, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.302) William E. Harkins, Dragonfly with Blossoming Squash, by Ogata Gekko (1859-1920), Japan, ca. 1900, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.303) William E. Harkins, print from the series Bijn hana kisou, by Ogata Gekko (1859-1920), Japan, 1897, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.304) William E. Harkins, Woman and child, by Mizuno Toshikata (1866—1908), Japan, 1892, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.305) William E. Harkins, Railroad train passing by Takanawa, by Kawabata Gyokusho (1842-1913), Japan, 1890-1900, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.306) Osborne and Gratia Hauge, group of forty-nine vessels, Iran, 5th—1st millennium B.C., earthenware (S1998.161B.209) Gift of Victor and Takako Hauge, group of twenty-seven vessels, Iran and Iraq, 5th—1st millennium B.C., earthenware (S1998.309B.335) Ikuta Koji, A drop of water, by Ikuta Koji (born 1953), Japan, 1986, mezzotint, ink on paper (S1998.211) Ikuta Koji, Leaves entwined in wood, by Ikuta Koji (born 1953), Japan, 1988, mezzotint, ink on paper (S1998.212) Ikuta Koji, Interaction, by Ikuta Koji (born 1953), Japan, 1991, mezzotint, ink on paper (S1998.213) Ambassador and Mrs. Donald Johnson, group of seven tea or Zumiss bowls, Mongolia, 19th—2oth century, wood and silver (S1999.10-—.16) Kruglak family in memory of Amy and Ted Kruglak, Washington Monument (Potomac Riverbank), by Kawase Hasui (1883-1957), Japan, 1935, woodblock print, ink on paper (S1998.159) Kubo Takuma, Scorpion, by Kubo Takuma (born 1948), Japan, 1986, engraving, ink on paper, (S1999.9) Donors Adrienne Manikin, group of nineteen folio pages, drawings and paintings, Iran, Egypt, India and Tibet, r4th—roth century, ink, color, and gold on paper (S1998.214-.218; $1998.226—.233; S1999.3—.5) Adrienne Manikin, group of seven dishes, Iran and Central Asia, 17th—r1oth century, glazed earthenware (S1998.219B.225) Gift of Chieko and Tetsuya Ogawa, Iga vase, by Takahashi Rakusai II (1898-1976), Japan, ca. 1940, Shigaraki ware, earthenware (S1998.157) H. Ed Robison, Group of sixty prints, by Yoshida Hiroshi (1876-1950), Japan, 1920-30, woodblock prints, ink on paper (S1998.234-.292; $1999.117) The Elizabeth Woodbury collection of prints from Meiji Japan, group of ninety-four prints, by various artists, Japan, Meiji era (1868-1912), woodblock print, ink and color on paper (S1999.22-.115) Capt. and Mrs. R. Zimermann, Seascape, by Yoshida Hiroshi (1876-1950), Japan, ca. 1900, watercolor on paper (S1998.308) Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more New Hampshire Commission on the Smithsonian Folklife Festival Romanian Cultural Foundation South African Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology $10,000 or more Margelus Burga Chase Manhattan Bank Conservancy for Tibetan Art and Culture Sprinters Timken Foundation Zero International, Inc. $1,000 or more ABC Medical P.C. John Davis 91 Henry J. Fox Fund GTE General Electric Louis B. Goldman, Altheimer & Gray Richard Kurin Claude Matasa Mobil Foundation Obie L. Moore Eliot Sorel, M.D., FA.P.A., SiMarc Foundation, Inc. TransChem Finance & Trade Corp. The Union and League of Romanian Societies of America, Inc. VDG, Inc. Robert L. Wald, Esquire, Baach, Robinson & Lewis Wynelle W. White The Young & Rubicam Foundation $500 or more Chemonics International Inc. Daniel Coleman Cornelia Golimbu Gould Family Foundation Ernest Harper Goldie Hawn Peggy Hitchcock IULIU Maniu Foundation Kate Kerr MetaForm Inc. Andrea Mitchell Naomi Morales Olimpia Neagoe Elizabeth Sackler Ruth M. Scott Robert L. Sherman The Smile Store Carol Todd Donors of In-Kind Support Acme Paper & Supply Company. Janitorial and paper products for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Adams and Roy Inc. Labor and materials for New Hampshire program site, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Allegro Industries. Back supporters for the technical crew, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Alyson’s Orchard. Loan of kitchen items for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Appalachian Mountain Club. Participation in the New 92 Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Apple Hill Farm. Loan of kitchen items for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Arnold M. Graton and Associates. Labor for covered bridge at the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Ashby & Associates Video Production Services, Inc. Loan of video equipment to document the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Atrista. Canning jars for foodways demonstrations, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Attitash Bear Peak. Loan of Bombardier snowcat for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Bagel Market of Tysons. Bottled water for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Bardo Rodeo. Kegs of beer for staff of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Bearman Lumber Inc. Lumber for covered bridge and timber framed barn at the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream. Fish pops for staff of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Benson Woodworking. Labor for timber framed barn at the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Bergwall Productions, Incorporated. Loan of video equipment to document the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Bob Ross, Inc. Paint brushes for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Breedon Bag & Burlap Co., Inc. Burlap sacks for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Cannon Mountain. Loan of snow and ski equipment for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Canterbury Shaker Village, Inc. Loan of a gate for the New Hampshire program site, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Chattanooga Bakery, Inc. Moon pies for staff of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Circuit City Foundation. Store credit for items for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Clarendon Grill. Meals for technical crew, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Coca-Cola. 25 cases of Coca-Cola product for staff of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Coleman Company Donations. Coolers for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Costco Wholesale, Inc. Store credit for items for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Crystal Springs. Bottled water for staff of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Dodge Lumber. Sawing of lumber for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Domino’s Pizza, Inc. Store certificates for pizza for staff of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Duncan Enterprises. Fabric paint for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Dunkin’ Donuts. Donuts for staff and participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Durgin & Crowell. Lumber for covered bridge and timber framed barn at the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Duron Paint & Wallcoverings. Empty cans for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Folklore Society of Greater Washington. Hospitality for the participants at the hotel, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Food Lion. Store credit for items for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Fresh Fields. Apples and raisin bread for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Frying Pan Park. Horse drawn wagon for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Fuji Photo Film USA, Inc. Discounts and film products for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. G Street Fabrics. Material for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. G.L. Cornell. Loan of golf cars for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Gerrity Lumber. Trucking of lumber for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Giant Food Inc. Discount on purchases for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Glen Echo Pottery. Assistance with Romanian pottery demonstrations, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Glenwood Farms. Eggs for foodways demonstrations at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Global Village Productions. Filming equipment and personnel for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Goodmark Foods, Inc. Slim Jim’s and hot fries for staff and participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Granite State Forest Products. Lumber for covered bridge and timber framed barn at the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Guernsey Office Products Incorporated. Flip charts for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Heidelberg Pastry Shop. Cookies, donuts and pastries for staff and participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Heinz USA. Soup, ketchup and mustard for staff and participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Herrick Mill Work. 50 wooden benches for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Herrs Foods, Inc. Chips and pretzels for staff and participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Innovative Learning Products. Student display boards for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Interlocken. Loan of items for the New Hampshire program’s Summer Camp, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. International Food Bakeries. Bakery and pastry products for staff and participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. International Paper, Madison Lumber Mill. Lumber for covered bridge and timber framed barn at the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. J.C. Eames Timber Harvesters. Felling trees for lumber for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Johnson’s Flower & Garden Center. Store credit for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corp. Donuts for staff and participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. M&M/Mars, Inc. Twix for staff and participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Markerboard People. Dry erase boards, erasers, and markers for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Maxell Corporation of America. Maxell products for documentation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Media Visions Video Duplication. Videotape stock for documentation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Mediterranean Bakery Incorporated. Baclava for staff of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Michelle’s Family Bakery. Pastries for staff and volunteers of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Millbrook Farm Woodworks. Gazebo for the New Hampshire program site, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Monadnock Mountain Springwater. Bottled water for staff of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands. Lumber for covered bridge and timber framed barn at the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Office Depot, Inc. Store discount for products for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Ottenberg’s Bakers, Inc. Bread for staff and participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Perras Lumber, Inc. Trucking of lumber and lumber for covered bridge rafters for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Pierce-Phelps Incorporated. Loan of video equipment for documentation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Plaza Artist Materials. Powdered graphite for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Pleasant View Gardens. Plants for the New Hampshire program site, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. ProCom Associates Video Production Services. Loan of video equipment for documentation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Donors PRO Chemical & Dye, Inc. Fabric paint, paint base, and Low Crock Binder for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. RAC Solutions. Loan of computer for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Red Sage Bakery & General Store. Muffins for staff and participants at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Reeves Restaurant & Bakery. Donuts for staff and participants at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Rehabilitation Equipment Profession- als, Inc. Loan of 8 wheelchairs for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Ricola, Inc. Ricola cough drop product for staff and participants at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Rockline Industries, Inc. Wet-Naps for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Russell Gardens Wholesale. Plants for the New Hampshire program site, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Safeway, Inc. Store credit for products for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Shoppers Food Warehouse. Store credit for products for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Snyder’s of Hanover. Pretzels for staff and participants at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Sony Electronics, Inc. Loan of video equipment for documentation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. South Beach Sun Company. Sun block for staff and participants at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Spaulding & Frost, LLC. Wooden barrels and shelving for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. State of New Hampshire, Department of Corrections. Labor for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Subway Sandwiches & Salads. Sub sandwiches for technical crew at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Sugar Association. Sugar for foodways demonstrations at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Sweet Memories Farm. Dried herbs and flowers for the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. 93 Swenson Granite Works. Granite pieces for the New Hampshire program site, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Target Distributing, Audio/Video Division. Videotape stock for documentation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. TDK Electronics Corporation. TDK products for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Timber Framers Guild of North America. Labor for timber framed barn at the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Timco. Lumber and labor for covered bridge and timber framed barn at the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Tom Johnson Trucking. Trucking of lumber for covered bridge and timber framed barn at the New Hampshire program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Tourmobile Sightseeing. Tour of Washington, D.C. sites for the participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Utz Quality Foods, Inc. Cheese curls for staff at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Vermont Brick Manufacturing. 2,500 native, water-struck brick for the New Hampshire pro- gram site, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Warfield’s Pastry Shop. Brownies for staff at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Wilkins Rogers, Inc. All-purpose white flour for foodways demonstra- tions at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. William B. Riley Coffee Company. Coffee for staff and participants at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Williams-Sonoma. Kitchen Aid merchandise for foodways demonstrations at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. Chewing gum product for staff and participants at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Woolly Mammoth Theatre. Used table and chairs for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. 94 Donors to the Collection Hans Kaufhold, carved granite in the shape of the state of New Hampshire. Romania, Vicsoreanu plate from Horezu Village, Valcea District. South Africa, carved elephant. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more The American Institute of Graphic Arts Ms. Agnes C. Bourne and Dr. James Leubbers Drue Heinz Trust Mr. and Mrs. Harvey M. Krueger Maharam The Mead Corporation Shaw Contract $50,000 or more Altman Foundation The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Herman Miller, Inc. Loeb & Loeb LLP Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Ross Surdna Foundation, Inc. Vitra Xerox Foundation $10,000 or more Ms. Kathleen B. Allaire Ms. D.D. Allen American Express Company Anheuser-Busch, Inc. Bell Atlantic The Bodman Foundation Davidson Plyforms Deutsche Bank Mr. Joseph A. Di Palma The Dunn Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkranz EM. Kirby Foundation, Inc. The Florence Gould Foundation Georgia Institute of Technology Mr. and Mrs. Alan Hartman Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch IBM Corporation Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 The J.M. Kaplan Fund Ms. Elaine La Roche Mr. and Mrs. Gerald M. Levin Lily Auchincloss Foundation, Inc. Liz Claiborne, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Morton L. Mandel Mr. and Mrs. Edwin S. Marks Mr. and Mrs. Edgar M. Masinter Mr. Richard A. Meier Merck & Co. Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse, Jr. Natural Heritage Trust The New York Times Company Foundation Mr. Arthur Peck Peter Norton Family Foundation The Pinkerton Foundation Mr. Richard M. Smith and Dr. Soon- Young Yoon The Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives $1,000 or more BMW of North America Deloitte & Touche LLP Mr. Eric Dobkin and Mrs. Barbara Dobkin Mr. George J. Gillespie III Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine The Grodzins Fund Ms. Agnes Gund and Mr. Daniel Shapiro The Henry & Henrietta Quade Foundation Kell, Munoz Architects New York State Council on the Arts Polshek Partnership Architects Mr. David S. Rockwell The Charles E. Sampson Memorial Trust Travel Time Co. Mr. Arthur Weinbach Donors to the Collection Mary Walker Phillips; Three hangings, made by Mary Walker Phillips, 1964-1979; 1998- 38-1/3. Julia A. Haiblen; Flashlight, designed by Christopher Carruthers and Evan Gaffelberg, 1998; 1998-39-1. Alan and Monah L. Gettner in memory of Carl Lawrence; Candleholder, designed by George Sakier, 1930s; 1998-40-1. Warren A. James; Camera “Kodak Pocket Instamatic 10,” manufactured by Eastman Kodak; produced 1973-1976; 1998-41- ta,b. Pentagram; Poster “The Big A,” designed by Paula Scher, 1991; 1998-42-1. K. G. Olsson; Four posters; designed by Karl Gustav Olsson; 1990-95; 1998-43-1/4. James Howard Fraser; Eighteen posters, various designers, 20th century; 1998-44-1/18. Raphael Rivera Rosa; Poster “Betances,” designed by Raphael Rivera Rosa, 1987; 1998-45-1. Christine Viennet; Platter, designed by Christine Viennet, 1997; 1998- 46-1. Georg Jensen; Cutlery “Vivianna,” designed by Vivianna Torun Bulow- Hube, introduced 1997; 1998-47- 1/15. Anonymous; Light “Ventosa,” designed by Achille and Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, introduced 1962; 1998-48-1. Glenn Loney; Shopping bag “Progress, Kino fur Kinder,” designed by Glenn Loney, 20th century; 1998-49-1I. Carolle Thibaut-Pomerantz; Two designs for wallpaper, unknown French, 1925; and twelve wallcoverings, unknown French and Italian, 1775-1900; 1998-62-1,2; 1998-62-3/14. Victor Wiener; Forty-nine ceramic tablewares such as dishes, trays, teapots, bowls, various German manufacturers, 19 10-1930; 1998- 63-1/49. Thomas F. O'Malley; Eleven examples of letterhead, various unknown American designers; 20th century; 1998-64-1/11. Ashton Hawkins; 2 lithographs, made by Joseph Nash, roth century; 1998-65-1,2. Elizabeth Dow Ltd; Fifteen sidewalls, designed by Elizabeth Dow, 1998; 1998-66-1/T5. Mrs. Henry L. Thompson; Tape lace pattern, maker unknown, early 2oth century; 1998-67-1. Irving S. Richards; Vase, made by Marcello Fantoni, 1950s; 1998- 68-1. Dansk International Designs, Ltd; Sixteen pieces of cutlery, designed by Gerald Gulotta, 1989-1998; 1998-69-1/16. Radoslav L. and Elaine F. Sutnar; Two posters, designed by Ladislav Sutnar, 20th century; 1998-70-1/3. Alphons and Anita S$. Bach; Three blueprints, designed by Alphons Bach, and one hundred and sixty- seven designs for furniture; designed by Henry Dreyfuss, 19408; 1998-7 1-1; 1998-7 1-2/168. Luminator Aircraft Products; Publicity booklet, designed by Luminator Aircraft Products, 1938; 1998-72-1. James M. Connor; Miscellaneous material for Henry Dreyfus Archive, 1954-1965 and fourteen drawings by James M. Connor, 2oth century; 1998-73-1; Archives; 1998-73-2/15. Seymour Chwast; Sixteen pamphlets and one poster, designed by Seymour Chwast; 1954-1976; 1998-74-1/17. The Museum at The Fashion Institute of Technology; Two hundred and eleven wallcoverings; various designers, 1780-1959; 1998-75- T/200.. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Shop; Bowl, platter, cup and saucer “Arkadia,” designed by Trude Petri, introduced 1938; 1998-76-1/3a,b. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Library; Invitation, maker unknown, n.d.; 1998-77-1. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Library; Poster “Sutnar Visual Design in Action,” designed by Ladislav Sutnar, n.d.; 1998-78-1. Susumu Sakan; One hundred and sixty wallcoverings and three sample books, maker unknown, 1990— 1995; 1998-79-1/163. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Library; Forty examples of stationary, various designers, 1987; 1998-80-1/40. Found in Museum, unsolicited gift; Invitation, designed by Gaetano Pesce, 1997; 1998-81-1. Donors Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more Holenia Trust in memory of Joseph H. Hirshhorn $100,000 or more The Glenstone Foundation Mr. and Mrs. J. Tomilson Hill $25,000 or more Melva Bucksbaum Phoebe Haas Charitable Trust Robert Lehrman Merrill Lynch Peter Norton Family Foundation Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts $10,000 or more Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Robert Burstein Rosa Rionda and Carlos de la Cruz The Aaron I. Fleischman Foundation Fundacao Luso-Americana Para 0 Desenvolvimento Gagosian Gallery Robert P. and Arlene R. Kogod Aaron and Barbara Levine The Levitt Foundation Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman Foundation The Mnuchin Foundation Marian Goodman Gallery Stephen M. Ross Ms. Isabelle Scott Tom and Kitty Stoner Nina Zolt and Miles Gilburne $5,000 or more Anonymous The Broad Art Foundation Joseph Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc. Institut fiir Auslandsbeziehungen Smithsonian Women’s Committee $2,500 or more Mr. Edward J. Lenkin and Ms. Katherine L. Meier Elayne and Marvin Mordes 95 Pro Helvetia Pace Wildenstein Mr. and Mrs. Elliott I. Pollock Ms. Loretta Rosenthal Sotheby’s $1,000 or more Anonymous Mrs. Helen S. Abel Theo Adamstein and Olvia Demetriou Mr. Christopher Addison Ms. Carolyn Small Alper Tina Alster and Paul Frazer Ms. Alice R. Bindeman Patti Cadby Birch Gahl and Richard Burt Buffy and William Cafritz Dr. Edward and Mildred Cafritz Family Foundation, Inc. Hon. Lloyd Cutler and Ms. Rhonda Kraft Julia and Frank Daniels, Jr. Ms. Nancy A. Drysdale Pamela and Barney Ebsworth Betsy K. Frampton Ann and Tom Friedman Mr. and Mrs. Marvin J. Gerstin Gibson Creative Jerome L. Greene Foundation Hon. and Mrs. John W. Hechinger, Sr. Joseph Helman Gallery Mr. Fred P. Hochberg Vivian Horan Gallery Mrs. Jeanne Ross Imburg International Cultural Commission Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher S. Johnston Kimsey Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Betty and Bob Krueger Dr. and Mrs. Calvin Lang Jacqueline and Marc Leland Sydney and Frances Lewis Foundation Dr. Penn Lupovich Marsha and James Mateyka Mrs. Jane Mitchell Mondriaan Foundation Ms. Evelyn S. Nef Mr. Mandell J. Ourisman Judy and Thomas Pyle The Ravenal Foundation Anita and Burton Reiner Mrs. Carlyn Ring SBL, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Shatz Martha Jane and Charles Smith The Smith-Free Group, Inc. Pascale and Morad Tavallali 96 Ms. Mary Ann Tighe TSWII Management Company $500 or more Ms. Nancy L. Connor Philip H. Goldentyer Mr. Jacob K. Goldhaber William H. Goldiner Sean F. Kelly, Inc. Josephine Haden Ludolph Barbara Mathes Gallery Steven H. Oliver Mr. Eden W. Rafshoon Stuart Regen Gallery Rosenthal Companies Ms. Janet W. Solinger Mr. Raymond W. Smith The Summit Charitable Foundation $250 or more Art Seminar Group, Inc. $100 or more Anonymous Ms. Ellen R. Berlow Mr. R. Andrew Beyer Mr. Earl Callen Ms. Martha Jean Crutchfield Mrs. Eleanor Davidov Mr. Jorg W. Decressin Mrs. Dorothy $. Dym Mrs. Sandra Fitzpatrick Ms. Patricia Forrester Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Mr. James M. Hobbins Mrs. Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Mr. Roger W. Langsdorf Mr. Max Mackenzie Mr. Tillman Neuner Ms. Annette Polan Ms. Andrea Pollan Mrs. Barbara K. Schneider Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Silberstein Mrs. Catherine F. Scott Mrs. Debra C. Star Tucker/Flyer Ms. Katie M. Ziglar Donors of In-Kind Support BARCO Projection Systems. Free rental of two BARCO 708 series projectors for run of Sam Taylor- Wood exhibition. Free technical Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 support for installation of Sam Taylor-Wood exhibition “Regarding Beauty.” Barbara and Aaron Levine. Dinner party for the Julié Sarmento exhibition. Sephora. 125 boxes of rose potpourri for the 25th Anniversary Gala. Cartier. Party favors for “Regarding Beauty” exhibition dinner. Danaher Corporation. Transportation. Antonio Ocafia, Santa Domingo, Dominican Republic Berlinnale (Berlin International Film Festival) Canadian Embassy, Washington, DC Festival dei Popoli, Florence, Italy Festivale dei Giovani, Turin, Italy Olga Hirshhorn, Washington, DC Hungarian Film Institute, Budapest Jerusalem International Film Festival Kudo Izumi, London Musée Fesch, Ajaccio, France The Raoul Hague Foundation, New York Carlyn Ring, Washington, DC Rotterdam International Film Festival, The Netherlands Howard Schatz and Beverly Ornstein, New York Lisa Shlackman, Anacortes, Washington Taormina International Film Festival, Taormina Sicily/Italy San Sebastian/Donestia International Film Festival, San Sebastian, Spain. Donors to the Collection Judith Godwin, Red Monument, 1960, oil on canvas, by Gerald Nordland (HMSG.99.43) Joe Shannon, Se/f-Portrait at 66, 1996, graphite and charcoal on paper, by Olga and Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation (HMSG.99.42) Robert Goodnough, Civilized Cavewoman, 1998-99, acrylic on canvas, by Robert Goodnough (HMSG.99.41) Kendall Buster, Untitled Studies for HMSG installation, 1982, by Martin A. Funk and Eugene S. Zimmer (HMSG.99.37) Jan Frank, Goodby Bill, 1997, oil, ink and alkyd on paperboard mounted on wood, by The Hassam Purchase Fund, American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters (HMSG.99.30) Richard Stankiewicz, Untitled #28, 1960, ink on rice paper, by the Richard Stankiewicz Estate (HMSG.99.25) Richard Stankiewicz, Untitled, 1960, ink on rice paper, by the Richard Stankiewicz Estate (HMSG.99.26) Athena Tacha, Land Marks, 1984, ink, oil pastel & pencil on paper mounted on foamcore, by Athena Tacha (HMSG.99.31) Athena Tacha, Land Marks (site map), 1983, ink, oak leaves on blueprint map and mylar, by Athena Tacha (HMSG.99.32) Ernest Briggs, Untitled, 1953, oil on canvas, by Linda Dugmore Shannon (HMSG.99.29) National Museum of African Art Donors of Financial Support $10,000 or more Ford Motor Company Fund $5,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Milton Rosenthal $1,000 or more Marc L. Ginzberg $500 or more Noah-Sadie Wachtel Foundation, Inc. Professor David C. Driskell Donors to the Collection Corice and Armand Arman, shoulder mask (d’mba), 19th—early 20th century, Baga peoples, Guinea (98- 28-1) William FE. Brodnax II], skirt, late roth—early 2oth century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-1) William FE Brodnax III, maternity apron, late r9th—early 2oth century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-2) William E. Brodnax III, belt, late roth—early 2oth century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-3) William F Brodnax III, snuff container, late r9th—early 20th century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-4) William F. Brodnax III, a collection of beaded work costume accessories, late t9th—early 20th century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-5-9) William FE Brodnax III, two bracelets, late r9th—early 20th century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-10, 11) William F. Brodnax III, three bands, late 19th—early 20th century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-12) William F Brodnax III, four necklaces, late 19th-early 20th century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-15 through 99-6-18) William F Brodnax III, two bracelets, late r9th—early 20th century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-19.1, 99-6-19.2) William F. Brodnax III, cache sexe, late r9th—early 20th century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-20) William F. Brodnax III, two necklaces, late 19th—early 20th century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-21, 22) William FE. Brodnax, two bracelets, late 19th—early 20th century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-23.1, 23.2) William E Brodnax III, necklace, late 19th—early 20th century, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-24) Sarah McKee Burnside from the George T. McKee Collection, cloth, Shoowa peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (98-22-1) Sarah McKee Burnside from the George T. McKee Collection, cloth, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (98-22-2) William G. Dakin, Oberokpa Va’yeroye, 1972, deep etching on paper, by Bruce Onobrakpeya (98-23-1) Allan Frumkin, figure, late r9th—mid-zoth century, Bangwa peoples, Cameroon (98-26-1) Allan Frumkin, figure, late 19th—early 2oth century, Yanzi peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (98-26-2) Allan Frumkin, female figure (nkisi), late 19th—early 20th century, Kongo peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (98-26-3) Allan Frumkin, female figure, r9th—early 20th century, Yoruba peoples, Nigeria (98-26-4) Donors Mona Gavigan in memory of Philip L. Ravenhill, prestige vessel, Nupe peoples, Nigeria (98-24-1) Denyse and Marc Ginzberg, shield, early 19th—early 20th century, Amhara peoples, Ethiopia (98-2 1-1). Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Udi Notes, T991, watercolor on paper, by A. Omotayo (Tayo) Adenaike (98-20-1). Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Aye Rovwa Amwa Iblu Rhno, 1988, etching with pastel on paper, by Bruce Onobrakpeya (98-20-2) Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Ec/ipse, 1967, deep etching on paper, by Bruce Onobrakpeya (98-20-3) Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Leopard in a Cornfield III, 1984, by Bruce Onobrakpeya (98-20-4) Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Dancing Masquerader II, 1967, by Bruce Onobrakpeya (98-20-5) Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, City in the Moon, 1960s, woodcut on paper, by Adebisi Fabunmi (98-20-6) Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Road to Abuja, 1982, offset lithograph on paper, by Obiora Udechukwu (98- 20-7) Reynold C. Kerr in memory of Sylvia H. Williams, funerary object (bwoongitool), late 19th-early 20th century, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-5-1) Michael Oliver, cane, 1950s, Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-4-3) Contemporary African Art Gallery, New York, Dying Beast, 1993-1994, ink on paper, by Ezrom Legae (98-27-1) Contemporary African Art Gallery, New York, Icon de Dekar, 1993-1994, ink on paper, by Ezrom Legae (98-27-2) National Museum of American Art (Smithsonian American Art Museum) Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more Principal Financial Group 97 $100,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Barney Ebsworth $50,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Peter Bing Consolidated Natural Gas Company Mr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost James Renwick Alliance $10,000 or more Anonymous Bankers Trust Company Forbes Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Gans Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Halff, Jr. Homeland Foundation Ms. Robyn Horn Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Joyner Mr. and Mrs. William G. Kerr Mr. and Mrs. Peter Lunder Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Pearson Mr. and Mrs. James F. Sams Mr. Richard J. Schwartz Unico Banking Group m $5,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Ronald D. Abramson Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Bresler Ms. Elizabeth Gosnell Mr. David Hudgens J.M. Kaplan Fund Mr. and Mrs. Myron Kunin Ms. Nini Liu The Lucelia Foundation Mrs. Nancy T. McEvoy Ms. Nancy B. Negley Mr. and Mrs. John Edward Plunket Mr. and Mrs. Jack Rachlin Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Rambach Mr. and Mrs. Ferninand T. Stent Mr. Eli Wilner n $2,000 or more The Barra Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Barwick Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cousins Mr. and Mrs. Dale F. Dorn Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Douglass Dublin Historical Society Mr. Bertram Fields and Ms. Barbara Guggenheim Mrs. Rita Fraad Mr. and Mrs. Morton Funger Mr. and Mrs. Frederick D. Hill Mr. Eugene J. Kaplan Mr. Jonathan R. Kaplan Mr. and Mrs. Maurice H. Katz Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod Mr. and Mrs. Jon Landau Mr. and Mrs. John F. McGuigan, Jr. Mr. Paul Mellon Mr. Vern Milligan Mr. and Mrs. Paul D. Parkman Ms. Mary Pierce Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Rosenfeld Rosse Family Charitable Fund Mr. Ira Spanierman Mr. Warren Unna Donors of In-Kind Support Ironstone Vineyards. Wine for exhibition reception. Kinko’s, Inc. Paper and printing for membership program. Donors to the Collection Anne and Ronald Abramson (and Vera and Robert Loeffler, Elmerina and Paul Parkman, and Maurine Littleton Gallery). Dress for Success, 1997, fired enamels on sandblasted glass and found objects, by Susie Krasnican (1999.48a-vv) Josef and Anni Albers Foundation. Black/White Hanging, 1948, cotton double weave with leno, by Lore Lindenfeld (1998.107) Cissy and John Anderson. Hanged Man, 1955, woodcut, by Leonard Baskin (1999.47) Anonymous donor. Executive Shirt, 1996, sterling silver, brass and plexiglas, by Richard Mafong (1998.103) Anonymous gift in honor of the artist’s mother, Kay Wade. Washdaj Miracle, 1997, glazed porcelain, by Susan Thayer (1998.124) Anonymous donor. Untitled (small basket), ca. 1900, woven fibers, by Unidentified Artist (1998.150) Anonymous donor. The French Were Here (Quebec, Port-au-Prince, Fez), 1994-1995, sequins, beads, fabric, tracing paper, glitter, watercolor, collage, colored pencil, lithographs, etchings on paper, by Joyce Kozloff (1998.153) Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Anonymous donor. Robert Cottingham, 1986, silver gelatin print mounted on board, by Harvey Stein (1998.154) Diane Banks in honor of Matthew Moss. Blue Cone, 1997, wood, glue, paint, ink, and metallic powders, by Diane Banks (1998.76.1) Diane Banks in honor of Sarah Moss. Red Cone, 1996, bamboo, tarlatan, glue, ink and thread, by Diane Banks (1998.76.2) Suzan Benzle in honor of Jean O. Boutz. Cobalt Goddess Medallion with Pair of Jeweled Chalices, 1999, blown, lampworked and modeled lampworked colored glass, by Donovan Boutz; Dancing Red Elephant Chalice, 1999, blown, lampworked and modeled lampworked colored glass, by Donovan Boutz; Salmon Chalice, 1999, blown, lampworked and modeled lampworked colored glass, by Donovan Boutz (1999.22.1-.3) Robert L. Bliss. Cradle for a Young Viking/Viqueen, 1997, tung oil finished Baltic birch plywood and brass, by Robert L. Bliss; Deep Cradle Rocker, 1992, aluminum, leather, black Brazilian granite, by Robert L. Bliss (1999.46.1-.2) Helen Bock (and Mobilia Gallery). Nightingales, 1994, fine silver, sterling silver, 18k gold, by Daniel Jocz (1999.53) Fleur and Charles Bresler. Glancing Figure, 1997, turned walnut, by Mark Sfirri (1998.137) Fleur Bresler. Table Bracelet: “Promenade Suite”, 1997, maple, birch, cherry, brass, by Michelle Holzapfel (1999.8) Ms. Aimee Brown (and Professor Monroe Price). E/ Fireboy y El Mingo, 1988, color lithograph on paper, by Gilbert “Magu” Lujan (1998.147) Irena F. Brynner. Brooch, 1969, 18k gold and Egyptian faience, by Irena F. Brynner (1999.52) Beverly Camenson in honor of Mrs. William Taubin. (Woman in Kitchen) from series: You Don’t Have to be Jewish to Love Levy's, ca. 1967, offset lithograph, by William Taubin (art director); (Native American) from the series You Don’t Have to be Jewish to Love Levy's, ca. 1967, offset lithograph, by William Taubin (art director); (Child) from the series You Don’t Have to Be Jewish to Love Levy’s, ca. 1967, offset lithograph, by William Taubin (art director) (1999.34.1-.3) Dr. and Mrs. Jerome Canter. Untitled, acrylic on paper, by Willem De Looper (1998.142.1); 7 Untitled prints from portfolio Urban Landscapes #2, silkscreen print, by Richard Estes (1998.142.2.1-.7); 5 Untitled prints from portfolio Urban Landscapes #3, silkscreen print, by Richard Estes (1998.142.3.1-.5) Cavin-Morris Gallery, gift of a friend of Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. Hurricane, 1973, watercolor and ink on paper, by Peter Mitchell (1998.123) Dale Chihuly. 600-D, 1994, glass and mixed media, by Walter Zimmerman (1999.49) Jonathan Cohen (and Eleanor Friedman). Spe, 1998, apple prunings doweled with vinyl-coated nails, by Gyongy Laky (1998.143) Theodore Cohen in memory of his mother and her sisters: Rose Melmon Cohen, Blanche Melmon, Mary Melmon Greenberg and Fanny Melmon Liberman. 24 craft objects, various dates, various media, by various artists (1998.122.1-.24) Columbus Museum, Georgia, gift by exchange. 23 prints, various dates, lithographs, by Lamar Baker (1998.115.1-.23) Judith Kogod Colwell. Leaf Platter, 1998, underglazed and glazed wheel-thrown terra cotta clay, by Judith Kogod Colwell (1999.19) Martha and Pat Connell. Timeless Watch: Neighborhood Watch, 1992, 18k gold, titanium and leather, by Harold O’Connor (1998.146) Consolidated Natural Gas Company Foundation. Heirs Come To Pass, 3, 1991, silver-dye bleach print made from digitally assisted montages, by Martina Lopez (1998.85); Camera Obscura Image of Manhattan View Looking West in Empty Room, 1996, gelatin silver print, by Abelardo Morrell (1998.159) Ann D. Cousins. Se/f-Portrait without Skin, 1997, 14k gold with platinum and rubellite tourmaline cabochon, by Kim Eric Lilot (1998.80); Gold Skimmer, 1983, porcelain enamel on steel with gold, by Keith Appel (1998.81) Carole-Ann and Grant Davies. Porcelain Platter, 1997, underglazed and stained porcelain, by Hunt Prothro (1998.108) David L. Davies (and John D. Weeden). Band Saw Box, ca. 1968, California black walnut, by Arthur Espenet Carpenter (1998.130) Nancy Negus Denhart. Apres Moz Le Deluge, 1974, serigraph on paper, by Walter Iler (1998.125) Martin and Hariette Diamond. Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, 1936, pencil on paper, by Hananiah Harari (1998.93) Ella D. Dibrell (and Edmund Montgomery). Lady MacBeth, 1905, marble, by Elizabeth Ney (1998.79) Jim E. Dicke II. Untitled, 1997, iris print photograph, by Jim F. Dicke II (1999.50) Mary Douglas. Monument Valley Plate, 1986, repousse and chased 18 gauge copper sheet and oil paint, by Mary Douglas; Yosemite Plate, 1987, repousse and chased 18 gauge copper sheet and oil paint, by Mary Douglas; North American Plate, 1990, repousse and chased 18 gauge copper sheet and oil paint, by Mary Douglas (1998.113.1-.3) Frank and Maye Eagle. Prairie Patriarch, 1999, patinated bronze, by Robert Deurloo (1999.36) Robert Ebendorf. Hair Ornament, 1960, silver and plique-a-jour enamel, by Robert Ebendorf (1998.117) Ferranti family in memory of David Ferranti. Four Brooches, 1996, sterling silver, glass and graphite, by David Ferranti (1999.24a-d) Eleanor Friedman (and Jonathan Cohen). Spike, 1998, apple prunings doweled with vinyl-coated nails, by Gyongy Laky (1998.143) Friends of the artist. Decline, 1997, linen, embroidery, thread, glass beads, and acrylic paint, by Karin Birch; Night Sky, 1997, linen, embroidery thread, glass beads, Donors acrylic paint, by Karin Birch; Mapping Territories, 1996, linen, embroidery thread, glass beads, acrylic paint, by Karin Birch (1998.127.1-.3) Gary Genetti. Covered Jar with Elephants, 1999, incalmo blown and sandblasted etched glass, by Gary Genetti (1999.45) Helen S. Golden. Two Magnolias, 1997, digital print, by Helen Golden (1998.157) Ellin and Baron Gordon in memory of Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. Adam and Eve, 1998, sandstone, by Tim Lewis (1999.44) Stephen Hannock in honor of James F. Dicke II. Flooded Canyon: Clear Light at Yellowstone, 1997, polished oil on canvas, by Stephen Hannock (1998.138) Haynes Family, Jorge, Roxanne, Rebecca and Ben. Cesar Chavez, pencil on paper, by Emanuel Martinez (1998.155) Alice C. Heilman (and Louis Heilman, and Lawrence Wise and in honor of Annetta Wise and Philip Weber in honor of his parents, Bernice and Gerald Weber, and Beverly Heilman Wise and Alan Wise in memory of their parents). Space Probe, 1998, Pacific yew wood and suede, by Philip Weber; Oval, 1998, Pacific yew wood, Honduras rosewood, picture jasper, and suede, by Philip Weber; Inner Wisdom 67-87, 1998, ebony, brass and steel, by Philip Weber (1998.78. 1-.3) Louis Heilman (and Lawrence Wise and in honor of Annetta Wise and Philip Weber in honor of his parents, Bernice and Gerald Weber, and Beverly Heilman Wise and Alan Wise in memory of their parents and Alice C. Heilman). Space Probe, 1998, Pacific yew wood and suede, by Philip Weber; Oval, 1998, Pacific yew wood, Honduras rosewood, picture jasper, and suede, by Philip Weber; Inner Wisdom 67- 87, 1998, ebony, brass and steel, by Philip Weber (1998.78.1-.3) Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. 67 folk art objects, various dates, various media, by various artists (1998.84.1-.67) 99 Delwyn and Judy Herbert. A/eutian Canada Geese (rig of three geese), 1999, carved tupelo wood and acrylic paint, by Delwyn Herbert (1999.61a-c) John and Robyn Horn. Trio, 1999, dogwood and steel, by Stoney Lamar (1999.55); Five Individuals, 1998, turned and carved cherry and ash, by Jack R. Slentz (1999.60a-e) Charles Isaacs (and Carol Nigro). Se/f- Portrait, ca. 1855, salted paper print, by O. H. Willard (1999.41) Girard Jackson. Hot Chocolates, ca. 1919-28, oil on canvas, by Theresa Bernstein (1998.128) James Renwick Alliance. Dining Chair, 1993, blackened imbuya wood and silk, by Kristina Madsen (1998.82); Vessel #2117, 1995, electroformed, sandblasted, oxidized, and enameled copper foil, by June Schwarcz (1999.2.1); Mother Lode, 1997, fabricated and constructed 18k gold, glass vials with gold dust suspended in alcohol and velvet-lined maple box, by Sandra Enterline (1999.2.2); Radish Salad Bow!,1998, turned, carved, and painted wood, by Craig Nutt (1999.5); Anton's Flowers, 1997, thrown, handbuilt, carved, low- fired, underglazed and glazed earthenware, by Eddie Dominguez (1999.10); Blue Pearl, 1998, fired ceramic and acrylic, by Kenneth Price (1999.37); The Listening Point, 1999, photosensitive cast glass and black pate de verre, by Mary Van Cline (1999.38); tGuerra!, 1993, hand and machine stitched, flag, fabric, netting, paint, plastic skeletons, cloth letters, colored and monofilament threads, nylon rope, rayon fringe, eyelets and Velcro, by Arturo Alonzo Sandoval (1999.42) Mickey Johnston in honor of Professor Robert Ebendorf. Bang-le Bracelet, 1997, hand-forged, steel, gold, diamonds, and pearl, by Mickey Johnston (1999.35) Betty Kasson in memory of Michael Kasson. Pink Stem, 1998, sterling silver and epoxy resin with pigments, by Susan Sloan (1998.101) Susan and Neil Kaye. Vestiges of Society, Warm and Open Hearts, 1997, mixed 100 media, by David McCarthy (1998.91) Martha Killebrew. Sunset Temple, 1997, raku-fired porcelain, by Gail Bakutis (1998.77a&b) Dorothy Krause. Lady of the Flowers, 1997, digital collage, by Dorothy Krause (1998.109) Krimmel Family. Vessel #453, 1997, lathe-turned Colorado alabaster with satine (bloodwood), by Max Krimmel (1998.131) Jane M. Lamb (and William T. McLaughlin, and Karen E. Schaeffer). Sweat of the Sun, Tears of the Moon, 1989, hand-quilted, machine-pieced and reverse- appliqued cotton, polyester, rayon, by Teresa Barkley (1998.112) L. Douglas and Barbara Lee. Opaline Exterior Fold Set, 1998, blown glass, by Benjamin Moore (1998.14 1a-c) Arthur J. Levin in memory of his beloved wife Edith. Ocean Park, No. 6, 1968, oil on canvas, by Richard Diebenkorn (1999.17) Mr. and Mrs. Brian Leyden. Alaric— King of the Visigoths, 1998, crown stag deer antler with 14k gold, sterling silver, copper, buffalo horn, mammoth ivory, mother-of-pearl, sapphire fittings, Damascus steel, Prehnite mineral specimen, thuya wood burl, and walnut, by Larry Fuegen (1998.132) Bonny Lhotka. Hive, 1997, digital print, by Bonny Lhotka (1998.158) Lore Lindenfeld. Totem, 1981, woven, interlaced and looped cotton, wool, chenille, and ribbons, by Lore Lindenfeld (1999.1) Alan Lipton. Untitled, ca. 1946, pencil on paper, by Seymour Lipton; Untitled, ca. 1946, pencil on paper, by Seymour Lipton (1998.139.1-.2) Herta and Hans Loeser in honor of Michael W. Monroe. Bow/?, 1996-1998, wheel-thrown porcelain, by Anne Smith (1999.13) Mark R. Matthews and family in honor of Francis M. Greenwell. Eleven works, 1999, hot glass and Graal technique, by Mark R. Matthews (1999.21.1-.11) David M. Maxfield. Rhizome, 1998, linoleum cut, by Terry Winters (1998.129); Dodles, lithograph and chine colle, by Jose Bedia (1999.40) Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 William T. McLaughlin (and Karen E. Schaeffer and Jane M. Lamb). Sweat of the Sun, Tears of the Moon, 1989, hand-quilted, machine-pieced and reverse-appliqued cotton, polyester, rayon, by Teresa Barkley (1998.112) Patricia Smith Melton. 34 vintage quilts and r1 vintage textile fragments, various dates, various media, by various artists (1998.149.1-.45) Mobilia Gallery. Double Ring, 1998, lapis lazuli and 18k gold, by Harold O'Connor; Ring, 1998, silver, 18k gold, granulation, by Harold O'Connor; Brooch, 1998, silver, 18k gold, river rock, granulation, by Harold O’Connor; Necklace, 1998, silver and spectrolite, by Harold O'Connor (1998.1 11.1-.4); Tribute, 1997, silver, fine silver, beads, and polymer, by Judy Mulford (1998.145) Mobilia Gallery (and Helen Bock). Nightingales, 1994, fine silver, sterling silver, 18k gold, by Daniel Jocz (1999.53) Judith Moncrieff. Fagade, 1997, digital print, by Judith Moncrieff (1998.99) Edmund Montgomery (and Ella D. Dibrell). Lady MacBeth, 1905, marble, by Elizabeth Ney (1998.79) Amy Morgan, Morgan Contemporary Glass. Untitled #HO-IV-13 (set of three), 1999, blown glass, by John Leighton (1999.43a-c) Jesus Bautista Moroles. Georgia Stele, 1999, Georgia gray granite, by Jesus Bautista Moroles (1999.25) Carol Nigro (and Charles Isaacs). Self-Portrait, ca. 1855, salted paper print, by O. H. Willard (1999.41) Masuo Ojima in honor of friends. Triptych, 1998, glazed stoneware, by Masuo Ojima (1999.32a-c) Marilyn and Paul O’Rourke (and The Society of Arts and Crafts). Upholstered Chair, 1996, walnut burl veneer, plywood, leather, by Dale Broholm (1998.114) A. Rudy Padilla, The Hourglass Prison Art Museum. 23 drawings, various dates, drawing on cotton and paper, by various artists (1998.126.1a-.23b) Irving Penn. Vladimir Nabokov, North Italy (Chasing Butterflies), 1966, silver print on paper mounted on paperboard, by Irving Penn (1998.105) Perkins Center for the Art made possible by the Bogen Photo. Bicycle Shop Boys, Kula, Turkey, 1997, silver print, by Todd Swimmer (1998.116); Untitled, New York, 1997, carbro print, by Aristidis Kyriazis (1999.31) Mary L. Pierce. Dinner at Aunt Tilly’s, 1994, machine-pieced, appliqued, and quilted cotton and cotton- blend fabrics with polyester batting, by Sue Pierce (1999.59) Anthony T. Podesta. Untitled, natural, painted and stained wood, by Yumiko Yamaguchi (1998.152) Professor Monroe Price (and Ms. Aimee Brown). E/ Fireboy y El Mingo, 1988, color lithograph on paper, by Gilbert “Magu” Lujan (1998.147) Morris and Rita Pynoos, partial and promised gift. Mzrror II, 1971-73, cast bronze and mirror, by Robert Graham (1998.133) Henry Ward Ranger through the National Academy of Design, bequest of. Spring Way, 1964, watercolor and collage, by Romare Bearden (1999.9); Contrasting Textures, oil on canvas, by Luigi Lucioni (1999.14); Lake Erie Shore, 1961, oil on canvas, by Werner Groshans (1999.16) Mr. and Mrs. James Rapp. Shaded Stripes, ca. 1970-71, double plain weave linen, by Richard Landis (1998.144) Elizabeth A. Rose. Neck/ace, 1917, sterling silver with blue enamels and opal, by Augustus F. Rose (1999.51) Eleanor T. and Samuel J. Rosenfeld. Teapot, 1998, glazed stoneware and metal, by Byron Temple (1998.110.1); The Stacking Bowls, 1998, glazed porcelain, by Peter Beasecker (1998.1 10.2a-c); Forbidden Fruit with Leaf, 1998, glazed porcelain, by Keisuke Mizuno (1999.12) Karen E. Schaeffer (and Jane M. Lamb, and William T. McLaughlin). Sweat of the Sun, Tears of the Moon, 1989, hand-quilted, machine-pieced and reverse- appliqued cotton, polyester, rayon, by Teresa Barkley (1998.112) John Sennhauser, bequest of. Black Forms in Colorspace #2, 1946, oil on canvas, by John Sennhauser (1998.151) Mr. and Mrs. Dominic F. Shortino. Peculiar Poetry 4, 1993, cotton and silk organza, by Dominie Nash (1998.140) Smithsonian Associates. Fragile Crossing, 1992, serigraph on paper, by Luis Cruz Azaceta (1998.102) The Society of Arts and Crafts (and Marilyn and Paul O’Rourke). Upholstered Chair, 1996, walnut burl veneer, plywood, leather, by Dale Broholm (1998.114) Marvin J. and Shirley F. Sonosky, in memory of Harryette Cohen. Indians in Council, California, ca. 1872, oil, by Albert Bierstadt (1998.148) Mary Elizabeth Spencer, bequest of. 87 miniatures, watercolor on ivory, by various artists (1999.27.1-.94) Christopher Staley in honor of his parents. Nesting Bowls, 1998, thrown and altered porcelain, by Christopher Staley (1999.20a-c) David Steinberg. RED READ, 1998, portfolio of five lithograph and silkscreen works, by Ken Aptekar (1998.104.1-.5) Michael Sterling in honor of Vanessa, Janna and Tyler. Chair, 1995, oiled, lacquered, and hand-rubbed caroa walnut, macassar ebony, by Michael Sterling (1998.73) Gene Thornton. Mattress, North Philadelphia, PA, silver print, by Lewis Downey (1999.54) Kenneth R. Trapp. Pineapple Basket, 1997, sweet grass and split brown ash, by Irene McDonald (1998.83); Beaked Pitcher, 1998, glazed stoneware, by Jeff Oestreich; Fish Dish, 1998, glazed stoneware, by Jeff Oestreich; Ewer, 1998, glazed stoneware, by Jeff Oestreich (1998.100.1-.3); Baldguy and Docking Station, 1999, fabricated sterling silver, cloisonne enamel, ivory, black onyx, painted wood and steel, by Heinz Brummel (1999.63a,b) Kenneth R. Trapp in memory of Thomas Hume Slater, Jr. Venetian Donors Style Goblet (red wine), 1998, blown glass, by Alan Goldfarb; Venetian Style Goblet (champagne flute), 1998, blown glass, by Alan Goldfarb; Venetian Style Goblet (cordial), 1998, blown glass, by Alan Goldfarb; Venetian Style Goblet (printed forest glass beaker), 1998, blown glass, by Alan Goldfarb; Venetian Style Goblet (raspberry printed beaker), 1998, blown glass, by Alan Goldfarb (1999.6.1-.5) Kenneth R. Trapp in honor of Eleanor T. and Samuel J. Rosenfeld. Teapot, 1998, glazed stoneware, by Jane Shellenbarger (1999.15) University of Tennessee, Knoxville Print Workshop. 27 prints from the portfolio Drawn to Stone, lithographs, by various artists (1998.156.1-.27) Peggy Stieler Wahrmund. Metamorphosis I, 1990-1991, cotton, by Peggy Stieler Wahrmund (1998.95) Chun Wen Wang. Firing God, porcelain, by Chun Wen Wang (1998.119) Philip Weber in honor of his parents, Bernice and Gerald Weber (and gift of Beverly Heilman Wise and Alan Wise in memory of their parents, Alice C. Heilman, Louis Heilman and Lawrence Wise and in honor of Annetta Wise). Space Probe, 1998, Pacific yew wood and suede, by Philip Weber; Oval, 1998, Pacific yew wood, Honduras rosewood, picture jasper, and suede, by Philip Weber; Inner Wisdom 67-87, 1998, ebony, brass and steel, by Philip Weber (1998.78.1-.3) John D. Weeden (and David L. Davies). Band Saw Box, ca. 1968, California black walnut, by Arthur Espenet Carpenter (1998.130) Newton D. Werner. Lippincott’s, June, poster, by Will Carqueville (1998.92) Cameron Whiteman. Six photos: Saddle Peak Road—Topanga (LAt), 1994, platinum prints, by Madoka Takagi; Micheltorena Street— Silverlake (LA7), 1994, platinum prints, by Madoka Takagi; Vista De/ Mar (LA9g), 1995, platinum prints, by Madoka Takagi; Charnock Road (Inglewood Blvd.), Mar Vista (LAr 3), 101 1995, platinum prints, by Madoka Takagi; Grandview Avenue/Augelus— Venice (LAI5), 1995, platinum prints, by Madoka Takagi; Rustic Road-Pacific Palisades (LA25), 1995, platinum prints, by Madoka Takagi (1998.134.1-.6) Frederick Wiedman, Jr. in memory of Richard Mack. EEL GIG Chair, 1994, wood and found objects, by Daniel Mack (1999.33) Carol and Don Wiiken. 21 glass objects, various dates, glass and various media, by various artists (1999.57.1-.21) Beverly Heilman Wise and Alan Wise in memory of their parents, (and Philip Weber in honor of his parents, Bernice and Gerald Weber, and Alice C. Heilman, Louis Heilman and Lawrence Wise and in honor of Annetta Wise). Space Probe, 1998, Pacific yew wood and suede, by Philip Weber; Ova/, 1998, Pacific yew wood, Honduras rosewood, picture jasper, and suede, by Philip Weber; Inner Wisdom 67- 87, 1998, ebony, brass and steel, by Philip Weber (1998.78. 1-.3) Lawrence Wise and in honor of Annetta Wise (and Philip Weber in honor of his parents, Bernice and Gerald Weber, and gift of Beverly Heilman Wise and Alan Wise in memory of their parents, Alice C. Heilman, Louis Heilman). Space Probe, 1998, Pacific yew wood and suede, by Philip Weber; Ova/, 1998, Pacific yew wood, Honduras rosewood, picture jasper, and suede, by Philip Weber; Inner Wisdom 67- 87, 1998, ebony, brass and steel, by Philip Weber (1998.78. 1-.3) Jay Wilson. Mandala, 1994, hand- woven wool and linen tapestry, by Jay Wilson(1999.30) Dr. James H. and Jann Arrington Wolcott. 60 photographs, silver print, by Marion Post Wolcott (1998.120.1-.60) Anita and Ronald Wornick. Ziggurat, 1992, turned, carved, sandblasted and bleached madrone burl, by Christian Burchard (1998.74) Willie Ann Wright. Cedar Creek— Woman and Troops, 1993, sepia- toned gelatin silver print, by Willie Ann Wright; 2nd Manasas—Women 102 and Parasols, 1992, sepia-toned gelatin silver print, by Willie Ann Wright (1998.75.1-.2) Richard York Gallery. Hello Steve, 1947, hardcover book with photo silk-screens and letterpress text, by Steve Wheeler (1999.39) National Museum of American History Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more The Axelrod Family The Lemelson Family Foundation National Association of Music Merchants Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation Susan & Elihu Rose Philanthropic Fund Nina and Ivan Selin $100,000 to $999,999 Computerworld Smithsonian Awards Merck Company Foundation The National Commemorative Committee for the Submarine Centenial through the Naval Submarine League Piano Manufacturers Association International Alfred P. Sloan Foundation $50,000 to $99,999 Mr. and Mrs. H.P. Claussen Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico Robert F. Hemphill, Jr. and Linda Powers Winifred H. Howell The Rice Family Foundation $10,000 to $49,999 AT&T Foundation Allied Corporate Services American Society for Cell Biology Banco Popular de Puerto Rico Jan McLin Clayberg Lester Colbert Discovery International Walt Disney Company Enterprise Rent-A-Car Company Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. and Mrs. George M. Ferris, Jr. David M. Fields General Society of the War of 1812 Florence J. Gould Foundation Greening America Hach Company Elizabeth Hecht Hospitality Sales and Marketing Association, International Keebler Company Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation Lutheran Brotherhood Mellor Family Foundation National Film Preservation Foundation National Museum of Industrial History Pfizer Inc. Pillsbury Company Reed Foundation Sempra Energy Sequent Computer Systems, Inc. Smithsonian Women’s Committee Time Domain Corporation Uniform Code Council, Inc. United Airlines, Inc. United Transportation Union Warren Winiarski The Women’s Museum Wyeth-Ayerst Pharmaceuticals Wyeth-Lederle $5,000 to $9,999 Arts & Entertainment Network Audrey G. Falkenstein Joseph & Bessie Feinberg Foundation George C. Freeman, Jr. David Greenewalt Charitable Trust International Mass Retail Association Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc. NAMSSB Foundation, Inc. $1,000 to $4,999 Association for Computing Machinery Barnstead/Thermolyne Corporation Joan Challinor Mrs. Timothy W. Childs Cofers, Inc. Seth M. Corwin Dart Industries, Inc. Ms. Anita DeFranz East West Foundation Eleven Eleven Fund Dr. David C. Hess Dr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Langfitt Thomas MacCracken Clara G. Schiffer Dr. Seymour I. Schwartz, M.D. Sigmund & Barbara Shapiro Family Fund Eleanor F. Spears Wilma Bond Winkler Donors to the Collection 1996 Inaugural Committee, The 53rd Presidential Inaugural (through Deborah T. Ashford): 95 pieces of documentary memorabilia including tickets, passes, invitations, leaflets, and signs (1997.0396). ABC News, “20/20” (through Alice Pifer): 61 over-the-counter cold medications, 3 vitamin products, 2 toothbrushes, and a measuring cup, all used on a “20/20” news program about the common cold in 1981 (1998.0252). Judith R. and Stephen F. Adler: Mirro-Matic pressure cooker received by the Adlers as a wedding present in 1951 (1999.0064). Rita J. Adrosko: 4 prayer cards and a missal (1998.0311). Richard E. Ahlborn: 56 Roman Catholic devotional objects from India, 1990s (1997.0401); 4 Santos wooden carvings and a retablo panel painting, all from New Mexico, 1960-92 (1998.0217). Dr. L. Thomas and Prof. Margaret G. Aldrich: wooden dividers and a Dietzgen protractor, both made for use at a classroom blackboard (1999.0117). Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (through Jennifer Ruys): 2 steel sculptures in the shape of Alaska (1997.0228). American Medical Women’s Association, Inc. (through Eileen McGrath): 2 American Medical Women’s Association banners (1999.0158). Amherst College, Physics Laboratories (through Prof. Joel E. Gordon): 20- inch Mannheim calculating rule made by Keuffel & Esser, 1930s (1999.0254). - Paul Amos: Eastman Kodak Cine 16mm spring-driven motion picture camera, 1925 (1998.0176). Dorothy Anderson: 4.5 cubic feet of archival material reflecting the career of William “Cat” Anderson, a band leader, composer, and member of the Duke Ellington Orchestra (1998.3007); 24 trumpet mouth- pieces, 4 award plaques, 2 mutes, and a John Williams/Cat Anderson simulator, all used by William “Cat” Anderson (1998.3074). David Andrist: pair of man’s trousers with an American flag motif, 1996 (1998.0330). DeWitt C. Armstrong IV: Sohmer & Company upright piano, 1888, piano stool, hymn book, and a watercolor portrait of Charles Crozat Converse who composed the hymn “What A Friend We Have In Jesus” (1998.0255). Asian Pacific American Legal Center of Southern California (through Julie A. Su): 23 garment labels, 20 sheets of business records, 4 hang tags, an envelope, and a pay stub (1997.0336). Thomas A. Bair I: Pickett calculating slide rule and an instruction pamphlet, 1962 (1999.0096). Doris I. Barker: Kodak Signet 40 camera, Kodalite Super M4o flash attachment, and a set of flashbulbs (1998.0353). John Barnett: fixed signal whistle board (1999.0211); 2 emergency brake signs issued by the Post Office Department for use in railroad mail cars (1999.3041). James E. Beckwith and Randy Sorenson: General Electric monitor top refrigerator, 1930s (1998.0264). Geoffrey Beene, Inc. (through Russell J. Nardozza): sweatshirt with American flag motif worn by Mr. Beene at his fall 1990 and spring 1991 clothing collection shows and a clothing box of 1998 (1998.0318). Howell E. Begle: 456 sound recordings (1991.0305). Diedra J. Bell and Dr. Stephney J. Keyser: diorama of the original Fisk Jubilee Singers based on a painting by Edmund Havel of 1873 and made by Ms. Bell assisted by Dr. Keyser, 1994-98 (1999.0174). Shannon A. Bell: pair of woman’s yellow shoes with black polka dots Donors designed by Norma Kamali, 1983-85 (1998.0284). Bradley F. and Virginia W. Bennett: 102 ancient Greek coins of Lycia and Pamphylia (1998.0317). Lois E. and Nancy E. Bennett: blue silk taffeta 2-piece dress worn by Grace M. Sprinkle Bennett when a teenager in 1888 (1998.0167). Bennington Museum (through Steve Miller): 30 pieces of English and American parian porcelain, mostly roth century (1999.0016). Katherine B. Benson: 12 geometric models made by Walter Benson as an avocational geometer (1999.01 30). Signe A. Bentley: woman's navy cotton crocheted bag with metal bead decoration, 1915-19, woman's 3-piece navy wool suit, 1925, anda pink silk handkerchief, 1925 (1998.03 19). Don Berkebile: 35mm toy motion picture projector (1998.3053). Robert J. and Susan B. Bermowitz: Amprosound precision motion picture projector and a speaker, ca. 1948 (1998.0182). Lois M. Berney: Zippo lighter and a pen received by Ms. Berney as souvenirs of President and Mrs. Johnson’s visit to Thailand, ca. 1968 (1999.0070). Irene Reynolds Bessette and Robert T. Reynolds: copper electrotype relief plaque of the Declaration of Independence with a floral border, made by German immigrant Peter Kuntz, 1890s (1998.0287). Bethlehem Steel Corporation (through Lonnie A. Arnett): 286 photo- graphs, 23 negatives, and 2 photograph albums of operations, the control pulpit with 19 other tools and equipment items used to run the Z Mill which rolled out stainless steel, and a hard hat, safety jacket, baseball jersey, pin, and a plaque, all reflecting work and leisure activities at Washington Steel in Washington, Pennsylvania (1997-0276); 3 metal baskets used in the Welfare Room to hold workers’ personal belongings at the Bethlehem Steel Mill in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (1999.0154). Audrey B. Beyer: prototype photoelectric air seed sorting 103 machine invented by Mrs. Beyer’s father, Everett H. Bickley, and patented in 1929 (1999.0134); 7 cubic feet of papers documenting the career of inventor Everett H. Bickley, a Deskette clipboard, and a Fotimer with instruction manual (1999.3022). Urban R. Billmeier: “Gold Beater’s Union” banner used in Chicago, Illinois, 1930s (1998.0331). Binney & Smith Inc. (through Tracey Muldoon Moran and Patrick Morris II): tor Crayola crayon products, 31 chalk sets, 28 silly Putty products, 20 games, 17 children’s play kits, 6 crayon sharpeners, 5 color sticks and pencils, 3 crayon containers, 2 erasers, a marker, crayon candle, crayon lifting paddle, and a child’s art smock (1998.0068). Bio-Medical Products Corporation (through John G. Geppert): drug scan test, pregnancy test, and a tuberculosis test (1999.0171). William L. Bird: satirical book, Bz// Gates’ Personal Super Secret Private Laptop, A Microspoof, by Henry Beard, John Boswell, and Ron Barrett, 1998 (1999.0071); “Tinky Winky” Teletubby doll (1999.0122). Edward D. Black: appliqued, pieced, and embroidered quilt made for Mr. Black by his mother, Ruth Jones Black Patrick, worked from 1932 to 1952 (1998.0043). Sylvia Blake: pair of Valenciennes lace sleeves, set of matching sleeve borders, set of needle lace borders, and a hand embroidered net shawl (1997.0159). Patricia G. Bleicher: brass U.S. made muzzel-loading swivel cannon of the War of 1812 period (1998.0354). Boericke & Tafel, Inc. (through Felix H. Maez): display case of homeopathic preparations and 27 additional preparations of the 1990s (1998.0237). Boiron USA (through Mary P. Larkin): 9 homeopathic preparations (1998.0170). Brian Boitano: dark blue military style ice skating costume and a pair of black figure skates with 104 American flag patches worn by Mr. Boitano during his gold medal winning “Napoleon” program at the 1988 Olympic Winter Games, and a teal blue ice skating practice suit (1998.0289). Dwight Blocker Bowers: 4 Pez candy dispensers with Muppet character heads (1999.01 19). Banco Central do Brasil, Departmento do Meio Circulante (through Luis Henrique de Almeida Cabral): 6 uncirculated coins of Brazil minted for the year 1998 (1998.03.43). Diana D. Braun and Rose D. Connolly: 75 pieces of decorated ceramics, kiln furniture, mold pieces, tools, glazes, paints, stains, and finishes, used by Mrs. Braun and Mrs. Connolly as hobby ceramicists, 1940s—80 (1998.0155). Katharine H. Brighoff, George Ross Phillips, John L. Phillips, and Sarah J. Yarborough, the children of John Lacey Phillips and Persis Anne Phillips: schoolgirl sampler made by M. A. Hofman at School No. 7 in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, dated 1848 (1998.0130). Mary W. and Thomas P. Brittain: sawed-off Smith and Wesson revolver used by train robber and “Wild Bunch” gang member Harry Tracy, 1870-72 (1998.0339). Bill and Joanne M. Bruegman: “Swahili” board game made by Milton Bradley, 1968 (1999.0267). Christopher J. Budesa: calculating rule used at South Junior High School of Bloomfield, New Jersey (1999.0068). Joseph E. Burke: translucent Lucalox Alumina ceramic demonstration disk, ca. 1959 (1998.0111). James C. Buss: custom billiard cue stick made by Mr. Buss of rock maple with ebony, leather, and inlays of various colored woods, 1998 (1999.0063). Janet H. Butler: 2 cotton bags used to package shot for Lawrence Brand and the Remington Arms Company, 1990-97 (1998.0276). Edward P. Caire: cotton bag used at the Columbia Sugar Mill in Edgard, Louisiana, 1929-49 (1999.3031). Calvert Group (through Jon Lickerman): pamphlet, “Reebok Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Human Rights Production Standards” (1998.3022). Robert B. Campbell in memory of Dorothy and William Campbell: 11,358 sound recordings, 2 radio station promotional jackets, and a poster, all collected by rock-and-roll radio disc jockey William Campbell (1996.3034). Ernestine Gilbreth Carey: 5 stereo autochrome glass plate negatives of the Gilbreth family by Frank B. Gilbreth, ca. 1909 (1995.0249). Pearl Carmichael: 10 sets of papers, bibliography cards, microfilms, and a portrait, all related to psychologist and Smithsonian Institution Secretary Leonard Carmichael (1983.3016). Mary Jeanne Carrera: LeClip quartz novelty watch, 1990s (1996.0325). Hannah L. Cayton in memory of Howard Cayton: set of personal letters, business documents, certificates, photographs, and advertisements of the Max and Rosa Cayton family of Washington, D.C., 1890-1993 (1993.3021). CBS News, “6o Minutes” (through Don Hewitt): Aristo stopwatch mounted on a board marked “60 Minutes,” used to present the CBS news magazine from 1970-98 (1998.0265). John W. Chapman: rigged model of the ship Swsan Constant made by Mr. Chapman (1998.0227). Clement Communications (through Geoffrey C. Walker): 11 work incentive posters (1995.0321). Martha Jane Coffin Trust (through Robert H. Strickland): cut glass champagne pitcher in the Brilliant style, probably made by Corning Glass Works of Elmira, New York, 1880-1905 (1987.0928). Colt’s Manufacturing Company, Inc. (through Ronald L. Stewart): 4 Colt M16 firearms including a NATO submachine gun, rifle, light machine gun, and a commando machine gun (1998.0230). Computer Horizons Corp. (through Dennis DeVenuta and Mark W. Walztoni): set of 4 “millennium computer bugs” advertising ephemera (1997.3054). Coors Brewing Company (through Linda Hartman): 12-ounce steel beer can and a 7-ounce flip-top aluminum beer can of 1959 (1998.0153). Harry M. Corrigan: stock certificate of the First National Gold Bank of Santa Barbara, California, 1878 (1998.03 16). Paul D. Costain: “Hlusions” billiard cue stick made by Samsara, a partnership of Dave Doucette and Jim Stadum, 1998 (1998.0350). Edward J. Cronan: 2 bumper stickers, “DOPE 96 HEMP” (1998.0136). William Y. Crooks: IBM engineer's notebook related to the development of RAMAC (1998.3076). Celia Cruz: red dress with ruffles and white lace trim, gold vinyl shoes, and a honey-blonde wig, all worn by Ms. Cruz in many of her Latin vocal performances (1997.0291). A. S. Csaky: ceramic mug designed by Mr. Csaky in a limited edition of 1,000 for the 52nd Presidential Inaugural in 1993 (1998.0187). Larry L. Culp: 39 pieces of riveting and welding equipment, 4 account books, and 2 pin-up calendars (1994.3119). Custom Prosthetic Designs Inc. (through Robert P. Barron): 2 silicone nasal prosthesis and 2 molds for replacement prosthesis (1997.0192). Joseph C. Czudak: 6 booklets, 2 shipyard documents, a poster, typescript, and a book, all relating to the NS Savannah, the first nuclear-powered merchant ship (1998.3075). Heather M. Dahley: hospital bracelet, T-shirt, hat, and a pair of mittens for Taylor Dahley, the first in utero bone marrow transplant recipient (1999.0031). Thomas J. Damigella in honor of Ann and Thomas Damigella: 38 film reels, 17 videotape cassettes, and 1.25 cubic feet of archival material documenting the history of Tupperware and the Damigella Tupperware Distributership, 1951-96 (1997-3086). Anita Danko and Scott P. Rafe in memory of Stanislaus F. Danko: 16 sets of electronic component groups related to Stanislaus F. Danko’s work in research and development of printed circuits (1998.0191). Kenneth S. Darby: sailboard made by Mr. Darby and his brother, S. Newman Darby, 1964 (1998.0323). Naomi and §. Newman Darby: sailboard sail with mast and boom set made by the Darbys, 1963-65 (1998.0086). S. Newman Darby: 2 dagger boards for use with the sailboard invented by Mr. Darby (1999.01 18). Carlos G. Davila: 4 rifle receivers and a submachine gun made in Argentina (1997.0366). Kathleen N. Dejardin: invitation to an “Election 88 American Presidential Election Breakfast, Wednesday, November 9, 1988,” held in Strasbourg, France (1999.0074). Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems (through Ronald E. Steele): work incentive poster, “Our Quality Policy” (1996.0323). The Dial Corporation (through Jane E. Owens): 18-karat gold “Breck” brooch with a large capital “B” set with diamonds, 1990-98, given to winners of the Breck Girl contest (1998.0107); 6 packages of Breck hair care products, 1954-70 (1998.0251). Katherine Dirks: 5 fabric samples and 2 printed Tyvek jackets (1998.0027). Margaret R. Dolan: woman’s full length chinchilla fur cape with floral-patterned cut velvet lining, 1921-23 (1999.0161). Morrill B. Donnald: woman’s bag made of crocheted silver metal thread, 1900-15 (1998.0321). Richard G. Doty: 68 Italian items including 66 Jira coins, a silver medal of 1992, and a telephone token, and 3 Slovak bank notes of 1992 (1999.0142). Brantley A. Duddy: theatre organ made by the Wurlitzer Company of North Tonawanda, New York, 1929 (1998.3070). E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. (through Toni McClure): effector tip for a T-3 robot (1997.0107); 2 rolls of nylon fiber and a plaque (1997.3055). Duro-Test Corporation (through Dick Neubert): 8 fluorescent lamps, 4 Donors incandescent lamps, a mercury vapor lamp, and a high pressure sodium lamp (1997.0062); 3 incandescent lamps (1997.3029). Philip J. Dziuk, Ph.D.: 5 silastic contraceptive implants developed by Dr. Dziuk in 1964 (1998.0236). Amy C. Earls and George L. Miller: sgraffito red-bodied earthenware plate designed by Kay Hackett for the Stangl Pottery Company in 1957 (1998.0272). Ebenezer Baptist Church Choir (through Michael L. Perry): 2 choir robes and a scapular (1997.0256). Elias Brothers Corporation (through Tony Michaels): Big Boy coin bank and a poster announcing “Big Boy Has Arrived in Saudi Arabia” (1998.0052). Elkinson and Sloves (through Jay R. Sloves) and Hartford Debate 1996 (through Daniel I. Papermaster): 3 posters, a press kit, button, key fob, T-shirt, sign, and a display set for voter registration, all produced during the presidential candidate debate held October 2, 1996, in Hartford, Connecticut (1997.0390). Carol R. Erdman and Andre D. Martin in memory of Carlton and Nina Erdman: 6 pieces of china in the English Brambleberry pattern made by Hopewell China Corporation of Hopewell, Virginia, ca. 1930 (1998.0309). ETA SA Fabriques d’Ebauches (through R. Waelchli): Plexiglas watch movement model with base- stand and carrying case (1996.0252). Ferris State College, School of Pharmacy (through Dean Ian W. Mathison, Ph.D.): 166 pharmaceu- tical artifacts, 1870-1930 (312142). Elizabeth Fielding: 4-drawer steel file cabinet from the office of Dr. Lewis J. Fielding, Daniel Ellsberg’s psychiatrist, broken into by burglars looking for incriminating evidence in the Watergate affair in 1971, set of letterhead stationery, and an office door sign (1998.0268). Lavada W. Fintel: Victoria corn-straw parlor broom made in the Deshler Broom Factory of Deshler, Nebraska, ca. 1930, by members of Mrs. Fintel’s family in the factory 105 founded by her grandfather (1999.0197). Joe Fiscella: 2 billiard ball racks with ball bearings for smooth racking invented, patented, and manufactured by Mr. Fiscella (1999.0222). Douglas Fleming and Lynn L. Moore (through Don E. Peterson): Powers Cameragraph #6 motion picture projector, ca. 1906 (1998.0178). Mary Fletcher: pale blue organza ballgown with crinoline petticoat and a hoop petticoat, worn by Carol Morris when Miss Universe 1957 and by Ms. Fletcher at the 1963 U.S. Naval Academy Ring Ball (1998.0250). Gladys E. Ford: 7 examples of ceramics decorated with photographs in a process patented by Walter D. Ford and produced by the Ford Ceramic Arts of Columbus, Ohio, in the 1930s (1997.0403). Charles M. Free, Jr.: souvenir glass tumbler from the Jamestown Exposition held in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1907 (1997.0346). Jerry D. Free: 4 T-shirts, 4 pencils, a mug, and a key chain promoting the International Battle of the Bands (1999.0059). Prudence Fuchsmann: applique and stuffed work inscribed ALife’s Flower Basket, 1957” made by Mrs. Fuchsmann’s mother, Bertha Stenge (1997.0011). Garment Industry Development Corporation (through Annie Liu): production notebook and a “help wanted” sign in Chinese (1997.0280). Gateway Coin Club of Merced County (through Theresa M. Lund): bronze medal commemorating the building of Lake Yosemite Reservoir finished in 1888, designed by Bill Jones in 1999 (1999.0157). Colleen R. Gau: unisex T-shirt with an abstract American flag design with white sailboats substituted for stars, 1997 (1998.0340). David D. Geary: 16 photographs of Cardinal Spellman’s 1953 Christmas Mass in Korea, a photograph of boot camp in 1949, 106 and a photograph of U.S. Navy hospital corpsmen (1997.3134); 2 photographs of Mr. Geary at boot camp in 1949 doing laundry and boxing for his company’s team (1998.3059). Carole S. Geithner: cotton flour sack from the Russell-Miller Milling Company (1997.0042). General Electric Corporation, Corporate Research and Development Laboratory (through Bruce F. Griffing): 19 experimental electric lamps (1998.0050). General Electric Lighting Company (through Terry K. McGowan): 100 lamps, 1885—1980s, and a radiant heater, ca. 1900 (1997.0388). George Washington University, Procurement and Supply Department (through Nelson L. Bomba): 20 pieces of documentation related to a CDC 8090 central processing unit (1983.3017). Gerber Scientific, Inc. (through George Gentile): plastic cube containing shredded paper money inscribed “Cash is Cash, The Rest is Journal Entries” (1997.0033); (through H. Joseph Gerber): S-70 computerized fabric cutting machine with control panel, invented by Mr. Gerber and used by General Motors to cut vinyl for car seats, Ca. 1969 (1995.0229). Norma Glad: T-shirt, “A Woman's Place is in the House . . . and Senate, Women’s Campaign Fund,” 1960s (1999.0018). Peggy Goforth: 17 pieces of Miriam Haskell costume jewelry, 3 jewelry pieces by other designers, and 3 jewelry boxes (1998.0257). Darcy S. Grant: Staedtler data processing logic template (1998.3095). Norman C. Greenberg: orchestral French horn custom made by Steven W. Lewis of Chicago, Illinois, 1982 (1999.0101). Nelse L. Greenway: political campaign button inscribed “FMBNH,” meaning “For McCarthy Before New Hampshire,” 1968 (1998.0188). Elaine Heumann Gurian: 3 books, a set of posters about Mexican life, boxed Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 set of canasta playing cards, anda playing card rack (1998.0054). Marcy Gustafson: Howe Manufac- turing Company book of pins (1998.0099). Gynétics Inc. (through Roderick L. Mackenzie): Preven emergency contraceptive kit and a demonstration kit, 1999 (1999.0226). Hagley Museum and Library (through Daniel T. Muir): Otto & Langen atmospheric gas engine made in Cologne, Germany, in 1867 (1998.0256). Edward E. Hammer: experimental spiral compact fluorescent lamp developed by Mr. Hammer, ca. 1976 (1997.0212). Chester R. Hansen: brass sextant marked Michael Rupp & Company, 1860-99, acquired in 1918 and used by Mr. Hansen’s grandfather, Karl Axel Eriksson, as a sailor and a Commodore of ship convoys in WW II (1999.0156). Margaret Wetmore Harlan: ophthalmic surgical set made by G. Piling & Sons of Philadelphia and used by Dr. Nelson Franklin Wetmore in Wisconsin, ca. 1917 (1997-0347). Jean D. Harris: 2 T-shirts with U.S. flag motifs worn during the 1996 summer Olympic games (1998.0243). Karen Jean Harris: woman’s clothing including a pair of shorts, 1921, Clio blouse, 1990, and black stretch stirrup leggings, 1991 (1998.0281). Diane B. Heiman: woman's wire mesh bustle with cotton cover, 1888-98 (1998.0296). Cecia Hess: Western Electric telephone booth containing a rotary dial coin-operated telephone with an amplifier for the hearing impaired, ca. 1949 (1997.0133). Jeffrey P. Hillelson: physician’s day book kept by Mr. Hillelson’s grandfather, Dr. Winfield Scott Morrison, in Missouri, 1878-82 (1996.0021). Jo Ann Taylor Holmes: Marchant Model 10D calculating machine with pamphlet, 1943, used by surveyor and civil engineer Curtis R. Taylor (1999.0139). Hormel Foods Corporation (through V. Allan Krejci): 2 Spam cans showing old and new labeling designs (1998.0218); 2 toy race cars, a key chain, watch, cap, fanny pack, necktie, and a T-shirt, all with Spam logos (1998.3068). Imperial Food Products, Inc. (through Charles M. Ivey III): 4 signs, 2 locker name tags, a smock, apron, pair of galoshes, pair of arm protectors, and a heavy steel door, all used at the Imperial Food Products chicken processing plant which burned in Hamlet, North Carolina, in 1991 (1996.0236); pair of Playtex yellow plastic gloves, ca. 1991 (1999.3018). J.C. Penney, Merchandising Operations and Communications (through Phyllis Romero-Tracy): pamphlet explaining “The J. C. Penney Supplier Legal Compliance Program” (1998.0076); 2 duplicate pamphlets of “The J. C. Penney Supplier Legal Compliance Program” (1998.3025). Barbara Janssen: girl’s 2-piece “Annie Oakley” cowgirl outfit, 1954-56 (1998.0297). Mr. Jarres: GE Mazda projection bulb with glass reflector (1998.3054). John W. and Virginia L. Jarrett: Pullman conductor’s uniform, hat, identification card, union dues receipt, 25-year union pin, leather folder, and a magazine, all reflecting the career of Wallace O. Jarrett, 1941-68 (1997.0331); 3 sets of documents and a notepad associated with the Pullman Company career of Wallace O. Jarrett, 1941-68 (1997.3146). Virgil L. Johnson: 24 cigarette packs, a cigarette case, and a pocket cuspidor (1998.0225). Alfred Jondahl: Pathe 9.5mm spring- driven motion picture camera converted to a still camera after WW II (1998.0177). Lila Kadaj: tambourine and a set of 4 tambourine jingles (1998.0053). John David Karr: 2 fuses, 1936-41 (1998.0279). Gary Keck: 5 pieces of commercial ceramics including 2 saucers, a leaf- shaped dish, ashtray, and an oval plate, 20th century (1998.0030). Barbara H. Kemp: political card stating “Always Buy Your Communist Products at Drug Fair,” protesting the selling of products manufactured in eastern Europe during the Cold War (1998.0293); No Parking sign used during the inauguration of President Lyndon B. Johnson, January 19-20, 1965 (1998.0300). Harold J. Kepler: hand-held therapeutic lamp with a dark bulb producing radiant light and heat in a reflector, ca. 1918 (1999.0170). KFC Corporation (through Michael R. Tierney): 4 “Team KFC” name badges and a work cap, 1990s, and a clip-on black string necktie worn by Col. Harland Sanders in the 1960s (1999.0049). Priscilla C. Kidder: 9 wedding gowns and a petticoat designed for Priscilla of Boston by Mrs. Kidder, John Burbidge, and Jim Hjelm, 1968-90 (1997.0329). Claudia Brush Kidwell: pair of man’s bowling shoes, 1970-85, and a woman’s floral print cotton baseball cap, 1990-95 (1999.0046). Vincent King: Wood electric volt meter made by the Fort Wayne Electric Works of Fort Wayne, Indiana, ca. 1890 (1998.0112). Marvin E. Kirkland in memory of Marie and William C. Zuegel: 2-tune musical Christmas tree stand patented in the U.S. in 1886 and made by Eckardt of Germany in the 1890s (1999.0151). Edward C. Klauck: 2 linear calcu- lating rules related to horse racing (1998.3050). Evelyn Weith Klees: 7 thermometers, a hydrometer, and a pipette, 1909-13 (1998.0215). Jeffrey Kliman: 51 photographs of the D.C. Curators summer jazz programs, 1994-98, and 15 photographic contact sheets documenting 2 of the programs in 1998 (1998.3105). Stacey Kluck: The First Book of Rhythms by Langston Hughes, 1954 (1999-3043). Kevin A. Klug: 5 MRI scans and a face mask used for a PET scan used to diagnose Mr. Klug’s brain tumor Donors prior to successful gene therapy treatment (1998.0291). Lt. Comdr. John W. Koster, USCG: 56 pieces of campaign memorabilia from the political career of Paul N. “Pete” McCloskey, 1970-75 (1997-0341). Sharon L. and Terry L. Krischer: pamphlet explaining Io ways to survive a nuclear attack, 1960 (1999.0073). Gerald E. Kron, Ph.D.: 3 photomultiplier tubes and a photoelectric photometer with amplifier made in 1936 but modified by Dr. Kron and used by him at Lick Observatory into the 1950S (1997.0340). Julia Kushenbach: woman’s gold- colored enameled metallic mesh purse with a swastika design, IQ15—30 (1999.0190). Aveline and Michio Kushi: 64 macrobiotic food products and a “Rice is Nice” apron (1997.0240); rice huller made in Japan by Otake Agricultural Machinery Company, ca. 1985 (1997.0271). Vincent LaCapra: 2 U.S. patents issued to Pasquale D'Angelo for improvements to padlocks and locks, 1907 and 1915 (1999.01 40). Amy Lamb: 18 proofs, photographs, prints, and note cards made by Ms. Lamb via a process of printing using an Iris computer-controlled digital system (1998.0358). Jennifer Langeberg: 2 design drawings by Ms. Langeberg for the “Napoleon” ice skating costume worn by Brian Boitano for his gold medal competition at the 1988 Olympic Winter Games (1998.0290). Anne M. Larsen: scarf and a shirt with printed illustrations by James Thurber (1999.0126). Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz: woman's silk dress of pink, ecru, green, and floral vertical stripes, 1840s (1998.0259). Judith Leiber (through Catherine Carmichael): 4 pairs of Judith Leiber designer earrings and a gift box, 1998 (1998.0282). Salvatore Leonardi: Dixie cup dispenser, 1940-59 (1998.0333); 18 cubic feet of archival records of the Brannock Device Company and 107 the Park-Brannock shoe store (1999.3007); 2.5 cubic feet of trade literature documenting the U.S. shoe industry (1999.3008); 1.5 cubic feet of miscellaneous trade literature (1999.3009). Levi Strauss and Company (through Lynne Downey): 10 copies of “Levi Strauss & Co. Business Partner Terms of Engagement and Guidelines for Country Selection” written in English, Spanish, Portugese, French, German, Italian, Flemish, Greek, Chinese, and Korean (1998.3024). Philip H. Lichty: bottle of synthetic PML79 watch oil from the first batch made at the Hamilton Watch Company, 1950s (1998.0307). Amelia M. and Peter Liebhold: 2 electronic games, 1997 (1998.0228). Steve Lubar: T-shirt, baseball cap, insignia, and a bearing rate computer, all related to the SSN Trepang deployment and decommissioning (1998.0253). William M. Lubar: 8 lapel pins, a garnet ring, and a gold-plated watch, all awarded to Mr. Lubar during his career as an insurance salesman, 1949-85 (1998.0335). Vince Lupo: paperback book, S/ick Willie, Why America Cannot Trust Bill Clinton, by Floyd G. Brown, 1993 (1999.0069). Joshua L. Mack: serigraph and photomechanical lithograph poster print titled Art, by Jim Dine, 1968 (1998.0207). Princess Masha Magaloff: set of seed pearl jewelry of 1820-40 in its original box consisting of 2 brooches, a necklace, and a pair of earrings, originally used in Jones County, Georgia (1999.0021). Maidenform, Inc. (through Steven N. Masket): 33 brassieres, 9 girdles, 8 corsets, 3 display forms, 2 boxes, 2 garter belts, a pigeon vest, waist cincher, set of fabric samples, and a 7-piece advertising costume with boxing gloves, 1932-97 (1997.0177); 3-5 cubic feet of archival materials documenting the history of Maidenform, Inc., 1922-97 (1997-3056). LaVeda Mair: 3 wooden bottle shapes and a glass jar, all designed by 108 Francis Mair for commercial packaging (1998.0058); 4 cubic feet of food, beer, wine, and fruit crate labels collected by Francis Mair (1998.3010). Sylvia Maizuss: 2 infant girl’s dresses of off-white batiste, 1909 (1999.0163). Betty M. Margan: Hanovia portable ultraviolet sun lamp, ca. 1946 (1998.0120). Yolanda R. McCulloch in memory of Maria F. Paterno Russo: 32 pieces of Guardian Service hammered aluminum cookware with glass lids made by Century Metalcraft Corporation of Chicago, late 1940s (1999.0194). Kathleen M. Willson McDevitt: 6 objects related to the Willson Way System of creating identification badges including an original wooden camera, Identograph camera, printer, Ilex lens board, set of parts, and a set of 3 glass plates, all reflecting the inventions and work of father and son Thomas Carroll Willson, Senior and Junior (1996.0150). Florence A. McGuire: woman’s wedding dress designed by Priscilla of Boston in 1955, worn by Mrs. McGuire and her 2 sisters (1998.0090). Harry (Mousey) McKee: red nylon team jacket worn by Mr. McKee when playing softball for Washington Steel Corporation in Washington, Pennsylvania, 1974 (1999.0033). Eileen Raulli McMahon: woman’s negligee and robe set made of parachute nylon and belted with parachute cord, made in 1947 for Mrs. McMahon's wedding trousseau by her mother (1999.0004). Gert McMullin in memory of Roger Lyon: AIDS quilt panel memorializing Roger Lyon, made by Cindy McMullin about 1987 (1998.0254). Jerry McWorter: custom billiard cue stick made by Mr. McWorter of rock maple, pink ivory wood, silver, ebony, and elephant ivory, 1998 (1999.0178). Rita Chavez Medina (through Rudolph C. Medina): short-handled Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 hoe bought in 1939 by Cesar Chavez's father and used by several family members, forced use of this type of hoe was outlawed by the State of California in 1970 (1998.0197). Montgomery College at Takoma Park, Mathematics Department (through Prof. Mary Kay Abbey): Dietzgen 3-foot wooden blackboard rule (1999.0160). Jerry Montgomery: photograph of the Washington Steel baseball team of Washington, Pennsylvania, 1974 (1998.0334). Evan and Johnnie Lu Morgan: 43 pieces of formal and informal chinaware and glassware from sets given to Mrs. Morgan for her wedding in 1959 and 15 pieces of formal chinaware from the set given to her mother, Nancy Dickson, for her wedding in 1924 (1998.0356). Charles E. and Dorothy I. Morrison in memory of Bessie K. and Charles Morrison: 19 pieces of ceramic Fiesta ware made by the Homer Laughlin China Company, 1936-59 (1999.0136). Harold D. Motin: charcoal drawing of “Buffalo Soldier” Harry Motin and a pamphlet of revival meeting songs used by Frances E. Motin (1998.3045). Motorola, Incorporated (through Pamela J. Cox): clean room suit consisting of 2 pairs of gloves, a jumpsuit, hood, pair of boot- leggings, and a “Protocol Starts With Me” pin (1995.0096). Takako S. Mundel: 3 sets of colored pencils, a passport, identification card, stop watch, motion picture camera, and a projector, all used by Marvin E. Mundel in his efforts to determine work standards in industrial engineering (1999.0032); 15 cubic feet of archival records documenting the career of Dr. Marvin E. Mundel in the fields of motion studies and industrial engineering (1999.3010). The National Labor Committee (through Charles Kernaghan): 3 brochures, a postcard, T-shirt, and a button, all related to sweatshops and child labor (1997.0309); brochure about sweatshop labor (1998.3008). National Security Systems, Inc. (through John Whitney Walter): silver decadrachm of Syracuse, 465 B.C. (1999.0045). New Horizons Diagnostics Corporation (through David P. Trudil): 9 sensitive membrane antigen rapid test (SMART) detection kits and 2 biological sample collection kits (1998.0308). Eleanor B. Niebell for the Paul Milton Niebell, Sr. Collection: round violin bow made in Mirecourt, France and imported by Albert Moglie of Washington, D.C., 1950-70 (1998.0241). NuvoMedia, Inc. (through Mary E. Ruberry): Rocket-eBook electronic book device, 1999 (1999.0192). Mary K. O'Hara: 3 signs made by Ms. O'Hara and friend Ann M. Welch for use at the anti-impeachment rally held on the U.S. Capitol grounds on December 17, 1998 (1999.0081). Osram-Sylvania, Inc. (through Richard H. Dowhan): 24 experimental light bulbs and 3 lamp holders, 1946-80 (1998.0005). William T. Oviatt: 2 prototypes and 2 production models of the Teeter Pong! mouse trap invented by Mr. Oviatt (1997.0034). Johanna R. Pasha in memory of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Law Higgins, Sr.: commemorative salt and pepper shakers given to the Higginses at their 5oth wedding anniversary in 1981 (1997.0393). Peerless Rockville Historic Preservation, Ltd. (through Eileen S. McGuckian): platform pamphlet of the Republican Association of Washington, D.C., dated January 17, 1856 (1998.0301). Marvette Pérez: 20 ceramic pieces including planters, salt and pepper shakers, and figurines of “sleeping Mexicans” and other Mexican stereotypes, 1925-50 (1999.0196). Peterson Electro-Musical Products, Inc. (through Scott R. Peterson): Peterson Model 400 strobe tuner, 1970s, and a copy of the book Complete Course in Electronic Piano Tuning, 1974 (1999.3036). Pitometer Associates, Inc. (through G. Brewster Cole): 14 pieces of equipment comprising a Prism Photo Recorder used to measure rates of flow in municipal water distribution systems, invented by Edward Smith Cole in 1908 (1999.01 16). Joyce M. Pocras: Campfire Girl material of the 1940s including 9 handker- chiefs, a neckerchief, vest, pair of socks, and a handbook (1998.0154). Richard H. Ponterio: 2 Mexican silver 4-real coins of Charles and Johanna, 1536-56 (1999.0006). Christina A. Popenfus: woman’s jewelry and clothing including 11 pairs of earrings, a bracelet, brooch, body paint kit, pair of shoes, pair of boots, skirt, and a blouse, 1985—98 (1998.0242). Potomac Electric Power Company (through Gwendolyn Hawkins and Zenayda Mostofi): 5 fluorescent light bulbs, 1990-93 (1996.0357). Dr. Linda S. Potter: 12 packages of oral contraceptives (1997.0360). Barbara J. Powell: 11 hair styling implements, 3 beauty products, 2 chairs, a gas heating coil, mirror, and a shop sign, all used by African American beautician and inventor Dr. Marjorie Joyner, 1920-39 (1997-0068). Procter & Gamble (through Edward M. Rider): 120 health and hygiene products, 13 product pamphlets, and a book about the company (1984.0718). Progressive Asset Management, Inc. (through James Howard Nixon): 3, leaflets regarding Disney Company business practices and its shareholders (1997.3148). Abraham Quintanilla for the Quintanilla Family: black leather jacket, pants, boots, and a black satin brassiere, all worn on stage by Tejano singer Selena Quintanilla Perez, 1990-95 (1999.0104). Gunther Ramm: Porta Ladychron wristwatch (1998.0247). Mark Anthony John Rea, Jr.: left and right pointed eartips and an authentication card verifying Leonard Nimoy wore them in the film Star Trek I: The Wrath of Khan, 1982 (1999.0102). Donors Gilbert H. Reiling: experimental halarc light bulb and a repro- duction of GE’s 1912 Charles Steinmetz patent lamp (1996.0084). Leslie and Nick Reynolds: Martin tenor guitar and a Gon Bops conga drum played by Mr. Reynolds while a member of The Kingston Trio and a gold record awarded to the group (1998.0355). H. Smith Richardson, Jr.: 41 mostly cold and flu product samples of the Vick Chemical Company, 1906-80 (1998.0267). George Riesz: Bell Laboratories germanium point contact transistor set, 1950s (1998.0313). James C. Ritchey: 8 stereographic photographs relating to Presidents William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and William Howard Taft, a ticket to the Republican National Convention of 1892, and a ticket to an address by President McKinley in 1901 (1999.0011). Franklin A. Robinson, Jr.: man’s buckle and 8 woman’s items including 5 cosmetics, 2 brooches, and a card of floral buttons (1998.0129). Robert G. Rolfe: 2 photographs of a meat shop and large machinery by William Dinwiddie, news correspondent in Manchuria during the Russian-Japanese War in 1904 (1998.0100); Knickerbocker pocket watch (1998.0222); metal door or window alarm patented by John G. Eberstein in 1902 and manu- factured by the Automatic Alarm Company of Chicago, Illinois (1999.3025). Roosevelt Medal Decendants (through Marc Quinn): bronze Theodore Roosevelt medal awarded to all U.S. citizens who gave at least 2 years of continuous service in building the Panama Canal, this medal was awarded to G. A. Heath who worked 1904-6 (1999.01T1). Arthur D. Sager: 4 man’s polyester doubleknit suits including a tuxedo, 1971, blazer with 2 pairs of trousers, 1971-72, flannel suit, 1973, and a leisure suit, 1974 (1998.0221). 109 Saint Petersburg Times (through Mike Foley): 12 pieces of documentation and memorabilia created for the October 9, 1996, vice presidential debate held in St. Petersburg, Florida (1997.0391). Sandia Corporation, Sandia National Laboratories (through Paul McWhorter): 6 microengines on microchips (1998.0127); 6 sets of micromachines on microchips (1998.3035). Mary Louise San Miguel: 3 over-the- counter medicinal preparations, a soap sample, dietary supplement, tonic box, and a roll of pharmacy labels, all from the Botica Guadalupana Drug Store in San Antonio, Texas (1999.0097). Debbie Schaefer-Jacobs: 2 gym suits, a gym sweatshirt, and a pair of shorts (1998.0348). Stina Schloss: brass gaming token from the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada (1999.0141). Sam Schmerler and Savilla Teiger: peace banner with a religious message carried in various anti-war marches in Washington, D.C., during the 1960s (1999.0019). Laura T. Schneider: 2 ice skate blades patented in 1888 (1998.0174). Seiko Corporation of America (through Tsutomu Mitome): Seiko Astron watch module encased in Plexiglas, ca. 1969, anda reproduction Astron wristwatch (1998.0248). Anne M. Serio: electric clothes presser made by the Electric Presser Company of New York, ca. 1934 (1999.0120). Charmaine Severson: woman’s blouse with a “Cracker Jack” logo print, 1973-77 (1999.0020). Earl V. Shaffer: backpack, boots, pith helmet, head net, poncho, and a cookset, all used by Mr. Shaffer on two of his hikes of the Appalachian Trail, 1948 and 1965 (1999.0189). Dr. Mildred Shaw: English ICL logic template used for flow charting in the 1960s by Dr. Shaw (1998.3092). Alvin M. Shayt: Boy Scouts of America membership card issued to Mr. Shayt in 1937 (1998.0285). 110 David H. Shayt: 2 watch repair shop log books, 1914-39 (1996.0004); quartz analog shelf clock in a plastic housing that spells “CLOCK” (1998.0249). Shear Madness Company (through Jetaun Dobbt): autographed poster for the Kennedy Center play, Shear Madness (1998.0196). Brian Shulman, M.D.: Autogen 5100 digital integrator, Autogen 1700 EMG dual channel unit feedback myograph, and a Realistic speaker (1998.3005). Jack Siefert: Selmer alto saxophone, 1934, LeBlanc Boehm system clarinet, 1940-50, and a LeBlanc soprano saxophone, 1946-50, all associated with the Woody Herman Orchestra (1998.0240); 13 cubic feet of sound recordings, photo- graphs, magazines, awards, and posters pertaining to the career of musician and band leader Woodrow Charles “Woody” Herman (1998.3073). Philip Simmons: cotton hook used on the Charleston, South Carolina, docks in the 1940s, a pair of tongs, 1950s, and a forging hammer, 1960s, all made by Mr. Simmons during his career as a blacksmith of tools and, later, of decorative ironwork (1999.0177). Kathryn T. Simpson: woman’s thigh- length vest quilted with cavorting nude nymphs, designed and made by Whitney Kent, 1986 (1999.0095). Skirball Cultural Center, Skirball Museum (through Grace Cohen Grossman): photograph of a tribute dinner for Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1932-33 (1998.0202); pamphlet of Woodrow Wilson’s “War Message to Congress, Monday, April 2nd, 1917” (1999.0010). Walter A. Smith, Jr. Trust (through Flossie H. Smith): Colt Model 1903 automatic hammerless pocket pistol (1998.0310). Mark Solomon, Ph.D.: blue-gray artificial eye worn by Dr. Solomon, 1963-98 (1998.0223). Stall & Dean (through Henry N. Jackson): 75 examples of athletic equipment and uniform items made Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 by Stall & Dean and 2 advertising posters (1998.0324). Steris Corporation, Business and Associate Relations (through Gerry Reis): surgical table, lamp, warming cabinet, and a metal stand (1998.0066). Edith D. Stevens: Tiffany & Company gold pocket watch presented in 1916 to FE. R. Stevens by the Russian government for delivering locomotives ahead of contract schedule (1996.0037). Ruth B. Stevenson: miniature mission bell commemorating E/ Camino Real, the King’s Highway, from San Diego to San Francisco, 1769-1915 (1999.0075). Jack A. Strahs: Commodore 201 electronic calculator (1998.0246). Susan B. Strange: 2 buttons, a coin, and a medallion from various political campaigns, 1969-93 (1998.0180). Gray Sturm: T-shirt commemorating the “Sultan of Swing, Mark McGwire, Sept. 8, 1998” (1998.0337). Julie A. Su: 2 key chains and a red banner with black Asian character lettering (1998.3021). John August Swanson: 19 prints and stencils including beginning drawings, progressive color proofs, and a state proof, all used to produce Balancing Act by Mr. Swanson (1998.01 46). Tatnuck Bookseller & Sons (through Lawrence Abramoff): 24 work incentive posters, 1958-73 (1997.0140). Lonn W. Taylor: Cub Scout cap and kerchief (1998.0347). Lisa Thoerle: white plastic fly swatter marked “We'll Get the Bugs Out” (1998.3093). Bettee-Aynn Amsterdam Thomas: Calvin Klein’s Contradiction promotional perfume gift set, 1998 (1998.0283). Marion L. Tiger: Polaroid Square Shooter 2 land camera (1998.0352). Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (through Jay Mazur): 14 objects relating to employee abuse in sweatshops including 10 documents, a set of stickers, shopping bag, T-shirt, and a videotape cassette (1997.0310). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Geodetic Survey (through Shepherd A. Cofer): automatic geodetic surveyor's level made by Zeiss/Jena (1998.0006); geodimeter Model 2A electronic distance measurer with 2 mirrors, an optic unit, and a tripod, manu- factured by AGA in Stockholm, Sweden, 1957-67 (1998.3094); National Weather Service (through Violet Foster): mercury barometer used at Washington, D.C.’s Ronald Reagan National Airport, 1941-98 (1998.0305). U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Air Force, Air Force Systems Command, Head- quarters Space Systems Division (through Capt. J. O. Bunting): set of documentation for the Burroughs Atlas Model Jt computer (1983.3019). U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Institute of Heraldry (through Thomas B. Proffitt): 28 pieces of distinctive unit insignia and ro pieces of shoulder sleeve insignia (1998.0205). U.S. Department of Energy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Business Operations Division, Property Loan Operations (through Brett Ray): air pod used to sample nuclear particulate debris in the atmosphere, ca. 1971 (1998.3097). U.S. Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service (through Phil Bonner): 24 forged documents, censored letters to worker’s families, items sold at a company store, and evidence photo- graphs, all related to the raid on the El Monte, California, sweatshop on August 2, 1995 (1997.0268). U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division (through Suzanne Seiden): U.S. Department of Labor identification badge wallet (1998.3026). U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service (through Norma Humphries): half-shade polariscope made by Josef and Jan Fric of Prague in Bohemia, pre-1920 (1999.0029). U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Harry S. Truman Library (through Patricia A. Dorsey): 6 pamphlets and brochures stating Democratic Party concerns and issues, 1929-48 (1997.0315). US. Postal Service, Greensboro Bulk Mail Center (through Richard F. Capps): conveyor carriage, tray, and a cantilever style tripper, all part of a Speaker system for sorting mail, used 1975-98 (1998.0219). Unknown: woman’s black satin silk parasol with a carved wooden handle in a grapevine motif, 1895-1905 (1998.0168); T-shirt, “Tt’s Our Turn Now, Mondale Ferraro, 1984” (1999.0072). Margaret C. Vail: 122 Kodak Brownie snapshots made by Franklin Nichols Corbin during travels through North and South Carolina and Georgia as a salesman in the 1890s (1998.3060). Nguyen Van-Thang: Kiano Close and Open block game invented and patented by Mr. Van-Thang with an explanatory banner and a Vietnamese Gay-Than bamboo magic stick with explanatory banner (1996.0279). Elizabeth A. Vaughan in memory of Adele V. and O. W. “Deke” Brownlee: black paper “Goldwater for President” hat (1999.0009). Harry Wachsberg: 19 diamond cleaving tools used by Israel Grinblat at Mr. Wachsberg’s diamond-cutting shop in New York City (1998.0239). John Whitney Walter: 4 silver tetradrachams of Leontinoi, Sicily, 470-465 B.C. (1998.03209). Betty Lawson Walters: jar of Dr. Jacob Becker’s Eye Balsam used by Mrs. Walter's father, Albert V. Lawson, Jr., in 1923 (1999.0037). Richard S. Walton: 28 watches, watch components, concept pieces, display pieces, and memorabilia from Mr. Walton’s career as a pioneer in the invention of electronic watches, 1960s—70s (1999.0030). Donors Peter M. Warner: 10 fast food restaurant polystyrene containers, a razor strop with an advertisement written on, and a religious U.S. Bicentennial poster (1998.03.49). C. Malcolm and Joan Pearson Watkins: 2 books with photographic illustrations about houses and architecture, 1854 and 1864 (1993.3210). Winifred S. Weislogel: 12 report cards, 7 certificates, 2 quizzes, a set of charts and experiments, student handbook, and an oral hygiene diploma, all from Ms. Weislogel’s public school education, 1932-45 (1998.0047). Robert M. Weiss, M.D.: pair of infant boy’s brown leather shoes worn by Dr. Weiss’ father in 1912 (1998.0245). Perry R. Weston: custom billiard cue stick made by Mr. Weston of maple, ebony, silver, water buffalo horn, and black monitor lizard skin, 1998 (1999.0051). Ruth Coleman Wetherall: 6 objects used by C. Norman Coleman who went on 3 expeditions to Antarctica between 1945 and 1968 including 2 insignia, a pin, commemorative plate, license plate, and an experimental face protector (1997.0371). W. Alson Wheeler: 2 machinist’s tool chests with tools (1999.0180). Fred E. Whelan: Gruen Teletime wristwatch (1998.0229). Elaine Whitman, R.T.: 7 bilateral xeromammograms, 1985 (1998.0341). Widex Hearing Aid Company Incorporated (through James Scott Cola): Senso CIC digital hearing aid, 1997 (1997.0190). Joan W. Wiefelspuetz in memory of M. Lee White: 332 personal and documentary objects relating to the career of American sculptor Adeleaide Johnson best known for works depicting suffrage pioneers (1987.0009). James J. Williams: protractor, logic template, office organizing template, and a set of 2 punched cards used as templates for drawing lines (1998.3104). Prof. Michael R. Williams: 4 logic 111 templates and 2 punched cards (1997-3099). Virginia H. Wilson: 4 documents and 2 photographs relating to the WW I U.S. Navy Yeoman (F) service of Jessie Hunter Collins (1998.3029). Barbara and Warren Winiarski: 28 pieces of equipment and tools used in the vineyards and winery operations at Stag’s Leap Wine Cellars (1998.0181); 47 wine bottles, bottle labels, winery tools, and vineyard tools used at Stag’s Leap Wine Cellars (1998.3058). Katherine Dye Winkler: yellow ceramic Fiesta ware carafe with stopper made by the Homer Laughlin China Company, 1936-46 (1999.0017). Jerry Wise: plastic model airplane and an employee identification badge of Bendix Aviation used by Brownie Wise during WW II (1994.0121). Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Church (through Cecelia B. Hodges and Shirley A. Satterfield): pew, sign, and a Sunday school chair from the church in Princeton, New Jersey, where Paul Robeson’s father, former slave Rev. William Drew Robeson, was minister from the 1870s to 1901 (1999.0127). Janice C. Wolf: 3 78rpm phonograph records, a tri-fold album cover, and a brochure, all comprising “Victor Records for Healthy Exercises,” ca. 1923 (1999.0113). Preston Wolfe (through John F. Wolfe): double-headed timber- framing maul branded “WPA,” 1930s (1998.3086). Cornelius C. Wood: pair of unisex socks with an American flag motif, 1998 (1998.0201). Helena E. Wright: gym tunic and bloomers worn by Ms. Wright at Bryn Mawr College, 1964-68 (1998.0132); woman's accessories including 2 garter belts, a lipstick “matchbook” set, false eyelashes, hair net, and a perfume sample, 1940-70 (1998.0320). Raymond Wright: 9 Mexican specimen notes from the pre-1910 revolutionary period (1998.0342). Jay A. Wruck: roll of Kodak Ektachrome infrared film (1998.3013). 2 Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (through Audrey Ashby): Norplant contra- ceptive system kit with 2 sets of educational material (1998.0157). F. Houston (Hugh) Wynn: man’s Hawaiian feather lei hatband, 1945-48, and a photograph of members of the Honolulu Traffic Commission of 1948 showing some men wearing similar hatbands (1998.0142). William Yarborough: portable Hermes Baby Rocket typewriter made by Hermes-Presica of Switzerland at Sackingen, Germany, 1966 (1999.0185). William H. Yeingst: framed photograph of a model of the Valium molecule taken by David Ladd, discoverer of Valium (1998.0306); electric coffee grinder made by the Cory Glass Coffee Brewer Company, 1940s—50s (1999.3024). National Museum of the American Indian Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more The Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation $500,000 or more The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation $100,000 or more Anonymous (2) The Arthur Vining Davis Foundations Mr. George Gund HI and Ms. Iara Lee The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Margaret Knowles Schink Mr. Eugene Victor Thaw (Eugene V. & Clare E. Thaw Charitable Trust) Turner Foundation, Inc. $50,000 or more Ms. Ann Simmons Alspaugh The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Charles Diker Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Fannie Mae Foundation Mrs. Ruth Greenberg Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mercy, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Carroll O’Connor $10,000 or more Mr. Roger T. Abelson Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block Mr. Tom Brokaw (Brokaw Family Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. William K. Butler II The Chase Manhattan Bank Mr. and Mrs. Joseph M. Cohen The Community Foundation for the National Capital Region Con Edison Mr. and Mrs. David Cook Mr. and Mrs. Tomas G. Cousins Mr. and Mrs. Carl B. Davis Dewey Ballantine LLP Mr. and Mrs. Charles Diker Mr. and Mrs. John Ernst Ernst & Young LLP Mr. Alfred Feinman The Ford Foundation George Magazine Mr. Richard Gilbert Mr. William T. Golden (Golden Family Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Ben Hartnett Hewlett-Packard Company Mr. and Mrs. Alan J. Hirschfield Mr. and Mrs. Victor Kaufman Mr. Gene A. Keluche (International Conference Resorts, Inc.) Mr. Jay I. Kislak Mr. and Mrs. Robert Krissel Mr. Thomas H. Lee Manhattan Cruises Mobil Corporation Monterey Fund, Inc. Morning Star Gallery National American Spirit Foundation New York Community Trust New York Mercantile Exchange Mr. Paul Newman (The Newman's Own Fund) Mr. Morris W. Offit Mr. and Mrs. William A. Potter Ms. Ann Roberts The May and Samuel Rudin Family Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. William Taubman Ms. Ann Tenenbaum Texaco Mr. John L. Tishman (John and Daniel Tishman Fund) Mr. Thomas W. Weisel Mr. James D. Wolfensohn (Wolfensohn Family Foundation) $5,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Haas Mrs. Emily Fisher Landau Mr. and Mrs. Leonard A. Lauder Mr. and Mrs. Robert Linton Polshek and Partners Architects LLP Rose Associates, Inc. Mary H. Rumsey Foundation Mr. Bruce Slovin $2,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Dale Anderson Mrs. Iris Apfel Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Aronson Mrs. Leah Barnett Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Bernhard Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Bernheim, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Block Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Block Ms. Anna Bono Christie’s Inc. Drs. Dexter and Dennis Cirillo Mr. and Mrs. Howard Cohen Mr. and Mrs. James W. Crystal Mr. and Mrs. Frederick M. Danziger Mr. and Mrs. Charles De Bare Mr. and Mrs. Roger Felberbaum Mr. and Mrs. Robert Fisher Mr. John Fletcher II Mr. and Mrs. Howard Ganek Mr. H. Malcolm Grimmer Ms. Agnes Gund Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Helman Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch Mr. and Mrs. Monte Hurowitz Mr. and Mrs. James Iselin Mr. and Mrs. Amos Kaminski Mrs. Rose Kramer Dr. Francesca Kress Mr. and Mrs. Mel Lavitt Mr. and Mrs. John H. Lese Dr. Jerry H. Lynn Mr. Dennis Lyon Mr. and Mrs. Burt Manning Milford Plaza Mr. and Mrs. Paul Morgan Mr. and Mrs. Andre Nasser Mr. and Mrs. Harold Oelbaum The Palace Bingo Mr. and Mrs. William Peskoff Mr. and Mrs. Jim Richman Mr. and Mrs. William Rollnick Mr. Earl Rubley Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Ruskin Mr. and Mrs. David Saity Mr. and Mrs. Leo Schenker Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Simon Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Solomon Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Stamler Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Stanley Mr. Berrin Tekiner Mr. and Mrs. Laurence Tisch Mr. and Mrs. Donald Tober Mr. Ted Trotta Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Unterberg Mr. and Mrs. Nathaniel Usdan Ms. Lillian Vernon Mr. and Mrs. Clifton von Jaeger Mr. and Mrs. Allen Wardwell Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Webster Mr. Richard E. Whalen Mr. and Mrs. Norman C. Willcox Ms. Lisa Wishnick Mr. Martin Zelman Donors of In-Kind Support Mr. Robert L. Bernstein Mr. Stanley M. Blaugrund Fuji Photo Film U:S.A., Inc. Hewlett-Packard Company Mrs. Patricia Kenner Mr. Virgil Ortiz Mr. William Tarver Donors to the Collection Gift from Mr. Tony Abeyta: Mixed- media painting “Gathering from Four Directions” (25/4996). Gift from Mr. Joseph W. Bell: Sioux headdress (25/5014). Gift from Lois M. Berney: Beaded bag, moccasins (2 pieces) (25/4887—-25/4888). Gift from Ms. Eleanor Burleson: Three pair of Sioux moccasins and a beaded pipe bag (4 pieces) (25/5010—25/5013). Bequest from the John W. Douglas Estate—deposited by Alice Wong: Eight Inuit prints (25/4834-25/4841). Bequest from the Irene Gibson Estate: Collection of Pueblo pottery and animal figures (32 pieces) (25/4812-25/4833). Gift from Mr. Steven Grafe: Dissertation: “The Origins of Floral Donors Design Beadwork in the Southern Columbia River Plateau.” Gift from Ms. Hilda Grunblatt: Bolivian hat (25/5028). Purchased from Kristina Kis Halas $150: Two early-twentieth-century prints of Native Americans. Gift of Marilyn B. and John D. Henderson: Pottery vessels from Arizona and New Mexico (25/5032-25/5045). Gift from Ms. Suzanne Hill: Publication: “The Flint and the Feather.” Gift from Mr. Carl Kanter: Four catawba animal effigy pots (25/5006—25/5009). Gift from Mr. John M. Kaufman: Two photographs of Chief Iron Hail. Gift from Ms. Priscilla (Pam) King: Collection of 146 objects consisting primarily of Pueblo pottery, Northwest Coast, Pima and Apache baskets, and textiles from the regions of Two Grey Hills, Burnt Water, Teec Nos Pos and Wide Ruins (25/4658—25/48o01 and 25/4890-25/4891). Purchased from Lee Marmon $7,500: 70 photographs from the exhibition at GGHC “Lee Marmon: 50 Years at Laguna Pueblo.” Gift from Quechua Delegation; Nazario Turpo—spiritual leader: Offering arrangement (Despacho) dedicated to Mother Earth (Pachamama) (25/5027). Gift from Quechua Delegation; Mr. Carmelo Achangaray and Ms. Guadalupe Holgado: Quechua hat, Uncuna (small bundle for coca leaves), man’s poncho, authority stick with engraved silver sheets (4 pieces) (25/5020—25/5023). Gift from Quechua Delegation; Mr. Nazario Turpo: One man’s hat (Chulla), one man’s poncho (2 pieces) (25/5025-25/5026). Gift from Quechua Delegation; Mr. Carmelo Achangaray: Ceramic vessel dedicated to the NMAI-SI (25/5024). Gift from Quechua Delegation; Aurelio Carmona: Two journals published by the Universidad Nacional de Cusco—Revista Universitaria no. 135, 1993; Andes no. 3, 1999. Td3 Purchased from visiting Quechua Delegation $150: One Quechua poncho One Quechua hat (25/5018—25/5019). Purchased from Gene Quintana $21,600: Nine baskets by weaver Bertha Wright (25/4878—25/4886). Gift from Ms. Marcella Ruch: Book: The Gang of One: The Life and Times of Vera Gang Scott by Dr. Roosh (Marcella J. Ruch). Gift from Ms. Nancy Rosoff: Kuna Pounder (25/5029). Gift from Mr. David Saity: Collection of 35 pieces of Navajo and Zuni jewelry and one cradleboard (25/4842—25/4877). Gift from Mr. Ron Harris Shafer: Cherokee pot (25/4889). Gift from Anna May and Morton Silverman: Two sculptures by Bruce LaFountain, Chippewa: Hurry Me Home and Spirit Friends (25/5043- 25/5044). Gift from Alice Coleman Smith— from the Estate of Jean Ellen Coleman: Two Apache toy cradleboards, sand painting (25/5015—25/5017). Gift from U.S. Department of Justice: Navajo wearing blanket circa 1865 (25/5005). Gift from Ms. Thea Westreich and Mr. Ethan Wagner: Two woven Tlingit baskets (25/504 1—25/5042). National Museum of Natural History Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more The Behring Foundation The Eberly Foundation National Stone, Sand & Gravel Association Volvo Group North America $100,000 to $999,999 Morris & Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation The Coca-Cola Foundation 114 Discovery Communications, Inc. Nordic Council of Ministers Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd. Smithsonian Women’s Committee $50,000 to $99,999 The Japan Foundation Mrs. Alice Eve Kennington Mr. Jeffery W. Meyer Miami Museum of Science Nippon Foundation Shell Oil Company Foundation $10,000 to $49,999 Anonymous Mr. Randy Best Caterpillar Inc. Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation Conservation, Food & Health Foundation Cyprus Amax Minerals Company DeYoung Foundation, S. Sydney Mr. Alfred C. Glassell Mr. John S. Hendricks The Homeland Foundation Jewelers of America, Inc. Keidanren Nature Conservation Koniag, Inc. Ambassador and Mrs. L. W. Lane Fund The Honorable L. William Lane The Link Foundation Malott Family Foundation Mrs. Marilee McNeilus National Film Preservation Foundation Newmont Mining Corporation Open Lands Project The Park Foundation Mr. James R. Patton Peabody Holding Company, Inc. Rocks Build American Foundation Estate of Curtis W. Sabrosky San Carlos Institute Siemens Corporation K. Paul and V. Singh Foundation, Inc. Estate of Annie B. Wetmore $5,000 to $9,999 Alaska Federation of Natives American Association for the Advancement of Science ARCO Foundation, Inc. Mr. Willard W. Brown Mr. Robert W. Fri Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. Edward O. Gaylord Mr. Benjamin C. Hammett Heinz Family Foundation Dr. Stanley O. Ikenberry Lerner Gray Fdn., Inc. I Parsons Engineering Science Victor M. Pinzon Placer Dome U.S., Inc. Mr. A. Harvey Schreter Mr. Alan G. Spoon Dr. F. Christian Thompson United Technologies Corp. $1,000 to $4,999 Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association American Adventure Productions American Zinc Association Arizona Zoological Society Mr. Michael Baly Jeanne Beekhuis Gift Fund Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum Mr. Robert H. Braunohler Mr. R. Craig Campbell Mr. John D. Chapman Dr. Isabella C. M. Cunningham Detroit Zoological Society Economic Development Committee of Mid-Florida Mr. Robert K. Edson Faucett Family Trust Gem, Lapiary & Mineral Society Sumner Gerard Foundation Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Harrison Family Trust Mrs. Elaine A. Harrison Col. George E. Hesselbacher Dr. W. Ronald Heyer Mrs. Gloria Hidalgo Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Hopkins Jefferson-Pilot Corporation Mr. David S. Jernigan The Honorable Edward W. Kelley Ms. Jeanne M. Lemmer Mr. William N. Mason McClure For U.S. Senator Committee Nancy J. McLarty Trust, 1976 The Honorable Ann D. McLaughlin Mrs. Kimberly R. Menninger Mr. Herbert S. Miller NHK Enterprises USA, Inc. Mr. David A. Olive Mr. Richard E. Petit Pfizer Inc. Potomac Electric Power Company Ms. Judy Lyn Prince Mr. Hans Pulpan Qagan Tayagungin Tribe Rachel Carson Middle School PTA Mrs. Karen R. Ramirez Ringing Rocks Foundation Mr. Gregory S. Rodman Summer Rodman Miss Marguerite V. Schneeberger Science Service, Inc. Mr. Wayne Shelton Mr. B. J. Stone Mr. William C. Storey Sunrise Ford Company Ms. Patricia S. Swaney Tulsa Zoo Friends, Inc. Ms. Linda A. Ward Washington Inc. Mr. Thomas L. Wright $500 to $999 Aleutians East Borough BBC Production Company Boise Cascade Corporation City of False Pass Downtown Reel Productions, Inc. Henninger Media Services, Inc. Mobil Foundation, Inc. Nelson Lagoon Corporation Mr. George B. Rabb Mr. John M. Rankin UNGA Corporation Mr. Harrison T. Watson $250 to $499 Dr. David Dilcher Mrs. Judith L. Flak Mr. and Mrs. James S. Gilliland Mr. Christopher M. Kinsey Mr. John M. Meeks Pacific SW Biological Services Mr. Paul Risser San Francisco Zoological Society Towers Productions, Inc. Mrs. Nancy A. Wormeli Donors to the Collection Institutional Gifts Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 12 fish specimens (2010420). Adrian College, Adrian, Michigan. 3 mites (2010093). Agricultural Research Center, Esfahan, Iran. 80 moths (2008776). Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa. 8 parasitic wasps (2009678). Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 1 fish specimen (2011221). American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. 2 mollusks: gastropods (1046355). Amway Corporation, Lake View, California. 6 lace bugs (2008104). ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa. 4 mites (2013045). Arizona State University, Tucson, Arizona. 32 tiger beetles (2009407, 2012151). Asociacion Mexicana de Orquideologia, Mexico City, Mexico. 3 plants (2010799). Asociacion para la Conservacion del Patrimonio de Cultiviren, Lima, Peru. 14 Anthropological specimens; seeds, necklaces, axe, bag, comb, and baby carrier (1046011). Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. 2 fish specimens (2013093). Auckland Institute and Museum, Auckland, New Zealand. 2 gastropods (1046336), 2 mollusks (1046339). Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, Canberra, Australia. 2 insect specimens; scale and mites (2008521). Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania. 23 caddisflies (2008636, 2009069, 2009459). Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc., St. George’s, Bermuda. 10 crustacea (2012119). Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. 15 fish specimens (2011159, 2012664). Boston University Marine Program, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 23 crustacea: copepods (2011535). Botanic Gardens of Toyama, Taiwan. 2 lichens (2008630). Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. 63 vascular plant specimens (1013178). California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. 2 mollusks (1046342), 1 mollusk: gastropod (1046344), 4 wasps (2008456), I barnacle (2009478), 1 fish (2011736). Donors California Department of Food and Agriculture, Fresno, California. 6 beetles (2010533, 2010548). California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. 24 analyzed glass rods (2010751). California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California. 2 plants (2011362). Center for Marine Conservation, Washington, D.C. 15 crustaceans from Navassa Island (2009402). Center for Land and Biological Resources, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 9 moths (2011976). Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. 11 petunias from Brazil (2011848). Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Republic of Korea. 5 fish specimens (2012239). Cidade Universitaria, Sao Palo, Brazil. 4 mollusks: gastropods (1042964). Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California. to mollusks: gastropods (1046436, 1046441). College of Micronesia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. 16 fish specimens (2012871). Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 20 caddisflies from Korea (2008378), 96 caddisflies and mayflies from Mexico and Costa Rica (2010299). Columbia University, Biosphere 2 Center, Oracle, Arizona. 62 isopods from Brazil, Mexico, and the United States (2009135). Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, Espirito Santo, Brazil. 4 plants (2006449), 5 Asteraceae plants (2009824), 8 Begoniaceae and Graminae plants (2012466), 14 Commelinaceae plants (2012721). Continental Shelf Associates, Metairie, Louisiana. 3 fish specimens (2010166). Coral Reef Research Foundation, Koror PW, Federated States of Micronesia. 39 fish specimens (2010559), 6 corals (2010936). Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 8 freshwater crabs (2009869), 4 Acanthaceae plants (2010940). DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois. 75 crustacea (2009215). Dow Agro Sciences, Tampa, Florida. 459 true bugs, assassin bugs, broad- 115 headed bugs, and toad bugs (2010157). El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Chetumal Quintana, Mexico. 19 crustacea: copepods (1046202, 2007982, 2008619, 2009814, 2011028). EMBRAPA-Recursos Geneticos € Biotecnologia, Caixa Postal, Brazil. 13 mites (2009425, 2011901). ENSR, Consulting, Engineering and Remediation, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 2 crustaceans (2012074). Entomology Research Group, Innsbruck, Austria. 4 bugs from Italy and West Africa (2011876). ESCO Associates, Boulder, Colorado. 56 Asteraceae plants from Peru (2012313). Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois. National Cancer Institute vouchers: 4 from Borneo (1046469), 9 from Borneo and from Papua New Guinea (1046473), 181 from the Philippines (1046478), 123 from Papua New Guinea (1046479), 41 from Thailand, Singapore and E. Malaysia (1046488), 66 from Papua New Guinea (1046494), 44 from Vietnam (2011202), 1 Non- National Cancer Institute voucher from Thailand (1046489), 1 mollusk (2008625), 34 various plant families from Peru (2011206), and 2 Asteracea plants from Peru (2011544). Florida A and M University, Tallahassee, Florida. 2 beetles from Costa Rica (2010176). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida. 6 crustacea: copepods (2012216). Florida International University, Miami, Florida. 23 gastropods (2009072). Florida Marine Research Institute, Port Manatee, Florida. 41 fish specimens (2012855). Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida. 3 fish specimens (2010621), 50 gastropods (2011520). Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida. 4 living gastropods 116 (2009014), 305 gastropods: mollusks (2009363, 2009515). Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. 34 copepods (2010521). Floristic Surveys of the Southwest Program, Texas. 53 fish specimen (2008769). Forest Research Center, Sabah, Malaysia. 233 National Cancer Institute vouchers from Borneo (1046474). Forschungsinstitut Und Natur- museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany. 1 plant specimen from Nicaragua (2012971). Fort Wayne Children’s Zoo, Fort Wayne, Indiana. 1 Tasmanian devil (2012191). Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, Washington. 1 mollusk: gastropod (1046341). Fundacao Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Brazil. 39 fish specimens (2009607). George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia. 1 mollusk (2010734). George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 147 gastropods (2013096). Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi. 75 gastropods (2011374), 2 cumaceans (2011435), 2 hermit crabs (2011825), 25 crustacea: copepods (2012024). Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea. I mite (2007413). Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, Florida. 4 mollusks: gastropods (1046438), 3 sea sponges (2013347). Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 6 mollusks: gastropods (1046314). Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts. National Cancer Institute vouchers: 1 of Mimosaceae from Indonesia (1046492), 112 from Sulawesi, Indonesia (1046500). Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California. 2 starfish (1046458). Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois. 111 vascular plants from the West Indies (2007021), 18 liverworts (2011383). Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Indian River Coastal Zone Museum, Fort Pierce, Florida. 15 mollusks: gastropods (1046387). Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. 2 Fabaceae plants (2010818). INP-CRIP Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico. 14 black corals (2008416). Institut fur Systematische Botanik der Ludwig-Maxamilians-Universitat, Munchen, Germany. 12 plants from Guatemala, Peru, and Ecuador (2011753). Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles, Belgium. 1 neo-tropical beetle (2009880). Institute for Cambrian Studies, Boulder, Colorado. 8 Early Middle Cambrian fossils from Nevada (2010697). Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York. 19 crustacea: copepods (2008940). Institute of Marine Biology, Taiwan, Republic of China. 14 specimens of deep-sea fishes and hagfishes from Taiwan (2011606). Instituto de Botanica Darwinion, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 113 vascular plant specimens (2009701). Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina. 5 Acanthaceae plants from Brazil (2010773). Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Caixa Postal, Mexico. 2 beetles (2004466). Instituto de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo, Costa Rica. 10 beetles (2009858). Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil. 305 plants (2009821), 24 Sapindaceae plants (2011147). Instituto Superior de Entomologia, Tucuman, Argentina. 14 bat flies (2009288). Instituto de Zoologia Tropical, Caracas, Venezuela. 18 fish specimens (2011373). Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, California. 1 fish specimen (2010280). J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. 1 fish specimen (2011349). Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. 15 caddisflies from South Korea (2011614). James Cook University of North Queensland, Queensland, Australia. 5 fish specimens (2011441). James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia. 17 crustacea: copepods (2010456). Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. 8 gastropods (2009439). JoJo Resort, Seisui, Japan. t mollusk: gastropod (2012622). Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. 8 mites from Ecuador and Panama (2011921). La Universidad, Maracaibo, Venezuela. 12 mollusks (2008183). Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California. 10 mollusks: gastropods (1046436, 1046441). Marine and Environmental Research Institute of Pohnpei, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. 23 sea cucumbers (20083109). Marine Science Center, Massachusetts. 12 slides of serial sections of nemertean worms (1043989). Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 15 fish specimens (2010556). Ministry of Fisheries, Nha Trang City, Vietnam. 3 scallops (2009197). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri. National Cancer Institute vouchers: 3 from Madagascar (1046468), 195 from Madagascar (1046471), 1 of Lauraceae from Madagascar (1046495), and 449 from Africa and Madagascar (1046499); 51 plants (2005890), 83 various plants from Madagascar, Ecuador, and Nicaragua (2006325), 4 Acanthaceae plants from Bolivia (2007890), 28 Acanthaceae plants from Ecuador (2007892), 25 plant specimens from Colombia (2009835), 35 Phanerogams from the Dominican Republic (2009973), 20 Lichens from Surinam (2010016), 1 Gesneriaceae from Belgium (2010307), 17 Asteraceae from Mexico, Belize, Panama, Guatemala, and Honduras (2010342), 701 Asteraceae from Paraguay (2010812), 36 NCI Vouchers from Africa and Madagascar (2011170), 272 Asteraceae from Paraguay (2011536), 198 Acanthaceae plants from Paraguay (2012140), 4 Theaceae plants from Ecuador (2012315), 246 Asteraceae from Ecuador (2012454), 7 Gesneriaceae plants from Peru (2012927), 9 Gesneriaceae plants from Suriname (2012928), 22 Gesneriaceae plants from Ecuador (2012930), 2 Tiliaceae from Suriname (2012966), 9 Asteraceae plants from Suriname (2013120). Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Caracas, Venezuela. 12 flowering plants from Venezuela (2007509). Museo de Zoologia, Concepcion, Chile. 6 moths (2012161). Museo Geologico del Seminario de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 1 coral (2011252). Museu Botanico Municipal, Curitiba, Brazil. 286 Asteraceae plants from Brazil (2004478, 2010233, 2010531, 2011464, 2011935, 2012199, 2013131). Museu de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. 2 fish specimens (2010610). Museu de Ciencias Naturais, Caxias do Su, Brazil. 221 plants from Brazil (2009822, 2010052, 2010259, 2011571). Museu de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 1 fish specimen (2011445). Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. 13 published octocoral types (1046254), 9 mollusks: gastropods (1046406), 45 corals from New Caledonia (2010861). Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, California. 21 gastropods (1046330, 2009503). Museum of Victoria, Melbourne Victoria, Australia. 12 mollusk bivalve vouchers (1046345). Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. 7 corals (2008504). National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam. 22 crustacea: copepods (2009200). National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Kilbirnie, Donors New Zealand. 2 fossil corals (2011251). National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. 29 corals (2012836). National Natuurhistorisch Museum, The Netherlands. 1 mollusk (2011893). National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan. 359 specimens of marine shore fishes (2009302), 7 sawflies (2010553). National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan. 5 shrimp (2009138). National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, Republic of China. 1 fish specimen (2011663). National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore. 10 crabs (2008752, 2008755). Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Japan. 1 crab (2008462). Natural History Museum, Los Angeles, California. 10 crustacea: isopods (2010748). Natural History Museum, San Diego, California. 4 caddisflies (2010293). Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 1,000 bryozoans (2008767), 23 neo-tropical beetles from the Caribbean (2010256). New York Botanical Garden, New York, New York. National Cancer Institute vouchers: 26 from Belize and South America (1046467), 3 from Bolivia (1046470), 132 from Bolivia, Belize and Dominica (1046472), 67 from Belize, Dominica, Bolivia, Peru and Fairchild Tropical Garden (1046475), 9 from Belize and Dominica (1046476), 7 from Colombia, Dominica and Fairchild Tropical Garden (1046477), 9 from Martinique and South America (1046480), 2 from Guatemala (1046481), 12 from Guatemala (1046485), 16 from South America (1046486), 19 from Dominica, Central America and South America (1046487), 29 from Central and South America (1046490), 4 of Asteraceae from Dominica and Belize (1046491), 6 from Colombia and Ecuador (1046493), 2 of Anacardiaceae from Belize and 117 Orchidaceae from Dominica (1046496), 14 of Asteraceae plants from Guyana (1046497), 2 of Actinidaceae plants from Colombia (1046498); 107 from Guatemala (2010206), 13 from Belize and Bolivia (2010842), 151 from Guatemala (2011050), 96 from Belize (2011094), 48 vouchers from Ecuador (2011543), 14 from Ecuador (2011727), and 100 from Dominica, Ecuador and Paraguay (2012659); 215 plants (2002110), 31 plants (2009574), 16 Asteraceae plants from Brazil and Bolivia (2010187), 18 plant specimens (2010666), 27 Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Sapindaceae and Tiliaceae plants from Brazil and Bolivia (2011710), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. 2 plant specimens (2010539). North of England Zoological Society, Chester, United Kingdom. 300 fish specimens from Nigeria (2009796). Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts. 19 polychaete worms (2010088). NOVA Southeastern University, Dania, Florida. 2 sea cucumbers (2009534), I crab (2009816). Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. 138 mollusks (2008724), 50 snails (2009313). Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. I crustacean (2009902). Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 1 lichen from New Mexico (2009139), 36 mites (2008964, 2010107). Paleontological Institute, Moscow, Russia. 33 Early and Middle Ordovician fossils (2010642). Philippine National Herbarium, Manila, Philippines. 3 ferns from the Philippine Islands (2012385). Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa. 12 neo- tropical lace bugs (2008650), 9 mites (2008943). Pontificia Universita Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegro, Brazil. 230 fish specimens (2012170, 2012586). Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. 9 dance flies (2008132). 118 Rijksherbarium, Leiden, The Netherlands. 7 National Cancer Institute vouchers from Northern Sumatra (1046482). Rijksmuseum van Natural Historie, The Netherlands. 4 mollusks: gastropods (1046451). Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, Florida. 6 gastropods (1046337, 1046338), 9,200 echinoids (1046483). Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney New South Wales, Australia. 75 plants (2004840), 1 Commelinaceae plant from Asia (2012722). Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 1 hydrozoan from Bermuda (2010138), 1 foraminifera from Bermuda (2012767). Russian Academy of Sciences, P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russia. 2 fish specimens (2010717). San Diego Zoo, San Diego, California. 1 gazelle skin, skull, and skeleton (2011366). Santa Barbara Botanic Gardens, Santa Barbara, California. 43 lichens (2010615). Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. 10 fish specimens (2007449), 732 crustacea: copepods (2010126). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. 9 Acanthaceae plants from Panama (2009010). South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa. 27 fig wasps from Namibia and Tanzania (2011482). Southeast Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana. 211 crustacea: copepods (2008958), 27 leeches (2012152). Southwest Texas University, San Marcos, Texas. 46 fossil plants (2009584). State of New Mexico, Santa Fe, New Mexico. 50 gastropods (2011397). State of West Virginia, Charles Town, West Virginia. 4 beetles from Mexico (2009885). Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France. 4 protozoans (2008403). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. 2 gastropods Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 (1046343), 8 crustaceans (2010488), 17 fish specimens (2010625). Tennessee Aquarium, Chattanooga, Tennessee. 5 Crustacea: copepods (2012606). Terminix International, Anaheim, California. 20 moths; larvae and adults (2008906). Texas A and M University, College Station, Galveston, Texas. 9 amphipods from Mexico (1046059), 4 beetles (2007142), 1 shrimp (2010150), 3 ostracods from the Bahamas (2010935), 10 crustaceans (2013036). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 10 gastropods (2011347). The Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia. 40 gastropod vouchers for consumptive analysis (2009142), 35 gastropods (2009646), 3 isopods (2010754), I mollusk: gastropod (2012401), 18 worms (2012490). The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia. 9 shrimps (2011472). The Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado. 51 sponges from the Manitou (2011113). The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois. 500 NCI vouchers (2010099). The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom. 16 scales from the South Pacific areas (2008457), 447 white flies (2009413), 40 crustacea: copepods (2009617), 8 parasitic wasps from New Zealand (2009851), 1 mollusk: gastropod (2011640). The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 4 mollusks: gastropods (1046324). The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 3 fish specimens (2013095). The University of Hong Kong, Yeun Long New Territories, Hong Kong. I moth (2010320). The University of Kansas, Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas. 1 shrew skull and skeleton (2012697). The University of Texas, El Paso, Texas. 1 mollusk (2009137). Tianjin Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau, Tianjin, China. 98 beetles (2007583). Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan. 2 mollusks: gastropods (1046357). Toyama University, Toyama, Japan. 4 echinoderms (2011116). Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana. 45 mollusks: gastropods (1046392, 1046434, 1046437). United States Forest Station, Pineville, Louisiana. 125 mites (2012611). United States Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 218 crustacea: copepods (2011525). United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Byron, Texas. 1 coral (2008951). United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Boise, Idaho. 2 lichens from Washington and from Idaho (2011868) United States Department of The Interior, National Park Service, Death Valley, California. 85 freshwater gastropods (2011792). Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. 38 plants (2004418). Universidad de Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico. 1 mollusk: gastropod (1046440). Universidad Nacional, Bogota, Colombia. 63 plant specimens (2008467). Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. 7 crustacea: shrimps (1046205), I2 holothurians and ophiuroids (2009190), 2 brittlestars (2009868). Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico. 7 mites (2009083, 2009085). Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. 80 crustacea: copepod (2009619). Universidad Nacional del Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Mexico. 8 hermit crabs (2009409), 2 crustaceans: crabs (2012640). Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru. 4,206 fish specimens (2012392, 2012601), 1,062 vascular plants (2012463). Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 34 copepods (2007950), 41 Asteraceae plants (2010013), 12 crustacea: copepods (2010452). Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 13 plants (2003291), 15 spiders (2007364). Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 145 Asteraceae and Acanthaceae plants (2010732). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil. 10 mollusks (2012624). Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil. 13 crustacea: copepods (2011285). Universidade Federal do Piaui, Teresina, Brazil. 8 Sapindaceae plants (2011149). Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 8 fish specimens (2010318), 4 mollusks: gastropods (2012414). Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. 128 plant specimens (2004497). Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 22 crustacea: copepods (2009700). Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. 5 fish specimens (2011579, 2011604). Universitat Zurich-Irchel, Zurich, Switzerland. 561 shore flies from India, Tanzania, and Seychelles (2009210). Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 7 mollusks: gastropod (2010248, 2013063). Universiteit Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. II crustacea: copepods (2009933). Jniversity of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark. 2 plant specimens from Ecuador (2012728). University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 16 aphids (2008897), 1 parasitic wasp (2011201). University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 2 caddisflies (2008675), 100 Crustacea: copepods from the Bahamas (2013843). Ee Donors University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. 2 fish specimens (2011581). University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 40 gastropods from Marble Canyon (2009073), 44 stomatopods from Lizard Island (2009098), 20 beetles from Mexico (2009380). University of California-Bishop, Bishop, California. 50 mollusks: gastropods (2012408). University of California-Davis, Davis, California. 200 seed wasps (2007854), 13 Asteraceae plants (2005672, 2012804). University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California. 9 hydrazoans (2008496). University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. 10 crustacea: isopods (1046181), 2 beetles from Costa Rica (2009260). University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California. 40 fossil plants (2009603), 5 Gesneriaceae plants from Mexico and Costa Rica (2011953). University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma. 7 caddisflies from the West Indies (2008331), 8 leeches (2010768). University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado. 1 lichen (2010357). University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 5 mollusks: gastropods (1046360), 6 polychaete worms (2010803). University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware. 26 flatworms (2009864). University of Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida. 3 gastropods (2009189). University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, Florida. 473 plant bugs, lace bugs and other various specimens from Florida, Costa Rica, and Trinidad (2008474), 98 plant bugs from Jamaica and the Bahamas, lace bugs from Ecuador, notonectidae from Florida, and saldidae from the Dominican Republic (2008847). University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina. 36 copepods (2010528). University of Glasgow, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, Scotland. 2 casts 119 of theropod caudal vertebrae (2010783). University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam. 5 bamboo plants (2009981), 13 mollusks with egg samples (2011734), II tunicate worms (2012115). University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 1 fern (2010608). niversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 5 lichens from Finland and Italy (2009140). niversity of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. 26 plant specimens (2012999). niversity of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 1 coral (2010072), 2 sea anemone (2008401). niversity of Maine, Orono, Maine. 61 echinoderms: sea stars (2008346), 123 echinoderms from Antarctica (2009227), 129 echinoderms from Antarctica (2009510), 204 sea stars and sea urchins (2009621), 267 asteroids and echinoids, (2010354), 81 crustaceans (2010596), 258 asteroids, echinoids, sponges, brachiopods, mollusks and corals (2010784), 109 echino- derms, crustaceans and worms (2011952), 261 echinoderms, coelenterata, mollusks, and crustacea (2012225), 102 echinoderms: starfish and crustacea: decapods (2013180). niversity of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. 5 mollusks: gastropods (1046347). niversity of Massachusetts, Amherst, (= q q Sq S Se Massachusetts. 30 mollusks: gastropods (1046368). niversity of Miami, Miami, Florida. I sea cucumber (2009737). niversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 3 mites (2010355), 26 Sapindaceae plants from Ecuador (2011981). University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 47 neo-tropical caddisflies (2008341). University of Nebraska, Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska. 4 crustaceans (2009905), 5 beetles (2012443). University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire. 6 caddisflies (2010962), 7 plant specimens (2011381), 21 Poaceae = e 120 plants from Bolivia (2012023), 39 Asteraceae plants from Bolivia (2012032), 7 Phanerogam plants from Bolivia (2012456). University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota. 1 terrestrial gastropod (2009572). University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma. 25 water beetles from Panama (2012823). University of Oklahoma, Stillwater, Oklahoma. 40 gastropods (2011343). University of Puerto Rico, Lajas, Puerto Rico. 328 copepods from Puerto Rico and Gulf of Mexico (1042787), 131 crustacea: copepods (2011214). niversity of Puget Sound, Slater Museum, Tacoma, Washington. 2 dragonflies (2008438). niversity of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island. 71 polychaete worms (2009488). niversity of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island. 106 copepods from Alvin volcano (1043522). University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain. 4 crabs (2008563). University of South Carolina, Aiken, South Carolina. 1 copepod from Transylvania (2007971), 122 crustacea: copepods (2009562). University of South Florida, Tampa Florida. 1 Acanthaceae plant (2012461). University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. 3 sponges (2010073). University of Southwestern Louisiana, Se e ec Lafayette, Louisiana. I stomatopod from Gulf of Mexico (2009400), I moth (2011359). niversity of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 2 moths (2006035). University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee. 6 caddisflies (2009371). University of Texas, El Paso, Texas. 41 gastropods (2010367, 2010573). University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada. 286 crustacea: copepods (2012753). University of Washington, Friday G Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, Washington. I gastropod (1046341). Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 195 crustacean: copepods (2012753), 3 scallops from Vietnam (2009197). University of the West Indies, Jamaica, West Indies. 91 aquatic beetles (2010866). University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. 81 plant specimens from Ecuador (2010311), 2 limestone conodont animal specimens (2011644). University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 25 mites from South Africa (2007428). Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia. 3 crustaceans (2012647), 3 mollusks: gastropods (2009958). Westark Community College, Fort Smith, Arkansas. 12 fish specimens (2012080). Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia. 16 fish specimens (2009740, 2013097). Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington. 6 tertiary bryozoans (2012065). Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 12 mollusks: gastropods (1046393). Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 87 mollusks (2012431), 5 mollusks (2010085), 8 crustacea: copepods (2008598). Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan. 50 mollusks: gastropods (1046363). Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. 3 beetles (2008980). Zoologisches Institut und Museum der Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. 3 gastropods: (2008068). Institutional Exchanges Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 3, shearwater skeletons (2009615). Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 2 beetles from Mexico (2011310). Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Geneve, Geneve, Switzerland. 4 plant specimens from Madagascar and the Canary Islands (2013004). Departamento de Recursos Naturales, Puerto de Tierra, Puerto Rico. 55 vascular plants from Puerto Rico (2011386). Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany. 2 casts of Hipparion skulls (2010835). Institut fur Systematische Botanik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munchen, Germany. 13 plant specimens (2013099). Instituto de Botanica Darwinion, San Isidro Buenos Aires, Argentina. 19 vascular plant specimens (2009692). Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 24 plants from Puerto Rico and Central America (2009048). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri. 11 vascular plant specimens from Bolivia (2012316), IOO mosses (2012633), 118 vascular plant specimens from Suriname (2013006), 21 plant specimens from Ecuador (2013104). Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 3 meteorite chips (2012097). National Institute of Agro- Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan. 1 flower fly (2008584). National Science Museum, Tsukuba, Japan. 25 lichens (2011846). Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 145 insects from Europe (2008666). Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, Oklahoma. 12 casts of Cretaceous mammals (2009998). Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew), Surrey, England. 128 vascular plant specimens from Brazil, Bolivia, and Indonesia (2012937). Servicio Agricola y Ganadero, Santiago, Chile. 1 mite (2012352). State University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 293 vascular plants from Guyana, South America (2008463). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. 60 vascular plant specimens from Europe, Asia, and Costa Rica (2009901). Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas. 13 meteorites (2012144). The Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia. 24 corals (1046245). The Natural History Museum, London, England. 1 meteorite (2011175). University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden. 50 lichens: fungi (2008602), 19 lichens from Australia, New Zealand, and Switzerland (2012302). Western Washington University, Sedro Wooley, California. 6 hermit crabs (2009076). Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. 2 flies (2008134). Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. 3 bird skeletons (2008038). Institutional Transfers Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 14 Lower Devonian rugose corals from Western North America (2010270). Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. 79 ice worms (1046271). Unidad Chetumal, Departamento de Ecologia y Sistematica Acuaticas, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Quintana Roo, Mexico. 6 type specimens of hard corals from Clipperton Island (2010794). University of California, Santa Barbara, California. 1,058 neuston samples (2012286). Intramural Transfers National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C. 70 marine mollusks and crustaceans (2007951). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Systematics Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 33 fish specimens from Bermuda (2008914), 21 fish specimens (2009911, 2009912), 100 specimens of juvenile fish (2010394), 100 miscellaneous marine fishes from the North Atlantic (2011692), 35 specimens of miscellaneous marine fishes from Belize (2012859). Donors National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs, Arlington, Virginia. 1,058 unsorted invertebrate neuston samples (2012286). National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 29 bird skins and skeletons as part of the annual transfer of specimens from the Zoo (2008079), 30 mammal study skins and skeletons (2009557). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology. 3 Pleistocene millipeds from the Skyline Caverns, Front Royal, Virginia (2010281). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Invertebrate Zoology. 9 fossil bivalves (2010798). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology; Division of Fishes. 6 parasitic crustacea: Isopoda (2013286). Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port, Fort Pierce, Florida. 2 polychaete worms (2012051). Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, Museum Support Center, Suitland, Maryland. 211 mollusks: gastropods: Dell Antarctic Types (1046319). Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, Navy Yard, Washington, D.C. 1 mollusk: gastropod (1046389). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. 5 specimens of Halichoeres salmodorsalis, MS Holotype and Paratypes (2011545). United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Miami, Florida. 1 crustacea: isopoda (1046182). United States Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Washington, D.C. 79 polychaete and unsorted nemertean worms (1046271). United States Department of the Interior, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Blackwater Natural Wildlife Refuge, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 25 Delmarva fox squirrels (2006505). 121 United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Gainesville, Florida. 184 fish specimens from the Gulf of Mexico (2012565). United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, United States Biological Resources Division, Washington, D.C. 196 specimens (2008080). United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Branch of Paleonotology and Stratigraphy, Reston, Virginia. 2 mollusks: bivalves (1046365). United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado. 62 ammonites from the Upper Cretaceous: Albian in northeastern Texas (2010059), 18 cephalopod types from the late Maastrichtian Elk Butte in South Dakota, and Nebraska (2010933). United States Department of The Interior, United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California. 4 mollusks: bivalves (1046354). United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. 43,573 freshwater fish specimens from the eastern United States (2008267, 2009248). United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Law Enforcement, Baltimore, Maryland. 6 type specimens of hard corals from Clipperton Island (2010794). Collected for Museum Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Biodiversity Programs Office. 219 bats from Guyana (2010769), 385 mammals from Peru (2012445). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology. 2,286 aquatic insects (2008703), 149 aquatic insects from Maine (2008842), 1,640 beetles and other insects from Asia and Hawaii (2008880), 3,370 Burma Heteroptera, Odonata, Neuroptera 122 and Coleoptera (2009522), 2 beetles: neo-tropical weevils (2009729), 1,000 aquatic Heteroptera from the Dominican Republic (2011132), 1,200 aquatic insects from the Dominican Republic (2011970), 750 true bugs and damselflies from Indonesia (2012131), 93 beetles and spiders from North America (2013215), 12,848 ground beetles from Panama, (2013226), 126 beetles (2013276). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Invertebrate Zoology. 75 mollusks: gastropods (1046313, 1046315, 1046346, 1046376, 1046384, 1046386, 2011583), 2,000 marine mollusks: gastropods + bivalves from Charleston South Carolina. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology. 47 ash bed and rock samples (2009992). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology; Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4 fluid shrews (or 4 shrews in fluid?)(1046292). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology; Division of Birds. 2 bats (1046290). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes. 4,500 fish from the Solomon Islands (2009263), 150 fish specimens (2011605), and 370 fish specimens from Myanmar (2011989). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology; Division of Mammals. 2 bats from Panama (2011111), 2 Chinese rock squirrels (2013425). Collected for Museum/Gift Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Office of Exhibits, Washington, D.C. 186 religious artifacts (1046036). Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Smithsonian Institution, Tropical Research Institute, Panama. 1,550 miscellaneous fishes from Panama (2010965). Collected for Museum/Purchase Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology, Washington, D.C. 12 wooden toys and metal domestic wares from South Africa (1046021), II toy trucks and wooden textile stamps from South Africa (1046022), and 6 political ephemera from South Africa (1046032). Personal Gifts Mr. and Mrs. Ernst Albert. 15 mollusks (1046366). Diana Altman. 9 specimens of Abuja pottery (2010265). Claudia P. Arango. 16 sea spiders from South America (2011920). Dr. Paul H. Arnaud Jr. 4 long-legged flies (2008253). Pat and Virginia Arter. 2 gastropods (2008933). Dr. Prescott Atkinson. 11 footprint slabs from Pennsylvania (2011625). Dave Baker. 6 corrugata bivalves from the Phillippines (2009485). Dr. R. S. Beal, Jr. 39 skin beetles (2008837). John W. Beardsley. 35 insect scales (2012169). Dr. Vitor Becker. 6 neo-tropical moths (2010121), 94 ambush and plant bugs (2010744), 8 caddisflies from Arizona, Mexico, and Brazil (2012393). James and Karen Beckett. 1 fossil plant from the Lower Cretaceous, Patapsco Formation of Prince William County, Virginia (2010081). Carla Benejam. 16 echinoderms (2012783). Mark Bennett. 1 Eocene fossil fish dentary from the Fisher-Lane Site near Fredericksburg, VA (2010506), 1 fragment of an Eocene sea cow rib from South Carolina (2010515). Joseph Bernstein. 2 fossil seal pelvis and bird tarsometatarsus (2011835). Dr. Norris Bloomfield. 1,250 moths (2008167), 854 neartic moths (2009286), 427 moths (2010118), 99 moths, cutworms, and inch- worms (2011772). Jim Bourdon. 2 fossil manta ray teeth (2011247). Kerry F. Button. 1 shark-bitten fossil marlin vertebra from North Carolina (2009169), 1 fossil mackerel shark tooth (2009235). Dr. James T. Carlton. 147 nematoda worms (2012864). Ralph Chapman. 2 primitive mid Cambrian crustaceans (2009536). Terry Cirrincione. 1 archaeocete vertebra (2009232). Dr. Roger Clark. 9 mollusks: gastro- pods (2009516). Don Clements. 2 Eocene crabs (2009567). Vania R. Coelho. 4 crustacea: decapods from Brazil (2012593). Jim Colby. 6 fossil vertebrates (2010227). Dan and Cynthia Damrow. 1 fossil slab (2008992). Donald Dan. 33 mollusk bivalves (2009449). Ed Davidson. 1,677 fossil specimens: decapods including eleven casts from the United States, Guam, and Europe (2009820). Dr. D. L. Deonier. 64 shore flies from Florida (2009633). Phil and Eliza Dietz. 1 gastropod (2008933). Dr. H. Lois DiSalvo. 45 mollusks: gastropods (1046432). Carla Dove. 1 complete skull of a fossil sea robin (2009277). Francis Duckett. 2 mollusks: gastropods (1046362). Stan P. Dunagan. 2 North American freshwater sponges (2012568). Dr. Sidney E. Dunkle. 17 dragonflies and damselflies from Cameroon and California (2012054). Dr. Helen DuShane. 1 mollusk (1046326). Eric Eaton. 35 parasitic wasps (2010562). Dr. Ken Emberton. 67 mollusks from Madagascar (2008941), 39 land snails from Madagascar (2011423). Dr. E. Howard Evans. 413 wasps from Japan (2008613). Hans-Georg Evers. 28 fish specimens (2009464). Bill Fenzen. 1 gastropod (2008934). Dr. Antonio J. Ferreira. 4 gastropods (1046334, 1046335). Dr. Oliver S. Flint Jr. 469 caddisflies from Pennsylvania (2008702). Michael Folmer. 30 fossil fish from Fredericksburg (2010503). Dr. Rosser W. Garrison. 30 dragonflies and damselflies from Thailand (2008436). Dr. Patricia Gentili. 808 caddisflies from Argentina (2012437). Lloyd Gerhart. 3 Pavonia eggs (2009530). Raye N. Germon. 1 contrarium and fuana from inside a sea shell (20126096). Richard Goldberg. 14 landsnails (2008932), I gastropod (2008933). Jack Golding. 1 Begonia plant (2010778). Shireen Gonzaga. 1 gastropod (2008933). Yoshihiro Goto. 4 specimens of mollusk: gastropod tissue (2011430). Steve Gotte. 100 fossil vertebrates from the Paleogene sediments of South Carolina (2010495). Tom and Linda Grace. 1 gastropod (2008933). Lloyd and Frieda Gunther. 1 arthropod from Utah (2008792). Jeff Hamann. 3 landsnails (1046331). Dr. Rex A. Hanger. 4 lower Permian gastropods (2009500). Dr. Gerry M. Harasewych. 18 mollusks: gastropods and bivalves (1046457). Andrew A. Hay. 2 arthropods from Illinois (2011045). Dr. Bruce W. Hayward. 16 shallow water benthic foraminifera from New Zealand (2008660). Dr. Robert F. Hebeler Jr. 1 full mounted Alaskan Grey Wolf (1046291). Sue Hobbs. 1 gastropod (2008933). Dr. Bert Hoeksema. 9 corals and hydrozoans (2013128). Dr. David A. Hubbard, Jr. 12 mollusks: gastropods (2010837, 2012945). Gary W. Hunt. 25 cyclopoid copepods from Oklahoma (2008361). Donors Frank and Becky Hyne. 11 fossil vertebrates (2010048). Dr. Teruo Ishida. 43 Crustacea: copepods (2010652, 2011649). Ron Ison. 1 anterior end of an Eocene crocodile snout (2010494). Gloria Jacobs. 1 fossil crocodile from Maryland (2009608). Julie F. Jacobs. 1 fossil vertebra from the Cretaceous sediments in Maryland (2010075). Kylie Jennings. 1 piece of turbellarian tissue (2009540). Nicholla Johnson. 1 leech (2011859). Dr. Adrienne Kaeppler. 1 five string lute (2011610). Sally Kaicher. 1 mollusk: gastropod (1046379). Robert Merrill King. 24 Asteraceae plants from Colorado (2012592). Dr. John M. Kingsolver. 2 beetles from Mexico (2007786). Steve Kinyon. 437 butterflies from Africa (2010656). Mike Kowalski. 3 diving beetles; adults and larva (2010851). Dr. Victor Kuznetsov. 402 insects from Russia (2004753). Rosario LaCorte. 18 fish specimens (2012287). Dr. Jerry J. Landye. 1,841 land and freshwater mollusks (2009221), 10,509 freshwater mollusks (2010249, 2010335), 3,350 freshwater gastropods and bivalves (2011191). Robert R. Larsen. 30 dragonflies from New Mexico (2010884). Ron Leuschner. 120 moths (2010903). Dr. Jerry Lewis. 88 copepods from Indiana and Illinois (2008364), 55 copepods from Indiana (2008896), 27 gastropods (2010845), 11 Crustacea: copepods (2012781). Dawn Liberi. 4 commemorative textiles (1046006). Thomas R. Lipka. 12 fossil reptiles (2010213). Dr. John T. Longino. roo termites (2007726). Larry Madrigal. 7 polyclad flatworms from American Samoa (2009823). Elsie Marshall. 29 gastropods (1046322). Dr. Linda B. McCollum. 2,876 fossil types from the early middle Cambrian Period (2009334). 123 Marion McDowell. 3 mollusks: gastropods (1046391). Dr. Patsy McLaughlin. 3 crabs (2011789). Marilee McNeilus. 9 mollusks: gastropods (1046364). Dr. David L. Meyer. 26 Mississippian fossil types from Kentucky and Tennessee (2011196). Dr. Roger Naviaux. 1 tiger beetle from Bolivia (2009335). Dr. Gil Nelson. 2 fern and bryophyte plants from Florida (2011156). Ronald Ochoa. 2 mites from Costa Rica (2009021). Dr. J. Edward Olsen. 48 iron meteorite specimens (2012064). Aydin Orstan. 1 gastropod (2008933). Arturo Granda Paucar. 1 Asteraceae plant (2011125). William F. Perrin. 2,833 assorted world-wide mollusks (1044895). Dr. Richard Petit. 2 gastropods (2008572). Don Pisor. 4 mollusks from Bohol (1046323). Philip L. Poland. 60 gastropods (2008655). Perry Poon. 6 mollusks: gastropods (1046397). Paul and Binnie Postelnek. 6 butterflies from French Guiana (2010363). Aysha Prather. 2 caddisflies (2008938). Dr. B. Edward Reed. 134 crustaceans: copepods from Canada and Colorado (2008505). Dr. J. Rigby. 156 sponge types (2011437, 2012130). Emilio Rolan. 11 mollusk paratypes (2010115), 18 gastropods (2013035). Sally Ross. 1 fox squirrel (2011699). Dr. David E. Ruiter. 8 caddisflies from New Mexico (2012403). Dr. Donald W. Sada. 100 gastropods (2011358). Mark Sargent. 7 eggs and embryos of a white-capped parrot (2009533). Dr. Carl Schaefer. 1 insect from Argentina (2002100). Donald Schnell. 2 plant specimens (2010205). Philip Schmitz. 1 fossil portion of an Eocene crocodile femur (2010499). Susanne Schulmeister. 55 sawflies from Europe (2011190). 124 Dr. Donald R. Shasky. 3 mollusks: gastropods (1046433, 1046435). Dr. William Shepard. 18 water beetles from California (2012773). Dr. Ronald L. Shimek. 6 mollusks: gastropods (1046397). Roderick Simmons. 27 vascular plants from Maryland and Virginia (2012718). Dr. B. S. Singer. 1 mollusk (2009088). Dr. Judith E. Smith. 2 protozoan specimens on glass slides (2011839). Dr. Martin Avery Snyder. 1 gastropod (1046328). Henry and Vangie Spafford. 1 gastro- pod (2008933). Dr. Eduardo Spivak. 12 crabs (2012898). Dr. John D. Spooner. 21 copepods from South Carolina (2010546). Brian Stafford. 2 juvenile gray squirrels (2008902). Dr. Karl Stephan. 3 ant-like stone beetles (2008631, 2010339). Brent Steury. 94 vascular plant specimens from Maryland (2009895, 2011350). Katharine Stewart. 5 mollusks: gastropods (1046359). Dr. James E. Sublette. 400 insects (2008391). Dr. Bo Sullivan. 230 moths (2012043). Darrel Sullivan. 1 fossil portion of a Smilodon humerus (2009472). Dr. James B. Sullivan, III. 428 insects (2009044, 2010946). Bill Sykes. 1 Cyperus plant (2009038). Dr. John F. Taylor. 5 Uppermost Cambrian fossils from Vermont (2008690). Dr. E. Siegfield Thewke. 5 mites from Mexico, Indonesia, and the United States (2011875). Katerina V. Thompson. 2 juvenile gray squirrels (2008902). Dr. Christopher Tudge. 3 crabs (2010550). Charles and Natalie Turner. 1 fossil portion of a sea cow humerus from North Carolina (2009467). Jan and Jim Van Hoesen. 5 mammal carcasses (2012050). Dr. Lars Vilhelmsen. 39 sawflies from Denmark (2009789, 2010833). Roger N. Walker. 2 mollusks: gastropods (1043254). Dr. James Wappes. 5 beetles from Mexico (2010004). Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Stephen T. Welty. 5 gastropods (1046325). John S. Wemple. 1 partial jaw, braincase, dermal plates, and vertebra of a Miocene crocodile (2009774). Karsten Wesche. 38 plant specimens from Kenya (2009811). Gaye Williams. 1 skull roéf (2008567). Dr. Harry Yeatman. 28 copepods from Tennessee (2009713). Gift/Purchase Dr. Joseph E. Eger. 1,012 insects from Brazil (2008144). Jeremy Jacobs. 27 fossil vertebrates from Michigan (2008975). Dr. Lois B. O’Brien. 109 insects (2009394). Purchase Dr. Igor Lopatin. 30,800 beetles (2007312). Jerome Vogel. 1 ceramic palm wine container from Africa (1046033). Bequest D.G. Frey. 3,0065 Crustacea: branchio- pods (1045056). Bequest/Gift Muriel Sterne. 53 shell necklaces and head ornaments from Micronesia (1045747). Collected for Museum Barrett Brooks. 146 algae specimens collected in Florida (2010289). Dr. Maria Faust. tor microalgae from Belize (1034388), 41 microalgae from Fort Pierce, Florida (2013038). Dr. David B. Lellinger. 13 ferns from Antilles, The Netherlands (2012335). Dr. Paul M. Peterson. 19 Rosaceae and Poaceae plants from Bolivia (2009051), 325 Poaceae plants from Australia (2012293), 283 Poaceae plants from Peru (2012661). Gene Rosenberg. 143 green marine algae (2010288). Dr. Rob J. Soreng. 1 grass specimen (2010714). Mark Strong. 29 vascular plants from Maryland and Washington, D.C. (2009404), 120 vascular plants from Florida (2012636). Dr. Dieter C. Wasshausen. 20 Acanthaceae plants from Madagascar (2009785), 11 Acanthaceae plants from Florida (2012196). Dr. Jeffrey Williams. 3 Crustacea: isopods and shrimps (1046192). Personal Exchange Dr. David Carmean. 3 sawflies (2002814). Martin Horejsi. 1 meteorite (2012166). Edwin Thompson. 1 meteorite (2012511). Purchase Dr. Igor Lopatin. 30,800 beetles (2007312). National Portrait Gallery Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more Mr. Paul Peck $100,000 or more Eastman Kodak Charitable Trust The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation $50,000 or more Thomasville Furniture Industries, Inc. $10,000 or more Morgan Stanley and Co., Inc. Forbes, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Herman Greenberg Home Box Office The J. Paul Getty Trust The J.M. Kaplan Fund Merrill Lynch National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. Venable, Baetjer and Howard Foundation $5,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Alan Fern Ms. Rosemary Frankeberger $1,000 or more Mrs. Martin Atlas The Barrra Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Daniel J. Boorstin Caplin Foundation Charles Nagel Trust The Community Foundation for the National Capital Region (Esthy and James Adler Philanthropic Fund) The Community Foundation for the National Capital Region (Mr. and Mrs. Sheldon Cohen) Community Foundation of Greater Chattanooga c/o Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg The Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies John M. Nelson Fund c/o Fidelity Investment Charitable Gift Fund Mr. B. Franklin Kahn Mr. and Mrs. Marc E. Leland c/o Marc E. Leland Foundation The Leslie Goldberg Charity Fund c/o Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift Fund Mr. John D. Macomber Mr. Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Walter F Mondale Mr. and Mrs. Mark Russell Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Dan Singer The Sulzberger Foundation, Inc. c/o Mr. Arthur D. Sulzberger and Ms. Allison S. Cowles The Washington Post c/o Ms. Rima Calderon $500 or more Mr. Travis Devall The Danforth Foundation Incorporated c/o Mr. Bruce J. Anderson The Freedom Forum The Honorable and Mrs. Winston Lord Mr. And Mrs. Laughlin Phillips Donors to the Collection— Department of Painting and Sculpture Bequest of Charles Francis Adams. Thomas Jefferson, 1786, oil on canvas, by Mather Brown (NPG.99.66) Anonymous. Robert Hughes, 1981, oil on panel, by Sylvia Shap (T/NPG.98.76.) Donors June Barnes. 1944 Shubert Theatre Program for “Othello,” autographed by Paul Robeson (AD/NPG.99.2) Verna Posever Curtis. Scott Nearing, cast in 1963, after a 1961 original, by Zena Posever (NPG.99.82) Joan Kent Dillon. Washington Irving, 1860, oil on canvas, by Charles Loring Elliott (NPG.99.69) Marjorie Edel. Henry James, 1900, oil on canvas, by Ellen Emmett Rand (NPG.98.74); and Henry James, 1900, oil on canvas, by Ellen Emmett Rand (NPG.98.75) Mary Ellen Gilder. Richard Watson Gilder, 1902-03, oil on canvas, by Cecilia Beaux (NPG.98.77) Charlotte Hughes. Gold-colored metal letter opener, from Victor J. Evans and Co., the Victor Building, Washington, D. C. (NPG.POB. 129) Dorothy Stickney Lindsay. Dorothy Stickney, circa 1940, oil on canvas, by John Falter (T/NPG.99.72.08) Northeast Foundation for Children and Dr. Seymour S. Cohen, Michael Cohen, and Sara Cohen. Catherine Filene Shouse, 1974, bronze, by Elaine Pear Cohen (T/NPG.98.72.04) Major General George S. Patton, U.S.A., Retired and the Patton Family. George S. Patton, Jr., 1945, oil on canvas, by Boleslaw Czedekowski (NPG.99.5) Paul Peralta~-Ramos. Marquis de Lafayette, circa 1820, oil on canvas, attached to wood panel, attributed to Pierre-Paul Prud’hon (NPG.99.70) Bequest of Stanley P. Sax. David Rittenhouse, circa 1796, oil on canvas, by Charles Willson Peale (NPG.98.73) Bettina Steinke. Arturo Toscanini, 1937, oil on canvas, by Bettina Steinke (NPG.99.73) Mary Louise and Benjamin Wright. Benjamin Tappan, circa 1839, watercolor on ivory, by Washington Blanchard (NPG.98.78) Donors to the Collection— Department of Prints and Drawings Judy Morris, Elia Kazan, circa 1935, charcoal drawing by Willard Downes Aaron Shikler, Mike Mansfield, 1977, oil on paper by Aaron Shikler 125 Les Schreyer, 29 posters, circa 1890s—1980s Mrs. Leon Edel, Leon Edel, c. 1931, two charcoal drawings by Louis Muhlstock Carol Jopling, Rufus King, circa 1810, hollow cut silhouette, attrib. to William Bache Bettina Steinke, Pzerre Monteux, circa 1938, charcoal by Bettina Steinke Bettina Steinke, Chester Nimitz, circa 1940-45, pastel by Bettina Steinke Rosina and Lisa Rubin, Mark Rothko, circa 1935, pastel by Anna Walinska Denise Bouché Fitch, Robert Motherwell, 1955, charcoal by Réné Bouché Milton Rose, Henry Clay, 1843, hand- colored lithograph by J. Peters; Ulysses S. Grant, 1865, chromolithograph by Bingham and Dodd; William T. Sherman, lithograph by Kurz and Allison; Grover Cleveland, 1884, lithograph by the Graphics Company of N.Y.; Thomas A. Hendricks, 1884, lithograph published by the Graphics Company of N.Y. Anthony Adams, Franklin P. Adams, circa 1935, illustrated playing card by William Auerbach-Levy Donors to the Collection— Photographs Anonymous donor, Gracie Allen and George Burns, c. 1930, gelatin silver print by Unidentified (S/NPG.99.81). Jack Dempsey, c. 1920, gelatin silver print by Unidentified (S/NPG.99.80). Ida Lupino, 1949, gelatin silver print by Unidentified (S/NPG.99.79). Jane Halsman Bello, Hans Albrecht Bethe, 1962, color transparency by Philippe Halsman (T/NPG.98.96). Norman Corwin, 1945, gelatin silver print by Philippe Halsman (T/NPG.98.97). Maurice Ewing, 1962, gelatin silver print by Philippe Halsman (T/NPG.98.98). Dave Garroway, 1962, gelatin silver print by Philippe Halsman (NPG.98.99). Henry Robinson Luce, 1948, gelatin silver print by Philippe Halsman (NPG.98. 100). Beaumont Newhall, c. 1943-48, gelatin silver print by Philippe 126 Halsman (T/NPG.98. 101.03). Reinhold Niebuhr, 1960, gelatin silver print by Philippe Halsman (NPG.98.102). Norman Norell, 1944, gelatin silver print by Philippe Halsman (NPG.98.106). Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, 1954, gelatin silver print by Philippe Halsman (NPG.98.103). Rudolf Serkin, 1944, gelatin silver print by Philippe Halsman (T/NPG.98.104). Harlow Shapley, 1946, gelatin silver print by Philippe Halsman (NPG.98.105). Steve Bello, Freeman Dyson, c. 1954, gelatin silver print by Francis Bello (T/NPG.98.110). Richard Feynman, 1954, gelatin silver print by Francis Bello (NPG.98.107). Murray Gell- Man, 1956, gelatin silver print by Francis Bello (T/NPG.98. 108). Joshua Lederberg, 1954, gelatin silver print by Francis Bello (T/NPG.98.116). Tsung Dao Lee, 1954, gelatin silver print by Francis Bello (T/NPG.98.112). A//an Sandage, 1954, gelatin silver print by Francis Bello (S/NPG.98.117). Julian Schwinger, 1956, gelatin silver print by Francis Bello (T/NPG.98.111). James D. Watson, 1954, gelatin silver print by Francis Bello (T/NPG.98.115). Norbert Wiener, 1953, gelatin silver print by Francis Bello (NPG.98.109). Chen Ning Yang, 1954, gelatin silver print by Francis Bello (T/NPG.98.113). Jerrold Zacharias, c. 1956, gelatin silver print by Francis Bello (T/NPG.98.114). Marjorie Edel, Leon Edel, c. 1955, gelatin silver print by Alvin Langdon Coburn (S/NPG.99.78). Robert D. Hale, Beatrice Wood, 1996, gelatin silver print by Robert D. Hale (S/NPG.99.84). Irene Halsman, Margaret Bourke- White, 1943, gelatin silver print by Philippe Halsman (NPG.98.93). Varian Fry, 1944, gelatin silver print by Philippe Halsman (S/NPG.98.95). Philippe Halsman, 1976, gelatin silver print by Irene Halsman (S/NPG.98.95). Family of Elia Kazan, Elia Kazan, 1969, gelatin silver print by Bruce McBroom (NPG.98.176). Elia Kazan, c. 1950, gelatin silver print Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 by Sam Shaw (NPG.98.174). Elia Kazan, 1950, gelatin silver print by Unidentified (S/NPG.98.175). Clifford and Michele Krainik, Edward Albert, Prince of Wales, 1860, albumen silver print by Mathew Brady (S/NPG.99.83). Arthur Leipzig, Shari Lewis, 1957, gelatin silver print by Arthur Leipzig (S/NPG.99.76). Maria von Matthiessen, George Herbert Walker Bush, 1986, gelatin silver print by Maria von Matthiessen (S/NPG.99.99). Willis W. Sanders, Ernest Hemingway, 1952, chromogenic print by Willis W. Sanders (S/NPG.99.77). Mary Louise and Benjamin Wright, Benjamin Tappan and Mary Tappan Wright, c. 1855, ambrotype by Unidentified (S/NPG.98.173). National Postal Museum Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more United States Postal Service $50,000 or more Guido Craveri National Grange Foundation $10,000 or more American Express Financial Corporation American Postal Workers Union Atlantic Envelope Division Office Avery Dennison Foundation Daimler Benz Kemper Lesnik Committee James E. Pehta Precision Meetings and Events Rexam Paper Products $500 or more Linn’s Stamp News Reader's Digest Association United States Postal Service Donors of In-Kind Support KCF-SHG. Performed Architectural Tours and Provided Brochure Outside Interest, Inc. Free Advertisement in “Best Bets Gray Line Tours.” Tension Envelope Corporation. Cartons and Shipping for “Classroom in a Can” project. Donors to the Collection Ashland (Town of), New York (through Howard Drum). 1998 re-issue of 1898 U.S. stamp “Western Cattle in Storm” on cover, canceled (NPM 1998.2016). Charles Beauparlant. Three-dozen- capacity egg mailing crate (NPM 1999.2014). James H. Bruns. Reproduction one- dozen-capacity egg mailing crate, 1997-98 Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation stamp (Scott No. RW 64), U.S. letter carrier hat with cap badge, U.S. stamped envelope (Scott No. U436f) with 1940 USPOD philatelic exhibition cachet, 4—1941 U.S. Highway Post Office first trip covers, 1899 medal commemorating Chicago Post Office cornerstone laying, U.S. letter carrier summer hat, 22 U.S. Post Office Department uniform buttons (NPM 1999.2003). Judd Caplovich (vendor) and New Acquisitions Fund. U.S. rate and postmarking device, circa 1834, from East Greenwich, Rhode Island (NPM 1999.2020). John A. Corwin III (vendor) and Director's Discretionary Fund. Pocket watch and watch fob recovered from U.S. sea clerk John Starr March’s body, R.M.S. Titanic (NPM 1998.2021). H. R. Harmer, Inc. (vendor) and Curatorial Acquisitions Fund. 1894 two-cent postal forgery (profile of George Washington) on 1895- postmarked cover (NPM 1998.2015). Myron and Judith Kaller. Full set of nine 1898 Trans-Mississippi Exposition stamps (Scott No. 285- 293) on U.S. stamped envelope (Scott No. U360), canceled 1899 (NPM 1998.2020). Matthew Bennett, Inc. (vendor), American Postal Workers Union (donor) and S.I. Collection Acquisition Fund (donor). Washington and Alaska facing slip and April 1, 1912 letter of assignment recovered from U.S. sea clerk Oscar S. Woody’s body, R.M.S. Titanic (NPM 1998.2017). , and New Acquisitions Fund. Greek 1831 40-lepta postage due (?) stamp affixed to 1848-postmarked cover (NPM 1999.2013). Mystic Stamp Company, Inc. (through Donald Sundman). 2,297 mint United States stamps (NPM 1999.2004). National Archives and Record Administration, Textual Archives Services Division, Old Military and Civil Records (through Cynthia G. Fox). Mint pair of U.S. postage stamps (Scott No. 65) found in Civil War records of Lt. Henry Giesen (NPM 1999.2009). Mary Paul Reifsteck and Dr. Carole Reifsteck Parsons. 1949 postal savings certificate of deposit, 1947 postal savings receipt, postal savings envelope (NPM 1999.2008). Posten Norge BA, Postmuseet (Norway) (through Arne Woll and Arvid Lohre). 4 Norwegian postage stamps of the 10-ore post horn design (printed in 1909, 1949, 1962 and 1997 using different printing methods) (NPM 1999.2016). Rita Ann Richie. U.S. Post Office Department female letter carrier's beret, 9 U.S. Postal Service uniform patches (NPM 1999.2006). Schuyler J. Rumsey Philatelic Auctions, Inc. (vendor) and Curatorial Acquisition Fund (donor). 1864 transatlantic (U.S. to Italy) cover with three U.S. 10-cent stamps (George Washington, Scott No. 68) affixed; 1875 U. S. plate proof sheet of 100 one-cent stamps (Ben Franklin, Scott No. 40P4, reprint of 1857 issue) (NPM 1998.2019). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Department of Social and Cultural History, Division of Community Life (through David Shayt). Good Mister Mailman sheet music (NPM 1999.2005). Donors Smithsonian Institution, National Postal Museum. 589 objects (US revenue material) Found In Collection (NPM 1999.2018). . 252 Salvadoran philatelic objects Found In Collection. (NPM 1999.2022). . 923 Honduran philatelic objects Found In Collection. (NPM I1999.2024). Katherine Connors Springston. 11 U.S. Post Office Department travel commissions (1944-1961) issued to John J. Connors (NPM 1999.2023). Su Qiyun. 24 mint People’s Republic of China postage stamps (1995-98 issues) (NPM 1999.2001). Thomas N. Tillman. Handheld postal scale (Dixie Letter Scale) of the Sturgis Manufacturing Company, Baltimore, Maryland, circa 1920-32 (NPM 1999.2021). David R. Torre. 5 Crow Creek Sioux Tribe waterfowl stamps (1989-90), 10 Fort Peck Tribes tribal bird/conservation license stamp and 20 reference-of-purchase copies (1976) (NPM 1999.2002). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal Duck Stamp Program (through Teresa M. Bell). 1 imperforate sheet of 120, 1 self-adhesive sheet of 24, I souvenir program of the 1999-2000 Migra- tory Bird Hunting and Conservation stamp (NPM 1999.2017). U. S. Postal Service, Stamp Services (through Azeezaly Jaffer). 21,234 postage stamps, 58 covers, 60 postal cards, 20 commemorative panels with 72 postage stamps and 4 souvenir sheets attached, 28 souvenir programs and inserts (NPM 1998.2014). , Stamp Services (through Azeezaly Jaffer) 1,772 postage stamps, 60 covers, 12 postal cards, 20 commemorative panels, 22 souvenir programs and inserts (NPM 1999.2007). , Stamp Services, Stamp Acquisitions (through Joel Marks). 2 embossing masters for mid-20th Century Canal Zone stamped envelopes (Scott No. U20 and UC14) (NPM 1999.2010). , Stamp Services (through Azeezaly Jaffer) 1,668 postage 127 stamps, 6 souvenir cards, 21 postal cards, 2 commemorative panels, 17 stamped envelopes, 23 covers, 58 souvenir programs and inserts (NPM 1999.2012). , U.S. Postal Inspection Service (through Daniel L. Mihalko). 2 U.S. Postal Inspector gold-plated badges (NPM 1999.2015). , Stamp Services (through Azeezaly Jaffer). 11,997 postage stamps, II souvenir sheets, 4 commemorative panels, 62 covers, 22 stamped envelopes, 5 aerograms, 14 postal cards, 54 souvenir programs (NPM 1999.2019). WESTVACO, Envelope Division (through Richard J. Smith). 108 U.S. and Canal Zone stamped envelopes’ printing specification reference collection, 57 U.S. stamped envelopes, 2 U.S. covers with U.S. Envelope Company cachets, 1 souvenir folder (NPM 1999.2011). National Science Resources Center Donors of Financial Support $2,500,000 National Science Foundation $900,000 Smithsonian Institution $335,000 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation, Inc. $250,000 Carolina Biological Supply Company $175,000 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation $95,000 National Academy of Sciences $50,000 Hewlett-Packard Company Pfizer Foundation 128 $35,000 National Academies’ Program Initiation Fund $22,500 Merck Institute for Science Education National Zoological Park Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more Rick and Donnalynn Adams GEICO Roger and Vicki Sant Shirley Sichel $50,000 or more Franchon and Gloria Smithson $25,000 or more Jeannie Beekhius Ms. Caroline Gabel The Coca-Cola Company Giant Food William A. and Ruth Holmberg Jaguar John F. and Adrienne Mars Target $10,000 or more Animal Planet The Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, Inc. Anna T. Ferris Dielle Fleischmann and Richard Viets Mrs. Patrick Healy, HI Keith and Laura Hoffman Ladislaus and Beatrix von Hoffman Microsoft Wells Fargo $5,000 or more Mrs. Nelly Bossert Celestial Seasonings GMAC Clinton W. and Alberta Allen “Missy” Kelly II Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Kummli Little River Foundation NationsBank Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Dr. Kazuko K. Price Storyfield Farm Yogurt Hattie Ruttenberg and Jon Molot $2,000 or more Robert A. and Cathleen M. Bartlett, Jr. William and Ruth Berman Blockbuster Video Esther S. Bondareff Harriett Crosby George A. and Kathryn Didden HI Discovery Channel Stores Fresh Fields Sheldon and Audrey Katz James V. Kimsey Robert and Leslie Knibb Land Rover Rockville William P. McClure Pfizer Play N’ Learn William C. and Jane Ramsay Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Jeffrey R. Short, Jr. David and Louise Simone Jennifer Jean Small David B. Smith Jr. and Ilene Weinreich Taster’s Choice Shawn L. Walters The Washington Post Bequests Julia K. Wilson Donors of In-Kind Support AMC Theatres American Airlines Black Entertainment Television Calvert Woodley EL Tiempo Latino EU Services KCR Printing The Marriott Wardman Park Hotel Mega Communications NBC4 The Omni Shoreham Hotel Telemundo/Channel 64 Washington Parent/Washington Woman Washingtonpost.com WGMS Radio WJIZW Radio WMZQ Radio WRQX Radio WTOP Radio Program for Asian Pacific American Studies Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more The Japanese American National Museum $2,000 or more The Ringing Rocks Foundation Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Donors of Financial Support $20,000 or more Edgar Wilson Trust $10,000 or more Roger S. Firestone Foundation Museum of Science, Boston $1,000 or more Griffis Foundation Dr. S. Arthur Localio Mr. Thomas D. Mullins Donors of In-Kind Support Anonymous. Net server and network processing equipment for Chandra X-ray Center. Mrs. John M Bradley. Donor dinner at Harvard Faculty Club. Mr. James Houghton. Meade Deep- Sky 16” Newtonian reflector telescope with mount, drive, and accessories for use in public outreach programs at Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory. Learning Technologies, Inc. Astronomy teaching tools and 30 Heifetz planispheres for use in SAO’s Project ASTRO BOSTON classroom mentoring program. Osram Sylvania Inc. Two turbo- molecular pumps to assist in studying collision processes in plasmas for lighting. Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Donors of Financial Support $10,000 or more Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives $5,000 or more Samuel H. Kress Foundation (Archaeo- logical Conservation Program) Donors of In-Kind Support Harvard University. Supplies, travel, and room/board for staff and interns on site for the Copén and Harappa Archaeological Research Projects. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Access to nuclear reactor and office/laboratory space and facilities. University of Delaware/Winterthur. Staff travel. University of Wisconsin. Supplies, travel, and room/board for staff and interns on site for the Harappa Archaeological Research Project. Yale University. Supplies, travel, and room/board for staff and interns on site for the Aguateca Archaeological Research Project. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Donors of Financial Support $50,000 or more The Mills Corporation Regional Citizens Advisory Council of Prince William Sound $25,000 or more American Petroleum Institute $10,000 or more Roger and Vicki Sant Walt Disney Corporation Wildlife Conservation Fund Warren Wilson College Donors $1,000 or more Chesapeake Wildlife Heritage Norman Mineta The Park Foundation Florence Wisner $500 or more Jamie Harms $100 or more Anonymous R.J. Brown Pat Mehlop Pauline Metras Philip Morgan James Rappole Kathleen Wagner David Wake David Whitacre John Wiley Mary Wright Under $100 Nicholas Brokaw Richard Knowlton Janet Smith Ann Baird Speer Barbara Wolf Donors of In-Kind Support Alyeska Pipeline Service Company ARCO Marine, Inc. SeaRiver Maritime, Inc. Edward and Jeannine Wayson Zim Lines, Inc. Smithsonian Institution Archives Donors to the Collection Mrs. Jackson Miles Abbott (Francis Abbott, Lyon). Papers of Jackson Miles Abbott. Robert McCormick Adams. Papers of Robert McCormick Adams. American Ornithologists’ Union. Records of the Union. American Society of Naturalists. Records of the Society. American Zoo and Aquarium Association. Records of the Association. 129 Jennifer M. Manly. “Brief Guide to the Smithsonian Institution.” VIARC. Spencer W. Cone Document. Council of American Overseas Research Centers. Records of the Council. NASM, Aeronautics Department. Papers of Thomas D. Crouch. United States Geological Survey. Papers of Mackenzie Gordon, Jr. David Johnston. Materials of Joseph Edward Gould. NMNH, Department of Paleobiology. Papers of Lloyd G. Henbest. Charlotte W. Wells. Joseph Henry Collection. History of Science Society. Records of the Society. International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology. Records of the Society. International Theriological Congress. Records of the Congress. International Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens. Records of the Union. United States Geological Survey. Papers of A. Remington Kellogg. Paul N. Perrot. Papers of Paul N. Perrot. Office of Membership and Development. Papers of S. Dillon Ripley. United States Geological Survey. Papers of William J. Sando. Dorothy Chapman Saunders. Papers of Dorothy Chapman Saunders. American Ornithologists’ Union. Papers of George B. Saunders. James G. Hellmuth. Singer Sewing Machine Advertising Leaflets. Smithsonian African American Association. Records of the Association. Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections. Records of the Society. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Records of the Society. Janet W. Solinger. Papers of Janet W. Solinger. United States Geological Survey. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Invoices of Specimens. NMNH,, Department of Paleobiology. Papers of T. Wayland Vaughan. NMNH, Department of Entomology. Papers of Donald R. Whitehead. 130 Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Papers of Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Records of the Center. The Smithsonian Associates Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more Pfizer Inc. Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives $50,000 or more Ritz Paris $10,000 or more America’s Jazz Heritage, a Partnership of the Lila Wallace-Reader’s Digest Fund Hough Family Fund National Science Foundation Smithsonian Office of Education $5,000 or more Country Music Hall of Fame and Mercury Nashville Discover Card McGovern Fund $1,000 or more Aria Foundation Diamond Trust Flying Feet Enterprises National Italian American Foundation Kiehl’s Proxicom Donors of In-Kind Support Air India. Airfare for Rajastan program. Al Tiramisu Restaurant. Catering for seminar and Young Benefactors events. American-Turkish Council and the American Friends of Turkey. Archaeology Magazine. Speakers. Baseball America. Speakers and travel expenses. Black Issues Book Review. Speakers. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Brain-Body Institute. Speakers. Brookside Gardens. Speakers and venue. Brunschwig & Fils. Fabric decorations for L'esprit de France. California Pizza Kitchen. Venue and speaker. Carolyn Brady. Original art for commissioned art program. Center for Mind-Body Medicine. Speakers. Charles A. Dana Foundation. Speakers. Charodei Vodka. Five cases of vodka for Gala. Chautauqua Institution. Speakers and reception. Clyde’s Restaurant Group. Catering for program. D.C. Jewish Community Center. Venue for program. Embassy of Argentina. Venue and reception. Embassy of Austria. Venue. Embassy of Croatia. Venue and reception. Embassy of Cyprus. Venue and reception. Embassy of the Czech Republic. Venue and reception. Embassy of Finland. Venue and reception. Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany. Venue and reception. Embassy of Greece. Venue and reception. Embassy of Iceland. Venue and reception. Embassy of India. Venue and reception. Embassy of Italy. Venue and reception. Embassy of Japan. Venue and reception. Embassy of Jordan. Venue and reception. Embassy of Korea. Venue and reception. Embassy of Mongolia. Venue and reception. Embassy of Norway. Venue and reception. Embassy of the People’s Republic of China. Venue. Embassy of Peru. Venue and reception. Embassy of the Republic of Singapore. Venue and reception. Embassy of Romania. Venue and reception. Embassy of South Africa. Venue and reception. Embassy of Spain. Venue and reception. Embassy of the State of Bahrain. Venue and reception. Embassy of Sweden. Venue and reception. Embassy of Thailand. Venue and reception. Embassy of Turkey. Venue and reception. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Speakers for program. GALLUP Organization. Speakers. Georgetown Center for Australia and New Zealand Studies. Georgetown University Law Center. Speakers for mini-law program. Government of India Tourist Board. Venue and reception. Grand Marnier. Liquors and chocolates for L’esprit de France. Hay Adams Hotel. Chef and venue for Liesprit de France. Heineken USA. One hundred cases of beer for Gala and 80 cases throughout year. International Finance Corporation. Venue for Competitive Edge business series. Italian Cultural Institute. Speaker and reception for lecture. Jewish Community Center of Greater Washington. Publicity for Yiddish program. Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington. Speakers. Kentucky Derby Museum. Reception and speakers for program on Kentucky Derby. Makers Mark. Five cases of whiskey for Young Benefactors Gala. McCormick and Schmick Seafood Restaurants. Venue, speakers, and catering for program. Micronesia Institute. Speakers. Mysterious Press/Warner Books. Speakers. NASCAR. Airfare and hotel for eight NASCAR drivers and officials. National Institute of Mental Health. Lunch for speakers for program on gender differences in addiction. National Thoroughbred Racing Association. Favors at reception for Preakness program. Oasis Winery. Twenty-five cases of wine at cost (value $300/paid $60 per case) Royal Netherlands Embassy. Venue and reception. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. Exhibition for Microbes program. Town & Country Magazine. Advertising space in magazine for L’esprit de France. University of Maryland, Department of Criminal Justice. Speakers. Washington Design Center. Venue and staff for L’esprit de France. Washington Science Fiction Association. Speakers. Washington Storytellers Theater. Speakers. Woodford Reserve, Korbel. Reception for Kentucky Derby program. World Bank. Venue, brochure, and speakers. Donors Yiddish of Greater Washington. Publicity provided for Yiddish program. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) Donors of Financial Support $50,000 or more John S. and James L. Knight Foundation Pfizer Inc. United States Department of Energy $10,000 or more BP Amoco 1S Smithsonian Office of Education Donors of Financial Support $500 or more The Jamie and Steven Tisch Foundation Donors of In-Kind Support Jackson and Tull Office of Public Affairs Donors of Financial Support $50,000 or more Chevy Chase Bank Chronology September-June = Education affiliation The National Portrait Gallery and the MCI National Sports Gallery offered joint educational programs for student groups in grades 3 through 12. At NPG, students were actively involved in interpreting por- traits as they learned about individuals and themes in American history. Students explored the collections in groups guided by docents who helped them discover the American presidents, Pocahontas, Benjamin Franklin, Susan B. Anthony, Martin Luther King Jr., and others who have made important contributions to the life of the nation. At the MCI, students discovered the history of American sports while they saw sports artifacts and memorabilia from stars such as Joe Montana, Michael Jordan, Oksana Baiul, Muhammad Ali, and Babe Ruth. September 30-October 2 = Special event The Public Corporation for the Arts affiliate in Long Beach, California, worked with The Smithsonian Associates to host a residency and concert series by the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra. October 1998 marked the 30th anniversary of the Smithsonian American Art Museum’s Intern Program. ® Anniversary October = Architect/engineering contract The Office of Contracting awarded an architect/engineering services contract to Pol- shek Tobey & Davis for master planning of renovations to the Castle and the Arts and Industries Building. October = Donation Through the generosity of longtime Smithsonian American Art Museum supporters Sheila and Richard Schwartz, Patricia and Phillip Frost, and the Sara Roby Foun- dation, 19 fellows are in residence for the 1998-1999 academic year, the highest number in the program’s history. Among them are four Latino scholars funded through the Rockefeller Foundation initiative for Latino cultural research. October = Chairman elected Rosemary Ripley was elected chair of the Smithsonian Libraries’ Board. Ms. Ripley is Vice President, Corporate Business Development, Philip Morris Corpora- tion. Her father, S. Dillon Ripley, was eighth Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. October ® Division established Nancy E. Gwinn, Director, Smithson- ian Libraries, established an Information Systems Division headed by Tom Garnett who was named Assistant Director. The division manages the Electronic Library Program which includes all on-line products and initiatives, from publica- tion of original electronic works and digital editions of rare books to delivery of information for research in e-journals. The Libraries’ Research Services Division is headed by Assis- tant Director Bonita Perry and the Management and Technical Services Division is headed by Assistant Director Mary Augusta Thomas. October = Professorship appointment SERC scientist Dr. Dennis Whigham was indoctrinated as Professor in the Faculty of Biology, University of Utrect, The Netherlands. Chronology 133 October a Special event In collaboration with the National Museum of American History, the Office of Public Affairs held the first event in its plan to encourage media coverage of the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project—the infrared examination of the flag by scientists from the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration. October-December = Public programs The Smithsonian Associates presents a collage of 40 public programs entitled “Lesprit de France,” focusing on the contributions of France to world civilization. A highlight of the celebration was an elegant gala evening hosted by Mary Ourisman and the Ambassador of France. October-September "= Training and information briefings The Procurement and Training Branch, Office of Contracting, continued to con- duct procurement-related training courses and small-purchases informational briefings to Smithsonian staff. October 1 = Exhibit opens Great Cats, a new walk-through exhibit fo- cusing on tigers and lions and their tenuous hold on survival, opens at the National Zoo. October 3 = Event The 20,000-pound Skylab module, a laboratory that fits inside the space shuttle’s payload bay, arrived for storage at Washington Dulles International Airport, where it will remain until it goes on display at the National Air and Space Museum’s Dulles Center. October 5-8 = School program The Smithsonian Associates launched the first of four three-day presentations by Smithsonian scien- tists to students, teachers, and community residents of the Spring Branch Independent School District, Houston, Texas. Subsequent visits occurred on November 16—19, 1998, Jan- uary 25-28, 1999, and April 5-9, 1999. Topics included volcanology, forensic anthropology, Mexican-American folk life, and planetary geology. October 6 = Benefit The Archives of American Art honors TIME critic Robert Hughes at its annual gala benefit dinner in New York City. October 6 " Exhibition The Archives of American Art opens the exhi- bition “The Critic Sees: A Century of Art Criticism from the Archives of American Art” in the Gallery Space of its New York Regional Center. October 6 = Exhibition “As Precious As Gold,” documenting the role of the Post Office in the 1896 Alaskan Gold Rush opens at the National Postal Museum. October 7 The Board of Trustees of the Archives of American Art meets in New York City at the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. = Management excellence October 7-9 = Smithsonian Affiliations roundtable ‘The first annual meet- ing of Smithsonian affiliates took place at the Smithsonian, welcoming 44 representatives from each of the 20 affiliates. The first Smithsonian Affiliations Web site was launched as part of the conference. October 15 = Exhibition and programs “Chuck Close,” a 30-year retro- spective featuring this American artist’s labor-intensive, often arresting images of the human face—many of them on canvases as tall as eight feet—opened at the Hirshhorn Mu- seum and Sculpture Garden. In a well-attended lecture at the 675-seat amphitheater of the International Trade Cen- ter’s new Ronald Reagan Building, the artist (b. 1941), who has worked from a wheelchair since 1988, discussed his evo- lution from Photo-Realism to recent expressive grids of bright color. The exhibition, organized by the Museum of Modern Art in New York, attracted as many as 4,000 visi- tors a day and generated favorable reviews in print and on television. October 15-18 = Meeting The Tropical Research Institute cosponsored the Environmental Economic Workshop with the Ford Founda- tion and Fulbright at the Earl S. Tupper Research and Conference Center. The workshop was organized by the Latin American Scholarship Program for American Universi- ties (LASPAU). October 16 = Exhibition “Mayhem by Mail,” exploring the activities of the U.S. Postal Inspection Service and crimes in the mail opens at the National Postal Museum. October 17 = Exhibition A new National Air and Space Museum plane- tarium show, “And a Star to Steer Her By,” opened in the Einstein Planetarium. Narrated by Sir Alec Guinness, the 134 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 30-minute feature describes how navigators have used both natural—the sun, planets, and stars—and man-made tools such as telescopes and accurate clocks to determine their lo- cation. Complementing the planetarium show is “GPS: A New Constellation,” a new exhibit that explores the global positioning system. October 26 # Award The Beinecke Foundation, Inc. makes a major gift of $100,000 in support of The Brown Foundation, Inc.’s $500,000 Challenge Grant awarded to the Archives of American Art in 1997. October 27-February 2 a Exhibition “Teddy Roosevelt: Icon of the American Cen- tury” was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. Roosevelt helped shape America’s transition from a provincial society to a burgeoning world power. The exhibition explored his life with more than 100 paintings, photographs, political cartoons, and memorabilia, and was co-organized with the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. October 29 = Event STS 95 was launched with former Senator John Glenn on board. The National Air and Space Museum set up several high-definition television monitors, allowing hun- dreds of visitors to watch the event live via the newest broadcast technology. October 30—March 7 = Exhibition sented two complementary exhibitions that examined the California Gold Rush, in celebration of the 150th anniver- sary of the discovery of gold. “The Art of the Gold Rush” featured paintings, watercolors, and drawings from the The Smithsonian American Art Museum pre- 1850s and the nostalgic views created a generation later. The Smithsonian American Art Museum was the only East Coast venue for this exhibition. “Silver & Gold: Photographs of the Gold Rush” featured rare daguerreotypes documenting this exciting time in American history. November = Mayor construction contract Construction was completed on the Cultural Resources Center of the National Museum of the American Indian to allow beneficial occupancy of the building to occur by the Smithsonian Institution. November = Outreach/publication The Archives of American Art pub- lishes A Finding Aid to the Rockwell Kent Papers. November = Symposium The Smithsonian Libraries cosponsored with the National Anthropological Archives a symposium, “Ed- ward S. Curtis and The North American Indian Re-Viewed” on November 16, 1998, with 160 people attending. The program was supported by the National Museum of the American Indian and held during American Indian Heritage Month in conjunction with the Libraries exhibition, “Frontier Photographer: Edward S. Curtis” (online at www.sil.si.edu, on view in the Libraries’ Gallery October 1998—November 1999). November and May ® Acquisitions Among the most significant art works ac- quired by the National Museum of African Art were a rare set of polychromed wooden panels carved in high relief from the Nkanu peoples of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and a 92-pound D’mba mask from the Baga peoples of Guinea, one of the largest masks in all of Africa The mask was donated to the museum by internationally known con- temporary artist Armand Arman and his wife Corice, a fashion consultant and business manager. An important do- nation of 14 traditional sculptures from central and eastern Africa, the gift of New York businessman Lawrence Guss- man, fills gaps in the museum’s collection. These sculptures were showcased at the museum. November 5—7 = Smithsonian Council meeting The Smithsonian Council, with 21 members present, focused on Smithsonian outreach to communities throughout the nation. Four panel discus- sions and a roundtable discussion with senior management and museum directors dealt with topics such as new em- phases in community outreach, the relationship of outreach to SI missions and goals, the effectiveness of the structure of outreach programs, the adequacy of evaluation of outreach programs, the likely impact of decentralizing outreach man- agement at the unit level, the extent to which outreach programs are reaching a broad range of communities (ethnic, geographical, and cultural), and whether certain outreach programs warrant expansion and others warrant downsizing or elimination. Members emphasized that SI community outreach programs should serve as two-way streets, offering benefits to the communities served, as well as to the Smith- sonian, while at the same time respecting community needs and interests. This year’s meeting included directors of com- munity organizations receiving Smithsonian services. In their panel, they offered useful perspectives from the com- munity’s point of view. Council members offered suggestions in favor of greater oversight across units so as to avoid pro- gram duplication and more frequent program evaluations. Council members also suggested ways to generate greater clarity of expectations in SI-community partnerships, so that both the Smithsonian and the partnering communities recip- rocate in the promises they make, the expectations they have, and in the benefits and outcomes that are generated. As in past years, the Council’s Report to the Secretary was widely distributed among units and staff throughout the In- stitution. Chronology 135 November 6—February 9 = Exhibition “Philippe Halsman: A Retrospective” was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. This exhibition—the first full retrospective of the work of Philippe Halsman— featured 73 vintage prints dating from the 1930s to the 1970s. With more LIFE magazine covers to his credit than any other photographer, Philippe Halsman documented the postwar era through countless celebrity portraits. Among the photographs included in the exhibition were Halman’s iconic images of Albert Einstein, Marilyn Monroe, and Sal- vador Dali. November 7 = Public program “Inventing for the Environment” sympo- sium sponsored by the National Museum of American History's Lemelson Center. Keynote address by Richard White, environmental historian, Stanford University, fol- lowed by small group sessions on the built environment, health and sanitation, industrial ecology and transportation, and constructed and idealized nature. November 8 = Exhibition “Roy Lichtenstein: Landscapes in the Chinese Style,” an exhibiton of 28 paintings, collages, drawing, and one sculpture by this American pop artist (1923-1997), opened at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. The exhibition in- cluded six examples of Chinese art that inspired Lichtenstein. November 8 = Lecture For the sixth annual Mordes Lecture in Contempo- rary Art at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, curator and scholar Mark Rosenthal of New York’s Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum gave a talk titled “Joseph Beuys and Contemporary Art,” which probed the life and work of the German sculptor, performer, and teacher (1921—1986). Beuys has emerged as one of the most influential figures in postwar European art. Rosenthal, who is preparing a major ex- hibition of Beuys’s work for the Guggenheim, joined a roster of internationally respected art-world figures, among them New York Times critic Roberta Smith and Director Nicholas Serota of the Tate Gallery in London, Germano Celant, Peter Schjeldahl, and Richard Armstrong, who have participated in the yearly lecture series, which is underwritten by contempo- rary art collectors Dr. Marvin and Elayne Mordes of Baltimore. November 8 = Special event His Holiness the Dalai Lama gave an all-day teaching at The American University in support of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival program, “Tibetan Culture Beyond the Land of Snows,” which was cosponsored by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage and the Conser- vancy for Tibetan Art and Culture in Washington, D.C. He then attended a reception at the Smithsonian Castle after- wards to launch the Festival project. November 10-11 = Public program “Dos Alas/Two Wings” at the National Museum of American History. Masterclasses, lectures, and performances of Puerto Rican and Cuban dancers AfroCuba de Matanzas. In conjunction with “Encuentros.” November 11 ® Outreach/publication The Archives of American Art pub- lishes A Finding Aid to the Tomas Ybarra-Frausto Research Material on Chicano Art, 1965-1997. November 12 = Exhibition The Tropical Research Institute traveling exhi- bition “Our Reefs: Caribbean Connections” opened in Belize City, as part of its travels through the Caribbean region. Local docents in Belize were trained to carry out an educational program that includes lectures about Carrie Bow Key, the National Museum of Natural History’s field station in Belize. November 13 = Exhibition “Tigers!” made its debut at the National Museum of Natural History. The exhibition, which includes a dramatic diorama scene of a tiger lunging at a deer, highlights tigers’ behavior in their native habitat. It also focuses on tiger conservation efforts. The new permanent exhibition and diorama November 13 = Public program Sarah Burns, author of Inventing the Modern Artist: Art and Culture in Gilded Age America (Yale University Press, 1996), and winner of the Smithsonian American Art Museum’s 1998 Charles C. Eldredge Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in American Art, discussed the subject of her book at a lecture. November 17 a Exhibition “Unlimited by Design,” Cooper-Hewitt, Na- tional Design Museum. November 20 = Management excellence ‘The Archives of American Art re- aligns management responsibilities and streamlines operations by closing its New England Regional Center (Boston) and its Midwest Regional Center (Detroit) and con- solidating functions and activities in the Washington, D.C. headquarters, New York Regional Center, and West Coast Regional Center (San Marino, California). November 21 = Public program The National Museum of American His- tory’s “OurStory: History Through Children’s Literature” program. Josephina Montoya, the newest American Girls doll will be featured in conjunction with “American Encounters.” 136 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 November 22 ® Public program Reception and screening of documentary film “442: For the Future.” Cosponsored with Japanese American Memorial Foundation. November 24 = Exhibition The Rocks Gallery opened at the National Museum of Natural History, completing the museum’s newly renovated Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals. The interactive gallery demonstrates how rocks are formed and how they have recorded the Earth’s geological history. November 28 = Public program “The Puerto Rican Cuatro Festival” at the National Museum of American History. Many actitivies throughout the day. In conjunction with “Encuentros: Latino America at the Smithsonian.” November 30 ® Giraffe relocation On November 30, the Zoo’s 18-month- old male Masai giraffe, Aaron, left the National Zoo in a specially equipped truck, on a trip to Atlanta, Georgia. On the truck’s return trip, the Atlanta Zoo sent Ryma, a 13- year-old male of the same subspecies. December The National Postal Museum launches the “Classroom in a Can Lesson One” educational program. = Education initiative December = Loeb Fellowship awards SERC Loeb Fellowships were awarded to foster research in the exact sciences in collabora- tion with SERC scientists. A Loeb Fellowship was awarded to Dr. Marilyn L. Fogel of the Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington, D.C., for research using measurements of the natural abundances of stable isotopes to obtain insights into ecologi- cal processes. Another Loeb Fellowship was awarded to Dr. Stephen D. Prince of the University of Maryland College Park to support research using remote sensing to collect en- vironmental data at large spatial scales. December = Publication Volume 8, The Papers of Joseph Henry was writ- ten by staff of the Joseph Henry Papers Project, Smithsonian Institution Archives. December = Research National Museum of Natural History ichthyolo- gist Stanley Weitzman’s studies of South American fishes, primarily the characiform fish groups and catfishes, revealed important information about the status of freshwater ecosys- tems and provided important, basic information in support of practical conservation measures. Weitzman was able to demonstrate that the aquatic systems within the Atlantic Forests of Brazil have been severely degraded ecologically. The report of his findings had a practical effect on the con- servation thinking of Brazil’s terrestrial biologists. He has also published widely, both for scientific and lay audiences, on the phylogeny of several characid subgroups reporting on reproductive biology, gross anatomy, histology of gonads, and ultrastructure of their reproductive cells. Various aspects of these studies are of practical interest to fisheries biologists in Latin America, because the literally hundreds of characid fishes are the primary forage fishes for a substantial percent- age of the larger fishes suitable for human consumption in that region. December 8 Satellite launch The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite, designed by SAO for NASA, is successfully launched from a Pegasus-XL vehicle. December = Transition process A group of 34 employees at the Tropical Research Institute joined the administration to form com- mittees for the STRI transition that would put in place a new employment system and administrative procedures re- sulting from the termination of the Panama Canal Treaties on December 31, 1999. The transition committees included the Transition Committee, Human Relations Committee, Human Resources Committee, Procedures, Policies and Op- erations Committee, Communications Committee, and the Valuation Committee. December 5 = Public program NASCAR roared into the Smithsonian in a Smithsonian Associates program with president Bill France and senior vice president Brian France, with NBC newscaster Brian Williams and local sportscaster George Michael adding luster to the evening’s festivities. December 8 = Special event The Annual Appreciation Reception for the Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center’s Corps of Volunteer Information Specialists included remarks by Smithsonian Secretary I. Michael Heyman. December 9 = Zo0 lecture Knut Schmidt-Nielsen, professor emeritus at Duke University, and one of the world’s most prominent ani- mal physiologists, is awarded the National Zoo Medal for Outstanding Services to Zoological Sciences and Conserva- tion and presents lecture to Zoo audience. Chronology 137 December 10 = Publications awards The Office of Public Affairs was pre- sented the following awards in the National Association of Government Communicators’ Blue Pencil competition: First Place for the quarterly newsletter Smithsonian Institution Research Reports; First Place for The Torch, the employee news- paper; and First Place for the annual report, Smithsonian Year 1997, jointly produced with Smithsonian Institution Press. December 11 = Public program “Legacies of 1898: War, Transition, and Transformation,” a discussion of community, citizenship, and sovereignty at the National Museum of American History. In conjunction with “Encuentros: Latino America at the Smith- sonian.” December 17 = Public program The Smithsonian American Art Museum, with the National Portrait Gallery, began evening hours on the third Thursday of each month, as part of a neighborhood program organized by the Downtown Business Improvement District (BID) to increase foot traffic in the Seventh Street Arts District. The inaugural event is a special public preview of David Beck’s L’Opéva. Evening hours continued through December 1999. December 18-April 25 = Exhibition Artist David Beck’s miniature opera house, ti- tled L’Opéra, delighted crowds of visitors of all ages visiting the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Beck’s intricate creation featured more than 200 hand-carved, mechanized figures performing or watching an extravagant presentation of Verdi's Aida. December 23 = Special event The Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center in Hutchinson, Kansas, became an Affiliate and held a press event at the museum. December 31 = Acquisition The National Postal Museum acquires the pocket watch and fob of John Starr March, RMS Titanic, from John A. Corwin III. January "Service Beginning in January, the National Museum of African Art offered a new monthly conservation clinic open to the public in which conservation staff advised visitors on the proper care of their collections. January = Appointment Staff scientist Neal G. Smith who started his career with the Smithsonian in 1963 as biologist for the Canal Zone Biological Area retired in 1998 and was ap- pointed Staff Scientist Emeritus. He will continue to pursue his investigations of Urania-Omphalea interactions, and will advise staff, students, and visitors. January = Exhibition The National Postal Museum opens the “Down With the Frauds!” exhibition of rare revenue stamps used to regulate adulterated foods. January = Exhibition closes “Star Wars: The Magic of Myth” closed. Nearly a million people visited the exhibition in the year and a half it was on display at the National Air and Space Museum. January = Keynote presentations SERC scientists gave several keynote papers at the Marine Bioinvasions Conference in Cambridge, Massachussetts. January = New media initiative The Smithsonian American Art Mu- seum debuted its fully redesigned Web site, which now accommodates the museum’s continuing growth as a major on-line research and educational resource. More than 3,000 digital images of artworks from the permanent collection are available, as are the museum’s extensive research databases, including the Inventories of American Painting and Sculp- ture. The site is home to an on-line art reference librarian, who handles nearly 7,000 queries about American art each year, a long-distance learning project, and 14 virtual exhibi- tions, including “Robert Cottingham: Eyeing America,” the first time a contemporary artist and a major museum collab- orated to create an on-line solo retrospective. January Smithsonian Folkways Recordings’ Southern Banjo Sounds by Mike Seeger was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Traditional Folk Recording. a Nomination January = Research results New observations of supernovae shed light on the possibility that the expanding universe is accelerating in its growth, implying that there is a repulsive force com- ponent to gravity. January-April ® Training (semester programs) The Tropical Research Insti- tute in coordination with Princeton University and McGill University, Canada, cosponsored field semester programs for biology students from both universities with Santa Maria Catholic University and the City of Knowledge, in Panama. 138 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 January 1 a Event The National Air and Space Museum’s new collec- tions information system, The Museum System (TMS), became fully operational. After rigorous testing, existing collections data were migrated into the new system, and a new decentralized method of inputting object information was adopted. January 2-16 = Workshop The National Museum of Natural History held the first annual AMP (Alliance for Minority Participation) Scholars Winter Workshop, titled “Explore.” Representing nine different AMP Centers, 12 freshman/sophomore-level students from across the United States participated in an in- tense two-week workshop during their winter break. The workshop was designed to give AMP students an opportu- nity to learn more about our collections, what natural history research is, how it is conducted, and what careers are available in the field. These students explored natural history by shadowing an NMNH research scientist, participating in their activities and learning about their career. In addition, the workshop featured special lectures, interactive discus- sions, hands-on demonstrations, and tours of the natural history collections. January 5 = Exhibition The SITES exhibition “Red, Hot & Blue: A Salute to American Musicals” hit the road for a national tour. Organized as a collective biography, this retrospective on Broadway and Hollywood musicals captures the magic and dynamism musical theater created for diverse audiences over the past century. The exhibition showcases the stars, on and off stage, who gave voice and vision to the American experi- ence over the past I00 years. January 13 = Forum The Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage hosted a forum for the Smithsonian Congress of Scholars on our varied involvement in cultural research as public scholar- ship. January 21 = Exhibit Tropical Research Institute’s exhibit “Parting the Green Curtain: the Evolution of Tropical Biology in Panama” traveled to San Jose, Costa Rica, to open at the Costa Rican National Museum. January 21 = Public program The National Portrait Gallery presented a lecture by Edmund Morris, author of The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. January 22 = Exhibition The Archives of American Art opens the exhi- bition “In Sight: Portraits of Folk Artists by Chuck Rosenak” in the Gallery Space of the Archives’ New York Regional Center. January 24 = Radio advertising campaign The first radio advertisement ran in the Office of Public Affairs’ Black History Month campaign, one of three radio advertising campaigns this year aimed at local African American audiences, ages 25 to 45. Another campaign was run in the spring for Spring Break and a third in the summer for the Smithsonian Folklife Fes- tival. The following stations were used in the three campaigns in different combinations: WHUR, WMMJ, WKYS, and WPGC. January 25 The Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents endorsed the Center for Folklife Programs and Cul- tural Studies name change to the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. = Name change January 28 = Award The Visitor Information and Associates’ Recep- tion Center’s Encyclopedia Smithsonian page on the Internet received the Dow Jones Business Directory “Select Site” award for providing exceptional value to its readers. January 29-30 = Outreach/public programs Archives of American Art staffer Liza Kirwin participates in a Smithsonian Regional Work- shop Program sponsored by the SI Office of Education, “Shared Heritage: A Cultural Mosaic,” in Austin, Texas, pre- senting a session entitled “Legends, Letters, and Lipstick Traces: Latino Holdings at the Archives of American Art.” January 29-April 18 ® Exhibition “Paul Robeson: Artist and Citizen” was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. The son of an escaped slave, Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Rutgers College, bril- liantly talented singer, actor, motion picture star, athlete, and political human rights activist, Paul Robeson was one of the twentieth century’s most talented Americans. The exhi- bition, organized by Rutgers University, celebrated his life with more than 150 objects, including portraits, personal writings, and other memorabilia. January 31 = Exhibition “Behind the Himalayas: Paintings of Mus- tang,” an exhibition of 19 watercolors by Australian artist Chronology 139 and architect Robert Powell, opened at the Arthur M. Sack- ler Gallery. February =" Award Smithsonian Folkways Recordings’ Pete Seeger: If I Had a Hammer was honored with a Traditional Folk Bronze Star Award in the 1998-1999 Crossroads Music Awards Program. February = New branch library The Smithsonian Institution Libraries opened its 19th branch at the National Museum of the American Indian Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland. The branch began offering full-time library serv- ices in June when a library technician joined the Libraries. The branch has a limited collection of materials from the cu- ratorial offices and provides interlibrary loan services. February = Public Program OGC, in conjunction with the American Law Association-American Bar Association and the Environ- mental Law Institute, hosted annual environmental law seminar in Washington, D.C. February =" Award Smithsonian Libraries’ Anthropology K-12 Internet Guide Named “Best” for Students. The Smithson- ian Libraries published Margaret R. Dittemore’s on-line guide, “Anthropology on the Internet for K-12,” which was designated A Best on the World Wide Web Virtual Library’s list of anthropology materials for students. The American Anthropology Association has linked the guide to its home page. Dr. Dittemore is Librarian of the Anthropology Library. Offered as part of the larger Smith- sonian effort to support and advance education for diverse audiences, each section is illustrated with photographs of Smithsonian anthropologists working in the field or in their laboratories. The K-12 guide is found under Libraries Publications at and is updated regularly. February and March = Research expedition Zoologist Dr. Clyde Roper of the Na- tional Museum of Natural History led an expedition to Kaikoura Canyon, New Zealand, to find and film a live gi- ant squid. Although the giant squid continued to elude observation, the researchers were able to document the squid’s probable habitat in the deep sea, and to see and film many of its neighbors and prey species. The expedition was featured in the program “Quest for the Giant Squid” on the Discovery Channel. February 3 = Public program The Smithsonian Associates cosponsored a course with The World Bank, which included a presentation by James D. Wolfensohn, World Bank president. February 4 8 Exhibition and programs Fundamental Accuracy,” the first solo show in an American museum for this Portuguese artist (b. 1948), was launched at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden with an artist’s talk about his 12 recently created, never-before- exhibited paintings and sculptures. Sarmento, whose work was based on the eighteenth-century memoirist Giovanni Casanova, a hit of the 1997 Venice Biennale, creates pale, ideographic images of faceless women enacting ambiguous narratives which straddle tenderness and violence. Organized by Hirshhorn Assistant Director for Art and Public Pro- grams Neal Benezra, the exhibition was generously “Directions—Julid Sarmento: supported by the Luso-American Development Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the Institute for Contemporary Art, Ministry of Culture, Lisbon; Lannan Foundation; and Anthony T. Podesta, Washington, D.C. February 6—May 16 8 Traveling exhibition “Faces of TIME: Seventy-five Years of TIME Magazine Cover Portraits,” organized by the National Portrait Gallery, was on view at the Chicago Historical Soci- ety, Illinois. February 7—May 9 = Exhibition The National Museum of African Art pre- sented the exhibition “Baule: African Art/Western Eyes,” showcasing the outstanding artistic achievements of Baule artists from Cote d'Ivoire in West Africa. February 9 8 Exhibition “Graphic Design in the Mechanical Age: Se- lections from the Merrill C. Berman Collection,” Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. February 9 ® Special event The National Museum of Industrial History affiliate (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) held a press event at the Smithsonian’s Arts and Industries Building. As the “1876” gallery was being deinstalled, hundreds of artifacts were moved to Bethlehem on long-term loan. February 12 8 Exhibition “Communities in a Changing Nation: The Promise of 19th-Century America,” a new permanent exhi- bition, opens at the National Museum of American History. 140 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 The exhibition focuses on nineteenth-century industrial workers and managers in Bridgeport, Connecticut; Jewish immigrants in Cincinnati, Ohio; and slaves and free blacks in the low country of South Carolina. Dynamic panoramas, more than 200 historical artifacts, and almost 400 photo- graphs, illustrations, graphics and personal recollections explore what the promise of America meant to the three dif- ferent communities. February 15 = Benefit The Archives of American Art holds its longest- running annual fund-raising event, Lundi Gras XL, a gala black-tie dinner, in Detroit, Michigan, where the Archives was founded in 1954. February 15 = Management excellence The Board of Trustees of the Archives of American Art meets at the Cranbrook Educa- tional Community in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. February 18 8 Public program The Einstein Planetarium at the National Air and Space Museum was the setting for The Smithsonian Associates’ dramatic recreation of the celestial canopy above Stonehenge when that ancient structure was new. February 19 8 Medical breakthrough Dr. Richard Montali, National Zoo pathologist, Dr. Laura Richman, and Dr. Gary Hayward, Johns Hopkins University, publish their research in Science documenting two new viruses believed to be responsible for the deaths of at least 10 Asian and African elephant calves in North America since 1983. February 19-August 8 = Exhibition from the Presidential Years” was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. Timed to coincide with the 2o0oth anniver- sary of the death of George Washington, this exhibition “George and Martha Washington: Portraits presented a rare view of the first American president and first lady Martha Washington through 25 portraits made from life during Washington’s years in office that included portraits by Gilbert Stuart, Charles Willson Peale, Rem- brandt Peale, and John Trumball. February 22 The Smithsonian Institution held a dedication ceremony for a newly constructed research labo- ratory building for the Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. It replaced the National Museum of Natural His- tory’s former coastal/marine field station in Florida, which had been housed in an old World War II Army barge for 27 years. The new 8,000-square-foot building is located on the = New research laboratory 8-acre site acquired by the Smithsonian from the MacArthur Foundation. The building includes offices, individual labora- tories, general-use laboratories for chemistry, histology, electron microscopy, and a wet laboratory. The new labora- tory will be the first of several phases planned for the development of the 8-acre campus. February 23 8 Symposium The Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage and Children’s Television Workshop cosponsored a sympo- sium that examined the 30-year history of diversity and multicultural programming on Sesame Street, the longest-run- ning television series in the world. February 25 ® Reinstallation After an extensive five-month renovation of its third floor, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ushered in its 25th-anniversary year by opening “The Hirsh- horn Collection at 25: Celebrating Modern Art,” the first phase of a major reinstallation of its holdings. Assistant Di- rector for Art and Public Programs Neal Benezra and curators Judith Zilczer and Valerie Fletcher conceived and carried out the rehanging in reconfigured spaces replete with new carpeting and lighting. Washington Post critic Jo Ann Lewis praised the “provocative groupings” in this “vital and respected national museum of modern art.” Further marking the anniversary were an open house and director's lecture (April 25), a redesigned museum calendar (Winter 1999 is- sue), outdoor banners, and a month-long documentary exhibition (“Faces of Friendship,” April 7—May 9) recount- ing Joseph Hirshhorn’s patronage in archival, inscribed photographs donated by his widow, Olga Hirshhorn. March ® Acquisition Patricia Smith Melton presented a collection of 34 rare American appliquéd, pieced, and whole cloth quilts made before 1850 to the Smithsonian American Art Museum’s Renwick Gallery. March =" Award The Smithsonian American Art Museum was awarded “Best Research Site” at the 1999 Museums and the Web conference held in New Orleans. The depth of research information, a testament to the museum’s long tradition in developing research resources, was among the criteria con- sidered by the judges. March =" Award The Smithsonian American Art Museum was given the Smithsonian Institution’s 1999 Exhibition Award for Best Design and Installation for the exhibition “Daniel Brush: Gold without Boundaries,” on view at the Renwick Gallery in fall 1998. Chronology 141 March = Exhibition The National Postal Museum sends the travel- ing exhibit “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic” to Melbourne, Australia, as part of March 1999 international philatelic event, “Melbourne 99.” March = Program milestone The 6.5-meter glass primary mirror for the MMT telescope at the Fred L. Whipple Observatory on Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, is installed in its holder. March = Public program OGC in conjunction with the American Law Association-American Bar Association hosted the an- nual seminar in Chicago (Legal Problems in Museum Administration Conference). March = Research grant The Smithsonian American Art Museum signed an inter-agency agreement with the National Endow- ment for the Arts that will provide $430,000 over the next two years for the museum to digitize 50,000 slides of works by 5,000 artists who received grants from the Arts Endow- ment’s Visual Artists Fellowship Program from 1967 to 1995. The NEA Artists Archives will be hosted on the mu- seum’s Web site as part of its on-line study center. March = Workshop Organized by the Association of Vietnamese Folklorists and the Institute of Musicology and sponsored by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, this work- shop, first in a series, taught researchers about audio documentation of the traditional music of the Kinh (Viet) majority and of several ethnic minorities. March 1 = Public program World-renowned scientist Richard Dawkins came to the Smithsonian from Oxford University to reflect on the most compelling topics in science today in a program produced by the The Smithsonian Associates. March 2 = Imaging Center opens The Smithsonian Libraries opened a digital Imaging Center where Libraries’ staff produce digital editions of rare books, which are published on-line and avail- able worldwide on the Internet while safeguarding the Smithsonian Libraries’ collection for future generations by reducing the amount of handling of fragile materials. The Imaging Center is a production unit where printed materials are scanned, casting images and text from paper-based mate- rials into a digital format. With start-up funding from the Smithsonian’s Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund and the Jaques Admiralty Law Firm of Detroit, Michigan, the Imag- ing Center is headed by the Information Systems Division and overseen by the Preservation Services Department. March 11 = Public program “NCIIA Exhibition” sponsored by the Na- tional Museum of American History’s Lemelson Center. An exposition of inventions by college students from around the country. The National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Exposition will feature the most innovative and commercially promising prototypes of new inventions cre- ated by 12 teams of college students. March 11 = Public program TIME magazine correspondent Ann Blackman lectured on her book, Seasons of Her Life: A Biogra- phy of Madeleine Korbel Albright, at the National Portrait Gallery. March 13 = Exhibition SITES opened the exhibition “To Honor and Comfort: Native Quilting Traditions” from the National Museum of the American Indian and Michigan State Uni- versity Museum. The exhibition celebrates quilting within diverse American Indian and Native Hawaiian communities and pays tribute to the artists who have expressed their cul- tural heritage through these spectacular textiles. March 18 = Donation Three puppets from the play “Lewis Latimer: Renaissance Man” will become part of the National Museum of American History’s Division of Cultural History Collec- tion. They were featured in a play presented by the Lemelson Center. March 18 ® Lecture Scientist Stephen Jay Gould lectured for The Smithsonian Associates on why he believes the science-reli- gion conflict is false. March 19-July 4 ® Traveling exhibition “Teddy Roosevelt: Icon of the Ameri- can Century,” an exhibition co-organized by the National Portrait Gallery and the National Park Service, U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, was on view at Federal Hall National Historic Site, New York City. March 19-July 25 = Exhibition The Smithsonian American Art Museum’s Renwick Gallery hosted two spring exhibitions. “Dominic Di Mare: A Retrospective” featured the delicate but power- ful fiber sculptures by this California artist. The Renwick 142 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Gallery was the exclusive East Coast venue for the exhibi- tion. “Shaker: Furnishings for the Simple Life” examined the furniture and decorative arts from Mount Lebanon, the first and most prominent Shaker community. March 20 a Exhibition Organized by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage and the Smithsonian Institution Travel- ing Exhibition Service, the exhibition “Creativity and Resistance: The Maroon Cultures of the Americas” opened at the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Ten- nessee, and continues on a two-year tour. It focuses on the history and present-day cultures of the Ndjuka, Saramaka, and Aluku peoples of the Guianas; the Seminole Maroons of Texas and Mexico; and the Leeward and Windward Ma- roons of Jamaica. March 20, 21, and 28 = Artist demonstration Nigerian contemporary artist Sokari Douglas Camp demonstrated to teachers how to create sculptures from ordinary materials and spoke about her art in a public gallery discussion, both held at the National Museum of African Art. March 21-June 20 8 Exhibition “Sokari Douglas Camp: Church Ede, A Tribute to Her Father,” presented in the National Museum of African Art’s intimate Point of View Gallery, gave visitors the oppor- tunity to view the contemporary Nigerian artist’s monumental kinetic sculpture created as a tribute to her father. March 23 =" Award The Archives of American Art receives a gift of $50,000 in honor of Archives’ Trustee Barbara G. Fleis- chman from Agnes Gund, former president of the board of the Museum of Modern Art, New York. March 27 = Exhibition The SITES exhibition “Americanos: Latino Life in the United States” opened at the National Museum of American History. The exhibition is cosponsored with the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives. The bilin- gual exhibition, the brainchild of actor and activist Edward James Olmos, presents an intimate portrait of the Latino community through the work of prize- winning Latino photographers. The exhibition is the centerpiece of a larger educational effort that includes a Home Box Office documentary special, a Time Warner Music CD, and a book published by Little, Brown. “Amer- icanos,” a project of Olmos Productions, is made possible through the generous support of AOL Time Warner and US WEST. Additional support is provided by Farmers Insurance. March 27—October 10 8 Exhibition “Santo Pinhole: A Saint for Photography” showcase opened at the National Museum of American His- tory. This tribute to Ansel Adams by New Mexican Artist Elizabeth Kay. By depiciting Adams as a saint, or “santo” the artist challenges the viewer to examine the legacy of the photographer’s work on American art and culture. March 28 = Exhibition “Devi: The Great Goddess,” an exhibition of 120 works primarily from India, with a few examples from Nepal, China, and Pakistan, was on view in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery through September 6, 1999. The sculptures in bronze, stone, and terra cotta and paintings on paper, tex- tile, and board ranged in style over 2,000 years. On the opening day of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery exhibition, “Devi: The Great Goddess,” the Vedic chant ensemble of the Sri Siva Vishnu Temple, the devotional song ensemble of the Durga Temple and dancer Mallika Sarabhai performed throughout the day. Young people and their adult compan- ions joined in continuous sessions of the popular ImaginAsia program by visiting the exhibition and then creating a rice- flour diagram for the goddess. March 28—May 30 = Traveling exhibition “Philippe Halsman: A Retrospec- tive,” an exhibition organized by the National Portrait Gallery, was on view at the Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona, Tucson. March 29-April 18 = Exhibition, special event The National Music Museum af- filiate in Washington, D.C., celebrated the Duke Ellington anniversary by hosting SITES’ “Beyond Category” exhibition at Union Station and arranging a series of performances. April ® Acquisition Smithsonian Folkways Recordings acquired Monitor Recordings, comprised mostly of music from the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc, and other parts of Europe. Begun in 1956, Monitor has more than 250 folk and classi- cal music recordings in its catalogue. April ® Curriculum development The National Science Resources Center focussed much of its curriculum development efforts on the development of Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools (STC/MS), a comprehensive science and technology curriculum for grades 7 and 8. The four STC/MS modules under development—Human Body Systems, Properties of Matter, Catastrophic Events, and Energy, Machines, and Mo- tion—underwent field testing during this past year. Completion of the field testing during the spring semester Chronology 143 was a major milestone. Through direct interactions with the students and teachers, the NSRC curriculum developers ob- tained insights about students reaction to the module activities that were invaluable to the development process. By then meeting with advisory committees to review the feedback, the NSRC ensured that the recommended changes would also continue to comply with the National Science Education Standards. The developers continue to work with technical advisors to conduct final reviews of the lessons for scientific accuracy and pedagogical appropriateness as mod- ules are readied for commercial publication. April = Exhibition hibition that is part of the Latino Community Heritage Center, opened after long collaborations between the Latin American Youth Center, the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, and the Historical Society of Washington, D.C. “Nuestras Voces en Washington, D.C.,” an ex- April = New building Completion of Phase IV of the expansion of SERC's C.M. Mathias Laboratory building. April = Partnership The Smithsonian American Art Museum signed an agreement with the Principal Financial Group, headquartered in Des Moines, Iowa, for a National Visibility Partnership in conjunction with the museum’s upcoming tour called “Treasures to Go,” eight nationally circulating exhibitions based on the museum’s permanent collection. The $3.75 million will go toward producing a series of na- tional cable television specials, a syndicated program for broadcast on a network affiliate in each city visited by the tour, public relations, advertising, and media partnerships with national publications. The “Treasures to Go” tour be- gins January 7, 2000. April = Research Dr. Tim McCoy, Associate Curator in the De- partment of Mineral Sciences at the National Museum of Natural History, published findings from his research on the Martian meteorite Zagami. McCoy has been studying how lava flows on the surface of Mars by studying the meteorite. He has recognized that Zagami contains different layers that record a lava flow being emplaced on the surface of Mars and then fractionating during its long cooling history. The pres- ence of different rock layers in this rock, one of only 13 meteorites known to come from Mars, suggests that this may be a common process and future Mars explorers (robots and humans) might encounter such diversity. April = Research results SAO astronomers studying galaxies in their X-ray light find additional evidence supporting the theory that the centers of galaxies (including our own Milky Way) contain black holes with as much mass as a billion suns. April 2-August 22 a Exhibition “Picturing Old New England: Image and Memory,” a ground-breaking exhibition organized by the Smithsonian American Art Museum, grouped masterworks and images from popular culture to explore, for the first time, the ways in which New England was depicted in American art from 1865 to 1945, and how New England subjects addressed broader cultural currents in the country. April 5 ® Donation and award Announcement of a $2.5 million gift to found the Ikuo Hirayama Program for Conservation of Japanese Painting at the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Hirayama, president of the Japan Art Insti- tute, Tokyo, was also inducted into the Order of James Smithson for his contributions totaling $11 million to the Freer and Sackler galleries. April 5 = Easter Monday The National Zoo’s Easter Monday plan- ning committee again hosts a day of festive activities for a long-standing community gathering at the National Zoo. April 6-9 = Professional institute The Smithsonian Associates’ Na- tional Outreach program presented a World Affairs Institute for Indiana University entitled “Southeast Asia: Winds of Change.” Participants represented state leaders in education, business, politics, and economics. April 6, June 24-25, July 8-9 = Strategic planning meetings The Program for Asian Pacific American Studies organized three meetings involving Asian Pacific American scholars, civic leaders, and arts organiza- tions to inform the Program’s strategic planning process. April 8 = Agreement The Tropical Research Institute signed the Biological Prospecting Agreement with the Panamanian Authority for the Environment (ANAM) to initiate a pro- gram designed to link conservation of Panamanian biodiversity with bioprospecting for novel products for med- icine and agriculture, for five renewable years. Funding for the project was provided by the National Institutes of Health through the International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups program (ICBG). April 8 ® Leasing contract The Tropical Research Institute signed a five-year renewable contract with the Panamanian Authority 144 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 for the Interoceanic Region (ARI) for the lease of sites in Gamboa to develop a center for research and education, a laboratory and apartments for scientists, students, and visit- ing scholars. April 9 = Public program The National Museum of American His- tory’s Lemelson Center presents “From Sailboards to Windsurfing: Inventing a Sport,” an Innovative Lives pro- gram featuring Newman Darby, inventor of the sailboard. April 13 = Acquisition The National Postal Museum acquires the first adhesive postage stamp (1831 Greek 4o-lepta charity tax or postage issue due) on 1848 cover from Matthew Ben- nett Inc. April 16-September 6 8 Exhibition of Science in Eighteenth-Century America,” was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. Franklin and his fellow men of science shared their work with like-minded colleagues in “Franklin & His Friends: Portraying the Man America and Europe through correspondence, membership in philosophical societies, and commissioned portraits that featured the accoutrements of their avocations. This exhibi- tion examined the eighteenth-century fascination with science and the “man of science” as an ideal figure through portraits, botanical drawings, rare books, microscopes, tele- scopes, and electrical machines. April 19 = Exhibition The Iceman” opened at the National Museum of Natural The photographic exhibition “Frozen in Time: History. It tells the story of a 5,300-year-old mummy dis- covered frozen in an Alpine glacier and shows how scientists are reconstructing his way of life. April 19-23 = International conference The 1oth International Conference on Modern Trends in Activation Analysis, organized by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) and cosponsored by the Smithsonian Center for Materials Re- search and Education, was held in Bethesda on the campus of the National Institutes of Health. SCMRE and NIST are partners in a longtime collaborative program applying neu- tron activation analysis in archaeological research. April 19-May 28 " Training The Tropical Research Institute cosponsored a six-week intensive guide training course with the local tourism industry and the U.S. Agency for International De- velopment, in response to Panama’s Tourism, Conservation, and Research Action Plan, designed to develop a sustainable tourism in Panama. April 20 = Event The Annual Appreciation Reception for Visitor In- formation and Associates’ Reception Center’s Corps of Behind-the-Scenes Volunteers included remarks by Smith- sonian Secretary I. Michael Heyman. April 22 = Board of Trustees The Board of Trustees of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden held its second meeting of the year, welcoming J. Tomilson Hill of New York City, who was elected at the previous meeting. Two months later, John Pappajohn of Des Moines, lowa, was elected by mail ballot as the eleventh member of the board. Founded in 1971 with ro general members, the Hirshhorn Board, following con- gressional approval, was authorized by the Smithsonian Regents to begin a gradual expansion to 25 members. Also this year, the Board mourned the deaths of two longtime, dedicated members of the Board. Founder of Best Products, Sydney Lewis of Richmond, Virginia, served as Chairman from 1985 to 1991. Jerome Greene, an attorney and philan- thropist from New York City, served as Chairman from 1991 to 1997. Both gentlemen began their valued association with the Hirshhorn in the 1970s. April 23—September 6 = Exhibition The Smithsonian American Art Museum or- ganized a retrospective of Abbott Handerson Thayer's work to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the birth of this influ- ential Gilded Age artist. “Abbott Thayer: The Nature of Art” featured his portraits, ideal figures, landscapes, and studies of natural camouflage. The museum’s New Media staff and the exhibition curator created a virtual exhibition, available on the museum's Web site. Tipper Gore, wife of Vice President Al Gore, was the Honorary Patron for this exhibition. April 25 = Exhibition “Nainsukh: Painter from the Punjab Hills,” an exhibition of 31 paintings by an innovative eighteenth- century artist of northwestern India opened at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. April 26-30 = International workshop The second workshop as part of a Coordinated Research Project on “Nuclear Analytical Tech- niques in Archaeological Investigations” was held in Cuzco, Peru. Funded by the International Atomic Energy Agency and coordinated by the Smithsonian Center for Materials Re- search and Education, the workshop brought together teams of nuclear scientists and archaeologists from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Peru in a program to de- velop nuclear resources for archaeologists in Latin America. Workshop content and research guidance in problem design, analytical standardization, and data interpretation was pro- Chronology 145 vided by SCMRE faculty. A final meeting for SCMRE staff to review completed research and statistical presentation prior to technical publication of the workshop proceedings was scheduled for November 2000 in Chile. April 27 = Exhibition “The Huguenot Legacy: English Silver 1680-1760,” Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. April 29 = Public program The National Museum of American His- tory’s Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra presented a concert featuring Duke Ellington’s sacred music. April 30 = Exhibition “Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People,” a tempo- rary exhibition celebrating the 10,000-year-old culture of the indigenous people of Japan, opened at the National Mu- seum of Natural History. It included more than 200 objects, such as art, jewelry, and a full-size reproduction of a chisé, the home and center of Ainu life. April 30 = Programs To expand educational offerings for older audi- ences at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, a new series titled “Art Explorers Workshops for Adults” was launched with a tour and discussion focused on the function, history, and craftsmanship of frames. Education initiatives continued to expand in June with the start of daily summer tours of the Sculpture Garden and in September with the new monthly “Improv Art” drop-in activity room for families on Saturday mornings. Also in September the Hirshhorn’s well- regarded film series began its fall series with Two Minutes Silence, Please, a documentary from Holland. May =" Award Smithsonian Folkways Recordings’ The Harry Smith Connection received an INDIE award in the category of Americana Music. May =" Awards The Libraries Web page at www.sil.si.edu is home to “Library and Archival Exhibitions on the Web,” a site with links to approximately 600 on-line exhibitions cre- ated by or related to libraries, archives, and historical societies. The site, which is maintained by Diane Shaw of Li- braries staff, received four national awards and was named the USA Today Hot Site in June. May = Exhibition The National Postal Museum sends the travel- ing exhibit “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic” to the National Postal Forum, San Antonio, Texas, in conjunction with the American Postal Workers Union. May = Final design The final design drawing details and techni- cal specifications for the National Air and Space Museum’s Dulles Center were delivered by architects Hellmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum (HOK). Smithsonian and HOK staff con- tinue follow-on design tasks, such as donor recognition detailing and lighting design. May = Management excellence In anticipation of the renovation of the Old Patent Office Building, where the Archives was pre- viously located, and the Archives’ eventual relocation to permanent offices in the newly acquired Victor Building, the Archives of American Art moves into temporary offices in The Aerospace Center in Washington, D.C. May = New building Completion of SERC’s new Storage Building. May = New dock Completion and opening of SERC’s new dock on the Rhode River. May = Exhibition Official opening of the “Tales of the Blue Crab” traveling exhibition designed at SERC to provide school children scientific information on the morphology, life cycle, and habitat requirements of this important fishery species. The exhibition will tour regionally. May = New wing Featuring the state-of-the-art Samuel C. John- son Theater, the Atrium Café, and Museum Shops, the Discovery Center opened at the National Museum of Nat- ural History. The Theater is the only one in Washington, D.C., to show both 3-D and 2-D large-format films. May = Nomination Smithsonian Folkways Recordings’ Dock Boggs: His Folkways Years 1963-1968 was nominated for Historical Album at the INDIE awards in Atlanta. May = On-line publication The Archives of American Art makes available on its Web site “A Preliminary Guide to Resources on Asian American Artists at the Archives of American Art.” 146 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 May = Open house SERC’s annual open house for visits by citi- zens of the region. May = Publication Smithsonian Directive SD 600: Collections Management Policy was coordinated by the National Collec- tions Program, Smithsonian Institution Archives. May = Workshop Organized by the Vietnam Museum of Ethnol- ogy and sponsored by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, this second workshop taught methods of folklore photodocumentation and exhibition. May 1 = Exhibition ners of the annual Graceful Envelope Contest. The winning The National Postal Museum selects 75 win- entries are displayed at the museum. May 3 = Public program The Smithsonian Associates, in collabora- tion with the Kentucky Derby Museum, presented an amazing list of owners, trainers, and riders of past Derby winners in an evening of reminiscing about the world’s most famous horse race. May 7 “A Closer Look at Santos/Una Mirada mas Profunda a los Santos,” a small exhibit organized by the = Exhibition opening Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education, opened at the de Saisset Museum of Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California. The exhibit centered on the tech- nical examination of santos, polychrome wood objects of veneration, that represent a long and still very much alive tradition in Latino culture. This exhibit presented findings relating to artists’ materials and techniques on four histori- cal objects—two from the collections of the National Museum of American History and two from the de Saisset Museum. May 7 = Symposium “Pomo Indian Basket Makers: Past, Present and Future” at NMAI, George Gustav Heye Center, New York City explored a wide range of topics connected to Pomo basketry and basket making. May 8 = Acquisition concert The 17th anniversary of the monthly audio compilation magazine, “The Fast Folk Musical Maga- zine,” and the transfer of its master recordings, artwork, and other archival materials to Smithsonian Folkways were cele- brated with a concert at the Bottom Line in New York. May 8 ® Public program The Smithsonian Associates filled Baird Auditorium for a seminar that brought together one of the largest groups of former Presidential Press Secretaries ever assembled. May 9-August 15 a Exhibition “Pomo Indian Basket Weavers: Their Baskets and the Art Market,” consisting of 125 Pomo baskets and 100 historical photos, examined the effects of the art market upon the lives of 50 Pomo women, their families, commu- nities and basketry during the period of 1900 to 1915. Held at NMAI George Gustav Heye Center, New York City and organized by the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. May 13-14 = Public program The National Museum of American History presented “Disability and the Practice of Public His- tory,” an interdisciplinary conference for disability scholars, public history and museum professionals, exhibit developers and activists on integrating idea about people with disabili- ties into history content, beyond issues of access. May 14 = Exhibition “The Window Show,” Cooper-Hewitt, Na- tional Design Museum. May 16 = Community workshop This free, all-day workshop at the Lake Sonoma Visitor Center in Geyserville, California, was aimed at introducing Pomoan participants to the center and its willow patches and sedge beds, which are available for gathering by Pomoan basket makers. The community work- shop was cosponsored by the National Museum of the American Indian, the Dry Creek Rancheria, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. May 18 = Public program Artist Al Hirschfeld, at age 95, came to the Smithsonian to delight the audience in an Smithsonian Associates-sponsored interview with Frank Rich, former chief drama critic for the New York Times. May 20 = Exhibition The Archives of American Art opens the exhi- bition “Eyre de Lanux: Designs of a Muse” in the Gallery Space of the Archives’ New York Regional Center. Chronology 147 May 20 = Public program Panel discussion “Witness: Japanese and Jewish Americans in WWII.” May 20 = Public program The Smithsonian American Art Museum, as part of the “Third Thursday” evening hours program highlighting cultural events in the Seventh Street Arts Dis- trict, hosted a poetry reading of new work inspired by the museum’s exhibition “Picturing Old New England: Image and Memory” by 10 area poets. May 21 = Lecture Charles Brownell delivered the 1999 Dibner Li- brary Lecture. His slide presentation, “Horrors! Changing Perspectives of American Victorian Homes,” featured classic Victorian residential architecture and what it symbolized in literature, film, and popular culture, and entertained an ap- preciative audience of curators, historians, architectural students, and Victorian hobbiests. The lecture was supported by The Dibner Fund. May 22—November 30 = Exhibition “From Bento to Mixed Plate: Americans of Japanese Ancestry in Multicultural Hawaii”"—The Program for Asian Pacific American Studies hosted this traveling ex- hibition from the Japanese American National Museum in the Arts and Industries Building. More than 100 volunteers worked more than 1,400 hours as gallery guides for the exhi- bition. More than 700 people participated in related public programs, including demonstrations of raku pottery, origami, and traditional Hawaiian crafts. May 23-January 9 = Exhibition “Pueblo Portraits: 50 Years at Laguna Pueblo”—An exhibition of 40 black-and-white photographs that chronicle photographer Lee Marmon’s diverse career that has spanned over half a century. The photos present an intimate and personal view of Marmon’s pueblo community in northern New Mexico. May 24 = Public program The Smithsonian Associates’ collabora- tions with Smithsonian museums on cultural and educational programs highlighted the extraordinary Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals, NMNH, and presented curator Jeffrey Post to an overflow audience. May 25 = Management excellence The Board of Trustees of the Archives of American Art meets at the National Academy of Design in New York City. May 25 The Board of Trustees of the Archives of American Art elects as President of the Board Barbara Fleischman, widow of Lawrence Fleischman, one of the founders of the Archives in 1954. = Management excellence May 27 “Brice Marden, Work of the r99os: Paintings, Drawings, and Prints,” an exhibition highlighting a decade of increasingly animated and colorful abstractions by this widely respected American painter (b. 1938), opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar- den, continuing through September 6. Organizing curator Charles Wylie of the Dallas Museum of Art, where the show originated, delivered a slide-illustrated lecture probing Mar- den’s response to Chinese calligraphy, the light and mythology of Mediterranean culture, and the dynamic power = Exhibition and programs of line pioneered by such earlier artists as Abstract Expres- sionist Jackson Pollock, with whom he is often compared. For its East Coast premiere at the Hirshhorn, the exhibition, which traveled subsequently to the Miami Art Museum and the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, generated gallery presentations, documentary films, and a children’s workshop called “What's My Line?” May 27 8 Exhibition Exhibition on Margaret Mee opens in Amazo- nia Science Gallery at the National Zoo. Sir Ghillean Prance, director of Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, presents lecture, “An Intricate Dependency: Animals and Plants in the Ama- zonian Ecosystem,” to NZP audience. May 28 8 Exhibition The Star-Spangled Banner conservation labo- ratory and exhibition opens at National Museum of American History. “Preserving the Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem” provides a look at the conservation process and story of the flag. Visi- tors will be able to follow the progress of the historic conservation of the Star-Spangled Banner. For much of the three-year preservation project, the public will be able to see the banner housed inside its glass-and-chrome conservation laboratory through floor-to-ceiling windows. The cus- tomized laboratory will provide the public with its closest look at the flag. May 28—August = Exhibition The traveling exhibition, “Margaret Mee: Re- turn to the Amazon,” co-organized by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Houston Museum of Natural Science, opened at the National Museum of Natural History. It docu- mented the life and work of Margaret Mee (1909-1988), and bridged the worlds of art and natural science while con- fronting the global issues of rainforest destruction and 148 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 preservation. The exhibition was further supplemented by a lecture organized by the Department of Botany with Sir Ghillean Prance, Director of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. June a Award The Archives of American Art submits final re- port of the Latino Pool Allocation Fund for FY 1999, detailing the completion of the Puerto Rican Art Documen- tation Project, as well as the completion of the processing of papers and oral history interviews for a Chicano art docu- mentation project in San Francisco and Los Angeles. June = Discovery decks During fiscal year 1999 the National Sci- ence Resources Center completed the development and publication of its elementary curriculum, Science and Tech- nology for Children (STC), by publishing the last Discovery Decks. Discovery Decks are sets of imaginatively illustrated resource cards that expand on the major topics of the fourth- through sixth-grade STC units. Each Discovery Deck in- cludes about 30 cards that focus on a set of closely related topics and that provide historical accounts of scientific dis- coveries, interviews with scientists, and investigations students can do themselves. Discovery Decks are now in- cluded in all STC kits for grades 4 through 6. The publication of the final four Discovery Decks—Motion and Design, Animal Studies, The Technology of Paper, and Ecosystems—showcases some special partnerships that the NSRC established during their development. For example, the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry supported the development of The Technology of Paper Dis- covery Deck. The completion of these Discovery Decks brought to a close the NSRC’s STC elementary curriculum project. June = Exhibition The National Postal Museum installs “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic” in the Postmaster’s Gallery, The Aus- tralia Post, Melbourne, Australia. June = Exhibition Two temporary exhibits were added to the Na- tional Air and Space Museum’s Space Race gallery. “The Soviet Challenge in Space: Illustrating the Threat” is a dis- play of 12 paintings created for the Defense Intelligence Agency to illustrate Soviet weapons systems and advanced technology during the Cold War. The other exhibit is on the Faint Object Spectrograph from the Hubble Space Telescope. June = Rare book purchased Guido Guidi’s Chirurgia P Graeco in Latinum Conversa (Paris, 1644) was purchased by the Smith- sonian Libraries with funds provided by the Smithsonian National Board Annual Giving Fund and the Office of the Provost. This exquisitely illustrated, very rare folio has vi- sual and descriptive text valuable to the study of the early medical arts. June and September = Archives acquisitions The National Museum of African Art’s Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives acquired three important collections: The Kyriazis Photographic Collection of images of activities and places in Ethiopia taken from 1950-1970, The Robert and Nancy Nooter Ethiopian Col- lection of images of activities and places in Ethiopia taken in 1988, and The Leon de Sousberghe Collection of images of the Pende peoples in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, taken in 1955-1957. June-December = Conservation Four large cast concrete screens by Nigerian artist Adebesi Akanj, donated to the National Museum of African Art in 1994 by Mr. and Mrs. Waldemar A. Nielsen, were restored by the museum’s conservation department. The screens will be featured in an exhibition on several artists from the important Oshogbo art movement in south- western Nigeria. June 2 = Panda illness The National Zoo's giant panda, Hsing- Hsing, experienced a severe deterioration in his health. He develops kidney dysfunction in June. June 3 = Summer program “Latin Music on the Plaza,” a 12-week evening concert series presented outdoors by the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, was launched with contemporary music inspired by Latin American poetry. The free series, a central component of the Hirshhorn’s programming to accompany extended Thursday hours for the Smithsonian’s “Art Night on the Mall,” continued with a variety of Caribbean and Central and South Ameri- can musical performances that attracted an estimated 8,300 visitors to the Plaza. Meanwhile, a program of inde- pendent films and gallery talks by artists and curators brought these visitors inside the museum to explore exhibitions. June 3—September 2 = Summer hours The National Museum of African Art’s ex- tended summer hours drew hundreds of visitors on Thursday nights as part of Art Night on the Mall. Youngsters made colorful hats and then showed them off as they paraded to the exhibition “Hats Off!: A Salute to African Headwear,” while art lovers had the opportunity to talk with South African artist Rudzani Nemasetoni. In addition, the mu- Chronology 149 seum’s entrance pavilion filled with the sounds of musicians from Cameroon and South Africa. June 5 = Exhibition Three paintings depicting heroic winged fig- ures by the American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer (1849-1921) were on view in “Thayer's Winged Figures” at the Freer Gallery of Art through February 19, 2000. June 8-14 = Study tour Smithsonian Study Tours, a division of The Smithsonian Associates, offered a first-time program featur- ing gala performances and special behind-the-scenes tours at the Spoleto, USA Festival in Charleston, South Carolina. June 10-11 = Meeting The International Cooperative Biodiversity Group held its first annual meeting on the Ecologically Guided Bio- prospecting Project in Panama at the Earl S. Tupper Research and Conference Center, Barro Colorado Island, the University of Panama, and Gorgas Memorial Laboratories. June 14 = Management excellence The Archives of American Art ap- points Nora Maroulis as its first Assistant Director, Membership and Development. June 18 = Public program Reception and screening of documentary film “Rabbit in the Moon” about internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Cosponsored by Freer/ Sackler and National Asian American Telecommunication Association (NAATA). June 18 " Transfer The National Postal Museum receives two gold USS. postal inspector badges from the U.S. Postal Inspection Service. June 18-January 9 = Exhibition “Picturing Hemingway: A Writer in His Time” was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. Hem- ingway has been called the single most influential American writer of the twentieth century, and in his own day he achieved an unmatched literary and popular celebrity. This exhibition marks the rooth anniversary of his birth with photographs, paintings, letters, first editions, manuscripts, and personal memorabilia. June 19-September 7 " Traveling exhibition “Faces of TIME: Seventy-five Years of TIME Magazine Cover Portraits,” organized by the National Portrait Gallery, was on view at the Jimmy Carter Presiden- tial Library in Atlanta, Georgia. June 20-September 26 = Exhibition The National Museum of African Art’s Sylvia H. Williams Gallery was the location of “Claiming Art/ Reclaiming Space: Post-Apartheid Art from South Africa.” The exhibition included a 23-foot-long collage, as well as paintings, prints, multimedia assemblages, videotapes, and an interactive artist’s book. A South African film series that accompanied the exhibition attracted standing-room-only audiences. June 22-September 5 ® Traveling exhibition “Andy Warhol’s Flash—November 22, 1963,” an exhibition organized by the National Portrait Gallery, was on view at the Delaware Art Museum. June 23 = Opening ceremony ‘The Smithsonian Folklife Festival, pro- duced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, opened with distinguished speakers representing the three major programs, including Governor Shaheen of New Hampshire; Honorable James Rosapepe, U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Romania; and Her Excellency Sheila Sisulu, U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of South Africa. June 23-27 = Seminar The Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage held its sixth annual seminar for teachers, “Bringing Folklife into the Classroom.” The teacher seminar drew upon the Smithsonian Folklife Festival as a “living laboratory” for us- ing multicultural resources and folklife techniques in the K-12 classroom. June 23-27, June 30-July 4 = Exhibition The Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage produced the 33rd annual Smithsonian Folklife Festival fea- turing programs on New Hampshire, Romania, and South Africa. June 23-27, June 30-July 4 ® Folklife Festival The Office of Public Affairs developed a local and national publicity campaign for the 33rd annual Smithsonian Folklife Festival, which featured three differ- ent programs—"Celebrating New Hampshire’s Stories,” “Gateways to Romania,” and “South Africa: Crafting the Economic Renaissance of the Rainbow Nation.” Media coverage included network and local morning shows, a number of articles in the Washington Post, and coverage in the New York Times, USA Today, and Washingtonian magazine. 150 June 24 = Concert The Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage held the fifth annual Friends of the Festival Ralph Rinzler Memorial Concert, featuring two bands from recent immi- grant groups. The Yuri Yanakov Band performs music from Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia, and Ensemble Tereza presented Mountain Jewish music. June 24 8 Exhibition The SITES exhibition “This Land is Your Land: The Life and Legacy of Woody Guthrie,” the first comprehensive exhibition about the revered musician and artist, opened to stellar reviews at the Autry Museum of Western Heritage in Los Angeles. June 24 The Office of Contracting negotiated an agreement with The John Akridge Company to purchase the Victor Building at 9th and H Streets, NW. = Purchase agreement June 25 = Publication Conrad Labandeira and Peter Wilf of the National Museum of Natural History's Paleobiology Department authored a report “Response of Plant-Insect Associations to Paleocene-Eocene Warming” that appeared in the journal Science. They studied insect damage on fossil plants during a time that is associated with the greatest rise in global temperatures during the past 65 million years. Their research demonstrated that insect herbivores re- sponded by increased levels of herbivory and in the variety of damage types on host-plant species. June 25-July 3 = Panda acquisition discussions A National Zoo team visits China to discuss the possibility of acquiring pandas. June 27-30 = Conference The Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage cohosted with UNESCO a working conference, “A Global Assessment of the 1989 Recommendation on the Safeguard- ing of Traditional Culture and Folklore: Local Empowerment and International Cooperation.” The conference brought to- gether international scholars and institutional directors from 24 nations who have participated in regional UNESCO con- ferences leading up to this meeting. June 28-July 3 = Conference The 1999 meeting of the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections (SPNHC) took place at the Smithsonian Institution. The conference was cosponsored by two Smithsonian units with an active inter- est in the area of preservation of science collections, the Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education and the National Museum of Natural History, and attracted around 200 attendees from all over the United States and Canada. The program included scientific sessions in the Rip- ley auditorium, field trips to various Smithsonian sites, and workshops on particular subjects of practical interest. June 28-August 9 8 International training course “Preservation for Paper-based Collections,” a six-week international course, was organized and hosted by the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education in collaboration with the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) in Rome. ICCROM is an intergovern- mental organization with 92 member states, of which the United States is one. Thirteen professionals, including con- servators, librarians, archivists, and curators, from Australia, Brazil, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Mongolia, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Solomon Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe, participated in this event, a first in the United States. The curriculum materials for this course, which is a direct extension of other SCMRE educa- tional programs in the area of paper-based research collection preservation, are all Web based. June 29 = Exhibition “El Nuevo Mundo/The New World: The Landscape of Latino LA,” Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. June 29 = Exhibition “Under the Sun: An Outdoor Exhibition of Light,” Enid Haupt Garden, Smithsonian Mall, Washington, D.C., Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. June 30-July 2 = Workshop The Tropical Research Institute’s FACE (Free Atmosphere Carbon Enhancement) Ring Project held a workshop to review the progress of the prototype project, reach a consensus on the scientific direction of the Panama FACE site, and elaborate a funding strategy. The project was officially inaugurated during the workshop with the atten- dance of Panamanian, U.S., and Canadian officials and representatives from the agencies and corporations involved. July = Award Dr. Caroline Jones, assistant professor of contem- porary art and criticism at Boston University, has been awarded the Smithsonian American Art Museum's 1999 Charles C. Eldredge Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in American Art for her book Machine in the Studio: Constructing the Postwar American Artist (University of Chicago Press, 1997). i a Chronology 151 July = Conference paper Pamela Henson, Institutional History Division, Smithsonian Institution Archives, presented a pa- per on “Invading Arcadia: Smithsonian Women Scientists in Latin America, 1900-1950” at the biennial meeting of the International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology (Oaxaca, Mexico). July = Landmark mission cessfully launched. The Chandra X-ray Observatory is suc- July = Latino resident Mario Ascensio began his one-year profes- sional residency, supported by the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives. Acensio, who received his Master of Li- brary and Information Science degree from University of California Los Angeles, was based in the National Museum of American History Library and rotated through several of the other Libraries’ units. July = Society established The Smithsonian Libraries and its Board created the Spencer Baird Society. Named for the Smithsonian’s second Secretary, this annual giving and pre- miere donor-recognition society recognizes individuals who provide significant philanthropic support for top priority projects of the Libraries. July = Publication Advice entitled “SI Archives Information on E-mail & Official Records” for SI staff about managing their e-mail stored in GroupWise during planned migration to Group Wise 5.5 was placed on PRISM. July = Exhibit Moon landing in July, a visitor-operated video camera was placed in the National Air and Space Museum’s lunar mod- ule so that visitors could look around inside the craft. In time for the anniversary of the Apollo 11 July 1 " Publication Thirty-eight additional pages were distrib- uted to holders of the Smithsonian Design Guidelines, which govern use of the new logo system in the Institution’s visual identity program, initiated in 1998. July 1-29 " Public program The National Portrait Gallery presented “The Roots of Rock and Roll,” a series of lunchtime and evening concerts, each Thursday. The series examined the roots of a phenomenon that profoundly changed popular music, and looked at the major influences on and contribu- tors to the beginnings of rock and roll, such as rhythm and blues, rockabilly, the Latin link, doo-wop, and the soul sound. Funding for the courtyard concerts was provided by The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation with in-kind support from the Henley Park Hotel. July 1-December 1 = Traveling exhibition “George C. Marshall: Soldier of Peace,” an exhibition organized by the National Portrait Gallery was on view at the Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri. July 2 = Concert The Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, in collaboration with the National Museum of American His- tory’s Encuentros program, produced a conjunto concert and dance party to mark the release of the Smithsonian Folkways recording, Taquachito Nights: Conjunto Music from South Texas, produced in partnership with the Narciso Martinez Cultural Arts Center of San Benito, Texas. July 2-January 9 ® Exhibition “Unauthorized Portraits: The Drawings of Ed- ward Sorel” was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. The exhibition was the first museum exhibition of the work of this renowned satirist. It featured original drawings from the 1960s to the present day, as well as some of the maga- zines in which his cartoons and illustrations appeared. July 8 = American Prairie opens A pair of bison calves, prairie dogs, 110 species of living plants, and more than 400 interpretive graphics depict the biological complexity of the American plains. American Prairie is the focal point of the National Zoo's renovation of its central plaza. July 9 = Symposium tions Symposium was held at the Earl S. Tupper Research and Conference Center. Staff scientists, fellows, and visitors contributed with 21 presentations. Tropical Research Institute's in-house Interac- July 9-20 = Study tour Smithsonian Associates, launched its first European study tour for families. Forty-one Associates, including grandpar- ents, parents, and grandchildren, explored life in an Italian hill tour on the “Tuscany for Families” study tour. Smithsonian Study Tours, a division of The July 13 = Event Admiral Donald D. Engen, director of the Na- tional Air and Space Museum since July 1, 1996, was killed in a motorized glider accident. 152 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 July 15 a Exhibition “Directions—Sam Taylor-Wood,” the first solo show in an American museum for this young British artist (b. 1967), opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden with a slide-illustrated talk by the artist in the mu- seum’s Ring Auditorium. Taylor-Wood is part of a new generation of artists in Great Britain who have gained wide recognition. The exhibition featured one of her newest video installations, No/z Me Tangere, in which the projected image of a muscular, Atlas-like figure strains to hold up the ceil- ing, evoking a Colossus, or load-bearing figure, from ancient architecture. Associate Curator Olga M. Viso organized the exhibition, which was generously supported by the Elizabeth Firestone-Graham Foundation and Lannan Foundation, with projection equipment and technical assistance supplied by BARCO Projection Systems. July 16 = Exhibition “Modern Uses of Gold” opens at the National Postal Museum. July 18-23, July 25-30 = National meetings As part of its Leadership and Assis- tance for Science Education Reform (LASER) initiative, the National Science Resources Center offers a national Strate- gic Planning Institute each year at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The LASER initiative is designed to reach school districts through eight regional partnerships involving universities, corporations, state de- partments of education, and the National Science Foundation Systemic Initiative Projects. LASER programs encourage districts to address the National Science Educa- tion Standards, as well as state and local standards in developing science education reform strategies. A six-day LASER event, called a Strategic Planning Institute, consists of interactive workshops and discussions during which lead- ership teams develop five-year strategic plans to reform K- 8 science education in their districts. These national insti- tutes bring faculty from across the nation to share best practices, as well as offering an opportunity for companies and organizations that want to initiate reform to learn about effective practices. During the summer of 1999, LASER presented two national Strategic Planning Institutes during two consecutive weeks. Thirty teams participated in these two institutes, including one team from Sweden. These in- stitutes were held in conjunction with a special exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution—the Microbes exhibit, spon- sored by Pfizer, which provided partial support for the NSRC institutes. July 18-October 17 = Exhibition The National Museum of African Art pre- sented “Hats Off: A Salute to African Headwear,” a Point of View Gallery exhibition featuring the innumerable types of headwear worn by African peoples. July 19 = Staff appointment Beverly With was appointed head of the development office of the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery | July 22 8 Special event The B&O Railroad Museum (Baltimore, Maryland) implemented its affiliation in a press event with Secretary I. Michael Heyman. A artifact from a B&O Rail- road caboose—on loan from the National Museum of American History—was unveiled as part of the event. July 23—October 10 ® Traveling exhibition “Philippe Halsman: A Retrospec- tive,” an exhibition organized by the National Portrait Gallery, was on view at the Grand Rapids Art Museum, Michigan. July 24 = Public program An all-day seminar, “A Virtual Climb of Mount Everest,” produced by The Smithsonian Associates, featured the extraordinary adventurers of sherpa Norbu Ten- zing, son of legendary climber Tenzing Norgay, geologist Roger Bilham, anthropologist James Fisher, high-altitude physiologist Peter Hackett, historian Stephen Venables, and climber Robert Anderson. July 27 = Agreement The Tropical Research Institute signed a five- year renewable agreement for scientific and academic collaboration with the City of Knowledge Foundation, to contribute to the diffusion of publications and reports result- ing from joint scientific research and educational programs. July 28 = Publication The Office of Public Affairs issued a newly updated brochure, “Smithsonian Access,” a guide for dis- abled visitors. Distribution by the Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center at museum information desks and by mail began immediately. July 29-December 5 = Exhibition “Photographing History: Fred J. Maroon and the Nixon Years, 1970-1974” at the National Museum of American History. An intimate and dramatic view of the Nixon presidency through the lens of Fred J. Maroon, a dis- tinguished Washington photographer. His pictures, many of which have never been exhibited before, capture a turning point in American political life. August s Award Ella Jenkins, Smithsonian Folkways Recording artist and advisory council member, was selected as a recipi- Chronology 153 ent of the 1999 ASCAP Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award. The award is a tribute to veteran music creators who, over the years, have made significant contributions to the nation’s music culture, and Ella was the first recipient in the field of children’s music, as well as the first woman honoree. August The Office of Contracting awarded a construction contract to Twin Towers Enterprises for the = Construction contract fourth floor renovations and windows replacement at the Carnegie Mansion and Miller Fox Townhouse of the Cooper- Hewitt, National Design Museum. August = Donation cant donation from Mrs. Gail D. Kaufmann of 11 rare volumes, dating from 1585 to 1843 and relating to medi- cine. Collected by her physician parents in Czechoslovakia, the volumes have been added to the research collections of the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. The Smithsonian Libraries received a signifi- August = Index available on-line The Libraries completed a multi- year project funded by the Getty Grant Program, creating approximately 25,000 on-line bibliographic records relating to the literature of African art and culture. Museum of African Art Branch librarian Janet Stanley, author of the bib- liographic index and principal investigator for the grant, began to compile the information in 1979 and she will con- tinue adding records as new literature on African art is published. Since these records of the African Art biblio- graphic index have been available with the Libraries’ catalog on SIRIS (www-siris.si.edu), reference and interlibrary loan inquiries to the African Art Branch library have more than tripled. August " Contract The National Postal Museum signs a contract with Gallery Systems, Incorporated, of New York for a new automated collections information system, The Museum Sys- tem (TMS). August "= Scientist appointment Dr. Ilka Feller is hired as SERC Staff Scientist and Principal Investigator in terrestrial animal ecology with emphasis on insect-plant interactions. August 1 ® Educational outreach The Smithsonian American Art Mu- seum forms a museum-school partnership with Mosby Woods Elementary School, which was awarded a NEA grant to develop a model program for Fairfax County. August 1 = Exhibition The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery opened an ex- hibition, titled “Yoshida Hiroshi: Japanese Prints of India and Southeast Asia.” The 32 woodblock prints on display, created by a prominent Japanese painter and print artist were based on his travels in 1930. August 6 The Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery announce a major upcom- ing renovation of the Old Patent Office Building, the historic home for both museums. The building will be closed during the renovation, which is expected to take three years. = Announcement August 7 = Public program The National Museum of American His- tory’s Lemelson Center celebrates National Inventors Month with a full day of free workshops, demonstrations, and ac- tivites on playful inventions for all ages. August 9-13 = Professional education course “Wood Anatomy and Identifi- cation,” a course designed and hosted by the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education, was given for the first time as part of the series offered by the laboratory’s optical microscopy program. Nine museum professionals at- tended this practical workshop. August 12 ® Professional institute The Smithsonian Associates pre- sented the first of its quarterly Creativity Institutes for Lockheed Martin Leadership Institutes, which will reach ap- proximately 100 top Lockheed Martin executives annually. August 13—November 14 = Traveling exhibition “Teddy Roosevelt: Icon of the Ameri- can Century,” an exhibition co-organized by the National Portrait Gallery and the National Park Service, U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, was on view at Hillwood Art Museum, Long Island, New York. August 23-27 = Science faculty workshop As part of the ongoing collabora- tion between the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education and Santa Clara University, the workshop “Chemical Characterization of Archaeological Materials: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Variability” was held at the university. Organized and taught by SCMRE faculty, and based on the experience and expertise gained in the context of research at SCMRE, this workshop focused on the scien- tific analysis of archaeological materials, especially ceramics. 154 A multi-disciplinary audience of university faculty, includ- ing chemists, biologists, archaeologists, and anthropologists, attended this workshop. August 25 Are Years What? (for Marianne Moore), 1967, a monumental steel sculpture by the American artist Mark di @ Acquisition Suvero (b. 1933), was installed as a new acquisition in the street-level section of the Hirshhorn Museum’s Sculpture Garden along Jefferson Drive. The dynamic 40-foot-high composition of bright-red I-beams fusing industrial engi- neering, abstract art, and pure lyricism takes its title from a poem by the American writer Marianne Moore (1887-1972). Considered one of the artist’s greatest works, it was acquired in part through the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Purchase Fund and in part as a gift from the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries. Are Years What? affirms the au- thority of the Hirshhorn’s collection of monumental contemporary sculpture. August 28 # Event The Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center hosted a pre-La Cumbre trade show breakfast for na- tional tour operators with the Washington, D.C. Convention and Visitor Association. September = Exhibition The gondola of Breitling Orbiter 3, which completed the first non-stop balloon flight around the world, went on display in the National Air and Space Mu- seum’s Milestones of Flight gallery. September = Exhibition “Posted Aboard the RMS Titanic” opens at the National Postal Museum. September = Lecture series A 1O-part evening lecture series entitled “An Ecological History of the Chesapeake Bay” began at SERC's Philip D. Reed Education Center. September = Publication Information was provided and reviewed by Frank Millikan and Marc Rothenberg of the Joseph Henry, Papers Project, Smithsonian Institution Archives, for a fea- tured article about Joseph Henry, which appeared in the syndicated Mini Page. September = Publication The report “Smithsonian Institution Archives Appraisal Methodology” was written by the Records Man- Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 agement Team, Archives Division, Smithsonian Institution Archives. September ® Publicity campaign The Office of Public Affairs’ publicity campaign for Hispanic Heritage Month included news re- leases, radio advertisements on Spanish-language stations, and ads in local Spanish-language newspapers. September 8 Radio advertising campaign Beginning this month and continuing for six months, the Office of Public Affairs bought commercial time on WTOP radio, the dominant news-talk station in the Washington, D.C., area, to run ad- vertisements called “Inside the Smithsonian.” They were broadcast every Friday morning during drive time and fea- tured information for area residents on everything from what's new at the museums to the latest artifact acquisition. September a Research vesult SAO scientists aid in the discovery of three new moons around Uranus. September ® Scientist appointment Dr. Peter Marra is hired as SERC Staff Scientist and Principal Investigator in terrestrial animal ecology with emphasis on avian ecology. September 4 = Exhibition The SITES exhibition “Women of Taste: A Collaboration Celebrating Quilt Artists and Chefs” pre- miered at Silver Dollar City in Branson, Missouri. The two exhibitions, each of 50 dynamic culinary quilts, was the re- sult of pairing women chefs and quilters together. September 10 = Donation The Paul Singer Collection, more than 5,000 objects of which a majority are from ancient China, was given to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery jointly by The Arthur M. Sackler Foundation; Paul Singer; the AMS Foun- dation for Arts, Sciences and Humanities; and the children of Arthur M. Sackler. This represented the largest acquisi- tion of Chinese art the Sackler Gallery has received since it opened in 1997. September 10 = Staff appointment Kenneth J. Myers, a specialist in nine- teenth- and twentieth-century American painting and photography joined the staff of the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery as assistant curator of American art. | Chronology 155 September 10 = Student workshop In conjunction with the exhibition and in collaboration with the Museum Studies department and students of the Duke Ellington School of the Arts, D.C. Public Schools, the National Portrait Gallery offered “Paul Robeson: Artist and Citizen” an interactive, fun workshop for students that combined art activities and learning about the life and career of Paul Robeson. September 12 = Exhibition The National Museum of African Art opened a major exhibition “Wrapped in Pride: Ghanaian Kente and African American Identity,” a unique collaboration between the National Museum of African Art and the Anacostia Mu- seum and Center for African American History and Culture. The two-sited exhibition offered visitors not only a glimpse into the history and meaning of the colorful African textile, but provided both programming and interactive activities that engaged diverse audiences. School groups and teachers from hundreds of schools took advantage of related program- ming including exhibition tours, weaving demonstrations by master weavers from Ghana, and teacher workshops. September 12 = Print advertising The Office of Public Affairs bought two half-page ads in the Washington Post's autumn preview sec- tion to advertise exhibitions and programs available to Smithsonian museum visitors. September 13 = Appointment The Tropical Research Institute appointed I. Fang Sun, professor at Tunghai University in Taichung, Tai- wan, as Asia Program Coordinator for the Center for Tropical Forest Science. September 13 The Office of Public Affairs handled the public announcement and publicity when the Board of Regents named Lawrence M. Small as the new Smithsonian Secretary. The Secretary-designate’s biography and other ma- terials were available to staff, the public, and the press at the event in the Enid A. Haupt Garden. = Press announcement September 15 = Publication Hawai'i has more endangered and threatened plants than any other state in the United States (263/699 taxa or 38 percent U.S. listed vascular plants). Because of the mag- nitude of the conservation problems in the Hawaiian Islands, it is vital that biologists, conservationists, and land managers have the most up-to-date information possible. To meet this need the Pacific Islands Program in the Department of Botany at the National Museum of Natural History, led by Warren L. Wagner, produces periodic assessments of Hawaiian vascular plant species at risk. To date, assessments have been published in 1990 and 1999. These assessments encourage the survey, conservation, and management of the dwindling and degrad- ing natural habitat throughout the state. September 15—October 15 = Outreach As part of the Smithsonian’s Hispanic Heritage Month activities, the Archives of American Art presents a special Web site location to announce the recent acquisition of the papers of curator and art historian Giulio V. Blanc and other Archives’ Latino initiatives. September 16-30 8 Public program The National Portrait Gallery participated in the Hispanic Heritage Month with the Latino Festival of a series of feature films, shorts, and documentaries presented in celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month. Included were a mix of U.S.-made films currently on the independent film festival circuit and classics such as Sa/t of the Earth. Latin Festival activities were made possible by the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives. September 17-18 = Public program The Smithsonian Associates celebrated the 224th year of the U.S. Marine Corps in a weekend seminar that presented active and former Marines, including Com- mandant James L. Jones, Art Buchwald, Mark Russell, Jim Lehrer, and William Styron. September 18 = Family day The National Museum of African Art hosted a family day on the arts and culture of Ghana with food, mu- sic, song, a dance procession, games, demonstrations, and storytelling. September 18 = Public program The National Museum of American His- tory celebrates “Star-Spangled Family Day” as part of its OurStory program. Children’s author Steven Kroll read from his book, By the Dawn's Early Light: The Story of the Star- Spangled Banner. The Fort McHenry Color Guard raised a smaller reproduction of the Star-Spangled Banner. Visitors met museum historians and conservators, and activities throughout the museum included living history presenta- tions, arts and crafts, and musical performers. September 20 = Public program The National Portrait Gallery participated in the Hispanic Heritage Month with the Latino Festival presentation of “The Afro-Latino Presence in American Lit- erature.” This panel of three critically acclaimed Afro-Latino authors examined the Afro-Latino experience. Panelists in- cluded Piri Thomas, author of Down These Mean Streets; Janot 156 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Diaz, author of Drown; and Loida Maritza Pérez, author of April 3, 2001. Cosponsored with the Hispanic Heritage Month Planning Committee. September 22 = Award The Archives of American Art receives a gift from the Gerta Charitable Trust for the processing and microfilm- ing of the papers of Marcel Breuer, noted twentieth-century architect and designer. September 24 ® Award Japanese art historian Toshie Kihara, an official of Japan’s Agency for Cultural Affairs, received the Shimada Prize for distinguished scholarship in the history of East Asian art. The prize, which includes $10,000, is presented biennially by the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies in Kyoto, Japan. September 24-30 = Exhibition “Glass! Glorious Glass!” was on view at the Smithsonian American Art Museum’s Renwick Gallery. This exhibition, which explored the variety of work being created with glass, is the first in a series that focuses on a specific medium in the expanding craft collection of the museum. September 24-January 2 = Exhibition Washington, African American Daguerreotypist” was on “A Durable Memento: Portraits by Augustus view at the National Portrait Gallery. This was the first ma- jor exhibition of daguerreotype portraits by Augustus Washington, one of America’s earliest and most important black photographers. The show included 33 daguerreotypes from two distinct periods in Washington's career: his tenure as one of the principal daguerreotypists in Hartford, Con- necticut (1846-1853) and the early years of his residency in Liberia where he settled in 1853. September 25 = Exhibition The National Air and Space Museum exhibi- tion “Star Wars: The Magic of Myth” opened at the San Diego Museum of Art, the first venue on the SITES two-year tour. Showcasing models, costumes, props, and original art- work from the archives of Lucasfilm, Ltd., the exhibition traces the Star Wars film trilogy and how it presents Luke Skywalker as an archetypical hero. September 25 8 Exhibition The SITES exhibition “Serving Home and Community: Women of Southern Appalachia” premiered at Ohio University at Zanesville. Documentary photographer Barbara Beirne traveled to Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and West Virginia, photographing and interviewing many of the remarkable women that call this region home. September 26 = Festival The National Zoo’s Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal hosts its Autumn Conservation Festi- val, a one-day event that opens the facility to the public. September 28 = Ground breaking Working with the National Museum of the American Indian, the Office of Public Affairs played a leading role in the publicity campaign that surrounded the museum’s ground breaking at the last site on the National Mall. September 30 = Major gift Paul Peck of McLean, Virginia, gave the Na- tional Portrait Gallery $2 million to promote understanding of the American presidency, the largest individual gift in the museum’s history. The gift will endow the Paul Peck Fund for Presidential Studies, and support publications, acquisi- tions, public programs, media outreach, and the Web site. In honor of Mr. Peck’s gift, a space will bear his name when the museum reopens. The gift inaugurated a major fund-raising drive at the Gallery. September 30 = Publication The Office of Public Affairs issued its newly updated brochure “Exploring African American Heritage at the Smithsonian,” which provides detailed information to visitors interested in African American—related exhibitions and programs at the Institution. Distribution by the Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center at museum in- formation desks and by mail began immediately. The brochure was supported by a grant from the Educational Outreach Fund administered by the Smithsonian Office of Education. SSS See Academic, Research Training, and Internship Appointments The first section lists recipients of fellowships and other ap- pointments awarded to scholars and advanced students under the auspices of the Office of Fellowships and Grants. Students and museum professionals who held museum internships or participated in special projects administered by the Center for Museum Services are listed in the second section. Academic and Research Training Appointments The Smithsonian offers, through the Office of Fellowships and Grants, research and study appointments to visiting sci- entists, scholars, and students. The appointees are provided access to the Institution’s facilities, staff specialties, and refer- ence resources. The persons—listed by unit or office—in this Appendix began their residencies between October 1, 1998, and September 30, 1999, and have been in residence for three months or longer. Predoctoral and postdoctoral fellows, visiting scientists or scholars, and other awardees and partici- pants in special programs are so listed. Listed for each fellow Or visitor is the institution where each received, or expects to receive, a degree or the home university or institution; a brief description of the project undertaken at the Smithsonian; the Smithsonian advisor; and dates of residency. Archives of American Art Victor Zamudio-Taylor, Rockefeller Humanities Fellow, University of Texas, Austin. “Carlos Almaraz: Painting, the Social Imaginary an Cultural Identity,” with Liza Kir- win from December 1, 1998 to May 31, 1999. Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Stanford W. Carpenter, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Rice Univer- sity. “Institutional Practices and ‘African’ Images in Comics,” with Richard Kurin and James Early from April I, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Stanford W. Carpenter, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Rice University. “Imagining a Unified Africa and the Creation of African-American Identity,” with Richard Kurin and James Early from January 1, 1999 to March 31, 1999. Nancy J. Groce, SI Senior Fellow, New York City. “New York City: Community Music in the Metropolis,” with Richard Kurin from October 15, 1998 to October 14, 1999. Todd D. Harvey, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Ohio State Univer- sity. “The Formative Dylan: Early Recordings 1960-65,” with Jeffrey Place from September 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000. Peter J. La Chapelle, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Southern California. “‘Swinging West’: Okie Community, Western Identity and Whiteness in Southern California Country Music, 1939-1969,” with Jeffrey Place and Anthony Seeger from July 15, 1999 to October 14, 1999. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Janin Hadlaw, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Simon Fraser Univer- sity, Canada. “Communicating Utopia: Design, Modernity, and the Telephone,” with Stephen Van Dyk and Bernard Finn from June 1, 1999 to August 31, 1999. 158 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Freer Gallery of Art/ Arthur M. Sackler Galleries Soyoung Lee, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Columbia University. “Placing the Freer’s Western Japanese Ceramics in their Historical Context,” with Louise Cort from January I5, 1999 to May 14, 1999. Xiating Li, SI Senior Fellow, Institute of Archaeology of Shanxi Province, China. “Jin Bronze Art,” with Jenny So from March 15, 1999 to June 14, 1999. Sharada Srinivasan, Visiting Scholar, University College Lon- don, United Kingdom. “Characterisation of Copper Alloys from Peninsular India,” with Janet Douglas from April 15, 1999 to October 14, 1999. Dashu Qin, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Peking University, China. “Study of the Relationship and Influence Between Chinese Ceramics and Islamic Pottery,” with Jan Stuart and Massumeh Farhad from December 1, 1998 to October 31, 1999. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden JoAnne Marie Mancini, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University College Cork, National University of Ireland. “Mod- ernism’s Machinery: American Art Criticism, 1865-1929,” with Judith Zilczer and Virginia Mecklen- burg from June 1, 1999 to September 30, 1999. National Air and Space Museum Erik M. Conway, Guggenheim Fellow, University of Min- nesota. “A History of the Air Traffic Control System: Use, User Demands, and the Evolution of a Large-Scale System, 1930-1990,” with Paul Ceruzzi and F. Robert van der Linden from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Jeffrey A. Engel, Guggenheim Fellow, University of Wiscon- sin, Madison. “The Historiography and Journals of Civil Aviation,” with F. Robert van der Linden from August 15, 1999 to August 14, 2000. Robert E. Hunter, Guggenheim Fellow, University of Illi- nois, Chicago. “Blimps and Budgets: The U.S. Naval Airship Program, 1945-1962,” with Tom Crouch from March 1, 1999 to May 31, 1999. Bettyann Holtzmann Kevles, Visiting Scientist, Columbia University. “Women Astronauts,” with Gregg Herken from February 15, 1999 to August 14, 1999. Richard C. Knott, USN, Ramsey Fellow, Fairfax, Virginia. “Naval Light Attack Air Support of Riverine Forces in the Mekong Delta During the Vietnam War,” with Dominick Pisano from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. William F. Trimble, Charles A. Lindbergh Chair in Aero- space History, Auburn University. “The Search for a New Order of Sea Power: Technological Change and the Navy's Nuclear Strike Role, 1945-1960,” with Dominick Pisano from July 15, 1999 to July 14, 2000. Jason D. Weems, Guggenheim Fellow, Stanford University. “Barnstorming the Prairies: Flight, Aerial Views, and the Idea of the Midwest, 1920-1940,” with Tom Crouch from September 15, 1999 to September 14, 2000. Thomas Wildenberg, Ramsey Fellow, University of Mary- land. “Joseph Mason Reeves and the Origins of Carrier Doctrine in the U.S. Navy,” with Dominick Pisano from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. National Museum of American Art Rocio Aranda-Alvarado, Predoctoral Fellow in Latino Stud- ies, City University of New York. “Four Modernists in Harlem and Havana: Constructing a New World Iden- tity,” with Katherine Manthorne from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. M. Rachael Arauz, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Pennsylvania. “Articulating ‘American’: Text and Image Among the Early American Modernists,” with Joann Moser from November 1, 1998 to April 30, 1999. Sara A. Butler, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Virginia. “A Complex Alliance: Treasury Art and Architectural In- stitutions in the 1930s,” with Virginia Mecklenburg and Richard Murray from June 1, 1999 to November 30, 1999. Constance J.S. Chen, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of California, Los Angeles. “Passion and Discipline: Oriental Art and the Culture of Modernity in the United States, 1893-1944,” with Joann Moser and Colleen Hennessy from April 1, 1999 to June 30, 1999. Martha M. Evans, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Columbia Univer- sity. “Claude Raguet Hirst: Gender and Genre in Turn-of-the-Century America,” with Kenneth Trapp and Katherine Manthorne from September 1, 1999 to Decem- ber 31, 1999. Alicia Gaspar de Alba, Rockefeller Humanities Fellow, Uni- versity of New Mexico. “Place and Identity in the Construction of Chicana Aesthetics,” with Andrew Con- nors from March 1, 1999 to June 30, 1999. Cristina Klee (Bishop), SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Delaware. “Sentiment as Strategy in Nineteenth-Century American Visual Culture,” with William Truettner and Katherine Manthorne from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2000. Tirza T. Latimer, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, Stanford University. “Romaine Brooks’ Portraiture: A Specifically Lesbian Revision of the Decadent Canon?” with Virginia Mecklenburg from June 21, 1999 to Au- gust 27, 1999. Stephen H. Longmire, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Chicago. “Picture a Life: The Photo-Texts of Wright Mor- ris,” with Merry Foresta and Virginia Mecklenburg from September 1, 1999 to February 28, 2000. Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 159 Amy M. Mooney, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Rutgers University. “Documents in Review: The Art of Archibald J. Motley, Jr. and the Formation of a National Identity,” with Lynda Hartigan and Virginia Mecklenburg from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2000. Kevin R. Muller, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley. “Cultural Costuming: Native Americans, Inversion, and the Power of an Exceptional White Mas- culinity,” with William Truettner from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Jennifer L. Roberts, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Yale University. “Mirrored Travels: Robert Smithson and the American Expeditionary Landscape,” with William Truettner and Merry Foresta from April 1, 1999 to March 31, 1900. Ethan Robey, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Columbia University. “The Utility of Art: Mechanics’ Institute Fairs in New York City, 1828-1870,” with William Truettner and Katherine Manthorne from October 1, 1998 to June 30, 1999. Terezita Romo, Rockefeller Humanities Fellow, California State University. “Points of Convergence: Research into the Iconography of Chicano Posters,” with Andrew Con- nors from April 1, 1999 to October 31, 1999. Eric J. Segal, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of California, Los Angeles. “Realizing Whiteness in U.S. Visual Cul- ture: The Popular Illustration of J.C. Leyendecker, Norman Rockwell, and the Saturday Evening Post, 1917-1945, with Virginia Mecklenburg from October 1, 1998 to June 30, 1999. Margaret A. Stenz, SI Predoctoral Fellow, City University of New York. “The Representation and Ideology of Ethnicity in the Art of the Ashcan School: The Ethnic Portraits of Robert Henri,” with Virginia Mecklenburg from June 1, 1999 to August 31, 1999. Justine Angelique Walden, Renwick Fellow, University of Pennsylvania. “American Textiles: Art, Craft, Design and Industry, 1930-1950,” with Kenneth Trapp from June 1, 1999 to August 31, 1999. National Museum of African Art Judith Davis Freeman, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Arizona. “Colonial Fetishes and Other Regimes of Passion: Missions, Museums, and the Collecting of Lower- Congo ‘Minkisi’,” with David Binkley and Christraud Geary from September 1, 1999 to May 31, 2000. Joanna L. Grabski, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Indiana University. “The Historical Invention and Contemporary Practice of Modern Art in Senegal,” with Janet Stanley and Mary Jo Arnoldi from August 1, 1999 to July 31, 2000. Elizabeth A. Peri-Willis, Short-term Visitor, Office of the Parliamentary Committee. “Materials, Tools and Tech- nologies: the Development of a Tradition by Two Ghanaian Artists, El Anatsui and Atta Kwami,” with An- drea Nicolls from March 15 to June 15, 1999. National Museum of American History Regina Lee Blaszczyk, Lemelson Center Senior Fellow, Uni- versity of Delaware. “The Color Revolution: Playful Innovation?” with Arthur Molella from June 1, 1999 to August 31, 1999. Yakup Bektas, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Kent, U.K. “Missionary of Science to the Old Oriental Empire’: John Lawrence Smith in the Service of the Sultan, 1846-1851,” with Bernard Finn and Steven Lubar from November 1, 1998 to October 31, 1999. John G. Cloud, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Califor- nia, Santa Barbara. “Gravity's Other Rainbow: An Exploration of Progress in American Geodesy and Knowl- edge During the Cold War,” with Deborah Warner from June 1, 1999 to March 31, 2000. Timothy Davis, Lemelson Center Senior Fellow, Historic American Engineering Record. “Reconciling the Machine and the Garden: Inventing America’s National Park Roads and Parkways,” with Arthur Molella from Decem- ber 1, 1998 to May 31, 1999. Thomas A. Denenberg, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Boston Uni- versity. “Consumed by the Past: Wallace Nutting and the Invention of the ‘Old’ America,” with Rodris Roth and Helena Wright from December 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999. Jorge L. Duany, Senior Fellow, University of Puerto Rico. “Collecting the Nation: The Construction and Represen- tation of Cultural Identities in Puerto Rico and the Diaspora,” with Marvette Perez and Miguel Bretos from August 1, 1999 to January 31, 2000. Marc S. Ferris, SI Predoctoral Fellow, State University of New York, Stony Brook. “The History and Symbolic Sig- nificance of “The Star-Spangled Banner’,” with Lonn Taylor from June 1, 1999 to August 31, 1999. Kathleen G. Franz, Lemelson Center Senior Fellow, Brown University. “Travelers and Tinkers: Automobiles, Ama- teurs, and Technological Authority in the Twentieth Century,” with Arthur Molella from June 1, 1999 to Au- gust 31, 1999. Briann G. Greenfield, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Brown Univer- sity. “Constructing History,” with Steven Lubar and Pamela Henson from June 1, 1999 to November 30, 1999. J. Kehaulani Kauanui, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of California, Santa Cruz. “Miscegenation, Race, and Repre- sentations of Amalgamation and Dilution in Anthropometric Studies of Hawaiian Hybridity,” with Rayna Green and Adrienne Kaeppler from October 1, 1998 to June 30, 1999. Ann M. Kilkelly, SI Senior Fellow, Virginia Polytechnic In- stitute and State University. “Tapping the Margins,” with Pete Daniel and Dwight Blocker Bowers from June 1, 1999 to August 31, 1999. Krystyn R. Legg, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Johns Hopkins Uni- versity. “Images of Asia in American Popular Music, 1880-1930,” with Fath Davis Ruffins and Franklin Odo from June 1, 1999 to September 30, 1999. 160 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Thomas M. McCarthy, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Yale Univer- sity. “Cars, Consumers, and the Environment,” with Jeffrey Stine and Charles McGovern from September 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Arwen Palmer Mohun, SI Senior Fellow, University of Delaware. “Technology, Safety, and Risk in Industrializing America,” with Steven Lubar from September 1, 1999 to November 30, 1999. Javier Morillo-Alicea, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Michigan. “Colonial Information Across Spanish and U.S. Empires, 1863-1934,” with Marvette Perez from August I, 1999 to July 31, 2000. Nadine C. Naber, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of California, Davis. “The Crisis of Community Boundaries: Gendered Endogamy among Arab Ameri- cans,” with Fath Davis Ruffins from October 5, 1998 to December 11, 1998. Mary C. Neth, SI Senior Fellow, University of Missouri. “Tapping the Margins,” with Pete Daniel and Dwight Blocker Bowers from June 1, 1999 to August 31, 1999. David A. Pantalony, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of Toronto. “The Koenig Collection at the Smithsonian Institution,” with Deborah Warner and Steven Turner from June 14, 1999 to August 20, 1999. Adrienne M. Petty, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Columbia Univer- sity. “Standing Their Ground: Small Farmers in North Carolina’s Tobacco Belt,” with Pete Daniel from Septem- ber 15, 1999 to December 14, 1999. Chris Allen Rasmussen, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Rutgers University. “Automatic Age: Coin Machines, Coin Men and Consumer Culture,” with Charles McGovern and Steven Lubar from July 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Elena Razlogova, SI Predoctoral Fellow, George Mason Uni- versity. “Living with Mass Culture: Ordinary Americans and the Radio Industry, 1920-1950,” with Charles Mc- Govern from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2000. Natalie J. Ring, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Califor- nia, San Diego. “‘The Benighted South’: The Evolution of a Regional Image and Its Relationship to National Iden- tity, 1890-1930,” with Pete Daniel and Charles McGovern from June 1, 1999 to August 31, 1999. George Sanchez, Rockefeller Humanities Fellow, University of Southern California. “Latino Identities, American Iden- tity: Exploring Latino Ethnicity in Urban America,” with Charles McGovern from June 1, 1999 to July 30, 2000. Helen D. Sheumaker, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Kansas. “Nineteenth-Century Hair Work and the Ameri- can White Middle Class,” with Charles McGovern and Anne Serio from July 15, 1999 to January 14, 2000. Chris R. Stacey, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Rutgers University. “Relocation of Native Americans During the 1950s from Reservations to Urban Areas,” with Rayna Green from October 1, 1998 to January 31, 2000. Elizabeth P. Stewart, SI Predoctoral Fellow, American Uni- versity. “Mermaids and Perpetual Motion: A Cultural History of Scientific Hoaxes in the U.S., 1835-1910,” with Charles McGovern and Arthur Molella from Septem- ber I, 1999 to May 31, 2000. David Suisman, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Columbia University. “The Sound of Money: Music, Machines, and Markets, 1850-1925,” with Charles McGovern from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2000. Arlene Torres, Rockefeller Humanities Fellow, University of Illinois. “Puerto Ricans in Search of Africanity, Blackness and the ‘Nation’ in Unusual Spaces, Places and Locales,” with Fath Davis Ruffins and Marvette Perez from July 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Bernard O. Unti, SI Predoctoral Fellow, American Univer- sity. “Concern for Animals in the United States Before the Second World War,” with Patricia Gossel from September I, 1999 to May 2000. National Museum of the American Indian Carmen Arellano, Visiting Scholar, Catholic University, Eichsatt. “Research for the Mall Museum’s Three Major Galleries: Our Peoples, Our Universes, Living in Our Universe,” with Ramiro Matos and Bruce Bernstein from September 15, 1999 to September 14, 2001. Kelly Marie McHugh, Postgraduate Conservation Intern, New York University. “Conservation Internship,” with Marian Kaminitz from January 1, 1999 to May 31, 2000. Timothy J. Sullivan, Visiting Scholar, Australian Museum. “Repatriation in Two Domains: Effectiveness in USA and Australia,” with Douglas Evelyn from May 1, 1999 to September 30, 1999. National Museum of Natural History Kristina L. Ackley, SI Predoctoral Fellow, State University of New York, Buffalo. “‘We are Oneidas Yet’: Discourse, Identity, and Oneida Land Rights,” with JoAllyn Ar- chambault from June 1, 1999 to September 30, 1999. Gerard J. Allan, Visiting Scientist, Claremont Graduate School. “Evolution of Breeding Systems in Insular Pacific ‘Pittosporum’ (Pittosporaceae),” with Elizabeth Zimmer from October 15, 1998 to October 14, 1999. Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales, Visiting Scientist, Texas Tech Uni- versity. “Mammals from the State of Narayit, Mexico,” with Don Wilson from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Renner Luiz Cerqueira Baptista, Visiting Scientist, Universi- dade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. “Studies on the Systematics of the Superfamily Lycosoidea (Araneae),” with Jonathan Coddington from February 15, 1999 to February 14, IQOI. Robb Brumfield, Visiting Scientist, University of Maryland, College Park. “Unidirectional Introgression of Secondary Sexual Plumage Traits Across an Avian Hydrid Zone: The Role of the Rio Changuinola as a Geographic Barrier to the Spread of Positively Selected Traits,” with Michael Braun from June 15, 1999 to December 15, 1999. Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 161 H. David Clarke, Visiting Scientist, University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign. “Systematics and Evolution of Tribes Acacieae and ingeae (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae),” with Michael Braun and Vicki Funk from March 15, 1999 to July 14, 1999. Risa C. Diemond, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, Southern Methodist University. “A Study of Ethnohistori- cal Accounts of Early Southwest Pueblo Agricultural Practices,” with Bruce Smith from September 13, 1999 to November 19, 1999. Stephen D. Gaimari, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Illinois. “Phylogenetics of the Lauxaniidae (Diptera),” with Wayne Mathis and Allen Norrbom from March 1, 1999 to February 28, 1900. Jason P. W. Hall, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Florida. “A Phylogeny of the Tribe Nymphidiini (Lepi- doptera: Riodinidae),” with Robert Robbins from September 15, 1999 to September 14, 2000. Maria Alejandra Jaramillo, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Duke Uni- versity. “Systematics of the Genus ‘Piper’ L. (Piperaceae),” with Elizabeth Zimmer and W. John Kress from Septem- ber I, 1999 to March 31, 2000. Kenneth G. Karol, Visiting Student, University of Mary- land. “Molecular Evolution of Both the ITS and trnL-F Noncoding Spacer Sequences in Green Plants,” with Eliz- abeth Zimmer from June 1, 1999 to August 31, 1999. Hyi-Gyung Kim, Visiting Scientist, University of Texas, Austin. “Scholarly Studies on the Origin, Evolution and Classification of the Tribe Liabeae (Cichorioideae, Com- positae),” with Elizabeth Zimmer from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Michelle A. Loyet, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of Missouri. “Analysis of Bronze Age Fauna from Tell Tuneinir, Syria,” with Melinda Zeder from Oc- tober 12, 1998 to December 18, 1998. Svetlana Maslakova, Visiting Student, Moscow State Univer- sity. “Phylogenetic Analysis of Pelagic Polystiliferous Hoplonemerteans of the Phylum Nemertea and System- atic Study of Selected Hoplonemertea,” with Jon Norenburg from January 23, 1999 to August 21, 1999. Margaret S. Mathewson, Visiting Scholar, University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley. “Analysis of Fiber Plant Materials in Early California Collections at the Smithsonian,” with JoAllyn Archambault from January 15, 1999 to May 14, 1999. Arion T. Mayes, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Col- orado. “Skeletal Analysis of Mound Burials from Illinois Bluff,” with Douglas Owsley from August 15, 1999 to April 14, 2000. Jimmy A. McGuire, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Texas, Austin. “Phylogenetic Systematics and Historical Biogeography of the Southeast Asian Flying Lizards (genus “Draco’),” with Kevin de Queiroz from January 15, 1999 to January 14, 2000. David A. McKeown, SI Senior Fellow, Catholic University of America. “Structural Characterization of Mn-Oxide Coat- ings on Rock Substrates,” with Jeffrey Post from June 1, 1999 to May 31, 2000. Andrew Mitchell, Visiting Scientist, University of Maryland. “Utility of the ‘c-myc’ Gene for Avian Systematics, with Special Reference to the Ratites,” with Michael Braun from November 1, 1998 to July 31, 1999. Molly Nepokroeff, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Wisconsin. “Phylogeny, Biogeography and Evolution of Breeding Systems in Hawaiian and Pacific Psychotria (Rubiaceae),” with Warren Wagner and Elizabeth Zim- mer from November 1, 1998 to October 31, 1999. Satoshi Okamura, Visiting Scientist, Hokkaido Education University. “Rifting- and Subduction-Related Volcanism of the Northwestern Pacific Rim,” with James Luhr from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 1900. Megan A. Perry, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of New Mexico. “A Bioarchaeological Analysis of Garrisons and Trading Stations of the Roman Frontier in the Near East,” with Bruno Frohlich from September 15, 1999 to Decem- ber 14, 1999. James R. Rougvie, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Texas, Austin. “The Effects of Low-Temperature Potas- sium Metasomatism on Volcanic Rocks and Their Metamorphism: A Comparison of Textures and Geochem- istry of Jurassic and Tertiary Volcanics, Western United States,” with Sorena Sorensen from February 15, 1999 to February 14, 2002. Stephen A. Schellenberg, Visiting Student, University of Southern California. “Natural History of the Cenozoic Deep Ocean Ostracode Genus ‘Agrenocythere: An Inte- grated Systematic, Morphometric, and Biogeographic Study,” with Richard Benson from April 1, 1999 to Au- gust 31, 1999. Stephen A. Schellenberg, Visiting Student, University of Southern California. “Cenozoic Deep Ocean Ostracode Genus Agrenocythere,” with Richard Benson from Sep- tember 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Gary Schwartz, Visiting Scientist, Washington University. “Dental Histology and the Evolution of Human Growth and Development,” with Bernard Wood and Richard Potts from July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2002. Sonia P. Silva, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Indiana University. “Baskets in Motion: Life Histories of Objects in the Up- per Zambezi and Kasai,” with Mary Jo Arnoldi and Christraud Geary from April 15, 1999 to April 14, 2000. Brian J. Stafford, Visiting Scientist, City University of New York. “Aerodynamics and Functional Morphology of Fly- ing Squirrels and Flying Lemurs,” with Richard Thorington, Jr. from May 1, 1999 to February 28, 2001. Tamara A. Stein, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Chicago. “Cross-Section Morphology of Long Bones as an Indicator of Locomotor Behavior in Extant Anthro- poid Primates: Does Shape Reflect Niche?” with Richard Thorington from October 1, 1998 to December 31, 1998. Jaroslaw Stolarski, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Polish Academy of Sciences. “Early Ontogeny of the Scleractian Skeleton: Taxonomic, Phylogenetic and Paleoecologic Implica- tions,” with Stephen Cairns from November 1, 1998 to October 31, 1999. 162 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 National Portrait Gallery Toby M. Chieffo, SI Predoctoral Fellow, College of William and Mary. “Nathaniel Jocelyn: In the Service of Art and Abolition,” with Ellen Miles and James Horton from Sep- tember 1, 1999 to August 31, 2000. National Zoological Park Juan Manuel Blanco, Visiting Scientist, Complutense Uni- versity, Spain. “Comparative Semen Cryopreservation of Poultry and Non-Domestic Avian Species: Development of Applicable Semen Preservation Procedures and Charac- terization of Sperm Freeze Damage,” with David Wildt from November 1, 1998 to April 30, 2000. Ginger M. Bolen, Visiting Scientist, University of Califor- nia, Berkeley. “Neophobia and Social Dominance in Mallards and Black Ducks,” with Russell Greenberg and Eugene Morton from August 15, 1999 to August 15, 2001. Marianne Janik, Visiting Student, University of Maryland. “Investigating the Permeability of Zebra Fish Embryos,” with Mary Hagedorn from February 1, 1999 to January 31, 2000. Stacey L: Lance, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Mary- land, College Park. “Genetic Variation in Source and Translocated Populations of the Delmarva Fox Squirrel, ‘Sciurus niger cinereus’,” with Jonathan Ballou from Oc- tober 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Damian C. Lidgard, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, National University of Ireland. “Alternative Male Mating Strategies in a Polygynous Mammal: The Grey Seal on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada,” with Daryl Boness from July 19, 1999 to September 24, 1999. Peter P. Marra, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Dartmouth College. “Assessing Physiological Condition and Habitat Suitabil- ity in Migrant Birds During the Winter Season,” with Russell Greenberg from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Susanne McCulloch, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of St. Andrews, U.K. “Mother-Pup Recogni- tion in the Grey Seal of Sable Island, Nova Scotia,” with Daryl! Boness from December 28, 1998 to March 5, 1999. Kevin E. Omland, Postdoctoral Fellow in Molecular Evolu- tion, State University of New York, Albany. “A Phylogenetic Study of the Evolution of Migration in Ori- oles,” with Robert Fleischer and Russell Greenberg from July 15, 1999 to August 14, 2001. Kevin E. Omland, Visiting Scientist, Duke University. “Population Genetic Structure of Common Raven (‘Corvus corax’): Gene Flow and Effective Population Size at Different Spatial Scales,” with Robert Fleischer from February 15, 1999 to July 14, 1999. Gerald E. Poyo, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, George Mason University. “Noninvasive Fecal Steroid Monitoring in the Slender-Tailed Meerkat (‘Suricata suri- catta’),” with Steven Monfort from June 1, 1999 to Au- gust 6, 1999. Monica Stevens-Sommer, Visiting Student, University of New Hampshire. “Movements and Spatial Patterns of Fe- male South American Fur Seals,” with Daryl Boness from October 1, 1998 to January 31, 2000. Karyl B. Swartz, Visiting Scientist, City University of New York. “Subjective Organization of Memory,” with Lisa Stevens from October 1, 1998 to May 31, 1999. Tyson W. Walker, Visiting Student, Virginia Commonwealth University. “Allegheny Volant Mammal Project,” with William McShea from May 21, 1999 to August 21, 1999. Nadja Wielebnowski, Visiting Scientist, University of Cali- fornia, Davis. “Influence of the Social Environment on Adrenal Response, Ovarian Activity and Behavior in Cap- tive Cheetahs,” with Janine Brown from April 1, 1999 to December 31, 2000. Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives Michael F. Robinson, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Wisconsin, Madison. “Arctic Explorers and the American Scientific Community, 1850-1909,” with Pamela Henson from September 1, 1999 to February 28, 2000. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory James Robert Anglin, Visiting Scientist, Universitat Inns- bruck, Austria. “The Evolution of an Open Quantum System,” with Kate Kirby from September 1, 1999 to November 30, 2000. Aldo J. Apponi, Visiting Scientist, Arizona State University. “Study of Metal-Containing Free Radicals by High Reso- lution Lab Spectroscopy,” with Patrick Thaddeus from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Aldo J. Apponi, Postdoctoral Fellow, Arizona State Univer- sity. “Molecular Spectroscopy/Astrophysics,” with Patrick Thaddeus from October 1, 1998 to October 20, 2000. Zoltan Balog, Predoctoral Fellow, JATE University, Hun- gary. “Search for Pre-Main Sequence Stars in Open Clusters,” with Scott Kenyon from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2001. Aaron J. Barth, CFA Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley. “Optical and Ultraviolet Studies of LINERs,” with Robert Kirshner from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 2001. Maria Beltran, Visiting Student, University of Barcelona, Spain. “Sources Driving Molecular and HH Outflows,” with Paul Ho from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Maria Beltran, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Barcelona, Spain. “Sources Driving Molecular and HH Outflows,” with Paul Ho from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 2001. Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 163 Moncef Bouledroua, Short-Term Visitor, Universite d’ Annaba, Algeria. “Emission and Absorption Spectra of a Gas of Sodium Atoms as a Function of Temperature and Density,” with Alexander Delgarno from August 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Andrew Burdett, Visiting Student, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. “A Search for Gamma Ray-Pulsars Be- low 250 GeV,” with Trevor Weekes from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Andrew Burdett, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. “A Search for Gamma Ray-Pulsars Be- low 250 GeV,” with Trevor Weekes from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Ilaria L. Cagnoni, Visiting Scientist, International School for Advanced Studies, ISAS-SISSA. “Brief Candles: Dwarf Galaxy AGN, Seyfert ‘Companions’ and Blank Field X- ray Sources,” with Martin Elvis from February 1, 1999 to July 31, 1999. Massimo Cappi, Visiting Scientist, Translations Agency Emilia-Center, Italy. “The Study of X-ray Properties of Active Galaxies,” with Martin Elvis from June 15, 1999 to December 15, 1999. Yang Chen, Visiting Scientist, Nanjing University, China. “X-ray Observations of Supernova Remnants and Pulsars,” with Patrick Slane from September 17, 1999 to Septem- ber 30, 2000. Finn E. Christensen, Visiting Scientist, Danish Space Re- search Institute. “Developing Novel X-ray Optics for Future X-ray Satellite Missions,” with Paul Gorenstein from November 1, 1998 to April 30, 1999. Finn E. Christensen, Visiting Scientist, Danish Space Re- search Institute. “X-ray Optics for Future X-ray Satellite Missions,” with Paul Gorenstein from November 1, 1998 to April 30, 1999. Kwong T. Chung, Visiting Scientist, North Carolina State University. “Photoionization and Study of Multiply-Ex- cited Atomic Systems,” with Kate Kirby from April 15, 1999 to July 15, 1999. Benedetta Ciardi, Predoctoral Fellow, Osservatorio As- trofisico di Arcetri, Italy. “The Physics of the First Luminous Objects,” with George Field from July 1, 1999 to November 30, 1999. Dennis P. Clougherty, Visiting Scientist, University of Ver- mont. “The Quantum Effects of Atom-Surface Collisions,” with Kate Kirby from September 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Charles Coldwell, Visiting Student, Harvard University. “Optical Long-baseline Stellar Interferometry,” with Costas Papaliolios from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Maria Eugenia Contreras, Visiting Scientist, Instituto de As- tronomia, UNAM, Mexico. “Cluster Survey of Protoplanetary Disk Evolution,” with Lee Hartmann from August 15, 1999 to December 31, 2000. Elisa Costantini, Visiting Student, Observatorio Astronom- ico di Bologna. “X-rays Absorption Around the Bright Galaxy M87,” with Antonella Fruscione from May 1, 1999 to April 30, 2000. Elena Dashevskay, Short-Term Visitor, Israel Institute of Technology. “The Theory of Energy Transfer in Collisions of Atoms with Diatonic Molecules at Low Energies and Models of Vibrational and Rotational Predissociation,” with Kate Kirby from July 15, 1999 to October 15, 1999. Shane P. Dunlea, Visiting Student, University College Dublin, Ireland. “Search for Extended TeV y ray Sources,” with Trevor Weekes from April 15, 1999 to July 15, 1999. John P. Finlay, Visiting Scientist, Purdue University. “The Upgrade and Installation of the 10 Meter Gamma Ray Telescope of the Whipple Observatory,” with Trevor Weekes from August I, 1999 to June 30, 2000. Ettore Flaccomio, Visiting Student, University of Palermo, Italy. “Star Formation and Activity in T Tauri Stars,” with E. Rick Harnden, Jr. from September 15, 1999 to March 15, 2000. Carl A. Gottlieb, Visiting Scientist, Harvard University. “The Identification of Large Molecular Ions and Precise Rest Frequencies to Guide the Interpretation of Radio As- tronomical Observations in Narrow Line Molecular Sources,” with Patrick Thaddeus from July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000. Saiyid Sirajul Hasan, Visiting Scientist, Indian Institute of Astrophysics. “Oscillations in Solar Flux Tubes,” with Wolfgang Kalkofen from March 15, 1999 to July 14, 1999. Denise P. Hinton, Visiting Scientist, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. “Development of Human Lung Imaging Techniques for Lazer-Polarized 3He Gas,” with Ronald Walsworth from February 1, 1999 to September 30, 2000. Deirdre Horan, Short-Term Visitor, University College, Dublin. “Observations of Gamma-Ray Emissions from EGRET Unidentified Sources Using the Extended Cam- era at the Whipple Observatory,” with Trevor Weekes from January 1, 1999 to March 31, 1999. Verne L. Jacobs, Visiting Scientist, Naval Research Labora- tory. “Kinetic Theory and Hydrodynamics Descriptions of Atomic Radiation Processes in Plasmas,” with Kate Kirby from September 13, 1999 to December 31, 1999. John Kildea, Visiting Student, University College Dublin, Ireland. “Upgrade of Whipple 33 1—pixel TeV Imaging Camera to 541 Pixels,” with Trevor Weekes from August I, 1999 to December 15, 1999. Valentina La Parola, Visiting Student, Universita di Palermo, Italy. “Diagnostic and Statistic Studies on X-ray Emissions of Normal Galaxies,” with Giuseppina Fab- biano from September 15, 1999 to May 15, 2000. Rodney D. Marks, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of South Wales, Australia. “Antarctic Submillimeter Astronomy,” with Adair Lane from June 21, 1999 to November 30, 2000. Christopher L. Martin, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Santa Barbara. “Antarctic Submillimeter As- tronomy,” with Adair Lane from August I, 1999 to July 31, 2001. 164 Pasquale Mazzotta, Visiting Scientist, Universita’ di Roma “Tor Vargata”, Italy. “High Resolution X-ray Spectra of Cooling Flows Systems,” with William Forman from June 15, 1999 to October 31, 2001. Rafael Millan-Gabet, Michelson Postdoctoral Fellow, Uni- versity of Massachusetts at Amherst. “The Development of Three-Beam Operation for the Infrared Optical Tele- scope Array (IOTA),” with Wesley Traub from August 1, 1999 to July 31, 2001. Barbara J. Mochejska, Short-Term Visitor, Warsaw Univer- sity Observatory. “A Study of How Faint, Unresolved Stars in Nearby Galaxies Affect the Measurements of Brightness of the Cepheid Variables,” with Krzysztof Stanek from July 1, 1999 to August 30, 1999. John D. Monnier, CfA Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley. “Infrared Interferometry and Spec- troscopy of Circumstellar Envelopes,” with Philip Myers from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2001. Christopher Moore, Postdoctoral Fellow, Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology. “Submillimeter Wavelength Interferometry,” with Paul Ho from July 15, 1999 to July 14, 2000. Jose Munoz, Visiting Scientist, University of Valencia, Spain. “CASTLES and a Redshift Survey of Faint Flat- spectrum Radio Sources,” with Emilio Falco from October T, 1998 to December 31, 1999. Jose Munoz, Visiting Scientist, University of Valencia, Spain. “CASTLES and a Redshift Survey of Faint Flat- Spectrum Radio Sources,” with Emilio Falco from October 1, 1998 to December 31, 1999. Martin Naraschewski, Visiting Scientist, Universitat Munchen, Germany. “Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Bose Condensed Gases,” with Kate Kirby from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Martin Naraschewski, Visiting Scientist, Universitat Munchen, Germany. “Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Bose-Einstein Condensed Gases,” with Kate Kirby from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Kristen A. Nelson-Patel, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Rochester. “Spatial Mapping of IR PAH Feature Emission in Nearby Ultraluminous IR Galaxies,” with Steven Will- ner from September 1, 1999 to November 30, 2001. Evgueni E. Nikitin, Short-Term Visitor, Israel Institute of Technology. “The Nonadiabatic Dynamics Near the Coni- cal Intersection,” with Kate Kirby from July 15, 1999 to October 15, 1999. Paul E.J. Nulsen, Visiting Scientist, University of Wollon- gong, Australia. “Structure and Evolution of Groups and Clusters of Galaxies,” with Christine Jones Forman from July 11, 1999 to January 31, 2000. Pius N. Okeke, Visiting Scientist, University of Nigeria. “Analysis, Modeling, and Acquisition of Solar Eclipse Ob- servations,” with Shadia Habbal from May 16, 1999 to August 15, 1999. Maurizio Paolillo, Visiting Student, Universita di Palermo, Italy. “X-ray Emission from Lenticular Galaxies and the Relation With Environment,” with Giuseppina Fabbiano from September 15, 1999 to May 15, 2000. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Emanuele Perinati, Visiting Student, Universita di Palermo, Italy. “Participation in a Development Program for Mi- crocalorimeters X-ray Detection,” with Eric Silver from September 11, 1999 to May 15, 2000. Santina Piraino, Visiting Student, IFCAI/CNR. “Simulata- neous Spectral and Timing Observations of Accreting Neutron Stars,” with Philip Kaaret from January 1, 1999 to June 30, 1999. Nicola Pizzolato, Visiting Student, Universita di Palermo, Italy. “Study of the Relation Between Stellar Evolution and Magentic Activity in Late-Type Stars,” with FE. Rick Harnden, Jr. from September 15, 1999 to May 15, 2000. Trevor J. Ponman, Visiting Scientist, University of Birming- ham, United Kingdom. “X-ray Studies of Galaxies, Groups and Clusters,” with Jan Vrtilek from August 13, 1999 to December 15, 1999. Jonathan M. Richardson, Visiting Scientist, Science Research Laboratory. “Development of a System for Low-Field Hu- man MRI,” with Ronald Walsworth from February 1, 1999 to January 31, 2000. Francesca Scire-Scappuzzo, Visiting Scientist, Instituto di Informatica E Telecomunicazioni/Viale, Italy. “Multipath in High Accuracy GPS Positioning for Geodynamic Stud- ies,” with James Davis from August 15, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Hsien Shang, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley. “A Multi-Disciplinary Study of the Origins of Sun-Like Stars and Their Planetary Components,” with Paul Ho from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2001. Krzysztof Z. Stanek, Hubble Postdoctoral Fellow, Princeton University. “The Metallicity Dependence of the Cepheid Period-Luminisity Relation,” with Robert Kirshner from September 1, 1999 to January I, 2001. Rhanna Starling, Visiting Student, University of St. An- drews. “Accretion Disks in AGN/Quasar Populations,” with Aneta Siemiginowska from July 11, 1999 to January 15, 2000. Frank S. Tesch, Visiting Student, University of Hamburg, Germany. “Search for Large-Scale Structures in the Spatial Distribution of X-Ray Selected AGN,” with Martin Elvis from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Frank S. Tesch, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Hamburg, Germany. “Search for Large-Scale Structures in the Spatial Distribution of X-Ray Selected AGN,” with Martin Elvis from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Uwe Thumn,, Visiting Scientist, Kansas State University. “Interactions of Ions With Clusters and Surfaces and the Photodetachment of Negative Ions,” with Kate Kirby from June 1, 1999 to February 28, 2000. Takahiro Tsutsumi, Visiting Scientist, National Astronomi- cal Observatory, Japan. “Multi-Frequency Study of Radio-Emitting X-Ray Binaries,” with Eric Keto from April 15, 1999 to April 14, 2001. Amichay Vardi, Postdoctoral Fellowship, Weismann Insti- tute of Science, Israel. “Stimulated Raman Production of Ultracold Molecules,” with Kate Kirby from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2001. Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 165 Brad Wallace, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Calgary, Canada. “Supernova Remnant/Molecular Cloud Inter- actions,” with Paul Ho from August 1, 1999 to July 31, 2001. Sandra Ward, Visiting Scientist, University of North Texas. “Positronium Formation,” with Kate Kirby from February I, 1999 to March 31, 1999. Martina C. Wiedner, Visiting Scientist, Mullard Radio As- tronomy Observatory. “Submillimeter Array,” with Paul Ho from October 15, 1998 to October 14, 1999. Martina C. Wiedner, Postdoctoral Fellow, Mullard Radio As- tronomy Observatory. “Testing and Calibration of the Submillimeter Array,” with Paul Ho from October 15, 1998 to October 14, 2001. Bruno Alexander Wilson, Visiting Student, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. “Survey of the Milky Way: Ob- servations of the Orion Molecular Clouds,” with Patrick Thaddeus from January 7, 1999 to May 31, 1999. Suzanne F. Yelin, Visiting Scientist, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Nonlinear Optical Phenomena in Dense Resonant Atomic Media and Quantum Wells,” with Kate Kirby from September 16, 1999 to September 15, 2001. Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives Dennis R. Hidalgo, Predoctoral Fellow, Central Michigan and Strathclyde Universities. “Envoys of a New Empire?: Two Protestant Communities in the Late 19th and Early 20th Century Spanish Caribbean,” with Miguel Bretos and Marvette Perez from August 15, 1999 to June 14, 2000. Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Joanne Boyer, Postgraduate Conservation Intern, Queens University. “Conservation Internship,” with Donald Williams from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Angel D. Santiago-Torres, Senior Fellow, Museo de Arte de Ponce. “Analysis of Materials and Techniques in Puerto Rican Santos (Identification of Tropical Woods of Puerto Rico Used by the Puerto Rican Artisans),” with Donald Williams from July 1, 1999 to September 30, 1999. Mary Studt, Postgraduate Conservation Intern, Buffalo State College. “Conservation Internship,” with Donald Williams from October 1, 1998 to May 31, 2000. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Christine Chui, Visiting Student, Yale University. “How Vibrio cholerae Numbers Are Affected by Copepod Species, Phytoplankton Species, and the Temperature and Salinity in which they live,” with Gregory Ruiz from May 31, 1999 to August 20, 1999. Cathleen A. Coss, Visiting Student, University of Maryland. “Perkinsus’ spp. Infection of ‘Macoma balthica’ Clams,” with Gregory Ruiz from June 7, 1999 to August 27, 1999. Jeffrey A. Crooks, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Cali- fornia, San Diego. “The Effects of Habitat-Altering Exotic Species in Chesapeake and San Francisco Bays,” with Gre- gory Ruiz from January 15, 1999 to January 14, 1900. John R. Dolan, SI Senior Fellow, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France. “Planktonic Mixotrophs in a Eutrophic Estuary,” with Charles Gallegos and D. Wayne Coats from August I, 1999 to July 31, 2000. Makihiko Ikegami, Visiting Student, Utrecht University. “Controls for Division of Function and Labour in Scirpus Olneyi, A Clonal Intertidal Wetland Species,” with Mari- nus Werger and Dennis Whigham from April 15, 1999 to April 14, 2001. Jill M. Juhasz, Visiting Student, Northeastern University. “Domestic Ballast Water Transport: A Potential Aid in the Transfer of Nonindigenous Aquatic Species,” with Gregory Ruiz from June 15, 1999 to September 15, 1999. Jiahong Li, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Chinese Academy of Sci- ences. “Photosynthetic Acclimation to Elevated Atmospheric CO, as Affected by the Time of Day in the Florida Scrub-Oak Species,” with Bert Drake from June 1, 1999 to November 30, 1999. Romuald N. Lipcius, SI Senior Fellow, College of William and Mary. “Source-Sink Dynamics in a Marine Bivalve,” with Anson Hines and Gregory Ruiz from September 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Elena G. Litchman, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Minnesota. “Effects of Dynamic Ultraviolet Radiation Regimes on Phytoplankton,” with Patrick Neale from January 15, 1999 to March 14, 2000. Anne S. Marsh, Visiting Scientist, Yale University. “Rising CO, and Long-Term Carbon Storage in Terrestrial Eco- systems: An Empirical Carbon Budget Validation,” with Bert Drake from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Melissa K. McCormick, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Michigan State University. “The Effect of Orchid Specificity on Abiotic and Mycorrhizal Heterogeneity,” with Dennis Whigham from July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000. Matthew Nicklin, Visiting Student, Northeastern Univer- sity. “Patterns of Domestic Ballast Water Transport in New England,” with Gregory Ruiz from January 1, 1999 to June 15, 1999. Vladimir A. Samarkin, SI Senior Fellow, Russian Academy of Sciences. “Methane Biogeochemistry in Wetlands of the Nanticoke River Watershed,” with Thomas Jordan from July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000. Evonne P.Y. Tang, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Universite Laval, Canada. “Spectral Response of Rhode River Phytoplank- ton to Visible Light,” with Patrick Neale from September I, 1999 to August 31, 2000. 166 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Helen C. Thompson, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, Rutgers University. “Influence of the Light Environment on the Growth of Native and Exotic Vines,” with Dennis Whigham from June 1, 1999 to August 6, 1999. Heather Turner, Visiting Student, North Carolina State Uni- versity. “Migration Dynamics of Female Blue Crabs in the Chesapeake Bay: Timing and Energetics,” with Anson Hines from May 17, 1999 to December 24, 1999. William C. Walton, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Maryland. “Mitigation of the Effects of a Nonindigenous Pest; The Green Crab’s Effect on the Recovery of the Hard Clam Fishery on Martha’s Vineyard, MA (USA),” with Gregory Ruiz and Anson Hines from June 1, 1999 to May 31, 2000. Jane Wasley, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Wollon- gong, Australia. “Comparative Bryophyte Eco-Physiology,” with Catherine Lovelock from June 15, 1999 to September 14, 1999. Marinus J.A. Werger, Mellon Senior Fellow, “Testing the Genetic Significance of Division of Labour: A Recently Identified Ecological Strategy in Clonal Plants,” with Dennis Whigham from October 1, 1998 to March 31, 2002. Wonho Yih, Visiting Scientist, Kunsan National University, Korea. “Measurement of Any Reduced 14C Primary Pro- ductivity of the Synchronously Infected Hosts of Gymnodinium sanguineum,” with D. Wayne Coats from January I, 1999 to June 30, 1999. Smithsonian Institution Affiliates Martha Gutierrez-Steinkamp, Fellow in Museum Practice, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. “The Development of Participa- tory Community Outreach Programs and Exhibits in Culturally Diverse Communities,” with Margaret Pulles and Michael Carrigan from June 1, 1999 to March 31, 2000. Smithsonian Institution Libraries John R. Short, Dibner Library Resident Scholar, Syracuse University. “From Cosmology to Geography,” with William Baxter from May 1, 1999 to August 30, 1999. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce Kevin Brett Johnson, Visiting Scientist, University of Ore- gon. “The Interplay Between the Length of Larval Life and Size at Metamorphosis in Marine Invertebrates,” with Mary Rice from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. Bruno Pernet, Visiting Scientist, University of Washington. “Functional Morphology and Evolution of Larval Feeding in Phyllodocidan Polychaetes,” with Mary Rice from Sep- tember 15, 1999 to September 14, 2000. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Josephine Babin, Short-term Visitor, Louisiana State Univer- sity. “Avian Contact Zones and Speciation on the Isthmus of Panama,” with Eldredge Bermingham from January 1, 1999 to March 31, 1999. Carina Barth, Short-term Visitor, University of Duesseldorf, Germany. “Photoinactivation of Photosystem I in Com- parison with Photosystem II in Sun and Shade Leaves of Tropical Plants,” with Klaus Winter from November 1, 1998 to January 31, 1999. Michael J. Blum, Short-term Visitor, Duke University. “The Evolution Genetics of ‘Ileliconius erato’,” with Eldredge Bermingham from August 1, 1999 to October 30, 1999. Roberto Cordero, Visiting Scientist, Virginia Polytechnic In- stitute and State University. “Integrating Canopy and Hydralic Architecture of Psychotria spp Shrubs Across Gradients of Light and Moisture Availability,” with S. Joseph Wright from August 15, 1999 to August 15, 2001. Matthew H. Dick, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Yale University. “Molecular Phylogeny of Tropical American Cupuladriid Bryozoans,” with Jeremy Jackson and Nancy Knowlton from September 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000. Ana I. Fernandez-Perdices, Visiting Scientist, Centro Uni- versitario Complutense. “Models of Colonization in Freshwater Fishes in Northern Central America,” with El- dredge Bermingham from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2001. Nico Franz, Short-term Visitor, Universidad de Costa Rica. “Biological Consequences of Cognitive Skills: Foraging Success in ‘Ectatomma ruidum’ and ‘Ectatomma tubercu- latum’,” with William Wcislo from May 5, 1999 to August 5, 1999. Mateo Garrido, Short-term Visitor, Universidad de Las Pal- mas de Gran Canaria, Spain. “Comparacion de la Variabilidad del AND Mitocondrial Entre Las Poblaciones de ‘Diadema antillarum’ del Caribe y la Macaronesia,” with Harilaos Lessios from February 1, 1999 to April 30, 1999. Hans H. Gehrig, Visiting Scientist, Technical University Darmstadt, Germany. “Analysis of the Evolution of CAM Plants using DNA Microarray Technology,” with John Cushman and Klaus Winter from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2001. Deirdre C. Gonsalves-Jackson, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Florida Institute of Technology. “Biogeographic Effects on Opisthobranch Mollusc Developmental Patterns: System- atics and Trans-Panamic Distribution of Developmental Types,” with Harilaos Lessios from September 15, 1999 to June 30, 2000. James Guest, Short-term Visitor, University of Newcastle. “Comparative Histo-pathology of the Band Diseases of Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 167 Tropical Reef Building Corals,” with Hector Guzman from October 1, 1998 to December 31, 1998. Andrew Kern, Short-term Visitor, Brown University. “Taxon Cycles of the Lesser Antillean Avifauana,” with Eldredge Bermingham from August 30, 1999 to November 30, 1999- Carmi Korine, Visiting Scientist, Institute of Technology, Is- rael. “The Affect of Growth Form and Life History Traits on Plant Allometry in a Lowland Tropical Forest,” with S. Joseph Wright from May 1, 1999 to October 31, 1999. Margaret B. Kraenzel, Short-term Visitor, McGill Univer- sity, Canada. “Carbon Sequestration by Afforestation of Abandoned Agricultural Land by Teak Plantations in Panama,” with Catherine Potvin from June 1, 1999 to August 31, 1999. Scott Mangan, Short-term Visitor, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh. “Do Spores of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated from Scats of ‘Proechimys semispinous’ Cause Differential Growth Responses in Tropical Tree Seedlings?” with E. Allan Herre from July 1, 1999 to September 30, 1999. Juan L. Mate, Visiting Student, University of Miami. “Geo- graphic, Ecological, Genetic and Morphological Variation in ‘Pavona’ (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) Along the Pacific Coast of Panama,” with Nancy Knowlton and Hector Guzman; Luis D’Croz from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Amy Moran, Short-term Visitor, University of Washington. “Egg Size Evolution and Life History Divergence of Trop- ical American Arcid Bivalves,” with Harilaos Lessios from October 1, 1998 to December 31, 1998. Geoffrey Morse, Short-term Visitor, Harvard University. “Novel Use in Seed Beetle (Bruchidae: Stator) Lineages: Diet Expansion Versus Host-Mediated Speciation,” with Donald Windsor from March 25, 1999 to June 25, 1999. Georges A. Pearson, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of Kansas. “North and South American Pale- oindian Expansions and Interactions Across the Panaman- ian Doorway,” with Richard Cooke from January 4, 1999 to March 12, 1990. Steven M. Phelps, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Texas. “Categorization and Cognition in the Tungara Frog,” with A. Stanley Rand and Michael Ryan from June I, 1999 to January 31, 2000. Simon Pierce, Visiting Scientist, University of Durham, United Kingdom. “Photosynthetic Pathways in the Bromeliaceae in Panama: Relations Between Lifeforms, Exposure within the Canopy, Gene Expression and Capac- ity to Tolerate Light and Water Stress,” with Howard Griffiths and Klaus Winter from February 1, 1999 to Jan- uary 31, 2001. Denise S. Pope, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Duke University. “Signal Detection Theory and the Structure of Fiddler Crab Displays,” with John Christy from November 15, 1998 to May 14, 2000. Oris I. Sanjur, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Rutgers University. “Genetic Diversity on Natural Populations of ‘Cucurbita’ Species,” with Dolores Piperno and Harilaos Lessios from June 1, 1999 to May 31, 2000. Sunshine A. Van Bael, Short-term Visitor, University of Ili- nois, Urbana-Champaign. “Trophic Interactions in Wet and Dry Forests,” with S. Joseph Wright from April 15, 1999 to July 15, 1999. Elizabeth Wehncke, Short-term Visitor, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. “Postdispersal Seed Fate and Consequences of Seed Dispersal Patterns by ‘Cebus ca- pucinus’ in a Tropical Forest,” with James Dalling from February 1, 1999 to April 30, 1999. Suzanne Williams, Visiting Scientist, James Cook Univer- sity, Australia. “Using Nuclear Markers to Test for Concordance in Transisthmian Snapping Shrimp,” with Nancy Knowlton from December 1, 1998 to November 30, 2000. Smithsonian Interns in Fiscal Year 1999 The Smithsonian offers internships and other special appointments to undergraduate and graduate students and to museum professionals. The home institution, a brief description of the project undertaken at the Smithsonian, and the dates of service are given wherever possible. Accessibility Celine Lalanne BA Candidate Hogskolan Dalarna 3/25/1999 to 4/22/1999 Guide about accessible museums for visually impaired and blind visitors. Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture Rayna Smith BA Candidate Howard University 9/16/1999 to 12/31/1999 Working under Deb Willis, curator of the African American History and Culture exhibits. Architectural History and Historic Preservation Joshua Barkan BA University of Arizona 4/12/1999 to 6/18/1999 Research on Adolf Cluss, and the Arts and Industries Building, looking primarily at European in- fluences, during 1847 in Paris and Brussels. 168 Megan Masana Scott Meacham Kiyoko Yamaguchi Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 MA Candidate Savannah College of 9/8/1999 to 11/30/1999 Art and Design Will create an annotated catalog of all buildings by Adolf Cluss, the r9th-century architect of the Arts and Industries Building. BA Dartmouth College 1/9/1999 to 6/15/1999 Assisting with the development of a conference on masonry conservation. BA University of California 1/4/1999 to 1/29/1999 —Berkeley Research on Junzo Yoshimura, an architect who was involved in designing Smithsonian landscape. Archives of American Art Matthew Adams Kathleen Davies Richard Kelly Angela Lowe BA Candidate Clark University 7/26/1999 to 8/20/1999 To assist with the preparation of the Archives of American Art Journal. BA Candidate San Jose State University 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Help prepare for publication a guide to the papers of Asian American and Asian artists at the Archives of American Art. MA Candidate George Washington University 6/14/1999 to 7/30/1999 Training in the use and organization of primary and archival source material. BA Candidate Brigham Young University 9/12/1999 to 12/15/1999 Research on an American artist that will contribute to an exhibition in New York. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art Anastasia Ahn Omar Aziz Tim Bean Lauren Bronson HyoJung Cho Serena Li Miwa Ohama Sarah Perez-Silverman MA Ewha W. University 10/1/1998 to 4/25/1999 Assist in developing program for ImaginAsia, and assist in running ImaginAsia program. High School Degree Candidate Robert E. Lee High School 6/13/1999 to 8/30/1999 Helping children better understand and be aware of Asian Cultures through projects as well as the artistic booklets put together by interns at the Sackler. BA Lehigh University 1/11/1999 to 7/1/1999 Graphic design in the ImaginAsia department and Photography department. BA George Mason University 9/9/1999 to 12/31/1999 Assist with ImaginAsia. MA Candidate George Washington University 7/8/1999 to 8/23/1999 Children’s education program. High School Degree Candidate Winston Churchill High School 7/1/1999 to 8/13/1999 Work on shop Web site; expand and improve this e-commerce Web site. BA Candidate George Washington University 1/9/1999 to 6/30/1999 ImaginAsia Program; Working with art sessions for children ages 6-12 and their adults. In the ses- sions, activity guides enable children to explore exhibition and to produce their own works of art in the classroom. BA Candidate University of California 9/12/1999 to 12/3/1999 —Santa Cruz ImaginAsia is an educational program for families with young children. I will be planning guided tours and activities that accompany exhibits within the museum. Claudia Rice Doler Shah Lori Spiering Shinako Yamashiro Jing Zeng Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 169 AA Candidate Montgomery College 1/19/1999 to 5/31/1999 Transferring and entering files from binders to computer and cataloging art from the ninth century to the present for both the Freer and Sackler Islamic Near Eastern Art Collection. BA JJ School of Arts 6/15/1999 to 8/30/1999 Helping with general design functions and graphics. BA Candidate Hood College 1/25/1999 to 5/16/1999 Working to further develop and structure ImaginAsia through the development of classroom guides and additional programming. George Washington University 1/11/1999 to 6/30/1999 Working in the ImaginAsia program with children and their adult companions at AMSG. Activity guides enable participants to explore an exhibition and bring new ideas and information back to the classroom and produce their own works of art. HS Montgomery Blair High School — 7/1/1999 to 8/13/1999 The intern will work with the digital media workstation. She will scan, organize, and catalogue slides of exhibition installations, and architectural details of the Freer and Sackler Galleries of Art. Asian/Pacific American Studies Julianna Lee Charlotte Lee Raina Lee Yuka Ohta Dominica Tolentino BA Wellesley College 6/15/1999 to 3/15/2000 Research fellow for Dr. Franklin Odo in the Asian Pacific American Studies Program. BA Candidate University of California 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 —Berkeley Assisting Dr. Odo in research topics related to Asian Pacific American History. BA Candidate University of California—Davis 4/5/1999 to 6/30/1999 Interning with Franklin Odo’s office, working with Asian Pacific American programs. BA Candidate Davidson College 5/19/1999 to 8/31/1999 Assist Asian Pacific American Studies program with their “Bento to Mixed Plate” exhibition. MA Candidate George Washington University 1/26/1999 to 5/16/1999 Intern will work on strategic planning for the Asian Pacific American Studies Program, organiza- tion of workshop for Association of Asian American Studies, and public programming and special events for the “Bento to Mixed Plate” exhibition. Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Rebekah Adkisson Scott Bartlett Christian Becker Lee Bryars Andy Buckman MA Candidate George Washington University 9/21/1999 to 12/21/1999 Working for Conservancy of Tibetan Art and Culture and the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Re- sponsibilities include administration and fund-raising aspects of the project. BA Candidate Washington State University 6/1/1999 to 7/30/1999 Work on production, marketing of Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. Assist in encoding digital files for Web presentation. Edmund-Siemers- Universitat 9/14/1999 to 12/10/1999 Hamburg BA University of the South 6/2/1999 to 8/6/1999 Sound Archives at the Smithsonian Folkways and fieldwork at the Folklife Festival BA Candidate Purdue University 5/24/1999 to 7/10/1999 Working on Folklife Festival Design and preparation, including newsletters, bulletins, and festival Sites. 170 Maria Elena Cepeda Ronald Chacon Joys Cheung Tracy Clonts Brenna Dailey Ynske De Bruyne Dustin Edge Scott Finholm Hadi Gharabaghi Helen Gillet Anna Gray Kusum Harchandrai Catherine Hardman Romain Haug Vincente Alfredo Herrera Darrol Hughes Robert Jansen Kimberly Junod Marni Kravitz Mary Lloyd Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Doctoral Degree Candidate University of Michigan 5/24/1999 to 7/30/1999 Intern for Volunteer Staff; Supervisor for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or- ganisation (UNESCO) Aides. AA Candidate Montgomery College 12/7/1998 to 4/30/1999 MA University of Texas—Austin 9/15/1999 to 9/13/2000 Folklife and Cultural Studies. History of folklife studies. 9/9/1999 to 12/3/1999 BA Candidate Rhodes College 6/1/1999 to 8/15/1999 Design. BA Candidate University of Ghent 9/1/1999 to 9/27/1999 Research projects with Dr. Kurin. BA Candidate Davidson College 7/19/1999 to 8/20/1999 Working with archival materials in the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. Mastering and cataloging a series of recordings for Folkways. 11/23/1998 to 4/15/1999 AA Candidate Montgomery College Provide assistance in filming and editing numerous video projects. 9/9/1999 to 12/15/1999 BA Candidate Beloit College 6/14/1999 to 7/30/1999 Working with Doran’s office and with Folklife Festival coordinator for 2 weeks of festival. BA Sydney University 9/20/1999 to 10/22/1999 BA Candidate St. Olaf College Photography and Web work for Folklife Festival. 6/1/1999 to 8/30/1999 MA Candidate Catholic University of America 5/17/1999 to 8/31/1999 Archival organization of Ralph Rinzler’s papers. MA Universite de Montreal 9/20/1999 to 12/20/1999 Intern for production of Latin American Youth Center’s Latino 11/23/1998 to 4/30/1999 Heritage Center Exhibit. To see what anthropologists actually do, and to get a better 2/1/1999 to 7/31/1999 understanding of ethnographic film—from the concept through post-production. BA Linfield College 6/10/1999 to 7/9/1999 Coordinating participants and assisting program staff at the Romanian Folklife Festival. BA Candidate University of Pennsylvania 6/1/1999 to 9/7/1999 Complete the radio publicity campaign for the release of Taquachito Nights, and research and make contacts in the high school music education market to help further ties between teachers and Smithsonian Folkways. BA Georgetown University 2/1/1999 to 2/1/2000 Year 2000 Folklife Festival. PhD Candidate Seattle University 3/1/1999 to 3/28/1999 To design educational programs for children related to the summer Folklife Festival and review curriculum on African Immigrants in D.C. area. Lisa Maiorino Teresa Martyny Jonathan McCollum Monica McTyre Kevin Miller Amy Morros Versha Munshi Clara Odell Clinton Olive II Amber Papini Sarah L. Pestle Matthew Pistono Kendra Portier Kishanna Poteat Chad Redwing Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 17] BA Indiana University 4/12/1999 to 7/31/1999 Assist in organization of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) conference. BA Candidate University of Florida 1/6/1999 to 7/10/1999 Production Assistant on music project. Assist the executive producers on the production of a Folk- ways CD and the production and curation of a related exhibit and Web site. MA Candidate Tufts University 6/7/1999 to 7/29/1999 Assist Tony Seeger with Folklife Recordings and deal with Folklife Programs and Conferences. BA Candidate George Mason University r1/13/1998 to 7/31/1999 Festival Assistant for Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin Exhibit for American Folklife Festival 1999. BA University of Florida 5/17/1999 to 9/30/1999 Assist Folkways staff in a variety of ways with the overall goal of getting the music to the people: a quality product distributed in the most expedient fashion possible. Includes editing liner notes, composing PowerPoint projects, and general office work. MA Candidate American University 9/9/1999 to 12/31/1999 Working on New York City 2001 Folklife exhibition. BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/14/1999 to 8/30/1999 Creation of survey for Folklife Festival, supervision of volunteers who are going to administer survey and analysis of results. High School Degree Candidate McLean High School Helping with recordings; learning how Folkways are put together. 6/23/1999 to 8/30/1999 PhD Candidate University of Texas—Arlington —_ 10/5/1998 to 5/15/1999 Compiling and organizing information for the African Immigrant Folklife Web site, as well as pro- viding assistance with African Immigrant Folklife projects. BA Candidate 6/1/1999 to 7/23/1999 University of Missouri —Kansas City Providing support in several offices, focusing on finances and administration in Folkways. BA Candidate Harvard University 1/19/1999 to 4/16/1999 Compile booklet for Smithsonian Folklife Festival participants to familiarize themselves with festi- val venues, surroundings, and daily logistics on the National Mall; assist festival director with administrative duties. MA Candidate School of Oriental and African Studies Working on the year 2000 Folklife Festival, particularly on the Tibetan Culture, “Beyond the Land of Snows,” component. 8/2/1999 to 10/1/2000 BA Candidate Ohio State University Photography for Folklife Festival, archival work. 6/14/1999 to 7/31/1999 BA Clark Atlanta University 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Assisting curators and program coordinator in South African Project; reorganizing African immi- grant archival collections; transcribing fieldwork interviews and narrative sessions from African Immigrant Project/Program. BA Arizona State University 6/1/1999 to 7/31/1999 Working on a conference with United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) concerning the global protection of traditional cultures. 172 Viktoria Rill Mary Rogers Matt Sandate Katrien Sonneville Meghan Steed Andrew Sternberg Simona Supekar Sarah Swain Tania Tam Sabra Thorner Michael Twitty Nilda Villalta Lauren Weintraub Elizabeth Weissenborn Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA Candidate University of Dayton 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Assisting Kevin Doran in Folkways Recordings, and also helping with music for Folklife Festival. BA Candidate West Virginia University I will be working with the assistant archivist and the Folklife Festival. 5/19/1999 to 8/30/1999 BA Candidate University of North Texas I will be working in the Folkways Recordings Department. 5/24/1999 to 7/24/1999 BA Candidate Research projects with Dr. Kurin. University of Ghent 9/1/1999 to 9/27/1999 BA Candidate Hamilton College 5/27/1999 to 7/16/1999 Participant staff, responsible for logistical arrangements for festival participants. BA University of Iowa Production of Folkways recordings. 9/9/1999 to 1/31/2000 BA Candidate Oberlin College Working on publicity of the annual Folklife Festival. 6/7/1999 to 9/1/1999 BA Candidate University of New Hampshire 6/7/1999 to 8/1/1999 Assist with production and presentation of New Hampshire Program at the 1999 Smithsonian Folklife Festival. BA Candidate Northwestern University 6/14/1999 to 8/13/1999 Will be working with the Folklife Festival, South Africa exhibit: overseeing Narration stage and music/performance stage. BA Candidate Georgetown University 5/12/1999 to 7/4/1999 Interning for the Center for Folklife; facilitating the South Africa section of the Folklife Festival. BA Candidate Howard University 6/8/1999 to 3/17/2000 Working with the African Immigrant Folklife Study, observing and assisting registrars and conser- vators. The second component of the internship is with the Tesfay Museum, where the intern will conduct an inventory of the museum’s collections from Ethiopia, and identify and record the collec- tion’s conservation needs. PhD Candidate University of Maryland 6/7/1999 to 3/17/2000 —College Park Following up and planning educational programs and activities related to the exhibit, “Our voices in Washington, D.C.” in three programs: art and oral history, radio and occupational history. BA Candidate Wesleyan University 6/2/1999 to 8/30/1999 Working on the Folklife Festival in recording, documentation; and in the Archives doing data entry, etc. BA Candidate College of Wooster The New Hampshire Program of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. 5/17/1999 to 7/16/1999 Center for Latino Initiatives (CLI) Marianne Bueno Gina Diaz MA Candidate 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 University of Texas —San Antonio Research and archival work on Chicanas, Mexican Americans, and Latina/os. BA Candidate 4/5/1999 to 6/11/1999 University of California —Santa Cruz Assist with overall programming for the Latino Graduate Seminar, “Interpreting Latino Cultures.” Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 273 Daniel Holland BA University of Washington 7/14/1999 to 9/24/1999 Exhibition assistant to the Center for Latino Initiatives for “Transculturations: Fernando Ortiz’ Los Instrumentos de la misila afrocubana and the Howard Family Collection of Percussion Instruments.” Center for Museum Studies (CMS) Shirley Brockett AA Candidate Montgomery College 6/10/1999 to 8/30/1999 Establish a database on museum training. Jamie Canavan BA Candidate Bennington College 1/4/1999 to 2/5/1999 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Sherri Chambers BA Candidate State University of New 6/4/1999 to 9/16/1999 York—Purchase Working on the design for the Directions—Sam Taylor Wood exhibit opening in July 1999, help- ing with installation of works in the museum, and working on the “Regarding Beauty” exhibition, opening October 1999. Amy Crabtree BA College of Charleston 6/7/1999 to 8/27/1999 Assist sculpture conservator with maintenance of all outdoor sculptures on plaza and sculpture gar- den. Work will include detergent washing, surface coatings application, and structural repairs. Intern will write professional “treatment” reports on computer and supplement reports with photo- graphic documentation. Rebecca Crumley BA Candidate Virginia Commonwealth 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 University Doing slide work of the permanent collection, rights and reproduction. Jennifer DePrizio MA Candidate George Washington University 1/11/1999 to 7/30/1999 Educational Resource Packet for exhibition “Regarding Beauty” at Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp- ture Garden. Facilitating collaboration with Freer/Sackler and African Art about resource packet and teacher workshop. Emily Farrell BA Smith College 6/14/1999 to 8/20/1999 Sarah Finlay MA Candidate George Washington University 5/12/1999 to 1/31/2000 To assist in the planning and implementation of several upcoming exhibitions at the Hirshhorn. Rosanna Flouty MA Candidate Emory University 10/7/1998 to 3/31/1999 Help coordinate a writer’s workshop in conjunction with Chuck Close exhibition, and give museum tours concentrating on the contemporary collections. Amy Hunter BA Connecticut College 9/7/1999 to 12/31/1999 Will be involved with research for exhibition planned for March 2000. Other activities will include coordinating writers’ materials and luncheon for workshop. Ashlinn Killeen High School Degree Candidate Madeira School 9/22/1999 to 6/30/2000 Providing support for docent program. Eva McGovern BA Candidate Nottingham University 6/24/1999 to 8/24/1999 Cataloguing works and deaccessioning. Nathalie Mikiszko MA Candidate University of Montreal 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Working with the curator of sculpture doing research for future exhibitions. Marija Nelson BA Candidate University of California 9/16/1999 to 12/15/1999 —Santa Cruz Working in collections, cataloging in Directions gallery. 174 Susan Novak Cira Pascual-Marquina Natalie Phillips Jill Pihlaja Amy Sung Allyson Taylor Melanie Weeks Bethany Wolf Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA Candidate Swarthmore College 6/14/1999 to 8/13/1999 Assisting Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig with preparations for exhibits, exhibition propos- als, research, etc. BA Candidate Indiana University 1/11/1999 to 6/30/1999 Will assist Valerie Fletcher, Curator of Sculpture, with research, keeping curatorial files updated, and other duties. BA Candidate University of the Pacific 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 MA Candidate University of the Arts 6/4/1999 to 8/13/1999 Sculpture Garden Tours, professional research on Leonardo Drew, development of Writer's Work- shop on the subject of “beauty,” Thursday night (special events) supervisor, development of college luncheon. BA Candidate Georgetown University 9/13/1999 to 12/31/1999 Assisting in researching and installation of Ed Ruscha exhibition. Also, I will be helping to install Robert Gober exhibition. AA Candidate Northern Virginia 6/7/1999 to 8/27/1999 Community College Assist conservator with annual maintenance of outdoor sculpture. Includes detergent washing, application of protective surface coatings, repainting, and structural repairs. Intern to write professional-style conservation reports for all treatments. Reports will be supplemented by photographic documentation. Some treatments will include indoor sculpture. Research for permanent collection and for the anniversary 10/28/1998 to 4/15/1999 exhibition “Regarding Beauty.” MA Candidate Leicester University 1/11/1999 to 5/31/1999 Horticulture Services Division Graceann Caffio Zachary Deluca Annie Donnelly Brandy Jones Heewon Lee USDA Graduate School 5/17/1999 to 9/3/1999 Butterfly Habitat Garden; maintaining proper conditions for the plant and butterfly habitats, while observing the seasonal changes in butterfly populations and their life in the habitats. BA Candidate Pennsylvania State University 5/17/1999 to 8/13/1999 Intern will work with the Interior Plant Program, maintaining tropical and seasonal flowering plants inside the museums, including watering, grooming, checking for pests and diseases. Will as- sist with the rotation of plants to and from the greenhouse to keep displays looking fresh. BA Candidate University of Maryland 9/7/1999 to 12/24/1999 —College Park Assist the Entomologists with the development and implementation of the Integrated Pest Man- agement Program, including identification of key pests; plants and their location; monitoring for early detection of problems; decision making on the need for control measures; development of a management strategy; and evaluation of the effectiveness of the program. BA Candidate Cornell University 6/7/1999 to 8/20/1999 Work with the horticulturists and gardeners in maintaining the Folger Rose Garden. This includes watering, weeding, fertilizing, pruning, dead-heading, and identifying and controlling pests and diseases. May also have the opportunity to work with botanical nomenclature by preparing text for labels. George Washington University 1/11/1999 to 3/26/1999 Intern will work with the artifact collection of garden furnishings, plant stands, Edwardian cases, posy holders, and floriculture memorabilia. Intern will conduct primary research in order to de- Miles Lepping Nancy McCloskey Lisa McDonald Jennifer Park Irina Poloumienko Kirsten Scott Hannah Sears Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments IS velop exhibit concepts and label text in coordination with lists of objects, plants, and design that could comprise the exhibit. BA Candidate University of Maryland 6/7/1999 to 8/20/1999 —College Park Work with the Integrated Pest Management Program. Learn to identify and manage pest problems of ornamental plants and turf. Will also conduct research on the development of alternative, non- chemical pest control tactics. AA Candiate Montgomery College 6/1/1999 to 8/27/1999 Intern will work with the Integrated Pest Management Program to study and analyze insects, dis- eases, nematodes, and physiological problems on garden plants and to work with pest and garden management techniques. BA Candidate Texas A&M University 6/1/1999 to 8/20/1999 Working in the greenhouses assisting in cultivation techniques, watering, weeding, grooming, pest control, fertilizing and the general care of plants. BA Candidate Oregon State University 6/21/1999 to 9/17/1999 Intern will work with the horticulturists and gardeners in maintaining the Enid A. Haupt Garden. This includes watering, weeding, fertilizing, grooming, and identifying and controlling pests and diseases on annuals, perennials, shrubs, and mixed plantings in urns and baskets. The intern will also have the opportunity to cultivate roses, formal parterres, and tropical plants in an outdoor setting. BA University of Guelph 5/10/1999 to 8/13/1999 Horticulture internship focusing on extension of Smithsonian Butterfly Garden. MA Colorado State University 8/9/1999 to 11/26/1999 Review and revise the Horticulture Services Division series of Fact Sheets. Also be developing the text for the 2000 Orchid Show. Intern will work with the Chief, Horticulture Services Division, to prepare the text for the brochure to go with the Folger Rose Garden. BA Reed College t1/9/1998 to 6/30/1999 Intern will work with all aspects of the Orchid Collection. She will work with cultivation, record- ing growth and flowering habit, identification, verifying nomenclature, inventory and label production, and installation. National Air and Space Museum Megan Bradley Jose Cervoni Yahmina Crews Angelica Daneo Jennifer DiCapua BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/21/1999 to 8/27/1999 Research on nuclear facilities in the United States during the space race for the Department of Space History. BA Candidate University of Maryland 6/1/1999 to 8/6/1999 —College Park The external preparation and polishing of aft fuselage section of the Enola Gay. High School Degree Candidate Madeira School “How Things Fly” Gallery. 9/29/1999 to 5/31/2000 BA Candidate University of Turin 8/2/1999 to 10/15/1999 Working with the National Air and Space Museum Archive, which has many works of art that need to be checked in order to properly place them. Will work with the National Museum of American Art on the upcoming exhibition concerning Edward Hopper. BA Candidate University of Michigan 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Research assistant to find recently declassified documents at the National Archives and Department of Energy Archives for a collective political biography of the three American physicists who created the hydrogen and atomic bombs. 176 Jennifer Egloff Talia Eisenklam Kathryn Ersoz Victoria Keener Jeremy Linden Seema Patel Andrea Pippins Brian Rice Jonathan Rigaud Laura Segall Maitreya Sims Nataliya Tintcheva Miryam Bak Daniel Beeton Shannon Brackett Dominique DjeDje Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA Candidate State University of New York 6/1/1999 to 8/30/1999 —Buffalo Working on the Explore the Universe Gallery, preparing labels and files for space artifacts. BA Candidate American University 6/1/1999 to 8/6/1999 Assistance with reconfiguration of intern database, some coordination of Family Night and Brown Bag Lunch events. BA Candidate University of Delaware 6/1/1999 to 8/6/1999 Conservation of aeronautical materials. BA Candidate Rice University 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Restoration of aft fuselage section of the Enola Gay B-52. BA Candidate Vassar College 6/1/1999 to 8/6/1999 Working in the NASM Archival Division on the Rudy Arnold Photograph collection. BA Candidate Harvey Mudd College 6/21/1999 to 8/27/1999 Working with The Museum System, a database. BA Candidate Temple University 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Working on graphic design techniques on a project in the How Things Fly Gallery. BA Candidate University of Virginia 7/28/1999 to 8/30/1999 How Things Fly Resource Room Assistant. BA Candidate ESTACA 7/12/1999 to 8/30/1999 Working in the How Things Fly Gallery. BA Candidate Rochester Institute of 6/1/1999 to 8/30/1999 Photography assistant. Technology BA University of Florida 6/1/1999 to 8/6/1999 Arranging lectures and seminars. BA Candidate Washington University 6/1/1999 to 8/6/1999 Graphic design and exhibition design projects. BA Candidate University of London 6/21/1999 to 8/27/1999 Assisting the Graphic Production specialists with silk screening needs pertaining to Hats and Kente exhibitions. BA University of Wisconsin 2/19/1999 to 5/7/1999 —Madison To assist in cataloguing National Museum of African Art’s Educational Teaching collection. High School Degree Candidate Anacostia Senior High School 7/12/1999 to 8/31/1999 BA Candidate George Washington University 6/1/1999 to 8/13/1999 Assisting with the catalogue entry of the postcard collection in the Archives into SIRIS. National Museum of African Art Julia Young Kim Melissa McKenzie BA Candidate Johns Hopkins University 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Develop activities for children in conjunction with the exhibitions “Wrapped in Pride: Ghanian Kente and African American Identity” and “Hats Off: A Salute to African Headwear.” BA University of Michigan 10/19/1998 to 12/23/1998 To assist Veronika Jenke in various educational projects. Marion Norman Allison Wilson Ann Becker Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 77 AA Candidate Prince George’s Community College Studying African Art, its history and beauty and how it is exhibited. Interested in the background work that goes into the final exhibition. 9/7/1999 to 11/12/1999 BA Brigham Young University 7/6/1999 to 8/13/1999 Assisting in the Registration Department with the remeasuring and recording of dimensions of col- lection objects in The Museum System (TMS), a collection management database. MA Candidate George Washington University 9/10/1999 to 4/2/2000 Awarded Rachlin Stipend. Participated in National Museum of American Art advanced-level in- ternship program—a yearlong overview of museum operations. National Museum of American Art Peter Brownlee Pamela Collins Jessica Crittenden Madeline Fairbanks Catherine Foster Amy Gotzler Rachel Horoschak Lauren Hutchinson Kristen Kertsos Sara Levitt Levia Lew PhD George Washington University 9/10/1999 to 4/21/2000 Awarded Mandil Stipend. Participated in National Museum of American Art advanced-level in- ternship program—a yearlong overview of museum operations. BA Candidate Salisbury State University 6/11/1999 to 8/6/1999 Assistance in implementation of new management software and other tasks in association with the Old Patent Office Building manager. BA Randolph-Macon 6/11/1999 to 8/6/1999 Woman's College General assistance on all levels of the registrar’s office. MA Candidate 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Minneapolis College of Art and Design Researching American artist George Catlin, in particular, developing a timeline for his life, putting into context events of his time. This would be in conjunction with other current documentation and new media. BA Bryn Mawr College 9/10/1999 to 4/2/2000 Participated in National Museum of American Art advanced-level internship program—a yearlong overview of museum operations. American University 9/10/1999 to 4/21/2000 Participated in National Museum of American Art advanced-level internship program—a yearlong overview of museum operations. BA Candidate Alfred University 6/11/1999 to 8/6/1999 Assistance on several library collections, as well as preparation for library move in association with the Old Patent Office building renovation. BA Candidate Duke University 6/11/1999 to 8/6/1999 Assistance with preparations for a traveling exhibition on American impressionism. General assistance on all levels of the Registrar’s Office. 6/11/1999 to 8/6/1999 BA Candidate Brigham Young University 6/11/1999 to 8/6/1999 Assisting curators on Latino collections and ninteenth-century collections and other general func- tions of the curator’s office. BA Candidate Randolph-Macon Women’s College Assistance on exhibition “Glass, Glorious Glass,” and preparations for exhibition of the permanent collection. 6/11/1999 to 8/6/1999 178 Carrie Ann Miller Nathan Moon Maya Narkus-Kramer Virginia Treanor Mary Wang Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA Candidate Salisbury State University 6/11/1999 to 9/10/1999 Assistance in general functions of the Public Affairs office and organizing a database of information involving 60 traveling exhibitions. BA Brigham Young University 9/10/1999 to 4/21/2000 Participated in National Museum of American Art advanced-level internship program—a yearlong overview of museum operations. BA Candidate Maryland Institute 6/11/1999 to 8/6/1999 —College of Art Video production for traveling exhibition “Scenes of American Life,” as well as research, design, and production of a teachers’ study guide. MA American University 9/13/1999 to 4/12/2000 Participated in National Museum of American Art advanced-level internship program—a yearlong overview of museum operations. BA Candidate University of California 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 —Berkeley Working on three traveling shows: “Scenes of American Life,” “Young America,” and “Lure of the West.” Tasks include research and assistance in writing the exhibition labels. National Museum of American History Selma Amaral Rebeca Ames Kelly Anderson Donnalyn Anthony Emily Appel Kara Artz Humaira Ashraf Jordan Austin Alexis Azar Angela Baccala AA Candidate Montgomery College 1/25/1999 to 5/31/1999 Working in Program in African American Culture. BA Candidate Smith College 9/7/1999 to 12/17/1999 Research, organize, and compile database of the National Print Exhibitions—a sale of graphic arts at the Smithsonian from 1900-1970. BA Candidate University of California—Davis 6/25/1999 to 8/28/1999 BA Candidate South Carolina State University 6/21/1999 to 8/13/1999 Researching the influences of African Americans on print and broadcasting media. High School Degree Candidate Madeira School 9/22/1999 to 6/30/2000 Rehouse and organize record sheets of collection fabric and samples of ribbon; research; database en- try; assist with quilt collections. BA Candidate College of William and Mary 5/25/1999 to 8/6/1999 Working with the Education Department on the “Our Story” Program, planning and researching for the program, as well as working with public relations. High School Degree Candidate Paint Branch High School 7/13/1999 to 8/15/1999 Assistant in radio and television editing. BA Candidate Salisbury State University 6/10/1999 to 8/10/1999 Inventory, research. BA Colby College 9/13/1999 to 6/1/2000 Assisting in researching and implementing Bicycle Awareness Month for the month of May 2000 under National Museum of American History’s Lemelson Center. MA Candidate University of Maryland 1/13/1999 to 5/14/1999 —College Park To “shadow” an Archives Center staff member; listening to reference requests, learning to answer routine questions, learning reference tools, and attending staff meetings. LaShonda Barnett Patrick Berry Sara Bishop Karen Bleier Leigh Bond Kristin Bonette Lauren Borchard Brigham Bowen Alexis Bowens Audrey Bower Timothy Brixius Shelley Brooks Alexander Chan Zachary Changuris Liana Chua Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 179 PhD Candidate College of William and Mary 6/1/1999 to 8/1/1999 African American History Project; indexing “From Field to Factory” exhibition. BA Candidate George Washington University 9/7/1999 to 12/31/1999 Rehousing sports and entertainment collections. BA Candidate Hope College 3/15/1999 to 4/23/1999 Planning and implementing an Intern Seminar on a museum topic for other interns, and updating office publications dealing with the structure of the museum in order to obtain the final goal of gaining a better understanding of the internship office and museum structure. BA Candidate 1/25/1999 to 4/22/1999 Researching donors (corporate, individual), creating database contracts, attending meetings, re- searching other institutions on their development process and donor cultivations. Brandeis University BA Candidate Washington College 6/7/1999 to 8/20/1999 Background research on inventors and products in exercise machine history 1831-1950. Gathering data on biographies of inventors of these machines and the circumstances of their use in health clubs and gymnasiums. High School Degree Candidate Landmark Career Academy 4/28/1999 to 5/27/1999 Helping with a variety of office tasks including phone, database, mailings and visitors. MA Candidate George Washington University 1/11/1999 to 5/31/1999 Working on Rock ’n Soul, an exhibition scheduled to open in Memphis in 2000. Includes fact checking, quote finding, and working on any other exhibition-readying tasks as assigned. BA Candidate Brigham Young University 5/4/1999 to 6/18/1999 Research project on the works of twentieth-century photographer Wallace Nutting. BA Candidate Howard University 6/8/1999 to 8/9/1999 Intern will work with Niani Kilkenny and Luvenia George to research the roles of African Ameri- can women in jazz and Office of Sponsored Project’s music. Will also assist in logging materials in the archives of the Program in African American Culture. BA Candidate Harvard University Working on the periodical archives, updating and preserving them. 3/1/1999 to 5/31/1999 BA Candidate Franklin and Marshall College = 7/13/1999 to 8/13/1999 Redesign for the National Museum of American History’s Office of Internships and Fellowships Web page. BA Candidate University of Richmond 5/13/1999 to 7/31/1999 Plan and develop lectures, brown-bag lunches, and trips for summer internship program, coordi- nate orientation for summer interns, develop intern directory and mailings, and other projects as they develop. BA Candidate Historical research for doctoral fellow. University of California—Davis 6/24/1999 to 8/27/1999 BA Candidate Shepherd College 6/1/1999 to 8/4/1999 Graphic design project: sign system for buildings, and exhibit design for American Legacies project. BA Candidate Trinity College, 7/6/1999 to 9/17/1999 Oxford University Research and assistance in various exhibitions by the Department of Cultural History (“Piano 300,” “Flat-Top Guitar”), and the setting up of new public programs office. 180 Melanie Clarke Maria Rose Colacurcio Jerry Colley M. Soledad Correa Christina Cotter Leo Crane Viviana Cristian Carrie A. Croucher Helen Daniels Erika Davis Elizabeth Davison Patrece Dean Preston Denson Anthoney Dimos Christopher DiTomo Cybele Dreskin Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA Candidate American University Designing Web pages for the Archives Center Web site. 2/16/1999 to 5/31/1999 BA Whitworth College 1/5/1999 to 3/1/1999 Assisting Luvenia George and Alonzo Smith on Duke Ellington Youth Festival research and other research projects. BA Wake Forest University 5/24/1999 to 7/16/1999 Sports and Leisure—U.S. Olympic exhibit, rehousing items from other exhibits, catalog items into computer. Gain experience in the general work of a paper conservation lab. 1/11/1999 to 5/7/1999 BA Candidate University of Colorado—Boulder 6/7/1999 to 8/6/1999 Design project manager of “The Battle of Baltimore,” a Hands-On-History room activity. BA Oxford University Helping with current projects in Public Affairs. 7/6/1999 to 11/5/1999 PhD Candidate Catholic University of America 5/28/1999 to 8/30/1999 Working with Dr. Ahlborn on a project involving religious objects located in the gift shop of the Basilica shrine dealing with Asian Indians. BA Candidate College of the Holy Cross 1/20/1999 to 4/23/1999 To study indigenous visual and textual productions of Hawaiian artifacts, and assisting with pri- mary research and examining and writing up reports on materials. BA Candidate California Lutheran University Design Intern for Innovative Lives Project/Exhibit for Lemelson Center. 9/13/1999 to 12/1/1999 BA Candidate 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Conduct research on African American expatriates in Europe, to be used in planning a future public Xavier University program. BA Candidate 3/15/1999 to 3/19/1999 To get a general overview of the National Museum of American History from the administration to University of Virginia the archives. This internship is to serve as an introduction to the field of museum studies. MA Candidate Howard University 10/1/1998 to 5/9/1999 BA Candidate 6/3/1999 to 9/13/1999 Developing educational programs with the Program for African American Culture. Howard University BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/21/1999 to 8/27/1999 Write about and research the life of Charles Dhalgreen. BA University of Illinois 7/1/1999 to 8/31/1999 —Urbana-Champaign Researching Black history and culture exhibits at the Smithsonian circa 1930-1996, especially Herbert Ward African Collection, updated material in current African Voices Project, National Museum of History and Technology exhibits 1969-76, specific exhibits at Anacostia Museum 1969-79 and their representation in press. BA Washington University 2/2/1999 to 5/31/1999 Collections management assistant. Working with collection cataloguing information, entering data, assisting staff in research, creating object lists. Assisting with cataloguing and research on the Muybridge Collection for upcoming exhibition. Kristina DuRocher Elizabeth Eckstein Christopher Eichler Erin Eisenbarth Thomas Eisinger Jennifer Feldman Rebecca Fifield Michelle Flatman Tuliza Fleming Andrew Foltz Amy Gallagher John Gibson Desiree Girelle Scott Gotschall Anja Grater Andrew Hall Jeannie Han Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 181 BA Candidate Michigan State University 5/9/1999 to 6/30/1999 Involved with the Rock ‘n’ Soul exhibition and will work with Pete Daniel on other projects. At- tend Rock ‘n’ Soul meetings, do research at the Library of Congress and National Archives and keep up project files. BA Candidate University of Virginia 6/28/1999 to 8/6/1999 BA Candidate Tufts University Working with exhibit space design, surveying visitors. 6/7/1999 to 8/10/1999 BA Candidate University of Texas—Austin 6/7/1999 to 7/2/1999 Historical research into the backgrounds of the original owners of outfits in the costume collection, 1910-1918. MA Candidate University of Maryland —College Park Processing the Bickel papers. Bickel was one of the more prolific inventors of the twentieth century. 1/20/1999 to 8/13/1999 BA Candidate 1/22/1999 to 4/22/1999 Restoration of H and H Automat. Repair of marble, including cleaning and polishing. American University MA Candidate George Washington University 1/19/1999 to 4/30/1999 Research and document selected 1830s women’s costumes in the National Museum of American History collection. BA Candidate University of California—Davis 6/24/1999 to 8/31/1999 Helping with exhibition on History of Medical Sciences and helping with editing a book on history of prosthetics. Research Assistant to the Archives of American History. 7/6/1999 to 12/31/1999 BA Candidate Conducting primary research for a book on the Washington Monument. Warner Pacific College 9/27/1999 to 12/15/1999 BA Louisiana State University Identification and analysis of coverlets. Additional cataloguing projects. 2/2/1999 to 7/31/1999 PhD Candidate Wake Forest University —School of Medicine Working on “West Point” and “Westward Expansion.” 5/24/1999 to 7/30/1999 BA Candidate George Mason University 1/13/1999 to 1/31/2000 Digital imaging lab; scan archive photos into computer and help coordinate future intern procedure to convert photos to digital. BA Candidate 6/14/1999 to 8/30/1999 File and organize musical scores and parts, then review specific musical selections and make speci- Indiana University fied edits of performance pieces. BA University of Stuttgart Translation of German on artifacts. 8/2/1999 to 9/30/1999 BA Candidate University of Virginia 6/17/1999 to 8/30/1999 High School Degree Candidate Barrie School 1/20/1999 to 3/10/1999 Go all over the museum in search of old people. It has to do with the UN project of old persons. 182 Kimberly Hase Sarah Haviland Janet Haws Amy Henderson Candace Hewitt Lorel Hiramoto Helen Hookway Julie Hoskin Melodee Hotai Amy Howton Annette Isgitt Jeffrey Jensen Kimberly Kahne Chad Kannady Suzanne Karr Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 MA Candidate State University of New York—Brockport Assist with the Star-Spangled Banner Web site development. 7/1/1999 to 8/27/1999 BA Candidate Michigan State University 5/10/1999 to 6/30/1999 Member of “Rock ‘n’ Soul” exhibition. Research at Library of Congress and National Archives. At- tend meetings and keep up files on the project and other projects with Pete Daniel involving research and collections. BA Candidate College of William and Mary Working with “Battle of the Bands” archival materials. 6/21/1999 to 8/12/1999 PhD Candiate University of Delaware 6/8/1999 to 8/6/1999 To develop a bibliography of journals, published letters, and novels from 1775-1825. to identify passages that refer to appearance, fashion, clothing, textiles, and household activities related to the same, and passages that reveal attitudes about gender conditions. This will provide background for research on the Copp collection. BA Candidate Smith College 9/7/1999 to 12/17/1999 African American Communities project focus on Black military history and African American cul- ture in the 1930s and 1940s (specifically Catherine Dunham’s works and WPA theater. BA Candidate Smith College Doing research for “Ethnic Imagery in American Advertising.” 9/7/1999 to 12/17/1999 BA University of York Research, stock car exhibition, “Rock ‘n’ Soul” exhibition. 7/30/1999 to 10/10/1999 BA Appalachian State University 4/20/1999 to 7/16/1999 Ethnic Imagery Project. BA University of California —Los Angeles 9/14/1999 to 12/8/1999 Star-Spangled Banner Project. Work with senior educator and research, create and develop a dis- tance learning program for middle school students about the Star-Spangled Banner. MA Candidate 6/21/1999 to 7/30/1999 Researching the role that quilts—made by slave women—played in the Underground Railroad as a University of Cincinnati form of resistance. I plan on coordinating this project later on with the upcoming Underground Railroad celebration in Cincinnati, Ohio. I will also be designing the program for the Martin Luther King celebration in January 2000. | BA Candidate State University Natchitoches 8/30/1999 to 11/30/1999 Research on beginnings of Buffalo soldiers and current life of surviving members. BA Candidate University of Arizona 5/25/1999 to 8/8/1999 Working in the Armed Forces Collection, studying how people remember and commemorate war. Smith College 9/7/1999 to 12/17/1999 Popular music from the 1930s to the 1970s. BA Candidate Wichita State University 1/19/1999 to 5/1/1999 Intern will inventory the firearms and edged weapons, rehouse the pistol collection, and assist with research and other curatorial duties. | BA Candidate Brown University 6/7/1999 to 7/30/1999 Assisting with a pressed glass catalog via search for relevant photographs as comparisons, assisting with data entry and file update, and assisting as recorder, with the Ceramics Hall take-down. Laurie Kelleher Laura Keller Soo-Yeun Kim Amber King Sarah Klein Kathleen Knowles Swantje Lahm Jennifer Lamping Tippitt Lancaster Trisha Laski Sonya Lawyer Joan Layne Shin-Fen Lee Stacy Levine Suzanne Lewis Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 183 BA Candidate College of the Holy Cross 9/20/1999 to 11/30/1999 Working with Dr. Ahlborne to prepare religious medals for cataloging and display. BA University of Maryland 9/7/1999 to 12/31/1999 —Baltimore County Enrichment program. Assist in Intern and Fellowship Office. BA Candidate American University 6/9/1999 to 8/6/1999 “Showtime” project; exhibiting posters and photographs related to American entertainment over the past hundred years (including circus, event, games, shows, etc.). BA Carnegie Mellon University 6/8/1999 to 12/31/1999 Working on Star-Spangled Banner Project, helping Marilyn with her dissertation, developing skills in museum work. PhD Candidate University of Maryland 4/3/1999 to 8/31/1999 —College Park Library of Congress research and other research tasks related to Sarah Johnson’s scholarship. BA Candidate Corcoran College of 7/6/1999 to 9/15/1999 Art and Design Assist senior exhibition designer with new installation of “On Time” exhibition. Refinement of ar- chitectural drawings, verification of layout, supplies/materials ordered, review bids, and any other duties required. MA Candidate Johns Hopkins University 6/2/1999 to 7/31/1999 Go through collections of advertising history and look for ethnic imagery. BA Candidate University of Michigan 6/1/1999 to 8/13/1999 —Ann Arbor Orientation leader, as well as possibly aiding Steven Fisher in Design and Planning once a week. BA University of California 3/3/1999 to 3/3/2000 —Riverside “Piano 300” exhibition: work with project manager, curator, and project director. MA Candidate University of Maryland 9/20/1999 to 12/13/1999 —College Park Work on finding aid/database for objects in Women’s History Collection, work with the Women’s History Document Collection (including organizing documents) and general assistance with collec- tions management activities in Political History Collection. AA Candidate Montgomery College 9/20/1999 to 12/15/1999 Responsible for a variety of traditional and photographic formats in digital and electronic photo- graphic media. Working with primary photographs on projects dealing in copy and illustration. MA Candidate University of South Alabama 2/1/1999 to 5/31/1999 Research on a book about the first monument to a president. MA Candidate New School University 2/3/1999 to 5/14/1999 —Parsons School of Design Exhibition design project, to learn how to conduct exhibit designs. BA Candidate George Washington University 6/17/1999 to 12/31/1999 Helping coordinate Latino programs (Enczentos) at National Museum of American History. BA University of Cape Town 4/5/1999 to 8/31/2000 Collections Management; cataloging, arranging photographic files, research in documentary collections. 184 Abena Lewis Thea Agape Lim Barbara Luthi Rebecca Lynch Hilary Lynch Jeffrey Lynch Lenka Makalova Melanie Martens Sara Martin Kathleen Mayko Kimberly McCray Emily McDonough Meg McGinn BA Candidate Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Howard University 6/7/1999 to 8/30/1999 Assisting with research for the gallery talk in the museum’s “Looking American” series. I will look into the costume collection using the collection’s catalog card, build a resource for the project using the collection’s library and the SI library, and interpret the designer’s vision, technique, design, and structure for the October lecture. BA Candidate McGill University 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Working directly with artifacts, specifically with a section of the artificial hearts. It is hoped the in- tern will glean information related to their production and to set these artifacts into the overall historical context of the artificial heart program. Expected products include a timeline of the artificial heart program at the University of Utah and historical descriptions for the museum’s electronic base. MA Candidate University of Basel, Switzerland 2/8/1999 to 4/2/1999 Research at archives in the metropolitan area. Aid in tasks as necessary for manuscript completion. Wider understanding of the function of the National Museum of American History. BA Candidate Boston University 1/25/1999 to 4/22/1999 T will be working with Mr. Daniel on his upcoming publication, as well as assisting the team work- ing on the “Rock ‘n’ Soul” exhibition. BA Candidate Pepperdine University 5/3/1999 to 7/7/1999 Public Affairs assistant: duties include media lists, releases, and responding to press and media in- quiries. BA Candidate Wentworth Institute of Technology 2/1/1999 to 5/3/1999 To design the welcome center at the National Museum of American History and work with Tom Kinnard. Models, sketches, and other office work will be the main job for the position. AA Candidate Montgomery College 2/2/1999 to 7/31/1999 I will sort coins and paper money and place them in the appropriate categories. Also, computer in- put will be another project I will be working on. MA Candidate 6/1/1999 to 8/30/1999 Demonstrations of nineteenth-century technology and research on the same to expand demos such University of Toronto that they include information on the participation of women in early printing. BA University of California —Santa Barbara 3/1/1999 to 8/31/1999 General and specific research for the “America on the Move” exhibition project, as well as research assistance with the writing of Lies Across the Landscape: What Our History Markers, Memorials, and Museums Got Wrong. BA Smith College Research on photographs of prominent twentieth-century women. 9/7/1999 to 12/17/1999 BA Candidate Saint Michael’s College 5/25/1999 to 8/6/1999 Working with the “Our Story” Program to help develop a Web site, doing research, and other du- ties associated with layout for program materials. “Our Story” is a monthly series of programs designed to bring history to life through museum objects and children’s literature. BA University of Florida 5/24/1999 to 8/15/1999 Evaluation of and research for a new activity for the museum’s Web site, as well as research and visi- tor testing of a new hands-on activity on the Battle of Baltimore BA Candidate Skidmore College Assist in research for the upcoming exhibition “Leaps and No Bounds.” 6/14/1999 to 8/7/1999 Devon McPhee David Mish Laura Munro Frank Murphy Jason Myers Viet Nguyen Midori Okazaki Jennifer O’Keefe Charity Oliver Kristen Ostheimer Leigh O'Sullivan Priya Patel Shanon Peterson Kyle Plummer Michelle Pollak Lee Puterbaugh Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 185 BA University of Michigan 6/1/1999 to 7/31/1999 Create 1999 “Smithsonian Internship Opportunities” book for the museum of American History BA Candidate Yale University 6/2/1999 to 8/13/1999 Research for and design of Web page for National Museum of American History. BA Candidate Pennsylvania State University 5/24/1999 to 7/30/1999 Malloy Labor Collection, general collections management assistance, cataloguing and rehousing, sorting documents collection. BA Bloomsburg University 1/19/1999 to 5/1/1999 Working on the Office of Information Technology’s Web page, utilizing the Technology Archives for research. BA Candidate Portland State University 3/29/1999 to 6/6/1999 Exploring the themes, values, ideas that have become a part of the African American (and Ameri- can) world view that has its basis in African folkloric traditions. BA Candidate Duke University The Legacy of Jim Henson in twentieth-century pop culture. 6/7/1999 to 8/30/1999 MA Candidate Western Washington University 4/5/1999 to 6/1/1999 Assist in implementation of National Museum of American History Electronic records project and maintenance of on-line collection finding aids. Will also process additions to Kliman Jazz photo collection. BA Candidate University of Delaware 6/7/1999 to 8/27/1999 Researching the image of women in nineteenth- and twentieth-century military. BA Candidate University of Maryland —College Park Working with sports equipment, baseball cards, Stall and Dean collection. 5/24/1999 to 7/14/1999 MA Northeastern University 9/13/1999 to 12/14/1999 Nobel exhibition: script development and research on audiovisual materials to be used in the exhibition. Smith College Research on Women’s Dress Collection from 1840-1860. 9/7/1999 to 12/7/1999 BA Candidate Claremont McKenna College 6/2/1999 to 7/31/1999 Researching lecture discussions stemming from the life and work of W.E.B. DuBois. BA Texas A&M University 6/1/1999 to 8/6/1999 National benchmarking studies, strategic planning and audience plan studies, and other projects in the planning office and other offices. BA Candidate Wentworth Institute of Technology Help design and work with Tom Kennard designing the welcome center; making models, sketches, and office work. Also, work with other designers in the design offices to assist in smaller projects. 2/1/1999 to 5/5/1999 BA Candidate Public Relations intern. American University 5/24/1999 to 8/11/1999 BA Candidate Western Maryland College Assistance with creation of Digital Imaging Lab. 5/4/1999 to 6/15/1999 186 Fiorella Remus Ted Ririe Laura Robbins Averi Roberts Todd Robinson Kara Ryan Alexis Saarela Florencia Sader Mia Schafer Elizabeth Schmidt Julie Schumaker John J. Sertich, Jr. Patrick Shea Rosalind Shipley Rebecca Short Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA Candidate Universidad Nacional 6/15/1999 to 8/15/1999 Autonomo de Mexico Classification and description of photographic collections. BA Candidate Brigham Young University 5/4/1999 to 8/12/1999 Research project on the development of electrophoresis equipment. BA Candidate University of Pennsylvania 6/17/1999 to 8/7/1999 Doing research on Mexicans and Mexican-Americans and how American culture treated them be- tween 1880-1910. MA Candidate George Washington University 1/11/1999 to 4/8/1999 Contributing to “Our Story,” children’s literature program. Coordinating and organizing March 20 “Our Story” program. MA Candidate University of Massachusetts 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Background research on inventors and products in exercise machine history. Research data on the bi- ographies of inventors, as well as on the circumstances of their use in health clubs and gymnasiums. BA Candidate James Madison University 6/1/1999 to 8/12/1999 Wide range of curatorial experience. BA Candidate Smith College 9/7/1999 to 12/17/1999 Ethnic Imagery in the Landscape of Commerce: research in Archives and advertising collection for this project. 10/1/1998 to 12/5/1998 Assist in the implementation and production of “ENCUENTROS! Latin America at the Smithson- ian,” a series of free public programs. Assistant to the senior exhibit designer. 6/29/1999 to 8/31/1999 BA Candidate Wellesley College 5/24/1999 to 7/10/1999 “Piano 300” is a multifaceted, pan-Institutional project celebrating the 300th anniversary of the in- vention of the piano. PhD Candidate George Washington University 6/14/1999 to_9/17/1999 Collections management for Domestic Life Collection—accessioning, cataloging, numbering, and housing projects. Historic research and interpretation of objects, pictures, and narrative to assist in the development of outreach products, such as a brochure, an exhibition, a public program, and a publication. Exhibition development and maintenance of “After the Revolution” and “Ipswich House.” MA Candidate University of Maryland 1/19/1999 to 5/24/1999 —College Park Assisting on project management for Americanos exhibit; research for catalogue for collegiate legacy; data entry for African American Index. 10/5/1998 to 9/30/1999 BA Candidate Maryland Institute 1/27/1999 to 5/15/1999 —College of Art Assisting with collections research, organization, rehousing, and cataloging of photographs in the History of Technology Department. BA Candidate University of Maryland 9/2/1999 to 11/30/1999 —College Park Analysis of letters, correspondence, journals, and official and personal records of Buffalo Soldiers, Native Americans, and Euro-Americans to understand their perceptions of one another. Chad Shuskey Emily Sloat Shaw David Smolen Emily Spates Julie Statz Katarina Steinijans Matthew Stephenson Caeli Thibeault Jose Torres Melissa Upton Jaime Vazquez Emilie Volkert Elaine Wang Amy Kate Watia Carrie Watts Laura Weber Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 187 BA Candidate Hiram College 5/17/1999 to 8/14/1999 Helping Peggy Kidwell write a paper on the impact of early calculators. Filing and helping put to- gether showcase for 2000 Olympics with Jane Rogers. BA Amherst College 9/15/1999 to 12/31/1999 Working with Howard Bass and Sue Walker in the Public Programs Office. I will assist with the Cherokee Program, “Piano 300,” and “American Slavery in History and Memory.” As an intern, I will attend meetings and perform research for programming. MA Candidate University of Maryland —College Park Arrange and describe the Kushi macrobiotics collection and then enter this collection into the SIRIS database. 1/13/1999 to 5/31/1999 BA Candidate University of California—Davis 9/14/1999 to 12/3/1999 Assist with “Our Story” Program in planning and organizing Event Days; maintain “Our Story” hotline; research “Our Story” Program for winter. 10/13/1998 to 12/31/1998 Rehousing, arrangement, and description of new archival collections. Among other rehousing proj- ects, preserving a scrapbook documenting Maidenform’s Los Angeles office from the 1950s. BA Candidate Frankfurt University 6/1/1999 to 7/12/1999 Oxford University 3/1/1999 to 6/1/1999 Assist in primary source research of governmental documents, print media, publicity ephemera, and motion pictures for project titled “Hollywood’s Good Neighbor Policy and U.S.-Latin American Re- lations, 1938-1947.” Research at the Smithsonian, Library of Congress, and National Archives. High School Degree Candidate Carbondale Community High School 3/15/1999 to 3/19/1999 MA Candidate University of Texas-San Antonio 6/1/1999 to 7/26/1999 Museum Intern Partnership Program participant. BA Candidate Wheaton College 1/4/1999 to 1/29/1999 Assisting Mr. Rand with a publication on the statue of George Washington by Horatio Greenough. BA Candidate University of Michigan Assisting the “SWAT team” on the “Rock ‘n’ Soul” exhibition. 5/24/1999 to 8/14/1999 BA Candidate Ohio University 6/17/1999 to 8/30/1999 BA Candidate Tufts University 7/1/1999 to 8/13/1999 Assistant to the Intern Coordinator, helping to orient new interns and fellows, organize brown-bag lunches, and other events. MA Candidate University of Michigan 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 A major archival processing project involving the preparation of collections for research and the dis- semination of collections information through print and electronic media. BA 1/25/1999 to 5/15/1999 To gain a general understanding of the responsibilities of a costume curator by assisting with the office move, preparing files for Smithsonian Archives, assembling materials for a “Looking Ameri- can” presentation, and refinement of twentieth-century designer files. BA Candidate Research intern. Columbia University 6/1/1999 to 7/30/1999 188 Douglas Weiss Noah Buck Wester Antonio Williams Christine Winkler Sarah Wintle Catherine Wolfe Leah Woodward Katherine Worboys Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA Candidate Research project on genetic treatment Carleton College 6/14/1999 to 8/7/1999 BA University of Maryland Web site work. —College Park 5/4/1999 to 6/1/1999 BA Candidate Macalester College Research assistant helping organize papers of Dorothy Hyatt. 6/7/1999 to 7/31/1999 BA Candidate Giessen University 7/19/1999 to 8/13/1999 Database research on the Trade Catalogue History of the American sewing machine. BA Candidate Smith College 9/7/1999 to 12/17/1999 Constructing a finding guide to a portion of the Reform Movements Collections in the division of Social History. BA Candidate “Paint by Number” Exhibition. University of California—Davis 9/14/1999 to 12/3/1999 BA Candidate Florida A&M University 6/15/1999 to 7/29/1999 Aide to Mrs. Green in the coordination and production process of Holiday Celebration, sponsored by the National Museum of American History in December 1999. BA Candidate Duke University 5/27/1999 to 8/30/1999 Assist in primary source research of governmental documents, print media, and motion pictures for project titled “Hollywood’s Good Neighbor Policy and U.S.-Latin American Relations, 1938-1947.” National Museum of Natural History Catherine Adams Ana Agreda Beatrix Arendt Hamilton Beltran Alexander Benitez David Bennett Erin Bishop Sydella Blatch BA Candidate George Washington University 6/1/1999 to 12/31/1999 Research on photographs of North American Indians. BA Catholic University in Quito 5/31/1999 to 8/8/1999 Project will examine microscopic feather structures of two species of birds (anatini vs. aythyni) in the Anatidae family. The purpose of this examination is to compare the feather structures in diving and non-diving ducks in order to provide information relating to the functionality of these structures. BA Emory University 9/15/1999 to 12/31/1999 Working on a project at the National Museum of Natural History. MA 6/15/1999 to 6/29/1999 Floristic studies at the Lower Urubamba, Cusco, Peru. PhD Candidate University of Texas—Austin 1/19/1999 to 5/4/1999 MA Candidate Clark University 6/2/1999 to 8/15/1999 Participation in geographic information systems and computer mapping projects for the scientific staff at National Museum of Natural History. BA Candidate Coastal Carolina University Systematic investigation of Pleuronectiformes (flat fish). 5/17/1999 to 8/15/1999 BA Candidate 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 University of Maryland —College Park A biodiversity study on Costa Rican flower flies (Diptera syrphidae) that describes and analyzes these flies and leads to both a traditional scientific paper as well as a Web publication. Rebecca Blom Robin Brown Krista Cadavero Nicole Campos Laura E. Cannon Sulema Castro Min-Yuen Cynthia Cheung Natasha Cobb Andrea Coleman Sarah Corbett Nieves Ehrenberg Coll Kristi Fortschneider Laura Fry Nick Garland Aspen Garry Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 189 BA 10/23/1998 to 5/31/1999 Illustration research of photographs for the Handbook project on the Southeast volume; also, re- search on photographers and historical data relating to North American Indian photographs. BA Candidate University of Florida 5/17/1999 to 8/13/1999 Cataloging the 1978 film project “Film Studies of Traditional Tibetan Life and Culture: Ladakh, India, 1978.” BA Candidate Columbia Union College 9/15/1999 to 8/31/2000 Stable isotopic analysis of plankton foraminifera species in the mid-Cretaceous examining the oceanic anoxic event at the Cenomarian boundary. BA Candidate California State University 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 —Sacramento Using published field reports and copies of Georgia state field records, the researcher will develop a set of material criteria that can be used to effectively separate utilitarian from funerary objects at Etowah, based on items of known provenience. High School Degree Candidate Barrie School 1/6/1999 to 3/3/1999 Assisting with various curatorial duties to include data basing the Noctuidae collection, transfer- ring specimens to soft-bottomed unit trays, organizing genitalia slide collection, and organization and curation of collections. BA Candidate University of Texas 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 —Brownsville Morphological investigation on Bermuda Killifish populations. BA Candidate University of Oklahoma 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 An investigation of the relationships of Brittanichthys, a characiform fish from South America. BA Candidate College of Charleston 1/4/1999 to 1/18/1999 BA Candidate New Mexico State University Studying Pacific Ocean Coral Reef sea cucumbers. 1/4/1999 to 1/18/1999 BA Candidate Valdosta State University 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 Examining the anatomy of the genus Commelina and comparing with leaf anatomy of the genus in order to determine taxonomic use of these structures. High School Degree Candidate Barrie School 1/6/1999 to 3/3/1999 Assisting with various curatorial duties to include data basing the Noctuidae collection, transfer- ring specimens to soft-bottomed unit trays, organizing genitalia slide collection, and organization and curation of collections. BA Candidate Beloit College 1/28/1999 to 5/7/1999 Clerical work, liaison between press and scientists, help make “media report,” direct film crews. BA Candidate Rhode Island School of Design 6/28/1999 to 8/31/1999 Intern will r) ink illustrations of Burgess Shale animals for possible use in Smithsonian exhibition “The Burgess Shale: Evolution’s Big Bang,” 2) rehouse nineteenth-century illustrations of di- nosaurs, and 3) prepare children’s drawing of triceratops for exhibit. BA Candidate University of Kentucky 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 A qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant-insect associations on a Lower Permian redbed flora from north-central Texas. BA Candidate University of Arizona 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 Investigation of deep southern ocean photographs to determine fish microhabitats. 190 LeeAnn Gennett Beau Goldstein Crystal Gonzales Erin Graves Eleanor Grimm Becki Grove Samuel Hall Jessica Hansbrough Patricia Harlfinger Noel Heim Taneika Hughes Javier Icochea Erin Jandebeur Anne Jefferson Melissa Jensen Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA William Paterson University 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Research on George Catlin’s paintings. MA Candidate Arizona State University 1/19/1999 to 3/26/1999 Explorations in forensic anthropology. BA Candidate University of New Mexico 1/3/1999 to 1/18/1999 BA Wake Forest University 7/1/1999 to 9/1/1999 Activity-based learning. Developing experiential opportunities for families with children ages 7-11 in the permanent exhibits halls of the National Museum of Natural History and in the museum’s Discovery Room. High School Degree Candidate George Mason High School 6/22/1999 to 9/4/1999 Production of chronology of approximately 10,000 ethnographic/travel slides by Charles Webb, and reorganization of collection based on findings. MA Candidate George Washington University 6/14/1999 to 8/20/1999 Analysis of dental pathology in a sample of prehistoric Sudanese skeletal remains from the necropo- lis of Geili. BA 10/26/1998 to 3/31/1999 GIS intern; assisting on projects involving geographic information systems including digitizing, database entry, editing, and visualization. BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/21/1999 to 8/27/1999 Updating and computerizing descriptions of several thousand images of Eastern N. American Indi- ans predating 1860. BA Candidate University of Vienna 7/25/1999 to 9/15/1999 Daily care and maintenance of arthropod exhibits. Working with the public through presentations and handling of live insects. BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/14/1999 to 8/30/1999 Developing a test for identifying plants from single or partial leaf specimens. This test will allow paleobotanists to determine how accurate their plant (fossil and living) identification skills are. BA Candidate Howard University 4/5/1999 to 12/31/1999 Exploration and documentation of the selection process believed to determine the reasoning behind inconsistent removal of remains from a former burial yard in St. Johnsbury, Vermont. Perhaps the presence of pathologies, a fear of the deaths, supernatural beliefs, and associated customs—maybe even witchcraft. Revision of amphibians and reptiles from Urubamba Lower River, 7/12/1999 to 7/27/1999 Cusco, Peru. BA San Diego State University 8/9/1999 to 5/31/2000 media events and press releases, specifically working on the Viking exhibition opening April 2000. BA Candidate Johns Hopkins University 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 The project will be sedimentological and morphological analyses of the Holocene Rio Grande Delta, in Texas and Mexico. The focus will be on fluvial channel meandering and distinguishing Holocene from Pleistocene deposits. BA Candidate Cornell University 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 Species turnover in the Oecophorid moths of Plumbers Island, in association with vegetational suc- cession. Kristen Johnson Meredith Kilduff Christopher Knouss A. Carolina Laughlin Yi-Jung Lin Christina Lopano Janell MacDonald Sabina Aguilera Madrigal Svetlana Maslakova Brenda McLain Meredith A. Mennitt Denise Mix Christina Moon Caren Oberg Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 191 BA Candidate Washington University 5/17/1999 to 7/30/1999 Work on the preparation of mammal specimens for installation into the collection including necropsy, and skeletal cleaning. BA 1/18/1999 to 7/5/1999 Working on research for the Handbook of North American Indians project. MA Candidate University of Maryland —College Park Working with Geographic Information Systems projects, including spatial digital database entry and editing. 2/13/1999 to 8/13/1999 BA Candidate University of Texas 5/29/1999 to 8/6/1999 —Brownsville The genus Bulia consists of four species, two of which are not separable by non-genital characters. By dissection, the distribution and phylogenetic relationship will be determined. MA Candidate University of Colorado—Boulder 6/1/1999 to 6/25/1999 Curate the mollusk collection into metal drawers and label the cases and drawers; catalog pertinent portion of the secondary type collection; help to move the mollusk collection. BA Candidate Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Determining the crystallization history of the Moorefield Pegmatile, Amelia, Virginia. 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 BA Candidate Salish-Kootenai College 1/4/1999 to 1/18/1999 BA Candidate Escuela Nacional de Antropologia E’Historia Elaboration of a Web page related to textiles from southwest United States and northern Mexico. 5/24/1999 to 11/30/1999 MA Candidate Moscow State University 1/25/1999 to 9/1/1999 Preliminary cladistic analysis of pelagic Nemerteans (Hoplonemertini nemertini), an enigmatic group of marine worms. Documentary photography of exhibits in the Natural History 1/22/1999 to 12/31/1999 Museum. Studio photography of exhibits to document ongoing curatorial research projects. Field research documentation photography for potential use in National Museum of Natural History publications. High School Degree Candidate Barrie School 1/6/1999 to 3/3/1999 Assisting with various curatorial duties to include databasing the Noctuidae collection, transferring specimens to soft-bottomed unit trays, organizing genitalia slide collection, and organization and curation of collections. MA Candidate George Washington University 5/17/1999 to 8/13/1999 To prepare a disaster preparedness manual for the Collections Management office of the Paleobiol- ogy Department and to learn basic functions and operations in the Collections Management office. BA Candidate Rutgers University 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 The nondestructive analysis of 250 million-year-old Ophiacodon fossils from Texas using computed tomography (CT) scanning. MA Candidate George Washington University 1/5/1999 to 4/30/1999 Research literature on museum learning, exhibit development, audience evaluation, and new media technologies in order to compile a select bibliography of literature recommended for participants on all exhibit teams at National Museum of Natural History. 192 Courtney O'Callaghan Alison Olcott Nancy Olivares Clinton Olive II Hernan Ortega Jennifer Ososky Serafine Poyer Victoria Poyer Jennifer Quincey Rut Rivera Jacqueline Robinson Shelina Sayani Jennifer Schade Tawny Seaton Jocelyn Sessa Jennifer Skene Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA Candidate University of California—Davis 6/23/1999 to 9/17/1999 Projects dealing with photographs of North American Indians—both for the Handbook project and research projects of supervisor. BA University of Chicago 6/17/1999 to 9/1/2000 Morphometric analysis of Instars in Ostracodes through the Phanerozoic. BA Candidate University of Missouri-Columbia 1/4/1999 to 1/18/1999 The mathematical analysis of the eruptive patterns of an active volcano (Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica). PhD Candidate University of Texas—Arlington — 10/5/1998 to 6/30/1999 Editing of Funding Aids for the National Anthropological Archives. MA Universidad Nacional 6/15/1999 to 7/3/1999 San Marcos Lower Urubamba biodiversity program Smithsonian Institution Man and Biodiversity program. Fishes of Lower Urubamba, Cusco-Ucayali, Peru. BA Candidate Ilinois State University 5/27/1999 to 8/18/1999 Anatomy of carnivores. High School Degree Candidate Maison d’Education de la 2/15/1999 to 5/15/1999 legion d’Honneur Volcanological training and translation. High School Degree Candidate Maison d’Education de la 2/15/1999 to 5/15/1999 legion d’ Honneur Volcanological training and translation. BA Candidate Northern Illinois University 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 Analysis of Labrador archaeological collections: site reports and analysis of radiocarbon dating program. BA Candidate University of Puerto Rico 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 A key and morphological digest for the bats of Puerto Rico. MA Candidate University of Wisconsin 7/12/1999 to 8/27/1999 —Milwaukee Conduct research on health challenges in Africa for the “African Voices” exhibition. The goal of the internship is to produce a working outline of stories and an annotated bibliography for the stories. Participation in work on geographic information systems projects 6/2/1999 to 7/31/1999 and computer mapping for scientific staff at National Museum of Natural History. High School Degree Candidate Urbana High School 9/3/1999 to 3/1/2000 Collecting, assisting Gary Hevel, maintaining insect trays and jars. BA California Lutheran University 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 Descriptive and functional analysis of the beaked whale postcranial skeleton. BA Candidate State University of 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 New York—Geneseo Study of mid-Cretaceous age climate and ocean change using planktonic foraminifera abundance change and stable isotopic signatures. BA Candidate Brown University 12/22/1998 to 1/22/1999 Work on the Felipe Poey project. The goal of this project is to identify materials on the nineteenth- Rebecca Snyder Sergio Solari Sarah Soloman Jason South Katie Spiker Emma Stofel Adrian Sutter Monica Terry Amanda Thompson George Varas Arwen Vidal Laura Viney Michael Walczak Moritz Weinbeer Johnas Wright Andrea Wuenschel Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 193 century natural historian Felipe Poey (1799-1891) in conjunction with development of an exhibi- tion at National Museum of Natural History in celebration of the 200th anniversary of Poey’s birth. MA Candidate George Washington University 3/19/1999 to 8/31/1999 Development of a virtual skeleton of Triceratops and other dinosaurs. Applying surface and com- puted tomography (CT) scanning technology to digitize the morphology of dinosaur bones and assemble them virtually. MA University of San Marcos 6/15/1999 to 7/3/1999 Diversity and ecology of the Lower Urubamba region: small mammals of Camisea, Cusco, Peru. BA Candidate Appalachian State University 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 Work out and document morphological differences between two cryptic species, both formerly thought to comprise the fungus-growing ant species Cyphomyrmex longiscapus. BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/14/1999 to 8/31/1999 BA Candidate Elon University 5/24/1999 to 6/1/1999 Stable isotope research on seventeenth-century human skeletons from Maryland and Virginia to de- termine place of origin and nutritional condition. BA University of Oklahoma 5/10/1999 to 7/9/1999 Preparing Northeast and Southeast Indian collections for rehousing and preparing African Hall ex- hibits. BA Candidate Macalester College 6/1/1999 to 8/30/1999 Data entry and library cataloguing. BA Central Michigan University 9/13/1999 to 12/31/1999 Work of geographic information systems projects for scientific visualization and analysis of ongoing studies within the Natural History Museum. BA Candidate University of Memphis 1/4/1999 to 1/18/1999 BA Candidate State University of New York 1/4/1999 to 1/18/1999 —Stony Brook BA Candidate California State University 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 —Northridge The eruptive patterns of Arenal volcano from 1993 to May 1999; and analysis of seismic records. BA Candidate Mary Washington College 5/11/1999 to 7/22/1999 Office of Education Discovery Room, Discovery Cart Program—Develop and test hands-on activi- ties for National Museum of Natural History. MA Candidate George Washington University 5/17/1999 to 8/13/1999 Prepare an emergency preparedness manual for the Paleobiology department, while learning the “goings on” of the museum. University Wuerzburg 11/3/1998 to 11/23/1998 Continuing his Research Training Program project begun during the summer. BA Candidate George Mason University 5/29/1999 to 8/8/1999 Comparative analysis of the development of the tentacular club in paralarval squids, as well as SEM sucker comparison in paralarval octopods. BA Candidate Whitman College 6/7/1999 to 8/6/1999 Nomenclature research of museum collection records for the checklist of freshwater fishes of Guyana. 194 Layla Wuthrick Jennifer Young Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA Candidate Drew University 6/14/1999 to 8/24/1999 Working on photographic research relating to North American Indians—some of which is for the Handbook project. BA 6/14/1999 to 9/1/2000 Taphonomic and paleoecological analysis of terrestrial paleocommunities—quantitative approaches. National Museum of the American Indian (CRC) Shana Bushyhead Katharine Gehron Audrey Harrison Abby Kliger Elynor Lord Lisa Madeira Elsa Mamani Cecilia Manosa Kimberlee McGrath Melinda McPeek Adelina Morales Betzabe Rivera Adelina Suzan MA Candidate University of Delaware Collections management/registrar work. 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 BA Candidate Cornell University 6/16/1999 to 8/23/1999 Helping with publications; research for information on tribe and myth of children’s book, to be put at end of the book; photo research for National Museum of the American Indian book to be published with museum opening (The Native Universe). BA Candidate University of Arizona 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Conservation of objects that are traveling. Examination and condition reports, treatment proposals, photo documentation, packing, and mounting. MA Candidate University of the Arts 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Develop a hybrid, portable exhibit for programs and participate in the development of study collec- tions, which will be on display at the museum. High School Degree Candidate East Chapel Hill High School 6/22/1999 to 8/6/1999 Assist public affairs office with general duties related to media outreach. Assist with additional clerical duties related to National Museum of the American Indian ground breaking, as well as de- velop a project that examines the advertising practices of cultural institutions of similar size and budget to National Museum of the American Indian. MA Candidate George Washington University 1/11/1999 to 4/8/1999 BA Candidate Universidad Nacional de Salta Student assistant in Alicia Gonzalez’s project in Pacific Coast of Mexico. 2/8/1999 to 5/18/1999 MA Candidate 6/7/1999 to 8/19/1999 Developing a print and electronic publication, “Starting a Tribal Museum.” University of Kentucky BA Candidate Bucknell University 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Traditional Care Database; Excel and Microsoft data entry concerning the collections and working with tribal community leaders in direct contact with objects in the collections. BA College of William and Mary 9/7/1999 to 9/7/2000 Assisting in the conservation of collections at the Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland. BA Candidate Anthropological research in Curatorial Department. University Veracruzana 9/20/1999 to 8/21/2000 BA Candidate Anthropological research in Curatorial Department. University de Panama 9/20/1999 to 12/10/1999 BA Candidate Universidad Veracruzana Anthropological research in Curatorial Department. 9/20/1999 to 12/10/1999 Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 195 National Portrait Gallery Shellyn Camacho Erica Chutuape Elizabeth Crow Jessica DuPlaga Harriet Gettys Rachael Geyer Marsha Gordon Nerissa Lynn Holder Aleem Hossain Kyle Hustedt Jeremy Korch Elizabeth Marquardt Andrea Marrone Megan McIntyre BA Candidate Brigham Young University 5/3/1999 to 8/12/1999 Assist the public program director with the Cultures in Motion public programs, program notes, and film series. BA Candidate Northwestern University 7/6/1999 to 8/17/1999 Assist Roland White in the organization and filing of slides, videotapes for a recorded library. BA Candidate University of Maryland —College Park Research duties in preparation for upcoming volumes on the children of Charles Willson Peale; var- ious filing and light editorial-related tasks. Read and classify newspaper articles and diary excerpts from Charles Willson Peale and his family. 2/5/1999 to 5/15/1999 BA Candidate College of Wooster 6/7/1999 to 8/20/1999 Organization for closedown, label printing and mounting, screen-printing. BA Candidate University of the South 6/3/1999 to 7/30/1999 Updating the data on portraits acquired for the National Portrait Gallery's permanent collection over the past four years, as well as correcting data for earlier acquisitions, in anticipation of publish- ing a new edition of the National Portrait Gallery Permanent Collection Hlustrated Checklist. BA Candidate Smith College 6/3/1999 to 8/12/1999 Research Assistant—Intern will assist staff in research for upcoming volumes to focus on the chil- dren of Charles Willson Peale, specifically Titian Ramsay Peale. Intern will be asked to do extensive newspaper/journal research, transcripts, and annotations. PhD Candidate University of Maryland 9/8/1999 to 6/30/2000 —College Park Work on exhibition and book called “Star Quality: The Golden Age of the Silver Screen.” BA Candidate Wellesley College 7/6/1999 to 8/31/1999 Directory/Catalogue work; compile photos: label, sequence, organize, layout, and crop. BA Candidate University of Chicago Researching for the “Notable Americans” exhibition. 6/21/1999 to 8/27/1999 BA Candidate Luther College 6/7/1999 to 8/6/1999 Labels and silk-screening labels for exhibits of Edward Sorel. BA Candidate University of Wisconsin 6/1/1999 to 8/15/1999 —Madison Assists staff in editing data on the Collections Information System; organizing and researching por- trait material; entering new portrait information on the collections database; scanning slides and photographs; and linking digitized images to records. BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/21/1999 to 8/27/1999 Research on Rembrandt Peale’s porthole portrait of George Washington in the 1850s, culminating in an academic report on the history of portraits and a checklist of extant “portholes.” BA Candidate University of Virginia 6/1/1999 to 8/13/1999 Work in the catalog of American portraits as research assistant using CEROS and database to compile information. BA Candidate Smith College 9/7/1999 to 12/17/1999 Working on an exhibit that will travel to the Condon National Portrait Gallery. It will be an ex- change of photographs of important Americans. 196 Amanda Norman Katharine Ristow Brandon Seitz Kimberlee Staking Beverly Stautz Patricia Summa Misty Thompson Elizabeth M. Tobey Stephanie Tomayko Jennifer Ward Sarah Wheeler Betsy Wheeler Elizabeth Wiley Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA Candidate Smith College 9/7/1999 to 12/17/1999 Artistic career of Rembrandt Peale and government career of Benjamin Peale. BA Candidate Purdue University 6/21/1999 to 8/20/1999 Retrieves and reviews color transparencies of selected collections objects; labels and CTS records in database; sends CTS to vendor for scanning; reviews CDs of scanned images; records CD image in- formation and copyright data in database; converts, manipulates, and links images to database records. BA Candidate Purdue University 5/24/1999 to 7/30/1999 Assist the public program director with the Cultures in Motion public programs, program notes, and film series. BA Candidate University of Maryland 2/1/1999 to 6/1/1999 —College Park The focus of this internship will be exhibition and collection research in the National Portrait Gallery’s Department of Photographs. BA Candidate Corcoran College of Art and Design Scanning and image enhancement of slides and prints from National Portrait Gallery collections and from CAP using different formats to link to National Portrait Gallery Collection Search and National Portrait Gallery Collections System. Develop a systematic approach to scanning and tracking digital images. 2/2/1999 to 5/30/1999 BA University of Bannberg 9/16/1999 to 12/3/1999 Working on publicity and press materials for National Portrait Gallery exhibitions and programs. AA Candidate Montgomery College 9/21/1999 to 12/17/1999 Assist and oversee living history program “Augustus Washington: An Inage of Liberty” in conjunction with “A Durable Momento: Portraits by Augustus Washington, African American Daguerreotypist.” Assist with NPG programs such as October 17, 1999, open house, teacher work- shops and lunchtime lectures. PhD Candidate 5/26/1999 to 8/13/1999 University of Maryland —College Park I will be assisting in the cataloguing of the prints and drawings collection at the NPG, as well as helping to research works in an upcoming exhibition of twentieth-century portrait drawings. BA Candidate Syracuse University 6/7/1999 to 8/20/1999 Design support work on three exhibitions (E. Sorel, A. Washington, and Henri Cartier-Bresson) and design planning for the Patent Office Renovation. BA University of Maryland —Baltimore County Inventory video tapes, motion picture films, and audio tapes. Ascertain content and transfer info 10/13/1998 to 12/1/1998 onto database. BA Smith College 9/13/1999 to 12/3/1999 Assists staff in editing and entering data on collections database; organizing and researching por- trait material; scanning slides and photographs; linking digital images to database; and updating Web site using HTML. BA Candidate Middlebury College 9/13/1999 to 12/14/1999 | Assist with biographical research, writing first drafts and help with educational videos. PhD Candidate George Washington University 1/19/1999 to 5/13/1999 To assist Portrait Gallery historian Amy Henderson in researching the connections between por- traits and the evolution of movie personalities. Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 197 National Postal Museum Allison McKittrick Terry Pritchard Mindy Simonson BA Candidate Miami University 6/14/1999 to 8/13/1999 Research individuals who have been featured on stamps. This research will contribute to a new se- ries of changing exhibits in the National Postal Museum’s Philatelic gallery. BA Candidate State University of 5/24/1999 to 8/6/1999 New York—Buftfalo Perform academic research concerning the history and operation of the colonial (British) Post Office and the U.S. Post Office during the American Revolution and early national period. BA Candidate University of California 6/24/1999 to 8/26/1999 —Santa Barbara Conduct photo and architectural research for an upcoming book on New Deal post offices. Also research the photo collections of maritime museums nationally in preparation for an upcoming steamboat exhibition at the National Postal Museum. National Zoological Park Daphne Bremer Julie Holleman Keya Jenkins Charyn Micheli Bonard Molina Sally Pyle Eric Reinhard Katharine Roback Lindsey Savage Rebecca Stewart PhD Candidate Tufts University 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Veterinary medicine internship with the Department of Animal Health. BA Candidate Duke University 5/17/1999 to 8/6/1999 Internship in the Nutrition Lab studying the nutrition of desert tortoises and the protein content of the plants they eat. BA Candidate University of Maryland 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 —College Park The analysis of raven DNA. I will be working with Kevin Omland in the Genetics Lab of the National Zoo. We will be gathering feather, feces, etc., samples from ravens from all over the world to sequence their DNA and distinguish between the different species of ravens. BA Candidate Pontifical Catholic University 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 of Puerto Rico The project will consist of working to develop research proposals with a conservation focus for the Delmarva fox squirrel, a local endangered species, and organizing the strategic planning meeting. AA Candidate Montgomery College 1/21/1999 to 7/30/1999 Working with the Amazonia Gallery Genetics Lab in interacting with visitors. MA Candidate University of California—Davis 6/7/1999 to 8/27/1999 Nutrition Research, Desert Tortoise Project. BA Candidate Pennsylvania State University 8/1/1999 to 11/1/1999 The Golden Lion Tamarin Free-Ranging Program desires to educate the public about conservation, to conduct research to better understand the process of reintroduction, and to familiarize a pair for reintroduction into Brazil. BA Candidate University of Massachusetts 6/8/1999 to 8/28/1999 —Ambherst Research for Desert Tortoise Project. Virginia~-Maryland Regional 5/17/1999 to 8/6/1999 College of Veterinary Medicine Literature search on the nutritional requirements of newborn mammals and investigating the nutri- tion of desert tortoises. AA Edmonds Community College 8/9/1999 to 10/29/1999 Redesign and move the African American and Native American Heritage Gardens. 198 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Elizabeth Wood MA Candidate George Washington University 1/10/1999 to 6/1/1999 Researching cultural stories for an exhibition on the domestication of rabbits. Shannon Zack BA Candidate George Mason University 5/20/1999 to 8/20/1999 Updating the CCS Web site concerning the videoconferencing project. Also involved in the video- conferencing project by contacting interested people and building a participant base. Involved in the Visitor Education Program and will be compiling a Cheetah Ethogram from others along with CCS’ current research. National Zoological Park—Friends of the National Zoo Sarah Flaherty BA Duke University 8/23/1999 to 12/31/1999 Zoogoer Magazine science journalism intern. Cesar Augusto Loayza BA Candidate University of Maryland 6/2/1999 to 8/15/1999 —Baltimore County Sequencing DNA for shrews. Mission is to find variability in the alleles and to find mutations. Maureen McClung BA Candidate Hendrix College 6/8/1999 to 8/31/1999 Research and evaluate the National Zoo's current browse program; look for ways to improve its state. Danielle Sanders BA Candidate University of Miami 6/7/1999 to 8/13/1999 Christina Wu BA Candidate University of Maryland 6/8/1999 to 8/20/1999 —College Park Assist in the Human Resources office with daily operations. Update and maintain personnel files and current personnel forms. Create employee name badges, assist with employee functions, and de- velop a training model for hourly employees. Timothy Stoddard BA Boston University 6/14/1999 to 8/23/1999 Researching and writing an article for the FONZ magazine, ZooGcer. Office of Contracting Michael Hutchinson MA Candidate George Washington University 5/24/1999 to 8/30/1999 Intern will be involved in interviewing museum staff about projects and assessing contract needs; drafting and reviewing contracts and contract amendments, and providing research on contracting, intellectual property, and insurance law issues related to Smithsonian contracts. Office of Development Janet Haws BA Candidate College of William and Mary 6/24/1999 to 8/13/1999 Kimberly Keller MA Candidate Indiana University 5/24/1999 to 8/30/1999 Sarah Kim BA Candidate Pennsylvania State University 6/21/1999 to 8/13/1999 1. Update Women’s Committee members’ database, 2. Help updating and mailing of SWC hand- book to Active and Resource members, 3. Log in year 2000 grant proposal, 4. Log in craft show applications. Atinuke Ogunde AA Candidate Montgomery College 2/4/1999 to 5/31/1999 Assist in preparing for the 1999 Arts and Crafts Show computer work, communicating with ex- hibitors and more. Kimberley Williams BA Candidate George Washington University 1/22/1999 to 4/30/1999 Assisting with the planning of a trip/tour to London for some of our contributing members to the Smithsonian Institution. Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 199 Office of Exhibits Central Alison Bassler Briar Levit Victor Manansala Mike Ritter Ben Schwantes Jenifer Scott Sammy Shin Victoria Sumner BA Candidate Roanoke College 6/7/1999 to 8/15/1999 Learn about paint finishes and help with exhibit design. BA Candidate San Francisco State University 6/7/1999 to 8/15/1999 Working with the Design Department of the Office of Exhibits Central. BA Candidate Howard University 1/28/1999 to 5/31/1999 Microbes exhibition production of 3-D forms to create form material to be installed in the Interna- tional Gallery. BA Candidate Bowdoin College 6/1/1999 to 8/6/1999 Working in the Graphics Department on the visual representation of exhibits. BA Candidate University of Pittsburgh 6/1/1999 to 8/5/1999 Working in the model office in construction of models and design/construction of exhibits. I will also be working with the Office of Exhibits Central model makers on the use of museum brackets and display design. BA Candidate Howard University 1/28/1999 to 5/31/1999 Producing 3-dimensional models of microbes for upcoming exhibition in the International Gallery. BA University of Michigan 8/17/1999 to 11/17/1999 Working in the Model Shop. BA Candidate Howard University 1/28/1999 to 5/31/1999 Microbes exhibition; produce 3-dimensional forms to be installed in the International Gallery. Office of Human Resources Ernestine Jefferson New Leaders Program 11/9/1998 to 12/18/1998 Working on devising a training course with staff. Office of Imaging, Printing and Photographic Services Hatty Frampton Abigail Haskell Shoko Ito Alissa Kempler Matthew Lebeda John Marshall BA Candidate Durham University 7/6/1999 to 9/15/1999 Photographic editing services for Smithsonian Collections and Displays. BA Candidate Georgetown University 11/19/1998 to 5/31/1999 Web development for the Photo Services department. BA Candidate Trinity College 6/1/1999 to 7/30/1999 Photograph scientific collections with either traditional photographic equipment or digital cam- eras. Perform traditional darkroom skills and digital darkroom using electronic imaging software to increase intern’s knowledge base of both traditional and digital photographic practices. High School Degree Candidate Georgetown Day High School 6/8/1999 to 9/8/1999 BA Candidate Rochester Institute 6/15/1999 to 9/1/1999 Work on database. of Technology PhD Candidate Webster University 2/1/1999 to 5/31/1999 Will assist on various shooting assignments, sometimes moving heavy equipment. Will also assist in lab assignments, processing, printing, reproduction, and digital applications. Will learn tech- niques in all above skills as well as studio and on-location lighting. 200 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Shanna Moore BA Candidate Portland State University 1/6/1999 to 3/12/1999 Assisting in digitizing photo archives with D. Hurlbert at the Office of Imaging, Printing, and Photographic Services. Anna Leah Overstreet BA Furman University 6/14/1999 to 12/31/2000 Working in the darkroom, working on photo shoots. Svea Lin Rodgers BA University of Montana 11/19/1998 to 2/22/1999 —Missoula Scanning and organizing slides for Biodiversity database. Ember Ward BA Candidate University of California 6/3/1999 to 8/1/1999 —Berkeley Assisting in photographing various exhibits at different museums and transferring those images to QuickTime so that they can be accessed three dimensionally over the Internet. Kendra Che Weaver AA Candidate Randolph Community 10/23/1998 to 12/18/1998 College Assisting Office of Imaging, Printing and Photographic Services photographers with wide range of photographic tasks, including location and studio shooting assignments, event documentation, copying old photographs and books, digital imaging, and black-and-white printing. Office of Information Technology Matthew Delco BA Candidate Portland State University 10/1/1998 to 12/4/1998 Stephanie Nobert BA Barnard College 5/24/1999 to 9/15/1999 Institutional Studies Office Nicole Barone BA James Madison University 10/13/1998 to 5/1/1999 Abigail Dreibilis BA Candidate Indiana University of Pennsylvanias/24/1999 to 7/16/1999 Survey and interview visitors to National Portrait Gallery and other various museums. The goal is to determine visitor experience and satisfaction. Madeleine LeBlanc PostDoc 2/1/1999 to 4/23/1999 Be part of a study directed to understanding the visitor experience and measuring the degree of fit between what the museum provides and what the visitor experiences. Sarah Vollman High School Degree Candidate Richard Montgomery 7/6/1999 to 7/30/1999 High School Office of Public Affairs Jennifer Adams BA Lenoir-Rhyne College 6/11/1999 to 7/23/1999 Writing articles for The Torch newspaper. Amy Givens BA Candidate Roanoke College 1/21/1999 to 4/25/1999 Intern will be working on The Torch. Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives Jennifer Gunter MA Candidate University of Maryland 7/7/1999 to 8/20/1999 —College Park To work with the Records Management Team to survey and inventory a portion of the records of the Freer/Sackler Gallery. The focus of the project will be to complete and annotated inventory of the central files and begin to survey the active records of Milo Beach. Jennifer Insley Tanya Marshall Jeremy Skinner Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 201 BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/21/1999 to 8/27/1999 Research on the history of the Smithsonian Institution in preparation for digitizing of historical and legal documents. BA University of Maryland 7/12/1999 to 8/20/1999 —College Park Access and preservation of Smithsonian Web sites. BA Candidate Lewis and Clark College 5/24/1999 to 7/30/1999 Working with information file and research file. Office of Sponsored Projects Christine Black Katherine Fritzsche Adisra Jittipun Kimberly Keller Peter Molfese Bridget Neal High School Degree Wakefield High School 7/26/1999 to 9/3/1999 To refurbish the Office of Sponsored Projects Web sites. MA Candidate George Washington University 8/31/1999 to 6/30/2000 Provide assistance in locating funding; developing grant proposals and administering awards. BA Candidate George Mason University 9/2/1999 to 12/21/1999 MA Candidate Indiana University 6/1/1999 to 8/30/1999 High School Degree Candidate Carbondale Community 3/15/1999 to 3/19/1999 High School Development of an internal Web site for Office of Sponsored Projects. MA Candidate Tulane University 6/3/1999 to 8/13/1999 Preparing the annual report on training and intern activities, assisting in development and mainte- nance of grant management database systems, and providing administrative assistance in preparing for Office of Sponsored Project’s annual planning retreat. Office of the General Counsel Heather Gottry Leonardo Graffi Mitchell Tuchman Juris Doctor Candidate Georgetown University 10/21/1998 to 6/1/1999 Law Center Assist in legal research on variety of matters and cases pending in the office, write memos, etc. BA Candidate University of Bologna 7/16/1999 to 9/15/1999 MA Candidate American University 5/24/1999 to 7/31/1999 Perform legal research and prepare memoranda in multiple areas of the law, such as employment, trust, tax, and federal jurisdiction. Assist in litigation, including preparation of pleadings and dis- covery. Provide additional assistance as required. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Altavia Ray BA Howard University 2/22/1999 to 6/22/1999 To serve as public relations assistant focusing on researching, writing, and disseminating press re- leases and information regarding several upcoming exhibitions. Smithsonian Administration Megan McArdle Ambika Sankaran BA Candidate University of Virginia 5/25/1999 to 8/30/1999 Assist in editing/scanning work for Millennium Project Web site. BA Candidate Hood College 5/25/1999 to 1/31/2000 Working on the Millennium Web site project; including archives, filmography, technical support, and research. 202 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Sarah Ginn Mary Studt BA Santa Clara University 6/28/1999 to 8/6/1999 Using neutron activation analysis to determine the element compositions of ceramic materials from Mission Santa Clara in Santa Clara, California. The main research goal is to trace the trade roots of the California missions. MA Buffalo State College 10/5/1998 to 5/31/2000 Fellow in archives conservation to be working with paleobiology, entomology, and Smithsonian archives on survey, rehousing and treatment of their archival collections. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Gaddiel Ayala Dina Berrin Carissa Capuano Andreas Held Michelle Hersh Alexandra Hui Alex Kalejs Jae-Seong Kim Kristen Larson Danielle Lipski Jesse Marsh Melanie Moses BS Candidate Universidad Metropolitana 6/3/1999 to 8/20/1999 Environmental Education Program and installation and operation of weather stations. BS Oberlin College 6/15/1999 to 9/7/1999 Invasions Ecology: This project measures patterns of nonindigenous species transfer, invasions, and impact; tests specific and general mechanisms that underlie these patterns; and assesses the efficacy of management strategies to limit the spread and impact of nonindigenous species. BS Candidate Bowdoin College 6/1/1999 to 8/30/1999 Fish and crab biology and ecology. BS Candidate University of Bayreuth 6/1/1999 to 8/20/1999 Forest ecology and micrometeorology; forest canopy tower measurements. BS Candidate Bryn Mawr College 6/1/1999 to 8/20/1999 Assisting with a continuing study of plant physiology and biogeochemical cycling in elevated CO, chambers in a tidal salt marsh. Answering questions such as “How do plants respond to elevated CO, levels?” and “What happens to the additional carbon dioxide put into the system?” BS Candidate Pomona College 6/1/1999 to 8/20/1999 Forest Canopy Lab; Studies of structure and meteorological dynamics of the Maryland deciduous forest canopy. BS Johns Hopkins University 3/1/1999 to 5/29/1999 Assist in production of “Tales of the Blue Crab” exhibition for schools. Assist in school group pro- grams including canoes, boats, and trails. BS Kunsam National University 6/1/1999 to 8/20/1999 Marine planktonic ecology and identification of marine protist. BS Candidate St. Mary’s College of Maryland 6/1/1999 to 8/20/1999 Long-term studies of crabs and fish in Rhode River. BS University of Maryland 1/5/1999 to 4/26/1999 —College Park Research on the introduction of marine invasive species by ballast water from ships arriving in the Port of Baltimore. BS Boston University 6/1/1999 to 8/20/1999 Working in the Crab Lab on long-term studies of fish/crab population dynamics. BA University of Maryland 9/13/1999 to 12/30/1999 —College Park Internship in the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Forest Canopy Lab. Collect data on the optical properties of leaves and use that data to modify computer models describing canopy structure. Kathleen Murphy Mark Nabong Kelly O'Malley J. Paul Richardson Laura Schreeg Ben Spence Jason Stuck Erin Turack Karma Vowell David Welch Corey Wright Laura Yip Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 203 BS 2/8/1999 to 5/30/1999 Investigations of ballast water sampling methodologies and the impact of plankton behavior on representative sampling. BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/20/1999 to 8/27/1999 Researching orchid fungal interactions. 9/15/1999 to 12/24/1999 BS Candidate Old Dominion University Working with invasive marine organisms. 1/5/1999 to 3/26/1999 MA Candidate Michigan State University 6/1/1999 to 8/20/1999 Dendroecological and ecophysiological analysis of gap and non-gap environments in deciduous and evergreen understoreys at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. MA Louisiana State University 6/21/1999 to 8/13/1999 Germination and growth of native terrestrial orchids and the role of mycorrhizal fungi in this process. BS Candidate Warren Wilson College 6/1/1999 to 8/20/1999 Assist teacher-led field trips at Reed Education Center and lead guided canoe trips on Muddy Creek and guided hikes on Java History Trail and the Discovery Trail. BS University of Kansas 2/1/1999 to 4/9/1999 Researching the optical properties of phytoplankton on the Rhode River, a sub-estuary of the Chesapeake Bay, and presenting the implication of water quality to the public. BS Indiana University Modeling of Riparian structure effect on buffering intensity. 5/24/1999 to 8/13/1999 MA Candidate Indiana University 5/10/1999 to 7/30/1999 Empirical models for stream water nutrient concentrations in the Patuxent River drainage basin. BS Candidate Warren Wilson College 5/27/1999 to 8/14/1999 Looking at effects of ultraviolet radiation on bacterioplankton in Rhode River and Gulf of Mexico. BS Candidate Environmental education. University of Victoria 4/26/1999 to 7/16/1999 Smithsonian Institution Libraries John Lee Curtis Agnieszka Koszowska Roxanne Missingham Erin Tyburski BA Candidate Furman University 6/11/1999 to 8/13/1999 Production work for the libraries’ Digital Editions. Work will include materials handling, invento- rying, database maintenance, digitizing with a flatbed scanner and scan back camera, creation of long-term storage CD-ROMs and production of derivative images for World Wide Web use. Library of Congress Soros Program; covers a training portion at the 3/29/1999 to 5/14/1999 Library of Congress and an opportunity to work in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Depart- ment of Acquisition. To investigate the services offered by libraries and the information 7/12/1999 to 8/9/1999 needs of researchers and curators, particularly as relates to how to implement new digital services. BA Johnson State College Burpee Seed Collection—writing finding aid. 10/5/1998 to 10/30/1998 204 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Smithsonian Magazine Naila-Jean Meyers BA Candidate Northwestern University 6/7/1999 to 8/6/1999 Smithsonian Office of Education Holly Barton Elizabeth Corkery Michelle Morton Marget Van Horn Smithsonian Press Mary DeYoung BA Candidate University of Texas—Austin 6/14/1999 to 8/10/1999 Assisting in planning summer teacher seminars, Teacher’s Night, and other tasks. Assisting in Teachers’ Night and multicultural programs. 9/14/1999 to 10/1/1999 PhD Candidate University of California 6/7/1999 to 7/31/1999 —Santa Cruz “Cultural Frontiers: Textiles of Northern Mexico and the Southwestern U.S.” Joint project between Department of Anthropology and the Office of Education. MA Candidate George Washington University 6/3/1999 to 8/6/1999 Heritage Month Planning—Hispanic Heritage and Native American Heritage programs. Working on upcoming Teacher's Night and archive of Heritage Month events. MA Candidate Winthrop University 5/17/1999 to 8/13/1999 The goal of this internship is to expose the intern to all facets of work in the acquisitions depart- ment of this publishing company. In that regard, she will be responsible for reviewing and assessing manuscripts, writing short summaries of manuscripts, reviewing manuscript submissions for com- pleteness, contacting authors, rejecting manuscripts, and other duties as assigned. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute—Panama Diana Ardines Jose Atencia Avila Elroy Charles Diana de Atenao Megan Evans Yolanda Figeroa Grettehun Gonzalez Amador Goodridge Jennifer Kane Universidad Santa Maria 2/4/1999 to 2/4/2000 la Antigua Comparative study of the invertebrate macro fauna 4/2/1999 to 4/2/2000 Thelassia testudinum. BA University of Guyana 2/15/1999 to 2/15/2000 Comparison of leaf-beetles of the canopy and understory in dry and wet forests. Universidad Santa Maria 4/2/1999 to 4/2/1999 la Antigua Comparative study of the invertebrate macrofauna (Thalassia testudinum) that lives in aqueous sediment. High School Degree Candidate Thomas Jefferson High School 7/2/1999 to 8/30/1999 To assist with special projects. Universidad Santa Maria 7/1/1999 to 7/30/2000 la Antigua MA Candidate Universidad de Panama 7/1/1999 to 9/30/1999 Studying the prevalence of viral pathogens in wild vs. cultivated shrimp populations in Panama. Universidad Santa Maria 7/1/1999 to 7/30/2000 la Antigua Brown University 9/15/1999 to 2/28/2000 Molecular phylogeny of sea urchins: I will sequence the cytochrome oxidose I regions of the mito- chondrial DNA genome of Trip.sea urchins collected throughout the Indo-West Pacific, Central Jonathon Thomson Calvin Walker Academic Research Training, and Internship Appointments 205 Pacific, and Caribbean. I will then deduce which group separated from each other and when, and reconstruct a phylogeny of Trip. BA University of Virginia 9/27/1999 to 12/20/1999 A survey of marine angierms and sediment regimes in the Bocas del Toro region of Panama. BA USS. International University 6/14/1999 to 8/20/1999 Develop a strategy and operational plan for the bookstore. If time permits, also for Barro Colorado Island and housing units. The Smithsonian Associates Perrin Anderson Marika Athens Misty Bastian Madeleine Bertin Sonja Brandt Christi Crovato Jenna Goldenberg Sonja Hayden Anna Kerns Magda Kuchudakis BA Candidate Duke University 6/14/1999 to 8/6/1999 Assist with program production, e.g. concert program, film, and camp programs. BA Candidate Haverford College 5/17/1999 to 6/11/1999 Assist The Smithsonian Associates’ performing arts team in a variety of ways. BA Candidate Brigham Young University 1/5/1999 to 4/15/1999 Support Domestic Tour Team in duties. Assist with various tasks that support the planning and implementation of study tours. Maintain the study tour leaders database. BA Smith College 1/19/1999 to 5/15/1999 Aid Performing Arts Department of The Smithsonian Associates in whatever capacities are needed, including writing, marketing, publicity, and administration. BA Carnegie Mellon University 9/8/1999 to 12/31/1999 Working on projects to support Studio Arts and Young Associates divisions of The Smithsonian Associates; conduct market research to identify competition and compare program offerings; work to help enhance Studio Arts presence on Web site; update Studio Arts records and files; conduct ex- tensive research on children’s literature. AA Candidate Montgomery College 1/11/1999 to 5/31/1999 Assist in development of programs and implementing marketing strategy for The Smithsonian As- sociates’ professional institutes. Research potential corporate clients and determine appropriate contacts. Prepare and send out letters of introduction. Assist in planning institutes, making arrangements for events, researching topics, and assembling packets and booklets. BA Candidate University of Michigan 5/3/1999 to 7/2/1999 Supporting the U.S. and Canada Study Tours team with a variety of projects, including editing and proofing tour catalog copy, tour bulletins, and written materials; researching sites on the Internet, entering study leader profiles into the database, researching other parts of Smithsonian for links to the Study Tours. BA Candidate University of North Carolina 5/18/1999 to 7/30/1999 —Chapel Hill Editing and proofing catalog copy, tour bulletins, and other written materials; researching sites of the Internet; entering study leader profiles in STS database; researching other parts of the Smith- sonian for links to study tours. MA Candidate George Washington University 2/18/1999 to 4/30/1999 Assist in the coordination and design of Smithsonian Associates Study Tours and Seminars. AA Candidate Montgomery College 9/1/1999 to 12/31/1999 Assist in the development of national outreach programs. 206 Stacy Shintani Shannon Vance Hilary Welbourne Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 BA Candidate University of California 6/29/1999 to 8/27/1999 —Los Angeles Coordinate the Silent Auction for the 1999 Young Benefactors Blast-Off Black-Tie Gala. This entails tracking gift commitments, logging and labeling gifts received, following up with acknowl- edgments and thank-yous, providing progress reports, and other duties related to the Gala and Silent Auction as needed. MA Candidate American University 3/1/1999 to 6/30/1999 Assisting with house management for Discovery Theater as well as office work and research. BA Lycoming College 2/8/1999 to 7/30/1999 Competitive analysis of study tours in travel marketplace—including inquiry fulfillment processes and competitive tour offerings. Utilities Operation and Maintenance Rose Coniglio MA Candidate George Washington University 6/14/1999 to 8/30/1999 Working on a water treatment systems project. 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SS weiZ0Ig Yseasay asueyy [eqo[y saysuvsy, AQuaseIOIUI/YSYN pyeuod “JaTPeA yO 000‘ wreisoig Sururesy jawuwng diysusaiuy YAS uonepuno,y 41eg ssoy ‘SUOUIIS “S'F] UroIsBayIION, urwpy Iaydsouny 2 yoreasayy o000'0S aya Jo aseqeaeq satdadg S10xq aulsenasy pur ouLeyy dUPIIQ PeN/es9uTWOD Jo Idaq Sy AIOBIIL) ‘ZN asoding popiemy junowy ap, Welosg sosuodg joes saauy yediourig waloig (panutjuor) 6661 saquiaidag OF—ZOG1 39qoIIQO I SeNTATDY psemy jo yioday jenuuy 216 Iga brs Qc YITBISIY yoreasay yoreasay IyIO yoreasay uonewonpy yoreasay yoreasay uonevonpy quaurdimby yoreasay INO yprvasay yoseasayy Yoreasay YoIeasay YieVasayy yprvasay OLE‘cLP‘ov¢ :s[eio], OSI'QSS*E :speioaqns Oooo! ooS‘z1 009‘zI ooo‘ SI 000‘0S6 000'Szz oo0o0‘ok OOO‘OO! zS6‘O01 ooS‘s OOo‘OI o00'S £6S‘be Z16°99 ziz‘ov 0S9‘6S LEV‘O6r OOOfORI saroadg vimoysAsg ur amqdaiyIy stpnvsipAPy pure Adour’ jo vonessaiuy] sqUdIpeIyy aIMASIOW] pure Ys] Suopy sqnsays jestdonoayy ur ammqdaiyIYy IpNvsipApy pure Adoursz jo vonessauy saroadg ersi0yaAsg ut amaoaiyIy stpnvsipApPy pue Adoury jo vonessaiuy BIUOZeUTY UT vary ainayn’y pure ‘Apruey ‘asensuey SUIYUTYIOY ‘SoOIsTET ULyemery sanvieduioy ASojorg yuryg Teotdory, ur yoreasayy ASojorg yeordory, ur weisorg qurof yioddng yes1uery [YLS WUNTUUATIIJAL MON 92 JOF wustIN0j0Iq ROTIFY UIAISI/N\ ul Sururesy, pue uorwasasuo’y AisIaATporg BOLIFY [kia pur Isa UT AlIsIIATIpOTg JO UOTVAJASUOT) pur JUaWIdoOTaAId SnIq Apnag Aariqisvay Tf Sunaopy wistweudkg pur Aissoarq 3s9IO4 ISIIOY ASTOPL puvyMOT ULTUOOJIUWIL’D B JO ASP] pu “UaTASvULY ‘sormmvudq 3S9JO JO SuILIOIUOPY WI9I-TUO'T Z IwAX SOvdv YA paredossy ISUN] MeuasoyIVg pur do1quIAg Jo sarpnjag Ovov) YIM parvioossy Suny Wouasoyawg puv so1quadg Jo sarpnas JOAO-APY AIPAPT 03 SuNVEYL YON YINII-punosy (QWWd) 299/03 gq Suro sadINosay [vINIVAY poyssaav/ [euLD vurvurg weiIdsolg SUOIUOW poyssovwA [eULD vuvULg PIUIOFI[LD JO AIISIATUL) VIUIOJI]L JO Assays) VIUIOJTL JO ASIOATUL) uoTepUNOY UarL)-JaUUa\ uOTwpUNO UOT “AY AeIPUy uoTepuNoy UOTE uonepunoy JauIN], Duy ‘UOTIVpUNOy JOYUTT, Auisy ey jo qwuaunsedaq/qod sn asuajaq] Jo adaq sn ADUVAIASUOT) 9INIVN YIIVISIY, AI}SIIOJ [euoTeUsIIIUT JOF J9IUI) CIVSN/ PU “Pung aFTPTAN POA dINIVISUT YIvasay vosoD UvoTIAWY MNIVSUT YIvasay vodsoy uvdoWYy Away aya jo wowaivdsg/qoqd sn quawdoyaagq Jeuonvusequy Joy AQuasy Sy quaudoyaagq Jeuonvusaiuy Joy Auasy Sy ydasof -s ays yy ydasof *s ISI) ydasof *¢ IYysIp\ opurulay “OIQUPIL)-SOIULS vay ‘ourqny vip ‘yourqny vay ‘ourqnuy vay ‘yourqnuy Yyioqezipq “sosoT Yroqevzipq “sosoT Yyaoqezi]q ‘sosoT yaeqvziyq ‘sosoT yaeqvzi[q “sOso'T Ud] YW ‘9H UdT]V enn ie) By paver ITpuoy pavyory pues pavyory puoy 217 Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press During fiscal year 1999, the Smithsonian Institution Press released more than 50 publications, including trade books, exhibition catalogs, and monographs. The most important are listed below. Billman, Brian R., and Gary M. Feinman, eds. Sett/ement Pattern Studies in the Americas: Fifty Years since Viri. Bouét, Thierry. Hote/ People. Bowman, Constance, and Clara Marie Allen. Slacks and Calluses: Our Summer in a Bomber Factory. (pbk.) Carr, Carolyn Kinder. Hans Namuth: Portraits. Clarke, Alison J. Tupperware: The Promise of Plastic in 19505 America. Crouch, Tom D. Aiming for the Stars: The Dreamers and Doers of the Space Age. Day, Dwayne A., John M. Logsdon, and Brian Latell. Eye in the Sky: The Story of the CORONA Spy Satellites. (pbk.) Dobres, Marcia~Anne, and Christopher R. Hoffman. The Social Dynamics of Technology: Practice, Politics, and World Views. Engen, Donald D. Wings and Warriors: My Life as a Naval Aviator. (pbk.) Ernst, Carl H. Venomous Reptiles of North America. (pbk.) Glines, Carroll V. Bernt Balchen: Polar Aviator. Glines, Carroll V. Roscoe Turner: Aviation’s Master Showman. (pbk.) Gmelch, George, and J. J. Weiner. In the Ballpark: The Working Lives of Baseball People. (pbk.) Haviland, John B., with Roger Hart. O/d Man Fog and the Last Aborigines of Barrow Point. Henderson, Amy, and Adrienne L. Kaeppler, eds. Exhibiting Dilemmas: Issues of Representation at the Smithsonian. (pbk.) Hunt, Marjorie. The Stone Carvers: Master Craftsmen of Washington National Cathedral. Holo, Selma Reuben. Beyond the Prado: Museums and Identity in Democratic Spain. Isler, Morton L., and Phyllis R. Isler. The Tanagers: Natural History, Distribution, and Identification. (pbk.) Johnsgard, Paul A. The Pheasants of the World: Biology and Natural History, second edition. Kirkland, Richard C. Tales of a War Pilot. Kozak, David L., and David I. Lopez. Devil Sickness and Devil Songs: Tohono O'odham Poetics. Krech, Shepard, IH, and Barbara A. Hail, eds. Collecting Native America, 1870-1960. Lambeth, Benjamin S. Russia’s Air Power in Crisis. McCurdy, Howard E. Space and the American Imagination. (pbk.) Mergen, Bernard. Sxow in America. (pbk.) Milanich, Jerald T. Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians. Minkkinen, Arno Rafael. Body Land. Mulvaney, John, and Johan Kamminga. Prehistory of Australia. Nourse, Jennifer W. Conceiving Spirits: Birth Rituals and Contested Identities among Laujé of Indonesia. Reynolds, John E., III, and Sentiel A. Rommel, eds. Biology of Marine Mammals. Ronis, Willy, and Noél Simsolo. Sundays by the River. Scherman, Tony. Backbeat: Earl Palmer's Story. Sexton, James D., and Ignacio Bizarro Ujpan. Heart of Heaven, Heart of Earth, and Other Mayan Folktales. Shepherdson, David J., Jill D. Mellen, and Michael Hutchins, eds. Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. (pbk.) Sieff, Jeanloup. Dance. Thompson, Milton O., and Curtis Peebles. Flying without Wings: NASA Lifting Bodies and the Birth of the Space Shuttle. Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press 219 Twiss, John R., and Randall R. Reeves. Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals. West, Patricia. Domesticating History: The Political Origins of America’s House Museums. Wilson, Don E., and Sue Ruff, eds. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Wooldridge, E. T. Carrier Warfare in the Pacific: An Oral History Collection. (pbk.) Federal Series Publications Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 42. Douglas H. Ubelaker and Catherine E. Ripley. “The Ossuary of San Francisco Church, Quito, Ecuador: Human Skeletal Biology.” 32 pages, 10 figures, 19 tables. 20 July 1999. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 88. Lisa Kealhofer and Dolores R. Piperno. “Opal Phytoliths in Southeast Asian Flora.” 39 pages, 49 figures, 5 tables. to November 1998. go. A. de Lange and F. Bouman. “Seed Micromorphology of Neotropical Begonias.” 49 pages I figure, 21 plates. 10 September 1999. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 85. Richard K. Olsson, Christoph Hemleben, William A. Berggren, and Brian T. Huber, editors. “Atlas of Paleocene Planktonic Foraminifera.” 252 pages, 37 figures, 71 plates. 3 March 1999. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 6o1. James C. Tyler and Diane M. Tyler. “Natural History of the Sea Fan Blenny, Emblemariopsis pricei (Teleostei: Chaenopsidae), in the Western Caribbean.” 24 pages, color frontispiece, 7 figures, 6 tables. ro August 1999. 602. Louis S. Kornicker and Elizabeth Harrison-Nelson. “Eumeli Expeditions, Part 1: Tetragonodon rex, New Species, and General Reproductive Biology of the Myodocopina.” 55 pages, 25 figures, 11 tables. 4 January 1999. 603. Karl V. Krombein, Beth B. Norden, Melinda M. Rickson, and Fred R. Rickson. “Biodiversity of Domatia Occupants (Ants, Wasps, Bees, and Others) of the Sri Lankan Myrmecophyte Humboldtia laurifolia Vahl (Fabaceae).” 34 pages, 70 figures, 1 table. 29 July 1999. 604. Lynne R. Parenti, Jeffrey M. Clayton, and Jeffrey C. Howe. “Catalog of Type Specimens of Recent Fishes in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 9: Family Poeciliidae (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes).” 22 pages. 10 September 1999. Publications of the Staff Office of the Provost Kotler, Neil and Philip Kotler, Museum Strategy and Marketing: Designing Missions, Building Audiences, Generating Revenue and Resources (1998). Archives of American Art Office of the Director Kirwin, Liza. Ph.D. dissertation. [7's A// True: Imagining New York's East Village Art Scene of the 19805, University of Maryland at College Park, 1999. Stover, Catherine and Lisa Lynch. A Finding Aid to the Rockwell Kent Papers. (1998). Tell, Darcy, ed. Archives of American Art Jornal, quarterly magazine, published continuously since 1960. Wattenmaker, Richard J. Lecture. “Dr. Albert C. Barnes and The Barnes Foundation,” Cranbrook Art Museum, December 1999. West Coast Regional Center Karlstrom, Paul J. Panelist. “Visions of Empire in West Coast Public Art,” American Studies Association Conference, Seattle, WA, November 1998. . Catalogue essay. “Fire and Flux, an Undaunted Vision: The Art of Charles Strong,” Wiegand Gallery, Belmont, CA, November 1998. . Catalogue essay. “Rivera, Mexico and Modernism in California Art,” Diego Rivera, Art & Revolution, for traveling exhibition organized by the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, Mexico; venues: Cleveland, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Houston. 1999. . Catalogue essay. “Jerome at the Smithsonian,” Jerome Caja—Paintings from the Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Art, Visual Arts Center, California State University, Fullerton, CA, February 1999. . Lecture. “Robert Arneson, Race and Counterculture,” Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA, March 1999. . Session speaker and moderator. “The Automobile from Artifact to Art,” Cross Cultural Studies, International Popular Culture Conference, Cambridge University, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, England, August 1999. . Lecture. “California Art from the Gold Rush to 1900,” Friends of the South Pasadena Public Library, South Pasadena, CA, September 1999. . Moderator and Speaker. “Chang Dai-Chien in California,” San Francisco State University symposium (in conjunction with exhibition), co-sponsored by the National Museum of History, Republic of China, San Francisco, CA, September 1999. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Office of the Director Dehejia, Vidya, et al. Love in Asian Art and Culture. Washington, D.C. and Seattle: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, in association with the University of Washington Press, 1998. Dehejia, Vidya, et al. Devi, the Great Goddess: Female Divinity in South Asian Art. Washington, D.C., Ahmedabad, and Munich: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Publications of the Staff 221 Institution, in association with Mapin Publishing, and Prestel Verlag, 1999. Thackston, Wheeler, trans. and ed. The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Washington, D.C., and New York: Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in association with Oxford University Press, 1999. Research and Collections Division Chang, Joseph. “Mr. Wang Fangyu and His Collection of Bada Shanren’s Painting and Calligraphy,” CANS Chinese Art News, no. 13 (1998): 105. . “Landscape Painting of Dong Qichang.” New History of World Art, Asian, vol. 8: 131-40. Tokyo: Shogakukan, 1999. Cort, Louise Allison. “Aspects of Medieval Shigaraki Ceramics.” Ko-Shigaraki—Jars from Shigaraki’s Medieval Kilns, 261-66 (English) and 156-62 (Japanese). Shigaraki, Japan: Miho Museum, 1999. . “Assembly of Tea Objects (toriawase)” and Hon’ami Koetsu (1558-1637) Calligraphy (letter); Raku Sonyu (1664-1716), Raku Ware Tea Bowl named ‘Surusumi’; Raku Sonyu (1664-1716), Raku Ware Tea Bowl named ‘Tkezuki’.” Crosscurrents: Masterpieces of East Asian Art from New York Private Collections, 120-29. Ed. Amy G. Poster. New York: Japan Society, 1998. Cort, Louise Allison, and H. Leedom Lefferts, Jr. “Women at the Center of an Industrializing Craft: Earthenware Pottery Production in Northeast Thailand.” Museum Anthropology 23, no. I (1999): 21-32. Dehejia, Vidya. Devi the Great Goddess: Female Divinity in South Asian Art. Ahmedabad in Washington, D.C. and Munich: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, in association with Mapin Publishing and Prestel Verlag, 1999. . “The Very Idea of a Portrait.” A Orientalis 28 (1998): 41-48. Douglas, Janet G., and Jenny F. So. “Understanding and Identifying Jades from the Hongshan Culture.” East Asian Jade: Symbol of Excellence, vol. 1, edited by Tang Chung, 148-163. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. Gunter, Ann C. “A Zoomorphic Vessel Stand in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.” Essays on Ancient Anatolia in the Second Millenium B.C., edited by H.I.H. Prince Takahito Mikasa, 153-58. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1999. Kecskes, Lily. Anz Annotated List of Works in Western Languages on Chinese Art and Architecture. Vancouver: Art Libraries Society of North America, March 1999. . “Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin. Zhong Mei shuyuan. Taibei: Wenhua tushuguan guanli zixun youxian gongsi, 1998 (book review). Journal of East Asian Libraries 118 (June 1999): 56-57. Norman, Jane. East Asian Lacquer in New York State Historic Sites: A Discussion with Jane Norman. Transcript of an interview conducted by David Bayne. Waterford, New York: New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Bureau of Historic Sites, 1999. So, Jenny F. “Die Han-Zeit im Spiegel der kGniglichen Schatze.” Schdtze fiir Kinig Zhao Mo: Das Grab von Nan Yue, 70-79, Heidelberg: Braus Verlag, 1998. . “The S-shaped Belt Plaques of Qin (in English and Chinese).” Adornment for Body and Soul: Ancient Chinese Ornaments from the Mengdiexuan Collection, 87-97, Hong Kong: University Museum and Art Gallery, 1999. . “A Late-Shang Bronze Ax Blade in the Freer Gallery of Art.” Papers of the International Symposium on the Shang Culture in Ancient China, 375-79, Beijing: The Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, 1998. Stuart, Jan. “Ah Leon’s Bridge: Illusion in Clay.” Beyond Yixing: Ceramic Art of Ah Leon, 28-68 and 121-27 Taipei: Purple Sands Publishing, 1998. . “Two Birds with the Wings of One: Revealing Romance in Chinese Art.” Love in Asian Art and Culture. Washington, D.C., and Seattle: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, in association with the University of Washington Press, 1998. . ‘Imperial Pastimes: Dilettantism as Statecraft in the Qing Dynasty.” Life in the Imperial Court of Qing Dynasty China, Proceedings of the Denver Museum of Natural History 3, no. 15, Denver: Denver Museum of Natural History, 1998. 55-65. Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Belanus, Betty and Lynn Martin. “Celebrating New Hampshirte’s Stories.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 13-16. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Braggin’ Rights’: Celebrating New Hampshire Stories.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):1. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. , Arlene Reiniger, and Lynn Martin Graton. “New Hampshire at the Festival: Some Favorite Moments.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):3. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Beldiman, Laura. “Rediscovering Romania.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):4. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Borden, Carla and Peter Seitel, editors. Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. , editor. Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. , editor. Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Cadaval, Olivia. Creating a Latino Identity in the Nation's Capital: The Latino Festival. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. . “Cross Programs at the 1999 Festival.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):6. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Doran, Kevin. “Smithsonian Folkways: Licensing and International Sales.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):14. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 222 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Dunlap, Brenda. “Smithsonian Folkways: New Releases.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):12. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Early, James. “Values We Bring to Our Work.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 4-5. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “South Africa at the Festival: The Historical Context.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 58—Go. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “South Africa: Crafting the Economic Renaissance of the Rainbow Nation.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):4. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Paving the Road to Diversity.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):8. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “South Africa Festival Program: Success on Many Fronts.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):5. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Cultural Heritage Policy.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):17. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, Groce, Nancy. New York: Songs of the City. New York: Watson-Guptill Publishing. Horowitz, Amy. “Center and UNESCO to Co-host Conference.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):7. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Smithsonian- UNESCO Conference on Folklore and Traditional Culture Yields Policy Directions.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):1. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Jerusalem Project.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):11. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Hunt, Marjorie. The Stone Carvers: Master Craftsmen of Washington National Cathedral. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. and Diana Baird N’Diaye. “Summer Teacher Seminars.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):8. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 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Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Director's Talk Story.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):2. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Maloney, Michael. “Smithsonian Folkways: Manufacturing and Distribution.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):14. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Smithsonian Folkways: World Wide Web Development.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):14. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. N’Diaye, Diana Baird. “Teacher Seminar.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):5. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Maroon Exhibition Opening.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):17. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . ‘Update: ‘Creativity and Resistance’ Maroon Traveling Exhibition.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):10. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “African Immigrant Folklife Project Update.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):11. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Parker, Diana. “Conserving and Creating Cultural Heritage: The Smithsonian Folklife Festival.” In Smzthsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 8-9. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Place, Jeff. “The Recordings of Woody Guthrie.” Hard Travelin’: The Life and Legacy of Woody Guthrie, edited by Robert Santelli and Emily Davidson. Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. . Liner notes. Woody Guthrie: The Asch Recordings. SFW 4o112. . Liner notes. Lead Belly Sings for Children. SFW 45047. Rinzler, Kate. “Fifth Annual Ralph Rinzler Memorial Concert.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):6. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Seeger, Anthony. “Musical Genres and Contexts” [overview essay]. In The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Volume 2: South America, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, edited by Dale A. Olsen and Daniel E. Sheehy, 43-53. 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Olsen and Daniel E. Sheehy, 143-149. New York: Garland Publishing Company. and Anya Peterson Royce. “Music, Dance and Drama: An Anthropological Perspective.” In Latin America, Perspectives on a Region, 2° edition, edited by Jack Hopkins, 226-240. New York: Holmes and Meier. . “Sounds of the Struggle: Folkways Records and the Civil Rights Movement.” In Freedom is a Constant Struggle: An Anthology of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, by Susie Erenrich, 506-509. Montgomery, Alabama: Black Belt Press. . “World Performing Arts and Multi-Media.” In The Future of World Performing Arts and Multimedia, 7-19, proceedings of a conference in Osaka, December 1998. Osaka, Japan: Information Society Development Association. . “Happy Birthday, ATM! Ethnographic Futures of the Archives of the 21°* Century. In A Quarterly of the Archives of Traditional Music (January 1999):1-3. . “Creating Cultural Heritage through Recordings.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 6-7. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. and D.A. Sonneborn. “Cultural Policy and Smithsonian Folkways Recordings.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):17. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . ‘Intellectual Property and Recorded Sound: Gold mine and Minefield.” In Exploiting Images and Image Collections in the New Media, Gold Mine or Legal Mine Field?, edited by Barbara Hoffman. London: Kluwer Law International, Ltd. Seitel, Peter. The Powers of Genre: Interpreting Haya Oral Literature. New York: Oxford University Press. . “PEOPLink.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):15. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Shrager, Sam. The Trial Lawyer's Art. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Simpkins, Ronnie. “Smithsonian Folkways: Special-Order CDs.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):14. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Sonneborn, D.A. “Street Violinist in Bologna (1988)” [b&w full-page photo and caption}. In Garland Encyclopedia of Music: Europe (Vol. 8):32-33. . ‘Smithsonian Folkways: What We're Up To.” Smithsonian Talk Story (15)(Spring 1999):12. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Vennum, Tom. “Recycling Festival Props.” Smithsonian Talk Story (16)(Fall 1999):18. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Walle, Alf H. Cultural Tourism. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Sound Recordings Blues Routes: Blues and Jazz, Heroes and Tricksters, Worksongs and Street Music. SEW 40118. Oscar Brand. Presidential Campaign Songs, 1789-1996. SFW 45051. Choose Your Partners! Contra Dance and Square Dance Music of New Hampshire. SEW 40126. Woody Guthrie: The Asch Recordings. SEW 40112. Woody Guthrie. Buffalo Skinners: The Asch Recordings, Volume 4. SFW 40103. Ella Jenkins. Ca// and Response: Rhythmic Group Singing. SEW 45030. Ella Jenkins and the Goodwill Spiritual Choir of Chicago: American Folk Songs and Rhythms. SEW 45003. Ella Jenkins and a Union of Friends Pulling Together. SEW 45046. Coco Kallis. Environmental Songs for Kids. SEW 45048. Lead Belly Sings for Children. SEW 45047. Mademoiselle, Voulez-vous Danser? Franco-American Music from the New England Borderlands. SFW 40116. The Mississippi: River of Song. SFW 40086. Music of Indonesia 16: Music from the Southeast Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor. SFW 40443. Music of Indonesia 17: Kalimantan: Dayak Ritual and Festival Music. SFW 40444. Northumberland Rant: Traditional Music from the Edge of England. SEW 40473. Praise the Lord! Gospel Music in Washington, D.C. SEW 40113. Saints’ Paradise: Trombone Shout Bands from the United House of Prayer. SFW 40117. Pete Seeger. Headlines & Footnotes. SFW 40111. Taquachito Nights: Conjunto Music from South Texas. SEW 40477. Tuva, Among the Spirits: Sound, Music, and Nature in Sakha and Tuva. SFW 40452. Film and Video Earl's Canoe: A Traditional Ojibwe Craft, produced by Thomas Vennum, Jr., with Charles Weber and participation of Earl Nyholm. Color, 27 min. Hosay Trinidad, by John Bishop with Frank Korom and Guha Shankar. 45-minute video. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Albrecht, Donald with Bruce Hannah. “Unlimited by Design,” Cooper-Hewitt, November 1998. 224 Albrecht, Donald. “Artists Fascinated by Architecture.” Architectural Record, December 1998. . “Stay Cool! Air-conditioning America.” National Building Museum, May 1999. . “Art on Stage.” Guggenheim Museum magazine. Fall 1999. Commoner, Lucy. “Static Electricity in Conservation.” ICOM Ethnographic Conservation Newlsetter No. 18, October 1998. . “Conservation of the ‘Lion Strangler.’ Magazine, Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Summer 1999. Dunn, Dorothy. “Old Collections New Audiences: Decorative Arts and Visitor Experience for the 21° Century.” Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village, Fall 1999. Ibelli, Juliette V. “Off-site Storage Facility Selection: Common Sense Considerations.” Registrars’ Quarterly, Registrars Committee Western Region-American Association of Museums, Summer 1999. Shinn, Deborah. “The Huguenot Legacy: English Silver, 1680-1760,” Magazine, Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Winter 1999. Sonday, Milton. “Damask: Definition and Technique.” Riggisberger Berichte 7. Riggisberg: Abegg-Stiftung, 1999. Symmes, Marilyn. “Fountains: Designing for the Rise and Fall of Water.” Drawing, Fall 1998. Yelavich, Susan. “Narrative: A Security Blanket for the Nervous 90s.” American Center for Design Journal, 1999. . “Beauty is Back or Design Gets a Hickey.” American Center for Design Journal, Fall 1999. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Department of Public Programs Benezra, Neal. Directions—Juli6 Sarmento: Fundamental Accuracy. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1999. Exhibition brochure. . “Of Pissoirs and Public Seating: Etude de Couleur and Franz West’s Public Art.” In Robert Fleck, et al., Franz West, 82-93. London: Phaidon, 1999. . “Mind over Matter [Bruce Nauman}.” Artnews 98, no. 5 (May 1999): 143. Bush, Teresia. “James Weeks.” In To Conserve a Legacy: American Art from Historically Black Colleges and Universities, 231-33. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999. Lawrence, Sidney. Ghirardelli: Portrait of a Family, 1849-1999. San Francisco: Museo Italo Americano, 1999. Exhibition brochure. Rosenzweig, Phyllis. Chuck Close. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1998. Exhibition brochure. Viso, Olga M. Directions—Sam Taylor-Wood. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1999. Exhibition brochure. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Zilczer, Judith. “Un architecte de la sculpture moderne.” In Marie Pessiot and Bénédicte Ajac, et al. Duchamp-Villon: Collections du Centre Georges Pompidou, Musée National d'Art Moderne et du Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, 12—21. Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou and Réunion des Musée Nationaux; Rouen: Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, 1998. . “Arthur B. Davies.” In John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, vol. 6, 152-53. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. . Brice Marden, Work of the 1990s: Paintings, Drawings, and Prints. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1999. Exhibition brochure. . “John Flannagan.” In John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, vol. 8, 88-90. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. . ‘Joseph H. Hirshhorn.” In John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, vol. 13, 693-94. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. . “Raymond Duchamp-Villon and the American Avant-Garde.” Archives of American Art Journal 38, nos. 1 and 2 (1998): 14-27. . “Research Approaches in Art History.” Grapevine no. 33 (February 1999):1-2. . “Richard Lindner.” In John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, vol. 10, 860-62. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Conservation Bedford, Clarke. “Little Dancer.” Muse (March 1999). Lake, Susan, Suzanne Q. Lomax and Michael R. Shilling. “A Technical Investigation of Willem de Kooning’s Paintings from the 1960s and 1970s.” Preprints for the 12” Triennial ICOM Meeting, Volume 1. ICOM Committee for Conservation, 1999. National Air and Space Museum Aeronautics Division Cochrane, Dorothy. “Amelia Earhart,” American National Biography, John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds. (New York, Oxford University Press, 1999): 221-223. . “Mary Feik, A Master Mechanic with a Passion,” Aviation for Women (March/April 1999): 33-35. . “Phoebe Omlie,” American National Biography, John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds. (New York, Oxford University Press, 1999): 717-718. Crouch, Tom. Aiming for the Stars: Dreamers and Doers of the Space Age. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. . “An Airplane for Everyman: The Department of Commerce and the Light Airplane Industry,” Innovation and the Development of Flight, Roger Launius, ed., (College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1999): 166-187. Publications of the Staff 225 . “First Flight? 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Book review, Molly Merryman, Clipped Wings: The Rise and Fall of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) of World War II, (New York: New York University Press, 1998), The American Historical Review, (April 1999): 597-98. . “Flying High in Hollywood: Howard Hawks and the Representation of Pilots in the Aviation Film Genre,” Proceedings of the National Aerospace Conference (Dayton, Ohio: Wright State University, 1999): 32-40. Archives Division Hagedorn, Daniel P. “Postscript with a Vengeance,” Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society, Vol. 43, No. 3, Fall 1998. Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Bell, J.F, B.A. Campbell, and M.S. Robinson. Planetary Geology, Manual of Remote Sensing, 3, (1999): 509-564. Bourke, M.C., and G. Pickup. Fluvial Form Variability in Arid Central Australia, in Varieties of Fluvial Forms (Miller, A. and Gupta, A., eds.) Wiley, (1999): 248-271. Bulmer, M.H., and J.B. Wilson. “Comparison of flat-topped stellate seamounts on Earth’s seafloor with stellate domes on Venus using side-scan sonar and Magellan synthetic aperture radar.” Earth and Planet. Sci. Letters, 171, (1999): 277-287. Campbell, B.A. Surface formation rates and impact crater densities on Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 104, (1999): 21951-21956. Campbell, B.A., D.B. Campbell, and C. DeVries. Surface processes in the Venus highlands: Results from analysis of Magellan and Arecibo data, J. Geophys. Res., 104, (1999): 1897-1916. Goetz, S. J., S.D. Prince, S.N. Goward, M.M. Thawley, J. Small, and A.K. Johnston. Mapping net primary production and related biophysical variables with remote sensing: Application to the BOREAS region, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D22), (1999) 27719-27734. Harmon, J.K., R.E. Arvidson, E.A. Guiness, B.A. Campbell, and M.A. Slade. Mars mapping with delay-Doppler radar, J. Geophys. Res., 104, (1999): 14065-14090. Shepard, M.K., and B.A. Campbell. 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Einspruch, Electronic Genie.” [STS 903 (Urbana, University of Illinois, 1999): 633-34. . “The “Mind’s Eye” and the Computers of Seymour Cray.” Artefact. (Washington, DC: National Museum of American History, 1999): 2. Collins, Martin. Space Race: The US-USSR Competition to Reach the Moon. San Francisco, CA: Pomegranate, 1999. DeVorkin, David. “Ozone. Scientific Rocketry to Sputnik Scientific Instruments, and Solar Constant.” In Garland History of Geophysics, edited by G. Good. Garland, 1999. . “The Discovery and Exploitation of Spectroscopic Parallaxes’ Revisited.” L. Davis Press, 1999. . “The Pickering Years,” The American Astronomical Society's First Century.” AIP, 1999. . “The Post-War Society: Responding to New Patterns of Patronage.” The American Astronomical Society’s First Century (with Paul Routly). (AIP, 1999). Herken, Gregg. Review: “Campbell Craig’s Destroying the Village and Andreas Wenger’s Living with Peril.” American Historical Review (June 1999). . “The University of California, the Federal Weapons Labs, and the Founding of the Atomic West.” The Atomic West, edited by Hevly and Findlay. (University of Washington Press, 1999). Neufeld, Michael. “Ehricke, Kraft Arnold.” American National Biography, (New York: Oxford University Press VII, 1999): 354-55. . “Mythos Peenemunde Reflektionen aus Internationaler Sicht.” Peenemunde: Facetten Eines Historischen Orts, (Schwerin: Landeszentrale fuer politische Bildung Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 1999): 8-14. 226 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 . Review of Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project: A Study in German Culture by Paul Lawrence Rose. Physics in Perspective 1 (1999). . Review of Wernher von Braun: The Man Who Sold the Moon by Dennis Piskiewicz. Air and Space Smithsonian 14 (August/September 1999): 82-83. . “Rocket Aircraft and the ‘Turbojet Revolution’: The Luftwaffe’s Quest for High Speed Flight 1935-1939.” Innovation and the Development of Flight, edited by Roger D. Launius (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1999): 207-34. . “The Road to Peenemunde.” The Quarterly Journal of Military History 11 (Winter 1999): 72-77. Winter, Frank. “Memorial to Thomas F. Dixon, A Major Rocket Pioneer.” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 52, no. 7/8 July-August 1999): 271-72. . “The Influence of the von Opel-Valier Experiments Upon German Rocket Propelled Model Aircraft Development, 1920’s—1930’'s.” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 52, no. 7/8 July-August 1999): 267-70. National Museum of African Art Binkley, David A. Afrika-Kunst und Kultur, Meisterwerke advikanischer Kunst, Musum fur Volkerkunde Berlin, Prestel, 1999. Essays on Kuba figurative cups and pipes. Geary, Christraud M. “Coronation Mask” p. 303; “Elephant Mask” p. 304. John Nunley and Cara McCarty (eds.). Masks: Faces of Culture. The St. Louis Art Museum. New York: Harry Abrams, 1999: 303, 304. Hall, Robert and Edward Lifschitz. Wrapped in Pride: Ghanaian Kente and African American Identity. National Museum of African Art, 1998. Jenke, Veronika. Educational Programs, Fall 1998-Summer 1999. National Museum of African Art, 1998. National Museum of American Art (Smithsonian American Art Museum) Adamson, Jeremy Elwell. “Antique American Rattan.” Tropical Gardner 1 (Winter 1998): 23-30. Broun, Elizabeth. “Richard Diebenkorn’s Ocean Park No. 6.” American Art 13 no. 2 (Summer 1999): 80-83. Attp://nmaa-ryder.si.edu/journally 13n2/ . “Childe Hassam’s America.” American Art 13 no.3 (Fall 1999): 33-37. Attp://nmaa-ryder.si.edu/journal/v1 3n3/ . “Telling the Story of America.” American Art 13 no. 3 (Fall 1999): 84-92. http://nmaa-ryder.si.edu/journal/v1 3n3 Foley, Jeana, Virginia Mecklenburg, et al. “An Edward Hopper Scapbook.” Attp://www.AmericanArt.si.edu/ Hopper, September 1999. Hartigan, Lynda Roscoe. “Joseph Cornell.” Grand Street 66 (October 1998): 32—42. Moser, Joann. “Why Draw?” In The Dillard Collection of Art on Paper. Greensboro, N.C.: Weatherspoon Art Gallery, 1999: 7-14. Murray, Richard. “Abbott Thayer's Stevenson Memorial.” American Art 13, no.2 (Summer 1999): 3-25. . “Abbott Thayer: The Nature of Art.” Brochure for SAAM exhibition “Abbot Thayer: The Nature of Art.” . Captions for brochure “American Art from the Gilded Age,” on loan to the Vice President’s Residence. Stahl, Joan. “Women Artists: The Other Side of the Picture.” MC Journal {computer file} The Journal of Academic Media Librarianship 1999. . “Andrew Wyeth: Self Portrait: Snow Hill.” MC {computer file} The Journal of Academic Media Librarianship (1999). . “Fritz Scholder: Painting the Paradox (Artists of America Series). MC {computer file} The Journal of Academic Librarianship (1999). . “The People’s Painting.” MC {computer file} The Journal of Academic Librarianship (1999). . “ Discover Irish Art at the National Gallery of Ireland” [review]. Art Libraries Journal 25:3 1999: 47. Trapp, Kenneth R. Essay in Larry Kirkland, Twenty-Five Years. Denver: Lightwater, 1999. . “Crafts in Crisis” {sound recording, lecture}. The Future Lies in Education. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Institute of Art, 1999. Truettner, William H. and Roger B. Stein, eds. Picturing Old New England: Image and Memory. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. National Museum of American History Office of the Director Crew, Spencer R. “A Museum Perspective on The Presence of the Past.” The Public Historian. Vol. 22, No. 1 (Winter 2000). . “Introduction.” We Americans Celebrating a Nation: Its People, and Its Past. Ed. by Thomas B. Allen and Charles O. Hyman. Washington DC: National Geographic Society, 1999. Morris, Martha. “Organizational Health,” in New Standard. American Association of Museums, 1999. . “Planning for Collections,” in Manual of Museum Planning. Stationary Office, London, 1999. Office of Curatorial Affairs Bunch, Lonnie G., III. “In Museums at the National Level: Fighting the Good Fight,” in Public History: Essays from the Field, James B. Gardner and Peter S. LaPaglia, eds. Krieger Publishing Company, 1999. . “Neither Black, nor White: Interpreting African American Culture in Contempoary Museums,” in The Long-Term View. Massachusetts School of Law 4 (1999). Publications of the Staff D2Y. Department of History Gardner, James B., and Peter S. LaPaglia, eds. Public History: Essays from the Field. Krieger Publishing Company, 1999. Kondratas, Ramunas. “Prototype Thermal Cycler for PCR, “Mr. Cycle’ (1985),” in Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society 63 (1999). Archives Center Haberstich, David E. The Scurlock 90-Year Project: Black Washington in Black America, Exposure, Vol. 32.1 (1999), pp. 64-73. Jackson, Reuben. Julius Hemphill, International Dictionary Of Black Composers, by Samuel Floyd and the Center for Black Music Research, eds. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999. Minnick, Mary Louise. The Breck Girls, in Smithsonian Magazine, December, 1999. Ruffins, Fath. Sites of Memory, Sites of Struggle: The ‘Materials’ of History, in Major Problems in African American History, pp. 65-86. Volume One. From Slavery to Freedom 1619-1865. Thomas Holt and Elsa Barkley Brown, eds. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1999 Schwartz, Scott. Faith, Serpents, Fire: Images of Kentucky Holiness Believers, University of Mississippi Press, 1999. Department of Information Technology & Society Briscoe, Nance. Science Service Smithsonian (1999) (Web site). Clain-Stefanelli, Elvira. Life in Republican Rome on its Coinage (1999). Finn, Bernard S. (coeditor with Robert Bud and Helmuth Trischler) “Manifesting Medicine: Bodies and Machines,” Vol. 1 of Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology (London: Harwood Academic Publications, 1999). . Edison After Forty (1999) (Web site). Forman, Paul. “I.I. Rabi’s ‘Souvenir’ of His Career in Molecular Beam Research (1937),” “Electromagnetic Cavity in which Nuclear Magnetic Resonance was First Observed in Condensed Matter (1945),” “Atomic Clock Based upon Absorption of Microwaves in Ammonia, Constructed at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (1948-49),” in Deborah J. Warner, ed., “Ten 20th Century Instruments at The Smithsonian in Washington, D.C.,” Scientific Instrument Society Bulletin, No. 63 (Dec. 1999), pp. 14-22. . ‘Ciencia y humanidades en la postmodernidad,” Revista de Occidente, nr 213 (Madrid, Feb. 1999), pp. IIO-121. Kidwell, Peggy. Scientific Instruments, 1500-1900: An Introduction, by Gerard LE. Turner, reviewed in Isis, 90:582-583 (1999). . Short reviews in the Annals of the History of Computing (1999). Mudd, Douglas. “Numismatic Art Comes of Age: The Demareteion Master” (1999) (Web page). Sherman, Roger. Joseph Henry’s Contributions to the Electro- magnet and the Electric Motor, (Joseph Henry Papers Web page). Wallace, Hal; Finn, Bernard S.; Allison, David K. Powering A Generation of Change (1999) (Web site). Department of Social History Bird, William L., Jr. Better Living: Advertising, Media and the New Vocabulary of Business Leadership, 1935-1955. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1999. Kidwell, Claudia, Brush “Making Choices: The Real and Pictorial Dresses of Margaret Marston Philipse Ogilvie (1727-1807), The 44th Washington Antiques Show Catalog (pp. 86-93), 1999. Liebhold, Peter and Harry R. Rubenstein. Between a Rock and a Hard Place: A History of American Sweatshops, 1820—Present. Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American Studies Center and Simon Wiesenthal Center, Museum of Tolerance, 1999. Department of Science, Medicine & Society Gossel, Patricia. “When Bacteriologists Wore Black,” ASM (American Society for Microbiology) News {Centennial Edition} 65:5 (May 1999): 296-301. . “Packaging the Pill,” in Manifesting Medicine: Bodies and Machines, Robert Bud, Bernard Finn and Helmuth Trischler, eds. (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999), pp. 105-121. . “Edwin Oaks Jordan,” “Veranus A. Moore,” “Frederick George Novy,” “Theophil Mitchell Prudden,” “George Miller Sternberg,” “Daniel Elmer Salmon,” “Mazyck Porcher Ravenel,” and “Simon Flexner,” American National Biography (Oxford University Press, 1999). . “Biolistic Particle Delivery System, Cornell/Stanford ‘Gene Gun’ in Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 63 (1999): 21-22. Ott, Katherine. “All the Modern Conveniences: Household Plumbing, 1840-1890,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Vv. 73 (1999): 336-338. Turner, Steven. “Dobsonian Telescope, 1982,” in Bu/letin of the Scientific Instrument Society 63 (1999): 20. Warner, Deborah J. Franklin & His Friends. Portraying the Man of Science in Eighteenth-Century America, by Brandon Fortune with Deborah Warner, published by the National Portrait Gallery in association with the University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. . “The Ballast-Office Time Ball and the Subjectivity of Time and Space,” in James Joyce Quarterly 35 (1998): 861-864. . “Ten 20th Century Instruments at The Smithsonian in Washington, D.C.” in Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, 63 (1999): 14-22. Department of History of Technology Johnson, Paula. “Boat Models, Buoys, and Board Games: Reflecting and Reliving Watermen’s Work,” in Material History Review 48 (Fall 1998). 228 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Lubar, Steven. “Archives and Information Culture, in American Archivist, Spring 1999. . “Men, Women, Production, Consumption,” in Hzs and Hers: Gender and American Consumerism, 1900-1960. Arwen Mohun and Roget Horwitz, eds. University of Virginia Press, 1998. Liebhold, Peter, and Steven Lubar. “What Do We Keep?” Invention and Technology, Spring 1999, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 28-38. , and Harry Rubenstein. Between a Rock and a Hard Place: A History of American Sweatshops, 1820—Present, 1999 UCLA Asian American Studies Center, Los Angeles, CA. Stine, Jeffrey K., and Joel A. Tarr. “At the Intersection of Histories: Technology and the Environment,” in Technology and Culture 39, October 1998. Withuhn, William. “Risk and Failed Expectations...,” Railroad History, Fall 1999. Department of Social History Ellis, Rex. “The Underground Railroad,” in Potomac Review, Fall 1999. Green, Rayna. “A Modest Proposal: The Museum of the Plains White Person,” In Our Own Words: Great Speeches of the American Century. Senator Robert Torricelli, Andrew Carroll, and Andrew Dubhill, eds. Kodansha America, Inc., 1999. . “More Than Meets the Eye: Gertrude Kasebier’s “Indian” Photographs,” The History of Photography. Helena Wright, ed. Taylor & Francis Ltd., 1999. . “Rosebuds of the Plateau: Frank Matsura and the Fainting Couch Aesthetic,” Dark Night: Field Notes, 1999. with Melanie Fernandez. The British Museum Encyclopedia of Native North America. British Museum Press, 1999. Hasse, John. “Bringing Out the Best in Ellington: From 10,000 Recordings, Here are a Chosen Few,” The Washington Post, April 11, 1999. . “Ellington at 100: Genius Beyond Category,” Jazz Educators Journal, March 1999. . “Introduction,” The Stardust Road & Sometimes I Wonder: The Autobiographies of Hoagy Carmichael. Da Capo Press, 1999. . “Select Discography,” Duke Ellington: A Spiritual Biography, Jana Steed. Crossroads Publishing, 1999. McGovern, Charles, Susan Strasser, and Mattias Judy, eds. Getting and Spending: European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Centruy. Cambridge University Press, 1999. . “Woody Guthrie’s American Century,” Hard Traveling: The Life and Music of Woody Guthrie. Robert Santelli and Emily Davidson, eds. Wesleyan University Press, 1999. Rand, Harry. American Dreamer: The Art of Phillip C. Curtis. The Phoenix Art Museum, 1999. . “Apostolic Succession and Recent Art,” Cuwtle et Culture: Studies in Cultural Meaning, Universite de Cergy- Pontoise, 1999. . “What the Kitchen Maid Made: Vermeer’s Kitchen Maid,” Bulletin van Het Rijksmuseum, 1999. Department of Interdisciplinary Initiatives Molella, Art. (co-editor). Research Budgets in an Age of Limits (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000). Lemelson Center Bedi, Joyce. Introduction to Ch. 2 of Research Budgets in an Age of Limits (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000). . “Lady Edisons” Inventors Digest, Sept./Oct. 1999. . “Laser Patent Wars” Inventors Digest, May/June 1999. Jennings, Gretchen. “Too Hot to Handle: Museums and Controversy;” “The Museum as a Public Place;” “Bridging Diversity, Building Community: Folkloric Models of Museum Interpretation,” Journal of Museum Education, 1999. Satrom, Heather Bruce. “Girl Tech: Cool Toys for Girls” Inventors’ Digest, Jan./Feb. 1999. . “Newman Darby: The Original Windsurfer,” Inventors Digest, July/August 1999. . “A Life of Innovation: Charles Townes,” Inventors Digest, Sept./Oct. 1999. Office of Public Services Education and Visitor Services Grove, Tim. “I Never Knew History Could be So Fun: Visitor Experiences in the Hands-On-History Room,” History News (Autumn 1999). National Museum of the American Indian Office of Public Programs The Cultural Resource Center videotape was produced to present a behind-the-scenes look at how the staff of this facility deals with the unique challenges of handling and housing Native American artifacts. In addition, the tape provides an introduction to the National Museum of the American Indian. The videotape was created to show potential visitors what the center is and how it functions within the NMAI. Executive producer, Charlotte Heth; project manager, Machel Monenerkit; producer, Daniel Davis; director, Tarik Benbrahim. The Cultural Resource Center was completed in 1999. Secakuku, Susan. “Real Village Kids: Photographs by Hopi Youth.” exhibition at the Hopi Cultural Center Museum, Second Mesa, AZ, October 5—December 17, 1999. Publications of the Staff 229 Office of Curatorial Affairs Delgado, Rachel. Book review, Journal: Descourse: New Directions in the Four Fields of Anthropology, Nov. 1999, Vol. 1, No. 1, Visayan Vignettes: Ethnographic Traces of a Philippine Island by Jean-Paul Dumont. . “Nim Po’t: A Museum of Traditional Maya Textiles.” Fiber Arts Magazine, (Nov./Dec. 1999). Krutak, Lars. “St. Lawrence Island Joint-Tattooing: Spiritual/Medicinal Functions and Inter-Continental Possibilites.” Eztudes/Inuit/Studies 23(1-2): 229-252. Office of Publications National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution. When the Rain Sings: Poems by Young Native Americans. New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1999. “National Museum of the American Indian: Memory & Imagination: The Legacy of Maidu Indian Artist Frank Day and Coyote Bites Back: Indian Humor” (CD). American Indian Radio on Satellite (AIROS). National Museum of Natural History Bannikov, A. F. and J. C. Tyler. “Sorbinicapros, a New Second Taxon of the Caproid-related Fish Family Sorbinipercidae, from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy.” Museo Civico Storia Naturale Verona, Studi e Ricerche sui Giacimenti Terziart di Bolca 8 (1999): 129-142. Tyler, J. C. and D. M. Tyler. “Natural History of the Sea-Fan Blenny, (Emblemariopsis pricei) (Pisces: Chaenopsidae) in the Western Caribbean.” Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 601 (1999): I-24. Tyler, J. C. and R. Winterbottom. “A Review of the Morphology and Relationships of the Oligocene Spikefish Genera Acanthopleurus Agassiz 1844 and Cryptobalistes Tyler 1968 (Tetraodontiformes: Triacanthidae). Paléontologische Zeitschrift (Stuttgart) 73, (3/4) (1999): 351-367. Tyler, J. C. and C. Sorbini. “Phylogeny of the Fossil and Recent Genera of Fishes of the Family Scatophagidae (Acanthuroidei).” Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 23, (1999): 353-393. Tyler, J. C. “A New Family for a Long Known but Undescribed Acanthopterygian Fish from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy.” Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae (Jour. Swiss Geol. Soc.) 91 (1999): 521-540. . “A New Genus and Species of Surgeon Fish (Acanthuridae) with a Unique Dorsal-fin Pterygiophore Arrangement from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy.” Museo Civico Storia Naturale Verona, Studi e Ricerche sui Giacimenti Terziari di Bolca 8 (1999): 245-256. . “A New Genus and Species of Surgeon Fish (Acanthuridae) with Four Dorsal-fin Spines from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy.” Museo Civico Storia Naturale Verona, Studi e Ricerche sui Giacimenti Terziari di Bolca 8 (1999): 257-268. , ed. Museo Civico Storia Naturale Verona, Studi e Ricerche sui Giacimenti Terziari di Bolca 8, 1999. Department of Anthropology Afable, Patricia. “Notes on the History of the Agno River and the Dams.” Baguio Midland Courier 52.5:11, 20 (January 31, 1999), 52.6:8, 19 (February 7, 1999), 52.7:12, 24 (February 14, 1999). . “Eduardo Masferré’s Subjects: A Century of Self- Representations in the Philippines.” Anales del Museo Nacional de Antropologia 1998 (1999). . “Kalanguya Sung Poetry as a Cultural Resource.” Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Philippine Studies (Aix-en-Provence, April 1997) (1999). Archambault, JoAllyn. Gallup Ceremony and Visual Imagery. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Arnoldi, Mary Jo. “Yaya Coulibaly: Contemporary Malian Artist and Puppeteer.” Puppetry International 4 (1998): 8-11. . ‘Overcoming a Colonial Legacy: The New National Museum in Mali: 1976 to the Present.” Musewm Anthropology 22(3) (1998): 28-40. Billeck, William. “Fluted Point Distribution in the Loess Hills of Southwestern Iowa.” Plains Anthropologist 43 (1998): 401-409. Damann, F. E., E. Miller, E. B. Jones and D. H. Ubelaker. “Temporal Trends in Morbidity in the Chesapeake Bay Area: Part One. Samples, Methodology, and Context (abstract).” American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 28 (1998), 114. Ditchfield, P., J. Hicks, T. Plummer, L. Bishop, and R. Potts. “Current Research on the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene Deposits North of Homa Mountain, Southwestern Kenya.” Journal of Human Evolution 36 (1999): 123-150. Fitzhugh, William W., ed. Arctic Studies Center Newsletter. Washington, D.C.: Arctic Studies Center, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ongoing publication. Fitzhugh, William W. and Chisato Dubreuil, eds. Kamuy: Spirit of a Northern People. Washington, D.C.: Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of National History, Smithsonian Institution, 1999. Fitzhugh, William W., Natalia Fedorova, and Pavel A. Kosintsev. Gone into the Hills: Culture of the Northwestern Yamal Coast Popluation in the Iron Age. Russian Academy of Science, Ural Division, Institute of History and Archaeolotgy; Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology; Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution. Ekaterinburg Publishers, 1998. Hansen, Greta, and Catherine Zwiesler Sawdey. “A Moving Experience: Thirteen Years and Two Million Objects Later.” Curator: The Museum Journal 42(1) (1999): 13-35. 230 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Houchins, Chang-su. “Romyn Hitchcock and the Smithsonian Ainu Collection” Ainu Spirit of a Northern People (1999): 148-154. Hunt, David R. “History and Demography of the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection” (abstract). American Journal of Physical Anthropology Sapplement 28 (1999): 156-157. Kaupp, P. Ann, Ruth O. Selig, Alison S. Brooks, JoAnne Lanouette, eds. AzthroNotes. Washington, D.C.: Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ongoing publication. Krakker, James, David Rosenthal, and Deborah Hull- Walski. “Managing a Scholarly Resource: Archaeological Collections at the National Museum of Natural History.” Museum Anthropology 23(2) (1999). Loring, Stephen. “The Archaeology of Eskimo Hiitte (IkDb-2): Inuit Sovereignty in the Torngat.” Etudes Inuit 22(2) (1999): 53-76. McQuail, Lisa. “Gifted Hands.” Sawasdee Magazine 27(2) (1998):40-44. Meggers, Betty J. “La Difusién de la Ceramicé Temprana en Sudamérica.” XII Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia Argentina, Actas, Tomo I (1999):17-38. . “The Travels of a Worm.” Discover 20(2) (1999):12. . “La Utilidad de Secuencias Cerémicas Seriadas para Inferir Conducta Social Prehistérica.” E/ Caribe Arqueolégico 3 (1999): 3-19. . “Review of Philippe Descola, in the Society of Nature: a Native Ecology in Amazonia.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 5 (1999): 119-120. Miller, E., F E. Damann, D. H. Ubelaker, and E. B. Jones. “Temporal Trends in Morbidity in the Chesapeake Bay Area: Part Two. Data and Conclusions” (abstract). American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 28 (1999): 203. Mudar, Karen M. “How Many Dvaravati Kingdoms? Locational Analysis of First Millennium, A.D. Moated Settlements in Central Thailand.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 18 (1999): 1-28. Ortner, Donald J. “Scurvy: Its Skeletal Manifestations and Prevalence in North and South American Skeletal Samples” (abstract). American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 28 (1999): 216. Ortner, Donald J., E. Kimmerle, and M. Diez. “Skeletal Evidence of Scurvy in Archeological Skeletal Samples from Peru.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 108 (1999): 321-331. Plummer, T., L. Bishop, J. Kingston, N. Sikes, P. Ditchfield, F. Hertel, and J. Ferraro. “Reconstructing Oldowan Hominid Paleoecology.” Journal of Human Evolution 36 (1999): Ar8. Potts, Richard. “Humanity’s Descent.” Reading between the Lines: Toward an Understanding of Current Social Problems. A. Konradi and M. Schmidt, eds. London: Mayfield, 1998, pp. 507-515. . “Variability Selection in Hominid Evolution.” Evolutionary Anthropology 7 (1998): 81-96. . Environmental Hypotheses of Hominid Evolution.” Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 41 (1998): 93-136. . ‘Behavioral Response to Variable Pleistocene Landscapes.” The Archaeology of Intelligence. A. Nowell, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. . ‘Human Evolution.” Encarta. Microsoft Corp. Online Encyclopedia. Scherer, Joanna C. “Review of Navajo and Photography: A Critical History of the Representation of an American People, by James C. Faris.” Viswal Anthropology Review 14(10) (1998):97—99. . “Review of Drawing Shadows to Stone: The Photography of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897-1902, by Laurel Kendall, Barbara Mathe, Thomas Ross Miller, with Stanley A. Freed, Ruth S. Freed and Laila Williamson.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 23(4) (1999). Selig, Ruth Osterweis. “Human Origins: One Man’s Search for the Causes in Time.” AnthroNotes 21(2) (1999):1-9. Sikes, N.E. and K.M. Stewart, eds. “Early Hominid Behavioural Ecology.” Journal of Human Evolution 27 (1999):25-45. . “Plio-Pleistocene Floral Context and Habitat Preferences of Sympatric Hominid Species in East Africa.” African Biogeography, Climate Change, and Early Hominid Evolution. T. Bromage and F. Schrenk, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, 301-315. Sikes, N. E., R. Potts, and A. K. Behrensmeyer. “Early Pleistocene Habitat in Member 1 Olorgesailie, Based on Paleosol Stable Isotopes.” Journal of Human Evolution (1999). Singleton, Theresa. “The Archaeology of African-American Life.” Anthropology Explored: the Best of Smithsonian's AnthroNotes. R. O. Selig and M. R. London, eds. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998, 205-215. . “Cultural Interaction and African American Identity in Plantation Archaeology.” Culture Contact, Interaction, and Change. John Cusick, ed. Southern Illinois University Press, 1998, 172-188. . “The Slave Trade Remembered on the Former Gold and Slave Coasts.” Slavery and Abolition 20(1) (199): 150-169. , ed. I, too, am America: Archaeology of African- American Life. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999. Speaker, John Stuart. “The Human Remains of Ishi, a Yahi-Yana Indian, in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution: Report and Recom- mendations for Repatriation.” http://www.nmnh.si.edu/ anthro/ishirpt.htm (31 May 1999). . “Excavations at Mounds 693 and 985.” Classic Period Mixtequilla, Veracruz, Mexico: Diachronic Inferences from Residential Investigations. Barbara L. Stark, ed. Albany: SUNY Albany, 1999. Sturtevant, William C. “Foreword.” Collecting Native America. Shepard Krech III and Babara Hail, eds. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Ubelaker, Douglas H. “Ale Hrdlicka’s Role in the History of Physical Anthropology.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 44(4) (1999): 708-714. Publications of the Staff 231 . “Ancient Disease in Anthropological Context.” Digging for Pathogens. Charles L. Greenblatt, ed. Jerusalem: Center for the Study of Emerging Diseases, 1999, 175-199. . “Angel, John Lawrence.” American National Biography. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, 518-519. . “Contributions of T. Dale Stewart to Forensic Anthropology” (abstract). Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 5 (1999): 234. . “Review of Craniofacial Identification.” Forensic Medicine. John G. Clement and David L. Ranson, eds. 21(1) (1999): 46-47. , ed. “My Work in Forensic Anthropology at the Smithsonian,” by T. Dale Stewart, deceased (abstract). Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 5 (1999): 236. Walsh, Jane MacLaren, Pamela M. Henson, Margaret R. Dittemore, and Michael LeClair. “Expeditions—150 Years of Smithsonian Research in Latin America. Expediciones— 150 Afios de Investigacion en America Latina (A bilingual virtual exhibit).” http://www.nmnh.si.edu/anthro/laexped/ (20 December 1999). Department of Botany Acevedo-Rodriguez, P. “Paullinia lingulata (Sapindaceae), a New Species from French Guiana.” Brittonia 50 (1998): 514-516. . “West Indian Novelties I: a New Species of Marsdenia (Asclepiadaceae) from Puerto Rico and a New Name for a Jamaican Species of Calyptranthes (Myrtaceae).” Brittonia 51 (1999): 166-169. Adey, W. “Algal-controlled Ecosystems in Oligotrophic Seas: Keys to Coral Reef Evolution and Degradation” (abstract). 16th International Botanical Congress 19.10.1 (1999): 236. Aymard C., G., L. J. Dorr and N. Cuello. “Radgea tayloriae (Rubiaceae), an Unusual New Species from the Eastern Slopes of the Venezuelan Andes.” Novon 9(3) (1999): 315-317. Bayer, C. and L. J. Dorr. “A Synopsis of the Neotropical Genus Pentaplaris, with Remarks on its Systematic Position Within Core Malvales.” Brittonia 5 1(2) (1999): 134-148. Borgen, L., W. Greuter, D. H. Hawksworth, D. H. Nicolson and B. Zimmer. “Proposals to Implement Mandatory Registration of New Names.” Taxon 47 (1998): 899-904. Carr, G. D., R. M. King, A. M. Powell and H. Robinson. “Chromosome Numbers in Compositae.” Amer. J. Bot. 86(7) (1999): 1003-1013. Chaloner, W. G., W. Greuter, D. H. Nicolson and A. Traverse. “Proposals Regarding the Nomenclature of Fossil Plants.” Taxon 47 (1998): 907-910. Clarke, H. D., V. Funk, and T. Hollowell. “Comparative Floristic Diverstiy of the Iwokrama Reserve, Guyana” (abstract). International Botanical Congress Abstracts 456 (1999). Dematteis, M. and Robinson, H. “Chromosome Studies and Taxonomic Considerations in Acilepidopsis (Vernonieae, Asteraceae).” Phytologia 83(5) (1998): 366-370. DePriest, P. T. “Smith, Gilbert Morgan (6 January 1885-11 July 1959).” J. A. Garraty and M. C. Carnes (eds.). American National Biography, Vol. 24. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, 188-189. . “True, Frederick William (8 July 1958-25 June 1914).” J. A. Garraty and M. C. Carnes (eds.). American National Biography, Vol. 24. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, 853-854. . “Stejneger, Leonhard Hess (30 Oct. 1851-28 Feb. 1943).” J. A. Garraty and M. C. Carnes (eds.). American National Biography, Vol. 24. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, 648-649. . “Development of Mason E. Hale’s List of Epithets in the Parmelioid Genera (Lichen-forming Ascomycotina): A Bibliographic Review” (abstract). Bryologist 102 (1999): 442-461. . “Robbins, William Jacob (February 22, 1890—October 5, 1978).” J. A. Garraty and M. C. Carnes (eds.). American National Biography, Vol. 24. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, 588-590. Dorr, L. J. “John J. Wurdack (1921-1998)” (obituary). Taxon 47(4) (1998): 971-973. . “A New Name in Begonia (Begoniaceae) from China.” Harvard Papers in Botany 4(1) (1999): 265. -. “A New Combination in Croizatia (Euphorbiaceae).” Sida 18(3) (1999): 831-836. . “The Botanical Documentary Record.” Anonymous. XVI International Botanical Congress, Abstracts, 1999. . “Sterculiaceae.” P. M. Jorgensen and S. Ledn-Yanez (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75 (14-1181) (1999): 918-922. . “Notes on Begonia (Begoniaceae) in the Venezuelan Andes.” Harvard Papers in Botany 4(1) (1999): 253-264. . “Review of: Clave Para los

199>rboles de los Llanos de Venezuela Basada en Caracteristicas Vegetativas by R. F. Smith et al.” Taxon 48(2) (1999): 434-435. . “Tiliaceae.” P. M. Jorgensen and S. Leon-Yanez (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75 (1-1 181) (1999): 926-927. Dorr, L. J. and E. G. H. Oliver. “New Taxa, Names, and Combinations in Erica (Ericaceae-Ericoideae) from Madagascar and the Comoro Islands.” Adansonia, sé. 3, 21(1) (1999): 75-91. Dorr, L. J. and E. G. H. Oliver. “A New Combination in Erica (Ericaceae) from $a Tomé.” Kew Bulletin 54(1) (1999): 235-236. Faden, R. B. “The Commelinaceae of Northeast Tropical Africa (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia and Kenya): Diversity and Phytogeography.” Ryding, O. and I. Friis (eds.). Abstracts to the 3rd Symposium on the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Copenhagen: Carlsburg Academy, Ethiopian Flora Project & Botanical Museum, 1999, 3. Farr, Ellen R., Beatrice Wilde Hale and Paula T. DePriest. “Parmeliaceae: Searchable List of Names in the Parmelioid 232 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Genera (Lichens).” http://persoon.si.edu/parmeliaceae/ (1999). Faust, Maria A. “Dinoflagellates in the Pelican Cays, Belize” (abstract). 53rd Annual Meeting of the Phycological Society of America 35 (1999): Lo. Faust, Maria A., Jacob Larsen and Ojvind Moestrup. “Potentially Toxic Phytoplankton 3. Genus Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae).” ICES Identification Leaflets for Plankton. (1999): I-24. Filgueiras, T. S., P. M. Peterson, and Y. Herrera-Arrieta. “Rheochloa (Poaceae: Chloridoideae), a New Genus from Central Brazil.” Syst. Bot. 24 (1999): 123-127. Finn, M., P. Kangas and W. Adey. “Mangrove Ecosystem Development in Biosphere II.” Ecological Engineering 13 (1999): 173-178. Funk, V. A. “Using Limited Data to Design a Protected Area System in Guyana” (abstract). Southern African Society for Systematic Biology, symposium on systematics and conservation, abstracts (1999): 22. Funk, V. A., M. F Zermoglio, and N. Nasir. “Testing the Use of Specimen Collection Data and GIS in Biodiversity Exploration and Conservation Decision Making in Guyana.” Biodiversity and Conservation 8 (1999): 727-751. Gacia, E., M. M. Littler, and D. S. Littler. “An Experimental Test of the Capacity of Food Web Interactions (Fish- Epiphytes-Seagrasses) to Offset the Negative Consequesnces of Eutrophication on Seagrass Communities.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 48 (1999): 757-766. Gemmill, C., G. Allan, W. L. Wagner, and E. A. Zimmer. “Phylogenetic Relationships and Breeding System Evolution of Insular Pacific Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae)” (abstract). XVI International Botanical Congress—A bstracts 255 (1999). Hale, B. W. and P. T. DePriest. “Mason E. Hale’s List of Epithets in the Parmelioid Genera” (abstract). Bryologist 102 (1999): 462-544. Herbst, D.R. and W.L. Wagner. “Contributions to the Flora of Hawai'i VII.” Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 58 (1999): 12-36. Hershkovitz, M.A, E.A. Zimmer and W.J. Hahn. “Ribosomal DNA and Angiosperm Systematics.” P. Hollingsworth, R. Bateman and R. Gornall (eds.). Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution. London: Taylor & Francis, Inc., 1999, 268-326. Hunt, D. R. and R. B. Faden. “Commelinaceae.” Jorgensen, P. M and S. Leén-Y4nez (eds). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 1999, 405-407. Ignatov, M. S., H. Robinson, and E. A. Ignatov. “Studies on the Exostome in Brachytheciaceae (Musci).” Arctoa 7 (1998): 153-188. Jenny, M., C. Bayer and L. J. Dorr. “Aethiocarpa Reduced to Harmsia (Malvaceae, Dombeyoideae).” Taxon 48(1) (1999): 3-6. Kelloff, C. L. and V. A. Funk. “Preliminary Checklist of the Plants of Kaieteur National Park, Guyana.” Washington, D.C.: BDG Program, Smithsonian Institution, 1998. Kim, Hyi-Gyung, V. A. Funk, and E. A. Zimmer. “Phylogenetic Inferences in the Mutisieae” (abstract). International Botanical Congress Abstracts 392, 1998. Kral, R. and M. T. Strong. “Eight Novelties in Abildgaardia and Bulbostylis (Cyperaceae) from South America.” Sida 18 (3) (1999): 837-859. Kress, W.J., W. R. Heyer, P. Acevedo, J. Coddington, D. Cole, T. L. Erwin, B. J. Meggers, M. Pogue, R. W. Thorington, R. P. Vari, M. J. Weitzman, and S. H. Weitzman. “Amazonian Biodiversity: Assessing Conservation Priorities with Taxonomic Data.” Biodiversity and Conservation 7 (1998): 1577-1587. Kress, W.J., J. Betancur and B. Echeverry. “Heliconias— Llamaradas de la Selva Colombiana.” Bogota: Cristina Uribe Editores, 1999. Krupnick, G. A., K. M. Brown and A. G. Stephenson. “Fruit Production, Internal Endogenous Ethylene Levels, and Sex Expression in Cucurbita texana.” International Journal of Plant Sciences 160 (1999): 321-330. Krupnick, G. A. and A. E. Weis. “Effect of Floral Herbivory on Male and Female Reproductive Success in [someris arborea.” Ecology 80 (1999): 135-149. Krupnick, G. A., A. E. Weis and D. R. 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Joseph, Carrasco, Claudio, Calderon, Osvaldo, and Paton, Steven. 1999. “The El Nino southern | Publications of the Staff DIL. oscillation, variable fruit production, and famine ina tropical forest.” Ecology 80(5): 1632-1647. Wiirth, Mirham K.R., Winter, Klaus, and Koérner, Christian. 1998. “In situ responses to elevated CO, in tropical forest understorey plants.” Functional Ecology 12: 886-895. Zeh, Jeanne A., Zeh, Adrian D., and Zeh, David W. 1999. “Dump material as an effective small-scale deterrent to herbivory by Atta cephalotes.” Biotropica June 1999. Zotz, Gerard, Tyree, Melvin T., Patifio, S., and Carlton, M.R. 1998. “Hydraulic architecture and water use of selected species from a Lower Montane rainforest in Panama.” Trees 12: 302-309. Zotz, Gerhard, and Andrade, Jose Luis. 1998. “Water relations of two co-occurring epiphytic bromeliads.” Journal of Plant Physiology 152(4-5): 545-554. Zotz, Gerhard, and Ziegler, H. 1999. “Size-related differences in carbon isotope discrimination in the epiphytic orchid, Dimerandra emarginata.” Naturwissenschaften 86: 34-40. Zotz, Gerhard. 1999. “Vegetative propagation in an epiphytic orchid occurrence and ecological relevance.” Ecotropica 5: 65-68. National Science Resources Center National Science Resources Center. Discovery Deck: Animal Studies. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1999. . Discovery Deck: Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1999. . Discovery Deck: Motion and Design. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1999. ; . Discovery Deck: The Technology of Paper. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1999. Program for Asian Pacific American Studies Odo, Franklin. “The Nisei in Hawai'i,” translated into Japanese as “Hawai no nisei” {translator, Miyaji Hitomi} in Hawai Nikkei shakai no bunka to sono henyo {Culture and Change in Hawaii’s Japanese American Society: Maui in the 1920s, eds. Okita Yukuji. Kyoto: Nakanishiya, 1998. . “Hawaii's Japanese Americans and Public Representation,” Social Process in Hawai'i, 1999. Smithsonian Institution Archives Christen, Catherine A., et al. “Latin American Environ- mentalism: Comparative Views.” Studies in Comparative International Development 33, 2 (Summer 1998):58-87. . A review of Maslow’s “Footsteps in the Jungle: Adventures in the Scientific Exploration of the American Tropics.” Journal of the History of Biology 32, 1 (Spring 1999). Cox, William E. “Herbert Friedmann” and Charles Wallace Richmond.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Glaser, Jane R. Editor, IT (Newsletter of the International Committee for the Training of Personnel (ICTOP) of the International Council of Museums) 16, no. 1 (February 1999). . A review of Sija Tanner-Kaplash’s Basic Museum Studies. UNESCO Journal, Museum International 4 (October-December 1999). Henson, Pamela M. “Objects of Curious Research’: the History of Science and Technology at the Smithsonian.” Isis 90 (1999): 8249-8269. . “Anna Botsford Comstock,” “John Henry Comstock,” “Harrison Gray Dyar,” “Mary Jane Rathbun,” and “Robert Edwards Carter Stearns.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Millikan, Frank R. “Charles H. Nichols,” and “William Alanson White.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. National Collections Program. Smithsonian Institution Collection Statistics, 1998. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Archives, 1999. Nelson, Clifford M. “Toward a Reliable Geologic Map of the United States, 1803-1893.” In Edward C. Carter, II, ed., Surveying the record: North American Scientific Exploration to 1930. American Philosophical Memoir 231 (1999): 51-74. . “Walter Curran Mendenhall,” “John Strong Newberry,” “David Dale Owen,” “George Otis Smith,” and “William Embry Wrather.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Nelson, Clifford M. and Carol A. Edwards. “Arnold Hague.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Rothenberg, Marc. “‘In Behalf of the Science of the Country’: The Smithsonian and the U.S. Navy in the North Pacific in the 1850s.” Pacific Science 52 (October 1998): 301-307. . “Observers, Publications and Surveys: Astronomy in the United States in 1849.” Astronomical Journal 117 (1999): 6-8. . “U.S. Science Policy and Science Advice, 1840-1878.” AAAS Science and Technology Policy Yearbook, 1999, pp. 285-291. . “Stephen Alexander,” “Nathaniel Bowditch,” “John Alfred Brashear,” “Benjamin Apthorp Gould,” “Theophilis Grew,” “Joseph Henry,” “C. H. F. Peters,” “William Augustus Rogers,” “Alexander Catlin Twining,” “Sears Cook Walker,” and “Joseph Winlock.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. . [Review of] Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication, Andrew Butrica, editor. In The Public Historian 21 (Winter 1999): 138-140. . [Review of} The Victorian Amateur Astronomer: Independent Astronomical Research in Britain, 1820-1929, by Alan Chapman. In Endeavor 23, 3 (September 1999): 136-137. . [Review of] Scientific Communities in the Developing World, Jacques Gaillard, V. V. Krishna, and Roland Waast, 278 editors. In Technology and Culture 40 (January 1999): 171-172. Rothenberg, Marc and Thomas R. Williams. “Amateurs and the Society during the Formative Years.” The American Astronomical Society's First Century, David H. DeVorkin, editor. American Astronomical Society, 1999, pp. 40-52. Smithsonian Institution Archives. SIA Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1998. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Archives. February 1999. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Brashear, Ron. “John August Anderson” (1: 459-460), “Harold Delos Babcock” (1: 808-809), “Alfred Harrison Joy” (12: 288-289), “Paul Willard Merrill” (15: 361-362), “Ernest Fox Nichols” (16: 386-388), “Frederick Hanley Seares” (19: 555-556). 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(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1999). http://www.sil. si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Huygens/huygens.htm Carr, Timothy, and Debra Shumate, compilers, “Postal Service in Colonial America: A Bibliography of Material in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, National Postal Museum Branch.” Educational Resources Information Clearinghouse (ERIC), Department of Education, document ED428772, 1999. Republished from PAz/atelic Literature Review 47, no. I (1998): 44-57. . “History of the Smithsonian’s Philatelic Library,” (paper presented at the American Topical. Association annual meeting, July 1998). Summary in Topical Time 49, no. 6 (November-December, 1998): 37, 41. . “The Post Office Department Transfer of 1911.” Enroute 8, no. 1 January-March 1999): 6. Cline, Elaine. “The Smithsonian Institution Libraries at the Dulles Center,” The Federalist, Newsletter of the Society for History in the Federal Government (Summer 1999). Dittemore, Margaret R., compiler. Anthropology on the Internet for K-12 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1999). http://www.sil.si.edu/SILPublications/ Anthropology-K12 . Anthropological Resources: A Guide to Archival, Library and Museum Collections. Compiled by Library- Anthropology Resource Group (LARG). Lee S. Dutton, ed., pp. 147-152. New York: Garland Publishing, 1999. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 , with Jane MacLaren Walsh and Pamela M. Henson. Expeditions: 150 Years of Smithsonian Research In Latin America. Washington D.C.: Latin American Research Program, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, 1999. http://www.nmnh.si.edu/anthro/laexped Hutchinson, Alvin. Review. Life out of Bounds: Bioinvasion in a Borderless World by Chris Bright, Zoogoer 28.3 (May-June 1999): 28. Kalfatovic, Martin R., Elaine Cline, Amy DeGroff, and Lowell Ashley. “The Smithsonian Institution Libraries Digital Information Center: Digital Outreach, E-Journals, and Traditional Reference Services,” pp. 12-16, in Computers in Libraries 1999 Proceedings, compiled by Carol Nixon and Heide Dengler. Information Today, Inc.: Medford, N.J., 1999. Kalfatovic, Martin R. “John White Alexander” (1: 274-75); “William Baziotes” (2: 380-81); “George Biddle” (2: 730-31); “Adelyn Dohme Breeskin” (3: 473-74); “Elisabeth Coit” (5: 182-83); “Stuart Davis” (6: 230-32); “Richard Diebenkorn” (6: 586-87); “Burgoyne Diller” (6: 605-06); Lyonel Charles Adrian Feininger” (7: 792-94); “Robert Feke” (7: 797-98); “Isabella Stewart Gardner” (8: 706-08); “Arshile Gorky” (9: 307-09); “Keith Haring” (10: 79-80); “Sidney Janis” (11: 857-58); “Hugh Bolton Jones” (12: 201-02); “Morris Louis” (13: 944-46); “Man Ray” (14: 446-48); “Robert Mapplethorpe” (14: 467—69); “Alfred Henry Maurer” (14: 738-39); “Edward Moran” (15: 798-99); “Barnett Newman” (16: 346-48); “John Frederick Peto” (17: 401-02); “John Russell Pope” (17: 676-77); “Ad Reinhardt” (18: 323-24); “Mark Rothko” (18: 940-43); “Augusta Savage” (19: 314-15); “John Smibert” (20: 118-20); “Clyfford Still” (20: 773-75); “Elihu Vedder” (22: 312-13). In American National Biography, eds. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). . “Edge of the Web: A Brief Guide to Digital Collections.” LITA Newsletter 20.4 (Fall 1999). http://www. lita.org/newslett/v20n4/ . “Edge of the Web: ‘He’s Dead Jim’: Submerging Technologies.” LITA Newsletter 20.3 (Summer 1999). http://www.lita.org/newslett/v20n3/ . “Edge of the Web: If a Browser META TAG Comin’ Cross the ‘Net: Using META TAGS in HTML.” LITA Newsletter 20.2 (Spring 1999). http://www.lita.org/ newslett/v20n2/ . “Edge of the Web: You Can Do that with HTML: Using Dynamic HTML.” LITA Newsletter 20.1 (Winter 1998). http://www.lita.org/newslett/v2on1/ . “Edge of the Web: What the ?XML!: Making the Web Safe for SGML.” LITA Newsletter 19.4 (Fall 1998). http://www.lita.org/newslett/v19n4/ . Review of The Fake: Forgery and Its Place in Art by Sandor Radnoti (1999), Library Journal 124.14 (September 1, 1999): 190. . Review of FACTS.com. compiled by Facts on File (1999), Reference & User Services Quarterly 39.1 (Fall 1999): 84-85. Publications of the Staff 279 . Review of What is Painting?: Representation in Modern Art by Julian Bell (1999), Library Journal 124.11 June 15, 1999): 73. . Review of Twilight of the Intellectuals by Hilton Kramer, ed. (1999), Library Journal. 124.10 (June 1, 1999): 137- . Review of Scribner's American History and Culture on CDROM, Release 4.0 (1998), Reference & User Services Quarterly 38.3 (Spring 1999): 295-96. . Review of Off Limits: Rutgers University and the Avant-Garde, 1957-1963 by Joan Marter, ed. (1999), Library Journal 124.7 (April 15, 1999): 84. . Review of George Catlin: The Printed Works on CD-ROM by the University of Cincinnati Digital Press (1998), Reference & User Services Quarterly 38.2 (1999):189-90. . Review of Common Man, Mythic Vision: The Paintings of Ben Shahn by Susan Chevlowe, et al. (1998), Library Journal 124.6 (April 1, 1999): 90. . Review of The Power of Display: A History of Exhibition Installations at the Museum of Modern Art by Mary Anne Staniszewski (1998), Library Journal 124.4 (March 1, 1999): 82, 84. . Review of Building the Great Cathedrals by Francois Icher and translated by Anthony Zielonka. (1998), Library Journal 124.2 (February 1, 1999): 84-85. . Review of The Java Programming Language by Ken Arnold and James Gosling, second edition (1998), Telecommunications Electronic Review (TER) 6.1 (February 1999). http://www. lita.org/ter/ter-6—1.html#arnold . Review of Wondrous Strange: The Wyeth Tradition by Delaware Art Museum (1998), Library Journal 123.20 (December 1998): 100. . Review of Raggett on HTML 4 by Dave Raggett, Jenny Lam, Ian Alexander, and Michael Kmiec (1998), Telecommunications Electronic Review (TER) 5.9 (October 15, 1998). http://www.lita.org/ter/ter-5—9.html . Review of N.C. Wyeth by David Michaelis (1998), Library Journal 123.17 (October 15, 1998): 64. . Review of Ben Shahn: An Artist’s Life by Howard Greenfeld (1998), Library Journal 123.16 (October 1, 1998): 82. Kraft, Ned. O. “Adventures in Librarianship,” monthly column in Against the Grain, v. 10, no. 5—v. IT, no. 3. (Charleston, $.C.: LLC, 1999). Overstreet, Leslie. Introduction. Joachim Johann Nepomuk Spalowsky. Prodyomus in Systema Historicum Testaceorum. (1795 {1801 issue}). Digital edition. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1999. http://www.sil. si.edu/DigitalCollections/NHRareBooks/Spalowsky/spalo wsky.htm . Introduction. José Dionisio Larredtegui. Description Botanique du Chiranthodendron (1805). Digital edition. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1999. http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/ NHRareBooks/Larreategui/larreategui.htm Riley, Sheila M. Review of Model Behavior by Jay McInerney, Library Journal 123, no. 15 (September 15, 1998): 112. . Review of Rescue by Elizabeth Richards, Library Journal 124, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 122. . Review of Indiscretions by Carol Doumani, Library Journal 124, no. 4 (March 1, 1999): 108. . Review of The Queen's Bastard by Robin Maxwell, Library Journal 124, no. 6 (April 1, 1999): 129. . Review of The Cigarette Girl by Carol Wolper, Library Journal 124, no. 13 (August 1999): 143. Rossignol, Lucien R., with William Terry, Ellen Greenblatt and Cynthia Hashert, “Build It So They Will Come: Blueprints for Successful Webpage Development.” Heads in the Clouds, Feet on the ground, Proceedings of the North American Serials Interest Group, eds. J. S. Bullington, B. L. Caraway, and B. Geer, pp. 523-528. New York, London and Oxford: Haworth Press, 1999. Wheat, Valerie J. “The Museum Library: An Invaluable Resource for the Museum.” Caderno de Memoria Cultural. V. 6, No. 4 (October 1998/March 1999): 120-127. . “A Bibliography of Disaster Recovery Resources.” History News: The Magazine of the American Association for State and Local History. V.54, No. 3 (Summer 1999): 31-32. Office of General Counsel Browne, Rachelle V., Cownseling the Non-Profit Entrepreneur in Commercial Law Section Newsletter, National Bar Association, August 1999. Browne, Rachelle V., Music: Licenses, Permission Forms, and Releases in the Digital Age in Hoffman, Barbara, ed., Exploiting Images and Image Collections in the New Media (London: Kluwer Law International, 1999). Office of Public Affairs Blue Bulletin. A biweekly two-to-four-page newsletter with administrative information for staff. Circulation is to every Smithsonian staff member. Editor: Colleen Hershberger. The Torch. A monthly newspaper for Smithsonian employees, which highlights staff roles in research, exhibitions, collections and other activities; exhibitions “Now Showing”; classified ads; staff “Spare Time” activities; and more. Circulation is 10,500, which includes staff, volunteers, Smithsonian boards and commissions, and a list of interested individuals and organizations outside the Smithsonian. Editor: John Barrat. Smithsonian Institution Research Reports. A quarterly newsletter that disseminates information on Smithsonian research to an audience of more than 60,000 readers, mostly Smithsonian Contributing Members but also scientists, scholars, libraries, museums, universities, journalists and others. Editor: Jo Ann Webb. The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 The Secretary Office of the Secretary The Secretary Lawrence M. Small Executive Assistant to the Secretary James M. Hobbins Deputy Executive Assistant to the Secretary Kathy A. 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Allee, Chinese Head, Conservation and Scientific Research Paul Jett Head, Library and Archives Lily Kecskes Head, Publications Karen Sagstetter Head, Collections Management Bruce Young Head, Photographic and Imaging Services John Tsantes Public Programs Division Associate Director, Exhibitions and Facilities Patrick Sears Head, Design and Production Richard Franklin Head, Education Stevie Engelke (interim) Head, Digital Information Services Michael Edson Facilities Robert Evans Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Director Richard Kurin Deputy Director Richard Kennedy Director and Curator, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings Anthony Seeger Director, Smithsonian Folklife Festival Diana Parker Director, Cultural Studies and Communication James Early Senior Ethnomusicologist Thomas Vennum, Jr. Assistant Director, Smithsonian Folkways D.A. 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Rehnquist Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Committee on Collections Marvin Gerstin Barbara Levine Anthony Podesta Director James T. Demetrion Administration Assistant Director for Administration Beverly Lang Pierce Library Librarian Anna Brooke Office of Photographic Services Chief Photographer Lee Stalsworth Office of the Registrar Chief Registrar Brian Kavanagh Facilities Management Building Manager Fletcher Johnston Art and Public Programs Assistant Director for Art and Public Programs Neal Benezra Curator of Sculpture Valerie J. Fletcher Curator of Prints Frank Gettings Curator of Paintings Judith Zilczer Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig Associate Curator Olga M. Viso Office of Publications Publications Manager Jane McAllister Office of Public Affairs Public Affairs Officer Sidney Lawrence Education Department Education Program Director Linda Powell Conservation Lab Chief Conservator Laurence Hoffman Office of Exhibits and Design Chief, Exhibits and Design Edward Schiesser National Air and Space Museum Director Donald D. Engen Secretary Kimberly Chapman Deputy Director Donald S. Lopez Secretary Patricia Bellacicco Dulles Center Project Coordinator Lin Ezell Office of Development Manager John M. Fay National Air and Space Society Director Joseph T.N. Suarez Mayor Gifts Officers Edmund A. Carlson Michael R. Dempsey Corporate and Foundation Relations Officer Anne S. Seeger Associate Major Gifts Officer Scotty O’Connell Development Specialists Kelly M. Brown Carla Goring-Madden Gayle S. Union Program Manager Timothy J. 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Spencer Project Coordinator Collette E. Williams Space History Division Chairman Allan A. Needell Curators Paul E. Ceruzzi Martin J. Collins David H. DeVorkin Gregg Herken Cathleen S. Lewis Valerie S. Neal Michael J. Neufeld Frank H. Winter Museum Specialists David E. James Amanda J. Young Museum Program Specialists Joann M. Bailey Frederick Baetz II Antoinette E. Thomas Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Division Chairman Bruce A. Campbell Geologists Mary Bourke Robert A. Craddock Thomas Watters James R. Zimbelman Geophysicist Bruce A. Campbell Geographer Andrew Johnston Cartographer Anthony Cook Photolibrarian Rose Steinat Program Manager Priscilla Strain Program Coordinator Mark Bulmer Physical Sciences Technician Jennifer Tansey Administrative Assistant Donna Slattery Webmaster Victoria Portway Web Specialist Jonathan Hallenberg Collections Division Chief Thomas M. 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Heck Computer Specialists Stephen Bennett Zahib Sadighian Exhibits Specialists Robert Curran Louis Doyle Edward Hall Chris Modla Ralph Prout Juan Reyes Claven Wood Exhibits Lighting Specialist Richard Pullman Audiovisual Assistant Doris Fulton Production Unit Supervisor David Paper Supervisory Exhibits Specialists Dittmar Geiger Eugene Jones James Murphy Exhibits Specialists David Cremer Don Crowder Derek Fiedler Gary Fletcher Robert Gibson Richard Hockensmith Hollis Houston Gary Newgent Jefferson Spears Peter Stem Brian Young Production Services Assistant Beverly Sendlebach Public Services Division Chief LeRoy London Office Assistant John Hoke Education Unit Supervisor Maureen Kerr Education Program Specialists Myra Banks-Smith Clare Cuddy HTF Gallery Manager Blake Reid Museum Specialist Gloria Fulwood Explainer Program Supervisor Suvinee Vanichkachorn Clerk-Typist Zelda Tooks Docent Program Unit Docent Coordinator Maretta Hemsley Media Unit Supervisor Patricia Woodside Media Program Coordinator Fleta Hylton Planetarium Manager Cheryl Bauer Planetarium Technician Dalton E. McIntosh Planetarium Operations Coordinator Sean P. O’Brien Operations and Administration Department Associate Director Elizabeth R. Scheffler Human Resources Specialist Pamela L. Blalock Budget Analysts Kim Batchelor Sonia Pearson Deborah B. Swinson Special Assistant for Plans Claude D. Russell The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 Information Technology Division Manager Phouy Sengsourinh Computer Specialists James Carter Christopher Pratt Secretary LeShawn Calloway Theater Division Manager Robert M. Watson Assistant Manager Charles T. Lewis Box Office Supervisor Jeffrey Weaver Theater Operations Manager Dave L. Jackson Lead Motion Picture Projectionist Kim I. Martin Motion Picture Projectionists Craig S. Barksdale Dwayne A. Davis Keith L. Madden Myles Marken, Jr. Administrative Technician Marjorie R. Johnson Building Management Division Building Manager Richard Kowalczyk Museum Facility Assistant Helen M. Cheek Management Support Assistants Priscilla L. Limes Tina M. Tyson Assistant Building Manager Gary Houston Maintenance Supervisor Kathleen Fleming Materials Handler Shawn Dorman Facilities Manager Rod Milstead Painter Ivory L. Teague, Jr. Maintenance Mechanic Leader John C. Farmer Maintenance Mechanic Milan Tomasevich, Jr. Maintenance Workers James E. Curtis Allfred G. Koroma Alexander Parker Paul L. Robbins, Jr. Tyrone J. Stewart Automotive Worker Harold J. Dailey Electrical Worker Rafael E. Grillo Mobile Equipment Operator Supervisor Louis V. Fleming Mobile Equipment Operator Leader Harrison Jones Mobile Equipment Operators Brenda Y. Averett Allen Lee Roberto Pulos Clara Robinson Building Services Supervisors Jeffrey B. Franklin Estelle Washington Building Services Leaders Anthony A. Bynum Franklin Pressley Building Services Workers Leroy W. Jefferson Maverick Russell Laborers Kenneth S. Foster Charles E. Harrison Winston B. Jenkins Tari Miller Gerald T. Sartor Andrew L. White, Jr. Henry Whittle Custodial Worker Supervisors Julius L. Fouch Ann E. Hemsley Samuel Sommers Custodial Worker Leaders Odella L. Davis Harry Francis Charles R. Monk Michelle Wasington Custodial Workers Michelle H. Anderson Sylvester Arthur Theresa M. Bazemore Frances Bennett Joe P. Brown, Jr. Maria Bush Rock Celine Valerie M. Dyson Herman E. Hudson Brenda V. Johnson Louise Johnson Ruth L. Johnson William H. Knight Regina Long Catherine Meade Michael T. Munson Christopher Shipman Gillette O. Simms Reginald R. Simms Annie L. Sullivan Thomas E. Yates, III National Museum of African Art Director Roslyn A. Walker Assistant Director, Administration Patricia L. Fiske 285 Assistant Director, Exhibit Design and Facility Alan Knezevich Senior Scholar Emeritus Roy Sieber Curatorial Department Chief Curator David Binkley Assistant Curators Lydia Puccinelli Bryna Freyer Andrea Nicolls Public Affairs Department Public Affairs Officer Janice L. Kaplan Education Department Curator of Education Edward Lifschitz Assistant Curator of Education Veronika Jenke Education Specialist Peter Pipim Registration Department Registrar Julie Haifley Conservation Department Conservator Steve Mellor Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives Curator of Photographic Archives Christraud Geary 286 Publications Department Writer-Editor Migs Grove National Museum of American Art Office of the Director Director Elizabeth Broun Deputy Director Charles J. Robertson Curatorial Office Chief Curator Lynda R. Hartigan Deputy Chief Curator George Gurney Associate Curator (Painting and Sculpture) Andrew L. Connors Senior Curator (Photography) Merry A. Foresta Senior Curator (Painting and Sculpture) Virginia M. Mecklenburg Senior Curator (Graphic Arts) Joann G. Moser Senior Curator (Painting and Sculpture) Richard N. Murray Senior Curator (Painting and Sculpture) William H. Truettner Curator Jacquelyn D. Serwer Collections Research Coordinator Gwendolyn F. Everett Senior Conservator Stefano Scafetta Renwick Gallery Curator-in-Charge Kenneth R. Trapp Senior Curator Jeremy Adamson Operations Administrator Ellen M. Myette Research and Scholars Center Chief Rachel M. Allen Intern Program Officer Judith H. Houston Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Librarian Cecilia H. Chin Research Databases Coordinator Christine Hennessey Collection Database Administrator Mary Ellen Guerra Coordinator of Image Collections Joan R. Stahl Office of Educational Programs Chief Nora M. Panzer Public Programs Coordinator N. Faye Powe Office of Registration and Collection Management Registrar Melissa L. Kroning Associate Registrar Abigail Terrones Assistant Registrar (Packing and Shipping) Michael R. Smallwood Office of Design and Production Chief John R. Zelenik Senior Designer Claire F. Larkin Graphics Coordinator/ Designer Robyn L. Kennedy Exhibitions Project Coordinator Anthony R. Giuffreda Administrative Office Administrative Officer Maureen E. Damaska Office of External Affairs Chief W. Robert Johnston Deputy Chief Barbara M. Cox Special Events Coordinator Vacant Office of Print and Electronic Publications Chief Theresa Slowik Office of Development Development Officer Katie M. Ziglar Membership Marketing Coordinator Julie A. Rizzo Public Affairs Officer Judith Bell Office of Information Technology Chief Robert G. Billingsley Computer Support Manager Peter Butrite Head, New Media Initiatives Jeffrey Gates Head, Interactive Distance Learning Sherwood A. Dowling National Museum of American History Office of the Director Director Spencer Crew Deputy Director Martha Morris Assistant Director for Strategic Initiatives Katherine Spiess Special Assistant to the Director Debora Scriber Miller Secreta ry Tarika Robinson Management Support Assistant Sillvan Carlson Office Aide Shayla Hart Planning Specialists Nanci Edwards Kathleen Fleming Patrick Ladden Office of Curatorial Affairs Associate Director Lonnie Bunch III Program Manager Lynn Chase Assistant to the Associate Director Joyce Ramey Special Projects Office Project Managers Camilla Clough Kate Henderson The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 287 Museum Specialist David Miller Project Assistant Andrea Woody Department of History Assistant Director James Gardner Head Curator Ramunas Kondratas Assistant Director for Interdisciplinary Initiatives Arthur Molella Secretaries Arevivia Amos Vickie Tierney Chandra Williams Management Support Assistant Wendy Watkins Collections Support Office Museum Specialists Lisa Brenner Bishop Alicia Cutler Jane Fortune Kathleen Golden Lisa Kathleen Graddy Jim Hughes Sue Ostroff Janet Rockenbaugh Jane Rogers Wayne E. Wakefield Diane Wendt Smithsonian Without Walls Director Judith Gradwohl Program Specialist Ione Anderson Archives Center Chief Archivist John A. Fleckner Deputy Chief Archivist Robert S. Harding Archivists David E. Haberstich Reuben M. Jackson Cathy Keen Ann Kuebler Mimi Minnick Craig A. Orr Alison Oswald Deborra A. Richardson Scott W. Schwartz Wendy Shay Program Assistant Graciella Berkovich Historian Fath Davis Ruffins Museum Specialist Vanessa Broussard Simmons Archives Technician Thomas Eisinger Division of Cultural History Chair Rex Ellis Assistant Chair Odette Diaz Schuler Administrative Technician Jane Woodall Management Support Assistants Lynetta Jones David Hill Rosa Suau Curators James Weaver Richard Ahlborn Rayna D. Green John Edward Hasse Cynthia Adams Hoover Charles F. McGovern Marvette Perez Harry Rand Historians Dwight Blocker Bowers James Oliver Horton Program Coordinators Howard Bass Kenneth Kimery Project Assistants Deena Gift John McKiernan-Gonzalez Museum Specialists Ellen Roney Hughes David H. Shayt Gary Sturm Exhibits Interpreter Kimberly Kelly Producer James Zimmerman Smithsonian Chamber Music Society Executive Director Patrick Rucker Artistic Director Kenneth Slowik Division of the History of Technology Chair Steven Lubar Assistant Chair Jennifer Locke Clerk Typist Grace Boone Secretary Shirley Jordan-Stanton Curators Pete Daniel Paul F. Johnston Donald E. Kloster Carlene Stephens Jeffrey K. Stine William L. Withuhn Bardton Hacker Marilyn Zoidis Museum Specialists Harry Hunter Paula Johnson Larry Jones Peter Liebhold Sarah Rittgers David Todd L. Susan Tolbert Margaret Vining Roger White William E. Worthington Timothy Mitchell Margaret Dennis Historian Emeritus James S. Hutchins Division of Information Technology and Society Acting Chair Helena Wright Chair David Allison Assistant Chair Joan Boudreau Secretary Cynthia Joynes Program Manager Karen Lee Curators Richard G. Doty Bernard S. Finn Paul Forman Elvira Eliza Clain-Stefanelli Museum Specialists Nance Briscoe Michelle Delaney Peggy Kidwell Douglas Mudd 288 R. Stanley Nelson Roger Sherman Elliot Sivowitch Shannon Thomas Harold Wallace Curator Emeritus Elizabeth M. Harris Management Support Assistant Queen Brown Division of Science, Med icine and Society Chair Ray Kondratas Assistant Chair Steven Turner Secretary Gertrude Ross-Padgett Museum Specialists Judy Chelnick Ann M. Seeger Curators Jon B. Eklund Patricia Gossel G. Terry Sharrer Linda Tucker Deborah J. Warner Katherine Ort Division of Social History Chair Susan Myers Assistant Chair Shelly Foote Secretaries Doyon Harris Kim Knoblock Jennifer Strobel Museum Specialists Marilyn Higgins Sheila Alexander Doris M. Bowman Barbara S. Janssen Claudia Brush Kidwell Bonnie E. Lilienfeld Jennifer Oka Harry Rubenstein Anne M. Serio Melodie Sweeney Priscilla Q. Wood William H. Yeingst Cindy Petony Project Assistants Soledad Campos Denise Meringolo Adminstrative Technician Sandra Matthews Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Curators Emeritus Rita J. Adrosko Anne C. Golovin Edith P. Mayo Keith E. Melder Curators Larry Bird Rodris Roth Barbara Clark Smith Shelley Nickles Museum Conservators Katherine Dirks Karen J. Harris Historian Lonn Wood Taylor Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation Director Arthur Molella Program Manager Claudine Klose Project Manager Gretchen Jennings Historian Joyce Bedi Educators Michael Judd Sondra Berger Program Coordinator Tanya Garner Research Assistant Monica Smith Public Affairs Specialist Heather Bruce Satrom Department of Collections Management Services Acting Assistant Director Karen Garlick Program Manager Ray Hutt Secretary Erika Mack Manager Margaret Grandine Project Assistant Jonothan Arbolino Master Plan Project Manager Frances Dispenzirie Museum Technician Kristin DeGrace Administrative Services Manager Rosemary Phillips Secretary Frances Jones Collections Documentation Services Collections Documentation Specialists David Board Bernard Gallagher Andrea Heiss Deborah Schaefer-Jacobs Offsite Storage Management Manager Steve Hemlin Museum Specialists Stacey Kluck Tamura Moore James Oakley Richard Siday Museum Technicans Craig Brunetti Scott Bruton Edward Christian Gail Everson Lehua Fisher Christopher Moore Alicia Freitag Donald Leonard Scott Neel Wendy Wiener Jeannie Whited Neal Walters Cedric Yeh Dana Leo Anthony Segaria Jane Legrow Computer Specialist Martin White MSC Move Project Manager Ginger Deucher Program Assistant Beverly Wise Preservation Services Preservation Administrator Joan Young Museum Specialist Debbie Hashim Conservators Beth Richwine Richard Barden Lynne Gilliland Carolyn Long The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 289 Suzanne Thomassen-Kraus Sunae Park Evans Museum Technician Amy Venzke Registration Services Registrar Jeanne Benas Assistant Registrar Ed Ryan Registration Specialists Tom Bower Nancy Card Museum Specialists Batja Bell Patricia Mansfield Stephen Velasquez Registration Technicians Estelle Hurley Office of Public Services Associate Director Harold Closter Senior Program Manager Catherine Perge Secretary Barbara Gilmartin Department of Education and Visitor Services Director Nancy McCoy Secretary Cassandra Williams Education Specialists Martha Jo Messerole Burt Glassman Julia Forbes Amy Bartow-Melia Intern and Fellowship Specialist Suzanne McLaughlin Educators Theresa Esterlund Tim Grove Aniceto Navarro Heather Paisley-Jones Education Coordinator Michael Huslander Program Assistants Alice Gergely Andrea Lowther Howard Morrison Dorothy Green Exhibit Coordinator Tom O’Brien Department of Exhibits Audio/Visual and Services Director Tom Tearman Exhibits Maintenance Coordinator Mary Miller Exhibits Aides Joe Grace Charles Sthreshley Supervisory Exhibits Specialist Ralph Logan Exhibits Specialist Electronics Technician Richard Wakefield Program in African American Culture Director Niani Kilkenny Historian Alonzo Smith Program Coordinator Luvenia George Office Manager Regina Taylor-Wynn Department of Program Planning and Design Director Harold Aber Secretary Kay Habeger Visual Information Specialist/ Designers Russell Cashdollar Stevan Fisher David Lenk Conny Raitzky Ann Rossilli Nigel Briggs Exhibit Specialists Bob Norton Marcia Powell Department of Program Production Director Kathryn Campbell Administrative Technician Marilyn Turner Graphics Supervisory Exhibits Specialist Omar Wynn Exhibits Specialists Walter Adams Lou Covey Brian Jensen John Nelson Diane Pryor Beverly Robinson Juan Smith Eric Chamberlain Barbara Cross Cabinets Supervisory Exhibits Specialist Peter Albritton Exhibits Specialists Bill Roseberry Geoffrey Ward Billy Powell Historic Restoration Shop Supervisor Terry Conable Exhibits Specialists Robbie Barrett Joe Criste Daragh Cassidy Department of Publications Writers/Editors Nancy Brooks Joan Mentzer Administrative Technichian Lydia Wallick Publications Specialist/Graphics Designer Sue Walther Office of the Capital Campaign and External Affairs Capital Campaign Office Associate Director Elizabeth Perry Project Specialist LaKecia Graham La Juan Graham Capital Campaign Officer John McDonagh Office of External Affairs External Affairs Officer Diane Gingold External Affairs Assistant Gina Cordero External Relations Specialist Cortney Powell 290 Office of Development Development Associate Danyelle Kensey Office of Special Events Director Elizabeth Little Special Events Coordinators Arlene Fenlon Jennifer Sawitzsky Department of Public Affairs Director Melinda Machado Public Affairs Specialists Valeska Hilbig Kristian Knight Public Affairs Assistants Dia Adams Michelle Pollak Office of Capital Programs Associate Director Ronald Becker Management Support Assistant Margaret MacDonnell Julie Statz Jacqueline Flanders Valerie Dunn Bailey Program Manager Carol Frost Clerk Typist LaShawn Barnes Star-Spangled Banner Project Museum Technician Simran Dhami Conservators Suzanne Thomassen-Krauss LaTasha Harris Michele Pagan Office of Facility Planning and Management Director Jim Whoolery Facility Manager Richard Day Assistant Facility Manager Ken Jordan Building Management Assistant Donna Tillman Safety Manager Bill Prebble General Foreman Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Sinclair Jennings Management Support Assistant Mary Stacey Clerk Typist Joyce Clark Space Management Specialist Ricky Drake Processing Clerk, Shipping/Receiving Hazel Jones Rigging Worker Supervisor Steve Jones Custodial Office Custodial Foremen Floyd Harris Irene Short Lennette Weaver Custodial Workers Vincent Nunnicut David Felix Carolyn Anderson Wesley Johnson Malcolm Archer William Brock Bernell Brown Catherine Butler Yvette Clanton Armanrey Devaughn Priscilla Dickerson Delphine Dicks John Dixon Barry Duncan Marion Dunsmore Reginald Eley William Ellis Walter Feaster Nathaniel Jennings Theresa Jones Laura McKnight Gregory McNeil Deborah Morton Beatrice Newland Michael Newlon Irvin Suggs Tim Witherspoon Yvonne Lennon Linda Smith George Williams Denise Terrell Rigging Rigging Worker Leader Donald Phillips Riggers Andrew Goffney Harrison Hawkins Gregory Powell John Ridout Milton Williams Laborers Darnell Eddy Myron Johnson Maintenance Electrical Worker Bill Cole Maintenance Mechanics Fred Dunsmore Bo Matchett Todd Coombs Oplants Electricians John Kerns James Reed Office of Administrative and Automation Services Associate Director Dennis Dickinson Budget Director Richard Nicastro Administrative Office Budget Analyst Sandra Dunnigan Management Analyst Maggie Limehouse Administrative Specialist Carolyn Foxx Adminstrative Technician Dan Weinwurm Clerk Typist Wendy Coleman Office Aide Vanessa Henry Project Management Office Project Manager Eleanor Boyne Computer Services Center Chief Rick Luhrs Computer Programmer Analysts Sherman Ellegood Elizabeth Fite Computer Specialists Rob Gaskill Barbara Jordan Steve Stewart Brad Tesh Raelene Worthington The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 291 National Museum of the American Indian Director W. Richard West Office of the Director Deputy Director Douglas E. Evelyn Department of Administration Assistant Director for Administration Donna A. Scott Office of External Affairs and Development Director (Acting) Maggie Bertin Deputy Director Vacant Department of Public Programs Assistant Director for Public Programs Charlotte Heth Department of Public Programs—GGHC (NY) Deputy Assistant Director for Public Programs John Haworth Department of Community Services Assistant Director for Community Services Tim Johnson Department of Exhibitions Assistant Director for Exhibitions and Public Spaces James Volkert Department of Cultural Resources Assistant Director for Cultural Resources Bruce Bernstein Deputy Assistant Director for Cultural Resources George Horse Capture National Museum of Natural History Director Robert W. Fri Associate Director for Operations James P. McDonald Associate Director for Research and Collections Ross Simons Associate Director for Public Programs Robert D. Sullivan Acting Associate Director for Development and Public Affairs Shelley Goode Manager of Public Affairs Randall Kremer Registrar Susan Wilkerson Department of Anthropology Chair Dennis J. Stanford Deputy Chair Carolyn Rose Curators Mary Jo Arnoldi William Fitzhugh Ives Goddard Adrienne Kaeppler Robert Laughlin William Merrill Donald Ortner Douglas Owsley Richard Potts Daniel Rogers Theresa Singleton Bruce D. Smith William C. Sturtevant Paul Michael Taylor Douglas H. Ubelaker Gus Van Beek Melinda A. Zeder Department of Botany Chair and Curator John Kress Curators Pedro Acevedo Walter Adey Paula DePriest Laurence Dorr Robert Faden Maria A. Faust Vicki Funk David Lellinger Mark M. Littler Dan Nicolson James Norris Paul M. Peterson Harold Robinson Laurence Skog Warren L. Wagner Dieter Wasshausen Elizabeth Zimmer Department of Entomology Chair Bob Robbins Curators John Burns Jonathan Coddington Don Davis Terry Erwin Wayne N. Mathis Scott Miller Dan Polhemus Ted Schultz Department of Invertebrate Zoology Chair and Curator Kristian Fauchald Curators Stephen Cairns Frank Ferrari Jerry Harasewych Robert Hershler Duane Hope Brian Kensley Lou Kornicker Rafael LeMaitre Ray Manning Jon Norenburg Dave Pawson Mary Rice Clyde Roper Klaus Ruetzler Department of Mineral Sciences Chair Glenn MacPherson Curators Richard S. Fiske Jim Luhr Timothy McCoy William G. Melson Jeffrey E. Post Tom Simkin 292 Sorena S. Sorensen Edward P. Vicenzi Michael A. Wise Department of Paleobiology Chair and Curator Richard Benson Curators Kay Behrensmeyer Bill DiMichele Marty Buzas Alan Cheetham Robert J. Emry Douglas H. Erwin Brian T. Huber Francis M. Hueber Conrad C. Labandeira Ian G. Macintyre John Pandolfi Daniel J. Stanley Thomas R. Waller Scott Wing Department of Vertebrate Zoology Chair G. David Johnson Curators Michael Carleton Kevin de Queiroz Gary R. Graves Charles Handley W. Ronald Heyer James Mead Storrs L. Olson Lynne R. Parenti Victor G. Springer Richard W. Thorington, Jr. Richard P. Vari Stanley H. Weitzman George R. Zug Laboratory of Molecular Systematics Curators Michael J. Braun David Swofford Office of the Director Curators Lee-Ann Hayek James Tyler Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 National Portrait Gallery Director Alan M. Fern Deputy Director Carolyn K. Carr Associate Director for Administration Barbara A. Hart Administrative Officer Eloise P. Baden Curator of Painting and Sculpture Ellen G. Miles Curator of Photographs Mary C. Panzer Curator of Prints and Drawings Wendy Wick Reaves Senior Historian Frederick S. Voss Computer Specialist Andrew L. Klafter Senior Conservator Cindy Lou Molnar Development Officer Patrick M. Madden Education Program Director Carol D. Wyrick Design and Production Nello R. Marconi Curator of Exhibition Beverly J. Cox Keeper, Center for Electronic Research and Outreach Services Catalogs of American Portraits Linda Thrift Editor of the Charles Willson Peale Papers Sidney Hart Librarian Cecilia Chin Chief Photographer Rolland G. White Publications Officer Frances K Stevenson Public Affairs Officer Cecilia H. Chin Registrar Suzanne C. Jenkins Facilities Manager Daniel H. Davies National Postal Museum Director James H. Bruns Curatorial Department Museum Program Specialists, Curatorial Jeffrey L. Brodie Nancy A. Pope James O'Donnell Education Department Head of Education Esther Washington Public Program Coordinator Anissa Paulsen Tours and School Coordinator Amy Orlando Special Projects Manager Lynn Heidelbaugh Finance and Administration Operations Officer Antoinette Williams Financial Officer Polone Bazile Building Manager Greg Cunningham Librarian Timothy Carr Exhibits Department Exhibitions Manager Patricia M. Burke Exhibits Specialist Peter von Gomm Exhibit Technician Les Graves Collections Management Registrar David T. Wilson Museum Specialists Patricia A. Raynor Mary H. Lawson Sanghmitra Kundu Museum Technician Kevin M. Allen Conservation Specialists Linda Edquist Siobhan Creem Department of External Affairs Public Affairs Specialist Laura DeSimio The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 Head of Security Captain Gordon Swain National Zoological Park Director Michael H. Robinson Deputy Director McKinley Hudson Associate Director for Conservation Christen Wemmer Deputy Associate Director for Conservation Scott Derrickson Head, Reproductive Physiology David Wildt Wildlife Training Officer Rasanayam Rudran Associate Director for Biological Programs Benjamin Beck Assistant Director for Zoological Research Daryl Boness Deputy Head, Department of Zoological Research Miles Roberts Research Geneticist Robert Fleischer Director, Migratory Bird Center Russell Greenberg Assistant Curator, Herpetology and Invertebrates Michael Davenport Assistant Curator, Small Mammals Alan Peters Assistant Curator, Birds Paul Tomassoni Assistant Curator, Amazonia Vincent Rico Associate Curator, Mammals Lisa Stevens Senior Curator, Large Mammals John Seidensticker Associate Director for Interpretive Programs David Jenkins Head, Interpretive Information Specialist Lynn Dolnick Supervisor, Design and Production Richard Hider Administrative Officer Alexander Beim Head, Animal Health Lucy Spelman Associate Veterinarian Rebecca Yates Head, Pathology Richard Montali Veterinary Pathologist Don Nichols Manager, Nutritional Resources Mary Allen Chief, Office of Public Affairs Robert J. Hoage Director, Development Teresa Larson Registrar Judith Block Librarian Alvin Hutchinson Assistant Director for Facilities and Management Robin Vasa Head, Project Management Michelle Kayon Chief, National Zoo Park Police Michael Pickett Captain, National Zoo Park Police Robert McCready Manager, Safety and Occupational Health Garrick Smith Senior Business Officer Nancy Johnson Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Director Irwin Shapiro Associate Directors Planning Bruce Gregory Atomic and Molecular Physics Kate Kirby High Energy Astrophysics Stephen Murray Optical and Infrared Astronomy Robert Kirshner Planetary Sciences Brian G. Marsden Radio and Geoastronomy Philip Myers Solar and Stellar Physics Eugene H. Avrett Theoretical Astrophysics George Rybicki Department Managers Central Engineering Richard B. Dias 293 Computation Facility Van L. McGlasson Contracts, Grants, and Property Management John Harris Financial Management Accounting Section Chief Robert Palleschi Budget Section Chief James Taylor Human Resources Laura Conway Library Donna Coletti Management Information Systems Rosalie Blum Publications James Cornell Science Education Philip M. Sadler Subcontracts and Procurement Peter Sozanski Travel Nancy M. Adler Scientific Staff Alberto Accomazzi Arya Akmal Thomas L. Aldcroft Yakov Alpert Aldo Apponi Alice L. Argon Matthew L. N. Ashby Joshua Ashenberg James F. Babb Robert W. Babcock Sallie L. Baliunas Terrill Joseph Balle Simon R. Bandler Aaron Jordan Barth 294 Edwin A. Bergin Mark Birkinshaw Raymond Blundell Jay A. Bookbinder Christina Borras David Bosworth Nancy Susan Brickhouse Roger J. Brissenden Yousaf Butt Nelson Caldwell Nuria Calvet Robert A. Cameron Nathaniel P. Carleton Michael Catanese Kelly V. Chance John F. Chandler Jon H. Chappell Yang Chen Mario L. Cosmo Steven R. Cranmer Merce Crosas Alexander Dalgarno Thomas M. Dame Laurence P. David Robert J. Davis James Louis Davis Edward E. DeLuca Rosanne Di Stefano Danuta Dobrzycka Adam Dobrzycki R. Hanks Donnelly Jeremy J. Drake Andrea K. Dupree Richard J. Edgar Antonio Manuel Eff-Darwich Pena Guenther Eichhorn Martin S. Elvis Ruth Esser Robert D. Estes Ian N. Evans Nancy R. Evans Giuseppina Fabbiano Daniel G. Fabricant Emilio Falco-Acosta Giovanni G. Fazio George B. Field Silvano Fineschi Fabrizio Fiore Craig Foltz William R. Forman Christine Jones Forman Fred A. Franklin Peter Freeman Antonella Fruscione Terrance Gaetz Charles F Gammie Michael R. Garcia Larry D. Gardner Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 John C. Geary Margaret Geller Owen J. Gingerich Tomas P. Girnius Leon Golub Paul Gorenstein Roy R. Gould Dale E. Graessle Paul J. Green Lincoln J. Greenhill Laura Grego David M. Grumm Mark A. Gurwell Shadia Rifai Habbal F. Rick Harnden Daniel E. Harris Lee W. Hartmann Xiangquan Helen He Paul T.P. Ho Matthew J. Holman Eric J. Hooper Joseph L. Hora Janet L. Houser Jiasheng Huang John P. Huchra Todd R. Hunter Takashi Isobe Michael J. Jamieson Diab Jerius David G. Johnson Kenneth W. Jucks Michael Juda Philip E. Kaaret Wolfgang Kalkofen Margarita Karovska Vinay L. Kashyap Edwin M. Kellogg Almus Kenter Scott J. Kenyon Eric R. Keto Vasili A. Kharchenko Dong-Woo Kim Steven C. Kleiner Yuan-Kuen Ko Christopher Kochanek John L. Kohl Sylvain G. Korzennik Ralph P. Kraft Thomas Kurosu Michael J. Kurtz Robert L. Kurucz Marc G. Lacasse Charles J. Lada Adair P. Lane David W. Latham Daniel E. Lebach Myron Lecar Alex Jan Rita Lobel Enrico C. Lorenzini Kevin Lee Luhman Maxim L. Markevitch Christopher L. Martin Ursula B. Marvin Alessandro Massarotti Smita Mathur Edward M. Mattison Susan Mattson Michael C. McCarthy Jeffrey E. McClintock Jonathan C. McDowell Brendan M. McLaughlin Brian A. McLeod Brian R. McNamara S. Thomas Megeath Gary J. Melnick Joseph G. Michels Mari Paz Miralles John David Monnier James M. Moran Fabrizio Nicastro Joy S. Nichols Robert W. Noyes Roopesh Ojha Scott N. Paine Alexander V. Panasyuk Costas Papaliolios Nimesh A. Patel Brian Michael Patten Michael R. Pearlman Jesus Pelaez Michail Petaev James D. Phillips Paul P. Plucinsky Rene Plume William A. Podgorski Andrea H. Prestwich Francis A. Primini Michael I. Ratner John C. Raymond Robert D. Reasenberg Mark J. Reid Suzanne E. Romaine Laurence S. Rothman Arnold H. Rots Steven H. Saar Hossein R. Sadeghpour Juan R. Sanmartin Jonathan Schachter Rudolph E. Schild Eric M. Schlegel Matthew H. Schneps Herbert W. Schnopper Daniel A. Schwartz Frederick D. Seward Aneta Siemiginowska Eric H. Silver The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 295 Patrick O. Slane Randall Smith Howard A. Smith Willie Soon Robert J.D. Spurr Antony A. Stark John R. Stauffer Robert P. Stefanik Richard E. Stoner Leonard Strachan Andrew H. Szentgyorgyi Harvey D. Tananbaum Patrick Thaddeus Eric V. Tollestrup Volker Tolls Edward C. Tong Guillermo Torres Wesley A. Traub Ginevra Trinchieri Takahiro Tsutsumi Wallace H. Tucker Han Uitenbroek Michael Uzzo Adriaan Van Ballegooijen Leon P. VanSpeybroeck Vladimir V. Vassiliev Robert EF. C. Vessot Alexey A. Vikhlinin Jan M. Vrtilek Saega Dil Vrtilek Bradley James Wallace Ronald L. Walsworth Zhong Wang Bradford Wargelin Harry P. Warren Trevor C. Weekes Fred L. Whipple Belinda J. Wilkes Steven P. Willner David J. Wilner Robert W. Wilson Scott J. Wolk Kenny Wood John A. Wood Eric Woods Diana M. Worrall Kouichi Yoshino Ken Harbour Young Qizhou Zhang Yun Fei Zhang Ping Zhao Jun-Hui Zhao Panagoula Zografou Martin V. Zombeck Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellows Lori E. Allen Hussein Mahmoud Badran Jasjeet Singh Bagla Thomas Beckert Wesley Neal Colley Rupert A. C. Croft James Di Francesco Paul Joseph Groot Vassiliki Kalogera Charles A. Katz Xing Li Mikhail D. Lukin Rodney Marks Mikhail Medvedev Rafael S. Millan-Gabet Michael Andrew Pahre Irene L. Porro Dimitrios Psaltis Masao Saito Hsien Shang Krzysztof Z. Stanek Sridharan Kumaran Tirupati Amichay Vardi Martina Corinna Wiedner Mario van den Ancker Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Director Lambertus van Zelst Assistant to the Director Beverly M. Smith Administrative Officer Vernetta M. Williams Administrative Staff Loretta E. Ester-Clark Francine T. Lewis Education and Training Education Coordinator Donald C. Williams Archives Conservator Fei-wen Tsai Senior Furniture Conservator Melvin J. Wachowiak Microscopist Harry A. Alden Senior Objects Conservator Carol A. Grissom Objects Conservator Harriet (Rae) F. Beaubien Paintings Conservator Jia-sun Tsang Senior Paper Conservator Dianne van der Reyden Technical Information Specialist Ann B. N’Gadi Research Research Coordinator Ronald L. Bishop Senior Research Biochemist Noreen C. Tuross Biochemist Jill L. Russ Research Biologist Connie J. Kolman Senior Research Ceramic Scientist Pamela B. Vandiver Senior Research Chemists M. James Blackman Charles S. Tumosa Research Chemist Emile C. Joel Metallurgist Martha E. Goodway Senior Research Organic Chemist W. David Erhardt Research Organic Chemists Mary T. Baker David W. von Endt Senior Research Physical Scientist Marion F. Mecklenburg Support and Collaboration Assistant Director for Operations Melanie E. Feather Analytical Chemist Camie S. Thompson Organic Chemist Walter R. Hopwood Senior Paintings Conservator Roland H. Cunningham Senior Textile Conservator Mary W. Ballard Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Director Ross B. Simons Assistant Director Anson H. Hines 296 Facilities Manager Paul F. Tavel Education Specialist A. Mark Haddon Development Officer James DeLorbe Animal Ecologists Ilka C. Feller Peter P. Marra Gregory M. Ruiz Chemical Ecologist Thomas E. Jordan Environmental Chemist David L. Correll Environmental Engineer Gary Peresta Ecologist Geoffrey G. Parker Microbial Ecologists D. Wayne Coats Charles L. Gallegos Modeler Donald E. Weller Plant Ecologists Catherine E. Lovelock Dennis F Whigham Photobiologist Patrick J. Neale Plant Physiologist Bert G. Drake Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Director Ira Rubinoff Deputy Director Anthony G. Coates Assistant Director for Facilities Carlos Tejada Assistant Director for Fellowships and Education Georgina de Alba Assistant Director for International and External Affairs Elena Lombardo Assistant Director for Scientific Support Services Howard S. Barnes Comptroler Leopoldo Leén Executive Officer and Assistant Director for Administration and Legal Affairs Leonor G. Motta (retired August 31, 1999) Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Special Advisor to the Director for Technology Transfer/Environmental Policy Issues Stanley Heckadon-Moreno Accounting Office Accounting Officer Carlos Urbina Development Office Head, Development Office Lisa Barnett Diving Office Diving Officer José Espino Human Resources Office Personnel Management Specialist Carmen Sucre Office of Information Technology Information Technology Officer Francisco Rivera Library Branch Librarian Vielka Chang-Yau Office of Physical Plants Branch Engineer Fernando Pascal Photographic Department Photographer Marcos A. Guerra Electronic Imaging Specialist Alejandro Caballero (resigned March 28, 1999) Procurement Office Supervisor, Contract Specialist Mercedes Arroyo Protocol Office Protocol Officer Ménica Alvarado Safety Office Safety Officer José Ramon Perurena Security Office Security Manager Alejandro Arze Scientific Support Services Management Specialist (Scientific) Raineldo Urriola Tupper Center, Ancon and Galeta Manager Audrey M. Smith BCI Scientific Coordinator Oris Acevedo BCI Manager Daniel Millan Naos Support Services Manager Mercedes Denis Naos Laboratories Scientific Coordinator Anibal Velarde Transition Office Attorney Natacha Chandler (effective June, 1999) Visitor Services Office Visitor Services Manager Gloria Maggiori Scientific Staff Emeritus Senior Scientists A. Stanley Rand Neal G. Smith Senior Scientists Jeremy B.C. Jackson Olga F. Linares Mary Jane West-Eberhard Staff Scientists Annette Aiello Penelope Barnes Eldredge Bermingham | John H. Christy Richard G. Cooke | Richard Condit Mireya Correa Luis D’Croz | William G. Eberhard Helena Fortunato | The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 Robin Foster (resigned May 1, 1999) Héctor Guzman Stanley Heckadon-Moreno E. Allen Herre Nancy Knowlton Egbert G. Leigh, Jr. Harilaos Lessios Dolores Piperno D. Ross Robertson David W. Roubik Noris Salazar Allen Fernando Santos-Granero I. Fang Sung William Wcislo Donald M. Windsor Klaus Winter S. Joseph Wright Center for Tropical Forest Science Director Elizabeth C. Losos Center for Tropical Palaeoecology and Archaeology Director Jeremy B.C. Jackson Research Associates Tomas Arias Héctor Barrios Mary Alice Coffroth Laurel Collins Gregory S. Gilbert Nicholas Georgiadis Mahabir Gupta Stephen Hubbell Roberto Ibéfiez Jorge Illueca Peter Jung Elisabeth Kalko Howard R. Lasker Stephen Mulkey Catherine Potvin Diomedes Quintero Robert E. Ricklefs Tyson Roberts Michael Ryan Julieta Carrrién de Samudio Rafael Samudio Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler Robert Stallard Henry Stockwell Melvin Tyree Fredic V. Vencl Gerhard Zotz National Science Resources Center Executive Director Douglas M. Lapp Deputy Director for Development, External Relations, and Outreach Sally Goetz Shuler Computer Analyst Leonard West, Sr. Project Director, Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools (STC/MS) Kitty Lou Smith Information Dissemination Director Evelyn M. Ernst Acting Director, Leadership and Assistance for Science Education Reform Evelyn M. Ernst Publications Director Heather Dittbrenner Office of Exhibits Central Director Michael Headley Administration Assistant Director for Programs Mary Dillon Bird Administrative Officer Debbie H. Yang Projects Manager George Quist Design, Editing, and Graphics Team Leader Mary Dillon Bird Modelmaking Team Leader Richard J. Kilday Fabrication Team Leader Rick Pelasara 297 Office of Fellowships and Grants Director Roberta W. Rubinoff Assistant Director for Administration Catherine F. Harris Program Manager Bruce W. Morrison Academic Programs Specialist Pamela E. Hudson Program Assistants Gordon Bullock Bryan T. Fair Jennifer Swize Office of Sponsored Projects Director Ardelle G. Foss Assistant Director J. Scott Robinson Administrative Officer Dorothy C. Smith Office Assistant Viadamier X. Bouvier Grant Administrative Management Unit Grant and Contract Administrative Manager Karen E. Otiji Grant and Contract Administrators Violet Bruce Kathleen Hindle Maxine Lippman Grant and Contract Specialists Keron Hopkins Karen Williamson Grant Financial Management Unit Grant and Contract Financial Manager Edgard Padilla Financial Analysts Delores Clyburn Leni Figueiras Financial Specialist Marie A. Rogers Indirect Cost/Audit Analyst Vacant 298 Program for Asian Pacific American Studies Counselor to the Provost Dr. Franklin Odo Program Specialist Stacey Suyat Office Assistant Gina Inocencio Smithsonian Affiliations Director J. Michael Carrigan Affiliations Coordinator Tracy Goldsmith Affiliations Coordinator and Media Relations Specialist Margaret Pulles Secretary Alma Douglas Smithsonian Institution Archives Director Edie Hedlin Administration Administrative Officer Carolyn J. Taylor Management Support Specialist Flint G. Hamilton Office Assistant Josephine Jamison National Collections Program National Collections Coordinator William G. Tompkins Assistant National Collections Coordinator Lauri A. Hinksman Research Associate Ildiko P. DeAngelis Research Collaborator Roy Mitchell Institutional History Division Historian and Division Director Pamela M. Henson Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Program Assistant Jennifer A. Nichols Editor, Joseph Henry Papers Project Marc Rothenberg Assistant Editor, Joseph Henry Papers Project Kathleen W. Dorman Staff Historians, Joseph Henry Papers Project Deborah Y. Jeffries Frank R. Millikan Research Contractors Laura K. Garrett Pilar M. Montalvo Layla Wuthrick Pre-Doctoral Fellows Briann G. Greenfield Michele Gates Moresi Michael F. Robinson Patrick H. Wirtz Short-Term Visiting Fellow Kae Takarabe Research Associate Albert E. Moyer Research Collaborator Pedro M. Pruna-Goodgall Interns Meghan Gutierrez Jennifer E. N. Insley Volunteers Caroline H. Farquhar (died 9/15/99) Doris J. Jensen Zoe Martindale Kathryn B. Moore Lillian E. Pharr Carole Poling Martha Rosen Technical Services Division Senior Electronic Records Specialist and Division Director Fynnette L. Eaton Associate Archivist Paul H. Theerman (departed 12/98) Archives Specialist Gerald J. Rosenzweig Archives Technicians Michael J. Horsley Alyssa Pease Computer Assistant James E. Gowans Conservation Fellow Mary Studt Intern Tanya Marshall Archives Division Archivist and Division Director Alan L. Bain Associate Archivists William E. Cox James A. Steed Kathleen M. Williams Assistant Archivists R. Shawn Johnson Bruce R. Kirby Michele Lee Tammy L. Peters Archives Technicians Ellen V. Alers Michael E. Willens Archives Contractors Leo Martinez Sarah D. Stauderman Research Associates Jane R. Glaser Edward F. Rivinus (died 11/3/98) Research Collaborator Clifford Nelson Interns Jennifer Gunter Jeremy Skinner Volunteers Patricia Breen Heather Lee Cohen Jane Livermore Smithsonian Institution Libraries Director Nancy E. Gwinn Assistant Directors Thomas Garnett Bonita D. Perry Mary Augusta Thomas Assistant to the Director and Publications Officer Nancy L. Matthews Development Officer Gwendolen R. Leighty Systems Office Assistant Director and Division Manager Thomas Garnett Department Head Marcia Adams Computer Specialist Susan Stead-Carter Digital Projects Librarian Martin Kalfatovic The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 299 Systems Librarian Elizabeth Missell Management and Technical Services Division Assistant Director and Division Manager Mary Augusta Thomas Management Services Office Department Head Laudine L. Creighton Personnel Specialist David L. Bartlett Acquisitions Services Department Department Head Lucien R. Rossignol Special Collections Department Department Head and Exhibitions Officer William E. Baxter Preservation Services Department Department Head Susan F. Frampton Conservator Clare Dekle Vacant Cataloging Services Department Department Head Sherry Kelley Cataloging Project Manager Victoria Avera Librarian-Cataloguers Thomas Baker Lowell Ashley Carolyn Hamilton Suzanne Pilsk Margaret A. Sealor Special Collections Cataloguer Diane Shaw Catalogue Management Manager Sheila Riley Research Services Division Assistant Director and Division Manager Bonita D. Perry Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Branch Branch Librarian Stephen Van Dyk Reference Librarian Claire Gunning Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Branch Branch Librarian Vielka Chang-Yau Special Collections Department Curator of Science and Technology Rare Books and Reference Librarian Ronald Brashear Curator of Natural History Rare Books and Reference Librarian Leslie K. Overstreet Central Research Services Department Central Reference and Loan Services Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Martin A. Smith Circulation and Loan Librarian Patricia Lasker Reference Librarian Amy Levin Museum Reference Center Branch Librarian Valerie Wheat Museum Support Center Branch Branch Librarian E. Gilbert Taylor History, Technology, and Art Department National Museum of American His- tory Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Rhoda S. Ratner Reference Librarians Amy DeGroff James Roan Anacostia Museum Branch Branch Librarian Tracy-ann Suleiman-Stewart National Museum of African Art Branch Branch Librarian Janet L. Stanley National Air and Space Museum Branch Branch Librarian Elaine Cline Reference Librarian Paul McCutcheon Technical Information Specialist Philip D. Edwards National Postal Museum Branch Branch Librarian Timothy Carr Horticulture Branch Branch Librarian Marca Woodhams Natural and Physical Sciences Department National Museum of Natural History Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Ann Juneau Reference Librarians Courtney Shaw Robert J. Skarr David T. Steere, Jr. Anthropology Branch Branch Librarian Margaret Dittemore Botany Branch Branch Librarian Ruth F. Schallert National Zoological Park Branch Branch Librarian Alvin Hutchinson Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Branch Branch Librarian Angela N. Haggins 300 Historian Emeritus Silvio A. Bedini Smithsonian Institution Press Director Peter F. Cannell Business Manager Prospero Hernandez Executive Editor, Museum Publications Caroline Newman Managing Editor Duke Johns Marketing Manager Annette Windhorn Production Manager Martha Sewall Design Manager Janice Wheeler Managing Editor, Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series Diane Tyler Administrative Officer Anne Garvey Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) Director Anna R. Cohn Administration Deputy Director Lori Yarrish Program Director of Exhibits Frederica R. Adelman External Relations Director of External Relations Andrea Stevens Development Director of Development Johleen D.N. Cannon Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 International Gallery Director Anne Gossett The Under Secretary Under Secretary Constance B. Newman Executive Director Anna B. Martin Confidential Assistant Constance E. Lykes Office of the General Counsel General Counsel John E. Huerta Deputy General Counsel James D. Douglas Marsha S. Shaines Assistant General Counsel Rachelle V. Browne Farleigh H. Earhart Mildred M. Glover Lauryn G. Grant Elaine L. Johnston Lisa A. Landsman John K. Lapiana Chris Nicholson James I. Wilson Legal Assistants Debra Y. Belton William C. Lamborn Mariko C. Murray Moire M. Queen Anne H. Westbrook Special Assistant Lisa B. Bennett Management Support Assistants Sue E. Lake Queenie C. Gray Fernando J. Arce Office of Communications Director David J. Umansky Secretary to the Director Michelle Carr Media Relations, Office of Public Affairs Associate Director Linda St. Thomas Staff Mary Combs Vicki Moeser Hamlet Paoletti Rachel Sears Elizabeth Tait Publications, Office of Public Affairs Associate Director Kathryn Lindeman Staff John Barrat Colleen Hershberger Jo Ann Webb Office of Contracting Director John W. Cobert Administration Division Assistant Director John P. Howser Procurement and Training Branch Manager Evanne E. Browne Travel Services Branch Manager Judith Petroski Property and Inventory Management Branch Manager Lymon A. Wooten Systems Branch Manager Theresa J. Pomeroy Federal and Trust Contracting Division Assistant Director Lynn R. Spurgeon The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 301 Renovation and Construction Contracting Division Assistant Director Paulette E. Pressley Business Contracting Division Assistant Director Ronald F. Cuffe Deputy Assistant Director Lisa A. Keenan Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Director . Era L. Marshall Special Assistant to the Director McKinley Harris Affirmative Employment/ Diversity Program Program Manager Carol Gover Special Emphasis Program Program Manager Pauline Fletemeyer Supplier Diversity Program Program Manager Mauricio Vera Complaints Administration Attorney Advisor Kathleen Aram Pre Complaint Program Program Manager Angela Roybal Office of Information Technology Operations Director George Van Dyke Office of Physical Plant Director Michael J. Sofield Deputy Director Ken Olmsted Special Assistant to the Director William Thomas Financial Management Officer Sherell Vucci Associate Director, Architectural History and Historic Preservation Cynthia R. Field Assistant Director, Crafts Services Division Judie Cooper Associate Director, Construction Management Division Derek Ross Assistant Director, Facilities Planning Division Harry Rombach Associate Director, Engineering and Design Division Larry Stuebing Assistant Director, Horticulture Services Division Nancy Bechtol Assistant Director, Information Services Division Mickey Stam Assistant Director, Project Management Division Sheryl Kolasinski Associate Director, Staff and Organizational Effectiveness Nancy Johns Chief, Support Services C. W. Arthur Assistant Director, Utilities Operations and Maintenance Division Howard L. Wink, Jr. Office of Protection Services Director David F. Morrell Deputy Director, Operations James J. McLaughlin Associate Director, Administration Susan T. Tracey Office of the Treasurer Treasurer Sudeep Anand Finance and Investment Division Senior Investment Analyst Debra Winstead Senior Endowment and Accounting Analyst Lorri Gruner Secretary Judy Adams Risk Management Division Disaster Preparedness Coordinator Pat Terry Risk Management Analyst Katherine Tkac Paralegal Specialist Nancy Lewis Insurance and Budget Assistant Lizzie Clark The Smithsonian Associates Director Mara Mayor Deputy Director Barbara S. Tuceling Associate Director for Educational and Cultural Programs Carol Bogash Associate Director for Marketing and Membership Holly Dell Tyler Resident Associate Program Program Managers Brigitte Blachere Faye Dale Browning Binney Levine Senior Programmers Roberta S. Gasbarre Karen M. Gray Cheryl Taylor Smithsonian Study Tours Program Manager Amy Kotkin Deputy Program Manager Prudence Clendenning Senior Program Coordinators MaryBeth Mullen Barbara York 302 Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center Director Mary Grace Potter Deputy Director Vacant Administrative Officer Grace Tull Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Computer Specialist Dana Small Unit Manager, Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone Information Services Katherine Neill Ridgley Unit Manager, Information Resource Division Jane Gardner Coordinator, Telephone Information Services Cordelia Benedict Coordinator, Behind the Scenes Volunteer Program Roberta Buchanan Coordinator, Visitor Information Unit Tricia Byrne Coordinator, Visitor Information Unit Sheila Washington Members of the Smithsonian Institution Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1999 Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents The Honorable William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Chancellor, ex officio The Honorable Albert Gore, Jr., Vice President of the United States, ex officio Members of the Senate The Honorable Thad Cochran, Senator from Mississippi The Honorable Bill Frist, Senator from Tennessee The Honorable Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York Members of the House of Representatives The Honorable Sam Johnson, Representative from Texas The Honorable Robert T. Matsui, Representative from California The Honorable Ralph Regula, Representative from Ohio Citizen Members The Honorable Howard H. Baker, Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr., Citizen of New York Ms. Anne d’Harnoncourt, Citizen of Pennsylvania Dr. Hanna Holborn Gray, Citizen of Illinois Dr. Manuel L. Ibanez, Citizen of Texas Dr. Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan Mr. Frank A. Shrontz, Citizen of Washington Mr. Wesley S. Williams, Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia Smithsonian Institution Senior Officers I. Michael Heyman, Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary J. Dennis O'Connor, Provost Gary M. Beer, Chief Executive Officer, Smithsonian Business Ventures Thomas D. Blair, Inspector General Robert V. Hanle, Executive Director for Development Donald L. Hardy, Director of Government Relations James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary John E. Huerta, General Counsel David J. Umansky, Director of Communications L. Carole Wharton, Director of the Office of Planning, Management, and Budget Smithsonian Institution Council Dr. Robert McC. Adams Dr. Joyce O. Appleby Dr. Ellsworth Brown Dr. George R. Carruthers Dr. Linda S. Cordell Dr. Ruth Schwartz Cowan Mrs. Diane Frankel Mr. David R. Gergen Mrs. Kinshasha Holman Conwill Dr. Daniel H. Janzen Ms. Akemi Kikumura Yano Dr. J. Jorge Klor de Alva Mr. John Wilbur McCarter, Jr. Mrs. Cheryl McClenney-Brooker Dr. Clifton Arthur Poodry Dr. Richard J. Powell Ms. Mimi Quintanilla Dr. Lauren B. Resnick Dr. Jeremy A. Sabloff Mr. Igor I. Sikorsky, Jr. Dr. Beryl B. Simpson Dr. Elisabeth S. Vrba Dr. John Walsh 304 Smithsonian Institution National Board Current Members Hon. Frank Weil, Chairman Hon. Max Berry, Vice-Chair Mrs. Carolyn S. Blount Mr. L. H. “Hacker” Caldwell Mr. Peter R. Coneway Mr. Thomas E. Congdon Mr. Frank A. Daniels Jr. Mr. Archie W. Dunham Dr. Sylvia A. Earle Mrs. Jane B. Eisner Mrs. Patricia Frost Ms. Nely Galan Mr. Bert Getz Mr. Stephen Hamblett Mr. Frederic C. Hamilton Mr. Paul Hertelendy Mr. Robert L. James Mrs. Dona Kendall Mrs. Marie L. Knowles Hon. Marc E. Leland Mrs. Elizabeth S. MacMillan Mr. John D. Macomber Mrs. Holly Madigan Mrs. Millicent Mailliard, ex officio Mr. Michael McBride Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mr. Kenneth B. Miller Hon. Norman Y. Mineta Mr. Thomas D. Mullins Mr. Henry R. Munoz HI Ms. Nancy Brown Negley Mr. John M. Nelson Mrs. Mary Ourisman Mr. James Patton Mr. Heinz C. Prechter Mr. Thomas F. Pyle Jr. Baron Eric de Rothschild Mr. A. R. Sanchez Mr. David M. Silfen Mr. Kenneth L. Smith Mr. Kelso Sutton Mr. Jackson Tai Mr. Anthony Welters Mr. Daniel Yohannes Honorary Members Mr. Robert McC. Adams Mr. William S. Anderson Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Mr. Charles D. Dickey Jr. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. Alfred C. Glassell Jr. Mr. James M. Kemper Jr. Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney Hon. George C. McGhee Justice Sandra D. O'Connor Mr. S. Dillon Ripley Mr. Francis C. Rooney Jr. Mr. Wilbur L. Ross Jr. Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer Mrs. Gay FE. Wray Anacostia Museum Board Mrs. Helen Allen Mr. Stanley Anderson Mr. Glover Bullock Ms. Irene Carter Ms. Dianne Dale Mrs. Marie Dale Mts. Iris Harris Mrs. Concha Johnson Mr. Alton Jones Mrs. Theresa Jones Mrs. Della Lowery Mr. David Lyons Dr. Caryl Marsh Mrs. Cynthia Clark Matthews Mrs. Alenitha J. Qualls Archives of American Art Board of Trustees Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth, Chairman Emeritus Mrs. Keith S. Wellin, Chairman Mr. Frank Martucci, President Mrs. Arthur A. Feder, Vice President Mrs. Joseph G. Fogg, III, Vice President Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr., Vice President Mrs. Richard Roob, Vice President Mrs. Dana M. Raymond, Secretary Mr. John R. Robinson, Treasurer Mrs. Laura Blanton Dr. Charles Blitzer Ms. Lori Blount Cucchiaro Mr. Gerald Buck Mrs. Barbara de Marneffe Mr. Donald Douglass Ms. Barbara Fleischman Ms. Elizabeth Gordon Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr. Mr. Raymond Horowitz lol Mrs. Janet Karatz Mrs. Dona Kendall Mr. Werner Kramarsky Ms. Hilva Landsman Mr. Richard Manoogian Dr. Samuel Miller Mrs. Vivian Potamkin Mr. Jock Reynolds Mrs. Polly Rubin Mrs. Ann Stack Mr. A. Alfred Taubman Lady Judith Thomson Trustee Council The Honorable Max N. Berry Mr. Gilbert S. Edelson Mrs. Daniel Fraad Mr. John Howat Dr. Helen Jessup Mr. Alan Levy Mrs. Abbott K. Schlain Mr. Alan E. Schwartz Honorary Trustees Dr. Irving Burton Mr. Richard J. Schwartz Ex Officio Members Mr. I. Michael Heyman Mr. J. Dennis O’Connor Mr. William C. Agee Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Visiting Committee Mrs. John B. Bunker Mr. George J. Fan, Vice Chair Dr. Robert S. Feinberg Mrs. Hart Fessenden, Chair Dr. Kurt A. Gitter Mrs. Richard Helms Dr. Florence Cawthorne Ladd Mrs. Marie Lam Mrs. James R. Lilley Mrs. Jill Hornor Ma Dr. Kenneth X. Robbins Mr. Sichan Siv Mr. Abolala Soudavar Mr. Robert Ching Tang Mr. Paul F. Walter Members of the Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1999 305 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Board of Directors Mr. Harvey M. Krueger, Chairman Mr. Arthur Ross, Vice Chairman Mrs. Kathleen B. Allaire Mr. Jorge L. Batista Ms. Agnes Cowles Bourne Mr. Donald Bruckmann Mrs. Anne Ehrenkranz Mrs. Joanne Foster Secretary I. Michael Heyman Ms. Elaine La Roche Mrs. Barbara Levin Mrs. Nancy A. Marks Mr. Richard Meier Mr. Kenneth B. Miller Mr. Harry G. Robinson, II Mr. Richard M. Smith Mr. Edward A. Weinstein Honorary Members Mrs. Joan K. Davidson Mr. Harmon H. Goldstone Ex Officio Members Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor Council of Directors Dr. Milo Cleveland Beach Dr. Elizabeth Broun Mr. James H. Bruns Dr. Spencer R. Crew Mr. James T. Demetrion Vice Admiral Donald D. Engen Dr. Alan Fern Mr. Robert W. Fri Mr. Steven Newsome Ms. Dianne H. Pilgrim Dr. Michael H. Robinson Dr. Ira Rubinoff Dr. Irwin I. Shapiro Mr. Ross B. Simons Dr. Roslyn Walker Dr. Richard J. Wattenmaker Mr. W. Richard West, Jr. Council of Information and Education Directors Ms. Anna R. Cohn, Chair Ms. Ann P. Bay Ms. Nancy J. Bechtol Ms. Francine C. Berkowitz Mr. Joseph Carper Dr. Zahava D. Doering Ms. Anne R. Gossett Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn Mr. Mike Headley Ms. Edie Hedlin Mr. Paul B. Johnson Dr. Richard Kurin Dr. Douglas M. Lapp Ms. Janice Majewski Dr. Mara Mayor Ms. Mary Grace Potter Mr. Robert L. Schelin Mr. David J. Umansky Dr. Lambertus Van Zelst Mr. Ronald Walker Mr. James H. Wallace, Jr. Folklife Advisory Council Dr. Roger Abrahams Dr. Jacinto Arias Dr. Jane Beck Dr. Pat Jasper Dr. Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett Dr. Bernice Johnson Reagon Dr. John Roberts Dr. Carol Robertson Dr. Gilbert Sprauve Dr. John Kuo Wei Tchen Dr. Ricardo Trimillos Dr. Carlos Velez-Ibanez Folkways Advisory Board Mr. Michael Asch Mr. Don DeVito Ms. Ella Jenkins Mr. Jon Kertzer Mr. John Nixdorf Freer Gallery of Art Visiting Committee Mr. Willard G. Clark Mr. Richard M. Danziger, Chair Dr. Kurt A. Gitter Mrs. Richard Helms Sir Joseph E. Hotung Mr. Rogerio S. Lam Mr. Christopher Luce Mrs. Elizabeth Moynihan Mr. Martin Powers Dr. Gursharan Sidhu, Vice Chair Ms. Elizabeth ten Grotenhuis Ms. Shelby White Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Board of Trustees Mrs. Melva Bucksbaum Mr. Robert B. Lehrman, Chair Dr. Marvin Mordes Mrs. Camille Oliver-Hoffmann, Vice Chair Ms. Ponchitta Pierce Mr. Mitchell Rales Ex Officio Members Secretary I. Michael Heyman The Honorable William H. Rehnquist National Air and Space Museum Advisory Board Mr. Thomas L. Blair General John R. Dailey The Honorable Jane Garvey Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. Thomas W. Hoog The Honorable Sam Johnson Captain David Kunkel, USCG Lieutenant General Frederick McCorkle, USMC Rear Admiral John B. Nathman, USN General Michael Ryan Brigadier General John K. Schmitt, USA Dr. Y.C.L. Susan Wu National Museum of African Art Commission Prof. David C. Driskell Mr. John A. Friede Mr. Joseph M. Goldenberg Dr. Joseph E. Harris Mrs. Frances Humphrey Howard Mr. Elliot Lawrence Mr. Brian S. Leyden The Honorable Frank E. Moss Mr. Robert H. Nooter Mrs. Frieda Rosenthal Prof. Robert Farris Thompson The Honorable Walter E. Washington 306 Ex Officio Member Secretary I. Michael Heyman National Museum of American Art Commission Mr. Ronald D. Abramson Mr. Norman Bernstein Mr. Edwin I. Colodny Mrs. Ann Cousins Mr. James T. Demetrion Mr. Barney A. Ebsworth Mrs. Daniel Fraad Mrs. Patricia Frost Mrs. Shelby M. Gans Mr. Ken Hakuta Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr. Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. Raymond J. Horowitz Mrs. Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan Mr. William G. Kerr Mr. Melvin Lenkin Mr. Henry Luce, III Mr. Peter H. Lunder Mr. Jesus Moroles Dr. Paul D. Parkman Mr. Gerald L. Pearson Mrs. Morris S. Pynoos Mr. Frank K. Ribelin Mr. Richard J. Schwartz Mr. Ferdinand T. Stent Mr. Wesley S. Williams, Jr. Emeritus Members Mr. Walker Hancock Mr. R. Crosby Kemper Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mr. David Purvis Mr. Charles H. Sawyer National Museum of American History Board Dr. Ivan Selin, Chair Mr. Todd Axelrod Dr. Alison R. Bernstein Mr. Richard L. Carrion Mr. Peter Claussen The Honorable Thad Cochran Mr. Lester Colbert, Jr. Mr. George M. Ferris, Jr. Mr. Jerry Florence Mr. George C. Freeman, Jr. Prof. Neil Harris Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. Robert F. Hemphill, Jr. Ms. Irene Y. Hirano Thomas W. Langfitt, M.D. Mrs. Dorothy Lemelson Mr. James R. Mellor Mr. Elihu Rose Seymour I. Schwartz, M.D. Mr. Marvin D. Williams National Museum of the American Indian Board of Trustees Mr. Manley Alan Begay, Jr. Mr. James A. Block Dr. Ellsworth Brown Mr. Duane Champagne Ms. Eloise Cobell Mr. George L. Cornell Mr. Billy L. Cypress Mr. Vine Deloria, Jr. Mr. Charles M. Diker Ms. Catherine S. Fowler Mr. Douglas George Mr. Dwight Gourneau Mr. George Gund, II Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. Peter J. Johnson Mrs. Loretta Kaufman Ms. Henrietta Mann Ms. Joann Sebastian Morris Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor Mr. Jorge Flores Ochoa The Honorable Ted Stevens Ms. Luci Tapahonso Mr. Bernie Whitebear Ms. Ofelia Zepeda National Museum of Natural History Board Mr. Kenneth E. Behring Dr. Isabella C.M. Cunningham Dr. David Dilcher Dr. Thomas Eisner Dr. William B. Ellis Mr. Robert W. Fri The Honorable William H. Frist Mr. Edward O. Gaylord Mr. Arthur Gray, Jr. Mr. John S. Hendricks Dr. Stanley O. Ikenberry Mrs. Jean Lane Mr. Robert H. Malott The Honorable James A. McClure Mr. Jeffery W. Meyer Dr. Nancy R. Morin Mr. James R. Patton, Jr. Mr. Paul Risser Ms. Desiree G. Rogers Mr. Alan G. Spoon Mr. Marshall C. Turner, Jr. Mr. Milton H. Ward Mr. Howard H. Williams, III Emeritus Member Mr. S. Dillon Ripley I Ex Officio Members Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor National Portrait Gallery Commission The Honorable Anthony C. Beilenson The Honorable Jeannine Smith Clark, Chair Prof. Stephen Jay Gould Ms. Julie Harris Prof. David Levering Lewis Prof. R.W.B. Lewis Ms. Bette Bao Lord Mrs. Joan Mondale The Honorable Robert B. Morgan Mr. Roger H. Mudd Prof. Barbara Novak Ex Officio Members Secretary I. Michael Heyman, Smithsonian Institution Dr. Earl A. Powell III, Director, National Gallery of Art The Honorable William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice, U.S. Supreme Court National Postal Museum Advisory Commission The Honorable Winton M. Blount Mrs. Lovida Coleman Ms. Amina Dickerson Ms. Meredith Fischer Dr. Manuel L. Ibanez Mr. Azeezaly Jaffer The Honorable John M. McHugh Members of the Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1999 Mr. Arthur H. Morowitz Mr. Tim E. Needham Mr. James E. Pehta Ms. Elizabeth C. Pope Mrs. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy Mr. Edwin M. Schmidt The Honorable Robert Setrakian The Honorable Ted Stevens National Postal Museum Coordinating Committee Mr. Richard H. Arvonio Ms. Kathy Cunningham Ms. Ardelle G. Foss Mr. William Henderson Mr. Rick R. Johnson Dr. J. Dennis O’Connor National Postal Museum Director’s Circle Mr. Maynard H. Benjamin Mrs. Joan Berkley Mr. Thomas J. Berry The Honorable Paul Carlin Mr. Kieran A. Carracher Mr. Bruce Dobin Mr. Victor Forman Mr. James Forsythe Mr. Coleman Williams Hoyt Mr. Floyd Ivey Ms. F. Suzanne Jenniches Mr. Joe Monastro Mr. John Murchake Mr. John O’Dell Mr. James E. Pehta Ms. Joyce Reid Mr. Ernesto J. Rojas Mr. Thomas Stoneback Mr. Frederic Wolff, III Mr. John Zanchi National Science Resource Center Advisory Board Dr. Joseph A. Miller, Jr., Chair Ms. Ann P. Bay Ms. DeAnna Banks Beane Dr. Fred P. Corson Dr. Goery Delacote Ms. JoAnn DeMaria Dr. Peter Dow Dr. Hubert M. Dyasi Dr. Bernard S. Finn Dr. Robert M. Fitch Dr. Jerry P. Gollub Dr. Ana M. Guzman Dr. Anders Hedberg Dr. Richard Hinman Dr. David Jenkins Ms. Mildred E. Jones Dr. John W. Layman Dr. Leon M. Lederman Ms. Sarah A. Lindsey Dr. Lynn Margulis Dr. Ted Maxwell Dr. Mara Mayor Dr. John A. Moore Dr. Carlo Parravano Dr. Robert Ridky Ms. Ruth O. Selig Dr. Maxine F. Singer Dr. Robert D. Sullivan Ms. Nancy Thomas Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler Dr. Richard L. White Dr. Paul H. Williams Ms. Karen L. Worth Ex Officio Members Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor Mrs. Barbara K. Schneider Dr. William Colglazier Dr. Rodger Bybee National Zoological Park Advisory Board Mr. Peter C. Andrews Mr. Robert A. Bartlett, Jr. Ms. Edith A. Cecil Dr. David Challinor The Honorable Jeannine Smith Clark Mr. George A. Didden, HI Ms. Caroline D. Gabel Mrs. Laura Howell Mrs. Alberta Allen Kelly Dr. William C. Ramsay Mr. Jeffrey R. Short, Jr. Mr. Henry M. Strong Mrs. Carole A. Valentine Mrs. Beatrix von Hoffmann Honorary Members Mrs. Joan Donner Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Mrs. Adrienne Mars 307 Smithsonian Institution Environmental Research Center Board of Advisors The Honorable Helen Delich Bentley Ms. Susan Hager Michael Hayman, M.D. John Hobbie, Ph.D. The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta Beth Stevens, Ph.D. Prof. Richard P. Thornell Ms. Kathleen Wagner Smithsonian Institution Archives and Special Collections Council Mr. James B. Byers Ms. Cecilia H. Chin Ms. Fynnette Eaton Dr. John A. Fleckner Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn Ms. Edie Hedlin Ms. Colleen A. Hennessey Mr. John Homiak Ms. Lauranne C. Nash Mr. C. Jeffrey Place Dr. Thomas F. Soapes Mr. William G. Tompkins Ms. Linda A. Thrift Mr. James H. Wallace, Jr. Ms. Ching-Hsien Wang Mr. Mark A. Wright Dr. Judith K. Zilczer Smithsonian Institution Libraries Users Advisory Committee Dr. Gail S. Davidson Ms. Paula T. DePriest Ms. Patricia Gossel Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn Mr. Von D. Hardesty Ms. Elaine L. Johnston Dr. Thomas E. Lowderbaugh Dr. Nancy L. Matthews Dr. Sorena S. Sorensen Mr. Melvin J. Wachowiak, Jr. Smithsonian Institution Washington Council Ms. Jin-Hyun Weatherly Ahn Mr. Oliver T. Carr The Honorable Elaine L. Chao 308 Mr. Emilio A. Fernandez Mr. Donald Edward Graham Mr. J. Roderick Heller, HI Mrs. Kathleen Mullins Hough Mr. James V. Kimsey Mr. R. Robert Linowes Mr. Mario M. Morino Mrs. Irene Pollin Mr. John R. Risher, Jr. Mrs. Vicki Sant Mr. Ladislaus von Hoffmann Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Board of Trustees The Honorable Madeleine K. Albright The Honorable James A. Baker, HI Mr. Steven Alan Bennett, Esq. Mr. Samuel R. Berger Dr. James H. Billington Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Esq. Mr. John W. Carlin The Honorable Joseph D. Duffey Mr. William R. Ferris Mr. Joseph H. Flom, Esq. Ms. Jean L. Hennessey Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. Eli S. Jacobs Mr. Paul Hae Park The Honorable Richard W. Riley The Honorable S. Dillon Ripley, I The Honorable Donna E. Shalala Smithsonian Institution Women’s Committee Mrs. Martin Atlas Mrs. Marilyn Barrett Mrs. Christine Blazina Mrs. Annelise Brand Mrs. I. Townsend Burden, III Mrs. Margaret Bush Mrs. Margaret Camp Mrs. Doniphan Carter Mrs. Frank B. Clay Mrs. Lloyd E. Clayton Mrs. Richard Cobb Ms. Cissel Gott Collins Mrs. Margaret Collins Mrs. Willis D. Crittenberger, Jr. Mrs. Fritz Daguillard Mrs. Helen Davison Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mrs. J. Edward Day Mrs. Jill Fri Mrs. Mary Goldberg Mrs. William F. Gorog Mrs. Karl G. Harr, Jr. Mrs. Henry L. Heymann Mrs. Stanford R. Hicks Mrs. George H. Hughey Mrs. Walter Innis Mrs. Ronald Ivey Mrs. Joanne Johnson Mrs. Betty Kadick Mrs. Pamela Kloman Mrs. Sherley Koteen Mrs. Carol Kuehl Mrs. Jane Kuuskraa Ms. Patricia Larkin Mrs. Bruce K. MacLaury Mrs. William S. Mailliard Mrs. Alexander M. Maish Mrs. Martha Martin Mrs. Arthur K. Mason Mrs. Joan Lambert McPhee Mrs. Ruth Metcalf Mrs. Sarah Milam Ms. Louise C. Millikan Mrs. J. Suzanne Moore Mrs. Horace White Peters Mrs. Charles L. Poor Mrs. C. Michael Price Mrs. Thomas Malcolm Price Ms. Judy Lynn Prince Major General James G. Randolph Mrs. Karen Rockwood Mrs. William C. Rountree Mrs. Arden Ruttenberg Mrs. John A. Sargent Mrs. Alice Sessions Mrs. Joy Vige Mrs. Sally Walker Mrs. Wendy Wall Mrs. James Bud Ward Mrs. Charles Swan Weber Mrs. John R. Webster Mrs. Jerome Weiss Mrs. Philip C. White Smithsonian Institution Internship Council Ms. Pablita T. Abeyta Mrs. Lorie H. Aceto Ms. Frederica Adelman Ms. Victoria Avera Ms. Lisa Bennett Ms. Ann M. Bissell Ms. Teresia Bush Ms. Faya Causey Ms. Anita Chapa Ms. Montrose R. Cones Ms. Deirdre Cross Ms. Georgina de Alba Ms. Kimberly L. Dow Ms. Betty Epps Mr. Brian Fair Ms. Paula Fletemeyer Ms. Ann R. Garvey Ms. Jill Greenstein Ms. Marcia Gregory Ms. Joanie Heavey Mrs. Judith H. Houston Ms. Pamela Elizabeth Hudson Ms. Veronika O. Jenke Ms. Jean Kalata Mr. Peter Kibbee Mr. Bruce R. Kirby Ms. Elizabeth Kirwin Mrs. Sharon F. Leathery Ms. Jane LeGrow Ms. Cassandra Lewis Ms. Nancy Lewis Ms. Sherri Manning Ms. Cathy Maree Ms. Elena P. Mayberry Ms. Lisa Mazzola Mr. Richard Moll Ms. Dana Moreland Mr. Bruce Morrison Ms. Lauranne C. Nash Ms. Rachel Orgeron Ms. Karen Oriji Ms. Gloria Player Ms. Amy Putnam Ms. Arlene Reiniger Dr. Marc Rothenberg Ms. Niki Sandoval Ms. Mary Sangrey Mrs. Magdalene C. Schremp Ms. Heidi L.R. Schwartz Mr. Raymond W. Seefeldt Mr. Robert Shallcross Ms. Karen B. Smith Ms. Myra Banks Smith Mr. Tim Smith Ms. Annie Teamer Mr. William G. Tompkins Ms. Esther Washington Ms. Jennifer Wheeler Ms. Allison Wickens Ms. Sabina Wiedenhoeft Ms. Andrea Williams Mr. Donald C. 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Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the National Gallery of Art, and the Woodrow Wilson Interna- tional Center for Scholars were established by Congress within the Smithsonian Institution under their own boards of trustees. The Institution provides administrative services on contract to Reading Is Fundamental, Inc., an independent organization. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts James A. Johnson, Chairman Lawrence J. Wilker, President The Kennedy Center is America’s living memorial to Presi- dent John F. Kennedy and the national center for the performing arts. The Kennedy Center commissions, produces, and presents more than 3,500 performances of music, theater, and dance from this nation and abroad. It makes the perform- ing arts available to everyone through free and discounted performances, nurtures new works, supports American artists, and serves the nation as a leader in arts education. This year, more than 5 million people visited the Kennedy Center. The Kennedy Center's national reach was extended through tour- ing productions, television, and the Internet. An additional 1 million people attended Kennedy Center touring productions nationwide, and more than 10 million people watched Kennedy Center television broadcasts. The Kennedy Center has two permanent Millennium Stages dedicated to free daily 6:00 p.m. concerts. Since the program’s inception, more than 500,000 people have watched the nightly concerts, 375 groups have made their Kennedy Center debuts, and more than 9,000 artists from around the world and all 50 states have performed on the Millennium Stage. On April 1, a daily live Internet broad- cast was inaugurated at www.kennedy-center. org. The Kennedy Center’s National Symphony Orchestra and Music Director Leonard Slatkin completed a highly success- ful year nationally and internationally. They performed from Beijing to Biloxi and received world recognition for being advocates of American music. Innovative festival program- ming was the highlight of the season and featured five festivals. The orchestra made its debut in China before Presi- dent Jiang Zemin and completed a Seventh American Residency in Mississippi, where it spent ro days in perform- ance, including 115 education and outreach events. It also earned the highest praise yet for its Carnegie Hall concerts. The Kennedy Center continues to build a worldwide repu- tation for commitment to quality in theater. Last season’s highlights featured the Washington pre-Broadway premieres of Footloose, which broke box office records in New York, and the Tony Award—winning revival of Annie Get Your Gun. Brothers of the Knight, a Kennedy Center commission, by Deb- bie Allen and James Ingram, won a Helen Hayes Award for outstanding choreography. Stunning international presenta- tions graced the stages: the American premiere of A Hotel in the Town of NN (Russia), The Game of Love and Chance and Les Arts Sauts (France), Orfeé (Canada), and Manuel Mendive (Cuba). African Odyssey completed a third season with a yearlong cel- ebration of music, dance, and theater of the African Diaspora. Africa Fete, the center's world music tour, performed in 16 cities. The center's “Imagination Celebration” on tour in- cluded 200 nationwide performances in 82 cities and 49 states of Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing, The Nightingale, and Little Women. More than 500 colleges participated in the center's an- nual American College Theater Festival. The Kennedy Center's commitment to new work in dance continued with the commissioning of collaborations between Reports of Affiliated Organizations 311 jazz composers with dance companies and choreographers: Pilobolus and the Maria Schneider Orchestra, Parsons Dance Company with Phil Woods, Paul Taylor Dance Company with the Paragon RagTime Orchestra, and Bill T. Jones with Fred Hersch. Internationally, the newly reconstructed Ba/let Suedois by the Royal Swedish Ballet and Swan Lake by the legendary Stanislavsky Ballet staged their American pre- mieres at the center. The Kennedy Center’s national reach was extended through television, touring productions, and the Internet. Six nationally televised programs emanated from the center: The Mark Twain Prize (Comedy Central), The Kennedy Center Honors (CBS), Memorial Day and July 4th National Sym- phony Orchestra Concerts (PBS), Kennedy Center Presents Los Americanos (PBS), and the Hispanic Heritage Awards (NBC). The Kennedy Center solidified its commitment to the fu- ture of the performing arts in the new millennium by introducing the “First Decade Initiative” to commission a minimum of ro new works each year of the first decade. National Gallery of Art Earl A. Powell III, Director The National Gallery of Art serves the nation by preserving, collecting, exhibiting, and fostering the understanding of works of art at the highest possible museum and scholarly standards. The gallery family was deeply saddened by the death of its dear friend, longtime trustee, and principal benefactor Paul Mellon on February 1. Mellon’s final gift includes 183 works of art, among them 37 wax and plaster sculptures by Edgar Degas, and endowment funds for acquisitions, art education, the archives, and the Center for Advanced Study in the Vi- sual Arts. During his lifetime, Mellon gave more than 900 works of art to the gallery. The exhibition year began with “Van Gogh's Van Goghs: Masterpieces from the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam,” a selection of 70 works kept together by the artist’s brother and his family. The art of portraiture was featured in three exhibitions of works by John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Other highlights in- cluded “Edo: Art in Japan 1615-1868,” which presented nearly 300 scrolls, screens, sculptures, ceramics, textiles, and woodblock prints; Italian baroque terracottas from Russia’s State Hermitage Museum; recently acquired works by roth- and 2oth-century photographers; 17th-century still life paintings, shown in the Dutch Cabinet Galleries; and “The Golden Age of Chinese Archaeology: Celebrated Discoveries from The People’s Republic of China,” an unprecedented ex- hibition of 200 archaeological artifacts and works of art dating as far back as 7,000 years. Six years of planning and construction culminated with the opening in May of the National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden. The garden and 10 sculptures displayed there are a gift of The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation. Placed among thousands of plantings, from 40-foot trees to many varieties of groundcovers, are 17 sculptures by such outstanding post-World War II artists as Magdalena Abakanowicz, Louise Bourgeois, Scott Burton, Mark di Su- vero, Barry Flanagan, Ellsworth Kelly, Sol LeWitt, Roy Lichtenstein, Joan Miro, Isamu Noguchi, Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, George Rickey, Lucas Samaras, Joel Shapiro, David Smith, and Tony Smith. Among the year’s purchases for the collections were a painting of soldiers playing cards and dice by the early 17th- century French artist Valentin de Boulogne; a book of landscape sketches by Oscar Bluemner, done in France and Italy; a watercolor and ink drawing by American syn- chromist Stanton Macdonald-Wright; an extremely rare print by the earliest known engraver, the Master of the Play- ing Cards; and an album of 81 drawings made in Rome by Jacques-Louis David. Outstanding among the many gifts to the collections were an early 16th-century pen and ink drawing by Hans Suss von Kulmback from Mrs. Neil F. Phillips; a Diirer drawing, Female Nude Praying, from The Ian Woodner Family Collec- tion; a partial gift of a Raphaelle Peale still life, A Dessert, from Jo Ann and Julian Ganz Jr.; and a partial gift of a Georgia O'Keeffe painting, Black, White, and Blue from Bar- ney Ebsworth. Among the gifts for the photography collection were a very early Frederick and William Lengenheim photograph (1849) and works from the 1860s by Robert MacPherson and Felice Beato. Other photographers whose works were added to the collection included Berenice Abbott, Ralston Crawford, Imogene Cunningham, Roy De Carava, Robert Fichter, André Kertész, Leonard Missone, Arnold Newman, Dorothy Norman, and August Sander. The education division initiated two new programs: a popular monthly Saturday morning children’s film program and a summer institute on museum careers for District of Columbia high school students. An electronic classroom project focusing on the Shaw Memorial by Augustus Saint- Gaudens was organized with the Massachusetts Corporation for Educational Technology and reached approximately 42,000 students in schools throughout the country. Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. Lynda Johnson Robb, Chairman William E. Trueheart, President and Chief Executive Officer Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. (RIF) creates and delivers chil- dren’s and family literacy programs to prepare young children to become eager and engaged readers, to motivate school-age children to discover the joys of reading, and to support children’s efforts to become strong readers. In 1998, RIF served children and their families at more than 16,500 sites, including schools, libraries, community health centers, 312 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 hospitals, Head Start and Even Start sites, Native American reservations, migrant worker camps, detention centers, and homeless shelters. Through a network of 240,000 volun- teers, RIF reached more than 3.5 million children nationwide. RIF’s core activity is its National Book Program, which provides motivation training and “seed money” for RIF pro- gram coordinators to purchase new books at significant discounts for free distribution to children. Building on that strong foundation, RIF is poised to reach 5 million children a year by the end of 2000. RIF places highest priority on serving the nation’s neediest children—those at greatest risk of educational failure and economic hardship—with special emphasis on serving children from birth to age 11. RIF received a five-year grant from the U.S. Department of Education’s Star Schools Program to develop RIFNet, a consortium that will create and disseminate technology- based, multimedia training programs for parents, educators, and literacy volunteers to enable them to help children get ready to read and become better readers. The network, oper- ational in 2000, will deliver programs and training via satellite and cable TV, the Internet, video, and CD-ROMs. RIF developed Care to Read, a series of workshops to pro- vide resources and training to caregivers in child-care centers and family-based day-care centers. Last year, Care to Read was piloted at early childhood programs and day-care centers in Delaware and Virginia. In 1998, RIF entered year two of a landmark, multiyear program actively supported by Delaware Governor Thomas Carper and First Lady Martha Carper and the state’s Depart- ment of Education. The Delaware RIF Initiative provides teacher training, literacy services, and books to every first- grade classroom in Delaware’s public schools and serves every child enrolled in Head Start, Even Start, Early Child- hood Assistance, and Parents-as-Teachers programs. RIF children across the country participated in our Na- tional Reading Celebration through a series of events that culminated in the annual Reading Is Fun Week in April. An awards ceremony at the Capital Children’s Museum in Washington, D.C., honored national RIF Reader winner, Harry Bates of Selma, Alabama, and winner of the National Poster Contest, José Giraldo of New York. With a generous donation of 250,000 new books from Scholastic, Inc., RIF launched a summer reading program in Washington, D.C., that enabled every student in the city’s public elementary schools to select three free new books. The program also created classroom libraries. RIF Chairman Lynda Johnson Robb and President and Chief Executive Of ficer William E. Trueheart presided at the kickoff event with Scholastic’s President and Chief Executive Officer Richard Robinson. Joining them were U.S. Secretary of Education Richard W. Riley, Sen. James Jeffords, Sen. Charles Robb, Rep. Sheila Jackson-Lee, and District of Columbia Mayor Anthony Williams and Superintendent of Schools Arlene Ackerman. RIF also teamed with the Washington, D.C., Public Li- brary to launch the library’s summer reading program. The program was made possible through RIF’s partnership with Best Buy, Inc., as part of the corporation’s commitment to America’s Promise, chaired by retired General Colin Powell. (America’s Promise is dedicated to mobilizing individuals, groups, and organizations from every part of American life to build and strengthen the character and competence of youth.) RIF Chairman Lynda Johnson Robb serves as vice- chair of America’s Promise. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Lee H. Hamilton, Director As Washington, D.C.’s nonpartisan research institution ex- amining important issues in the humanities, social sciences and public policy, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars holds a unique place in our nation. Established by Congress in 1968 as the nation’s memorial to our 28th president, the Wilson Center provides a link between the world of ideas and the world of policy making. Situated in the Ronald Reagan Building on Pennsylvania Avenue, it is a fitting place for the 150 scholars from all over the world who visit the center each year to carry out research and interact with Washington practitioners. The Wilson Center assembles policy makers, academi- cians, members of Congress, scholars, and business and national leaders in more than 300 conferences and meet- ings per year. These lively events provide the public with the opportunity to ask questions and explore new ideas with academic and research and policy experts. The wide array of topics covered this year included the effects of C-SPAN on Congress and the political career of Slobodan Milosevic. The center’s renowned Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies celebrated its 25th anniversary this year. The center is expanding its scope and activities, yet also tying more of its work to a few central themes. Three themes are key: the role of the United States in the world and issues of leadership and partnership; governance; and long-term challenges facing the United States and the world. Six new or expanded initiatives were launched this year. First, a series of Director’s Forums have brought more than a dozen notable speakers to the Woodrow Wilson Center. Sit- ting and former prime ministers, several ambassadors, cabinet officials, members of Congress, and other officials have spoken. The center has also begun a “Project on Sover- eignty in the Digital Age,” which is examining the information revolution and its profound impact on the global economy and on relations between governments and the private sector. The project explores how to balance na- tional sovereignty with the need for new international rules in an age when the Internet and electronic commerce operate both within and beyond national borders. In addition, the center has started two new regional programs and expanded a third. Projects on Canada and on Africa are new to the cen- ter, and the Middle East Program is being expanded with a Reports of Affiliated Organizations 313 focus on Islam and on women. These are all exciting addi- tions to the work of the center. The Congress Project, the sixth initiative, seeks to bring to- gether current and former members of Congress and staff, congressional scholars, representatives of the media, and the general public to examine aspects of the policy process on Capitol Hill. The project director, a 28-year House staff vet- eran, developed the model for the project as a public policy scholar with a series of programs in 1998 on “The Information Age Congress and the Policy Process.” The project’s 1999— 2000 series will look at “Congress and the Purse Strings.” Dialogue, the Wilson Center’s award-winning weekly radio program, has continued its long-running role as a forum for showcasing the work that goes on at the center. It is pro- duced in association with Smithsonian Productions and broadcast nationwide by the Armed Forces Radio Network. This summer, the program’s host, George Liston Seay, marked a milestone in recording his 500th interview for the show. And the popular Wé/son Quarterly remains one of the most widely circulated scholarly journals of its kind, with an annual readership of more than 60,000 subscribers. While new initiatives were added this year, existing pro- grams and projects continued to provide for open, fair, and nonpartisan study and dialogue. Center activities included serious discussion from the Balkans, Kosovo, Iran, and envi- ronmental policy to updates on critical nonproliferation concerns and reviews of developments in China, Japan, Russia, Europe, Brazil, and Mexico. Financial Report Rick Johnson, Chief Financial Officer The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both federal appropriations and nonappropriated trust sources. Nonappropriated trust funds include all funds received from sources other than direct federal appropriations. These other sources include gifts and grants from individuals, corpora- tions, and foundations; grants and contracts from federal, state, or local government agencies; earnings from short- and long-term investments; revenue from membership programs; and revenue from business activities, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops and restaurants, mail order cata- logues, and licensed products. Federal appropriations provide funding for the Institu- tion’s core functions: caring for and conserving the national collections, sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and unique strength, and edu- cating the public about the collections and research findings through exhibitions and other public programs. Federal appropriations also fund most activities associated with maintaining and securing the facilities and with various administrative and support services. Smithsonian trust funds allow the Institution to under- take new ventures and enrich existing programs in ways that would not otherwise be possible. These funds provide the critical margin of excellence for innovative research, building and strengthening the national collections, constructing and presenting effective and up-to-date exhibitions, and reaching out to new and underrepresented audiences. In recent years, the Smithsonian has also begun to rely on trust funds to sup- port major new construction projects. The following sections describe the external environmen- tal factors affecting the Institution’s general financial condition, its financial status, and its planned response to changing conditions; financial results for fiscal year 1999; and organizational and financial measures being taken to en- sure the continued fiscal health of the Institution. Financial Perspectives As we move into the new millennium, the Smithsonian has made major advances in several key projects that will sustain and enhance its reputation as a world-class center for re- search and education. The Smithsonian's continued focus on generating new revenues through fund-raising and business activities is integral to this advancement. The Discovery Center in the National Museum of Natural History opened in fiscal year 1999. This project provides space for new programs, a café, an IMAX® theater, and an expanded museum shop. Incremental net income from busi- ness activities in the museum will repay the funds borrowed to build this facility. The fund-raising campaign for the Dulles Center, a major extension of the National Air and Space Museum at Dulles International Airport, continued this year. By the end of cal- endar year 1999, approximately 68 percent of the campaign goal of $130 million had been received in cash and pledges. The capstone of the campaign was a $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazy. Net income from business activ- ities in this facility and pledge payments will repay planned borrowing. The project is also receiving significant support from the Commonwealth of Virginia, which includes provid- ing the basic infrastructure for roads, landscaping, and parking. The Smithsonian has entered into an agreement to purchase the Victor Building, an office building near the Old Patent Office Building, which houses the National Portrait Gallery, the National Museum of American Art, and the Archives of American Art. The purpose of the acquisition is to move ad- ministrative offices currently in leased space, reclaim gallery space in the Patent Office Building by relocating administra- tive and support functions, and provide additional program space. Fund-raising and savings from amounts currently bud- Financial Report 315 geted for leases will service debt for this $106 million facility. Planned occupancy is in fiscal year 2000. The groundbreaking ceremony for the National Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall was held in 1999. The museum is scheduled to open in 2003. This project is being funded by a combination of federal appropriations and private funding. At the end of the year, plans were under way to raise the final 20 percent of the project costs. In support of these projects, the Smithsonian established Smithsonian Business Ventures and appointed Gary M. Beer, previously president and CEO of the Sundance Group, as CEO of that organization. Smithsonian Business Ventures is a separate entity within the Institution approved by the Board of Regents with a goal of doubling business revenue in five years. The Smithsonian’s national capital campaign, currently in its “quiet phase,” continued to significantly in- crease giving to the Institution. Fiscal Year 1999 Results Operating revenues received by the Institution in fiscal year 1999 from all sources totaled $869.6 million. Revenue from federal appropriations accounted for $402.6 million, and nonappropriated trust funds provided an additional $467.0 million. When adjusted to remove auxiliary activity expenses of $191.8 million, net revenues totaled $677.8 mil- lion. The chart on this page reflects revenues by source and broad purpose of use. Operations Federal operating revenue of $344.0 million provided the core funding for ongoing programs of the Institution. The fiscal year 1999 federal appropriation of $351.3 million represented a net increase of $17.9 million over the fiscal year 1998 level. After reduction of $3.4 million for one-time costs in the fiscal year 1998 budget, increases totaled $21.3 million. The increases included $9.1 million for mandatory increases in pay, utilities, and rent; $6.0 million for opera- tions of the National Museum of the American Indian; $1.5 million for the National Museum of Natural History for operations and move costs associated with additions to the museum; and $4.7 million to meet security system re- quirements that were not Year 2000 compliant. General trust revenue was $276.5 million, a 2 percent increase over the previous year. Donor/sponsor revenue for undesignated purposes of $33.7 million was basically un- changed from the prior year. Sales and membership revenue rose 2 percent, reversing a decline from last year. However, the net revenue from these activities was up more than 58 percent, in part due to a reduction in expenses. This increase was the result of a major restructuring of the Smithsonian Institution Press, which eliminated unprofitable lines of business, and the success of Smithsonian magazine. Revenue from donor/sponsor designated funds totaled $123.6 million, more than doubling the amount from fiscal year 1998. Major gifts and grants included the $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazy for the National Air and Space Museum’s Dulles Center and $10 million from Polo Ralph Lauren for the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Pro- ject at the National Museum of American History. The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generosity contributed vitally to its work. The names of major donors are listed in the Donors section of this annual report. In fiscal year 1999, the Institution recorded $66.9 million in revenue from contracts and grants from government agen- cies, a $9.6 million increase over fiscal year 1998. Support from government agencies constitutes an important source of research funding, while also providing the granting agencies access to Smithsonian expertise and resources. As in previous years, most of these funds were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for research programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. One of the largest and most important projects funded was the Chandra X-ray Observatory, which is now in orbit and contributing to astrophysical knowledge. Two projects received support from Save America’s Treasures, a public-private partnership between the White House Millennium Council and the National Trust for Historic Preservation: $3.0 million for the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project and $1.4 mil- lion for Apollo space program artifacts at the National Air and Space Museum. Endowment The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment purposes into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment purchasing shares in a manner similar to shares purchased by an investor in a mutual fund. The Investment Policy Committee of the Board of Regents establishes investment policy and recommends the annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The Smithsonian's policies for managing the endowment are designed to achieve two objectives: to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures and to protect the value of the en- dowment against inflation and maintain its purchasing power. Current policy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent of the average market value over the prior five years. With this pay- out policy, to achieve the endowment’s objectives, the investment policy targets a real rate of return of 5 percent. The market value of the endowment increased from $580.9 million to $658.5 million during fiscal year 1999. The total includes $1.0 million that is not pooled with other endowment assets. The total return for the endowment, net of fees, was $121.5 million, and transfers into the endow- ment totaled $8.5 million. Offsetting these amounts was an endowment payout of $21.0 million and a net transfer out of the endowment of $31.4 million. The transfer moved funds to a private operating foundation that had been the recipient of the endowment payout to perform research consistent with the requirements of the endowment. The total return on the consolidated portfolio was 21.78 percent. At the end of the fiscal year, the Institution’s portfo- lio was invested 71 percent in equities, 28 percent in bonds, 316 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 and 1 percent in cash. The portfolio hac 23 percent in for- af eign stocks and bonds and 77 percent in U.S. securities. Construction Funds In fiscal year 1999, federal appropriations for construction were $60.4 million. This amount included $40.0 million for general repair, restoration, and code compliance projects throughout the Institution. Funds earmarked for new con- struction, alterations, and modifications totaled $20.4 million. Included in this amount is $16.0 million tor the Mal! museum of the National Museum of the American Indian and $4.4 million for renovations, repairs, and master plan projects at the National Zoological Park Nonappropriated trust construction funds totaled $5.9 million. Approximately $4.4 million supported construction of facilities for the National Museum of the American Indian; $1.0 million contributed to the reinstallation of the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems. and Minerals at the National Museum of Natural History; $0.3 million sup- ported renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum: and $0.2 million went to several smaller projects. Financial Position The Smithsonian Institution’s Statement of Financial Position presents the total assets, liabilities, and net assets of the Insti- tution. Total assets of $1.7 billion far exceed rotal liabilities of $406 million and continue to be indicative of the tinancial al year 1999. the most significant increases in the Institution's fir strength of the Institution. During fis nancial position in- cluded growth in investments of approximately $92 million, an increase in net property and equipment of $40 million, and the $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazv. Financial Management During the year, the Institution devoted significant re- sources to deal with the Year 2000 software preblem. A final review by the Regents’ Audit and Review Committee found the steps taken to be satisfactory, and all major systems were functioning effectively at the beginning of 2000 Other financial management improvement initiatives undertaken in fiscal year 1999 included: ion of ¢ An internal study that recommended imp!ementat an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System. Funding has yet to be identified for the project, but it is hoped that implementation of the first module—the financial system—can begin in fiscal year 2001. e A study to document accounting and systems architecture as the basis for implementing a new financial system and a draft of the functional requirements for a new general ledger. e A project in the Office of the Comptroller to implement software that would facilitate accurate preparation and electronic processing of travel authorization and voucher forms. The software will be tested with selected units early in fiscal year 2000 and then rolled out to all units. e Improved collection of amounts due under grants and contracts by the Office of Sponsored Projects as a result of automation and systems enhancement. e Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) for employee travel reim- bursements. Additional financial management improvement initiatives planned to start in fiscal year 2000 include the following: e Updating and streamlining financial policies and proce- dures. The project includes putting policies online in a searchable format. e Implementation of a credit card system for small purchases. e Development of a comptroller’s manual to document ac- counting procedures. Audit Activities The Institution’s financial statements are audited annually by KPMG LLP, an independent public accounting firm. The audit plan includes an in-depth review of the Institution’s internal control structure. The KPMG LLP Independent Auditors’ Report for fiscal year 1999 and the accompanying financial statements are presented on the following pages. The Smithsonian’s internal audit staff, part of the Office of Inspector General, assists the external auditors and regularly audits the Institution’s various programs, activities, and in- ternal control systems. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents provides an additional level of financial oversight and review. In accordance with the government requirement for the use of coordinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Smithsonian Office of Inspector General, and KPMG LLP coordinate the audit of grants and contracts re- ceived from federal agencies. Smithsonian Institution at a Glance ¢ 16 museums and galleries ¢ 400 buildings in 5 states, Washington, D.C., and Panama ® 19,000 acres ¢ 6.6 million square feet of owned space e 31.4 million visits in 1999 (including an estimated 3 million at the National Zoo) ¢ 141 million objects, works of art, and specimens ¢ 40 million hits per month at the Smithsonian Web site (www.si.edu) e 2.1 million members of the Smithsonian Associates Financial Report 317 FINANCIAL REPORT RICK JOHNSON, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both federal appropriations and non- appropriated trust sources. Nonappropriated trust funds include all funds received from sources other than direct federal appropriations. These other sources include gifts and grants from individuals, corporations, and foundations; grants and contracts from federal, state, or local government agencies; earnings from short- and long-term investments; rev- enue from membership programs; and revenue from business activities, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops and restaurants, mail order catalogues, and licensed products. Federal appropriations provide funding for the Institution’s core functions: caring for and conserving the national collections, sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and unique strength, and educating the public about the collections and research findings through exhibitions and other public programs. Federal appropriations also fund most activities associated with maintaining and securing the facilities and with various administrative and support services. Smithsonian trust funds allow the Institution to undertake new ventures and enrich existing programs in ways that would not otherwise be possible. These funds provide the critical margin of excellence for innovative research, building and strengthening the national collections, constructing and presenting effective and up-to-date exhibitions, and reaching out to new and underrepresented audiences. In recent years, the Smithsonian has also begun to rely on trust funds to support major new construction projects. The following sections describe the external environmental factors affecting the Institu- tion’s general financial condition, its financial status, and its planned response to chang- ing conditions; financial results for fiscal year 1999; and organizational and financial mea- sures being taken to ensure the continued fiscal health of the Institution. Financial Perspectives As we move into the new millennium, the Smithsonian has made major advances in sev- eral key projects that will sustain and enhance its reputation as a world-class center for research and education. The Smithsonian’s continued focus on generating new revenues through fund raising and business activities is integral to this advancement. The Discovery Center in the National Museum of Natural History opened in fiscal vear 1999. This project provides space for new programs, a café, an IMAX* theater, and an expanded museum shop. Incremental net income from business activities in the museum will repay the funds borrowed to build this facility. The fund-raising campaign for the Dulles Center, a major extension of the National Air and Space Museum at Dulles International Airport, continued this year. By the end of calendar year 1999, approximately 68 percent of the campaign goal of $130 million had been received in cash and pledges. The capstone of the campaign was a $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazy. Net income from business activities in this facility and pledge payments will repay planned borrowing. The project is also receiving significant support from the Com- 318 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 monwealth of Virginia, which includes providing the basic infrastructure for roads, landscaping, and parking. The Smithsonian has entered into an agreement to purchase the Victor Building, an office building near the Old Patent Office Building, which houses the National Portrait Gallery, the National Museum of American Art, and the Archives of American Art. The purpose of the acquisition is to move adminis- trative offices currently in leased space, reclaim gallery space in the Patent Office Building by relo- cating administrative and support functions, and provide additional program space. Fund raising and savings from amounts currently budgeted for leases will service debt for this $106 million facility. Planned occupancy is in fiscal year 2000. The groundbreaking ceremony for the National Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall was held in 1999. The musem is scheduled to open in 2003. This project is being funded by a com- bination of federal appropriations and private fund- ing. At the end of the year, plans were under way to raise the final 20 percent of the project costs. In support of these projects, the Smithsonian established Smithsonian Business Ventures and appointed Gary M. Beer, previously president and CEO of the Sundance Group, as CEO of that organi- zation. Smithsonian Business Ventures is a separate entity within the Institution approved by the Board of Regents with a goal of doubling business revenue in five years. The Smithsonian’s national capital campaign, currently in its “quiet phase,” continued to significantly increase giving to the Institution. Fiscal Year 1999 Results Operating revenues received by the Institution in fis- cal year 1999 from all sources totaled $869.6 mil- Fiscal Year 1999 Sources of Gross/Net Revenues FY 1999 Sources of Net Revenues General Trust 7.5% Gov't Grants & Contracts 9.9% Donor/Sponsor 23.2% Federal Appropriations 59.4% lion. Revenue from federal appropriations accounted for $402.6 million, and nonappropriated trust funds provided an additional $467.0 million. When adjusted to remove auxiliary activity expenses of $191.8 million, net revenues totaled $677.8 million. The chart on this page reflects revenues by source and broad purpose of use. Operations (Table 1) Federal operating revenue of $344.0 million pro- vided the core funding for ongoing programs of the Institution. The fiscal year 1999 federal appropria- tion of $351.3 million represented a net increase of $17.9 million over the fiscal year 1998 level. After reduction of $3.4 million for one-time costs in the fiscal year 1998 budget, increases totaled $21.3 mil- lion. The increases included $9.1 million for manda- tory increases in pay, utilities, and rent; $6.0 million Gross Net* Percent Revenues Revenues Net Revenues ($ millions) (S millions) (%) Operations Federal Appropriations 402.6 402.6 59.4 General Trust ** 242.7 50.9 Vis: Donor/Sponsor ** 157.4 157.4 2302: Gov’t Grants & Contracts 66.9 66.9 9.9 Total Sources for Operations 869.6 677.8 100.0 *Net of expenses related to revenue-generating activities, e.g., museum shops, restaurants, publications, etc. ** General trust is reduced from Table 1 by the Donor/Sponsor Contributions. for operations of the National Museum of the Ameri- can Indian; $1.5 million for the National Museum of Natural History for operations and move costs associated with additions to the museum; and $4.7 million to meet security system requirements that were not Year 2000 compliant. General trust revenue was $276.5 million, a 2 per- cent increase over the previous year. Donor/sponsor revenue for undesignated purposes of $33.7 million was basically unchanged from the prior year. Sales and membership revenue rose 2 percent, reversing a Sales and Membership Activities ($ millions) decline from last year. However, the net revenue from these activities was up more than 58 percent, in part due to a reduction in expenses. This increase was the result of a major restructuring of the Smith- sonian Institution Press, which eliminated unprof- itable lines of business, and the success of Smith- sonian magazine. Revenue from donor/sponsor designated funds totaled $123.6 million, more than doubling the amount from fiscal year 1998. Major gifts and grants included the $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazy for the National Air and Space Museum’s Dulles Center and $10 million from Polo Ralph Lauren for the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project at the National Museum of American History. Financial Report The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generosity con- tributed vitally to its work. The names of major donors are listed in the Benefactors section of this annual report. In fiscal year 1999, the Institution recorded $66.9 million in revenue from contracts and grants from government agencies, a $9.6 million increase over fis- cal year 1998. Support from government agencies constitutes an important source of research funding, while also providing the granting agencies access to Smithsonian expertise and resources. As in previous years, most of these funds were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for research programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. One of the largest and most important projects funded was the Chandra X-ray Observatory, which is now in orbit and contributing to astrophysi- cal knowledge. Two projects received support from Save America’s Treasures, a public-private partnership between the White House Millennium Council and the National Trust for Historic Preservation: $3.0 million for the Star-Spangled Banner Preserva- tion Project and $1.4 million for Apollo space pro- gram artifacts at the National Air and Space Museum. Endowment The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment purposes into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment purchasing shares in a man- ner similar to shares purchased by an investor in a mutual fund. The Investment Policy Committee of the Board of Regents establishes investment policy and recom- Market Value of Endowment ($ millions) 7005 G58 600 581 Ss 600 F 500- 400+ 300+ 200+ 100 - 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Fiscal Year 319 320 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 FY 1999 Endowment and Similar Activities Net Assets ($ millions) Permanently : Undesignated Restricted (65) Unrestricted (258) Temporarily Restricted (140) Designated Unrestricted (202) mends the annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The Smithsonian’s policies for manag- ing the endowment are designed to achieve two objectives: to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures and to protect the value of the endowment against inflation and maintain its purchasing power. Current policy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent of the average market value over the prior five years. With this pay- out policy, to achieve the endowment’s objectives, the investment policy targets a real rate of return of S percent. The market value of the endowment increased from $580.9 million to $658.5 million during fiscal year 1999. The total includes $1.0 million that is not pooled with other endowment assets. The total return for the endowment, net of fees, was $121.5 million, and transfers into the endowment totaled $8.5 million. Offsetting these amounts was an endowment payout of $21.0 million and a net trans- fer out of the endowment of $31.4 million. The transfer moved funds to a private operating founda- tion that had been the recipient of the endowment payout to perform research consistent with the requirements of the endowment. The total return on the consolidated portfolio was 21.78 percent. At the end of the fiscal year, the Insti- tution’s portfolio was invested 71 percent in equi- ties, 28 percent in bonds, and 1 percent in cash. The portfolio had 23 percent in foreign stocks and bonds and 77 percent in U.S. securities. Construction Funds In fiscal year 1999, federal appropriations for con- struction were $60.4 million. This amount included $40.0 million for general repair, restoration, and code compliance projects throughout the Institution. Funds earmarked for new construction, alterations, and modifications totaled $20.4 million. Included in this amount is $16.0 million for the Mall museum of the National Museum of the American Indian and $4.4 million for renovations, repairs, and master plan projects at the National Zoological Park. Nonappropriated trust construction funds totaled $5.9 million. Approximately $4.4 million supported construction of facilities for the National Museum of the American Indian; $1.0 million contributed to the reinstallation of the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals at the National Museum of Natural History; $0.3 million supported renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; and $0.2 million went to several smaller projects. Financial Position The Smithsonian Institution’s Statement of Financial Position presents the total assets, liabilities, and net assets of the Institution. Total assets of $1.7 billion far exceed total liabilities of $406 million and con- tinue to be indicative of the financial strength of the Institution. During fiscal year 1999, the most signifi- cant increases in the Institution’s financial position included growth in investments of approximately $92 million, an increase in net property and equip- ment of $40 million, and the $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazy. Financial Management During the year, the Institution devoted significant resources to deal with the Year 2000 software prob- lem. A final review by the Regents’ Audit and Review Committee found the steps taken to be satisfactory, and all major systems were functioning effectively at the beginning of 2000. Other financial management improvement initia- tives undertaken in fiscal year 1999 included: e An internal study that recommended implemen- tation of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System. Funding has yet to be identified for the project, but it is hoped that implementation of the first module—the financial system—can begin in fiscal year 2001. e A study to document accounting and systems architecture as the basis for implementing a new financial system and a draft of the functional requirements for a new general ledger. e A project in the Office of the Comptroller to implement software that would facilitate accurate preparation and electronic processing of travel authorization and voucher forms. The software will be tested with selected units early in fiscal year 2000 and then rolled out to all units. ¢ Improved collection of amounts due under grants and contracts by the Office of Sponsored Projects as a result of automation and systems enhancement. e Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) for employee travel reimbursements. Additional financial management improvement initiatives planned to start in fiscal year 2000 include the following: ¢ Updating and streamlining financial policies and procedures. The project includes putting policies online in a searchable format. ¢ Implementation of a credit card system for small purchases. ¢ Development of a comptroller’s manual to docu- ment accounting procedures. Audit Activities The Institution’s financial statements are audited annually by KPMG LLP, an independent public accounting firm. The audit plan includes an in- depth review of the Institution’s internal control structure. The KPMG LLP Independent Auditors’ Financial Report Smithsonian Institution At a Glance e 16 museums and galleries e 400 buildings in 5 states, Washington, D.C., and Panama e 19,000 acres ¢ 6.6 million square feet of owned space ¢ 31.4 million visits in 1999 (including an estimated 3 million at the National Zoo) e 141 million objects, works of art, and specimens e 40 million hits per month at the Smithsonian Web site (Wwww.si.edu) e 2.1 million members of the Smithsonian Associates = Report for fiscal year 1999 and the accompanying financial statements are presented on the following pages. The Smithsonian’s internal audit staff, part of the Office of Inspector General, assists the external auditors and regularly audits the Institution’s vari- ous programs, activities, and internal control sys- tems. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents provides an additional level of financial oversight and review. In accordance with the government requirement for the use of coordinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Smithsonian Office of Inspector General, and KPMG LL? coordinate the audit of grants and contracts received from federal agencies. 32] 322 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Table 1. Source and Application of Institutional Resources for the Year Ended September 30, 1999 ($000) Trust Funds Donor/ Government Total Federal General Sponsor Grants & Trust Total Funds Trust Designated Contracts Funds FY 1999 REVENUE & GAINS: FederalbAppropulations: i iriaie spears oa ie oe Ae wee eee 344,042 = — = = 343,691 Endowment Payout & Investment Income. ..............- —_— 17,337 6,636 — 23,973 23,973 Government Grants and Contracts ............0000e ee eee = = — 66,868 66,868 66,868 DOMOM/ASDOMSOL cetera coun ho ca yee areas, Sete oil stan F —_ 33,714 117,068 — 150,782 150,782 Salessandi Membership’ \ jes. 244 5.x sorted yeisa slat cryehenan — 217,296 — — 217,296 217,296 GOMStUGHOMG oe fant haerirchesey ces eck he se, cncyi boas ant Ae ates 58,547 — — — — 58,898 (Qi oVeS tae ASAT) ke rin Se snare Pee Oe a REE een Sen ne Nayar — 8,134 —_ — 8,134 8,134 TOTAL REVENUE & GAINS ....................--. 402,589 276,481 123,704 66,868 467,053 869,642 EXPENSES: Museums & Research Institutes: Anacostia Museum and Center for African American FAISCORY ANGS Culture ys: ive oc.05-4,6, osyenetesre ee yaa eset 22 ET 27. 893 129 — 1,022 2,749 ATGMIVESTOR ATEN CAMA oo rsesnecs-s2aua sn slats eenareus = lee «seeeie 1,580 144 631 — 775 2,355 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art ......... 5,690 4,321 1,736 _— 6,057 11,747 Center for Folklife Programs & Cultural Studies ........ 1,754 1,105 1137 _— 2,242 3,996 Center for Materials Research and Education .......... 3,046 82 4 — 86 34132 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. ............ 2,871 2,801 1,190 17 4,008 6,879 Hirshhorn Museum & Sculpture Garden .............. 4,305 4,328 187 — 4,515 8,820 National Air and Space Museum .................05- 13,338 3,815 4,115 338 8,268 21,606 National Museum of African Art .................... 4,000 360 43 — 403 4,403 National Museum of American Art (incl. Renwick) ...... 7,631 2125 17333 — 3,458 11,089 National Museum of American History ............... 19,108 3,081 5,408 18 8,507 27,615 — National Postal Museum. .............00c0ceeeeae S71 149 2,012 3,164 5,825 6,396 National Museum of the American Indian. ............ 13,830 1,441 3,401 62 4,904 18,734 National Museum of Natural History................. 39,784 4860 8,225 3,276 16,361 56,145 — Museum Support Center’ ois siecic ere aceteoc pains ciate s 4,556 9 _— - 9 4,565 National Portrait Gallery i... di. 6 oe 2. See wel se caw oes 4,791 399 329 = 728 5,519 National Zoological Park: sn. .:<.s:ace sustiers cts eee erd he eine ae 19,691 2,180 1,400 851 4,431 24,122 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory .............. 29,049 O12 2,548 53,640 65,900 94,949 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center .......... 3,184 295 232 1,968 2,495 5,679 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute .............. 9,314 1,927 112 1,690 4,729 14,043 Total Museums & Research Institutes ............. 189,820 44,027 35,672 65,024 144,723 334,543 Education, Museum & Scholarly Services: Center:forMuseum:Studies. 25. ic6n6. 4256500800085 es 840 49 90 _ 139. 979 EGQUCALLOM a yeccrevazeterstetersuiierevenn skatensralsterctatel tcniiece crereouther ees 523 466 184 18 668 1,191 Exiibits:-Gemttali! Gorin onicce ou bio oeetae aaa sokna nae 2,138 98 88 — 186 2,324 RellowshipsiamG Grants. ss.2 6 sneia diet euels w/c; etesend) iene’ sie 430 1,538 105 — 1,643 2,073 International Relations: «2. 5.2.502ceecee enn. eoeeavns 1,078 341 28 (5S) 364 1,442 National Science Resources Center............... 0005 217, 949 858 1,792 3,599 3,816 SUM CTO MOSia ners cee rcieaetntees me erereye rarer face ice retarsas 1,563 1,972 373 18 2,363 3,926 Smithsonian Institution Archives ................... 1,449 142 49 — 191 1,640 Smithsonian Institution Libraries ................... 6,157 955 138 — 1,093 7,250 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service .... 2,853 751 2,141 21 2,913 5,766 Sponsored Projects ec... csi esac oc tins se gamaaee see he — 1,284 — — 1,284 1,284 Total Education, Museum & Scholarly Services 17,248 8,545 4,054 1,844 14,443 31,691 Sales and Membership Activities (Programmatic) .......... 1,549 18 90 273 1,822 America’s Smithsonian a. .04 o< un ance eared oc toe ace aseye = (275) 176 —_ (99) (99) Prior Year Annual Appropriations .................0.005. 12,723 — — — —_ 12,723 Hic tra] epee eter acu crac hee e vie ees cutite tact anecerentegte & eaenen Timea 221,340 52,480 39,992 66,868 159,340 380,680 Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense .......... 106,579 3,938 _— — 5,538 112,117 PLO Ca ee pacers se ee rete eat h ark eae ody Se eshte Selle, goeme She 327,919 58,018 39,992 66,868 164,878 492,797 Sales and Membership Activities: Smithsonian Press / Smithsonian Productions. ........... — 8,637 — _ 8,637 8,637 Smithsonian Magazines ............. 0.00 e cece eee eees — 57,942 — — 57,942 $7,942 The Smithsonian Associates ...................200000- — 33,533 — — 33,533 33,533 STOR Ctr ess ye kanes ay aN se acca eyape Snis ie Rig uAla ane ayes —~ 68,044 — — 68,044 68,044 Unit Sales and Membership Activities .................. — 23,674 — — 23,674 23,674 Total Sales and Membership Activities (including Overhead) .................... 191,830 — — 191,830 191,830 Financial Report 323 Table 1. Source and Application of Institutional Resources for the Year Ended September 30, 1999 ($000)—(continued) Trust Funds Donor/ Government Total Federal General Sponsor Grants & Trust Total Funds Trust Designated Contracts Funds FY 1999 Administration: Membershipiand) Development: ct.srycccs ot /aeeneu, yee es weekete _— 2,632 100 — PAD bePe 2,732 Administrative Offices (Net of Overhead Recovery) ......... 32,084 2,249 101 — 2,350 34,434 Total Administration before Allocation of Facilities andIDEpreclatlON EXPeCMSC 2 sc crete Se ey cote eee is 32,084 4,881 201 — 5,082 37,166 Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense .......... 14,533 417 — _ 417 14,950 MO GaAleA Gri S tra CLO Mey cacy ces ccee soa fenced seer ech ciiaae? shohenamepcheeng ve 46,617 5,298 201 — 5,499 52,116 FAGHIELESSSCHVIGES) a letys jets ereasdindss ue a aos o-gepseigcs o> Gleam eRe eae 91,013 1,058 (260) — 798 91,811 Depreciation. cspwe. apap reise sacias o Noe enciel etd Sons 3G Saeed 30,099 4,897 — — 4,897 34,996 Allocation of Facilities Services and Depreciation to Functions (121,112) (5,955) — — (5,955) (127,067) Total Facilities Services and Depreciation ............... — —_— (260) _ (260) (260) MOPAISE NP ENSES since, gsc 2008 cole Greens = pesahe.sehecsveye tered uations. sh gra 374,536 255,146 39,933 66,868 361,947 736,483 Endowment Return Reinvested .................00000005 — 69,363 31,065 _— 100,428 100,428 RetumbonGiftand Appreciation <0. 5265s. nos ee sees _— — (44,823) — (44,823) (44,823) REOGeeASHTOMMMCOMECHONS sec sicoha vos pce sng wane eos Giere 6 aucune 6 _— 1,000 — — 1,000 1,000 INGEIncrease InmMetiassets) ci. pies sGle oot eee oe wn 28,053 91,698 70,013 — 161,711 189,764 Netsassets™beginning Of the'year 222.6 2626s. 336 0s uss as 426,271 — _ — 718,432 1,144,703 INetfassets mend Ofth egy ean ie 26 pecs cco s com sctis 9 Saeiesiete.cesscua cones 454,324 — — — 880,143 1,334,467 324 Independent Auditors’ Report BOARD OF REGENTS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: We have audited the accompanying statement of financial position of the Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian) as of September 30, 1999, and the related statements of financial activity and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Smith- sonian’s management. Our responsibility is to express an Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 material misstatement. An audit includes examining, ona test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1999, and its changes in net assets and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted account- opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. ing principles. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assur- ance about whether the financial statements are free of Washington, D.C. KPMG LLP January 14, 2000 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Position September 30, 1999 ($000) Total Funds Trust Federal Funds Funds 1999 1998 Assets: Cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury 3/539 206,813 210,352 205,829 Receivables and advances (note 3) 134,542 20,139 154,681 84,281 Prepaid and deterred expenses, and other (notes 2 and 5) 21,984 — 21,984 19,963 Inventory 14,548 847 15,395 21,175 Investments (note 6) 738,521 — 738,521 646,455 Property and equipment, net (note 9) 131,266 468,978 600,244 559,842 Total assets 1,044,400 696,777 1,741,177 1,537,545 Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses (note 10) 43,777 50,778 94,555 89,606 Net payable for investment securities purchased 26,121 — 26,121 24,963 Deferred revenue 49,691 —_— 49,691 49,260 Long-term debt (note 11) 41,535 _— 41,535 41,526 Deposits held for affiliates (note 12) 3,133 — 3,133 4,864 Unexpended federal appropriations (note 4) _— 191,675 191,675 182,623 Total liabilities 164,257 242,453 406,710 392,842 Net assets: Unrestricted: Funds functioning as endowments (note 7) 459,521 — 459,521 387,608 Operational balances (notes 4 and 5) 61,473 454,324 515,797 489,944 Total unrestricted net assets 520,994 454,324 975,318 877,552 Temporarily restricted: Funds functioning as endowments (note 7) 140,360 a 140,360 138,686 Donor contributions for ongoing programs 153,323 — 153,323 63,538 Total temporarily restricted net assets 293,683 — 293,683 202,224 Permanently restricted: True endowment (note 7) 63,248 _ 63,248 62,972 Interest in perpetual and other trusts 2,218 — 2,218 1,955 Total permanently restricted net assets 65,466 aaa 65,466 64,927 Total net assets 880,143 454,324 1,334,467 1,144,703 Total liabilities and net assets 1,044,400 696,777 1,741,177 1,537,545 See accompanying notes to the financial statements. Financial Report 325, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Activity Year ended September 30, 1999 ($000) Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Trust Federal Restricted Restricted aaa Funds Funds Total Trust Funds Trust Funds 1999 1998 Operating revenue: Government revenue: Federal appropriations (note 4) — 402,589 402,589 — — 402,589 393,032 Government grants and contracts 66,868 —_ 66,868 —_— — 66,868 $9,972 Total government revenue 66,868 402,589 469,457 — — 469,457 453,004 Contributions: Program support (note 7) 28,079 — 28,079 22,1715 3,449 54,303 63,742 Construction of facilities (note 16) — — — 64,609 — 64,609 3,815 Total contributions 28,079 —_— 28,079 87,384 3,449 118,912 67,557 Business activities and other: Short-term investment income (note 8) 2,946 — 2,946 5 — 2,951 2,380 Endowment payout (note 8) 14,391 —_— 14,391 6,123 508 21,022 19,726 Private grants 5,685 — 5,635 26,235 — 31,870 10,348 Rentals, fees, and commissions 8,134 _ 8,134 —_ — 8,134 8,335 Business activities (note 15) 217,296 —_— 217,296 — a 217,296 213,109 Total business activities and other 248,402 — 248,402 32,363 508 281,273 253,898 Total operating revenues 343,349 402,589 745,938 119,747 3,957 869,642 774,459 Net assets released from restrictions 17,948 — 17,948 (17,948) — — — Total operating revenues, and other additions 3617297 402,589 763,886 101,799 3,957 869,642 774,459 Expenses: Research 69,485 80,760 150,245 _ a 150,245 144,760 Collections management 5,485 87,461 92,946 — — 92,946 93,898 Education, public programs, and exhibitions 43,567 96,883 140,450 —_ — 140,450 125,178 Business activities (note 15) 191,830 — 191,830 — — 191,830 196,990 Administration 32,674 107,690 140,364 — — 140,364 130,260 Advancement nip Gite — ee, — — 12,112 10,561 Total expenses 3954153 372,794 727,947 — — 727,947 701,647 Increase in net assets from operations 6,144 29,795 35,939 101,799 3,957 141,695 72,812 Endowment income reinvested (note 8) 69,363 — 69,363 31,067 (2) 100,428 (30,825) Return of endowed gift (note 7) — — — (41,407) (3,416) (44,823) — Change in net assets related to collection items not capitalized: Proceeds from sale 1,000 — 1,000 — — 1,000 737 Collection items purchased (6,794) (1,742) (8,536) — a (8,536) (8,831) Increase in net assets 69,713 28,053 97,766 91,459 539 189,764 33,893 Net assets, beginning of the year 451,281 426,271 877,552 202,224 64,927 1,144,703 1,110,810 Net assets, end of the year 520,994 454,324 975,318 293,683 65,466 1,334,467 1,144,703 See accompanying notes to the financial statements. 326 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statements of Cash Flows Year ended September 30, 1999 ($000) Total Funds Trust Federal Funds Funds 1999 1998 Cash flows from operating activities: Increase in net assets 161,711 28,053 189,764 33,893 Adjustments to reconcile increase in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities: Proceeds from sales of collections (1,000) — (1,000) (737) Collection items purchased 6,794 1,742 8,536 8,831 Depreciation 8,190 39,829 48,019 45,881 Loss on disposition of assets 135 301 436 583 Contributions for increases in endowment (2,592) — (2,592) (4,822) Contributions for construction of property (64,609) —_ (64,609) (3,815) Appropriations for repair, restoration and construction — (60,400) (60,400) (68,850) Investment income restricted for long-term investment (506) -—— (506) (462) Provision for doubtful accounts 737 _ 737 277 Net realized and unrealized loss (gain) on investments (102,332) — (102,332) 26,505 Decrease (increase) in assets: Receivables and advances (71,275) (4,073) (75,348) (20,023) Prepaid and deferred expenses, and other (2,021) — (2,021) 1,293 Inventory 5,706 74 5,780 (2,216) Increase (decrease) in liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses 3,003 1,946 4,949 804 Deferred revenue 431 — 431 (3,097) Deposits held for others (1,731) = (1,231) 931 Unexpended federal appropriations — 9,052 9,052 8,823 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (59,359) 16,524 (42,835) 23,799 Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from sales of collections 1,000 — 1,000 737 Collection items purchased (6,794) (1,742) (8,536) (8,831) Purchase of property and equipment (19,852) (69,005) (88,857) (89,810) Purchases of investment securities (946,739) _ (946,739) (712,267) Proceeds from the sales of investment securities 958,163 — 958,163 672,929 Net cash used in investing activities (14,222) (70,747) (84,969) (137,242) Cash flows from financing activities: Contributions for increases in endowment 6,803 _— 6,803 8,571 Contributions for construction of property 64,609 — 64,609 3,815 Appropriations for repair, restoration and construction -- 60,400 60,400 68,850 Investment income restricted for long-term purposes 506 _ 506 462 Proceeds from issuance of debt — — — 40,526 Repayments of debt 9 a 9 — Net cash provided by financing activities 71,927 60,400 132,327 122,224 Net increase (decrease) in cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury (1,654) 6,177 4,523 8,781 Cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury: Beginning of the year 5,193 200,636 205,829 197,048 3,539 206,813 210,352 205,829 End of the year Cash paid for interest during fiscal years 1999 and 1998 was approximately $2,000,000 and $1,332,000, respectively. See accompanying notes to the financial statements. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to the Financial Statement September 30, 1999 (in thousands) (1) Organization The Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian) was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who, in 1826, bequeathed his property to the United States of America “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smith- sonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” After receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress vested responsi- bility in the Smithsonian Board of Regents (Board) to administer the trust. The Smithsonian is a museum, education and research complex consisting of 16 museums and galleries, the National Zoological Park, and other research facilities. Research is carried out in the Smithsonian’s museums and facilities throughout the world. The Smithsonian’s exten- sive collections number over 140 million objects. During fiscal year 1999, over 28 million individuals visited the Smithsonian museums and other facilities. The Smithsonian receives its funding from federal appropriations, private gifts and grants, government grants and contracts, investment income, and various business activities. Business activities include Smithsonian maga- zines and other publications, a mail-order catalogue, museum shops, and concession income from focd services. A substantial portion of the Smithsonian’s annual oper- ating budget is funded from annual federal appropriations. Certain construction projects have been completely funded from federal appropriations, while others are funded using amounts raised from private sources, or by a combination of federal and private funds. Federal operating and construction funding are both subject to the annual federal appropriations process, and therefore the potential exists for reductions in approved federal funding that would significantly impact the Smith- sonian’s operations. These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, or the Woodrow Wilson Interna- tional Center for Scholars, which were established by Con- gress within the Smithsonian, but are administered by independent boards of trustees. (2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies These financial statements present the financial position, financial activity, and cash flows of the Smithsonian on the accrual basis of accounting. Funds received from direct fed- eral appropriations are reported as Federal Funds in the financial statements. All other funds are reported as Trust Funds. (a) Trust Funds Trust funds revenues arise primarily from contributions, grants and contracts, net investment income, and business Financial Report activities. Trust funds net assets are classified and reported as follows: Unrestricted net assets Net assets that are not subject to any donor-imposed or other legal stipulations on the use of the funds. Funds functioning as endowments in this category represent unrestricted assets which have been designated by manage- ment or the Board for long-term investment. Temporarily restricted net assets Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations on the use of the assets that may be met by actions of the Smith- sonian and/or the passage of time. Funds functioning as endowments in this category represent donor-restricted contributions that have been designated by management or the Board for long-term investment. Donor contribu- tions represent unspent gifts and promises-to-give of cash and securities subject to donor-imposed restrictions which have not yet been met. Permanently restricted net assets Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations that the principal be maintained permanently by the Smithsonian. Generally, the donors of these assets permit the Smithsonian to use all or part of the income earned on investment of the assets for either general or donor-specified purposes. (b) Federal Funds The Smithsonian receives federal appropriations to support the Smithsonian’s operating salaries and expenses, repair and restoration of facilities, and construction. Federal appropriation revenue is classified as unrestricted and rec- ognized as an exchange transaction as expenditures are incurred. The liability reported as unexpended appropria- tions represents amounts received either (1) which have not yet been obligated, or (2) for which goods or services have been ordered but not yet received. The Smithsonian was appropriated $351,344 for opera- tions and $60,400 for construction or repair and restora- tion in fiscal year 1999. Federal appropriations for opera- tions are generally available for obligation only in the year received. In accordance with Public Law 101-510, these annual appropriations are maintained by the Smithsonian for five years following the year of appropriation, after which the appropriation account is closed and any unex- pended balances are returned to the U.S. Treasury. During fiscal year 1999, the Smithsonian returned $1,644 to the U.S. Treasury which represents the unexpended balance for fiscal year 1994. Federal appropriations for construction or repair and restoration of facilities and construction are generally avail- able for obligation until expended. (c) Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires manage- ment to make estimates and assumptions that affect the 327 328 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates, however, management does not believe that actual results will be materially different from those estimates. (da) Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value of bond obligations in the financial statements exceeds the fair market value by approximately $3,756 at September 30, 1999. The carrying value of all other financial instruments in the financial statements approximates fair market value. (e) Cash and Balances with U.S. Treasury Amounts represent cash deposited with financial institu- tions, balances held by the U.S. Treasury that are available for disbursement, and a repurchase agreement totaling $3,272 at September 30, 1999. (f) Investments The Smithsonian’s marketable equity and debt securities are reported at fair value based on quoted market prices. Changes in fair value are recognized in the statement of financial activity. Purchases and sales of investments are _recorded on the trade date. Investment income is recorded when earned. As mandated by Congress, the Smithsonian maintains two Treasury investments totalling $1,000 relat- ing in part to the original James Smithson gift. The Smithsonian uses the “total return” approach to investment management of pooled true endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds, referred to collectively as the endowment. Each year, the endowment pays out an amount for current expenditures based upon a number of factors evaluated and approved by the Board of Regents. Based on approved Board policy, if the market value of any endowment fund is less than 110 percent of the historical value, the current payout is limited to the actual interest and dividends allocable to that fund. The difference between the total return (i.e., dividends, interest and net gain or loss), and the payout is reinvested when there is an excess of total return over payout, or withdrawn from previously accumulated returns when there is a deficiency of total return to payout. The differ- ence is reported as non-operating income or loss in the statement of financial activity. (g) Contributions Receivable All contributions receivable are reported net of estimated uncollectible amounts. Contributions expected to be col- lected beyond one year are also discounted to present value based on current U.S. Treasury rates. Conditional contribu- tions receivable are not recorded until material conditions have been met. (h) Inventories Inventories are reported at the lower of cost or market, and consist primarily of merchandise inventory, books, record- ings, and office supplies. Cost is determined using the first- in, first-out method. (i) Deferred Revenue and Expense Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine is recognized over the period of the subscription, generally one year. Promotion production expenses are recognized when related advertising materials are released. Direct-response advertising relating to the magazines is deferred and amor- tized over one year. At September 30, 1999, prepaid and deferred expenses include $6,926 of deferred promotion costs, mostly related to the Smithsonian magazine. Promo- tion expense totaled $15,967 in fiscal year 1999 and is reported within Business Activities on the statement of financial activity. (j) Split Interest Agreements and Perpetual Trusts Split interest agreements with donors consist primarily of irrevocable charitable remainder trusts and charitable gift annuities. For the charitable remainder trusts, contribution revenue and assets are recognized at fair value on the date the trusts are established. Assets are adjusted during the term of the trusts for changes in the value of the assets, accretion of discounts, and other changes in the estimated future benefits. For the charitable gift annuities, assets are recognized at fair value on the date the annuity agree- ments are established. An annuity liability is recognized at the present value of future cash flows expected to be paid to the donor and contribution revenue is recognized as the difference between the assets and liability. Liabilities are adjusted during the term of the annuities for payments to donors, accretion of discounts and changes in the life expectancy of the donor. The Smithsonian is also the beneficiary of certain per- petual trusts held and administered by others. The present values of the estimated future cash receipts from the trusts are recognized as assets and contribution revenue at the dates the trusts are established. Distributions from the trusts are recorded as contributions and the carrying value of the assets is adjusted for changes in the estimates of future receipts. (k) Property and Equipment Property and equipment purchased with federal or trust funds are capitalized at cost. Property and equipment acquired through transfer from government agencies are capitalized at net book value or fair value, whichever is more readily determinable. Property and equipment acquired through donation are capitalized at appraised value at the date of the gift. These assets are depreciated on a straight- line basis over their estimated useful lives as follows: Buildings 30 years Major renovations 15 years Equipment 3-10 years Certain lands occupied by the Smithsonian's buildings, pri- marily located in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia, were appropriated and reserved by Congress for the Smithsonian’s use. The Smithsonian serves as trustee of these lands for as long as they are used to carry out the Smithsonian's mission. These lands are titled in the name of the U.S. government and are not reflected in the accom- panying financial statements. (D Collections The Smithsonian acquires its collections, which include works of art, library books, photographic archives, objects and specimens, by purchase using federal or trust funds or by donation. All collections are held for public exhibition, education, or research, furthering the Smithsonian’s mis- sion to increase and diffuse knowledge to the public. The Smithsonian protects and preserves its collections, which total more than 140 million items. The Smithsonian’s Collections Management policy includes guidance on the preservation, care and maintenance.of the collections and procedures relating to the accession/deaccession of items within the collections. The Smithsonian’s policy is to not capitalize its collec- tions, therefore, no value is assigned to the collections on the statement of financial position. Purchases of collection items are recorded as expense in the year in which the items are acquired. Contributed collection items are not reflected in the financial statements. Proceeds from deac- cessions or insurance recoveries from lost or destroyed col- lection items are reflected as increases in the appropriate net asset class, and’are designated for future collection acquisitions. Items that are acquired with the intent at the time of acquisition not to add them to the collections but rather to sell, exchange, or otherwise use them for financial gain are not considered collection items, and are recorded at fair market value at date of acquisition as other assets in the statement of financial position. (m) Annual Leave The Smithsonian’s civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with federal laws and regulations. Separate internal policies apply for trust employees. Annual leave for all employees is recognized as expense when earned. (n) Government Grants and Contracts The Smithsonian receives grants and enters into contracts with the U.S. government and state and local govern- ments, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Smithsonian. Revenue from governmental grants and Financial Report contracts is classified as unrestricted and is recognized as reimbursable expenditures are incurred. (o) Contributions The Smithsonian recognizes revenue from all contributions as revenue in the period unconditional promises are received. Unrestricted contributions with payments due in future periods are initially recorded as temporarily restricted sup- port, and are reclassified to unrestricted net assets when payments become due. When donor restrictions are met on temporarily restricted contributions, the related net assets are reclassi- fied as released from restrictions in the accompanying statement of financial activity. Gifts of long-lived assets are recorded as unrestricted revenue in the period received. Contributions of cash and other assets restricted to the acquisition of long-lived assets are recorded as temporarily restricted revenue in the period received. The donor’s restrictions expire and the related net assets are released from restriction when the long-lived asset is placed in service by the Smithsonian. In-kind contributions of goods and services totaling $7,115 were received in fiscal year 1999 and recorded as program support in the accompanying statement of finan- cial activity. The nature of the in-kind contributions includes donated space and interactive multimedia soft- ware programs. A substantial number of volunteers also make significant contributions of time to the Smithsonian, enhancing its activities and programs. In fiscal year 1999, more than 5,400 volunteers contributed approximately 476,000 hours of service to the Smithsonian. The value of these contribu- tions is not recognized in the financial statements. (p) Advancement The Smithsonian raises private financial support from individual donors, corporations and foundations to fund programs and other initiatives. Funds are also generated through numerous membership programs. Fund-raising costs are expensed as incurred and reported as advance- ment expense in the statement of financial activity. Mem- bership program costs are amortized over membership terms, typically one year, and are also reported as Advance- ment expenses. (q) Comparative Financial Statements The statement of financial activity includes certain prior- year summarized comparative information in total but not by net asset class. Such information does not include sufficient detail to constitute a presentation in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Accord- ingly, such information should be read in conjunction with the Smithsonian's financial statements for the year ended September 30, 1998, from which the summarized information was derived. 329 330 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 (r) Reclassifications Certain amounts have been reclassified in prior year to conform with the current year presentation. (3) Receivables and Advances Receivables and advances consisted of the following at Sep- tember 30, 1999: Trust Federal Total Trade receivables, net of $1,618 in allowances 18,252 — 18,252 Contributions receivable, net (note 3a) 101,799 — 101,799 Grants and contracts 10,048 _— 10,048 Accrued interest and dividends 805 —_— 805 Advance payments (note 3b) 1,048 20,139 21,187 Charitable trust 2,590 — 2,590 Total receivables and advances 134,542 20,139 154,681 (a) Contributions Receivable Contributions receivable (pledges) are recorded as revenue when unconditional promises are received. Pledges for which payment is not due within one year are discounted based on rates earned by U.S. Treasury obligations with corresponding maturities. As of September 30, 1999, the aggregate discounted contributions receivable was as fol- lows: Due within: Less than 1 year 30,017 1 to 5 years 83,765 More than 5 years 4,680 118,462 Less: Allowance for uncollectible pledges (3,812) Discount to present value (at rates ranging from 4.43 to 6.45%) (12,851) Contributions receivable, net 101,799 At September 30, 1999, the Smithsonian has outstanding conditional contributions totaling $15,500 which will be recognized if and when the specific conditions are met. (b) Advance Payments At September 30, 1999, federal advance payments of approximately $20,139 represent prepayments made to government agencies, educational institutions, firms and individuals for services to be rendered, or property or mate- tials to be furnished. At September 30, 1999, advance payments included amounts paid to the General Services Administration of $10,591 for equipment purchases for the Museum Support Center and other projects to be completed in future years. (4) Reconciliation of Federal Appropriations Federal appropriation revenue recognized in fiscal year 1999 can be reconciled to the federal appropriations received in fiscal year 1999 as follows: Repair and Salaries Restoration and and Expenses Construction Total Federal appropriation revenue 344,042 58,547 402,589 Unexpended 1999 appropriation 55,107 60,400 115,507 Amounts expended from prior years (46,268) (58,547) (104,815) Other funding (1,537) —* (1,537) Fiscal year 1999 federal appropriations 351,344 60,400 411,744 Federal expenses recognized in fiscal year 1999 can be rec- onciled to the federal appropriations received in fiscal year 1999 as follows: Repair and Salaries Restoration and and Expenses Construction Total Federal expenses 341,856 30,938 372,794 Unexpended 1999 appropriation 55,107 60,400 115,507 Depreciation (8,891) (30,938) (39,829) Supplies consumption (74) — (74) Gain (loss) on disposition of assets (301) — (301) Unfunded annual leave (748) — (748) Amounts expended from prior years (46,268) (58,547) (104,815) Capital expenditures 10,458 $8,547 69,005 Collection items purchased 1,742 —_ 1,742 Other funding (2,537) — (1,537) Fiscal year 1999 federal appropriations 351,344 60,400 411,744 Federal unrestricted net assets primarily represent the Smithsonian’s net investment in property, plant and equipment purchased with or constructed using federal appropriated funds. Unexpended appropriations for all fiscal years total $191,675 at September 30, 1999, and consist of $80,882 in unexpended operating funds, $66,565 in unexpended repair and restoration funds and $44,228 in unexpended construction funds. Unexpended operating funds include amounts for the Museum Support Center move and the National Museum of the American Indian. Unexpended repair and restoration funds represent amounts available for on-going major repair and restoration of the Smith- sonian’s museums and facilities. Unexpended construction funds represent amounts appropriated but not yet expended for construction of new facilities. (5) Accessions and Deaccessions For fiscal year 1999, $6,794 of trust funds and $1,742 of federal funds were spent to acquire collection items. Pro- ceeds from trust fund deaccessions were $1,000. There were no deaccessions of collection items purchased with federal funds in fiscal year 1999. At September 30, 1999, accumu- lated proceeds and related earnings from deaccessions amounted to $17,270 and are designated within unrestricted net assets for collections acquisition in the trust funds. Non-cash deaccessions result from the exchange, dona- tion, or destruction of collection items, and occur because objects deteriorate, are beyond the scope of a museum’s mission, or are duplicative. During fiscal year 1999, the Smithsonian’s non-cash deaccessions included works of art, animals, historical objects, and natural specimens. Con- tributed items held for sale total $4,060 and are included in prepaid and deferred expense and other assets in the state- ment of financial position. (6) Investments At September 30, 1999, investments consisted of the following: Short-term investments: Cash equivalents 20,619 U.S. Government obligations 32,304 52,923 Endowment and similar investments: Pooled investments: Cash equivalents 9,270 U.S. Government and quasi-government obligations 44,591 Corporate bonds and other obligations 163,136 Common and preferred stocks 469,944 Total pooled investments 682,941 Non pooled investments: Deposits with U.S. Treasury 1,000 Total endowment and similar investments 683,941 Gift annuity program investments: Cash equivalents 4 Corporate bonds and other obligations 49] Common and preferred stock 1,162 1,657 Total investments 738,521 Financial Report 331 (7) True Endowment and Funds Functioning as Endowments Substantially all of the investments of the endowment are pooled on a market value basis, with individual funds sub- scribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the per unit market value at the beginning of the month in which the transaction takes place. At September 30, 1999, the market value of the pool equated to $721 per unit. The market value of the pool’s net assets at September 30, 1999, was $657,310. This represents all pooled investments plus or minus net receivables and payables related to unsettled investment transactions. Each fund participating in the investment pool receives an annual payout equal to the number of units owned times the annual payout amount per unit. The payout for fiscal year 1999 was $22.80 per unit, or 4.5 percent of the average market value of the endowment over the prior five years. Net asset balances of the endowment consisted of the following at September 30, 1999: Unrestricted 257,691 Unrestricted-designated 201,870 Total unrestricted 459,521 Temporarily restricted 140,360 Permanently restricted 63,248 Total endowment net assets 663,129 During 1999, the Smithsonian agreed to transfer the Seward Johnson Trust Fund for Oceanography (the John- son Fund) to Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Inc. (Harbor Branch), a private operating foundation. The Johnson Fund was originally received by the Smith- sonian in 1969 as a permanently restricted gift of $3,400, restricted to the development and operation of the Johnson-Sea-Link Research submersible vehicle and oceanographic research. At the date of transfer, in February 1999, the original gift corpus and accumulated interest totaled $44,800. The con- tribution is reported in the statement of financial activity as a non-operating reduction of both temporarily restricted and permanently restricted net assets, in the amounts of $41,400 and $3,400, respectively. In exchange for being appointed trustee of the Johnson Fund, Harbor Branch agreed to donate 30 percent of the value of the Johnson Fund at the date of transfer to the Smithsonian from Harbor Branch’s own funds. The contri- bution of $13,400 is reported in the statement of financial activity as a program support contribution, increasing tem- porarily restricted net assets. The net affect of these related transactions is a $31,400 reduction in net assets. 332 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 (8) Composition of Total Return from Investments Total return from investments consisted of the following for the year ended September 30, 1999: Composition of Endowment Return: Endowment payout 21,022 Investment income in excess of payout 107 Total investment income 21,129 Less—investment fees (1,479) Net investment income 19,650 Net realized and unrealized gain on investments 101,800 Endowment total return Endowment total return is reported as $21,022 in operat- ing revenue representing the annual payout, and the excess of $100,428 as non-operating endowment income in the statement of financial activity. Composition of Short-Term Investment Total Return: Interest and dividends 2,419 Net gain on investments 932 Short-term investment total return 2,951 (9) Property and Equipment Property and equipment consisted of the following at Sep- tember 30, 1999: Trust Federal Total Land 2,500 — 2,500 Buildings and capital improvements 173,416 880,153 1,053,569 Equipment 30,398 $4,263 84,661 Leasehold improvements 2,623 _— 2,623 208,937 934,416 1,143,353 Accumulated depreciation (77,671) (465,438) (543,109) Total property and equipment 131,266 468,978 600,244 At September 30, 1999, buildings and capital improve- ments included $15,197 and $155,016 of construction in progress within Trust and Federal funds, respectively. Depreciation expense for fiscal year 1999 totaled $8,190 in the trust funds and $39,829 in the federal funds. (10) Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following at September 30, 1999: 121,450 Trust Federal Total Accounts payable 16,941 16,408 33,349 Accrued salaries and benefits 23,836 28,913 $2,749 Other accrued liabilities 3,000 $,457 8,457 Total accounts payable and accrued expenses 43,777 50,778 94,555 (11) Long-term Debt In January 1998, the District of Columbia issued $41,300 of tax-exempt revenue bonds on behalf of the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian is obligated under these bonds as follows: Series 1997 Revenue Bonds, Serial, with interest rates ranging from 4.10% to 4.75%, maturing at various dates from February 1, 2002 through 2012: 10,950 Series 1997 Revenue Bonds Term: Interest rate 5.00% due February 1, 2017 7,105 Interest rate 4.75% due February 1, 2018 1,640 Interest rate 5.00% due February 1, 2028 21,625 Total bonds at face value 41,320 Less—unamortized bond discount (785) Total bonds payable 40,535 Interest free note, Virginia Department of Aviation 1,000 Total long-term debt 41,535 The serial and term bonds represent an unsecured general obligation of the Smithsonian. Proceeds from the sale of the bonds will finance certain renovations of and improve- ments to the National Museum of Natural History, fund capitalized interest, and pay certain costs of issuing the bonds. Interest on the bonds is payable semi-annually on August 1 and February 1, beginning on August 1, 1998. Principal and interest payments will be funded solely through unrestricted Trust funds. The term bonds maturing on February 1, 2017 and 2028 are subject to mandatory redemption by operations of sinking fund installments. Installment payments for the term bond maturing February 1, 2017, begin on Febru- ary 1, 2013 and range from $1,285 to $1,565 per year through the maturity date. Installment payments for the term bond maturing February 1, 2028 begin on February 1, 2019 and range from $1,720 to $2,665 per year through the maturity date. Interest expense on bonds payable for fiscal year 1999 totaled $1,334 net of capitalized interest of approximately $666. At September 30, 1999, the Smithsonian also had an interest-free loan from the Virginia Department of Aviation totaling $1,000. The Virginia Department of Aviation agreed, in fiscal year 1995, to make available to the Smith- sonian an interest-free loan facility totaling $3,000, of which $500 was drawn in fiscal years 1996 and 1997. This loan facility is intended to assist in the financing of the planning, marketing, fund-raising, and design of the pro- posed National Air and Space Museum extension at Wash- ington Dulles International Airport. The Smithsonian is scheduled to repay the outstanding loan not later than June 30, 2001. (12) Affiliate Relationships The Smithsonian provides certain fiscal, procurement, facilities and administrative services to several separately incorporated affiliated organizations, not consolidated in these financial statements, for which certain officials of the Smithsonian serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Smithsonian by these organizations for the above services totaled $164 of trust funds and $147 of federal funds for fiscal year 1999. Deposits held in custody for these organizations at September 30, 1999, were $3,133 and were recorded in the trust funds. The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ), an indepen- dent 501(c)(3) organization, raises funds for the benefit of the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park. Funds received by the Smithsonian from FONZ are recorded as unre- stricted revenue and totaled $583 in fiscal year 1999. (13) Employee Benefit Plans The federal employees of the Smithsonian are covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS). The terms of these plans are defined in federal regulations. Under both systems, the Smithsonian withholds from each federal employee’s salary the required salary percentage. The Smithsonian also contributes specified percentages. The Smithsonian’s expense for these plans for fiscal year 1999 was $16,912. The Smithsonian has a separate defined contribution retirement plan for trust fund employees, in which sub- stantially all such employees are eligible to participate. Under the plan, the Smithsonian contributes stipulated percentages of salary which are used to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the employees. Employees can make voluntary contribu- tions, subject to certain limitations. The Smithsonian’s cost of the plan for fiscal year 1999 was $10,437. In addition to the Smithsonian’s retirement plans, the Smithsonian makes available certain health care and life insurance benefits to active and retired trust fund employ- ees. The plan is contributory for retirees and requires pay- ment of premiums and deductibles. Retiree contributions for premiums are established by an insurance carrier based on the average per capita cost of benefit coverage for all participants, active and retired, in the Smithsonian’s plan. The following information summarizes the activity of postretirement benefit plans as of and for the year ended September 30, 1999: Financial Report Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at September 30, 1998 10,498 Service cost 300 Interest cost 351 Actuarial gain (6,181) Benefits paid (118) Benefit obligation, September 30, 1999 4,850 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, September 30, 1998 234 Actual return on plan assets 19 Employer contributions 118 Refund of life insurance reserve (253) Benefits paid (118) Fair value of plan assets, September 30, 1999 — Projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets (4,850) Unrecognized transition obligation 4,564 Unrecognized net actuarial gain (6,508) Accrued postretirement benefit obligation (6,794) Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost 300 Interest cost 351 Expected return on plan assets (19) Amortization of transition obligation 326 Amortization of unrecognized gain (633) Net periodic postretirement benefit cost 325 Weighted-average assumptions as of September 30: Discount rate 8.25% Expected return on plan assets 8.25% Rate of compensaiton increase 3.50% For measurement purposes, the September 30, 1999 postre- tirement benefit obligation was determined using a 6.5 per- cent annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of cov- ered health care benefits was assumed for fiscal year 2000. The rate was assumed to decrease gradually to 4.5 percent for fiscal year 2004 and remain at that level thereafter. The effect of a one percent change in the assumed health care cost trend rate at September 30, 1999 would have resulted in an approximate $522 increase or $409 decrease in the postretirement benefit obligation and an approximate $93 increase or $71 decrease in the 1999 postretirement benefit cost. (14) Income Taxes The Smithsonian is recognized as exempt from income tax- ation under the provisions of Section 501(c)(3) of the Inter- nal Revenue Code (the Code). Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income. Periodical advertising sales is the main source of unrelated business income. An IRS determination letter has been received supporting the Smithsonian’s tax-exempt 333 334 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 (12) Affiliate Relationships The Smithsonian provides certain fiscal, procurement, facilities and administrative services to several separately incorporated affiliated organizations, not consolidated in these financial statements, for which certain officials of the Smithsonian serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Smithsonian by these organizations for the above services totaled $164 of trust funds and $147 of federal funds for fiscal year 1999. Deposits held in custody for these organizations at September 30, 1999, were $3,133 and were recorded in the trust funds. The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ), an indepen- dent 501(c)(3) organization, raises funds for the benefit of the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park. Funds received by the Smithsonian from FONZ are recorded as unre- stricted revenue and totaled $583 in fiscal year 1999. (13) Employee Benefit Plans The federal employees of the Smithsonian are covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS). The terms of these plans are defined in federal regulations. Under both systems, the Smithsonian withholds from each federal employee’s salary the required salary percentage. The Smithsonian also contributes specified percentages. The Smithsonian’s expense for these plans for fiscal year 1999 was $16,912. The Smithsonian has a separate defined contribution retirement plan for trust fund employees, in which sub- stantially all such employees are eligible to participate. Under the plan, the Smithsonian contributes stipulated percentages of salary which are used to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the employees. Employees can make voluntary contribu- tions, subject to certain limitations. The Smithsonian’s cost of the plan for fiscal year 1999 was $10,437. In addition to the Smithsonian’s retirement plans, the Smithsonian makes available certain health care and life insurance benefits to active and retired trust fund employ- ees. The plan is contributory for retirees and requires pay- ment of premiums and deductibles. Retiree contributions for premiums are established by an insurance carrier based on the average per capita cost of benefit coverage for all participants, active and retired, in the Smithsonian’s plan. The following information summarizes the activity of postretirement benefit plans as of and for the year ended September 30, 1999: Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at September 30, 1998 10,498 Service cost 300 Interest cost Soli Actuarial gain (6,181) Benefits paid (118) Benefit obligation, September 30, 1999 4,850 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, September 30, 1998 234 Actual return on plan assets 19 Employer contributions 118 Refund of life insurance reserve (253) Benefits paid (118) Fair value of plan assets, September 30, 1999 — Projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets (4,850) Unrecognized transition obligation 4,564 Unrecognized net actuarial gain (6,508) Accrued postretirement benefit obligation (6,794) Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost 300 Interest cost 351 Expected return on plan assets (19) Amortization of transition obligation 326 Amortization of unrecognized gain (633) Net periodic postretirement benefit cost 325 Weighted-average assumptions as of September 30: Discount rate 8.25% Expected return on plan assets 8.25% Rate of compensaiton increase 3.50% For measurement purposes, the September 30, 1999 postre- tirement benefit obligation was determined using a 6.5 per- cent annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of cov- ered health care benefits was assumed for fiscal year 2000. The rate was assumed to decrease gradually to 4.5 percent for fiscal year 2004 and remain at that level thereafter. The effect of a one percent change in the assumed health care cost trend rate at September 30, 1999 would have resulted in an approximate $522 increase or $409 decrease in the postretirement benefit obligation and an approximate $93 increase or $71 decrease in the 1999 postretirement benefit cost. (14) Income Taxes The Smithsonian is recognized as exempt from income tax- ation under the provisions of Section 501(c)(3) of the Inter- nal Revenue Code (the Code). Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income. Periodical advertising sales is the main source of unrelated business income. An IRS determination letter has been received supporting the Smithsonian’s tax-exempt Financial Report 335 status. No provision for income taxes was required for fis- cal year 1999. It is the opinion of the Smithsonian’s management that the Smithsonian is also exempt from taxation as an instru- mentality of the United States as defined in Section 501(c)(1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are exempt from all income taxation. The Smithsonian has not yet formally sought such dual status. (15) Business Activities A summary of business activities reported in the statement of activities for the year ended September 30, 1999 follows: Revenue —_ Expenses Net Magazines 72,556 57,942 14,614 The Smithsonian Associates 32,438 33,933 (1,095) Museum shops and mail order 71,268 65,332 5,936 Smithsonian Institution Press 8,930 8,633 297 Concessions, licensing and other 32,104 26,390 5,714 217,296 191,830 25,466 (16) Commitments and Contingencies (a) Leasing Activities Leases for Smithsonian warehouse and office spaces pro- vide for rent escalations to coincide with increases in prop- erty taxes, operating expenses attributable to the leased property and the Consumer Price Index. The Smithsonian has the authority to enter into leases for up to 30 years using federal funds. The Smithsonian’s operating leases for the warehouse and office spaces require future minimum lease payments as follows: 2000 13,348 2001 7,878 2002 7,748 2003 6,774 2004 Spl27 Thereafter 17,287 58,162 Rental expense for operating leases totaled $16,518 for fiscal year 1999. (b) Government Grants and Contracts The Smithsonian receives funding or reimbursement from governmental agencies for various activities which are sub- ject to audit. Audits of these activities have been completed through fiscal year 1998, however, fiscal year 1998 has not been closed with the cognizant federal audit agency. Man- agement believes that any adjustments which may result from this audit and the audit for fiscal year 1999 will have no materially adverse effect on the Smithsonian’s financial position. (c) Litigation The Smithsonian is a party to various litigation arising out of the normal conduct of its operations. In the opinion of the Smithsonian’s General Counsel, the ultimate resolution of these matters will have no materially adverse effect on the Smithsonian’s financial position. (d) National Museum of the American Indian The Smithsonian broke ground in September 1999 for the construction of the National Museum of the American Indian. Federal appropriations of $73,300 are budgeted for this project. Restricted contributions collected or pledged of $23,800 are included in temporarily restricted net assets. Additional fund-raising will provide the remainder of the funds needed. The museum is projected to open in 2003. (e) National Air and Space Museum Extension The Smithsonian is planning to build a major extension of the National Air and Space Museum at Dulles International Airport in Northern Virginia. A long-term lease has been signed for a 176.5 acre site with the Washington Area Air- port Authority. Subject to Smithsonian Board of Regents’ approval, access and infrastructure work will begin in Spring 2000. The project is expected to be financed through a combi- nation of donations, net revenues from business activities of the facility, and external borrowing. Donations and business activities revenues are projected to fully service any debt. Restricted contributions collected or pledged of $80,000 are included in temporarily restricted net assets. The Commonwealth of Virginia is committed to expend an estimated $34,000 on access and infrastructure improve- ments on the site. (f) Victor Building The Smithsonian entered into an agreement on June 24, 1999 to purchase a building known as the Victor Building, a 330,000 square foot commercial office structure in North- west Washington, DC. The core and shell of the building has since been renovated, and the transaction for its pur- chase for approximately $86,000 is expected to close in March 2000. The building will be used to house museum support staff and central administrative staff currently in leased space. The total cost of the project (including the build out of the interior space) is estimated at $106,000. The project will be funded through external borrowing which will be primar- ily serviced by fundraising and savings on currently bud- geted lease costs. (g) Year 2000 The Smithsonian has addressed anticipated operational issues resulting from the year 2000. Management has final- ized contingency plans and is prepared to address any mat- ters that may arise that could create potential for business interruption. 336 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 wii HN 3 9088 01096 0896 Wn O Smithsonian Institution National Collections Program William G. Tompkins, National Collections Coordinator Lauri A. Swann, Assistant National Collections Coordinator For additional copies contact: National Collections Program PO Box 37012 Arts and Industries Building, Room 3101 MRC 404, Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20013-7012 Tel. (202) 357-3125 Fax (202) 633-9214 Email tompkinsw@si.edu