AM
101
.S6635
1999
MSRLSI
Annals of the
Ci r LC _
Beenie
Institution
National Collections Program
Smithsonian Institution Archives
Washington, D.C.
‘>
Smithsonian
Institution
Annals of the
Smithsonian Institution
1999
Natio ee llections Program
Smithsonian In stitutio n Archives
Washi ington, D.C.
The Annals were copyedited and proofread by Chester Zhivanos. Princeton Editorial Associates, Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona,
and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, assembled and typeset the material. Complete volume printed by Colonial Printing,
Richmond, Virginia. The contents of the Aznals were produced from electronic files provided by the museums, offices, and
research institutes of the Smithsonian.
Contents
MAR 0.7 2005
Smithsonian Institution 4
Statement by the Secretary 6
Report of the Board of Regents 9
Report of the Provost 11
Reports of the Museums and Research
Institutes 14
Reports of Education, Museum, and
Scholarly Services 42
Report of the Under Secretary 51
Reports of the Administrative Offices 53
Report of Development and Membership 66
Contributing Members 70
Donors 85
Chronology 132
Academic, Research Training, and Internship
Appointments 137
Award Activity 207,
Publications of the Smithsonian Institution
Press 218
Publications of the Staff 220
The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries,
September 30, 1999 280
Members of the Smithsonian Councils,
Boards, and Commissions,
September 30, 1999 303
Visits to the Smithsonian Institution
Museums and Galleries 309
Reports of Affiliated Organizations 310
Financial Report 314
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress
in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James
Smithson of England, who in 1826 bequeathed his property
to the United States of America “to found at Washington,
under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establish-
ment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among
men.” After receiving the property and accepting the trust,
Congress vested responsibility for administering the trust in
the Smithsonian Board of Regents.
Board of Regents and Secretary
September 30, 1999
Board of Regents
William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States,
Chancellor, ex officio
Albert Gore Jr., Vice-President of the United States, ex
officio
Thad Cochran, Senator from Mississippi
Bill Frist, Senator from Tennessee
Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York
Sam Johnson, Representative from Texas
Robert T. Matsui, Representative from California
Ralph Regula, Representative from Ohio
Howard H. Baker Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia
Barber B. Conable Jr., Citizen of New York
Anne d’Harnoncourt, Citizen of Pennsylvania
Hanna H. Gray, Citizen of Illinois
Manuel L. Ibdfiez, Citizen of Texas
Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan
Frank A. Shrontz, Citizen of Washington
Wesley S. Williams Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia
The Secretary
I. Michael Heyman, Secretary
Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary
J. Dennis O'Connor, Provost
Gary M. Beer, Chief Executive Officer, Smithsonian Business
Ventures
Thomas D. Blair, Inspector General
Robert V. Hanle, Executive Director for Development
Donald L. Hardy, Director of Government Relations
James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary
John E. Huerta, General Counsel
David J. Umansky, Director of Communications
L. Carole Wharton, Director of the Office of Planning,
Management, and Budget
Smithsonian National Board
September 30, 1999
Current Members
Hon. Frank Weil, Chairman
Hon. Max Berry, Vice-Chair
Mrs. Carolyn S. Blount
Mr. L. H. “Hacker” Caldwell
Mr. Peter R. Coneway
Mr. Thomas E. Congdon
Mr. Frank A. Daniels Jr.
Mr. Archie W. Dunham
Dr. Sylvia A. Earle
Mrs. Jane B. Eisner
Mrs. Patricia Frost
Ms. Nely Galan
Mr. Bert Getz
Mr. Stephen Hamblett
Mr. Frederic C. Hamilton
Mr. Paul Hertelendy
Mr. Robert L. James
Mrs. Dona Kendall
Mrs. Marie L. Knowles
Hon. Marc E. Leland
Mrs. Elizabeth S. MacMillan
Mr. John D. Macomber
Mrs. Holly Madigan
Mrs. Millicent Mailliard, ex officio
Mr. Michael McBride
Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy
Mr. Kenneth B. Miller
Hon. Norman Y. Mineta
Mr. Thomas D. Mullins
Mr. Henry R. Mufioz II
Ms. Nancy Brown Negley
Mr. John M. Nelson
Mrs. Mary Ourisman
Mr. James Patton
Mr. Heinz C. Prechter
Smithsonian Institution
Mr. Thomas F. Pyle Jr.
Baron Eric de Rothschild
Mr. A. R. Sanchez
Mr. David M. Silfen
Mr. Kenneth L. Smith
Mr. Kelso Sutton
Mr. Jackson Tai
Mr. Anthony Welters
Mr. Daniel Yohannes
Honorary Members
Mr. Robert McC. Adams
Mr. William S. Anderson
Mr. Richard P. Cooley
Mr. Joseph F. Cullman 3rd
Mr. Charles D. Dickey Jr.
Mr. Alfred C. Glassell Jr.
Mr. James M. Kemper Jr.
Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney
Hon. George C. McGhee
Justice Sandra D. O’Connor
Mr. S. Dillon Ripley
Mr. Francis C. Rooney Jr.
Mr. Wilbur L. Ross Jr.
Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer
Mrs. Gay F. Wray
Statement by the Secretary
I. Michael Heyman
Museums and the New Millennium
In the last five years, from 1994 to 1999, I have had the
Opportunity to report to you on the many ways that the
Smithsonian serves the nation. Last year, for example, I took
up the theme of the Smithsonian’s extensive commitment to
the increase of knowledge through scientific research and
scholarship in the humanities. This, my final report to you as
Secretary, is an attempt to share my view of the Smithsonian's
significant role as a family of great museums. In some ways,
what has happened to museums in our society in the decades
since the end of World War II is nothing less than miracu-
lous. And there is no better way to understand these changes
than to look at our remarkable Smithsonian Institution.
When we organized our 150th anniversary celebration,
which I described in my 1996 report, researchers went back
to the hundred-year commemoration, in 1946, and discov-
ered to our collective amazement that the entire staff of the
Smithsonian was then about 400 people and the number of
museums, incorporating various kinds of collections and
stretching various definitions, was four. Fifty years later, the
staff had grown to roughly 6,500 and the number of muse-
ums to 16 and research institutes to five. In 1946, our
museums recorded more than 2 million visits. At last count,
that figure was more than 28 million. By any standard,
that’s amazing growth.
This expansion reflects the vitality of the American
museum community in general. There are more than 8,300
museums listed in the Official Museum Directory, which some
actually consider an undercount. According to the summer
1999 issue of Daedalus, the journal of the American Acad-
emy of Arts and Sciences, when statistics were last reported
in a 1989 study called Museums Count, “only 4 percent [of
America’s museums] were founded before 1900. Three-
quarters have been founded since 1950 and 40 percent since
1970.” In the last two years of this waning century, Daedalus
reports, it is estimated that 150 museums will be built or
significantly expanded.
The Smithsonian is a part of this forward momentum.
At the end of September 1999, I had the pleasure of break-
ing ground with Native Americans from all regions for the
National Museum of the American Indian to be built in
the shadow of the Capitol on the last available site on the
National Mall. My successor as Secretary, Larry Small, will
have the pleasure of presiding over another great occasion
one day, the opening of the enormous extension to the
National Air and Space Museum at Dulles Airport outside
Washington, D.C. Clearly, museums count more than ever
before, in every meaning of the word.
But why?
Let me make a few guesses.
At one level, the explosive growth of museums may sim-
ply have a great deal to do with the growth in prosperity, in
the desire for meaningful leisure activities, and in the expan-
sion of our college-educated population, all of which have
marked the postwar decades. At the Smithsonian, we have
particularly benefited from the growth in national confi-
dence in the era some have called the American Century.
At least four of our Smithsonian museums—the National
Museum of American History, the National Museum of
American Art, the National Portrait Gallery, and, above all,
the National Air and Space Museum—burst forth out of that
need to represent our national pride. Other museums around
the country have come to express civic, regional, community,
and ethnic pride in the same spirit.
As a corollary, I suspect museums have come to be places
of validation in a society that has seen the erosion of many
social institutions traditionally representing trust and au-
thority. While religion and family retain their strong
foundations for many Americans, other Americans are expe-
riencing uncertainty and drift. Museums have always been
places where society asserts that certain things are impor-
Statement by the Secretary Uf
tant. But increasingly, all of society, not just traditional
elites, look to museums and similar organizations to recog-
nize values, to represent permanence in a changing world,
and in general just to sort out what matters.
This process has proven particularly vitalizing for many
of America’s ethnic communities. The Museum of African
American History in Detroit has become a crucial institu-
tion in the life of its community. The United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum has pioneered a way to sort
out one of the darkest chapters in human existence, not only
for the Jewish community but for the nation as a whole. And
the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles has
defined for its community and the world at large the nature
of the Japanese American experience.
Many in the museum world are embracing a new notion
of public service that is proactive. Increasingly the argument
is being made that museums must demonstrate their useful-
ness to their communities. It is no longer enough to simply
represent the good and the beautiful. In a speech earlier this
year, my Smithsonian colleague, Stephen Weil, imagined at
least some of the goals museums must aspire to:
Museums can provide forms of public service that are all
but infinite in their variety. Museums can inspire indi-
vidual achievement in the arts and in science, they can
serve to strengthen family and other personal ties, they
can help communities to achieve and maintain social
stability, they can act as advocates or play the role of
mediator, they can inspire respect for the natural envi-
ronment, they can generate self-respect and mutual
respect, they can provide safe environments for self-
exploration and ever so much more.
Seeing museums as not only passive environments for in-
spiration but actual problem solvers for American society
is a new and exciting approach. Sometimes the goals are
quite targeted. I noticed recently, for example, that the Drug
Enforcement Administration has just created what amounts
to a museum on addiction to show the terrible costs of a
national blight and the strategies used to combat it.
But goals for museums can be very broad in scope as well.
My own hope for the Smithsonian, and particularly for its
National Museum of American History, is that it can play
some part in healing some of the fractures in our social frame-
work, in creating an inclusive sense of national identity in the
new century. That may, in fact, be our most important task.
I had the opportunity to make this point in the presence
of President and Mrs. Clinton at a ceremony launching our
effort to conserve the Star-Spangled Banner:
We at the Smithsonian recognize our roles as custo-
dians of our most loved national treasures. But we see
as an extension of that responsibility our obligation to
provide a national place where the many communities
of America can learn about each other and honor each
other’s past and present. We are bound together as a
people not in uniformity but in shared hope and, if we
get it right, mutual respect.
There is one sphere of public service for which the value of
museums is just beginning to be understood—that of public
education. We understand, of course, that museums have
long had an important role in what is called informal educa-
tion. They are, after all, places to discover and to learn about
the world. But the emerging museum of the future, which
takes its educational responsibilities seriously, will find itself
more and more a full participant in classroom education. As
I described in my 1997 report, this responsibility goes be-
yond the important task of providing materials that are
useful to teachers. The Smithsonian, as I mentioned, in the
fall of 1996 forged a partnership with the District of Colum-
bia Public Schools to establish two Museum Magnet Schools,
one elementary and one middle school. Students in these
schools collect, study, and interpret objects to learn science,
art, and geography, among other subjects. Like the curators
they resemble, the young people conduct research and then
choose ways to communicate their discoveries to others.
Often it is the private sector that has shown us how to rein-
vent our educational involvement. I am particularly intrigued
by the recent partnership between our National Museum of
Natural History and Voyager Expanded Learning, Inc., to
create after-school and summer programs that enrich and en-
liven the educational experience. A particular favorite of mine
is the four-week Smithsonian T-Rex program that involves
such hands-on experience as the casting of dinosaur teeth to
separate fact from fantasy under the guidance of scientists.
Equally exciting is our own Smithsonian Early Enrichment
Center for preschoolers. Immersed in object-based education,
these three- and four-year-olds are exceeding expected
achievement in all areas. Two thirds of the center’s preschool-
ers score in the 99th percentile in nationally normed science
tests upon completion of the program. That’s exciting by any
standards and gives museums the hope of making a difference
in ways we did not even suspect a decade ago.
That’s the good news. But we need also to examine the
challenges and uncertainties that museums face in the future.
Challenges, of course, can lead to opportunities for reinven-
tion, but we have to be aware of them and intelligent in our
response.
Because museums have so many responsibilities and are
the focus of so many expectations, the pressures on staff and
directors to clarify what it is they do and how to manage and
increase their resources are growing at an incredible rate. We
used to think of the ideal director of a museum as a profes-
sional risen from the ranks of one of its key scholarly fields,
but now directors must deal with issues of management,
fund-raising, and political interaction unimaginable in qui-
eter days. Take the questions of corporate sponsorship or the
launching of business ventures. Each entails risks to an insti-
tution that values its integrity, but the risks can be handled, I
think, and are outweighed by benefits. Taking on these new
challenges represents a new way of thinking that incorporates
ideas of true partnership with the private sector, involving
strategies for using the marketplace without going down
pathways that conflict or seem to conflict with our mission.
There’s another challenge to be met, one that also creates its
fair share of worry among my colleagues. It is the increasing
8 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
competition for the public’s attention from the many dimen-
sions of entertainment available on television or movie screens,
in the great theme parks, and even in the retail universe repre-
sented by Niketown or the Hard Rock Cafés around the
nation and the world. A recent article in the Harvard Business
Review has created a sensation in both the museum and the re-
tail worlds by heralding the arrival of what the two authors
call “the experience economy.” Cultural institutions must in-
creasingly appeal to an audience making choices among a
variety of experiences and must learn not only to recognize
this role but also explicitly to define what is unique and valu-
able in the educational and aesthetic experiences they offer.
I am one who believes that cultural institutions have a re-
sponsibility to engage actively with the popular culture
while not confusing our purposes with those of the commer-
cial world. One of my initiatives that has surprised a number
of traditionalists has been to open a discussion with Holly-
wood about possible partnerships in the creation of what I
would call a quality brand in films, television, and possibly
even theatrical performance. At the moment, I am opti-
mistic that we can create programs with both educational
and entertainment value.
We have curators working on Mel Gibson’s next film, an
American Revolutionary epic, Te Patriot, now in produc-
tion. We are also planning three films for television on the
African American experience, with some of the best actors,
producers, and directors in Hollywood. Museums can and
must have influence far beyond their buildings.
Less surprising but equally important is my commitment
and that of my colleagues in other museums to use the
atest technologies to make available what we have to offer in
new ways to audiences throughout the nation and the world.
One of my first statements as Secretary was to announce my
hope to create an electronic Smithsonian, and I have seen our
Web site become one of the most visited cultural sites in the
world. We are committed to digitizing millions of our objects
in order to guarantee universal access to our collections, only
3, to 4 percent of which we can actually display.
But digitization is, of course, just the beginning. We can
all foresee a future when not only flat images but the full
three dimensions of objects can be easily communicated elec-
tronically so they can be explored in all their wonderful
complexity. We have already experimented at the Smithson-
ian with a CD-ROM that effectively uses impressive 3D
technology. We will also, Iam convinced, one day have cura-
tors able to create cyber-exhibitions that use the unique
properties of that medium to connect objects to contexts in
space and time. Imagine, if you will, an object in our collec-
tion of Native American artifacts returned visually to the
world that created it hundreds of years ago, or a natural ob-
ject morphed back to its place of origin in the natural world.
The challenge here, of course, is not of imagination; we
can meet that. The challenge that must be solved is re-
sources. It is expensive to do what we must do electronically.
And it is not only the electronic world that will test our
resources. Where will we find the funds to collect and con-
serve those millions of objects in our care? None of them are
getting any newer. And what of the buildings to house
them? The Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American
Indian requires, in addition to the museum we are building
on the National Mall and the exhibition facility in New
York, a large, separate resource center to house more than a
million objects in ways that respect their preservation needs
on the one hand and their many uses on the other. And to
mention another problem, where do you put a jumbo jet or
new spacecraft models? One of those could fill up an entire
wing of the National Air and Space Museum on the Mall. So
we build bigger and bigger facilities for them.
The issue of the economics of museum creation and preser-
vation opens up a host of related issues as we contemplate our
future as valued social institutions. How do we judge our
usefulness, our reason to exist? When we are asked if we are
well run, what do we say? What is our standard and process
of accountability? These, as Steve Weil argues, are not a mat-
ter of insisting that museums look like the commercial world
but only that they more clearly articulate their own goals and
their basis for evaluating whether they are meeting them.
I found the summer 1999 issue of Daedalus devoted to the
subject of museums to be fascinating precisely because it re-
vealed that museums are just now beginning to ask tough
definitional and structural questions about themselves, much
as has already happened in other contexts in the modern
world. Think, for example, of the realignment of the infor-
mation and global economy or of the continual reinvention
of both our political parties.
One writer wondered whether to be called a museum a
place had principally to house and display objects. Another
wondered whether museums really do “shape anyone’s val-
ues, validate anyone’s identity, impose any lasting sense of
order.” And another asked museums to add to their curator-
ial expertise “collaboration with filmmakers, game creators,
artists, poets, storytellers.”
There was another challenge to traditional ways of think-
ing in Daedalus that I found particularly telling. Many
museums, historically, have been quite territorial in their
view of their responsibilities, more competitive than coopera-
tive in the building and sharing of their collections. One of
the Smithsonian’s initiatives in the last five years that am
most proud of is our Affiliations Program, which establishes
partnerships with museums and planned museums through-
out the country, making available to them Smithsonian
collections and expertise. One example, and in fact the first of
our arrangements, has been the cooperation of our National
Museum of American History with a group in Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, to create in the former steel mills a place to ex-
hibit America’s industrial history. Objects too big to display
in the American History Museum will now take their place
in the telling of one of our nation’s great stories.
These are the best and worst of times for museums. They
are attracting enormous public attention; they are broaden-
ing the range of what they do; they are groaning under the
weight of expectations and resource shortfalls; they are stir-
ring and complaining and aspiring and competing and
sometimes ducking for cover. At the height of their popular-
ity, they are wondering what they are.
I wouldn't have it any other way.
Report of the Board of Regents
This year, the Board of Regents welcomed two new members,
Representatives Ralph Regula and Robert T. Matsui, who
filled vacancies created by the departures of Representatives
Bob Livingston and Esteban E. Torres. At year’s end, Louis V.
Gerstner Jr. resigned from the Board of Regents. Regents
Barber B. Conable Jr., Hanna H. Gray, and Wesley S.
Williams Jr. were appointed for successive statutory terms.
At the Regents’ January 25, 1999, meeting, Secretary I.
Michael Heyman announced his decision to retire at the end
of the year. A Search Committee was formed under the
cochairmanship of Howard H. Baker Jr. and Wesley
Williams, with Hanna Gray, Barber Conable, Anne d’Harnon-
court, and Manuel L. Ibdfiez. Smithsonian National Board
Chair Frank A. Weil served in a nonvoting capacity. During
the winter and early spring, the committee advertised the
position widely, sought nominations through extensive corre-
spondence and personal contacts, and consulted with staff and
trusted advisers. At the May 10, 1999, meeting of the board,
the committee discussed with the Regents a proposed list of
qualities to be sought in an 11th Secretary and presented the
leading possibilities among a group of 250 names. At the Sep-
tember 13, 1999, Regents’ meeting, after some 13 interviews
and exhaustive reference checks, the committee unanimously
recommended Lawrence M. Small, president and chief operat-
ing officer of Fannie Mae, electing him to:serve as Secretary
effective January 23, 2000.
With assistance from the Secretary and their ad hoc Com-
mittee on Facilities, chaired by Wesley Williams, the
Regents approved the Smithsonian’s acquisition of property
near the Old Patent Office Building. The site selected, the
Victor Building, will house the programs and offices cur-
rently encroaching on public space in the Patent Office
Building. It will also allow the Institution to relocate most
offices from leased space. The Victor Building appears to of-
fer the Smithsonian space at a significant savings over the
long term. The Secretary and his staff will be raising funds
to make this acquisition affordable.
The Board of Regents authorized the establishment of
Smithsonian Business Ventures. Pursuant to the recommen-
dations of the Regents’ ad hoc Committee on Business
chaired by Senator Baker, Smithsonian Business Ventures
is a separate entity under the direction of its board and chief
executive officer and the oversight of the Secretary and the
Regents. Robert W. Fri, Thomas M. Kenney, Constance
Berry Newman, M. Ronald Ruskin, Robert J. Thomas, and
Anthony Welters were appointed by the Regents to the
Business Ventures Board, and Chief Executive Officer Gary
M. Beer serves as an ex officio member.
The Regents consulted with the Secretary throughout
the year on progress toward a major national fund-raising
campaign. It was particularly gratifying to see the Smithson-
ian National Board’s Campaign Committee contributing to
this year’s substantial progress. During the course of the
year, the Regents approved budget requests for fiscal years
2000 and 2001 and established the following endowment
funds: the Edna E. Blum Endowment for general purposes of
the Institution; the Krieg Drawings and Prints Endowment
at the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; the Karl
Hagan Fund for the National Air and Space Museum; and
the National Zoo Endowment.
The Regents were pleased to confer on Professor Ikuo
Hirayama membership in the Order of James Smithson in
recognition of his outstanding contributions to the Freer
Gallery of Art. The Regents also voted to present Samuel P.
Langley Medals to Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong,
Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, and Michael Collins in commemora-
tion of their pioneering mission to the Moon.
Much of the Regents’ work between meetings was ac-
complished by their standing committees, including the Ex-
ecutive Committee, the Nominating Committee, the Audit
and Review Committee, the Investment Policy Committee,
and the Personnel Committee. As the year drew to a close,
the Regents considered the complexities of the Smithsonian’s
financial management and decided to establish a new ad hoc
10 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Committee on Financial Affairs to recommend to the board
the appropriate roles and responsibilities of a standing com-
mittee on finance.
The Regents established a National Board for the
Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives and an Advisory
Council of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage.
They expanded the Board of Trustees of the Hirshhorn
Museum and Sculpture Garden as authorized by the
Omnibus Appropriations Act for fiscal year 1999. The
Regents were mindful of the diligence of many Smithsonian
advisory boards. In recognition of the importance of these
contributions, the Regents made the following
appointments and reappointments: Siddharth Bhansali,
Elizabeth Moynihan, and Michael Sonnenreich to the
Visiting Committee of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery;
Elizabeth Ernst Meyer and Frank Pearl to the Visiting
Committee of the Freer Gallery of Art; Elliot Lawrence,
Brian S. Leyden, and Frieda Rosenthal to the Commission of
the National Museum of African Art; Jorge Batista, William
Drenttel, Joanne duPont Foster, Elaine La Roche, Jeffrey T.
Leeds, Nancy Marks, Kenneth Miller, and Arthur Ross to
the Board of Trustees of the Cooper-Hewitt, National
Design Museum; Bernadette Berger, Ann Cousins, Ruth
Sulzberger Holmberg, Jestis Moroles, David M. Silfen, and
Carole Slavin to the Commission of the National Museum of
American Art; Anne B. Baddour, Eugene A. Cernan, Frank
A. Daniels Jr., Stanley Hiller, Thomas G. Pownall, Allen E.
Puckett, Richard T. Schlosberg II, and Patty Wagstaff to
the National Air and Space Museum’s Dulles Center
National Board; Paul K. Dayton, Henry L. Diamond,
Charles McC. Mathias, and William R. Sweeney Jr. to the
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Advisory
Board; Jane Beck, Pat Jasper, Barbara Kirshenblatt-
Gimblett, Bernice Johnson Reagon, Gilbert Sprauve, Jack
Tchen, and Ricardo Trimillos to the Advisory Council of the
Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage; Anita DeFrantz,
David M. Fields, and Donald Lubin to the National Museum
of American History Board; Paula Apsell, Isabella
Cunningham, Thomas Eisner, William Ellis, James
McClure, Robin Martin, James Patton, Desiree Rogers, and
Howard Williams to the National Museum of Natural
History Board; Susan Hager, Michael Hayman, Norman
Mineta, Beth Stevens, Richard Thornell, and Kathleen
Wagner to the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Advisory Board; Richard E. Gray, John B. Henry, and
Margery F. Masinter to the Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Board; Eloise Cobell, Vine Deloria, Peter Johnson, Loretta
Kaufman, Henrietta Mann, and Ofelia Zepeda to the Board
of Trustees of the National Museum of the American Indian;
Wilson Hulme II, Myron Kaller, Barbara R. Mueller, Betsy
Towle, and Irwin Weinberg to the Council of Philatelists of
the National Postal Museum; Rudy Beserra, Gilberto
Cardenas, Jestis Chavarria, Miriam Cruz, Roberto Cruz, Olga
Garcia, Sandra Guzman, Gema Hernandez, Abel Lépez,
Monica Lozano, Edward James Olmos, H. R. Bert Pefia,
Ricardo Romo, Esteban E. Torres, Carlos Tortolero, Joseph
Wiscovitch, Raul Yzaguirre, Fernando Zazueta, and Teresa
Zubizarreta to the Smithsonian National Board for Latino
Initiatives; and Laura Lee Blanton, L. H. “Hacker” Caldwell,
Frank A. Daniels Jr., Fredric C. Hamilton, Norman Y.
Mineta, Henry R. Mufioz HI, Nancy Brown Negley, Mary
Ourisman, James Patton, Thomas F. Pyle Jr., Eric de
Rothschild, A. R. Sanchez, and Jackson Tai to the
Smithsonian National Board.
Staff Milestones
The Smithsonian suffered a huge loss this year with the
death of Donald D. Engen from a tragic accident in his sail
plane over Nevada in July. In three short years, Engen be-
came a much loved and admired director of the National Air
and Space Museum, the capstone to his marvelous career in
naval aviation, air safety, and the Federal Aviation Adminis-
tration. His most memorable contribution, his passion for
and advancement of the Dulles Center, will long be remem-
bered. Thankfully, Deputy Director Donald S. Lopez again
stepped in as acting director of the museum.
The Institution proudly welcomed Gary M. Beer to the
new position of chief executive officer of Smithsonian Busi-
ness Ventures. Beer brings vast experience to the challenges
of ensuring that this new organization succeeds to the benefit
of the entire Institution. Edward Knapp was recruited as the
new comptroller, George Van Dyke was tapped to be chief of
information technology operations, and Peter Cannell was ap-
pointed director of the Smithsonian Institution Press.
The Secretary's Gold Medal for Exceptional Service was
presented to Irwin Shapiro for his outstanding work at the
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and to Derrick Ross
for his outstanding work at the Office of Physical Plant. Both
received their medals from the Secretary on June 15, 1999, at
the Smithsonian’s first Day of Excellence celebration.
The ongoing contributions of countless additional em-
ployees and volunteers deserve recognition as well. Public
servants—from custodians to curators, astrophysicists to ac-
countants, and engineers to public information officers—
are the real backbone of the Smithsonian. As the Institution
prepares for the new millennium, all Smithsonian supporters
have reason to be grateful to this cadre who will chart its
course and determine its destiny.
Report of the Provost
J. Dennis O’Connor
Extending the Smithsonian’s Reach
Each year, the reports from the Smithsonian’s museums and
research institutes present an evolving portrait of an Institu-
tion dedicated to its traditional mission—the increase and
diffusion of knowledge—and committed to engaging and
serving a broad audience. Those complementary emphases
are especially apparent this year. On the one hand, the
Smithsonian’s fundamental activities—research, education,
and stewardship of the national collections—seem more im-
pressive than ever in their scope and substance. On the other
hand, the Institution is actively looking for ways to broaden
access to its extraordinary resources and intensify its already
significant presence in the worlds of the sciences, art, and
the humanities. As the Smithsonian maintains a focus on ex-
cellence in activities of collection and research, we are
simultaneously turning outward, seeking greater public en-
gagement in all that we have to offer.
From the Smithsonian’s base in Washington, to a barrier
reef in the Caribbean, to the far reaches of the cosmos, the
Institution’s cutting-edge research continues to break new
ground. So, too, does our commitment to make research re-
sources and research findings widely available. Here in
Washington, the Smithsonian has acquired the Victor
Building, which will be home to staff offices for the Na-
tional Museum of American Art, the National Portrait
Gallery, and the Archives of American Art, as well as a
planned Center for American Art. This major research facil-
ity will welcome scholars and the interested public who
want to study research materials and curatorial records re-
lated to the history of American art. On Carrie Bow Cay in
Belize, the National Museum of Natural History this year
dedicated its rebuilt field station, which is considered one of
the world’s leading facilities for the study of coral reefs. Re-
search from this remote one-acre island contributes to our
understanding of the diverse and fragile barrier reef ecosys-
tem, and ultimately to its preservation. The images of cos-
mic phenomena now being returned from the powerful
Chandra X-ray Observatory are amazing even to scientists
at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, home of
Chandra’s flight operations control center. Anyone with In-
ternet access can examine a changing selection of these
images on the project’s Web site, accessible from the Smith-
sonian’s home page.
There is no question that electronic access is revolutioniz-
ing the way the Smithsonian does business. By sharing
resources through the Web or cable networks, we are extend-
ing our service in ways that were unimaginable only a few
years ago. The online publication of digital editions of rare
books, for instance, brings illustrated volumes from the
Smithsonian Institution Libraries’ collection to a worldwide
audience while reducing the handling of fragile materials.
The Libraries’ Web site is a fast-growing “electronic library”
that attracts everyone from curious youngsters to advanced
scholars. Elsewhere in the Institution, electronic education
initiatives are helping us reach more students and teachers
than ever. As an example, this year students in more than
6,500 middle schools participated via cable broadcast in a
program on the African American inventor Lewis Latimer,
developed by the Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for
the Study of Invention and Innovation at the National Mu-
seum of American History.
The Smithsonian’s capacity for research and public educa-
tion is linked to stewardship of the national collections,
which require effective management, careful preservation,
and continued development. This year, for example, the Star-
Spangled Banner Preservation Project in the National
Museum of American History invited the public to observe
and learn about the complex conservation of this national
icon, while every Smithsonian museum added objects to
their collections, opening exciting possibilities for research,
exhibitions, and education.
12 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Across the Institution, there are many more examples of
an outward focus. The Smithsonian Affiliations Program has
initiated innovative collaborations with museums in com-
munities around the country, sharing both objects and
expertise. Through a variety of activities, we are dedicated to
making the art, history, and culture of Latino, Asian Pacific
American, and African American communities an integral
part of the Institution. And the Smithsonian Institution
Traveling Exhibition Service continues its 47-year tradition
of taking the Smithsonian on the road to every state.
If the reports on the following pages leave a collective im-
pression, it is that the boundaries that once defined the
Institution are disappearing. Americans who once knew us
best as buildings on the National Mall can now add another
dimension to their direct experience with museum objects
and exhibitions. They can see Smithsonian artifacts in their
hometown museums, browse our Web site for virtual exhibi-
tions and nuggets of information, or take electronic field
trips without leaving their classrooms. Research by Smith-
sonian scientists contributes to major advances in nearly
every discipline, including medicine, marine biology, and
the conservation of endangered species. With fewer limita-
tions of place and time, we have extraordinary potential to
extend the boundaries of knowledge, while at the same time
reaching out to engage more and more people in what the
Smithsonian offers.
An Anniversary Acquisition for the Hirshhorn
Acquired and installed in summer 1999, Are Years What?
(for Marianne Moore), 1967, a monumental steel sculpture
by American artist Mark di Suvero (b. 1933), rises dramati-
cally some 40 feet from a street-level section of the
Hirshhorn Museum's Sculpture Garden. This to-ton compo-
sition of industrial I-beams—with a suspended, moving
V element—epitomizes di Suvero’s gift for communicating
human fragility in intractable, industrial materials. The title
refers to a short poem celebrating life, by the American
writer Marianne Moore (1887-1972).
Are Years What? (for Marianne Moore), considered one of
the artist’s greatest works, strengthens the Hirshhorn’s im-
pressive collection of monumental sculptures and was a
fitting addition to the collection as the museum celebrated
its 25th anniversary in 1999. Consistently included in retro-
spectives of di Suvero’s work, it was most recently seen in a
citywide installation in Paris in 1997.
The sculpture was acquired in part through the Joseph H.
Hirshhorn Purchase Fund and in part as a gift of the Insti-
tute of Scrap Recycling Industries, by exchange.
Visibility for American Art
The National Museum of American Art may be closed offi-
cially for a three-year renovation beginning in January 2000,
but a program of major national touring exhibitions will
keep the museum, and American art, very much in the pub-
lic eye. This year, the museum concluded an arrangement
with The Principal Financial Group for a marketing spon-
sorship worth $3.75 million. The campaign is timed to coin-
cide with “Treasures to Go,” eight thematic exhibitions of
masterworks from the museum’s collections that will tour
the country during the renovation of the Old Patent Office
Building. Public relations and marketing initiativés will in-
clude advertising, media appearances, cable television
programs, special events, and travel to the cities hosting the
exhibitions.
The paintings and sculptures in “Treasures to Go” cover
eight themes from the eighteenth century through the
present: Young America, Lure of the West, American Im-
pressionism, The Gilded Age, Scenes of American Life,
Modernism and Abstraction, Contemporary Folk Art, and
Arte Latino. The exhibitions are traveling to more than 70
museums.
The Principal Financial Group began supporting the arts
in the 1930s to promote cultural awareness, reach diverse
audiences, and foster creative thinking among employees
through participation in the arts.
Preservation on Display
In a custom-designed laboratory at the National Museum of
American History, a team of conservators is engaged in the
painstaking process of saving the Star-Spangled Banner. But
this is no ordinary object and no ordinary museum preserva-
tion project. While conservators work from a mobile
platform six inches above the flag, visitors watch intently
through a floor-to-ceiling glass wall. An interactive exhibi-
tion, “Preserving the Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that
Inspired the National Anthem,” explains the flag’s history
and describes the treatment process. As the museum stabi-
lizes the condition of this national icon—damaged by time
and exposure to the elements—visitors are learning about a
fascinating process that usually goes on behind the scenes.
Designing a conservation facility suitable for the 1,020-
square-foot banner presented unusual challenges. The flag
rests on a large table, with the work platform spanning its
width. Low-level ambient lighting and a specially designed
heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system protect the
flag from harmful ultraviolet light, contaminants, and tem-
perature and humidity fluctuations.
During the treatment phase of the project, conservators
will carefully vacuum the flag and then clean it using chemi-
cal solvents and detergents. Stitch by stitch, they will
remove a linen lining added in 1914. A new support will
stabilize the flag when it is returned to exhibition in 2002.
The Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project is made
possible with major support of $10 million from Polo Ralph
Lauren. Generous support and significant leadership are also
provided by The Pew Charitable Trusts, the U.S. Congress,
the White House Millennium Council, the John S. and
James L. Knight Foundation, and Save America’s Treasures
at the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
At the end of the fiscal year, the museum was preparing to
launch a special feature on its Web site devoted to the Star-
Spangled Banner and the preservation project
(http://americanhistory.si.edu/ssb/). A book by museum his-
Report of the Provost 13
torian Lonn Taylor, based on research carried out as part of
the project, will be published by the museum and Harry N.
Abrams, Inc., in the spring of 2000.
Galapagos Behind the Scenes
A Smithsonian marine biologist’s scientific explorations,
undersea and on land, are revealed in realistic detail in Gala-
pagos, a spectacular 3D IMAX® film produced for the
National Museum of Natural History’s new Johnson The-
ater. The 40-minute film follows Carole Baldwin on her first
research trip to the Galapagos Islands, the isolated, geologi-
cally young archipelago 600 miles west of South America on
the equator, studied by Charles Darwin in the 1830s. Bald-
win is the human lead in the film, but she shares the screen
with a cast of blue-footed boobies, sea lions, moray eels,
hammerhead sharks, and other wild residents of this Ecuado-
rian national park.
Galapagos wildlife are unusually tame, and Baldwin fre-
quently found herself inches away from creatures that live
nowhere else on Earth, among them giant tortoises and ma-
rine iguanas. The highlight of the expedition was diving at
depths of up to 3,000 feet in the Johnson Sea-Link sub-
mersible. Many of the species collected on the expedition
came from the little-explored realm between 400 and 1,000
feet. Batfish that stride across the ocean bottom on leglike
fins, viper fish equipped with formidably long fangs, and
other odd creatures were brought back for the museum’s pre-
served fish collection, the largest in the world.
While Galapagos tours IMAX® theaters around the
world, Baldwin will be working at the museum to describe
several new species collected in the islands, including a new
kind of cat shark and a new sea bass. She will also be identi-
fying scores of larval fish—one of her research
interests—brought back from the expedition.
The museum’s partners in the Galapagos project were
Imax Corp., the National Science Foundation, and Mandalay
Media Arts. America Online is sponsoring the film’s interna-
tional tour. Discovery Communications, Inc., is the principal
sponsor of the 80,000-square-foot, $40.6 million Discovery
Center, which houses the Johnson Theater, a café, and a mu-
seum shop.
“Posted Aboard RMS Titanic”
The drama of the sinking of the RMS Titanic played out over
just a few hours, yet this tragic event has captivated our
imaginations for decades. What few realize is that the Titanic
was more than the largest and most luxurious vessel of her
time. She also was an “RMS”—a Royal Mail Ship. Using ar-
tifacts recovered at sea nearly nine decades ago, “Posted
Aboard RMS Titanic,” an exhibition at the National Postal
Museum, examines the tragedy from this previously over-
looked perspective.
The sinking of the Titanic cost the lives of five valiant
postal workers who struggled in vain to save the mailbags in
the ship’s final hours. American sea post clerks John Starr
March, Oscar Scott Woody, and William Logan Gwinn,
along with their two British colleagues, postal workers
James Bertram Williamson and John Richard Jago Smith,
were last seen by Albert Thessinger, a steward aboard the
Titanic who survived the sinking. Thessinger was briefly
pressed into service to help the five clerks move mailbags,
but he gave up on this seemingly suicidal task when the
water in the mailroom rose to waist height. Thessinger later
recalled, “I urged them to leave their work. They shook their
heads and continued at their work.” Despite the clerks’
valiant effort, none of the mail was saved. Video film footage
shown in the exhibition reveals that the mailbags remain
within the sunken liner.
“Posted Aboard RMS Titanic,” which opened on Septem-
ber 17, 1999, and continues until June 12, 2000, was made
possible by generous gifts from Dr. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy,
the James E. Pehta Foundation, the Atlantic Envelope Com-
pany, the American Postal Workers Union, the AFL-CIO,
and the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Hus-
bandry.
An Earth-Bound Innovation from SAO
The development of low-field magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) sci-
entists was cited by the American Institute of Physics as one
of the outstanding developments in physics in 1998. A typi-
cal MRI device uses a huge, high-field magnet to polarize
hydrogen nuclei inside water molecules in the human body.
The spinning molecules produce radio signals that can im-
age most organs in great detail—to detect tumors, for
example. SAO researchers use lasers to increase the nuclear
spin-polarization of inert gases like helium, enabling MRI of
the inhaled gas in the lung, the sinuses, and other body cavi-
ties where MRI has been ineffective. This new biomedical
imaging technique, a spin-off of research in atomic physics,
is only about five years old. Already, doctors are using laser-
polarized gas MRI to diagnose and plan treatment for people
with lung diseases, such as emphysema and asthma.
The SAO innovation, developed in cooperation with the
Massachusetts General Hospital, uses small, low-field mag-
nets for MRI of laser-polarized gas. It promises much
simpler, less intimidating, and lower-cost MRI units in hos-
pital settings, as well as portable instruments that can be
used in remote, cramped environments, such as space vehi-
cles. Recently, SAO scientists have begun to apply
laser-polarized gas MRI in other fields, such as probing the
porous structure of rocks that may hold oil, natural gas, and
subterranean water. These innovations demonstrate the vital
synergy between basic science and practical applications, and
the important role SAO plays in making these connections.
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes
Office of the Provost
J. Dennis O’Connor, Provost
The Provost serves as the Smithsonian's chief programs offi-
cer, providing leadership and integrated oversight for all of
the Institution's program activities carried out in the muse-
ums, research institutes, and education and scholarly service
units. The Provost reviews and evaluates the management of
programs in research, exhibitions, and education outreach in
the sciences, arts, and humanities; provides operational facil-
itation to the program units; maintains close working
relationships with directors and their boards and commis-
sions; and assists the units in undertaking collaborative
initiatives.
The Accessibility Program collaborates with all Smithson-
ian organizations to ensure that current and planned
programs, exhibitions, and facilities are fully accessible to
staff and visitors with disabilities. The Scientific Diving Pro-
gram oversees all diving activities conducted under the
auspices of the Institution, including establishing safety
standards and providing training and certification.
The Institutional Studies Office produces analyses of in-
ternal Smithsonian data, and conducts studies of visitors,
exhibitions, and activities for administrators, curators, and
program staff. Important secondary products are long-term
databases and an increasing body of scientific knowledge
about Smithsonian visitors and their experiences.
The Provost is responsible for managing the new Affilia-
tions Program, which enables qualified museums across the
country to receive long-term loans of Smithsonian collec-
tions. He oversees the Institute for Conservation Biology
which was established to improve coordination among the
Institution’s existing conservation biology programs, en-
hance their effectiveness, and increase efforts to obtain
private and government funding for related research. The
Office is also responsible for coordinating and facilitating
Latino and Asian Pacific American initiatives.
Anacostia Museum and Center for
African American History and Culture
Steven Cameron Newsome, Director
It was the Year of Spirituality for the Anacostia Museum
and Center for African American History and Culture. To
explore the rich African American tradition of worship,
praise, and keeping faith at the center of life and commu-
nity, in-house historians and curators created exhibitions,
workshops, lectures, and a series of music, dance, and
theater performances.
Building on the momentum created by the exhibition
“Speak to My Heart: Communities of Faith and Contempo-
rary African American Life,” the museum produced and
released its first compact disc recording, Praise the Lord!
Gospel Music in Washington, D.C. Project coordinators se-
lected eight vocal ensembles and 15 songs to display the
creative and spiritual continuity that runs from traditional
hymns through the rousing rhythm and blues now standard
in contemporary gospel. Bi//board magazine called the
Smithsonian Folkways release “indispensable to aficionados
and a perfect starting place for anyone just discovering the
rich heritage of gospel music.”
With the exhibition “Locating the Spirit: Religion and
Spirituality in African American Art,” the museum showed
how art gives a clear voice to complex and personal expres-
sions of faith. Curator Deborah Willis assembled some 115
paintings, photographs, sculptures, and textile pieces to
spotlight the impact of more than 70 African American
artists, including Henry Ossawa Tanner, William H. John-
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 15
son, Sister Gertrude Morgan, Romare Bearden, Chester Hig-
gins Jr., and David C. Driskell.
“Locating the Spirit” inspired and served as the backdrop
for the roth annual James A. Porter Colloquium on African
American Art and Spirituality. The museum collaborated
with the Howard University Department of Art to bring 700
participants to a three-day symposium featuring lecture-
demonstrations by some of the nation’s major artists and art
scholars. Among the presenters were 20 artists whose work
was exhibited in “Locating the Spirit.” Named for James A.
Porter (1905-70), a former chair of the Howard art depart-
ment who produced the nation’s first in-depth scholarship in
African American art history, the Porter Colloquium is now
an annual feature of the museum’s educational programming.
The museum also made a deeper and more intense exami-
nation of the art and cultural issues of Africa. In its first
collaboration with the John F. Kennedy Center for the Per-
forming Arts, the museum organized an exhibition distilling
more than a century’s worth of photographs taken by artists
born and based in Africa. “Revue Noire: Africa by Africans”
explored diverse esthetics and techniques from a wide range
of places and photographers, created a fresh view of the
African family, and presented studio portraiture rarely seen
in the United States.
In a first-time collaboration with the National Museum of
African Art, the Anacostia Museum and Center helped pres-
ent “Wrapped in Pride: Ghanaian Kente and African
American Identity.” For its part of the two-sited exhibition,
the museum examined how Africa’s most popular textile art
has become a vital part of contemporary life in America,
used in worship services, formal ceremonies, and home decor.
February's Black History Month observances got an un-
usual launch as a crowd of about 16,000 turned out for the
debut of the Capital Children’s Carnival. With a challenging
Black History Month Quiz as the centerpiece—featuring the
D.C. delegate to the House of Representatives Eleanor
Holmes Norton as quiz master—the day’s events included
hands-on arts and crafts, storytelling, folk dancing from
Africa, the Caribbean, and South America, and a carnival pa-
rade with participants wearing the masks and costumes they
made that day.
Archives of American Art
Richard J. Wattenmaker, Director
The Archives of American Art (AAA) is the world’s largest
repository of primary source documentation about the his-
tory of visual arts and culture in America. For more than 45
years, the Archives has collected, preserved, and made avail-
able for study such diverse materials as letters and diaries of
artists and crafts people; manuscripts of critics and scholars;
records of art museums, galleries, and schools; photographs;
works of art on paper; and recorded oral and video inter-
views. More than 14 million documents comprise an
indispensable resource for researchers, who, in addition to
consulting original papers at the Washington, D.C: head-
quarters, may access selected holdings on microfilm
worldwide through interlibrary loan or at Archives centers
in Washington, New York, and San Marino, California, and
affiliated research facilities in Boston and San Francisco. The
Archives also provides Internet access to its resources and
services through its Web site and on-line catalog.
The Archives of American Art collects, preserves, and
makes available for study the records, original papers, photo-
graphs, diaries, and oral history interviews of artists, crafts
persons, collectors, dealers, critics, museums, and other arts
institutions. In FY 1999, AAA continued to meet its goal of
increasing accessibility to the collections through a variety of
means, including the processing of papers, the publication of
finding aids, the display of original documents in exhibi-
tions, Web site enhancement, and other forms of outreach.
Because of the ongoing renovation of the Patent Office
Building, AAA relocated its Washington offices to The
Aerospace Center, one block from the National Mall. Large,
climate-controlled processing rooms facilitate the processing
of archival documents. The consolidation of Interlibrary
Loan with the rest of Reference Services has enhanced serv-
ices to researchers worldwide.
Research
In FY 1999, AAA continued to employ technology to in-
crease access for its Internet users. Among the enhancements
was “A Preliminary Guide to Resources on Asian American
Artists at the Archives of American Art.” The guide, pre-
sented in conjunction with Asian Pacific American Heritage
Month, provides documents and photographs on-line. A
published guide comparable to those already published by
the Archives for the papers of African American and Latino
artists 1s 1n preparation.
The Archives is currently engaged in a pilot project em-
ploying encoded archival description (EAD) to encode 50 of
its finding aids. EAD is a digital format that will make the
finding aids accessible to researchers worldwide on the Web.
A researcher can search encoded finding aids individually or
in combination with the growing number of similarly en-
coded finding aids contributed by other archival repositories
throughout the world. Once encoded in EAD, the finding
aids will be contributed to the Research Libraries Group
(RLG) Archival Resources, providing even greater accessibil-
ity to the Archives’ rich holdings.
Collections Acquisitions
In FY 1999, the Archives made significant additions to its
holdings of over 14 million documents. Among these was
the final installment of the papers of Marcel Breuer
(1902-1981), comprising financial records and personal
and professional correspondence with his colleagues from
the Bauhaus, including Walter Gropius, Herbert Bayer,
and Josef Albers. AAA also acquired the complete records
of the Byron Gallery, 1960-1971, which specialized in Sur-
realist masters (Ernst, Matta, Magritte) and younger Pop,
16 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Op, Conceptual, and Minimal artists. Other new acquisi-
tions include the Thomas Craven (1919-1975) papers, the
papers of New England artist Marion Huse (1896-1967),
an addition to the John Steuart Curry (1897-1946) papers,
the Stephen Etnier (1903-1984) papers, the Gifford Beal
(1879-1956) papers, and the papers of Mildred Baker
(1905-1999), which document her work on the Federal Art
Project from 1935 to 1943. Also in FY 1999, AAA col-
lected the Kate Steinitz (1889-1975) papers, additions to
the Beatrice Wood (1893-1998) papers, and papers of Ab-
bott Handerson Thayer (1849-1921), who corresponded
with numerous contemporaries, including Samuel Clemens,
Daniel Chester French, William James, N.C. Wyeth, and
others. Also noteworthy were the latest additions to the
Philip Pearlstein (b. 1924) papers from 1991 to 1996, as
well as the latest installment of the Robert Rosenblum (b.
1927) papers.
Funds from the then Institution-wide program for
Latino programming enabled the Archives to complete its
Puerto Rican Art Documentation Project, including a com-
prehensive survey of art-related material in Puerto Rico and
a survey of Puerto Rican art-related primary source mate-
rial in New York City. Also funded by the Latino Pool
Allocation was the Cuban-American Oral History Inter-
view Project, which funded the transcribing and final
editing phase of oral history interviews of ten prominent
Cuban-American artists in Miami. The transcripts were
made available on-line through the Archives’ Web site in
October 1999. Funding also supported the Chicano Art
Documentation Project, with oral histories being con-
ducted with artists in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Also
under way is the publication of a revised, expanded research
guide to the papers of Latino and Latin American artists in
the Archives.
Collections Management
AAA made significant progress in its goal to increase acces-
sibility to collections with several processing projects.
Among these were the papers of Cuban art historian Giulio
V. Blanc (d. 1995), dating from 1923 to 1995, which are
particularly valuable for the extensive artists files of both
major and lesser known contemporary Cuban artists. The
Archives also processed the records of the American Federa-
tion of Arts, dating from AFA’s founding in 1909 through
1993. The collection is particularly valuable for its docu-
mentation of twentieth-century American art history and the
wealth of information about the numerous programs and ex-
hibitions supported and implemented by the AFA to
promote the study of contemporary American art. AAA is
publishing a finding aid to this collection, as well as a find-
ing aid to the Downtown Gallery papers, which the Archives
has recently processed and microfilmed. The Downtown
Gallery specialized in contemporary American art as well as
pioneering in the field of American folk art, and its founder,
Edith Halpert (1900-1970), was deeply involved in foster-
ing the efforts of African American artists to gain
recognition of their work.
Publications and Outreach
The Archives of American Art Journal publishes scholarly
articles showcasing AAA's collections, as well as book re-
views and reports on recent important acquisitions. In FY
1999, AAA presented the exhibit “In Sight: Portraits of Folk
Artists by Chuck Rosenak.” The show, comprised of photo-
graphs and selected documents from the folk art collectors
Chuck and Jan Rosenak, included objects from the Smith-
sonian American Art Museum’s Rosenak Collection that
complemented the Archives’ documents. The Rosenaks had
previously donated to the Archives their extensive research
files, including letters, more than a thousand photographs of
folk artists, printed material, and tape-recorded interviews.
“In Sight” afforded an excellent opportunity for the Archives
to reach a broad audience of folk art afficionados and to make
contacts that may lead to acquisitions of additional papers.
An on-line version of the show is found on the Archives
Web site. The Archives also presented the exhibit “Eyre de
Lanux: Designs of a Muse,” chronicling the life and works of
little-known American artist Eyre de Lanux (1894-1996),
whose papers span 80 years and highlight her friendships
with Picasso, Brancusi, and Louis Aragon.
The Archives manages an active program of outgoing
loans to museums and other scholarly institutions, and con-
tinues its tradition of providing educational opportunities to
an ethnically diverse population through internships and
fellowships.
Non-appropriated Resources
Trust funds provide partial support for Archives operations
as well as financing a variety of projects and programs. In FY
1999, grants from The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc., and the
Getty Grant Program enabled AAA to fund the processing
of several major collections. Throughout the year, donors
made numerous gifts toward the matching of a $500,000
challenge grant from The Brown Foundation, Inc., to endow
Archives’ publications. Among these was a $100,000 gift
from The Beinecke Foundation, Inc., and a gift totaling
$50,000 from Agnes Gund, former President of the Board of
the Museum of Modern Art, New York, which will also be
used to support Archives’ operations. In addition, the
Archives received a gift of $12,000 from the Gerta Charita-
ble Trust for the processing, microfilming, and publication
of a finding aid to the Marcel Breuer papers.
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M.
Sackler Gallery
Milo C. Beach, Director
With the organization and presentation of the splendid exhi-
bition “Devi: The Great Goddess” at the Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, the galleries concluded two years of anniversary cele-
brations—the Sackler Gallery’s roth in 1997 and the 75th
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 4
anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art, which began in 1998
and concluded this year.
In 1996 the galleries could not have predicted the benefits
that would emerge from these observances. The anniversaries
and accompanying publicity brought unprecedented and
continuing public attention to the galleries. Increased no-
tices attracted new circles of visitors, scholars, friends, and
supporters. Now acknowledged together as the national mu-
seum of Asian art, the Freer and Sackler galleries with their
separate yet complementary collections are increasingly
known and appreciated as an exceptional international re-
source for scholarship, publication, and exhibition.
Recognition also took the form of magnificent gifts of art.
The Dr. Paul Singer Collection of Chinese Art of the Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, was a joint gift
of the Arthur M. Sackler Foundation, Paul Singer, the AMS
Foundation for Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, and the
Children of Arthur M. Sackler. The collection includes some
5,000 works—in jade, bronze, ceramic, ivory, wood and
other materials—dating from the fourth millennium B.C. to
the twentieth century.
Of particular interest is a group of objects that Dr. Singer
assembled from the state of Chu in southern China. Archaeo-
logical discoveries have given the formerly obscure Chu
culture new status as one of the most exciting research topics
in the field of ancient Chinese art history. Thomas Lawton,
director emeritus, is spearheading the effort to publish and
exhibit this extraordinary collection.
Three important awards brought recognition to friends of
the galleries this year. Ikuo Hirayama, president of the Japan
Art Institute, Tokyo, was inducted into the Order of James
Smithson for his contributions totaling $11 million to the
Freer and Sackler galleries. The Order of James Smithson is
the highest honor the Smithsonian Institution can bestow.
Professor Hirayama’s induction ceremony was capped by an-
nouncement of his gift of $2.5 million to fund a major
program for the care of Japanese painting in the galleries’
department of conservation and scientific research.
The second award, the Charles Lang Freer Medal, was pre-
sented to Sherman Lee for his lifelong commitment to
connoisseurship. Dr. Lee has enriched the studies in a wide
range of artistic traditions in Asian countries: Buddhist art,
Chinese painting, and the arts of Japan, India, Southeast
Asia, and the Himalayan kingdoms, among others. The im-
pact of his extensive publications has been augmented and
broadened by frequent, often ground-breaking exhibitions
and by a dazzling series of acquisitions he has made for vari-
ous museums. Intended to honor a scholar of truly
extraordinary distinction, the Freer Medal celebrates Dr.
Lee's career and extraordinary achievements.
The third award, the biennial Shimada Prize for distin-
guished scholarship in the history of Asian art, was
presented to the Japanese art historian Toshie Kihara, who
is also an official of Japan’s Agency for Cultural Affairs.
Kihara was selected from a group of 21 nominees for her
two-volume treatise on the Japanese painter Kano Tan’yu
(1602-1674), whom art historians regard as the most signif-
icant painter of the early Edo period (1615-1716). Kihara’s
publication in Japanese—Yubi no tankya: Kano Tan’yn ron
(The Search for Profound Delicacy: the Art Of Kano Tany’yn),
(Osaka, Japan, Osaka Daigaku Shuppanki, 1998)—is the
first critical scholarly work to interpret Tany yu’s major
contributions to the history of art in Japan. The award car-
ries a $10,000 prize and is presented jointly by the Freer
and Sackler galleries and the Metropolitan Center for Far
Eastern Art in Kyoto, Japan, for the best research publica-
tion in the field.
Development Activities
Support for the galleries acquisitions and programs has grown
tremendously through our 300-member group, Friends of the
Freer and Sackler Galleries. In fiscal year 1999 there was a 17
percent growth in membership, and approximately $329,000
was raised from Friends memberships, an increase of 20 per-
cent over fiscal year 1998. The galleries are grateful to the
Friends for their immense generosity to the Friends Purchase
Fund, which in 1999 enabled the museum to purchase two
works of art at the April 17, 1999, annual dinner: Bhairava, a
fifteenth—sixteenth century Nepalese gilt copper repousseé
sculpture and The Five Sacred Festivals, a set of hanging scrolls
by Ikeda Koson, painted in ink and color on silk, ca. 1830.
Additionally, special contributions to the fund from members
and participants on the Friends spring trip to Iran added a
third object to the permanent collections: a blue-and-white
ceramic plate, which is from the Timurid dynasty (ca. second
half of the fifteenth century) and associated with the city of
Nishapur in northeastern Iran.
Exhibitions
Anniversary festivities came to a festive climax with the six-
month run of the exhibition and associated activities for
“Devi: The Great Goddess,” March 28—September 6, 1999.
Devi, as she is commonly known in South Asia, is among the
three most important deities of Hinduism, and yet this
year’s exhibition was the first major museum exploration of
her role and her many manifestations. Complementing the
galleries’ strong holdings in Indian paintings, the works bor-
rowed for this exhibition from collections in Europe and the
United States included a wealth of sculpture. Images of the
goddess came from many regions of South Asia and richly
represented the diversity of her forms and identities.
Several other Sackler exhibitions this year offered richly
varied stylistic and thematic interpretations of the land,
peoples, and monuments of South Asia. Visitors had oppor-
tunities to compare the work by both indigenous artists and
foreigners recording their impressions of the land. One exhi-
bition, “The Jesuits and the Grand Mughal: Renaissance Art
at the Imperial Court of India 1580-1630,” September 27,
1998—April 4, 1999, for example, examined the enduring ef-
fects of cultural exchange between Jesuit missionaries from
Europe and the Mughal emperors of northern India. Another
small exhibition, April 25—July 18, 1999, focused on the
work of a single Indian artist, Nainsukh of Guler (ca. 17 10—
1778). Because many of Nainsukh’s paintings were created
18 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
for a single royal patron, the exhibition gave an absorbing
look at life in one particular Rajput court.
“Yoshida Hiroshi: Japanese Prints of India and Southeast
Asia,” August t—October 17, 1999, featured color wood-
block images by the Japanese artist Yoshida based on his
travels in 1930. Another exhibition, “Behind the Himalayas:
Paintings of Mustang,” presented 19 watercolors by the Aus-
tralian architect Robert Powell showing the stunning
architecture and desolate landscape of the region of Nepal
known as Mustang.
Celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Freer Gallery
culminated in a splendid dinner and preview of the exhibi-
tion “Beyond the Legacy: Anniversary Acquisitions for the
Freer Gallery of Art” for donors and patrons on October 2,
1998.
The Freer anniversary exhibition presented the results of a
four-year campaign to acquire works of Asian art, and it in-
cluded more than 100 works selected from among many fine
gifts and supported purchases. “Asia in Museums: New Per-
spectives,” an international symposium to mark the
anniversary, was made possible by a generous grant from the
Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation.
Complementing the anniversary show at the Freer were
important presentations from the collection. These exhibi-
tions brought attention to the work of directors and
curators, past and present, in carefully enlarging the size and
scope of the gallery’s holdings over the past three quarters of
a century.
For the first time since it was purchased for the Freer in
1931, A Breath of Spring, the eight-and-a-half-meter-long
Chinese handscroll dated 1360, was exhibited in its entirety.
The scroll is among the most famous Chinese paintings in
the Freer collection and the only known work by the Daoist
recluse Zou Fulei. It has inspired poetry by distinguished
writers from Yang Weizhen (1296-1370), considered one of
the greatest poets of the Yuan dynasty, to the celebrated
Canadian Michael Ondaatje, author of The English Patient.
Yang wrote his poem directly on the scroll, which was joined
by colophons, or commentaries, by other Chinese literati and
a later owner.
“Whistler and the Hadens,” including some of the artist’s
earliest etchings, was a small exhibition of American expatri-
ate James McNeill Whistler's (1834-1903) prints and
drawings. Whistler was regarded in his lifetime as the most
accomplished etcher since Rembrandt and among the great-
est printmakers in the history of Western art. The prints in
this show were made during his initially friendly but ill-
fated association with his brother-in-law, Francis Seymour
Haden (1818-1910).
Public Programs
While the galleries’ staff planned many of this year’s pro-
grams to complement the exhibition “Devi: The Great
Goddess,” it also offered performances, films, and demon-
strations from a variety of cultures. The galleries’ feature
film offerings, for example, included our first surveys of the
cinema from Vietnam and Turkey, plus a series of 11 recent
films of the Arab world. The third festival of Iranian films
focused on the 30-year career of director Dariush Mehrjui,
including his 1998 film, The Pear Tree. The fifth annual
“Made in Hong Kong” series included eight Washington
premieres and prompted a cover story and five-page spread
on Hong Kong cinema in the “Weekend” section of the
Washington Post. “Women in Indian Cinema,” a program of
14 art films and documentaries featured the premiere of
Prakash Jha’s “Death Sentence.” Finally, the Freer launched
its first look at the globally popular genre of Japanese ani-
mation, including the Washington premiere of the
blockbuster Princess Mononoke.
The Asian performing arts series focused on women in
South Asia, with such prominent dancers as Mallika Sarabhai
and Alarmel Valli; classical vocalists Abida Parveen and
Veena Sahasrabuddhe, and pop singer Najma.
The galleries’ exploration of contemporary Asian music
included Jason Hwang and the Far East Side Band from
New York; the Japanese shakuhachi (bamboo flute) artist
Teruhisa Fukuda; and the Indian fusion ensemble, Facing
East. To close the year, the galleries presented Shinto music,
dance, and ritual from the Kasuga Taisha, one of Japan’s old-
est and most prestigious shrines in Nara.
ImaginAsia, the galleries’ hands-on art education program
for children and families, continued to draw enthusiastic
crowds year-round, with even larger numbers in the summer,
as late afternoon to early evening sessions were a hit with
families during “Art Night on the Mall.”
Experimentation marked many of this season’s offerings,
which included a new format of music and conversation by
performers. Highlights were an appearance by cellist Yo-Yo
Ma and composer Bright Sheng, who demonstrated and dis-
cussed the incorporation of folk and traditional Asian music
into such contemporary works as Bright Sheng’s new compo-
sition for solo cello. Another concert discussion featuring
oud player Simon Shaheen, lutanist Ronn McFarlane, and
pipa player Wu Man, centered on the evolution of their three
related instruments in different societies along the Silk Road
and in Europe.
Experimentation and tradition was also apparent in the
Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Series this season. In “New
Music from China,” composer Zhou Long led two groups,
Music from China and the New Music Consort, in a per-
formance featuring the reconstruction of a composition
discovered in the Buddhist caves at Dunhuang, China, and a
performance of his own work, “Tales from the Cave.” Sharing
the program was “The Points,” a prizewinning work by the
prominent female composer Chen Yi. Other concerts in-
cluded performances by Musicians from Marlboro I, IJ, and
IH; the Shanghai Quartet; Angela Hewitt, piano; Paul
Neubauer, viola; and the Guilford Ensemble.
Gallery shop sales increased by 4 percent during 1999 to
the highest level ever achieved. This success has been accom-
plished by providing merchandise that ties directly into our
collections and exhibitions, providing outstanding customer
service, advertising to broaden our market in conjunction
with public affairs, and by sponsoring various gallery and
product-related events. The gallery shops sponsored 10 read-
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 19
ings by authors of new books related to the galleries’ collec-
tions. Among the writers was Michael Ondaatje, who read
from Handwriting, his new book of poetry. These efforts re-
sulted in the shops’ important contribution to the cost of
museum programs and acquisitions of art.
Research
This year’s scholarly investigations emphasized collaboration
and preparation for the many exhibitions planned for the
next few years. Kenneth Myers, assistant curator of Ameri-
can art in the Freer, and Martha Smith, the galleries’ paper
conservator, have continued the research connection between
the Freer and the University of Glasgow, Scotland. The Freer
and the university together house the world’s largest collec-
tions of art, papers, correspondence, and memorabilia by or
relating to James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903). Through
a formalized “Scheme of Association,” the institutions pro-
mote and support scholarly research about Whistler and his
period. The project is centered in Glasgow and overseen by
Nigel Thorpe, director of the Center for Whistler Studies at
the university.
With a wealth of Chinese objects coming to the galleries
as gifts and purchases during the recent anniversary obser-
vances and several important exhibitions in the planning
stages, there is much activity among the galleries’ scholars of
Chinese art. Jenny So, curator of ancient Chinese art, is
working on an important research volume about the jades in
the collections of the Freer and Sackler. Joseph Chang, asso-
ciate curator, is preparing a catalogue of the Freer collection
of Chinese painting and calligraphy from the Song and Yuan
dynasties. Both catalogues have received multiyear support
from the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation. Dr.
Chang is writing two additional exhibition catalogues, the
first on later Chinese calligraphy from the gift of Robert H.
Ellsworth, and a second on the painting and calligraphy of
Bada Shanren. Stephen D. Allee is translating poetry and
prose texts for Dr. Chang’s publications and also working on
a book to introduce children to Chinese painting. Jan Stuart,
assistant Curator, received a grant from the Smithsonian’s
Collections-Based Research Program for research for her
forthcoming exhibition, “Worshiping the Ancestors: Chinese
Commemorative Portraits in Late Imperial China.” Prepara-
tion for the exhibition also took her to Korea and China
under a grant from the Smithsonian’s Research Opportuni-
ties Fund.
Louise A. Cort, curator for ceramics, is working on a cata-
logue of the Freer’s collection of Japanese ceramics from
Kyoto and Kyushu and collaborating with Jan Stuart on a
publication about the Freer’s Chinese celadons. She is contin-
uing her annotated translation of the diary of Japanese potter
Morita Kyuemon and working on a book about India enti-
tled Temple Potters Of Puri.
Vidya Dehejia is producing a volume, India through the
Lens, Photography 1840-1911, to accompany her exhibition
of the same name that is scheduled to open in November
2000. At the same time, Dr. Dehejia is conducting research
for a book and exhibition of south Indian bronzes of the
Chola dynasty made between the ninth and thirteenth cen-
turies. She is also preparing a publication about India for a
series entitled “The Sources of Art History” being produced
by Harvey Miller Publishers.
Massumeh Farhad, associate curator of Islamic art, has
been pursuing ongoing research concerning later painting of
the Safavid dynasty (1501-1732) and its patronage, on the
Shahnama (The King’s Book of Kings), and on the Falnama
(Book of Omens). Ann Gunter, associate curator of Ancient
Near Eastern art, continued her study of the Hauge gift of
ancient Iranian ceramics, as well as her work on two books,
Defining Cultural Boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean, ca.
1000-600 B.C., and Charles Lang Freer and Egypt.
Jane Norman, exhibitions conservator, is continuing her
studies of the physical properties of Japanese and Chinese
lacquer.
Members of the department of conservation and scientific
research continue technical studies on Asian metalwork
(Paul Jett); Chinese jades (Janet G. Douglas); papers used by
Whistler and Indian (Martha Smith), gilded bronzes (Blythe
McCarthy, principal investigator, with funding from the Na-
tional Park Service); Japanese raku ceramics (McCarthy); and
the structures of East Asian paintings John Winter with
Marco Leona and Jennifer Giaccai in a project funded by the
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation). Dr. Winter is also working
on a related book, East Asian Paintings: Their Materials, Struc-
tures, Techniques, and Deterioration Mechanisms.
Center for Folklife and Cultural
Heritage (formerly, Center for Folklife
Programs and Cultural Studies)
Richard Kurin, Director
At the January, 1999, meeting, the Smithsonian Institution
Board of Regents endorsed our change of name to the Center
for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, from the previous Center
for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, thus leaving us
better equipped to do our job. “Cultural heritage” resonates
much better with all sorts of community-based groups, both
in the United States and around the world, interested in the
study, presentation, and conservation of their cultures.
“Folklife” still allows people to locate us conceptually as a
unit dedicated to living people and grassroots, vernacular
traditions. We have become concerned with the training of
community scholars, leading to several programs, and we
recognize the need to help train students from the academy
for public cultural work and have begun a graduate course in
the subject with the George Washington University. More
recently, we have been exploring issues of cultural heritage
policy.
As an example of these outreach efforts, the Center and
Children’s Television Workshop (CTW) cosponsored a half-
day symposium at the National Museum of American
History that examined the 30-year history of diversity and
multicultural programming on “Sesame Street,” the longest-
20 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
running television series in the world. Several cast characters
presented a sketch about diversity to children from the
Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center and the adult audi-
ence from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Reading
Is Fundamental, Congressional offices, and media representa-
tives, among others. The Center’s cosponsorship of the
symposium was based on shared values around diversity and
multiculturalism and the important implications of the
CTW “Sesame Street” model for the development of cultural
heritage policies in other media, cultural, and educational
institutions.
In January, the Center hosted a forum for the Smithsonian
Congress of Scholars on our varied involvement in cultural
research as public scholarship. Staff members presented case
studies on the questions and hypotheses that are the starting
points for our research, our methodologies, and the intellec-
tual, programmatic, and policy/applied implications of our
work. The case studies provided an introduction to discus-
sion with colleagues in research positions throughout the
Smithsonian on issues such as the nature of humanities ver-
sus physical sciences research, and the value of research
collaborations with community-based cultural workers and
educators.
These collaborations can be seen in many recent Smith-
sonian Folkways projects. Praise the Lord! Gospel Music in
Washington, D.C., is the product of a collaboration with the
Smithsonian Institution’s Anacostia Museum and Center for
African American History and Culture, and provides the au-
dio background to the exhibition, “Speak To My Heart:
Communities of Faith and Contemporary African American
Life.” The two CD set, The Mississippi: River of Song involved
collaboration with Smithsonian Productions and other indi-
viduals and organizations, and became a companion to the
public radio and television documentary series, book, home
video, and Web site with educator’s guide. And Taquachito
Nights: Conjunto Music from South Texas was recorded from
live performances at the 1998 Conjunto Festival in San Ben-
ito, Texas, and was produced in collaboration with the
Narciso Martinez Cultural Arts Center and in conjunction
with the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Jointly developed by the Center and the Smithsonian In-
stitution Traveling Exhibition Service, the exhibition
“Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Ameri-
cas” opened in March at the National Civil Rights Museum
in Memphis, Tennessee. The exhibition highlights the cul-
tural traditions and historical documentation of the Maroon
experience as expressed through the voices of contemporary
Maroon peoples of Jamaica, French Guyana, Suriname, and
the Seminole community along the U.S.-Mexico border. On
June 20, the day following the traditional Juneteenth cele-
bration of the abolition of slavery in Texas, members of the
Texas Seminole Maroon community traveled to San Antonio
for the opening of the exhibition at the Institute for Texas
Culture. The show continues to travel to sites throughout
the United States.
Collaborations continued with the Center’s cohosting
with UNESCO a working conference entitled, “A Global
Assessment of the 1989 Recommendation on the Safeguard-
ing of Traditional Culture and Folklore: Local Empowerment
and International Cooperation.” This conference was the cul-
mination of a decade-long UNESCO initiative aimed at
deepening awareness of and commitment to cultural expres-
sions—sometimes referred to as intangible cultural
heritage—that incorporate folklore, popular culture, and
grassroots expressions. Over 35 conference attendees, 30 ob-
servers, and some 20 Smithsonian and UNESCO staff
members focused on the 1989 Recommendation in light of
the profound sociopolitical and technological changes that
have occurred in the ensuing decade and the way these have
influenced, and been influenced by, traditional cultures.
Over the course of the conference, working groups concen-
trated on three areas: legal protection; national cultural
policy; and the relationship between traditional cultures and
a variety of current environmental and sociopolitical issues.
These issues included cultural identity, gender, sustainable
development, globalization, peaceful coexistence of ethnic
groups, conflict prevention, youth cultures, and the impact
of new information technologies. Smithsonian and UNESCO
staff realized a shared goal of having community practition-
ers and leaders sit together with academics and
representatives of governments and philanthropic institu-
tions. This succeeded in strengthening the original intent of
the 1989 Recommendation by reforumulating it as an Ac-
tion Plan and expanding its vision in significant ways,
among them: focusing institutional protection not only on
folklore items but on the practitioners themselves and on the
processes through which they nurture and develop their her-
itage; assisting communities in locally based measures to
protect and safeguard their own traditions with the support
of national, regional, and international bodies; and develop-
ing the protection of traditional cultural practitioners and
practices within a framework of international standards of
human rights.
The Smithsonian Folklife Festival once again was the
venue where long-term collaborations with governments,
regional organizations, local communities, and individual
participants came together to present varied grassroots tradi-
tions. The New Hampshire program was organized around
four theme areas: “Home, Town & Community,” “Ingenuity
& Enterprise,” “Seasonal Work & Recreation,” and “Farm,
Forest, Mountain & Sea.” Added to this was a lively musical
component and several special events, which contributed to
the presentation of a microcosm of New Hampshire folklife.
Some of the special events included a barn raising by the
New Hampshire Timber Framers Association and Benson-
wood, an Old Home Day celebration with one of the state’s
oldest community bands and a fireman’s muster, and Franco-
American Day that acknowledged the importance of
French-Canadian traditions in shaping the state’s history and
present-day character. The program was produced with the
New Hampshire Commission on the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival and its nonprofit affiliate Celebrate New Hampshire
Culture in partnership with the New Hampshire State
Council on the Arts, Department of Cultural Resources.
The Romanian program was the culmination of American
scholars working with colleagues from the Romanian Cul-
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 21
tural Foundation, ASTRA Museum, the University of
Bucharest, the Peasant Museum, Aid to Artisans, the Gov-
ernment of Romania, and other institutions to develop the
idea of “gateways to Romania” as an organizing concept for
the Festival program. The Festival offered metaphoric access
to everyday life, ritual, and knowledge of and about Roma-
nia; and literal access as skilled carpenters and woodworkers
from the Maramure6 region erected traditional gateways on
the National Mall. The carpenters also demonstrated their
skills of traditional basilica building, pointing to the impor-
tance of the sacred and ritual arts in Romanian life, along
with icon painters, carvers, and egg decorators. Music and
dance groups from Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia
performed a range of rural celebratory traditions. And a vari-
ety of craftspeople including weavers and potters
demonstrated the arts of everyday life in various regional
styles. The program was inevitably an interesting mixture of
grassroots, popular, and official genres.
The South Africa Festival program “Crafting the Eco-
nomic Renaissance of the Rainbow Nation” presented over
100 craftspeople, music and dance performers from each of
the nine provinces. Text panels described the cultural and
linguistic diversity of each province and its natural resources,
provided overview of how traditional artisans and provincial
and national government representatives work to craft cul-
tural policy, public aesthetics, and sustainable employment
and cultural enterprises based on the diversity of grassroots
cultural communities throughout the nation. Participants
and officials discussed various topics with visitors—culture
and protest, and contemporary issues of traditional culture
and economic development—at the shebeen, a reproduction of
the matchbox-like family houses that met the need for social
centers under the racially restrictive social codes of the for-
mer apartheid system. The program was produced with the
collaboration and support of the South African Department
of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology and the National
Arts Council.
The Fifth Annual Ralph Rinzler Memorial Concert fea-
tured two bands from recent immigrant groups, the Yuri
Yunakov Band and Ensemble Tereza. The Yuri Yunakov
Band played music from Bulgaria and the Republic of Mace-
donia that is known for its haunting melodies, dense
ornamentation, and complex rhythms. The contemporary
style is known as wedding music, because it most often ac-
companies dancing at life-cycle celebrations such as
weddings and baptisms. The program featured instrumental
music from various regions of Bulgaria and a Rom (Gypsy)
repertoire. This repertoire is currently popular in the Bronx
community of Roma from Macedonia, which dates from the
1960s. Ensemble Tereza performed Mountain Jewish music
by recent immigrants from the eastern Caucasus, in particu-
lar Azerbaijan and Dagestan to New York. Lead singer
Tereza Elizarova sang in a variety of languages including
Djuburi, Azeri, Turkish, Persian, traditional Hebrew, and
nowadays Arabic and modern Hebrew. Dance styles include
the energetic Caucasian men’s dances, as well as the stately
circle dances and Turkish/Persian-style solo dancing most of-
ten performed by women.
And in another collaboration, a conjunto concert and
dance party was produced with the National Museum of
American History’s “Encuentros” program. This program
marked the release of the Smithsonian Folkways recording
Taquachito Nights: Conjunto Music from South Texas, produced
in partnership with the Narciso Martinez Cultural Arts Cen-
ter of San Benito, Texas.
This year’s Festival also hosted two teacher seminars, the
annual five-day course “Bringing Folklife into the Class-
room,” cosponsored with the Smithsonian Office of
Education, and a special three-day intensive seminar organ-
ized for 30 New Hampshire teacher-fellows chosen to
develop a folklife curriculum for their state through the New
Hampshire program cosponsor, Celebrate New Hampshire
Culture, under a grant from the National School to Work
initiative. Both seminars used the Festival as a context in
which teachers could develop techniques and skills in the use
of multicultural resources that could enhance their classroom
teaching. Teachers in the seminars shared stores about their
own family and community traditions, met with curators for
a behind-the-scenes look at how Festival programs are put
together, and engaged with traditional artists from New
Hampshire, Romania, and South Africa.
Through these collaborations and others, we continue to
work with colleagues around the nation and the world in
helping cultural communities flourish in ways that enhance
their own well-being and also contribute to the larger hu-
man family.
Hirshhorn Museum
and Sculpture Garden
James T. Demetrion, Director
The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Smithson-
ian Institution’s museum for modern and contemporary art, is
committed to increasing the awareness and understanding of
art through acquisitions, exhibitions and publications, re-
search activities, public programs, and the presentation of the
collection in its galleries and outdoor exhibition spaces. The
museum provides a public facility for the exhibition, study,
and preservation of nineteenth- and twentieth-century art
while presenting a spectrum of contemporary work.
The museum, which opened to the public in October
1974, spent much of the year generating celebratory exhibi-
tions, programs, and activities in anticipation of the
25th-anniversary month of October 1999. On February 24
the third-floor collection galleries, which had been closed for
renovations for more than six months, reopened with new car-
pets, a far more effective lighting system, and, in several areas,
reconfigured walls and platforms. At the heart of the anniver-
sary “makeover” was a complete rethinking, on the part of the
curators, of how to tell the story of modern art using the Hir-
shhorn’s unusually broad and often surprising collection.
“The Hirshhorn Collection at 25: Celebrating Modern
Art,” as the reinstallation was titled, was a team effort led by
22 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Neal Benezra, the Hirshhorn’s Assistant Director for Art and
Public Programs, with Judith Zilczer, Curator of Paintings,
and Valerie Fletcher, Curator of Sculpture. Energized by the
new, mostly smaller spaces, up-to-date halogen lights, and
many reframed or newly conserved objects, the curators went
far in aiming for thought-provoking, revelatory combina-
tions. Mixing Americans and Europeans, the famous and not
so famous, and diverse styles and media, “The Hirshhorn
Collection at 25” presented a roughly chronological proces-
sion of some 135 objects. Some of the more striking
juxtapositions included Edward Hopper’s lonely urban-
dwellers with Elie Nadelman’s attenuated carved-wood
figures, both projecting a kind of pared-down, stark human-
ity for Depression-era America, and sculptures by Henry
Moore and Alexander Archipenko employing taut string, re-
vealing the influence of technology on modern sculpture
despite, in the case of Moore, the influence of nature. Among
other artists represented were Anni Albers, Constantin Bran-
cusi, Daniel Baranoff-Rossiné, Jean Dubuffet, Alexandra
Exter, Man Ray, Clyfford Still, Peter Voulkos, and Charmian
von Wiegand. A similar redesign in the sculpture ambulato-
ries also underscored stylistic affinities and crosscurrents.
“The Hirshhorn Collection at 25” was well received by
the press, prompting a Washington Post critic to write, “The
collection has never looked better. . . . Old favorites . . . have
begun to sing again, [and diverse artists} seem very much at-
tuned here.” The reviewer concluded that an installation
designed to “prod viewers to look anew at the museum's
best-known works, as well as at others rarely seen” could
only create a successful experience and the Hirshhorn’s new
look was proof positive of its emergence over 25 years as “a
vital and respected national museum of modern and contem-
porary art.”
Commemorations of the museum’s anniversary continued
in April. First, the Hirshhorn’s genesis as a public museum
based on private philanthropy was underscored in a small
show that ran from April 7 to May 9. Titled “Faces of
Friendship: The Art-World Circle of Joseph and Olga Hir-
shhorn in Documentary Photographs,” the show featured
51 photographs from an archival collection donated to the
museum by Olga Hirshhorn, the founding donor’s widow.
The exhibition presented a multitude of camera-made im-
ages, many personally inscribed to the collector, of such
well-known personalities of public life and international
art of the 1950s to 1970s as Presidents John F. Kennedy
and Lyndon Baines Johnson, Chief Justice Abe Fortas,
Smithsonian Secretary S. Dillon Ripley, British art histo-
rian and TV host Sir Kenneth Clark, art dealers Sidney
Janis of New York and Daniel Kahnweiler of Paris, painters
Pablo Picasso and Georgia O'Keeffe, sculptors Alberto
Giacometti and Alexander Calder, and numerous younger
artists. This revealing collection of mementoes started after
Olga Hirshhorn, seeking to surprise her husband with a
holiday gift of an inscribed photo from one artist-friend,
expanded the idea and urged virtually all of the benefactor’s
intimates and associates to pay their respects with images
of themselves.
The month of April was also highlighted by “Hirshhorn
Open House: Celebrating 25 Years,” featuring a full after-
noon on April 25 of hands-on art-making activities for
families, several storytelling sessions, musical selections by
the Ambassador String Quartet, and a gallery talk on the
ghostly figurative works of Portuguese artist Juliao Sar-
mento in the Directions Gallery. Director James T.
Demetrion capped off the day with a lecture reflecting on
the quarter-century evolution of the Hirshhorn collection.
Plans proceeded, meanwhile, for October 1999's anniver-
sary exhibition, “Regarding Beauty: A View of the Late
Twentieth Century,” and the fund-raising gala, also that
month. The exhibition’s co-organizers Neal Benezra and
Olga M. Viso, Associate Curator, finalized the loans of 88
works to be assembled from more than 55 international
lenders, and worked painstakingly with the Exhibits Depart-
ment’s Edward Schiesser to reconfigure second-floor galleries
to accommodate several room-sized installations, a “Media
Arts” theater, and other custom designs to be integrated into
the show.
Financial support received from numerous entities re-
flected a general increase in fund-raising initiatives at the
Hirshhorn. A 1999 sampling includes the Luso-American
Development Foundation (in support of the Julido Sarmento
exhibition); Vivian and Elliot I. Pollock (in support of the
“Young at Art” programs); and the Canadian Embassy, Pro
Helvetia Arts Council of Switzerland, and the Institute for
Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany (in sup-
port of the “Regarding Beauty” exhibition). The Andy
Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc., Peter Norton
Family Foundation, and Lannan Foundation have repeatedly
supported Hirshhorn projects, as have numerous generous
individuals both on and off the Board of Trustees. Benefac-
tors for the 25th-anniversary fund-raising gala included
Merrill Lynch, Janine and J. Tomilson Hill, Robert
Lehrman, Mary and John Pappajohn, and Mitchell Rales.
The museum’s Board of Trustees experienced renewed en-
ergy and vigor following congressional approval, endorsed by
the Regents, to expand from ten to up to 25 members. The
Board was also saddened by the deaths of cherished longtime
members and former Chairmen Sydney Lewis on March 12
in Richmond, Virginia, and Jerome Greene on May 27 in
New York. Both individuals received broad recognition for
their national work as patrons and collectors. John Pappa-
john of Des Moines, Iowa, joined the Board in May, and
Anthony T. Podesta of Washington, D.C., became a member
of the Committee on Collections.
Acquisitions this year were highlighted by Are Years
What? (for Marianne Moore), 1967, by American artist Mark
di Suvero (b. 1933), adding new strength to the museum's
collection of monumental steel sculpture. Rising diagonally
some 40 feet from a street-level section of the Sculpture Gar-
den, this red composition of industrial I-beams—with a
suspended, moving V element—epitomizes di Suvero’s gift
at communicating human fragility in intractable, industrial
materials. It was installed on the street-level plot of the
Sculpture Garden in mid-August. Among other important
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 23
acquisitions for the year were several that kept the museum
collection current with recent examples of contemporary art:
Luc Tuymans’s Passe-Partout, 1998, an oil painting; Juliao
Sarmento’s Licking the Milk Off Her Finger, 1998, a rare sculp-
ture by this artist included as part of his “Directions” show;
Charles Simonds’s Rock Flower, 1986, a clay sculpture;
Katharina Fritsch’s Display Stand with Madonnas, 1987-89, a
sculpture; and Stereoscope, 1999, a film with several related
drawings by William Kentridge.
The Hirshhorn’s large solo shows during the year featured
two American painters of the same generation—one realist
and one abstract—each of whom holds a significant position
of influence in contemporary art. “Chuck Close,” on tour
from the Museum of Modern Art in New York, was
launched on October 15 with a filled-to-capacity lecture by
the artist, a depicter of monumental faces who has gained a
wide following among the general public and art world. Re-
ceiving wide recognition in the Washington press, the Close
show also brought attention to a wheelchair-bound artist
whose partial paralysis since 1988 has not stopped him from
continuing to develop a distinctly engaging style of demate-
rializing rectangles that come to life as giant faces—and
penetrating character studies—when viewed from afar. The
Close show was followed by “Brice Marden, Work of the
1990s: Paintings, Drawings, and Prints,” touring from the
Dallas Museum of Art, which opened on May 27. Marden’s
sensuous and colorful linear abstractions, which show the in-
fluence of Jackson Pollock as well as aspects of East Asian
art, encompasses calligraphic “Cold Mountain” and other
evocative images that stand as testament to the dynamic per-
sistence of abstraction today. Although representing nearly
opposite ends of painting’s spectrum, the exhibitions gener-
ated strong followings and solid attendance.
Reflecting a general trend at the Smithsonian, the breadth
and focus of education programs expanded. Department
head Linda Powell’s staff introduced a “Young Artist” pro-
gram for school groups, “Art Explorers” workshops for
adults, the “Improv Art” on-site family workshop, a series of
gallery tours by Washington area artists, and a “Poetry
Slam” competition for local poets held outdoors on the
Plaza. As with last year, the public participated in writers’
workshops, workshops for teachers, meet-the-artist gallery
talks for exhibitions, First Friday gallery talks by staff, and
New Voices gallery talks by local graduate students in art
history. Art Night on the Mall, a four-museum program of
late Thursday hours during summer, again combined per-
formances of Latin music outdoors with free films and
gallery talks and tours.
“Directions” shows this year, showcasing new visions by
two important emerging artists from abroad, featured a suite
of just-completed narrative figures by Portuguese painter
Julido Sarmento (b. 1948), opening February 3 with a pre-
view attended by Portuguese Ambassador Fernando
Guimaraes, and Noli Me Tangere, 1998, a two-sided, floor-to-
ceiling video projection of a colossal figure by British artist
Sam Taylor-Wood, the first solo show in an American mu-
seum for this young internationally known British artist.
National Air and Space Museum
Donald S. Lopez, Acting Director
Fiscal Year 1999 brought many changes to the National Air
and Space Museum. Most significantly, on July 13, 1999,
Admiral Donald D. Engen, who had been director of the
museum since July 1, 1996, was killed in a motorized glider
accident. Donald S. Lopez, deputy director of the museum,
was named acting director. Three months after Admiral En-
gen’s death, his dream of an aviation and space center at
Washington Dulles International Airport was given a
tremendous boost when Steven F. Udvar-Hazy pledged $60
million toward the project. It was the single largest cash gift
in the Smithsonian's 154-year history.
During the fiscal year, the museum celebrated several his-
toric events. On October 29, 1998, when STS 95 was
launched with former senator John Glenn on board, the Mu-
seum set up several HDTV monitors allowing hundreds of
visitors to watch the event live via the newest broadcast
technology. The museum also hosted a series of events to cel-
ebrate the 30th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing.
In fiscal year 1999, the total number of visitors to the
museum since its July 1976 opening exceeded 200,000,000.
Renovation of the building continued, with emphasis on
minimizing disruption to museum visitors.
Significant acquisitions to the museum included the
20,000-pound Spacelab module. On October 3, 1998, it ar-
rived for storage at Washington Dulles International
Airport, where it will remain until it goes on display at the
Dulles center. The gondola of Breitling Orbiter 3, which
completed the first nonstop balloon flight around the world,
went on display in the museum’s Milestones of Flight gallery
in September 1999.
The museum received a “Save America’s Treasures” grant (a
joint congressionally funded program of the White House
Millennium Council and the National Historic Trust) to pre-
serve “threatened objects of the Apollo era.” A special
environmentally controlled storage facility was constructed at
the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration and Storage Fa-
cility, and work was begun to stabilize all of the flown lunar
spacesuits in the national collection and to research and pub-
lish authoritative guidelines for their safe storage and display.
These guidelines will also form the basis for spacesuit storage
and display at the new center at Dulles. The balance of the
Save America’s Treasures grant is being earmarked to support
the restoration of the giant Saturn V rocket located at the
NASA-Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
During fiscal year 1999, the site design for the new cen-
ter at Dulles was completed. The site work will be provided
by the Commonwealth of Virginia as a contribution to the
project.
Collections and Research
The three scholarly divisions at the National Air and Space
Museum, the Division of Aeronautics, the Division of Space
24 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
History, and the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies
(CEPS), continued their work in scientific and historical re-
search, collecting significant artifacts, and developing
exhibitions related to all aspects of aviation and space flight.
The Smithsonian Institution History of Aviation series
was replaced by the Smithsonian Institution History of Avia-
tion and Spaceflight series. Allan A. Needell, chair of the
Division of Space History, and Dominick A. Pisano, chair of
the Division of Aeronautics, serve as series editors.
Senior Aeronautics Curator Tom Crouch’s book Aiming for
the Stars: The Dreamers and Doers of the Space Age was pub-
lished by Smithsonian Institution Press, and Rick Leyes’s
The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft En-
gines was published by the American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics.
CEPS continued an active research program in planetary
and terrestrial geology and geophysics using remote sensing
data from Earth-orbiting satellites and manned and un-
manned space missions. The scope of research activities in
fiscal year 1999 included work on Mercury, Venus, the
Moon, and Mars, and corresponding field studies in terres-
trial analog regions. CEPS staff study a variety of
geophysical processes, such as volcanism, floods, cratering,
tectonics, and sand movement. Of particular interest are
studies of past and present Mars climate, using data from ac-
tive spacecraft such as the Mars Global Surveyor. CEPS staff
are also involved in mission design and landing site selection
for future Mars exploration. Many of the terrestrial studies
also address topics of current concern for global climate
change.
In addition to the Spacelab and Breitling Orbiter 3, major
items added to the collection in fiscal year 1999 included a
full-scale engineering prototype of Mars Pathfinder, the
flown Faint Object Spectrograph from the Hubble Space
Telescope, and a digital camera carried by former senator
John Glenn on his recent space shuttle mission. Fiscal year
1999 saw the beginning of a major shift toward preparing
the collections for the move to the planned center at Dulles.
The Collections Division entered into a partnership with
Rolls Royce NA to assist in creating the Rolls-Royce Avia-
tion Heritage Trophy competition. NASM authored an
Aircraft Restoration Judging Guideline and assisted in the
actual judging of the aircraft in the highly successful inau-
gural competition.
Several long-term projects to complete environmental
control systems in storage buildings at the Garber Facility
were completed. This allowed the Collections Processing
Unit to complete inventories of the objects stored in these
particular buildings and accomplish major strides in the
project to barcode the objects. The Restoration/Preservation
Unit of the Collections Division began the shift from major
restoration projects to preparing artifacts to be moved to the
center at Dulles. Major restoration work on the Soviet SA-2
missile transporter, the Aichi Seiran, and Nieuport 28 was
completed. The exterior of the aft fuselage of the Boeing B-
29 Enola Gay was polished. In addition, work on one of the
first projects being prepared for the move to the center at
Dulles, the Soviet MiG-15, was begun.
The Business Aviation exhibition was removed from
Gallery 104 in the NASM West End. The Beech King Air
was lowered, and it and the Cessna Citation were then disas-
sembled, mounted on stands, and prepared for transport.
The Henri Keyser-Andre conservation intern for 1999 ac-
complished a conservation project on the Mars Viking
Lander and a badly corroded navigational sextant that had
been discovered during an earlier collections inventory.
As of January 1, 1999, the museum’s new collections in-
formation system, The Museum System (TMS) was fully
operational. After rigorous testing, existing collections data
were migrated into the new system, and a new decentralized
method of inputting object information was adopted. Cura-
tors and Collections staff now share the responsibility for
entering data and for ensuring their accuracy and complete-
ness. When the data were converted, TMS contained basic
accession records for 32,635 objects. Due to limits of the for-
mer CIS system, few of these object records had significant
contextual information and none had images. During fiscal
year 1999 a coordinated program was initiated to close a
backlog of uncatalogued objects and add historical informa-
tion and other context to TMS object records in place. By
the end of fiscal year 1999, TMS contained over 40,000
records and nearly 20,000 images. Approximately 13,000
object records had had basic historical information added as
well, significantly exceeding the performance goals origi-
nally set for the transition program.
The Archives Division began reviewing its database sys-
tems with the intent of replacing its DOS-based software
with a Windows compatible system. Near the end of the
year, software, which will be tested in FY 2000, was se-
lected. The museum also became a member of SIRIS
(Smithsonian Institution Research and Information System).
The new software and SIRIS will enhance the museum’s abil-
ity to manage collections and to make those collections
available to the staff and the public.
Processing of the Aircraft Technical Files, consisting of
over 400 cubic feet of reports, photographs, and publications
about heavier-than-air flight from its beginning to the pres-
ent, was completed.
Exhibits and Public Service
The pace of exhibit work for the center at Dulles remained
brisk. Accomplishments in fiscal year 1999 included the
completion of prototype display cases and exhibit stations,
graphic design for signage, the design of the donor recogni-
tion wall and information desk, and a 3-D model of the
major artifact placement layout.
In October 1998 a new planetarium show, “And a Star to
Steer Her By,” opened in the Planetarium. It explores the
tools humans have used, from stars to satellites, to meet the
challenge of navigation. Complementing the planetarium
show is “GPS: A New Constellation,” a new exhibit that ex-
plores the Global Positioning System.
Two temporary exhibits were added to the Space Race
gallery in June. “The Soviet Challenge in Space: Illustrating
the Threat” is a display of 12 paintings created for the De-
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 25
fense Intelligence Agency to illustrate Soviet weapons sys-
tems and advanced technology during the Cold War. The
other exhibit is on the Faint Object Spectrograph. In time
for the anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing in July, a
visitor-operated video camera was placed in the Museum’s
lunar module so visitors could look around inside the craft.
Planning and development work continued on several other
major projects. In fiscal year 1999 the label script and much
of the exhibition design was completed for “Explore the Uni-
verse,” a major new permanent exhibition scheduled to open
in September 2001, as well as the design for the revised Air
Transportation hall, scheduled for completion in 2002. The
planning document for “Dream to Fly,” a future exhibition on
African Americans and aviation, was also completed. Planning
and development of Up, Up, and Away, a new IMAX film on
vertical flight, continued this year as well.
Maintenance of older exhibits and refurbishment of public
spaces in the museum were given high priority. Maintenance
work this year included a complete redo of the aging Dou-
glas World Cruiser exhibit in the Pioneers of Flight gallery,
and upgrades to several other galleries. Also completed this
year was a major expansion and redesign of the Museum
Shop.
In addition, planning is under way for a new Exploring
the Planets gallery. And in fiscal year 1999, major upgrades
to the Looking at Earth gallery, including replacement of
large photomurals, oblique air photos, and transparencies in
the “What’s New” section, were begun. Upgrades to the Ex-
ploring the Planets gallery replaced outdated material on
observational tools, asteroids, Mercury, and Mars.
Through the Regional Planetary Image Facility (RPIF),
CEPS continued its mandate to NASA-funded investigators,
other interested researchers, and the general public by pro-
viding access to catalogued collections of imaging data from
all American spacecraft missions. RPIF staff conducted tours
through the facility for visiting groups ranging from two to
40 people. The data manager also continued development of
a Hypercard guide to facility holdings, accessed by our users
through a dedicated RPIF computer workstation.
The Public Services Division recruited and trained 35 new
docents. In addition, in-service training for new and experi-
enced docents was held monthly. The Education Unit
conducted ten teacher workshops, which reached 227 teach-
ers. Education also produced 51 programs for families and
the general public, which reached more than 3,100 visitors
and produced seven school programs for five different
schools, in which 370 students participated. They also sup-
ported the Challenger Center's production of 11 Family
Science Night events, in which approximately 3,300 people
participated. The annual Internship Program supported 13
students (June 1 to August 6, 1999).
Live demonstrations and other related activities compris-
ing some 1,171 programs for 91,673 visitors to the How
Things Fly gallery were implemented. The Explainers Pro-
gram trained and worked with 32 student Explainers. In the
How Things Fly Gallery attendance usually exceeded 10
percent of museum attendance. In the How Things Fly Visi-
tor Center, volunteers assisted 27,646 visitors.
The Educational Services Center also distributed more than
60,000 copies of publications and responded to 3,090 mail in-
quiries from teachers, students, and the general public.
National Museum of African Art
Roslyn A. Walker, Director
The National Museum of African Art celebrates the rich
visual traditions and extraordinarily diverse cultures of
Africa and fosters an appreciation of African art and civiliza-
tions through its collections, exhibitions, research, and
public programs.
Acquisitions
Among the most significant art works acquired by the mu-
seum in the past year were a rare set of polychromed wooden
panels carved in high relief from the Nkanu peoples of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, and a 92-pound D’mba
mask from the Baga peoples of Guinea, one of the largest
masks in all of Africa. The mask was donated to the museum
by internationally known contemporary artist Armand Ar-
man and his wife Corice, a fashion consultant and business
manager. An important donation of 14 traditional sculptures
from central and eastern Africa, the gift of New York busi-
nessman Lawrence Gussman, fills gaps in the museum’s
collection. These sculptures were showcased at the museum.
In addition, the museum’s Eliot Elisofon Photographic
Archives acquired three important collections: The Kyriazis
Photographic Collection of images of activities and places in
Ethiopia taken from 1950 through 1970, The Robert and
Nancy Nooter Ethiopian Collection of images of activities
and places in Ethiopia taken in 1988, and The Leon de Sous-
berghe Collection of images of the Pende peoples in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, taken from 1955
through 1957.
Exhibitions
The first level of the National Museum of African Art houses
several permanent exhibitions drawing on the museum’s col-
lection: “Images of Power and Identity,” “The Art of the
Personal Object,” and “The Ancient West African City of
Benin, A.D. 1300-1897.” In addition, in collaboration with
the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the museum offers “The
Ancient Nubian City of Kerma, 2500-1500 B.C.,” a loan
exhibition of works from the permanent collection of the
Museum of Fine Arts, featuring objects from Kerma, an an-
cient Nubian city that was located on the Nile River. The
exhibition was organized by the Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston, and its Department of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian
and Near Eastern Art; all objects are from the Harvard Uni-
versity-Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Expedition.
Also located on the first level is the Sylvia H. Williams
Gallery, which was the location of “South Africa,
26 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
1936-1949: Photographs by Constance Stuart Larrabee,”
and “Claiming Art/Reclaiming Space: Post-Apartheid Art
from South Africa.”
The first level also houses the Point of View Gallery that
presents small temporary exhibitions that focus on specific
themes or objects. On view were “African Forms in the Fur-
niture of Pierre Legrain,” “Sokari Douglas Camp: Church
Ede, A Tribute to Her Father,” and “Hats Off: A Salute to
African Headwear.” Also featured on the first level was “New
Acquisitions: Gifts from the Lawrence Gussman Collection.”
The museum hosted, in its large second-level gallery,
“Baule: African Art/Western Eyes.” In addition, the gallery
was the site of one component of the exhibition “Wrapped in
Pride: Ghanaian Kente and African American Identity,” a
unique collaboration between two Smithsonian museums,
the National Museum of African Art and the Anacostia Mu-
seum and Center for African American History and Culture.
The two-sited exhibition offered visitors not only a glimpse
into the history and meaning of the colorful African textile,
but provided both programming and interactive activities
that engaged diverse audiences. School groups and teachers
from hundreds of schools took advantage of related program-
ming including exhibition tours, weaving demonstrations by
master weavers from Ghana, and teacher workshops.
Four large cast concrete screens by Nigerian artist Adebesi
Akanj, donated to the museum in 1994 by Mr. and Mrs.
Waldemar A. Nielsen, were restored by the museum’s con-
servation department. The screens will be featured in an
exhibition on several artists from the important Oshogbo art
movement in southwestern Nigeria.
The museum’s educational offerings, which spring from
the permanent collections and special exhibitions, provide
audiences with provocative and insightful views of the world
of African art. An array of tours, workshops, and focus pro-
grams gave students of all ages their first encounters with
real works of African art.
Highlights included a family day on the arts and culture
of Ghana with food, music, song, dance procession, games,
demonstrations, and storytelling; and a conservation clinic
open to the public in which conservation staff advised visi-
tors on the proper care of their collections. A South African
film series that accompanied the “Claiming Art/Reclaiming
Space” exhibition attracted standing-room-only audiences.
The museum’s extended summer hours drew hundreds of
visitors on Thursday nights as part of “Art Night on the
Mall.” Youngsters made colorful hats and then showed them
off as they paraded to the exhibition “Hats Off!: A Salute to
African Headwear,” while art lovers had the opportunity to
talk with South African artist Rudzani Nemasetoni. In addi-
tion, the museum’s entrance pavilion filled with the sounds
of musicians from Cameroon and South Africa.
In addition, workshops and demonstrations by practicing
artists engaged attentive audiences eager to meet and talk
with African artists. For example, Nigerian artist Sokari
Douglas Camp conducted a two-day workshop for teachers
in which participants created sculptures from ordinary mate-
rials and Pamela Botchway of Ghana taught visitors how to
tie their own African headwraps in a public demonstration.
The museum also continues to make itself accessible to
people with special needs. Tours for hard-of-hearing visitors
were made possible through a portable FM Assistive Listen-
ing System. This system also allowed hard-of-hearing visitors
to participate in educational programs in the workshop and
lecture hall. Sign language interpreters for deaf visitors were
available upon request for all museum programs.
Publications
Throughout the year, the museum published informational
materials to accompany exhibitions.
Photographic Archives and Library
The museum continues to be a leading research and reference
center for the visual arts of Africa. The Warren M. Robbins
Library, a branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries,
contains more than 20,000 volumes on African art and ma-
terial culture. The Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives
specializes in the collection and preservation of visual mate-
rials on African art, culture, and the environment.
National Museum of American Art
(Smithsonian American Art Museum)
Elizabeth Broun, Director
The 1999 fiscal year was significant for award-winning exhi-
bitions and on-line technology, accompanied by advances in
education, research, and intern programs. Planning contin-
ued for the upcoming renovation of the Old Patent Office
Building, with discussions focusing on gallery allocations
between SAAM and NPG. The roof replacement project pro-
ceeded with some delays, preventing the reopening of the
Lincoln Gallery before the year 2000. By the end of the year,
the skylights in the gallery and along the South Wing had
been replaced and judged a great success.
Having consulted with the Smithsonian Secretary, Provost,
General Counsel, and other officials, the National Museum
of American Art decided to begin using the name Smithson-
ian American Art Museum for all exhibitions, loans, and other
activities, effective January 2000. This change was recom-
mended by the museum’s Commission in order to link the
museum more closely to the Smithsonian, shorten the name,
and avoid confusion arising from the term “National.” If the
new designation proves effective, the Smithsonian will seek
formal approval from the Congress for the change.
The SAAM Collections Committee approved the purchase
of Horace Pippin’s O/d Black Joe, which will enhance the mu-
seum’s exceptional and growing collection of African
American art.
The Smithsonian American Art Museum presented two
complementary exhibitions that examined the California Gold
Rush in celebration of the 150th anniversary of the discovery
of gold in California. “The Art of the Gold Rush” featured
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 27
paintings, watercolors, and drawings from the 1850s, and the
nostalgic views created a generation later. The museum was
the only East Coast venue for this exhibition. “Silver & Gold:
Photographs of the Gold Rush” featured rare daguerreotypes
documenting this exciting time in American history.
“Picturing Old New England: Image and Memory”
opened on April 2 and “Abbott Thayer: The Nature of Art’
opened on April 22. Both are major loan exhibitions organ-
ized by SAAM curators William Truettner and Richard
Murray, respectively. A catalogue to accompany the exhibi-
tion “Picturing Old New England” was coauthored by
curators William Truettner and Roger Stein, along with
three guest contributors, and copublished with Yale Univer-
sity Press. Tipper Gore, wife of Vice President Al Gore, was
the Honorary Patron for the Thayer exhibition.
“Edward Hopper: The Watercolors,” jointly organized by
SAAM and the Montgomery Museum of Fine Art in Al-
abama, opened on October 22 to great reviews and large
audiences. Commissioners Hugh Halff, Jr., Melvin Lenkin,
and Peter Lunder contributed to make the exhibition possi-
ble. This was the final exhibition before the museum closed
for renovations. “Edward Hopper: The Watercolors,” by Vir-
ginia Mecklenburg, curator at SAAM, was copublished with
W.W. Norton under a favorable contractual arrangement.
The museum shop sold out of its initial order on the first
weekend of the exhibition. A year 2000 wall calendar was
produced for the show in cooperation with Universe Pub-
lishing. In addition, the New Media staff at the museum
produced an extensive Web site called “An Edward Hopper
Scrapbook” to complement the exhibition and offer a
glimpse into Hopper’s life, his friends and the paintings that
have fascinated art lovers worldwide ever since Hopper first
came to prominence during the mid 1920s.
The installation of “David Beck: LOpéra,” a miniature
opera house with 207 automated hand-carved figures, was
adroitly handled despite unusual challenges. The Education
office arranged for special docents to be in attendance, to
>
protect, explain, and operate this small wonder. For the first
time, music was included in an exhibition installation.
“Daniel Brush: Gold without Boundaries” won the Smith-
sonian Exhibition Award for Best Design—justly
recognizing this show as the most handsome produced at the
Smithsonian (at its Renwick Gallery) during the past 18
months. “Glass! Glorious Glass!” continued drawing unusu-
ally strong attendance, accompanied by strong publicity.
On March 19, the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian
American Art Museum opened two exhibitions: “Shaker:
Furnishings for the Simple Life,” an exhibition drawn from
Commissioner Ken Hakuta’s extensive collection of Shaker
artifacts and “Dominic Di Mare: A Retrospective,” a touring
exhibition of fiber sculptures by Dominic Di Mare from the
Palo Alto Arts Center.
A Memorandum of Agreement with the James Renwick
Alliance, signed in March, was implemented with a pledge
of $110,000 in support for fiscal year 2000 for the Renwick
Gallery. Curator-in-Charge Ken Trapp received a two-year
$68,000 grant from the Smithsonian's Scholarly Studies Pro-
gram to conduct research on American Naval Presentation
Silver, which is expected to be the subject of a major book
and exhibition.
The Museum’s On-line Reference Desk, now renamed Ask
Joan of Art, received a 1998 Exemplary Service Award at a
Harvard University conference called “Reference in the New
Millennium.” This on-line reference service is a high priority
for fund-raising for the museum.
In its continuing quest to provide on-line resources, the
museum signed an interagency agreement with the National
Endowment for the Arts that will provide $430,000 over the
next two years for digitizing 50,000 slides of works by
5,000 artists in the NEA’s Visual Artists Fellowship Pro-
gram from 1967 to 1995. The NEA Artists Archive will be
hosted on the museum’s Web site.
The Web site, redesigned and launched in January, won an
award as “Best Museum Research Site” at the 1999 Museums
and the Web conference in New Orleans in March. Depth of
research information—a testament to the museum’s long tra-
dition of developing research resources—was cited by the
judges. The New Media staff, working with the publications
staff who handle fulfillment, introduced the capacity to
process credit card payments on the Web site. Books and other
products can now be purchased on-line with a credit card.
The museum's Registrar’s Office successfully booked 60
venues for the extensive national tour planned for the reno-
vation period, tentatively titled “Treasures to Go,” scheduled
to run from January 2000 through 2002. The Development
office signed a marketing sponsorship contract totaling
$3.75 million with the Principal Financial Group of Des
Moines. The sponsorship firm IMG of New York was also
signed to help with the project, which will include media
appearances, cable television specials, advertising, national
media placement, advertorials, product licensing, and special
events. Five national public relations companies were inter-
viewed for the publicity aspect of the Principal Financial
Group component of the contract, and a selection was for-
warded to the Contracting Office for approval.
The education department continued breaking new
ground by hosting artists’ lectures including talks by Jesus
Morales, Hung Liu, Robert Cottingham with Chuck Close,
Malcah Zeldis, and David Beck. “The NMAA Educational
Resources Guide for Teachers” was mailed to 3,500 teachers,
and the tour booklet “Explore the National Museum of
American Art” was republished. A number of partnerships
helped raise funds for education programs at the museum,
including the Prince George’s County Schools for a “Reading
Through Art” kindergarten program and the Fairfax County
Public Schools for a K-12 Arts Curriculum ($40,000
awarded by the NEA), and the Cafritz Foundation to de-
velop teacher enrichment programs.
National Museum of American History
Spencer R. Crew, Director
The National Museum of America History dedicates its col-
lections and scholarship to inspiring a broader understanding
28 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
of our nation and its many peoples. The museum creates
learning opportunities, stimulates imaginations, and presents
challenging ideas about our nation’s past through publica-
tions, family programs, electronic outreach and distance
learning, community-based collaborations, and affiliations. In
FY 1999, the museum acquired 5,712 objects, bringing the
total number of the collection to 3.1 million and had a budget
of $32.96 million. The annual visitation was 5.6 million.
The museum continued its exploration of “What is Amer-
ican Identity?” by relaying the histories of individuals and
groups who have made America what it is today. “American
Identity,” the organizing theme of the museum, brings to-
gether many of the activities—from exhibits, programs,
symposiums, and collecting, into a framework concerned
with what it means to be an American.
The museum’s premier symbol of American Identity, the
Star-Spangled Banner, was the centerpiece of activity in
1999. On December 1, 1998, the three-story-high flag was
removed from its current display and laid flat on a platform
in Flag Hall. It was thoroughly examined and conservators
began to devise a full treatment plan. The Star-Spangled
Banner was then carefully rolled and crated in January and
moved into the specially constructed conservation lab near
Flag Hall on the museum’s second floor. This lab, with its
floor to ceiling windows, provides the public with their clos-
est look ever at the flag, which is carefully unrolled a few
feet (and sometimes inches) at a time on an immense alu-
minum table. Conservators reach the flag by sitting or lying
on a 35-foot-wide moveable gantry platform that is sus-
pended above the flag. During the treatment phase of the
Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project, conservators will
carefully vacuum the flag and then clean it using chemical
solvents and detergents. Stitch by stitch, they will remove a
linen lining added in 1914. The laboratory and the accom-
panying exhibition, “Preserving the Star-Spangled Banner:
The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem,” which ex-
plains the flag’s history and describes the treatment process,
opened to the public in May 1999. The Star-Spangled Ban-
ner Preservation Project is made possible with major support
from Polo Ralph Lauren. Generous support and significant
leadership are also provided by The Pew Charitable Trusts,
the U.S. Congress, the White House Millennium Council,
and Save America’s Treasures at the National Trust for His-
toric Preservation. The History Channel broadcast an
original one-hour documentary about the Star-Spangled
Banner and the preservation project on December 3, 1998,
and with the museum's Education staff, developed a com-
panion teacher's manual, “Save Our History: Teaching the
Star-Spangled Banner.”
“Communities in a Changing Nation” offered another
perspective on American Identity by exploring the promise
and reality of life in the 1800s through the experiences of
three different communities: factory owners and workers in
Bridgeport, Connecticut; Jewish immigrants in Cincinnati,
Ohio; and African Americans in the South Carolina low
country. Subtitled “The Promise of t9th-Century America,”
it opened in February 1999.
On July 29, 1999, “Photographing History: Fred J. Ma-
roon and the Nixon Years, 1970-1974” opened, coinciding
with the 25th anniversary of the end of the Nixon Adminis-
ration. It featured 120 of Fred J. Maroon’s photographs,
which document President Nixon’s years in the White
House. This exhibit has been added to the museum’s Web
site as a virtual exhibit, complete with textual narrative and
audio recordings. Several programs were held with the ex-
hibit, including a Smithsonian Associates discussion and
signing of his 1999 coauthored book, The Nixon Years,
1969-1974: White House to Watergate, and a gallery talk
hosted by Maroon and the exhibition curator.
The exhibition year began daringly with “Evel Knievel:
Happy Landings.” Evel Knievel’s helmet and white leather
jumpsuit and other memorabilia were installed alongside his
Harley Davidson motorcycle in the museum's Road Trans-
portation Hall. The museum hosted “Closings: the Life and
Death of an American Factory,” a documentary photography
show from the North Carolina Museum of Art, examining
one photographer's view of the last days of a North Carolina
factory. The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition
Service premiered “Americanos: Latino Life in the United
States” at the museum in spring of 1999. This exhibit pre-
sented 120 photographs displaying the breadth and variety
of the Latino experience.
“A Visual Journey: The Lisa Law Photographs,” presented
one woman’s view of the sweeping cultural changes of the
1960s, as well as their origins and results. Lisa Law docu-
mented daily life, and the larger cultural and political events
during this era, from the psychedelic music scene of San
Francisco and Los Angeles to the spiritual and family-ori-
ented world of commune life in New Mexico and
Woodstock.
Showcase exhibitions included “Santo Pinhole: A Saint for
Photography,” which examined a tribute to Ansel Adams by
New Mexican artist Elizabeth Kay. “Feather Trade” cele-
brated the centenary of American conservation with a look at
the fad for feathered hats, hunting and collecting, and the
beginning of the Audubon and conservation movement at
the turn of the last century. “History in the News” case ex-
hibits, spotlighting noteworthy or anniversary-related
collections, included “Transistors: 50 Years Old” and a case
entitled “Duke Ellington and the Smithsonian” as part of the
Ellington centennial celebration.
The museum produced a wide variety of public programs,
tours, outreach and educational programs, and hands-on
learning opportunities. “Encuentros: Latino America at the
Smithsonian” is a series of public programs that reflect the
rich and distinctive contributions of Latinos to the history of
the United States. In 1999, “Encuentros” programs included
Puerto Rican guitarist Yomo Toro, a re-creating of the Car-
naval de Ponce from Puerto Rico, the Ehecatl Aztec Dancers,
Mexican-American performing artist Guillermo Gomez-
Pefia, Ehecatl Aztec Dancers, painter and storyteller Carmen
Lomas Garza, Washington’s own Latin American chamber
choir Coral Cantigas, and the contemporary Chicano play
The Last Angry Brown Hat. In addition, there were also fam-
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 29
ily workshops on santos and masking traditions, and a schol-
arly conference on the “Legacies of 1898.”
For the 1999 centennial of Duke Ellington’s birth, the
museum took a leadership role in the celebration. The
Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra led with “Duke
Ellington: A Centennial Tribute,” a nationwide concert tour.
It touched down in Washington, D.C., in February for the
Duke Ellington rooth Birthday Celebration at the Kennedy
Center, and in April presented Ellington’s three rarely per-
formed sacred concerts at the Washington National
Cathedral. In July, the orchestra embarked on its first-ever
world tour, “Duke Ellington Cotton Club Revue,” visiting
14 cities and headlining in Canada, Europe, and the Middle
East. The Program in African-American Culture continued
its initiative to extend the Ellington Collection to teachers
and students in Washington, D.C. On Ellington’s birth date,
April 29, the museum and students from Washington, D.C.,
were linked via satellite with students in Kansas City, Mis-
souri, and Cleveland, Ohio, for a distance learning
experience that included live performances, lectures, and
Ellington family guests. In addition, the museum hosted the
Ellington Youth Festival, which included poetry readings
and an art show. One of the key additions to the museum’s
collection was the acquisition of archival material including
music, correspondence, photographs, and newspaper articles
relating to the activities of the Duke Ellington Orchestra,
along with a Wurlitzer electronic piano and cigarette case
owned and used by Ellington.
The Program in African-American Culture launched the
multiyear series “African-Americans at the Millennium:
From Middle Passage to Cyberspace.” The focus of PAAC’s
annual conference was the Middle Passage, the second leg of
the Atlantic slave trade triangle. This is a story of pain, sur-
vival, and transformation—a historic episode that
transformed millions of people from Africans to African-
Americans and gave rise to the construction of a social
category called race.
The Chamber Music Program hosted its season series of
concerts for Washington, D.C., audiences. The centerpiece of
the program, the Axelrod Quartet, traveled with the Stradi-
varius quartet of instruments from the museum’s collections,
performing on these masterpieces in Fort Worth, Texas, and
Toronto, Canada.
Always a high point of the year, the museum’s annual
“Holiday Celebration” drew more than 100,000 visitors in
three days in December. Audiences sampled, participated in,
and learned about the diverse ways American communities
celebrate the holiday season through music, crafts, dance,
and food.
FY 1999 saw the beginning of two new education pro-
grams developed by the Education and Visitor Services
Department. In collaboration with the District of Columbia
Public Libraries and Reading Is Fundamental (RIF), the mu-
seum launched a multiyear literacy and history education
project called “The Story in History.” As part of the project,
ten classes of fourth graders from metro area “at-risk” schools
came to visit the museum’s Hands on History Room
(HOHR) twice. Each student had the opportunity to select
three thematically related books to keep. In June, the chil-
dren returned to the museum with their families for the
culminating event of The Story In History, the Family Literacy
Festival. This after-hours event featured award-winning au-
thors reading from their books, storytellers, and related
hands-on museum activities. Five hundred children, their
families, and teachers attended. The second new program,
“OurStory,” addresses the museum’s commitment to better
serve families and children. Each program invites families to
explore America’s past through museum objects, literature,
and hands-on activities.
The annual Kids Learning History Conference took place
at American History in April, cosponsored by the National
History Alliance and the National Council for History Edu-
cation. More than 275 teachers and museum educators
attended workshops and seminars designed to help them
bring innovative educational practices into their classrooms
and local museums.
“Disability and the Practice of Public History” was an
interdisciplinary conference for disability scholars, public
history and museum professionals, exhibit developers, and
activists on integrating ideas about people with disabilities
into history content, beyond issues of access.
The museum Web site (http://americanhistory.si.edu)
continues to expand and better serve our audiences. This
year was a blockbuster for virtual exhibitions such as “Edison
After 40,” “A Visual Journey: Photographs by Lisa Law,”
“The Feather Trade,” and “Photographing History: Fred J.
Maroon and the Nixon Years.” Other new sites focused on
collections (“Parthian Coins” and the “Ellington Archive
Virtual Tour and Program”) and events (“Encuentros,” the
“Disability and the Practice of Public History” Conference,
and the “Duke Ellington Anniversary Site,” which was nom-
inated for a Smithsonian Institution Exhibition Award.
This year, the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention
and Innovation kicked off its 1999-2000 theme, “Invention
at Play,” an exploration of the creative role of play in the in-
ventive process and the importance of invention in American
toys, games, and sports. The annual showcase exhibition,
“Sporting Invention,” featured Howard Head’s skis and
tennis rackets, along with a prototype of a snowboard accessi-
ble to individuals with physical disabilities. To celebrate the
150th anniversary of Lewis Latimer, the Center commis-
sioned the Brewery Troupe to create a puppet play about this
African American inventor's life. “Lewis Latimer: Renais-
sance Man” was performed at the museum in 1998 for school
and family audiences, and in March 1999 a taped broadcast
of the show aired in more than 6,000 schools nationwide.
The puppets, depicting Lewis Latimer, Frederick Douglass,
and Thomas Edison, are now part of the museum’s collection.
The Center’s ongoing program “Innovative Lives” intro-
duces middle schoolers to living inventors. In 1999, Ann
Moore, inventor of the Snugli baby carrier, and Newman
Darby, inventor of the sport of windsurfing, came to the
museum. To encourage use of invention and support research
on invention, in 1999 the Center initiated the “Travel to
30 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Collections Awards Program,” which offers transportation
awards for scholars to come and study at the museum.
The Affiliations Program gained momentum. In 1999, the
museum had a total of 21 affiliate relationships with muse-
ums nationwide. Of those, eight active affiliations involve
more than 350 loaned objects, with ro other affiliations in the
planning stages. The largest and most active affiliate in 1999
was The National Museum of Industrial History (NMIH), a
new museum that will be located at the former Bethlehem
Steel Corporation mill in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. In 1999,
American History dismantled its “1876: A Centennial Cele-
bration” from the Arts and Industries Building after a 23-year
run and sent it to Bethlehem. In addition, an American His-
tory team shipped 100 artifacts weighing more than 50 tons
from the Arts and Industries Building to Bethlehem. That in-
cluded the “Great Locomotive Switch”: a Smithsonian rigging
crew and two contracted rigging crews, with curatorial assis-
tance from American History’s train experts, moved three
Smithsonian locomotives to new homes. The Jupiter was
moved into the railroad hall at American History. The Olo-
mana and the 11-ton Pioneer of 1851 went to Bethlehem on
long-term loan to the new museum, along with items such as
an 1875 Otis elevator, steam engines, a tractor, machine tools,
telegraphy equipment, and a windmill.
Other Allifiations involved with American History in-
cluded the Chabot Observatory in Oakland, California.
Eight objects, including six telescopes, from American His-
tory’s physical science collection are going on long-term loan
to the state-of-the-art observatory and planetarium. Origins,
a museum and cultural center in Arlington, Texas, received
items from American History’s sports history collection last
year for installation at the Legends of the Game Museum in
Rangers Stadium. The B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore,
Maryland, and American History are exploring collaborative
research, exhibit, and educational programs. The first tangi-
ble step occurred in 1999, when American History lent the
museum a nineteenth-century B&O signage drum that was
used on a B&O caboose.
National Museum of the
American Indian
W. Richard West, Director
The National Museum of the American Indian, established
in 1989 by Public Law ror-185, is a hemispheric institution
of living cultures dedicated to the preservation, study, and
exhibition of the historic and contemporary life, languages,
literature, history, and arts of Native Peoples. The museum
also is dedicated to supporting and perpetuating contempo-
rary Native cultures and communities.
Three days of events from September 26 to 28 celebrated
key museum achievements as the National Museum of the
American Indian also marked its first decade. The public
opening of the Cultural Resources Center on September 26;
delivery of a seminal speech titled “Against All Odds” by
NMAI Director W. Richard West to the national press corps
about the purpose of the museum on September 27; and on
September 28, a ground-breaking ceremony for the National
Mall museum. The ground-breaking ceremony was covered
by media from throughout the world and captured front-
page attention in the Washington Post and the New York Times.
More than 1,500 museum members and others toured the
new Cultural Resources Center (CRC) in Suitland, Mary-
land, which eventually will house the museum’s entire
800,000-object collection. The collection is being moved
from the Research Branch in the Bronx, New York. The
CRC now serves as a research, study, and educational facility.
At the Cultural Resources Center, which reflects Native
design concepts and orientation thanks to extensive tribal
consultations, indoor and outdoor ceremonial areas are avail-
able to tribal delegations. There tribal elders and others can
perform ceremonies and rituals with objects from the collec-
tion connected to their tribes. NMAI Native artist fellows,
Native interns, scholars, and researchers are other primary
users of the Cultural Resources Center. Since its founding in
1989, the Smithsonian National Museum of the American
Indian (NMAI) has worked closely and collaboratively with
tribes throughout the Western Hemisphere. The museum’s
world-renowned collection has been available to tribes for
inspection and ceremonial use. During these visits, tribal
representatives have assisted the museum in identifying
objects and explaining their traditional uses.
The museum’s Community Services Department works
regularly with tribes throughout the hemisphere in cultural
exchanges, workshops, and other programs. For example, a
daylong workshop was held by the NMAI in Sonoma
County, California, to introduce a new generation of basket
weavers from Pomoan tribes to a sedge and willow gathering
area that was not known to them. As development erases tra-
ditional gathering areas for basket-making materials,
connecting weavers to previously unknown sites helps to
perpetuate their art and craft. The workshop was held in
conjunction with an NMAI exhibition “Pomo Indian Basket
Weavers, Their Baskets and the Art Market.” Pomo weavers,
storytellers, dancers, and others tribal members participated
in the exhibition programming and traveled to New York
from California.
In the past year, NMAI’s interdisciplinary research has
been focused in Peru and Mexico and the North American
Plains, Southeast, and Southwest. Current research with and
for indigenous communities is creating the inaugural exhibi-
tions for the museum on the National Mall, which will
encompass the worldview and philosophies, histories, and vi-
talities of indigenous peoples.
NMAT’s curatorial staff is working collaboratively with
the Seminole Tribe of Florida, Eastern Band of Cherokees of
North Carolina, Oglala Lakota of South Dakota, and
Quechua of Peru on the first several of approximately 40
tribal consultations that will be the basis of tribally curated
exhibitions at the Mall museum. Tribes will also select ob-
jects from the NMAI collection to represent their cultures in
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes Sil
three planned exhibitions: “Our Universes,” “Our Peoples,”
and “Our Lives.”
A December 2, 1999, gala for the benefit of the endow-
ment fund of the museum’s George Gustav Heye Center
endowment for the museum was held at the Pierre Hotel in
New York City and resulted in a net profit of $1.2 million.
U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye, NBC News anchor Tom
Brokaw, Ted Turner, Jane Fonda, and others helped to lead
the event for the NMAI.
A new NMAI four-color 32-page quarterly publication
named American Indian was developed during 1999 to replace
the NMAT's use of Native Peoples magazine as well as the Run-
ner and Quarterly Calendar. American Indian will be sent to all
NMAI members beginning in January with a winter issue.
The publication will focus the museum’s mission-driven
work throughout the hemisphere and will present NMAI
members with an insider's view of the museum. The publica-
tion also will raise awareness of our development needs, as
well as the progress of the Mall museum construction and
programs and exhibitions at the GGHC.
Design and construction of the NMAI Mall museum was
assumed by the Smithsonian in 1999. Assisting the Smith-
sonian are Polshek Partnership, Tobey + Davis, joint venture
architects; Johnpaul Jones (Cherokee/Choctaw), design con-
sultant; Lou Weller (Caddo/Cherokee), design consultant;
EDAW, landscape architects; Severud Associates, structural
engineers; Cosentini Associates, mechanical/electrical engi-
neers; Donna House (Navajo/Oneida), ethnobotanist
landscape consultant; and Ramona Sakiestewa (Hopi), inte-
rior design consultant.
National Museum of Natural History
Robert W. Fri, Director
The National Museum of Natural History enhances the un-
derstanding of the natural world and humanity’s place in it.
The museum’s researchers study natural and cultural diver-
sity by collecting and identifying specimens of nature and
human invention, establishing relationships among them,
and explaining the underlying processes that generate,
shape, and sustain their diversity. The close linkage among
research, outreach, and collections stewardship is a hallmark
of the museum, lending perspective and authenticity to its
research and authority to its outreach.
With the opening of the Samuel C. Johnson Theater and
the completion of work on the film Galapagos in 1999, the
museum embraced a vivid and accessible new medium for
presenting the diversity, complexity, and value of the natural
world. The Johnson Theater and the other facilities in the
new Discovery Center—the Atrium Café and the Museum
Shops—promise to make the museum an even more reward-
ing place to visit.
New initiatives and technologies are making the mu-
seum the hub of a national network for science education.
Through live satellite links to the museum’s Electronic
Classroom, students and teachers take part in electronic
field trips and research presentations conducted by
Museum staff. Each participating school receives an “expe-
dition kit” so that during the broadcast students can
conduct an experiment while watching the demonstration
at the museum.
Conrad Labandeira and Peter Wilf of the Paleobiology
Department reported in the journal Science on their study of
insect damage on fossil plant assemblages in southwestern
Wyoming. Their research demonstrated that insect herbi-
vores responded by increased levels of herbivory and in the
variety of damage types on host-plant species. Focusing on
an interval of time from the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene
(from 56 to 53 million years ago) that is associated with the
greatest rise in global temperatures during the past 65 mil-
lion years, they documented the first evidence in the fossil
record of a long-term insect herbivore response to a major
temperature shift.
Tim McCoy of the Department of Mineral Sciences has
been investigating how lava flows solidify on the surface of
Mars by studying the Martian meteorite Zagami from the
Smithsonian meteorite collection. The presence of different
rock layers in this meteorite, one of only 13 known to come
from Mars, suggests that lava flows may break up over long
cooling periods, a common process that future Mars explor-
ers (robots and humans) might encounter.
The museum received an unprecedented four-year grant
from the National Science Foundation to support 13 biology,
geology, and anthropology students in the museum's Re-
search Training Program. Each summer, the program offers
24 to 28 undergraduate students from around the world an
opportunity to explore their research interests under the di-
rection of museum scientists.
Working with private-sector partners Scansite 3D, Stein-
bichler, and Virtual Surfaces, Inc., the museum’s Department
of Paleobiology and Morphometrics Lab are producing a vir-
tual Triceratops that can be examined and manipulated by
computer. At the same time, scientists and conservators are
restoring the original fossil Triceratops and making molds
that will be used to cast Triceratops models for display and
study at other institutions.
“Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People,” the first American
exhibition exploring the 10,000-year-old culture of the
native people of northern Japan, opened April 30, 1999.
Produced by the museum’s Arctic Studies Center, the exhibi-
tion and book of the same name were made possible in part
by the generous financial assistance of the Nippon Founda-
tion, Japan-United States Friendship Commission, and
Japan Foundation.
The National Anthropological Archives received a grant
from Save America’s Treasures, a partnership of the White
House Millennium Council and the National Trust for His-
toric Preservation, to preserve and make accessible a
collection of 20,000 nineteenth-century Native American
drawings. The drawings record their makers’ lives and their
experience of western expansion.
32 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
National Portrait Gallery
Alan Fern, Director
The National Portrait Gallery is dedicated to the exhibition
and study of portraits of people who have made significant
contributions to American history and culture and to the
study of the artists who created such portraiture. It collects,
documents, and preserves portraits in all media as both his-
torical and artistic artifacts.
An important exhibition exploring the world of science in
the years surrounding the Revolutionary War—’Franklin &
His Friends: Portraying the Man of Science in Eighteenth-
Century America’—was organized by Brandon Brame
Fortune, Assistant Curator of Painting and Sculpture, and
Deborah J. Warner, Curator, Division of Science, Medicine,
and Society, NMAH. Other exhibitions presented included
“Theodore Roosevelt: Icon of the American Century,”
“Philippe Halsman: A Retrospective,” “Paul Robeson: Artist
and Citizen,” “George and Martha Washington: Portraits from
the Presidential Years,” “Hans Namuth: Portraits,” “Picturing
Hemingway: A Writer in His Time,” “Edward Sorel: Unau-
thorized Portraits,” and “A Durable Memento: Portraits by
Augustus Washington, African American Daguerreotypist.”
Major acquisitions included a bequest of the painting of
Thomas Jefferson by Mather Brown. Gifts included portraits
of Lafayette attributed to Pierre-Paul Prud’hon, General
George S. Patton Jr. by Boleslaw Czedekowski, Henry James
by Ellen Emmet Rand, Richard Watson Gilder by Cecilia
Beaux, Washington Irving by Charles Loring Elliott, draw-
ings of Edna Ferber, Gordon Bunshaft, David Sarnoff and
William Paley by Louis Bouché, and Jamie Wyeth by Andy
Warhol. Purchases included a donative purchase of 25 pho-
tographs by Philippe Halsman, a full-length portrait of John
F. Kennedy by Elaine de Kooning, a silhouette of Rufus
King attributed to William Bache, and an oil sketch of Mike
Mansfield by Aaron Shikler. A photograph of Rosa Parks by
Ida Berman was acquired, along with photographs of Mo-
hammed Ali, Malcolm X, and Stokely Carmichael by
Gordon Parks, Ernest Hemingway by Yousuf Karsh, and a
daguerreotype of Lemuel Shaw by Southworth & Hawes.
On January 9, 2000, the Gallery will close its doors to the
public for approximately three years while the Old Patent
Office Building, which houses the museum, undergoes a ma-
jor renovation. Four new exhibitions drawn from more than
18,000 images in the Portrait Gallery’s collection and four
shows previously exhibited in Washington will travel
throughout the United States and to Japan and Europe while
the museum is closed. The new exhibitions include a major
group of portraits of the U.S. presidents based on the mu-
seum’s renowned Hall of Presidents; 75 paintings spanning
more than two centuries, including works by the most im-
portant portrait artists the nation has produced; a
wide-ranging group of 60 photographs of notable American
women of the twentieth century portrayed by the preemi-
nent photographers of our time; and a collection of
extraordinary portrait drawings beginning with a luminous
watercolor self-portrait by Mary Cassatt.
The Director's Circle, the first formal group of individual
donors, was successfully created to bring a broad range of
supporters together in an organized manner to support the
Gallery's programs. In addition, an NPG Council is being
planned to broaden the base of support by opening doors to
foundations, corporations, and individuals on a national and
international basis. The Gallery appreciates the funds it re-
ceived this year from the Smithsonian’s Center for Latino
Initiatives, Educational Outreach Fund, Scholarly Studies
Program, and the Special Exhibitions Fund; American Her-
itage Magazine, The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz
Foundation, The J. Paul Getty Trust, Home Box Office,
J.M. Kaplan Fund, Thomasville Furniture Industries, Inc.,
the Washington Post, the Washington Times, and WBIG-FM.
The Education Department received a major grant to de-
velop, implement, and evaluate an expanded menu of
outreach programs for our Washington, D.C., metropolitan
area and national audiences. A series of 48 living history per-
formances drew a combined audience of 3,230, and Hispanic
Heritage Month programs featured a series of panel discus-
sions and a series of U.S.-made Latino films, shorts, and
documentaries. Close to 3,000 visitors enjoyed the varied
sounds of July’s Courtyard Concert series, “The Age of Elvis:
The Roots of Rock & Roll.” Visits to NPG’s award-winning
Web site averaged approximately 180,000 per month. More
than 4,000 digital images now accompany records on the
newly implemented Collections Information System with
various scanning projects in progress.
The Charles Willson Peale Family Papers submitted final
page proofs and index to Yale University Press for volume 5
of the Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family,
The Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale. Publication is
scheduled for spring 2000. Plans for volumes 6 and 7, to be
comprised of selected letters and documents from the chil-
dren of James and Charles Willson Peale, have been
approved by the Advisory Board.
National Postal Museum
James H. Bruns, Director
The National Postal Museum, through its collection and li-
brary, is dedicated to the preservation, study, and presentation
of postal history and philately. The museum uses research, ex-
hibits, education, and public programs to make this rich
history available to a wide and diverse audience.
Remembering a Titanic Year
Since opening its doors in July 1993, the National Postal
Museum has continued to work vigorously to improve its ex-
hibits, exploring new, innovative methods for interpretation.
The museum prides itself on its development of engaging
and informative public programs, and interactive digital ex-
hibitions for the Internet to expand the scope and reach of
our exhibitions. The National Postal Museum regularly par-
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 33
ticipates in both national and international philatelic and
postal events. In Fiscal Year 1999, the staff of the National
Postal Museum combined the energies and talents of its en-
tire staff for a yearlong series of events, exhibitions, public
programs, and on-line exhibits dedicated to telling the pow-
erful story of the RMS Titanic. The official name of the great
ship that could not be sunk was Royal Mail Ship Titanic. The
great disaster claimed the lives of five sea post clerks as well
as six million pieces of mail. Fiscal Year 1999 was truly a Ti-
tanic year for the National Postal Museum.
The National Postal Museum was invited to exhibit
“Posted Aboard RMS Titanic” at two venues in Melbourne,
Australia from March through June 1999. “Posted Aboard
RMS Titanic” marked the museum’s first traveling exhibi-
tion and was seen by more than 250,000 visitors in
Melbourne as part of the “Melbourne 99” international phil-
atelic exposition. The exhibition was later installed in the
Postmaster’s Gallery at the Australia Post in Melbourne. In
May, “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic” was featured in San An-
tonio, Texas, at the National Postal Forum in conjunction
with the American Postal Workers Union.
Following these events, the museum installed and opened
the complete “Posted Aboard RMS Titanic” at the National
Postal Museum on September 17, 1999. The expanded exhi-
bition featured large-scale murals of the ship, an exploration
of sea post mail service, and paintings of the five sea post
clerks who perished while attempting to save Titanic’s mail.
The highlights of the exhibition were the extraordinary ob-
jects removed from the bodies of the clerks recovered at sea.
These included Oscar Scott Woody’s keys to Titanic’s mail
room and John Starr March’s gold pocket watch eerily
stopped at 1:27.
“Posted Aboard RMS Titanic’ was kicked off with a spec-
tacular gala event with the museum’s supporters, leaders of
the mailing industry, and leaders from the U.S. Postal Ser-
vice. Educational and public programs, an interactive digital
exhibition, and special tours carried this important story to
an exceptionally broad audience. The exhibition is expected
to travel to Smithsonian Affiliate museums in the future.
In addition to the concentrated effort on the Titanic exhi-
bitions, the National Postal Museum installed three other
major exhibitions. On October 6, 1998, “As Precious As
Gold,” documenting the role of the Post Office during the
1896 Alaskan gold rush opened to the public. Immediately
following this, “Mayhem by Mail,” exploring the world of
postal inspectors and crime in the mail opened on October
16. Finally, in January, “Down With the Frauds!,” featuring
a rare collection of revenue stamps used to regulate adulter-
ated foods opened in the museum’s Rarities Gallery.
Collection Management
The 13-million-object collection of the National Postal Mu-
seum is selectively expanded each fiscal year. In accordance
with the collecting policy, the museum acquires rare or sig-
nificant United States and international philatelic and postal
history objects and routine amounts of U.S. stamp material
from the U.S. Postal Service, Bureau of Engraving and Print-
ing, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In Fiscal Year 1999
the museum acquired a rare example of the first adhesive
postage stamp on cover (the 1831 Greek 40-lepta charity tax
or postage due issue). And special emphasis was placed on
obtaining Titanic-related material for the exhibition “Posted
Aboard RMS Titanic.”
Collection Management’s agenda targets every aspect of
object care: research, retrieval, and distribution of object-re-
lated data and images; object storage, shipping, and
accountability; preservation and treatment; and observance
of the legalities of custodianship over acquisitions and loans.
Continued goals of the department are the greater accounta-
bility, utilization and visibility, and better long-term care of
the collection.
In Fiscal Year 1999 the museum began its first coopera-
tive project with a Smithsonian Affiliate, The Women’s
Museum: An Institute for the Future, located in Dallas,
Texas. Staff worked with contracted facilitators to select mu-
seum objects suitable for that museum’s inaugural
exhibition.
More specialized collections became the focus of cata-
loging and rehousing efforts. Work continued on rehousing
the extensive U.S. certified plate proof collection. And with
financial support from the Center for Latino Initiatives, early
Honduran airmail proofs and overprinted postage stamps
were linked to accession records, described and archivally
housed for future research use. Specialized collections of
mid-nineteenth to early twentieth-century Salvadoran phila-
telic objects were also professionally conserved and archivally
rehoused.
With a commitment to expanding and better utilizing
object information, the Collection Management Department
contracted for the installation of the relational database, The
Museum System (edition 9.1). This system of related infor-
mation modules will allow multiple users to access, update,
and create information about every aspect of object and ob-
ject-related activities. It also promises a future for public
accessibility. Approximately 60,000 records were converted
to Access format for final conversion into TMS records.
The lengthy assessment and stocking of the U.S. stamp
collection continued. This project, which ultimately intends
to build complete Master, Reference, and Exhibit collec-
tions, has a short-term goal of producing a new U.S. stamp
exhibit. In this period, one quarter of the exhibit material
was assembled.
Department staff led a museum committee to assess the
need for collections supplementary to the Registered Collec-
tion and to create standards and definitions for their
management. An eight-page draft, completed by Collection
Management staff, proposed definitions and policies to
address educational collections, exhibit props and nonacces-
sioned collections. This draft will be attached to the
museum’s revised Collection Management policy.
Education Department
The Education Department successfully attracted larger
numbers of visitors to our public programs, to hands-on days
34 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
in the Discovery Center, and to our curricula publications
than ever before. We reached out to two traditionally under-
served constituent groups: pre-kindergarten students and the
self-guided visitor. For pre-kindergarten children (ages 2—4),
we developed a fanciful story-tour entitled “Let’s Deliver
Mail.” Using a felt storyboard, students follow the mail de-
livery adventures of three characters (a Little Letter, a Pretty
Postcard, and a Big Package). They learn about a letter car-
rier’s job, don mailbags to pick up and deliver mail to
Owney the Dog in the museum’s atrium. To serve self-
guided visitors, we created colorful, laminated self-guides
that craftily invite the visitor to learn in every gallery.
The Education Department's other highlights for the year
included continuing docent training classes who in turn,
conducted literally thousands of tours for the public. The
Education Department developed and hosted more than 20
engaging and interactive programs and lectures for visitors
covering a wide range of postal history and philately. A new
style of hands-on Discovery Center day was created with
monthly themes, drawing an average of 50 visitors each two-
hour session. Among the many public program offerings of
the Education Department were a lecture and slide presenta-
tion about the “Letters of Van Gogh” in January and the
“Boys and Girls Club Absolutely Incredible Kids Day” in
March where visitors wrote letters to homeless children that
were particularly touching.
The Graceful Envelope Contest enjoyed another successful
year with Nature as the contest theme for Fiscal Year 1999.
Seventy-five winning envelopes were selected from the en-
tries and displayed in a special exhibition from May to
October. Similarly, the second Folk Art Mailbox Contest at-
tracted many entries with photographs of five winning
mailboxes displayed in the museum.
The Education Department continued its strong outreach
efforts by distributing the “Classroom in a Can Lesson One:
Cuneiform” to more than 1,000 Title 1 schools nationwide.
In addition, the demand for Education Department publica-
tions remained constant. The Education Department
distributed 1,603 Postal Pack for Elementary Students, 542 Pen
Friends, 611 Secondary School Postal Packs, and 1,000 Letters
From Home publications.
National Zoological Park
Michael H. Robinson, Director
The mission of the National Zoo, established by Congress in
1889 as a Smithsonian bureau, is to encourage the advance-
ment of science and the education and recreation of the
people. The Zoo is carrying its founders’ visions into the new
Millennium and positioning itself to respond to the looming
biodiversity crisis.
When Director Michael Robinson arrived in 1984, he en-
visioned transforming the Zoo into a “biopark,” where basic
biology and conservation concepts could be explained by
drawing examples from the best elements of zoos, botanic
gardens, and natural history museums. He also saw an op-
portunity to cross-reference other Smithsonian museums
where exhibits relate to themes one might encounter at the
Zoo. Now, Robinson’s concept is embodied in many popular
exhibits, including the recently opened American Prairie.
American Prairie Exhibit Opens
American Prairie, located along Olmsted Walk, opened on
July 8. Two bison, numerous prairie dogs, and native plants
introduce the prairie’s delicate ecological system. Reflecting
the prairie theme, the bison shelter is reminiscent of the
Great Plain’s sod-roofed barns.
Montali Research
An article by Dr. Richard Montali, chief of the National
Zoo's pathology department, and Dr. Laura Richman, Johns
Hopkins School of Medicine, was published in the February
19, 1999, issue of Scvence. The article explained how the
death of Kumari, the National Zoo's Asian elephant calf, led
them to discover two new herpesviruses believed responsible
for at least ten Asian and African elephant calves’ deaths in
North America since 1983. It also points to solutions for
successfully treating calves that contract the viruses. Thanks
to Montali’s and Richman’s work, veterinarians successfully
treated a similar infection using the drug famciclovir on a
calf at a zoo in Springfield, Missouri.
Frog Fungus Identified
The Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation published a re-
port by Don Nichols, NZP pathologist, describing an
unusual skin disease he first observed in 1991 in a research
colony of California toads. Nichols later found similar cases in
two of the Zoo’s White's tree frogs and an ornate horned frog.
He has also seen the disease in many of the Zoo’s young poi-
son arrow frogs and in wild frogs from Arizona to Quebec.
Joyce Longcore, a world expert on fungi, identified the
unique organism causing the disease as an aquatic fungus in
the phylum Chytridiomycetes—the only fungus group that
produces spores with flagella. In Mycologia, Longcore and
Nichols named this new genus and species Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis.
Nichols is now certain that the organism is responsible for
the disease. He and Zoo biologist Elaine Lamirande note
that fungal spores are attracted to keratin, present in frog
skin and in the mouth of tadpoles, and that the fungal cul-
tures prefer temperatures below 26° C. Nichols and
Lamirande hope these clues will help develop techniques to
combat the disease.
ELIPSE
The Zoo and its Conservation and Research Center, along
with the National Museum of Natural History and the
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, have collabo-
rated with the Institute for Conservation Biology to bring
the Smithsonian's resources to the Miami Latino community.
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 35
Steven Monfort directs the effort, known as ELIPSE (Envi-
ronmental Latino Initiative Promoting Science Education).
This project has forged a network between Smithsonian
researchers and several Southern Florida organizations—the
Zoological Society of Florida, the Miami Museum of Science
and the Miami-Dade County Public School system.
Hsing-Hsing’s Health
Hsing-Hsing, the Zoo's giant panda, experienced serious
health problems during the spring. For several years he re-
sponded to treatment for arthritis, but this spring, he
experienced lethargy and appetite loss. When veterinarians
anaesthetized him, the exam revealed incurable progressive
kidney dysfunction. Hsing has responded to medication, but
his long-term prognosis is not good.
Panda Negotiations
Ben Beck, Devra Kleiman, and Lisa Stevens, three Zoo
staffers with long-term panda involvement, traveled to
China in late June to discuss details of an agreement that
might bring new pandas to the Zoo. Zoo staff hope the Chi-
nese will consider the Zoo’s proposal because of its
contributions to medical, behavioral, nutritional, and demo-
graphic wild panda studies. As of late August, the request is
still under negotiation.
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
Irwin I. Shapiro, Director
Headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the scientific
staff at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO)
carries out a wide variety of research programs in astronomy
and astrophysics, Earth and space science, and science
education in close collaboration with the Harvard College
Observatory (HCO). The combined staff now numbers
nearly 300 scientists, with many holding joint appoint-
ments. Together, the two observatories form the Harvard-
Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) to coordinate
related activities under a single director.
Research is organized in seven divisions, with an addi-
tional department devoted to science education. And, while
both observatories retain their separate identities, the com-
bined CfA staff actively cooperates, conducting programs of
study among the following divisions and department:
Atomic and Molecular Physics, High Energy Astrophysics,
Optical and Infrared Astronomy, Planetary Sciences, Radio
and Geoastronomy, Solar and Stellar Physics, Theoretical As-
trophysics, and Science Education.
Facilities
Observational facilities include the multipurpose Fred
Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) on Mt. Hopkins in
Arizona and the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts.
The major instrument on Mt. Hopkins is the multiple mir-
ror telescope (MMT), operated jointly with the University of
Arizona. Also located at the FLWO are a 10-m-diameter re-
flector to detect gamma rays, a 1.2-m imaging
optical/infrared telescope, and a 1.5-m spectroscopic tele-
scope; it also houses a 1.3-m optical telescope, operated by
the University of Massachusetts and other partners, and an
optical and infrared interferometer (IOTA), built in collabo-
ration with the universities of Massachusetts and Wyoming
and MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory.
Major support facilities in Cambridge include a panoply
of computers connected by a local area network, a central en-
gineering department, a machine shop, a large astronomical
library, design and drafting capability, and in-house printing
and publishing services.
Special laboratories are maintained for the petrologic and
mineralogic studies of meteorites and lunar samples, for the
spectroscopy of atoms and molecules, and for the develop-
ment of instrumentation, including advanced electronic
detectors and atomic maser clocks. Major research endeavors
include the development of a Submillimeter Array (SMA) (a
joint project with the Institute of Astronomy and Astro-
physics of Taiwan’s Academia Sinica) on Mauna Kea, Hawaii,
and the conversion of the MMT to a single-mirror telescope
6.5 m in diameter.
SAO instrumentation is also operating in space. For exam-
ple, the ultraviolet coronagraph spectrometer (UVCS)
conducts ongoing studies of the Sun’s corona, one of a suite
of experiments aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observa-
tory (SOHO) spacecraft launched in 1995. In addition,
development of new instrumentation for other space mis-
sions led to two successful launches during the year—the
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) in Decem-
ber and, in July, a similar successful launch and deployment
of the Chandra X-ray Observatory.
Further, the Science Education Department conducts sev-
eral programs designed to improve the teaching of
precollege science and mathematics, partly through the use
of examples from astronomy. These programs include the de-
velopment of curriculum materials and videos, and the
training of precollege educators.
Numerous facilities serving the general astronomical com-
munity are located at the CfA in Cambridge as well. The
Institute for Theoretical Atomic and Molecular Physics, es-
tablished in 1988 to attact and encourage talented graduate
students to enter this field, emphasizes study of fundamental
questions in atomic and molecular physics. Other services
include the International Astronomical Union’s Central Bu-
reau for Astronomical Telegrams and the Minor Planet
Center, both of which disseminate information on astronom-
ical discoveries worldwide. The gateway for SIMBAD, an
international astronomical computer database, is also located
at the Cambridge site, as is Harvard’s extensive collection of
astronomical photographic plates, the largest in the world.
In addition, on behalf of NASA, SAO operates the astro-
physics data system (ADS), as well as the flight control
center for AXAF and the AXAF Science Center—now re-
named the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Chandra
36 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
X-ray Center, respectively. And, SAO continues to provide
guest observer facilities for investigators using the Roentgen
X-ray satellite (ROSAT), a joint venture of Germany, the
United Kingdom, and the United States.
Research Highlights
The Chandra X-ray Observatory, one of NASA's “Great Ob-
servatories” and a landmark U.S. mission, was successfully
deployed from the Space Shuttle in July 1999. SAO played a
lead role in designing Chandra, and operates it from the
Chandra Operations Control Center in Cambridge. Chandra
has been orbiting Earth and is sending back a steady stream
of spectacular X-ray images. SAO is also the site of the
Chandra Observatory Science Center, which coordinates re-
search of the space observatory, and receives and archives its
data for the world’s astronomical community.
The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite, designed
by SAO for NASA, was launched from a Pegasus-XL vehicle
on December 5, 1998, and began its routine operations.
SWAS is the first spaceborne observatory to operate at sub-
millimeter wavelengths and has been giving astronomers
new clues to some old cosmic mysteries, including how
stars—and their accompanying planets—are born. For exam-
ple, SWAS discovered that large amounts of water seem to
pervade the interstellar medium, with particularly copious
amounts in the huge molecular clouds thought to be the in-
cubators of newborn stars. By contrast, SWAS has so far
failed to detect molecular oxygen in those same interstellar
clouds.
SAO continued its leadership in solar studies in 1999. For
nearly four decades, solar scientists have been puzzled by the
fact that the high-speed portion of the solar wind travels
twice as fast as predicted by theory, with some particles
reaching velocities of 2 million miles per hour as they stream
out of the Sun and wash over the entire solar system. Now,
observations made with instruments built by SAO and flown
aboard NASA's Spartan 201 spacecraft and the international
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory have revealed a surpris-
ing explanation for this mystery: Magnetic waves propel the
particles through the corona like surfboarders riding the
crests of a cosmic sea. The Sun’s outermost atmosphere, or
corona, is an extremely tenuous, electrically charged gas that
is seen from Earth only during a total eclipse of the Sun by
the Moon, when it appears as a shimmering white veil sur-
rounding the black lunar disk. Using ultraviolet
coronagraph spectrometers on Spartan and SOHO to create
artificial eclipses, SAO scientists detected rapidly vibrating
magnetic fields within the corona that form magnetic waves
that, in turn, seem to accelerate the solar wind. The electri-
cal charges of the solar-wind particles, or ions, force them to
spiral around the invisible magnetic lines. When the lines
vibrate, as they do in a magnetic wave, the spiraling ions are
accelerated out and away from the Sun. Indeed, SAO scien-
tists believe there are magnetic waves in the corona with
many different “wiggling periods,” or frequencies. Thus,
these waves can accelerate various solar-wind particles at dif-
ferent rates. For example, SAO researchers found,
surprisingly, that the heavier oxygen ions actually move
faster than the lighter hydrogen ions.
The popular image of nascent planetary systems as thin,
spinning pancakes of cosmic dust and debris may be changed
by a new computer model that shows such disks are trans-
formed into distinct rings once Pluto-like bodies form. By
analyzing Hubble Space Telescope images of a suspected
young planetary system recently discovered around the star
HR 4796A, SAO scientists and their colleagues produced a
computer model that suggests that rings around new plane-
tary systems are common features. Indeed, the well-known
Kuiper Belt of asteroids in our own solar system may be the
residual remains of such a ring.
Smithsonian Center for
Latino Initiatives
Refugio |. Rochin, Director
The Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives, established in
1998, has as its mission to advance knowledge and under-
standing of Latino contributions to U.S. history, culture, and
society. In January 1999, the Board of Regents approved the
establishment of the Smithsonian National Board for Latino
Initiatives. In September 1999, the Regents approved the
first members of the board, including representation from
the academic, corporate, mass media, public, and nonprofit
sectors. The board will provide advice, support, and expert-
ise on Latino history, culture, art, and science and help
develop the financial base for Latino initiatives at the Insti-
tution. National interest in Smithsonian programs on
Latinos is strong, and opportunities for expanding activities
on Latinos are improving. Staff at the center increased from
four to nine to bolster the center’s capacity for outreach, fund
raising, training, Web site development, and research.
During its inaugural year, the center promoted dialogues
with Latino-related museums, cultural centers, and academic
programs throughout the United States and Puerto Rico.
Partners in programming included the Smithsonian’s affilia-
tions programs in San Antonio, San Jose, and Miami, as well
as the Inter-University Program for Latino Research (IUPLR),
a national consortium of Latino studies centers. The center's
summer workshop and research fellowships brought 20 schol-
ars to the Smithsonian to work on projects and to learn from
Smithsonian curators, researchers, and project managers. The
center joined with the Argentine Embassy to honor Argentine
archaeologist Alberto Rex Gonzales for his eminent contribu-
tions in natural history. He received the Smithsonian Bicen-
tennial Medal from Secretary I. Michael Heyman. The center’s
director received the Partnership Award from the Hispanic
Caucus of the American Association for Higher Education.
The center developed its Web site (www.si.edu/latino)
with national links to major programs for research, educa-
tion, and museum studies. The purpose of the Web site is
to make available and known the riches of Latino history
and culture and to advance communication, collaboration,
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 37
and network building among organizations serving Latino
communities.
The Latino Initiatives Fund, administered by the center,
contributed to more than 45 projects within the Smithson-
ian. Among them were “Arriba! The History of Aviation in
Latin America” at the National Air and Space Museum; a
photography exhibition on Los Angeles Latino communities,
“El Nuevo Mundo/The New World,” at the Cooper-Hewitt,
National Design Museum; and studies of Latino musicians
and writers, business entrepreneurs, and religious image
carvers (santeros) at the National Museum of American His-
tory. The National Museum of American History, National
Museum of Natural History, National Portrait Gallery, and
National Zoo received funds to develop educational pro-
grams for Latino youth and communities. Several cultural
events by Latino artists, educators, and performers were part
of the outreach.
The Latino music tradition is a major concern of the cen-
ter and the core of a long-term initiative including exhibits,
performances, and research. In 1999, the center and The
Smithsonian Associates cosponsored “Musica de las Améri-
cas,” an acclaimed series of performances and scholarly panels
exploring the influence of Latin music on the musical and
cultural heritage of the United States.
With the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition
Service, the center produced the widely acclaimed exhibition
“Americanos: Latino Life in the United States,” which will
travel through the United States until 2003. In partnership
with Time Warner, an exhibition sponsor, the center has de-
veloped a visitor brochure and a related poster exhibit for
schools.
Smithsonian Center for Materials
Research and Education
Lambertus van Zelst, Director
The Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Educa-
tion (SCMRE) is the Smithsonian’s specialized facility
dedicated to research and training in the area of conserva-
tion, analysis, and technical study of museum collections and
related materials. Conservation and preservation research
seeks to increase our understanding of the mechanisms that
affect the preservation of materials in museum collections, in
order to formulate improved exhibit, storage, and other use
conditions, as well as to develop, test, and improve treat-
ment technology. In collections-based research, objects from
museum collections and related materials are studied to in-
crease their contextual information value and address
questions in archaeology, art history, etc. Several of these re-
search programs are conducted in collaboration with other
institutions, notably the National Institute for Standards
and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, and the Carnegie
Institution of Washington.
The international collaborative research program on the
applications of these techniques in Latin American archaeol-
ogy, coordinated by SCMRE and sponsored by the interna-
tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), concluded its second
year with a successful workshop in Cuzco (Peru). SCMRE
also cosponsored the Conference on Modern Trends in Acti-
vation Analysis hosted by the National Institute for
Standards and Technology.
Research continued on historic and prehistoric technolo-
gies, on the preservation of natural history collections and
the potential to recover molecular information from such
collections, and on the mechanical and chemical properties
of a wide variety of materials in museum collections and
their implications on the preservation of objects in such col-
lections.
This year, SCMRE and Santa Clara University in Santa
Clara, California, agreed to develop joint programs in re-
search, education, and outreach focused on the history of the
California missions and aiming specifically at a Hispanic
American audience. Initial research will examine production
and distribution of ceramics at the California missions, and
is intended to result in a variety of educational offerings, in-
cluding exhibit programs and curriculum units for secondary
schools.
SCMRE continued a series of education and outreach ac-
tivities based on technical information obtained from studies
of santos, objects of veneration art specific to the Hispanic
American cultural traditions. This year the laboratory organ-
ized the exhibit “A Closer Look at Santos/Una Mirada mas
Profunda a los Santos,” which had its first showing at the de
Saisset Museum in Santa Clara, California. This bilingual ex-
hibit, centered around four santos from the de Saisset
Museum and the National Museum of American History, fo-
cused on aspects of materials and techniques and the
scientific methodologies employed in the technical studies.
Continuing the offerings of its Research Libraries and
Archives Conservation Training (RELACT) program,
SCMRE this year organized, hosted, and conducted, in col-
laboration with the International Centre for the Study of the
Conservation and the Restoration of Cultural Property (IC-
CROM), an intergovernmental organization based in Rome,
Italy, a six-week international course on Preservation Princi-
ples for Paper-based Collections. This course, attended by 11
professionals from archives in countries in Africa, Asia, Aus-
tralia, and Europe, integrated technical and managerial
issues involved in the preservation and use of archival collec-
tions. An innovative, Web-based curriculum designed for
this course will remain available and accessible for profes-
sionals worldwide, and serve in future offerings of similar
courses in various regions in the western hemisphere.
SCMRE'’s Archaeological Conservation Training Program
continued to serve an audience of conservation professionals,
archaeologists and museum collection care staff. A number
of conservators and conservation students received practical
training experiences at archaeological sites in Harappa (Pak-
istan), Copaén (Honduras), and Aguateca (Guatemala). At the
same time, archaeologists and archaeology students active in
field schools at these sites, as well as local professionals in
the cultural sector, received training in conservation and
preservation principles for archaeological materials during
38 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
excavation and subsequent laboratory processing and storage,
through demonstrations, workshops, and lectures.
Smithsonian Environmental
Research Center
Ross Simons, Director
The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) is
a major international research and education center dedi-
cated to understanding the ecological dynamics and human
impacts in land/sea interactions of the coastal zone. SERC
carries out research from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to
the Antarctic Ocean; and from the farmlands of the Chesa-
peake Bay watershed to the Mangroves of Central America.
SERC scientists recently published a series of journal arti-
cles on a 25-year study of stream discharges of materials
from the Rhode River watershed. The studies, begun by Dr.
David Correll, revealed in unprecedented detail the relation-
ships between stream discharges and precipitation. Storms
had an especially big effect on particulate materials in stream
water. The establishment of a beaver dam on one watershed
led to significant retention of nutrients. Unexpected long-
term declines in discharges of silicate may reduce the growth
of silicate-dependent phytoplankton, which help support the
food chain in the Rhode River and Chesapeake Bay.
Drs. Gallegos, Jordan, and Neale received a three-year,
$510,181 grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (U.S. EPA) to become a pilot site in a network of
long-term, intensively monitored coastal index sites. The
Coastal Intensive Site Network (CISNet) is part of Phase II
of U.S. EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program (EMAP). CISNet is being established to provide a
network of “outdoor laboratories” at which research and
monitoring will be conducted to establish linkages between
observed changes in environmental stressors and concomi-
tant changes in ecological resources. The grant will allow
SERC scientists to supplement ongoing measurements of
nutrient fluxes from the watershed with new instrumenta-
tion to monitor estuarine optical properties, namely spectral
absorption and scattering coefficients. Research to interpret
the monitored data will focus on three areas: (1) research to
interpret estuarine optical properties in terms of the concen-
trations of water quality parameters that are indicative of
eutrophication and sediment pollution; (2) manipulative ex-
periments to establish the response of i” sztw concentrations
of water quality parameters to inputs of nutrients (both
watershed discharge and atmospheric deposition) and partic-
ulate matter on event to interannual time-scales; (3) process
level research to examine the effects of solar UV (and espe-
cially UV-B) radiation on nearshore plankton communities,
as influenced by estuarine optical properties. The research is
expected improve the environmental decision-making
process, by establishing comparative mechanisms by which
nutrient inputs by watershed discharge and precipitation af-
fect trophic structure of an estuary, resulting in measurable
and interpretable variations in estuarine optical properties on
multiple time-scales.
One SERC program investigates the harmful effects of so-
lar UV-B radiation, which is intensifying worldwide. Dr.
Patrick Neale and his colleagues showed that UV-B absorb-
ing pigments in a common form of Chesapeake Bay algae
(dinoflagellates) protect against damage to photosynthesis.
This finding resolved a controversy about whether such
“sunscreens” really protect single-celled organisms only a
few thousandths of an inch in diameter. New SERC studies
in the Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of Mexico and the Southern
Ocean near Antarctica investigate effects of UV-B on the
growth of aquatic bacteria. Such effects may influence global
nutrient cycles.
Another SERC program examines the effects of global in-
creases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Dr. Bert Drake led
the ongoing, long-term study of a scrub-oak forest at the
Merritt Island Wildlife Refuge on Cape Canaveral, Florida.
The research showed that the effects of the severe drought
during 1998 were to some extent mitigated by increasing at-
mospheric carbon dioxide. Scrub oak exposed to a level of
carbon dioxide that we expect to occur during the next cen-
tury used water more efficiently and therefore continued to
grow even at the height of the drought. In contrast, oaks ex-
posed to normal ambient carbon dioxide were so severely
stressed that their abilities to assimilate atmospheric carbon
dioxide and to grow were severely repressed. These results
confirm that at least some effects of rising atmospheric car-
bon dioxide have a positive effect on native species plant
species.
SERC researchers directed by Dr. Jess Parker completed a
10-year study of development in local forests using an exten-
sive network of plots in forests of different ages. The results
show how forests change over time in structure, growth, and
diversity. The way a patch of vegetation changes when left
alone is an important component of how entire landscapes
change—the other dominant component is change caused by
external events, such as the disturbance by human modifica-
tions, by natural disasters, and by pests. One SERC forest
was mapped in particularly great detail. A large cadre of vol-
unteers helped map the large, canopy trees in a 43-hectare
(107-acre) area around SERC's forest research tower. The de-
tailed study provides insight on the main factors controlling
how trees are distributed within the main type of forest in
the SERC vicinity: the tolerance of moisture and shade and
the effects of past human modifications to the land.
Parker has also extended his forest studies to include a
broad survey of light transmittance patterns measured in
tropical, subtropical, western conifer, and eastern deciduous
forest canopies. This survey is showing the importance of de-
velopmental stage, forest type, and disturbance on how light
is distributed in forests, and will likely have some implica-
tions for forest management.
Future studies of forests will be aided by SERC's recent
development of a portable laser system for sensing forest
canopy structure. The prototype system has been deployed
both from the ground, carried by a person on a backpack,
and from the air, supported by a helicopter. Such a system
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 39
has a potentially wide application in forest survey, experi-
mentation, and management.
SERC's studies of forest ecology also extend to understory
plants. One such plant, is Arisaema, commonly known in the
United States as Jack-in-the-pulpit, a genus of woodland
herbs common to the forests of both eastern North America
and Japan. Each species is dioecious (with separate male and
female plants), but individual plants experience sex changes
during its growth process. Their vase-like flowers are used
extensively by many species of insects, including herbivores,
predators, parasites, fungivores, and detritivores. Recent
studies by Dr. Ilka Feller have revealed similar patterns of
sex-biased herbivory and community structure in North
America and Japan. This study helps to understand how nat-
ural communities of organisms are organized and what
factors control plant-animal interactions.
Another plant ecology study at SERC focused on orchids.
Orchids are the most diverse family of flowering plants on
Earth, and many species, particularly species of terrestrial
habitats such as forests, bogs, and fens, have become endan-
gered because of human activities. Development of
restoration plans for threatened and endangered terrestrial
orchids requires an understanding of the ecological relation-
ships that exist between the orchids and the mycorrhizal
fungi that they host. Particularly important is an under-
standing of the relationships between mycorrhiza and orchid
seeds and seedlings, life history stages, which are difficult to
study in nature. SERC scientists had previously developed a
technique to study the germination of orchid seeds in na-
ture. More recently they have used isolation techniques to
develop a large collection of orchid mycorrhiza for use in lab-
oratory and field experiments. Dr. Dennis Whigham of
SERC and collaborators from Denmark, Oregon State Uni-
versity, and York University in the United Kingdom have
recently used molecular, morphological, and physiological
techniques to determine that most of the terrestrial orchids
that they are studying host several different mycorrhiza.
Seeds of several of the orchid species being studied germi-
nate without orchid mycorrhiza, but they germinate faster
when mycorrhiza are present. Seeds of other orchids will not
germinate at all unless they are exposed to very specific or-
chid mycorrhiza. Perhaps most importantly, SERC
researchers have demonstrated that orchid seedlings need to
become infected with mycorrhiza very soon after germina-
tion in order for them to survive and grow. They are also
finding that the spatial distribution of orchid mycorrhiza in
nature is highly variable at very small scales. These results
suggest that restoration plans, to be successful, will require a
much greater understanding of the habitat requirements of
orchid mycorrhiza. The SERC research to date has revealed
for the first time the high level of complexity that exists be-
tween terrestrial orchids, their mycorrhiza, and the
environments where both occur.
SERC's Invasion Biology Program, directed by Dr. Gre-
gory Ruiz, continues to be the nation’s leading center for
research and analysis of biological invasions in coastal marine
ecosystems. Currently, the transport of ballast water in com-
mercial ships is the most important mechanism of species
introduction in the coastal zone, because it moves large
numbers of planktonic larvae and micro-organisms from port
to port across oceans. SERC is the home of the National Bal-
last Water Information Clearinghouse, which is developing a
database of ballast water released by all ships arriving from
foreign ports to all U.S. ports. The database will be used to
determine patterns of ballast water delivery and compared to
biological invasions in U.S. coastal waters. During the past
year, SERC scientists completed an analysis of the history of
biological invasions of Chesapeake Bay, providing the most
detailed summary of introduced species for any region in the
world. SERC experiments aboard oil tankers headed for Port
Valdez, Alaska, tested ways to rid ballast water of potentially
invasive species transported on ships.
This year there was a big success story for SERC exemplify-
ing public-private partnership. Major corporate support was
received from the Mills Corporation for SERC’s outreach ac-
tivities. Donations from the Mills Corporation supported
SERC's first traveling school exhibition, “Tales of the Blue
Crab.” The exhibition illustrates the ecology of the blue crab
and is directly tied to national science curriculum standards.
The innovative exhibition was dedicated at a gala ceremony
and reception held at the Institutions Arts and Industries
Building in Washington. Smithsonian Provost Dennis O’Con-
nor, SERC Director Ross Simons, and Victoria Jenkins of the
Mills Corporation, corporate underwriter of the exhibition,
addressed specially invited guests, who included members of
the U.S. Congress and their staffs and Smithsonian benefac-
tors. The exhibition will begin traveling to schools
throughout the mid-Atlantic region in the fall of 1999.
The Mills Corporation also provided support for SERC’s
public lecture series “An Ecological History of the Chesa-
peake Bay.” This well-attended lecture series featured both
SERC's PI’s and guest speakers who provided attendees a
wealth of knowledge regarding the complex interrelation of
cultural and scientific history on one of America’s most im-
portant and cherished waterways.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Ira Rubinoff, Director
During FY 1999, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti-
tute (STRI) hosted more than 500 visiting scientists and
students who joined the STRI scientific staff of 33 in their
efforts to enrich our knowledge about tropical environments,
biologically the richest on our planet.
Several STRI staff scientists, visiting researchers, and stu-
dents initiated research programs at STRI’s Bocas del Toro
field station in Isla Colon on the Caribbean coast of Panama
that was opened in FY 1998. STRI staff scientists Nancy
Knowlton and Hector Guzman are conducting research on
corals, Penelope Barnes is studying sea grasses and mollusks,
and Candy Feller and Catherine Lovelock from the Smith-
sonian Environmental Research Center are studying
mangroves. Anthony Coates and Jeremy Jackson, STRI
40 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
scientists, are continuing their work on the Panama Paleon-
tology Project, which studies the 20-million-year history of
the ecological and evolutionary consequences of the rise and
closing of the Isthmus of Panama.
At another research site in Panama at Sardinilla, Colon,
engineers from the Brookhaven National Laboratories of the
Department of Energy, who participate in a collaborative
project with STRI, McGill University, the University of
Panama, and the Universidad Catélica Santa Maria La An-
tigua, set up the equipment and conducted successfully the
first test run of the FACE project (Free Air Carbon Dioxide
Enrichment project) ring. The equipment, used for the first
time in the tropics, was tested to determine how it re-
sponded to Panama’s wet and dry season conditions. The
FACE project aims to understand the consequences of future
emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, particularly
on the regeneration of forest. Due to the high costs of carbon
dioxide that are released to simulate future emission levels,
the continuation of this project will depend on securing
funds for its future operation.
At Panama's Metropolitan Natural Park, visiting scien-
tists Stephen Mulkey, Kaoru Kitajima, and Eric Graham,
from the University of Florida, with Joseph Wright of the
STRI staff used the canopy access system to study the effects
of the atmospheric phenomenon of “La Nifia” on tropical for-
est. As part of this experiment, they installed high-intensity
lamps on the crowns of two trees to augment sunlight dur-
ing cloudy and rainy periods. Their preliminary results
indicated that tropical trees may be light-limited during
part of the year. This would suggest that the increase in
cloud coverage produced by La Nifia could potentially have
an impact on the carbon dioxide uptake of tropical forest.
STRI fellows Cameron Currie and Ulrich Muller with Ted
R. Schultz, a curator of the Smithsonian National Museum
of Natural History and researchers at the University of
Toronto advanced our knowledge of the evolution of the mu-
tually beneficial relationship between ants of the genus
Attini and the fungus they cultivate as their sole food source.
Their findings demonstrate that this relationship is extraor-
dinarily complex and could be quite recent: Ants can acquire
a new fungus from the wild or from different ant groups.
They also discovered a highly specialized fungus that can at-
tack the ants’ fungal gardens, and another mutually
beneficial relationship between the ants and actinomycete
bacteria, which help maintain the ants’ garden suitable for
their fungal crop. This research was highlighted in the New
York Times Science Section on August 3, 1999.
During FY 1999 STRI scientists, visitors, and students
published the results of their studies in 203 scholarly publi-
cations. This included books such as Tropical Forest Ecology: A
View from Barro Colorado (Oxford University Press: 1999) by
staff scientist Egbert G. Leigh, Jr.; A Paleobiotic Survey of
Caribbean Faunas from the Neogene Isthmus of Panama (Allen
Press: 1999), a collection of papers edited by visiting scien-
tist Laurel S. Collins and Anthony G. Coates, STRI; and
Peces del Pacifico Tropical Oriental (1998) by Gerard R. Allen
and STRI scientist D. Ross Robertson, a Spanish translation
of a guide of Pacific fishes from the Gulf of California to the
Galapagos, supported by a grant to STRI from the Smith-
sonian’s W. Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund.
STRI-affiliated authors published three papers in Sczence and
two in Nature and contributed to the diffusion of scientific
knowledge through the publication of a bilingual guide
(Spanish-English) on The Amphibians of Barro Colorado Nature
Monument, Soberania National Park and Adjacent Areas (1999)
by Roberto D. Ibafiez, A. Stanley Rand, and César A.
Jaramillo. This guide is also accompanied by STRIs first
CD, which includes frog vocalizations produced by the same
authors, in conjunction with Michael J. Ryan, visiting scien-
tist from the University of Texas at Austin. Another major
publication aimed at non-scientific audiences produced this
year was La Cuenca del Canal: Deforestacién, Urbanizacion y
Contaminacion, edited by Stanley Heckadon-Moreno, Roberto
D. Ibafiez, and Richard Condit (STRI: 1999). This publica-
tion was the summary of a three-year environmental
monitoring study of the Panama Canal Watershed, con-
ducted by STRI, affiliated with Panama’s National
Environmental Authority (ANAM), and funded by the U.S.
Agency for International Development (AID).
Another major accomplishment of the year was STRI’s
signing the five-year agreement with Panama's National En-
vironmental Authority (ANAM) that permits
STRI-affiliated scientists to carry out a project designed to
link conservation of Panamanian biodiversity with bio-
prospecting for novel products for medicine and agriculture.
This project, which will be conducted jointly with laborato-
ries at the University of Panama and Panama’s Ministry of
Health, developed from basic information on tropical forest
trees and insects produced by studies at STRI’s field station
on Barro Colorado Island. Funding for the project was pro-
vided by the National Institutes of Health through a
competitive grant process of the International Cooperative
Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) program.
In addition to providing opportunities for research in the
tropics, STRI promotes training in its research areas. During
FY 1999, STRI hosted two undergraduate field programs,
with Princeton and McGill Universities, as well as held its
annual field course for University of Panama students from
July 18 to 26 at STRI Gigante Peninsula, a part of the Barro
Colorado Nature Monument. For the first time this year,
STRI cosponsored a six-week intensive eco-tourism guide
training course with the local tourism industry and the U.S.
Agency for International Development. Many STRI scien-
tists participated along with international and local
instructors in this course from April 19 through May 28,
which responded to Panama’s Tourism, Conservation and
Research (TCR) Action Plan, designed to develop a sustain-
able tourism industry.
STRI continued its outreach efforts in FY 1999, with the
presentation of the traveling exhibition “Our Reefs:
Caribbean Connections” in Belize, City, Belize, during the
month of November. STRI’s exhibition “Parting the Green
Curtain,” which explains how the isthmus of Panama and
STRI research has contributed to the development of tropi-
Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 4]
cal biology, was on view at the Costa Rican National Mu-
seum in June 1999.
STRI's major administrative accomplishment in FY 1999
was the designation in 1998 of six transition committees inte-
grated by 34 STRI employees to handle diverse aspects of the
changes in STRI’s employment systems and administration
procedures that were necessary to comply with the Panaman-
ian legislation when the Panama Canal Treaties ended on
December 31, 1999. The committees included a transitions
committee, procedures, policies and operations committee,
human resources committee, human relations committee,
communications committee, and evaluations committee. This
effort was directed by Leonor Motta, executive officer; An-
thony Coates, deputy director; and Monica Alvarado,
transition coordinator. Several activities for STRI employees
were organized by the Human Relations committee through
the year, which included a column on employee accomplish-
ments in the STRI newsletter, a series of talks on STRI work
and activities at Culebra Exhibits Center, Cerro Juan Diaz,
and a trip on the STRI research vessel, the R.V. Urraca.
After successfully leading the STRI transition process,
Leonor G. Motta retired on August 31 as STRI’s executive
officer, after being at this position for 15 years. Natacha
Chandler was hired in July 1999 as STRI's new in-house
attorney. Eileen Jones, associate director for grants and ad-
ministration for the STRI development office in
Washington, D.C., retired in January 1999. One of STRI’s
first staff scientists, Neal G. Smith, who had come to work
as a biologist for the Canal Zone Biological Area in 1963,
retired in December 1998 and was appointed scientist
emeritus in January 1999. Staff scientist Robin Foster re-
signed to accept an endowed, full-time position at the Field
Museum in Chicago. He will continue affiliated as a re-
search associate, collaborating with STRI’s Center for
Tropical Forest Science. I. Fang Sun, professor at Tunghai
University in Taiwan, was selected as the Asia Program
Coordinator for STRI’s Center for Tropical Science. On Sep-
tember 30, 1999, STRI had 192 employees, who actively
contributed to its mission of conducting and facilitating
tropical research.
Reports of Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services
National Science Resources Center
Douglas M. Lapp
The National Science Resources Center (NSRC), established
in 1985 and operated jointly by the Smithsonian Institution
and the National Academies (including the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the
Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council),
works to improve science education in the nation’s elementary
and secondary schools. In addition to developing science ma-
terials for classroom use, the NSRC collects and disseminates
information about exemplary science teaching resources and
sponsors outreach activities to help school districts develop,
implement, and sustain inquiry-centered science programs.
The NSRC’s reform strategy begins with the assumption
that informed leadership at all levels is critical in developing
and implementing a new vision for science education reform.
The NSRC conducts leadership development institutes to
help identify and develop effective leaders within school dis-
tricts and their local communities. It also provides ongoing
technical assistance to catalyze and maintain science educa-
tion reform efforts.
The NSRC’s mission is to—
¢ Develop effective teaching materials for precollege science
education.
¢ Collect and disseminate information on science teaching
resources.
¢ Develop informed leaders to spearhead local, regional, and
state science education reform efforts.
¢ Provide technical assistance to help school systems im-
prove their science programs.
¢ Create networks of individuals and organizations that will
promote the exchange of knowledge and experience useful
to the improvement of science education.
During fiscal year 1999 the NSRC focused mainly on
science curriculum development and outreach efforts. In the
area of curriculum development, work on the first four mod-
ules in the Science and Technology Concepts for Middle
Schools (STC/MS) curriculum reached completion. These
modules are unique in they have undergone an extensive,
two-year research and development process. Nineteen sites
were involved in the national field testing of these modules
during the past year. The feedback from the teachers, stu-
dents, parents, and technical reviewers provided direction for
the curriculum developers to refine these materials and ready
them for commercial use.
Also in the area of curriculum development, the NSRC
published the final STC Discovery Decks. These are illus-
trated sets of resource cards that expand on the Science and
Technology for Children (STC) elementary units for fourth
through sixth grade. Their completion brought to a close the
STC elementary curriculum project.
Second, the NSRC’s Leadership and Assistance for Science
Education Reform (LASER) initiative made significant con-
tributions to helping school districts reform their K-8 science
programs. As one of the National Science Foundation’s three
Science Education Implementation and Dissemination Cen-
ters, LASER is a huge outreach initiative. During the past
year, 375 school districts participated in 18 LASER events in
the eight LASER regions across the country.
Third, the NSRC’s Information Dissemination division
provided unique electronic tools to help these projects
meet their goals. For instance, staff set up a password-
protected, Internet-based bulletin board to provide a forum
for the exchange of ideas by the STC/MS field-test teachers.
Information Dissemination staff also began work ona LASER
Implementation Guide, following a national survey of school
districts participating in NSRC science education reform ef-
forts, to provide LASER participants with information on how
to implement an effective science education program.
Reports of Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services 43
Office of Exhibits Central
Michael Headley, Director
The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) is one of the Smithson-
ian’s largest and most comprehensive exhibit producers,
providing high-quality products and services to nearly
every museum, research institute, and office at the Institu-
tion. This year, OEC performed consulting, design, editing,
graphics, modelmaking, fabrication, object handling, crat-
ing, and installation and deinstallation services for more
than two dozen Smithsonian clients and affiliates. Assisting
staff in the execution of these responsibilities is OEC’s Ad-
ministrative Unit, which offers management oversight and
administrative and computer support.
Consultation
Consulting services are a growing and important component
of OEC’s work. Sharing their expertise with Smithsonian
clients, Smithsonian Affiliates, and outside organizations,
OEC staff have helped define the content, execution, and
even feasibility of several proposed exhibitions over the past
year. Among these are “Mammals on the Move” for the
National Museum of Natural History (NMNH); “Looking
Both Ways: Heritage and Identity for the Alutiiq People”
for NMNH'’s Arctic Studies Center; “Piano 300” for the
National Museum of American History (NMAH) and Inter-
national Gallery (IG); “Make the Dirt Fly: Building the
Panama Canal” for Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL);
“Corridos sin fronteras: A New World Ballad Tradition,”
“Hannelore Baron: Works from 1969-1987,” and “Explor-
ing Garden Transformations, 1900-2000” for the
Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service
(SITES); and a planned exhibition at Wyoming’s Cheyenne
Cultural Center, a Smithsonian Affiliate.
Design, Editing, and Graphics
Among the SITES exhibition projects in which the Design,
Editing, and Graphics Unit participated are “On Miniature
Wings: Model Aircraft from the National Air and Space
Museum,” “Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in
the Americas,” “This Land Is Your Land: The Life and Legacy
of Woody Guthrie,” and the refurbishment of “Full Deck Art
Quilt,” “Barn Again,” and “Women in Flight.” The Unit also
worked on “Microbes: Invisible Invaders, Amazing Allies” for
IG; and “Vanishing Amphibians” (Spanish-language version)
for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI).
Staff prepared presentation sketches for a proposed new
exhibit on farming at the National Zoo, and provided edit-
ing services associated with the refurbishment of the Star-
Spangled Banner for NMAH.
The Unit provided long-term design consultation for
Smithsonian senior management. Working with SI organiza-
tions and an outside architecture-engineering team, an
OEC-designer-led team developed interior and exterior sig-
nage for the Arts and Industries Building. The Unit also
implemented a donation box program for the National Air
and Space Museum (NASM). The Unit furthered Secretary
Heyman’s Web site and digitization initiatives by offering
consulting, editing, or content development expertise on
several projects, including a proposed Web site for The Mil-
lennium Project, which would have demonstrated the range
of the Smithsonian’s holdings using the latest technologies;
“Digilab: Digitizing at the Smithsonian,” an NMAH exhibi-
tion that opened in fall 1999; and a series of building
evaluation reports posted on the SI intranet (Prism) for the
Office of Physical Plant.
Modelmaking
OECs Modelmaking Unit continued its work on the life-size
recreation of an Ainu traditional house (chise) and several fig-
ures for the “Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People” exhibition at
NMNH. The renovation of the Rotunda was another high-
profile NMNH project with the Unit’s work comprising a
new elephant diorama, taxidermy support, specimen collec-
tion from the African savanna, and sculpted bronze
identification medallions for species and objects included in
the diorama. “Communities in a Changing Nation: The
Promise of 19th-Century America,” a new permanent exhi-
bition at NMAH, was a third major project, requiring
mannequins, diorama work, and the creation of artificial
fruits and vegetables.
During the year, the Modelmaking Unit also was respon-
sible for design and fabrication of art deco metalwork for
“The Jazz Age in Paris, 1914-1940,” a SITES exhibition;
recreated animals for a 505-million-year-old scene in the
Canadian Rockies for “The Burgess Shale: Evolution’s Big
Bang,” also for SITES; a full-size replica of the Good Broth-
ers’ “Guff,” the world’s first successful radio-controlled
flying model, for “On Miniature Wings: Model Aircraft
from the National Air and Space Museum”; 16 painted-foam
microcrobe “critters” for “Microbes: Invisible Invaders,
Amazing Allies”; and full-size interactives recreating the
keys, striking mechanisms, and strings for the harpsichord,
clavichord, and four pianos featured in “Piano 300.”
Fabrication
The Fabrication Unit’s skilled craftspeople provided compre-
hensive services encompassing fine cabinetry, crating, object
handling and packing, and exhibition installation and de-
installation. Highlights of its work this year included ex-
hibit vitrines for “Instrument of Change: James Schoppert
Retrospective,” which opened at the George Gustav Heye
Center of the National Museum of the American Indian
(NMAI); extensive casework for “This Land Is Your Land:
The Life and Legacy of Woody Guthrie” and “Ainu: Spirit
of a Northern People”; construction of the OEC-designed
VIARC information desk at the Arts and Industries Build-
ing; installation of “Microbes: Invisible Invaders, Amazing
Allies”; and faux finishing for a peddler’s house and a South-
ern market in the “Communities for a Changing Nation”
exhibition at NMAH.
44 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Miscellaneous Services
The Unit also provided various “spot services,” including
signage for the Smithsonian Craft Show, new donor plaques
for the James Smithsonian Society, custom lettering for a
historic aircraft undergoing renovation at NASM’s Garber
facility, redesign of the Unsung Hero employee pin, kiosks
for the Horticulture Services Division display at the Atlanta
and Newport, Rhode Island, flower shows, and support serv-
ices and signage for the new Affiliations program’s annual
Roundtable.
Outreach and Training
Modelmaking staff conducted a Summer Workshop for
Teachers organized by the Smithsonian Office of Education
and provided training in mold making of crabs for the
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.
Office of Fellowships and Grants
Roberta W. Rubinoff, Director
Support from the Office of Fellowships and Grants enhances
the quality, quantity, and diversity of research conducted at
the Smithsonian. Each year, nearly 800 students and scholars
come from universities, museums, and research institutes
throughout the United States and abroad to use the Institu-
tion’s collections and facilities. The office manages
centralized competitive internship and fellowship programs,
as well as competitive grant programs that support Smith-
sonian staff research. This office also administers all stipend
appointments offered by the Institution.
Eighty-four awards were offered to graduate students, pre-
doctoral students, and postdoctoral and senior scholars
through the Smithsonian Fellowship Program. The individ-
uals conducted independent research in fields actively
pursued by the Institution, utilizing the collections and fa-
cilities. Through the office’s minority internship programs,
38 students came to study and participate in ongoing re-
search or other museum-related activities. Fourty-six grants
were made through the office’s competitive grant programs
for Smithsonian staff.
Among this year’s fellowship recipients are Jorge Duany
of the University of Puerto Rico and Mark Farris from the
State University of New York at Stony Brook. Dr. Duany’s
research focused on the construction and representation of
cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora, working
at the National Museum of American History with Marvette
Perez, curator in the Divison of Cultural History. He was a
senior fellow in the Latino Studies Fellowship Program,
which broadens and increases the body of Latino-related re-
search. Mark Ferris was a Smithsonian Institution
Predoctoral Fellow at the National Museum of American
History with Lonn Taylor. His research explored the histori-
cal and symbolic significance of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
This work will expand the understanding of national iden-
tity and the evolution of patriotism in the United States as
reflected in the debates that raged over the national anthem.
Through the Scholarly Studies Program, Christraud
Geary, curator of the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives at
the National Museum of African Art, is leading a project
which looks at the representation of African art in modernist
photography. This research will increase the understanding
of the relationship of Primitivism to that of modern art.
Office of International Relations
Francine C. Berkowitz, Director
As the Smithsonian’s liaison with individuals and institu-
tions abroad, as well as with international organizations and
government foreign affairs agencies, the Office of Interna-
tional Relations (OIR) fosters the Institution’s position as a
global center for research and education.
This year, OIR staff represented the Smithsonian or the
scholarly community in a number of official meetings and
consultations, including State Department and U.S. Infor-
mation Agency discussions about changes in the rules
governing cultural exchange with Cuba; a World Bank-
Organization of American States symposium on the preser-
vation of cultural heritage in Latin America; and meetings of
the Inter-American Biodiversity Informatics Network. The
office was also involved in visits to Washington by scientific,
cultural affairs, or museum officials from Belize, Burma,
Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Germany, Haiti, Iran,
Luxembourg, and Peru.
The office coordinated an Institution-wide project to de-
velop an exhibition and symposium commemorating the
bicentenary of Felipe Poey in early 2000. This pioneering
Cuban biologist, an early friend and correspondent of the
Smithsonian, was one of the first naturalists to develop a
concept of biodiversity.
Foreign officials who visited the Smithsonian this year
included the president of Colombia, the queen of Jordan,
the president of Ecuador, the first lady of China, the queen
of Bhutan, and the president of Panama. For the visit of
Cuba’s vice-minister of culture, OIR organized a briefing
by representatives of 25 Smithsonian units. OIR handles
arrangements for visits such as these and serves as internal
adviser on foreign affairs and the Smithsonian’s interests
abroad. In cooperation with the State Department and
Smithsonian staff, OIR also organizes briefings on environ-
mental affairs for newly confirmed ambassadors before they
take up their posts abroad.
Office of Sponsored Projects
Ardelle G. Foss, CRA, Director
The Office of Sponsored Projects served Smithsonian
researchers and scholars by supporting the work of approxi-
Reports of Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services 45
mately 167 principal investigators by submitting 258 new
proposals valued at $85.3 million and by negotiating and
accepting for the Institution 211 grant and contract awards
valued at $40.4 million.
Asian Pacific American Studies Program
Franklin Odo, Director
The APA Program seeks to integrate Asian Pacific American
contributions to U.S. history, culture, art, and society
through Smithsonian collections, research, exhibitions, and
programs. It also serves as the principal portal through
which the extremely diverse Asian Pacific American commu-
nities can provide input into the Institution. During FY
1999, the Asian Pacific American Studies Program made
great strides in establishing itself in the Asian Pacific Amer-
ican communities in the Washington, D.C., area and
nationally.
The Program’s most significant achievement with the
local community was the mounting of the exhibition, “From
Bento to Mixed Plate: Americans of Japanese Ancestry in
Multicultural Hawai'i.” The APA Studies Program part-
nered with the Los Angeles-based Japanese American
National Museum to bring this traveling exhibition to the
Arts and Industries Building for six months. To bring the
exhibition to life, the APA Studies Program worked closely
with local community groups to recruit over 100 volunteer
gallery guides and artists to demonstrate art forms reflecting
Hawaii’s multicultural heritage. Gallery guides provided
visitors with a memorable experience by sharing their per-
sonal stories about multicultural Hawaii. On Saturdays,
visitors participated in crafts such as raku pottery, origami,
and lauhala leaf weaving.
This exhibition made an impressive impact on the Wash-
ington, D.C., Asian Pacific American community and
greatly benefited visitors. Between May 23 and August 15,
Bento gallery guides logged more than 1,400 volunteer
hours. During the summer months (June, July, and Au-
gust), more than 700 visitors participated in weekend arts
demonstrations.
On the national front, the APA Studies Program worked
with Asian Pacific American leaders around the country to
identify priorities for a strategic plan. More than 45 scholars,
directors of arts organizations, and civic leaders participated
in the process. Inviting these opinion leaders into our strate-
gic planning process not only familiarized them with the
breadth of Smithsonian’s activities, but also helped make
Smithsonian more relevant to their communities around the
country.
APA Director, Franklin Odo, made regular site visits to
centers of APA communities including Seattle, Washington,
northern and southern California, New York City, and
Hawaii in order to inform leaders, groups, and potential
donors of the opportunities unfolding for partnerships and
affiliations.
Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center
Sharon Shaffer, Executive Director
The Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center (SEEC) is a
unique museum-based child development center, preschool,
and kindergarten that takes advantage of the Smithsonian's
invaluable resources. SEEC provides a model, high-quality
educational program for young children in Smithsonian
facilities and advances educational opportunities for all chil-
dren by sharing its expertise on a national level, furthering
the Smithsonian’s educational mandate. The program serves
125 children at three Smithsonian sites and has more than
30 staff members.
This year, SEEC reached a new five-year agreement out-
lining its relationship with the Smithsonian. SEEC’s board
of directors issued a new strategic plan, A Design for Our
Future, which outlines growth in financial planning, diver-
sity, educational outreach, curriculum, and the SEEC-
Smithsonian partnership.
SEEC advances its outreach mission through twice-yearly
seminars for teachers and museum professionals from around
the country and through partnerships with museums and
educational institutions. Several schools and federal agency
child-care centers currently license the SEEC curriculum,
including a cluster of five preschools and several cultural
institutions in Cleveland.
This year, Secretary I. Michael Heyman presented SEEC’s
founding executive director, Sharon Shaffer, with the Secre-
tary’s Gold Medal for Exceptional Service to the Institution,
the first such award ever given to a Smithsonian educator.
Smithsonian Affiliations
]. Michael Carrigan, Director
The Smithsonian Institution Affiliations Program is an inno-
vative, collections-based outreach initiative that shares
Smithsonian collections, staff expertise, and programmatic
resources with communities nationwide. Affiliations offer
museums an opportunity for long-term artifact loans and
stimulate strong collaborations that can sustain other pro-
grams. More than 20 organizations currently participate in
the program.
At the first annual Affiliations Program Roundtable, di-
rectors and staff members of affiliating museums learned
more about the Smithsonian and addressed issues specific to
their ongoing projects. This well-attended two-day confer-
ence was a positive forum for assessing projects, exchanging
experiences, providing feedback, and generating networks
among the affiliates.
In the past year, seven organizations have fully imple-
mented their affiliations with the long-term loans of objects
from the national collections: B&O Railroad Museum (Balti-
more, Maryland), Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum
(Bisbee, Arizona), Kansas Cosmosphere (Hutchinson,
46 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Kansas), Mexican Heritage Plaza (San Jose, California), Mi-
ami Museum of Science (Miami, Florida), National Museum
of Industrial History (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania), and San
Carlos Institute (Key West, Florida). These additions bring
the total number of implemented affiliations to nine.
The program welcomed six new participants during fiscal
year 1999: B&O Railroad Museum, Florida International
Museum (St. Petersburg, Florida), McAllen International
Museum (McAllen, Texas), San Carlos Institute, Storytelling
Foundation International (Jonesborough, Tennessee), and The
Women’s Museum: An Institute for the Future (Dallas, Texas).
As an extension of their affiliations projects, the Bisbee
Mining and Historical Museum and Centro Alameda (San
Antonio, Texas) each had interns working in Smithsonian of-
fices during the summer. The Affiliations Program office
also oversaw one fellowship this year.
Smithsonian Institution Archives
Edie Hedlin, Director
Improving internal systems and promoting outreach were
the major goals in 1999 for Smithsonian Institution
Archives. The National Collections Program (NCP) made
significant progress in coordinating the Institution’s revision
of SDGoo: Collections Management Policy by securing the
Board of Regents approval of “Smithsonian Collections Man-
agement Guidelines.” The Archives Division began a
multi-year project to implement a new system for describing
its holdings. By adopting a method of using contextual de-
scriptions, known as agency histories, combined with
content descriptions of series of records, SIA will provide re-
searchers with improved access to the hundreds of collections
in its care.
The Electronic Records Program within the Technical
Services Division developed advice for Smithsonian Institu-
tion staff that was placed on the Smithsonian’s Intranet
PRISM to assist them in managing their e-mail messages as
the Institution upgraded its e-mail system. In response to
perceived problems with insect infestations, the Preservation
Team developed an integrated pest management program.
The Joseph Henry Papers project entered into the Model
Editions Partnership, a cooperative effort by documentary
editing projects and the National Historical Publications
and Records Commission to establish standards for efficient
coding procedures for electronic publications.
A major effort to convert individual databases tracking
various aspects of archival processes commenced in 1999.
Staff from both the Archives Division and the Technical Ser-
vices Division defined the fields required by the various
activities and began the design of the Collections Manage-
ment System. The ultimate goal is to incorporate all of this
information into an integrated database that can share com-
mon information across archival functions.
The Institutional History Division (IHD) continued its
vigorous schedule of publication in both printed and virtual
form, as evidenced by the issuance of volume 8 of The Papers
of Joseph Henry, Staff from the Joseph Henry Papers provided
the information that appeared in the Mini Page syndicated
column, featuring Joseph Henry and his role in creating a
weather reporting system in the United States. They also
added three new articles on Henry’s role in the history of
American technology to its Web site. Other Web activities
included the completion of the “Bairds’s Dream: A History
of the Arts and Industries Building” electronic exhibition,
the initiation of a new Web resources that will offer public
access to legal documents relating to the history of the
Smithsonian, and the inclusion of the finding aid, “Field Re-
ports of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service,
186-61” on the SIA Web site.
NCP compiled and published the Institution’s annual col-
lection statistical report. In June, the Provost approved the
transfer of the production of the Smithsonian Annals from
the Smithsonian Institution Press to NCP. During this first
year, NCP staff began to gather information for the 1997
and 1998 Annals.
The focus for the Electronic Records Program in 1999 was
on issues associated with electronic record keeping systems.
SIA participated in a pilot project with the Archives Center
to determine the feasibility of managing and preserving the
Office of the Director's e-mail records by creating a parallel
electronic system. SIA purchased electronic record keeping
software to examine the feasibility of using this type of sys-
tem for managing both paper and electronic files.
The Preservation Team focused its activities on addressing
the core preservation needs of SIA by performing holdings
maintenance on high-value collections, conducting preserva-
tion assessments of accessions and high-value collections,
environmental monitoring of records storage facilities,
preparing collections to National Underground Storage, and
treating collections identified as containing mold. With
funding from a research resources grant, the team members
rehoused 215 archival collections comprising 941 cubic feet.
A second project funded by research resources grant and the
Women’s Committee continued the work begun in 1998 of
appraising, preserving, and making accessible the films and
videotapes created by Smithsonian Productions. The team
continued its practice of providing outreach services to the
National Anthropological Archives, Hirshhorn Museum and
Sculpture Garden, and the Archives of American Art.
The core archival activities continued with providing
services to Smithsonian offices. SIA completed a survey of
1,400 cubic feet of records for the Cooper-Hewitt, National
Design Museum, which culminated in a comprehensive
records disposition schedule for that museum. The Archives
Division coordinated the transfer of SIA records and those of
other Smithsonian repositories to National Underground
Storage in Boyers, Pennsylvania. By the end of 1999, over
6,400 feet of Smithsonian material had been moved to NUS.
SIA transferred 559 cubic feet into its holdings and dis-
carded 37 cubic feet. Total archival holdings at the end of
1999 amounted to 22,207 cubic feet of material. Staff
brought in 364 cubic feet and discarded 310 cubic feet of
records at the records center.
Reports of Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services 47
Finally, SIA posted a 27 percent increase in reference use
of its holdings. There were 4,095 inquiries, which included
daily visits, telephone, e-mail, and mail inquiries and
charge-outs to Smithsonian units.
Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Nancy E. Gwinn, Director
Expanding the variety and the volume of the information
services it offers electronically, the Smithsonian Institution
Libraries provided a wealth in information to Smithsonian
researchers at their desktops. More full-text e-journals, six
digital editions of rare books, and multi-subject reference-
desk services were brought on-line to personal computers
throughout the Institution and the world. Immediate benefi-
ciaries of this growing body of electronic information made
available by the Libraries were staff working in Smithsonian
research laboratories and in the field on their laptops, in col-
lection storage areas, in exhibits design studios, and in
education offices. Recognizing the Libraries’ reliance on and
mastery of electronic resources and technology, Libraries’ Di-
rector Nancy E. Gwinn established the Information Systems
Division this year. Headed by Tom Garnett who was named
Assistant Director and appointed to the Libraries’ Executive
Committee, the division manages the Electronic Library Pro-
gram that includes all on-line products and initiatives, from
publication of original electronic works and digital editions
of rare books to delivery of information for research in e-jour-
nals. Illustrated rare books in natural history and the history
of science and technology are now accessible as digital edi-
tions to a worldwide audience of book lovers, students,
scientists, and bibliographers. Each digital edition carries
historical background material prepared by Libraries’ staff
and subject specialists, which is valued by the researcher and
book connoisseur alike. The on-line publication of digital
editions has brought these texts to a worldwide audience
while safeguarding the Smithsonian Libraries’ collections for
future generations by reducing the amount of handling of
fragile materials. The Jaques Admiralty Law Firm and the
Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund provided funding for the
equipment. The SI Libraries’ Imaging Center opened in
March as a production unit where printed materials are
scanned, casting images and text from paper-based materials
into a digital format. At the March 2 opening of the SIL
Imaging Center, attended by Provost Dennis O’Connor and
members of the Libraries’ Board, Director Nancy E. Gwinn
said, “We cannot yet predict how these digital editions,
which are destined to reach an audience worldwide, will be
used in research. As new technologies enable us to move our
collections off the Mall, it is clear the Libraries plays a crucial
role in bringing students, scholars, and members of the pub-
lic into the new information age with stunning works kept
until now within the security of our rare-book libraries.”
The Libraries’ administration and its Board created the
Spencer Baird Society in July. Named for the Smithsonian’s
second Secretary, this annual giving and premiere donor-
recognition society recognizes individuals who provide
significant philanthropic support for top priority projects of
the Libraries. Some possible uses of Baird Society funds are
purchase of unusual or especially important rare books for
the collections; acquisition of new equipment to support
digitizing efforts for the collections; providing stipends
for resident scholars, interns, or a minority postgraduate
residency for a new librarian; cataloging a new collection;
or conservation treatments of volumes at the top of the
Libraries’ conservation priority list.
The Smithsonian Institution Libraries opened its nine-
teenth branch at the National Museum of the American
Indian Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland,
in February 1999. The branch began offering full-time
library services in June when a library technician joined the
Libraries. The branch has a limited collection of materials
from the curatorial offices and provides interlibrary loan
services.
SIL now offers access to 320 e-journals to its Smithsonian
library users. Journal literature in electronic format, or e-
journals, as they are called, allows researchers to get to vast
amounts of information directly from their computers.
E-journals are invaluable because they allow libraries to
make better use of their space and budgets while providing
information to a wider audience than could be served on
location in the branch libraries. (The number of e-journals
published has grown significantly over the past five years.)
New electronic education aids published by the Libraries
published on www.sil.si.edu include Anthropology on the Inter-
net for K-12 (1999) by Margaret R. Dittemore, Librarian of
the Anthropology Branch. The American Anthropology As-
sociation linked this useful K-12 guide to its home page.
Offered as part of the larger Smithsonian effort to support
education for diverse audiences, each section is illustrated
with photographs of Smithsonian anthropologists working
in the field or in their laboratories. Modern African Art
(1998), an annotated bibliography of more than 350 pub-
lished articles, reviews, catalogs, and books prepared by
Janet L. Stanley, Librarian of the National Museum of
African Art Branch, was published in 1998. Both the
African art and the anthropology published guides are up-
dated regularly. The Libraries’ Web page is also home to
“Library and Archival Exhibitions on the World Wide
Web,” a site with links to approximately 600 on-line exhibi-
tions created by or related to libraries, archives, and
historical societies. The site, which is maintained by Diane
Shaw of SIL staff, received four national awards and was
named the USA Today Hor Site in June. The Libraries’ home
page has Quick Reference links, and the 19 branch libraries
each have home pages with subject-specialty information.
The SIL User Guide and its newsletter, “Information,” are
available on-line along with application forms for its Resi-
dent Scholar Programs.
In 1999 the Libraries completed a multiyear project
funded by the Getty Grant Program, creating approximately
25,000 on-line bibliographic records relating to the litera-
ture of African art and culture. Museum of African Art
48 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Branch librarian Janet Stanley, author of the bibliographic
index and principal investigator for the grant, began to com-
pile the information in 1979, and she will continue adding
records as new literature on African art is published. Ms.
Stanley’s work resulted in the addition of hundreds of new
subject terms relating to African art and culture to the
Getty’s Art and Architecture Thesaurus, and the addition of
more than 100 new subject headings used by the Library of
Congress for cataloging. Since these 25,000 records of the
African Art bibliographic index have been available with the
Libraries’ catalog on SIRIS (www.siris.si.edu), reference and
interlibrary loan inquiries to the African Art Branch library
have more than tripled.
The Smithsonian Institution Libraries is a key player in
cooperative efforts that will benefit research at the Institu-
tion. As a member of the Chesapeake Information and
Research Library Alliance, a consortium of nine libraries of
which SIL is a founding member, a CIRLA task force is ad-
dressing the complex nature of contracts and licenses for
access to information in a digital format and designing a
model for user agreements with publishers of e-journals to
negotiate cost savings and to expand access to published in-
formation. Smithsonian Libraries Director Dr. Nancy E.
Gwinn is serving as chair of CIRLA 1999-2000. CIRLA
members in addition to the Smithsonian Institution Li-
braries are the Library of Congress and the National
Agricultural Library and several universities (Georgetown
University, The George Washington University, Howard
University, Johns Hopkins University, the University of
Delaware, and the University of Maryland).
Smithsonian Institution Traveling
Exhibition Service (SITES)
Anna R. Cohn, Director
The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service
(SITES) is the largest traveling exhibition service in the
world. Its mission is to extend the Smithsonian collections,
research, and exhibitions to “sites” across the nation and
beyond. SITES organizes and circulates exhibitions of all
shapes and sizes on the arts, sciences, and humanities. Since
the first exhibition went on the road in 1952, SITES has
traveled thousands of exhibitions for the education and en-
joyment of museum-goers in every state and several foreign
countries.
To expand the Smithsonian’s outreach, SITES has contin-
ued to seek out alternative partners and spaces to create and
host exhibitions. Presented at the International Gallery un-
der the auspices of SITES, “Microbes: Invisible Invaders,
Amazing Allies,” an interactive, kid-friendly traveling exhi-
bition that introduced the world of bacteria and germs using
virtual reality, 3D animation, theatrical sets, and special ef-
fects was sponsored by Pfizer Inc. in collaboration with the
National Institutes of Health and produced by BBH Ex-
hibits, Inc. SITES also continues to work with the American
Library Association to create exhibitions for display in li-
braries across the country.
SITES’ Museum on Main Street Program is designed to
reach underserved communities in rural areas throughout the
United States. In addition to providing these venues with
exhibitions, SITES works with the Federation of State Hu-
manities Councils to provide the venues with professional
development programs and training, as well as assisting in
the development of site-specific public programming. “Yes-
terday’s Tomorrows: Past Visions of the American Future,” is
the third Museum on Main Street traveling exhibition and
will begin touring in 2001.
America’s Jazz Heritage (AJH), a partnership of the Lila
Wallace—Reader’s Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, Continues its mission to research, preserve, and present
the history of jazz. AJH/SITES traveling jazz exhibitions
have and continue to fulfill institutional visibility across the
nation. AJH reached diverse audiences through informative
and entertaining exhibitions focused on one of America’s
most treasured legacies, its history, icons, and priceless col-
lections. AJH coproduced the distance learning program
entitled “An Ellington Experience” free of charge in collabo-
ration with the Cleveland Education Fund’s Excellence in
Music Initiative during the April 1999 Duke Ellington
Youth Festival. AJH also coproduced “The Musical Genius
of Duke Ellington,” an Electronic Field Trip in collaboration
with the Fairfax Network and the Cleveland Education
Fund, which was broadcast free of charge to more than 8,000
schools and 2.8 million students.
Through the Smithsonian's growing Affiliations program,
AJH is afforded heightened institutional support for creat-
ing partnerships and collaborations with jazz museum
affiliates such as the American Jazz Museum in Kansas City,
Missouri, and the emerging National Jazz Museum in
Harlem.
Smithsonian Office of Education
Ann Bay, Director
A yearlong strategic planning process culminated in the
merger of the Smithsonian Office of Education (SOE) and
the Center for Museum Studies (CMS). The new office inter-
prets the collective knowledge of the Smithsonian and serves
as a gateway to the Institution’s education resources. It also
promotes the understanding and use of museums in general.
This expansion of mission began nearly three years ago when
the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education became
the Smithsonian Office of Education. The role of SOE broad-
ened to include service to educators and parents and
administration of the Educational Outreach Fund and the
Wider Audience Development Program.
In the year leading up to the merger, SOE and CMS to-
gether offered professional development opportunities and
services for educators. In the Washington area, summer sem-
inars helped elementary and secondary teachers learn how to
Reports of Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services 49
use museum resources to meet curriculum objectives. The
Paul Peck Humanities Institute, a partnership at Mont-
gomery College in Maryland, provided faculty research
fellowships, internships, and seminars. The office continued
to promote the popular heritage-month programming at the
Institution. This year, for example, a workshop for teenage
writers conducted by prominent Afro-Latino authors was
filled to capacity.
The office also brought Smithsonian expertise to places
throughout the country. The American Indian Museum
Studies Program conducted extensive seminars in Louisiana,
Florida, and Alaska. Regional workshops in Riverside, Cali-
fornia, and Austin, Texas, fostered partnerships between
school districts, local museums, and the Smithsonian. In
these community-based programs, the Smithsonian models
methods and gives technical support.
The new Smithsonian Field Trip Guide for Educators, funded
by several Washington-area foundations, was launched this
year. This 96-page guide details tours and programs for stu-
dents and professional development opportunities for
educators at all Smithsonian museums, research institutes,
and offices. An “educator's toolkit” section, developed with
the cooperation of schoolteachers and some 60 Smithsonian
contributors, contains proven educational strategies and a
guide to making connections between the Smithsonian’s per-
manent exhibitions and national education standards in
history, science, and the arts.
Accessibility Program
Janice Majewski, Accessibility Coordinator
The number of people who have disabilities has been increas-
ing as life spans lengthen. Today, one in five Americans has a
disability. That translates into greater numbers of Smithson-
ian visitors with diverse abilities and disabilities. The
Accessibility Program advocates for and coordinates actions
by Smithsonian museums, research institutes, and offices to
accommodate audiences that include people with disabili-
ties. The program’s activities this year demonstrate the
diversity of the audiences and issues.
The program collaborated with the National Museum of
American History and the National Rehabilitation Aware-
ness Foundation to present “Disability and the Practice of
Public History,” a ground-breaking conference for scholars,
museum professionals, and disability advocates. The partici-
pants concluded that disability history must be part of
public narratives, including exhibitions. Integral to the suc-
cess of the conference was the program's model provision of
accessibility services to accommodate the 200 conference
registrants with diverse disabilities.
Professionals from the Smithsonian and Washington,
D.C., area cultural organizations attended five continuing
education sessions held by the program, focusing on accom-
modations for visitors who are blind or have low vision. The
topics were tactile opportunities in museums, site orienta-
tion and wayfinding, assistive technologies, the Mashan-
tucket Pequot Museum’s information system for visitors
with vision impairments, and publications accessibility.
As Smithsonian visitors’ demand for accessibility services
increased, the program provided more than 550 hours of
sign-language interpretation, audio description, and Real-
time captioning services through its centralized resources.
Review of design and construction plans for the accessibility
of facilities and exhibitions is a priority. Significant projects
this year included renovation plans for the National Museum
of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery, the Na-
tional Museum of the American Indian’s museum on the
Mall and its Cultural Resources Center, the Victor Building,
and the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project conserva-
tion laboratory and exhibition.
Institute for Conservation Biology
The Institute for Conservation Biology (ICB) continued its
mission to facilitate multidisciplinary initiatives in conserva-
tion science by drawing together the myriad skills and
resources of the Smithsonian Institution, collaborating with
other organizations, and creating alliances that effectively
address a broad range of conservation issues resulting from
the biodiversity crisis. ICB continued to forge strong rela-
tions with non-Smithsonian agencies and nongovernmental
organizations.
ICB and The World Bank cohosted an environmental
roundtable for 35 participants from the host organizations,
the U.S. and Ecuadorian governments, nongovernmental or-
ganizations, and foundations. Jamil Mahuad, president of
Ecuador, spoke on “Ecuador's New Vision on Sustainable
Development,” followed by an open discussion. U.S. Secre-
tary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt gave the concluding
remarks.
Two distinguished guests were featured in ICB’s ongoing
Visiting Speaker Luncheon Series: Timothy Wirth, president
of the United Nations Foundation, and Rosina Bierbaum,
associate director for environment in the Office of Science
and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President.
This series acquaints Smithsonian scientists and staff with
the Institution’s environmentally oriented neighbors and
serves as a springboard for cooperative initiatives.
With the University of Maryland graduate program in
Sustainable Development and Conservation Biology, ICB
hosted the Society for Conservation Biology’s 1999 annual
meeting, “Integrating Policy and Science in Conservation
Biology.” The institute and The World Bank cosponsored a
luncheon meeting with Ernesto Perez Balladares, president
of the Republic of Panama, to discuss ecotourism and the
need for strategic alliances among tourism, conservation,
and scientific research. ICB continued to offer its course,
“Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation,” at Johns Hopkins
University’s Washington, D.C., campus. Thirteen Smith-
sonian scientists taught the course during the fall 1999
semester.
50 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Institutional Studies Office
Zahava D. Doering, Director
The activities of the Institutional Studies Office (ISO) can be
grouped into four major categories: museum and exhibition
planning, exhibition assessment, membership studies, and
research.
In museum and exhibition planning, the office conducted
a major study of three linked museums—the National
Museum of American Art, the National Portrait Gallery,
and the Renwick Gallery—that was designed to provide es-
sential data on visitors to guide planning. Data collection
took place in different seasons to capture a wider range of
visitors. For the National Air and Space Museum, the office
conducted exploratory interviews with visitors to aid in
planning the new Air Transportation hall, as well as surveys
and in-depth interviews for the future “Explore the Uni-
verse” exhibition. At the National Museum of Natural
History (NMNH), ISO interviewed visitors extensively in
the Kenneth E. Behring Hall of Mammals to learn how they
experience the displays. These explorations led to a large-
scale survey study that yielded information to guide
planning for the reinstallation of the hall.
Exhibition assessment activities included an in-depth
study of the “Geology, Gems, and Minerals” exhibition at
NMNH that provided valuable insights into how the mu-
seum could enhance attendance in its major exhibitions. At
the National Zoo, a series of three studies investigated visi-
tor behavior, attitudes, and experiences in the Amazonia
exhibit, with a focus on the Amazonia Science Gallery and
its use by families.
Two membership studies repeated and enlarged on studies
conducted ro years earlier. For the Cooper-Hewitt, National
Design Museum, a study showed how the museum’s support
has changed over time. A study for The Smithsonian Associ-
ates emphasized Internet use by members.
ISO's research activities continued work on the types of
experiences that visitors anticipate and find satisfying in
museums. A study of entering and exiting visitors at the
National Museum of American History demonstrated the
usefulness of this model in clarifying the museum’s impact
on its visitors.
The peer-reviewed journal Curator invited the office to
submit articles for a special issue on ISO’s work. Staff mem-
bers prepared five major articles, which were accepted and
scheduled for publication early in 2000.
Scientific Diving Program
Michael Lang, Scientific Diving Officer
As an Institution-wide research support program dedicated
to the safe conduct of underwater science activities by
Smithsonian staff and affiliated researchers, the Scientific
Diving Program facilitated projects and diving expeditions
by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Smith-
sonian Environmental Research Center, the National
Museum of American History, the Smithsonian Marine
Station at Fort Pierce, and the National Museum of Nat-
ural History. These projects involved more than 200
scientific divers and approximately 4,000 incident-free
dives.
Program staff were involved in research diving expedi-
tions in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The Scientific
Diving Control Board chair and the scientific diving officer
co-chaired a two-day marine sciences workshop at the
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center that examined
underwater research efforts at the Smithsonian and its net-
work of marine research facilities. The program also
conducted two three-week scientific diving courses, one at
the National Museum of Natural History and one in Spanish
at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. At the invi-
tation of the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center,
the program was involved in the development of a scientific
diver network and manual in Japan.
Report of the Under Secretary
Constance Berry Newman
A Core Commitment to Excellence
The public knows to expect excellence from the Smithson-
ian. Whether visiting a museum on the Mall, attending
Smithsonian Associates events in their hometowns, or
browsing the Web site, people are confident that they will
have an experience of the highest quality. This dedication to
excellence permeates the Institution, and not just in the visi-
ble programs that the public enjoys.
The reports in this section of the annual report highlight
the pursuit of excellence behind the scenes, where staff
members provide essential support for the Institution’s mu-
seum and research activities. Stimulating programs from
The Smithsonian Associates, for example, open a world of
knowledge to those who participate, but first it takes tal-
ented staff to develop the content, orchestrate the logistics,
and make the experience a rewarding one. Visitors to the
National Museum of Natural History enjoy the expanded
facilities and services in the new Discovery Center, thanks in
part to several years of intense effort by staff in the various
Operations units who helped make this addition to the
Smithsonian landscape a reality. Our dedicated volunteers—
this year, some 5,400 strong—make their own special
contributions to excellence in just about every corner of the
Institution.
Sustaining excellence requires more than hard work, high
standards, and the will to succeed. For the Smithsonian, reli-
able and steady commercial revenue sources are increasingly
essential as we look for ways to support our programs and
create new ones that serve widening audiences.
This year, the Smithsonian strengthened its commitment
to developing and expanding for-profit business activities by
establishing Smithsonian Business Ventures, a separate en-
tity within the Institution with its own board of directors.
Gary Beer, the chief executive officer, oversees Smithsonian
magazines, museum shops, mail-order catalogues, conces-
sions, commercial alliances, media-content products, direct
marketing, and product development and licensing. Beer,
who joined the Smithsonian near the end of this fiscal year,
guided a similar venture to success when he was president
and CEO of the Sundance Group, the for-profit arm of the
Sundance organization founded by Robert Redford.
Underlying this organizational change is the same com-
mitment to excellence that has driven the Smithsonian for
all of its 153 years. During I. Michael Heyman’s five years as
Secretary, we have continued to explore new realms—physi-
cal, intellectual, and electronic. Now we are responding to
present needs while thinking ahead to the Smithsonian's
possible future roles and anticipating how we will support
them. As the reports in this volume suggest, the various
organizations that make up the Smithsonian are always look-
ing at ways to fulfill their missions more effectively. As long
as the commitment to excellence is at the heart of everything
we do, we cannot help but succeed.
Musica de las Américas
In a celebration of Latino music traditions that the Washing-
ton Post called “sizzling,” “superb,” and “invigorating,” The
Smithsonian Associates presented its ground-breaking
“Musica de las Américas” program. This series of six
monthly concerts and complementary panel discussions ex-
plored the continuing influence of Latin styles on popular
music in the United States. Top musicians performed in
highly praised concerts that focused on popular Latin Ameri-
can musical genres: mambo and Afro-Cuban jazz, merengue,
conjunto nortefio, tango, bossa nova and cool jazz, and salsa
and Latin jazz. Brazilian jazz icon Leny Andrade, the Machito
52 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Orchestra, jazz legends Charlie Byrd and Herbie Mann,
1999 Grammy Award winner Flaco Jiménez, and Lydia
Mendoza, the “Queen of Tejano Music,” were among the
many performers.
Involvement with Latino communities is a priority for
The Associates, and programs by, for, and about the history
and culture of people of Hispanic origin are increasingly
popular. “Musica de las Américas” was made possible with
the support of the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives
and America’s Jazz Heritage, a Partnership of the Lila Wallace—
Reader’s Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution.
Connecting to Smithsonian Resources
For more than 25 years, staff and volunteers in the Visitor
Information and Associates’ Reception Center’s (VIARC)
Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone Information Services
have fielded an extraordinary variety of questions, from the
predictable (“What are the Smithsonian’s hours?”) to the
startlingly specific (“What is this insect? See enclosed.”).
When the public is curious, VIARC is ready with assistance.
Today, people seeking information are more likely to send
an e-mail than to pick up the telephone or mail a letter. Some
15,600 electronic inquiries arrived at VIARC’s address,
info@info.si.edu, in fiscal year 1999, representing 45 percent
of all inquiries received and an 80 percent increase over last
year’s electronic mail. Each month, thousands of cyber-visitors
log on to the Smithsonian’s Web site, where they can browse
Encyclopedia Smithsonian, a VIARC page that provides se-
lected links to on-line information throughout the
Institution. A VIARC behind-the-scenes volunteer has made
critical contributions to the creation of this site, working with
many Smithsonian organizations. Most recently, she collabo-
rated with the Department of Entomology in the National
Museum of Natural History to create the extensive “Bug
Info” area (click on “Insects” in Encyclopedia Smithsonian).
VIARC volunteers and staff work with an impressive li-
brary of fact sheets and bibliographies on everything from
mollusks to the history of taxicabs, created and revised over
the years in cooperation with Smithsonian specialists. When
the Institution joined forces with America Online in 1993 to
create Smithsonian Online, VIARC contributed highlights
from these information resources. By 1995, the Smithsonian
had launched its own Web site, and VIARC was instrumen-
tal in supplying much of the initial content.
Although e-mail makes asking questions easy, VIARC
still fields telephone queries at (202) 357-2700. “People are
astonished when they get a live response,” says VIARC’s
Katherine Neill Ridgley. Whether in person or on-line, she
says, “people tell us how grateful they are to be connected to
the wealth of knowledge and information the Smithsonian
has to offer.”
Reports of the Administrative Offices
Office of General Counsel
John E. Huerta, General Counsel
The Office of the General Counsel (OGC) protects the legal
interests of the Smithsonian Institution. In carrying out
that mission, the OGC provides legal advice and counsel
to the Smithsonian Board of Regents, Secretary, Provost,
Under Secretary, and other managers on the administration
of the Institution; represents the Smithsonian in litigation
and other adversarial proceedings to which the Institution
is a party and before federal, state, and local government
entities on administrative matters; issues final determina-
tions on administrative tort and personal property claims
against the Smithsonian; and generally monitors develop-
ments in the law for application to the Smithsonian
programs.
Office of Planning, Management
and Budget
L. Carole Wharton, Director
The Office of Planning, Management and Budget (OPMB)
assists the Secretary and Board of Regents in setting priori-
ties, allocating resources, and measuring performance.
OPMB gathers, analyzes, and presents Institutional needs to
the Regents, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB),
and Congress for evaluation and disposition. OPMB also
provides services to central and unit managers in order to
improve planning for, as well as management of, Smithson-
ian resources.
In addition, OPMB develops and disseminates Institu-
tional policy directives and announcements.
Budget Management Planning and
Policy System (BUMPPS)
BUMPPS is the Smithsonian’s automated planning and
budget system that provides up-to-date data for senior man-
agement and also interfaces with Office of Comptroller's
(OC) Smithsonian Financial System to provide current year
budget data on the financial reports. The BUMPPS team
improved the security foundation and modified the existing
eight modules of the system. It also developed, tested, and
released the Grants and Contracts Budget Module, which al-
lows the Office of Sponsored Projects to create, update, view,
and report on the detailed budget records for nongovern-
ment and government grants and contracts sources. In
addition, the team redeveloped the Budget Transfer module
based on enhancements identified by OPMB analysts and
the units, and created and released new reports for the Bud-
get Transfer and OMB Non-Allocated modules.
Team Based Organization (TBO)
The TBO structure of the office continued to evolve as team
members became more accomplished in the art of teamwork.
Changes occurred in the structural details, but TBO re-
mained the governing concept.
The Smithsonian Associates
Mara Mayor, Director
Programs In and Around Washington
Resident Associate Program
The Smithsonian Associates’ (TSA) Resident Associate Pro-
gram provided a spectacular array of courses, seminars, and
special events for the greater Washington, D.C., area. The
54 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
year began with Lesprit de France, an exceptional collage of
nearly 40 special events and programs to explore France and
its contributions in art, architecture, music, history, philoso-
phy, literature, language, cuisine, and style. The centerpiece
of Lesprit de France was an elegant black-tie gala held at the
Washington Design Center, chaired by Mary Ourisman and
attended by the Ambassador of France. The celebration was
headlined by events cosponsored with the Hotel Ritz Paris,
such as “The French Art of Tea” and “Rendezvous with the
Ritz’ Chefs.”
TSA collaborated with Smithsonian museums on a variety
of cultural and educational programs. Tim Johnson of the
National Museum of the American Indian used stunning
images to review the photographic history of Native Ameri-
cans from the very beginning of photography more than 150
years ago. An impressive roster of speakers, including Doris
Evans McGinty, Ed Guerrero, and Mark Naison, presented a
seminar, “Celebrating the rooth Anniversary of Paul Robe-
son’s Birth,” to complement the National Portrait Gallery’s
exhibition on this great artist.
TSA presented a dazzling array of world-renowned fig-
ures. After a screening of extraordinary vintage footage
trumpeting his historic Everest conquest, Sir Edmund
Hillary, in an extraordinarily rare public appearance, re-
ceived the James Smithson Bicentennial Medal. Author Tom
Wolfe delighted his audience with witty repartee about his
life as a writer in a conversation with Marc Pachter. Lesley
Stahl reflected on her 25 years as a reporter. Psychologist
Richard Carlson told us, “Don’t Sweat the Small Scuff.”
Peter Jennings, anchor and editor of “ABC World News
Tonight,” reflected on the twentieth century.
Two very special programs highlighted the year. TSA pre-
sented one of the largest groups of former Presidential Press
Secretaries ever assembled. Moderated by historian Michael
Beschloss, the list of luminaries included George Christian
(Johnson); Marlin Fitzwater (Reagan and Bush); Joe Lock-
hardt, Mike McCurry, and Dee Dee Myers (Clinton); Ronald
Nessen, (Ford); Pierre Salinger (Kennedy); Larry Speakes
(Reagan); and Ronald Ziegler (Nixon). The other spectacular
program featured the great NASCAR drivers including Dale
Earnhardt, Dale Earnhardt, Jr., Jeff Gordon, Kyle Petty,
Richard Petty, and Darrell Waltrip.
TSA has had a long association with Oxford University
through its study tours program. This year, for the first time,
Smithsonian Associates were able to enjoy Oxford in Washing-
ton through three daylong seminars. Barry Cunliffe, professor
of archaeology at Oxford, spoke about the history of the Celts
and their contribution to western civilization. Oxford tutors
Geoffrey Tyack and David Eddershaw covered “The English
Country House” and “Oxford as University, City, and County.”
Continuing its long collaboration with the National Air
and Space Museum, TSA presented the 33rd Annual Smith-
sonian Kite Festival on the National Mall. This years theme,
“A Century of Flight: Looking Back” celebrated the centen-
nial of Orville Wright’s historic 1899 kite, which was a
milestone in aviation history. Associates in the greater Wash-
ington area took part in more than 200 day and overnight
tours in the region. Of special note is the popular journey to
Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater (PA), which was ex-
panded to include Kentuck Knob, another Wright home re-
cently opened to visitors on a limited basis.
Young Benefactors
The Young Benefactors entered its tenth year, continuing
its mission of raising unrestricted funds for the Smithsonian
Institution and increasing awareness among young profes-
sionals of the goals and objectives of the Institution. Among
activities this year were a reception at the Latin American
photography exhibit at the National Museum of American
History, a cocktail reception at the Renwick Gallery, and the
Tenth Annual Blast-Off Black-Tie Gala at National Air and
Space Musuem, which raised more than $150,000.
Masters Program in the History of Decorative Arts:
Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century American
Decorative Arts
Maria Ann Conelli, Chair
The Masters Program, now in its fourth year, sponsored a
symposium entitled “The Theme Is Glass” in conjunction
with the exhibition “Glass! Glorious Glass!” at the Renwick
Gallery of the National Museum of American Art. Renowned
glass artist Dan Dailey opened the morning session and was
later joined by curators Paola Antonelli of the Museum of
Modem Art and Vicky Clark from the Pittsburgh Center for
the Arts. They addressed an enthusiastic audience of more
than 125 attendees. Kenneth Trapp, curator-in-charge at the
Renwick, provided an afternoon tour of the exhibition. The
day ended with a lively panel discussion that ranged from the
future of art glass to glass and modem technology.
Professor John Wilton-Ely, the distinguished art historian,
joined the faculty and lectured on his forthcoming book, Robert
Adam and the Adam Style. Stadents from the Masters Program
later joined Professor Wilton-Ely in England to explore the cel-
ebrated English country houses and their interiors. During this
summer seminar, students visited the collections of the Victoria
and Albert Museum, Spencer House, the Wallace Collection,
Osterley Park, The Sir John Soane’s Museum, Strawberry Hill,
and Chiswick House, to name a few.
The Masters Program continued production of the
“Newsletter of the Decorative Arts Society.” This publica-
tion, with an international readership, offers articles,
exhibition and book reviews, news on recent acquisitions,
and a calendar of events pertaining to the applied arts for
museum and historic houses across the United States. Stu-
dents in the Washington, D.C., program serve as writers,
editors, and designers. Some have found their voice and ca-
reers in writing for the Newsletter.
Programs Across America
and Around the World
Smithsonian Institutes for Professionals
Geared for corporate and association audiences who come to
Washington from across the country, TSA's Institutes are
Reports of the Administrative Offices Dy)
custom designed to meet the interests and needs of each
client and can be used for training, awareness, or incentive
programs. The programs, which may last from a few hours
to several days, use Smithsonian collections, laboratories, re-
search facilities, and exhibitions to help participants better
understand diverse cultures and to foster fresh approaches to
problem solving. The institutes include Smithsonian Cre-
ativity Institutes, Smithsonian World Affairs Institutes, and
Smithsonian Signature Institutes. Companion programs also
are offered.
In April, TSA presented a three-day World Affairs Insti-
tute about Southeast Asia for Indiana University as part of
an ongoing relationship with that university. Notable inter-
national experts including ambassadors and congressmen as
well as representatives the U.S. Department of Commerce
and The Brookings Institution introduced 45 participants
and their spouses to the economic complexity of the region
through lectures. Embassies hosting events included Viet-
nam, Thailand, and Singapore.
A Signature Institute for 22 international members of the
Young Presidents Organization (YPO) also occurred in
April. Through a lecture, tour, and hands-on demonstration
exercises, participants had a chance to get behind the scenes,
learning the work of the National Museum of Natural His-
tory forensics department, as well as about skeletal biology.
An agreement was made with Lockheed Martin Leader-
ship Institutes to provide Creativity Institutes to
approximately 25 executives on a quarterly basis. The first
half-day event was held in August.
Smithsonian Voices of Discovery
TSA’s Voices of Discovery takes Smithsonian experts into
communities around the country. They present lectures and
workshops in a variety of settings, from museums to public
libraries. For the 11th year, TSA participated in “An Ap-
palachian Summer Festival” in Boone, North Carolina, with
speakers and topics relating to Appalachian crafts.
Smithsonian Scholars in the Schools
This newly created program takes Smithsonian specialists
into schools around the country to share their expertise with
students and teachers. In addition to group lectures, hands-
on classroom sessions, and teacher workshops, each
custom-tailored program offers an evening public presenta-
tion for the greater school community. The Spring Branch
Independent School District in Houston, Texas, which
served as a pilot facility last year, hosted another highly suc-
cessful series that reached several thousand students through
live appearances and via Web and distance learning interac-
tions with the scholars.
The Museum of Me
Working with Educational Field Studies, Inc., TSA re-
designed and expanded its Museum of Me program.
Targeted at middle school student groups visiting Washing-
ton, D.C., this two-part program introduces them to muse-
ums, collecting, museum careers, and exhibit design. Before
their trips, teachers receive a preview packet that includes a
CD-ROM about the Smithsonian and a learning guide with
suggested activities to complement their museum visit.
While in Washington, the students attend a live, interactive
30-minute presentation in Discovery Theater where they are
challenged to think like museum professionals and design an
exhibition.
Smithsonian Study Tours
With more than 350 national and international study tours
offered this year, Smithsonian Associates had the opportu-
nity to experience and learn about virtually every corner of
the globe. For example, Associates traveled to “Southern
Africa by DC3” for a classic aerial exploration of Zimbabwe,
Botswana, and Namibia.
Grandparents, parents, and children joined educators atop
Gargonza, a medieval Italian hilltop town, for the Smithson-
ian’s first “Tuscan Summer for Families” study tour.
Forty-one Associates took part in day tours specially geared
for families, with children having the opportunity to experi-
ence a different culture and even play soccer with local
youngsters.
In the United States, 80 Associates took part in a first-
time cruise on a new ship, Le Levant, on the Great Lakes.
Others enjoyed gala performances and joined music and
drama experts behind the scenes at U.S. and Canadian per-
forming arts festivals that included Spoleto USA
(Charleston, South Carolina), Carmel Bach (Carmel, Califor-
nia), and Stratford (Ontario).
Smithsonian Businesses
Roland Banscher, Acting Senior Business Officer
The Smithsonian is committed to developing and licensing
products that reflect its educational values and extend its
message. From a business point of view, selling merchandise
of high quality helps strengthen the Institution’s financial
base. From an education point of view, an exhibition cata-
logue, a CD-ROM, or products carrying descriptive
information contribute to people’s knowledge of collections
and research programs throughout the Institution.
At the National Museum of Natural History, museum
shop sales increased following the opening of the Discovery
Center in May. A shop in the International Gallery sup-
ported the exhibition “Microbes: Invisible Invaders,
Amazing Allies,” with everything from gummy microbes to
educational microscopes. The Arts and Industries Building
shop now features “The Best of the Smithsonian” merchan-
dise, including best-sellers from several museum shops,
publications, recordings, Smithsonian Catalogue merchan-
dise, and souvenirs.
The Smithsonian Catalogue continues to reflect the educa-
tional values and rich diversity of the museums and research
56 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
institutes. Every product receives curatorial approval. Sales
in fiscal year 1999 exceeded $39 million, an Ir percent in-
crease over the previous year. The catalogue continues to
dominate the museum theme catalogue market with a 30
percent market share. For the first time, circulation passed
the 20 million mark.
Licensed products based on items in the Smithsonian's
collections help extend the Institution's educational mission
and generate revenue to meet programmatic needs. Every
product must meet high standards before it reaches the
marketplace. New products this year included a reproduc-
tion of explorer William Clark’s compass in the National
Museum of American History; jewelry adapted from the
Hope Diamond and the Hooker Emerald from the National
Gem Collection of the National Museum of Natural History;
and a planetarium kit for students ages 8 and up inspired by
the Albert Einstein Planetarium at the National Air and
Space Museum.
Public food services attracted more than 2.5 million visits
and almost one half million staff member visits, generating
more than $1.5 million in net revenue for the Smithsonian.
The newest dining facility, the Atrium Café at the National
Museum of Natural History, features six-story skylights and
a varied menu, including made-to-order salads, soups, pasta,
and a rotisserie station.
Smithsonian Magazine
Ronald Walker, Publisher
One of the Institution’s primary outreach vehicles is Swzith-
sonian magazine, read by nearly 7 million people each
month. This year, lively and informative articles introduced
readers to the usual broad scope of topics, including Erector
Set inventor A. C. Gilbert; the mystical beauty of turquoise;
“star parties” for amateur astronomers in Arizona; turn-of-
the-century American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer; the
cloud of “space trash” that orbits Earth; and the contentious
new world of dam removal. The magazine attracts reprint
interest from a variety of sources, particularly the field of
education. Academic institutions, associations, and textbook
publishers request permission to use Smithsonian articles as
part of coursework material or for informational distribu-
tion. Roughly 70 percent of the more than 500 permission
requests received in fiscal year 1999 were from organizations
with an educational purpose or affiliation.
Smithsonian Productions
Paul B. Johnson, Director
Smithsonian Productions is the electronic media production
center for the Smithsonian, basing its work on the research
and exhibition activities of the Instirution’s museums and
research institutes. The unit shares the vast world of the
Smithsonian with millions in the United States and abroad
through quality television and radio programs, exhibition
videos, and on-line media.
This year, Smithsonian Productions presented “The Mis-
sissippi: River of Song,” the largest multimedia project in
the Institution’s history. The centerpiece was a four-part tele-
vision series that premiered in January 1999 on PBS stations
nationwide, taking viewers on a musical journey down the
Mississippi River, from the north woods of Minnesota to the
Gulf of Mexico. Produced with the cooperation of the Center
for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, the project also included
a seven-part radio series broadcast nationally on Public
Radio International, a two-CD set issued by Smithsonian
Folkways, a companion book, and extensive educational
materials distributed via the project Web site. With major
funding from Kajima Corporation, Hitachi, Ltd., the Corpo-
ration for Public Broadcasting, and PBS, the series was
coproduced with the Filmmakers Collaborative of Boston.
Smithsonian Productions also produced a variety of pro-
grams for Smithsonian exhibitions. The video Woody
Guthrie's Legacy accompanies the Smithsonian Institution
Traveling Exhibition Service exhibition “This Land Is Your
Land: The Life and Legacy of Woody Guthrie.” For the
Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation
at the National Museum of American History, the unit
produced two videos and a puppet show for young people
on African American inventor Lewis Latimer. Titanic Mail,
produced for the National Postal Museum, is the first close
look at the five mailroom clerks and the 6 million packages
and letters that went down with the RMS Titanic.
Office of Communications
David J. Umansky, Director
The Office of Communications is responsible for the public
face of the Institution. Its Office of Public Affairs (OPA) is
dedicated to media relations, publications, and public rela-
tions. The Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception
Center (VIARC) serves the millions of people who visit the
Smithsonian each year.
Office of Public Affairs
The Office of Public Affairs, part of the Office of Commu-
nications, collaborated with the National Museum of
American History to create and implement a plan to en-
courage media coverage of the Star-Spangled Banner
Preservation Project. From the beginning, this project was
of intense interest to the public, especially museum visitors,
the media, and the White House Millennium Council,
which selected the flag as a centerpiece of its Save America’s
Treasures campaign.
Reports of the Administrative Offices BYE
The first media “event,” held in October, was the in-
frared examination of the flag by National Aeronautics and
Space Administration scientists. The after-hours taking
down of the flag was shared with national television via a
video news release sent out on satellite the following after-
noon. Science media had a briefing on the project and a
tour of the special conservation lab where the flag is in-
stalled for three years.
OPA provides regular support for the public relations
efforts of Smithsonian museums and offices. This year’s proj-
ects included publicity and an advertising plan for “Microbes:
Invisible Invaders, Amazing Allies” in the International
Gallery. The exhibition brought record numbers of visitors
to the S. Dillon Ripley Center and additional evening visitors
to other museums that were part of the Summer Science
Nights on the Mall program. In addition, OPA played a lead-
ing role in the publicity campaign surrounding the ground
breaking for the National Museum of the American Indian
on September 28.
The office continued implementation of the Smithson-
ian’s new visual identity program, which was initiated last
year with the introduction of a new logo, by working with
staff around the Institution to apply the logo to everything
from brochures and newsletters to product labels, signs, and
stationery.
Three publications produced by OPA won First Place in
the National Association of Government Communicators’
publications competition: Smithsonian Year 1997, jointly
produced with Smithsonian Institution Press; Smithsonian
Institution Research Reports, a quarterly newsletter; and The
Torch, the monthly employee newspaper. During the year,
OPA produced two additional brochures to assist visitors
in touring the Smithsonian—an update of “Smithsonian
Access,” a guide for disabled visitors, and a visitor brochure
titled “Exploring African American Heritage at the Smith-
sonian,” which was supported by a grant from the
Educational Outreach Fund administered by the Smithson-
ian Office of Education.
As part of OPA’s Institution-wide promotion program,
the office bought commercial time for six months begin-
ning in September on WTOP radio, the dominant
news-talk station in the Washington area. The station's lis-
tener demographics match those of Smithsonian visitors,
Associate members, and donors. The spots, called “Inside
the Smithsonian,” were broadcast every Friday morning
during drive time and featured information for area resi-
dents on everything from what’s new at the museums to the
latest artifact acquisition. To promote the museums’ fall
season of exhibitions and programs, OPA ran two half-page
advertisements in the Washington Post's fall preview section
on Sunday, September 12.
Near the end of the fiscal year, the Board of Regents was
ready to name a new Smithsonian Secretary, and OPA han-
dled the September 13 announcement in the Enid A. Haupt
Garden and the publicity for the event. Secretary-designate
Lawrence M. Small’s biography and other materials were
available to staff, the public, and the press.
Visitor Information and Associates’
Reception Center
Mary Grace Potter, Director
Throughout fiscal year 1999 the Visitor Information and
Associates’ Reception Center (VIARC) pursued its mission
to broaden the public’s knowledge, appreciation, and enjoy-
ment of the Institution and to facilitate and promote
Participation in its programs and activities
As a central support organization and the principal con-
tact point for information about the Smithsonian, VIARC’s
work was carried out through the Smithsonian Information
Center (SIC); the Internet; museum information/member re-
ception desks; response services for public and member mail,
telephone, and electronic inquiries; outreach to the tour
and travel industry; outdoor wayfinding stations; two large
volunteer programs providing primary support for the Insti-
tution’s public information activities and for staff project
assistance behind-the-scenes; and a docent program for the
Castle.
VIARC observed an ambitious schedule of activity during
the year to ensure timely contracting, implementation/
installation and completion of major projects affecting the
Institution’s public information activities, for example, a
new phone system, new backlit panels for the Smithsonian
Information Center, and re-engineered outside wayfinding
pylons; first-time digitization and photographic enlarge-
ments of the Information Center’s electronic maps; and
design and installation of a new software program for the
touch screen interactives in the Center, including the pur-
chase of new hardware.
Fiscal year 1999 also marked the roth anniversary of the
Smithsonian Information Center, which over the decade has
provided assistance to some 20 million visitors. Most of the
Center's primary information components were redesigned,
refurbished, or replaced. The system for generating promo-
tional graphics between theater shows was perfected and
utilized extensively to highlight various exhibitions, serv-
ices, and activities across the Institution.
Operating from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily, the Center
served some 1,854,903 visitors. Reception services were
provided to 19,562 Associate Members and their families;
3,267 memberships were sold representing $101,593.00
in revenue for membership programs. Castle Docents led
2,881 participants on 268 tours of the Smithsonian Build-
ing, which included the special biannual tours for TSA
members.
Information desk services were provided in 13 museums
by a corps of 664 Volunteer Information Specialists. Ninety
new volunteers were recruited, trained, and placed in desk
and telephone information assignments to maintain estab-
lished staffing levels; 106 continuing education programs
were provided to keep volunteers abreast of new exhibitions
and activities and to enhance their knowledge of ongoing
work in the museums. The “InfoSpecial” newsletter for Vol-
unteer Information Specialists was produced quarterly.
Volunteer contributions Institution-wide were acknowl-
58 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
edged in the annual Torch supplement. The annual Smith-
sonian-wide volunteer survey documented a total of 5,408
volunteers who contributed some 475,597 hours of service to
the Institution during fiscal year 1999. Appreciation events
for each of VIARC’s volunteer groups were held with the
Secretary speaking at both the winter and spring events.
Some 6,000 comment forms received from visitors/callers
were processed and referred to the appropriate museums/
programs for information and handling.
Postal and electronic public mail inquiries numbered
34,958. Electronic correspondence continued to escalate
(15,585) reflecting an 80 percent increase over FY 1998.
Almost two thirds of the electronic requests (9,776) were
handled on-line. All preprinted resource materials (100+)
were updated or revised at least twice during the year. Thir-
teen new fact sheets/bibliographies were created/uploaded to
the World Wide Web. The Sa/es Reference List was updated
and published quarterly. Outgoing responses to both mail
and phone requests for information numbered more than
75,700. Documented public phone traffic handled through
VIARC numbered 287,300 calls. (This figure is lower than
the traffic actually handled because system crashes and the
installation of the new Lucent phone program and hardware
destroyed large segments of data.) Activities resulting in a
high volume of telephone calls included “Star Wars” at
NASM, “Van Gogh” at NGA, the Freer film series, Everest
at the Langley Theater, and the NATO weekend.
In FY 1999, 1,224 volunteers were active in the Behind-
the-Scenes program, contributing more than 171,437 hours
of service in departments, divisions, and offices across the
Institution. Translations completed for staff members by the
program’s translators numbered 116 in 13 languages. One
hundred twenty-seven new requests from staff for project as-
sistance were received during the year, bringing the total
number of projects on file to 557.
Efforts to address the Institution’s accessibility and cul-
tural diversity goals were ongoing. Volunteer recruitment
efforts continued to be successful in reaching a broad cul-
tural pool. Of all new Volunteer Information Specialists and
Behind-the-Scenes Volunteers, 24 percent and 30 percent,
respectively, represented minority constituencies. VIARC
staff played leadership roles on planning committees for all
Heritage Month celebrations. Tours of the SIB were offered
in Spanish during Hispanic Heritage Month and on a re-
quest basis throughout the year. The Tourism Outreach
Coordinator attended the annual La Cumbre marketplace to
promote travel to the Institution/D.C. from Latin America.
Efforts to further accessibility were numerous, including ini-
tial planning to accommodate two blind and one low-vision
candidate for the Volunteer Information Specialist corps;
the design and installation of the new NMNH information
desk; supply of WP and ASCII copies of the SI and Access
brochures to all information desks for distribution to the
public; uploading all Heritage Month activities to the Web;
promotion of same in the Information Center theaters, via
special recordings and through quarterly “Samplers” mailed
in previsit packets; and redesign of the video cover for Guide
to the Smithsonian.
Greater use of technology enabled VIARC to streamline
internal and external communication and to facilitate on-
going information service responsibilities. Information re-
sources (monthly exhibition directories, calendars, and other
reference materials) were produced in hard copy and made
available on-line to staff and volunteers through VIARC cus-
tom programs and to the public via the Web. Information
on some 1,758 public programs was edited and formatted
for the chronological calendar alone. Increased use of the
capacity to produce “flash notes” through our in-house Info-
Tools program alerted staff and volunteers to last-minute
changes in information reducing previously required hard-
copy memoranda by over 40 percent. In addition, moving
the Information Center's interactive program from laser disk
to hard drive reduced text entry from three programs to one,
eliminating reformatting for separate programs, thus lessen-
ing the chance for error and saving hours of repetitive work
and proofing time.
VIARC printed 26 publications using outside vendors
and produced 62 in house including a new style manual and
special Folklife binders. The Guide to the Nation's Capital and
the Smithsonian Institution was updated and redesigned. A 50
percent increase in requests to review SI information in out-
side publications occurred boosting the annual total to 54.
Estimates indicate VIARC served some 400,000 visitors a
month via the Web. Up-to-date information was available
on planning a visit, new exhibitions, public programs, and
answers to frequently asked questions. In addition, the Ency-
clopedia Smithsonian Web site, created and maintained by
VIARC, functioned successfully as an index to the Smithson-
ian’s vast resources and was the recipient of a second Dow
Jones Business Directory “Select Site” award. Some 225 fact
sheets/bibliographies were available to the public from the
Encyclopedia site, which continued to be a work in progress.
On the tour and travel front, quarterly mailings to pro-
mote Smithsonian activities were sent to some 1,600
domestic/international tour operators, and 400,000 At A
Glance leaflets were distributed to hotels/motels/information
centers and travel agents. VIARC represented the Smithson-
ian at the three major travel trade shows, NTA, TIAA, and
ABA, and also attended La Cumbre. A total of 290 tour op-
erators requested and received meetings with VIARC’s
Outreach Coordinator. Significant time and effort were ex-
pended assisting SITES, NMNH-Discovery Center/Johnson
Theater/Eurest and the Craft Show in promoting their activ-
ities to the travel industry with very positive results.
The NATO 5oth Summit presented the most taxing prob-
lem of the year. To advise travel industry contacts of limited
National Mall access and minimize the impact on clients, an
“urgent” informational memorandum was sent to some 1,000
tour operators; faxes were sent to NTA online, ABA, DC
Concierge, WCVA, the D.C. Chamber and TravelFile.
VIARC cohosted with WCVA an educational breakfast
seminar for participants traveling to La Cumbre and worked
with SITES to host a reception for D.C. Concierge to pro-
mote “Microbes.”
Work continued with the Downtown D.C. Business Im-
provement District (DBID) signage committee. Text was
Reports of the Administrative Offices 59
prepared for the 88 pedestrian directional signs scheduled
for installation in the National Mall area. The latter received
the approval of the Under Secretary.
Office of Special Events and Conference
Services
Nicole L. Krakora, Director
The Office of Special Events and Conference Services (OSECS)
offers its knowledge and expertise to organizations
throughout the Smithsonian, producing events that pro-
vide donors, guests, and visitors with memorable, positive
experiences, which serve to cultivate continued support for
the Institution. OSECS made possible nearly 400 events
and scientific conferences this year, many of them for the
Board of Regents, the Secretary, senior Smithsonian staff,
and the Office of Membership and Development. Over the
last five years, and following a change in office mission,
the number of events OSECS produces each year has more
than doubled.
The ground-breaking ceremony for the National Museum
of the American Indian capped a year of high-level activities.
Throughout the year, OSECS produced events for visiting
dignitaries, including a reception and a meeting for the pres-
ident of Colombia, hosted by the Office of the Provost; a
benefit fund-raising reception on the occasion of the visit of
His Holiness, the Dalai Lama of Tibet, hosted by the Center
for Folklife and Cultural Heritage; and a dinner in honor of
the president of the Republic of Panama, hosted by the
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
Opening receptions were held for a number of exhibi-
tions, including “From Bento to Mixed Plate: Americans
of Japanese Ancestry in Multicultural Hawai’i,” hosted by
the Office of the Provost, and “Microbes: Invisible In-
vaders, Amazing Allies,” hosted by the Office of the
Provost and the International Gallery. A luncheon marked
the opening of the Folklife Festival, and a press conference
and luncheon hosted by Smithsonian Productions cele-
brated the premiere of the Smithsonian television series
“The Mississippi: River of Song.” Fund-raising events in-
cluded the Anacostia Museum’s annual benefit masquerade
ball, Carnival ’99.
Meetings and conferences included the National Confer-
ence on Cultural Property Protection in Los Angeles, hosted
by the Office of Protection Services; meetings and a lunch-
eon for the President’s Committee on the Arts and the
Humanities, hosted by the Secretary; and activities in con-
junction with the Board of Regents meetings, hosted by the
Secretary.
Among numerous events produced for the Office of
Membership and Development were the annual James
Smithson Society and Smithsonian Treasures weekends, as
well as activities associated with meetings of the Smithson-
ian National Board and the Smithsonian Corporate
Membership Program.
Office of Government Relations
Don Hardy, Director
Although always a priority of the Office of Government Re-
lations, efforts to educate members of Congress and their
constituencies about the abundance of Smithsonian outreach
programs were significantly accelerated. Secretary I. Michael
Heyman’s determination and his success in bringing the In-
stitution’s collections and professional expertise into local
communities have resulted in a greater congressional under-
standing of the Smithsonian’s range and depth and, as
important, an appreciation of its commitment to public
service. By emphasizing the educational components of the
Institution’s museum and research activities, Government
Relations staff are stressing the practical and immediate
public benefit of Smithsonian programs and enlisting con-
gressional assistance in making these program opportunities
and educational materials available to their communities.
Operations Directorate
The many different organizations that make up the Smith-
sonian depend on the internal framework of services
provided by Washington-based administration, facilities,
finance, and information technology staff. These services
support and promote effective management throughout the
Institution. This year, several offices in the Operations unit
concentrated on strengthening their own operations through
refined organizational structures, effective use of technology,
and improved service to the Institution’s museums, research
institutes, and offices.
Efforts to strengthen internal financial services included
organizational changes in the Office of the Comptroller,
along with the hiring of Edward Knapp as comptroller. The
Office of the Chief Financial Officer developed a report to
better inform senior management about the Smithsonian's
financial condition and began investigating the implementa-
tion of a new financial system. The Office of Planning,
Management, and Budget put into place the final modules
of the integrated electronic Budget Management, Planning,
and Policy System (BUMPPS).
The Office of Protection Services (OPS) made significant
progress in advancing the Smithsonian’s strategic plan for
replacing the Smithsonian Institution Proprietary Security
System (SIPSS) and upgrading and integrating the security
systems throughout Smithsonian museums and facilities. In
partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, OPS
developed a master plan that outlines the technical specifica-
tions for a new integrated security system. In fiscal year 1999,
OPS developed and implemented a comprehensive Y2K
contingency plan for the electronic security system. Replace-
ment of SIPSS in the National Air and Space Museum, Arts
and Industries Building, Smithsonian Castle, and Hirshhorn
Museum and Sculpture Garden was initiated and was sched-
uled for completion in December 1999. OPS also began the
60 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
designs for SIPSS replacement in the National Museum of
Natural History, Central Control, and the Museum Support
Center. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute is un-
der design for that facility’s first technical security system.
With continued funding through fiscal year 2002, OPS is on
schedule for complete SIPSS replacement within calendar
year 2002.
Digital imaging possibilities continue to expand, as the
Office of Imaging, Printing, and Photographic Services
(OIPPS) began offering color prints made from digital image
files and produced on photographic-quality digital printers.
For the first time, OIPPS used all-digital imaging tech-
niques to document remote fieldwork. National Museum of
Natural History researchers recorded images with a high-
quality digital camera and processed them on the spot ina
laptop computer.
The Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs
enhanced its capacity to track the effectiveness of the Smith-
sonian’s staff recruitment efforts. This office also launched a
Web site that gives small and disadvantaged businesses con-
venient access to information about doing business with the
Smithsonian (www. si.edu/oeema/sdbu. htm).
For the Office of Physical Plant, the ground-breaking cer-
emony for the National Museum of the American Indian’s
Mall museum signaled the start of a major construction proj-
ect. Design of the National Air and Space Museum’s Dulles
Center was completed, and the replacement of the museum’s
skylights and windows continued. At the National Museum
of Natural History, the new 80,000-square-foot Discovery
Center opened to the public, and restoration of the mu-
seum’s Rotunda was in progress. The Folger Rose Garden,
offering year-round interest with roses, annuals, perennials,
and woody plants, opened as a permanent addition to the
Smithsonian landscape.
Office of Equal Employment and
Minority Affairs
Era L. Marshall
Fiscal year 1999 for the Office of Equal Employment and
Minority Affairs (OQEEMA) was marked by continued em-
phasis on, and improvement in, advocating, facilitating,
overseeing, monitoring, and reporting on all aspects of equal
opportunity in the Smithsonian Institution’s employment
and business initiatives and relationships.
OEEMA made solid progress in reducing the backlog of
EEO counseling cases to improve services to customers in-
volved in the informal and formal aspects of the EEO
complaint process. Mid-point (February) into the second
quarter of FY 1999, the office had completed all of its pend-
ing EEO counseling cases, an achievement in line with a
goal expressed a few years ago in the Five-Year Strategic
Plan. Although an EEO office will always have new cases to
process, we are convinced that our simplification of intake
procedures, increased reliance on networking with such SI
partners as the Ombudsman, the Employee Assistance Pro-
gram, and Labor Employee Relations, advocacy and use of
mediation to produce settlements, and a continued use of
internal staff to produce succinct and helpful Reports of In-
vestigation have all contributed to our ability to resolve
workplace disputes.
The mandatory “diversity action plans” required of units
with 25 or more employees, which provide information used
in OEEMA’s annual “Accomplishment Report for Diversity
Action Plans,” detail unit initiatives in equal employment
and provide OEEMA with one of the Institutional standards
used in monitoring and evaluating the professional perform-
ance of SI Directors.
A major emphasis in FY 1999 was to refine, improve, and
monitor our applicant flow database to ensure affirmative
employment/diversity recruitment and hiring and to analyze
Institutional trends by means of weekly, quarterly, and an-
nual “applicant flow analysis reports.” We have collaborated
closely with OHR to produce a new “applicant survey form,”
which has already resulted in increased use by job applicants.
OEEMA further promoted diversity/affirmative employ-
ment goals of the Smithsonian by sharpening and expanding
its Prevention of Sexual Harassment (POSH) database to
gain a better understanding of the units and employees who
need to take the training. We continue to make significant
inroads in providing training for all SI employees in this
very significant area that often provides the basis for filing
EEO complaints.
OEEMA launched a SDBU Web site on SI's Internet
Web page to make SDBU information easily accessible to
small and disadvantaged businesses (SDBs) via the Internet
Web page. The site includes information on doing business
with the Smithsonian, the annual forecast of upcoming con-
tracting opportunities, a link of SDBs to register their
information electronically in the SDB database of vendors,
copies of SI notices posted in the Commerce Business Daily, and
other information.
OEEMA hosted the second in its series of focused small-
business procurement fairs in November 1998. The fair
focused on industrial supply vendors, and more than 70 SI
staff members from various units met and networked with
nine exhibitors. We have also initiated the planning process
for the next fair, which will feature small exhibit supply ven-
dors. SDBU also reports the Smithsonian's yearly contracting
achievements relating to small, disadvantaged, and women-
owned businesses in the “Contacting Achievement Report”
to the Small Business Administration.
Through its SDBU Program OEEMA continues to part-
ner with OPP, which generates approximately 70 percent
of the Smithsonian’s total contractual expenditures. Over the
last fiscal year OEEMA organized numerous site visits to
construction projects completed by these firms, and these
efforts contributed to the awarding of three new 8(a) open-
term contracts. We also coordinated training and education
efforts with OCon, to include participation in OCon’s “infor-
mational briefings” to SI staff with delegated procurement
authority. OEEMA also worked with OCon to train SI staff
who took part in OHR’s “training for new supervisors” on
Reports of the Administrative Offices 61
contracting procedures and SI’s policy in doing business
with SDBs. We participated in OCon’s procurement policy
committee meetings to ensure that SDB interests were con-
sidered in new SI policy initiatives.
The OEEMA Director and staff members served on im-
portant internal and external committees, councils, and
advocacy organizations to provide advocacy for, and to pro-
mote, the Institution’s diversity/affirmative employment
goals. The OEEMA Director chaired the Council of Admin-
istrative Services Directors throughout the fiscal year. In
addition, she participated, along with appropriate taff, in a
number of Employee Relations Working Group meetings to
discuss overlapping EEO issues in OHR, labor relations and
OGC, and various attempts to resolve them. The Director
and/or the SDBU Program Manager participated in monthly
OSDBU (Offices of Small and Disadvantaged Business Uti-
lization) Interagency Council meetings. The Small and
Disadvantaged Business Utilization (SDBU) Program Man-
ager also chaired the OSDBU Directors Interagency
Council’s SBA Working Group meetings.
During FY 1999 OEEMA provided advice and assistance
to 330 employees and 178 management officials. The follow-
ing were leading issues which the Director, OEEMA's cadre
of EEO counselors, and qualified mediators worked to resolve
over the fiscal year: selection/nonselection, promotion/
nonpromotion, sexual/nonsexual harassment in the work-
place, hostile work environment, proposals to suspend/
remove, termination, reprisal/retaliation, performance evalua-
tions/ratings, disparate treatment and perceptions thereof,
time limits in the EEO process, the status of individual EEO
complaints, the status of EEO investigations, the ADR
process and procedures, settlement issues and procedures,
performance evaluations/ratings, work duties and responsibil-
ities, and employee/managerial rights and responsibilities.
The OEEMA Director attended a meeting on September
29, 1999, with OGC officials and the Office of the Under
Secretary to discuss new EEOC regulations and their effect
on the federal sector. We met with the SI Ombudsman to
address issues not covered under Title VII.
The OEEMA Director and the Precomplaints Program
Manager participated in a meeting with SI Archives and
OGC personnel on July 26 to discuss when reports of inves-
tigation should be destroyed.
The OEEMA Director and the Precomplaints Program
Manager participated in an EEOC briefing on July 21 to
discuss ways to improve efforts to eliminate and prevent
discrimination in the federal workplace and the impact of
revised EEOC regulations on the federal sector.
During FY 1999 OEEMA received 457 telephonic re-
quests for assistance/information from employees and
managers, and 170 office visits. At the end of the fourth
quarter only 14 requests for counseling were carried over.
Our counseling and assistance efforts encompassed a wide
range of units, including OPP, MSC, SERC, NASA, NZP,
NMNH, OMD, Ocon, CFCS, etc., where we focused indi-
vidual advice and assistance efforts to resolve issues,
including hostile work environment, harassment, health,
safety, promotions, and reasonable accomodations.
OEEMA attended a meeting between members of the
Quality of Workplace Review Committee and the National
Council of La Raza to seek assistance in publicizing the
Smithsonian’s co-op initiative to recruit Hispanic applicants.
Thirty-four formal complaints were filed during FY 1999.
Forty-two formal complaints were closed during the fiscal
year; 76 complaints were open at the end of the reporting
period. Of the 42 closures, there were 15 dismissals, 1 with-
drawal, 13 settlements, and 13 final agency decisions
(FADs), including those with and without a hearing. Of
the 13 FADs, no discrimination was the finding in each.
Four of the 13 final agency decisions were without hear-
ing; 9 of the 13 were with a hearing. The Smithsonian
accepted all 9 recommended decisions of the administrative
judges.
At the end of the fiscal year, 3 complaints were pending
written acknowledgment of receipt; 16 investigations, 32
hearings, and 21 FADs were pending in inventory.
Relevant OEEMA staff members participated in a series of
Smithsonian alternative dispute resolution program meet-
ings over the fiscal year and it was agreed that presentations
would be made to each museum/bureau and each Smithson-
ian Council.
OEEMA staff members participated in a meeting on
December 1, 1999, to develop a roll-out plan for the alterna-
tive dispute resolution process under development by OHR.
During FY 1999 34 investigations were closed; 19 inves-
tigations were closed by one OEEMA staff member. At the
end of the fourth quarter, 10 investigations were being con-
ducted. Of these, 2 were being conducted by one OEEMA
staff member.
With the assistance of a summer employee, new filing
systems and an electronic database for formal complaints
were refined. These are ongoing initiatives into the new fis-
cal year.
OEEMA prepared the FY 1999 “Accomplishment Report
on Diversity Action Plans” for units with 25 or more em-
ployees. The report was provided to the Provost and the
Under Secretary and is being used to evaluate SI Directors’
equal employment opportunity performance. We assisted
EEO officers in OPS, OMPB, NPM, OMD, NMAH,, and
AAA in the development of their unit diversity action plans.
We participated in a November 12 meeting to evaluate
OHR’s pilot mandatory training program for new supervi-
sors, providing information on the training and suggesting
ways to improve its effectiveness. We worked with NUNH
to advise and assist in evaluating progress in meeting
mandatory requirements for the training as well as for the
Prevention of Sexual Harassment briefing. In addition, we
proposed ways to improve attendance at these courses.
OEEMA met with the Director, Center for Latino Initia-
tives, to discuss the hiring, recruitment, and retention of
Latino employees.
The Diversity/Affirmative Employment Program Man-
ager served as OEEMA'’s representative on the planning
committee for the SI Secretary’s Day of Excellence, in tan-
dem with the Executive Director, Office of the Under
Secretary, the Director of OSE, and with staff from OHR and
62 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
OEMS. The committee developed publicity and nominations
criteria. The Day of Excellence was held on June 15, 1999,
and was very well received.
On April 2, 1999, we met with the Deputy Director,
NMAfA, to discuss a diversity roundtable for supervisors.
Further discussion, led by OEEMA’s Diversity Program Man-
ager and NMAfA’s Deputy Director, was held on April 13.
The Diversity/Affirmative Employment Program Man-
ager participated as a speaker at an in-service meeting of the
Smithsonian’s Occupational Health Services Branch on May
27. The topic of discussion was “An Update on Providing
Reasonable Accommodations.” We briefed OHR’s personnel
management specialists on reasonable accommodation
issues to include information on how to verify an individual’s
disability, the process for determining reasonable accommo-
dations, and special hiring authorities for people with
disabilities.
We attended EEOC’s Technical Assistance Program on
August 4. Topics included the impact of recent Supreme
Court decisions on ADA and harassment cases and their im-
pact on implementing EEO laws.
We met with OHR staff on August 18 to discuss internal
procedures for processing reassignments based on disability.
This committee was established in response to an OEEMA
briefing on EEOC’s new ADA guidelines.
We met with OHR’s Chief, Recruitment and Training
Branch, on August 23 to develop a request for training data
within OEEMA'’s Call for Accomplishment on Diversity
Plans.
The Smithsonian's new applicant survey form was devel-
oped and coordinated with relevant SI units and will be
implemented in FY 2000.
The Director and the Special Emphasis Program Manager
met with an OHR official on May 4 to request that a state-
ment be included in OHR’s notification to applicants that
would highlight the importance of submitting information
on race/gender through proper completion of the “Back-
ground Survey Questionnaire.”
We worked with the Assistant Director for Operations,
OHR, to add a diversity awareness statement and change
the wording from “EEO approval” to “EEO review” on the
selection certificate. A total of 459 certificates were re-
viewed during FY 1999. A total of 1,046 selections were
processed.
OEEMA revised the tracking system for applicant flow.
We devised a new way to record senior-level positions,
ethnicity, promotions, and selectees who have changed series,
as well as qualified applicants, referred applicants, and com-
ments. We continually analyze the data to determine the
impact of the Smithsonian’s recruitment and hiring trends.
A total of 260 records were added to the database in the
fourth quarter. We also generated an improved and more
comprehensive report for the weekly review of recruitment
trends, the “Applicant Flow Analysis Report.”
The OEEMA Barrier Analysis Team researched and pre-
pared narratives and graphics on applicant flow senior-level
historical trends.
Selecting, reviewing, adapting, and presenting a training
module to provide mandatory Prevention of Sexual Harass-
ment training for Smithsonian employees was a major and
ongoing initiative for the fiscal year. We developed a plan for
the POSH refresher module as well. The training was pre-
sented to more than 177 employees at SI Retail, NASM,
OPS (including OPS New York and summer hires), and
SERC (NY) employees. We also improved and enlarged the
POSH database to include 1,976 records. A total of 1,740
records were added in the last quarter. We also assisted OPS
training staff on May ro to correct their POSH and “EEO
for Supervisors” databases. The databases were used by OPS
to ensure that personnel participated in the required training
modules.
OEEMA presented four briefings for the OHR-sponsored
New Employee Orientation Program to advise recently
hired employees of the office mission, programs, and contact
information.
OEEMA worked extensively with employees and supervi-
sors of a number of units to reasonably accommodate
disabled employees and to address other workplace issues.
OEEMA continued to coordinate training and education
efforts with OCon. This included participation in each of
OCon’s quarterly informational briefings to SI staff with
delegated procurement authority. Along with OCon we also
trained SI staff who took part in OHR’s Training for New
Supervisors on contracting procedures and SI’s policy in
doing business with SDBs. We participated in OCon’s
procurement policy committee meetings to ensure SDB in-
terests were considered in new SI policy initiatives. We also
organized regulation meetings with OCon management to
discuss various issues, including renewal of our memoran-
dum of understanding (MOU) with the Small Business
Administration (SBA), which delegated 8(a) contracting
authority, discussed FY 1999 contracting achievements, and
obtained input on SI’s FY 2000 procurement goals.
We continued to work closely with the SDB liaisons,
particularly at the larger bureaus of NUAH, NMNH, and
NASM. We obtained their assistance in organizing pro-
curement fairs which were held at NMAH (FY 1998) and
NMNH (FY 1999). We provided a comprehensive overview
of the SDBU Program to NASM fund managers. The
NMAH SDB Liaison was awarded the Secretary's Award for
Excellence in SDB Utilization. We also organized two meet-
ings of the liaisons during the year to discuss the SDBU
Web site and other topical issues.
We continued to participate in the OSDBU Directors In-
ter-Agency Council monthly meetings and also participated
in several special meetings called by the SBA or the Office of
Federal Procurement Policy to discuss topical issues. The
SDBU Program Manager chaired the Council’s SBA Work-
ing Group and held quarterly meetings to discuss SBA
programs. We participated and staffed exhibit booths at
several local and national SDB conferences. Over the fiscal
year we provided advice and assistance to more than 356
representatives from more than 350 firms and had individual
meetings with approximately 6o of these firms.
Reports of the Administrative Offices 63
Subcontracting is becoming more important as the size of
the average contract rises due to consolidation and larger
construction projects. During the year we evaluated three
new subcontracting plans submitted by SI prime contractors
and monitored performance on six existing large contracts.
We also had extensive discussions and meetings with the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which is contracting with
various large and small businesses via its multiyear MOU
with the Smithsonian to upgrade SI's security systems.
Office of Facilities Services
Richard H. Rice, Jr., Senior Facilities Services Officer
The Office of Facilities Services, along with other organiza-
tions in the Facilities Services Group, focused much
attention to managing for results and strategically aligning
the entire organization to move toward a more performance-
based, customer-oriented system. The Office also led the
strategy to increse funding for repair of the Smithsonian’s
physical plant, which resulted in appropriation of $47.9 mil-
lion for FY 2000, including repairs at the National
Zoological Park.
Office of Physical Plant
Michael J. Sofield, Director
The Office of Physical Plant creates and maintains the
infrastructure and environment within which the Smith-
sonian museums, research institutes, and offices pursue
their goals. The work of the office includes capital con-
struction projects; repair, restoration, and alteration of
buildings; crafts and trade work to maintain facilities; op-
eration of utilities systems; landscaping and gardening for
Smithsonian properties, transportation and mail services;
and architectural research and historic preservation. Ken
Olmsted joined the office as Deputy Director in 1999.
During the year, the office maintained its emphasis on
projects that support repair and restoration of Smithsonian
facilities and broke ground for the National Museum of the
American Indian Mall Museum.
Office of Protection Services
David F. Morrell, Director
Deriving its legal authority from Title 40, U.S. Code, Sec-
tion 193, the Office of Protection Services (OPS) has as its
mission, “Protecting and securing the National Collections
and other properties entrusted to the Smithsonian Institu-
tion and ensuring the safety and security of staff and visitors,
while permitting an appropriate level of public access to col-
lections and properties.”
During this year, the Office of Protection Services re-
cruited and hired 131 Museum Protection Officers (MPOs).
The OPS Training Division conducted seven two-week
basic training courses for all new MPOs. The two-week
training courses focused on basic security operations within
a museum setting. OPS continued its contract with
Wackenhut Services Incorporated to provide supplemental
training to OPS staff. In a two-day MPO refresher course
developed by OPS and Wackenhut, 500 MPOs received re-
fresher training. OPS and Wackenhut also conducted 11
two-day Supervisory Security Officer refresher training
courses for 150 supervisors. In addition, OPS contracted
with Wackenhut to provide three five-day administrative
training courses for 75 administrative personnel and one
five-day supervisory administrative course for 20 adminis-
trative supervisors.
In April 2000, OPS worked closely with the U.S. Park
Police and the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Police De-
partment in implementing citywide security precautions
during the 50th anniversary of the United Nations held at
the Department of Commerce near the National Museum of
American History.
Also this year, Francis Roche was selected as Assistant Fi-
nancial Management Officer in May 1999. David Voyles was
selected as Chief of the Audits and Compliance Office in Au-
gust 1999. In addition, Howard Blum was selected as Chief
of the Security Services Division in August 1999.
In our continuing effort to upgrade and modernize secu-
rity systems throughout the Smithsonian, OPS continued to
work closely with the U.S. Army Engineering Support Cen-
ter, Huntsville, Alabama. During this year, OPS evaluated
and selected two modern off-the-shelf electronic security
management systems, responsive to the Smithsonian's need
to replace the Smithsonian Institution Proprietary Security
System. OPS also worked to ensure that the Institution was
prepared to meet the technological requirements for the
year 2000. OPS also worked closely with the Smithsonian’s
Office of Physical Plant to complete the design and installa-
tion of a new security system for the National Museum of
the American Indian Cultural Resources Center. In addi-
tion, OPS completed engineering designs and began system
replacement installation at the National Air and Space Mu-
seum, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Arts and
Industries Building, Smithsonian Institution Building, and
Renwick Gallery.
The National Conference on Cultural Property Protection
was held in Los Angeles, California, from March 7 to 11,
1999. The conference was cohosted by the J. Paul Getty
Trust. For over 20 years, this self-supporting conference has
provided an opportunity for the diffusion of knowledge
among security, library, and administrative professionals.
The theme for the conference was “Cultural Property Pro-
tection From the Ground Up.” The conference attracted
close to 300 participants from the United States, Canada,
and abroad.
64 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Office of Contracting
John W. Cobert, Director
During fiscal year 1999, the Office of Contracting continued
to be the central office for advisory and assistance services to
the Smithsonian Institution museums, research institutes,
and offices (units) on contracting and procurement require-
ments. These services were provided directly by the Office of
Contracting staff, and indirectly through the over 400 indi-
viduals at 66 Smithsonian units who have been delegated
authority by the Director of the Office of Contracting to
make transaction commitments on behalf of the Smithsonian
Institution. Administrative and program support to the
Smithsonian units was also continued in FY 1999 by the
Administration Division through the activities of the Travel
Services Branch and the Property and Inventory Manage-
ment Branch.
Under the guidance of Office of Contracting staff, neces-
sary actions were completed by the units, or in the Office of
Contracting, for the formation and administration of busi-
ness transactions involving most of the Smithsonian’s
appropriated federal and Institutional trust funds that were
obligated during the fiscal year. Major contract awards by
the Federal and Trust Fund Contracting and the Renovation
and Construction Contracting Divisions during FY 1999 in-
cluded a contract for renovations to the Castle and to the
Arts and Industries Building, and a contract for renovations
to the Carnegie Mansion and Miller Fox townhouse of the
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. Contract admin-
istration was continued for completion of the Cultural
Resources Center (CRC) of the National Museum of the
American Indian located in Suitland, Maryland, which was
opened in February 1999.
The Business Contracting Division provides advisory and
planning support services to the Smithsonian units for in-
come-generating contracts and special business relationship
agreements. During FY 1999 the Business Contracting
Division completed agreements for some of the Smithsonian-
sponsored events that were part of the “Millennium on the
Mall” celebration. An agreement to purchase the Victor
Building was also developed and negotiated with the assis-
tance of the Business Contracting Division staff.
The Procurement and Training Branch continued to con-
duct and sponsor procurement-related training courses in FY
1999. These courses were designed to provide staff at the
Smithsonian units with information to assist in effective and
efficient management of the decentralized procurement
program, as well as to support unit responsibilities for devel-
oping and managing contracts. During FY 1999, the Office
of Contracting was able to accommodate 425 participants at
the 19 training courses that were conducted. The courses
covered six different topics.
The Travel Services Branch completes travel arrangements
and provides carrier-ticketing services for Smithsonian em-
ployees. There were 10,758 transactions completed by the
Travel Services Branch during FY 1999. Transactions cover
tickets issued and allowable refunds for travel that was not
completed. In November 1998, the Travel Services Branch
issued information and guidance to Smithsonian staff regard-
ing the change of employee travel card provider that was
effective at the end of the month. Ms. Judith Petroski,
Travel Services Branch Manager, met with the Smithsonian
Administrative Officers to advance information regarding
the travel card provider procedures and the commensurate
changes to the Smithsonian’s travel card policy and coordina-
tion practices.
Among the services that the Property and Inventory
Management Branch staff provided to the Smithsonian units
during FY 1999 was to tag and record more than 2,200
items of accountable property. Other services provided in-
cluded delivery of approximately 6,100 items to the
Smithsonian units that involved 2,700 trips by the central
warehouse staff
The Office of Contracting staff is dedicated to providing
quality services to our clients to assist in furthering the mis-
sion of the Smithsonian Institution. We shall continue to do
our very best to assist in bringing to fruition the world-class
exhibits, programs, and services that the public enjoys, and
has come to expect, from the Smithsonian Institution.
Office of the Treasurer
Sudeep Anand, Treasurer
The Office of the Treasurer (OT) is responsible for ensuring
the growth, safety, and integrity of the Smithsonian’s finan-
cial assets, developing funding for major new Trust projects,
and preserving and protecting its operations, collections,
facilities, and other assets.
OT manages the Institution’s Endowment and working
capital funds. The overall objectives of the Endowment are
to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current
expenditures while protecting the purchasing power of the
Endowment. Investment of the Endowment to ensure that it
grows more rapidly than inflation contributes importantly to
the financial strength of the Institution. In 1999, OT man-
aged over $700 million in assets.
OT is responsible for the evaluation, structuring, and fund-
ing of major Trust projects. The disciplined evaluation of new
projects ensures that the Institution manages its capital re-
sponsibly. The effective structuring and funding of major
projects provides the wherewithal to undertake the major
building (and other) projects, which are required to dramati-
cally increase the public impact of the Smithsonian. In 1999,
OT was actively involved in the NASM Dulles Center project.
OT is also responsible for the risk management, insur-
ance, and disaster preparedness planning programs of the
Institution.
The risk management program identifies the risks inher-
ent in dealing with large audiences, research activities, and
the businesses of the Smithsonian. The insurance programs
are designed to complement the federal immunities in pro-
tecting the Institution against this broad range of risks. In
Reports of the Administrative Offices 65
FY 1999, insurance claims were kept at a minimum and col-
lection insurance was purchased at less than .0042 per $100.
The disaster preparedness and continuity planning pro-
grams are aimed at minimizing the damage from emergency
situations. The Institution-wide programs emphasize the
protection of staff and visitors, collections, and research ma-
terials; the recovery and restoration of assets; and the
resumption of operations in an organized, efficient, and
timely manner. These contingency plans protect the finan-
cial strength of the Institution and allow the Institution to
minimize the impact of unforeseen emergencies on the Insti-
tution’s public outreach and scientific research activities. In
1999, OT served on the Under Secretary’s special committee
on Y2K. OT also obtained the services of an internationally
known continuity planning expert who provided an execu-
tive-level presentation for upper management at SI.
Office of Information Technology
Operations
George Van Dyke, Director
The Director of Information Technology Operations is re-
sponsible for planning and managing the implementation,
day-to-day operation, maintenance, IT security, and disaster
recovery of the Smithsonian's information technology infra-
structure, including end-to-end network connectivity oper-
ations and technical support services: Help Desk, office au-
tomation, and desktop support services; the Smithsonian’s
computer facilities; system and data base software; and
Internet/Intranet services.
Report of Development and Membership
Robert V. Hanle, Executive Director
for Development
Building Momentum for Tomorrow:
Development and Membership
The final year of the twentieth century saw the Smithsonian
developing stronger and more varied partnerships with a va-
riety of audiences. As we build toward the public phase of
our first-ever national capital campaign, these partnerships
become increasingly vital to our continued health and ability
to reach new audiences in innovative ways. Of course, since
the Institution’s first philanthropic bequest from James
Smithson, the Smithsonian has forged ties with individuals
and with the business and foundation communities. This
year was no different, even as the range and diversity of these
partnerships expanded.
The Institution remains the sole organization of its kind
in the world, a unique public-private partnership that bene-
fits from the foundation of support of the U.S. government
but flourishes and evolves through private funding. In fiscal
year 1999, the Institution received more than $146 million
from this public-private partnership. Donations from indi-
viduals constituted $94.155 million, or 64.46 percent of the
total, which includes the extraordinary gift of Steven Udvar-
Hazy to the National Air and Space Museum, and planned
gifts such as annuities and bequests from individuals. Corpo-
rations and foundations, including those established by
individuals, contributed $41.5 million. Of the total raised,
$130.8 million was restricted to specific programs.
For two consecutive years, private support has been signif-
icantly higher compared to previous years, and this
momentum highlights both the strength of our work and
the meaning our goals and programs have for audiences
throughout the world. The Smithsonian is striving not just
to keep pace with technological advances, but to break new
ground so that the time-tested objects we hold in trust can
open new stories for future generations and continue to in-
spire all who step through our doors today.
In this Development and Membership report, we grate-
fully recognize the many individuals, corporations,
foundations, and organizations that have joined in partner-
ships with the Smithsonian this year and over the long term.
Many successes are described throughout this publication.
Donors of $2,000 and above from October 1, 1998, through
September 30, 1999, are listed later in the publication.
Campaign Smithsonian
Much progress was realized this year in the upcoming na-
tional capital campaign in which the Smithsonian will ask
the American people for their support to ensure that the In-
stitution remains a vital national resource.
Steven Udvar-Hazy’s $60 million pledge to the National
Air and Space Museum’s Dulles Center in September al-
lowed the museum to announce its capital campaign—with
a goal of $130 million—nine months earlier than antici-
pated. This wonderful leadership gift is the largest the
Smithsonian has ever received and one of the largest ever to a
museum. It signifies the personal involvement with the
Smithsonian that will be key to the campaign’s success. We
salute Steven Udvar-Hazy, his commitment to the field of
aviation, and his pledge to work with others who have the
capacity to make significant gifts toward the Smithsonian's
future.
Also this year, Smithsonian museums, research institutes,
and offices began to draft their own statements of needs. We
worked to formulate campaign messages and develop mar-
keting strategies. A new Institution-wide database will help
us cultivate our supporters. We launched Swithsonian Today,
Report of Development and Membership 67
a newsletter for the Contributing Membership and other
Smithsonian supporters that highlights ways their giving is
having an impact. New policies include an endowment pol-
icy that details different ways our friends can support the
Smithsonian in perpetuity, including the establishment of
academic chairs, and a policy for naming opportunities that
outlines how supporters can link their name, or those of
their family or loved ones, to exhibition galleries, lecture and
performance halls, reception areas, and other spaces visited
by millions of people each year. A donor recognition room in
the Castle, now nearing completion, will recognize major
gifts from individuals, foundations, and corporations—the
visionary support that enables us to pursue ground-breaking
initiatives and permanently shapes the future of this unpar-
alleled Institution.
We all have a stake in this Institution, as well as an
emotional connection to it, and that is the true core of part-
nership. While supporters receive tangible benefits,
including recognition and special opportunities, at the core
is an agreement between them and the Smithsonian that
their support will be used wisely, advancing one of the great-
est public-private partnerships the world has ever known.
Smithsonian National Board
The Smithsonian National Board continues to be one of the
Institution’s premier volunteer groups, serving in an advi-
sory capacity to the Secretary and raising significant funds
both for unrestricted use and for specific areas the board has
targeted. This year, the board’s annual giving fund raised
more than $1.5 million for a donor recognition room in the
Castle, now under construction across from the Smithson
Crypt, and a membership and donor coordination system
that will have a measurable impact on the Smithsonian’s
ability to form meaningful relationships with supporters
nationwide.
In addition to its two yearly meetings, for the first time
the board held a February meeting, inviting chairs of all the
volunteer boards and commissions across the Institution,
along with directors of the museums and research institutes.
The meeting was a basis for dialogue about how these im-
portant volunteers could maximize their efforts on behalf of
the Institution. Secretary I. Michael Heyman delivered a
keynote address on ways the wide-ranging parts of the
Smithsonian relate to an organic whole. Breakout groups
discussed the national capital campaign and how the boards
will work together for greatest impact. The Smithsonian
National Board will continue to play a leading role in the
capital campaign.
Contributing Membership
The Contributing Membership continues to be a major re-
source for the Institution. In 1999, annual dues and
additional contributions from this generous group of indi-
viduals yielded nearly $10.2 million in unrestricted funds,
the highest gross income in the history of the program. This
success was a result of a strategic marketing investment that
generated 9,000 new members and a 12.6 percent increase in
contributions from existing members. These funds can be
targeted toward research, exhibitions, or other areas where
support is needed.
The Contributing Membership is the fertile ground from
which many of our longest-lasting partnerships with indi-
viduals emerge, and the program provides an avenue for
them to further explore the Smithsonian through tours,
publications, and special events. This year’s “Smithsonian
Treasures,” the week-long series of tours for members, took
more than 50 people behind the scenes at the Smithsonian
Institution Archives, the Horticulture Services Division, the
National Portrait Gallery, and other areas that reflect the
many facets of the Institution. Many Contributing Members
also strengthened their support by moving to higher mem-
bership levels. In response to new targeted messages in their
renewal letters, 54 Contributing Members upgraded to the
James Smithson Society, the highest number in recent years.
The Contributing Membership also led the way to a
greater philanthropic visibility on the World Wide Web and
developed a Web site where visitors can make a secure gift to
the Smithsonian on-line, at www.si.edu/sidonations.
James Smithson Society
As the leading circle of support through membership, the
James Smithson Society continues to raise significant funds
for the Institution. The society's 550 members this year gave
nearly $826,000 in dues and special gifts. To enhance rela-
tionships with these members, especially in preparation for
the national capital campaign, the society added a director
and program coordinator this year, both committed to the
program’s success and growth.
The James Smithson Society Endowed Life Program
welcomed new member Richard Triska. Endowed Life
Members make a one-time gift of $40,000 or more. Earned
income from the endowment gift supports priority initia-
tives across the Institution in perpetuity and the member's
annual dues for the James Smithson Society. This growing
program provides long-term support critical to Smithsonian
planning and to the Institution’s ability to serve future
generations.
In the summer, a tour of “Posters American Style” and
dinner with Secretary and Mrs. I. Michael Heyman brought
together Smithson Society members in the San Francisco
Bay area. Members also enjoyed a new program called “Food
for Thought,” in which curators talked with members about
the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project, panda con-
servation, and the National Air and Space Museum's Dulles
Center.
The Eberly Family Charitable Trust was recognized with
the James Smithson Society Founder Medal at the society's
annual black-tie dinner in May. The Eberly family, a long-
time member of the Smithson Society, was honored for its
gift to create the Eberly Minerals and Gems Gallery in the
Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Min-
erals in the National Museum of Natural History.
68 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Highlights of Corporate Philanthropy
Partnerships with the business community are expanding as
corporations recognize the many ways the Smithsonian can
invigorate their employees and improve the quality of life for
people across the globe.
This year, the Corporate Membership Program continued
to grow and now counts 75 members who represent a wide
range of industries and geographic locations. At the pro-
gram’s annual luncheon in June, held at the Department of
State, Smithsonian Regent Howard H. Baker Jr. awarded
membership certificates to 24 new members. Polo Ralph
Lauren was recognized with the annual Corporate Leadership
Award for its support of the Star-Spangled Banner Preserva-
tion Project.
In 1999, the Corporate Membership Program raised more
than $1 million for unrestricted use and served as a basis for
further partnerships between the Smithsonian and the busi-
ness community. The Institution’s successful work in this area
has begun to open new doors for exchange. Many corpora-
tions entered into innovative partnerships, from Southern
Company’s donation of electric vehicles to the National Zoo,
to Pfizer Inc’s support of the popular interactive exhibition
“Microbes: Invisible Invaders, Amazing Allies.” The generos-
ity of the business community has a substantial and positive
impact on the work of the Smithsonian, and through these
partnerships, we are able to explore new technologies, reach
new audiences, and study mutually beneficial approaches to
our world.
To clarify guidelines whereby the Smithsonian may bene-
fit from corporate support while maintaining its integrity
and autonomy, a corporate sponsorship policy now elaborates
on different ways corporations can work with the Institution.
Foundations
Foundations continued to invest in Smithsonian programs
and services this year, finding through the Smithsonian a
multitude of pathways for reaching different audiences.
Work continues to target key programs through which the
Smithsonian can leverage foundation support to make a dif-
ference to the lives of citizens of the National Capital region,
around the country, and throughout the world.
The range of foundation types and the scale and focus of
projects they supported were as comprehensive as the Smith-
sonian itself. To name a few, the John S. and James L. Knight
Foundation supported the Smithsonian Institution Traveling
Exhibition Service’s Museum on Main Street program, which
takes Smithsonian resources to rural communities; The
Eberly Family Charitable Trust created the stunning Eberly
Minerals and Gems Gallery, an extraordinary resource for
learning about geologic phenomena; The Hill Family Foun-
dation supported the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture
Garden’s “Regarding Beauty” exhibition, a 90-work show
with 36 international artists that will explore the age-old
concept of beauty as a topic and issue for art making; the
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation supported the Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute’s plant ecological research; and
the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation funded
the Center for Tropical Forest Science, which provides an
overview of environmental change and conservation issues
through its long-term monitoring of forest plots.
Smithsonian Benefactors Circle
In October, the Smithsonian Benefactors Circle enjoyed a
black-tie dinner and gave its annual award to the Kenneth
E. Behring family for its $20 million gift to the National
Museum of Natural History. The gift will resonate for years
to come through the museum’s renovated Behring Family
Rotunda and Kenneth E. Behring Hall of Mammals, as well
as through traveling programs that will raise awareness
about mammals, their habitats, and their interactions with
humans.
Smithsonian Women’s Committee
Once again, the annual Smithsonian Craft Show, which in
1999 was chaired by Margaret Collins, demonstrated why it
remains the most prestigious juried craft show in the nation.
The volunteers of the Women’s Committee, which is chaired
by Millicent Mailliard, staged the spectacular event in April
at the National Building Museum, bringing in record num-
bers of attendees and raising nearly $335,000 for the
committee’s Competitive grants program.
In turn, more than $319,000 from the 1998 show was
distributed in the spring to an extraordinarily wide range of
worthwhile Smithsonian programs, providing seed money
and small grants to projects that otherwise might never leave
the drawing board. From film preservation to specialized
training for students, this grant program continues to fill a
valuable funding need at the Institution.
Smithsonian Washington Council
The Smithsonian Washington Council is a group of area
civic and philanthropic leaders working toward strengthen-
ing the Smithsonian’s ties and services to the National
Capital region. Chaired by Washington attorney R. Robert
Linowes, the group meets regularly with the Secretary. This
year, members made a gift in support of a lecture series at
the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center for the
1999-2000 season and also made several gifts for the Insti-
tution’s unrestricted use.
Smithsonian Legacy Society
The Smithsonian Legacy Society, chaired by Gloria Hamil-
ton, also grew this year, holding its second annual luncheon
and meeting at the National Museum of American History
in November. The group honors supporters who carry on
James Smithson’s tradition through gifts such as bequests,
charitable gift annuities, and life insurance plans. This year,
Legacy Society member Karl Hagen’s generous bequest ben-
efited the National Air and Space Museum.
Report of Development and Membership 69
Smithsonian Luncheon Group
The Smithsonian Luncheon Group, a circle of supporters
from the Washington area, meets regularly to learn about
Smithsonian programs. Chaired by C. Benjamin Crisman,
the group this year heard from Secretary Heyman and cura-
tors and directors about the Smithsonian’s goals and
activities for the coming year. Other programs highlighted
the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project, the latest
work of the National Zoo, the “Picturing Old New Eng-
land” exhibition at the National Museum of American Art,
construction of the Discovery Center and renovation of the
rotunda and mammal hall at the National Museum of Nat-
ural History, and the search for a new Secretary.
Museum on Main Street
When the Smithsonian comes to town, exciting things
happen—especially when the impetus is Museum on Main
Street. In more than 100 communities in 20 states, Museum
on Main Street has inspired creative programs, unprece-
dented volunteerism, generous local philanthropy, and
ambitious capital improvements. The partnership joins the
Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service
(SITES), the Federation of State Humanities Councils, indi-
vidual state humanities councils, and rural museums in a
collaborative effort to serve rural audiences and promote
professional growth in small cultural institutions.
This year, Museum on Main Street received a generous
grant from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation to
support the development and tour of the program’s third
exhibition. “Yesterday’s Tomorrows: Past Visions of the
American Future,” which explores the ways we have envi-
sioned our future since the late nineteenth century, will
begin touring in 2001. The first two exhibitions capitalized
on small-town local history: “Produce for Victory: Posters on
the American Home Front, 1941 to 1945” and “Barn Again!
Celebrating an American Icon.”
A significant legacy of Museum on Main Street is the op-
portunity for professional development. SITES provides staff
assistance in exhibit management and object care. The state
humanities councils train rural organizers in program plan-
ning and proposal writing. Working with in-state scholar
teams, the humanities councils also help museums prepare
exhibition-related events for and about their communities.
Gary Burger, director of the Knight Foundation’s Arts
and Culture Program, observes that Museum on Main Street
“brings quality exhibitions to underserved communities,
helps strengthen the programmatic and educational capabili-
ties of rural institutions, and builds collaborative networks—
all at a very reasonable cost.” For SITES, Museum on Main
Street exemplifies the fulfillment of its mission: to extend
Smithsonian collections, research, and exhibitions to com-
munities across the nation.
Eberly Family Charitable Trust Honored by
Smithson Society
Since 1978, the James Smithson Society has presented its
Founder Medal to members of the society who have provided
extraordinary support for Smithsonian programs and initia-
tives that they feel most passionate about. This year’s
recipient, The Eberly Family Charitable Trust, exemplifies
the tradition of individual giving, through annual member-
ships and gifts throughout the year, that distinguishes
previous medalists.
The trust’s recent pledge of $1.4 million will be applied
primarily toward creating a center for learning about earth
sciences, the Eberly Minerals and Gems Gallery in the Na-
tional Museum of Natural History. The gallery will be an
appropriate tribute to the family’s strong interest in educa-
tion—the primary focus of its philanthropy—and to its
involvement in the mining and gas industry.
Through The Eberly Foundation and The Eberly Family
Charitable Trust, the family has been a loyal supporter of the
Smithsonian. The foundation, established through the efforts
of Orville Eberly, is a longstanding member of the James
Smithson Society. Family members have always been actively
involved in the administration of both organizations. Robert
E. Eberly Sr., who currently heads the family philanthropies,
accepted the Founder Medal on behalf of the trust at the
Smithson Society’s annual dinner on May 21, 1999.
Contributing Members
Smithsonian
Benefactors Circle
The Smithsonian Benefactors Circle
recognizes and honors those whose
generous gifts have preserved the
traditions of the Smithsonian and
furthered its vision.
Honorary Founder
Enid A. Haupt
Founders
Russell B. Aitken}
Joe L. and Barbara B. Allbritton
Arthur G. Altschul
William S. Anderson
Mary Griggs Burke
Joan K. Davidson
Gaylord} and Dorothy Donnelley
Thomas M. Evans}
Katharine Graham
Robert C. and Julie Graham, Jr.
Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr.+
William A.} and Patricia W. Hewittt
Ikuo Hirayama
Olga Hirshhorn
Ruth S. Holmberg
Samuel C. Johnson
Marvin Breckinridge Patterson
Laura E. Phillips
S. Dillon and Mary L. Ripley?
+Deceased
Arthur Ross
Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler
Else Sackler
W. Mason and Jean D. Shehan
Ta, Tsui
Glenn O. Tupper
Patrons
Ronald D. and Anne Abramson
Kathleen B. Allaire
Ann Simmons Alspaugh
Peter C. and Joan Andrews
Marjorie Arundel
Herbert and Evelyn Axelrod
Edward P. Bass
Patricia and Kenneth E. Behring
Honorable Max N. Berry and Mrs.
Heidi Lehrman Berry
Randy and Nancy Best
Peter and Helen Bing
James and Barbara Block
Winton and Carolyn Blount
Agnes C. Bourne and James Luebbers
Michael J. Brophy
Hildegard Bruck
Joan Bull
George E. Burch II
Vivian G. Burch
Michael W. Cassidy
Scott Chinery
Marcus Cohn
Barber B. Conable, Jr. and Charlotte
Conable
Guido Craveri
Joseph F. Cullman, HI
Peggy and Richard M. Danziger
David L. Davies
Evelyn Y. Davis
David and Frances Dibner
Charles M. and Valerie T. Diker
Joseph Di Palma
Anne G. Earhart
Barney A. Ebsworth
Robert H. Ellsworth
John L. and Margot P. Ernst
Kitty Fassett
Nancy Fessenden
Kathrinet, Juliet and Lee Folger
Rita Fraad
John A. Friede
Phillip and Patricia Frost
Tito Giamporcaro
Daniel D. and Alice P. Gilbert
George J. and Eileen D. Gillespie
F. Warrington Gillet, Jr. and
Elesabeth I. Gillet
Alfred C. Glassell, Jr.
Alvin L. Gray
Jerome L. Greenet
Barrick W. Groom
Agnes S. Gund
George Gund III
Karl H. Hagent
Joan D. Haig
Evelyn A. J. Hall
Gloria Shaw Hamilton
Marguerite J. Harbert
Martha A. Healy
Drue M. Heinz
John Hendricks
Lloyd Herman
Henry L. and Elsie H. Hillman
Frank W. and Lisina M. Hoch
Janet Annenberg Hookert
Sir Joseph Hotung
John R. Huggard
Mrs. Jaquelin H. Hume
Gilbert S. Kahn
Jacob and Ruth C. Kainen
Victor and Loretta Kaufman
Narinder K. Keith
Rajinder K. Keith
Gene A. and Freita F Keluche
James M. Kemper, Jr.
R. Crosby Kemper, Jr.
James W. and Mary T. Kinnear
Ann and Gilbert Kinney
Ethel Niki Kominik7
William K. and Alice S. Konze
Karl V. Krombein
Harvey M. and Connie Krueger
Robert E. and Elizabeth Krueger
Robert and Helen Kuhn
Rogerio S. Lam
Ru Lennox Lang+
Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman
Foundation
Robert Lehrman
Jeromet and Dorothy Lemelson
Barbara and Gerald Levin
Sydney? and Frances Lewis
John Livermore
Putnam Livermore
Henry Luce III
Frank J. Lukowski
Barbara A. Mandel
Harry and Beverly Mandil
Edwin S. and Nancy A. Marks
John F. and Adrienne B. Mars
Kathleen C. Masont
Vera M. McBeth
Brooks and Hope B.+ McCormick
Nan Tucker McEvoy
Katherine Medlinger
Antony M. Merck
Eugene and Sue Mercy, Jr.
Elinor Merrell
Jeffery W. and Janet Meyer
James and Lolly Mitchell
Lester S. Morse, Jr. and Enid
W. Morse
Honorable Daniel Patrick Moynihan
and Elizabeth Moynihan
Charles T. and Nancy Munger
Nancy Brown Negley
+ Deceased
Contributing Members
Eleanor Smallwood Niebell
Jean Niemeier
Robert H. and Nancy Nooter
Marta G. Norman
Carroll and Nancy Fields O’Connor
Charles Rand Penney
Al and Cecilia Podell
Winifred and Norman Portenoy
Lewis and Margaret Ranieri
Philip D. Reed, Jr. and Elizabeth
Reed
Douglas F.+ and Sanae I. Reeves
Frank K. Ribelin
Carlyn Ring
David Rockefeller, Sr.
Elihu Rose and Susan Rose
Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E.
Ganister
Milton F. and Frieda Rosenthal
Wilbur L. Ross, Jr.
Jeanette Cantrell Rudy
Cecile Salomon
Joseph H. Samuel, Jr.
Mrs. Stanley P. Sax
Lloyd G. and Betty L. Schermer
Margaret Knowles Schink
Richard J. and Sheila Schwartz
Catherine F. Scott
Ivan and Nina Selin
Shirley P. Sichel
Emma M. Sims
George Sisleyt
James C. Slaughter
George L. Small
Kathy Daubert Smith
Guenther and Siewchin Yong
Sommer
Bernie E. Stadiem
Mrs. Sydney Stein, Jr.
E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. and Marion
Stuart
A. Alfred Taubman
Vernon F. Taylor, Jr.
Eugene V. and Clare E. Thaw
Jeffreyt and Diane Tobin
R.E. Turner and Jane Fonda
Ladislaus and Beatrix von Hoffmann
John Weeden
Daniel Weinstein
Anthony and Beatrice W. Welters
Jerry R.+ and Carolyn L. White
Julius Wile
Warren and Barbara Winiarski
Ronald H. Winston and
Heidi Jensen-Winston
Elizabeth B. Wood
Gay F. Wray
Nancy B. Zirkle
71
Donors of Financial
Support
$1,000,000 or more
Anonymous
The Art Research Foundation
The Kenneth E. Behring Family
Emil Buehler Trust
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Eberly
(The Eberly Foundation and the
Eberly Family Trust)
Holenia Trust
Lemelson Family Foundation*
Mr. and Mrs. Peter H. Lunder
Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars
Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
National Stone Association
Nordic Council of Ministers
Mr. Paul L. Peck
Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation
Principal Mutual Life Insurance
Company
Susan and Elihu Rose Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Terry Stent
Mr. and Mrs. Steven F. Udvar-Hazy
The Upton Trust
USS. Postal Service
Volvo
$500,000 or more
Anonymous
E. Rhodes & Leona B. Carpenter
Foundation
Discovery Communications, Inc.
FDX Corporation
Friends of the National Zoo
John S. and James L. Knight
Foundation
The National Air & Space Society
Naval Submarine League
Nissan North America, Inc.
Pfizer Inc
$100,000 or more
Anonymous
Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton
(Allbritton Foundation)
American Cocoa Research Institute
American Express Company
Estate of Richard Ree Anthis
*Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a
citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds,
both unrestricted and special purpose.
72
The Beinecke Foundation, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Norman Bernstein
The Honorable Winton M. Blount
and Mrs. Blount
Edna F. Blum Foundation
Mr. Richard L. Bolling
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
The Brown Foundation, Inc.
Morris & Gwendolyn Cafritz
Foundation
Carolina Biological Supply Co.
The Coca-Cola Company
Corning Incorporated
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman, III*
Arthur Vining Davis Foundations
Earthwatch
Eastman Kodak Company
Mr. and Mrs. Barney A. Ebsworth
(The Ebsworth Foundation)
Farmers Group, Inc.
Federal City Council
Mr. and Mrs. Morton Funger
Mrs. Katharine M. Graham
George Gund III and Iara Lee
Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton
Mrs. Drue M. Heinz (Drue Heinz
Trust)
Mr. J. Tomilson Hill (The Hill Family
Foundation, Inc.)
Mr. and Mrs. A. William Holmberg*
Honda of North America
Mr. Thomas L. Humphrey
Hydro Research Foundation, Inc.
Japanese American National Museum
Mrs. Alice Eve Kennington
Mr. Clay Lacy
Mr. and Mrs. Philip A. Lathrap
Lockheed Martin Corporation
Mr. Henry Luce, III (The Henry Luce
Foundation, Inc.)
The John D. & Catherine T.
MacArthur Foundation
Mr. Bruce R. McCaw
Memphis Rock ’N’ Soul, Inc.
Merck Company Foundation
National Association of Music
Merchants
National Park Foundation
New Hampshire Culture Commission
Northrop Grumman Corporation
Piano Manufacturers Association
International
Mr. Thomas G. Pownall
*Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a
citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds,
both unrestricted and special purpose.
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Mr. Mitchell Rales (The Glenstone
Foundation)
Rolls-Royce Inc.
The Romanian Cultural Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Clive Runnells
Margaret Knowles Schink
Dr. and Mrs. Ivan Selin
Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd.
Mrs. Warren H. Sichel
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Smithsonian Women’s Committee
The Tang Research Foundation
Texaco Foundation
Mr. Eugene Victor Thaw (Eugene
V. and Clare E. Thaw Charitable
Trust)
The Tinker Foundation
Trimble Navigation Limited
Tropical Resorts International, Inc.
Turner Entertainment Group
Mr. Robert E. Turner, IJ] (Turner
Foundation, Inc.)
Mr. and Mrs. DeVer K. Warner
Mr. Julius Wile
Young Benefactors of the Smithsonian
Institution
$50,000 or more
Anonymous
Ms. Ann Simmons Alspaugh
AT&T Corporation
Col. and Mrs. Joseph $. Benham
Bisbee Mining and Historical
Museum
Agnes Bourne
Brother International Corporation
Mrs. Jackson Burke (Mary Livingston
Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke
Foundation)
Chabot Observatory and Science
Center
Champion International Corporation
Commission for Environmental
Cooperation
Consolidated Natural Gas Company
Mr. Guido Craveri
Mr. Raimondo Craveri
The Nathan Cummings Foundation
Delta Education
Mr. James FE. Dicke, I
Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Diker
(Valerie & Charles Diker Fund, Inc.)
The Walt Disney Company
DuPont
Duron, Inc./The Feinberg Foundation
Ebrahimi Family Foundation
Fannie Mae Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden
Mrs. June M. Fontanier
Dr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost (Philip
and Patricia Frost Philanthropic
Fund)
J. Paul Getty Trust
Mr. Tito Giamporcaro
Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation
Government Development Bank for
Puerto Rico
Mrs. Ruth Greenberg
Ms. Agnes S. Gund (Agnes Gund
Charitable Account)
Herman Miller, Inc.
Frank and Lisina Hoch*
Mrs. Edgar McPherson Howell
Hughes Network Systems
The Island Fund in The New York
Community Trust
The Japan Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson
(S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.)
Mr. Harvey M. Krueger
Thelma & Melvin Lenkin Family
Charitable Foundation Inc.
The Lovett Foundation, Inc.
Elizabeth and Whitney MacMillan
(WEM Foundation)
Maharam
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Martucci
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mercy, Jr.
Merrill Lynch & Company
Foundation, Inc.
Mr. Jeffery W. Meyer
Miami Museum of Science
The Mills Corporation
National Geographic Society
National Grange of The Order of
Patrons of Husbandry
Col. Erickson S. Nichols
Peter Norton Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Carroll O’Connor
(Carroll & Nancy O’Connor
Foundation)
Pacific Life Foundation
The Park Foundation
Mrs. Jefferson Patterson*
Pricewaterhouse Coopers LLP
Regional Citizens Advisory Council,
Inc.
James Renwick Alliance
The Rice Family Foundation, Inc.
Sara Roby Foundation
Mr. Arthur Ross (Arthur Ross
Foundation)
Mr. B. Francis Saul, II (Chevy Chase
Bank)
Shell Oil Company
K. Paul & Virginia M. Singh
Foundation, Inc.
The Surdna Foundation
Thomasville Furniture Industries, Inc.
United States Golf Association
Andy Warhol Foundation for the
Visual Arts
Mr. Francis W. Worrell
Xerox Corporation
Zoologische Gesellschaft
$10,000 or more
Anonymous
Mr. Roger Abelson
The Abington Foundation
Ms. Jin-Hyun Weatherly Ahn
(Weatherly and Company)
Drs. Waheed and Raana Akbar
Mrs. Kathleen B. Allaire
Allied Corporate Services
American Academy Of Underwater
Sciences
American Petroleum Institute
American Postal Workers Union,
AFL-CIO
The American Society for Cell
Biology
The American-Turkish Council and
American Friends of Turkey
Annenberg Institute for School
Reform
Atlantic Envelope Company
Lily Auchincloss Foundation, Inc.
Avery Dennison Corporation
B.F. Goodrich Aerospace
Ms. Elizabeth Ballantine
Banco Popular de Puerto Rico
The Banks Association of Turkey
Mr. and Mrs. Perry Bass
Bell Atlantic Corporation
The Honorable Max N. Berry and
Mrs. Berry
Mr. Randy Best and Ms. Nancy Best
Mr. Leon D. Black (The Leon Black
Family Foundation)
Mrs. Laura Lee Blanton (Scurlock
Foundation)
Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block
The Bodman Foundation
Bombardier Inc.
BP America Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen F. Brauer
(Stephen F. & Camilla T. Brauer
Charitable Trust)
Mr. and Mrs. Tom Brokaw (Brokaw
Family Foundation)
Mr. John Spoor Broome
Contributing Members
Mr. G. Michael Brown (Manhattan
Cruises)
Mr. Gerald E. Buck (Buck
Investments)
The Martin Bucksbaum Family
Foundation
Bucyrus-Erie Company
Ms. Margelus Burga
Mrs. Lenora Burstein
Ms. Uschi Butler
Mr. Berchman T. Carville
Caterpillar, Inc.
CH2M Hill Companies, Ltd.
Mr. Alger Chaney
The Chase Manhattan Bank
Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation
Clark-Winchcole Foundation
Dr. Charles H. Clark, Jr.
Mr. Peter Claussen and Ms. Linda
Claussen
Ms. Jan McLin Clayberg
Mr. Joseph M. Cohen (Joseph &
Barbara Cohen Foundation, Inc.)
Mrs. Harryette N. Cohn (Harryette
Cohn Fund)
Mr. Lester Colbert, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Peter R. Coneway
(Coneway Family Foundation)
Ms. Gertrude H. Conner (The Gerta
Charitable Trust)
Conservancy for Tibetan Art &
Culture
Conservation, Food & Health
Foundation, Inc.
Consolidated Edison Company of
New York, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. David Cook
Mrs. Ann Cousins (Cousins
Foundation, Inc.)
Crate & Barrel
Cyprus Amax Minerals Company
Da Capo Fund
Mr. and Mrs. Carl B. Davis
Rosa and Carlos de la Cruz
Eric de Rothschild
Defenders of Wildlife
Deutsche Bank
Dewey Ballantine LLP
S. Sydney DeYoung Foundation
Mr. Joseph A. Di Palma
Mr. and Mrs. David Dibner (The
Dibner Fund, Inc.)
Discovery International
Divers Alert Network, Inc.
The Douglass Foundation
The Max & Victoria Dreyfus
Foundation
Mr. Archie W. Dunham
73
The Dunn Foundation
Duron Paints & Wallcoverings
Mrs. Anne G. Earhart (The Homeland
Foundation)
Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkranz
(Joel and Anne Ehrenkranz
Philanthropic Fund)
Mr. and Mrs George W. Elliott
Mr. and Mrs. Michael D. Eisner
(The Eisner Foundation)
Enterprise Rent-A-Car Company
Ernst & Young
Mr. and Mrs. John Ernst (Richard C.
& Susan B. Ernst Foundation, Inc.)
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph O. Esmerian
Alfred and Harriet Feinman
Foundation
Fisher Company
Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Fisher
(D&DF Foundation)
Fisher Scientific International, Inc.
Mr. Aaron I. Fleischman (The Aaron I.
Fleischman Foundation)
Ms. Barbara G. Fleischman
Ms. Dielle Fleischmann (Monomoy
Fund)
Mrs. Leslie S. Fogg, III
Juliet and Lee Folger (The Folger
Fund)*
Forbes, Inc.
Mr. Christopher Forbes (Forbes
Foundation)
Ford Motor Company
Mrs. Daniel Fraad
Freddie Mac Foundation
The Helen Clay Frick Foundation
Gagosian Gallery, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Gans
(Frederick Gans Fund)
Mrs. Aileen M. Garrett
General Atlantic Partners, LLC
General Electric Company
General Society of the War of 1812
George Publishing Company
Georgia Tech Foundation, Inc.
Mr. Richard Gilbert
Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr.
Glaxo Wellcome Inc.
The Glenstone Foundation
Bernard S. Goffe, M.D.
Golden Family Foundation
Florence J. Gould Foundation
*Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a
citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds,
both unrestricted and special purpose.
74
Mr. and Mrs. Hermen Greenberg
(The Monica & Hermen Greenberg
Foundation)
Greening America
Mr. H. Malcolm Grimmer (Morning
Star Gallery)
Mr. Peter E. Haas, Sr. (Miriam &
Peter Haas Fund)
Phoebe W. Haas Charitable Trust
Hachette Magazines, Inc.
Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr.
Mr. Robert R. Harris
Mr. Alan Hartman
Mr. Ben Hartnett
Harvard University
M.A. Healy Family Foundation, Inc.
Ms. Elizabeth Hecht
Mr. J. Roderick Heller, HI (The
Heller Family Foundation)
Mr. and Mrs. John S. Hendricks
Mr. Paul Hertelendy (Gramp
Foundation)
Mr. Alan J. Hirschfield (Norman
Hirschfield Foundation)
Mr. Charles L. Hoar
Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc.
Ms. Hanna Lore Hombordy
Home Box Office
Hong Kong Economic & Trade Office
Ms. Robyn Horn
Ms. Catherine M. Horne
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz
Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Hough
(Lawrence A. and Kathleen M.
Hough Family Fund)
Hospitality Sales & Marketing
Associates International
Mr. David Hudgens
Mr. and Mrs. Milton M. Hyatt
IBM Corporation
ILA Foundation, Chicago
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. James
Jewelers of America
Mr. Nelson T. Joyner
J.M. Kaplan Fund, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Victor Kaufman
Keebler Company
Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund
Mr. Gene A. Keluche
(Communication Resources, Inc.)
Kemper Lesnik Communications
Mr. and Mrs. James M. Kemper, Jr.
(The David Woods Kemper
Memorial Foundation)*
*Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a
citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds,
both unrestricted and special purpose.
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall
The Robert S. & Grayce B. Kerr
Foundation, Inc.
Mr. Fred M. Kirby, Il (RM. Kirby
Foundation, Inc.)
J. I. Kislak Foundation, Inc.
John and Mary Lu Koenig
Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod
Koniag, Inc.
Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Krissel
Ms. Elaine La Roche
The Honorable and Mrs. L. William
Lane, Jr. (The Ambassador & Mrs.
L.W. Lane, Jr. Fund)
Robert Lehrman (Jacob & Charlotte
Lehrman Foundation, Inc.)
Mrs. Barbara Riley Levin
Mr. and Mrs. Aaron Levine
The Levitt Foundation
The Link Foundation
R. Robert Linowes and Ada H.
Linowes Fund of the Community
Foundation for the National Capital
Region
Lockheed Martin Mission Systems
Loeb & Loeb LLP
Ms. Shirley Loo
Mr. Anton C. Love
Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Lubin
(The Barr Fund)
The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. at
the request of Mr. H. Christopher
Luce
Mr. H.C. Luce and Ms. Tina Liu
Luso-American Development
Foundation
Lutheran Brotherhood
The Honorable John D. Macomber
and Mrs. Macomber
Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Malott
(Camalott Charitable Foundation)
Barbara and Morton Mandel (Morton
and Barbara Mandel Family
Foundation)
Nancy and Edwin Marks (The Marks
Family Foundation)
Mars Incorporated
Margery and Edgar Masinter (The
Masinter Family Foundation)
Dr. John P. McGovern (McGovern
Fund)
Mrs. Marilee McNeilus
The Mead Show Room
Medical and Science Communications
Development Corporation
Mr. James R. Mellor (Mellor Family
Foundation)
Merck Institute for Science
Education
Merrill Lynch & Company
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Miller
Mitsubishi Corporation
The Mnuchin Foundation
Morgan Stanley & Co., Inc.
Morris Animal Foundation
Mr. John Morss
Motorola, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Mullins
Multiples, Inc./Marian Goodman
Gallery
Mr. and Mrs. Roger K. Myers
National Association of Securities
Dealers, Inc.
National Film Preservation
Foundation
National Museum of Industrial
History
National Wildlife Federation
Natural American Spirit Foundation
Natural Heritage Trust
The Nature Conservancy
Ms. Nancy Brown Negley
Mr. John M. Nelson John M. Nelson
Fund)
New York Mercantile Exchange
The New York Times Company
Mr. Paul L. Newman (The Newman’s
Own Fund)
Newmont Mining Corporation
Nippon Foundation
Dr. and Mrs. Stanton P. Nolan
Mr. and Mrs. Lucio A. Noto (Mobil
Corporation)
Mr. and Mrs. Morris W. Offit
Ralph E. Ogden Foundation, Inc.
Mrs. Camille Oliver-Hoffmann
Open Lands Project
Orbital Sciences Corporation
Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos
John and Virginia Paes
Mr. and Mrs. James Patton, Jr.
Peabody Holding Company, Inc.
Mr. Gerald L. Pearson (Pearson Art
Foundation, Inc.)
Dr. Arthur Peck
Mr. James E. Pehta (James E. Pehta
Foundation)
Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation
of Connecticut
Pillsbury Company
Mrs. Cynthia H. Polsky (Hazen
Polsky Foundation, Inc.)
Dr. and Mrs. Meyer P. Potamkin
Pratt & Whitney
Mr. and Mrs. Heinz C. Prechter
(World Heritage Fund)
Mr. and Mrs. Sushil Premchand
Mrs. Charles H. Price, II (Carol
Swanson Price Foundation)
The Lynn R. & Karl E. Prickett
Fund
Mr. Gene Quintana (Valerie & Charles
Diker Fund)
Reed Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed, Jr.
Rexam Paper Products
Mr. John R. Risher, Jr.
Ms. Ann R. Roberts
Rockefeller Foundation
Rocks Build American Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Milton F. Rosenthal
Mr. E. John Rosenwald, Jr. (Monterey
Fund, Inc.)
Mr. Stephen M. Ross
The May and Samuel Rudin Family
Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur F. Sackler
Dr. Elizabeth A. Sackler
Mr. and Mrs. James F. Sams
(The James & Betty Sams Family
Foundation)
San Carlos Institute
Victoria P. and Roger W. Sant
(The Roger and Vicki Sant Fund)
Mr. Ignatius Sargent
SC Costica Prosper SRL
Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd G. Schermer
Mr. Richard J. Schwartz (David
Schwartz Foundation, Inc.)
Ms. Isabelle Scott (Jacob & Charlotte
Lehrman Foundation, Inc.)
Sempra Energy
Sequent Computer Systems, Inc.
Shaw Industries, Inc.
Siemens Corporation
Mr. and Mrs. David M. Silfen (David
& Lyn Silfen Foundation)
Silver Dollar City Inc.
The Gertrude E. Skelly Charitable
Foundation
Mr. Bruce Slovin (Slovin Foundation)
Mr. Richard M. Smith (Newsweek,
Inc.)
Mr. and Mrs. Franchon M. Smithson
Mrs. Eloise O. Spaeth
Mr. Clemmie Dixon Spangler, Jr.
(C.D. Spangler Foundation)
State Farm Mutual Automobile
Insurance Company
Mr. Thomas H. Stoner
Ms. Mary P. Surrey (Max & Victoria
Dreyfus Foundation, Inc.)
Contributing Members
Mr. Kelso F. Sutton (Kelso F. & Joanna
L. Sutton Fund)
Tarver Family Fund
Mrs. Ellen N. Taubman (Ellen
Napiura Taubman, Ltd.)
Ms. Ann Tenenbaum and Mr. Thomas
H. Lee
Tenneco Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
Time Domain Corporation
Mr. Ward J. Timken (Timken
International Fund)
John and Daniel Tishman Fund
Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.
Trellis Fund
Unico Banking Group
Uniform Code Council, Inc.
United Airlines, Inc.
United Transportation Union
Venable, Baetjer & Howard
Foundation, Inc.
Beatrix and Ladislaus von Hoffmann
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Waite
Mr. and Mrs. Milton H. Ward
Warren Wilson College
Mrs. Ruth L. Webb
Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation
Honorable and Mrs. Frank A. Weil
(Hickrill Foundation, Inc.)
Mr. Thomas W. Weisel
Wenner-Gren Foundation for
Anthropological Research
White Oak Corporation
Williams College
Warren and Barbara Winiarski
Mr. James D. Wolfensohn
(Wolfensohn Family Foundation)
The Women’s Museum
World Federation of Ultrasound in
Medicine & Biology
Mrs. Gay F. Wray (Roger S. Firestone
Foundation)
Wyeth-Ayerst Pharmaceuticals
Wyeth-Lederle
Zero International Inc.
Ms. Nina Zolt and Mr. Miles Gilburne
$5,000 or more
Anonymous
Mr. Ronald D. Abramson (Abramson
Family Foundation)
Mr. Warren J. Adelson
Philip & Henrietta Adler Foundation
AERO Club Foundation of
Washington
Alaska Federation of Natives
Mr. and Mrs. Ahmed Ali
(Geo-Etka, Inc.)
75
Ms. Charmay B. Allred
Alnell Farm
American Association for the
Advancement of Science
American Association of Retired
Persons
American Zoo & Aquarium
Association
Harriet Ames Charitable Trust
Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson
(William S. and Janice R. Anderson
Fund)
Joan and Peter Andrews
Mr. and Mrs. Rand Araskog
ARCO Foundation, Inc.
Arts & Entertainment
Network/ABC/NBC
Asian Cultural Council, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Barwick
Mr. and Mrs. William Beierwaltes
Black Entertainment Television
Holdings Inc.
BMW of North America, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. John M. Bradley
Mrs. Fleur S. Bresler
Mr. Willard W. Brown, Jr.
Mrs. Rochelle L. Brunner
Mr. Howard G. Buffett (The
Sherwood Foundation)
Bunge Corporation
Center for International Forestry
Research
Chesapeake Wildlife Heritage
Ms. Nancy L. Connor (Ringing Rocks
Foundation)
Mr. and Mrs. Roger E. Covey
Ms. Allison Stacey Cowles and Mr.
Arthur Ochs Sulzberger*
Drs. William H. and Isabella C.M.
Cunningham
Dames & Moore
Mr. and Ms. Richard M. Danziger
Deloitte & Touche LLP
Mr. Dean S. Edmonds, III (Dean S.
Edmonds Foundation)
EMA Foundation for Education &
Technology Research
Entertainment Industry Foundation
Ms. Audrey G. Falkenstein
Joseph and Bessie Feinberg
Foundation
Feld Entertainment, Inc.
Ms. Martha Feltenstein
Dr. Alan Fern and Mrs. Lois Fern
*Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a
citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds,
both unrestricted and special purpose.
76
Ms. Rosemary L. Frankeberger
Mr. George C. Freeman, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Fri
Fundatia Culturala Romana
Mr. Edward O. Gaylord
GEICO Corporation
Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty (Ann &
Gordon Getty Foundation)
Mr. Bert Getz (Globe Foundation)
Dr. Margaret Goodman
Ms. Elizabeth Gosnell
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Gray, Jr. (Lerner
Gray Foundation, Inc.)
David Greenewalt Charitable Trust
The Grodzins Fund
GTE Hawaiian Telephone
Company, Inc.
Mr. Bertram Fields and Ms. Barbara
Guggenheim (Guggenheim, Asher
Associates, Inc.)
Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Haas (Colleen
and Robert D. Haas Fund)
Mr. and Mrs. George W. Haldeman
Mr. and Mrs. Ben Hammett
Mr. and Mrs. Irshad-ul-Haque
Heinz Family Foundation
Mr. Frederick D. Hill (Berry-Hill
Galleries, Inc.)
Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn (Olga &
Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation,
Inc.)
Mr. John K. Howat
Dr. Stanley O. Ikenberry
Imax Limited
Institut fur Auslandsbeziehungen
International Mass Retail Association
Mr. and Mrs. Maurice H. Katz
The Katzenberger Foundation, Inc.
Kell, Munoz, Wigodsky Architects
Mr. R. Crosby Kemper, Jr. (Enid &
Crosby Kemper Foundation)
Mr. William G. Kerr (The Robert S.
& Grayce B. Kerr Foundation)
Drs. Aziz and Deanna Khan
Kimsey Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. James W. Kinnear
Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney
Mrs. Marie L. Knowles
The Samuel H. Kress Foundation
Mr. Myron Kunin (Curtis Galleries,
Inc.)
Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally
Mrs. Emily Fisher Landau
Mr. and Mrs. Jon Landau
Alvin S. Lane, Esq. (The Alvin S. Lane
Family Fund)
Mr. Albert G. Lauber, Jr.
and Mr. Craig W. Hoffman
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Mr. Leonard A. Lauder (Lauder
Foundation)
Mr. Ronald S. Lauder (Mrs. Estee
Lauder Philanthropic Fund)
Dr. Thomas Lawton
Lee Enterprises
The Levitt Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Robert V. Lindsay
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Linton (Linton
Foundation)
Ms. Nina Liu
Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space
The Lucelia Foundation, Inc.
The Lucy Foundation
Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney
Mr. and Mrs. Hamid Malik (Amtrend
Corporation)
Mallinckrodt, Inc.
Mr. Richard A. Manoogian (Masco
Corporation)
Marpat Foundation, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Spencer Marsh, HI
Mary Martell and Paul M. Johnson
University of Maryland College
Park
Mr. John F. McGuigan, Jr.
Mr. Robert L. McNeil, Jr. (The Barra
Foundation, Inc.)
The Mead Corporation
Mr. Makhdoom Ahmad Mehmood
Mr. Paul Mellon
Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Mennello
Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern
Art Studies
Mrs. Jane B. Meyerhoff
Miller Freeman, Inc.
Mr. Vern Milligan
Mobil Foundation, Inc.
Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc.
Enid and Lester Morse (Morse Family
Foundation)
NAMSB Foundation, Inc.
National Association of Display
Industries Inc.
Ms. Annalee Newman
Nordstrom, Inc.
Mr. George L. Ohrstrom, Jr. (Little
River Foundation)
Mr. and Mrs. Ricard R. Ohrstrom
(Little River Foundation)
The Pace Gallery
Helen Ann Patton
Parsons Engineering Science, Inc.
Mr. Gerald P. Peters (Gerald Peters
Gallery, Inc.)
Peterson Family Foundation
Philip Morris Companies, Inc.
Mr. Victor M. Pinzon
Placer Dome, Inc.
Mr. John Edward Plunket
Mr. James S. Polshek (Polshek Metcalf
Tobey and Part)
Mrs. John Alexander Pope
William A. & Ronnie N. Potter
Philanthropic Fund
The Henry & Henrietta Quade
Foundation
Mr. Safi U. Qureshey, Uns Safi
Qureshey and Zeshen Neil
Qureshey
Mr. and Mrs. Jack Rachlin
Mr. and Mrs. Harvey W. Rambach
The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc.
Republic National Bank of New York
Mary Livingston Ripley Charitable
Lead Trust*
Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins
Mr. David Rockefeller, Sr.
Karol K. Rodriguez
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob
Mr. Robert Rosenkranz and
Ms. Alexandra Munroe (The
Rosenkranz Foundation)
Benjamin J. Rosenthal Foundation
Mrs. Polly Rubin
Ms. Celia C. Rumsey (Mary A. H.
Rumsey Foundation)
Ms. Hattie Ruttenberg
Mrs. Else Sackler
Charles E. Sampson Memorial
Foundation
Ms. Louisa S. Sarofim
Ms. Helen G. Schneider
Mr. and Mrs. A. Harvey Schreter
Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry Sheffield
Mr. and Mrs. W. Mason Shehan
Mrs. H. Robert Slusser
Mr. and Mrs. E. Maynard Smith
Sotheby’s
Mr. Ira Spanierman
Mr. Alan G. Spoon
The Summit Charitable Foundation,
Inc.
Mrs. H. William Tanaka
Mr. Jahangir Tareen
A. Alfred Taubman (Taubman
Endowment for the Arts)
Tetra Tech EM Inc.
Dr. F. Christian Thompson
Timken Company
Ms. Rita Tishman (Norman-Rita
Tishman Fund, Inc.)
*Denotes a gift to the Fund for the Future, a
Citizens’ initiative to raise endowment funds,
both unrestricted and special purpose.
Mr. John Travolta
United States Postal Service
United Technologies Corporation
Mr. Warren W. Unna
WETA
Mr. William FE Whalen
and Ms. Nancy Mattson
Mr. Eli Wilner and Ms. Barbara
Brennan (Eli Wilner & Company,
Inc.)
World Wildlife Fund
Young & Rubicam Inc.
$2,000 or more
Anonymous
Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Addison
(Addison/Ripley Gallery)
Ms. Tina Alster
Danese Altman
American Zinc Association
Mrs. Robert Amory, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Anderson
ANR Pipeline Company
Mrs. Iris Apfel
Mr. Eugene Applebaum
Aria Foundation
Mr. Arnold Aronson
Association for Computing Machinery,
Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Auchincloss
(Monadnock Fund)
Milton & Sally Avery Arts Foundation
B&O Railroad Museum
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Baddour
(Baddour Family Fund)
Bajaj Family Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Balzer
Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Barnett
Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Bartlett, Jr.
Ms. Karen H. Bechtel
Bell Atlantic of Washington, D.C.
Mr. Robert A. Bernhard
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Bernheim, Jr.
(The Bernheim Foundation, Inc.)
Mrs. Esther S. Bondareff
Mr. Robert H. Braunohler
Bristol Associates, Inc.
Mr. Eli Broad (The Broad Art
Foundation)
Mr. Edward Cafritz (Dr. Edward &
Mildred Cafritz Camily
Foundation)
The Center for Arts Education
Centre National De La Recherche
Scientif
Vinton G. and Sigrid T. Cerf
Mr. and Mrs. John D. Chapman
Contributing Members
Dr. and Mrs. Timothy W. Childs
Christie’s, Inc.
Dr. and Mrs. Dennis Cirillo
Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark
Cofers, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Howard Cohen
Drs. John Y. Cole and Nancy E.
Gwinn
Computer Associates
International, Inc.
Ruth Covo Family Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. James W. Crystal
Jeffrey P. Cunard
D.C. Chartered Health Plan, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Daniels, Jr.
The Gloria & Sydney Danziger
Foundation, Inc.
Mr. Frederick M. Danziger
Dart Industries, Inc.
Mrs. Mary A. DeBare
Decorative Arts Society, Inc.
Mr. Arun K. Deva
Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Dickey, Jr.
Mr. George A. Didden, III
Mr. and Mrs. George C. Dillon
Dublin Historical Society
Duncan Aviation
Dr. Sylvia A. Earle
East West Foundation
Eli Lilly & Company
Emilio Ambasz & Associates, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Anthony T. Enders
Mr. and Mrs. Giuseppe Eskenazi
Ms. Elizabeth S. Eustis
Mr. Thomas M. Evans, Jr. (Thomas M.
Evans, Jr. Foundation)
Mrs. Myron S. Falk, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. George J. Fan
Faucett Family Trust
The Federal Society for Law & Public
Policy Studies
Mr. and Mrs. Roger Felberbaum
(Felberbaum Family Foundation)
First Center for Visual Arts, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Miles Q. Fiterman
Mr. and Mrs. John Fletcher, HI
Ms. Anne Forbes
Mr. Sidney Forbes
Mrs. Ann B. Friedman
Mrs. Marilyn Friedman
Ms. Ellen L. Frost and Mr. William F.
Pedersen
Mr. Richard S. Fuld, Jr. (Richard S.
Fuld, Jr. Foundation, Inc.)
Mrs. Martha F. Game
Mr. Edward K. Gamson
Mr. and Mrs. Howard Ganek
77
Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ganz, Jr.
Gem, Lapidary & Mineral Society of
Montgomery County MD, Inc.
General Dynamics Corporation
Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Ms. Alice
Yelen
Mr. Virgil D. Gligor (V D G, Inc.)
Mr. Leslie H. Goldberg (Leslie
Goldberg Charity Fund)
Colonel Richard H. Graham, USAF
(Ret.)
Ms. Elizabeth W. Gwinn
Mr. John M. Haddow (Rita C. & John
M. Haddow Family Foundation)
Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton
Dr. William T. Hardaker, Jr.
Harrison Family Trust
Mr. Joseph A. Helman (Joseph
Helman Gallery, Inc.)
Mr. John B. Henry
Mr. and Mrs. William Herbster
Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Herlitz
Levy Hermanos Foundation, Inc.
Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess
Dr. W. Ronald Heyer
Olga & Joseph H. Hirshhorn
Foundation, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Hoehn
Mr. Craig W. Hoffman
Ms. Nancy Hoffmann
Mr. Gary Honbarrier
Mr. and Mrs. S. Roger Horchow
Hoss Charitable Foundation
Sir Joseph E. Hotung
Ms. Susan Hurowitz
Illinois Tool Works Foundation
Mrs. Ruthanne Iselin
ITT Industries, Inc.
Mr. Richard J. Janes
Ms. Wendy Jeffers
Jefferson-Pilot Corporation
David and Pat Jernigan
Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Jessup, Jr.
Johnson & Johnson
Mr. and Mrs. Jacob C. Kainen
Mrs. Floy Kaminski
Mr. Eugene J. Kaplan
Dr. and Mrs. Ashok H. Kaveeshwar
Mr. Walter Keating
Miss Narinder Kaur Keith
and Miss Rajinder Kaur Keith
Dr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Kelly, III
Ms. Marie-Louise Kennedy
Lieutenant Colonel William K. and
Mrs. Alice S. Konze (Alice Stockton
Konze Fund)
KPMG
Mrs. Rose C. Kramer
78
Mr. Jay Kriegel and Ms. Kathryn
McAuliffe (The Tides Foundation)
Mr. James D. Krissel and Ms. Dina K.
Krissel
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Krueger
Mr. Jatinder Kumar, Trustee of APCA
Ms. Nanette L. Laitman (William &
Mildred Lasdon Foundation)
Mr. and Mrs. Mel S. Lavitt
Ms. Naomi Leff (Naomi Leff &
Associates, Inc.)
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Lehrman
The Honorable Marc E. Leland (Marc
E. Leland Foundation)
Mr. Edward J. Lenkin
John H. Lese Company
Drs. Edmund and Julie Lewis
Lippincott & Margulies
S. Arthur Localio
Mr. Meredith J. Long
Mr. Penn Lupovich
Dr. Jerry H. Lynn
Mr. Dennis H. Lyon and Mr. Russ
Lyon, Jr. (Russ Lyon Realty Company)
M. Ronald Ruskin Consulting LLC
Mr. Burt Manning
Mr. Matthew Marks (Matthew Marks,
Inc.)
Mars Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Tom Marsh
Mr. William N. Mason, HI
Mr. and Mrs. James A. Mateyka
Mr. and Mrs. William P. McClure
Nan Tucker McEvoy Foundation, Inc.
Mr. Terence McInerney
Mr. Arnold B. McKinnon
Mr. Floyd W. McRae (Eleven Eleven
Fund)
Mrs. Kimberly R. Menninger
Milford Plaza
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Miller
Dianne and Kenneth Miller
Mineta for Congress Committee
Dr. Marvin and Elayne Mordes
Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Morgan
Jane and John Morrison
Charles Nagel Trust
Mr. Andrew Nasser (Wear Me Apparel
Corporation)
National Air Transporation
Association
National Association of Display
Industries Inc.
NationsBank Fund
Ms. Evelyn Nef
John and Linda Nelson
NHK Enterprises America, Inc.
Mr. Eliot C. Nolen
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
The Nomura Securities Co., Ltd.
North American Airlines, Inc.
Mr. Harold Oelbaum (Harold &
Nancy Oelbaum Foundation)
Mr. and Mrs. Harris K. Oppenheimer
(Harris & Lois Oppenheimer
Foundation)
Pacific Art Foundation
The Palace Bingo
Dr. Paul D. Parkman
William and Antoinette Peskoff
Mr. Richard E. Petit
Ms. Mary L. Pierce
Lt. Col. and Mrs. Joseph T. Pisciotta
Mr. and Mrs. Elliott I. Pollock
Lt. Col. and Mrs. Norman S. Portenoy,
USAF (Ret.) (Max & Victoria
Dreyfus Foundation, Inc.)
Mrs. Lewis T. Preston
Dr. Kazuko K. Price
Prince Charitable Trusts
Ms. Judy Lynn Prince
Pro Helvetia
Mr. Thomas F. Pyle
Mr. and Mrs. Frank R. Ramirez
Dr. William C. Ramsay (C.B. Ramsay
Foundation, Inc.)
Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling
Ms. Tamara Rebanks
Mrs. Douglas F. Reeves
Ms. Barbara P. Richards
Mr. Jim Richman (Richloom Fabrics
Group, Inc.)
Ms. Rosemary L. Ripley
Mr. and Mrs. Gregory S. Rodman
Summer Rodman
Mr. William D. Rollnick (William D.
and Nancy Ellison Rollnick
Foundation)
Mr. and Mrs. Francis C. Rooney, Jr.
Rose Associates, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel J. Rosenfeld
Ms. Loretta Rosenthal
Mr. Thomas Rosse (Rosse Family
Charitable Foundation, Inc.)
Mr. Earl Rubley (South Florida
Communications)
The Safer-Fearer Fund
Mr. and Mrs. David Saity
Mr. A.R. Sanchez (Sanchez Oil & Gas
Corporation)
Ms. Diane Schafer and Dr. Jeffrey
Stein
Mr. and Mrs. Leo Schenker
Dr. and Mrs. Rolf G. Scherman
Sara D. and Roy A. Schotland
Mr. Alan E. Schwartz
Seymour I. Schwartz, M.D.
Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc.
Second Story Books
Sedgwick County Zoological Society
M. Sigmund & Barbara K. Shapiro
Family Fund
Mr. Shelby Shapiro
Mr. Lawrence Shar (Julius Lowy Frame
& Restoring Company, Inc.)
Mrs. Richard E. Sherwood
Mr. and Mrs. James Shinn
Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey R. Short, Jr.
Simarc Foundation, Inc.
Mrs. John Farr Simmons
Mr. Stephen Simon (Esther Simon
Charitable Trust)
Mr. Theodore J. Slavin
Capt. and Mrs. Charles E. Smith
Kathy Daubert Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth L. Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Anthony M. Solomon
Mr. Richard H. Solomon
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Stamler
Mr. Theodore R. Stanley
Mr. Henry M. Strong
Ms. Patricia S. Swaney
Dr. Mahinder Tak and Mr. Sharad
Tak
Mr. Berrin Tekiner
Joseph H. Thompson Fund
Lady Judith O. Thomson
The Tides Foundation
Mr. Laurence A. Tisch (Tisch
Foundation, Inc.)
Mr. Steve Tisch (The Jamie and Steven
Tisch Foundation)
Mr. and Mrs. Donald Tober (Sugar
Foods Corporation)
Honorable and Mrs. Russell E. Train
Mr. Ted Trotta and Ms. Anna Bono
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Unterberg
(Correspondent Services
Corporation)
US WEST Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Nathaniel H. Usdan
(Lemberg Foundation, Inc.)
Ms. Lillian M. Vernon (Lillian Vernon
Foundation)
Visual New York Inc.
Mrs. Dina K. von Jaeger
Mr. Robert L. Wald
Mr. and Mrs. Allen Wardwell
Mr. and Mrs. Stanford S. Warshawsky
(Centennial Foundation)
Washington Gas Light Co.
Washington Inc.
The Washington Post Company
The Raymond John Wean Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Guy Weill
Mr. and Mrs. Edward A. Weinstein
(Edward A. and Sandra R.
Weinstein Philanthropic Fund)
Mr. and Mrs. Franc Wertheimer
Sperone Westwater, Inc.
Mr. Richard E. Whalen
Ms. Wynelle W. White
Mr. and Mrs. Norman C. Willcox
Mr. and Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson
The Robert I. Wishnick Foundation
World Wildlife Fund
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Bagley
Wright, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Daniel W. Yohannes
Mr. Martin Zelman
Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Zucker
Smithsonian Corporate
Membership Program
The Smithsonian Corporate
Membership Program is a national
initiative through which corporations
provide unrestricted support to
Smithsonian education, research, and
exhibition initiatives.
ABC, Inc.
American Express
American General
ARCO
Arthur Andersen LLP
AT&T
Bayer Corporation
Bell Atlantic
BellSouth Corporation
BMW of North America
Booz, Allen & Hamilton Inc.
BP Amoco
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
The Capital Group Companies
Capital One
Capital Re
CH2M Hill Companies
The Clark Construction Group, Inc.
The Coca-Cola Company
Concert Management Services, Inc.
Conoco Inc.
Crate and Barrel
DaimlerChrysler A.G.
Deloitte & Touche LLP
Deutsche Bank
Dewey Ballantine LLP
The Walt Disney Company
DuPont
Exxon Corporation
Contributing Members
Fannie Mae Foundation
Fidelity Investments
Ford Motor Company
General Electric Company
George Magazine
Glaxo Wellcome, Inc.
Goldman, Sachs & Company
GTE Corporation
Hitachi Limited
Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc.
Hunter Engineering Company
IBM
ID Magazine
S.C. Johnson & Sons, Inc.
Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc.
The Kansai Electric Power
Company, Inc.
KPMG
Lee Enterprises
Litton Industries
Liz Claiborne
Loeb & Loeb LLP
Mars Incorporated
Marubeni Corporation
Merrill Lynch
Mitsubishi Public Affairs Committee
Mobil Corporation
J.P. Morgan & Company, Inc.
New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
Newman's Own
Noble Drilling Corporation
Novartis Corporation
PEPCO
Pfizer Inc
Pharmacia & Upjohn
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Raytheon
Riggs Bank N.A.
SBC Communications
Scripps Howard Foundation
Siemens Corporation
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher &
Flom
Sony Corporation of America
Southern Company
Sprint
State Farm Insurance Companies
Teknion
Texas Instruments
Time Warner, Inc.
The Tokyo Electric Power
Company, Inc.
Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A, Inc
TRW Inc.
US. Bank
Warner-Lambert Company
Xerox Corporation
79
James Smithson Society
James Smithson Society members
share a deep commitment to the
dynamic unfolding of James
Smithson’s vision. The society’s dues
and special gifts provide unrestricted
support for the Smithsonian’s research,
exhibition, and educational programs.
Endowed Life Members
Anonymous (1)
Karen and Edward Burka
Ms. Ruth Boyer Compton
Mr. and Mrs. Dean S. Edmonds
Mr. Daniel Gilbert and Mrs. Alice
Petree Gilbert
Mrs. Alton B. Grimes
William Logan Hopkins
Richard and Elaine Kaufman
Lt. Col. and Mrs. William K. Konze
Pearl Bell and Colonel Billie G.
Matheson
Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert D. Mead
Mr. Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E.
Ganister
Catherine F. Scott
Shelby Shapiro
Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry Sheffield
Mrs. Shirley P. Sichel
Mr. Richard L. Triska
Annual Members
$10,000 or more
The Jean Axelrod Memorial
Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass
Ms. Nancy L. Connor
The Eberly Foundation
The Gordon Fund
Mrs. Roy Johnson
Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman Fdn.
John L. and Carolyn J. Peterson
Betty Rhoads Wright
$5,000 or more
Mr. William Arndt
Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Ballman
Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Barton
Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block
Mrs. Howard M. Booth
Carter and Melissa Cafritz Charitable
Trust
80
Dr. and Mrs. David A. Cofrin
Mrs. Carole D. Crocker
Mr. and Mrs. James C. Day
Mr. and Mrs. James A. Elkins, Jr.
The Virginia Sugg Furrow Foundation
Ms. Lumina Greenway
Mr. Corbin Gwaltney
Leslie Hackenson and Roger Allers
Stephen and Jocelin Hamblett
Miss Nancy A. Haynes
Therese and I. Michael Heyman
Mr. James T. Hines, Jr.
Mary Martell and Paul M. Johnson
Mr. Mark Miller
Mr. and Mts. Lester S. Morse, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Munroe
Mr. Michael D. O'Dell and Ms. Judith
Grass
Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Poor
Philip and Elizabeth Reed
Mr. and Mrs. John Watts Roberts
Vicki and Roger Sant
The Simpson PSB Fund
The Ruth and Vernon Taylor
Foundation
Ms. Evelyn Twigg-Smith
Miss Winifred E. Weter
Ellen and Bernard Young
$2,000 or more
35 Anonymous
Mrs. August Ackel
Mr. Terry L. Albertson
Mr. and Mrs. Lambert E. Althaver
Miss Barbara Anne Ames
Mrs. Robert Amory, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. William G. Anderson
Mr. Leonard Andrews
Donna Barnard Ari and Ewing H.
Miller
Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph Arkin
Mrs. Jack R. Aron
Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Avery
Joe and Holly Baker
Steven and LaRae Bakerink
Mr. Robert J. Barker
Janine F. Barre
Elizabeth Barrer
Rhoda and Jordan Baruch
Mrs. Elizabeth H. Bass
Albert Beekhuis Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Michael B. Beeman
Mr. and Mrs. James M. Beggs
Mr. Michael D. Bielucki
Dr. Deborah Black
The Honorable Robert O. Blake and
Mrs. Blake
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Mr. John H. Blazek
Mr. and Mrs. Huntington T. Block
Mr. and Mrs. William J.D. Bond
J.A. Boorman
Mr. Bennett Boskey
Ms. Margaret L. Bourgerie
Ms. Rebecca A. Bowman
David Boyes
Charles and Fleur Bresler
Mr. Alfred Pope Brooks
Mrs. Keith S. Brown
Mr. J. Kevin Buchi and Dr. Kathleen
Buchi
The Bunting Family Foundation
George E. and Clare M. Burch
Dr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Burnes
Ms. Alice Green Burnette
Mrs. Helen Cabell and
Christine Cabell
Mr. Kenneth S. Cameron
Phyllis H. Carey
Mr. Donald W. Carl
Mr. William Carlebach
Mae Casner
Vinton and Sigrid Cerf
Dr. Jonathan L. Chang
Colonel and Mrs. George E.
Chapin, Jr.
Ms. Li Chu
Mr. and Mrs. J. Donald Cline
Melvin and Ryna Cohen
Naomi and Nehemiah Cohen
Foundation
The Honorable Barber Conable Jr. and
Mrs. Conable
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Cooley
Ms. Florence Corder-Witter
Ms. Jean Coyne
Mrs. Gretchen S. Crow
Mr. John H. Darlington, Jr.7
Mrs. Joseph H. Davenport, Jr.
Barry and Nora Davis
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Alfred Davis
Anna M. Day
Kathleen and Eugene De Falco
Ms. Dorothy J. Del Bueno
Mr. Arthur F. Dellheim
Mrs. Deborah J. Denefrio
Bernard and Susan Dennis
Geert M. DePrest and Laura Travis-
DePrest
Hilton B. Dickerson
Ms. Claudia Dickman
Douglas Dillon
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Dixon
Dr. William H. L. Dornette
+Deceased
Ms. Diane M. Dudley
Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson
Miss Babs Eisman
Mr. and Mrs. Richard England
Gary and Jeri Epstein
Ernst and Elfriede Frank Foundation
Inc
Colonel Charles O. Eshelman
Dorothy D. Eweson
Mr. and Mrs. Michael L. Fayad
Dianne L. Fecteau
Mr. Harry Feldman
Dr. and Mrs. James J. Ferguson, Jr.
Dr. and Mrs. Adrian E. Flatt
Mary and Henry Flynt
Mr. Philip E. Forest
Mr. Benjamin Frank
Virginia McGehee Friend
Mr. Cary J. Frieze and Mrs. Rose
Frieze
David Morgan Frost
Mrs. L. J. Futchik
Mrs. J. Gardiner
Mr. Phil Gardner
Mr. Caspar C. Garrigues
Michael and Susie Gelman
Mary O’Brien Gibson
Bonnie Gillespie
Dr. and Mrs. Clarence Glenn
George C. and Erna M. Graham
Ms. Catharine Graton
Mrs. John B. Greene
Ms. Marion E. Greene
Calvin and Marilyn B. Gross
Mr. and Mrs. Patrick W. Gross
Bruce Guthrie
Adele and Donald Hall
Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton
Robert V. and Rita S. Hanle
Mr. Niles Hanson
Ms. Helen Leale Harper
Mrs. Jane S. Hart
Mr. and Mrs. Max E. Hartl
Dr. and Mrs. Herbert A. Hartman, Jr.
The Honorable and Mrs. John
Hechinger, Sr.
Mr. and Mrs. David Heebner
Robert M. and Gladys F. Henry
Catherine W. Herman
Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess
Mrs. Virginia L. Hickman
Mrs. Gloria Hidalgo
Clara Jane Hill
Mr. William M. Hollis, Jr.
and Andrea M. Baldeck, M.D.
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Hopkins
Mr. and Mrs. Peter House
Mr. Tommy D. Hughes
Mrs. Peter D. Humleker, Jr.
Mrs. Elizabeth L. Hunter
R. Bruce Hunter
Mrs. Jane Hunter-Mac Millan
Mr. Joshua R. Icore
Mr. L. R. Ingels
John B. Ippolito, Diane M. Laird-
Ippolito
Doctors Jay and Mary Anne Jackson
David A. Jacques
David and Pat Jernigan
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Johnson
Mrs. Roy Johnson
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson
W. Johnson
Mr. and Mrs. Stanley B. Jones
Mr. Sheldon T. Katz
Ina and Jack Kay
Shelley Kay
Stephen C. Keeble and Karen Depew
Ms. Jettie Kelly
Anne B. Kennedy
Dr. Rebecca Kenyon
Mrs. Virginia W. Kettering
Mr. and Mrs. Clark H. Kilhefner
Mr. James V. Kimsey
Dr. William M. King
Mr. and Mrs. Norman V. Kinsey
Mr. Edward J. Kirby
Ms. Elizabeth Gelman Kossow
Irene Daniell Kress
Robert E. and Elizabeth W. Krueger
Mrs. James S. Lacock
Judge Marion Ladwig
Dr. and Mrs. Emanuel Landau
Mrs. Stephens J. Lange
Janet E. Lanman
Dr. and Mrs. LaSalle D. Leffall, Jr.
Mrs. William Leonhart
Mr. William B. Levin
and Ms. Canice Kelly Levin
Mrs. Jean C. Lindsey
Dr. and Mrs. John G. Lodmell
Mr. Frank J. Lukowski
Dr. Steven Lunzer
Edmund C. Lynch, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Fred W. Lyons, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Mahfouz
Dr. (CDR) Hugh M. Mainzer and Ms.
Jill Jarecki
Mr. and Mrs. Jack A. Mark
Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars, Jr.
Ms. Virginia C. Mars
Mr. Frederick P. Mascioli
Major General Raymond E. Mason Jr.
and Margaret E. Mason
Dr. Thomas R. Masters
Wayne and Tina Mathews
Contributing Members
Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Mathias
Mr. James I. McAuliff
Emmett and Miriam McCoy
Richard and Vivian McCrary
Mr. and Mrs. Clayton McCuistion
Mr. and Mrs. John D. McLean
Meriam McNiel
Scott McVay
Mr. Paul Mellont
Sue B. and Eugene Mercy, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Merriman
His Excellency Sir Christopher Meyer,
KCMG
Mr. George H. Miller
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Miller
Jerry M. Miller and Dorothy T. Miller
Mr. Peter Monrose
Mrs. Rosalis Montgomery
Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Moran
Mr. Robert E. Mortensen
Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth F. Mountcastle
Dr. Gary L. Mueller and Dr. Carolyn
R. Mueller
Dr. J. Andrew Mulholland
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. Murray
Mr. and Mrs. Eric B. Nettere
Mrs. Frances Newman
Mary L. Nucci and Abraham
Abuchowski
Dr. and Mrs. J. Dennis O'Connor
Ms. Nancy F. O’Connor
Beverly H. and William P. O’Hara
William and Jean O'Neill
James D. Oglevee and Susan Marie
Halliday
Mr. and Mrs. Steven F. Paes
Christine M. and Gregory J.
Parseghian
Mrs. Jefferson Patterson
Peacock Foundation, Inc.
Mr. Scott D. Pearson
C. Wesley and Jacqueline Peebles
Mrs. Joseph S. Pendleton
Mr. J. Liddon Pennock, Jr.
George and Sally Pillsbury
Mr. John Pitts, Sr.
Jane P. Plakias
Carol Pochardt
Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky/The
Polsky Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Posner, Jr.
The Rev. and Mrs. Charles Price
Mrs. Melville J. Price
Mr. and Mrs. Whayne S. Quin
Claire and John Radway
Mr. Elmer Rasmuson
+ Deceased
81
Mr. and Mrs. Norval L. Rasmussen
Mrs. Carol H. Ray
Mr. and Mrs. Michael F. Reagan
Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Rice
Mrs. Carlyn Ring
Doug Ring and Cindy Miscikowski
Mrs. Dorothy Hyman Roberts
Ms. Nancy J. Robertson
and Mr. Mark N. Cookingham
Mr. Arthur Rock
The Honorable John D. Rockefeller,
IV and Mrs. Rockefeller
Mrs. I. Alfred Rosenbaum, Jr.
Dr. Norman Rosenzweig
Mrs. Yvonne W. Roth
Marya Rowan
Ms. Marcia Rubenstein
Marcos and Dina Russek
Mr. William R. Salomon
Albert and Thelma Sbar
Ambassador James H. Scheuer
and Emily Malino Scheuer
Mr. and Mrs. Douglas R. Scheumann
Roger P. and Nancy L. Schlemmer
Elizabeth and Edwin Schreiber
Frank and Emily Scott
Mrs. Robert D. Scott
Mr. and Mrs. S. Norman Seastedt
Mr. and Mrs. David M. Shapiro
Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Shatz
Mr. Winslow T. Shearman
Allan E. Shore
Mr. Alan B. Showalter
Mr. Frank Shrontz
Charles Siegel
Ms. Tammy Sisson
Dr. Lionel J. Skidmore and Dr. Jean
M. Karle
Mrs. David E. Skinner
Dr. Harvey C. Slocum, Jr.
Sandra and Larry Small
Gretchen Smith Crow
Dr. Frank Smith
General and Mrs. William Y. Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Michael R. Sonnenreich
Mr. and Mrs. John L. Sparks
Harriet and Edson Spencer
Mrs. Colletta F. Sperling
Mr. Bernie Stadiem
Mr. Sydney Staffin
Dr. Marjorie L. Stein
Ann C. Stephens
Mr. and Mrs. William C. Sterling, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T. J. Stewart
Mr. and Mrs. Franz T. Stone
Shepard and Marlene Stone
Mr. Roy T. Strainge
Mr. Ernest C. Swigert
82
Ms. Marjorie E. Thomas
Mr. Stephen Tilton
Mrs. Helen Brice Trenckmann
Ms. Eva F. Tully
Mr. James F. Turner
Mr. M. S. Ursino
Colonel and Mrs. W. G. Van Allen
Mr. and Mrs. L. Von Hoffmann
Colonel Harold W. Vorhies
Mrs. Robert Waidner
Dr. Wesley W. Walton
Craig and Catherine Weston
Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Wherley
Mr. and Mrs. Ben White
Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. White
Mr. John K. White
The Honorable John C. Whitehead
Mrs. Elizabeth Williams
Mr. and Mrs. Wesley S. Williams, Jr.
Ms. Kirsten Wilson and Mr. Johnny
Bivera
Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Wilson
Mr. and Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson
Joseph G. and Michael M. Wirth
Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Womble
Mrs. Jane Ludwig Worley
Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Wright
Ms. Alice Wrobleski
Mrs. Charlotte Shirley Wyman
Mary L. Zicarelli/The Zicarelli
Foundation
Anda and Henri Zimand
Nancy Behrend Zirkle
Mrs. Sidney S. Zlotnick
Life Members
Prior to 1985, Life Members were
appointed to the James Smithson
Society in recognition of significant,
one-time contributions to the
Institution.
Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton
David K. Anderson
Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson
Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo
Mr. Scott R. Anselmo
Dr. and Mrs. Herbert Axelrod
Richard R. Bains
Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow
Mrs. Donald C. Beatty
Mrs. Henry C. Beck, Jr.
Mrs. Ralph E. Becker
Mrs. Edward B. Benjamin
Mrs. John A. Benton
Dr. and Mrs. William B. Berry
Dr. and Mrs. B. N. Bhat
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Mr. Richard A. Bideaux
Edwin W. Bitter
Dr. and Mrs. William Beaty Boyd
Lee Bronson
Dr. Ruth D. Bruun
Mrs. George E. Burch
Mrs. Arthur J. Burstein
Mrs. Hyman Burstein
Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell Burstein
Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Caldwell,
Je
Lawson J. Cantrell
Mr. Allan Caplan
Mrs. George H. Capps
Carol Chiu
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cleveland
Dr. and Mrs. George L. Compton
Dr. and Mrs. Roger Cornell
Dr. and Mrs. E. J. Cunningham
Dr. Bruce E. Dahrling, II
Mr. Sam DeVincent
Mrs. Peter N. Delanoy
Mr. John R. Doss
Mr. and Mrs. Willard D. Dover
Edward R. Downe, Jr.
Dr. Dale B. Dubin
Mr. and Mrs. Willis H. Dupont
Mr. Joseph M. Erdelac
Thomas M. Evans
Dr. and Mrs. Dan Feriozi
Mrs. Walter B. Ford, II
Dr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost
Mrs. Edwin Fullinwider
Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Andrew Funt
Mrs. George Garfield
Dr. and Mrs. Lamont W. Gaston
Mr. Kirkland H. Gibson
C. Paul and Pat S. Gilson
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P. Gott
Mrs. W. G. Gould
Dawn Greene
Doris Stack Greene
Mrs. Chaim Gross
Mrs. Melville Hall
Mr. and Mrs. Don C. Harrold
Mrs. Enid A. Haupt
Mr. and Mrs. Wayne C. Hazen
Edward L. Henning
Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn
Mr. Paul Horgan
Mr. and Mrs. George H. Jacobus
Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen
Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Kastner
Dr. Annette Kaufman
Dr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Kirk
Peter Merrill Klein
Blanche M. Koffler
Mrs. Lewis Kurt Land
Mrs. David Landau
Dr. Maury P. Leibovitz
Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Leininger
Harry E. and Jane F. Lennon
Mrs. Sara L. Lepman and Mr. Joshua
M. Lepman
Mr. and Mrs. John Levey
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Levey
Mrs. Frances Lewis
Mrs. Jack Lord
Adele Lozowick
Mrs. Robert Magowan
Dr. and Mrs. Leo J. Malone
Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian
John A. Masek
Mrs. Vincent Melzac
Mr. and Mrs. Jack L. Messman
Mr. W. A. Moldermaker
Dr. and Mrs. Walter A. H. Mosmann
Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Mullins
Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Murray
Mr. Mortimer L. Neinken
Dr. Melanie Newbill
Mrs. Henry K. Ostrow
Mrs. Rudolf Pabst
The Honorable G. Burton Pearson, Jr.
and Mrs. Pearson
Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. Persons
Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Pflueger
Mrs. John Alexander Pope
Mrs. Abraham Rattner
Kate Rinzler
The Hon. Thomas M. Roberts
The Honorable Martin J. Roess
Dr. and Mrs. Richard G. Rogers, Jr.
Mr. Arthur Ross
Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Sachs
Mr. Harry I. Saul
Mrs. Janos Scholz
Mr. and Mrs. Morton Silverman
Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Slattery
Mrs. Helen F. Sloan
Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Sherwood Smith
Mrs. Otto Spaeth
Earl and Trudy Spangler
Mr. Stuart M. Speiser
Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G. Stack
Mr. and Mrs. Norman Stack
Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Stavisky
Dr. and Mrs. Leo F. Stornelli
Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr.
Mrs. Hans Syz
Mrs. Katherine S. Sznycer
Drs. Yen and Julia Tan
The Ruth and Vernon Taylor
Foundation
Mrs. David J. Tepper
Mr. Richard W. Thomssen
Mr. Bardyl! R. Tirana
Mr. Glenn O. Tupper
Lillian Scheffres Turner
Dr. and Mrs. Adolfo Villalon
Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. Walker
Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Wang
Dr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Whiteley
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Williams
Mr. Archibald M. Withers
Mrs. David O. Woodbury
Mr. Stanley Woodward
Mr. and Mrs. James Wu
Mr. and Mrs. Barry Yampol
Bequests
We remember with appreciation the
following generous donors whose gifts
through bequests from their estates
were received this year.
Richard Ree Anthis
Edna FE Blum
William A. Burleson
Jean M. Chisholm
Karl H. Hagen
Marie R. Hosea
Janet W. Johnson
Theodore A. Krieg
Curtis W. Sabrosky
Carol T. Shore
Donald Sultner
Victor J. Van Lint
Albertus T. VanDuren
Annie B. Wetmore
Smithsonian
Washington Council
The Smithsonian Washington
Council, an initiative established in
1997 by the Secretary and regional
leaders, is dedicated to expanding the
Smithsonian’s relationship with the
entire Washington region.
R. Robert Linowes, Chairman
Jin Hyun Ahn
John M. Brophy
Oliver T. Carr
Emilio Fernandez
Lee M. Folger
Donald E. Graham
J. Roderick Heller III
Kathleen Hough
Contributing Members
James V. Kimsey
Robert Kogod
Robert Lehrman
Irene Pollin
James J. Rouse
Vicki Sant
William H. Swanson
Ladislaus von Hoffmann
Smithsonian
Legacy Society
The Smithsonian Legacy Society
honors our friends who carry on James
Smithson’s tradition by making legacy
gifts to the Smithsonian, such as
bequests, charitable gift annuities,
charitable remainder trusts, pooled
income fund gifts, gifts of retirement
and life insurance plans, and other
giving vehicles.
Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton,
Founding Chairman
Anonymous (9)
Mr. H. V. Andersen
Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson
Mrs. J. Paul Austin
Mr. and Mrs. William R. Baecht
Col. and Mrs. Joseph S$. Benham
George and Bonnie Bogumill
Mr. Richard L. Bolling
Mr. and Mrs. Mark Boone
Mrs. Agnes M. Brown
Mr. Patrick Butler
Mr. Berchman T. Carville
Mr. Michael W. Cassidy
Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
Mr. Harry R. Charles, Jr.
Mr. Louis P. Clark
Mr. Earl Clayton
Mr. Lawrence G. Clayton
The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr.
and Mrs. Conable
Ms. Patricia Daniels
Mr. Dennis O. Dixon
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Dixon
Dr. Harold A. Dundee
Mr. and Mrs. William C. Dutton
Mr. John M. Elling
Mr. and Mrs. George W. Elliott
Mrs. June M. Fontanier
Mr. Oscar Galeno
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Gardner
Mrs. Aileen M. Garrett
Mr. Gilbert W. Glass
Mr. Charles Goldsberry
83
D. L. Hasse
Mr. Lloyd E. Herman
Mr. and Mrs. Carl D. Herold
Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess
Frank and Lisina Hoch
Miss K. T. Hoffacker
Mr. and Mrs. A. William Holmberg
Ms. Hanna Lore Hombordy
Catherine Marjorie Horne
Dr. and Mrs. Lee Houchins
Mrs. Edgar McPherson Howell
Mr. John R. Huggard
Mr. Thomas L. Humphrey
Dr. and Mrs. James C. Hunt
Mr. and Mrs. Milton M. Hyatt
Mr. Joseph E. Johnson
Ms. Judy Kaselow
Miss Narinder K. Keith
Miss Rajinder K. Keith
Ms. Moselle Kimbler
Mrs. Bessie M. Koehler
John and Mary Lu Koenig
Lt. Col. William K. and Mrs. Alice S.
Konze
Ms. Lee Kush
Dr. Geraldine E. La Rocque
Mrs. James Spencer Lacock
Mr. and Mrs. Philip A. Lathrap
Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Leighty
Ms. Eleanor L. Linkous
Ms. Shirley Loo
Mr. Anton C. Love
Dr. and Mrs. Burton N. Lowe
Mr. Frank J. Lukowski
Mr. Ronald W. McCain
Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. McCrary
Miss Minnie Belle McIntosh
Ms. Lowen McKay
Mr. and Mrs. Allen McReynolds, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Carl Mikuletzky
Mr. and Mrs. Mike Mitchell
Mrs. Jane R. Moore
Mr. and Mrs. Roger K. Myers
Colonel Erickson S. Nichols
Mrs. Jefferson Patterson
Mr. Paul L. Peck
Mr. and Mrs. David S. Purvis
Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Rabbitt
Mr. and Mrs. Galen B. Rathbun
Sanae I. and Douglas E.+ Reeves
Mr. Robert A. Rice
Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Rick
George W. and Margaret P. Riesz
Mr. Stuart W. Rosenbaum
Mr. Edward H. Sachtleben
Lloyd G. and Betty A. Schermer
+ Deceased
84
Allan E. Shore and Carol T.+ Shore
Mrs. Warren H. Sichel
Mary F. Simons
Dr. Barbara J. Smith
Kathy Daubert Smith
Mrs. Margaret Sokol
Mr. and Mrs. Guenther Sommer
Irene Sorrough
Mr. Charles W. Speck
Mr. Bernie Stadiem
Mr. Kevin B. Stone
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T. N. Suarez
George D. and Mary Augusta Thomas
Dr. and Mrs. F. Christian Thompson
John and Ellen Thompson
Jeffrey A.t and Diane D. Tobin
Mr. David E. Todd
Mr. and Mrs. W. Carroll Tornroth
Ms. Patty Wagstaff
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Waite
Miss Catherine M. Walsh
Dr. and Mrs. Richard Ward
Mr. and Mrs. DeVer K. Warner
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Watts
Mr. Charles Weingartner
Mrs. Harriet K. Westcott
Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. White
Mr. Julius Wile
Mrs. Laurence I. Wood
Mr. Francis W. Worrell
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Zapart
Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Zelenka
Dr. P. Joseph Zharn
Mrs. Michael N. Zirkle
+Deceased
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Memorial and
Commemorative Gifts
The following were so honored by
their families and friends.
Steve Diamond
VADM Donald D. Engen, USN
(Ret.), former director of the
National Air and Space Museum
Barbara Fleischman
William T. Hardaker
Fredrick M. Hecht
Alice Eve Kennington
Frederick Krieg
Swoosie Kurtz
Jerome H. Lemelson
James F. Lynch
Dr. and Mrs. Edward S. Miller
Judith Peck
Robert Rodman
Jean Rubley-Adams
Charles E. Sampson
J. T. Vida
William J. Woolfenden
Donors of In-Kind
Support
Airbus Industries of North America,
Inc.
American Airlines, Inc.
Aviation Week
BARCO Projection Systems
British Airways
Bushnell Sports Optics Worldwide
CH2M Hill Companies Ltd.
Continental Airlines, Inc.
Delta Air Lines
Envelope Manufacturers
Association
Hach Company
Hallmark Cards, Inc.
Hewlett-Packard Company
Mr. James Houghton
Jackson & Tull
Kalmbach Publishing Co.
Mrs. Patricia Kenner
Kinko's Copies
Mr. Albert G. Lauber Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Aaron Levine
Mrs. Jill Hornor Ma
National Film Preservation
Foundation
Oldies 100 FM WBIG
Mr. Virgil Ortiz
The Recording Industries Music
Performance Trust Funds
Joseph E. Seagram & Sons Inc.
Southern Company
Southwest Airlines
Telemundo Group, Inc.
Trimble Navigation Limited
United Airlines, Inc.
US Airways, Inc.
U.S.A. Direct, Inc.
The Washington Times
WGMS 103.5
Donors
The Board of Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution join with
the entire staff in thanking all of the Institution’s friends for the generosity they
have shown with their financial support, gifts to the collection, and in-kind
donations. Gifts are recorded under the title of the recipient bureau or office, with
a brief description of the gift where appropriate. If perchance the name of any
donor has been omitted from these lists, it is an inadvertence and in no way
diminishes the Institution’s gratitude. Many gifts were received from donors who
prefer to remain anonymous; the Smithsonian wishes to thank these people, as
well, for their support.
Office of the Provost
Donors of Financial Support
$50,000 or more
Champion International
$20,000 or more
Mitsubishi Corporation
$5,000 or more
McGovern Fund
Archives of American Art
Donors of Financial Support
$100,000 or more
The Beinecke Foundation, Inc.
The Brown Foundation, Inc.
$50,000 or more
Agnes Gund and Daniel Shapiro
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Martucci
$25,000 or more
Barbara G. Fleischman
Nancy Brown Negley
$10,000 or more
Leon D. Black
Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Buck
Mrs. McCauley Conner
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Fogg II
Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall
Robert and Jane Meyerhoft
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Miller
Dr. Meyer P. and Dr. Vivian O.
Potamkin
Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth
$5,000 or more
Warren and Jan Adelson
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Adler
The Honorable and Mrs. Max N.
Berry
Mr. and Mrs. Jack S. Blanton, Sr.
Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Douglass
Mrs. Daniel Fraad
Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Halff, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz
Mr. and Mrs. John K. Howat
David Hudgens
Julius Lowy Frame & Restoring
Co., Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney
Mr. and Mrs. Sheldon Landau
Mr. and Mrs. Alvin S. Lane
Mr. and Mrs. Ronald S. Lauder
Mr. and Mrs. Meredith J. Long
Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian
Matthew Marks
Annalee G. Newman
Republic National Bank
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob
Mrs. Stephen D. Rubin
Louisa Stude Sarofim
Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Slavin
Mr. and Mrs. A. Alfred Taubman
$1,000 or more
The Alfred E. Knopf Company
Arthur G. Altschul
Anonymous
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Applebaum
86
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Armstrong HI
Dr. and Mrs. Robert L. Arnstein
Art Advisory Services, Inc.
Milton & Sally Avery Arts
Foundation, Inc.
Anne Bass
Mr. and Mrs. Sid R. Bass
Karen Bechtel
Benjamin Moore & Co.
William L. Bernhard and Catherine
Cahill
Dr. Annette Blaugrund
Irving Blum
Mary Boone
Mr. and Mrs. John Bowes
Ruth Bowman
Mr. and Mrs. Jay R. Braus
Mr. and Mrs. Eli Broad
Donald L. Bryant, Jr.
Henry Buhl
Dr. Irving F. Burton
Hugh Bush
Constance Caplan
Dr. and Mrs. Robert E. Carroll
Christie's, Inc.
Condé Nast Publications Ltd.
Ellen R. Cooper
Paula Cooper
Mr. and Mrs. Jack Cowart
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond M. Cracchiolo
Therese Crandall
Mr. and Mrs. Lewis B. Cullman
Yvonne de C Segerstrom
Michael and Dudley Del Balso
Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Diker
Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkranz
Mr. and Mrs. Andre Emmerich
Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Enders
Mr. and Mrs. Ahmet M. Ertegun
Gwen Feder and Ran Kohn
Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Fisher
Mr. and Mrs. Miles Q. Fiterman
Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Forbes
Debra Force
Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Friedlander
Mr. and Mrs. Richard S. Fuld, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ganz, Jr.
Barbara Goldsmith
James Goodman
Mr. Paul Gottlieb and Ms. Elisabeth
Scharlatt
Dagny Janss Grant
Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Greenbaum
Mr. and Mrs. Bernard A. Greenberg
Mr. and Mrs. Peter E. Haas
Mr. and Mrs. John M. Haddow
Peter R. Halley
Joseph Helman
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Mr. and Mrs. FE. W. Herlitz
Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch
David Hockney
Robert Hoehn
Dr. Linda Hyman
Milton and Sheila Hyman
Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Janes
Wendy Jeffers
Dr. Helen I. Jessup
Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen
Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Karatz
Mr. and Mrs. Alex Katz
Walter Keating
Robert Kidd
Mr. and Mrs. John Klingenstein
Mr. and Mrs. Werner H. Kramarsky
Kraushaar Galleries
Nanette L. Laitman
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard A. Lauder
Naomi Leff
Melvin and Thelma Lenkin
Mr. and Mrs. Perry A. Lerner
Mr. and Mrs. Alan D. Levy
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Linton
M. Knoedler & Co.
Mr. and Mrs. Brice Marden
Stephen Mazoh
Kathryn McAuliffe and Jay Kriegel
Jay D. McEvoy
Nan Tucker McEvoy
Richard Meier
Dr. Martyna Miskinis
Museum of Contemporary Arts,
Los Angeles
Jack Nash
Lynn Nesbit
Roy R. Neuberger
Eliot C. Nolen
Lois G. Oppenheimer
Pacific Art Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Pate III
Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky
Mr. David Rockefeller, Sr.
Mr. and Mrs. Felix G. Rohatyn
Nicholas Rohatyn and Jeanne
Greenberg
Eric Rudin
Mr. and Mrs. Keith Sachs
Mr. and Mrs. Ira Sahlman
Mr. and Mrs. Walter Scheuer
Mr. and Mrs. Alan E. Schwartz
Judith Selkowitz
Mrs. Stuart R. Shamberg
Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Shapiro
Joel Shapiro and Ellen Phelan
Susan Sheehan
John Silberman
Mr. and Mrs. Alan B. Slifka
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Solomon
Sotheby’s
Mr. and Mrs. Jerry Spiegel
Mr. and Mrs. Harry Spiro
Roselyne C. Swig
Rose K. Tarlow
Melinda Thompson and James
Rosenquist
Judith Ogden Lady Thomson
The Truettner Foundation
Helen S. Tucker
Mr. and Mrs. Thurston Twigg-Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Waldman
Mrs. Paul L. Wattis
Mr. and Mrs. William H. Weed
Jerome Westheimer
Gertrude Wilmers
Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson
Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Wimpfheimer
Mr. and Mrs. C. Bagley Wright
$500 or more
Dr. Stephen Andrus
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bahssin
Elizabeth Calhoun Baker
Louis C. Baker
Dr. and Mrs. James Bannon
Mrs. Will Barnet
Kay Sprinkel Beaumont
Paul Beirne
Mrs. Edwin A. Bergman
Karen Johnson Boyd
Mrs. John Lee Bunce
Mr. and Mrs. John W. Butler
Mr. and Mrs. Howard B. Camden
Jay Cantor
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph C. Chapa
Mrs. Robert J. Chapman
Albert Cohn
Dr. and Mrs. C. Arnold Curry
Maria Mercedes de Medina
Mr. and Mrs. Brian Dillon
Mr. and Mrs. Cameron B. Duncan
Mr. and Mrs. Barney A. Ebsworth
Ann Eisenberg
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Emett
Mr. and Mrs. Christian P. Erdman
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Fleischer, Jr.
Martha J. Fleischman
Helena Fraser
Mr. David A. Gardner and Ms. Lynn
Shostack
Mr. and Mrs. Yale Ginsburg
Sarah and Seth Glickenhaus
Dr. and Mrs. Frank C. Glover
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Gray
Edith Greenwood
Sylvia Guggenheim
Dr. and Mrs. Reginald Harnett
Nancy M. Herstand
Patricia Johanson
Maxine C. Johnson
John Lowell Jones
Mr. Wolf Kahn and Ms. Emily Mason
Karl L. Koss
Ronald and Mary Lamparter
Dr. and Mrs. Kim K. Lie
William S. Lieberman
Marion Lynton
Nancy H. Manella
Judge Nora M. Manella
Mr. and Mrs. Tom FE. Marsh
Barbara Mathes
Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Menschel
Mr. and Mrs. Howard Milstein
Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse, Jr.
Katherine H. Coudon Murphy
Evelyn Stefansson Nef
Claire O. O'Malley
Janice C. Oresman
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Oroshnik
Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Pastor
Elizabeth M. Petrie
Mr. and Mrs. Bernard E. Pincus
Dr. Martin S. Posner
Marsha Ralls
Mr. and Mrs. Dana M. Raymond
Mr. and Mrs. Jock Reynolds
Lois Ribicoff and A. A. Ribicoff
Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Rosowski
Fayez Sarofim
Barbara Schneider
Mr. and Mrs. Morton L. Scholnick
Sydney L. Shaper
Mr. and Mrs. Peter L. Sheldon
Mr. and Mrs. Morris P. Silver
Daniel Slott
Mrs. Howard Smits
Mr. and Mrs. Alvin L. Snowiss
Mrs. Ronald P. Stanton
Nancy Teichner
Mara Thorpe
Barbara and Donald Tober
Dean Valentine
Karen M. Van Antwerp
Vose Galleries of Boston
Duane A. Wakeham
Joan Washburn
Mr. and Mrs. Dave H. Williams
Mr. and Mrs. Harold Zlot
$250 or more
Mr. and Mrs. M. Bernard Aidinoff
Dr. Lourdes V. Andaya
Donors
Dr. and Mrs. Donald C. Austin
Brenda P. Ballin
Georgia B. Barnhill
Bogdan Baynert
Geoffrey C. Beaumont
Sherman Becker
Mrs. George Berlinger
Berry-Hill Galleries, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Biggs
Esther Bloch
Roger and Nancy Boas
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Borman
Dr. and Mrs. Philip L. Brewer
Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Burton
John W. Butler, Jr. and John M.
VanderLinden
Rosalie K. Butzel
Mr. and Mrs. David M. Chamberlain
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Charleston
Elaine Lustig Cohen
Mrs. Norbert Considine
Mrs. Lammot DuPont Copeland
Priscilla Cunningham
Catherine G. Curran
Diana Gornick Day
Mr. and Mrs. Irwin Deutch
Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Doerer
Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Doran
Joel S. Dryer
Dorothy Dunitz
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Eichenberg
Mr. and Mrs. Alex J. Etkin
Carol J. Feinberg
Mr. and Mrs. John J. Ferron
Mr. and Mrs. David B. Findlay, Jr.
Mr. Blaine V. and Mrs. Diane A. Fogg
Dr. and Mrs. Jacob B. Freedman
Mrs. John S. French
Mr. and Mrs. Walter J. Fried
Elizabeth H. Fuller
Frederic J. Fuller, Jr.
Mrs. Frank Germack, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Gersh
Lawrence J. Goldrich
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Goodman
Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Graham, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Green
Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Grigg
Rachel K. Grody
Philip J. Hahn
John W. Harris
Mrs. E. H. Heaton
Louise Hodgson
Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin D. Holloway
Mrs. William White Howells
Mrs. Philip Iselin
Mrs. David Jacknow
Mr. and Mrs. David Jensen
87
Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Katz
Trudi Kazlov
Dr. and Mrs. Charles Kessler
Janet Wright Ketcham
Mrs. John M. Kingsland
Ruth and Alfred Koeppel
Robert P. and Arlene R. Kogod
Mrs. Roger Kyes
Dr. and Mrs. Myron M. LaBan
The Honorable Charles L. Levin
Mira Linder
Mrs. Richard M. Livingston
Mr. and Mrs. Peter Lunder
Mrs. William B. Macomber
Susan McClatchy
Mrs. John N. McNaughton
Mrs. A. A. Minowitz
Mrs. Edward P. Moore
Mr. and Mrs. Donald F. Morris
Raymond D. Nasher
Caren Nederlander, Ph.D.
Dr. and Mrs. Kevin T. O'Donnell
Mr. and Mrs. Irving W. Rabb
Mr. and Mrs. Leo Rabkin
Mrs. James A. Rawley
Elizabeth Richebourg Rea
Sheila Robbins
Florence R. Rolfe
Mrs. Harry Rubin
Mr. and Mrs. Abbott K. Schlain
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Schoenith
Lillian Schwartz
Mr. and Mrs. Frederic A. Sharf
Cameron M. Shay
Dr. and Mrs. Robert R. Silver
Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert B. Silverman
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Skotheim
Mina L. Smadbeck
Betty S. Smith
Mrs. Markley Spivak
Mrs. Lee T. Sprague
Martha Roby Stephens
Bayard and Frances Storey
Mr. and Mrs. George Strumbos
Bernard E. Sullivan
Vance Jordan Fine Art Inc.
Elizabeth Von Wentzel
Robert C. Vose HI
Mr. and Mrs. William C. Wallstein
Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Wasserman
Ruth Westphal
Wildenstein & Co., Inc.
Paul W. Worman
William Patrick Young
Robin Zendell and Paul E. Taylor II
88
Freer Gallery of Art and
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
$10,000 or more
(Sponsor's Circle)
Duron, Inc./The Feinberg Foundation
Ebrahimi Family Foundation
Medical and Science Communications
Development Corporation
The Arthur M. Sackler Foundation
Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc.
$5,000 to $9,999
(Founder's Circle)
Anonymous
Mr. and Mrs. William Beierwaltes
The Hon. Max N. Berry and Mrs.
Berry
Mrs. Jackson Burke
Mr. and Mrs. Roger E. Covey
Ms. Martha Feltenstein
Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden
Dr. Margaret Goodman
Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally
R. Robert and Ada H. Linowes Fund
of the Community Foundation for
the National Capital Region
Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos
Mrs. John A. Pope
Mr. Robert Rosenkranz and Ms.
Alexandra Munroe
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur F. Sackler
Dr. Elizabeth A. Sackler
Mrs. Else Sackler
Mrs. H. William Tanaka
$2,500 to $4,999
(Director’s Circle)
Harriett Ames Charitable Trust
Vinton G. and Sigrid T. Cerf
Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark
Mr. Jeffrey P. Cunard
Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger
Mr. and Mrs. Arun K. Deva
Mr. and Mrs. Giuseppe Eskenazi
Mrs. Myron S. Falk, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. George J. Fan
Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Ms. Alice R.
Yelen
Mr. and Mrs. Peter Haas
Mr. and Mrs. George W. Haldeman
Sir Joseph E. Hotung
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Hung
Mrs. H. Kaveeshwar
Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney
et ames)
G
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Mr. Albert G. Lauber, Jr., and Mr.
Craig W. Hoffman
Mr. and Mrs. Yo-Yo Ma
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Miller
Mrs. Lewis T. Preston
Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling
Mr.* and Mrs. Douglas F. Reeves
Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins
Karol K. Rodriguez
Ms. Diane Schafer and Dr. Jeffrey
Stein
Sara D. and Roy A. Schotland
Mrs. Richard E. Sherwood
Mr. and Mrs. James Shinn
Mr.* and Mrs. H. Robert Slusser
Mr. Robert C. Tang, S.C.
Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Zucker
$1,000 to $2,499
(Patron’s Circle)
Dr. and Mrs. Bruce Alberts
Mr. and Mrs. Steven Ames
Mr. and Mrs. David Austern
Bajaj Family Foundation, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Baker
Mr. and Mrs. William D. Baskett III
Ms. Susanne K. Bennet
Mr. and Mrs. John T. Bennett
Mr. and Mrs. Dries Blitz
Mr. and Mrs. William T. Breer
Mr. and Mrs. Jere Broh-Kahn
Mr. and Mrs. John B. Bunker
Mr. and Mrs. Howard Burpee
Ms. Ruby Chan and Mr. Edward Wan
Mrs. Nien Y. Cheng
Joan Lebold Cohen and Jerome A.
Cohen
Mr. Thomas Colville
Mr. Richard Cooper and Ms. Judith
Areen
Mr. and Mrs. John R. Curtis, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Curtis Cutter
Mr. and Mrs. Michael de Havenon
Mr. and Mrs. Aashish D. and Dinyar
S. Devitre
Dr. Willem J. R. Dreesmann
Mr. and Mrs. John L. Eastman
Mr. Robert H. Ellsworth
Mr. and Mrs. John H. Enns
Mr. and Mrs. James G. Evans
Ms. Patricia Falk
Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Feinberg
Dr. and Mrs. Horace Z. Feldman
Ms. Ellen L. Frost and Mr. William EF
Pedersen
Dr. Edward K. Gamson
Mr. and Mrs. Donald Gavin
Mr. and Mrs. Hitendra Ghosh
Mr. and Mrs. James B. Godfrey
Dr. and Mrs. Walter Y. Goo
Mrs. Burton Gray
Mr. Howard Griffin and Mr. Michael
Dompas
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Guttentag
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Halpern
Mr. and Mrs. Anthony J. Hardy
Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Harris
The Hon. Richard M. Helms and Mrs.
Helms
Mr. John B. Henry and Ms. Ann
Crittenden
Mr. and Mrs. William Herbster
Mr. Koji Higashiyama
Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth S. Hitch
Dr. Josephine Huang and Mr. An L.
Huang
Mr. Sebastian Izzard
Mrs. Rolf Jacoby
Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Jessup, Jr.
Ms. Shirley Z. Johnson and Mr.
Charles Rumph
Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Jue
Dr. and Mrs. Rajesh S. Kadian
Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Kahane
Mr. and Mrs. Ramesh C. Kapoor
Mr. Subhash Kapoor
Ms. Marie-Louise Kennedy
Ms. Miriam Kent
Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Kramer
Dr. and Mrs. Gregory T. Kruglak
Mr. and Mrs. Jatinder Kumar
Mr. Navin Kumar
Mr. and Mrs. Shau-wai Lam
. Douglas A. J. Latchford
. Robert Lehrman
Mrs. William Leonhart
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Levin
Drs. Edmund and Julie Lewis
The Hon. James R. Lilley and Mrs.
Lilley
Ms. Ann Ling
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Lo
Mr. H. C. Luce and Ms. Tina Liu
Dr. Robert W. Lyons and Dr. Virginia
P. Riggs
Mr. and Mrs. Peter Marks
Ms. Johanne Master
Mr. Takeo Mayuyama
Ms. Anne Mcllvaine
Mr. Terence McInerney
Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence G. Meyer
Dr. Allen M. Mondzac
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Moore, II
Dr. and Mrs. Martin Morad
Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Moskowitz
zx
Drs. Umesh C. and Florabel G.
Mullick
Mr. and Mrs. David Newman
Amb. Paul H. Nitze and Mrs.
Elisabeth S. Porter
Dr. and Mrs. Stanton P. Nolan
Mr. and Mrs. Halsey North
Mr. and Mrs. Lucio A. Noto
Mr. and Mrs. Teruko Okuda
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Overton
Ms. Machiko Oyama and Mr.
Toshihiko Okoshi
Mr. Harish K. Patel
Mr. and Mrs. William H. Peters
Lt. Col. and Mrs. Joseph T. Pisciotta
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Poster
Ms. Judy Lynn Prince
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Pritzker
Ms. Barbara P. Richards
Miss Jacqueline Rizik
Dr. Dorothy Robins-Mowry
Dr. and Mrs. Ignacio Rodriguez
Mr. and Mrs. Howard Rogers
Mr. and Mrs. H. David Rosenbloom
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H. Rotberg
Ms. Dorothy Ing Russell
Miss Hana Sackler
Miss Maile Sackler
Mr. Malcolm Sackler
Dr. Marietta L. Sackler
Miss Neoma Sackler
Mr. Michael Sackler-Berner
Mr. and Mrs. Manoj Sanghvi
Dr. and Mrs. Rolf G. Scherman
Mr. and Mrs. Iwao Setsu
Dr. and Mrs. Robert L. Sherman
Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Silberstein
Mrs. John F. Simmons
Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. Simmons
Ms. Laura Smith and Mr. Bryan
Louisell
Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Sokol
Mr. and Mrs. Anthony M. Solomon
Mr. and Mrs. Nathan J. Stark
Mr. and Mrs. Michael H. Steinhardt
Dr. Mahinder Tak and Mr. Sharad Tak
Ms. Nella Taylor
Mrs. Emilio Torres
Mr. Theow H. Tow
Mr. Victor Trasoff and Ms. Barbara
Meister
Mr. and Mrs. Ranvir K. Trehan
Ms. Ellen Van Dernoot
Dr. Charles Linwood Vincent
Mr. M. Glenn Vinson
Mr. Paul F. Walter
Ms. Ute Weatherall
Mr. and Mrs. Guy Weill
Donors
Mr. and Mrs. Franc Wertheimer
Ms. Shelby White and Dr. Leon Levy
Ms. Doris Wiener
Ms. Nancy Wiener and Mr. Corwith
Hamill
Mr. and Mrs. David Y. Ying
Gifts to Capital and
Endowment Funds
$1,000,000 and above
Art Research Foundation
Mrs. Katharine M. Graham
$500,000 to $999,999
Anonymous
$100,000 to $499,999
Philip L. Graham Fund
The New York Community Trust—
The Island Fund
$1,000 to $100,000
Ms. Kathleen A. Preciado
Annual Support for Programs
and Projects
$100,000 and above
Anonymous
E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter
Foundation
Mary Livington Griggs and Mary
Griggs Burke Foundation
The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
The Rockefeller Foundation
$50,000 to $99,999
Anonymous
Ebrahimi Family Foundation
Hughes Network Systems
The New York Community Trust—
The Island Fund
$25,000 to $49,999
The American-Turkish Council and
American Friends of Turkey
Duron, Inc./The Feinberg Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden
Juliet and Lee Folger/The Folger Fund
ILA Foundation, Chicago
Mr. and Mrs. Sushil Premchand
89
$10,000 to $24,999
The Banks Association of Turkey
Da Capo Fund
Deutsche Bank
Glaxo Wellcome, Inc.
Hong Kong Economic and Trade
Office
Mr. Albert G. Lauber, Jr., and Mr.
Craig W. Hoffman
R. Robert and Ada H. Linowes Fund
of the Community Foundation for
the National Capital Region
Ralph E. Ogden Foundation
Hazen Polsky Foundation, Inc.
Smithsonian Educational Outreach
Fund
Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation
$5,000 to $9,999
Joan and Peter Andrews
Dr. Thomas Lawton
Mr. H.C. Luce and Ms. Tina Liu
The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc., at
the request of Mr. H. Christopher
Luce
Mr. and Mrs. Yo-Yo Ma
Mallinckrodt, Inc.
Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern
Art Studies
Min Chiu Society
Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos
University of Maryland
WETA
Mr. William F. Whalen and Ms.
Nancy Mattson
Mr. and Mrs. David Y. Ying
$1,000 to $4,999
Dr. and Mrs. Melvin G. Alper
Anonymous
Bajaj Family Foundation, Inc.
Dr. and Mrs. Milo C. Beach
Mr. and Mrs. Vinton G. Cerf
Joan Lebold Cohen and Jerome A.
Cohen
Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger
Ms. Ellen L. Frost and Mr. William F.
Pedersen
Mrs. Edwin Gaines Fullinwider
Dr. Edward K. Gamson
Dr. Margaret A. Goodman
Mr. and Mrs. George W. Haldeman
Victor and Takako Hauge
Ms. Narinder K. Keith
Ms. Marie-Louise Kennedy
Jatinder Kumar, Trustee of APCA
90
Drs. Edmund and Julie Lewis
Ms. Anne McIlvaine
Mr. Terence McInerney
Dr. Allen M. Mondzac
Ms. Evelyn S. Nef
Dr. and Mrs. Stanton P. Nolan
Nomura Securities Co., Ltd.
Mr. and Mrs. Barry Pierce
Mrs. Lewis T. Preston
Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling
Harsha V. Reddy and Srilatha Reddy
Fund of the Fidelity Investments
Charitable Gift Fund
Mr.* and Mrs. Douglas F. Reeves
Ms. Barbara P. Richards
Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins
Ms. Karol K. Rodriguez
Ms. Diane Schafer and Dr. Jeffrey
Stein
Dr. and Mrs. Rolf G. Scherman
Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc
Mrs. Richard E. Sherwood
Mr.* and Mrs. H. Robert Slusser
Mr. and Mrs. Anthony M. Solomon
Mr. and Mrs. Roger D. Stone
Dr. Mahinder Tak and Mr. Sharad Tak
The Hon. Russell Train and Mrs.
Train
Mr. Warren Una
Mr. and Mrs. Franc Wertheimer
Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Zucker
Donors to the Collections—
Freer Gallery of Art
Dr. John Fuegi, from the “Large Fish
Series,” Kurodai: black sea bream
(Acanthopagrus schlegeli) and akadai:
Red sea bream or golden tai, by
Ando Hiroshige (1797-1858),
Japan, ink and color on paper
(F1998.312)
Dr. John Fuegi, from the “Large Fish
Series,” Ise-ebi: Crawfish or spiny
lobster and eb: shrimp, by Ando
Hiroshige (1797-1858), Japan, ink
and color on paper (F1998.313)
Dr. John Fuegi, Carp, by Ando
Hiroshige (1797-1858), Japan, ink
and color on paper (F1998.314)
Dr. John Fuegi, Carp, by Taito II
(flourished 1810-1853), Japan, ink
and color on paper (F1998.315)
Dr. John Fuegi, Carp, by Totoya
Hokkei (1780-1850), Japan, ink
and color on paper (F1998.316)
* In Memoriam
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Alice Rae
Yelen, Landscape, by Kameda Bosai
(1752-1826), Japan, hanging
scroll, ink and slight color on silk
(F1998.311)
Dr. and Mrs. Leonard Gorelick,
collection of stamp and cylinder
seals, some with wax impressions,
Ancient Near East, ca. 2500
B.C.—A.D. 651, assorted materials
(F1999.6.1—.64)
Laurence I. Hewes, III, in loving
memory of Laurence I. Hewes, Jr.,
and Patricia E. Hewes, Korean
Ambassadors Introduce Buddhism to
Japan, Japan, 18th century, three
panels from a folding screen (with
mandala painting on the reverse of
one panel), ink and color on paper
(F1998.308.1-.4)
Gift of Anne Hollis Reese, Mandarin
Ducks, by Unkoku Toetsu (active
late 17th—early 18th century),
Japan, hanging scroll, ink and color
on silk (F1998.310)
Gift of Douglas and Sanae Reeves,
Tanzaku (poetry slip), by Otagaki
Rengetsu (1791-1875), Japan, Edo
period, 1869-70, ink on paper
mounted on a hanging scroll
(F1999.1)
Donors to the Collections—
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
John L. Bates, Pen box, signed and
dated: Sahib al-zaman, Iran
1792-93, watercolor on paper
board under varnish (S1999.118)
Catherine and Ralph Benkaim, coin,
dated 1298-99 (reign of Ala-udin
Muhammad, 1296-1316), India,
gold (S1999.17)
Catherine and Ralph Benkaim, coin,
dated 1328 (reign of Muhammad
bin Tughlug, 1325-51), India, gold
(S1999.18)
Catherine and Ralph Benkaim, coin,
dated 1328 (reign of Muhammad
bin Tughlug, 1325-51), India, gold
(S1999.19)
Catherine and Ralph Benkaim, coin,
dated 1563 (reign of Akbar,
1556-1605), India, gold
(S1999.20)
A. Peter Burleigh, painting on Hindu
themes, Nepal, 1715, distemper on
cotton (S1999.2)
Dr. Siddharth Bhansali, Krishna and
Cows at a Pond, India, Sirohi, roth
century, opaque watercolor on paper
(St999.6)
Dr. Siddharth Bhansali, Bhuta mask of
the deity Panjurli, India, State of
South Karuataka, early 20th
century, brass (S1999.7)
Gift of Lee and Roy Galloway, Group
of twelve views of Calcutta, by
Thomas Daniell (1749-1840) and
William Daniell (1769-1837),
English working in India, 1786-88,
aquatints (S1999.8.1B.12)
William E. Harkins, Scene of a Family
Outing, by Yuki Somei
(1875-1957), Japan, 1920s,
woodblock print, ink on paper
(S1998.293)
William E. Harkins, Vegetables and
Flowers, attributed to Terazaki
(1866-1919), Japan, 1910,
woodblock print, ink on paper
(S1998.294)
William E. Harkins, Actor in a No
play, by Tsukioka Kogyo,
21869-1927, Japan, early 1900s,
woodblock print, ink on paper
(S1998.295)
William E. Harkins, Hollyhocks, by
Nishimura Hodo (flourished 1930),
Japan, 1930, woodblock print, ink
on paper (S1998.296)
William E. Harkins, Plover, by Ohara
Shoson (Koson) (1877-1945),
Japan, early 20th century,
woodblock print, ink on paper
(S1998.297)
William E. Harkins, Crows in
Moonlight, by Ohara Shoson (Koson)
(1877-1945), Japan, after 1926,
woodblock print, ink on paper
(S1998.298)
William E. Harkins, Autumn Grasses
in Moonlight, by Ohara Shoson
(Koson) (1877-1945), Japan, early
20th century, woodblock print, ink
on paper (S1998.299)
William E. Harkins, Pheasants in Snow,
by Ohara Shoson (Koson)
(1877-1945), Japan, 1920s,
woodblock print, ink on paper
(S1998.300)
William E. Harkins, ta (sea bream)
and sake bottles, by Ogata Gekko
(1859-1920), Japan, early 1900s,
woodblock print, ink on paper
(S1998.301)
William E. Harkins, Carp and
Wisteria, by Ogata Gekko
(1859-1920), Japan, early 1900s,
woodblock print, ink on paper
(S1998.302)
William E. Harkins, Dragonfly with
Blossoming Squash, by Ogata Gekko
(1859-1920), Japan, ca. 1900,
woodblock print, ink on paper
(S1998.303)
William E. Harkins, print from the
series Bijn hana kisou, by Ogata
Gekko (1859-1920), Japan, 1897,
woodblock print, ink on paper
(S1998.304)
William E. Harkins, Woman and child,
by Mizuno Toshikata (1866—1908),
Japan, 1892, woodblock print, ink
on paper (S1998.305)
William E. Harkins, Railroad train
passing by Takanawa, by Kawabata
Gyokusho (1842-1913), Japan,
1890-1900, woodblock print, ink
on paper (S1998.306)
Osborne and Gratia Hauge, group of
forty-nine vessels, Iran, 5th—1st
millennium B.C., earthenware
(S1998.161B.209)
Gift of Victor and Takako Hauge,
group of twenty-seven vessels, Iran
and Iraq, 5th—1st millennium B.C.,
earthenware (S1998.309B.335)
Ikuta Koji, A drop of water, by Ikuta
Koji (born 1953), Japan, 1986,
mezzotint, ink on paper
(S1998.211)
Ikuta Koji, Leaves entwined in wood, by
Ikuta Koji (born 1953), Japan,
1988, mezzotint, ink on paper
(S1998.212)
Ikuta Koji, Interaction, by Ikuta Koji
(born 1953), Japan, 1991,
mezzotint, ink on paper
(S1998.213)
Ambassador and Mrs. Donald
Johnson, group of seven tea or
Zumiss bowls, Mongolia, 19th—2oth
century, wood and silver
(S1999.10-—.16)
Kruglak family in memory of Amy
and Ted Kruglak, Washington
Monument (Potomac Riverbank), by
Kawase Hasui (1883-1957), Japan,
1935, woodblock print, ink on
paper (S1998.159)
Kubo Takuma, Scorpion, by Kubo
Takuma (born 1948), Japan, 1986,
engraving, ink on paper, (S1999.9)
Donors
Adrienne Manikin, group of nineteen
folio pages, drawings and paintings,
Iran, Egypt, India and Tibet,
r4th—roth century, ink, color, and
gold on paper (S1998.214-.218;
$1998.226—.233; S1999.3—.5)
Adrienne Manikin, group of seven
dishes, Iran and Central Asia,
17th—r1oth century, glazed
earthenware (S1998.219B.225)
Gift of Chieko and Tetsuya Ogawa,
Iga vase, by Takahashi Rakusai II
(1898-1976), Japan, ca. 1940,
Shigaraki ware, earthenware
(S1998.157)
H. Ed Robison, Group of sixty prints,
by Yoshida Hiroshi (1876-1950),
Japan, 1920-30, woodblock prints,
ink on paper (S1998.234-.292;
$1999.117)
The Elizabeth Woodbury collection of
prints from Meiji Japan, group of
ninety-four prints, by various
artists, Japan, Meiji era
(1868-1912), woodblock print, ink
and color on paper (S1999.22-.115)
Capt. and Mrs. R. Zimermann,
Seascape, by Yoshida Hiroshi
(1876-1950), Japan, ca. 1900,
watercolor on paper (S1998.308)
Center for Folklife and
Cultural Heritage
Donors of Financial Support
$100,000 or more
New Hampshire Commission on the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival
Romanian Cultural Foundation
South African Department of Arts,
Culture, Science and Technology
$10,000 or more
Margelus Burga
Chase Manhattan Bank
Conservancy for Tibetan Art and
Culture
Sprinters
Timken Foundation
Zero International, Inc.
$1,000 or more
ABC Medical P.C.
John Davis
91
Henry J. Fox Fund
GTE
General Electric
Louis B. Goldman, Altheimer & Gray
Richard Kurin
Claude Matasa
Mobil Foundation
Obie L. Moore
Eliot Sorel, M.D., FA.P.A., SiMarc
Foundation, Inc.
TransChem Finance & Trade Corp.
The Union and League of Romanian
Societies of America, Inc.
VDG, Inc.
Robert L. Wald, Esquire, Baach,
Robinson & Lewis
Wynelle W. White
The Young & Rubicam Foundation
$500 or more
Chemonics International Inc.
Daniel Coleman
Cornelia Golimbu
Gould Family Foundation
Ernest Harper
Goldie Hawn
Peggy Hitchcock
IULIU Maniu Foundation
Kate Kerr
MetaForm Inc.
Andrea Mitchell
Naomi Morales
Olimpia Neagoe
Elizabeth Sackler
Ruth M. Scott
Robert L. Sherman
The Smile Store
Carol Todd
Donors of In-Kind Support
Acme Paper & Supply Company.
Janitorial and paper products for
the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Adams and Roy Inc. Labor and
materials for New Hampshire
program site, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Allegro Industries. Back supporters
for the technical crew, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Alyson’s Orchard. Loan of kitchen
items for the New Hampshire
program, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Appalachian Mountain Club.
Participation in the New
92
Hampshire program, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Apple Hill Farm. Loan of kitchen
items for the New Hampshire
program, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Arnold M. Graton and Associates.
Labor for covered bridge at the New
Hampshire program, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Ashby & Associates Video Production
Services, Inc. Loan of video
equipment to document the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Atrista. Canning jars for foodways
demonstrations, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Attitash Bear Peak. Loan of
Bombardier snowcat for the New
Hampshire program, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Bagel Market of Tysons. Bottled water
for the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Bardo Rodeo. Kegs of beer for staff of
the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Bearman Lumber Inc. Lumber for
covered bridge and timber framed
barn at the New Hampshire
program, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream. Fish pops for
staff of the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Benson Woodworking. Labor for
timber framed barn at the New
Hampshire program, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Bergwall Productions, Incorporated.
Loan of video equipment to
document the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Bob Ross, Inc. Paint brushes for the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Breedon Bag & Burlap Co., Inc.
Burlap sacks for the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Cannon Mountain. Loan of snow and
ski equipment for the New
Hampshire program, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Canterbury Shaker Village, Inc. Loan
of a gate for the New Hampshire
program site, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Chattanooga Bakery, Inc. Moon pies
for staff of the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Circuit City Foundation. Store credit
for items for the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Clarendon Grill. Meals for technical
crew, Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Coca-Cola. 25 cases of Coca-Cola
product for staff of the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Coleman Company Donations. Coolers
for use at the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Costco Wholesale, Inc. Store credit for
items for the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Crystal Springs. Bottled water for staff
of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Dodge Lumber. Sawing of lumber for
the New Hampshire program,
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Domino’s Pizza, Inc. Store certificates
for pizza for staff of the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Duncan Enterprises. Fabric paint for
the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Dunkin’ Donuts. Donuts for staff and
participants of the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Durgin & Crowell. Lumber for
covered bridge and timber framed
barn at the New Hampshire
program, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Duron Paint & Wallcoverings. Empty
cans for the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Folklore Society of Greater
Washington. Hospitality for the
participants at the hotel,
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Food Lion. Store credit for items
for the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Fresh Fields. Apples and raisin bread
for the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Frying Pan Park. Horse drawn wagon
for the New Hampshire program,
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Fuji Photo Film USA, Inc. Discounts
and film products for the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
G Street Fabrics. Material for use at
the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
G.L. Cornell. Loan of golf cars for use
at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Gerrity Lumber. Trucking of lumber
for the New Hampshire program,
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Giant Food Inc. Discount on
purchases for the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Glen Echo Pottery. Assistance with
Romanian pottery demonstrations,
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Glenwood Farms. Eggs for foodways
demonstrations at the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Global Village Productions. Filming
equipment and personnel for the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Goodmark Foods, Inc. Slim Jim’s
and hot fries for staff and
participants of the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Granite State Forest Products. Lumber
for covered bridge and timber
framed barn at the New Hampshire
program, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Guernsey Office Products
Incorporated. Flip charts for the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Heidelberg Pastry Shop. Cookies,
donuts and pastries for staff and
participants of the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Heinz USA. Soup, ketchup and
mustard for staff and participants of
the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Herrick Mill Work. 50 wooden
benches for the New Hampshire
program, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Herrs Foods, Inc. Chips and pretzels
for staff and participants of the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Innovative Learning Products. Student
display boards for the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Interlocken. Loan of items for the
New Hampshire program’s Summer
Camp, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
International Food Bakeries. Bakery
and pastry products for staff and
participants of the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
International Paper, Madison Lumber
Mill. Lumber for covered bridge
and timber framed barn at the New
Hampshire program, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
J.C. Eames Timber Harvesters. Felling
trees for lumber for the New
Hampshire program, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Johnson’s Flower & Garden Center.
Store credit for the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corp.
Donuts for staff and participants of
the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
M&M/Mars, Inc. Twix for staff and
participants of the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Markerboard People. Dry erase boards,
erasers, and markers for use at the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Maxell Corporation of America.
Maxell products for documentation
of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Media Visions Video Duplication.
Videotape stock for documentation
of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Mediterranean Bakery Incorporated.
Baclava for staff of the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Michelle’s Family Bakery. Pastries for
staff and volunteers of the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Millbrook Farm Woodworks. Gazebo
for the New Hampshire program
site, Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Monadnock Mountain Springwater.
Bottled water for staff of the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
New Hampshire Division of Forests
and Lands. Lumber for covered
bridge and timber framed barn at
the New Hampshire program,
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Office Depot, Inc. Store discount for
products for the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Ottenberg’s Bakers, Inc. Bread for
staff and participants of the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Perras Lumber, Inc. Trucking of lumber
and lumber for covered bridge rafters
for the New Hampshire program,
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Pierce-Phelps Incorporated. Loan of
video equipment for documentation
of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Plaza Artist Materials. Powdered
graphite for use at the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Pleasant View Gardens. Plants for the
New Hampshire program site,
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
ProCom Associates Video Production
Services. Loan of video equipment
for documentation of the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Donors
PRO Chemical & Dye, Inc. Fabric
paint, paint base, and Low Crock
Binder for use at the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
RAC Solutions. Loan of computer for
use at the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Red Sage Bakery & General Store.
Muffins for staff and participants
at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Reeves Restaurant & Bakery. Donuts
for staff and participants at the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Rehabilitation Equipment Profession-
als, Inc. Loan of 8 wheelchairs for
the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Ricola, Inc. Ricola cough drop
product for staff and participants at
the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Rockline Industries, Inc. Wet-Naps
for use at the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Russell Gardens Wholesale. Plants
for the New Hampshire program
site, Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Safeway, Inc. Store credit for products
for use at the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Shoppers Food Warehouse. Store
credit for products for use at the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Snyder’s of Hanover. Pretzels for staff
and participants at the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Sony Electronics, Inc. Loan of video
equipment for documentation of
the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
South Beach Sun Company. Sun block
for staff and participants at the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Spaulding & Frost, LLC. Wooden
barrels and shelving for the New
Hampshire program, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
State of New Hampshire, Department
of Corrections. Labor for the New
Hampshire program, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Subway Sandwiches & Salads. Sub
sandwiches for technical crew at the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Sugar Association. Sugar for foodways
demonstrations at the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Sweet Memories Farm. Dried herbs
and flowers for the New Hampshire
program, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
93
Swenson Granite Works. Granite
pieces for the New Hampshire
program site, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Target Distributing, Audio/Video
Division. Videotape stock for
documentation of the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
TDK Electronics Corporation. TDK
products for use at the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Timber Framers Guild of North
America. Labor for timber framed
barn at the New Hampshire
program, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Timco. Lumber and labor for covered
bridge and timber framed barn at
the New Hampshire program,
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Tom Johnson Trucking. Trucking of
lumber for covered bridge and
timber framed barn at the New
Hampshire program, Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Tourmobile Sightseeing. Tour of
Washington, D.C. sites for the
participants of the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Utz Quality Foods, Inc. Cheese curls
for staff at the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Vermont Brick Manufacturing.
2,500 native, water-struck brick
for the New Hampshire pro-
gram site, Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Warfield’s Pastry Shop. Brownies for
staff at the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
Wilkins Rogers, Inc. All-purpose
white flour for foodways demonstra-
tions at the Smithsonian Folklife
Festival.
William B. Riley Coffee Company.
Coffee for staff and participants at
the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
Williams-Sonoma. Kitchen Aid
merchandise for foodways
demonstrations at the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. Chewing
gum product for staff and
participants at the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival.
Woolly Mammoth Theatre. Used
table and chairs for use at the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival.
94
Donors to the Collection
Hans Kaufhold, carved granite in
the shape of the state of New
Hampshire.
Romania, Vicsoreanu plate from
Horezu Village, Valcea District.
South Africa, carved elephant.
Cooper-Hewitt, National
Design Museum
Donors of Financial Support
$100,000 or more
The American Institute of Graphic
Arts
Ms. Agnes C. Bourne and Dr. James
Leubbers
Drue Heinz Trust
Mr. and Mrs. Harvey M. Krueger
Maharam
The Mead Corporation
Shaw Contract
$50,000 or more
Altman Foundation
The Andy Warhol Foundation for the
Visual Arts
Herman Miller, Inc.
Loeb & Loeb LLP
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Ross
Surdna Foundation, Inc.
Vitra
Xerox Foundation
$10,000 or more
Ms. Kathleen B. Allaire
Ms. D.D. Allen
American Express Company
Anheuser-Busch, Inc.
Bell Atlantic
The Bodman Foundation
Davidson Plyforms
Deutsche Bank
Mr. Joseph A. Di Palma
The Dunn Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkranz
EM. Kirby Foundation, Inc.
The Florence Gould Foundation
Georgia Institute of Technology
Mr. and Mrs. Alan Hartman
Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch
IBM Corporation
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
The J.M. Kaplan Fund
Ms. Elaine La Roche
Mr. and Mrs. Gerald M. Levin
Lily Auchincloss Foundation, Inc.
Liz Claiborne, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Morton L. Mandel
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin S. Marks
Mr. and Mrs. Edgar M. Masinter
Mr. Richard A. Meier
Merck & Co. Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse, Jr.
Natural Heritage Trust
The New York Times Company
Foundation
Mr. Arthur Peck
Peter Norton Family Foundation
The Pinkerton Foundation
Mr. Richard M. Smith and Dr. Soon-
Young Yoon
The Smithsonian Center for Latino
Initiatives
$1,000 or more
BMW of North America
Deloitte & Touche LLP
Mr. Eric Dobkin and Mrs. Barbara
Dobkin
Mr. George J. Gillespie III
Graham Foundation for Advanced
Studies in the Fine
The Grodzins Fund
Ms. Agnes Gund and Mr. Daniel
Shapiro
The Henry & Henrietta Quade
Foundation
Kell, Munoz Architects
New York State Council on the Arts
Polshek Partnership Architects
Mr. David S. Rockwell
The Charles E. Sampson Memorial
Trust
Travel Time Co.
Mr. Arthur Weinbach
Donors to the Collection
Mary Walker Phillips; Three
hangings, made by Mary Walker
Phillips, 1964-1979; 1998-
38-1/3.
Julia A. Haiblen; Flashlight, designed
by Christopher Carruthers and Evan
Gaffelberg, 1998; 1998-39-1.
Alan and Monah L. Gettner in
memory of Carl Lawrence;
Candleholder, designed by George
Sakier, 1930s; 1998-40-1.
Warren A. James; Camera “Kodak
Pocket Instamatic 10,”
manufactured by Eastman Kodak;
produced 1973-1976; 1998-41-
ta,b.
Pentagram; Poster “The Big A,”
designed by Paula Scher, 1991;
1998-42-1.
K. G. Olsson; Four posters; designed
by Karl Gustav Olsson; 1990-95;
1998-43-1/4.
James Howard Fraser; Eighteen
posters, various designers, 20th
century; 1998-44-1/18.
Raphael Rivera Rosa; Poster
“Betances,” designed by Raphael
Rivera Rosa, 1987; 1998-45-1.
Christine Viennet; Platter, designed
by Christine Viennet, 1997; 1998-
46-1.
Georg Jensen; Cutlery “Vivianna,”
designed by Vivianna Torun Bulow-
Hube, introduced 1997; 1998-47-
1/15.
Anonymous; Light “Ventosa,”
designed by Achille and Pier
Giacomo Castiglioni, introduced
1962; 1998-48-1.
Glenn Loney; Shopping bag “Progress,
Kino fur Kinder,” designed by Glenn
Loney, 20th century; 1998-49-1I.
Carolle Thibaut-Pomerantz; Two
designs for wallpaper, unknown
French, 1925; and twelve
wallcoverings, unknown French and
Italian, 1775-1900; 1998-62-1,2;
1998-62-3/14.
Victor Wiener; Forty-nine ceramic
tablewares such as dishes, trays,
teapots, bowls, various German
manufacturers, 19 10-1930; 1998-
63-1/49.
Thomas F. O'Malley; Eleven examples
of letterhead, various unknown
American designers; 20th century;
1998-64-1/11.
Ashton Hawkins; 2 lithographs, made
by Joseph Nash, roth century;
1998-65-1,2.
Elizabeth Dow Ltd; Fifteen sidewalls,
designed by Elizabeth Dow, 1998;
1998-66-1/T5.
Mrs. Henry L. Thompson; Tape lace
pattern, maker unknown, early
2oth century; 1998-67-1.
Irving S. Richards; Vase, made by
Marcello Fantoni, 1950s; 1998-
68-1.
Dansk International Designs, Ltd;
Sixteen pieces of cutlery, designed
by Gerald Gulotta, 1989-1998;
1998-69-1/16.
Radoslav L. and Elaine F. Sutnar; Two
posters, designed by Ladislav
Sutnar, 20th century; 1998-70-1/3.
Alphons and Anita S$. Bach; Three
blueprints, designed by Alphons
Bach, and one hundred and sixty-
seven designs for furniture;
designed by Henry Dreyfuss,
19408; 1998-7 1-1; 1998-7 1-2/168.
Luminator Aircraft Products;
Publicity booklet, designed by
Luminator Aircraft Products, 1938;
1998-72-1.
James M. Connor; Miscellaneous
material for Henry Dreyfus
Archive, 1954-1965 and fourteen
drawings by James M. Connor,
2oth century; 1998-73-1; Archives;
1998-73-2/15.
Seymour Chwast; Sixteen pamphlets
and one poster, designed by
Seymour Chwast; 1954-1976;
1998-74-1/17.
The Museum at The Fashion Institute
of Technology; Two hundred and
eleven wallcoverings; various
designers, 1780-1959; 1998-75-
T/200..
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design
Museum Shop; Bowl, platter, cup
and saucer “Arkadia,” designed by
Trude Petri, introduced 1938;
1998-76-1/3a,b.
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design
Museum Library; Invitation, maker
unknown, n.d.; 1998-77-1.
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design
Museum Library; Poster “Sutnar
Visual Design in Action,” designed
by Ladislav Sutnar, n.d.; 1998-78-1.
Susumu Sakan; One hundred and sixty
wallcoverings and three sample
books, maker unknown, 1990—
1995; 1998-79-1/163.
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design
Museum Library; Forty examples of
stationary, various designers, 1987;
1998-80-1/40.
Found in Museum, unsolicited gift;
Invitation, designed by Gaetano
Pesce, 1997; 1998-81-1.
Donors
Hirshhorn Museum and
Sculpture Garden
Donors of Financial Support
$1,000,000 or more
Holenia Trust in memory of Joseph
H. Hirshhorn
$100,000 or more
The Glenstone Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. J. Tomilson Hill
$25,000 or more
Melva Bucksbaum
Phoebe Haas Charitable Trust
Robert Lehrman
Merrill Lynch
Peter Norton Family Foundation
Andy Warhol Foundation for the
Visual Arts
$10,000 or more
Anonymous
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Burstein
Rosa Rionda and Carlos de la Cruz
The Aaron I. Fleischman Foundation
Fundacao Luso-Americana Para 0
Desenvolvimento
Gagosian Gallery
Robert P. and Arlene R. Kogod
Aaron and Barbara Levine
The Levitt Foundation
Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman
Foundation
The Mnuchin Foundation
Marian Goodman Gallery
Stephen M. Ross
Ms. Isabelle Scott
Tom and Kitty Stoner
Nina Zolt and Miles Gilburne
$5,000 or more
Anonymous
The Broad Art Foundation
Joseph Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc.
Institut fiir Auslandsbeziehungen
Smithsonian Women’s Committee
$2,500 or more
Mr. Edward J. Lenkin and Ms.
Katherine L. Meier
Elayne and Marvin Mordes
95
Pro Helvetia
Pace Wildenstein
Mr. and Mrs. Elliott I. Pollock
Ms. Loretta Rosenthal
Sotheby’s
$1,000 or more
Anonymous
Mrs. Helen S. Abel
Theo Adamstein and Olvia Demetriou
Mr. Christopher Addison
Ms. Carolyn Small Alper
Tina Alster and Paul Frazer
Ms. Alice R. Bindeman
Patti Cadby Birch
Gahl and Richard Burt
Buffy and William Cafritz
Dr. Edward and Mildred Cafritz
Family Foundation, Inc.
Hon. Lloyd Cutler and Ms. Rhonda
Kraft
Julia and Frank Daniels, Jr.
Ms. Nancy A. Drysdale
Pamela and Barney Ebsworth
Betsy K. Frampton
Ann and Tom Friedman
Mr. and Mrs. Marvin J. Gerstin
Gibson Creative
Jerome L. Greene Foundation
Hon. and Mrs. John W. Hechinger, Sr.
Joseph Helman Gallery
Mr. Fred P. Hochberg
Vivian Horan Gallery
Mrs. Jeanne Ross Imburg
International Cultural Commission
Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher S. Johnston
Kimsey Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney
Betty and Bob Krueger
Dr. and Mrs. Calvin Lang
Jacqueline and Marc Leland
Sydney and Frances Lewis Foundation
Dr. Penn Lupovich
Marsha and James Mateyka
Mrs. Jane Mitchell
Mondriaan Foundation
Ms. Evelyn S. Nef
Mr. Mandell J. Ourisman
Judy and Thomas Pyle
The Ravenal Foundation
Anita and Burton Reiner
Mrs. Carlyn Ring
SBL, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Shatz
Martha Jane and Charles Smith
The Smith-Free Group, Inc.
Pascale and Morad Tavallali
96
Ms. Mary Ann Tighe
TSWII Management Company
$500 or more
Ms. Nancy L. Connor
Philip H. Goldentyer
Mr. Jacob K. Goldhaber
William H. Goldiner
Sean F. Kelly, Inc.
Josephine Haden Ludolph
Barbara Mathes Gallery
Steven H. Oliver
Mr. Eden W. Rafshoon
Stuart Regen Gallery
Rosenthal Companies
Ms. Janet W. Solinger
Mr. Raymond W. Smith
The Summit Charitable Foundation
$250 or more
Art Seminar Group, Inc.
$100 or more
Anonymous
Ms. Ellen R. Berlow
Mr. R. Andrew Beyer
Mr. Earl Callen
Ms. Martha Jean Crutchfield
Mrs. Eleanor Davidov
Mr. Jorg W. Decressin
Mrs. Dorothy $. Dym
Mrs. Sandra Fitzpatrick
Ms. Patricia Forrester
Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn
Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton
Mr. James M. Hobbins
Mrs. Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
Mr. Roger W. Langsdorf
Mr. Max Mackenzie
Mr. Tillman Neuner
Ms. Annette Polan
Ms. Andrea Pollan
Mrs. Barbara K. Schneider
Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Silberstein
Mrs. Catherine F. Scott
Mrs. Debra C. Star
Tucker/Flyer
Ms. Katie M. Ziglar
Donors of In-Kind Support
BARCO Projection Systems. Free
rental of two BARCO 708 series
projectors for run of Sam Taylor-
Wood exhibition. Free technical
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
support for installation of Sam
Taylor-Wood exhibition “Regarding
Beauty.”
Barbara and Aaron Levine. Dinner
party for the Julié Sarmento
exhibition.
Sephora. 125 boxes of rose potpourri
for the 25th Anniversary Gala.
Cartier. Party favors for “Regarding
Beauty” exhibition dinner.
Danaher Corporation. Transportation.
Antonio Ocafia, Santa Domingo,
Dominican Republic
Berlinnale (Berlin International Film
Festival)
Canadian Embassy, Washington, DC
Festival dei Popoli, Florence, Italy
Festivale dei Giovani, Turin, Italy
Olga Hirshhorn, Washington, DC
Hungarian Film Institute, Budapest
Jerusalem International Film Festival
Kudo Izumi, London
Musée Fesch, Ajaccio, France
The Raoul Hague Foundation, New
York
Carlyn Ring, Washington, DC
Rotterdam International Film
Festival, The Netherlands
Howard Schatz and Beverly Ornstein,
New York
Lisa Shlackman, Anacortes,
Washington
Taormina International Film Festival,
Taormina Sicily/Italy
San Sebastian/Donestia International
Film Festival, San Sebastian, Spain.
Donors to the Collection
Judith Godwin, Red Monument, 1960,
oil on canvas, by Gerald Nordland
(HMSG.99.43)
Joe Shannon, Se/f-Portrait at 66, 1996,
graphite and charcoal on paper, by
Olga and Joseph H. Hirshhorn
Foundation (HMSG.99.42)
Robert Goodnough, Civilized
Cavewoman, 1998-99, acrylic on
canvas, by Robert Goodnough
(HMSG.99.41)
Kendall Buster, Untitled Studies for
HMSG installation, 1982, by Martin
A. Funk and Eugene S. Zimmer
(HMSG.99.37)
Jan Frank, Goodby Bill, 1997, oil, ink
and alkyd on paperboard mounted
on wood, by The Hassam Purchase
Fund, American Academy and
Institute of Arts and Letters
(HMSG.99.30)
Richard Stankiewicz, Untitled #28,
1960, ink on rice paper, by the
Richard Stankiewicz Estate
(HMSG.99.25)
Richard Stankiewicz, Untitled, 1960,
ink on rice paper, by the Richard
Stankiewicz Estate (HMSG.99.26)
Athena Tacha, Land Marks, 1984, ink,
oil pastel & pencil on paper
mounted on foamcore, by Athena
Tacha (HMSG.99.31)
Athena Tacha, Land Marks (site map),
1983, ink, oak leaves on blueprint
map and mylar, by Athena Tacha
(HMSG.99.32)
Ernest Briggs, Untitled, 1953, oil on
canvas, by Linda Dugmore Shannon
(HMSG.99.29)
National Museum of
African Art
Donors of Financial Support
$10,000 or more
Ford Motor Company Fund
$5,000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Milton Rosenthal
$1,000 or more
Marc L. Ginzberg
$500 or more
Noah-Sadie Wachtel Foundation, Inc.
Professor David C. Driskell
Donors to the Collection
Corice and Armand Arman, shoulder
mask (d’mba), 19th—early 20th
century, Baga peoples, Guinea (98-
28-1)
William FE. Brodnax II], skirt, late
roth—early 2oth century, Zulu
peoples, South Africa (99-6-1)
William FE Brodnax III, maternity
apron, late r9th—early 2oth century,
Zulu peoples, South Africa (99-6-2)
William E. Brodnax III, belt, late
roth—early 2oth century, Zulu
peoples, South Africa (99-6-3)
William F Brodnax III, snuff container,
late r9th—early 20th century, Zulu
peoples, South Africa (99-6-4)
William F. Brodnax III, a collection
of beaded work costume accessories,
late t9th—early 20th century, Zulu
peoples, South Africa (99-6-5-9)
William FE Brodnax III, two bracelets,
late r9th—early 20th century, Zulu
peoples, South Africa (99-6-10, 11)
William F. Brodnax III, three bands,
late 19th—early 20th century, Zulu
peoples, South Africa (99-6-12)
William F Brodnax III, four
necklaces, late 19th-early 20th
century, Zulu peoples, South Africa
(99-6-15 through 99-6-18)
William F Brodnax III, two bracelets,
late r9th—early 20th century, Zulu
peoples, South Africa (99-6-19.1,
99-6-19.2)
William F. Brodnax III, cache sexe,
late r9th—early 20th century, Zulu
peoples, South Africa (99-6-20)
William F. Brodnax III, two necklaces,
late 19th—early 20th century, Zulu
peoples, South Africa (99-6-21, 22)
William FE. Brodnax, two bracelets, late
19th—early 20th century, Zulu peoples,
South Africa (99-6-23.1, 23.2)
William E Brodnax III, necklace, late
19th—early 20th century, Zulu
peoples, South Africa (99-6-24)
Sarah McKee Burnside from the
George T. McKee Collection, cloth,
Shoowa peoples, Democratic
Republic of the Congo (98-22-1)
Sarah McKee Burnside from the
George T. McKee Collection, cloth,
Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic
of the Congo (98-22-2)
William G. Dakin, Oberokpa Va’yeroye,
1972, deep etching on paper, by
Bruce Onobrakpeya (98-23-1)
Allan Frumkin, figure, late
r9th—mid-zoth century, Bangwa
peoples, Cameroon (98-26-1)
Allan Frumkin, figure, late 19th—early
2oth century, Yanzi peoples,
Democratic Republic of the Congo
(98-26-2)
Allan Frumkin, female figure (nkisi),
late 19th—early 20th century,
Kongo peoples, Democratic
Republic of the Congo (98-26-3)
Allan Frumkin, female figure,
r9th—early 20th century, Yoruba
peoples, Nigeria (98-26-4)
Donors
Mona Gavigan in memory of Philip L.
Ravenhill, prestige vessel, Nupe
peoples, Nigeria (98-24-1)
Denyse and Marc Ginzberg, shield,
early 19th—early 20th century,
Amhara peoples, Ethiopia (98-2 1-1).
Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Udi Notes,
T991, watercolor on paper, by A.
Omotayo (Tayo) Adenaike (98-20-1).
Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Aye
Rovwa Amwa Iblu Rhno, 1988,
etching with pastel on paper, by
Bruce Onobrakpeya (98-20-2)
Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Ec/ipse,
1967, deep etching on paper, by
Bruce Onobrakpeya (98-20-3)
Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Leopard
in a Cornfield III, 1984, by Bruce
Onobrakpeya (98-20-4)
Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Dancing
Masquerader II, 1967, by Bruce
Onobrakpeya (98-20-5)
Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, City in
the Moon, 1960s, woodcut on paper,
by Adebisi Fabunmi (98-20-6)
Bequest of Bernice M. Kelly, Road to
Abuja, 1982, offset lithograph on
paper, by Obiora Udechukwu (98-
20-7)
Reynold C. Kerr in memory of Sylvia
H. Williams, funerary object
(bwoongitool), late 19th-early 20th
century, Kuba peoples, Democratic
Republic of the Congo (99-5-1)
Michael Oliver, cane, 1950s, Zulu
peoples, South Africa (99-4-3)
Contemporary African Art Gallery,
New York, Dying Beast,
1993-1994, ink on paper, by
Ezrom Legae (98-27-1)
Contemporary African Art Gallery,
New York, Icon de Dekar,
1993-1994, ink on paper, by
Ezrom Legae (98-27-2)
National Museum of
American Art
(Smithsonian American
Art Museum)
Donors of Financial Support
$1,000,000 or more
Principal Financial Group
97
$100,000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Barney Ebsworth
$50,000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Peter Bing
Consolidated Natural Gas Company
Mr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost
James Renwick Alliance
$10,000 or more
Anonymous
Bankers Trust Company
Forbes Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Gans
Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Halff, Jr.
Homeland Foundation
Ms. Robyn Horn
Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Joyner
Mr. and Mrs. William G. Kerr
Mr. and Mrs. Peter Lunder
Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Pearson
Mr. and Mrs. James F. Sams
Mr. Richard J. Schwartz
Unico Banking Group
m
$5,000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Ronald D. Abramson
Anonymous
Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Bresler
Ms. Elizabeth Gosnell
Mr. David Hudgens
J.M. Kaplan Fund
Mr. and Mrs. Myron Kunin
Ms. Nini Liu
The Lucelia Foundation
Mrs. Nancy T. McEvoy
Ms. Nancy B. Negley
Mr. and Mrs. John Edward Plunket
Mr. and Mrs. Jack Rachlin
Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Rambach
Mr. and Mrs. Ferninand T. Stent
Mr. Eli Wilner
n
$2,000 or more
The Barra Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Barwick
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cousins
Mr. and Mrs. Dale F. Dorn
Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Douglass
Dublin Historical Society
Mr. Bertram Fields and Ms. Barbara
Guggenheim
Mrs. Rita Fraad
Mr. and Mrs. Morton Funger
Mr. and Mrs. Frederick D. Hill
Mr. Eugene J. Kaplan
Mr. Jonathan R. Kaplan
Mr. and Mrs. Maurice H. Katz
Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod
Mr. and Mrs. Jon Landau
Mr. and Mrs. John F. McGuigan, Jr.
Mr. Paul Mellon
Mr. Vern Milligan
Mr. and Mrs. Paul D. Parkman
Ms. Mary Pierce
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Rosenfeld
Rosse Family Charitable Fund
Mr. Ira Spanierman
Mr. Warren Unna
Donors of In-Kind Support
Ironstone Vineyards. Wine for
exhibition reception.
Kinko’s, Inc. Paper and printing for
membership program.
Donors to the Collection
Anne and Ronald Abramson (and Vera
and Robert Loeffler, Elmerina and
Paul Parkman, and Maurine
Littleton Gallery). Dress for Success,
1997, fired enamels on sandblasted
glass and found objects, by Susie
Krasnican (1999.48a-vv)
Josef and Anni Albers Foundation.
Black/White Hanging, 1948, cotton
double weave with leno, by Lore
Lindenfeld (1998.107)
Cissy and John Anderson. Hanged
Man, 1955, woodcut, by Leonard
Baskin (1999.47)
Anonymous donor. Executive Shirt,
1996, sterling silver, brass and
plexiglas, by Richard Mafong
(1998.103)
Anonymous gift in honor of the
artist’s mother, Kay Wade. Washdaj
Miracle, 1997, glazed porcelain, by
Susan Thayer (1998.124)
Anonymous donor. Untitled (small
basket), ca. 1900, woven fibers, by
Unidentified Artist (1998.150)
Anonymous donor. The French Were
Here (Quebec, Port-au-Prince, Fez),
1994-1995, sequins, beads, fabric,
tracing paper, glitter, watercolor,
collage, colored pencil, lithographs,
etchings on paper, by Joyce Kozloff
(1998.153)
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Anonymous donor. Robert Cottingham,
1986, silver gelatin print mounted
on board, by Harvey Stein
(1998.154)
Diane Banks in honor of Matthew
Moss. Blue Cone, 1997, wood, glue,
paint, ink, and metallic powders, by
Diane Banks (1998.76.1)
Diane Banks in honor of Sarah Moss.
Red Cone, 1996, bamboo, tarlatan,
glue, ink and thread, by Diane
Banks (1998.76.2)
Suzan Benzle in honor of Jean O.
Boutz. Cobalt Goddess Medallion with
Pair of Jeweled Chalices, 1999,
blown, lampworked and modeled
lampworked colored glass, by
Donovan Boutz; Dancing Red
Elephant Chalice, 1999, blown,
lampworked and modeled
lampworked colored glass, by
Donovan Boutz; Salmon Chalice,
1999, blown, lampworked and
modeled lampworked colored glass,
by Donovan Boutz (1999.22.1-.3)
Robert L. Bliss. Cradle for a Young
Viking/Viqueen, 1997, tung oil
finished Baltic birch plywood and
brass, by Robert L. Bliss; Deep
Cradle Rocker, 1992, aluminum,
leather, black Brazilian granite, by
Robert L. Bliss (1999.46.1-.2)
Helen Bock (and Mobilia Gallery).
Nightingales, 1994, fine silver,
sterling silver, 18k gold, by Daniel
Jocz (1999.53)
Fleur and Charles Bresler. Glancing
Figure, 1997, turned walnut, by
Mark Sfirri (1998.137)
Fleur Bresler. Table Bracelet:
“Promenade Suite”, 1997, maple,
birch, cherry, brass, by Michelle
Holzapfel (1999.8)
Ms. Aimee Brown (and Professor
Monroe Price). E/ Fireboy y El
Mingo, 1988, color lithograph on
paper, by Gilbert “Magu” Lujan
(1998.147)
Irena F. Brynner. Brooch, 1969, 18k
gold and Egyptian faience, by Irena
F. Brynner (1999.52)
Beverly Camenson in honor of Mrs.
William Taubin. (Woman in Kitchen)
from series: You Don’t Have to be
Jewish to Love Levy's, ca. 1967, offset
lithograph, by William Taubin (art
director); (Native American) from the
series You Don’t Have to be Jewish to
Love Levy's, ca. 1967, offset
lithograph, by William Taubin (art
director); (Child) from the series You
Don’t Have to Be Jewish to Love Levy’s,
ca. 1967, offset lithograph, by
William Taubin (art director)
(1999.34.1-.3)
Dr. and Mrs. Jerome Canter. Untitled,
acrylic on paper, by Willem De
Looper (1998.142.1); 7 Untitled
prints from portfolio Urban
Landscapes #2, silkscreen print, by
Richard Estes (1998.142.2.1-.7); 5
Untitled prints from portfolio
Urban Landscapes #3, silkscreen
print, by Richard Estes
(1998.142.3.1-.5)
Cavin-Morris Gallery, gift of a friend
of Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr.
Hurricane, 1973, watercolor and ink
on paper, by Peter Mitchell
(1998.123)
Dale Chihuly. 600-D, 1994, glass and
mixed media, by Walter
Zimmerman (1999.49)
Jonathan Cohen (and Eleanor
Friedman). Spe, 1998, apple
prunings doweled with vinyl-coated
nails, by Gyongy Laky (1998.143)
Theodore Cohen in memory of his
mother and her sisters: Rose
Melmon Cohen, Blanche Melmon,
Mary Melmon Greenberg and
Fanny Melmon Liberman. 24 craft
objects, various dates, various
media, by various artists
(1998.122.1-.24)
Columbus Museum, Georgia, gift by
exchange. 23 prints, various dates,
lithographs, by Lamar Baker
(1998.115.1-.23)
Judith Kogod Colwell. Leaf Platter,
1998, underglazed and glazed
wheel-thrown terra cotta clay, by
Judith Kogod Colwell (1999.19)
Martha and Pat Connell. Timeless
Watch: Neighborhood Watch, 1992,
18k gold, titanium and leather, by
Harold O’Connor (1998.146)
Consolidated Natural Gas Company
Foundation. Heirs Come To Pass, 3,
1991, silver-dye bleach print made
from digitally assisted montages, by
Martina Lopez (1998.85); Camera
Obscura Image of Manhattan View
Looking West in Empty Room, 1996,
gelatin silver print, by Abelardo
Morrell (1998.159)
Ann D. Cousins. Se/f-Portrait without
Skin, 1997, 14k gold with
platinum and rubellite tourmaline
cabochon, by Kim Eric Lilot
(1998.80); Gold Skimmer, 1983,
porcelain enamel on steel with gold,
by Keith Appel (1998.81)
Carole-Ann and Grant Davies.
Porcelain Platter, 1997, underglazed
and stained porcelain, by Hunt
Prothro (1998.108)
David L. Davies (and John D.
Weeden). Band Saw Box, ca. 1968,
California black walnut, by Arthur
Espenet Carpenter (1998.130)
Nancy Negus Denhart. Apres Moz Le
Deluge, 1974, serigraph on paper, by
Walter Iler (1998.125)
Martin and Hariette Diamond. Jacob
Wrestling with the Angel, 1936,
pencil on paper, by Hananiah
Harari (1998.93)
Ella D. Dibrell (and Edmund
Montgomery). Lady MacBeth, 1905,
marble, by Elizabeth Ney (1998.79)
Jim E. Dicke II. Untitled, 1997, iris
print photograph, by Jim F. Dicke
II (1999.50)
Mary Douglas. Monument Valley Plate,
1986, repousse and chased 18 gauge
copper sheet and oil paint, by Mary
Douglas; Yosemite Plate, 1987,
repousse and chased 18 gauge
copper sheet and oil paint, by Mary
Douglas; North American Plate,
1990, repousse and chased 18 gauge
copper sheet and oil paint, by Mary
Douglas (1998.113.1-.3)
Frank and Maye Eagle. Prairie
Patriarch, 1999, patinated bronze,
by Robert Deurloo (1999.36)
Robert Ebendorf. Hair Ornament,
1960, silver and plique-a-jour
enamel, by Robert Ebendorf
(1998.117)
Ferranti family in memory of David
Ferranti. Four Brooches, 1996,
sterling silver, glass and graphite,
by David Ferranti (1999.24a-d)
Eleanor Friedman (and Jonathan
Cohen). Spike, 1998, apple prunings
doweled with vinyl-coated nails, by
Gyongy Laky (1998.143)
Friends of the artist. Decline, 1997,
linen, embroidery, thread, glass
beads, and acrylic paint, by Karin
Birch; Night Sky, 1997, linen,
embroidery thread, glass beads,
Donors
acrylic paint, by Karin Birch;
Mapping Territories, 1996, linen,
embroidery thread, glass beads,
acrylic paint, by Karin Birch
(1998.127.1-.3)
Gary Genetti. Covered Jar with
Elephants, 1999, incalmo blown and
sandblasted etched glass, by Gary
Genetti (1999.45)
Helen S. Golden. Two Magnolias,
1997, digital print, by Helen
Golden (1998.157)
Ellin and Baron Gordon in memory of
Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. Adam
and Eve, 1998, sandstone, by Tim
Lewis (1999.44)
Stephen Hannock in honor of James F.
Dicke II. Flooded Canyon: Clear
Light at Yellowstone, 1997, polished
oil on canvas, by Stephen Hannock
(1998.138)
Haynes Family, Jorge, Roxanne,
Rebecca and Ben. Cesar Chavez,
pencil on paper, by Emanuel
Martinez (1998.155)
Alice C. Heilman (and Louis
Heilman, and Lawrence Wise and
in honor of Annetta Wise and
Philip Weber in honor of his
parents, Bernice and Gerald Weber,
and Beverly Heilman Wise and
Alan Wise in memory of their
parents). Space Probe, 1998, Pacific
yew wood and suede, by Philip
Weber; Oval, 1998, Pacific yew
wood, Honduras rosewood, picture
jasper, and suede, by Philip Weber;
Inner Wisdom 67-87, 1998, ebony,
brass and steel, by Philip Weber
(1998.78. 1-.3)
Louis Heilman (and Lawrence Wise
and in honor of Annetta Wise and
Philip Weber in honor of his
parents, Bernice and Gerald Weber,
and Beverly Heilman Wise and
Alan Wise in memory of their
parents and Alice C. Heilman).
Space Probe, 1998, Pacific yew wood
and suede, by Philip Weber; Oval,
1998, Pacific yew wood, Honduras
rosewood, picture jasper, and suede,
by Philip Weber; Inner Wisdom 67-
87, 1998, ebony, brass and steel, by
Philip Weber (1998.78.1-.3)
Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. 67 folk
art objects, various dates, various
media, by various artists
(1998.84.1-.67)
99
Delwyn and Judy Herbert. A/eutian
Canada Geese (rig of three geese),
1999, carved tupelo wood and
acrylic paint, by Delwyn Herbert
(1999.61a-c)
John and Robyn Horn. Trio, 1999,
dogwood and steel, by Stoney
Lamar (1999.55); Five Individuals,
1998, turned and carved cherry and
ash, by Jack R. Slentz (1999.60a-e)
Charles Isaacs (and Carol Nigro). Se/f-
Portrait, ca. 1855, salted paper
print, by O. H. Willard (1999.41)
Girard Jackson. Hot Chocolates, ca.
1919-28, oil on canvas, by Theresa
Bernstein (1998.128)
James Renwick Alliance. Dining
Chair, 1993, blackened imbuya
wood and silk, by Kristina Madsen
(1998.82); Vessel #2117, 1995,
electroformed, sandblasted,
oxidized, and enameled copper foil,
by June Schwarcz (1999.2.1);
Mother Lode, 1997, fabricated and
constructed 18k gold, glass vials
with gold dust suspended in alcohol
and velvet-lined maple box, by
Sandra Enterline (1999.2.2); Radish
Salad Bow!,1998, turned, carved,
and painted wood, by Craig Nutt
(1999.5); Anton's Flowers, 1997,
thrown, handbuilt, carved, low-
fired, underglazed and glazed
earthenware, by Eddie Dominguez
(1999.10); Blue Pearl, 1998, fired
ceramic and acrylic, by Kenneth
Price (1999.37); The Listening Point,
1999, photosensitive cast glass and
black pate de verre, by Mary Van
Cline (1999.38); tGuerra!, 1993,
hand and machine stitched, flag,
fabric, netting, paint, plastic
skeletons, cloth letters, colored and
monofilament threads, nylon rope,
rayon fringe, eyelets and Velcro, by
Arturo Alonzo Sandoval (1999.42)
Mickey Johnston in honor of Professor
Robert Ebendorf. Bang-le Bracelet,
1997, hand-forged, steel, gold,
diamonds, and pearl, by Mickey
Johnston (1999.35)
Betty Kasson in memory of Michael
Kasson. Pink Stem, 1998, sterling
silver and epoxy resin with
pigments, by Susan Sloan
(1998.101)
Susan and Neil Kaye. Vestiges of Society,
Warm and Open Hearts, 1997, mixed
100
media, by David McCarthy
(1998.91)
Martha Killebrew. Sunset Temple, 1997,
raku-fired porcelain, by Gail
Bakutis (1998.77a&b)
Dorothy Krause. Lady of the Flowers,
1997, digital collage, by Dorothy
Krause (1998.109)
Krimmel Family. Vessel #453, 1997,
lathe-turned Colorado alabaster
with satine (bloodwood), by Max
Krimmel (1998.131)
Jane M. Lamb (and William T.
McLaughlin, and Karen E.
Schaeffer). Sweat of the Sun, Tears of
the Moon, 1989, hand-quilted,
machine-pieced and reverse-
appliqued cotton, polyester, rayon,
by Teresa Barkley (1998.112)
L. Douglas and Barbara Lee. Opaline
Exterior Fold Set, 1998, blown glass,
by Benjamin Moore (1998.14 1a-c)
Arthur J. Levin in memory of his
beloved wife Edith. Ocean Park, No.
6, 1968, oil on canvas, by Richard
Diebenkorn (1999.17)
Mr. and Mrs. Brian Leyden. Alaric—
King of the Visigoths, 1998, crown
stag deer antler with 14k gold,
sterling silver, copper, buffalo horn,
mammoth ivory, mother-of-pearl,
sapphire fittings, Damascus steel,
Prehnite mineral specimen, thuya
wood burl, and walnut, by Larry
Fuegen (1998.132)
Bonny Lhotka. Hive, 1997, digital
print, by Bonny Lhotka (1998.158)
Lore Lindenfeld. Totem, 1981, woven,
interlaced and looped cotton, wool,
chenille, and ribbons, by Lore
Lindenfeld (1999.1)
Alan Lipton. Untitled, ca. 1946, pencil
on paper, by Seymour Lipton;
Untitled, ca. 1946, pencil on paper,
by Seymour Lipton (1998.139.1-.2)
Herta and Hans Loeser in honor of
Michael W. Monroe. Bow/?,
1996-1998, wheel-thrown
porcelain, by Anne Smith (1999.13)
Mark R. Matthews and family in
honor of Francis M. Greenwell.
Eleven works, 1999, hot glass and
Graal technique, by Mark R.
Matthews (1999.21.1-.11)
David M. Maxfield. Rhizome, 1998,
linoleum cut, by Terry Winters
(1998.129); Dodles, lithograph and
chine colle, by Jose Bedia (1999.40)
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
William T. McLaughlin (and Karen E.
Schaeffer and Jane M. Lamb). Sweat
of the Sun, Tears of the Moon, 1989,
hand-quilted, machine-pieced and
reverse-appliqued cotton, polyester,
rayon, by Teresa Barkley (1998.112)
Patricia Smith Melton. 34 vintage
quilts and r1 vintage textile
fragments, various dates, various
media, by various artists
(1998.149.1-.45)
Mobilia Gallery. Double Ring, 1998,
lapis lazuli and 18k gold, by Harold
O'Connor; Ring, 1998, silver, 18k
gold, granulation, by Harold
O'Connor; Brooch, 1998, silver, 18k
gold, river rock, granulation, by
Harold O’Connor; Necklace, 1998,
silver and spectrolite, by Harold
O'Connor (1998.1 11.1-.4); Tribute,
1997, silver, fine silver, beads, and
polymer, by Judy Mulford
(1998.145)
Mobilia Gallery (and Helen Bock).
Nightingales, 1994, fine silver,
sterling silver, 18k gold, by Daniel
Jocz (1999.53)
Judith Moncrieff. Fagade, 1997,
digital print, by Judith Moncrieff
(1998.99)
Edmund Montgomery (and Ella D.
Dibrell). Lady MacBeth, 1905,
marble, by Elizabeth Ney (1998.79)
Amy Morgan, Morgan Contemporary
Glass. Untitled #HO-IV-13 (set of
three), 1999, blown glass, by John
Leighton (1999.43a-c)
Jesus Bautista Moroles. Georgia Stele,
1999, Georgia gray granite, by
Jesus Bautista Moroles (1999.25)
Carol Nigro (and Charles Isaacs).
Self-Portrait, ca. 1855, salted paper
print, by O. H. Willard (1999.41)
Masuo Ojima in honor of friends.
Triptych, 1998, glazed stoneware, by
Masuo Ojima (1999.32a-c)
Marilyn and Paul O’Rourke (and The
Society of Arts and Crafts).
Upholstered Chair, 1996, walnut burl
veneer, plywood, leather, by Dale
Broholm (1998.114)
A. Rudy Padilla, The Hourglass
Prison Art Museum. 23 drawings,
various dates, drawing on cotton
and paper, by various artists
(1998.126.1a-.23b)
Irving Penn. Vladimir Nabokov, North
Italy (Chasing Butterflies), 1966,
silver print on paper mounted on
paperboard, by Irving Penn
(1998.105)
Perkins Center for the Art made
possible by the Bogen Photo. Bicycle
Shop Boys, Kula, Turkey, 1997, silver
print, by Todd Swimmer
(1998.116); Untitled, New York,
1997, carbro print, by Aristidis
Kyriazis (1999.31)
Mary L. Pierce. Dinner at Aunt Tilly’s,
1994, machine-pieced, appliqued,
and quilted cotton and cotton-
blend fabrics with polyester
batting, by Sue Pierce (1999.59)
Anthony T. Podesta. Untitled, natural,
painted and stained wood, by
Yumiko Yamaguchi (1998.152)
Professor Monroe Price (and Ms.
Aimee Brown). E/ Fireboy y El
Mingo, 1988, color lithograph on
paper, by Gilbert “Magu” Lujan
(1998.147)
Morris and Rita Pynoos, partial and
promised gift. Mzrror II, 1971-73,
cast bronze and mirror, by Robert
Graham (1998.133)
Henry Ward Ranger through the
National Academy of Design,
bequest of. Spring Way, 1964,
watercolor and collage, by Romare
Bearden (1999.9); Contrasting
Textures, oil on canvas, by Luigi
Lucioni (1999.14); Lake Erie Shore,
1961, oil on canvas, by Werner
Groshans (1999.16)
Mr. and Mrs. James Rapp. Shaded
Stripes, ca. 1970-71, double plain
weave linen, by Richard Landis
(1998.144)
Elizabeth A. Rose. Neck/ace, 1917,
sterling silver with blue enamels
and opal, by Augustus F. Rose
(1999.51)
Eleanor T. and Samuel J. Rosenfeld.
Teapot, 1998, glazed stoneware and
metal, by Byron Temple
(1998.110.1); The Stacking Bowls,
1998, glazed porcelain, by Peter
Beasecker (1998.1 10.2a-c);
Forbidden Fruit with Leaf, 1998,
glazed porcelain, by Keisuke
Mizuno (1999.12)
Karen E. Schaeffer (and Jane M.
Lamb, and William T.
McLaughlin). Sweat of the Sun, Tears
of the Moon, 1989, hand-quilted,
machine-pieced and reverse-
appliqued cotton, polyester, rayon,
by Teresa Barkley (1998.112)
John Sennhauser, bequest of. Black
Forms in Colorspace #2, 1946, oil on
canvas, by John Sennhauser
(1998.151)
Mr. and Mrs. Dominic F. Shortino.
Peculiar Poetry 4, 1993, cotton and
silk organza, by Dominie Nash
(1998.140)
Smithsonian Associates. Fragile
Crossing, 1992, serigraph on paper,
by Luis Cruz Azaceta (1998.102)
The Society of Arts and Crafts (and
Marilyn and Paul O’Rourke).
Upholstered Chair, 1996, walnut burl
veneer, plywood, leather, by Dale
Broholm (1998.114)
Marvin J. and Shirley F. Sonosky, in
memory of Harryette Cohen.
Indians in Council, California, ca.
1872, oil, by Albert Bierstadt
(1998.148)
Mary Elizabeth Spencer, bequest of.
87 miniatures, watercolor on ivory,
by various artists (1999.27.1-.94)
Christopher Staley in honor of his
parents. Nesting Bowls, 1998,
thrown and altered porcelain, by
Christopher Staley (1999.20a-c)
David Steinberg. RED READ, 1998,
portfolio of five lithograph and
silkscreen works, by Ken Aptekar
(1998.104.1-.5)
Michael Sterling in honor of Vanessa,
Janna and Tyler. Chair, 1995, oiled,
lacquered, and hand-rubbed caroa
walnut, macassar ebony, by Michael
Sterling (1998.73)
Gene Thornton. Mattress, North
Philadelphia, PA, silver print, by
Lewis Downey (1999.54)
Kenneth R. Trapp. Pineapple Basket,
1997, sweet grass and split brown
ash, by Irene McDonald (1998.83);
Beaked Pitcher, 1998, glazed
stoneware, by Jeff Oestreich; Fish
Dish, 1998, glazed stoneware, by
Jeff Oestreich; Ewer, 1998, glazed
stoneware, by Jeff Oestreich
(1998.100.1-.3); Baldguy and
Docking Station, 1999, fabricated
sterling silver, cloisonne enamel,
ivory, black onyx, painted wood and
steel, by Heinz Brummel
(1999.63a,b)
Kenneth R. Trapp in memory of
Thomas Hume Slater, Jr. Venetian
Donors
Style Goblet (red wine), 1998, blown
glass, by Alan Goldfarb; Venetian
Style Goblet (champagne flute), 1998,
blown glass, by Alan Goldfarb;
Venetian Style Goblet (cordial), 1998,
blown glass, by Alan Goldfarb;
Venetian Style Goblet (printed forest
glass beaker), 1998, blown glass, by
Alan Goldfarb; Venetian Style Goblet
(raspberry printed beaker), 1998,
blown glass, by Alan Goldfarb
(1999.6.1-.5)
Kenneth R. Trapp in honor of Eleanor
T. and Samuel J. Rosenfeld. Teapot,
1998, glazed stoneware, by Jane
Shellenbarger (1999.15)
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Print Workshop. 27 prints from the
portfolio Drawn to Stone,
lithographs, by various artists
(1998.156.1-.27)
Peggy Stieler Wahrmund.
Metamorphosis I, 1990-1991,
cotton, by Peggy Stieler Wahrmund
(1998.95)
Chun Wen Wang. Firing God,
porcelain, by Chun Wen Wang
(1998.119)
Philip Weber in honor of his parents,
Bernice and Gerald Weber (and gift
of Beverly Heilman Wise and Alan
Wise in memory of their parents,
Alice C. Heilman, Louis Heilman
and Lawrence Wise and in honor of
Annetta Wise). Space Probe, 1998,
Pacific yew wood and suede, by
Philip Weber; Oval, 1998, Pacific
yew wood, Honduras rosewood,
picture jasper, and suede, by Philip
Weber; Inner Wisdom 67-87, 1998,
ebony, brass and steel, by Philip
Weber (1998.78.1-.3)
John D. Weeden (and David L.
Davies). Band Saw Box, ca. 1968,
California black walnut, by Arthur
Espenet Carpenter (1998.130)
Newton D. Werner. Lippincott’s, June,
poster, by Will Carqueville
(1998.92)
Cameron Whiteman. Six photos:
Saddle Peak Road—Topanga (LAt),
1994, platinum prints, by Madoka
Takagi; Micheltorena Street—
Silverlake (LA7), 1994, platinum
prints, by Madoka Takagi; Vista De/
Mar (LA9g), 1995, platinum prints,
by Madoka Takagi; Charnock Road
(Inglewood Blvd.), Mar Vista (LAr 3),
101
1995, platinum prints, by Madoka
Takagi; Grandview Avenue/Augelus—
Venice (LAI5), 1995, platinum
prints, by Madoka Takagi; Rustic
Road-Pacific Palisades (LA25),
1995, platinum prints, by Madoka
Takagi (1998.134.1-.6)
Frederick Wiedman, Jr. in memory of
Richard Mack. EEL GIG Chair,
1994, wood and found objects, by
Daniel Mack (1999.33)
Carol and Don Wiiken. 21 glass
objects, various dates, glass and
various media, by various artists
(1999.57.1-.21)
Beverly Heilman Wise and Alan Wise
in memory of their parents, (and
Philip Weber in honor of his
parents, Bernice and Gerald Weber,
and Alice C. Heilman, Louis
Heilman and Lawrence Wise and in
honor of Annetta Wise). Space Probe,
1998, Pacific yew wood and suede,
by Philip Weber; Ova/, 1998,
Pacific yew wood, Honduras
rosewood, picture jasper, and suede,
by Philip Weber; Inner Wisdom 67-
87, 1998, ebony, brass and steel, by
Philip Weber (1998.78. 1-.3)
Lawrence Wise and in honor of
Annetta Wise (and Philip Weber in
honor of his parents, Bernice and
Gerald Weber, and gift of Beverly
Heilman Wise and Alan Wise in
memory of their parents, Alice C.
Heilman, Louis Heilman). Space
Probe, 1998, Pacific yew wood and
suede, by Philip Weber; Ova/, 1998,
Pacific yew wood, Honduras
rosewood, picture jasper, and suede,
by Philip Weber; Inner Wisdom 67-
87, 1998, ebony, brass and steel, by
Philip Weber (1998.78. 1-.3)
Jay Wilson. Mandala, 1994, hand-
woven wool and linen tapestry, by
Jay Wilson(1999.30)
Dr. James H. and Jann Arrington
Wolcott. 60 photographs, silver
print, by Marion Post Wolcott
(1998.120.1-.60)
Anita and Ronald Wornick. Ziggurat,
1992, turned, carved, sandblasted
and bleached madrone burl, by
Christian Burchard (1998.74)
Willie Ann Wright. Cedar Creek—
Woman and Troops, 1993, sepia-
toned gelatin silver print, by Willie
Ann Wright; 2nd Manasas—Women
102
and Parasols, 1992, sepia-toned
gelatin silver print, by Willie Ann
Wright (1998.75.1-.2)
Richard York Gallery. Hello Steve,
1947, hardcover book with photo
silk-screens and letterpress text, by
Steve Wheeler (1999.39)
National Museum of
American History
Donors of Financial Support
$1,000,000 or more
The Axelrod Family
The Lemelson Family Foundation
National Association of Music
Merchants
Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation
Susan & Elihu Rose Philanthropic
Fund
Nina and Ivan Selin
$100,000 to $999,999
Computerworld Smithsonian Awards
Merck Company Foundation
The National Commemorative
Committee for the Submarine
Centenial through the Naval
Submarine League
Piano Manufacturers Association
International
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
$50,000 to $99,999
Mr. and Mrs. H.P. Claussen
Government Development Bank for
Puerto Rico
Robert F. Hemphill, Jr. and Linda
Powers
Winifred H. Howell
The Rice Family Foundation
$10,000 to $49,999
AT&T Foundation
Allied Corporate Services
American Society for Cell Biology
Banco Popular de Puerto Rico
Jan McLin Clayberg
Lester Colbert
Discovery International
Walt Disney Company
Enterprise Rent-A-Car Company
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Mr. and Mrs. George M. Ferris, Jr.
David M. Fields
General Society of the War of 1812
Florence J. Gould Foundation
Greening America
Hach Company
Elizabeth Hecht
Hospitality Sales and Marketing
Association, International
Keebler Company
Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation
Lutheran Brotherhood
Mellor Family Foundation
National Film Preservation
Foundation
National Museum of Industrial
History
Pfizer Inc.
Pillsbury Company
Reed Foundation
Sempra Energy
Sequent Computer Systems, Inc.
Smithsonian Women’s Committee
Time Domain Corporation
Uniform Code Council, Inc.
United Airlines, Inc.
United Transportation Union
Warren Winiarski
The Women’s Museum
Wyeth-Ayerst Pharmaceuticals
Wyeth-Lederle
$5,000 to $9,999
Arts & Entertainment Network
Audrey G. Falkenstein
Joseph & Bessie Feinberg Foundation
George C. Freeman, Jr.
David Greenewalt Charitable Trust
International Mass Retail Association
Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc.
NAMSSB Foundation, Inc.
$1,000 to $4,999
Association for Computing Machinery
Barnstead/Thermolyne Corporation
Joan Challinor
Mrs. Timothy W. Childs
Cofers, Inc.
Seth M. Corwin
Dart Industries, Inc.
Ms. Anita DeFranz
East West Foundation
Eleven Eleven Fund
Dr. David C. Hess
Dr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Langfitt
Thomas MacCracken
Clara G. Schiffer
Dr. Seymour I. Schwartz, M.D.
Sigmund & Barbara Shapiro Family
Fund
Eleanor F. Spears
Wilma Bond Winkler
Donors to the Collection
1996 Inaugural Committee, The 53rd
Presidential Inaugural (through
Deborah T. Ashford): 95 pieces of
documentary memorabilia
including tickets, passes,
invitations, leaflets, and signs
(1997.0396).
ABC News, “20/20” (through Alice
Pifer): 61 over-the-counter cold
medications, 3 vitamin products, 2
toothbrushes, and a measuring cup,
all used on a “20/20” news program
about the common cold in 1981
(1998.0252).
Judith R. and Stephen F. Adler:
Mirro-Matic pressure cooker
received by the Adlers as a wedding
present in 1951 (1999.0064).
Rita J. Adrosko: 4 prayer cards and a
missal (1998.0311).
Richard E. Ahlborn: 56 Roman
Catholic devotional objects from
India, 1990s (1997.0401); 4 Santos
wooden carvings and a retablo panel
painting, all from New Mexico,
1960-92 (1998.0217).
Dr. L. Thomas and Prof. Margaret G.
Aldrich: wooden dividers and a
Dietzgen protractor, both made for
use at a classroom blackboard
(1999.0117).
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company
(through Jennifer Ruys): 2 steel
sculptures in the shape of Alaska
(1997.0228).
American Medical Women’s
Association, Inc. (through Eileen
McGrath): 2 American Medical
Women’s Association banners
(1999.0158).
Amherst College, Physics Laboratories
(through Prof. Joel E. Gordon): 20-
inch Mannheim calculating rule
made by Keuffel & Esser, 1930s
(1999.0254). -
Paul Amos: Eastman Kodak Cine
16mm spring-driven motion
picture camera, 1925 (1998.0176).
Dorothy Anderson: 4.5 cubic feet of
archival material reflecting the
career of William “Cat” Anderson, a
band leader, composer, and member
of the Duke Ellington Orchestra
(1998.3007); 24 trumpet mouth-
pieces, 4 award plaques, 2 mutes,
and a John Williams/Cat Anderson
simulator, all used by William
“Cat” Anderson (1998.3074).
David Andrist: pair of man’s trousers
with an American flag motif, 1996
(1998.0330).
DeWitt C. Armstrong IV: Sohmer &
Company upright piano, 1888,
piano stool, hymn book, and a
watercolor portrait of Charles
Crozat Converse who composed the
hymn “What A Friend We Have In
Jesus” (1998.0255).
Asian Pacific American Legal Center
of Southern California (through
Julie A. Su): 23 garment labels, 20
sheets of business records, 4 hang
tags, an envelope, and a pay stub
(1997.0336).
Thomas A. Bair I: Pickett calculating
slide rule and an instruction
pamphlet, 1962 (1999.0096).
Doris I. Barker: Kodak Signet 40
camera, Kodalite Super M4o flash
attachment, and a set of flashbulbs
(1998.0353).
John Barnett: fixed signal whistle
board (1999.0211); 2 emergency
brake signs issued by the Post
Office Department for use in
railroad mail cars (1999.3041).
James E. Beckwith and Randy
Sorenson: General Electric monitor
top refrigerator, 1930s
(1998.0264).
Geoffrey Beene, Inc. (through Russell
J. Nardozza): sweatshirt with
American flag motif worn by Mr.
Beene at his fall 1990 and spring
1991 clothing collection shows and a
clothing box of 1998 (1998.0318).
Howell E. Begle: 456 sound
recordings (1991.0305).
Diedra J. Bell and Dr. Stephney J.
Keyser: diorama of the original Fisk
Jubilee Singers based on a painting
by Edmund Havel of 1873 and
made by Ms. Bell assisted by Dr.
Keyser, 1994-98 (1999.0174).
Shannon A. Bell: pair of woman’s
yellow shoes with black polka dots
Donors
designed by Norma Kamali,
1983-85 (1998.0284).
Bradley F. and Virginia W. Bennett:
102 ancient Greek coins of Lycia
and Pamphylia (1998.0317).
Lois E. and Nancy E. Bennett: blue
silk taffeta 2-piece dress worn by
Grace M. Sprinkle Bennett when a
teenager in 1888 (1998.0167).
Bennington Museum (through Steve
Miller): 30 pieces of English and
American parian porcelain, mostly
roth century (1999.0016).
Katherine B. Benson: 12 geometric
models made by Walter Benson as an
avocational geometer (1999.01 30).
Signe A. Bentley: woman's navy
cotton crocheted bag with metal
bead decoration, 1915-19, woman's
3-piece navy wool suit, 1925, anda
pink silk handkerchief, 1925
(1998.03 19).
Don Berkebile: 35mm toy motion
picture projector (1998.3053).
Robert J. and Susan B. Bermowitz:
Amprosound precision motion
picture projector and a speaker, ca.
1948 (1998.0182).
Lois M. Berney: Zippo lighter and a
pen received by Ms. Berney as
souvenirs of President and Mrs.
Johnson’s visit to Thailand, ca.
1968 (1999.0070).
Irene Reynolds Bessette and Robert T.
Reynolds: copper electrotype relief
plaque of the Declaration of
Independence with a floral border,
made by German immigrant Peter
Kuntz, 1890s (1998.0287).
Bethlehem Steel Corporation (through
Lonnie A. Arnett): 286 photo-
graphs, 23 negatives, and 2
photograph albums of operations,
the control pulpit with 19 other
tools and equipment items used to
run the Z Mill which rolled out
stainless steel, and a hard hat,
safety jacket, baseball jersey, pin,
and a plaque, all reflecting work
and leisure activities at Washington
Steel in Washington, Pennsylvania
(1997-0276); 3 metal baskets used
in the Welfare Room to hold
workers’ personal belongings at the
Bethlehem Steel Mill in Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania (1999.0154).
Audrey B. Beyer: prototype
photoelectric air seed sorting
103
machine invented by Mrs. Beyer’s
father, Everett H. Bickley, and
patented in 1929 (1999.0134); 7
cubic feet of papers documenting
the career of inventor Everett H.
Bickley, a Deskette clipboard, and a
Fotimer with instruction manual
(1999.3022).
Urban R. Billmeier: “Gold Beater’s
Union” banner used in Chicago,
Illinois, 1930s (1998.0331).
Binney & Smith Inc. (through Tracey
Muldoon Moran and Patrick Morris
II): tor Crayola crayon products,
31 chalk sets, 28 silly Putty
products, 20 games, 17 children’s
play kits, 6 crayon sharpeners,
5 color sticks and pencils, 3 crayon
containers, 2 erasers, a marker,
crayon candle, crayon lifting
paddle, and a child’s art smock
(1998.0068).
Bio-Medical Products Corporation
(through John G. Geppert): drug
scan test, pregnancy test, and a
tuberculosis test (1999.0171).
William L. Bird: satirical book, Bz//
Gates’ Personal Super Secret Private
Laptop, A Microspoof, by Henry
Beard, John Boswell, and Ron
Barrett, 1998 (1999.0071); “Tinky
Winky” Teletubby doll
(1999.0122).
Edward D. Black: appliqued, pieced,
and embroidered quilt made for Mr.
Black by his mother, Ruth Jones
Black Patrick, worked from 1932 to
1952 (1998.0043).
Sylvia Blake: pair of Valenciennes lace
sleeves, set of matching sleeve
borders, set of needle lace borders,
and a hand embroidered net shawl
(1997.0159).
Patricia G. Bleicher: brass U.S. made
muzzel-loading swivel cannon of
the War of 1812 period
(1998.0354).
Boericke & Tafel, Inc. (through Felix
H. Maez): display case of
homeopathic preparations and 27
additional preparations of the 1990s
(1998.0237).
Boiron USA (through Mary P. Larkin):
9 homeopathic preparations
(1998.0170).
Brian Boitano: dark blue military
style ice skating costume and a pair
of black figure skates with
104
American flag patches worn by Mr.
Boitano during his gold medal
winning “Napoleon” program at
the 1988 Olympic Winter Games,
and a teal blue ice skating practice
suit (1998.0289).
Dwight Blocker Bowers: 4 Pez candy
dispensers with Muppet character
heads (1999.01 19).
Banco Central do Brasil, Departmento
do Meio Circulante (through Luis
Henrique de Almeida Cabral): 6
uncirculated coins of Brazil minted
for the year 1998 (1998.03.43).
Diana D. Braun and Rose D.
Connolly: 75 pieces of decorated
ceramics, kiln furniture, mold
pieces, tools, glazes, paints, stains,
and finishes, used by Mrs. Braun
and Mrs. Connolly as hobby
ceramicists, 1940s—80 (1998.0155).
Katharine H. Brighoff, George Ross
Phillips, John L. Phillips, and Sarah
J. Yarborough, the children of John
Lacey Phillips and Persis Anne
Phillips: schoolgirl sampler made
by M. A. Hofman at School No. 7
in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, dated
1848 (1998.0130).
Mary W. and Thomas P. Brittain:
sawed-off Smith and Wesson
revolver used by train robber and
“Wild Bunch” gang member Harry
Tracy, 1870-72 (1998.0339).
Bill and Joanne M. Bruegman:
“Swahili” board game made by
Milton Bradley, 1968 (1999.0267).
Christopher J. Budesa: calculating
rule used at South Junior High
School of Bloomfield, New Jersey
(1999.0068).
Joseph E. Burke: translucent Lucalox
Alumina ceramic demonstration
disk, ca. 1959 (1998.0111).
James C. Buss: custom billiard cue
stick made by Mr. Buss of rock
maple with ebony, leather, and
inlays of various colored woods,
1998 (1999.0063).
Janet H. Butler: 2 cotton bags used to
package shot for Lawrence Brand
and the Remington Arms
Company, 1990-97 (1998.0276).
Edward P. Caire: cotton bag used at
the Columbia Sugar Mill in Edgard,
Louisiana, 1929-49 (1999.3031).
Calvert Group (through Jon
Lickerman): pamphlet, “Reebok
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Human Rights Production
Standards” (1998.3022).
Robert B. Campbell in memory of
Dorothy and William Campbell:
11,358 sound recordings, 2 radio
station promotional jackets, and a
poster, all collected by rock-and-roll
radio disc jockey William Campbell
(1996.3034).
Ernestine Gilbreth Carey: 5 stereo
autochrome glass plate negatives of
the Gilbreth family by Frank B.
Gilbreth, ca. 1909 (1995.0249).
Pearl Carmichael: 10 sets of papers,
bibliography cards, microfilms, and
a portrait, all related to psychologist
and Smithsonian Institution
Secretary Leonard Carmichael
(1983.3016).
Mary Jeanne Carrera: LeClip quartz
novelty watch, 1990s (1996.0325).
Hannah L. Cayton in memory of
Howard Cayton: set of personal
letters, business documents,
certificates, photographs, and
advertisements of the Max and Rosa
Cayton family of Washington,
D.C., 1890-1993 (1993.3021).
CBS News, “6o Minutes” (through
Don Hewitt): Aristo stopwatch
mounted on a board marked “60
Minutes,” used to present the CBS
news magazine from 1970-98
(1998.0265).
John W. Chapman: rigged model of
the ship Swsan Constant made by Mr.
Chapman (1998.0227).
Clement Communications (through
Geoffrey C. Walker): 11 work
incentive posters (1995.0321).
Martha Jane Coffin Trust (through
Robert H. Strickland): cut glass
champagne pitcher in the Brilliant
style, probably made by Corning
Glass Works of Elmira, New York,
1880-1905 (1987.0928).
Colt’s Manufacturing Company, Inc.
(through Ronald L. Stewart): 4 Colt
M16 firearms including a NATO
submachine gun, rifle, light
machine gun, and a commando
machine gun (1998.0230).
Computer Horizons Corp. (through
Dennis DeVenuta and Mark W.
Walztoni): set of 4 “millennium
computer bugs” advertising
ephemera (1997.3054).
Coors Brewing Company (through
Linda Hartman): 12-ounce steel
beer can and a 7-ounce flip-top
aluminum beer can of 1959
(1998.0153).
Harry M. Corrigan: stock certificate of
the First National Gold Bank of
Santa Barbara, California, 1878
(1998.03 16).
Paul D. Costain: “Hlusions” billiard
cue stick made by Samsara, a
partnership of Dave Doucette and
Jim Stadum, 1998 (1998.0350).
Edward J. Cronan: 2 bumper stickers,
“DOPE 96 HEMP” (1998.0136).
William Y. Crooks: IBM engineer's
notebook related to the development
of RAMAC (1998.3076).
Celia Cruz: red dress with ruffles and
white lace trim, gold vinyl shoes,
and a honey-blonde wig, all worn
by Ms. Cruz in many of her Latin
vocal performances (1997.0291).
A. S. Csaky: ceramic mug designed by
Mr. Csaky in a limited edition of
1,000 for the 52nd Presidential
Inaugural in 1993 (1998.0187).
Larry L. Culp: 39 pieces of riveting
and welding equipment, 4 account
books, and 2 pin-up calendars
(1994.3119).
Custom Prosthetic Designs Inc.
(through Robert P. Barron): 2
silicone nasal prosthesis and 2
molds for replacement prosthesis
(1997.0192).
Joseph C. Czudak: 6 booklets, 2
shipyard documents, a poster,
typescript, and a book, all relating
to the NS Savannah, the first
nuclear-powered merchant ship
(1998.3075).
Heather M. Dahley: hospital bracelet,
T-shirt, hat, and a pair of mittens
for Taylor Dahley, the first in utero
bone marrow transplant recipient
(1999.0031).
Thomas J. Damigella in honor of Ann
and Thomas Damigella: 38 film
reels, 17 videotape cassettes, and
1.25 cubic feet of archival material
documenting the history of
Tupperware and the Damigella
Tupperware Distributership,
1951-96 (1997-3086).
Anita Danko and Scott P. Rafe in
memory of Stanislaus F. Danko: 16
sets of electronic component groups
related to Stanislaus F. Danko’s
work in research and development
of printed circuits (1998.0191).
Kenneth S. Darby: sailboard made by
Mr. Darby and his brother, S.
Newman Darby, 1964 (1998.0323).
Naomi and §. Newman Darby:
sailboard sail with mast and boom
set made by the Darbys, 1963-65
(1998.0086).
S. Newman Darby: 2 dagger boards
for use with the sailboard invented
by Mr. Darby (1999.01 18).
Carlos G. Davila: 4 rifle receivers and
a submachine gun made in
Argentina (1997.0366).
Kathleen N. Dejardin: invitation to an
“Election 88 American Presidential
Election Breakfast, Wednesday,
November 9, 1988,” held in
Strasbourg, France (1999.0074).
Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems
(through Ronald E. Steele): work
incentive poster, “Our Quality
Policy” (1996.0323).
The Dial Corporation (through Jane
E. Owens): 18-karat gold “Breck”
brooch with a large capital “B” set
with diamonds, 1990-98, given to
winners of the Breck Girl contest
(1998.0107); 6 packages of Breck
hair care products, 1954-70
(1998.0251).
Katherine Dirks: 5 fabric samples and
2 printed Tyvek jackets
(1998.0027).
Margaret R. Dolan: woman’s full
length chinchilla fur cape with
floral-patterned cut velvet lining,
1921-23 (1999.0161).
Morrill B. Donnald: woman’s bag
made of crocheted silver metal
thread, 1900-15 (1998.0321).
Richard G. Doty: 68 Italian items
including 66 Jira coins, a silver
medal of 1992, and a telephone
token, and 3 Slovak bank notes of
1992 (1999.0142).
Brantley A. Duddy: theatre organ
made by the Wurlitzer Company of
North Tonawanda, New York, 1929
(1998.3070).
E. I. du Pont de Nemours &
Company, Inc. (through Toni
McClure): effector tip for a T-3
robot (1997.0107); 2 rolls of nylon
fiber and a plaque (1997.3055).
Duro-Test Corporation (through Dick
Neubert): 8 fluorescent lamps, 4
Donors
incandescent lamps, a mercury
vapor lamp, and a high pressure
sodium lamp (1997.0062); 3
incandescent lamps (1997.3029).
Philip J. Dziuk, Ph.D.: 5 silastic
contraceptive implants developed
by Dr. Dziuk in 1964 (1998.0236).
Amy C. Earls and George L. Miller:
sgraffito red-bodied earthenware
plate designed by Kay Hackett for
the Stangl Pottery Company in
1957 (1998.0272).
Ebenezer Baptist Church Choir
(through Michael L. Perry): 2 choir
robes and a scapular (1997.0256).
Elias Brothers Corporation (through
Tony Michaels): Big Boy coin bank
and a poster announcing “Big Boy
Has Arrived in Saudi Arabia”
(1998.0052).
Elkinson and Sloves (through Jay R.
Sloves) and Hartford Debate 1996
(through Daniel I. Papermaster): 3
posters, a press kit, button, key fob,
T-shirt, sign, and a display set for
voter registration, all produced
during the presidential candidate
debate held October 2, 1996, in
Hartford, Connecticut (1997.0390).
Carol R. Erdman and Andre D.
Martin in memory of Carlton and
Nina Erdman: 6 pieces of china in
the English Brambleberry pattern
made by Hopewell China
Corporation of Hopewell, Virginia,
ca. 1930 (1998.0309).
ETA SA Fabriques d’Ebauches
(through R. Waelchli): Plexiglas
watch movement model with base-
stand and carrying case (1996.0252).
Ferris State College, School of
Pharmacy (through Dean Ian W.
Mathison, Ph.D.): 166 pharmaceu-
tical artifacts, 1870-1930 (312142).
Elizabeth Fielding: 4-drawer steel file
cabinet from the office of Dr. Lewis
J. Fielding, Daniel Ellsberg’s
psychiatrist, broken into by
burglars looking for incriminating
evidence in the Watergate affair in
1971, set of letterhead stationery,
and an office door sign
(1998.0268).
Lavada W. Fintel: Victoria corn-straw
parlor broom made in the Deshler
Broom Factory of Deshler,
Nebraska, ca. 1930, by members of
Mrs. Fintel’s family in the factory
105
founded by her grandfather
(1999.0197).
Joe Fiscella: 2 billiard ball racks with
ball bearings for smooth racking
invented, patented, and
manufactured by Mr. Fiscella
(1999.0222).
Douglas Fleming and Lynn L. Moore
(through Don E. Peterson): Powers
Cameragraph #6 motion picture
projector, ca. 1906 (1998.0178).
Mary Fletcher: pale blue organza
ballgown with crinoline petticoat
and a hoop petticoat, worn by Carol
Morris when Miss Universe 1957
and by Ms. Fletcher at the 1963
U.S. Naval Academy Ring Ball
(1998.0250).
Gladys E. Ford: 7 examples of
ceramics decorated with
photographs in a process patented
by Walter D. Ford and produced by
the Ford Ceramic Arts of
Columbus, Ohio, in the 1930s
(1997.0403).
Charles M. Free, Jr.: souvenir glass
tumbler from the Jamestown
Exposition held in Norfolk,
Virginia, in 1907 (1997.0346).
Jerry D. Free: 4 T-shirts, 4 pencils, a
mug, and a key chain promoting
the International Battle of the
Bands (1999.0059).
Prudence Fuchsmann: applique and
stuffed work inscribed ALife’s
Flower Basket, 1957” made by Mrs.
Fuchsmann’s mother, Bertha Stenge
(1997.0011).
Garment Industry Development
Corporation (through Annie Liu):
production notebook and a “help
wanted” sign in Chinese
(1997.0280).
Gateway Coin Club of Merced County
(through Theresa M. Lund): bronze
medal commemorating the
building of Lake Yosemite
Reservoir finished in 1888,
designed by Bill Jones in 1999
(1999.0157).
Colleen R. Gau: unisex T-shirt with
an abstract American flag design
with white sailboats substituted for
stars, 1997 (1998.0340).
David D. Geary: 16 photographs of
Cardinal Spellman’s 1953
Christmas Mass in Korea, a
photograph of boot camp in 1949,
106
and a photograph of U.S. Navy
hospital corpsmen (1997.3134); 2
photographs of Mr. Geary at boot
camp in 1949 doing laundry and
boxing for his company’s team
(1998.3059).
Carole S. Geithner: cotton flour sack
from the Russell-Miller Milling
Company (1997.0042).
General Electric Corporation,
Corporate Research and
Development Laboratory (through
Bruce F. Griffing): 19 experimental
electric lamps (1998.0050).
General Electric Lighting Company
(through Terry K. McGowan): 100
lamps, 1885—1980s, and a radiant
heater, ca. 1900 (1997.0388).
George Washington University,
Procurement and Supply
Department (through Nelson L.
Bomba): 20 pieces of
documentation related to a CDC
8090 central processing unit
(1983.3017).
Gerber Scientific, Inc. (through
George Gentile): plastic cube
containing shredded paper money
inscribed “Cash is Cash, The Rest is
Journal Entries” (1997.0033);
(through H. Joseph Gerber): S-70
computerized fabric cutting
machine with control panel,
invented by Mr. Gerber and used by
General Motors to cut vinyl for car
seats, Ca. 1969 (1995.0229).
Norma Glad: T-shirt, “A Woman's
Place is in the House . . . and
Senate, Women’s Campaign Fund,”
1960s (1999.0018).
Peggy Goforth: 17 pieces of Miriam
Haskell costume jewelry, 3 jewelry
pieces by other designers, and 3
jewelry boxes (1998.0257).
Darcy S. Grant: Staedtler data
processing logic template
(1998.3095).
Norman C. Greenberg: orchestral
French horn custom made by
Steven W. Lewis of Chicago,
Illinois, 1982 (1999.0101).
Nelse L. Greenway: political
campaign button inscribed
“FMBNH,” meaning “For
McCarthy Before New Hampshire,”
1968 (1998.0188).
Elaine Heumann Gurian: 3 books, a set
of posters about Mexican life, boxed
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
set of canasta playing cards, anda
playing card rack (1998.0054).
Marcy Gustafson: Howe Manufac-
turing Company book of pins
(1998.0099).
Gynétics Inc. (through Roderick L.
Mackenzie): Preven emergency
contraceptive kit and a
demonstration kit, 1999
(1999.0226).
Hagley Museum and Library (through
Daniel T. Muir): Otto & Langen
atmospheric gas engine made in
Cologne, Germany, in 1867
(1998.0256).
Edward E. Hammer: experimental
spiral compact fluorescent lamp
developed by Mr. Hammer, ca.
1976 (1997.0212).
Chester R. Hansen: brass sextant
marked Michael Rupp & Company,
1860-99, acquired in 1918 and
used by Mr. Hansen’s grandfather,
Karl Axel Eriksson, as a sailor and a
Commodore of ship convoys in
WW II (1999.0156).
Margaret Wetmore Harlan:
ophthalmic surgical set made by
G. Piling & Sons of Philadelphia
and used by Dr. Nelson Franklin
Wetmore in Wisconsin, ca. 1917
(1997-0347).
Jean D. Harris: 2 T-shirts with U.S.
flag motifs worn during the 1996
summer Olympic games
(1998.0243).
Karen Jean Harris: woman’s clothing
including a pair of shorts, 1921,
Clio blouse, 1990, and black stretch
stirrup leggings, 1991 (1998.0281).
Diane B. Heiman: woman's wire mesh
bustle with cotton cover, 1888-98
(1998.0296).
Cecia Hess: Western Electric
telephone booth containing a rotary
dial coin-operated telephone with
an amplifier for the hearing
impaired, ca. 1949 (1997.0133).
Jeffrey P. Hillelson: physician’s day
book kept by Mr. Hillelson’s
grandfather, Dr. Winfield Scott
Morrison, in Missouri, 1878-82
(1996.0021).
Jo Ann Taylor Holmes: Marchant
Model 10D calculating machine
with pamphlet, 1943, used by
surveyor and civil engineer Curtis
R. Taylor (1999.0139).
Hormel Foods Corporation (through
V. Allan Krejci): 2 Spam cans
showing old and new labeling
designs (1998.0218); 2 toy race
cars, a key chain, watch, cap, fanny
pack, necktie, and a T-shirt, all
with Spam logos (1998.3068).
Imperial Food Products, Inc. (through
Charles M. Ivey III): 4 signs, 2
locker name tags, a smock, apron,
pair of galoshes, pair of arm
protectors, and a heavy steel door,
all used at the Imperial Food
Products chicken processing plant
which burned in Hamlet, North
Carolina, in 1991 (1996.0236); pair
of Playtex yellow plastic gloves, ca.
1991 (1999.3018).
J.C. Penney, Merchandising
Operations and Communications
(through Phyllis Romero-Tracy):
pamphlet explaining “The J. C.
Penney Supplier Legal Compliance
Program” (1998.0076); 2 duplicate
pamphlets of “The J. C. Penney
Supplier Legal Compliance
Program” (1998.3025).
Barbara Janssen: girl’s 2-piece “Annie
Oakley” cowgirl outfit, 1954-56
(1998.0297).
Mr. Jarres: GE Mazda projection bulb
with glass reflector (1998.3054).
John W. and Virginia L. Jarrett:
Pullman conductor’s uniform, hat,
identification card, union dues
receipt, 25-year union pin, leather
folder, and a magazine, all
reflecting the career of Wallace O.
Jarrett, 1941-68 (1997.0331); 3
sets of documents and a notepad
associated with the Pullman
Company career of Wallace O.
Jarrett, 1941-68 (1997.3146).
Virgil L. Johnson: 24 cigarette packs,
a cigarette case, and a pocket
cuspidor (1998.0225).
Alfred Jondahl: Pathe 9.5mm spring-
driven motion picture camera
converted to a still camera after
WW II (1998.0177).
Lila Kadaj: tambourine and a set of 4
tambourine jingles (1998.0053).
John David Karr: 2 fuses, 1936-41
(1998.0279).
Gary Keck: 5 pieces of commercial
ceramics including 2 saucers, a leaf-
shaped dish, ashtray, and an oval
plate, 20th century (1998.0030).
Barbara H. Kemp: political card
stating “Always Buy Your
Communist Products at Drug Fair,”
protesting the selling of products
manufactured in eastern Europe
during the Cold War (1998.0293);
No Parking sign used during the
inauguration of President Lyndon
B. Johnson, January 19-20, 1965
(1998.0300).
Harold J. Kepler: hand-held
therapeutic lamp with a dark
bulb producing radiant light and
heat in a reflector, ca. 1918
(1999.0170).
KFC Corporation (through Michael R.
Tierney): 4 “Team KFC” name
badges and a work cap, 1990s, and
a clip-on black string necktie worn
by Col. Harland Sanders in the
1960s (1999.0049).
Priscilla C. Kidder: 9 wedding gowns
and a petticoat designed for
Priscilla of Boston by Mrs. Kidder,
John Burbidge, and Jim Hjelm,
1968-90 (1997.0329).
Claudia Brush Kidwell: pair of man’s
bowling shoes, 1970-85, and a
woman’s floral print cotton baseball
cap, 1990-95 (1999.0046).
Vincent King: Wood electric volt
meter made by the Fort Wayne
Electric Works of Fort Wayne,
Indiana, ca. 1890 (1998.0112).
Marvin E. Kirkland in memory of
Marie and William C. Zuegel:
2-tune musical Christmas tree stand
patented in the U.S. in 1886 and
made by Eckardt of Germany in the
1890s (1999.0151).
Edward C. Klauck: 2 linear calcu-
lating rules related to horse racing
(1998.3050).
Evelyn Weith Klees: 7 thermometers,
a hydrometer, and a pipette,
1909-13 (1998.0215).
Jeffrey Kliman: 51 photographs of the
D.C. Curators summer jazz
programs, 1994-98, and 15
photographic contact sheets
documenting 2 of the programs in
1998 (1998.3105).
Stacey Kluck: The First Book of
Rhythms by Langston Hughes, 1954
(1999-3043).
Kevin A. Klug: 5 MRI scans and a
face mask used for a PET scan used
to diagnose Mr. Klug’s brain tumor
Donors
prior to successful gene therapy
treatment (1998.0291).
Lt. Comdr. John W. Koster, USCG:
56 pieces of campaign memorabilia
from the political career of Paul N.
“Pete” McCloskey, 1970-75
(1997-0341).
Sharon L. and Terry L. Krischer:
pamphlet explaining Io ways to
survive a nuclear attack, 1960
(1999.0073).
Gerald E. Kron, Ph.D.: 3
photomultiplier tubes and a
photoelectric photometer with
amplifier made in 1936 but
modified by Dr. Kron and used by
him at Lick Observatory into the
1950S (1997.0340).
Julia Kushenbach: woman’s gold-
colored enameled metallic mesh
purse with a swastika design,
IQ15—30 (1999.0190).
Aveline and Michio Kushi: 64
macrobiotic food products and a
“Rice is Nice” apron (1997.0240);
rice huller made in Japan by Otake
Agricultural Machinery Company,
ca. 1985 (1997.0271).
Vincent LaCapra: 2 U.S. patents
issued to Pasquale D'Angelo for
improvements to padlocks and
locks, 1907 and 1915 (1999.01 40).
Amy Lamb: 18 proofs, photographs,
prints, and note cards made by Ms.
Lamb via a process of printing
using an Iris computer-controlled
digital system (1998.0358).
Jennifer Langeberg: 2 design drawings
by Ms. Langeberg for the
“Napoleon” ice skating costume
worn by Brian Boitano for his gold
medal competition at the 1988
Olympic Winter Games
(1998.0290).
Anne M. Larsen: scarf and a shirt with
printed illustrations by James
Thurber (1999.0126).
Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz: woman's silk
dress of pink, ecru, green, and floral
vertical stripes, 1840s (1998.0259).
Judith Leiber (through Catherine
Carmichael): 4 pairs of Judith
Leiber designer earrings and a gift
box, 1998 (1998.0282).
Salvatore Leonardi: Dixie cup
dispenser, 1940-59 (1998.0333);
18 cubic feet of archival records of
the Brannock Device Company and
107
the Park-Brannock shoe store
(1999.3007); 2.5 cubic feet of trade
literature documenting the U.S.
shoe industry (1999.3008); 1.5
cubic feet of miscellaneous trade
literature (1999.3009).
Levi Strauss and Company (through
Lynne Downey): 10 copies of “Levi
Strauss & Co. Business Partner
Terms of Engagement and
Guidelines for Country Selection”
written in English, Spanish,
Portugese, French, German, Italian,
Flemish, Greek, Chinese, and
Korean (1998.3024).
Philip H. Lichty: bottle of synthetic
PML79 watch oil from the first
batch made at the Hamilton Watch
Company, 1950s (1998.0307).
Amelia M. and Peter Liebhold: 2
electronic games, 1997 (1998.0228).
Steve Lubar: T-shirt, baseball cap,
insignia, and a bearing rate
computer, all related to the SSN
Trepang deployment and
decommissioning (1998.0253).
William M. Lubar: 8 lapel pins, a
garnet ring, and a gold-plated
watch, all awarded to Mr. Lubar
during his career as an insurance
salesman, 1949-85 (1998.0335).
Vince Lupo: paperback book, S/ick
Willie, Why America Cannot Trust
Bill Clinton, by Floyd G. Brown,
1993 (1999.0069).
Joshua L. Mack: serigraph and
photomechanical lithograph poster
print titled Art, by Jim Dine, 1968
(1998.0207).
Princess Masha Magaloff: set of seed
pearl jewelry of 1820-40 in its
original box consisting of 2
brooches, a necklace, and a pair of
earrings, originally used in Jones
County, Georgia (1999.0021).
Maidenform, Inc. (through Steven N.
Masket): 33 brassieres, 9 girdles, 8
corsets, 3 display forms, 2 boxes, 2
garter belts, a pigeon vest, waist
cincher, set of fabric samples, and a
7-piece advertising costume with
boxing gloves, 1932-97
(1997.0177); 3-5 cubic feet of
archival materials documenting the
history of Maidenform, Inc.,
1922-97 (1997-3056).
LaVeda Mair: 3 wooden bottle shapes
and a glass jar, all designed by
108
Francis Mair for commercial
packaging (1998.0058); 4 cubic
feet of food, beer, wine, and fruit
crate labels collected by Francis
Mair (1998.3010).
Sylvia Maizuss: 2 infant girl’s dresses
of off-white batiste, 1909
(1999.0163).
Betty M. Margan: Hanovia portable
ultraviolet sun lamp, ca. 1946
(1998.0120).
Yolanda R. McCulloch in memory of
Maria F. Paterno Russo: 32 pieces of
Guardian Service hammered
aluminum cookware with glass lids
made by Century Metalcraft
Corporation of Chicago, late 1940s
(1999.0194).
Kathleen M. Willson McDevitt: 6
objects related to the Willson Way
System of creating identification
badges including an original
wooden camera, Identograph
camera, printer, Ilex lens board, set
of parts, and a set of 3 glass plates,
all reflecting the inventions and
work of father and son Thomas
Carroll Willson, Senior and Junior
(1996.0150).
Florence A. McGuire: woman’s
wedding dress designed by Priscilla
of Boston in 1955, worn by Mrs.
McGuire and her 2 sisters
(1998.0090).
Harry (Mousey) McKee: red nylon
team jacket worn by Mr. McKee
when playing softball for
Washington Steel Corporation in
Washington, Pennsylvania, 1974
(1999.0033).
Eileen Raulli McMahon: woman’s
negligee and robe set made of
parachute nylon and belted with
parachute cord, made in 1947 for
Mrs. McMahon's wedding trousseau
by her mother (1999.0004).
Gert McMullin in memory of Roger
Lyon: AIDS quilt panel
memorializing Roger Lyon, made
by Cindy McMullin about 1987
(1998.0254).
Jerry McWorter: custom billiard cue
stick made by Mr. McWorter of
rock maple, pink ivory wood, silver,
ebony, and elephant ivory, 1998
(1999.0178).
Rita Chavez Medina (through
Rudolph C. Medina): short-handled
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
hoe bought in 1939 by Cesar
Chavez's father and used by several
family members, forced use of this
type of hoe was outlawed by the
State of California in 1970
(1998.0197).
Montgomery College at Takoma Park,
Mathematics Department (through
Prof. Mary Kay Abbey): Dietzgen
3-foot wooden blackboard rule
(1999.0160).
Jerry Montgomery: photograph of the
Washington Steel baseball team of
Washington, Pennsylvania, 1974
(1998.0334).
Evan and Johnnie Lu Morgan: 43
pieces of formal and informal
chinaware and glassware from sets
given to Mrs. Morgan for her
wedding in 1959 and 15 pieces
of formal chinaware from the set
given to her mother, Nancy
Dickson, for her wedding in 1924
(1998.0356).
Charles E. and Dorothy I. Morrison in
memory of Bessie K. and Charles
Morrison: 19 pieces of ceramic
Fiesta ware made by the Homer
Laughlin China Company, 1936-59
(1999.0136).
Harold D. Motin: charcoal drawing of
“Buffalo Soldier” Harry Motin and
a pamphlet of revival meeting songs
used by Frances E. Motin
(1998.3045).
Motorola, Incorporated (through
Pamela J. Cox): clean room suit
consisting of 2 pairs of gloves, a
jumpsuit, hood, pair of boot-
leggings, and a “Protocol Starts
With Me” pin (1995.0096).
Takako S. Mundel: 3 sets of colored
pencils, a passport, identification
card, stop watch, motion picture
camera, and a projector, all used by
Marvin E. Mundel in his efforts to
determine work standards in
industrial engineering (1999.0032);
15 cubic feet of archival records
documenting the career of Dr.
Marvin E. Mundel in the fields of
motion studies and industrial
engineering (1999.3010).
The National Labor Committee
(through Charles Kernaghan): 3
brochures, a postcard, T-shirt, and a
button, all related to sweatshops
and child labor (1997.0309);
brochure about sweatshop labor
(1998.3008).
National Security Systems, Inc.
(through John Whitney Walter):
silver decadrachm of Syracuse, 465
B.C. (1999.0045).
New Horizons Diagnostics
Corporation (through David P.
Trudil): 9 sensitive membrane
antigen rapid test (SMART)
detection kits and 2 biological
sample collection kits (1998.0308).
Eleanor B. Niebell for the Paul Milton
Niebell, Sr. Collection: round violin
bow made in Mirecourt, France and
imported by Albert Moglie of
Washington, D.C., 1950-70
(1998.0241).
NuvoMedia, Inc. (through Mary E.
Ruberry): Rocket-eBook electronic
book device, 1999 (1999.0192).
Mary K. O'Hara: 3 signs made by Ms.
O'Hara and friend Ann M. Welch
for use at the anti-impeachment
rally held on the U.S. Capitol
grounds on December 17, 1998
(1999.0081).
Osram-Sylvania, Inc. (through Richard
H. Dowhan): 24 experimental light
bulbs and 3 lamp holders, 1946-80
(1998.0005).
William T. Oviatt: 2 prototypes and 2
production models of the Teeter
Pong! mouse trap invented by Mr.
Oviatt (1997.0034).
Johanna R. Pasha in memory of Mr.
and Mrs. Robert Law Higgins, Sr.:
commemorative salt and pepper
shakers given to the Higginses at
their 5oth wedding anniversary in
1981 (1997.0393).
Peerless Rockville Historic
Preservation, Ltd. (through Eileen
S. McGuckian): platform pamphlet
of the Republican Association of
Washington, D.C., dated January
17, 1856 (1998.0301).
Marvette Pérez: 20 ceramic pieces
including planters, salt and pepper
shakers, and figurines of “sleeping
Mexicans” and other Mexican
stereotypes, 1925-50 (1999.0196).
Peterson Electro-Musical Products,
Inc. (through Scott R. Peterson):
Peterson Model 400 strobe tuner,
1970s, and a copy of the book
Complete Course in Electronic Piano
Tuning, 1974 (1999.3036).
Pitometer Associates, Inc. (through
G. Brewster Cole): 14 pieces of
equipment comprising a Prism
Photo Recorder used to measure
rates of flow in municipal water
distribution systems, invented by
Edward Smith Cole in 1908
(1999.01 16).
Joyce M. Pocras: Campfire Girl material
of the 1940s including 9 handker-
chiefs, a neckerchief, vest, pair of
socks, and a handbook (1998.0154).
Richard H. Ponterio: 2 Mexican silver
4-real coins of Charles and Johanna,
1536-56 (1999.0006).
Christina A. Popenfus: woman’s
jewelry and clothing including 11
pairs of earrings, a bracelet, brooch,
body paint kit, pair of shoes, pair of
boots, skirt, and a blouse, 1985—98
(1998.0242).
Potomac Electric Power Company
(through Gwendolyn Hawkins
and Zenayda Mostofi): 5 fluorescent
light bulbs, 1990-93 (1996.0357).
Dr. Linda S. Potter: 12 packages of
oral contraceptives (1997.0360).
Barbara J. Powell: 11 hair styling
implements, 3 beauty products, 2
chairs, a gas heating coil, mirror,
and a shop sign, all used by African
American beautician and inventor
Dr. Marjorie Joyner, 1920-39
(1997-0068).
Procter & Gamble (through Edward
M. Rider): 120 health and hygiene
products, 13 product pamphlets,
and a book about the company
(1984.0718).
Progressive Asset Management, Inc.
(through James Howard Nixon):
3, leaflets regarding Disney
Company business practices and its
shareholders (1997.3148).
Abraham Quintanilla for the
Quintanilla Family: black leather
jacket, pants, boots, and a black
satin brassiere, all worn on stage by
Tejano singer Selena Quintanilla
Perez, 1990-95 (1999.0104).
Gunther Ramm: Porta Ladychron
wristwatch (1998.0247).
Mark Anthony John Rea, Jr.: left and
right pointed eartips and an
authentication card verifying
Leonard Nimoy wore them in the
film Star Trek I: The Wrath of Khan,
1982 (1999.0102).
Donors
Gilbert H. Reiling: experimental
halarc light bulb and a repro-
duction of GE’s 1912 Charles
Steinmetz patent lamp
(1996.0084).
Leslie and Nick Reynolds: Martin
tenor guitar and a Gon Bops conga
drum played by Mr. Reynolds while
a member of The Kingston Trio and
a gold record awarded to the group
(1998.0355).
H. Smith Richardson, Jr.: 41 mostly
cold and flu product samples of the
Vick Chemical Company, 1906-80
(1998.0267).
George Riesz: Bell Laboratories
germanium point contact transistor
set, 1950s (1998.0313).
James C. Ritchey: 8 stereographic
photographs relating to Presidents
William McKinley, Theodore
Roosevelt, and William Howard
Taft, a ticket to the Republican
National Convention of 1892,
and a ticket to an address by
President McKinley in 1901
(1999.0011).
Franklin A. Robinson, Jr.: man’s
buckle and 8 woman’s items
including 5 cosmetics, 2 brooches,
and a card of floral buttons
(1998.0129).
Robert G. Rolfe: 2 photographs of a
meat shop and large machinery by
William Dinwiddie, news
correspondent in Manchuria during
the Russian-Japanese War in 1904
(1998.0100); Knickerbocker pocket
watch (1998.0222); metal door or
window alarm patented by John G.
Eberstein in 1902 and manu-
factured by the Automatic Alarm
Company of Chicago, Illinois
(1999.3025).
Roosevelt Medal Decendants (through
Marc Quinn): bronze Theodore
Roosevelt medal awarded to all U.S.
citizens who gave at least 2 years of
continuous service in building the
Panama Canal, this medal was
awarded to G. A. Heath who
worked 1904-6 (1999.01T1).
Arthur D. Sager: 4 man’s polyester
doubleknit suits including a
tuxedo, 1971, blazer with 2 pairs of
trousers, 1971-72, flannel suit,
1973, and a leisure suit, 1974
(1998.0221).
109
Saint Petersburg Times (through Mike
Foley): 12 pieces of documentation
and memorabilia created for the
October 9, 1996, vice presidential
debate held in St. Petersburg,
Florida (1997.0391).
Sandia Corporation, Sandia National
Laboratories (through Paul
McWhorter): 6 microengines on
microchips (1998.0127); 6 sets of
micromachines on microchips
(1998.3035).
Mary Louise San Miguel: 3 over-the-
counter medicinal preparations, a
soap sample, dietary supplement,
tonic box, and a roll of pharmacy
labels, all from the Botica
Guadalupana Drug Store in San
Antonio, Texas (1999.0097).
Debbie Schaefer-Jacobs: 2 gym suits, a
gym sweatshirt, and a pair of shorts
(1998.0348).
Stina Schloss: brass gaming token
from the Mandalay Bay Resort and
Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada
(1999.0141).
Sam Schmerler and Savilla Teiger:
peace banner with a religious
message carried in various anti-war
marches in Washington, D.C.,
during the 1960s (1999.0019).
Laura T. Schneider: 2 ice skate blades
patented in 1888 (1998.0174).
Seiko Corporation of America
(through Tsutomu Mitome): Seiko
Astron watch module encased in
Plexiglas, ca. 1969, anda
reproduction Astron wristwatch
(1998.0248).
Anne M. Serio: electric clothes presser
made by the Electric Presser
Company of New York, ca. 1934
(1999.0120).
Charmaine Severson: woman’s blouse
with a “Cracker Jack” logo print,
1973-77 (1999.0020).
Earl V. Shaffer: backpack, boots, pith
helmet, head net, poncho, and a
cookset, all used by Mr. Shaffer on
two of his hikes of the Appalachian
Trail, 1948 and 1965 (1999.0189).
Dr. Mildred Shaw: English ICL logic
template used for flow charting in
the 1960s by Dr. Shaw
(1998.3092).
Alvin M. Shayt: Boy Scouts of
America membership card issued to
Mr. Shayt in 1937 (1998.0285).
110
David H. Shayt: 2 watch repair shop
log books, 1914-39 (1996.0004);
quartz analog shelf clock in a plastic
housing that spells “CLOCK”
(1998.0249).
Shear Madness Company (through
Jetaun Dobbt): autographed poster
for the Kennedy Center play, Shear
Madness (1998.0196).
Brian Shulman, M.D.: Autogen 5100
digital integrator, Autogen 1700
EMG dual channel unit feedback
myograph, and a Realistic speaker
(1998.3005).
Jack Siefert: Selmer alto saxophone,
1934, LeBlanc Boehm system
clarinet, 1940-50, and a LeBlanc
soprano saxophone, 1946-50, all
associated with the Woody Herman
Orchestra (1998.0240); 13 cubic
feet of sound recordings, photo-
graphs, magazines, awards, and
posters pertaining to the career of
musician and band leader Woodrow
Charles “Woody” Herman
(1998.3073).
Philip Simmons: cotton hook used on
the Charleston, South Carolina,
docks in the 1940s, a pair of tongs,
1950s, and a forging hammer,
1960s, all made by Mr. Simmons
during his career as a blacksmith of
tools and, later, of decorative
ironwork (1999.0177).
Kathryn T. Simpson: woman’s thigh-
length vest quilted with cavorting
nude nymphs, designed and made
by Whitney Kent, 1986
(1999.0095).
Skirball Cultural Center, Skirball
Museum (through Grace Cohen
Grossman): photograph of a tribute
dinner for Franklin Delano
Roosevelt, 1932-33 (1998.0202);
pamphlet of Woodrow Wilson’s
“War Message to Congress,
Monday, April 2nd, 1917”
(1999.0010).
Walter A. Smith, Jr. Trust (through
Flossie H. Smith): Colt Model 1903
automatic hammerless pocket pistol
(1998.0310).
Mark Solomon, Ph.D.: blue-gray
artificial eye worn by Dr. Solomon,
1963-98 (1998.0223).
Stall & Dean (through Henry N.
Jackson): 75 examples of athletic
equipment and uniform items made
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
by Stall & Dean and 2 advertising
posters (1998.0324).
Steris Corporation, Business and
Associate Relations (through Gerry
Reis): surgical table, lamp,
warming cabinet, and a metal stand
(1998.0066).
Edith D. Stevens: Tiffany & Company
gold pocket watch presented in
1916 to FE. R. Stevens by the
Russian government for delivering
locomotives ahead of contract
schedule (1996.0037).
Ruth B. Stevenson: miniature mission
bell commemorating E/ Camino
Real, the King’s Highway, from San
Diego to San Francisco, 1769-1915
(1999.0075).
Jack A. Strahs: Commodore 201
electronic calculator (1998.0246).
Susan B. Strange: 2 buttons, a coin,
and a medallion from various
political campaigns, 1969-93
(1998.0180).
Gray Sturm: T-shirt commemorating
the “Sultan of Swing, Mark McGwire,
Sept. 8, 1998” (1998.0337).
Julie A. Su: 2 key chains and a red
banner with black Asian character
lettering (1998.3021).
John August Swanson: 19 prints and
stencils including beginning
drawings, progressive color proofs,
and a state proof, all used to
produce Balancing Act by Mr.
Swanson (1998.01 46).
Tatnuck Bookseller & Sons (through
Lawrence Abramoff): 24 work
incentive posters, 1958-73
(1997.0140).
Lonn W. Taylor: Cub Scout cap and
kerchief (1998.0347).
Lisa Thoerle: white plastic fly swatter
marked “We'll Get the Bugs Out”
(1998.3093).
Bettee-Aynn Amsterdam Thomas:
Calvin Klein’s Contradiction
promotional perfume gift set, 1998
(1998.0283).
Marion L. Tiger: Polaroid Square
Shooter 2 land camera (1998.0352).
Union of Needletrades, Industrial and
Textile Employees (through Jay
Mazur): 14 objects relating to
employee abuse in sweatshops
including 10 documents, a set of
stickers, shopping bag, T-shirt, and
a videotape cassette (1997.0310).
U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, National Ocean
Service, National Geodetic Survey
(through Shepherd A. Cofer):
automatic geodetic surveyor's level
made by Zeiss/Jena (1998.0006);
geodimeter Model 2A electronic
distance measurer with 2 mirrors,
an optic unit, and a tripod, manu-
factured by AGA in Stockholm,
Sweden, 1957-67 (1998.3094);
National Weather Service (through
Violet Foster): mercury barometer
used at Washington, D.C.’s Ronald
Reagan National Airport, 1941-98
(1998.0305).
U.S. Department of Defense,
Department of the Air Force, Air
Force Systems Command, Head-
quarters Space Systems Division
(through Capt. J. O. Bunting): set
of documentation for the Burroughs
Atlas Model Jt computer
(1983.3019).
U.S. Department of Defense,
Department of the Army, Institute
of Heraldry (through Thomas B.
Proffitt): 28 pieces of distinctive
unit insignia and ro pieces of
shoulder sleeve insignia
(1998.0205).
U.S. Department of Energy, Los
Alamos National Laboratory,
Business Operations Division,
Property Loan Operations
(through Brett Ray): air pod used
to sample nuclear particulate debris
in the atmosphere, ca. 1971
(1998.3097).
U.S. Department of Justice,
Immigration and Naturalization
Service (through Phil Bonner): 24
forged documents, censored letters
to worker’s families, items sold at a
company store, and evidence photo-
graphs, all related to the raid on the
El Monte, California, sweatshop on
August 2, 1995 (1997.0268).
U.S. Department of Labor,
Employment Standards
Administration, Wage and Hour
Division (through Suzanne Seiden):
U.S. Department of Labor
identification badge wallet
(1998.3026).
U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S.
Customs Service (through Norma
Humphries): half-shade polariscope
made by Josef and Jan Fric of
Prague in Bohemia, pre-1920
(1999.0029).
U.S. National Archives and Records
Administration, Harry S. Truman
Library (through Patricia A.
Dorsey): 6 pamphlets and brochures
stating Democratic Party concerns
and issues, 1929-48 (1997.0315).
US. Postal Service, Greensboro
Bulk Mail Center (through Richard
F. Capps): conveyor carriage, tray,
and a cantilever style tripper,
all part of a Speaker system for
sorting mail, used 1975-98
(1998.0219).
Unknown: woman’s black satin silk
parasol with a carved wooden
handle in a grapevine motif,
1895-1905 (1998.0168); T-shirt,
“Tt’s Our Turn Now, Mondale
Ferraro, 1984” (1999.0072).
Margaret C. Vail: 122 Kodak Brownie
snapshots made by Franklin
Nichols Corbin during travels
through North and South Carolina
and Georgia as a salesman in the
1890s (1998.3060).
Nguyen Van-Thang: Kiano Close and
Open block game invented and
patented by Mr. Van-Thang with an
explanatory banner and a
Vietnamese Gay-Than bamboo
magic stick with explanatory
banner (1996.0279).
Elizabeth A. Vaughan in memory of
Adele V. and O. W. “Deke”
Brownlee: black paper “Goldwater
for President” hat (1999.0009).
Harry Wachsberg: 19 diamond
cleaving tools used by Israel
Grinblat at Mr. Wachsberg’s
diamond-cutting shop in New York
City (1998.0239).
John Whitney Walter: 4 silver
tetradrachams of Leontinoi, Sicily,
470-465 B.C. (1998.03209).
Betty Lawson Walters: jar of Dr. Jacob
Becker’s Eye Balsam used by Mrs.
Walter's father, Albert V. Lawson,
Jr., in 1923 (1999.0037).
Richard S. Walton: 28 watches, watch
components, concept pieces, display
pieces, and memorabilia from Mr.
Walton’s career as a pioneer in the
invention of electronic watches,
1960s—70s (1999.0030).
Donors
Peter M. Warner: 10 fast food
restaurant polystyrene containers, a
razor strop with an advertisement
written on, and a religious U.S.
Bicentennial poster (1998.03.49).
C. Malcolm and Joan Pearson
Watkins: 2 books with
photographic illustrations about
houses and architecture, 1854 and
1864 (1993.3210).
Winifred S. Weislogel: 12 report
cards, 7 certificates, 2 quizzes, a set
of charts and experiments, student
handbook, and an oral hygiene
diploma, all from Ms. Weislogel’s
public school education, 1932-45
(1998.0047).
Robert M. Weiss, M.D.: pair of infant
boy’s brown leather shoes worn by
Dr. Weiss’ father in 1912
(1998.0245).
Perry R. Weston: custom billiard cue
stick made by Mr. Weston of
maple, ebony, silver, water buffalo
horn, and black monitor lizard skin,
1998 (1999.0051).
Ruth Coleman Wetherall: 6 objects
used by C. Norman Coleman who
went on 3 expeditions to Antarctica
between 1945 and 1968 including
2 insignia, a pin, commemorative
plate, license plate, and an
experimental face protector
(1997.0371).
W. Alson Wheeler: 2 machinist’s tool
chests with tools (1999.0180).
Fred E. Whelan: Gruen Teletime
wristwatch (1998.0229).
Elaine Whitman, R.T.: 7 bilateral
xeromammograms, 1985
(1998.0341).
Widex Hearing Aid Company
Incorporated (through James Scott
Cola): Senso CIC digital hearing
aid, 1997 (1997.0190).
Joan W. Wiefelspuetz in memory of
M. Lee White: 332 personal and
documentary objects relating to the
career of American sculptor
Adeleaide Johnson best known for
works depicting suffrage pioneers
(1987.0009).
James J. Williams: protractor, logic
template, office organizing
template, and a set of 2 punched
cards used as templates for drawing
lines (1998.3104).
Prof. Michael R. Williams: 4 logic
111
templates and 2 punched cards
(1997-3099).
Virginia H. Wilson: 4 documents and
2 photographs relating to the WW
I U.S. Navy Yeoman (F) service of
Jessie Hunter Collins (1998.3029).
Barbara and Warren Winiarski: 28
pieces of equipment and tools used
in the vineyards and winery
operations at Stag’s Leap Wine
Cellars (1998.0181); 47 wine
bottles, bottle labels, winery tools,
and vineyard tools used at Stag’s
Leap Wine Cellars (1998.3058).
Katherine Dye Winkler: yellow
ceramic Fiesta ware carafe with
stopper made by the Homer
Laughlin China Company, 1936-46
(1999.0017).
Jerry Wise: plastic model airplane and
an employee identification badge of
Bendix Aviation used by Brownie
Wise during WW II (1994.0121).
Witherspoon Street Presbyterian
Church (through Cecelia B. Hodges
and Shirley A. Satterfield): pew,
sign, and a Sunday school chair
from the church in Princeton, New
Jersey, where Paul Robeson’s father,
former slave Rev. William Drew
Robeson, was minister from the
1870s to 1901 (1999.0127).
Janice C. Wolf: 3 78rpm phonograph
records, a tri-fold album cover, and
a brochure, all comprising “Victor
Records for Healthy Exercises,”
ca. 1923 (1999.0113).
Preston Wolfe (through John F.
Wolfe): double-headed timber-
framing maul branded “WPA,”
1930s (1998.3086).
Cornelius C. Wood: pair of unisex
socks with an American flag motif,
1998 (1998.0201).
Helena E. Wright: gym tunic and
bloomers worn by Ms. Wright at
Bryn Mawr College, 1964-68
(1998.0132); woman's accessories
including 2 garter belts, a lipstick
“matchbook” set, false eyelashes,
hair net, and a perfume sample,
1940-70 (1998.0320).
Raymond Wright: 9 Mexican
specimen notes from the pre-1910
revolutionary period (1998.0342).
Jay A. Wruck: roll of Kodak
Ektachrome infrared film
(1998.3013).
2
Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (through
Audrey Ashby): Norplant contra-
ceptive system kit with 2 sets of
educational material (1998.0157).
F. Houston (Hugh) Wynn: man’s
Hawaiian feather lei hatband,
1945-48, and a photograph of
members of the Honolulu Traffic
Commission of 1948 showing some
men wearing similar hatbands
(1998.0142).
William Yarborough: portable
Hermes Baby Rocket typewriter
made by Hermes-Presica of
Switzerland at Sackingen, Germany,
1966 (1999.0185).
William H. Yeingst: framed
photograph of a model of the
Valium molecule taken by David
Ladd, discoverer of Valium
(1998.0306); electric coffee grinder
made by the Cory Glass Coffee
Brewer Company, 1940s—50s
(1999.3024).
National Museum of the
American Indian
Donors of Financial Support
$1,000,000 or more
The Mashantucket Pequot Tribal
Nation
$500,000 or more
The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
$100,000 or more
Anonymous (2)
The Arthur Vining Davis Foundations
Mr. George Gund HI and Ms. Iara Lee
The John D. & Catherine T.
MacArthur Foundation
Margaret Knowles Schink
Mr. Eugene Victor Thaw (Eugene V.
& Clare E. Thaw Charitable Trust)
Turner Foundation, Inc.
$50,000 or more
Ms. Ann Simmons Alspaugh
The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz
Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Diker
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Fannie Mae Foundation
Mrs. Ruth Greenberg
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mercy, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Carroll O’Connor
$10,000 or more
Mr. Roger T. Abelson
Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block
Mr. Tom Brokaw (Brokaw Family
Foundation)
Mr. and Mrs. William K. Butler II
The Chase Manhattan Bank
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph M. Cohen
The Community Foundation for the
National Capital Region
Con Edison
Mr. and Mrs. David Cook
Mr. and Mrs. Tomas G. Cousins
Mr. and Mrs. Carl B. Davis
Dewey Ballantine LLP
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Diker
Mr. and Mrs. John Ernst
Ernst & Young LLP
Mr. Alfred Feinman
The Ford Foundation
George Magazine
Mr. Richard Gilbert
Mr. William T. Golden (Golden
Family Foundation)
Mr. and Mrs. Ben Hartnett
Hewlett-Packard Company
Mr. and Mrs. Alan J. Hirschfield
Mr. and Mrs. Victor Kaufman
Mr. Gene A. Keluche (International
Conference Resorts, Inc.)
Mr. Jay I. Kislak
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Krissel
Mr. Thomas H. Lee
Manhattan Cruises
Mobil Corporation
Monterey Fund, Inc.
Morning Star Gallery
National American Spirit Foundation
New York Community Trust
New York Mercantile Exchange
Mr. Paul Newman (The Newman's
Own Fund)
Mr. Morris W. Offit
Mr. and Mrs. William A. Potter
Ms. Ann Roberts
The May and Samuel Rudin Family
Foundation, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. William Taubman
Ms. Ann Tenenbaum
Texaco
Mr. John L. Tishman (John and Daniel
Tishman Fund)
Mr. Thomas W. Weisel
Mr. James D. Wolfensohn
(Wolfensohn Family Foundation)
$5,000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Haas
Mrs. Emily Fisher Landau
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard A. Lauder
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Linton
Polshek and Partners Architects LLP
Rose Associates, Inc.
Mary H. Rumsey Foundation
Mr. Bruce Slovin
$2,000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Dale Anderson
Mrs. Iris Apfel
Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Aronson
Mrs. Leah Barnett
Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Bernhard
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Bernheim, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Block
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Block
Ms. Anna Bono
Christie’s Inc.
Drs. Dexter and Dennis Cirillo
Mr. and Mrs. Howard Cohen
Mr. and Mrs. James W. Crystal
Mr. and Mrs. Frederick M. Danziger
Mr. and Mrs. Charles De Bare
Mr. and Mrs. Roger Felberbaum
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Fisher
Mr. John Fletcher II
Mr. and Mrs. Howard Ganek
Mr. H. Malcolm Grimmer
Ms. Agnes Gund
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Helman
Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch
Mr. and Mrs. Monte Hurowitz
Mr. and Mrs. James Iselin
Mr. and Mrs. Amos Kaminski
Mrs. Rose Kramer
Dr. Francesca Kress
Mr. and Mrs. Mel Lavitt
Mr. and Mrs. John H. Lese
Dr. Jerry H. Lynn
Mr. Dennis Lyon
Mr. and Mrs. Burt Manning
Milford Plaza
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Morgan
Mr. and Mrs. Andre Nasser
Mr. and Mrs. Harold Oelbaum
The Palace Bingo
Mr. and Mrs. William Peskoff
Mr. and Mrs. Jim Richman
Mr. and Mrs. William Rollnick
Mr. Earl Rubley
Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Ruskin
Mr. and Mrs. David Saity
Mr. and Mrs. Leo Schenker
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Simon
Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Solomon
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Stamler
Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Stanley
Mr. Berrin Tekiner
Mr. and Mrs. Laurence Tisch
Mr. and Mrs. Donald Tober
Mr. Ted Trotta
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Unterberg
Mr. and Mrs. Nathaniel Usdan
Ms. Lillian Vernon
Mr. and Mrs. Clifton von Jaeger
Mr. and Mrs. Allen Wardwell
Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Webster
Mr. Richard E. Whalen
Mr. and Mrs. Norman C. Willcox
Ms. Lisa Wishnick
Mr. Martin Zelman
Donors of In-Kind Support
Mr. Robert L. Bernstein
Mr. Stanley M. Blaugrund
Fuji Photo Film U:S.A., Inc.
Hewlett-Packard Company
Mrs. Patricia Kenner
Mr. Virgil Ortiz
Mr. William Tarver
Donors to the Collection
Gift from Mr. Tony Abeyta: Mixed-
media painting “Gathering from
Four Directions” (25/4996).
Gift from Mr. Joseph W. Bell: Sioux
headdress (25/5014).
Gift from Lois M. Berney: Beaded
bag, moccasins (2 pieces)
(25/4887—-25/4888).
Gift from Ms. Eleanor Burleson: Three
pair of Sioux moccasins and a
beaded pipe bag (4 pieces)
(25/5010—25/5013).
Bequest from the John W. Douglas
Estate—deposited by Alice Wong:
Eight Inuit prints
(25/4834-25/4841).
Bequest from the Irene Gibson Estate:
Collection of Pueblo pottery and
animal figures (32 pieces)
(25/4812-25/4833).
Gift from Mr. Steven Grafe:
Dissertation: “The Origins of Floral
Donors
Design Beadwork in the Southern
Columbia River Plateau.”
Gift from Ms. Hilda Grunblatt:
Bolivian hat (25/5028).
Purchased from Kristina Kis Halas
$150: Two early-twentieth-century
prints of Native Americans.
Gift of Marilyn B. and John D.
Henderson: Pottery vessels from
Arizona and New Mexico
(25/5032-25/5045).
Gift from Ms. Suzanne Hill:
Publication: “The Flint and the
Feather.”
Gift from Mr. Carl Kanter: Four
catawba animal effigy pots
(25/5006—25/5009).
Gift from Mr. John M. Kaufman: Two
photographs of Chief Iron Hail.
Gift from Ms. Priscilla (Pam) King:
Collection of 146 objects consisting
primarily of Pueblo pottery,
Northwest Coast, Pima and Apache
baskets, and textiles from the
regions of Two Grey Hills, Burnt
Water, Teec Nos Pos and Wide
Ruins (25/4658—25/48o01 and
25/4890-25/4891).
Purchased from Lee Marmon $7,500:
70 photographs from the exhibition
at GGHC “Lee Marmon: 50 Years
at Laguna Pueblo.”
Gift from Quechua Delegation;
Nazario Turpo—spiritual leader:
Offering arrangement (Despacho)
dedicated to Mother Earth
(Pachamama) (25/5027).
Gift from Quechua Delegation;
Mr. Carmelo Achangaray and Ms.
Guadalupe Holgado: Quechua
hat, Uncuna (small bundle for
coca leaves), man’s poncho, authority
stick with engraved silver sheets
(4 pieces) (25/5020—25/5023).
Gift from Quechua Delegation; Mr.
Nazario Turpo: One man’s hat
(Chulla), one man’s poncho (2
pieces) (25/5025-25/5026).
Gift from Quechua Delegation; Mr.
Carmelo Achangaray: Ceramic
vessel dedicated to the NMAI-SI
(25/5024).
Gift from Quechua Delegation;
Aurelio Carmona: Two journals
published by the Universidad
Nacional de Cusco—Revista
Universitaria no. 135, 1993; Andes
no. 3, 1999.
Td3
Purchased from visiting Quechua
Delegation $150: One Quechua
poncho One Quechua hat
(25/5018—25/5019).
Purchased from Gene Quintana
$21,600: Nine baskets by weaver
Bertha Wright (25/4878—25/4886).
Gift from Ms. Marcella Ruch: Book:
The Gang of One: The Life and Times
of Vera Gang Scott by Dr. Roosh
(Marcella J. Ruch).
Gift from Ms. Nancy Rosoff: Kuna
Pounder (25/5029).
Gift from Mr. David Saity: Collection
of 35 pieces of Navajo and Zuni
jewelry and one cradleboard
(25/4842—25/4877).
Gift from Mr. Ron Harris Shafer:
Cherokee pot (25/4889).
Gift from Anna May and Morton
Silverman: Two sculptures by Bruce
LaFountain, Chippewa: Hurry Me
Home and Spirit Friends (25/5043-
25/5044).
Gift from Alice Coleman Smith—
from the Estate of Jean Ellen
Coleman: Two Apache toy
cradleboards, sand painting
(25/5015—25/5017).
Gift from U.S. Department of Justice:
Navajo wearing blanket circa 1865
(25/5005).
Gift from Ms. Thea Westreich and
Mr. Ethan Wagner: Two woven
Tlingit baskets
(25/504 1—25/5042).
National Museum of
Natural History
Donors of Financial Support
$1,000,000 or more
The Behring Foundation
The Eberly Foundation
National Stone, Sand & Gravel
Association
Volvo Group North America
$100,000 to $999,999
Morris & Gwendolyn Cafritz
Foundation
The Coca-Cola Foundation
114
Discovery Communications, Inc.
Nordic Council of Ministers
Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd.
Smithsonian Women’s Committee
$50,000 to $99,999
The Japan Foundation
Mrs. Alice Eve Kennington
Mr. Jeffery W. Meyer
Miami Museum of Science
Nippon Foundation
Shell Oil Company Foundation
$10,000 to $49,999
Anonymous
Mr. Randy Best
Caterpillar Inc.
Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation
Conservation, Food & Health
Foundation
Cyprus Amax Minerals Company
DeYoung Foundation, S. Sydney
Mr. Alfred C. Glassell
Mr. John S. Hendricks
The Homeland Foundation
Jewelers of America, Inc.
Keidanren Nature Conservation
Koniag, Inc.
Ambassador and Mrs. L. W. Lane
Fund
The Honorable L. William Lane
The Link Foundation
Malott Family Foundation
Mrs. Marilee McNeilus
National Film Preservation
Foundation
Newmont Mining Corporation
Open Lands Project
The Park Foundation
Mr. James R. Patton
Peabody Holding Company, Inc.
Rocks Build American Foundation
Estate of Curtis W. Sabrosky
San Carlos Institute
Siemens Corporation
K. Paul and V. Singh Foundation, Inc.
Estate of Annie B. Wetmore
$5,000 to $9,999
Alaska Federation of Natives
American Association for the
Advancement of Science
ARCO Foundation, Inc.
Mr. Willard W. Brown
Mr. Robert W. Fri
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Mr. Edward O. Gaylord
Mr. Benjamin C. Hammett
Heinz Family Foundation
Dr. Stanley O. Ikenberry
Lerner Gray Fdn., Inc.
I Parsons Engineering Science
Victor M. Pinzon
Placer Dome U.S., Inc.
Mr. A. Harvey Schreter
Mr. Alan G. Spoon
Dr. F. Christian Thompson
United Technologies Corp.
$1,000 to $4,999
Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association
American Adventure Productions
American Zinc Association
Arizona Zoological Society
Mr. Michael Baly
Jeanne Beekhuis Gift Fund
Bisbee Mining and Historical
Museum
Mr. Robert H. Braunohler
Mr. R. Craig Campbell
Mr. John D. Chapman
Dr. Isabella C. M. Cunningham
Detroit Zoological Society
Economic Development Committee of
Mid-Florida
Mr. Robert K. Edson
Faucett Family Trust
Gem, Lapiary & Mineral Society
Sumner Gerard Foundation
Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton
Harrison Family Trust
Mrs. Elaine A. Harrison
Col. George E. Hesselbacher
Dr. W. Ronald Heyer
Mrs. Gloria Hidalgo
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Hopkins
Jefferson-Pilot Corporation
Mr. David S. Jernigan
The Honorable Edward W. Kelley
Ms. Jeanne M. Lemmer
Mr. William N. Mason
McClure For U.S. Senator Committee
Nancy J. McLarty Trust, 1976
The Honorable Ann D. McLaughlin
Mrs. Kimberly R. Menninger
Mr. Herbert S. Miller
NHK Enterprises USA, Inc.
Mr. David A. Olive
Mr. Richard E. Petit
Pfizer Inc.
Potomac Electric Power Company
Ms. Judy Lyn Prince
Mr. Hans Pulpan
Qagan Tayagungin Tribe
Rachel Carson Middle School PTA
Mrs. Karen R. Ramirez
Ringing Rocks Foundation
Mr. Gregory S. Rodman
Summer Rodman
Miss Marguerite V. Schneeberger
Science Service, Inc.
Mr. Wayne Shelton
Mr. B. J. Stone
Mr. William C. Storey
Sunrise Ford Company
Ms. Patricia S. Swaney
Tulsa Zoo Friends, Inc.
Ms. Linda A. Ward
Washington Inc.
Mr. Thomas L. Wright
$500 to $999
Aleutians East Borough
BBC Production Company
Boise Cascade Corporation
City of False Pass
Downtown Reel Productions, Inc.
Henninger Media Services, Inc.
Mobil Foundation, Inc.
Nelson Lagoon Corporation
Mr. George B. Rabb
Mr. John M. Rankin
UNGA Corporation
Mr. Harrison T. Watson
$250 to $499
Dr. David Dilcher
Mrs. Judith L. Flak
Mr. and Mrs. James S. Gilliland
Mr. Christopher M. Kinsey
Mr. John M. Meeks
Pacific SW Biological Services
Mr. Paul Risser
San Francisco Zoological Society
Towers Productions, Inc.
Mrs. Nancy A. Wormeli
Donors to the Collection
Institutional Gifts
Academy of Natural Sciences
Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. 12 fish specimens
(2010420).
Adrian College, Adrian, Michigan. 3
mites (2010093).
Agricultural Research Center,
Esfahan, Iran. 80 moths (2008776).
Agricultural Research Council,
Pretoria, South Africa. 8 parasitic
wasps (2009678).
Agricultural University, Wageningen,
The Netherlands. 1 fish specimen
(2011221).
American Museum of Natural
History, New York, New York. 2
mollusks: gastropods (1046355).
Amway Corporation, Lake View,
California. 6 lace bugs (2008104).
ARC-Plant Protection Research
Institute, Pretoria, South Africa. 4
mites (2013045).
Arizona State University, Tucson,
Arizona. 32 tiger beetles (2009407,
2012151).
Asociacion Mexicana de Orquideologia,
Mexico City, Mexico. 3 plants
(2010799).
Asociacion para la Conservacion del
Patrimonio de Cultiviren, Lima,
Peru. 14 Anthropological specimens;
seeds, necklaces, axe, bag, comb, and
baby carrier (1046011).
Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
2 fish specimens (2013093).
Auckland Institute and Museum,
Auckland, New Zealand. 2
gastropods (1046336), 2 mollusks
(1046339).
Australian Quarantine and Inspection
Service, Canberra, Australia. 2
insect specimens; scale and mites
(2008521).
Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania.
23 caddisflies (2008636, 2009069,
2009459).
Bermuda Biological Station for
Research, Inc., St. George’s,
Bermuda. 10 crustacea (2012119).
Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu,
Hawaii. 15 fish specimens
(2011159, 2012664).
Boston University Marine Program,
Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 23
crustacea: copepods (2011535).
Botanic Gardens of Toyama, Taiwan. 2
lichens (2008630).
Brigham Young University, Provo,
Utah. 63 vascular plant specimens
(1013178).
California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco, California. 2 mollusks
(1046342), 1 mollusk: gastropod
(1046344), 4 wasps (2008456), I
barnacle (2009478), 1 fish
(2011736).
Donors
California Department of Food
and Agriculture, Fresno, California.
6 beetles (2010533, 2010548).
California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California. 24 analyzed
glass rods (2010751).
California Polytechnic State
University, San Luis Obispo,
California. 2 plants (2011362).
Center for Marine Conservation,
Washington, D.C. 15 crustaceans
from Navassa Island (2009402).
Center for Land and Biological
Resources, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada. 9 moths (2011976).
Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. 11
petunias from Brazil (2011848).
Chonbuk National University,
Chonju, Republic of Korea. 5 fish
specimens (2012239).
Cidade Universitaria, Sao Palo, Brazil.
4 mollusks: gastropods (1042964).
Los Angeles County Museum of
Natural History, Los Angeles,
California. to mollusks: gastropods
(1046436, 1046441).
College of Micronesia, Pohnpei,
Federated States of Micronesia. 16
fish specimens (2012871).
Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado. 20 caddisflies
from Korea (2008378), 96
caddisflies and mayflies from
Mexico and Costa Rica (2010299).
Columbia University, Biosphere 2
Center, Oracle, Arizona. 62 isopods
from Brazil, Mexico, and the
United States (2009135).
Companhia Vale do Rio Doce,
Espirito Santo, Brazil. 4 plants
(2006449), 5 Asteraceae plants
(2009824), 8 Begoniaceae and
Graminae plants (2012466), 14
Commelinaceae plants (2012721).
Continental Shelf Associates, Metairie,
Louisiana. 3 fish specimens
(2010166).
Coral Reef Research Foundation,
Koror PW, Federated States of
Micronesia. 39 fish specimens
(2010559), 6 corals (2010936).
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
8 freshwater crabs (2009869), 4
Acanthaceae plants (2010940).
DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois.
75 crustacea (2009215).
Dow Agro Sciences, Tampa, Florida.
459 true bugs, assassin bugs, broad-
115
headed bugs, and toad bugs
(2010157).
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur
(ECOSUR), Chetumal Quintana,
Mexico. 19 crustacea: copepods
(1046202, 2007982, 2008619,
2009814, 2011028).
EMBRAPA-Recursos Geneticos €
Biotecnologia, Caixa Postal,
Brazil. 13 mites (2009425,
2011901).
ENSR, Consulting, Engineering and
Remediation, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts. 2 crustaceans
(2012074).
Entomology Research Group,
Innsbruck, Austria. 4 bugs from
Italy and West Africa (2011876).
ESCO Associates, Boulder, Colorado.
56 Asteraceae plants from Peru
(2012313).
Field Museum of Natural History,
Chicago, Illinois. National Cancer
Institute vouchers: 4 from Borneo
(1046469), 9 from Borneo and from
Papua New Guinea (1046473), 181
from the Philippines (1046478),
123 from Papua New Guinea
(1046479), 41 from Thailand,
Singapore and E. Malaysia
(1046488), 66 from Papua New
Guinea (1046494), 44 from
Vietnam (2011202), 1 Non-
National Cancer Institute voucher
from Thailand (1046489), 1
mollusk (2008625), 34 various
plant families from Peru
(2011206), and 2 Asteracea plants
from Peru (2011544).
Florida A and M University,
Tallahassee, Florida. 2 beetles from
Costa Rica (2010176).
Florida Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services, Gainesville,
Florida. 6 crustacea: copepods
(2012216).
Florida International University,
Miami, Florida. 23 gastropods
(2009072).
Florida Marine Research Institute,
Port Manatee, Florida. 41 fish
specimens (2012855).
Florida Museum of Natural History,
Gainesville, Florida. 3 fish
specimens (2010621), 50
gastropods (2011520).
Florida State Museum, Gainesville,
Florida. 4 living gastropods
116
(2009014), 305 gastropods:
mollusks (2009363, 2009515).
Florida State University, Tallahassee,
Florida. 34 copepods (2010521).
Floristic Surveys of the Southwest
Program, Texas. 53 fish specimen
(2008769).
Forest Research Center, Sabah,
Malaysia. 233 National Cancer
Institute vouchers from Borneo
(1046474).
Forschungsinstitut Und Natur-
museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt,
Germany. 1 plant specimen from
Nicaragua (2012971).
Fort Wayne Children’s Zoo, Fort
Wayne, Indiana. 1 Tasmanian devil
(2012191).
Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday
Harbor, Washington. 1 mollusk:
gastropod (1046341).
Fundacao Universidade Estadual de
Maringa, Maringa, Brazil. 39 fish
specimens (2009607).
George Mason University, Fairfax,
Virginia. 1 mollusk (2010734).
George Washington University,
Washington, D.C. 147 gastropods
(2013096).
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory,
Ocean Springs, Mississippi. 75
gastropods (2011374), 2 cumaceans
(2011435),
2 hermit crabs (2011825), 25
crustacea: copepods (2012024).
Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea.
I mite (2007413).
Harbor Branch Oceanographic
Institution, Fort Pierce, Florida.
4 mollusks: gastropods (1046438),
3 sea sponges (2013347).
Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts. 6 mollusks:
gastropods (1046314).
Harvard University Herbaria,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
National Cancer Institute
vouchers: 1 of Mimosaceae
from Indonesia (1046492), 112
from Sulawesi, Indonesia
(1046500).
Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific
Grove, California. 2 starfish
(1046458).
Illinois Natural History Survey,
Champaign, Illinois. 111 vascular
plants from the West Indies
(2007021), 18 liverworts (2011383).
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Indian River Coastal Zone Museum,
Fort Pierce, Florida. 15 mollusks:
gastropods (1046387).
Indiana University, Bloomington,
Indiana. 2 Fabaceae plants
(2010818).
INP-CRIP Puerto Morelos, Quintana
Roo, Mexico. 14 black corals
(2008416).
Institut fur Systematische Botanik der
Ludwig-Maxamilians-Universitat,
Munchen, Germany. 12 plants from
Guatemala, Peru, and Ecuador
(2011753).
Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles,
Bruxelles, Belgium. 1 neo-tropical
beetle (2009880).
Institute for Cambrian Studies,
Boulder, Colorado. 8 Early Middle
Cambrian fossils from Nevada
(2010697).
Institute of Ecosystem Studies,
Millbrook, New York. 19 crustacea:
copepods (2008940).
Institute of Marine Biology, Taiwan,
Republic of China. 14 specimens of
deep-sea fishes and hagfishes from
Taiwan (2011606).
Instituto de Botanica Darwinion,
Buenos Aires, Argentina. 113
vascular plant specimens
(2009701).
Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste,
Corrientes, Argentina. 5
Acanthaceae plants from Brazil
(2010773).
Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de
Postgraduados, Caixa Postal,
Mexico. 2 beetles (2004466).
Instituto de Biodiversidad, Santo
Domingo, Costa Rica. 10 beetles
(2009858).
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de
Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil. 305
plants (2009821), 24 Sapindaceae
plants (2011147).
Instituto Superior de Entomologia,
Tucuman, Argentina. 14 bat flies
(2009288).
Instituto de Zoologia Tropical,
Caracas, Venezuela. 18 fish
specimens (2011373).
Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission, La Jolla, California. 1
fish specimen (2010280).
J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology,
Grahamstown, South Africa. 1 fish
specimen (2011349).
Jagiellonian University, Krakow,
Poland. 15 caddisflies from South
Korea (2011614).
James Cook University of North
Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
5 fish specimens (2011441).
James Madison University,
Harrisonburg, Virginia. 17
crustacea: copepods (2010456).
Japan Marine Science and Technology
Center, Yokosuka, Japan. 8
gastropods (2009439).
JoJo Resort, Seisui, Japan. t mollusk:
gastropod (2012622).
Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Kansas. 8 mites from Ecuador and
Panama (2011921).
La Universidad, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
12 mollusks (2008183).
Los Angeles County Museum of
Natural History, Los Angeles,
California. 10 mollusks: gastropods
(1046436, 1046441).
Marine and Environmental Research
Institute of Pohnpei, Pohnpei,
Federated States of Micronesia. 23
sea cucumbers (20083109).
Marine Science Center, Massachusetts.
12 slides of serial sections of
nemertean worms (1043989).
Milwaukee Public Museum,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 15 fish
specimens (2010556).
Ministry of Fisheries, Nha Trang City,
Vietnam. 3 scallops (2009197).
Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis,
Missouri. National Cancer Institute
vouchers: 3 from Madagascar
(1046468), 195 from Madagascar
(1046471), 1 of Lauraceae from
Madagascar (1046495), and 449
from Africa and Madagascar
(1046499); 51 plants (2005890),
83 various plants from Madagascar,
Ecuador, and Nicaragua (2006325),
4 Acanthaceae plants from Bolivia
(2007890), 28 Acanthaceae plants
from Ecuador (2007892), 25 plant
specimens from Colombia
(2009835), 35 Phanerogams from
the Dominican Republic
(2009973), 20 Lichens from
Surinam (2010016), 1 Gesneriaceae
from Belgium (2010307), 17
Asteraceae from Mexico, Belize,
Panama, Guatemala, and Honduras
(2010342), 701 Asteraceae from
Paraguay (2010812), 36 NCI
Vouchers from Africa and
Madagascar (2011170), 272
Asteraceae from Paraguay
(2011536), 198 Acanthaceae plants
from Paraguay (2012140), 4
Theaceae plants from Ecuador
(2012315), 246 Asteraceae from
Ecuador (2012454), 7 Gesneriaceae
plants from Peru (2012927), 9
Gesneriaceae plants from Suriname
(2012928), 22 Gesneriaceae plants
from Ecuador (2012930), 2
Tiliaceae from Suriname (2012966),
9 Asteraceae plants from Suriname
(2013120).
Museo de Historia Natural La Salle,
Caracas, Venezuela. 12 flowering
plants from Venezuela (2007509).
Museo de Zoologia, Concepcion,
Chile. 6 moths (2012161).
Museo Geologico del Seminario de
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 1 coral
(2011252).
Museu Botanico Municipal, Curitiba,
Brazil. 286 Asteraceae plants from
Brazil (2004478, 2010233,
2010531, 2011464, 2011935,
2012199, 2013131).
Museu de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Porto
Alegre, Brazil. 2 fish specimens
(2010610).
Museu de Ciencias Naturais, Caxias do
Su, Brazil. 221 plants from Brazil
(2009822, 2010052, 2010259,
2011571).
Museu de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
1 fish specimen (2011445).
Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle,
Paris, France. 13 published
octocoral types (1046254), 9
mollusks: gastropods (1046406),
45 corals from New Caledonia
(2010861).
Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley,
California. 21 gastropods
(1046330, 2009503).
Museum of Victoria, Melbourne
Victoria, Australia. 12 mollusk
bivalve vouchers (1046345).
Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum,
Leiden, The Netherlands. 7 corals
(2008504).
National Institute of Hygiene and
Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
22 crustacea: copepods
(2009200).
National Institute of Water and
Atmospheric Research, Kilbirnie,
Donors
New Zealand. 2 fossil corals
(2011251).
National Museum of Natural History,
Leiden, The Netherlands. 29 corals
(2012836).
National Natuurhistorisch Museum,
The Netherlands. 1 mollusk
(2011893).
National Science Museum, Tokyo,
Japan. 359 specimens of marine
shore fishes (2009302), 7 sawflies
(2010553).
National Taiwan Ocean University,
Keelung, Taiwan. 5 shrimp
(2009138).
National Tsing Hua University,
Taiwan, Republic of China. 1 fish
specimen (2011663).
National University of Singapore,
Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore.
10 crabs (2008752, 2008755).
Natural History Museum and
Institute, Chiba, Japan. 1 crab
(2008462).
Natural History Museum, Los
Angeles, California. 10 crustacea:
isopods (2010748).
Natural History Museum, San Diego,
California. 4 caddisflies (2010293).
Naturhistorisches Museum Basel,
Basel, Switzerland. 1,000 bryozoans
(2008767), 23 neo-tropical beetles
from the Caribbean (2010256).
New York Botanical Garden, New
York, New York. National Cancer
Institute vouchers: 26 from Belize
and South America (1046467), 3
from Bolivia (1046470), 132 from
Bolivia, Belize and Dominica
(1046472), 67 from Belize,
Dominica, Bolivia, Peru and
Fairchild Tropical Garden
(1046475), 9 from Belize and
Dominica (1046476), 7 from
Colombia, Dominica and Fairchild
Tropical Garden (1046477), 9 from
Martinique and South America
(1046480), 2 from Guatemala
(1046481), 12 from Guatemala
(1046485), 16 from South America
(1046486), 19 from Dominica,
Central America and South America
(1046487), 29 from Central and
South America (1046490), 4 of
Asteraceae from Dominica and
Belize (1046491), 6 from Colombia
and Ecuador (1046493), 2 of
Anacardiaceae from Belize and
117
Orchidaceae from Dominica
(1046496), 14 of Asteraceae plants
from Guyana (1046497), 2 of
Actinidaceae plants from Colombia
(1046498); 107 from Guatemala
(2010206), 13 from Belize and
Bolivia (2010842), 151 from
Guatemala (2011050), 96 from
Belize (2011094), 48 vouchers from
Ecuador (2011543), 14 from
Ecuador (2011727), and 100 from
Dominica, Ecuador and Paraguay
(2012659); 215 plants (2002110),
31 plants (2009574), 16 Asteraceae
plants from Brazil and Bolivia
(2010187), 18 plant specimens
(2010666), 27 Acanthaceae,
Asteraceae, Sapindaceae and
Tiliaceae plants from Brazil and
Bolivia (2011710),
North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina. 2 plant
specimens (2010539).
North of England Zoological Society,
Chester, United Kingdom. 300
fish specimens from Nigeria
(2009796).
Northeastern University, Nahant,
Massachusetts. 19 polychaete
worms (2010088).
NOVA Southeastern University,
Dania, Florida. 2 sea cucumbers
(2009534), I crab (2009816).
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,
Oklahoma. 138 mollusks
(2008724), 50 snails (2009313).
Old Dominion University, Norfolk,
Virginia. I crustacean (2009902).
Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon. 1 lichen from New Mexico
(2009139), 36 mites (2008964,
2010107).
Paleontological Institute, Moscow,
Russia. 33 Early and Middle
Ordovician fossils (2010642).
Philippine National Herbarium,
Manila, Philippines. 3 ferns from
the Philippine Islands (2012385).
Plant Protection Research Institute,
Pretoria, South Africa. 12 neo-
tropical lace bugs (2008650), 9
mites (2008943).
Pontificia Universita Catolica do Rio
Grande do Sul, Porto Alegro,
Brazil. 230 fish specimens
(2012170, 2012586).
Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana. 9 dance flies (2008132).
118
Rijksherbarium, Leiden, The
Netherlands. 7 National Cancer
Institute vouchers from Northern
Sumatra (1046482).
Rijksmuseum van Natural Historie,
The Netherlands. 4 mollusks:
gastropods (1046451).
Rosenstiel School of Marine and
Atmospheric Sciences, Miami,
Florida. 6 gastropods (1046337,
1046338), 9,200 echinoids
(1046483).
Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney New
South Wales, Australia. 75 plants
(2004840), 1 Commelinaceae plant
from Asia (2012722).
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada. 1 hydrozoan from
Bermuda (2010138), 1 foraminifera
from Bermuda (2012767).
Russian Academy of Sciences, P.P.
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,
Moscow, Russia. 2 fish specimens
(2010717).
San Diego Zoo, San Diego, California.
1 gazelle skin, skull, and skeleton
(2011366).
Santa Barbara Botanic Gardens, Santa
Barbara, California. 43 lichens
(2010615).
Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
La Jolla, California. 10 fish
specimens (2007449), 732
crustacea: copepods (2010126).
Smithsonian Tropical Research
Institute, Balboa, Panama. 9
Acanthaceae plants from Panama
(2009010).
South African Museum, Cape Town,
South Africa. 27 fig wasps from
Namibia and Tanzania (2011482).
Southeast Louisiana University,
Hammond, Louisiana. 211
crustacea: copepods (2008958), 27
leeches (2012152).
Southwest Texas University, San
Marcos, Texas. 46 fossil plants
(2009584).
State of New Mexico, Santa Fe, New
Mexico. 50 gastropods (2011397).
State of West Virginia, Charles Town,
West Virginia. 4 beetles from
Mexico (2009885).
Station Biologique de la Tour du
Valat, Arles, France. 4 protozoans
(2008403).
Swedish Museum of Natural History,
Stockholm, Sweden. 2 gastropods
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
(1046343), 8 crustaceans
(2010488), 17 fish specimens
(2010625).
Tennessee Aquarium, Chattanooga,
Tennessee. 5 Crustacea: copepods
(2012606).
Terminix International, Anaheim,
California. 20 moths; larvae and
adults (2008906).
Texas A and M University, College
Station, Galveston, Texas. 9
amphipods from Mexico (1046059),
4 beetles (2007142), 1 shrimp
(2010150), 3 ostracods from the
Bahamas (2010935), 10 crustaceans
(2013036).
The Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 10
gastropods (2011347).
The Australian Museum, Sydney,
Australia. 40 gastropod vouchers
for consumptive analysis
(2009142), 35 gastropods
(2009646), 3 isopods (2010754), I
mollusk: gastropod (2012401), 18
worms (2012490).
The College of William and Mary,
Gloucester Point, Virginia. 9
shrimps (2011472).
The Colorado College, Colorado
Springs, Colorado. 51 sponges from
the Manitou (2011113).
The Morton Arboretum, Lisle,
Illinois. 500 NCI vouchers
(2010099).
The Natural History Museum,
London, United Kingdom. 16
scales from the South Pacific areas
(2008457), 447 white flies
(2009413), 40 crustacea: copepods
(2009617), 8 parasitic wasps from
New Zealand (2009851), 1
mollusk: gastropod (2011640).
The Ohio State University, Columbus,
Ohio. 4 mollusks: gastropods
(1046324).
The University of Arizona, Tucson,
Arizona. 3 fish specimens
(2013095).
The University of Hong Kong, Yeun
Long New Territories, Hong Kong.
I moth (2010320).
The University of Kansas, Natural
History Museum, Lawrence,
Kansas. 1 shrew skull and skeleton
(2012697).
The University of Texas, El Paso,
Texas. 1 mollusk (2009137).
Tianjin Animal and Plant Quarantine
Bureau, Tianjin, China. 98 beetles
(2007583).
Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo,
Japan. 2 mollusks: gastropods
(1046357).
Toyama University, Toyama, Japan. 4
echinoderms (2011116).
Tulane University, New Orleans,
Louisiana. 45 mollusks: gastropods
(1046392, 1046434, 1046437).
United States Forest Station,
Pineville, Louisiana. 125 mites
(2012611).
United States Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, Mississippi. 218
crustacea: copepods (2011525).
United States Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration,
Byron, Texas. 1 coral (2008951).
United States Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Land
Management, Boise, Idaho. 2
lichens from Washington and from
Idaho (2011868)
United States Department of The
Interior, National Park Service,
Death Valley, California. 85
freshwater gastropods (2011792).
Universidad Central de Venezuela,
Caracas, Venezuela. 38 plants
(2004418).
Universidad de Puerto Rico,
Humacao, Puerto Rico. 1 mollusk:
gastropod (1046440).
Universidad Nacional, Bogota,
Colombia. 63 plant specimens
(2008467).
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de
Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. 7
crustacea: shrimps (1046205), I2
holothurians and ophiuroids
(2009190), 2 brittlestars
(2009868).
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de
Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico. 7 mites
(2009083, 2009085).
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de
Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua. 80
crustacea: copepod (2009619).
Universidad Nacional del Mar del
Plata, Mar del Plata, Mexico. 8
hermit crabs (2009409), 2
crustaceans: crabs (2012640).
Universidad Nacional Mayor de
San Marcos, Museo de Historia
Natural, Lima, Peru. 4,206
fish specimens (2012392,
2012601), 1,062 vascular plants
(2012463).
Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo,
Brazil. 34 copepods (2007950),
41 Asteraceae plants (2010013),
12 crustacea: copepods (2010452).
Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Sao Paulo, Brazil. 13 plants
(2003291), 15 spiders (2007364).
Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 145
Asteraceae and Acanthaceae plants
(2010732).
Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil. 10
mollusks (2012624).
Universidade Federal do Parana,
Curitiba, Brazil. 13 crustacea:
copepods (2011285).
Universidade Federal do Piaui,
Teresina, Brazil. 8 Sapindaceae
plants (2011149).
Universidade Federal do Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 8
fish specimens (2010318), 4
mollusks: gastropods (2012414).
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. 128
plant specimens (2004497).
Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 22
crustacea: copepods (2009700).
Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg,
Germany. 5 fish specimens
(2011579, 2011604).
Universitat Zurich-Irchel, Zurich,
Switzerland. 561 shore flies from
India, Tanzania, and Seychelles
(2009210).
Universiteit van Amsterdam,
Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands. 7 mollusks:
gastropod (2010248, 2013063).
Universiteit Bielefeld, Bielefeld,
Germany. II crustacea: copepods
(2009933).
Jniversity of Aarhus, Aarhus,
Denmark. 2 plant specimens from
Ecuador (2012728).
University of Arizona, Tucson,
Arizona. 16 aphids (2008897), 1
parasitic wasp (2011201).
University of Bergen, Bergen,
Norway. 2 caddisflies (2008675),
100 Crustacea: copepods from the
Bahamas (2013843).
Ee
Donors
University of Bristol, Bristol, United
Kingdom. 2 fish specimens
(2011581).
University of California-Berkeley,
Berkeley, California. 40 gastropods
from Marble Canyon (2009073), 44
stomatopods from Lizard Island
(2009098), 20 beetles from Mexico
(2009380).
University of California-Bishop,
Bishop, California. 50 mollusks:
gastropods (2012408).
University of California-Davis, Davis,
California. 200 seed wasps
(2007854), 13 Asteraceae plants
(2005672, 2012804).
University of California-Irvine, Irvine,
California. 9 hydrazoans (2008496).
University of California-Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, California. 10
crustacea: isopods (1046181), 2
beetles from Costa Rica (2009260).
University of California-Riverside,
Riverside, California. 40 fossil
plants (2009603), 5 Gesneriaceae
plants from Mexico and Costa Rica
(2011953).
University of Central Oklahoma,
Edmond, Oklahoma. 7 caddisflies
from the West Indies (2008331), 8
leeches (2010768).
University of Colorado Museum,
Boulder, Colorado. 1 lichen
(2010357).
University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark. 5 mollusks:
gastropods (1046360), 6 polychaete
worms (2010803).
University of Delaware, Lewes,
Delaware. 26 flatworms (2009864).
University of Florida, Florida Museum
of Natural History, Gainesville,
Florida. 3 gastropods (2009189).
University of Florida, Tropical
Research and Education Center,
Homestead, Florida. 473 plant
bugs, lace bugs and other various
specimens from Florida, Costa Rica,
and Trinidad (2008474), 98 plant
bugs from Jamaica and the
Bahamas, lace bugs from Ecuador,
notonectidae from Florida, and
saldidae from the Dominican
Republic (2008847).
University of Georgia, Aiken, South
Carolina. 36 copepods (2010528).
University of Glasgow, Hunterian
Museum, Glasgow, Scotland. 2 casts
119
of theropod caudal vertebrae
(2010783).
University of Guam, Mangilao,
Guam. 5 bamboo plants (2009981),
13 mollusks with egg samples
(2011734), II tunicate worms
(2012115).
University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada. 1 fern (2010608).
niversity of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland. 5 lichens from Finland and
Italy (2009140).
niversity of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
26 plant specimens (2012999).
niversity of Kansas, Lawrence,
Kansas. 1 coral (2010072), 2 sea
anemone (2008401).
niversity of Maine, Orono, Maine.
61 echinoderms: sea stars
(2008346), 123 echinoderms
from Antarctica (2009227), 129
echinoderms from Antarctica
(2009510), 204 sea stars and
sea urchins (2009621), 267
asteroids and echinoids, (2010354),
81 crustaceans (2010596),
258 asteroids, echinoids, sponges,
brachiopods, mollusks and
corals (2010784), 109 echino-
derms, crustaceans and worms
(2011952), 261 echinoderms,
coelenterata, mollusks, and
crustacea (2012225), 102
echinoderms: starfish and crustacea:
decapods (2013180).
niversity of Maryland, College Park,
Maryland. 5 mollusks: gastropods
(1046347).
niversity of Massachusetts, Amherst,
(=
q
q
Sq
S
Se
Massachusetts. 30 mollusks:
gastropods (1046368).
niversity of Miami, Miami, Florida.
I sea cucumber (2009737).
niversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan. 3 mites (2010355), 26
Sapindaceae plants from Ecuador
(2011981).
University of Minnesota, St. Paul,
Minnesota. 47 neo-tropical
caddisflies (2008341).
University of Nebraska, Nebraska
State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska.
4 crustaceans (2009905), 5 beetles
(2012443).
University of New Hampshire,
Durham, New Hampshire. 6
caddisflies (2010962), 7 plant
specimens (2011381), 21 Poaceae
=
e
120
plants from Bolivia (2012023),
39 Asteraceae plants from Bolivia
(2012032), 7 Phanerogam plants
from Bolivia (2012456).
University of North Dakota, Grand
Forks, North Dakota. 1 terrestrial
gastropod (2009572).
University of Oklahoma, Norman,
Oklahoma. 25 water beetles from
Panama (2012823).
University of Oklahoma, Stillwater,
Oklahoma. 40 gastropods
(2011343).
University of Puerto Rico, Lajas,
Puerto Rico. 328 copepods from
Puerto Rico and Gulf of Mexico
(1042787), 131 crustacea: copepods
(2011214).
niversity of Puget Sound, Slater
Museum, Tacoma, Washington. 2
dragonflies (2008438).
niversity of Rhode Island, Kingston,
Rhode Island. 71 polychaete worms
(2009488).
niversity of Rhode Island,
Narragansett, Rhode Island. 106
copepods from Alvin volcano
(1043522).
University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain. 4
crabs (2008563).
University of South Carolina, Aiken,
South Carolina. 1 copepod from
Transylvania (2007971), 122
crustacea: copepods (2009562).
University of South Florida, Tampa
Florida. 1 Acanthaceae plant
(2012461).
University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, California. 3 sponges
(2010073).
University of Southwestern Louisiana,
Se
e
ec
Lafayette, Louisiana. I stomatopod
from Gulf of Mexico (2009400), I
moth (2011359).
niversity of Stellenbosch,
Stellenbosch, South Africa. 2 moths
(2006035).
University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee. 6 caddisflies (2009371).
University of Texas, El Paso, Texas. 41
gastropods (2010367, 2010573).
University of Victoria, Victoria,
Canada. 286 crustacea: copepods
(2012753).
University of Washington, Friday
G
Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor,
Washington. I gastropod
(1046341).
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington. 195 crustacean:
copepods (2012753), 3 scallops
from Vietnam (2009197).
University of the West Indies,
Jamaica, West Indies. 91 aquatic
beetles (2010866).
University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin. 81 plant specimens
from Ecuador (2010311), 2
limestone conodont animal
specimens (2011644).
University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa. 25
mites from South Africa (2007428).
Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
Gloucester Point, Virginia. 3
crustaceans (2012647), 3 mollusks:
gastropods (2009958).
Westark Community College, Fort
Smith, Arkansas. 12 fish specimens
(2012080).
Western Australian Museum, Perth,
Western Australia. 16 fish
specimens (2009740, 2013097).
Western Washington University,
Bellingham, Washington. 6 tertiary
bryozoans (2012065).
Woods Hole Marine Biological
Laboratory, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts. 12 mollusks:
gastropods (1046393).
Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts. 87 mollusks
(2012431), 5 mollusks (2010085),
8 crustacea: copepods (2008598).
Yokohama National University,
Yokohama, Japan. 50 mollusks:
gastropods (1046363).
Zoological Institute, Russian Academy
of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. 3
beetles (2008980).
Zoologisches Institut und Museum
der Universitat Hamburg,
Hamburg, Germany. 3 gastropods:
(2008068).
Institutional Exchanges
Burke Museum, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington.
3, shearwater skeletons (2009615).
Carnegie Museum of Natural History,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 2 beetles
from Mexico (2011310).
Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de
la Ville de Geneve, Geneve,
Switzerland. 4 plant specimens
from Madagascar and the Canary
Islands (2013004).
Departamento de Recursos Naturales,
Puerto de Tierra, Puerto Rico. 55
vascular plants from Puerto Rico
(2011386).
Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum
Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany.
2 casts of Hipparion skulls
(2010835).
Institut fur Systematische Botanik der
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat,
Munchen, Germany. 13 plant
specimens (2013099).
Instituto de Botanica Darwinion, San
Isidro Buenos Aires, Argentina. 19
vascular plant specimens
(2009692).
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 24
plants from Puerto Rico and
Central America (2009048).
Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis,
Missouri. 11 vascular plant
specimens from Bolivia (2012316),
IOO mosses (2012633), 118
vascular plant specimens from
Suriname (2013006), 21 plant
specimens from Ecuador
(2013104).
Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. 3 meteorite chips (2012097).
National Institute of Agro-
Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba,
Japan. 1 flower fly (2008584).
National Science Museum, Tsukuba,
Japan. 25 lichens (2011846).
Naturhistorisches Museum Basel,
Basel, Switzerland. 145 insects from
Europe (2008666).
Oklahoma Museum of Natural
History, Norman, Oklahoma. 12
casts of Cretaceous mammals
(2009998).
Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew), Surrey,
England. 128 vascular plant
specimens from Brazil, Bolivia, and
Indonesia (2012937).
Servicio Agricola y Ganadero,
Santiago, Chile. 1 mite (2012352).
State University of Utrecht, Utrecht,
The Netherlands. 293 vascular
plants from Guyana, South America
(2008463).
Swedish Museum of Natural History,
Stockholm, Sweden. 60 vascular
plant specimens from Europe, Asia,
and Costa Rica (2009901).
Texas Christian University, Fort
Worth, Texas. 13 meteorites
(2012144).
The Australian Museum, Sydney,
Australia. 24 corals (1046245).
The Natural History Museum,
London, England. 1 meteorite
(2011175).
University of Uppsala, Uppsala,
Sweden. 50 lichens: fungi
(2008602), 19 lichens from
Australia, New Zealand, and
Switzerland (2012302).
Western Washington University,
Sedro Wooley, California. 6 hermit
crabs (2009076).
Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg,
Russia. 2 flies (2008134).
Zoological Museum, Copenhagen,
Denmark. 3 bird skeletons
(2008038).
Institutional Transfers
Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada. 14 Lower
Devonian rugose corals from
Western North America (2010270).
Penn State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania. 79 ice worms
(1046271).
Unidad Chetumal, Departamento de
Ecologia y Sistematica Acuaticas,
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur,
Quintana Roo, Mexico. 6 type
specimens of hard corals from
Clipperton Island (2010794).
University of California, Santa
Barbara, California. 1,058 neuston
samples (2012286).
Intramural Transfers
National Marine Fisheries Service,
Washington, D.C. 70 marine
mollusks and crustaceans
(2007951).
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, National Marine
Fisheries Service, Systematics
Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 33
fish specimens from Bermuda
(2008914), 21 fish specimens
(2009911, 2009912), 100 specimens
of juvenile fish (2010394), 100
miscellaneous marine fishes from the
North Atlantic (2011692), 35
specimens of miscellaneous marine
fishes from Belize (2012859).
Donors
National Science Foundation, Office
of Polar Programs, Arlington,
Virginia. 1,058 unsorted
invertebrate neuston samples
(2012286).
National Zoological Park,
Washington, D.C. 29 bird skins
and skeletons as part of the annual
transfer of specimens from the
Zoo (2008079), 30 mammal study
skins and skeletons (2009557).
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Department of Entomology. 3
Pleistocene millipeds from the
Skyline Caverns, Front Royal,
Virginia (2010281).
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Department of Invertebrate Zoology.
9 fossil bivalves (2010798).
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Department of Vertebrate Zoology;
Division of Fishes. 6 parasitic
crustacea: Isopoda (2013286).
Smithsonian Marine Station at Link
Port, Fort Pierce, Florida. 2
polychaete worms (2012051).
Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting
Center, Museum Support Center,
Suitland, Maryland. 211 mollusks:
gastropods: Dell Antarctic Types
(1046319).
Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting
Center, Navy Yard, Washington,
D.C. 1 mollusk: gastropod
(1046389).
Smithsonian Tropical Research
Institute, Balboa, Panama. 5
specimens of Halichoeres
salmodorsalis, MS Holotype and
Paratypes (2011545).
United States Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Miami, Florida. 1
crustacea: isopoda (1046182).
United States Department of the
Interior, Minerals Management
Service, Washington, D.C. 79
polychaete and unsorted nemertean
worms (1046271).
United States Department of the
Interior, United States Fish and
Wildlife Service, Blackwater
Natural Wildlife Refuge,
Cambridge, Massachusetts. 25
Delmarva fox squirrels (2006505).
121
United States Department of the
Interior, United States Geological
Survey, Biological Resources
Division, Gainesville, Florida. 184
fish specimens from the Gulf of
Mexico (2012565).
United States Department of the
Interior, United States Geological
Survey, United States Biological
Resources Division, Washington,
D.C. 196 specimens (2008080).
United States Department of the
Interior, United States Geological
Survey, Branch of Paleonotology
and Stratigraphy, Reston, Virginia.
2 mollusks: bivalves (1046365).
United States Department of the
Interior, United States Geological
Survey, Denver Federal Center,
Denver, Colorado. 62 ammonites
from the Upper Cretaceous: Albian
in northeastern Texas (2010059),
18 cephalopod types from the late
Maastrichtian Elk Butte in South
Dakota, and Nebraska (2010933).
United States Department of The
Interior, United States Geological
Survey, Menlo Park, California. 4
mollusks: bivalves (1046354).
United States Environmental
Protection Agency, National
Exposure Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati, Ohio. 43,573
freshwater fish specimens from the
eastern United States (2008267,
2009248).
United States Fish and Wildlife
Service, Law Enforcement,
Baltimore, Maryland. 6 type
specimens of hard corals from
Clipperton Island (2010794).
Collected for Museum
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Biodiversity Programs Office. 219
bats from Guyana (2010769), 385
mammals from Peru (2012445).
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Department of Entomology. 2,286
aquatic insects (2008703), 149
aquatic insects from Maine
(2008842), 1,640 beetles and other
insects from Asia and Hawaii
(2008880), 3,370 Burma
Heteroptera, Odonata, Neuroptera
122
and Coleoptera (2009522), 2
beetles: neo-tropical weevils
(2009729), 1,000 aquatic
Heteroptera from the Dominican
Republic (2011132), 1,200 aquatic
insects from the Dominican
Republic (2011970), 750 true bugs
and damselflies from Indonesia
(2012131), 93 beetles and spiders
from North America (2013215),
12,848 ground beetles from
Panama, (2013226), 126 beetles
(2013276).
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Department of Invertebrate
Zoology. 75 mollusks: gastropods
(1046313, 1046315, 1046346,
1046376, 1046384, 1046386,
2011583), 2,000 marine mollusks:
gastropods + bivalves from
Charleston South Carolina.
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Department of Paleobiology. 47 ash
bed and rock samples (2009992).
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Department of Vertebrate Zoology;
Division of Amphibians and
Reptiles. 4 fluid shrews (or 4
shrews in fluid?)(1046292).
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Department of Vertebrate Zoology;
Division of Birds. 2 bats
(1046290).
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Department of Vertebrate Zoology,
Division of Fishes. 4,500 fish from
the Solomon Islands (2009263),
150 fish specimens (2011605), and
370 fish specimens from Myanmar
(2011989).
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Department of Vertebrate Zoology;
Division of Mammals. 2 bats from
Panama (2011111), 2 Chinese rock
squirrels (2013425).
Collected for Museum/Gift
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History, Office
of Exhibits, Washington, D.C. 186
religious artifacts (1046036).
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Smithsonian Institution, Tropical
Research Institute, Panama. 1,550
miscellaneous fishes from Panama
(2010965).
Collected for Museum/Purchase
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History,
Department of Anthropology,
Washington, D.C. 12 wooden toys
and metal domestic wares from
South Africa (1046021), II toy
trucks and wooden textile stamps
from South Africa (1046022), and 6
political ephemera from South
Africa (1046032).
Personal Gifts
Mr. and Mrs. Ernst Albert. 15 mollusks
(1046366).
Diana Altman. 9 specimens of Abuja
pottery (2010265).
Claudia P. Arango. 16 sea spiders from
South America (2011920).
Dr. Paul H. Arnaud Jr. 4 long-legged
flies (2008253).
Pat and Virginia Arter. 2 gastropods
(2008933).
Dr. Prescott Atkinson. 11 footprint
slabs from Pennsylvania (2011625).
Dave Baker. 6 corrugata bivalves from
the Phillippines (2009485).
Dr. R. S. Beal, Jr. 39 skin beetles
(2008837).
John W. Beardsley. 35 insect scales
(2012169).
Dr. Vitor Becker. 6 neo-tropical moths
(2010121), 94 ambush and plant
bugs (2010744), 8 caddisflies from
Arizona, Mexico, and Brazil
(2012393).
James and Karen Beckett. 1 fossil
plant from the Lower Cretaceous,
Patapsco Formation of Prince
William County, Virginia
(2010081).
Carla Benejam. 16 echinoderms
(2012783).
Mark Bennett. 1 Eocene fossil fish
dentary from the Fisher-Lane Site
near Fredericksburg, VA
(2010506), 1 fragment of an Eocene
sea cow rib from South Carolina
(2010515).
Joseph Bernstein. 2 fossil seal pelvis
and bird tarsometatarsus
(2011835).
Dr. Norris Bloomfield. 1,250 moths
(2008167), 854 neartic moths
(2009286), 427 moths (2010118),
99 moths, cutworms, and inch-
worms (2011772).
Jim Bourdon. 2 fossil manta ray teeth
(2011247).
Kerry F. Button. 1 shark-bitten fossil
marlin vertebra from North
Carolina (2009169), 1 fossil
mackerel shark tooth (2009235).
Dr. James T. Carlton. 147 nematoda
worms (2012864).
Ralph Chapman. 2 primitive mid
Cambrian crustaceans (2009536).
Terry Cirrincione. 1 archaeocete
vertebra (2009232).
Dr. Roger Clark. 9 mollusks: gastro-
pods (2009516).
Don Clements. 2 Eocene crabs
(2009567).
Vania R. Coelho. 4 crustacea:
decapods from Brazil (2012593).
Jim Colby. 6 fossil vertebrates
(2010227).
Dan and Cynthia Damrow. 1 fossil
slab (2008992).
Donald Dan. 33 mollusk bivalves
(2009449).
Ed Davidson. 1,677 fossil specimens:
decapods including eleven casts
from the United States, Guam, and
Europe (2009820).
Dr. D. L. Deonier. 64 shore flies from
Florida (2009633).
Phil and Eliza Dietz. 1 gastropod
(2008933).
Dr. H. Lois DiSalvo. 45 mollusks:
gastropods (1046432).
Carla Dove. 1 complete skull of a
fossil sea robin (2009277).
Francis Duckett. 2 mollusks:
gastropods (1046362).
Stan P. Dunagan. 2 North American
freshwater sponges (2012568).
Dr. Sidney E. Dunkle. 17 dragonflies
and damselflies from Cameroon and
California (2012054).
Dr. Helen DuShane. 1 mollusk
(1046326).
Eric Eaton. 35 parasitic wasps
(2010562).
Dr. Ken Emberton. 67 mollusks
from Madagascar (2008941), 39
land snails from Madagascar
(2011423).
Dr. E. Howard Evans. 413 wasps from
Japan (2008613).
Hans-Georg Evers. 28 fish specimens
(2009464).
Bill Fenzen. 1 gastropod (2008934).
Dr. Antonio J. Ferreira. 4 gastropods
(1046334, 1046335).
Dr. Oliver S. Flint Jr. 469 caddisflies
from Pennsylvania (2008702).
Michael Folmer. 30 fossil fish from
Fredericksburg (2010503).
Dr. Rosser W. Garrison. 30
dragonflies and damselflies from
Thailand (2008436).
Dr. Patricia Gentili. 808 caddisflies
from Argentina (2012437).
Lloyd Gerhart. 3 Pavonia eggs
(2009530).
Raye N. Germon. 1 contrarium and
fuana from inside a sea shell
(20126096).
Richard Goldberg. 14 landsnails
(2008932), I gastropod
(2008933).
Jack Golding. 1 Begonia plant
(2010778).
Shireen Gonzaga. 1 gastropod
(2008933).
Yoshihiro Goto. 4 specimens of
mollusk: gastropod tissue
(2011430).
Steve Gotte. 100 fossil vertebrates
from the Paleogene sediments of
South Carolina (2010495).
Tom and Linda Grace. 1 gastropod
(2008933).
Lloyd and Frieda Gunther. 1
arthropod from Utah (2008792).
Jeff Hamann. 3 landsnails (1046331).
Dr. Rex A. Hanger. 4 lower Permian
gastropods (2009500).
Dr. Gerry M. Harasewych. 18
mollusks: gastropods and bivalves
(1046457).
Andrew A. Hay. 2 arthropods from
Illinois (2011045).
Dr. Bruce W. Hayward. 16 shallow
water benthic foraminifera from
New Zealand (2008660).
Dr. Robert F. Hebeler Jr. 1 full
mounted Alaskan Grey Wolf
(1046291).
Sue Hobbs. 1 gastropod (2008933).
Dr. Bert Hoeksema. 9 corals and
hydrozoans (2013128).
Dr. David A. Hubbard, Jr. 12
mollusks: gastropods (2010837,
2012945).
Gary W. Hunt. 25 cyclopoid copepods
from Oklahoma (2008361).
Donors
Frank and Becky Hyne. 11 fossil
vertebrates (2010048).
Dr. Teruo Ishida. 43 Crustacea:
copepods (2010652, 2011649).
Ron Ison. 1 anterior end of an Eocene
crocodile snout (2010494).
Gloria Jacobs. 1 fossil crocodile from
Maryland (2009608).
Julie F. Jacobs. 1 fossil vertebra from
the Cretaceous sediments in
Maryland (2010075).
Kylie Jennings. 1 piece of turbellarian
tissue (2009540).
Nicholla Johnson. 1 leech (2011859).
Dr. Adrienne Kaeppler. 1 five string
lute (2011610).
Sally Kaicher. 1 mollusk: gastropod
(1046379).
Robert Merrill King. 24 Asteraceae
plants from Colorado (2012592).
Dr. John M. Kingsolver. 2 beetles
from Mexico (2007786).
Steve Kinyon. 437 butterflies from
Africa (2010656).
Mike Kowalski. 3 diving beetles;
adults and larva (2010851).
Dr. Victor Kuznetsov. 402 insects
from Russia (2004753).
Rosario LaCorte. 18 fish specimens
(2012287).
Dr. Jerry J. Landye. 1,841 land and
freshwater mollusks (2009221),
10,509 freshwater mollusks
(2010249, 2010335), 3,350
freshwater gastropods and bivalves
(2011191).
Robert R. Larsen. 30 dragonflies from
New Mexico (2010884).
Ron Leuschner. 120 moths (2010903).
Dr. Jerry Lewis. 88 copepods from
Indiana and Illinois (2008364),
55 copepods from Indiana
(2008896), 27 gastropods
(2010845), 11 Crustacea: copepods
(2012781).
Dawn Liberi. 4 commemorative
textiles (1046006).
Thomas R. Lipka. 12 fossil reptiles
(2010213).
Dr. John T. Longino. roo termites
(2007726).
Larry Madrigal. 7 polyclad flatworms
from American Samoa (2009823).
Elsie Marshall. 29 gastropods
(1046322).
Dr. Linda B. McCollum. 2,876 fossil
types from the early middle
Cambrian Period (2009334).
123
Marion McDowell. 3 mollusks:
gastropods (1046391).
Dr. Patsy McLaughlin. 3 crabs
(2011789).
Marilee McNeilus. 9 mollusks:
gastropods (1046364).
Dr. David L. Meyer. 26 Mississippian
fossil types from Kentucky and
Tennessee (2011196).
Dr. Roger Naviaux. 1 tiger beetle
from Bolivia (2009335).
Dr. Gil Nelson. 2 fern and bryophyte
plants from Florida (2011156).
Ronald Ochoa. 2 mites from Costa
Rica (2009021).
Dr. J. Edward Olsen. 48 iron
meteorite specimens (2012064).
Aydin Orstan. 1 gastropod (2008933).
Arturo Granda Paucar. 1 Asteraceae
plant (2011125).
William F. Perrin. 2,833 assorted
world-wide mollusks (1044895).
Dr. Richard Petit. 2 gastropods
(2008572).
Don Pisor. 4 mollusks from Bohol
(1046323).
Philip L. Poland. 60 gastropods
(2008655).
Perry Poon. 6 mollusks: gastropods
(1046397).
Paul and Binnie Postelnek. 6
butterflies from French Guiana
(2010363).
Aysha Prather. 2 caddisflies
(2008938).
Dr. B. Edward Reed. 134 crustaceans:
copepods from Canada and
Colorado (2008505).
Dr. J. Rigby. 156 sponge types
(2011437, 2012130).
Emilio Rolan. 11 mollusk paratypes
(2010115), 18 gastropods
(2013035).
Sally Ross. 1 fox squirrel (2011699).
Dr. David E. Ruiter. 8 caddisflies
from New Mexico (2012403).
Dr. Donald W. Sada. 100 gastropods
(2011358).
Mark Sargent. 7 eggs and embryos of
a white-capped parrot (2009533).
Dr. Carl Schaefer. 1 insect from
Argentina (2002100).
Donald Schnell. 2 plant specimens
(2010205).
Philip Schmitz. 1 fossil portion of an
Eocene crocodile femur (2010499).
Susanne Schulmeister. 55 sawflies
from Europe (2011190).
124
Dr. Donald R. Shasky. 3 mollusks:
gastropods (1046433, 1046435).
Dr. William Shepard. 18 water beetles
from California (2012773).
Dr. Ronald L. Shimek. 6 mollusks:
gastropods (1046397).
Roderick Simmons. 27 vascular plants
from Maryland and Virginia
(2012718).
Dr. B. S. Singer. 1 mollusk (2009088).
Dr. Judith E. Smith. 2 protozoan
specimens on glass slides (2011839).
Dr. Martin Avery Snyder. 1 gastropod
(1046328).
Henry and Vangie Spafford. 1 gastro-
pod (2008933).
Dr. Eduardo Spivak. 12 crabs
(2012898).
Dr. John D. Spooner. 21 copepods
from South Carolina (2010546).
Brian Stafford. 2 juvenile gray
squirrels (2008902).
Dr. Karl Stephan. 3 ant-like stone
beetles (2008631, 2010339).
Brent Steury. 94 vascular plant
specimens from Maryland
(2009895, 2011350).
Katharine Stewart. 5 mollusks:
gastropods (1046359).
Dr. James E. Sublette. 400 insects
(2008391).
Dr. Bo Sullivan. 230 moths (2012043).
Darrel Sullivan. 1 fossil portion of a
Smilodon humerus (2009472).
Dr. James B. Sullivan, III. 428 insects
(2009044, 2010946).
Bill Sykes. 1 Cyperus plant (2009038).
Dr. John F. Taylor. 5 Uppermost
Cambrian fossils from Vermont
(2008690).
Dr. E. Siegfield Thewke. 5 mites from
Mexico, Indonesia, and the United
States (2011875).
Katerina V. Thompson. 2 juvenile
gray squirrels (2008902).
Dr. Christopher Tudge. 3 crabs
(2010550).
Charles and Natalie Turner. 1 fossil
portion of a sea cow humerus from
North Carolina (2009467).
Jan and Jim Van Hoesen. 5 mammal
carcasses (2012050).
Dr. Lars Vilhelmsen. 39 sawflies from
Denmark (2009789, 2010833).
Roger N. Walker. 2 mollusks:
gastropods (1043254).
Dr. James Wappes. 5 beetles from
Mexico (2010004).
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Stephen T. Welty. 5 gastropods
(1046325).
John S. Wemple. 1 partial jaw,
braincase, dermal plates, and
vertebra of a Miocene crocodile
(2009774).
Karsten Wesche. 38 plant specimens
from Kenya (2009811).
Gaye Williams. 1 skull roéf (2008567).
Dr. Harry Yeatman. 28 copepods from
Tennessee (2009713).
Gift/Purchase
Dr. Joseph E. Eger. 1,012 insects from
Brazil (2008144).
Jeremy Jacobs. 27 fossil vertebrates
from Michigan (2008975).
Dr. Lois B. O’Brien. 109 insects
(2009394).
Purchase
Dr. Igor Lopatin. 30,800 beetles
(2007312).
Jerome Vogel. 1 ceramic palm wine
container from Africa (1046033).
Bequest
D.G. Frey. 3,0065 Crustacea: branchio-
pods (1045056).
Bequest/Gift
Muriel Sterne. 53 shell necklaces and
head ornaments from Micronesia
(1045747).
Collected for Museum
Barrett Brooks. 146 algae specimens
collected in Florida (2010289).
Dr. Maria Faust. tor microalgae from
Belize (1034388), 41 microalgae
from Fort Pierce, Florida (2013038).
Dr. David B. Lellinger. 13 ferns from
Antilles, The Netherlands
(2012335).
Dr. Paul M. Peterson. 19 Rosaceae
and Poaceae plants from Bolivia
(2009051), 325 Poaceae plants
from Australia (2012293), 283
Poaceae plants from Peru
(2012661).
Gene Rosenberg. 143 green marine
algae (2010288).
Dr. Rob J. Soreng. 1 grass specimen
(2010714).
Mark Strong. 29 vascular plants from
Maryland and Washington, D.C.
(2009404), 120 vascular plants
from Florida (2012636).
Dr. Dieter C. Wasshausen. 20
Acanthaceae plants from Madagascar
(2009785), 11 Acanthaceae plants
from Florida (2012196).
Dr. Jeffrey Williams. 3 Crustacea:
isopods and shrimps (1046192).
Personal Exchange
Dr. David Carmean. 3 sawflies
(2002814).
Martin Horejsi. 1 meteorite (2012166).
Edwin Thompson. 1 meteorite
(2012511).
Purchase
Dr. Igor Lopatin. 30,800 beetles
(2007312).
National Portrait Gallery
Donors of Financial Support
$1,000,000 or more
Mr. Paul Peck
$100,000 or more
Eastman Kodak Charitable Trust
The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz
Foundation
$50,000 or more
Thomasville Furniture Industries, Inc.
$10,000 or more
Morgan Stanley and Co., Inc.
Forbes, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Herman Greenberg
Home Box Office
The J. Paul Getty Trust
The J.M. Kaplan Fund
Merrill Lynch
National Association of Securities
Dealers, Inc.
Venable, Baetjer and Howard
Foundation
$5,000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Alan Fern
Ms. Rosemary Frankeberger
$1,000 or more
Mrs. Martin Atlas
The Barrra Foundation
Dr. and Mrs. Daniel J. Boorstin
Caplin Foundation
Charles Nagel Trust
The Community Foundation for the
National Capital Region (Esthy and
James Adler Philanthropic Fund)
The Community Foundation for the
National Capital Region (Mr. and
Mrs. Sheldon Cohen)
Community Foundation of Greater
Chattanooga c/o Mrs. Ruth S.
Holmberg
The Federalist Society for Law and
Public Policy Studies
John M. Nelson Fund c/o Fidelity
Investment Charitable Gift Fund
Mr. B. Franklin Kahn
Mr. and Mrs. Marc E. Leland c/o Marc
E. Leland Foundation
The Leslie Goldberg Charity Fund c/o
Fidelity Investments Charitable
Gift Fund
Mr. John D. Macomber
Mr. Robert L. McNeil, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Walter F Mondale
Mr. and Mrs. Mark Russell
Mrs. John Farr Simmons
Mr. and Mrs. Dan Singer
The Sulzberger Foundation, Inc. c/o
Mr. Arthur D. Sulzberger and Ms.
Allison S. Cowles
The Washington Post c/o Ms. Rima
Calderon
$500 or more
Mr. Travis Devall
The Danforth Foundation Incorporated
c/o Mr. Bruce J. Anderson
The Freedom Forum
The Honorable and Mrs. Winston Lord
Mr. And Mrs. Laughlin Phillips
Donors to the Collection—
Department of Painting
and Sculpture
Bequest of Charles Francis Adams.
Thomas Jefferson, 1786, oil on canvas,
by Mather Brown (NPG.99.66)
Anonymous. Robert Hughes, 1981, oil
on panel, by Sylvia Shap
(T/NPG.98.76.)
Donors
June Barnes. 1944 Shubert Theatre
Program for “Othello,” autographed
by Paul Robeson (AD/NPG.99.2)
Verna Posever Curtis. Scott Nearing,
cast in 1963, after a 1961 original,
by Zena Posever (NPG.99.82)
Joan Kent Dillon. Washington Irving,
1860, oil on canvas, by Charles
Loring Elliott (NPG.99.69)
Marjorie Edel. Henry James, 1900, oil
on canvas, by Ellen Emmett Rand
(NPG.98.74); and Henry James,
1900, oil on canvas, by Ellen
Emmett Rand (NPG.98.75)
Mary Ellen Gilder. Richard Watson
Gilder, 1902-03, oil on canvas, by
Cecilia Beaux (NPG.98.77)
Charlotte Hughes. Gold-colored metal
letter opener, from Victor J. Evans
and Co., the Victor Building,
Washington, D. C. (NPG.POB. 129)
Dorothy Stickney Lindsay. Dorothy
Stickney, circa 1940, oil on canvas,
by John Falter (T/NPG.99.72.08)
Northeast Foundation for Children and
Dr. Seymour S. Cohen, Michael
Cohen, and Sara Cohen. Catherine
Filene Shouse, 1974, bronze, by Elaine
Pear Cohen (T/NPG.98.72.04)
Major General George S. Patton,
U.S.A., Retired and the Patton
Family. George S. Patton, Jr., 1945,
oil on canvas, by Boleslaw
Czedekowski (NPG.99.5)
Paul Peralta~-Ramos. Marquis de
Lafayette, circa 1820, oil on canvas,
attached to wood panel, attributed to
Pierre-Paul Prud’hon (NPG.99.70)
Bequest of Stanley P. Sax. David
Rittenhouse, circa 1796, oil on
canvas, by Charles Willson Peale
(NPG.98.73)
Bettina Steinke. Arturo Toscanini,
1937, oil on canvas, by Bettina
Steinke (NPG.99.73)
Mary Louise and Benjamin Wright.
Benjamin Tappan, circa 1839,
watercolor on ivory, by Washington
Blanchard (NPG.98.78)
Donors to the Collection—
Department of Prints and
Drawings
Judy Morris, Elia Kazan, circa 1935,
charcoal drawing by Willard Downes
Aaron Shikler, Mike Mansfield, 1977,
oil on paper by Aaron Shikler
125
Les Schreyer, 29 posters, circa
1890s—1980s
Mrs. Leon Edel, Leon Edel, c. 1931,
two charcoal drawings by Louis
Muhlstock
Carol Jopling, Rufus King, circa 1810,
hollow cut silhouette, attrib. to
William Bache
Bettina Steinke, Pzerre Monteux, circa
1938, charcoal by Bettina Steinke
Bettina Steinke, Chester Nimitz, circa
1940-45, pastel by Bettina Steinke
Rosina and Lisa Rubin, Mark Rothko,
circa 1935, pastel by Anna Walinska
Denise Bouché Fitch, Robert
Motherwell, 1955, charcoal by Réné
Bouché
Milton Rose, Henry Clay, 1843, hand-
colored lithograph by J. Peters;
Ulysses S. Grant, 1865,
chromolithograph by Bingham and
Dodd; William T. Sherman,
lithograph by Kurz and Allison;
Grover Cleveland, 1884, lithograph
by the Graphics Company of N.Y.;
Thomas A. Hendricks, 1884,
lithograph published by the
Graphics Company of N.Y.
Anthony Adams, Franklin P. Adams,
circa 1935, illustrated playing card
by William Auerbach-Levy
Donors to the Collection—
Photographs
Anonymous donor, Gracie Allen and
George Burns, c. 1930, gelatin silver
print by Unidentified
(S/NPG.99.81). Jack Dempsey, c.
1920, gelatin silver print by
Unidentified (S/NPG.99.80). Ida
Lupino, 1949, gelatin silver print by
Unidentified (S/NPG.99.79).
Jane Halsman Bello, Hans Albrecht
Bethe, 1962, color transparency by
Philippe Halsman (T/NPG.98.96).
Norman Corwin, 1945, gelatin silver
print by Philippe Halsman
(T/NPG.98.97). Maurice Ewing,
1962, gelatin silver print by
Philippe Halsman (T/NPG.98.98).
Dave Garroway, 1962, gelatin silver
print by Philippe Halsman
(NPG.98.99). Henry Robinson Luce,
1948, gelatin silver print by
Philippe Halsman (NPG.98. 100).
Beaumont Newhall, c. 1943-48,
gelatin silver print by Philippe
126
Halsman (T/NPG.98. 101.03).
Reinhold Niebuhr, 1960, gelatin
silver print by Philippe Halsman
(NPG.98.102). Norman Norell,
1944, gelatin silver print by
Philippe Halsman (NPG.98.106).
Richard Rodgers and Oscar
Hammerstein II, 1954, gelatin silver
print by Philippe Halsman
(NPG.98.103). Rudolf Serkin, 1944,
gelatin silver print by Philippe
Halsman (T/NPG.98.104). Harlow
Shapley, 1946, gelatin silver print by
Philippe Halsman (NPG.98.105).
Steve Bello, Freeman Dyson, c. 1954,
gelatin silver print by Francis Bello
(T/NPG.98.110). Richard Feynman,
1954, gelatin silver print by Francis
Bello (NPG.98.107). Murray Gell-
Man, 1956, gelatin silver print by
Francis Bello (T/NPG.98. 108).
Joshua Lederberg, 1954, gelatin
silver print by Francis Bello
(T/NPG.98.116). Tsung Dao Lee,
1954, gelatin silver print by Francis
Bello (T/NPG.98.112). A//an
Sandage, 1954, gelatin silver print
by Francis Bello (S/NPG.98.117).
Julian Schwinger, 1956, gelatin
silver print by Francis Bello
(T/NPG.98.111). James D. Watson,
1954, gelatin silver print by Francis
Bello (T/NPG.98.115). Norbert
Wiener, 1953, gelatin silver print by
Francis Bello (NPG.98.109). Chen
Ning Yang, 1954, gelatin silver
print by Francis Bello
(T/NPG.98.113). Jerrold Zacharias,
c. 1956, gelatin silver print by
Francis Bello (T/NPG.98.114).
Marjorie Edel, Leon Edel, c. 1955,
gelatin silver print by Alvin
Langdon Coburn (S/NPG.99.78).
Robert D. Hale, Beatrice Wood, 1996,
gelatin silver print by Robert D.
Hale (S/NPG.99.84).
Irene Halsman, Margaret Bourke-
White, 1943, gelatin silver print by
Philippe Halsman (NPG.98.93).
Varian Fry, 1944, gelatin silver
print by Philippe Halsman
(S/NPG.98.95). Philippe Halsman,
1976, gelatin silver print by Irene
Halsman (S/NPG.98.95).
Family of Elia Kazan, Elia Kazan,
1969, gelatin silver print by Bruce
McBroom (NPG.98.176). Elia
Kazan, c. 1950, gelatin silver print
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
by Sam Shaw (NPG.98.174). Elia
Kazan, 1950, gelatin silver print by
Unidentified (S/NPG.98.175).
Clifford and Michele Krainik, Edward
Albert, Prince of Wales, 1860,
albumen silver print by Mathew
Brady (S/NPG.99.83).
Arthur Leipzig, Shari Lewis, 1957,
gelatin silver print by Arthur
Leipzig (S/NPG.99.76).
Maria von Matthiessen, George Herbert
Walker Bush, 1986, gelatin silver
print by Maria von Matthiessen
(S/NPG.99.99).
Willis W. Sanders, Ernest Hemingway,
1952, chromogenic print by Willis
W. Sanders (S/NPG.99.77).
Mary Louise and Benjamin Wright,
Benjamin Tappan and Mary Tappan
Wright, c. 1855, ambrotype by
Unidentified (S/NPG.98.173).
National Postal Museum
Donors of Financial Support
$1,000,000 or more
United States Postal Service
$50,000 or more
Guido Craveri
National Grange Foundation
$10,000 or more
American Express Financial
Corporation
American Postal Workers Union
Atlantic Envelope Division Office
Avery Dennison Foundation
Daimler Benz
Kemper Lesnik Committee
James E. Pehta
Precision Meetings and Events
Rexam Paper Products
$500 or more
Linn’s Stamp News
Reader's Digest Association
United States Postal Service
Donors of In-Kind Support
KCF-SHG. Performed Architectural
Tours and Provided Brochure
Outside Interest, Inc. Free
Advertisement in “Best Bets Gray
Line Tours.”
Tension Envelope Corporation.
Cartons and Shipping for
“Classroom in a Can” project.
Donors to the Collection
Ashland (Town of), New York
(through Howard Drum). 1998
re-issue of 1898 U.S. stamp
“Western Cattle in Storm” on cover,
canceled (NPM 1998.2016).
Charles Beauparlant. Three-dozen-
capacity egg mailing crate (NPM
1999.2014).
James H. Bruns. Reproduction one-
dozen-capacity egg mailing crate,
1997-98 Migratory Bird Hunting
and Conservation stamp (Scott No.
RW 64), U.S. letter carrier hat with
cap badge, U.S. stamped envelope
(Scott No. U436f) with 1940
USPOD philatelic exhibition
cachet, 4—1941 U.S. Highway
Post Office first trip covers, 1899
medal commemorating Chicago
Post Office cornerstone laying, U.S.
letter carrier summer hat, 22 U.S.
Post Office Department uniform
buttons (NPM 1999.2003).
Judd Caplovich (vendor) and New
Acquisitions Fund. U.S. rate and
postmarking device, circa 1834,
from East Greenwich, Rhode Island
(NPM 1999.2020).
John A. Corwin III (vendor) and
Director's Discretionary Fund.
Pocket watch and watch fob
recovered from U.S. sea clerk John
Starr March’s body, R.M.S. Titanic
(NPM 1998.2021).
H. R. Harmer, Inc. (vendor) and
Curatorial Acquisitions Fund. 1894
two-cent postal forgery (profile of
George Washington) on 1895-
postmarked cover (NPM
1998.2015).
Myron and Judith Kaller. Full set of
nine 1898 Trans-Mississippi
Exposition stamps (Scott No. 285-
293) on U.S. stamped envelope
(Scott No. U360), canceled 1899
(NPM 1998.2020).
Matthew Bennett, Inc. (vendor),
American Postal Workers Union
(donor) and S.I. Collection
Acquisition Fund (donor).
Washington and Alaska facing
slip and April 1, 1912 letter of
assignment recovered from U.S.
sea clerk Oscar S. Woody’s body,
R.M.S. Titanic (NPM 1998.2017).
, and New Acquisitions Fund.
Greek 1831 40-lepta postage due (?)
stamp affixed to 1848-postmarked
cover (NPM 1999.2013).
Mystic Stamp Company, Inc. (through
Donald Sundman). 2,297 mint
United States stamps (NPM
1999.2004).
National Archives and Record
Administration, Textual Archives
Services Division, Old Military and
Civil Records (through Cynthia G.
Fox). Mint pair of U.S. postage
stamps (Scott No. 65) found in
Civil War records of Lt. Henry
Giesen (NPM 1999.2009).
Mary Paul Reifsteck and Dr. Carole
Reifsteck Parsons. 1949 postal
savings certificate of deposit, 1947
postal savings receipt, postal
savings envelope (NPM
1999.2008).
Posten Norge BA, Postmuseet
(Norway) (through Arne Woll and
Arvid Lohre). 4 Norwegian postage
stamps of the 10-ore post horn
design (printed in 1909, 1949,
1962 and 1997 using different
printing methods) (NPM
1999.2016).
Rita Ann Richie. U.S. Post Office
Department female letter carrier's
beret, 9 U.S. Postal Service uniform
patches (NPM 1999.2006).
Schuyler J. Rumsey Philatelic
Auctions, Inc. (vendor) and
Curatorial Acquisition Fund
(donor). 1864 transatlantic (U.S. to
Italy) cover with three U.S. 10-cent
stamps (George Washington, Scott
No. 68) affixed; 1875 U. S. plate
proof sheet of 100 one-cent stamps
(Ben Franklin, Scott No. 40P4,
reprint of 1857 issue) (NPM
1998.2019).
Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of American History,
Department of Social and Cultural
History, Division of Community
Life (through David Shayt). Good
Mister Mailman sheet music (NPM
1999.2005).
Donors
Smithsonian Institution, National
Postal Museum. 589 objects (US
revenue material) Found In
Collection (NPM 1999.2018).
. 252 Salvadoran philatelic
objects Found In Collection. (NPM
1999.2022).
. 923 Honduran philatelic
objects Found In Collection. (NPM
I1999.2024).
Katherine Connors Springston. 11
U.S. Post Office Department travel
commissions (1944-1961) issued to
John J. Connors (NPM 1999.2023).
Su Qiyun. 24 mint People’s Republic
of China postage stamps (1995-98
issues) (NPM 1999.2001).
Thomas N. Tillman. Handheld postal
scale (Dixie Letter Scale) of the
Sturgis Manufacturing Company,
Baltimore, Maryland, circa
1920-32 (NPM 1999.2021).
David R. Torre. 5 Crow Creek Sioux
Tribe waterfowl stamps (1989-90),
10 Fort Peck Tribes tribal
bird/conservation license stamp and
20 reference-of-purchase copies
(1976) (NPM 1999.2002).
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish
and Wildlife Service, Federal Duck
Stamp Program (through Teresa M.
Bell). 1 imperforate sheet of 120, 1
self-adhesive sheet of 24, I souvenir
program of the 1999-2000 Migra-
tory Bird Hunting and Conservation
stamp (NPM 1999.2017).
U. S. Postal Service, Stamp Services
(through Azeezaly Jaffer). 21,234
postage stamps, 58 covers, 60
postal cards, 20 commemorative
panels with 72 postage stamps and
4 souvenir sheets attached, 28
souvenir programs and inserts
(NPM 1998.2014).
, Stamp Services (through
Azeezaly Jaffer) 1,772 postage
stamps, 60 covers, 12 postal cards,
20 commemorative panels, 22
souvenir programs and inserts
(NPM 1999.2007).
, Stamp Services, Stamp
Acquisitions (through Joel Marks).
2 embossing masters for mid-20th
Century Canal Zone stamped
envelopes (Scott No. U20 and
UC14) (NPM 1999.2010).
, Stamp Services (through
Azeezaly Jaffer) 1,668 postage
127
stamps, 6 souvenir cards, 21 postal
cards, 2 commemorative panels, 17
stamped envelopes, 23 covers, 58
souvenir programs and inserts
(NPM 1999.2012).
, U.S. Postal Inspection Service
(through Daniel L. Mihalko). 2 U.S.
Postal Inspector gold-plated badges
(NPM 1999.2015).
, Stamp Services (through
Azeezaly Jaffer). 11,997 postage
stamps, II souvenir sheets, 4
commemorative panels, 62 covers,
22 stamped envelopes, 5 aerograms,
14 postal cards, 54 souvenir
programs (NPM 1999.2019).
WESTVACO, Envelope Division
(through Richard J. Smith). 108
U.S. and Canal Zone stamped
envelopes’ printing specification
reference collection, 57 U.S.
stamped envelopes, 2 U.S. covers
with U.S. Envelope Company
cachets, 1 souvenir folder (NPM
1999.2011).
National Science
Resources Center
Donors of Financial Support
$2,500,000
National Science Foundation
$900,000
Smithsonian Institution
$335,000
Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation, Inc.
$250,000
Carolina Biological Supply Company
$175,000
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
$95,000
National Academy of Sciences
$50,000
Hewlett-Packard Company
Pfizer Foundation
128
$35,000
National Academies’ Program
Initiation Fund
$22,500
Merck Institute for Science Education
National Zoological Park
Donors of Financial Support
$100,000 or more
Rick and Donnalynn Adams
GEICO
Roger and Vicki Sant
Shirley Sichel
$50,000 or more
Franchon and Gloria Smithson
$25,000 or more
Jeannie Beekhius
Ms. Caroline Gabel
The Coca-Cola Company
Giant Food
William A. and Ruth Holmberg
Jaguar
John F. and Adrienne Mars
Target
$10,000 or more
Animal Planet
The Max and Victoria Dreyfus
Foundation, Inc.
Anna T. Ferris
Dielle Fleischmann and Richard Viets
Mrs. Patrick Healy, HI
Keith and Laura Hoffman
Ladislaus and Beatrix von Hoffman
Microsoft
Wells Fargo
$5,000 or more
Mrs. Nelly Bossert
Celestial Seasonings
GMAC
Clinton W. and Alberta Allen “Missy”
Kelly II
Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Kummli
Little River Foundation
NationsBank
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Dr. Kazuko K. Price
Storyfield Farm Yogurt
Hattie Ruttenberg and Jon Molot
$2,000 or more
Robert A. and Cathleen M. Bartlett, Jr.
William and Ruth Berman
Blockbuster Video
Esther S. Bondareff
Harriett Crosby
George A. and Kathryn Didden HI
Discovery Channel Stores
Fresh Fields
Sheldon and Audrey Katz
James V. Kimsey
Robert and Leslie Knibb
Land Rover Rockville
William P. McClure
Pfizer
Play N’ Learn
William C. and Jane Ramsay
Ringling Brothers and Barnum &
Bailey
Jeffrey R. Short, Jr.
David and Louise Simone
Jennifer Jean Small
David B. Smith Jr. and Ilene Weinreich
Taster’s Choice
Shawn L. Walters
The Washington Post
Bequests
Julia K. Wilson
Donors of In-Kind Support
AMC Theatres
American Airlines
Black Entertainment Television
Calvert Woodley
EL Tiempo Latino
EU Services
KCR Printing
The Marriott Wardman Park Hotel
Mega Communications
NBC4
The Omni Shoreham Hotel
Telemundo/Channel 64
Washington Parent/Washington
Woman
Washingtonpost.com
WGMS Radio
WJIZW Radio
WMZQ Radio
WRQX Radio
WTOP Radio
Program for Asian Pacific
American Studies
Donors of Financial Support
$100,000 or more
The Japanese American National
Museum
$2,000 or more
The Ringing Rocks Foundation
Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory
Donors of Financial Support
$20,000 or more
Edgar Wilson Trust
$10,000 or more
Roger S. Firestone Foundation
Museum of Science, Boston
$1,000 or more
Griffis Foundation
Dr. S. Arthur Localio
Mr. Thomas D. Mullins
Donors of In-Kind Support
Anonymous. Net server and network
processing equipment for Chandra
X-ray Center.
Mrs. John M Bradley. Donor dinner at
Harvard Faculty Club.
Mr. James Houghton. Meade Deep-
Sky 16” Newtonian reflector
telescope with mount, drive, and
accessories for use in public
outreach programs at Fred Lawrence
Whipple Observatory.
Learning Technologies, Inc.
Astronomy teaching tools and 30
Heifetz planispheres for use in
SAO’s Project ASTRO BOSTON
classroom mentoring program.
Osram Sylvania Inc. Two turbo-
molecular pumps to assist in
studying collision processes in
plasmas for lighting.
Smithsonian Center for
Materials Research and
Education
Donors of Financial Support
$10,000 or more
Smithsonian Center for Latino
Initiatives
$5,000 or more
Samuel H. Kress Foundation (Archaeo-
logical Conservation Program)
Donors of In-Kind Support
Harvard University. Supplies, travel,
and room/board for staff and interns
on site for the Copén and Harappa
Archaeological Research Projects.
National Institute of Standards and
Technology. Access to nuclear
reactor and office/laboratory space
and facilities.
University of Delaware/Winterthur.
Staff travel.
University of Wisconsin. Supplies,
travel, and room/board for staff and
interns on site for the Harappa
Archaeological Research Project.
Yale University. Supplies, travel, and
room/board for staff and interns on
site for the Aguateca Archaeological
Research Project.
Smithsonian
Environmental
Research Center
Donors of Financial Support
$50,000 or more
The Mills Corporation
Regional Citizens Advisory Council of
Prince William Sound
$25,000 or more
American Petroleum Institute
$10,000 or more
Roger and Vicki Sant
Walt Disney Corporation Wildlife
Conservation Fund
Warren Wilson College
Donors
$1,000 or more
Chesapeake Wildlife Heritage
Norman Mineta
The Park Foundation
Florence Wisner
$500 or more
Jamie Harms
$100 or more
Anonymous
R.J. Brown
Pat Mehlop
Pauline Metras
Philip Morgan
James Rappole
Kathleen Wagner
David Wake
David Whitacre
John Wiley
Mary Wright
Under $100
Nicholas Brokaw
Richard Knowlton
Janet Smith
Ann Baird Speer
Barbara Wolf
Donors of In-Kind Support
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company
ARCO Marine, Inc.
SeaRiver Maritime, Inc.
Edward and Jeannine Wayson
Zim Lines, Inc.
Smithsonian Institution
Archives
Donors to the Collection
Mrs. Jackson Miles Abbott (Francis
Abbott, Lyon). Papers of Jackson
Miles Abbott.
Robert McCormick Adams. Papers of
Robert McCormick Adams.
American Ornithologists’ Union.
Records of the Union.
American Society of Naturalists.
Records of the Society.
American Zoo and Aquarium
Association. Records of the
Association.
129
Jennifer M. Manly. “Brief Guide to
the Smithsonian Institution.”
VIARC. Spencer W. Cone Document.
Council of American Overseas
Research Centers. Records of the
Council.
NASM, Aeronautics Department.
Papers of Thomas D. Crouch.
United States Geological Survey.
Papers of Mackenzie Gordon, Jr.
David Johnston. Materials of Joseph
Edward Gould.
NMNH, Department of Paleobiology.
Papers of Lloyd G. Henbest.
Charlotte W. Wells. Joseph Henry
Collection.
History of Science Society. Records of
the Society.
International Society for the History,
Philosophy and Social Studies of
Biology. Records of the Society.
International Theriological Congress.
Records of the Congress.
International Union of Directors of
Zoological Gardens. Records of the
Union.
United States Geological Survey.
Papers of A. Remington Kellogg.
Paul N. Perrot. Papers of Paul N.
Perrot.
Office of Membership and
Development. Papers of S. Dillon
Ripley.
United States Geological Survey.
Papers of William J. Sando.
Dorothy Chapman Saunders. Papers of
Dorothy Chapman Saunders.
American Ornithologists’ Union.
Papers of George B. Saunders.
James G. Hellmuth. Singer Sewing
Machine Advertising Leaflets.
Smithsonian African American
Association. Records of the
Association.
Society for the Preservation of Natural
History Collections. Records of the
Society.
Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.
Records of the Society.
Janet W. Solinger. Papers of Janet W.
Solinger.
United States Geological Survey.
United States Fish and Wildlife
Service, Invoices of Specimens.
NMNH,, Department of Paleobiology.
Papers of T. Wayland Vaughan.
NMNH, Department of Entomology.
Papers of Donald R. Whitehead.
130
Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Papers of
Frank C. Whitmore, Jr.
Woodrow Wilson International Center
for Scholars. Records of the Center.
The Smithsonian
Associates
Donors of Financial Support
$100,000 or more
Pfizer Inc.
Smithsonian Center for Latino
Initiatives
$50,000 or more
Ritz Paris
$10,000 or more
America’s Jazz Heritage, a Partnership
of the Lila Wallace-Reader’s Digest
Fund
Hough Family Fund
National Science Foundation
Smithsonian Office of Education
$5,000 or more
Country Music Hall of Fame and
Mercury Nashville
Discover Card
McGovern Fund
$1,000 or more
Aria Foundation
Diamond Trust
Flying Feet Enterprises
National Italian American Foundation
Kiehl’s
Proxicom
Donors of In-Kind Support
Air India. Airfare for Rajastan
program.
Al Tiramisu Restaurant. Catering for
seminar and Young Benefactors
events.
American-Turkish Council and the
American Friends of Turkey.
Archaeology Magazine. Speakers.
Baseball America. Speakers and travel
expenses.
Black Issues Book Review. Speakers.
Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
Brain-Body Institute. Speakers.
Brookside Gardens. Speakers and
venue.
Brunschwig & Fils. Fabric decorations
for L'esprit de France.
California Pizza Kitchen. Venue and
speaker.
Carolyn Brady. Original art for
commissioned art program.
Center for Mind-Body Medicine.
Speakers.
Charles A. Dana Foundation. Speakers.
Charodei Vodka. Five cases of vodka
for Gala.
Chautauqua Institution. Speakers and
reception.
Clyde’s Restaurant Group. Catering
for program.
D.C. Jewish Community Center.
Venue for program.
Embassy of Argentina. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of Austria. Venue.
Embassy of Croatia. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of Cyprus. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of the Czech Republic.
Venue and reception.
Embassy of Finland. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of the Federal Republic of
Germany. Venue and reception.
Embassy of Greece. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of Iceland. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of India. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of Italy. Venue and reception.
Embassy of Japan. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of Jordan. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of Korea. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of Mongolia. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of Norway. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of the People’s Republic of
China. Venue.
Embassy of Peru. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of the Republic of Singapore.
Venue and reception.
Embassy of Romania. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of South Africa. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of Spain. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of the State of Bahrain.
Venue and reception.
Embassy of Sweden. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of Thailand. Venue and
reception.
Embassy of Turkey. Venue and
reception.
Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Speakers for program.
GALLUP Organization. Speakers.
Georgetown Center for Australia and
New Zealand Studies.
Georgetown University Law Center.
Speakers for mini-law program.
Government of India Tourist Board.
Venue and reception.
Grand Marnier. Liquors and chocolates
for L’esprit de France.
Hay Adams Hotel. Chef and venue for
Liesprit de France.
Heineken USA. One hundred cases of
beer for Gala and 80 cases
throughout year.
International Finance Corporation.
Venue for Competitive Edge
business series.
Italian Cultural Institute. Speaker and
reception for lecture.
Jewish Community Center of Greater
Washington. Publicity for Yiddish
program.
Jewish Historical Society of Greater
Washington. Speakers.
Kentucky Derby Museum. Reception
and speakers for program on
Kentucky Derby.
Makers Mark. Five cases of whiskey
for Young Benefactors Gala.
McCormick and Schmick Seafood
Restaurants. Venue, speakers, and
catering for program.
Micronesia Institute. Speakers.
Mysterious Press/Warner Books.
Speakers.
NASCAR. Airfare and hotel for eight
NASCAR drivers and officials.
National Institute of Mental Health.
Lunch for speakers for program on
gender differences in addiction.
National Thoroughbred Racing
Association. Favors at reception for
Preakness program.
Oasis Winery. Twenty-five cases of
wine at cost (value $300/paid $60
per case)
Royal Netherlands Embassy. Venue
and reception.
Smithsonian Environmental Research
Center. Exhibition for Microbes
program.
Town & Country Magazine. Advertising
space in magazine for L’esprit de
France.
University of Maryland, Department
of Criminal Justice. Speakers.
Washington Design Center. Venue
and staff for L’esprit de France.
Washington Science Fiction
Association. Speakers.
Washington Storytellers Theater.
Speakers.
Woodford Reserve, Korbel. Reception
for Kentucky Derby program.
World Bank. Venue, brochure, and
speakers.
Donors
Yiddish of Greater Washington.
Publicity provided for Yiddish
program.
Smithsonian Institution
Traveling Exhibition
Service (SITES)
Donors of Financial Support
$50,000 or more
John S. and James L. Knight
Foundation
Pfizer Inc.
United States Department of Energy
$10,000 or more
BP Amoco
1S
Smithsonian Office
of Education
Donors of Financial Support
$500 or more
The Jamie and Steven Tisch
Foundation
Donors of In-Kind Support
Jackson and Tull
Office of Public Affairs
Donors of Financial Support
$50,000 or more
Chevy Chase Bank
Chronology
September-June
= Education affiliation The National Portrait Gallery and
the MCI National Sports Gallery offered joint educational
programs for student groups in grades 3 through 12. At
NPG, students were actively involved in interpreting por-
traits as they learned about individuals and themes in
American history. Students explored the collections in
groups guided by docents who helped them discover the
American presidents, Pocahontas, Benjamin Franklin, Susan
B. Anthony, Martin Luther King Jr., and others who have
made important contributions to the life of the nation. At
the MCI, students discovered the history of American sports
while they saw sports artifacts and memorabilia from stars
such as Joe Montana, Michael Jordan, Oksana Baiul,
Muhammad Ali, and Babe Ruth.
September 30-October 2
= Special event The Public Corporation for the Arts affiliate
in Long Beach, California, worked with The Smithsonian
Associates to host a residency and concert series by the
Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra.
October
1998 marked the 30th anniversary of the
Smithsonian American Art Museum’s Intern Program.
® Anniversary
October
= Architect/engineering contract The Office of Contracting
awarded an architect/engineering services contract to Pol-
shek Tobey & Davis for master planning of renovations to
the Castle and the Arts and Industries Building.
October
= Donation Through the generosity of longtime Smithsonian
American Art Museum supporters Sheila and Richard
Schwartz, Patricia and Phillip Frost, and the Sara Roby Foun-
dation, 19 fellows are in residence for the 1998-1999
academic year, the highest number in the program’s history.
Among them are four Latino scholars funded through the
Rockefeller Foundation initiative for Latino cultural research.
October
= Chairman elected Rosemary Ripley was elected chair of the
Smithsonian Libraries’ Board. Ms. Ripley is Vice President,
Corporate Business Development, Philip Morris Corpora-
tion. Her father, S. Dillon Ripley, was eighth Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution.
October
® Division established Nancy E. Gwinn, Director, Smithson-
ian Libraries, established an Information Systems Division
headed by Tom Garnett who was named Assistant Director.
The division manages the Electronic Library Program which
includes all on-line products and initiatives, from publica-
tion of original electronic works and digital editions of rare
books to delivery of information for research in e-journals.
The Libraries’ Research Services Division is headed by Assis-
tant Director Bonita Perry and the Management and
Technical Services Division is headed by Assistant Director
Mary Augusta Thomas.
October
= Professorship appointment SERC scientist Dr. Dennis
Whigham was indoctrinated as Professor in the Faculty of
Biology, University of Utrect, The Netherlands.
Chronology 133
October
a Special event In collaboration with the National Museum
of American History, the Office of Public Affairs held the
first event in its plan to encourage media coverage of the
Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project—the infrared
examination of the flag by scientists from the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration.
October-December
= Public programs The Smithsonian Associates presents a
collage of 40 public programs entitled “Lesprit de France,”
focusing on the contributions of France to world civilization.
A highlight of the celebration was an elegant gala evening
hosted by Mary Ourisman and the Ambassador of France.
October-September
"= Training and information briefings The Procurement and
Training Branch, Office of Contracting, continued to con-
duct procurement-related training courses and
small-purchases informational briefings to Smithsonian staff.
October 1
= Exhibit opens Great Cats, a new walk-through exhibit fo-
cusing on tigers and lions and their tenuous hold on
survival, opens at the National Zoo.
October 3
= Event The 20,000-pound Skylab module, a laboratory
that fits inside the space shuttle’s payload bay, arrived for
storage at Washington Dulles International Airport, where it
will remain until it goes on display at the National Air and
Space Museum’s Dulles Center.
October 5-8
= School program The Smithsonian Associates launched the
first of four three-day presentations by Smithsonian scien-
tists to students, teachers, and community residents of the
Spring Branch Independent School District, Houston, Texas.
Subsequent visits occurred on November 16—19, 1998, Jan-
uary 25-28, 1999, and April 5-9, 1999. Topics included
volcanology, forensic anthropology, Mexican-American folk
life, and planetary geology.
October 6
= Benefit The Archives of American Art honors TIME critic
Robert Hughes at its annual gala benefit dinner in New
York City.
October 6
" Exhibition The Archives of American Art opens the exhi-
bition “The Critic Sees: A Century of Art Criticism from the
Archives of American Art” in the Gallery Space of its New
York Regional Center.
October 6
= Exhibition “As Precious As Gold,” documenting the role
of the Post Office in the 1896 Alaskan Gold Rush opens at
the National Postal Museum.
October 7
The Board of Trustees of the
Archives of American Art meets in New York City at the
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum.
= Management excellence
October 7-9
= Smithsonian Affiliations roundtable ‘The first annual meet-
ing of Smithsonian affiliates took place at the Smithsonian,
welcoming 44 representatives from each of the 20 affiliates.
The first Smithsonian Affiliations Web site was launched as
part of the conference.
October 15
= Exhibition and programs “Chuck Close,” a 30-year retro-
spective featuring this American artist’s labor-intensive,
often arresting images of the human face—many of them on
canvases as tall as eight feet—opened at the Hirshhorn Mu-
seum and Sculpture Garden. In a well-attended lecture at
the 675-seat amphitheater of the International Trade Cen-
ter’s new Ronald Reagan Building, the artist (b. 1941), who
has worked from a wheelchair since 1988, discussed his evo-
lution from Photo-Realism to recent expressive grids of
bright color. The exhibition, organized by the Museum of
Modern Art in New York, attracted as many as 4,000 visi-
tors a day and generated favorable reviews in print and on
television.
October 15-18
= Meeting The Tropical Research Institute cosponsored the
Environmental Economic Workshop with the Ford Founda-
tion and Fulbright at the Earl S. Tupper Research and
Conference Center. The workshop was organized by the
Latin American Scholarship Program for American Universi-
ties (LASPAU).
October 16
= Exhibition “Mayhem by Mail,” exploring the activities of
the U.S. Postal Inspection Service and crimes in the mail
opens at the National Postal Museum.
October 17
= Exhibition A new National Air and Space Museum plane-
tarium show, “And a Star to Steer Her By,” opened in the
Einstein Planetarium. Narrated by Sir Alec Guinness, the
134 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
30-minute feature describes how navigators have used both
natural—the sun, planets, and stars—and man-made tools
such as telescopes and accurate clocks to determine their lo-
cation. Complementing the planetarium show is “GPS: A
New Constellation,” a new exhibit that explores the global
positioning system.
October 26
# Award The Beinecke Foundation, Inc. makes a major gift
of $100,000 in support of The Brown Foundation, Inc.’s
$500,000 Challenge Grant awarded to the Archives of
American Art in 1997.
October 27-February 2
a Exhibition “Teddy Roosevelt: Icon of the American Cen-
tury” was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. Roosevelt
helped shape America’s transition from a provincial society
to a burgeoning world power. The exhibition explored his
life with more than 100 paintings, photographs, political
cartoons, and memorabilia, and was co-organized with the
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
October 29
= Event STS 95 was launched with former Senator John
Glenn on board. The National Air and Space Museum set up
several high-definition television monitors, allowing hun-
dreds of visitors to watch the event live via the newest
broadcast technology.
October 30—March 7
= Exhibition
sented two complementary exhibitions that examined the
California Gold Rush, in celebration of the 150th anniver-
sary of the discovery of gold. “The Art of the Gold Rush”
featured paintings, watercolors, and drawings from the
The Smithsonian American Art Museum pre-
1850s and the nostalgic views created a generation later. The
Smithsonian American Art Museum was the only East Coast
venue for this exhibition. “Silver & Gold: Photographs of the
Gold Rush” featured rare daguerreotypes documenting this
exciting time in American history.
November
= Mayor construction contract Construction was completed on
the Cultural Resources Center of the National Museum of
the American Indian to allow beneficial occupancy of the
building to occur by the Smithsonian Institution.
November
= Outreach/publication The Archives of American Art pub-
lishes A Finding Aid to the Rockwell Kent Papers.
November
= Symposium The Smithsonian Libraries cosponsored with
the National Anthropological Archives a symposium, “Ed-
ward S. Curtis and The North American Indian Re-Viewed”
on November 16, 1998, with 160 people attending. The
program was supported by the National Museum of the
American Indian and held during American Indian Heritage
Month in conjunction with the Libraries exhibition,
“Frontier Photographer: Edward S. Curtis” (online at
www.sil.si.edu, on view in the Libraries’ Gallery October
1998—November 1999).
November and May
® Acquisitions Among the most significant art works ac-
quired by the National Museum of African Art were a rare
set of polychromed wooden panels carved in high relief from
the Nkanu peoples of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
and a 92-pound D’mba mask from the Baga peoples of
Guinea, one of the largest masks in all of Africa The mask
was donated to the museum by internationally known con-
temporary artist Armand Arman and his wife Corice, a
fashion consultant and business manager. An important do-
nation of 14 traditional sculptures from central and eastern
Africa, the gift of New York businessman Lawrence Guss-
man, fills gaps in the museum’s collection. These sculptures
were showcased at the museum.
November 5—7
= Smithsonian Council meeting The Smithsonian Council,
with 21 members present, focused on Smithsonian outreach
to communities throughout the nation. Four panel discus-
sions and a roundtable discussion with senior management
and museum directors dealt with topics such as new em-
phases in community outreach, the relationship of outreach
to SI missions and goals, the effectiveness of the structure of
outreach programs, the adequacy of evaluation of outreach
programs, the likely impact of decentralizing outreach man-
agement at the unit level, the extent to which outreach
programs are reaching a broad range of communities (ethnic,
geographical, and cultural), and whether certain outreach
programs warrant expansion and others warrant downsizing
or elimination. Members emphasized that SI community
outreach programs should serve as two-way streets, offering
benefits to the communities served, as well as to the Smith-
sonian, while at the same time respecting community needs
and interests. This year’s meeting included directors of com-
munity organizations receiving Smithsonian services. In
their panel, they offered useful perspectives from the com-
munity’s point of view. Council members offered suggestions
in favor of greater oversight across units so as to avoid pro-
gram duplication and more frequent program evaluations.
Council members also suggested ways to generate greater
clarity of expectations in SI-community partnerships, so that
both the Smithsonian and the partnering communities recip-
rocate in the promises they make, the expectations they
have, and in the benefits and outcomes that are generated.
As in past years, the Council’s Report to the Secretary was
widely distributed among units and staff throughout the In-
stitution.
Chronology 135
November 6—February 9
= Exhibition “Philippe Halsman: A Retrospective” was on
view at the National Portrait Gallery. This exhibition—the
first full retrospective of the work of Philippe Halsman—
featured 73 vintage prints dating from the 1930s to the
1970s. With more LIFE magazine covers to his credit than
any other photographer, Philippe Halsman documented the
postwar era through countless celebrity portraits. Among
the photographs included in the exhibition were Halman’s
iconic images of Albert Einstein, Marilyn Monroe, and Sal-
vador Dali.
November 7
= Public program “Inventing for the Environment” sympo-
sium sponsored by the National Museum of American
History's Lemelson Center. Keynote address by Richard
White, environmental historian, Stanford University, fol-
lowed by small group sessions on the built environment,
health and sanitation, industrial ecology and transportation,
and constructed and idealized nature.
November 8
= Exhibition “Roy Lichtenstein: Landscapes in the Chinese
Style,” an exhibiton of 28 paintings, collages, drawing, and
one sculpture by this American pop artist (1923-1997),
opened at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. The exhibition in-
cluded six examples of Chinese art that inspired Lichtenstein.
November 8
= Lecture For the sixth annual Mordes Lecture in Contempo-
rary Art at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden,
curator and scholar Mark Rosenthal of New York’s Solomon
R. Guggenheim Museum gave a talk titled “Joseph Beuys and
Contemporary Art,” which probed the life and work of the
German sculptor, performer, and teacher (1921—1986).
Beuys has emerged as one of the most influential figures in
postwar European art. Rosenthal, who is preparing a major ex-
hibition of Beuys’s work for the Guggenheim, joined a roster
of internationally respected art-world figures, among them
New York Times critic Roberta Smith and Director Nicholas
Serota of the Tate Gallery in London, Germano Celant, Peter
Schjeldahl, and Richard Armstrong, who have participated in
the yearly lecture series, which is underwritten by contempo-
rary art collectors Dr. Marvin and Elayne Mordes of Baltimore.
November 8
= Special event His Holiness the Dalai Lama gave an all-day
teaching at The American University in support of the
Smithsonian Folklife Festival program, “Tibetan Culture
Beyond the Land of Snows,” which was cosponsored by the
Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage and the Conser-
vancy for Tibetan Art and Culture in Washington, D.C. He
then attended a reception at the Smithsonian Castle after-
wards to launch the Festival project.
November 10-11
= Public program “Dos Alas/Two Wings” at the National
Museum of American History. Masterclasses, lectures, and
performances of Puerto Rican and Cuban dancers AfroCuba
de Matanzas. In conjunction with “Encuentros.”
November 11
® Outreach/publication The Archives of American Art pub-
lishes A Finding Aid to the Tomas Ybarra-Frausto Research
Material on Chicano Art, 1965-1997.
November 12
= Exhibition The Tropical Research Institute traveling exhi-
bition “Our Reefs: Caribbean Connections” opened in Belize
City, as part of its travels through the Caribbean region. Local
docents in Belize were trained to carry out an educational
program that includes lectures about Carrie Bow Key, the
National Museum of Natural History’s field station in Belize.
November 13
= Exhibition
“Tigers!” made its debut at the National Museum of Natural
History. The exhibition, which includes a dramatic diorama
scene of a tiger lunging at a deer, highlights tigers’ behavior
in their native habitat. It also focuses on tiger conservation
efforts.
The new permanent exhibition and diorama
November 13
= Public program Sarah Burns, author of Inventing the Modern
Artist: Art and Culture in Gilded Age America (Yale University
Press, 1996), and winner of the Smithsonian American Art
Museum’s 1998 Charles C. Eldredge Prize for Distinguished
Scholarship in American Art, discussed the subject of her
book at a lecture.
November 17
a Exhibition “Unlimited by Design,” Cooper-Hewitt, Na-
tional Design Museum.
November 20
= Management excellence ‘The Archives of American Art re-
aligns management responsibilities and streamlines
operations by closing its New England Regional Center
(Boston) and its Midwest Regional Center (Detroit) and con-
solidating functions and activities in the Washington, D.C.
headquarters, New York Regional Center, and West Coast
Regional Center (San Marino, California).
November 21
= Public program The National Museum of American His-
tory’s “OurStory: History Through Children’s Literature”
program. Josephina Montoya, the newest American Girls
doll will be featured in conjunction with “American
Encounters.”
136 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
November 22
® Public program Reception and screening of documentary
film “442: For the Future.” Cosponsored with Japanese
American Memorial Foundation.
November 24
= Exhibition The Rocks Gallery opened at the National
Museum of Natural History, completing the museum’s
newly renovated Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology,
Gems, and Minerals. The interactive gallery demonstrates
how rocks are formed and how they have recorded the
Earth’s geological history.
November 28
= Public program “The Puerto Rican Cuatro Festival” at the
National Museum of American History. Many actitivies
throughout the day. In conjunction with “Encuentros: Latino
America at the Smithsonian.”
November 30
® Giraffe relocation On November 30, the Zoo’s 18-month-
old male Masai giraffe, Aaron, left the National Zoo in a
specially equipped truck, on a trip to Atlanta, Georgia. On
the truck’s return trip, the Atlanta Zoo sent Ryma, a 13-
year-old male of the same subspecies.
December
The National Postal Museum launches
the “Classroom in a Can Lesson One” educational program.
= Education initiative
December
= Loeb Fellowship awards SERC Loeb Fellowships were
awarded to foster research in the exact sciences in collabora-
tion with SERC scientists. A Loeb Fellowship was awarded
to Dr. Marilyn L. Fogel of the Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington, D.C., for research using measurements of the natural
abundances of stable isotopes to obtain insights into ecologi-
cal processes. Another Loeb Fellowship was awarded to Dr.
Stephen D. Prince of the University of Maryland College
Park to support research using remote sensing to collect en-
vironmental data at large spatial scales.
December
= Publication Volume 8, The Papers of Joseph Henry was writ-
ten by staff of the Joseph Henry Papers Project, Smithsonian
Institution Archives.
December
= Research National Museum of Natural History ichthyolo-
gist Stanley Weitzman’s studies of South American fishes,
primarily the characiform fish groups and catfishes, revealed
important information about the status of freshwater ecosys-
tems and provided important, basic information in support
of practical conservation measures. Weitzman was able to
demonstrate that the aquatic systems within the Atlantic
Forests of Brazil have been severely degraded ecologically.
The report of his findings had a practical effect on the con-
servation thinking of Brazil’s terrestrial biologists. He has
also published widely, both for scientific and lay audiences,
on the phylogeny of several characid subgroups reporting on
reproductive biology, gross anatomy, histology of gonads,
and ultrastructure of their reproductive cells. Various aspects
of these studies are of practical interest to fisheries biologists
in Latin America, because the literally hundreds of characid
fishes are the primary forage fishes for a substantial percent-
age of the larger fishes suitable for human consumption in
that region.
December
8 Satellite launch The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy
Satellite, designed by SAO for NASA, is successfully
launched from a Pegasus-XL vehicle.
December
= Transition process A group of 34 employees at the Tropical
Research Institute joined the administration to form com-
mittees for the STRI transition that would put in place a
new employment system and administrative procedures re-
sulting from the termination of the Panama Canal Treaties
on December 31, 1999. The transition committees included
the Transition Committee, Human Relations Committee,
Human Resources Committee, Procedures, Policies and Op-
erations Committee, Communications Committee, and the
Valuation Committee.
December 5
= Public program NASCAR roared into the Smithsonian in a
Smithsonian Associates program with president Bill France
and senior vice president Brian France, with NBC newscaster
Brian Williams and local sportscaster George Michael
adding luster to the evening’s festivities.
December 8
= Special event The Annual Appreciation Reception for the
Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center’s Corps
of Volunteer Information Specialists included remarks by
Smithsonian Secretary I. Michael Heyman.
December 9
= Zo0 lecture Knut Schmidt-Nielsen, professor emeritus at
Duke University, and one of the world’s most prominent ani-
mal physiologists, is awarded the National Zoo Medal for
Outstanding Services to Zoological Sciences and Conserva-
tion and presents lecture to Zoo audience.
Chronology 137
December 10
= Publications awards The Office of Public Affairs was pre-
sented the following awards in the National Association of
Government Communicators’ Blue Pencil competition: First
Place for the quarterly newsletter Smithsonian Institution
Research Reports; First Place for The Torch, the employee news-
paper; and First Place for the annual report, Smithsonian Year
1997, jointly produced with Smithsonian Institution Press.
December 11
= Public program “Legacies of 1898: War, Transition, and
Transformation,” a discussion of community, citizenship, and
sovereignty at the National Museum of American History. In
conjunction with “Encuentros: Latino America at the Smith-
sonian.”
December 17
= Public program The Smithsonian American Art Museum,
with the National Portrait Gallery, began evening hours on
the third Thursday of each month, as part of a neighborhood
program organized by the Downtown Business Improvement
District (BID) to increase foot traffic in the Seventh Street
Arts District. The inaugural event is a special public preview
of David Beck’s L’Opéva. Evening hours continued through
December 1999.
December 18-April 25
= Exhibition Artist David Beck’s miniature opera house, ti-
tled L’Opéra, delighted crowds of visitors of all ages visiting
the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Beck’s intricate
creation featured more than 200 hand-carved, mechanized
figures performing or watching an extravagant presentation
of Verdi's Aida.
December 23
= Special event The Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center
in Hutchinson, Kansas, became an Affiliate and held a press
event at the museum.
December 31
= Acquisition The National Postal Museum acquires the
pocket watch and fob of John Starr March, RMS Titanic,
from John A. Corwin III.
January
"Service Beginning in January, the National Museum of
African Art offered a new monthly conservation clinic open
to the public in which conservation staff advised visitors on
the proper care of their collections.
January
= Appointment Staff scientist Neal G. Smith who started his
career with the Smithsonian in 1963 as biologist for the
Canal Zone Biological Area retired in 1998 and was ap-
pointed Staff Scientist Emeritus. He will continue to pursue
his investigations of Urania-Omphalea interactions, and will
advise staff, students, and visitors.
January
= Exhibition The National Postal Museum opens the
“Down With the Frauds!” exhibition of rare revenue stamps
used to regulate adulterated foods.
January
= Exhibition closes “Star Wars: The Magic of Myth” closed.
Nearly a million people visited the exhibition in the year
and a half it was on display at the National Air and Space
Museum.
January
= Keynote presentations SERC scientists gave several keynote
papers at the Marine Bioinvasions Conference in Cambridge,
Massachussetts.
January
= New media initiative The Smithsonian American Art Mu-
seum debuted its fully redesigned Web site, which now
accommodates the museum’s continuing growth as a major
on-line research and educational resource. More than 3,000
digital images of artworks from the permanent collection are
available, as are the museum’s extensive research databases,
including the Inventories of American Painting and Sculp-
ture. The site is home to an on-line art reference librarian,
who handles nearly 7,000 queries about American art each
year, a long-distance learning project, and 14 virtual exhibi-
tions, including “Robert Cottingham: Eyeing America,” the
first time a contemporary artist and a major museum collab-
orated to create an on-line solo retrospective.
January
Smithsonian Folkways Recordings’ Southern
Banjo Sounds by Mike Seeger was nominated for a Grammy
Award in the category of Best Traditional Folk Recording.
a Nomination
January
= Research results New observations of supernovae shed light
on the possibility that the expanding universe is accelerating
in its growth, implying that there is a repulsive force com-
ponent to gravity.
January-April
® Training (semester programs) The Tropical Research Insti-
tute in coordination with Princeton University and McGill
University, Canada, cosponsored field semester programs for
biology students from both universities with Santa Maria
Catholic University and the City of Knowledge, in Panama.
138 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999
January 1
a Event The National Air and Space Museum’s new collec-
tions information system, The Museum System (TMS),
became fully operational. After rigorous testing, existing
collections data were migrated into the new system, and a
new decentralized method of inputting object information
was adopted.
January 2-16
= Workshop The National Museum of Natural History held
the first annual AMP (Alliance for Minority Participation)
Scholars Winter Workshop, titled “Explore.” Representing
nine different AMP Centers, 12 freshman/sophomore-level
students from across the United States participated in an in-
tense two-week workshop during their winter break. The
workshop was designed to give AMP students an opportu-
nity to learn more about our collections, what natural
history research is, how it is conducted, and what careers are
available in the field. These students explored natural history
by shadowing an NMNH research scientist, participating in
their activities and learning about their career. In addition,
the workshop featured special lectures, interactive discus-
sions, hands-on demonstrations, and tours of the natural
history collections.
January 5
= Exhibition The SITES exhibition “Red, Hot & Blue: A
Salute to American Musicals” hit the road for a national tour.
Organized as a collective biography, this retrospective on
Broadway and Hollywood musicals captures the magic and
dynamism musical theater created for diverse audiences over
the past century. The exhibition showcases the stars, on and
off stage, who gave voice and vision to the American experi-
ence over the past I00 years.
January 13
= Forum The Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
hosted a forum for the Smithsonian Congress of Scholars on
our varied involvement in cultural research as public scholar-
ship.
January 21
= Exhibit Tropical Research Institute’s exhibit “Parting the
Green Curtain: the Evolution of Tropical Biology in
Panama” traveled to San Jose, Costa Rica, to open at the
Costa Rican National Museum.
January 21
= Public program The National Portrait Gallery presented a
lecture by Edmund Morris, author of The Rise of Theodore
Roosevelt.
January 22
= Exhibition The Archives of American Art opens the exhi-
bition “In Sight: Portraits of Folk Artists by Chuck
Rosenak” in the Gallery Space of the Archives’ New York
Regional Center.
January 24
= Radio advertising campaign The first radio advertisement
ran in the Office of Public Affairs’ Black History Month
campaign, one of three radio advertising campaigns this year
aimed at local African American audiences, ages 25 to 45.
Another campaign was run in the spring for Spring Break
and a third in the summer for the Smithsonian Folklife Fes-
tival. The following stations were used in the three
campaigns in different combinations: WHUR, WMMJ,
WKYS, and WPGC.
January 25
The Smithsonian Institution Board of
Regents endorsed the Center for Folklife Programs and Cul-
tural Studies name change to the Center for Folklife and
Cultural Heritage.
= Name change
January 28
= Award The Visitor Information and Associates’ Recep-
tion Center’s Encyclopedia Smithsonian page on the Internet
received the Dow Jones Business Directory “Select Site”
award for providing exceptional value to its readers.
January 29-30
= Outreach/public programs Archives of American Art staffer
Liza Kirwin participates in a Smithsonian Regional Work-
shop Program sponsored by the SI Office of Education,
“Shared Heritage: A Cultural Mosaic,” in Austin, Texas, pre-
senting a session entitled “Legends, Letters, and Lipstick
Traces: Latino Holdings at the Archives of American Art.”
January 29-April 18
® Exhibition “Paul Robeson: Artist and Citizen” was on
view at the National Portrait Gallery. The son of an escaped
slave, Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Rutgers College, bril-
liantly talented singer, actor, motion picture star, athlete,
and political human rights activist, Paul Robeson was one of
the twentieth century’s most talented Americans. The exhi-
bition, organized by Rutgers University, celebrated his life
with more than 150 objects, including portraits, personal
writings, and other memorabilia.
January 31
= Exhibition “Behind the Himalayas: Paintings of Mus-
tang,” an exhibition of 19 watercolors by Australian artist
Chronology 139
and architect Robert Powell, opened at the Arthur M. Sack-
ler Gallery.
February
=" Award Smithsonian Folkways Recordings’ Pete Seeger: If I
Had a Hammer was honored with a Traditional Folk Bronze
Star Award in the 1998-1999 Crossroads Music Awards
Program.
February
= New branch library The Smithsonian Institution Libraries
opened its 19th branch at the National Museum of the
American Indian Cultural Resources Center in Suitland,
Maryland. The branch began offering full-time library serv-
ices in June when a library technician joined the Libraries.
The branch has a limited collection of materials from the cu-
ratorial offices and provides interlibrary loan services.
February
= Public Program OGC, in conjunction with the American
Law Association-American Bar Association and the Environ-
mental Law Institute, hosted annual environmental law
seminar in Washington, D.C.
February
=" Award Smithsonian Libraries’ Anthropology K-12
Internet Guide Named “Best” for Students. The Smithson-
ian Libraries published Margaret R. Dittemore’s on-line
guide, “Anthropology on the Internet for K-12,” which
was designated A Best on the World Wide Web Virtual
Library’s list of anthropology materials for students. The
American Anthropology Association has linked the guide
to its home page. Dr. Dittemore is Librarian of the
Anthropology Library. Offered as part of the larger Smith-
sonian effort to support and advance education for diverse
audiences, each section is illustrated with photographs
of Smithsonian anthropologists working in the field or
in their laboratories. The K-12 guide is found under
Libraries Publications at
199>rboles de los Llanos de Venezuela Basada en Caracteristicas Vegetativas by R. F. Smith et al.” Taxon 48(2) (1999): 434-435. . “Tiliaceae.” P. M. Jorgensen and S. Leon-Yanez (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75 (1-1 181) (1999): 926-927. Dorr, L. J. and E. G. H. Oliver. “New Taxa, Names, and Combinations in Erica (Ericaceae-Ericoideae) from Madagascar and the Comoro Islands.” Adansonia, sé. 3, 21(1) (1999): 75-91. Dorr, L. J. and E. G. H. Oliver. “A New Combination in Erica (Ericaceae) from $a Tomé.” Kew Bulletin 54(1) (1999): 235-236. Faden, R. B. “The Commelinaceae of Northeast Tropical Africa (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia and Kenya): Diversity and Phytogeography.” Ryding, O. and I. Friis (eds.). Abstracts to the 3rd Symposium on the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Copenhagen: Carlsburg Academy, Ethiopian Flora Project & Botanical Museum, 1999, 3. Farr, Ellen R., Beatrice Wilde Hale and Paula T. DePriest. “Parmeliaceae: Searchable List of Names in the Parmelioid 232 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Genera (Lichens).” http://persoon.si.edu/parmeliaceae/ (1999). Faust, Maria A. “Dinoflagellates in the Pelican Cays, Belize” (abstract). 53rd Annual Meeting of the Phycological Society of America 35 (1999): Lo. Faust, Maria A., Jacob Larsen and Ojvind Moestrup. “Potentially Toxic Phytoplankton 3. Genus Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae).” ICES Identification Leaflets for Plankton. (1999): I-24. Filgueiras, T. S., P. M. Peterson, and Y. Herrera-Arrieta. “Rheochloa (Poaceae: Chloridoideae), a New Genus from Central Brazil.” Syst. Bot. 24 (1999): 123-127. Finn, M., P. Kangas and W. Adey. “Mangrove Ecosystem Development in Biosphere II.” Ecological Engineering 13 (1999): 173-178. Funk, V. A. “Using Limited Data to Design a Protected Area System in Guyana” (abstract). Southern African Society for Systematic Biology, symposium on systematics and conservation, abstracts (1999): 22. Funk, V. A., M. F Zermoglio, and N. Nasir. “Testing the Use of Specimen Collection Data and GIS in Biodiversity Exploration and Conservation Decision Making in Guyana.” Biodiversity and Conservation 8 (1999): 727-751. Gacia, E., M. M. Littler, and D. S. Littler. “An Experimental Test of the Capacity of Food Web Interactions (Fish- Epiphytes-Seagrasses) to Offset the Negative Consequesnces of Eutrophication on Seagrass Communities.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 48 (1999): 757-766. Gemmill, C., G. Allan, W. L. Wagner, and E. A. Zimmer. “Phylogenetic Relationships and Breeding System Evolution of Insular Pacific Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae)” (abstract). XVI International Botanical Congress—A bstracts 255 (1999). Hale, B. W. and P. T. DePriest. “Mason E. Hale’s List of Epithets in the Parmelioid Genera” (abstract). Bryologist 102 (1999): 462-544. Herbst, D.R. and W.L. Wagner. “Contributions to the Flora of Hawai'i VII.” Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 58 (1999): 12-36. Hershkovitz, M.A, E.A. Zimmer and W.J. Hahn. “Ribosomal DNA and Angiosperm Systematics.” P. Hollingsworth, R. Bateman and R. Gornall (eds.). Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution. London: Taylor & Francis, Inc., 1999, 268-326. Hunt, D. R. and R. B. Faden. “Commelinaceae.” Jorgensen, P. M and S. Leén-Y4nez (eds). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 1999, 405-407. Ignatov, M. S., H. Robinson, and E. A. Ignatov. “Studies on the Exostome in Brachytheciaceae (Musci).” Arctoa 7 (1998): 153-188. Jenny, M., C. Bayer and L. J. Dorr. “Aethiocarpa Reduced to Harmsia (Malvaceae, Dombeyoideae).” Taxon 48(1) (1999): 3-6. Kelloff, C. L. and V. A. Funk. “Preliminary Checklist of the Plants of Kaieteur National Park, Guyana.” Washington, D.C.: BDG Program, Smithsonian Institution, 1998. Kim, Hyi-Gyung, V. A. Funk, and E. A. Zimmer. “Phylogenetic Inferences in the Mutisieae” (abstract). International Botanical Congress Abstracts 392, 1998. Kral, R. and M. T. Strong. “Eight Novelties in Abildgaardia and Bulbostylis (Cyperaceae) from South America.” Sida 18 (3) (1999): 837-859. Kress, W.J., W. R. Heyer, P. Acevedo, J. Coddington, D. Cole, T. L. Erwin, B. J. Meggers, M. Pogue, R. W. Thorington, R. P. Vari, M. J. Weitzman, and S. H. Weitzman. “Amazonian Biodiversity: Assessing Conservation Priorities with Taxonomic Data.” Biodiversity and Conservation 7 (1998): 1577-1587. Kress, W.J., J. Betancur and B. Echeverry. “Heliconias— Llamaradas de la Selva Colombiana.” Bogota: Cristina Uribe Editores, 1999. Krupnick, G. A., K. M. Brown and A. G. Stephenson. “Fruit Production, Internal Endogenous Ethylene Levels, and Sex Expression in Cucurbita texana.” International Journal of Plant Sciences 160 (1999): 321-330. Krupnick, G. A. and A. E. Weis. “Effect of Floral Herbivory on Male and Female Reproductive Success in [someris arborea.” Ecology 80 (1999): 135-149. Krupnick, G. A., A. E. Weis and D. R. Campbell. “The Consequences of Floral Herbivory for Pollinator Service to Isomeris arborea.” Ecology 80 (1999): 125-134. Littler, M. M. and D. S. Littler. “Castles Built by a Chiton from the Great Astrolabe Reef, Fiji.” Coral Reefs 18(2) (1999): 158. Littler, M.M. and D. S. Littler. “Blade Abandonment/ Proliferation: A Novel Mechanism for Rapid Epiphyte Control in Marine Macrophytes.” Ecology 80(5) (1999): 1736-1746. Littler, M. M. and D. S. Littler. “Epithallus Sloughing: a Self-cleaning Mechanism for Coralline Algae.” Coral Reefs 18(3) (1999): 204. Littler, M. M. and D. S. Littler. “Disturbances due to Cyclone Gavin Parallel Those Caused by a Ship Grounding.” Coral Reefs 18(2) (1999): 146. Littler, M. M., D. S. Littler, and B. L. Brooks. “The First Oceanographic Expedition to Navassa Island, U.S.A.: Status of Marine Plant and Animal Communitites.” Reef Encounter 25 (1999): 26-30. Nicolson, D. H. “Plants Named for George Forster and/or His Father, Johann Reinhold Forster.” Mathew, P. and M. Sivadasan (eds.). Diversity and taxonomy of tropical flowering plants. Calicut: Mentor Books, 1998, 193-200. . “Report of the General Committee: 8.” Taxon 48 (1999): 373-378. . “Report on the Status of Proposals, Published until May 1999, to Conserve and/or Reject Names or to Oppress Works.” Taxon 48 (1999): 391-406. Nowicke, J. W., M. Takahashi, and G. L. Webster. “Pollen Morphology, Exine Structure and Systematics of Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae), Part 2. Tribes Agrostistachydeae (Agrostistachys, Psendagrostistachys, Cyttaranthus, Chondrostylis), Chrozophoreae ....” Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 105 (1999): 1-62. | | Publications of the Staff 233 Pedersen, L.B. and W. J. Kress. “Honeyeater (Meliphagidae) Pollination and the Floral Biology of Polynesian Heliconia (Heliconiaceae).” Plant Systematics and Evolution 216 (1999): I-21. Perry, G. and D. H. Nicolson. “Nine Proposals to Amend Art. 60 of the Code.” Taxon 47 (1998): 933-934. Peterson, P. M. and J. J. Ortiz-Diaz. “Allelic Variation in the Amphitropical Disjunct Muhlenbergia torreyi (Poaceae: Muhlenbergiinae).” Brittonia 50 (1998): 381-391. Peterson, P. M., E. E. Terrell, E. C. Uebel, C. A. Davis, H. Scholz, and R. J. Soreng. “Oplismenus hirtellus Subspecies undulatifolious, A New Record for North America.” Castanea 64 (1999): 201-202. Peterson, P. M. and J. Valdes-Reyna. “Muhlenbergia jaime- hintonii (Poaceae: Chloridoideae), a New Species from Nuevo Leon, Mexico.” Sida 18 (1999): 685-Go1. Pruski, J. F “Compositae of the Guayana Highland-XII. New Combinations in Conyza (Astereae), Praxelis (Eupatorieae), and Rzencourtia (Heliantheae) Based on Names Proposed by L.C.M. Richard.” Brittonia 50 (1998): 473-482. . “Gurania lobata (Cucurbitaceae), a New Combination for an Overlooked Linnaean Name.” Brittonia 51 (1999): 326-330. Richardson, K. S. and V. A. Funk. “An Approach to Designing a Systematic Protected Area System in Guyana.” Parks 9 (1999): 7-16. Robinson, H. “Two New Species of Lepidaploa (Vernonieae: Asteraceae).” Phytologia 84(1) (1998): 40-42. . “A New Species of Wedelia from Ecuador (Heliantheae: Asteraceae).” Phytologia 84(5) (1998): 345-346. . “New Species and New Combinations of Neotropical Eupatorieae (Asteraceae).” Phytologia 84(5) (1998): 347-353. . “Two New Subtribes, Stokesiinae and Pacourininae, of the Vernonieae (Asteraceae).” Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 112(1) (1999): 216-219. . “Revisions in Paleotropical Vernonieae (Asteraceae).” Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 112(1) (1999): 220-247. . “Generic and Subtribal Classification of American Vernonieae.” Smithson. Contrib. Bot. 89 (1999): i-iv, I-116. . “Asteraceae (Eupatorieae, Heliantheae, Liabeae, Vernonieae) in Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador.” P.M. Jorgensen and S. Leén-Y4nez (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75 (1999): 261-314. Robinson, H. and D. C. Taylor. “A Rejection of Pepinia (Bromeliaceae: Pitcairnioideae) and Taxonomic Revisions.” Harvard Papers in Botany 4(1) (1999): 203-217. Robinson, H. and D. C. Taylor. “The Status of the Pitcairnioid Genera of the Bromeliaceae.” Harvard Papers in Botany 4(1) (1999): 195-201. Skog, L. E. (compiler). “Gesneriaceae.” Jorgensen, P. M. and Susana Leon-Yanez (eds). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75 (1999): 492-507. Smith, J. F, Q. C. B. Cronk, M. Kiehn, and W. L. Wagner. “Adaptive Radiation and Phylogeny of Pacific Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) Based on Molecular and Morphological Data” (abstract). XVI International Botanical Congress— Abstracts 33 (1999). Soltis, D.E., M.E. Mort, P.S. Soltis, C. Hibsch-Jetter, E. A. Zimmer and D. Morgan. “Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Angiosperm Family Podostemaceae Inferred from 18S rDNA + rbcL Sequence Data.” Mol. Phylog. Evol. 11 (1999): 261-272. Strong, M. T. “Schoenus lymansmithii (Cyperaceae), a New Species of Schoenus Section Helothrix (Nees) Kiikenthal from Santa Catarina, Brazil.” Harvard Papers in Botany 4(1) (1999): 275-277. Strong, M. T. and R. Kral. “Proposal to Conserve the Name Scirpus miliaceus (Cyperaceae) with a Conserved Type.” Taxon 48 (1999): 387-3809. Tangerini, A. R., ed. “I Go To Washington and Meet Dr. Smith.” Havard Papers in Botany 4(1) (1999): 97-102. Terrell, E.E., J.L. Reveal, R.W. Spjut, R.E. Witcomb, J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., M.T. Cimino, and M.T. Strong. “Annotated List of the Flora of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS-155, 2000. Wagner, W. L. “A New Species of Hawaiian Phy/lostegia (Lamiaceae) from Kaua’i, and Recognition of a Waianae Mountain, O’ahu Endangered Variety of Phy/lostegia parviflora.” Novon 9 (1999): 280-283. . “Gaura.” K. Iwatsuki, D. E. Boufford, H. Ohba (eds.). Flora of Japan, Volume IIc: Angiospermae, Dicotyledoneae, Archichlamydeae (c). Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd., 1999, 240. . “Oenothera.” K. Iwatsuki, D. E. Boufford, H. Ohba (eds.). Flora of Japan, Volume Ic: Angiospermae, Dicotyledoneae, Archichlamydeae (c). Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd., 1999, 235-240. . “Diversity and Origin of the Hawaiian Flora” (abstract). XVI International Botanical Congress—Abstracts 8 (1999). . “Nomenclator and Review of Hawaiian Phy/lostegia (Lamiaceae).” Novon 9 (1999): 265-279. Wagner, W. L., M. Bruegmann, D. R. Herbst, J. Q. Lau. “Hawaiian Vascular Plants at Risk: 1999.” Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 60 (1999): 1-64. Wagner, W.L., R. A. Fletcher, and R. K. Shannon. “Another Look at Hymenoxys Subgenus Plammera (Asteraceae: Heliantheae: Gaillardiinae) from Arizona and New Mexico.” Brittonia 51 (1999): 79-86. Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, Revised Edition. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999, 1855-19109. Wagner, W. L. and R. K. Shannon. “Nomenclator of Hawaiian Szcyos (Cucurbitaceae).” Novon 9 (1999): 441-447. Wagner, W. L. and S. G. Weller. “Rediscovery and Assessment of Stenogyne sherffii Degener (Lamiaceae).” Novon 9 (1999): 448-449. 234 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Wagner, W.L., S. G. Weller, A. K. Sakai, A. C. Medeiros. “An Autogamous Rain Forest Species of Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae) from East Maui, Hawaiian Islands.” Novon 9 (1999): 284-287. Wagstaff, D. J., D. B. Lellinger and J. H. Wiersma. “Retrospective Searching for Poisonous Plant Vouchers.” Veterinary and Human Toxicology 41 (1999): 158-161. Wagstaff, D. J., J. H. Wiersema and D. B. Lellinger. “Poisonous Plant Vouchers.” Veterinary and Human Toxicology 51 (1999): 162-164. Weakley, A. S. and P. M. Peterson.” Taxonomy of the Sporobolus floridanus Complex (Poaceae: Sporobolinae).” Sida 18 (1998): 247-270. Department of Entomology Alarie, Y., P.J. Spangler, and P.D. Perkins. “Study of the Larvae of Hydrotrupes Palpalis Sharp (Coleoptera: Adephaga, Dytiscidae) with Implications for the Phylogeny of the Colymbetinae.” The Coleopterists Bulletin 52(4) (1998): 313-332. Aluja, M. and A. L. Norrbom. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999. Brown, J. W. “Dimorphopalpa, a New Genus of Tortricid Moths from the New World Tropics (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).” Pan-Pacific Entomological 75 (1999): 82-93. . “A New Species of Psewdocomotis from Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae), with the Description of the First Recorded Female.” Tropical Lepidoptera 9 (1999): 55-57. . “A New eliine Genus from Costa Rica and Venezuela (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).” Journal of the New York Entomological Society 106 (1999): 177-184. . “Book review: Oecophorine Genera of Australia. Part II. The Chezala, Philobota and Eulechria Groups (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae).” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 52 (1999): 386-387. . “Book review: Invertebrate Surveys for Conservation by T. R. New.” American Entomologist 45 (1999): 187. Brown, J. W. and S. E. Miller. “A New Species of Coelostathma (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) From Cocos Islands, Costa Rica, with Comments on the Phylogenetic Significance of Avdominal Dorsal Pits in Sparganothini.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 101 (1999): 701-707. Burns, J. M. “Pseydodrephalys: A New Genus Comprising Three Showy, Neotropical Species (One New) Removed From—And Quite Remote From—Drephalys (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae).” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 52(4) (1998): 364-380. Carroll, L. E., A. L. Norrbom, EC. Thompson, and N. L. Evenhuis. “Bibliography.” F. C. Thompson, ed. Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. Myia 9, vii and Diptera Data Dissemination Disk (CD-ROM) 9 (1998) 301-513. Carroll, L. E., 1. M. White, A. Friedberg, and A. L. Norrbom. “Fruit Fly Adult Character Data Matrices. 213 Characters for 60 (Small) or 193 (Large) Taxa in DELTA Format.” F.C. Thompson, ed. Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. Diptera Data Dissemination Disk (CD-ROM) \Fruitfly\Fruitfly.dat & \fruitfl2.dat.1 (1998). Condon, M. A. and A. L. Norrbom. “Behavior of Flies in the Genus Blepharoneura (Blepharoneurinae).” Aluja, M. and A.L. Norrbom, eds. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 157-174. Costa, L. A. A. and T. J. Henry. “Platyscytisca bergmannae, a New Genus and Species of Neotropical Plant Bug Resembling Species of P/aytscytus Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101 (1999): 490-495. Davis, D. R. “Ochsenheimeriidae.” Lepidopterorum Catalogus 5(48) (1998): I-12. . “Neopseustidae.” Lepidopterorum Catalogus 1(7) (1998): 1-8. Diaz-Fleischer, F, D. R. Papaj, R. J. Prokopy, A. L. Norrbom, and M. Aluja. “Evolution of Fruit Fly Oviposition Behavior.” Aluja, M. and A.L. Norrbom, eds. Fruit Flies (Tephriditae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 811-841. Erwin, T. L. and D. H. Kavanaugh. “Studies of the Subtribe Tachyina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini), Supplement D: Description of a Male of Costitachys Inusitatus Erwin, with Notes on Distribution of this Species.” The Coleopterists Bulletin, 53(1) (1999): 52-55. Erwin, T. L. “Evolution at the Equator: Arboreal and Alticolous Beetles and their Taxon Pulses with Descriptions of a New Agra Subclade and its Species (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lebiini).” Proceedings of a Symposium (28 August, 1996, Florence, Italy) XX International Congress of Entomology (1998): 491-510. Foster, G. A., and W. N. Mathis. “A Revision of the Family Tethinidae (Diptera) from the Carribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Bermuda.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100(4) (1998): 601-632. Freidberg, A. and A. L. Norrbom. “A Generic Reclassifi- cation and Phylogeny of the Tribe Myopitini (Tephritinae).” Aluga M. and A.L. Norrbom, eds. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 581-627. Froeschner, R. C. “Obituary: Nicholas A. Kormilev, 1901-1998.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100(4) (1998): 838. . “Two Corrections: Aradidae, Tingidae (Heteroptera).” Entomological News 109(5) (1998): 343. . “True Bugs (Heteroptera) of Panama: A Synoptic Catalog as a Contribution to the Study of Panamanian Biodiversity.” Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 61 (1999): 1-393. Gagné, R. J. “Book Review: Revision der “Lestremiinae” (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) der Holarktis by Mathias Jaschhof.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101 (1999): 462-463. Publications of the Staff 235 . “A Type Species Designation for Actilasioptera Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101 (1999): 697. . “Obituary: Alan Stone.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101 (1999): 911-913. . “Book Review: Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with Special Reference to Flies of Ecomonic Importance), Vol. 2, Nematocera and Lower Brachycera.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100 (1999): 831-833. Gagné, R. J. and J. F. Doane. “The Larval Instars of the Wheat Midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100 (1999): 57-63. Gagné, R. J. and L. L. Law. “Acté/asioptera (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a New Genus for Australasian and Asian Gall Midges of Grey Mangroves, Avicennia spp. (Avicenniaceae).” Csdka, G., W. J. Mattson, G. N. Stone, and P. W. Price, eds. The Biology of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report NC-199 (1999): 22-35. Gagné, R. J. and J. T. Lill. “A New Nearctic Species of Lestodiplosis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Preying on an Oak Leaf Tier, Psilocorsis quercicella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101 (1999): 332-336. Gagné, R. J. and E. G. Riley. “A New Gall Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Pest of Live Oak in Texas.” Southwestern Entomologist 24 (1999): 159-165. Goldarazena, A., R. Ochoa, and R. Jordana. “Revision of the Genus Paradactylidium Mahunka (Acari: Acarophenaciade).” International Journal of Acarology 25(2) (1999): 91-99. Grissell, E. E. and S. L. Heydon. “The Identity of Two Unplaced New World Megastigminae.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101(3) (1999): 611-613. . “An Annotated Catalog of World Megastigminae.” American Entomological Inst. 31(4) (1999): 1-92. Griswold, C. E., J. A. Coddington, N. I. Platnick, and R. R. Forster. “Towards a Phylogeny of Entelegyne Spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Entelegynae).” The Journal of Arachnology 27 (1999): 53-63. Henry, T. J. “Review of the Eastern North American Dicyphus, with a Key to Species and Redescription and Neotype Designation for D. vestitus Uhler (Heteroptera: Miridae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society Washington LOI (1999): 832-838. . The Spider Commensal Plant Bug Genus Ranzovius (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae) Revisited: Three New Species and a Revised Key, with the Description of a New Sister Genus and Phylogenetic Analysis.” Acta Societas Zoologica Bohemicae 63 (1999): 93-115. Henry, T. J. and D. Adamski. “Rhyparochromus saturnius (Rossi) (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Rhyparochromidae), a Palearctic Seed Bug Newly Discovered in North America.” Journal of the New York Entomological Society 106 (1999): 132-140. Hernandez, L. and T. J. Henry. “Review of the Ceratocapsus of Cuba, with Descriptions of Three New Species and a Neotype Designation of C. cubanus (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae).” Caribbean Journal of Science 35 (1999): 201-214. Janzen, D. H., M. J. Sharkey, and J. M. Burns. “Parasitization Biology of a New Species of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) Feeding on the Larvae of Costa Rican Dry Forest Skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae).” Tropical Lepidoptera 9 (Suppl. 2) (1998): 33-41. Jensen, A. S. and M. B. Stoetzel. “An Examination Of The North American Aphid Species Currently Placed In Ovatus Van Der Goot (Hemiptera: Aphididae) With The Description Of A New Genus.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society Washington 101(1) (1999): 39-56. Jianghua Sun, G. L. DeBarr, C. W. Berisford, and M. E. Schauff. “Description Of A New Primary Parasitoid, Zarhopalus debarri San Sp. Now (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Of The Loblolly Pine Mealybug, Oracella acuta (Lobdell) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae).” Canadian Entomologist 130 (1999): 793-797. Krombein, K. V., B. B. Norden, M. M. Rickson, and F. R. Rickson. “Biodiversity of Domatia Occupants (Ants, Wasps, Bees, and Others) of the Sri Lankan Myrmecophyte Humboldtia laurifolia Vahl (Fabaceae).” Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 603 (1999): 1-34. Krombein, K. V. “Taxonomic Notes on Eusaphyga (Hymenoptera: Sapygidae) and Description of Eusapyga Nordenae N. SP.” Entomological News 110(2) (1999): 89-91. . “Brachystegus decoratus (Tarner) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), an Indian Wasp New to Sri Lanka.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100(4) (1998): 828. Krombein, K. V. and A. S. Lelej. “Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, XXII: Bethsmyrmilla, A New Genus of Mutillid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae: Myrmillinae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101(1) (1999): 143-148. Legaspi, J. C., J. V. French, M. E. Schauff, and J. B. Woolley. “The Citrus Leafminer Phy//ocnistis citrella in South Texas: Incidence and Parasitism.” Florida Entomologist 82 (2) (1999): I-10. Lingafelter, S. W. “Redescription of Linsleyonides Skiles (Coptera: Cerabycidae) and Inclusion of E/aphidion portoricensis Fisher.” University of Kansas Natural History Museum Special Publication (Entomological Contributions in Memory of Byron A. Alexander) 24 (1999): 17-20. Manguin, S., R. C. Wilkerson, J. E. Conn, Y. Rubio-Palis, J. A. Danoff-Burg, and D. R. Roberts. “Population Structure Of The Primary Malaria Vector In South America, Anopheles darlingi, Using Isozyme Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, Internal Transcribed Spacer2, and Morphologic Markers.” Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60 (1999): 364-376. Masunagi, K., T. Saigusa, and N. E. Woodley. “Remarkable Disjunct Introductions of Conchopus borealis Takagi to the New World (Diptera: Dolichopodidae).” Entomological Science 2 (1999): 399-404. 236 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mathis, W. N. “A Review of the Beach-Fly Genus Isocance Mathis (Diptera: Canacidae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington t01(2) (1999): 347-358. McPheron, B. A., H. Y. Han, J. G. Silva, and A. L. Norrbom. “Phylogeny of the Genera Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Trypetinae: Toxotrypanini) Based upon 16S rRna Mitochondrial DNA Sequences.” Aluja, M. and A. L. Norrbom, eds. Fruit Flies (Tephriditae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 343-301. Miller, D. R. “Pseadococcus elisae and Pseudococcus jackbeardsley1: A Compendium of Agricultural Pests.” CABI Crop Protection Compendium, Database, 1999. Miller, D. R. and M. E. Gimpel. “New Combinations in the Eriococcidae and New Homonomy and Synonymy in the Cerococcidae.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101 (1999): 212-218. Mueller, U. G., S. A. Rehner, and T. A. Schultz. “The Evolution of Agriculture in Ants.” Sczence 281 (1998): 2034-2038. Munroe, E. and M. A. Solis. “Pyraloidea.” Kristensen, N., ed. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, Volume 1, Arthropoda, Insect. Volume 4, Part 35. Handbook of Zoology. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1999, 233-256. Nakahara, S. “Validation of Neohydatothrips samayunkur (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) for a Thrips Damaging Marigolds (Tagetes spp.).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101(2) (1999): 458-459. Nakahara, S. and R. C. Monteiro. “Frankliniella zucchini (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a New Species and Vector of Tospovirus in Brazil.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101(2) (1999): 290-294. Nakahara, S. and G. Vierbergen. “Second Instar Larvae of Frankliniella Species in Europe.” Proceedings of Sixth International Symposium on Thysanoptera (1999): 113-120. Nieser, N. and D. A. Polhemus. “Four New Species of Rhagovelia (Heteroptera: Veliidae) from Minas Gerais (Brazil), with a Key to the Regional Species of the angustipes Complex.” Aquatic Insects 21(1) (1999): 53-76. Norrbom, A. L., L. E. Carroll, F C. Thompson, I. M. White, and A. Freidberg. “Systematic Database of Names.” F. C. Thompson, ed. Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. Myia 9, vii and Diptera Data Dissemination Disk (CD-ROM) 9 (1998): 65-251. Norrbom, A. L., R. A. Zucchi, and V. Hernandez-Ortiz. “Phylogeny of the genera Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Trypetinae: Toxotrypanini) based on morphology.” Aluja, M. and A. L. Norrbom, eds. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 299-342. Norrbom, A. L., L. E. Carroll, and A. Freidberg. “Status of Knowledge.” pp. 9-47. E C. Thompson, ed. Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. Myia 9, vii and Diptera Data Dissemination Disk (CD-ROM) 9 (1998):9—47. Norrbom, A. L. and M. A. Condon. “Phylogeny of the Subfamily Blepharoneurinae.” Aluja, M. and A.L. Norrbom, eds. Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 135-155. Ochoa, R. “A ‘Mite’ More Information.” Science 286 (December 24, 1999): 2451-2452. Peyton, E. L., S. R. Campbell, T. M. Candeletti, M. Romanowski, and W. J. Crans. “Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald), a New Introduction into the United States.” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 15 (1999): 238-241. Peyton E. L., J. E. Pecor, T. V. Gaffigan, M. Trpis, L. M. Rueda, and R. C. Wilkerson. “The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Lloyd E. Rozeboom Mosquito Collection.” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 15 (1999): 526-551. Pogue, M. G. “Assessing Biodiversity in Lepidoptera Using Examples from the Neotropics.” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 53: 65-71. . “Spodoptera Larval Plant Hosts, Parasitoids, Predator. and Bibliographic Databases.” (To be included on a CD to accompany the world revision of Spodoptera publication.) Systematic Entomology Laboratory Website (1999). Pogue, M. G. and A. Aiello. “Description of the Immature Stages of Three Species of Ex/epidotis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Notes on Their Natural History.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101 (1999): 300-311. Reinert, J. F “Restoration of Verrallina to Generic Rank in Tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae) and Descriptions of the Genus and Three Included Subgenera.” Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. 31(3) (1999): 1-383. Robbins, R. K. and S. S$. Nicolay. “Taxonmomy of Strymon Toussaint, S. Andvewi, S. Amonensis, and S. Rhaptos (Lycaenidae: Theclinae).” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 52(3) (1998): 328-334. . “Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Strymon Istapa and S. Columella (Lycaenidae: Theclinae: Eumaeini).” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 52(3) (1998): 318-327. Schauff, M. E. “New Record of a Parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubialis (Hiibner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101 (1999): 910. Scheffer, S. J. “Use of Sugar Beet Foliage by the Introduced Leafmining Fly Amauromyza flavifrons (Diptera: Argromyzidae).” Journal of Economic Entomology 92 (1999): 347-350. . “Genetic Variation and the Potential for Host Range Evolution in the Leafmining Fly Amauromyza flavifrons (Diptera: Agromyzidae).” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92 (1999): 742-747. Schultz, T. R., D. Bekkevold, and J. J. Boomsma. “Acromyrmex insinuator new species: An Incipient Social Parasite of Fungus-Growing Ants.” Insectes Sociaux 45 (1998): 457-471. Schultz, T. R., G. A. Churchill. “The Role of Subjectivity in Reconstructing Ancestral Character States: A Bayesian Approach to Unknown Rates, States, and Transformation Asymmetries.” Systematic Biology 48(3) (1999): 651-664. Publications of the Staff 237 Smith, D. R. “Identity of Syrista speciosa Mocsary and Notes on the Genus Urosyrista Maa (Hymenoptera: Cephidae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101(2) (1999): 285-289. . “Sawfly Literature Database.” Systematic Entomology Laboratory Web site; hetp://198.77.175.60:59/entomology/sawflies/search.html (1999). Smith, D. R. and M. A. Beeche. “Notes on Chilean Orussidae (Hymenoptera) and a Probable New Host Association.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington tot (1999): 697-608. Solis, M. A. “Nymphulinae Duponchel [1845] (Insecta: Lepidoptera): Proposed Precedence over Acentropinae Stephens, 1836. Case 3048.” Bulletin of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 56(1) (1999): 31-33. . “Key to Frequently Intercepted Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) Larvae: Revision of Pyraloidea in “Keys to Some Frequently Intercepted Lepidopterous Larvae” (Weisman 1986). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101 (1999): 645-686. . “Insect Biodiversity: Perspectives from the Systematist.” American Entomologist 45(4) (1999): 204-205. Solis, M. A. and M. Shaffer. “Contribution Towards the Study of fhe Pyralinae (Pyralidae): Historical Review, Morphology, and Nomenclature.” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 53(1) (1999): I-10. Solis, M. A. and M. G. Pogue. “Lepidopteran Biodiversity: Patterns and Estimators.” American Entomologist 45 (1999): 206-212. Spangler, P. J. “A New Tribe, Genus and Species of Limnichid Beetle, Wooldrigeus perforatus, from Malaysia (Coleoptera: Limnichidae: Wooldridgeini).” Insecta Mundi 12 (3-4) (1998): 181-188. Stoetzel, M. B. and G. L. Miller. “Notes on Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi (Ferrari) (Homoptera: Aphididae).” Entomological News 110(1) (1999): 45-50. Stoetzel, M. B., A. S. Jensen, and G. L. Miller. “Reevaluation of the Genus Hyalomyzus Richards with the Description of Two New Species (Homoptera: Aphididae).” Annals of the Entomological Society America 92(4) (1999): 488-513. Teulon, D. A. J., E. A. Cameron, and S. Nakahara. “Thrips (Thysanoptera) Biodiversity in a Sugar Maple Plantation in Pennsylvania.” Canadian Entomologist 131 (1999): 629-633. Thompson, F. C. “Postscript [to Family-group Names in Diptera}.” Myia 10 (1999): 575-576. . “Data Dictionary and Standards for Fruit Fly Information Database.” Myia 9 (1999): 49-63. . “A New Oriental Sphegina Species (Diptera: Syrphidae).” Entomological News 110 (1999): 206-208. Thompson, F. C., N. L. Evenhuis, and C. W. Sabrosky. “Bibliography [of Family-group Names in Diptera].” Myia 10 (1999): 364-574. White, I. M., A. L. Norrbom, D. H. Headrick, and L. E. Carroll. “Glossary.” Aluja, M. and A. L. Norrbom, eds. Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 881-924 Williams, D. J. and D. R. Miller. “Two New Genera and Species of Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) that Produce Plant Galls.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101 (1999): 522-539. Woodley, N. E. “Book review: Mason, Franco. 1997. The Afrotropical Nemotelinae (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). Monografie XXIV. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy.” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92 (1999): 456. . “Book Review: MONOGRAFIA XXIV, THE AFROTROPICAL NEMOTELINAE (DIPTERA: STRATIOMYIDAE). By Franco Mason. Museo Regionale de Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy, 1997.” Systematic Entomology 24 (1999): IOI-102. . “Systematics and Biodiversity: Examples from Dipterology.” American Entomologist 45 (1999): 223-227. . “Lectotype Designations in Xylomyidae and Stratiomyidae (Diptera).” Entomological News (1999). Zinovjev, A. G. and D. R. Smith. “Types and Biological Notes of the Eastern North American Sawflies of Pontania Costa and Phy/locolpa Benson (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Described by Marlatt, Dyar, and Rohwer.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101(2) (1999): 359-371. Department of Invertebrate Zoology Ambler, J. W., ED. Ferrari, J. A. Fornshell and E. J. Buskey. “Diel Cycles of Molting, Mating, Egg Sac Production and Hatching in the Swarm Forming Cyclopoid Copeopd Dioithona oculata.” Plankton Biology and Ecology 46(2) (1999): 120-127. Barnard, J. L. “Revision of Laphystiopsidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda): New and Old Species from South China Sea, Southeastern Australia, Falkland Islands and Western Altantic Ocean.” Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 57(2) (1999): 287-310. Blanco Rambla, J. P. and R. Lemaitre. “Neocallichirus raymanningi, a New Species of Ghost Shrimp from the Northeastern Coast of Venezuela (Crustacea: Decapoda: Callianassidae).” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(4) (1999): 768-777. Bolstad, K. S. and B. Kensley. “Two New Species of Hansenium (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellota) from Madang, Papua New Guinea.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(1) (1999): 164-174. Cairns, S. D. Ch. 6. “Stratigraphic Distribution of Neogene Caribbean Azooxanthellate Corals (Scleractinia and Stylasteridae).” Bu/letins of American Paleontology 357 (1999): 109-118. . “Cnidaria Anthozoa: Deep-water Azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands.” Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, 20. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 180 (1999): 31-167. . “Species Richness of Recent Scleractinia.” A7o// Research Bulletin 459 (1999): I-12. 238 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Cairns, S. D., B. W. Hoeksema and J. van der Land. “Appendix: List of Extant Stony Corals.” Atoll Research Bulletin 459 (1999): 13-46. Campos, M. R. and R. Lemaitre. “Two New Freshwater Crabs of the Genus Prychophallus Smalley, 1964 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pseudothelphusidae) from Panama, with Notes on the Distribution of the Genus.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(3) (1999): 553-561. Cappola, V. A. and R. B. Manning. “Relationships within the Stomatopod Genus Eurysquilla.” Proceedings of the Fourth International Crustacean Congress, 1998 (1999): 383-393. Clarke, M. R. and C. FE. E. Roper. “Cephalopods Represented by Beaks in the Stomach of a Sperm Whale Stranded at Paekakarike, North Island, New Zealand.” South African Journal of Marine Science 20 (1999): 129-134. Erdmann, M. V. and R. B. Manning. “A New Species of Siamosquilla from Indonesia (Crustacea: Stomatopoda: Protosquillidae).” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(1) (1999): 94-96. Gibbons, M. J., et al., 30+ authors, incl. Kensley, Kornicker, Manning. “The Taxonomic Richness of South Africa's Marine Fauna: A Crisis at Hand.” South African Journal of Science 95 (1999): 8-11. Harasewych, M. G. and Y. I. Kantor. “A Revision of the Antarctic Genus Chlanidota (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Buccinulidae).” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(2) (1999): 253-302. Hope, W. D. and A. V. Tschesunov. “Smithsoninema inaequale n.g. and n.sp. (Nematoda, Leptolaimidae) Inhabiting the Test of a Foraminiferan.” Invertebrate Biology 118(2) (1999): 95-108. Kantor, Y. I. and M. G. Harasewych. “Rediscovery of the Antarctic Species Sipho gaini Lamy, 1910 (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) with Remarks on its Taxonomic Position.” Antarctic Research 11(4) (1999): 431-436. Kensley, B. and M. Schotte. “New Records of Isopods from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida (Crustacea: Peracarida).” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(4) (1999): 695-713. Kito, K. and W. D. Hope. “Leptosomatides brevicaudatus n.sp. and a Redescription of Leptosomatides marinae Platonova, 1967 (Enoplida: Leptosomatidae).” Journal of Nematology 31(4) (1999): 460-474. Kornicker, L. S. and E. Harrison-Nelson. “Eumeli Expeditions, Part 1: Tetragonodon rex, new species, and General Reproductive Biology of the Myodocopina.” Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 602 (1999): I-55. Kornicker, L. S. and T. M. Iliffe. “Myodocopoid Ostracoda from Exuma Sound, Bahamas, and from the Marine Caves and Blue Holes in the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Mexicoy.” Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 606 (1999): 1-98. Leal, J. H. and M. G. Harasewych. “Deepest Atlantic Molluscs: Hadal Limpets (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Cocculiniformia) from the Northern Boundary of the Caribbean Plate.” Invertebrate Biology 118(2) (1999): 116-136. Lemaitre, R. “Crustacea Decapoda: A review of the Species of the Genus Parapagurus Smith, 1879 (Parapaguridae) from the Pacific and Indian Oceans.” Resu/tats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, 20. Memoztres du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 180 (1999): 303-378. Mickevich, M. EF. “Scientific Aspects of Biodiversity Databasing.” American Entomologist 45(4) (1999): 26-32. Reid, J. W. “Discover Life in America, Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Crustacean Checklist.” hetp://www.discoverlife.org/nh/cl/GSMNP/crustaceans.ht ml (1999). . “New Records of Bryocyclops from the Continental U.S.A., Puerto Rico, and Brazil (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae).” Journal of Crustacean Biology 19(1) (1999): 84-92. . “Tecnicas Taxonomicas para Copepodes.” Limnostemas, Sociedade Brasileira de Limnologia 1 (1999): I-23. Reid, J. W. and E. Suarez-Morales. “A New, Neotropical Species of Acanthocyclops (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae).” Beaufortia 49(5) (1999): 37-45. Reid, J. W. and L. Moreno D. “The Western and Southern Distribution of Mesocyclops edax (S.A. Forbes) (Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida).” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(3) (1999): 581-591. Reid, J. W., D. L. Strayer, J. V. McArthur, S. E. Stibbe and J. L. Lewis. “Rheocyclops, a New Genus of Copeopds from the Southeastern and Central U.S.A. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae).” Journal of Crustacean Biology 19(2) (1999): 384-396. Rho, B. J. and L. L. Cole. “Metandrocarpa kudoi, a New Colonial Ascidian (Stolidobranchia, Styelidae) from Korea.” Bulletin of Marine Science 65(1) (1999): 151-157. Richardson, S. L. and K. Ruetzler. “Bacterial Endosymbionts in the Agglutinating Foraminiferan Spiculidendron corallicolum Ruetzler and Richardson, 1996.” Symbiosis 26 (1999): 299-312. Roe, P. and J. L. Norenburg. “Observations on Depth Distribution, Diversity and Abundance of Pelagic Nemerteans from the Pacific Ocean off California and Hawaii.” Deep-Sea Research Part 1, 46 (1999): 1201-1220. Roux, M. and D. L. Pawson. “Two New Pacific Ocean Species of Hyocrinid Crinoids (Echinodermata), with Comments on Presumed Giant-dwarf Gradients Related to Seamounts and Abyssal Plains.” Pacific Science 53(3) (1999): 289-298. Ruetzler, K., M. Carpenter, K. Smith and M. Robbart. “Smithsonian CCRE Reports 1996-1998. Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems.” Smithsonian Institution, Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program (1999). Staton, J. L. and M. E. Rice. “Genetic Differentiation Despite Teleplanic Larval Dispersal: Allozyme Variation in Sipunculans of the Apionsoma misakianum Species- complex.” Bulletin of Marine Science 65(2) (1999): 467-480. Strayer, D. L. and J. W. Reid. “Distribution of Hyporheic Cyclopoids (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Eastern United States.” Archives Hydrobiologia 145(1) (1999): 79-92. Publications of the Staff 239 Strong, E. E. and M. G. Harasewych. “The Anatomy of the Hadal Limpet Macleaniella moskalevi (Gastropoda: Cocculinoidea).” Invertebrate Biology 118(2) (1999): 137-148. Suarez-Morales, E., J. McLelland and J. W. Reid. “The Plank- tonic Copepods of Coastal Saline Ponds of the Cayman Islands with Special Reference to the Occurrence of Mesocyclops ogunnus Onabamiro, an Apparently Introduced Afro-asian cyclopoid.” Gulf Research Reports 11 (1999): I-55: Sweeney, M. J. and M. G. Harasewych. “Harald A. Rehder (1907-1996): Biographical Sketch and Malacological Contributions.” The Nautilus 113(4) (1999): 127-150. Tudge, C. C. “Ultrastructure of the Spermatophore Lateral Ridge in Hermit Crabs (Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea).” Crustaceana 72(1) (1999): 77-84. Vecchione, M. and R. E. Young. “The Magnapinnidae, a Newly Discovered Family of Oceanic Squids (Cephalopoda; Oegopsida).” South African Journal of Marine Science 20 (1999): 429-437. Department of Mineral Sciences Dreizen, E. L., V. K. Hoffman, and E. P. Vicenzi. “High Temperature Phases in Ternary Zr-O-N Systems.” Journal of Materials Research 14 (1999): 3840-3842. Dreizen, E.L , D. G. Keil, W. Felder, and E. P. Vicenzi. “Phase Changes in Boron Ignition and Combustion.” Combustion and Flame 119 (1999): 272-290. lizasa, K., R. S. Fiske, M. Ishizuka, M. Yuasa, J. Hashimoto, J. Naka, Y. Horii, Y. Fujiwara, A. Imai, and S. Koyama. “A Kuroko-type Polymetallic Sulfide Deposit in a Submarine Silicic Caldera.” Science 283 (1999): 975-977. Logan, M. A. “Geology of the Gualilan and Gualcamayo gold districts, San Juan, Argentina.” Invited chapter. E. Zappettini, ed. Recursos Minerales de la Republica Argentina, Instituto de Geologia y Recursos Minerales SEGEMAR, Anales 35 (1999): 1525-1534. McCoy, T. J., T. L. Dickinson, and G. E. Lofgren. “Partial Melting of the Indarch (EH4) Meteorite: A Textural, Chemical and Phase Relations View of Melting and Melt Migration.” Meteoritics and Planetary Science 34 (1999): 735-746. McCoy, T. J., M. Wadhwa, and K. Keil. “New Lithologies in the Zagami Meteorite: Evidence for Fractional Crystallization of a Single Magma Unit on Mars.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63 (7-8) (1999): 1249-1262. Ni,Y., J. E. Post, and J. M. Hughes. “The Crystal Structure of Parisite-(Ce),Ce,CaF ,(CO),.” American Mineralogist 85 (1999): 251-258. Post, J. E. “Manganese Oxide Minerals: Crystal Structures and Economic and Environmental Significance.” J. V. Smith, ed. Colloquium on Geology, Mineralogy, and Human Welfare Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1999, 3447-3454. Schalamuk, I. B. and M. A. V. Logan. “Distrito Argentifero Cerro Negro, La Rioja, Argentina.” Zappettini, E., ed. Recursos Minerales de la Reptblica Argentina, Instituto de Geologia y Recursos Minerales SEGEMAR, Anales 35 (1999): 1665-1671. Department of Paleobiology Bernasconi, M. P. and D. J. Stanley. “Molluscan Faunas: A Means to Refine Holocene Sea-level Changes Seaward of the Nile Delta.” World Deltas Symposium, Book of Abstracts (1998): 50. Birkenmajer, K. and E. L. Yochelson. “Ceratopea (Gastropoda) from Lower Ordovician of South Spitsbergen.” Bulletin Polish Academy of Sciences, Earth Sciences 46 (1999): 157-165. Bohaska, David J. “Fossil Marine Mammals of the Lower Miocene Pollack Farm Site, Delaware.” Benson, R. N., ed. Geology and Paleontology of the Lower Miocene Pollack Farm Fossil Site, Delaware, Delaware Geological Survey Special Publication 21 (1998): 179-191. Brett, C.E., T. E. Whitely, P. A. Allison, and E. L. Yochelson. “The Walcott-Rust Quarry: Middle Ordovician Trilobite Konservat-Lagerstatten. Journal of Paleontology 73 (1999): 288-305. Case, J. A., J. E. Martin, D. S. Chaney, M. Reguero, and M. O. Woodburne. “The First Hadrosaur from Antarctica.” Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts of the Fifty-Eighth Annual Meeting 18 (1998): 32A. Chaney, D. S., S. H. Mamay, and W. A. DiMichele. “Mesozoic Elements in an Early Permian Flora from Texas: Implications for the End-Permian Extinction on Land.” Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Toronto, Abstracts with Programs 30 (1998): A312. Cutler, Alan H. “A Note on the Taphonomy of Lower Miocene Fossil Land Mammals from the Marine Calvert Formation at the Pollack Farm Fossil Site, Delaware.” Benson, R. N., ed. Geology and Paleontology of the Lower Miocene Pollack Farm Fossil Site, Delaware, Delaware Geological Survey Special Publication 21 (1998): 175-178. Cutler, Alan H., A. K. Behrensmeyer, and R. E. Chapman. “Environmental Information in a Recent Bone Assemblage: Roles of Taphonomic Processes and Ecological Change.” Palaeo 3149 (1999): 359-372. Emry, R. J., and Ralph E. Eshelman. “The Early Hemingfordian (Early Miocene) Pollack Farm Local Fauna: First Tertiary Land Mammals Described from Delaware.” Benson, R. N., ed. Geology and Paleontology of the Lower Miocene Pollack Farm Fossil Site, Delaware, Delaware Geological Survey Special Publication 21 (1998): 153-173. Erwin, D. H. “Biospheric Perturbations: From the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Radiation to the End-Permian Crisis.” Journal of African Earth Sciences 28 (1999): 5-27. . “The Origin of Bodyplans.” American Zoologist 39(1999): 617-629. Glenister, B. F, B. R. Wardlaw, L. L. Lambert, C. Spinosa, S. A. Bowring, D. H. Erwin, M. Menning, and G. L. Wilde. “Proposal of Guadalupian and Component Roadian, Wordian, and Capitanian Stages as International 240 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Standards for the Middle Permian Series.” Permophiles 3.4 (1999): 3-11. Goodfriend, G. A. and D. J. Stanley. “Rapid Strand-plain Accretion in the Northeastern Nile Delta in the 9th Century A.D. and the Demise of the Port of Pelusium.” Geology 27(2) (1999): 147-150. Hubbard, David A. and F. Grady. “Mammoth Tooth Found in Endless Caverns, Virginia.” Virginia Minerals 45(1) (1999). Huber, B. T. “Tropical Paradise at the Cretaceous Poles?” Science 282 (1998): 2199-2200. Isaacson, P. E. and J. T. Dutro, Jr. “Lower Carboniferous Brachiopods from Sierra de Almeida, Northern Chile.” Journal Paleontology 73 (4) (1999): 625-633. Jett, J. “Recent Literature on Foraminifera.” J. Foram Res.28 (1998): 90-93. Koch, P. L. and S. L. Wing. “Climatic and Vegetational Change and the Late Pleistocene Extinction.” Geol. Soc. America Ann. Meeting, Abstract with Programs (1998): A-38. Kontrovitz, M. and D. J. Stanley. “Brackish Water Ostracodes from the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt.” World Deltas Symposium, Book of Abstracts (1998): 53. Labandeira, C. C. and D. Smith. “Forging a Future for Fossil Insects: Thoughts on the First International Congress of Paleoentomology.” Paleobiology 25(2) (1999): 154-157. Labandeira, C. C. “The Fossil History and Antecedents of Insect Pollination” (abstract). Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 30(7) (1998): 37. . “The Paleozoic Origin of Diverse and Significant Insect Herbivory: Rejection of the Expanding Resources Hypothesis” (abstract). Abstracts of the First International Paleoentomological Conference (1998): 20. . “The Fossil History of Spore and Pollen Consumption by Insects: Implications for the Origin of Pollination” (abstract). Abstracts of the First International Paleoentomological Conference (1998): 20. Lavarov, A. V. and R. J. Emry. “Hyaenodon venturae (Hyaenodontidae, Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Early Chadronian (Latest Eocene) of Wyoming.” Journal of Paleontology 72(4) (1998): 752-757. Loizeau, J.-L. and D. J. Stanley. “Human Impacts on Coastal Mariut Lake and Idku Lagoon (Nile Delta, Egypt) Recorded in Recent Sediments.” World Deltas Symposium, Book of Abstracts (1998): 49. Lucas, Spencer G. and Robert J. Emry. “Taxonomy and Biochronological Significance of Paraentelodon, a Giant Entelodont (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Late Oligocene of Asia.” Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (1999): 160-168. Mamay, S. H., D. S. Chaney, and W. A. DiMichele. “A Mesozoic-type Flora from the Lower Permian of Texas.” American Journal of Botany Abstracts 85 (1998): 77. McDonald, Jerry N., Ralph E. Eshelman, F. V. Grady, and David A. Hubbard, Jr. “The Late Wisconsinan Mammalian Fauna of Virginia.” The Mammals of Virginia, 1999, Appendix VI, 331-350. . “Book Review of ‘Arthropod Fossils and Phylogeny’ by G. A. Edgecombe, ed.” Palaois 14(4) (1999): 405-407. Neuman, R. B. “Arenig-early Llanvirn Age Celtic Brachiopod Assemblage Reaffirmed” (abstract). Kraft, P. and O. Fatka, eds. Quo Vadis Ordovician? Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on the Ordovician System, Prague, 20-25 June, 1999: Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica 43 (1999): 345-346. Norris, R. D., B. T. Huber, J. Self-Trail. “Synchroneity of the K-T Oceanic Mass Extinction and Meteorite Impact: Blake Nose, Western North Atlantic.” Geology 27(5) (May 1999): 419-422. Oliver, W. A., Jr. “The Principal Pridolian and Lochkovian Rugose Coral Assemblages or Communities in Eastern North America.” Buocot, A. J. and J. D. Lawson, eds. Paleocommunities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 800-805. . “On the Origin of ‘Spongophylloides’ in Eastern North America” (abstract). Proceedings of Cnidaria VIII, Sendai, Japan, September (1999). Olsson, R. K., C. Hemleben, W. A. Berggren, and B. T. Huber. “Atlas of Paleocene Planktonic Foraminifera.” Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 85 (1999). Palmer, M., C. C. Labandeira, K. Johnson, and W. Wehr. “Diversity and Intensity of Insect Herbivory on the Middle Eocene Republic Flora: Comparing the Fossil Record with the Record” (abstract). Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 30(7) (1998): 37. Pandolfi, J. M., G. Llewellyn, J. B. C. Jackson. “Interpretation of Ancient Reef Environments in Paleoecological Studies of Community Structure: Curagao, Netherlands Antilles, Caribbean Sea.” Coral Reefs 18 (1999): 107-122. Pandolfi, J. M. “Response of Pleistocene Coral Reefs to Environmental Change over Long Temporal Scales.” American Zoologist 39 (1999): 113-130. Phillips, T. L. and W. A. DiMichele. “Coal Ball Sampling and Quantification.” Jones, T. P. and N. P. Rowe, eds. Fossil Plants and Spores, Modern Techniques. London: The Geological Society, 1999, 206-209. Pojeta, John, Jr. “Cambrian and Ordovician Diasome Mollusks.” Adstracts for the American Malacological Society, 65th Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (1999): 47. Pribyl, L. J., C. C. Labandeira, and D. Kohls. “Biodiversity and Taphonomy of Fossil Insects from the Green River Formation, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, U.S.A.” (abstract). Abstracts of the First International Paleoentomological Conference (1998): 37. Purdy, Robert W. “The Early Miocene Fish Fauna from the Pollack Farm Site, Delaware.” Benson, R. N., ed. Geology and Paleontology of the Lower Miocene Pollack Farm Fossil Site, Delaware, Delaware Geological Survey Special Publication 21 (1998): 133-139. Randazzo, G. and D. J. Stanley. “Human-induced Sedimentological Changes in Manzala Lagoon, Nile Delta, Egypt.” World Deltas Symposium, Book of Abstracts (1998): 52. Randazzo, G., D. J. Stanley, S. I. Di Geronimo, and C. Amore. “Human-induced Sedimentological Changes in Publications of the Staff 241 Manzala Lagoon, Nile Delta, Egypt.” Environmental Geology 36 (1999): 235-258. Reinhardt, E. G., D. J. Stanley, and R. T. Patterson. “Strontium Isotopic-Paleontological Method as a High- resolution Paleosalinity Tool for Lagoonal Environments—Evidence from a Nile Delta Lagoon.” World Deltas Symposium, Book of Abstracts (1998): 51. Reinhardt, E. G., D. J. Stanley, and R. T. Patterson. “Strontium Isotopic-Paleontological Method as a High- resolution Paleosalinity Tool for Lagoonal Environments.” Geology 26 (1998): 1003-1006. Sohn, I. G., and F. M. Swain. “On the Superfamily Darwinuloidacea, the Type Species of Darwinuloidea Mandelstam, 1956, and the Status of Cherkella Sohn and Morris, 1963 (Ostracoda).” Journal of Paleontology 73(1) (1999): 159-160. Sohn, I. G. “Suchonella Spizharsky, 1937 (Crustacea, Ostracoda): Suchonella typica Spizharsky, 1938 Designated as the Type Species. Opinion 1915.” Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 56(1) (1999): 8. Stanley, D. J. and A. G. Warne. “Nile Delta in its Destruction Phase.” Journal of Coastal Research 14 (1998): 794-825. Stanley, D. J., Z. Chen, and J. Song. “Inundation, Sea-level Rise and Transition from Neolithic to Bronze Age Cultures, Yangtze Delta, China.” Geoarchaeology 14 (1999): 15-26. Stanley, D. J. “Rio Grande Delta in Texas—Sea Level, Climate, Neotectonics, and Anthropogenic Effects.” USGS Sound Waves 5 (1999): 3-4. . “Evaluating Use of Rock-hewn Features for Sea- level Measurement, Israeli Coast.” Journal of Coastal Research 15(2) (1999): 326-331. Valentine, J. W., D. Jablonski, and D. H. Erwin. “Fossils, Molecules and Embryos: New Perspectives on the Cambrian Explosion.” Development 126 (1999): 851-859. Waller, T. R. and G. D. Stanley, Jr. “New Marine Middle Triassic Bivalves from the New Pass Range, West-central Nevada” (abstract). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 30(7) (1998). Warne, A. G. and D. J. Stanley. “Late Quaternary to Recent History of the Nile Delta in the Alexandria Region, Egypt: Use of Geologic Record to Evaluate Human Impacts.” World Deltas Symposium, Book of Abstracts (1998): 54. Webers, G. FE. and E. L. Yochelson. “A Revision of Palaeacmaea (Upper Cambrian) (?Cnidaria).” Journal Paleontology 73(4) (1999): 598-607. Wilf, P., K. C. Beard, K. S. Davies-Vollum, and J. W. Norejko. “Portrait of a Late Paleocene (Early Clarkforkian) Terrestrial Ecosystem: Big Multi Quarry and Associated Strata, Washakie Basin, Southwestern Wyoming.” Palaios 13 (1998): 514-532. Wilf, P. Using Fossil Plants to Understand Global Change: Evidence for Paleocene-Eocene Warming in the Greater Green River Basin of Southwestern Wyoming (doctoral dissertation). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1998. Wilf, P., K. C. Beard, K. S. Davies-Vollum, and J. W. Norejko. “Portrait of a Late Paleocene (Early Clarkforkian) Terrestrial Ecosystem: Big Multi Quarry and Associated Strata, Washakie Basin, Southwestern Wyoming.” Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Toronto, Abstracts with Programs 30 (1998): A38. Wilf, P., S. L. Wing, D. R. Greenwood, and C. L. Greenwood. “Using Fossil Leaves as Paleo-rain Gauges— An Eocene Example: Reply.” Geology 27 (1999): 92. Wilf, P. and C. C. Labandeira. “Plant-insect Associations Respond to Paleocene-Eocene Warming.” Early Paleogene Warm Climates and Biosphere Dynamics Conference Abstract Volume, 1999. Wilf, P. and C. C. Labandeira. “Response of Plant-insect Associations to Paleocene-Eocene Warming.” Science 284 (1999): 2153-2156. Wing, S. L. “Rates of Floral Change Scale to Duration of Measurement.” Geol. Soc. America Ann. Meeting, Abstract with Program (1998): A-37. Yochelson, E. L. “Rejection of Carboniferous Qvasidentalium Shimansky, 1974, from the Phylum Mollusca.” Jornal of Paleontology 73 (1999): 63-65. . Ten biographical sketches as follows: Berry, Edward Wilber, 685-686; Clark, William Bullock, 957-958; Chamberlain, Rollin Thomas, 639-640; Darton, Nelson Horatio, 119-120; Hayes, Charles Willard, 388-390; Hill, Robert Thomas, 801-802; Keith, Arthur, 457—458; Lesquerox, Leo, 522-523; White, David, 188-190; and Walcott, Charles Doolittle, 467-468. American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 1999. . “Review ‘How the Canyon Became Grand.” Earth Sciences History 17 (1999): 222. Yochelson, E. L. and R. Goodison. “Devonian Dentalinm martini Whitfield, 1882, is not a Mollusk, but a Worm.” Journal Paleontology 73(4) (1999): 634-640. Department of Vertebrate Zoology Austin, C. C. and G. R. Zug. “Molecular and Morphological Evolution in the South Central Pacific Skink Emoia tongana (Reptilia: Squamata): Uniformity and Human- mediated Dispersal.” Australian Journal of Zoology 47 (1999): 425-437. Baldwin, C. C. and W. Leo Smith. “Be/onoperca pylei, a New Species of Seabass (Teleostei: Serranidae: Epinephelinae: Diploprionini) from the Cook Islands with Comments on Relationships Among Diploprionins.” [chthyological Research 45 (1998): 325-339. Banford, H.M., E. Bermingham, B.B. Collette, and S.S. McCafferty. “Phylogenetic Systematics of the Scomberomorus regalis (Teleostei:Scombridae) Species Group:Molecules, Morphology and Biogeography of Spanish Mackerels.” Copeia (1999): 596-613. Bunch, T. D., S.Q. Wang, R. S. Hoffmann, Y.P. Zhang, A.H. Liu, S.Y. Lin, and W. Wang. “Diploid Chromosome Number and Karyotype of the Dalai-lamae Argali (Ovss ammon dalai-lamae Przevalskii, 1888).” Encyclia, Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 74 (1998): 255-263. 242 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Burns, J.R., S.-H. Weitzman, K.R. Lange, and L.R. Malabarba. “Sperm Ultrastructure in Characid Fishes (Teleostei: Characidae).” Malabarba, L.R., R.P. Vari., R.E. Reis, Z.M.S. Lucena and C.A.S. Lucena, eds. Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Museu de Ciéncias e Technologia, Pontificia Universida de Catélica do Rio Grande do Sul, 1998, 235-244. Carleton , M. D., and S. L. Olson. “Amerigo Vespucci and the Rat of Fernando de Noronha: a New Genus and Species of Rodentia (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) from a Volcanic Island off Brazil’s Continental Shelf.” American Museum Novitates 3256 (1999): I-59. Castle, P.H.J., and D.G. Smith. “A Reassessment of the Eels of the Genus Bathycongrus in the Indo-west Pacific.” Journal of Fish Biology 54 (1999): 973-995. Colket, E., and D. E. Wilson. “Taphozous hildegardeae.” Mammalian Species 597 (1998): 1-3. Collette, B.B. Review: Fishes of Chesapeake Bay, by E. Murdy, R. Birdsong, and J. Musick. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 225 (1998): 155-168. . “ITIS, the Integrated Taxonomic Information System.” R.T. Fraser and V.C. Kaser, eds. Metadiversity: the Grand Challenge for Biodiversity Information Management through Metadata. National Federation of Abstracting & Information Services, 1999, 63-67. . “Mackerels, Molecules, and Morphology.” Proceedings 5” Indo-Pacific Fish. Conference, Noumea, 1997, Société Frangaise d'Ichtyologie, 1999, 149-164. Collette, B.B., and N.V. Parin. “Flyingfishes & their Allies.” J.R. Paxton and W.N. Eschmeyer, eds. Encyclopedia of Fishes. 2nd ed. Academic Press, 1998, 144-147. Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau. “Monophyly and Intrarelationships of the Family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a Revised Classification.” Fishery Bulletin 96(4) (1998): 686-726. . “Phylogenetic Status of Paralichthodes algoensis (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthodidae).” Copeia 2 (1998): 477-481. Crombie, R. I. “Jamaica.” B. I. Crother, ed. Caribbean Amphibians and Reptiles. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999, 63-92. Crombie, R. I. and G. K. Pregill. “A Checklist of the Herpetofauna of the Palau Islands (Republic of Belau), Oceania.” Herpetological Monographs. 13 (1999): 29-80. de Queiroz, K. “The General Lineage Concept of Species, Species Criteria, and the Process of Speciation: A Conceptual Unification and Terminological Recommendations.” Endless Forms: Species and Speciation, D. J. Howard and S. H. Berlocher, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, 57-75. . “The General Lineage Concept of Species and the Defining Properties of the Species Category.” (Chapter 3) Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays, R. A. Wilson, ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999, 49-89. de Queiroz, K., L.-R. Chu, and J. B. Losos. “A Second Anolis Lizard in Dominican Amber and the Systematics and Ecological Morphology of Dominican Amber Anoles.” American Museum Novitates 3249 (1998): I-23. Dove, C. J. “Where Do All Those Feathers Go?” Flying Safety 55(4) (1999): 16-18. . “Feather Identification and a New Electronic System for Reporting US Air Force Bird Strikes.” Proceedings of Bird Strike 1999, 225-229. Dove, Carla J., and R. C. Banks. “A Taxonomic Study of Crested Caracaras (Falconidae).” Wilson Bulletin 111(3) (1999): 330-339. Dowsett, R. J., S$. L. Olson, M. S. Roy, and FE. Dowsett- Lemaire. “Systematic Status of the Black-collared Bulbul Neolestes torquatus.” Ibis,14(1) (1999): 22-28. Emmons, L.H. “Jaguar Panthera onca.” D.E. Wilson and S. Ruff, eds. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999, 236-237. . “Of Mice and Monkeys: Primates as Predictors of Mammal Community Richness.” Primate Communities, J. G. Fleagle, C. Janson, and K. Reed, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 171-188. Erdmann, M.V., R. L. Caldwell, S. L. Jewett and A. Tjakrawidjaja. “The Second Recorded Living Coelacanth from North Sulawesi.” Environmental Biology of Fishes 54 (1999): 445-451. Foster, M. S., and L. S. DeLay. “ Dispersal of Mimetic Seeds of Three Species of Ormosia (Leguminosae).” Journal of Tropical Ecology, 14 (1998): 389-411. Foster, M. S., and J. Terborgh. “Impact of a Rare Storm Event on an Amazonian Forest.” Bzotropica 30 (1998): 470-474. Frith, C.B., and B. M. Beehler. The Birds of Paradise. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Gardner, A.L. 1999. “Order Didelphimorphia.” D.E. Wilson and S. Ruff, eds. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals (xxvi). Vancouver: UBC Press, 1999, I-5. Gardner, A.L., and P. Cortés-Calva. “Didelphidae.” S.T. Alvarez-Castaneda and J.L. Patton, eds. Mamiferos del noroeste de México. La Paz, Baja California Sur, México: Centro de Investigaciones Bioldgicas del Noroestes, S.C., 1999, 29-38. Gardner, A. L., and C.B. Robbins. “Case 3058. Artocephalus F. Cuvier, 1826 and Ca/lorhinus Gray, 1859 (Mammalia, Pinnipedia): Proposed Conservation by the Designation of Phoca pusilla Schreber, [1775] as the Type Species of Arctocephalus; and Otaria Péron, 1816 and Eumetopias Gill, 1866: Proposed Conservation by the Designation of Phoca leonina Molina, 1782 as the Type Species of Otaria.” Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 56(2) (1999): 136-141. Glenn, T.C., H.C. Dessauer, and M. J. Braun. “Characterization of Microsatellite DNA Loci in American Alligators.” Copeia 3 (1998): 591-601. Handley, C.O., Jr. “Deer/Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus.” D.E. Wilson and S. Ruff, eds. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999, 574-577: Handley, C. O., Jr., and J. Ochoa G. “New Species of Mammals from Northern South America: A Sword-noted Bat, Genus Lonchorina tomes (Chiroptera: Publications of the Staff 243 Phyllostomidae).” Memoria (Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle) 57(148) (1998): 71-82. Hendler, G., C.C. Baldwin, D.G. Smith, and C.E. Thacker. “Planktonic Dispersal of Juvenile Brittle Stars (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) on a Caribbean Reef.” Bulletin of Marine Science, 65(1) (1999): 283-288. Heyer, W. R. “The Relationships of Leptodactylus diedrus (Anura, Leptodactylidae).” A/ytes 16(1—2) (1998): 1-24. . “A New Genus and Species of Frog from Bahia, Brazil (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) with Comments on the Zoogeography of the Brazilian Campos Rupestres.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(1) (1999): 19-39. Heyer, W. R., and A. M. Mufioz. “Validation of Eleutherodactylus crepitans Bokermann, 1965, Notes on the Types and Type Locality of Telatrema heterodactylum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, and Description of a New Species of Eleutherodactylus from Mato Grosso, Brazil (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae).” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(1) (1999): 1-18. Hoffmann, R.S., scientific ed. English edition of the Russian-language series Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea Cows; Wolves and Bears) by V.G. Heptner et al. Washington, D.C.: SI Libraries and National Science Foundation, 1998. Humphries, C. J., and L. R. Parenti. Cladistic Biogeography: Interpreting Patterns of Plant and Animal Distributions, Second edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Imamura, H., and L. W. Knapp. “Review of the Genus Bembras Cuvier, 1829 (Scorpaeniformes: Bembridae) with Description of Three New Species Collected from Australia and Indonesia.” Ichthyological Research 45(2) (1998): 113-212. Jackman, T. R., A. Larson, K. de Queiroz, and J. B. Losos. “Phylogenetic Relationships and Tempo of Early Diversification in Avolis Lizards.” Systematic Biology 48(2) (1999): 254-285. Kalko, E. K. V. “Organization and Diversity of Tropical Bat Communities through Space and Time.” Zoology to1 (1998): 281-297. Kalko, E. K. V., D. Frimel, C. O. Handley, Jr., and H.-U. Schnitzler. “Roosting and Foraging Behavior of Two Neotropical Gleaning Bats (Tonatia silvicola and Trachops cirrbosus Phyllostomidae).” Biotropica 31(2) (1999): 344-353. King, B. F., and P. C. Rasmussen. “The Rediscovery of the Forest Owlet Athene (Heteroglaux) blewitti.” Forktail: Journal of the Oriental Bird Club 14 (1998): 51-53. Krabbe N., M. L. Isler, P. R. Isler, B. M. Whitney, J. Alvarez A., and P. J. Greenfield. “A New Species in the Myrmotherula haematonota Superspecies (Aves: Thamnoplilidae) from the Western Amazonian Lowlands of Ecuador and Peru.” The Wilson Bulletin (1999): 111. Kress, W. J., W. R. Heyer, P. Acevedo, J. Coddington, D. Cole, T. L. Erwin, B. J. Meggers, M. Pogue, R. W. Thorington, R. P. Vari, M. J. Weitzman, and S. H. Weitzman. “Amazonian Biodiversity: Assessing Conservation Priorities with Taxonomic Data.” Biodiversity and Conservation 7 (1998):1577-158. Malabarba, L.R., R. E. Reis, R. P. Vari, Z. M. S. Lucena, and C. A. S. Lucena. Preface L. R. Malabarba, R. E. Reis, R. P. Vari, Z. M. S. Lucena, and C. A. S. Lucena, eds. Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Museu de Ciéncias e Tecnologia -PUCRS, 1998. Malabarba, L.R., R. E. Reis, R. P. Vari, Z. M. S. Lucena, and C. A. S. Lucena, eds. Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Museu de Ciéncias e Tecnologia -PUCRS, 1908. Malabarba, L.R., and S. H. Weitzman. “A New Genus and Species of South American Fish (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) with a Derived Caudal Fin, Including Comments on Inseminating Cheirodontines.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112 (2) (1999): 411-432. Malabarba, L.R., S.H. Weitzman and J.R. Burns. “Compsurini {a New Tribe of Cheirodontine Fishes].” Malabarba, L.R., ed. Characters and Major Clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae), 1998, 191-232. Malabarba, L.R., R.P. Vari, R.E. Reis, Z.M.S. Lucena and C.A.S. Lucena, eds. Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Museu de Ciéncias e Technologia, Pontificia Universidade Catélica do Rio Grande do Sul, 1998, 216-219. Marshall, J. T. Identification and Names of Eurasian House Mice and Their European Allies, Subgenus Mus (Rodentia: Muridae). Privately printed, Springfield, Virginia, 1998. McDiarmid, R. W., and R. Altig. Tadpoles, The Biology of Anuran Larvae. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999. McDiarmid, R. W., J. A. Campbell, and T. A. Touré. Snake Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Herpetologists’ League, 1999. Meisner, A.D., and B. B. Collette. “A New Species of Viviparous Halfbeak, Dermogenys bispina (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae) from Sabah (North Borneo).” Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 46(2) (1999): 373-380. . “Generic Relationships of the Internally-fertilized Southeast Asian Halfbeaks (Hemiramphidae: Zenarchopterinae).” Proceedings 5th Indo-Pacific Fish. Conference Moumea, 1997, Société Frangaise @'Ichtyologie (1999): 69-76. Munroe, T.A., and K. Amaoka. “Symphurus hondoensis Hubbs, 1915, a Valid Species of Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae).” Ichthyological Research 45(4) (1998): 385-391. Olson, S. L. “Comment on the Proposed Suppression of all Prior Usages of Generic and Specific Names of Birds (Aves) by John Gould and Others Conventionally Accepted as Published in The Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (Case 3044; see BZN 54:172-182).” Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 55(3) (1998): 176-181. . “Lectotypification of Charadrius rubricollis Gmelin, 1789.” Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 118(4) (1998): 256-259. 244 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 . “Kona Finch (Chloridops kona), Greater Koa-Finch (Rhodacanthis palmeri), Lesser Koa-Finch (Rhodacanthis flaviceps).” The Birds of North America 424 (1999): I-19. . “Laysan Rail (Porzana palmeri), Hawaiian Rail (Porzana sandwichensis).” The Birds of North America 426 (1999): I-19. . “Early Eocene Birds from Eastern North America: a Faunule from the Nanjemoy Formation of Virginia.” Robert E. Weems and Gary J. Grimsley, eds. Early Eocene Vertebrates and Plants from the Fisher/Sullivan Site (Nanjemoy Formation) Stafford County, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 152 (1999): 123-132. . “A New Species of Pelican (Aves: Pelecanidae) from the Lower Pliocene of North Carolina and Florida.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(3) (1999): 503-509. Parenti, L. R. “Collective Spirit.” [Critique of] Collection building in Ichthyology and Herpetology. 1997. T. Pietsch and W. Anderson, eds. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Environmental Biology of Fishes 55 (1999): 203-206. Parenti, L. R., J. Clayton and J. Howe. “Catalog of Type Specimens of Recent Fishes in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 9: Family Poeciliidae (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes).” Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 604 (1999): I-22. Poe, S., and D. L. Swofford. “Taxon Sampling Revisited.” Nature 398 (1999): 300-301. Powell, R., R. I. Crombie, and H. E. A. Boos. “Hemidactylus mabouia.” Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 674(1998): I-11. Rasmussen, P. C. “Tytler’s Leaf Warbler Phy/loscopus tytleri: Non-Breeding Distribution, Morphological Discrimination, and Aging.” Forktail: Journal of the Oriental Bird Club 14 (1998): 17-28. Rasmussen, P. C. and N. J. Collar. “Identification, Distribution and Status of the Forest Owlet A thene (Heteroglaux) blewitti.” Forktail: Journal of the Oriental Bird Club 14 (1998): 41-49. . “ Major Specimen Fraud in the Forest Owlet Heteroglaux (Athene auct.) blewitti.” Ibis 141 (1999): 11-21. . “On the Hybrid Status of Psittacula intermedia (Aves: Psittacidae).” Bulletin of The Natural History Museum of London (Zoology) 65(1) (1999): 31-50. Rasmussen, P. C., and Farah Ishtiaq. “Vocalizations and Behaviour of the Forest Owlet Athene (Heteroglaux) blewitti.” Forktail: Journal of the Oriental Bird Club 15 (1999): 61-66. Rasmussen, P. C., and FE R. Lambert. “A New Scops Owl from Sangihe Island, Indonesia.” Bulletin B.O.C. 118 (4) (1998): 204-217. Remsen, J.V., and R. T. Brumfield. “Two New Subspecies of Cinnycerthia fulva (Aves: Troglodytidae) from the Southern Andes.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, III (1998): 1008-1015. (One of the subspecies was named in honor of Gary Graves, Curator of Birds.) Rodda, G. H., T. H. Fritts, C. S. Clark, S. W. Gotte, and D. Chiszar. 1999. “A State-of-the-Art Trap for the Brown Tree Snake.” Rodda, G., Y. Sawai, D. Chiszar, and H. Tanaka (eds.), Problem Snake Management: The Habu and the Brown Treesnake. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates, 268-284. Rodriguez-H., B., and D. E. Wilson. “Lista y Distribucion de las Especies de Murciélagos de Costa Rica.” Occasional Papers in Conservation Biology, Conservation International 5:1-34. Scoles, D.R., B.B. Collette, and J.E. Graves. “Global Phylogeography of Mackerels of the Genus Scomber.” Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 96(4) (1998): 823-842. Smith, D. G., and C. C. Baldwin. “Pszlotris amblyrhynchus, a New Seven-spined Goby (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Belize, with Notes on Settlement-stage Larvae.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112 (2) (1999): 433-442. Smith-Vaniz, W. F., B. B. Collette, and B. E. Luckhurst. Fishes of Bermuda: History, zoogeography, annotated checklist, and identification keys. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication 4 (1999). Solari, S., J. J. Rodriguez, E. Vivar, D. E. Wilson, and R. J. Baker. “Bats.” Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring of the Lower Urumbamba Region, Peru, F. Dallmeier and A. Alonso, eds. SI/MAB Series #1, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1999, 293-302. Springer, V. G. “Are the Indonesian and Western Indian Ocean Coelacanths Conspecific: a Prediction.” Environmental Biology of Fishes 54 (1999): 453-456. Tang K.L., P.B. Berendzen, E.O. Wiley, J.F. Morrissey, R. Winterbottom, and G.D. Johnson. “The Phylogenetic Relationships of the Suborder Acanthuroidei (Teleostei: Perciformes) Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (1999): 415-425. Terwilliger, M.R., and T. A. Munroe. “Age, Growth, Longevity, and Mortality of Blackcheek Tonguefish, Symphurus plagiusa (Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes), in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia.” Fishery Bulletin 97 (1999): 340-361. Thorington, R. W., Jr., A. M. L. Miller, and C. G. Anderson. “Arboreality in Tree Squirrels (Sciuridae).” M. A. Steele, J. F. Merrit, and D. A. Zegers, eds. Ecology of Tree Squirrels. Special Publication, Virginia Museum of Natural History, 6 (1998): 119-129. Vari, R. P. “Higher Level Phylogenetic Concepts within Characiformes (Ostariophysi), a Historical Review.” L. R. Malabarba, R. E Reis, R. P. Vari, Z. M. S. Lucena, and C. A. S. Lucena, eds. Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Museu de Ciéncias e Tecnologia -PUCRS, 1998, 111-122. Vari, R. P. and C. J. Ferraris, Jr. “The Neotropical Catfish Genus Epapterus (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae): A Reappraisal.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 111(4) (1998): 992-1007. Vari, R. P. and A. S. Harold. “The Genus Creagrutus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae): Monophyly, Relationships, and Undetected Diversity.” L. R. Malabarba, R. E. Reis, R. P. Vari, Z. M. S. Lucena, and C. Publications of the Staff 245 A. S. Lucena, eds. Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Museu de Ciéncias e Tecnologia -PUCRS, 1998, 246-260. Vari, R. P. and L. R. Malabarba. “Neotropical Ichthyology: An Overview.” L. R. Malabarba, R. E. Reis, R. P. Vari, Z. M. S. Lucena, and C. A. S. Lucena, eds. Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Museu de Ciéncias e Tecnologia -PUCRS, 1998, I-Il. Walker, J.L., C.W. Potter, and S.A. Macko. “The Diets of Modern and Historic Bottlenose Dolphin Populations Reflected Through Stable Isotopes.” Marine Mammal Science 15 (1999): 335-350. Weitzman, S.H. Book review of: Araujo-Lima, C., and M. Goulding, So Fruitful a Fish: Ecology, Conservation and Aquaculture of the Amazon. Columbia Univ. Press. AAAS Science Books and Films 43(2) (1998): 41-42. . Book review of: Bartham, R., and M. Goulding, The Catfish Connection: Ecology, Migration, and Conservation of Amazon Predators. Columbia Univ. Press. AAAS Science Books and Films 43(2) (1998): 42. Weitzman, S.H. and H.-G. Evers. “Der Geschichte von Tanichthys albonubes und Hemigrammocypris lini. TI, Aquaristik Fachmagazin.” Jahargang 30(5) (1998): 45-53. Weitzman, S.H. and L.R. Malabarba. “Perspectives about the Phylogeny and Classification of the Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes).” Malabarba, L.R., R.P. Vari, R.E. Reis, Z.M.S. Lucena and C.A.S. Lucena, eds. Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Museu de Ciéncias e Technologia, Pontificia Universidade Catélica do Rio Grande do Sul, 1998, 161-170. . “Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from Eastern Brazil.” Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 10(1) (1999): 1-43. Weitzman, S.H. and N.A. Menezes. “Relationships of the Tribes and Genera of the Glandulocaudinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with a Description of a New Genus, Chrysobrycon.” Malabarba, L.R., R.P. Vari, R.E. Reis, Z.M.S. Lucena and C.A.S. Lucena, eds. Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Museu de Ciéncias e Technologia, Pontificia Universida de Catélica do Rio Grande do Sul, 1998, 171-192. Weitzman, S.H. and L. Palmer. “Phantom Tetras, a Brief Account of their Ichthyological and Aquarium History.” Tropical Fish Hobbyist 46(11) (1998): 124-132. Widodo, W., Cox, J. H., and Rasmussen, P. C. “Rediscovery of Flores Scops Owl Otus alfredi on Flores, Indonesia, and Reaffirmation of its Specific Status.” Forktail: Journal of the Oriental Bird Club 15 (1999): 15-24. Wiley, E.O.,G.D. Johnson, and W. Dimmick. “The Phylogenetic Relationships of Lampridiform Fishes (Teleostei: Acanthomorpha) Based on a Total Evidence Analysis of Morphological and Molecular Data.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (1999) 1-10. Wilson, D. E. “Marsupials, Insectivores, and Xenarthrans.” Wild Animals of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1998, 11-41. . Foreword. Walker's Mammals of the World (R. M. Nowak). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1, 936 (1999): XI-Xi1. . “Long Term Monitoring of Bats in the Lower Urubamba Region.” Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru, F. Dallmeier and A. Alonso, eds. SI/MAB Series #1, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Instition, 1999, 303-310. Wilson, D.E. and S. Ruff. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Zug, G. R. Foreword: “In Honor of Albert Schwartz.” B. I. Crother, ed., Caribbean Amphibians and Reptiles. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999, xi—xil. Zug, G. R. and R. E Glor. “Estimates of Age and Growth in a Population of Green Seaturtles (Chelonia mydas) from the Indian River Lagoon System, Florida: a Skeletochronological Analysis.” Canadian Journal of Zoology {1998} 76 (1999): 1497-1506. Zug, G. R., Win, Thin, Min, Lhon, and Kyaw. “Herpetofauna of the Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary, North- central Myanmar With Preliminary Observations of Their Natural History.” Hamadryad 23(2) (1998): 111-120. National Portrait Gallery Office of the Director Carr, Carolyn K. Hans Namuth: Portraits. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Fern, Alan. Foreword to American Characters: Selections from the National Portrait Gallery by R. W. B. Lewis and Nancy Lewis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. . Foreword to Franklin & His Friends: Portraying the Man of Science in Eighteenth-Century America by Brandon Brame Fortune with Deborah J. Warner. Washington, D.C.: National Portrait Gallery, in association with the University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. . Foreword to Hans Namuth: Portraits by Carolyn Kinder Carr. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. . Foreword to Picturing Hemingway: A Writer in His Time by Frederick S. Voss. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. . “Jacob Kainen.” Art on Paper 4, no. 2 (November- December 1999): 32. . Review of N. C. Wyeth: A Biography, by David Michaelis. Archives of American Art Journal 38, nos. 1 & 2 (1998): 46-48. Department of History Barber, James G. Theodore Roosevelt: Icon of the American Century. Washington, D.C.: National Portrait Gallery and National Park Service, in association with the University of Washington Press, 1998. 246 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Voss, Frederick S. Picturing Hemingway: A Writer in His Time. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. Department of Painting and Sculpture Fortune, Brandon Brame, with Deborah J. Warner. Franklin & His Friends: Portraying the Man of Science in Eighteenth- Century America. Washington, D.C.: National Portrait Gallery, in association with the University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. Miles, Ellen G. Review of The Genius of Gilbert Stuart, by Dorinda Evans. Archives of American Art Journal 38, nos. 3 & 4 (1998): 39-41. Peale Family Papers Hart, Sidney. “Charles Willson Peale’s Portrait of William Pitt.” Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine 49, no. 1 (December 1999): 5865-79. Ward, David C. “An Artist’s Self-Fashioning: The Forging of Charles Willson Peale.” Word & Image: A Journal of Verbal! Visual Enquiry 15, no. 2 (April-June 1999): 107-27. . “Dam and River: Two Ways to Art in the 1950s.” PNR: Poetry Nation Review 129 (September-October 1999): 28-31. . “Jacob Eichholtz.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. . “John Wesley Jarvis.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Department of Photographs Panzer, Mary C. “Jump! The Man Who Made the Stars Shine.” The Sunday Review (October 25, 1998): 28-34. . “The Painter of Modern Life.” Review of Wa/ker Evans, by James R. Mellow. Boston Book Review (June 1999): 16. . “The Return of Portraiture: Sargent, Ingres, Meisel.” Boston Book Review (September 1999): 5—6. Shumard, Ann M. A Durable Memento: Portraits by Augustus Washington, African American Daguerreotypist (exhibition booklet). Washington, D.C.: National Portrait Gallery, 1999. Department of Prints and Drawings Reaves, Wendy Wick. “David Edwin.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. . Edward Sorel: Unauthorized Portraits (exhibition booklet). Washington, D.C.: National Portrait Gallery, 1999. Wagner, Ann. Review of Adirondack Prints and Printmakers: The Call of the Wild, ed. Caroline Mastin Welsh. Winterthur Portfolio: A Journal of American Material Culture 34, nos. 2/3 (summer/autumn 1999): 165-68. National Postal Museum Curatorial Department Pope, Nancy A. “As Precious as Gold,” EnRoute Vol. 7 #3. . “Concord Mail Coach,” Me&ee/’s, summer 1998. . “Highlights from the NPM: the Mailster,” Mekeel’s summer 1998. . As Precious As Gold: Stories from the Gold Rush, National Postal Museum online exhibition featuring 12 articles chronicling aspects of the Klondike and Alaska gold rushes. Attp://www.si.edu/postal/gold/gold2. html. October 9, 1998. National Zoological Park Aguilar, R.F., Tophan, K., Heatley, J.J., Nichols, D., Cross, J., Bauer, R., Garner, M.: Neural angiostrongylosis in nonhuman primates: diagnosis, treatment, and control of an outbreak in southern Louisiana. Proceedings: Am Assoc Zoo Vet Ann Meet, pp. 272-276, 1999. Alonso, A., Dallmeier, F.: Biodiversity Assessment of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru. Pagoreni Well Site: Assessment and Training, Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution/MAB Biodiversity Program, 1999. Ambs, S., Boness D.J., Bowen W.D., Perry, E.A., Fleischer, R.C.: Extra-consort fertilizations in grey seals: the effects of female location and age. Animal Behaviour 58: 527— 535, 1999. Asher, G.W., Monfort, S.L., Wemmer, C.: Comparative reproductive function in cervids: implications for management of farm and zoo populations. Journal of Reproduction & Fertility 54: 143-156, 1999. Berger, J.: Anthropogenic extinction of top carnivores and interspecific animal behaviour: implications of the rapid decoupling of a web involving bears, moose and ravens. Proc. Royal Society of London 266: 2261-2267, 1999. Berger, J., Gompper, M.E.: Sex ratios in extant ungulates: Products of contemporary predation or past life histories? Journal of Mammalogy 80: 1084-1113, 1999. Berger, J., Testa J.W., Roffe T., and Monforrt, S.L.: Conservation endocrinology for understanding ecological interactions and in situ biological restoration. Conservation Biology 13: 980-989, 1999. Blanco, J. M., Tselutin, K., Gee, G., Wildt, D. E., and Donoghue, A. M.: Comparative cryopreservation of poultry sperm: characterization of sperm survival after rapid or slow freezing methods and the use of 6% dimethylacetmide as a cryoprotectant for chicken and turkey sperm. Proc. Poultry Science. (Suppl. 1) 78:33. 1999. Boness, D.J.: The grey seal, Halichoerus grypus. In edited by Wilson, D.E., Ruff, S., 211-213. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Boness, D.J.: The hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. In edited by Wilson, D.E., Ruff, S., 215-216. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Publications of the Staff 247 Boness, D.J.: The ribbon seal, Phoca fasciata. In edited by Wilson, D. E., Ruff, S., 203-204. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Bowen, W.D., Boness, D.J., Iverson, S.J.: Diving of lactating harbor seals and their pups during maternal foraging trips. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 978— 988, 1999. Brown, J.L.: Difficulties associated with diagnosis and treatment of ovarian dysfunction in elephants—the flatliner problem. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 20: 55-61, 1999. Brown, J.L.: Problems with ovarian dysfunction in elephants. Proc. Society for the Study of Reproduction. (Suppl.) 60: 460. Biology of Reproduction. 1999 Brown, J.L., Hildebrandt, W., Theison, W., Neiffer, D.L.: Endocrine and ultrasound evaluation of a non-cycling African elephant: identification of a follicular ovarian cyst. Zoo Biology 18: 223-232, 1999. Brown, J.L., Schmitt, D.L., Bellem, A., Graham, L.H., Lehnhardt, J.: Hormone secretion in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): characterization of ovulatory and anovulatory LH surges. Biology of Reproduction 61: 1294-1299, 1999. Bush, M. and Montali, R.J.: Medical Management of Tree Kangaroos. M. Fowler and E. Miller, eds., Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4, W.B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia, 337-343, 1999. Carlstead, K., Fraser, J., Bennett, C., Kleiman, D.G.: Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in U.S. zoos: II. Behavior, breeding success, and mortality in relation to housing facilities. Zoo Biology 18: 35-52, 1999. Carlstead, K., Kleiman, D.G.: Behaviour profiles of individual animals: a new tool for multi-institutional studies. EAZA News 27:12-15, 1999. Carlstead, K., Mellen. J., Kleiman, D.G.: Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in U.S. zoos: I. Individual behavior profiles and their relationship to breeding success. Zoo Biology 18: 17-34, 1999. Christie, S., Seidensticker, J.: Is re-introduction of captive- bred tigers a feasible option for the future? In Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-dominated Landscapes, edited by Seidensticker, J., Christie, S., Jackson, P., 207-209. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge University Press, 1999. Comiskey, J. A.: Forest Structure and Dynamics in the Beni Biosphere Reserve, Bolivia. London, U.K., University of London. 1999. Comiskey, J. A. and Mosher, R.: BioMon: Biodiversity Monitoring Database for Windows. Washington, D.C., SI/MAB, Smithsonian Institution. 1999. de Silva, A.M., Dittus, W.P., Amerasinghe, P.H., Amerasinghe, E.P.: Serologic evidence for an epizootic Dengue virus infecting toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnruwa, Sri Lanka. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60: 300-306, 1999. Dias, J.L.C. and Nichols, D.K.: Neoplasia in snakes at the National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. (1978-1997). J Comp. Path. 120:89-95, 1999. Dobson, A., Ralls, K., Foster, M., Soulé, M.E., Simberloff, D., Doak, D., Estes, J.A., Mills, L.S., Mattson, D., Dirzo, R., Arita, H., Ryan, S., Norse, E.A., Noss, R.E, Johns, D.: Connectivity: maintaining flows in fragmented landscapes. In Continental Conservation: Design and Management Principles for Long-Term, Regional Conservation Networks, edited by Soulé, M., Terborgh. J., 129-170. Washington, D.C., Island Press, 1999. Donovan, T.M., Petit, L.J., Freemark, K.E., Maurer, B., Saab, V.A., Robinson, S.K.: Setting local and regional objectives for the persistence of bird populations. In edited by Bonney, R., Pashley, D.N., Cooper, R., Niles, L., http://birds.cornell.edu/pifcapemay. Ithica, Cornell Lab of Ornithology Web publication, 1999. Dumbacher, J.P.: The evolution of toxicity in Pitohuis: I. Effects of homobatrachotoxin on chewing lice (Order Phthiraptera). Auk 116: 957-963, 1999. Fjeldsa, J., Goodman, S. M., Schulenberg, T., and Slikas, B.: Molecular evidence for relationships of Malagasy birds. Adams, N. and Slotow, R. 22nd International Ornithological Congress, 3084-3094. University of Natal. 1999. Gill, FB., Slikas, B., Agro, D.: Speciation in North American chickadees: II. Geography of mtDNA haplotypes in Poecile carolinensis. Auk 116: 274-277, 1999. Goldsworthy, S., Boness, D.J., Fleischer, R.C.: Mate choice in sympatric fur seals: female mate preference for conphenotypic males. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 45: 253-267, 1999. Gonzalez, S., Maldonado, J.E., Garcia, J.E., Barbanti Duarte, J.M.: Utilizaga de DNA fecal como ferramenta para andlise genética no género Mazama (Mammalia: Cervidae). Genetics and Molecular Biology 22: 607, 1999. Greenberg, R.: Relationships between juvenile object exploration and foraging specialization in songbirds. Adams, N. and Slowtow, R. Proceedings of the 22nd International Ornithological Congress. 1999. Greenberg, R., Pravosudov, V., Kozlenko, A., Kontorschikoy, V.: Vegetation history and foraging behavior of foliage gleaning birds in the Canadian and Russian boreal forests. Oecologia 120: 451-462, 1999. Hamilton, M.B.: Four primer pairs for the amplification of chloroplast intergenic regions with intraspecific variation. Molecular Ecology 8: 521-523, 1999. Hamilton, M.B.: Tropical tree gene flow and seed dispersal. Nature 401: 129, 1999. Hamilton, M.B., Fleischer, R.C.: Cloned microsatellite repeats differ between 4-base restriction endonucleases. Journal of Heredity 56: 1-3, 1999. Hamilton, M.B., Pincus, E.L., DiFiore, A., Fleischer, R.C.: Universal linker and ligation procedures for construction of genomic DNA libraries enriched for microsatellites. Biotechniques 27: 500-507, 1999. Hildebrandt, T.B., Goritz, E, Schnorrenberg, A., Hermes, R., Schmitt, D., Hagan, D., Peterson, J., Brown, J.L., Loskutoff, N., Pratt, N.C., Lehnhardt, J., Miller, G., 248 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Montali, R.J., and Olson, D.: Successful Artificial Insemination of African Nulliparous Elephants at the Indianapolis Zoo. Verh. ber. Erkrg. Zootiere 39: 41-45, 1999.Hoage, R.J. Developing Strategies to Cope with Media Scrutiny: A Comparison of Three Cases. In Resources for Crisis Management in Zoos and Other Animal Care Facilities, edited by 8.D. Chan, W.K. Baker, and D. L. Guerrero. American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., Topeka, KA. 1999. Hosack, D.A., Miller, K.V., Ware. L., Mashburn, K.L., Morrow, C.J., Williamson, L.R., Marchinton, R.L., Monfort, S.L.: Stag exposure advances the LH surge and behavioural oestrus in Eld’s Deer hinds after CIDR Device synchronisation of oestrus. Theriogenology 51: 1333- 1342, 1999. Howard, J. G.: Assisted reproductive techniques in nondomestic carnivores. M.E. Fowler and R.E. Miller. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy IV. 449-457. Philadelphia, PA, W.B. Saunders. 1999. Howard, J. G.: Reproductive biotechnology in conservation of endangered species. Proc. Serono Symposium, Personnel in Reproductive Medicine. 55-59. 1999. Howard, J. G., M.E. Fowler and R.E. Miller. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy IV. 449-457. Philadelphia, PA, W.B. Saunders Co. 1999. Howard, J.G., He, G., Li, X., Chen, H., Zhong, W., Zhang, J., Huang, S., Xie, Z., Janssen, D., Phillips, L., Ellis, S., Wildt, D.E.: Reproductive and biomedical survey of giant pandas in captivity in China. American Society of Andrology, 1999. Johnson, K.P., Sorenson, M.D.: Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (Genus: Anas): A comparison of molecular and morphological evidence. Auk 116: 792— 805, 1999. Johnson, W.E., Shinyashiki, F., Menotti-Raymond, M., Driscoll, C., Leh, C., Sunquist, M., Johnston, M., Bush, M., Wildt, D.E., Yuhki, N., O’Brien, S.J.: Molecular genetic characterization of two insular Asian cat species, Bornean bay cat and Iriomote cat. In Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Modern Perspectives, edited by S.P. Wasser, 223-248. 1999, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Joseph, L., Slikas, B., Rankin-Baransky, K., Bazartseren, B., Alpers, D., Gilbert, A.E.: DNA evidence concerning the identities of Crax viridirostris Sclater, 1875 and C. estudilloi Allen, 1977. Ornitologia Neotropical 10: 129-144, 1999. Kleiman, D.G.: Giant panda conservation today. Zoogoer 28:12-17, 1999. Kleiman, D.G.: Long-term evaluation and planning for golden lion tamarin conservation. Tamarin Tales 3:13—15, 1999. Lamirande, E.W., Nichols, D.K., Owens, J.W., Gaskin, J.M., Jacobson, E.R.: Isolation and experimental transmission of a reovirus pathogenic in ratsnakes (Elaphe species). Virus Res. 63: 135-141, 1999. Lamirande, E.W., Bratthauer, A.D., Fischer, D.C., Nichols, D.K.: Reference hematologic and plasma chemistry values of brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis). J Zoo Wild. Med, 30: 516-520, 1999. Longcore, J.E., Pessier, A.P., Nichols, D.K.: Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis gen. et. sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227, 1999. Maldonado, J.E.: Family Soricidae. In edited by Alvarez- Castafieda, S.T., Patton, J.L., 39-52. Mexico City, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, 1999. Maldonado, J.E.: Family Talpidae. In edited by Alvarez- Castafieda, S.T., Patton, J.L., 53-55. Mexico City, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, 1999. Maldonado, J.E.: Fog shrew (Sorex sonomae). In edited by Wilson, D.E., Ruff, S., 4o-41. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Maldonado, J.E.: Pacific shrew (Sorex pacificus). In edited by Wilson D.E., Ruff, S., 36-37. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. MclIninch, M. D., Bellem, A., MacDonald, S. E., Goodrowe, K. L., Brown, J. L., Graham, L. H, and Roth, T. L.: Monitoring fecal progestogen metabolites in the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) by enzymeimmunoassay. Proc. Endangered Species Breeding Conference. p. 15. Cincinnati, OH. 1999. McShea, W.J., Leimgruber, P., Aung, M., Montfort, S., Wemmer, C.: The range collapse of thamin (Cervus eldi) and the extent of remaining habitat in central Myanmar. Animal Conservation 2: 173-183, 1999. Monfort, S.L., Wolfe, B.A., Blumer, E.S., Atkinson, M.W., Spindler, R.E., Pukazhenthi, B.S., Bush, M., Wildt, D.E., Roth, T.L., Morrow, C.J.: Artificial insemination in the scimitar-horned oryx as a conservation and management tool. Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. 1: 77-82, 1999. Montali, R.J.: Important Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases in Zoo and Wildlife Species. Verh. ber. Erkrg. Zootiere 39, 149-155, 1999. Montali, R.J., and Bush, M.: Diseases of the Callitrichidae. M. Fowler and E. Miller, eds.: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4, W.B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia, 369-376, 1999. Morrow, C.J., Wildt, D.E., Monfort, S.L.: Reproductive seasonality in the female scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Animal Conservation 2: 261-268, 1999. Murray, S., Lung, N.P., Alvarado, T.P., Gamble, K.C., Miller, M.A., Paglia, D.E., Montali, R.J.: Idiopathic hemorrhagic vasculopathy syndrome in seven black rhinoceros. JAVMA, 216(2):230-233, January 15, 1999. Nichols, D.K., Weyant, R.S., Lamirande, E.W., Sigler, L., Mason, R.T.: Fatal mycotic dermatitis in captive brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis). J Zoo Wild. Med, 30: III-118, 1999. Omland, K.E.: Book review of “Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics.” D. P. Mindell. Systematic Biology 48: 225-226, 1999. Orrock, J.L., Harper, E.K., Pagels, J.F., McShea, W.J.: Additional records of the rock vole, Microtus chrotorrhinus, in Virginia. Banisteria 14: 36-38, 1999. Pelican, K.M., Pukazhenthi, B.S., Wildt, D.E., Howard, J.G.: Discontinuous colloidal gradient centrifugation reduces sperm flagellum abnormalities but disrupts Publications of the Staff 249 acrosomes in cat ejaculates. Biology of Reproduction (Suppl.) 535: 259, 1999. Penfold, L.M., Citino, C.B., Monfort, $.L., Wildt, D.E.: Investigating age and seasonality as potential contributors to pleiomorphic spermatozoa in gerenuk. Biology of Reproduction (Suppl.) 58: 259, 1999. Penfold, L.M., Herzog, T., Lynch, W., Ware, L., Wildt, D.E., Derrickson, S., Monfort, S.L.: Circannual circulating testosterone concentrations and semen characteristics in the Northern pintail duck (Anas acuta). Journal of Andrology (Suppl.) 64: 41, 1999. Perry, E.A.: The ringed seal, Phoca hispid. In edited by Wilson, D., Ruff, S., 206-207. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Press, 1999. Perry, E.A.: The spotted seal, Phoca largha. In edited by Wilson, D., Ruff, S., 208-209. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Press, 1999. Perry, E.A., Terhune, J.M.: Variation in harp seal underwater vocalizations among three breeding locations. Journal of Zoology, London 249: 181-186, 1999. Pessier, A.P., Nichols, D.K., Longcore, J.E., Fuller, M.S.: Cutaneous chytridiomycosis in poison dart frogs (dendrobates spp.) and White's tree frogs (Litoria caerulea). J Vet Diag. Inv. 11: 194-199, 1999. Petit, L.J.: Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea). In edited by Poole, A., Gill, F., p. 408. Philadelphia, The Birds of North America, Inc., 1999. Petit, L.J., Petit, D.R., Christian, D.G., Powell, H.D.W.: Bird communities of natural and modified habitats in Panama. Ecography 22: 292-304, 1999. Powell, D.M.: Preliminary evaluation of porcine zona pellucida (PZP) immunocontraception for behavioral effects in feral horses (Equus caballus). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2: 321-335, 1999. Pukazhenthi, B.S, Pelican, K., Wildt, D.E., Howard, J.G.: Sensitivity of domestic cat (Felis catus) sperm from normospermic versus teratospermic donors to cold- induced acrosomal damage. Biology of Reproduction 61: 135-141, 1999. Rappole, J. H.: Archilochus alexandri species account. In del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal, J. Handbook of the Birds of the World. 5, p. 672. Barcelona, Spain, Lynx Edicions. 1999. Rappole, J. H.: Archilochus colubris species account. In del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal, J. Handbook of the Birds of the World. 5, 671-672. Barcelona, Spain, Lynx Edicions. 1999. Rappole, J.H.: The ocelot. In The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, edited by Wilson, D., Ruff, S., 228-229. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Rappole, J.H., King, D.I., Barrow, W.C.: Winter ecology of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler. The Condor IOI: 762-770, 1999. Rappole, J.H., Wemmer, C.: Birds, trees, and biodiversity in Myanmar. Myanmar Forestry Journal May: 1999. Richardson, D.S., Bolen, G.M.: A nesting association between semi-colonial Bullock’s orioles and yellow-billed magpies: evidence for the predator protection hypothesis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46:373—-380, 1999. Richman, L.K., Montali, R.J., Cambre, R.C., Schmitt, D., Hardy, D., Garber, R.L., Hildebrandt, T., Fickel, J., Schaftenaar, W. and Hayward, G.S.: Clinical and Pathologic Aspects of a Fatal Herpesvirus Disease in Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) Elephants. AAZV Proceedings, 263-265, 1999. Richman, L.K., Montali, R.J., Garber, R.L., Kennedy, M.A., Lehnhardt, J., Hildebrandt, T., Schmitt, D., Hardy, D., Alcendor, D.J., and Hayward, G.S.: Novel Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses Fatal for Asian and African Elephants. Science, 283:1171-1176, February 19, 1999. Richman, L.K., Montali, R.J., Hildebrandt, T.B., Fickel, J., Schmitt, D., and Hayward, G.S.: Status of a New, Fatal Herpesvirus Disease of Elephants in North America and Europe. Verh. ber. Erkg. Zootiere 39, 17-21, 1999. Richman, L., Montali, R., Hildebrandt, T., Fickel, J., and Hayward, G.: Une pathologie nouvellement identifiée chez l’elephant associée a des herpesvirus endotheliotropes. Virologie 3(6):483—485, 1999. Ruiz-Miranda, C.R., Kleiman, D.G., Dietz, J.M., Moraes, E., Grativol, A.D., Baker, A.J., Beck, B.B.: Food transfers in wild and reintroduced golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia. American Journal of Primatology 48: 305-320, 1999. Schaeff, C.M., Boness, D.J., Bowen D.J.: Female distribution, genetic relatedness, and fostering behaviour in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Animal Behaviour 57: 427-434, 1999. Schmitt, D.L., Hardy, D.G., Montali, R.J., Richman, L.K., Lindsay, W.A., and Isaza R.: Use of Famciclovir for the Treatment of Herpesvirus in Asian Elephant. Verh. ber. Erkrg. Zootiere 39, 23-25, 1999. Schwartz, M.K., Boness, D.J., Schaeff, C.M., Majluf, P.M., Perry, E.A., Fleischer, R.C.: Female solicited extra-pair matings in Humboldt penguins fail to produce extra-pair fertilizations. Behavioral Ecology 10: 242-250, 1999. Seidensticker, J.: The bears among us. ZooGoer 28: 8-11, 1999. Seidensticker, J.: A guide to Great Cats, Washington, D.C., Smithsonian National Zoological Park, 1999. Seidensticker, J.: Raccoon (Procyon lotor). In The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, edited by Wilson, D.E., Ruff, S., 221-223. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 19990. Seidensticker, J.: Red fox (Vulpes vulpes). In The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, edited by Wilson, D.E., Ruff, S., 150-152. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Seidensticker, J.: Review of Thoreau’s Country: Journey Through a Transformed Landscape by David R. Foster. ZooGoer 28: 28-29, 1999. Seidensticker, J.: Sloth bears. ZooGoer 28: 18-25, 1999. Seidensticker, J., Christie, S., Jackson, P.: Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-dominated Landscapes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge University Press, 1999: 250 Shwe, N., Swe, T., Hnin, L., Win, H., Rappole, J.: Birds of Myanmar’s North-Central Dry Zone, Front Royal, VA, Conservation and Research Center, 1999. Sorenson. M.D., Cooper, A., Paxinos, E.E., Quinn, T.W., James, H.F.,, Olson, S.L., Fleischer, R.C.: Relationships of the extinct moa-nalos, flightless Hawaiian waterfowl, based on ancient DNA. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 266: 2187-2194, 1999. Spindler, R.E., Wildt, D.E.: Cat oocyte metabolism indicates fertilization and developmental potential. Biology of Reproduction 60: 269, 1999. Spindler, R.E., Wildt, D.E.: Circannual variations in intraovarian oocyte, but not epididymal sperm quality in the domestic cat. Biology of Reproduction 61: 188-194, 1999. Spindler, R.E., Wildt, D.E.: Metabolism as a marker of domestic cat oocyte maturation. Theriogenology 51: 295, 1999. Swanson, W. E, Howard, J. G., Davidson, J. L., and Brott, E. M.: Humoral immune response of endangered felids and mustelids to multiple treatments with exogenous gonadotropins for assisted reproduction. Proc. Soc. Stud. Reprod., Biol. Reprod. Suppl. 60, 193 (abstract 322). 1999. Swanson, W.F., Howard, J.G., Davidson, J.L., Brott, E.M.: Humoral immune response of endangered felids and mustelids to multiple treatments with exogenous gonadotropins for assisted reproduction. Biology of Reproduction (Suppl.) 60: 193, 1999. Tarr, C.L., Fleischer, R.C.: A molecular assessment of genetic variability and population differentiation in the endangered Mariana crow (Corvus kubaryi). Molecular Ecology 8: 942-949, 1999. Tarr, C.L., Fleischer, R.C.: Population boundaries and genetic diversity in the endangered Mariana crow (Corvus kubaryi). Molecular Ecology 8: 941-950, 1999. Terborgh, J., Estes, J.A., Paquet, P., Ralls, K., Boyd, D., Miller, B., Noss, R.: The role of top carnivores in regulating terrestrial ecosystems. In edited by Soule, M., Terborgh, J., 39-64. Washington, D.C., Island Press, 1999. Thompson, K.V., and Monfort, S.L.: Synchronization of estrous cycles in sable antelope. Animal Reproduction Science 57: 185-197, 1999. Vega Rivera, J.H., McShea, W.J., Rappole, J.H., Haas, C.A.: Postbreeding movements and habitat use of adult wood thrushes in Northern Virginia. The Auk 116: 458-466, 1999. Vila, C., Maldonado, J.E., Wayne, R.K.: Phylogenetic relationships, evolution and genetic diversity of the domestic dog. Journal of Heredity 90: 71-77, 1999. Visnak, R., Dumbacher, J.P.: Comparison of four fumigants for removing avian lice. Journal of Field Ornithology 70: 42-48, 1999. Wells, R.S., Boness, A., Rathbun, G.: Behavior. In edited by Reynolds, J.E., II], Rommel, S., 324-422. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. Whyte, A., Zhi-Cai, Y., Tiyanont, K., Weldon, P., Eisner, T., Meinwald, J.: Reptilian chemistry: characterization of Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 dianeackerone, a secretory product from a crocodile. PNAS 96: 12246-12250, 1999. Wielebnowski, N.: Adrenal activity in relation to subjective temperament assessment in clouded leopards, neofelis nebulosa. In Felid Taxonomy Advisory Group Action Plan, edited by Wildt, D.E., Mellen, J.D., Brown, J.L., 74-75. Orlando, FL, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, 1999. Wielebnowski, N.: Individual behavioral differences in captive cheetahs as predictors of breeding status. Zoo Biology 18: 335-349, 1999. Wildt, D.E., and Wemmer, C.: Sex and wildlife: the role of reproductive science in conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 965-976, 1999. Xiao, Lihua, Lillian Escalante, Chunfu Yang, Irshad Sulaiman, Anannias A. Escalante, Richard J. Montali, Ronald Fayer, and Altaf A. Lal: Phylogenetic Analysis of Cryptosporidium Parasites Based on the Small-Subunit rRNA Gene Locus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology:1578—1583, April, 1999. Yang, Z., Whyte, A., Attygalle, A., Weldon, P., Eisner, T., Meinwald, J.: Reptilian chemistry: characterization of a family of dianeackerone-related steroidal esters from a crocodile secretion. PNAS 96: 12251-12256, 1999. Young, K.E.G.V., Snowden, K., Dobson, R.J., Powell, D., Craig, T.M.: Parasite diversity and antihelminthic resistance in two herds of horses. Veterinary Parasitology 85: 205-214, 1999. Zeman, David, Williams, Dayton and Montali, Richard J.: Necropsy Findings in a Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) Following an Acute Neurological Episode. Wildlife Disease Association, South Dakota VMA 108" Annual Meeting Proceedings, p. 121, August, 1999. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Accomazzi, A., Eichhorn, G., Kurtz, M. J., Grant, C. S., and Murray, S. S. “The ADS Bibliographic Reference Resolver.” In Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems VIII, ASP Conference Series, vol. 172, eds. D. M. Mehringer, R. L. Plante, and D. A. Roberts, p. 291. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Acton, L. W., Bookbinder, J. A., Bruner, M. E., Golub, L., and Lemen, J. R. “Super-X: A Soft X-Ray Telescope for Solar-B.” In Missions to the Sun I, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3442, ed. M. Korendyke, p. 140. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Alves, J., Hartmann, L., Briceno, C., and Lada, C. J. “Optical Outburst of a Young Star.” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 1673. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Apponi, A. J., McCarthy, M. C., Gottlieb, C. A., and Thaddeus, P. “Astronomical Detection of Rhomboidal SiC,.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 516 (1999): L103. Publications of the Staff 251 . “The Rotational Spectrum of Rhomboidal SiC,.” Journal of Chemical Physics 111 (1999): 3911. Argon, A. L., Greenhill, L. J., Moran, J. M., Reid, M. J., and Menten, K. M. “Proper Motions and the Distance to a Water Vapor Maser in the Galaxy M33.” In Radio Emission from Galactic and Extragalactic Compact Sources, Proceedings of IAU Colloquium No. 164, ASP Conference Series, vol. 144, eds. J. A. Zensus, G. B. Taylor, and J. M. Wrobel, p. 235. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Auerhammer, J. M., Brandt, G., Scholze, F, Thornagel, R., Ulm, G., Wargelin, B. J., McDermott, W. C., Norton, T. J., Evans, I. N., and Kellogg, E. M. “High-Accuracy Calibration of the HXDS Flow-Proportional Counter for AXAF at the PTB Laboratory at BESSY.” In X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3444, eds. R. B. Hoover and A. B. Walker, p. 19. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Badran, H. M., Boyle, P. J., Fegan, D. J., Harris, K., Plouin, E, Pomerade, D., Fleury, P., Urban M., and Weekes, T. C. “A New Optical Filter for the ARTEMIS Experiment.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 5, eds. M. S. Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 185. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. Balakrishnan, N., and Dalgarno, A. “Rate Coefficients for NO Formation in Energetic N + O,, Collisions.” Chemical Physics Letters 302 (1999): 485. Balakrishnan, N., Esry, B. D., Sadeghpour, H. R., Cornett, S. T., and Cavagnero, M. J. “Quantum Wave-Packet Dynamics of the Photodissociation of LiF.” Physical Review A 60 (1999): 1407. Balakrishnan, N., Forrey, R. D., and Dalgarno, A. “Quantum-Mechanical Study of Ro-Vibrational Transitions in H, Induced by He Atoms.” Astrophysical Journal 514 (1999): 520. Balakrishnan, N., Kharchenko, V., and Dalgarno, A. “Slowing of Energetic O?P) Atoms in Collisions with N,.” Journal of Geophysical Research 103(A10) (1998): 23393. . Translational Energy Relaxation of Hot O(!D) Atoms.” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 103 (1999): 3999. Baliunas, S. L., Donahue, R. A., Soon, W., and Henry, G. W. “Activity Cycles in Lower Main Sequence and POST Main Sequence Stars: The HK Project.” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 153. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Baliunas, S. L., and Soon, W. H. “An Assessment of the Sun- Climate Relation on Time Scales of Decades to Centuries: The Possibility of Total Irradiance Variations.” In Solar Electromagnetic Radiation Study for Solar Cycle 22, Proceedings of the SOLERS22, eds. J. M. Pap, C. Frohlich, and R. K. Ulrich, p. 401. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. . “Aerosols are Cool.” World Climate Report 4 (1999): 6. - “Cold World: Model Analysis Shows Icy Trend.” World Climate Report 4 (1998): 6. . “The Mysteries of Carbon Dioxide.” World Climate Report 4 (1999): 6. . “Silvery-Blue Cloudlets of the Night.” World Climate Report 4 (1999): 5. . “Pioneers in the Greenhouse Effect.” World Climate Report 4 (1999): 6. Ball, C. D., McCarthy, M. C., and Thaddeus, P. “Laser Spectroscopy of the Carbon Chains HC,H and HC,H.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 523 (1999): L89. Bally, J., Reipurth, B., Lada, C. J., and Billawalla, Y. “Multiple CO Ouflows in Circinus: The Churning of a Molecular Cloud.” Astronomical Journal 117 (1999): 410. Barkana, R., Lehar, J., Falco, E. E., Grogin, N. A., Keeton, C. R., and Shapiro, I. I. “A Reassessment of the Data and Models of the Gravitational Lens Q0957+561.” Astrophysical Journal 520 (1999): 479. Barnes, S. A., Sofia, S., Prosser, C. E, and Staufer, J. R. “Rotation Periods of Late-Type Stars in the Young Open Cluster IC 2602.” Astrophysical Journal 5 16 (1999): 263. Barrado y Navascués, D., Stauffer, J. R., and Patten, B. M. “The Lithium-Depletion Boundary and the Age of the Young Open Cluster IC 2391. “Astrophysical Journal( Letters) 522 (1999): Ls53. Beiersdorfer, P., Utter, S. B., Brown, G. V., Liedahl, D. A., Mauche, C. W., Kahn, S. M., Brickhouse, N. S., Dupree, A. K., Mewe, R., and Kaastra, J. S. “Spectral Catalogue of the Intermediate Ionization States of Iron in the Extreme Ultraviolet.” In Laboratory Space Science Workshop, p. 89. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 1998. Bell, M. B., Feldman, P. A., Watson, J. K. G., McCarthy, M. C., Travers, M. J., Gottlieb, C. A., and Thaddeus, P. “Observations of Long C_H Molecules in the Dust Cloud TMC-1.” Astrophysical Journal 518 (1999): 740. Bergin, E. A., Neufeld, D. A., and Melnick, G. J. “Formation of Interstellar Ices Behind Shock Waves.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 510 (1999): L145. Bergin, E. A., Neufeld, D. A., Stauffer, J. R., Kleiner, S. C., Wang, Z., Plume, R., and Melnick, G. J. “Comet C/1999 Hi (Lee).” IAU Circular No. 7183 (1999): 2. Bergin, E. A., Plume, R., Williams, J. P., and Myers, P. C. “The Ionization Fraction in Dense Molecular Gas. II. Massive Cores.” Astrophysical Journal (1999): 724. Biller, S. D., Breslin, A. C., Buckley, J., Catanese, M., Carson, M., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Cawley, M. F., Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, F, Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R., Masterson, C., McEnery, J. E., McKernan, B., Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, F., Sembroski, G., Skelton, P., and Weekes, T. C. “Limits to Quantum Gravity Effects on Energy Dependence of the Speed of Light from Observations of TeV Flares in Active Galaxies.” Physical Review Letters 83 (1999): 2108. Bookbinder, J. A., Cheimets, P., Davis, W. R., Caldwell, D., Golub, L., and DeLuca, E. “HIREX: Results of the Mission Concept Study.” In Massions to the Sun I, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3442, ed. C. M. Korendyke, p. 22. 252 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Boroson, B., Kallman, T., McCray, R., Vrtilek, S. D., and Raymond, J. “Models of X-Ray Photoionization in LMC X-4: Slices of a Stellar Wind.” Astrophysical Journal 519 (1999): 191. Boyle, P. J., Buckley, J. H., Burdett, A. M., Bussons Gordo, J., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. F., Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Harris, K., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, F, Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R., Masterson, C., McEnery, J. E., Mohanty, G., Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rodgers, A. J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, F. W., Sembroski, G. H., Srinivasan, R., Weekes, T. C., and Zweerink, J. “Large Search for TeV Counterparts in Gamma Ray Bursts.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, eds. M. S. Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 61. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. Briceno, C., Calvet, N., Kenyon, S., and Hartmann, L. “A Large-Scale Objective-Prism and X-Ray Survey in Taurus- Auriga.” Astronomical Journal 118 (1999): 1354. Briceno, C., Hartmann, L., and Stauffer, J. “New Very Low- Mass T-Tauri Stars in Taurus: Young Brown Dwarfs?” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 1846. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Briceno, C., Hartmann, L., Stauffer, J., and Martin, E. L. “A Deep CCD Survey for Very Low-Mass Pre-Main Sequence Stars in Taurus.” In Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Planets, ASP. Conference Series, vol. 134, eds. R. Rebolo, E. L. Martin, and M. R. Zapatero Osorio, p. 36. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Brickhouse, N. S. and Dupree, A. K. “EUVE Observations of 44 i Boo: Evidence for Localized Emission.” In Coo/ Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 993. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Brown, D. S., Parnell, C., DeLuca, E., McMullen, R., and Golub, L. “Observed Magnetic Structure of X-Ray Bright Points from TRACE and MDI.” In Third Advances in Solar Physics Euroconference: Magnetic Fields and Oscillations, ASP Conference Series, vol. 184, eds. B. Schmieder, A. Hofmann, and J. Staude, p. 81. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Buckley, J. H., Akerlof, C. W., Biller, S., Boyle, P. J., Breslin, A. C., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Cantanese, M., Cawley, M. F., Connaughton, V., Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J., Gordo, J. B., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, F., Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R., Masterson, C., McEnery, J. E., Mohanty, G., Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rodgers, A. J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, F., Schubnell, M. S., Sembroski, G., Srinivasan, R., Weekes, T. C., Wilson, C., and Zweerink, J. “Gamma-Ray Variability of BL Lacs at E>300 GeV.” Advances in Space Research 21 (1998): 101. Buckley, J. H., Boyle, P. J., Bradbury, S. M., Burdett, A. M., Bussons Gordo, J., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. F., Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, E, Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R., Masterson, C., McEnery, J. E., Mohanty, G., Quinn, J., Rodgers, A. J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, F. W., Sembroski, G. H., Srinivasan, R., Weekes, T. C., and Zweerink, J. “A Search for TeV Emission from Unidentified Sources in the Galactic Plane.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, eds. M. S. Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 237. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. Cagnoni, I., Fruscione, A., and Papadakis, I. E. “Mrk421: EUVE Observations from 1994 to 1997.” In BL Lac Phenomenon, ASP Conference Series, vol. 159, eds. L. O. Takalo and A. Sillanpaa, p. 194. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Callanan, P. J., Drake, J. J., and Fruscione, A. “An EUVE Observation of the Globular Cluster M15: The First Detection of a Low-Mass X-Ray Binary?” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 521 (1999): L125. Carter-Lewis, D. A., Biller, S., Boyle, P. J., Buckley, J. H., Burdett, A. M., Bussons Gordo, J., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. EF, Colombo, E., Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, EF, Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R., McEnery, J., Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rodgers, A., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, F. W., Sembroski, G. H., Srinivasan, R., Weekes, T. C., West, M., and Zweerink, J. “Spectrum of TeV Gamma Rays from the Crab Nebula.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, eds. M. S. Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 161. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. Catanese, M., Boyle, P. J., Burdett, A. M., Bussons Gordo, J., Buckley, J. H., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Cawley, M. F, Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, F., Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R., Masterson, C., McEnery, J. E., Mohanty, G., Quinn, J., Rodgers, A. J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, F. W., Sembroski, G. H., Srinivasan, R., Weekes, T. C., and Zweerink, J. “First Results from a Search for TeV Emission from BL Lacs Out to z=0.2.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, eds. M. S. Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 277. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. Catanese, M., and Weekes, T. C. “Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy.” Pwblications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 111 (1999): 1193. Catanese, M., and The Whipple Collaboration. “Multi- Wavelength Observations of VHE BL Lac Objects.” In BL Lac Phenomenon, ASP Conference Series, vol. 159, eds. L. O. Takalo and A. Sillanpaa, p. 243. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Chance, K. V., Spurr, R. J., and Kurosu, T. P. “Atmospheric Trace Gas Measurements from the European Space Agency’s Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment.” In Satellite Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere III, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3495, ed. J. E. Russell, p. 230. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Charbonneau, D., Noyes, R. W., Korzennik, S. G., Nisenson, P., Jha, S., Vogt, S. S., and Kibrick, R. I. “An Publications of the Staff 253 Upper Limit on the Reflected Light from the Planet Orbiting the Star Tau Bootis.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 522 (1999): L145. Cheimets, P., Bookbinder, J. A., Davis, W. R., and Golub, L. “Novel Mirror Mount Design: TRACE Primary Mirror.” In EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3445, eds. O. H. Siegmund and M. A. Gummin, p. 28. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Cheimets, P., Bookbinder, J. A., DeLuca, E., Caldwell, D., Davis, W. R., and Golub, L. “Large-Area Thin Aluminum Filter Design, Handling, and Testing.” In EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3445, eds. O. H. Siegmund and M. A. Gummin, p. 96. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Chen, W., McCarthy, M. C., Novick, S. E., and Thaddeus, P. “Microwave Spectra of the Methylpolyynes CH, (C°C),H and CH,(C°C)_H.” Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 196 (1999): 335- Chen, W., Novick, S. E., McCarthy, M. C., and Thaddeus, P. “Microwave Spectroscopy of the 2,4-Pentadiyny! Radical: H,C-C © C-C ° CH.” Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (1998): ILoI90. Chisholm, J. R., Harnden, F. R., Schachter, J. F., Micela, G., Sciortino, S., and Favata, F “ROSAT High Resolution Imager Identifications of Suspected Stellar Sources from the Einstein Slew Survey.” Astronomical Journal 117 (1999): 1845. Chung, H., Kirby, K., and Babb, J. F. “Theoretical Study of the Absorption Spectra of the Lithium Dimer.” Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics) 6o (1999): 2002. Ciaravella, A., Raymond, J. C., Strachan, L., Thompson, B. J., Cyr, O. C. S., Gardner, L., Modigliani, A., Antonucci, E., Kohl, J., and Noci, G. “Ultraviolet and Optical Observations of a Coronal Transient with SOHO.” Astrophysical Journal 510 (1999): 1053. Colbert, J. W., Malkan, M. A., Clegg, P. E., Cox, P., Fischer, J., Lord, S$. D., Luhman, M., Satyapal, S., Smith, H. A., Spinoglio, L., Stacey, G., and Unger, S. J. “ISO LWS Spectroscopy of M82: A Unified Evolutionary Model.” Astrophysical Journal 51% (1999): 721. Colley, W. N., and Schild, R. E. “Precision Photometry for Qo0957+561 Images A and B.” Astrophysical Journal 518 (1999): 153. Connaughton, V., Akerlof, C. W., Biller, S. D., Buckley, J. H., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. F, Fegan, D. J., Gaidos, J. A., Hillas, A. M., Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R., McEnery, J., Mohanty, G., Porter, N. A., Quinn, J., Rose, H. J., Rovero, A. C., Samuelson, EF, Schubnell, M. S., Sembroski, G., Srinivasan, R., Weekes, T. C., Wilson, C., and Zweerink, J. “A Search for TeV Gamma-Ray Bursts on a 1-Second Time-Scale.” Astroparticle Physics 8 (1998): 179. Costantini, E., Comastri, A., Vignali, C., Fiore, F, and Giallongo, E. “BeppoSAX Observations of High-Redshift Quasars.” Memoire della Societa Astronomica Italiana 70 (1999): 265. Coté, R., Dalgarno, A., Lyyra, A. M., and Li, L. “Observation of a Shape Resonance in the a*X,,* State of 7Li,.” Physical Review A 60 (1999): 2063. Coté, R., and Kharchenko, V. “Quasicondensate Droplet Formation in a Gas of Trapped Atomic Hydrogen.” Physical Review Letters 83, (1999): 2100. Coudé Du Foresto, V., Perrin, G., Mennesson, B., Mariotti, J. M., Traub, W., and Lacasse, M. “Morphological Changes in Giant and Supergiant M-Type Variable Stars: Interferometric Observations with FLUOR at IOTA.” In Pudsating Stars: Recent Developments in Theory and Observation, Proceedings of the Joint Discussion 24 of the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, Frontiers Series No. 23, eds. M. Takeuti and D. D. Sasselov, p. 141. Tokyo: Universal Academic Press, 1998. Cranmer, S. R., Field, G. B., and Kohl, J. L. “Spectroscopic Constraints on Models of Ion-Cyclotron Resonance Heating in the Polar Solar Corona and Fast Solar Wind.” EOS Transactions 79 (1998): 722. . “Spectroscopic Constraints on Models of Ion- Cyclotron Resonance Heating in the Polar Solar Corona.” Space Science Reviews 87 (1999): 149. . “The Impact of Ion-Cyclotron Wave Dissipation on Heating and Accelerating the Fast Solar Wind.” In Solar Wind Nine, Proceedings of the Ninth International Solar Wind Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 471, eds. S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg, and P. A. Isenberg, p. 35. Woodbury, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. . “Spectroscopic Constraints on Models of Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating in the Polar Solar Corona and High-Speed Solar Wind.” Astrophysical Journal 518 (1999): 937. Cranmer, S. R., Kohl, J. L., and Noci, G. “UVCS/SOHO: The First Two Years.” In Solar Composition and Its Evolution—From Core to Corona, Proceedings of an ISSI Workshop, eds. C. Fromlich, M. C. E. Huber, S. K. Solanki, and R. von Steiger, p. 341. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. Cranmer, S. R., Kohl, J. L., Noci, G., Antonucci, E., Tondello, G., Huber, M. C. E., Strachan, L., Panasyuk, A. V., Gardner, L. D., Romoli, M., Fineschi, S., Dobrzycka, D., Raymond, J. C., Nicolosi, P., Siegmund, O. H. W., Spadaro, D., Benna, C., Ciaravella, A., Giordano, S., Habbal, S. R., Karovska, M., Li, X., Martin, R., Michels, J. G., Modigliani, A., Naletto, G., O'Neal, R. H., Pernechele, C., Poletto, G., Smith, P. L., and Suleiman, R. M. “An Empirical Model of a Polar Coronal Hole at Solar Minimum.” Astrophysical Journal 511 (1999): 481. Crosas, M., Wood, K., Sakamoto, K., Scoville, N. Z., Yun, M. S., Genzel, R., and Tacconi, L. J. “Disks in the Arp220 Nuclei: Modeling High Resolution Line and Continuum Observations.” Advances in Space Research 23 (1999): 1057. D'Alessio, P., Canté, J., Hartmann, L., Calvet, N., and Lizano, S. “On the Thermal Stability of Irradiation-Dominated Pre- 254 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Main-Sequence Disks.” Astrophysical Journal 511 (1999): 896. David, L. P., Forman, W., and Jones, C. “ROSAT PSPC Observations of the Richest (R22) ACO Clusters.” Astrophysical Journal 519 (1999): 533. Derevianko, A., Johnson, W. R., Safronova, M. S., and Babb, J. FE. “High-Precision Calculations of Dispersion Coefficients, Static Dipole Polarizabilities, and Atom- Wall Interaction Constants for Alkali-Metal Atoms.” Physical Review Letters 82 (1999): 3589. Dewey, D., Drake, J. J., Edgar, R. J., Michaud, K., and Ratzlaff, P. “AXAF Grating Efficiency Measurements with Calibrated Nonimaging Detectors.” In X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3444, eds. R. B. Hoover and A. B. Walker, p. 48. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. DiFrancesco, J., Evans, N. J., Harvey, P. M., Mundy, L. G., and Butner, H. M. “High-Resolution Far-Infrared Studies of Intermediate-Mass Pre-Main-Sequence Objects.” Astrophysical Journal 509 (1998): 324. DiStefano, R., and Scalzo, R. A. “A New Channel for the Detection of Planetary Systems Through Microlensing: I. Isolated Events Due to Planet Lenses. Astrophysical Journal 512 (1999): 564. . “A New Channel for the Detection of Planetary Systems Through Microlensing: II. Repeating Events.” Astrophysical Journal 512 (1999): 579. Dobrzycka, D., Cranmer, S. R., Panasyuk, A. V., Strachan, L., and Kohl, J. L. “Study of the Latitudinal Dependence of H I Lyman & and O VI Emission in the Solar Corona: Evidence for the Superradial Geometry of the Outflow in the Polar Coronal Holes.” Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (1999): 9791. Dobrzycka, D., Panasyuk, A. V., Strachan, L., and Kohl, J. L. “Geometry, Physical Properties, and Outflow Velocities from the Polar and Equatorial Coronal Holes—UVCS/ SOHO Observations.” In Solar Wind Nine, Proceedings of the Ninth International Solar Wind Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 471, eds. S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg, and P. A. Isenberg, p. 305. Woodbury, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. . “Comparison of Polar and Equatorial Coronal Holes Observed by UVCS/SOHO: Geometry and Physical Properties.” Space Science Reviews 87 (1999): 173. Dobrzycka, D., Strachan, L., Miralles, M. P., Kohl, J. L., Gardner, L. D., Smith, P., Guhathakurta, M., and Fisher, R. “Variation of Polar Coronal Hole Profiles with Solar Cycle.” Space Science Reviews 87 (1999): 177. Donahue, R. A., and Bookbinder, J. A., eds. Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Donnelly, R. H., Markevitch, M., Forman, W., Jones, C., Churazov, E., and Gilfanov, M. “A Hot SPOT in Coma.” Astrophysical Journal 513 (1999): 690. Downes, D., Neri, R., Wiklind, T., Wilner, D. J., and Shaver, P. “Detection of CO(4—3), CO(9-8), and Dust Emission in the BAL Quasar APM 08279+5255 ata Redshift of 3.9.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 513 (1998): Lr. Drake, J., and Kashyap, V. “The Coronal Metallicity of the RS CVn Binary HR rog9.” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP. Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 1040. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Dupree, A. “Cool Stars: Imaging and Spectroscopy.” In Ultraviolet-Optical Space Astronomy Beyond HST, ASP Conference Series, vol. 164, eds. J. A. Morse, J. M. Shull, and A. L. Kinney, p. 102. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Dupree, A. K., Brickhouse, N. S., and Hurwitz, M. “ORFEUS Observations of Cool Stars: Electron Density Measurements.” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 1022. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Ebeling, H., Edge, A. C., Bohringer, H., Allen, S. W., Crawford, C. S., Fabian, A. C., Voges, W., and Huchra, J. P. “The ROSAT Brightest Cluster Sample (BCS) - I. The Compilation of the Sample and the Cluster log N-log S$ Distribution.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 301 (1998): 881. Eichhorn, G., Accomazzi, A., Kurtz, M. J., and Grant, C. S. “The Astrophysics Data System.” In Library and Information Services in Astronomy III (LISA III), ASP Conference Series, vol. 153, eds. U. Grothkopf, H. Andernach, S. Stevens-Rayburn, and M. Gomez, p. 277. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Eichhorn, G., Kurtz, M. J., Accomazzi, A., Grant, C. S., and Murray, S. S. “Connectivity in the Astronomy Digital Library through the ADS.” In Highlights of Astronomy, vol. r1A, ed. J. Andersen, p. 516. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. Elsner, R. F, O'Dell, S. L., Ramsey, B. D., Tennant, A. F, Weisskopf, M. C., Kolodziejczak, J. J., Swartz, D. A., Engelhaupt, D. E., Garmire, G. P., Nousek, J. A., Bautz, M. W., Gaetz, T. J., and Zhao, P. “Calibration Results for the AXAF Flight Contamination Monitor.” In X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3444, eds. R. B. Hoover and A. B. Walker, p. 177. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Esser, R., Fineschi, $., Dobrzycka, D., Habbal, S. R., Edgar, R. J., Raymond, J. C., Kohl, J. L., and Guhathakurta, M. “Plasma Properties in Coronal Holes Derived from Measurements of Minor Ion Spectral Lines and Polarized White Light Intensity.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 510 (1999): L63. Falco, E. E., Kurtz, M. J., Geller, M. J., Huchra, J. P., Peters, J., Berlind, P., Mink, D. J., Tokarz, S. P., and Elwell, B. “The Updated Zwicky Catalog (UZC).” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 111 (1999): 438. Fazio, G. G., Eisenhardt, P., and Huang, J. “The Space Infrared Facility (SIRTF): A New Probe for Study of the Publications of the Staff 255 Birth and Evolution of Galaxies in the Early Universe.” Astrophysics and Space Science 269 (1999): 541. Feldman, U., Laming, J. M., Doschek, G. A., Warren, H. P., and Golub, L. “On the Ability of an Extreme-Ultraviolet Multilayer Normal-Incidence Telescope to Provide Temperature Information for Solar Plasmas.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 511 (1999): L6r. Feldmeier, J. J., Brandt, W. N., Elvis, M., Fabian, A. C., Twasawa, K., and Mathur, S$. “Heavy and Complex X-Ray Absorption Toward the Nucleus of Markarian 6.” Astrophysical Journal 510 (1999): 167. Field, G. B., Blackman, E. G., and Chou, H. “Nonlinear Alpha-Effect in Dynamo Theory.” Astrophysical Journal 513 (1999): 638. Fineschi, S., Gardner, L. D., Kohl, J. L., Romoli, M., and Noci, G. C. “Grating Stray Light Analysis and Control in the UVCS/SOHO.” In X-Ray and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Polarimetry II, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3443, ed. S. Fineschi, p. 67. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE— The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Finoguenov, A., Jones, C., Forman, W., and David, L. “Stellar Metallicities and Type IA Supernova Rates in the Early-Type Galaxy NGC 5846 from ROSAT and ASCA Observations.” Astrophysical Journal 514 (1999): 844. Fiore, F., La Franca, E, Giommi, P., Elvis, M., Matt, G., Comastri, A., Molendi, S., and Gioia, I. “The Contribution of Faint Active Galactic Nuclei to the Hard X-Ray Background.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 306 (1999): L55. Fischer, J., Lord, S. D., Unger, S. J., Bradford, C. M., Brauher, J. R., Clegg, P. E., Colbert, J. W., Cox, P., Greenhouse, M. A., Harvey, V., Malkan, M. A., Melnick, G., Smith, H. A., Spinoglio, L., Strelnitski, V., and Suter, J. P. “An LWS Spectroscopic Survey of Infrared Bright Galaxies.” In The Universe as Seen by ISO, ESA-SP 427, vol. II, eds. P. Cox and M. F. Kessler, p. 817. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, 1999. Fischer, J., Luhman, M. L., Satyapal, S., Greenhouse, M. A., Stacey, G. J., Bradford, C. M., Lord, S. D., Brauher, J. R., Unger, S. J., Clegg, P. E., Smith, H. A., Melnick, G., Colbert, J. W., Malkan, M. A., Spinoglio, L., Cox, P., Harvey, V., Suter, J., and Strelnitski, V. “ISO FAR-IR Spectroscopy of IR-Bright Galaxies and ULIRGs.” Astrophysics and Space Science 266 (1999): 91. Fontenla, J., White, O. R., Fox, P. A., Avrett, E. H., and Kurucz, R. L. “Calculation of Solar Irradiances. I. Synthesis of the Solar Spectrum.” Astrophysical Journal 518 (1999): 480. Ford, E. C., van der Klis, M., Mendez, M., van Paradijs, J., and Kaaret, P. “Measurement of Hard Lags and Coherences in the X-Ray Flux of Accreting Neutron Stars and Comparison with Accreting Black Holes.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 512 (1998): L31. Forrey, R. C., Balakrishnan, N., and Dalgarno, A. “Quasi- resonant Energy Transfer in Ultracold Atom-Diatom Collisions.” Physical Review Letters 82 (1999): 2657. Forrey, R. C., Balakrishnan, N., Kharchenko, V., and Dalgarno, A. “Feshbach Resonances in Ultracold Atom- Diatom Scattering.” Physical Review A 58 (1998): 2645. Forrey, R. C., Kharchenko, V., Balakrishnan, N., and Dalgarno, A. “Vibrational Relaxation of Trapped Molecules.” Physical Review A 59 (1999): 2146. Frazin, R. A., Ciaravella, A., Dennis, E., Fineschi, S., Gardner, L. D., Michels, J., O’Neal, R., Raymond, J. C., Wu, C., Kohl, J. L., Modigliani, A., and Noci, G. “UVCS/SOHO Ion Kinetics in Coronal Streamers.” Space Science Reviews 87 (1999): 189. Frazin, R. A., Modigliani, A., Ciaravella, A., Dennis, E., Fineschi, S., Michels, L. D., Gardner, J., O'Neal, R., Raymond, J. C., Wu, C., Noci, G., and Kohl, J. L. “UVCS/SOHO Observations of Coronal Streamers.” In Solar Wind Nine, Proceedings of the Ninth International Solar Wind Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 471, eds. S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg, and P. A. Isenberg, p. 235. Woodbury, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. Fuhr, J. R., Sugar, J., Reader, J., Kelleher, D. E., Olsen, K. J., Mohr, P. J., Dalton, G. R., Stern Grant, C., and Eichhorn, G. “NIST Atomic Spectra Database.” In Laboratory Space Science Workshop, p. 169. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 1998. Garcia-Sanchez, J., Preston, R. A., Jones, D. L., Weissman, P.R., Lestrade, J., Latham, D. W., and Stefanik, R. P. “Stellar Encounters with the Oort Cloud Based on HIPPARCOS Data.” Astronomical Journal 117 (1999): 1042; Erratum. Astronomical Journal 118 (1999): 600. . “A Search for Stars Passing Close to the Sun.” In Highlights of Astronomy, vol. 1A, ed. J. Andersen, p. 575. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. Garnavich, P., Jha, S., Stanek, K., and Garcia, M. “GRB990123 Optical Observations.” GCN Circular 215 (1999): I. Garnavich, P. M., Stanek, K. Z., and Garcia, M. R. “GRB990506 Optical Observations.” GCN Circular 302 (1999): I. Geller, M. J., Diaferio, A., and Kurtz, M. J. “The Mass Profile of the Coma Galaxy Cluster.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 517 (1999): L23. Gibson, B. K., Hughes, S. M. G., Stetson, P. B., Freedman, W.L., Kennicutt, R. C., Mould, J. R., Bresolin, F., Ferrarese, L., Ford, H. C., Graham, J. A., Han, M., Harding, P., Hoessel, J. G., Huchra, J. P., Illingworth, G. D., Kelson, D. D., Macri, L. M., Madore, B. F., Phelps, R. L., Prosser, C. F., Saha, A., Sakai, S., Sebo, K. M.., Silbermann, N. A., and Turner, A. M. “The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. XVII. The Cepheid Distance to NGC 4725.” Astrophysical Journal 512 (1999): 48. Gillanders, G. G., Boyle, P. J., Buckley, J. H., Burdett, A. M., Bussons Gordo, J., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. F, Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, F, Lamb, R. C., Lang, M. J., Lessard, R., Masterson, C., McEnery, J. E., Mohanty, G., 256 Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rodgers, A. J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, EF. W., Sembroski, G. H., Srinivasan, R., Weekes, T. C., and Zweerink, J. “A Search for TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from the Crab Pulsar.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, eds. M. S. Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 185. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. Gingerich, O. “Adventures of a Coperican Sleuth.” AB Bookman’s Weekly 104 (1999): 559- . “The Arrogance of Mediocrity.” In God, Science G Humilty: Ten Scientists Consider Humility Theology, ed. R. Herrmann, p. 118. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation, 1999. . “Carl Sagan.” Proceedings of the American Philosphical Society 143 (1999): 713. . “The Future of Homo Sapiens.” Christian Century 116 (1999): 1159. . “The Return of the Seagoing Cowboy.” American Scholar 68 (1999): 71. . “Sacrobosco Illustrated.” In Between Demonstration and Imagination: Essays in the History of Science and Philosophy Presented to John D. North, eds. L. Nauta and A. Vanderjagt, p. 211. Leiden: Brill, 999. Girart, J., Ho, P. T. P., Rudolph, A. L., Estalella, R., Wilner, D. J., and Chernin, L. M. “The HCO* Molecular Outflow in NGC 2071.” Astrophysical Journal 522 (1999): 921. Gladman, B., Kavelaars, J. J., Morbidelli, A., Holman, M., Petit, J., and Marsden, B. G. “1999 DZ7.” Minor Planet Electronic Circulars 1999-J03 (1999). . “t999 DGB.” In Minor Planet Electronic Circulars 1999-M30 (1999). . “1999 DD8.” In Minor Planet Electronic Circulars 1999-L41 (1999). . “1999 DH8.” In Minor Planet Electronic Circulars 1999-N10 (1999). . “1999 DB8.” In Minor Planet Electronic Circulars 1999-Kr9 (1999). Golub, L., Bookbinder, J., DeLuca, E., Karovska, M., Warren, H., Schrijver, C. J., Shine, R., Tarbell, T., Title, A., Wolfson, J., Handy, B., and Kankelborg, C. “A New View of the Solar Corona from the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE).” Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999): 2205. Gorenstein, P. “Deployable Ultra-High Throughput Telescope: Concept.” In Highlights in X-Ray Astronomy, MPE Report 272, eds. B. Aschenbach and M. J. Freyberg, p. 361. Garching: Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, 1999. Gottlieb, C. A., McCarthy, M. C., Gordon, V. D., Chakan, J. M., Apponi, A. J., and Thaddeus, P. “Laboratory Detection of Two New C.H,, Isomers.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 509 (1998): ine oe Gottlieb, C. A., McCarthy, M. C., Travers, M. J., Grabow, J., and Thaddeus, P. “Rotational Spectra of the Carbon Chain Free Radicals C,H, C,H, C,H, and C, ,H.” Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (1998): 5433. Graessle, D. E., Blake, R. L., Burek, A. J., Dyson, S. E., Fitch, J. J., Schwartz, D. A., and Soufli, R. “Modeling of Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Synchrotron Reflectance Calibrations of AXAF Iridium- Coated Witness Mirrors over 2 to 12 keV.” In X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3444, eds. R. B. Hoover and A. B. Walker, p. 140. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Graham, J. A., Ferrarese, L., Freedman, W. L., Kennicutt, R. C., Mould, J. R., Saha, A., Stetson, P. B., Madore, B. E, Bresolin, F., Ford, H. C., Gibson, B. K., Han, M., Hoessel, J. G., Huchra, J., Hughes, S. M., Illingworth, G. D., Kelson, D. D., Macri, L., Phelps, R., Sakai, S., Silbermann, N. A., and Turner, A. “The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. XX. The Discovery of Cepheids in the Virgo Cluster Galaxy NGC 4548.” Astrophysical Journal 516 (1999): 626. Greenhill, L. J., Gwinn, C. R., Schwartz, C., Moran, J. M., and Diamond, P. J. “Coexisting Conical Bipolar and Equatorial Outflows from a High-Mass Protostar.” Nature 396 (1998): 650. Greiner, J., and DiStefano, R. “Relation Between Supersoft X-Ray Sources and VY Sci Stars.” In Highlights in X-Ray Astronomy, MPE Report 272, eds. B. Aschenbach and M. J. Freyberg, p. 66. Garching: Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, 1999. Greiner, J., Tovmassian, G. H., DiStefano, R., Prestwich, A., Gonzalez-Riestra, R., Szentasko, L., and Chavarrfa, C. “Transient Supersoft X-ray Emission from V 751 Cygni During the Optical Low-State.” Astronomy and Astrophysics 343 (1999): 183. Grogin, N. A., Geller, M. J., and Huchra, J. P. “A Complete Redshift Survey to the Zwicky Catalog Limit in a 25 x 15 Region around 3C 273.” Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 119 (1998): 277. Guainazzi, M., Nicastro, FE, Fiore, F, Matt, G., McHardy, I., Orr, A., Barr, P., Fruscione, A., Papadakis, I., Parmar, A. N., Uttley, P., Perola, G. C., and Piro, L. “A Swan Song: The Disappearance of the Nucleus of NGC 4051 and the Echo of Its Past Glory.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 301 (1998): Lr. Gullbring, E., Hartmann, L., Briceno, C., Calvet, N., and Muzerolle, J. “Color Anomalies of Weak Lined T Tauri stars.” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 1709. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Habbal, S. R., Esser, R., Hollweg, J. V., and Isenberg, P. A., eds. “Solar Wind Nine,” Proceedings of the Ninth International Solar Wind Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 471. Woodbury, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. Handy, B. N., Acton, L. W., Kankelborg, C. C., Wolfson, C. J., Akin, D. J., Bruner, M. E., Caravalho, R., Catura, R. C., Chevalier, R., Duncan, D. W., Edwards, C. G., Feinstein, C. N., Freeland, S. L., Friedlaender, F. M., Hoffmann, C. H., Hurlburt, N. E., Jurcevich, B. K., Katz, N. L., Kelly, G. A., Lemen, J. R., Levay, M., Lindgren, R. W., Mathur, D. P., Meyer, S. B., Morrison, S. J., Morrison, M. D., Nightingale, R. W., Pope, T. P., Publications of the Staff 257. Rehse, R. A., Schrijver, C. J., Shine, R. A., Shing, L., Strong, K. T., Tarbell, T. D., Title, A. M., Torgerson, D. D., Golub, L., Bookbinder, J. A., Caldwell, D., Cheimets, P.N., Davis, W. N., DeLuca, E. E., McMullen, R. A., Warren, H. P., Amato, D., Fisher, R., Maldonado, H., and Parkinson, C. “The Transition Region and Coronal Explorer.” Solar Physics 187 (1999): 229. Hardcastle, M. J., Worrall, D. M., and Birkinshaw, M. “Extended X-Ray Emission from the BL Lac Object PKS 0521-365.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 305 (1999): 246. Harris, D. E. “Some Lessons from ROSAT on the Physics of Radio Galaxies.” In Highlights in X-Ray Astronomy, MPE Report 272, eds. B. Aschenbach and M. J. Freyberg, p. 178. Garching: Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, 1999. Harris, D. E., Silverman, J. D., Hasinger, G., and Lehmann, I. “Spatial Corrections of ROSAT HRI Observations.” Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 13,3 (1998): 431. Harrus, I. M., and Slane, P. O. “An Asca Study of the Supernova Remnant G39.2-0.3.” Astrophysical Journal 516 (1998): 811. Herrnstein, J. R., Moran, J. M., Greenhill, L. J., Diamond, P. J., Inoue, M., Nakai, N., Miyoshi, M., Henkel, C., and Riess, A. “A Geometric Distance to the Galaxy NGC 4258 from Orbital Motions in a Nuclear Gas Disk.” Nature 400 (1999): 539. Hicks, B. C., Rebbert, M. Isaacson, P., Ma, D., Marrian, C., Fischer, J., Smith, H., Ade, P., Sudiwala, R., Greenhouse, M., Moseley, H., and Steward, K. “Nanotechnology Fabrication of Polysilicon Film/Metal Grid Infrared Filters.” In Laboratory Space Science Workshop, p. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 1998. Holman, M., Gladman, B., Kavelaars, J. J., Morbidelli, A., and Marsden, B. G. “1999 DA.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular 1999-Do6 (1999): 6. Hooper, E., Wilkes, B., McLeod, K., Elvis, M., Impey, C., Lonsdale, C., Malkan, M., and McDowell, J. “The US Key Project on AGN Spectral Energy Distributions.” In The Universe as Seen by ISO, ESA-SP 427, vol U, eds. P. Cox and M. E Kessler, p. 893. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, 1999. Hooper, E., Wilkes, B., McLeod, K., McDowell, J., Elvis, M., Malkan, M., Lonsdale, C., and Impey, C. “The U. S. ISO Key Project on Quasars.” In Astrophysics with Infrared Surveys: A Prelude to SIRTF, ASP Conference Series, vol. 177, eds. M. D. Bicay, R. M. Cutri, and B. F. Madore, p. 153. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Hora, J. L., and Deutsch, L. K. “The Spatial Distribution of Cool Dust in Planetary Nebulae.” In The Universe as Seen by ISO, ESA SP-427, vol. 1, eds. P. Cox and M. Kessler, p. 337. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, 1999. Horner, S. D., Brown, T. M., Kennelly, E. J., Kotak, R., Jha, S., Korzennik, S. G., Krockenberger, M., Nisenson, P., and Noyes, R. W. “51 Pegasi and Tau Bootis: Planets or Pulsations?” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 1860. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. . “51 Pegasi and Tau Bootis: Planets or Pulsations?” In A Half Century of Stellar Pulsation Interpretation: A Tribute to Arthur N. Cox, ASP Conference Series, vol. 135, eds. P. A. Bradley and J. A. Guzik, p. 206. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Horner, S. D., Germain, M. E., Greene, T. P., Harris, E H., Johnson, M. S., Johnson, K. J., Monet, D. G., Murison, M. A., Phillips, J. D., Reasenberg, R. D., Seidelmann, P. K., Urban, S. E., and Vassar, R. H. “The Full-Sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer—Astrometry for the New Millennium.” In Working on the Fringe: Optical and IR Interferometry from Ground and Space, ASP Conference Series, vol. 194, eds. S. Unwin and R. Stachnik, p. 114. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Huang, M., Bania, T. M., Bolatto, A., Chamberlin, R. A., Ingalls, J. G., Jackson, J. M., Lane, A. P., Stark, A. A., Wilson, R. W., and Wright, G. A. “Atomic Carbon Observations of Southern Hemisphere H II Regions.” Astrophysical Journal 517 (1999): 282. Huchra, J. “Low Luminosity Galaxies in Large Surveys.” In The Low Surface Brightness Universe, Proceedings of LAU Colloquium No. 171, ASP Conference Series, vol. 170, eds. J. I. Davies, C. D. Impey, and S. Phillips, p. 45. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Huchra, J., Tollestrup, E., Schneider, S., Skrutski, M., Jarrett, T., Chester, T., and Cutri, R. “The 2Mass Redshift Surveys.” In Highlights of Astronomy, vol. 11A, ed. J. Andersen, p. 487. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. Huchra, J. P., Vogeley, M. S., and Geller, M. J. “The CFA Redshift Survey: Data for the South Galactic CAP.” Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 121 (1999): 287. Hunter, T. R., Testi, L., Zhang, Q., and Sridharan, T. K. “Molecular Jets and H,O Masers in the AFGL 5142 Hot Core.” Astronomical Journal 118 (1999): 477. Impey, C. D., Falco, E. E., Kochanek, C. S., Lehar, J., McLeod, B. A., Rix, H., Peng, C. Y., and Keeton, C. R. “An Infrared Einstein Ring in the Gravitational Lens PG 1115+080.” Astrophysical Journal 509 (1998): 551. Ivan, A., Romaine, S. E., Bruni, R. J., Everett, J. E., and Gorenstein, P. “Characterization of Graded d-Spacing Multilayers for Hard X-Ray Telescopes.” In X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3444, eds. R. B. Hoover and A. B. Walker, p. 556. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Jain, R., Bailyn, C., Garcia, M., Rines, K., Levine, A., Espinoza, J., and Gonzalez, D. “V1333 Aquilae.” [AU Circular No. 7161 (1999): I. . “Optical Outburst of AQL X-1.” The Astronomer’s Telegram 41 (1999): 1 Jain, R., Bailyn, C., McClintock, J., Sobczak, G., Remillard, R., and Orosz, J. “XTE J1550-564.” IAU Circular No. 7114 (1999): 2. Janzen, P. H., Gardner, L. D., Reisenfeld, D. B., Savin, D. W., Kohl, J. L., and Bartschat, K. “Reevaluation of 258 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Experiments and New Theoretical Calculations for Electron-Impact Excitation of C**.” Physical Review A 59 (1999): 4821. Janzen, P. H., Reisenfeld, D. B., Gardner, L. D., and Kohl, J. L. “Absolute Cross Section for Electron Impact Excitation of Metastable Si?*.” In Laboratory Space Science Workshop, p. 169. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 1998. Jayawardhana, R., Hartmann, L., Fazio, G., Fisher, R. S., Telesco, C. M., and Pifia, R. K. “Mid-Infrared Imaging of the Young Binary Star HEN 3—Goo: Evidence for a Dust Disk around the Primary.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 520 (1999): L4tr. . “A Disk Census for the Nearest Group of Young Stars: Mid-Infrared Observations of the TW Hydrae Association.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 521 (1999): L129. Johnson, D. G., Jucks, K. W., Traub, W. A., Chance, K. V., Toon, G. C., Russell, J. M., and McCormick, M. P. “Stratospheric Age Spectra Derived from Observations of Water Vapor and Methane.” Journal of Geophysical Research 104(D17) (1999): 21595. Johnson, L., Gilchrist, B., Estes, R. D., and Lorenzini, E. “Overview of Future NASA Tether Applications.” Advances in Space Research 24 (1999): 1055. Jordan, C., Doschek, G. A., Drake, J. J., Galvin, A. B., and Raymond, J. C. “Coronal Abundances: What Are They?” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 91. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Jucks, K. W., Johnson, D. G., Chance, K. V., Traub, W. A., Margitan, J. J., Osterman, G. B., Salawitch, R. J., and Sasano, Y. “Observations of OH, HO,,H50; and O, in the Upper Stratosphere: Implications for HO, Photo- chemistry.” Geophysical Research Letters 25 (1998): 3935. Kalkofen, W., Ulmschneider, P., and Avrett, E. H. “Does the Sun Have a Full-Time Chromosphere?” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 521 (1999): L141. Kalogera, V. “Kinematics of Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries and MS Pulsars.” In Newtron Stars and Pulsars: Thirty Years after the Discovery, Frontiers Science Series No. 24, eds. N. Shibazaki, N. Kawai, S. Shibata, and T. Kifune, p. 27. Tokyo, Japan: Universal Academy Press, 1998. Kaluzny, J., Mochejska, B. J., Stanek, K. Z., Krockenberger, M., Sasselov, D. D., Tonry, J. L., and Mateo, M. “DIRECT Distances to Nearby Galaxies Using Detached Eclipsing Binaries and Cepheids. IV. Variables in the Field M31D.” Astronomical Journal 118 (1999): 346. Kamoun, P., Campbell, D., Pettengill, G., and Shapiro, I. “Radar Observations of Three Comets and Echoes from One: Detection of P/Grigg-Skjellerup.” Planetary and Space Science 47 (1999): 23. Kaper, L., Henrichs, H. F., Nichols, J. S., and Telting, J. H. “Long- and Short-Term Variability in O-Star Winds II. Quantitative Analysis of DAC Behaviour.” Astronomy and Astrophysics 344 (1999): 231. Karovska, M. “Fifteen Years of High Angular Resolution Studies of Mira’s Atmosphere.” In Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars, Proceedings of [AU Symposium No. 191, eds. T. Leberte, A. Lébre, and C. Waelkens, p. 139. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Kash, M. M., Sautenkov, V. A., Zibrov, A. S., Hollberg, L., Welch, G. R.; Lukin, M. D.; Rostovtsey, Y., Fry, E. S., and Scully, M. O. “Ultraslow Group Velocity and Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Effects in a Coherently Driven Hot Atomic Gas.” Physical Review Letters 82 (1999): 5229. Kashyap, V., and Drake, J. “DEM Reconstruction: A Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo Approach.” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 844. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Kavelaars, J. J., Gladman, B., Holman, M., Petit, J., Scholl, H., and Marsden, B. G. “Probable New Satellites of Uranus.” In JAU Circular No. 7230 (1999): I. Kawamura, J. H., Hunter, T. R., Tong, C. E., Blundell, R., Zhang, Q., Katz, C. A., Papa, D. C., and Sridharan, T. K. “First Image with the CfA Superconductive HEB Receiver: The Protostellar Outflow from IRAS 20126+4104 in CO Jj=7-6).” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 111 (1999): 1088. Kelson, D. D., Hlingworth, G. D., Saha, A., Graham, J. A., Stetson, P. B., Freedman, W. L., Kennicutt, R. C., Mould, J. R., Ferrarese, L., Huchra, J. P., Madore, B. F., Prosser, C. F, Bresolin, F., Ford, H. C., Gibson, B. K., Hoessel, J. G., Hughes, S. M. G., Macri, L. M., Sakai, S., and Silbermann, N. A. “The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. XTX. The Discovery of Cepheids in and a New Distance to NGC 3198.” Astrophysical Journal 514 (1999): 614. Kennelly, E. J., Brown, T. M., Ehrenfreund, P., Foing, B., Hao, J., Horner, S., Korzennik, S., Nisenson, P., Noyes, R., and Sonnentrucker, P. “Doppler Imaging of Stellar Oscillations: Multi-Site Observations of Epsilon Cephei.” In Precise Stellar Radial Velocities, Proceedings of LAU Colloquium No. 170, ASP Conference Series, vol. 185, eds. J. B. Hearnshaw and C. D. Scarfe, p. 264. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Kenyon, S. J. “Accretion Disks and Eruptive Phenomena.” In The Origin of Stars and Planetary Systems, Proceedings of NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Physics of Star Formation and Early Evolution—Il, eds. C. J. Lada and N. D. Kylafis, p. 613. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Kervella, P., Coudé Du Foresto, V., Traub, W. A., and Lacasse, M. G. A. “Interferometric Observations of the Cepheid C Geminorum with FLUOR / IOTA.” In Working on the Fringe: Optical and IR Interferometry from Ground and Space, ASP Conference Series, vol. 194, eds. S. Unwin and R. Stachnik, p. 22. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Keto, E., Hora, J. L., Fazio, G. G., Hoffmann, W., and Deutsch, L. “A Super-Star Cluster in NGC 253: Mid- Infrared Properties.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 518 (1999): L183. Publications of the Staff Kharchenko, V., Liu, W., and Dalgarno, A. “X Ray and EUV Emission Spectra of Oxygen Ions Precipitating into the Jovian Atmosphere.” Journal of Geophysical Research 103(AII) (1998): 26687. Kim, D., and Elvis, M. “Radio-Quiet Red Quasars.” Astrophysical Journal 516 (1999): 9. Kleyna, J., Geller, M., Kenyon, S., and Kurtz, M. “Measuring the Dark Matter Scale of Local Group Dwarf Spheroidals.” Astronomical Journal 117 (1999): 1275. Knapp, G. R., Dobrovolsky, S. I., Ivezic, Z., Young, K., Crosas, M., Mattei, J. A., and Rupen, M. P. “The Light Curve and Evolutionary Status of the Carbon Star V Hya.” Astronomy and Astrophysics 351 (1999): 97. Knapp, G. R., Young, K., and Crosas, M. “The Circum- stellar Envelope of Pi (1) Gru.” Astronomy and Astrophysics 346 (1999): 175. Ko, Y., Galvin, A. B., Gibson, S., and Strachan, L. “The Electron Temperature Profile in the North Polar Coronal Hole During the WSM Inferred by SWICS/Ulysses, LASCO and UVCS Data.” EOS Transactions 79 (1998): 283. Kochanek, C. S., Falco, E. E., Impey, C. D., Lehar, J., McLeod, B. A., and Rix, H. “Results from the CASTLES Survey of Gravitational Lenses.” In After the Dark Ages: When Galaxies were Young (the Universe at 2 << z << 5), AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 470, eds. S. Holt and E. Smith, p. 163. Woodbury, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. Kohl, J. H., and Cranmer, S. R., eds. Coronal Holes and Solar Wind Acceleration, Proceedings of SOHO 7 Workshop. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Pubishers, 1999. . “Foreword.” Space Science Reviews 87 (1999): 9. Kohl, J. L., Esser, R., Cranmer, S. R., Fineschi, $., Gardner, L. D., Panasyuk, A. V., Strachan, L., Suleiman, R. M., Frazin, R. A., and Noci, G. “EUV Spectral Line Profiles in Polar Coronal Holes from 1.3 to 3.0 Re.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 510 (1999): L59. Kohl, J. L., Fineschi, S., Esser, R., Ciaravella, A., Cranmer, S. R., Gardner, L. D., Suleiman, R., Noci, G., and Modigliani, A. “UVCS/SOHO Observations of Spectral Line Profiles in Polar Coronal Holes.” Space Science Reviews 87 (1999): 233. Kohl, J. L., Gardner, L. D., Strachan, L., Miralles, M. P., Smith, P. L., Suleiman, R., and Dobrzycka, D. “SOHO/ Spartan 201 Coordinated Observations.” EOS Transactions 80, (1999): 263. Korzennik, S. G., Brown, T. M., Contos, A. R., Horner, S., Jha, S., Kennelly, T., Krockenberger, M., Nisenson, P., and Noyes, R. W. “Exoplanet Research with the Advanced Fiber Optic Echelle.” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 1876. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Kraemer, K. E., Deutsch, L. K., Jackson, J. M., Hora, J. L., Fazio, G. G., Hoffmann, W. F., and Dayal, A. “The Mid- Infrared Properties of Three Star-forming Sites in NGC 6334.” Astrophysical Journal 516 (1999): 817. Krennrich, F., Biller, S. D., Bond, I. H., Boyle, P. J., Bradbury, S. M., Breslin, A. C., Buckley, J. H., Burdett, 259 A. M., Gordo, J. B., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. F., Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hall, T., Hillas, A. M., Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R. W., Masterson, C., McEnery, J. E., Mohanty, G., Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rodgers, A. J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, F. W., Sembroski, G. H., Srinivasan, R., Vassiliev, V. V., and Weekes, T. C. “Measurement of the Multi- TEV Gamma- Ray Flare Spectra of Markarian 421 and Markarian 501.” Astrophysical Journal 511 (1999): 149. Krockenberger, M., Sasselov, D., Noyes, R., Korzennik, S., Nisenson, P., Brown, T., Kennelly, T., and Horner, S. “Temperatures of Cepheids from Line-Depth Ratios.” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 791. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Kuraszkiewicz, J., Wilkes, B. J., Green, P. J., Mathur, S., and McDowell, J. C. “SEDs vs. Emission-Line Correlations in Low-Redshift Quasars.” In Structure and Kinematics of Quasar Broad Line Regions, ASP Conference Series, vol. 175, eds. C. M. Gaskell, W. N. Brandt, M. Dietrich, D. Dultzin-Hacyan, and M. Eracleous, p. 235. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Kuraszkiewicz, J., Wilkes, B. J., Green, P. J., Mathur, S., McDowell, J., and Czerny, B. “SEDs vs. Emission-Line Correlations in Low Redshift Quasars.” In Quasars and Cosmology, ASP Conference Series, vol. 162, eds. G. Ferland and J. Baldwin, p. 325. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Kurosu, T. P., Chance, K. V., and Spurr, R. J. “Cloud Retrieval Algorithm for the European Space Agency’s Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment.” In Sasellite Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere II, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3495, ed. J. E. Russell, p. 17. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Kurtz, M. J. and Eichhorn, G. “The Historical Literature of Astronomy, via ADS.” In Library and Information Services in Astronomy III (LISA III), ASP Conference Series, vol. 153, eds. U. Grothkopf, H. Andernach, S. Stevens-Rayburn, and M. Gomez, p. 293. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Lada, C. J. “The Formation of Low Mass Stars: An Observational Overview.” In The Origins of Stars and Planetary Systems: Proceedings of NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Physics of Star Formation and Early Evolution—til, eds. C. J. Lada and N. D. Kylafis, p. 143. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Lada, C. J., and Kylafis, N. D., eds. The Origins of Stars and Planetary Systems: Proceedings of NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Physics of Star Formation and Early Evolution—Il. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Lada, E. A., Lada, C. J., and Muench, A. “Infrared Luminosity Functions of Embedded Clusters.” In The Stellar Initial Mass Function (38th Herstmonceux Conference), ASP Conference Series, vol. 142, eds. G. 260 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Gilmore and D. Howell, p. 107. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Lamb, FE. K., Miller, M. C., and Psaltis, D. “The Origin of Kilohertz QPOs and Implications for Neutron Stars.” In Neutron Stars and Pulsars: Thirty Years after the Discovery, Frontiers Science Series No. 24, eds. N. Shibazaki, N. Kawai, S. Shibata, and T. Kifune, p. 89. Tokyo, Japan: Universal Academy Press, 1998. Lanza, R. P., Arrow, K. J., Axelrod, J., Baltimore, D., Benacerraf, B., Bloch, K. E., Bloembergen, N., Brown, H. C., Brown, M. S., Cibelli, J. B., Cohen, S., Cooper, L. N., Corey, E. J., Dulbecco, R., Fischer, E. H., Fitch, V. L., Friedman, J. I., Friedman, M., Furchgott, R. F., Gell- Mann, M., Glaser, D. A., Glashow, S. L., Gilbert, W., Goldstein, J. L., Gould, S. J., Guillemin, R., Hauptman, H. A., Herschbach, D., Hoffman, R., Hood, L., Huble, D. H., Karle, J., Klein, L. R., Kohn, W., Kornberg, A., Krebs, E. G., Lederman, L. M., Lederberg, J., Lee, D. M., Lucas, R. E., Jr., Marcus, R. A., Merrifield, R. B., Miller, M. H., Modigliani, F., Molina, M. J., Mullis, K., Murad, F.,, Murray, J. E., Nathans, D., Nirenberg, M. W., North D. C., Olah, G. A., Palade, G. E., Perl, M. J., Ramsey, N. F,, Richter, B., Roberts, R. J., Robl, J. M., Samuelson, P. A., Schwartz, M., Sharp, P. A., Smalley, R. E., Smith, H. O., Solow, R. M., Taube, H., Tonegawa, S., Watson, J. D., Weinberg, S., Weller, T. H., West, M. D., Wieschaus, E. FE, Wiesel, T. N., and Wilson, R. W. “Science Over Politics.” Sczence 283 (1999): 1849. Latham, D. W. “The Search for Extrasolar Planets from Space at Optical and Ultraviolet Wavelengths.” In U/traviolet- Optical Space Astronomy beyond HST, ASP Conference Series, vol. 164, eds. J. A. Morse, J. M. Shull, and A. L. Kinney, p. 134. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Lebach, D. E., Ratner, M. I., Shapiro, I. I., Ransom, R. R.., Bietenholz, M. F., Bartel, N., and Lestrade, J. “Milliarcsecond Change of IM Pegasi Radio Position in 1 Hour Coincident with Sharp Rise in Flux Density.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 517 (1999): L43. Lenz, D. D., DeLuca, E. E., Golub, L., Rosner, R., and Bookbinder, J. A. “Temperature and Emission-Measure Profiles along Long-Lived Solar Coronal Loops Observed with the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 517 (1999): L155. Lessard, R., Boyle, P. J., Buckley, J. H., Bradbury, S. M., Burdett, A. M., Bussons Gordo, J., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. F.,, Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, F, Lamb, R. C., Masterson, C., McEnery, J. E., Mohanty, G., Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rodgers, A. J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, F. W., Sembroski, G. H., Srinivasan, R., Weekes, T. C., and Zweerink, J. “Constraints on Cosmic-Ray Origin Theories from TeV Gamma-Ray Observations.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, eds. M. S. Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 233. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. Leviton, D. B., Gardner, L. D., Fineschi, S., Jhabvala, M. D., Kohl, J. L., Romoli, M., and Noci, G. C.. “White-Light Stray Light Test of the SOHO UVCS.” In X-Ray and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Polarimetry II, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3443, ed. S. Fineschi, p. 50. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Li, X., Habbal, S. R., Hollweg, J. V., and Esser, R. “Heating and Cooling of Protons by Turbulence-Driven Ion Cyclotron Waves in the Fast Solar Wind.” Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (1999): 2521. Lisse, C. M., Fernandez, Y. R., Kundu, A., A’Hearn, M. E, Dayal, A., Deutsch, L. K., Fazio, G. G., Hora, J. L., and Hoffmann, W. F. “The Nucleus of Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2).” Icarus 140 (1999): 189. Lo, K. Y., Shen, Z., Zhao, J., and Ho, P. T. P. “Intrinsic Size and Shape of SGR A : 3.6 AU by 1 AU.” In The Central Parsecs of the Galaxy, ASP Conference Series, vol. 186. eds. H. Falcke, A. Cotera, W. J. Duschl, F. Melia, and M. J. Rieke, p. 72. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Luhman, K. L., Rieke, G. H., Briceno, C., Liebert, J., and Hartmann, L. “Spectroscopic Observations of Young Brown Dwarf Candidates.” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 1887. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Lukin, M. D., Matsko, A. B., Fleischauer, M., and Scully, M. O. “Quantum Noise and Correlations in Resonantly Enhanced Wave Mixing Based on Atomic Coherence.” Physical Review Letters 82 (1999): 1847. Lukin, M. D., Yelin, S. E, Zibrov, A. S., and Scully, M. O. “Enhancement of Refractive Index with Quantum Coherence: An Overview.” Laser Physics 9 (1999): t. Maccari, L., Noci, G., Modigliani, A., Romoli, M., Fineschi, S., and Kohl, J. L. “Ly- Observation of a Coronal Streamer with UVCS/SOHO.” Space Science Reviews 87 (1999): 265. Macri, L. M., Huchra, J. P., Stetson, P. B., Silbermann, N. A., Freedman, W. L., Kennicutt, R. C., Mould, J. R., Madore, B. EF, Bresolin, E, Ferrarese, L., Ford, H. C., Graham, J. A., Gibson, B. K., Han, M., Harding, P., Hill, R. J., Hoessel, J. G., Hughes, S. M. G., Kelson, D. D., Illingworth, G. D., Phelps, R. L., Prosser, C. E, Rawson, D. M., Saha, A., Sakai, S., and Turner, A. “The Extragalactic Distance Scale Key Project. XVIII. The Discovery of Cepheids and a New Distance to NGC 4535 Using the Hubble Space Telescope.” Astrophysical Journal 521 (1999): 155. Madore, B. F., Freedman, W. L., Silbermann, N., Harding, P., Huchra, J., Mould, J., Graham, J., Ferrarese, L., Gibson, B., Han, M., Hoessel, J., Hughes, S., Illingworth, G., Phelps, R., Sakai, S., and Stetson, P. “The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. XV. A Cepheid Distance to the Fornax Cluster and Its Implications.” Astrophysical Journal 515 (1999): 29. Magnier, E. A., Waters, L. B. F M., Groot, P. J., van den Ancker, M. E., Kuan, Y., and Martin, E. L. “The Circumstellar Environment of IRAS 05327+3404.” Astronomy and Astrophysics 346 (1999): 441. Publications of the Staff 261 Magri, C., Ostro, S. J., Rosema, K. D., Thomas, M. L., Mitchell, D. L., Campbell, D. B., Chandler, J. FE, Shapiro, I. I., Giorgini, J. D., and Yeomans, D. K. “Mainbelt Asteroids: Results of Arecibo and Goldstone Radar Observations of 37 Objects during 1980-1995.” Icarus 140 (1999): 379. Mahdavi, A., Geller, M. J., Boehringer, H., Kurtz, M. J., and Ramella, M. “The Dynamics of Poor Systems of Galaxies.” Astrophysical Journal 518 (1999): 69. Mair, R. W., Wong, G., Hoffmann, D., Patz, S., Hurlimann, M., Schwartz, L., and Walsworth, R. L. “Time-Dependent Noble Gas Diffusion NMR in Porous Media and Implications for Lung Study.” In Proceedings of the Seventh Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, p. 1799. Philadelphia: 1999. Maraschi, L., Fossati, G., Tavecchio, F., Chiappetti, L., Celotti, A., Ghisellini, G., Grandi, P., Pian, E., Tagliaferri, G., Treves, A., Breslin, A. C., Buckley, J. H., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. F., Fegan, D. J., Fegan, S., Finley, J., Gaidos, J., Hall, T., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, F., Lessard, R. W., Masterson, C., Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rose, J., Samuelson, F., and Weekes, T. C. “Correlated Variability of MKN 421 at X-Ray and TeV Wavelengths on Time Scales of Hours.” Astroparticle Physics 11 (1999): 189. Markevitch, M., Sarazin, C. L., and Vikhlinin, A. “Physics of the Merging Clusters Cygnus A, A3667, and A2065.” Astrophysical Journal 521 (1999): 526. Mathur, S., Elvis, M., and Wilkes, B. “Multiple Velocity Components in the CIV Absorption Line of NGC 5548.” Astrophysical Journal 519 (1999): 605. Mathur, S., Marshall, H., Evans, N., Green, P., and Wilkes, B. “ChaMP and the High Redshift Quasars in X-rays.” In The Hy-Redshift Universe: Galaxy Formation and Evolution at High Redshift, ASP Conference Series, vol. 193, eds. A. J. Bunker and W. J. M. van Breugel, p. 612. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. McCarthy, M. C., Apponi, A. J., and Thaddeus, P. “Rhomboidal SiC,.” Journal of Chemical Physics 110 (1999): 10645. McCarthy, M. C., Chen, W., Apponi, A. J., Gottlieb, C. A., and Thaddeus, P. “Hyperfine Structure of the C,Hy CH, and C,H Radicals.” Astrophysical Journal 520 (1999): 158. McCarthy, M. C., Gottlieb, C. A., and Thaddeus, P. “Large Organic Molecules in the Laboratory and in Space.” In Laboratory Space Science Workshop, p. 56. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 1998. McCarthy, M. C., Grabow, J., Travers, M. J., Chen, W., Gottlieb, C. A., and Thaddeus, P. “Laboratory Detection of the Ring-Chain Carbenes HCN and HC,N.” Astrophysical Journal 513 (1999): 305. McDowell, J., Noble, M., and Elvis, M. “AXAF Data and Data Manipulation Software: The ASC Data Model.” Legacy No. 7 (1998): 64. McEnery, J. E., Bond, I. H., Boyle, P. J., Buckley, J. H., Bradbury, S. M., Breslin, A. C., Burdett, A. M., Bussons Gordo, J., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. F., Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hall, A., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, E., Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R., Masterson, C., Mohanty, G., Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rodgers, A. J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, F. W., Sembroski, G. H., Srinivasan, R., Weekes, T. C., and Zweerink, J. “Large TeV Observations of the Variability and Spectrum of Markarian 421.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, eds. M. S. Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 257. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. McLaughlin, B. M., and Kirby, K. P. “Photoabsorption of Atomic Oxygen in the Vicinity of the K-Edge.” Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 31 (1998): 4991. McNamara, B. R., Jannuzi, B. T., Sarazin, C. L., Elston, R., and Wise, M. “An Alignment Effect in FR I Radio Galaxies: U-Band Polarimetry of the Abell 2597 Cluster Central Galaxy.” Astrophysical Journal 518 (1999): 167. Medvedev, M. V., and Diamond, P. H. “Self-Organized States in Cellular Automata: Exact Solution.” Physical Review E 58 (1998): 6824. Meibom, A., Petaev, M. I., Krot, A. N., Wood, J. A., and Keil, K. “Primitive FeNi Metal Grains in CH Carbonaceous Chondrites Formed by Condensation from a Gas of Solar Composition.” Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (1999): 22053. Meixner, M., Ueta, T., Dayal, A., Hora, J. L., Fazio, G., Hrivnak, B. J., Skinner, C. J., Hoffmann, W. FE. and Deutsch, L. K. “A Mid-Infrared Imaging Survey of Proto- Planetary Nebula Candidates.” Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 122 (1999): 221. Mennesson, B., Coudé Du Foresto, V., Perrin, G., Ruilier, C., Chagnon, G., Ridgway, S., Traub, W. A., Carleton, N., Lacasse, M. G., Morel, S., and Pras, B. “Interferometric Observations of Late Type Stars between 2 and 4 Microns Using Single-Mode Waveguides.” In Working on the Fringe: Optical and IR Interferometry from Ground and Space, ASP Conference Series, vol. 194. eds. S. Unwin and R. Stachnik, p. 194. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Mennesson, B., Mariotti, J. M., Coudé Du Foresto, V., Perrin, G., Ridgway, S., Ruilier, C., Traub, W. A., Carleton, N. P., Lacasse, M. G., and Mazé, G. “Thermal Infrared Stellar Interferometry Using Single-Mode Guided Optics: First Results with the TISIS Experiment on IOTA.” Astronomy and Astrophysics 346 (1999): 181. Menou, K., Esin, A. A., Narayan, R., Garcia, M. R., Lasota, J., and McClintock, J. E. “Black Hole and Neutron Star Transients in Quiescence.” Astrophysical Journal 520 (1999): 276. Menten, K. M., Carilli, C. L., and Reid, M. J. “Interfero- metric Observations of Redshifted Molecular Absorption Toward Gravitational Lenses.” In High/y Redshifted Radio Lines, ASP Conference Series, vol. 156, eds. C. L. Carilli, J. E. Radford, K. M. Menten, and G. I. Langston, p. 218. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. 262 Micela, G., Sciortino, $., Harnden, F. R., Kashyap, V., Rosner, R., Prosser, C. EF, Damiani, EF, Stauffer, J., and Caillault, J. “Deep ROSAT HRI Observations of the Pleiades.” Astronomy and Astrophysics 341 (1999): 751. Millan-Gabet, R., Schloerb, F. P., Traub, W. A., and Carleton, N. P. “A NICMOS3 Fringe Detector for the Infrared-Optical Telescope Array.” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 2008. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998; also in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 111 (1999): 238. Millan-Gabet, R., Schloerb, F. P., Traub, W. A., Malbet, EF, Berger, J. P., and Bregman, J. D. “Sub-Astronomical Unit Structure of the Near-Infrared Emission from AB Aurigae.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 513 (1999): L131. Millis, R. L., Buie, M. W., Wagner, R. M., Elliot, J. L.; Holman, M. J., Grav, T., and Marsden, B. G. “1998 WV31.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular 1999-A18 (1999): 18. . “1998 WU31.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular 1999-A17 (1999): 17. . “1998 WT31.” Minor Planet Electronic Curcular 1999-A16 (1999): 16. . “1998 WS31.” Minor Planet Electronic Curcular 1999-AT5 (1999): 15. Millis, R. L., Buie, M. W., Wagner, R. M., Willmarth, D. W., Smith, P. S., Harmer, D. L., Saha, A., Elliot, J. L., Holman, M. J., Grav, T., and Marsden, B. G. “1998 WW 31.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular 1999-B24 (1999): 24. . “1998 WZ31.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular 1999-B27 (1999): 27. Millis, R. L., Elliot, J. L., Holman, M., Buie, M. W., Holman, M. J., Grav, T., Haug, N., Ernst, C., and Marsden, B. G. “1999 HG12.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular 1999-N11 (1999): II. Millis, R. L., Elliot, J. L., Holman, M. J., Falinski, K. A., Buie, M. W., Aksnes, K., Grav, T., Haug, N., and Marsden, B. G. “t999 HD12.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular 1999-K18 (1999): 18. . “Six TNOs.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular 1999- Kr2 (1999): 12. . “Six TNOs.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular 1999- Kr5 (1999): 15. Mink, D. J., and Kurtz, M. J. “RVSAO 2.0—A Radial Velocity Package for IRAF.” In Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems VII, ASP Conference Series, vol. 145, eds. R. Albrecht, R.N. Hook, and H.A. Bushouse, p. 93. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Miralles, M. P., Strachan, L., Gardner, L. D., Dobryzcka, D., Ko, Y., Michels, J., Panasyuk, A., Suleiman, R., and Kohl, J. L. “Streamer HI Ly-@ Observations during the SPARTAN 201-05/SOHO Coordinated Mission.” In Magnetic Fields and Solar Processes, ESA SP-448, ed. A. Wilson, p. 1193. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, 1999. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Miralles, M. P., Strachan, L., Gardner, L. D., Dobryzcka, D., Smith, P. L., and Kohl, J. L. “Variation of H I Lyman Alpha Profiles in the Solar Corona from 1993 to 1998.” EOS Transactions 80 (1999): 818. Miralles, M. P., Strachan, L., Gardner, L. D., Smith, P. L., Kohl, J. L., Guhathakurta, M., and Fisher, R. R. “UVCS/Spartan Observations of Coronal Streamers.” EOS Transactions 80 (1999): 263. . “Physical Properties of Coronal Streamers as Observed by SPARTAN 201.” In Solar Wind Nine, Proceedings of the Ninth International Solar Wind Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 471, eds. S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg, and P. A. Isenberg, p. 239. Woodbury, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. . “Properties of Coronal Hole/Streamer Boundaries and Adjacent Regions as Observed by SPARTAN 201.” Space Science Reviews 87 (1999): 277. Moran, J. M., Greenhill, L. J., and Herrnstein, J. R. “Observational Evidence for Massive Black Holes in the Centers of Active Galaxies.” Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy (Bangalore) 20 (1999): 165. Mufoz, J. A., Falco, E. E., Kochanek, C. S., Lehér, J., McLeod, B. A., Impey, C. D., Rix, H., and Peng, C. Y. “The Castles Project.” Astrophysics and Space Science 263 (1998): 51. Muzerolle, J., Hartmann, L., and Calvet, N. “A Bry Probe of Disk Accretion in T Tauri Stars and Embedded Young Stellar Objects.” Astronomical Journal 116 (1998): 2965. Myers, P. C. “Physical Conditions in Nearby Molecular Clouds.” In The Origins of Stars and Planetary Systems: Proceedings of NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Physics of Star Formation and Early Evolution—Ill, eds. C. J. Lada and N. D. Kylafis, p. 67. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Myers, P. C., and Gammie, C. F. “On the Turbulent Velocity Dispersion in Molecular Clouds.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 522 (1999): L141. Navascues, D., Barrado Y., Stauffer, J. R., and Patten, B. M. “The Lithium Depletion Boundary and the Age of the Young Open Cluster IC2391.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 522 (1999): L53. Nicastro, F., Fiore, F, Brandt, N., and Reynolds, C. S. “A Resonant Absorption Line in the ASCA Spectrum of NGC 985?” In The Active X-Ray Sky: Results from BeppoSAX and RXTE, Proceedings of the Active X-Ray Sky Symposium, eds. L. Scarsi, H. Bradt, P. Giommi, and F. Fiore, p. 501. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998. [Reprinted from: Nuclear Physics B (Proceedings Supplement) 69 (1998).} Nicastro, F., Fiore, E, and Matt, G. “Ionized Absorbers in AGN: The Role of Resonant Absorption.” Memorie Societa della Astronomica Italiana 70 (1999): 33. . “Resonant Absorption in the Active Galactic Nucleus Spectra Emerging from Photoionized Gas: Differences between Steep and Flat Ionizing Continua.” Astrophysical Journal 517 (1999): 108. Nicastro, FE., Fiore, E, Perola, G. C., and Elvis, M. “Ionized Absorbers in Active Galactic Nuclei: The Role of f | Publications of the Staff 263 Collisional Ionization and Time-Evolving Photo- ionization.” Astrophysical Journal 512 (1999): 184. . “The Equilibrium Photoionized Absorber in 3C 351.” Astrophysical Journal 512 (1999): 136. Nisenson, P., Contos, A., Korzennik, S., Noyes, R., and Brown, T. “The Advanced Fiber-Optic Echelle (AFOE) and Extra-Solar Planet Searches.” In Precise Stellar Radial Velocities, Proceedings of [AU Colloquium No. 170, ASP Conference Series, vol. 185, eds. J. B. Hearnshaw and C. D. Scarfe, p. 143. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Nisenson, P. and Papaliolios, C. “A Second Bright Source Detected near SN 1987A.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 518 (1999): L29. Noyes, R. W., Contos, A. R., Korzennik, S$. G., Nisenson, P., Brown, T. M., and Horner, S. D. “The Planet Orbiting p Coronae Borealis.” In Precise Stellar Radial Velocities, Proceedings of [AU Colloquium No. 170, ASP Conference Series, vol. 185, eds. J. B. Hearnshaw and C. D. Scarfe, p. 162. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Ostriker, E. C., Gammie, C. F., and Stone, J. M. “Kinetic and Structural Evolution of Self-Gravitating, Magnetized Clouds: 2.5-Dimensional Simulations of Decaying Turbulence.” Astrophysical Journal 513 (1999): 259. Panasyuk, A. V., Strachan, L., Fineschi, S., Gardner, L. D., Raymond, J., Kohl, J. L., Antonucci, E., Giordano, S., and Romoli, M. “Tomographic Reconstructions of the Corona from UVCS/SOHO Synoptic Observations.” In Synoptic Solar Physics, ASP Conference Series, vol. 140, eds. K. S. Balasubramaniam; J. Harvey and D. Rabin, p. 407. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Perrin, G., Coudé du Foresto, V., Ridgway, S. T., Mennesson, B., Ruilier, C., Mariotti, J., Traub, W. A., and Lacasse, M. G. “Interferometric Observations of R Leonis in the K Band. First Direct Detection of the Photospheric Pulsation and Study of the Atmospheric Intensity Distribution.” Astronomy and Astrophysics 345 (1999): 221. Petaev, M. I., Meibom, A., Krot, A. N., and Wood, J. A. “The Condensation Origin of Some Metal in CH Chondrites: A Thermodynamic Model.” In Lunar and Planetary Science, XXX, p. 1613. Houston, Texas: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1999. Peterson, B. M., Barth, A. J., Berlind, P., Bertram, R., Bischoff, K., Bochkarev, N. G., Burenkov, A. N., Cheng, EF, Dietrich, M., Filippenko, A. V., Giannuzzo, E., Ho, L. C., Huchra, J. P., Hunley, J., Kaspi, S., Kollatschny, W., Leonard, D. C., Malkov, Y. FE, Matheson, T., Mignoli, M., Nelson, B., Papaderos, P., Peters, J., Pogge, R. W., Pronik, V. I., Sergeev, S. G., Sergeeva, E. A., Shapovalova, A. L., Stirpe, G. M., Tokarz, S., Wagner, R. M., Wanders, I., Wei, J., Wilkes, B. J., Wu, H., Xue, S., and Zou, Z. “Steps toward Determination of the Size and Structure of the Broad-Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei. XV. Long-Term Optical Monitoring of NGC 5548.” Astrophysical Journal 510 (1999): 659. Phillips, D. F, Wong, G. P., Bear, D., Stoner, R. E., and Walsworth, R. L. “Characterization and Stabilization of Fiber-Coupled Laser Diode Arrays.” Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999): 2905. Pietsch, W., Trinchieri, G., and Vogler, A. “NGC 3079: X- Ray Emission from the Nuclear Super-Bubble and Halo.” Astronomy and Astrophysics 340 (1998): 351. Piro, L., Nicastro, E, Feroci, M., Grandi, P., Parmar, A., Oosterbroek, T., Mineo, T., Piraino, S., Molendi, S., Fiore, F., Frontera, F., and Perola, G. C. “The Broad Band Spectrum and Variability of NGC 4151 Observed by Bepposax.” In The Active X-Ray Sky: Results from BeppoSAX and RXTE, Proceedings of the Active X-Ray Sky Symposium, eds. L. Scarsi, H. Bradt, P. Giommi, and F. Fiore, p. 481. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998. [Reprinted from: Nuclear Physics B (Proceedings Supplement) 69 (1998).} Plume, R., Bergin, E. A., Williams, J. P., and Myers, P. C. “Electron Abundance in Dense Cloud Cores. Implications for Star Formation.” In Chemistry and Physics of Molecules and Grains in Space: Faraday Discussions No. 109, p. 47- London: The Faraday Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998. Plume, R., Jaffe, D. T., Tatematsu, K., Evans, N. J., and Keene, J. “Large-Scale C I Emission from Molecular Clouds with Associated Ultraviolet Sources.” Astrophysical Journal 512 (1999): 768. Posmentier, E. S., Soon, W. H., and Baliunas, S. L. “Natural Variability in An-Ocean-Atmosphere Climate Model.” Jurnal Fizik Malaysia (Journal of Physics Malaysia) 19 (1999): 157. Pratap, P., Megeath, S. T., and Bergin, E. A. “High-Angular Resolution Millimeter-Wave and Near-Infrared Imaging of the Ultracompact H I Region G29.96-0.02.” Astrophysical Journal 517 (1999): 799. Protheroe, R. J., Bhat, C. L., Fleury, P., Lorenz, E., Teshima, M., and Weekes, T. C. (on behalf of the Whipple Collaboration). “Very High Energy Gamma Rays from Markarian 501.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 8, eds. M. S. Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 317. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. Psaltis, D., and Lamb, F. K. “Magnetic Fields of Neutron Stars in Low Mass X-Ray Binaries.” In Newtron Stars and Pulsars: Thirty Years after the Discovery, Frontiers Science Series No. 24, eds. N. Shibazaki, N. Kawai, S. Shibata, and T. Kifune, p. 179. Tokyo, Japan: Universal Academy Press, 1998. Quinn, J., for the Whipple Collaboration. “TeV Gamma- Ray Variability of Markarian 501.” In BL Lac Phenomenon, ASP Conference Series, vol. 159, eds. L. O. Takalo and A. Sillanpaa, p. 239. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Quinn, J., Bond, I. H., Boyle, P. J., Bradbury, S. M., Breslin, A. C., Buckley, J. H., Burdett, A. M., Gordo, J. B., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. F., Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hall, T., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, FE, Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R. W., Masterson, C., McEnery, J. E., Moriarty, P., Rodgers, A. J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, FE. W., Sembroski, G. H., Srinivasan, R., Vassiliev, V. V., and Weekes, T. C. “The Flux Variability 264 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 of Markarian 501 in Very High Energy Gamma Rays.” Astrophysical Journal 518 (1999): 693. Quinn, J., Bond, I. H., Boyle, P. J., Buckley, J. H., Bradbury, S. M., Breslin, A. C., Burdett, A. M., Bussons Gordo, J., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. EF, Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hall, A., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, E, Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R., Masterson, C., McEnery, J. E., Mohanty, G., Moriarty, P., Rodgers, A. J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, F. W., Sembroski, G. H., Srinivasan, R., Weekes, T. C., and Zweerink, J. “TeV Observations of the Variability and Spectrum of Markarian 501.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, eds. M. S. Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 249. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. Raymond, J. C. “Urgently Needed Atomic Rates for X-Ray and UV Astronomy” (Invited paper). In Laboratory Space Science Workshop, p. 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 1998. Raymond, J., Suleiman, R., Kohl, J. L., and Noci, G. “Elemental Abundances in Coronal Structures.” In Solar Composition and Its Evolution—From Core to Corona, eds. C. Frohlich, M. C. E. Huber, S. K. Solanki, and R. von Steiger, p. 283. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. Reisenfeld, D. B., Gardner, L. D., Janzen, P. H., Savin, D. W., and Kohl, J. L. “Absolute Cross Section for Si**(3s* 'S 383p 'P) Electron-Impact Excitation.” Physical Review A 60 (1999): 1153. Reisenfeld, D. B., Janzen, P. H., Gardner, L. D., Savin, D. W., and Kohl, J. L. “Absolute Cross Section for Electron Impact Excitation of Ground State Si?*.” In Laboratory Space Science Workshop, p. 219. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 1998. Remillard, R. A., McClintock, J. E., Sobczak, G. J., Bailyn, C. D., Orosz, J. A., Morgan, E. H., and Levine, A. M. “X- Ray Nova XTE J1550-564: Discovery of a Quasi- Periodic Oscillation near 185 HZ.” Astrophysical Journal 517 (1999): L127. Remillard, R., Morgan, E., Levine, A., McClintock, J., Sobczak, G., Bailyn, C., Jain, R., and Orosz, J. “XTE J1550-564.” IAU Circular No. 7123 (1999): 2. Rideout, R. M., Pearson, J. F., Fraser, G. W., Lees, J. E., Brunton, A. N., Bannister, N. P., Kenter, A. T., and Kraft, R. P. “Synchrotron Measurements of the Absolute X-Ray Quantum Efficiency of CsI-Coated Microchannel Plates.” In EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3445 eds. O. H. Siegmund and M. A. Gummin, p. 384. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998. Riess, A. G., Kirshner, R. P., Schmidt, B. P., Jha, S., Challis, P., Garnavich, P. M., Esin, A. A., Carpenter, C., Grashius, R., Schild, R. E., Berlind, P. L., Huchra, J. P., Prosser, C. FE, Falco, E. E., Benson, P. J., Bricefio, C., Brown, W. R., Caldwell, N., dell’Antonio, I. P., Filippenko, A. V., Goodman, A. A., Grogin, N. A., Groner, T., Hughes, J. P., Green, P. J., Jansen, R. A., Kleyna, J. T., Luu, J. X., Macri, L. M., McLeod, B. A., McLeod, K. K., McNamara, B. R., McLean, B., Milone, A. A. E., Mohr, J. J., Moraru, D., Peng, C., Peters, J., Prestwich, A. H., Stanek, K. Z., Szentgyorgyi, A., and Zhao, P. “BVRI Light Curves for 22 Type IA Supernovae.” Astronomical Journal 117 (1999): 707. Rines, K., Forman, W., Pen, U., Jones, C., and Burg, R. “Constraining q, with Cluster Gas Mass Fractions: A Feasibility Study.” Astrophysical Journal 517 (1999): 70. Robinson, A., Baliunas, S. L., Soon, W., and Robinson, Z. W. “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” Medical Sentinel 3 (1998): 171. Rodriguez, L. FE, D'Alessio, P., Wilner, D. J., Ho, P. T. P., Torrelles, J. M., Curiel, S., Gomez, Y., Lizano, S., Pedlar, A., Canto, J., and Raga, A. C. “Compact Protoplanetary Disks Around the Stars of a Young Binary System.” Nature 395 (1998): 355. Romoli, M., Benna, C., Fineschi, $., Gardner, L. D., Kohl, J. L., and Noci, G. “The White Light Polarimeter of SOHO/UVCS.” Memorie della Societa Astronomia Italiana 69 (1998): 703. Ros, E., Marcaide, J. M., Guirado, J. C., Ratner, M. I, Shapiro, I. I., Krichbaum, T. P., Witzel, A., and Preston, R. A. “High Precision Difference Astrometry Applied to the Triplet of S5 Radio Sources B1803+784/Q1928+ 738/B2007+777.” Astronomy and Astrophysics 348 (1999): 381. Rothschild, R. E., Band, D. L., Blanco, P. R., Gruber, D. E., Heindl, W. A., MacDonald, D. R., Marsden, D. C., Jahoda, K., Pierce, D., Madejski, G., Elvis, M., Schwartz, D. A., Remillard, R., Zdziarski, A. A., Done, C., and Svensson, R. “Observation of Centaurus A by the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer.” Astrophysical Journal 510 (1999): 651. Sakamoto, K., Scoville, N. Z., Yun, M. S., Crosas, M., Genzel, R., and Tacconi, L. J. “Counterrotating Nuclear Disks in Arp 220.” Astrophysical Journal 514(1998): 68. Sanmartin, J. R. and Estes, R. D. “The Orbital-Motion- Limited Regime of Cylindrical Langmuir Probes.” Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999): 395. Schnopper, H. W., Silver, E. H., Ingram, R. H., Christensen, E. E., Hussain, A. M., Barbera, M., Romaine, S. E., Collura, A., Kenter, A. T., Bandler, S., and Murray, S. S. “X-Ray Optics Made from Thin Plastic Foils.” In X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions II, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3766, eds. R. B. Hoover and A. B. Walker, p. 350. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1999. Schrijver, C. J., Title, A. M., Berger, T. E., Fletcher, L., Hurlburt, N. E., Nightingale, R. W., Shine, R. A., Tarbell, T. D., Wolfson, J., Golub, L., Bookbinder, J. A., DeLuca, E. E., McMullen, R. A., Warren, H. P., Kankelborg, C. C., Handy, B. N., and de Pontieu, B. “A New View of the Solar Outer Atmosphere by the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer.” Solar Physics 302 (1999): 187. Shapiro, I. I. “A Century of Relativity.” Reviews of Modern Physics 71 (1999): S41. Publications of the Staff 265 Shen, Z., Lo, K. Y., Zhao, J., and Ho, P. “Multi- Wavelength VLBA Mapping of Sgr A .” In The Central Regions of the Galaxy and Galaxies, Proceedings of LAU Symposium No. 184, ed. Y. Sofue, p. 437. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. Siemiginowska, A., and Elvis, M. “Unstable by Design.” Nature 397 (1999): 476. Silbermann, N. A., Harding, P., Ferrarese, L., Stetson, P. B., Madore, B. F., Kennicutt, R. C., Freedman, W. L., Mould, J. R., Bresolin, E, Ford, H., Gibson, B. K., Graham, J. A., Han, M., Hoessel, J. G., Hill, R. J., Huchra, J., Hughes, S. M. G., Hlingworth, G. D., Kelson, D., Macri, L., Phelps, R., Rawson, D., Sakai, S., and Turner, A. “The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. XIV. The Cepheids in NGC 1365.” Astrophysical Journal 515 (1999): I. Smith, P. L., Yoshino, K., Esmond, J. R., Parkinson, W. H., Hubber, K. P., Ito, K., and Matsui, T. “Oscillator Strengths for VUV Lines of CO, H,, and HCl.” In Laboratory Space Science Workshop, p. 240. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 1998. Sobezak, G. J., McClintock, J. E., Remillard, R. A., Bailyn, C. D., and Orosz, J. A. “RXTE Spectral Observations of the 1996-1997 Outburst of the Microquasar GRO J1655-40.” Astrophysical Journal 520 (1999): 776. Sobczak, G. J., McClintock, J. E., Remillard, R. A., Levine, A. M., Morgan, E. H., Bailyn, C. D., and Orosz, J. A. “X-Ray Nova XTE J1550-564: RXTE Spectral Observations.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 517 (1999): rir: Soon, W., Baliunas, S., Robinson, A., and Robinson, Z. W. “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” Climate Research 13 (1999): 149. Soon, W., Frick, P., and Baliunas, S. “Lifetime of Surface Features and Stellar Rotation: A Wavelet Time-Frequency Approach.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 510 (1999): LI35% Spahr, T. B., Marsden, B. G., Bialozynski, J., Dietrich, D., Greenberg, C., Hooper, E., McBee, D., McCarthy, D., Pici, J., Rudnick, G., Vedeler, C., and Hergenrother, C. W. “Comet C/1999 Fi (Catalina).” IAU Circular No. 7148 (1999): I. Spaans, M. “The Structure of the Multi-Phase ISM in Low Surface Brightness Galaxies.” In The Low Surface Brightness Universe, Proceedings of LAU Colloquium No. 171, ASP Conference Series, vol. 170, eds. J. I. Davies, C. D. Impey, and S. Phillips, p. 237. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Srinivasan, R., Buckley, J. H., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. F., Colombo, E., Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, E, Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R., McEnery, J., Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rodgers, A., Rose, H. J., Sembroski, G., Weekes, T. C., and Wilson, C. L. “Very High Energy Observations of PSR B195+32.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, eds. M. S. Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 205. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. Staguhn, J., Stutzki, J., Balm, S. P., Stark, A. A., and Lane, A. P. “Sub-mm [C I} and CO Observations of Molecular Clouds Presumably Interacting with the G359.54+0.18 Nonthermal Filaments.” In The Central Regions of the Galaxy and Galaxies, Proceedings of [AU Symposium No. 184, ed. Y. Sofue, p. 175. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. Stefanik, R. P., Latham, D. W., and Torres, G. “Radial- Velocity Standard Stars.” In Precise Stellar Radial Velocities, Proceedings of LAU Colloquium No. 170, ASP Conference Series, vol. 185, eds. J. B. Hearnshaw and C. D. Scarfe, p. 354. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Stirpe, G. M., Wilkes, B. J., Comastri, A., Mathur, S., and O'Brien, P. T. “Bepposax Observations of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 3516.” In The Active X-Ray Sky: Results from BeppoSAX and RXTE, Proceedings of the Active X-Ray Sky Symposium, eds. L. Scarsi, H. Bradt, P. Giommi, and F. Fiore, p. 505. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998. {Reprinted from: Nuclear Physics B (Proceedings Supplement) 69 (1998).] Strachan, L., Ciaravella, A., Raymond, J. C., Fineschi, S., O'Neal, R., Kohl, J. L., Modigliani, A., Noci, G., and Andrews, M. D. “Comparison of Outflow Velocity Determinations with UVCS and LASCO for the Coronal Mass Ejection of 13-14 August 1997.” In Solar Wind Nine, Proceedings of the Ninth International Solar Wind Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 471, eds. S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg, and P. A. Isenberg, p. 637. Woodbury, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. Strachan, L., Ciaravella, A., Raymond, J. C., and Kohl, J. L. “What Can UVCS Observations Tell Us about Coronal Mass Ejections.” EOS Transactions 80 (1999): 254. Strachan, L., Ko, Y., Panasyuk, A. V., Dobrzycka, D., Kohl, J. L., Romoli, M., Noci, G., Gibson, S. E., and Biesecker, D. A. “Constraints on Coronal Outflow Velocities Derived from UVCS Doppler Dimming Measurements and in-Situ Charge State Data.” Space Science Reviews 87 (1999): 311. Strelnitski, V. S., Alexander, J., Moran, J. M., and Reid, M. J. “Spatially Resolved H,O Masers as Probes of Supersonic Turbulence.” In Radio Emission from Galactic and Extragalactic Compact Sources, Proceedings of [AU Colloquium No. 164, ASP Conference Series, vol. 144, eds. J.A. Zensus, G.B. Taylor, and J.M. Wrobel, p. 369. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Suleiman, R. M., Kohl, J. L., Panasyuk, A. V., Ciaravella, A., Cranmer, S. R., Gardner, L. D., Frazin, R., Hauck, R., Smith, P. L., and Noci, G. “UVCS/SOHO Observations of HI Lyman Alpha Line Profiles in Coronal Holes at Heliocentric Heights Above 3.0 Re.” Space Science Reviews 87 (1999): 327. Taylor, J. M., Yan, Z., Dalgarno, A., and Babb, J. F. “Variational Calculations on the Hydrogen Molecular Ion.” Molecular Physics 97 (1999): 25. Thaddeus, P., and McCarthy, M. C. “Carbon Chains and Exotic Rings in the Laboratory and in Space.” In The Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium, Proceedings of 266 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 the 3rd Cologne-Zermatt Symposium, eds. V. Ossenkopf, J. Stutzki, and G. Winnewisser, p. 38. Germany: GCA- Verlag Herdecke, 1999. Thomas, W., von Bargen, A., Hegels, E., Slijkhuis, S., Chance, K. V., and Spurr, R. J. “Detection of Biomass Burning Combustion Products in the Atmosphere from UV/VIS Backscatter Measurements Taken by the GOME Spectrometer.” In Environmental Sensing and Applications, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 3821, eds. M. Carleer, M. Hilton, T. Lamp, R. Reuter, G. M. Russwurm, K. Schaefer, K. Weber, K. Weitkamp, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woppowa, p. 146. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1999. Ticha, J., Tichy, M., Moravec, Z., Galad, A., Gajdos, S., Toth, J., Zhu, J., Li, X. Y., Garradd, G. J., Zoltowski, F. B., Pravec, P., Sarounova, L., Balam, D. D., Blythe, M., Shelly, E, Bezpalko, M., Elowitz, M., Stuart, J., Viggh, H., Sayer, R., Ries, J. G., Africano, J. L., Hug, G., Bell, G., Holvorcem, P. R., and Marsden, B. G. “1999 GT6.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular No. 1999-H13 (1999): 13. Trinchieri, G., Israel, G. L., Chiappetti, L., Belloni, T., Stella, L., Primini, F., Fabbiano, P., and Pietsch, W. “Broad Band X-Ray Spectra of M31 Sources with BeppoSAX.” Astronomy and Astrophysics 348 (1999): 43. Trotter, A. S., Moran, J. M., and Greenhill, L. J. “Water Maser Emission and the Parsec-Scale Jet in NGC 3079.” In Radio Emission from Galactic and Extragalactic Compact Sources, Proceedings of LAU Colloquium No. 164, ASP Conference Series, vol. 144, eds. J.A. Zensus, G.B. Taylor, and J.M. Wrobel, p. 239. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Tseng, C. H., Mair, R. W., Wong, G. P., Williamson, D., Cory, D. G., and Walsworth, R. L. “Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Laser Polarized Liquid Xenon.” Physical Review E 59 (1999): 1785. Tseng, C. H., Wong, G. P., Pomeroy, V. R., Mair, R. W., Hinton, D. P., Hoffmann, D., Stoner, R. E., Hersman, F. W., Cory, D. G., and Walsworth, R. L. “Low-Field MRI of Laser Polarized Noble Gas.” Physical Review Letters 81 (1998): 3785. Turner, J. L., Beck, S. C., and Ho. P. T. P. “Gas and Hidden Star Formation in NGC 5253.” In Wolf-Rayet Phenomena in Massive Stars and Starburst Galaxies, Proceedings of [AU Symposium No. 193, eds. K. A. Van Der Huchet, G. Koenigsberger, and P. R. J. Eenens, p. 758. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Uitenbroek, H., Dupree, A. K., and Gilliland, R. L. “Imaging Spectroscopy of Betelgeuse in the Ultraviolet.” In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun: Tenth Cambridge Workshop, ASP Conference Series, vol. 154, eds. R. A. Donahue and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 393. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998. Vaisanen, P., and Tollestrup, E. V. “Detecting the Low Surface Brightness Universe: The Extragalactic Background Light and LSB Galaxies.” In Low Surface Brightness Universe, Proceedings of LAU Symposium No. 171, eds. J. I. Davies, C. D. Impey, and S. Phillips, p. 365. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Vasquez, A. M., Raymond, J. C., and van Ballegooijen, A. A. “UVCS Observations and Modeling of Streamers.” Space Science Reviews 87 (1999): 335. Vasquez, A. M., van Ballengooijen, A. A., and Raymond, J. C. “Model of Solar Wind Flow Near an Equatorial Coronal Streamer.” In Solar Wind Nine, Proceedings of the Ninth International Solar Wind Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 471, eds. S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg, and P. A. Isenberg, p. 243. Woodbury, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. van Ballegooijen, A. A., and Nisenson, P. “Dynamics of Magnetic Elements in the Photosphere and the Formation of Spicules.” In High Resolution Solar Physics: Theory, Observations, and Techniques, ASP Conference Series, vol. 183, eds. T. R. Rimmele, K. S. Balasubramaniam, and R. R. Radick, p. 30. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. van Ballegooijen, A. A., Nisenson, P., Noyes, R. W., Léfdahl, M. G., Stein, R. F., Nordlund, A., and Krishnakumar, V. “Dynamics of Magnetic Flux Elements in the Solar Photosphere.” Astrophysical Journal 509 (1998): 435. van Dyk, S. D., Peng, C. Y., Barth, A. J., Filippenko, A. V., Chevalier, R. A., Fesen, R. A., Fransson, C., Kirshner, R. P., and Leibundgut, B. “Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Imaging of SN 1979C and Its Environment.” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 111 (1999): 313. Vestergaard, M., and Wilkes, B. J. “An Empirical Ultraviolet Iron Spectrum Template.” In Structure and Kinematics of Quasar Broad Line Regions, ASP Conference Series, vol. 175, eds. C. M. Gaskell, W. N. Brandt, M. Dietrich, D. Dultzin-Hacyan, and M. Eracleous, p. 297. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Vikhlinin, A., McNamara, B. R., Hornstrup, A., Quintana, H., Forman, W., Jones, C., and Way, M. “X-Ray Overluminous Elliptical Galaxies: A New Class of Mass Concentrations in the Universe?” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 520 (1999): Ltr. Walsworth, R., Mair, R., Wong, G., Hoffmann, D., Patz, S., Hurlimann, M., and Schwartz, L. “Time-Dependent Noble Gas Diffusion NMR in Porous Media and Implications for Lung Study.” European Radiology 9 (1999): B23. Walsworth, R., Wong, G., Tseng, C. H., Pomeroy, V., Mair, R., Hinton, D., Hoffmann, D., Stoner, R., Hersman, F. W., and Cory, D. “Low Field MRI of Laser Polarized Noble Gas.” Exropean Radiology 9 (1999): B4. Weekes, T. C., Akerlof, C., Biller, S., Breslin, A. C., Catanese, M., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Cawley, M. FE, Dingus, B., Fazio, G. G., Fegan, D. J., Finley, J., Fishman, G., Gaidos, J., Gillanders, G. H., Gorham, P., Grindlay, J. E., Hillas, A. M., Huchra, J., Kaaret, P., Kertzman, M., Kieda, D., Krennrich, FE, Lamb, R. C., Lang, M. J., Marscher, A. P., Matz, S., McKay, T., Muller, D., Ong, R., Purcell, W., Rose, H. J., Sembroski, G., Seward, F. D., Slane, P., Swordy, S., Turner, T., Ulmer, M., Urban, M., and Wilkes, B. “VERITAS: The Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 5, eds. M. S. Publications of the Staff 267 Potgieter, B. C. Raubenheimer, and D. J. van der Walt, p. 173. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. Weekes, T. C., Bond, I. H., Boyle, P. J., Bradbury, S. M., Breslin, A. C., Buckley, J. H., Burdett, A. M., Bussons Gordo, J., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Catanese, M., Cawley, M. E, Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Gillanders, G. H., Hall, T., Harris, K., Hillas, A. M., Kertzman, M., Krennrich, F, Lang, M. J., Lessard, R. W., McEnery, J. E., Masterson, C., Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rodgers, A. J., Rose, H. J., Reynolds, P. T., Samuelson, F. W., Sembroski, G. H., Srinivasan, R., and Zweerink, J. “Tev Gamma-Ray Observations of Pulsars and Supernova Remnants.” In Neutron Stars and Pulsars: Thirty Years after the Discovery, Frontiers Science Series No. 24, eds. N. Shibazaki, N. Kawai, S. Shibata, and T. Kifune, p. 465. Tokyo, Japan: Universal Academy Press, 1998. Weinberg, D. H., Burles, S., Croft, R. A. C., Dave, R., Gomez, G., Hernquist, L., Katz, N., Kirkman, D., Liu, S., Miralda-Escude, J., Pettini, M., Phillips, J., Tytler, D., and Wright, J. “Cosmology with the Lyman-Alpha Forest.” In Evolution of Large Scale Structure: From Recombination to Garching, Proceedings of the MPA- Cosmology/ESO Conference, eds. A. J. Banday, R. K. Sheth, and L. N. DaCosta, p. 347. Enschede, The Netherlands: Print Partners Ipskamp, 1998. Werner, P. N., Worrall, D. M., and Birkinshaw, M. “Redshift and Velocity Dispersion of the Cluster of Galaxies Around NGC 326.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 307 (1999): 722. White, G. J., Smith, H. A., Stacey, G. J., Fischer, J., Spinoglio, L., Baluteau, J.-P., Cernicharo, J., and Bradford, C. M. “The Galactic Centre—A Spectroscopic and Imaging Study with the LWS Spectrometer.” In The Universe as Seen by ISO, ESA-SP 427, vol. U, eds. P. Cox and M. F. Kessler, p. 787. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, 1999. Wilkes, B. J., Hooper, E. J., McLeod, K. K., Elvis, M. S., Impey, C. D., Lonsdale, C. J., Malkan, M. A., and McDowell, J. C. “The Far-Infrared Continuum of Quasars In The Universe as Seen by ISO, ESA-SP 427, vol. II, eds. P. Cox and M. F. Kessler, p. 845. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, 1999. Wilkes, B. J., Kuraszkiewicz, J., Green, P. J., Mathur, S., and McDowell, J. C. “Investigation of the Relation between the Spectral Energy Distributions and the Emission Lines in Low-Redshift Quasars.” Astrophysical Journal 513 (1999): 76. Wilkes, B. J., Mathur, S., Fiore, EF, and Antonelli, A. “SAX Observations of the Maser AGN ESO 103-G35.” In Structure and Kinematics of Quasar Broad Line Regions, ASP Conference Series, vol. 175, eds. C. M. Gaskell, W. N. Brandt, M. Dietrich, D. Dultzin-Hacyan, and M. Eracleous, p. 395. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999. Williams, J. P., Myers, P. C., Wilner, D. J., and di Francesco, J. “A High-Resolution Study of the Slowly Contracting, Starless Core L1544.” Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 513 (1999): L61. Wilner, D. J., Bourke, T. L., Ho, P. T. P., Killeen, N. E. B., and Calabretta, M. “A Search for Water Masers in the Gravitationally Lensed Quasars H1413+117 and MG 0414+0534.” Astronomical Journal 117 (1999): 1139. Wilner, D. J., Reid, M. J., and Menten, K. M. “The Synchrotron Jet from the H,O Maser Source in W3(OH).” Astrophysical Journal 513 (1999): 775. Wong, G., Tseng, C. H., Pomeroy, V., Mair, R., Hinton, D., Hoffmann, D., Stoner, R., Hersman, F. W., Cory, D., and Walsworth, R. L. “Low Field MR Imaging of Laser- Polarized Noble Gas.” In Proceedings of the Seventh Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, p. 2089. Philadelphia: 1999. Wong, G. P., Tseng, C. H., Pomeroy, V. R., Mair, R. W., Hinton, D. P., Hoffmann, D., Stoner, R. E., Hersman, F. W., Cory, D. G., and Walsworth, R. L. “A System for Low Field Imaging of Laser-Polarized Noble Gas.” Journal of Magnetic Resonance 141 (1999): 217. Wood, C. H., Habbal, S. R., Esser, R., and Penn, M. “Comparison of Fe A5303, 46374, and A7892 Spectral Line Observations in a Coronal Hole and Streamer.” In Solar Wind Nine, Proceedings of the Ninth International Solar Wind Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 471, eds. S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg, and P. A. Isenberg, p. 293. Woodbury, New York: American Institute of Physics, 1999. Wood, K., Crosas, M., and Ghez, A. “GG Tauri’s Circumbinary Disk: Models for Near-Infrared Scattered- Light Images and !°CO (J=1 0) Line Profiles.” Astrophysical Journal 516 (1999): 335. Worrall, D. M., Birkinshaw, M., Remillard, R. A., Prestwich, A., Tucker, W. H., and Tananbaum, H. “A Multiwavelength Study of the Extreme AGN J2310-437.” Astrophysical Journal 516 (1999): 163. Yan, Z.-C., and Dalgarno, A. “Third-Order Dispersion Coefficients for H(1s)-H(1s) System.” Molecular Physics 96 (1999): 863. Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Arnold, D.E., Hector A. Neff, R.L. Bishop, and M.D. Glascock. “Testing interpretative assumptions of neutron activation analysis: contemporary pottery in Yucatan, 1964-1994.” In Material Meanings: Critical Approaches to the Interpretation of Material Culture, edited by E.S. Chilton, pp. 61-84. Foundations of Archaeological Inquiry. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999. Ballard, Mary W. “Biodeterioration of textiles,” In Biodeterioration, edited by A.E. Charola and Robert Koestler. London: Butterworths, 1999. . (section co-author). Conservation Services Directory, edited by Mary W. Ballard. Washington, DC: Washington Conservation Guild, 1999. . “May meeting summary: Star-Spangled Banner conservation project—Suzanne Thomassen-Krauss.” 268 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Washington Conservation Guild Newsletter, vol. 22, no. 4 (December 1998): 3-4. Beaubien, Harriet F. “Conservation’s key contributions to archaeological projects in Central America.” In Abstracts of papers presented at the 27th annual meeting in St. Louis, Missouri, June 8-13, 1999, pp. 1-2. Washington, DC: American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 1999. . “Desalination parameters for Harappan ceramics, part 2.” In Abstracts of papers presented at the 27th annual meeting in St. Louis, Missouri, June 8-13, 1999, p. 51. Washington, DC: American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 1999. Beaubien, Harriet F., Stephanie E. Hornbeck, and Elizabeth C. Robertson. “Seccién 8: La conservacion de artefactos.” En Informe del Proyecto Arqueolégico Aguateca: La Temporada de 1998, presentado al Instituto de Antropologia e Historia de Guatemala {English version: “Artifact conservation during the 1998 field season.” In The Aguateca Archaeological Project's 1998 Field Season Report}, edited by Takeshi Inomata, Daniela Triadan and Erick Ponciano, pp. 67-72. December 1998. Beaubien, Harriet F., Elizabeth C. Roberston, and Stephanie E. Hornbeck. “Appendix 3: Artifact Conservation during the 1998 Field Season at Harappa.” In Harappa Archaeological Research Project: Harappa Excavations 1998, edited by Richard H. Meadow, Jonathon Mark Kenoyer and Rita P. Wright, pp. 32-41. 30 March 1999. Blackman, M.J. “Chemical characterization of local Anatolian and Uruk style sealing clays from Hacinebi.” Paleorient, vol. 25, no. I (1999): 51-56. Boyer, Joanne M. “An investigation of ceramic shards from Kaman-Kalehéyiik, Turkey, to determine their mode of manufacture—part 1.” Kaman-Kalehiyiik 8 (Anatolian Archaeological Studies), vol. 8 (1999): 355-366. Chalfoun, David J. and Noreen C. Tuross. “Botanical remains: utility in protein and DNA research.” Ancient Biomolecules, vol. 3 (1999): 67-79. Erhardt, David. “Degradation and failure in the lab: studies of the aging processes of archival materials.” In Abstracts of the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Orlando, March 7-12, 1999. 1999. Erhardt, David, Charles S. Tumosa, and Marion F. Mecklenburg. “Material consequences of the aging of paper.” In Preprints, ICOM Committee for Conservation, vol. I, pp. 501-506. 12th Triennial Meeting of the Conservation Committee of the International Council of Museums, Lyon, France, 29 August—3 September 1999. 1999. Fernandez Ruiz, Ramon, Juan-Diego Tornero, and Manuel Garcia-Heras. “Advances in the application of total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to the analysis of archaeological ceramics.” In Actes del 5é Curs d'arqueologia d’Andorra, 1997, pp. 137-144. 1999. Fogel, Marilyn L. and Noreen C. Tuross. “Transformation of plant biochemicals to geological macromolecules during early diagenesis.” Oecologia, vol. 120 (1999): 336-346. Garcia-Heras, Manuel. “La Artesania Alfarera Celtibérica. Un Reto para la Investigacién.” In IV Simposio sobre Celtiberos: Economia, Zaragoza, pp. 221-239. Institucion ‘Fernando el Catolico’ (CSIC) Excma. Diputacion Provincial, 1999. . “Estudios arquemétricos sobre materiales ceramicos de la edad del hierro.” Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Cerdmica y Vidrio, vol. 38, no. 4 (1999): 289-295. Goodway, Martha. “Hardness related to strength in high phosphorus iron.” In Preprint, Historical Metallurgy Society Annual Conference, September 1999. 1999. . “The relation between hardness and strength in high phosphorus iron.” Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society, vol. 33 (1999): 104-105. Grissom, Carol A. “Cache two.” In Symbols at ‘Ain Ghazal, ‘Ain Ghazal Excavation Reports, Vol. 1, edited by Denise Schmandt-Besserat. Attp://menic.utexas.edul/menicl ghazal. . “Catalogue of cache two.” In Symbols at ‘Ain Ghazal, ‘Ain Ghazal Excavation Reports, Vol. 1, edited by Denise Schmandt-Besserat. http://menic.utexas.edu/menicl ghazal. Grissom, Carol A., A. Elena Charola, Ann Boulton, and Marion F. Mecklenburg. “Evaluation over time of an ethyl silicate consolidant applied to ancient lime plaster.” Studies in Conservation, vol. 44, no. 2 (1999): 113-120. Indictor, Norman and Mary Ballard. “A survey of some recent literature and studies pertaining to the C-14 dating of textiles,” In Preprints, ICOM Committee for Conservation, vol. I, pp. 631-636. 12th Triennial Meeting of the Conservation Committee of the International Council of Museums, Lyon, France, 29 August—3 September 1999. 1999. Inomata, Takeshi, Daniela Triadan, Erick Ponciano, Richard E. Terry, Harriet F. Beaubien, Estela Pinto, and Shannon Coyston. “Residencias de la familia real y de la elite en Aguateca, Guatemala.” Mayab, no. 11 (1998): 23-39. Henrickson, R.C. and M.J. Blackman. “Hellenistic production of terra cotta roof tiles among the ceramic industries at Gordion.” Oxford Journal of Archaeology, vol. 18, no. 3 (1999): 307-326. Kolman, Connie J., Arturo Centurion-Lara, Sheila A. Lukehart, Douglas W. Owsley, and Noreen C. Tuross. “Identification of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum in a 200-year-old skeletal specimen.” The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 180 (1999): 2060-2063. Mecklenburg, Marion F. and Charles S. Tumosa. “Temperature and relative humidity effects on the mechanical and chemical stability of collections.” ASHRAE Journal, vol. 41, no. 4 (April 1999): 77-82. N’Gadi, Ann B. and David W. von Endrt, eds. 1999 Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts. 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, Washington, DC, June 27—July 2. June 1999. Olaetxea, Carlos, Ramon Fernandez Ruiz, Manuel Garcia- Heras, and Jestis Sesma. “Andlisis composicional mediante TXRF de producciones cerdmicas navarras (Calcolitico- Bronce-Hierro).” In Actes del 5 Curs d’arqueologia d' Andorra, 1997, pp. 212-223. 1999. Tsang, Jia-sun and Donald C. Williams. A Closer Look at Santos; Una Mirada mas Profunda a los santos. Washington, Publications of the Staff 269 DC: Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education and The de Saisset Museum. May 1999. Tumosa, Charles S. “Speculation on the effect of gunshot or explosive residue on silk.” Textile Conservation Newsletter, no. 37 (Fall 1999): 10-13. Tumosa, Charles S. and Marion F. Mecklenburg. “Materials characterization and the computer modeling of works of art” {abstract}. In Abstracts Pittcon 99, p. 858. 1999. Tumosa, Charles S., Jennifer Millard, David Erhardt, and Marion F. Mecklenburg. “Effects of solvents on the physical properties of paint films.” In Preprints, ICOM Committee for Conservation, vol. 1, pp. 347-352. 12th Triennial Meeting of the Conservation Committee of the International Council of Museums, Lyon, France, 29 August—3 September 1999. 1999. von Endt, David W., C.A. Ross, and P.E. Hare. “Initial results of cleaning small vertebrate skeletons with trypsin.” Collection Forum, vol. 13 (1999): 51-62. von Endt, David W., E.R. Yourd, and P.E. Hare. “Spirit collections: accelerated aging studies concerning the stability of keratin in ethanol and formalin.” Collection Forum, vol. 14 (1999): 66-77. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Aerts, R., J.T.A Verhoeven, and D.F. Whigham. 1999. Plant-mediated controls on nutrient cycling in temperate fens and bogs. Ecology 80: 2170-2181. Balch, W.M., D.T. Drapeau, and J.J. Fritz. 1999. Monsoonal forcing of calcification in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research Il 47:1301-1337. , D.T. Drapeau, T.L. Cucci, R.D. Vailancourt, K.A. Kilpatrick, and J.J. Fritz. 1999. Optical backscattering by calcifying algae: Separating the contribution of particulate inorganic and organic carbon fractions. Journal of Geophysical Research 104:1541-1558. Bushmann, P.J. 1999. Concurrent signals and behavioral plasticity in blue crab (Ca/linectes sapidus Rathbun) courtship. Biological Bulletin 197: 63-71. Clark, M.E., T.G. Wolcott, D.L. Wolcott, and A.H. Hines. 1999. Foraging and agonistic activity co-occur in free- ranging blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus): observation of animals by ultrasonic telemetry. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 233: 143-160. , M.E., T.G. Wolcott, D.L. Wolcott, and A.H. Hines. 1999. Intraspecific interference among foraging blue crabs Callinectes sapidus: interactive effects of predator density and prey patch distribution. Marine Ecology Progress Series 178:69-78. Coats, D. W. 1999. Parasitic life styles of marine dinoflagellates. J. Exk. Microbiol., 46: 402-409. and Revelante, N. 1999. Distributions and trophic implications of microzooplankton. In: Ecosystems at the Land-Sea Margin: Drainage Basin to Coastal Sea, T. Malone, A. Malej, L. Harding, N. Smodlaka, and E. Turner (eds.), American Geophysical Union, 207-239. Correll, D. L., T. E. Jordan, and D. E. Weller. 1999. Precipitation effects on sediment and associated nutrient discharges from Rhode River watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality 28:1897—1907. , T. E. Jordan, and D. E. Weller. 1999. Effects of precipitation and air temperature on nitrogen discharges from Rhode River watersheds. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 115: 547-575. , T. E. Jordan, and D. E. Weller. 1999. Transport of nitrogen and phosphorus from Rhode River watersheds during storm events. Water Resources Research 35:2513-2521. , I. E. Jordan, and D. E. Weller. 1999. Effects of precipitation and air temperature on phosphorus fluxes from Rhode River watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality 28:144-154. , T. E. Jordan, and D. E. Weller. 1999. Effects of interannual variation of precipitation on stream discharge from Rhode River subwatersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35:7 3-82. Dalling J, C.E. Lovelock, and S.P. Hubbell. t999. Growth responses of seedlings of two neotropical pioneer species to simulated forest gap environments. Journal of Tropical Ecology 15: 827-839. Drake, B.G., Azcon-Bieto, J., Berry, J., Bunce, J., Dijkstra, P., Farrar, J., Gifford, R.M., Gonzalez-Meler, M.A., Koch, G., Lambers, H., Siedow, J., and Wullschleger, S. 1999. Does elevated atmospheric CO, concentration inhibit mitochondrial respiration in green plants? Plant Cell and Environment 22:649—-657. Feller, I.C. and K.L. McKee. 1999. Small gap creation in Belizean mangrove forests by a wood-boring insect. Biotropica 31: 607-617. , D.F Whigham, J.P. O’Neill, and K.M. McKee. 1999. Effects of nutrient enrichment on within-stand cycling in mangrove forest. Ecology 80: 2193-2205. Fofonoff, PR. W., G.M. Ruiz, A.H. Hines, and L. McCann. 1999. Overview of biological invasions in the Chesapeake Bay region: Summary of impacts. Pp. 168-180 in: Therres, G.D. (ed.), Conservation of biological diversity: a Rey to the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay and beyond. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Fritz, J.J. 1999. Carbon fixation and coccolith detachment in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in nitrate-limited cyclostats. Marine Biology 133:509-518. Gunderson, J. H., Goss, S$. H., and Coats, D. W. 1999. The phylogenetic position of Amoebophrya sp. from Gymnodinium sanguineum. J. Euk. Microbiol., 46:194-197. Holberton, R. L. and P.P. Marra. 1999. Endocrine aspects of physiological condition and habitat quality in migrant birds during the non-breeding period. In: Adams, N. and Slotow, R. (Eds.), Proc 22 Int. Ornithol. Congr., Durban, University of Natal, South Africa. Hungate, B. A., Dijkstra, P., Johnson, D. V. W., Hinkle, C. Ross, and B.G. Drake. 1999. Elevated CO, increases nitrogen fixation and decreases soil nitrogen mineralization in Florida scrub oak. Global Change Biology. 5:781-789. 270 Jordan, T. E., D. F Whigham, K. Hofmockel, and N. Gerber. 1999. Restored wetlands in crop fields control nutrient runoff. Pp. 49—Go in: J. Vymazal (ed.) Nutrient Cycling and Retention in Natural and Constructed Wetlands. SPB Academic Publishing by, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Kendall, M.S. and T.G. Wolcott. 1999. The influence of male mating history on male-male competition and female choice in mating associations in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 239:23-32. Kepner, R. L., Jr., Wharton, R. A., Jr., and Coats, D. W. 1999. Ciliated protozoa of two Antarctic lakes: analysis by quantitative protargol staining and examination of artificial substrates. Polar Biol., 21:285-294. Kudoh, H., H. Shibaike, H. Takasu, D.F. Whigham, and S. Kawano. 1999. Genet structure and determinants of clonal structure in a temperate deciduous woodland herb, Uvularia perfoliata. J. Ecology 87:244-257. LaVoie, D.M., L.D. Smith, and G.M. Ruiz. 1999. The potential for intracoastal transfer of non-indigenous species in the ballast water of ships. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 48:551-564. Lefsky, M.A. D. Harding, W.B. Cohen, G. Parker, and H.H. Shugart. 1999. Surface lidar remote sensing of basal area and biomass in deciduous forests of eastern Maryland, USA. Remote Sensing of Environment 67:83-08. , W.B. Cohen, S.A. Acker, G.G. Parker, T.A. Spies, and D. Harding. 1999. Lidar Remote Sensing of the Canopy Structure and Biophysical Properties of Douglas- Fir Western Hemlock Forests. Remote Sensing of Environment 70:339-301. Li J., P. Dijkstra, R. Hinkle, R.M. Wheeler, and B.G. Drake, 1999. Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated atmospheric CO, concentration in the Florida scrub-oak species Quercus geminata and Quercus myrtifolia. Tree Physiology 19:229-234. Loustau, D., B. Hungate, and B.G. Drake, 1999. Effects of water and rising atmospheric CO, on net primary and net ecosystem production of terrestrial ecosystems: interactions with nutrient limitations. In: Roy, Saugier and Mooney, eds., Global Production, GCTE volume, Ch 9. Lovelock, C.E., J. Posada, and K. Winter. 1999. Effects of Elevated CO, and Defoliation on Compensatory Growth and Photosynthesis of Seedlings in a Tropical Tree. Copaifera avomatica. Biotropica 31: 279-287. , M. Popp, A. Virgo, and K. Winter. 1999. Effects of elevated CO_, concentrations on photosynthesis, growth and reproduction of branches of the tropical canopy tree species, Luehea seemannii (Tr. & Planch.). Plant, Cell and Environment 22:49-59. Matamala, R. and B. G. Drake. 1999. The influence of atmospheric CO, enrichment on plant-soil nitrogen interactions in a wetland plant community on the Chesapeake Bay. Plant and Soil 210:93—-101. Neale, P. J. 1999. Application of Spectral weighting functions in assessing the effects of environmental UV radiation. Pp. 45-55 in: D. R. Bauer and J. W. Martin Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Leds.}, Service Life Prediction of Organic Coatings: A Systems Approach. American Chemical Society. Pierce, R. W. and Coats, D. W. 1999. The feeding ecology of Actinophrys sol (Sarcodina: Heliozoa) in Chesapeake Bay. J. Euk. Microbiol., 46:45 1-457. Ruiz, G.M., P. Fofonoff, A.H. Hines, and E.D. Grosholz. 1999. Non-indigenous species as stressors in estuarine and marine communities: Assessing invasion impacts and interactions. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44:950—972. Smalley, G. W., Coats, D. W., and Adam, E. J. 1999. A new method using fluorescent microspheres to determine grazing on ciliates by the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Ceratium furca. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 17:167-179. Smith, L.D., M.J. Wonham, G.M. Ruiz, L.D. McCann, A.H. Hines, and J.T. Carlton. 1999. Invasion pressure to a ballast-flooded estuary and an assessment of inoculant survival. Biological Invasions 1:67-87. Stiling, P., Rossi, A.M., Hungate, B., Dijkstra, P., Hinkle, C.R., Knott, W.M., III, and B. Drake. 1999. Decreased leaf-miner abundance in elevated CO,: Reduced leaf quality and increased parasitoid attack. Ecological Applications, 9:240-244. Terwin, J.R. 1999. Blue crab, Cal/linectes sapidus, foraging behavior in Chesapeake Bay: The importance of intra- specific interactions and prey distribution. Ph.D Dissertation, Marine, Estuarine and Environmental Sciences, University of Maryland. 173 pp. Whigham, D.F., R.R. Twilley, and I.C. Feller. 1999. Within-stand nutrient cycling in wetland ecosystems. Ecology 80:2137-2138. , M.B. Dickinson, and N.V.T. Brokaw. 1999. Background canopy gap and catastrophic wind disturbances in tropical forests. Pp. 223-252 in: Walker, L. (ed.), Ecosystems of disturbed ground. Elsevier, Amsterdam. , L.C. Lee, M.M. Brinson, R.D. Rheinhardt, M.C. Rains, J.A. Mason, H. Khan, M.B. Ruhlman, and W.B. Nutter. 1999. Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) assessment—A test of user consistency. Wetlands 19:560-569. and A.S. Chapa. 1999. Timing and intensity of herbivory: its influence on the performance of clonal woodland herbs. Plant Species Biology 14: 29-38. 1999. Ecological consequences of wetland preservation, restoration, creation and assessment. Sczence of the Total Environment 240: 31-40. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Adler, Gregory H., Mangan, Scott A., and Lambert, Thomas D. 1998. “Reproductive phenology of Cryosophila warscewiczii in central Panama.” Principes 42(4): 185-189. Adler, Gregory H., and Kestell, Douglas W. 1998. “Fates of neotropical tree seeds influenced by spiny rats (Proechimys semispinosus).” Biotropica 30(4): 677-681. Adler, Gregory H., Tomblin, David C., and Lambert, Thomas D. 1998. “Ecology of two species of echimyid Publications of the Staff 271 rodents (Hoplomys gymnurus and Proechimys semispinosus) in central Panama.” Journal of Tropical Ecology 14(5): 711-717. Andrade, Jose Luis, Meinzer, Frederick C., Goldstein, Guillermo, Holbrook, N. Michele, Cavelier, Jaime, Jackson, Paula, and Silvera, Katia. 1998. “Regulation of water flux through trunks, branches, and leaves in trees of a lowland tropical forest.” Oecologia 115(4): 463-471. Arango Laws, Jessica Eileen. 1998. Efecto de la dilucton en la inactivacion de bacterias coliformes totales y fecales en la Bahia de Panama. Unpublished tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Ashton, Peter. 1998. “Tamiji Inoue 1947-1997.” Inside CTFS 1998(Summer): 6. Backwell, Patricia, R.Y., O'Hara, Patrick D., and Christy, John, H. 1998. “Prey availability and selective foraging in shorebirds.” Animal Behaviour 55(6): 1659-1667. Backwell, Patricia R. Y., Jennions, M. D., Christy, John H., and Passmore, N. I. 1999. “Female choice in the synchronously waving fiddler crab Uca annulipes.” Ethology 105(5): 415-421. Banford, Heidi M., Bermingham, Eldredge, Collette, Bruce B., and McCafferty, S. Shawn. 1999. “Phylogenetic systematics of the Scomberomorus regalis (Teleostei: Scombridae) species group: molecules, morphology and biogeography of Spanish Mackerels.” Copeia 1999(3): 596-613. Barahona, Gracia M., and Guzman, Hector M. 1998. “Socio- ecological survey of resident populations in Cayos Cochinos Biological Reserve, Honduras.” Revista de Biologia Tropical 46 (Suppl. 4): 39-55. Barnes, Pennelope A.G., and Hickman, C.S. 1998. “What controls diversity of Chemosymbiotic Lucinid Bivalves in seagrass beds? [Abstract].” American Zoologist 38(5): 163. Barnes, Penelope A.G., and Hickman, Carole S. 1999. “Lucinid bivalves and marine angiosperms: a search for causal relationships.” In D.I. Wells and RE. Walker (eds.), The seagrass flora and fauna of Rottnest Island, Western Australia: 216-238. Perth: Western Australian Museum. Bartlett, R., Pickering, John, Gauld, I., and Windsor, Donald M. 1999. “Estimating global biodiversity: Tropical beetles and wasps send different signals.” Ecological Entomology 24(1): 118-121. Basset, Yves. 1999. “Diversity and abundance of insect herbivores foraging on seedlings in a rainforest in Guyana.” Ecological Entomology 24(3): 245-259. Basset, Yves, Charles, Elroy, and Novotny, Vojtech. 1999. “Insect herbivores on parent trees and conspecific seedlings in a Guyana rain forest.” Selbyana 20(1): 146-158. Bermingham, Eldredge, and Martin, Andrew P. 1998. “Comparative mtDNA phylogeography of neotropical freshwater fishes: testing shared history to infer the evolutionary landscape of lower Central America.” Molecular Ecology 7(4): 499-517. Bermingham, Eldredge, and Moritz, C. 1998. “Comparative phylogeography: Concepts and applications.” Molecular Ecology 7(4): 367-369. Bird, Maryann. 1998. “Hanging out on a limb.” Time 1997 (special issue, December/January): 30-35. Brooks, Martin. 1999. “Live and let live.” New Scientist (July 3)732—36: Brooks, Robert, and Jennions, Michael D. 1999. “The dark side of sexual selection.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14(9): 336-337. Chai, Peng, and Dudley, Robert. 1999. “Maximum flight performance of Hummingbirds: capacities, constraints, and trade-offs.” The American Naturalist 153(4): 398-411. Chong, R., Mabelle J. 1999. Aislamiento y caracterizaciin de microhongos de interés industrial a partir de macromycetes en descomposicion. Unpublished tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Clearwater, Michael J., Meinzer, Frederick C., Andrade, José Luis, Goldstein, Guillermo, and Holbrook, N. Michelle. 1999. “Potential errors in measurement of nonuniform sap flow using heat dissipation brobes.” Tree Physiology 19: 681-687. Clifton, Kenneth E., and Clifton, Lisa M. 1999. “The phenology of sexual reproduction by green algae (Bryopsidales) on Caribbean coral reefs.” Journal of Phycology 35: 24-34. Cocroft, Reginald B. 1999. “Offspring-parent communication in a subsocial treehopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Umbonia crassicornis).” Behaviour 136(1): I-21. Cocroft, Reginald B. 1999. “Parent-offspring communication in response to predators in a subsocial treehopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Umbonia crassicornis).” Ethology 105(7): 553-568. Colinvaux, Paul A. 1998. “Ice-Age Amazon and the problem of diversity (New interpretation of Pleistocene Amazonia).” The Review of Archaeology 19: 1-10. Colwell, Douglas D., and Milton, Katharine. 1998. “Development of Alouattamyia baeri (Diptera: Oestridae) from howler monkeys (Primates: Cebidae) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.” Journal of Medical Entomology 35(5): 674-680. Condit, Richard. 1998. “Still trying to ferret out density dependence in tree populations.” Inside CTFS 1998 (Summer): 8, II. Cooke, Richard G. 1998. “Subsistencia y economia casera de los indigenas precolombinos de Panama, Antropologia Panamena Pueblos y Culturas, Vol. 1: 61-134. Panama: Editorial Universitaria. Cooke, Richard G. 1998. “Cupica (Choc6): a reassessment of Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff’s fieldwork in a poorly studied region of the American tropics.” In Augusto Oyuela-Caycedo, and J. Scott Raymond (eds.), Recent Advances in the Archeology of the Northern Andes, Vol. Monograph 39: 91-106. Los Angeles: The Institute of Archaeology, University of California. Cooke, Richard G. 1998. “Human settlements of Central American and northernmost South America (14,000-8000 BP).” Quaternary International 49/50: 177-190. Cooke, Richard G., and Ranere, Anthony J. 1999. “Precolumbian fishing on the Pacific coast of Panama.” In 272 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Michael Bkale (ed.), Pacific Latin America in prehistory: the evolution of archaic and formative cultures: 103-121. Pullman, Wash.: WSU Press. Correa A., Mireya D., and Valdespino, Ivan A. 1998. “Flora de Panama: una de las mas ricas y diversas del mundo.” ANCON 5(1): 16-23. Correa A., Mireya D. 1998. Guia preliminar de campo: Arboles y arbustos del Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, Panama, Vol. 1-4. Chicago: Departamento de Botanica, Universidad de Panama and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Cox, M.L., and Windsor, Donald M. 1999. “The first instar larva of Aulacoscelis appendiculata n. sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Aulacoscelinae) and its value in the placement of the Aulacoscelinae.” Journal of Natural History 33: 1049-1087. Cox, M.L., and Windsor, Donald M. 1999. “The first instar larva of Aulacoscelis sp. and Megascelis puella Lacordaire (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Aulacoscelinae, Megascelinae) and their value in the placement of the Aulacoscelinae and Megascelinae.” In M.L. Cox (ed.), Advances in Chysomelidae Biology, Vol. 1: 51-70. Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers. Currie, Cameron R., Mueller, Ulrich G., and Malloch, David. 1999. “The agricultural pathology of ant fungus gardens.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96(14): 7998-8002. Currie, Cameron R., Scott, James A., Summerbell, Richard C., and Malloch, David. 1999. “Fungus-growing ants use antibiotic-producing bacteria to control garden parasites.” Nature 398(6729): 7OI-704. D’Croz, Luis, Jackson, Jeremy B. C., and Best, Mairi M. R. 1998. “Siliciclastic-carbonate transitions along shelf transects through the Cayos Cochinos archipelago, Honduras.” Revista de Biologia Tropical 46 (Suppl. 4): 57-66. D’Croz, Luis, Robertson, D. Ross, and Martinez, José A. 1999. “Wind-induced changes in the distribution of plankton, and fish larvae in the San Blas Archipelago, Caribbean Panama, 29th Meeting Association Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean (AMLC), July 18-24. 1999: 55. Cumana, Venezuela. Dalling, James W., and Wirth, Rainer. 1998. “Dispersal of Miconia argentea seeds by the leaf-cutting ant Atta colombica.” Journal of Tropical Ecology 14(5): 705-7 10. Dalling, James W., and Harms, Kyle E. 1999. “Damage tolerance and cotyledonary resource use in the tropical tree Gustavia superba.” Ozkos 85(2): 257-264. Danforth, Bryan N., and Wcislo, William T. 1999. “Two new and highly apomorphic species of the Lasioglossum subgenus Evylaeus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from Central America.” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92(5): 624-630. de Alba, Georgina. 1998. “Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.” The Docent Educator Autumn (1998): 6-7. Diaz, Claudia. 1999. Estudio bioantropolégico de rasgos mortuorios de la ‘Operacion 4’ del sitio arqueolégico Cerro Juan Diaz, Panama Central. Unpublished tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Los Andes, Santafé de Bogoté. Doebeli, Michael, and Knowlton, Nancy. 1998. “The evolution of interspecific mutualisms.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95(15): 8676-8680. Drent, J., Van Marken Lichtenbelt, W.D., and Wikelsi, Martin. 1999. “Effects of foraging mode and season on the energetics of the Marine Iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus.” Functional Ecology 13: 493-499. Dyrcz, Andrzej. 1999. “Nesting of the rufescent tiger-heron Tigrisoma lineatum on Barro Colorado Island (Republic of Panama).” Ornithologia Neotropical 10: 105-106. Eberhard, Jessica R. 1998. “Breeding biology of the monk parakeet.” Wilson Bulletin 110(4): 463-473. Flint, Stephan D., and Caldwell, Martyn M. 1998. “Solar UV-B and visible radiation in tropical forest gaps: measurements partitioning direct and diffuse radiation.” Global Change Biology 4: 863-870. Flores, Yasmin. 1998. Estudio del fitoplanton, pardmetros bacteriologicos y fisico-quimicos del Rio Pacora. Unpublished tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Forget, Pierre Michel, Kitajima, Kaoru, and Foster, Robin B. 1999. “Pre- and post-dispersal seed predation in Tachigali versicolor (Caesalpiniaceae): Effects of timing of fruiting and variation among trees.” Journal of Tropical Ecology 15(1): 61-81. Fortunato, Helena. 1999. “Biogeography and the tempo of speciation in strombinid gastropods, Seventh Congress of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology, 23-28 August: n.p. Barcelona, Spain. Franceschi Jara, Luiggf F, and Moreno Montilla, Tomas B. 1999. Principales Aphyllophorales con Poros del Parque Yatural Metropolitano. Unpublished tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Freeman, Gary. 1999. “Regional specification during embryogenesis in the inarticulate brachiopod Discinisca.” Developmental Biology 209: 321-339. Gans, Carl, Dudley, Robert, Aguilar, Nancy M., and Graham, Jeffrey B. 1999. “Late Paleozoic atmospheres and biotic evolution.” Hzstorical Biology 13: 199-219. Gomez, Nelida E., Witte, Ludger, and Hartmann, Thomas. 1999. “Chemical defense in larval tortoise beetles: Essential oil composition of fecal shields of Eurypedus nigrosignata and foliage of its host plant, Cordia curassavica.” Journal of Chemical Ecology 25(5): 1007-1027. Gonzalez, Pedro, and Lessios, Harilaos A. 1999. “Evolution of sea urchin retroviral-like (SURL) elements: Evidence from 40 echinoid species.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 16(7): 938-952. Griffin, Sean P. 1998. “The effects of sunlight on the progression of black band disease.” In Hector Guzman (ed.), Marine-Terrestrial Flora and Fauna of Cayos Cochinos Archipelago, Honduras, Vol. 46 (Suppl. 4): 175-179: Revista de Biologia Tropical. Guzman, Hector M. 1998. “Prologue: Cayos Cochinos, Honduras, Where to Go?” In Hector Guzman (ed.), Marine-Terrestrial Flora and Fauna of Cayos Cochinos Archipelago, Honduras, Vol. 46 (Suppl. 4): 1-2: Revista de Biologia Tropical. Publications of the Staff 273 Guzman, Hector M. (ed.). 1998. Marine-Terrestrial Flora and Fauna of Cayos Cochinos Archipelago, Honduras. Revista de Biologia Tropical, Vol. 46. 200 pp. Guzman, Hector M., and Guevara, Carlos. 1998. “Mortalidad masiva de organismos arrecifales zooxantelados durante el blanqueamiento de 1995 en Cayos Cochinos, Honduras.” Revista de Biologia Tropical 46 (Suppl. 4): 165-173. Guzman, Hector M., and Tudhope, Alexander W. 1998. “Seasonal variation in skeletal extension rate and stable isotopic (13C/12C and 180/160) composition in response to several environmental variables in the Caribbean reef coral Siderastrea siderea.” Marine Ecology Progress Series 166: 109-118. Haberle, Simon G., and Maslin, Mark A. 1999. “Late Quaternary vegetation and climate change in the Amazon Basin based on a 50,000 year pollen record from the Amazon Fan, ODP Site 932.” Quaternary Research 5 1(1): 27-38. Hastings, Philip A., and Robertson, D. Ross. 1999. “Acanthemblemaria atrata and Acanthemblemaria mangognatha, new species of eastern Pacific barnacle blennies (Chaenopsidae) from Isla del coco, Costa Rica, and Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico, and their relationships with other barnacle blennies.” Revue francaise Aquariologie 25(3-4): 107-118. Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. 1998. “Exploraciones botdnicas de R.S. Williams en Coclé y Darién, 1908.” “Epocas” Segunda Era (La Prensa supplement) 13(9): 3. Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. 1998. “Exploraciones botdnicas de Robert Woodson en Panama, 1938.” “Epocas” Segunda Era (La Prensa supplement) 13(10): 4-5. Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. 1998. “El naturalista guatemalteco Enrique Arcé y las aves de Veraguas 1865-1895.” “Epocas” Segunda Era (La Prensa supplement) 13(1): 2-3. Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. 1998. “Los bosques de Chiriqui segun George C. Champion.” “Epocas” Segunda Era (La Prensa supplement) 13(3): 11. Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. 1998. Naturalistas del Istmo de Panama. San José, Costa Rica: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Fundaci6n Santillana para Iberoamérica. Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. 1999. “Exploraciones zooldgicas de Thomas Barbour en Darién, 1922.” “Epocas” Segunda Eva (La Prensa supplement) 14(1): 4-5. Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. 1999. “Charles M. Breder y los peces de agua dulce de Panamé, 1924.” “Epocas” Segunda Era (La Prensa supplement) 14(3): 4-5. Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. 1999. “El diario de la exploraci6n botdnica de J.L. Steyermark al lago Alhajuela 1934-1935.” “Epocas” Segunda Eva (La Prensa supplement) 14(5): 2-3. Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. 1999. “Diario de Julian Steyermark en Rfo Salamanca y Quebrada Ancha, 1934.” “Epocas” Segunda Evra (La Prensa supplement) 14(8): 10-11. Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. 1999. “El naturista Julian Steyermark en Rio Boquerén, 1934.” “Epocas” Segunda Eva (La Prensa supplement) 14(10): 2-3. Herre, E. Allen, Knowlton, Nancy, Mueller, U. G., and Rehner, Stuart A. 1999. “The evolution of mutualisms: Exploring the paths between conflict and cooperation.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14(2): 49-53. Hertz, H., Wirth, R., Hélldobler, B., and Beyschlag, W. 1998. “High Rate of Leaf-Cutter Ant Colony Movements in a Tropical Forest [Abstract]}.” Paper presented at the Kurzbeitraége zur Tropenédkologie: Abstracts of the Final DFG Symposium. Hickman, Carole S., and Barnes, Penelope A.G. 1999. “Fossil lucinid bivalves of Rottnest Island: anomalous Late Quaternary geographic distributions.” In D.I. and Wells Walker, EE. (ed.), The seagrass flora and fauna of Rottnest Island, Western Australia: 239-245. Perth: Western Australian Museum. Hsiao, Ting H., and Windsor, Donald M. 1999. “Historical and biological relationships among Hispinae inferred from 12S mtDNA sequence data.” In M.L. Cox (ed.), Advances in Chysomelidae Biology, Vol. 1: 39-50. Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers. Hubbell, Stephen P., Foster, Robin B., O’Brien, S.T., Harms, K.E., Condit, Richard, Wechsler, B., Wright, S. Joseph, and Loo de Lao, Suzanne. 1999. “Light-gap disturbances, recruitment limitation, and tree diversity in a neotropical forest.” Science 283: 554—-557- Ibafiez D., Roberto. 1999. “Report from Panama.” Frog/og 1999(33): I. Inoue, T., Roubik, David W., and Suka, T. 1999. “Nestmate recognition in the stingless bee Melipona panamica (Apidae, Meliponini).” Insectes Soctaux 46(3): 208-218. Jennions, Michael D., and Backwell, Patricia R.Y. 1998. “Variation in courtship rate in the fiddler crab Uca annulipes: is it related to male attractiveness?” Behavioral Ecology 9(6): 605-611. Jiang, Qinhua, and Piperno, Dolores R. 1999. “Environmental and archaeological implications of a late Quaternary palynological sequence, Poyang Lake, Southern China.” Quaternary Research 52: 250-258. Jiménez Ruiz, Belkis. 1999. Avifauna asociada a las dreas boscosas de la zona de amortiguamiento del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Catto Negro, Los Chiles, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Unpublished master’s thesis, Universidad Nacional, Heredia. Jorge, Lucia FE, Eichelbaum, Michel, Griese, Ernst-U., Inaba, Ted, and Arias, Tomas D. 1999. “Comparative evolutionary pharmacogenetics of CYP2D6 in Ngawbe and Embera Amerindians of Panama and Colombia: role of selection versus drift in world populations.” Pharmacogenetics 9: 217-228. Kalko, Elisabeth K.V., Friemel, Dorothea, and Schnitzler, Hans-Ulrich. 1999. “Roosting and Foraging Behavior of Two Neotropical Gleaning Bats, Tonatia silvicola and Trachops cirrhosus (Phyllostomidae).” Bzotropica June 1999. Kalko, Elisabeth K.V., and Nill, Dietmar (photographer). 1999. “Jager der nacht.” Terra 1: 54-65. Kealhofer, Lisa, and Piperno, Dolores R. 1998. “Opal Phytoliths in Southeast Asian Flora.” Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 88: 1-39. 274 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Knowlton, Nancy. 1998. “Hard Decisions and Hard Science: Research Needs for Coral Reef Management.” In M. Hatziolas, A.J. Hooten, and M. Fodor (eds.), Coral Reefs: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management: 183-187. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Knudsen, Jette T. 1999. “Floral scent chemistry in geonomoid palms (Palmae: Geonomeae) and its importance in maintaining reproductive isolation.” Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 83: 141-168. Koga, Tsunenori, Backwell, Patricia R. Y., Jennions, Michael D., and Christy, John H. 1998. “Elevated predation risk changes mating behaviour and courtship in a fiddler crab.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 265(1404): 1385-1390. Korine, Carmi, and Arad, Zeev. 1999. “Changes in milk composition of the Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus (Pteropodidae), during lactation.” Journal of Mammalogy 80(1): 53-59. Korine, C., Zinder, O., and Arad, Z. 1999. “Diurnal and seasonal changes in blood composition of the free-living Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus).” Journal of Comparative Physiology B Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology 169(4—5): 280-286. Koulianos, S., Schmid-Hempel, R., Roubik, David W., and Schmid-Hempel, P. 1999. “Phylogenetic relationships within the corbiculate Apinae (Hymenoptera) and the evolution of eusociality.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12: 380-384. Krause, G. Heinrich, Thiele, Alexandra, Koroleva, Olga Y., Carouge, Nicole, Barth, Carina, Schmude, Claudia, Garden, Hermann, Scholl, Silke, and Winter, Klaus. 1998. Responses of the Photosynthetic Apparatus to High- Light/Low-Temperatures Stress in Plants from Temperate Zones and to UV Light Stress in Tropical Plants. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Stress Synergism in Plants— Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Photosynthesis, 23-206 August, 1998, Tata, Hungary, Tata, Hungary. Lasker, Howard R., and Buddemeir, Robert W. 1999. “Coral reefs and environmental change. Adaptation, acclimation, or extinction. Coral adaptation and acclimatization: a most ingenious paradox. (Coral Reef Symposium organized by Lasker and Buddemeir).” American Zoologist 39(1). Lasker, Howard R., and Coffroth, Mary Alice. 1999. “Integration of local and regional perspectives on the species richness of coral assemblages.” American Zoologist 39(1). Lasker, Howard R., Kim, Kiho, and Coffroth, Mary Alice. 1999. “Reproductive and genetic variation among Caribbean Gorgonians: the differentiation of Plexaura kuna, new species.” Bulletin of Marine Science 58(1): 277-288. Leigh, Egbert Giles, Jr. 1999. “Levels of selection, potential conflicts, and their resolution: the role of the ‘common good’.” In Laurent Keller (ed.), Levels of selection in evolution: 15-30. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Leigh, Egbert Giles, Jr. 1999. Tropical forest ecology: a view from Barro Colorado Island. New York: Oxford University Press. Lerdau, Manuel T., and Throop, Heather. 1999. “Isoprene emission and photosynthesis in a tropical forest canopy: implications for model development.” Ecological Applications 9(4): L109-1117. Lessios, Harilaos A., and Lazaridou-Dimitriadou, Maria. 1998. “Mitochondrial DNA Evolution in the Greek Species of the Pulmonate Genus Helix [Abstract]}.” Paper presented at the Abstracts, World Congress of Malacology, Washington, D.C., Washington, D.C. Lessios, Harilaos A. 1998. “The first stage of speciation as seen in organisms separated by the Isthmus of Panama.” In Daniel J. Howard, and Stewart H. Berlocher (eds.), Endless Forms: 186-201. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Linares, Olga F. 1998. “Glossary.” In Martin H. Moynihan (ed.), The Social Regulation of Competition and Aggression in Animals: 117-121. Washington, D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. Lombardo, Elena G., and Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. 1999. Charlas 1996-98: 28. Guatemala: Parque Natural Metropolitano and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Loo de Lao, Suzanne. 1998. “El Nifio Brings Drought to BCI.” Inside CTFS 1998 (Summer): 2. Lopez, José V., Kersanach, Ralph, Rehner, Stephen A., and Knowlton, Nancy. 1999. “Molecular determination of species boundaries in corals: genetic analysis of the Nontastraea annularis complex using amplified fragment length polymorphisms and a microsatellite marker.” Biological Bulletin 196(1): 80-93. Losos, Elizabeth. 1998. “Painting the Network’s Future.” Inside CTFS 1998 (Summer): 1, 13. Losos, Elizabeth. 1998. “Too close for comfort?” Inside CTFS 1998 (Summer): 8. Losos, Elizabeth. 1998. “CTFS Overview.” Inside CTFS 1998 (Summer): 16. Lovelock, Catherine E., Virgo, Aurelio, Popp, M., and Winter, Klaus. 1999. “Effects of elevated CO, concentrations on photosynthesis, growth and reproduction of branches of the tropical canopy tree species, Luehea seemanni Tr. & Planch.” Plant, Cell and Environment 22: 49-59. Lovelock, Catherine E., Posada, Juan, and Winter, Klaus. 1999. “Effects of elevated CO, and defoliation on com- pensatory growth and photosynthesis of seedlings in a tropical tree, Copaifera aromatica.” Biotropica 3 1(2): 279-287. Lovette, Irby J., Bermingham, Eldredge, Seutin, Gilles, and Ricklefs, Robert E. 1998. “Evolutionary differentiation in three endemic west Indian Warblers.” Avk 115(4): 890-903. Lovette, Irby J., Bermingham, Eldredge, Rohwer, Sievert, and Wood, Chris. 1999. “Mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence variation among closely related avian species and the genetic characterization of hybrid Dendroica warblers.” Molecular Ecology 8(9): 1431-1441. Lovette, Irby J., Bermingham, Eldredge, and Ricklefs, Robert E. 1999. “Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and the conservation of endangered Lesser Antillean Icterus orioles.” Conservation Biology 13(5): 1088-1096. Publications of the Staff 275 Martin, Douglas M. 1998. “High Technology Coral Reef Monitoring Station in Cayos Cochinos.” In Hector Guzman (ed.), Marine-Terrestrial Flora and Fauna of Cayos Cochinos Archipelago, Honduras, Vol. 46: 199-200: Revista de Biologia Tropical. Matuse, I.T., Lim, Y.A., Hattori, M., Correa, Mireya, and Gupta, Mahabir P. 1999. “A search for anti-viral properties in Panamanian medicinal plants. The effects on HIV and its essential enzymes.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 64: 15-22. Medianero, Enrique. 1999. Riqueza de insectos formadores de agallas en dos zonas rcolégicas tropicales. Unpublished tesis de maestria, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Mendoza H., Yaxelis G. 1998. Identificacién y Caracterizacion de Hongos Endomicorrizicos en Vorgia tenella Hook. (Plantae, Gentianaceae). Unpublished tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Morén Ku, Alexandra. 1998. Aislamiento de Actinomycetes de Raices de Adiatum licidum en la Isla Barro Colorado, Panamd. Unpublished tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Moynihan, Martin H. 1998. The social regulation of competition and aggression in animals. Washington, D.C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. Nason, J. D., Herre, E. Allen, and Hamrick, James L. 1998. “The breeding structure of a tropical keystone plant resource.” Nature 391: 685. Nieder, Jurgen, and Zotz, Gerhard. 1998. “Methods of Analyzing the Structure and Dynamics of Vascular Epiphyte Communities.” Biotropica 4: 33-40. Ogden, John C., and Ogden, Nancy B. 1998. “Reconnaissance Survey of the Coral Reefs and Associated Ecosystem of Cayos Cochinos Archipelago, Honduras.” In Hector Guzman (ed.), Marine-Terrestrial Flora and Fauna of Cayos Cochinos Archipelago, Honduras, Vol. 46 (Suppl. 4): 67-74: Revista de Biologfa Tropical. Oliveira, Evandro G., Srygley, Robert B., and Dudley, Robert. 1998. “Do neotropical migrant butterflies navigate using a solar compass?” The Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 3317-3331. Pandolfi, John M. 1999. “Genetic structure of coral reef organisms: Ghosts of dispersal past.” American Zoologist 39(1). Peters, John M., Queller, David C., Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera L., Roubik, David W., and Strassmann, Joan E. 1999. “Mate number, kin selection and social conflicts in stingless bees and honeybees.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266: 379-384. Piperno, Dolores R., and Pearsal, Deborah M. 1998. Origins of agriculture in the lowland neotropics. San Diego: Academic Press. Piperno, Dolores R., and Holst, Irene. 1998. “The presence of starch grains on prehistoric stone tools from the humid neotropics: Indications of early tuber use and agriculture in Panama.” Journal of Archaeological Science 25(8): 765-776. Piperno, Dolores R., and Pearsall, Deborah M. 1998. “The silica bodies of tropical American grasses: Morphology, taxonomy, and implications for grass systematics and fossil phytolith identification.” Smithsonian Contributions to Botany(85): 1-40. Piperno, Dolores R., and Blake, Michael. 1999. “The origins and development of food production in Pacific Panama.” In Michael Blake (ed.), Pacific Latin America in prehistory: the evolution of archaic and formative cultures: 123-133. Pullman, Wash.: WSU Press. Pogue, Michael G., and Aiello, Annette. 1999. “Description of the immature stages of three species of Eulepidotis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with notes on their natural history.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101(2): 300-311. Poulin, Brigitte, Wright, S. Joseph, and Calderon, Osvaldo. 1999. “Interspecific synchrony and asynchrony in the fruiting phenologies bird-dispersed plants in Panama.” Journal of Tropical Ecology 15: 213-227. Pringle, Heather. 1998. “The slow birth of agriculture.” Science 282: 1446-1450. Reyes, Ledis L. 1999. Perfiles de aflatoxinas y presencia de Aspergillus flavus toxigénico en productos alimenticios. Unpublished tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Reynolds, Don R. 1999. “Turning over new leaves.” Terra 36(4—5): 13-14. Rios Carrera, Nivia Judith. 1999. Determinacion de Actividad Antimicrobiana en Hongos Endofitos aislados de Voyria tenella, Hook (Gentianaceae). Unpublished tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Robertson, D. Ross. 1998. “Ignoring Population Structure in Community Studies.” In G.P. Jones, and B.D. Doherty (eds.), Reef Fish ‘95: Recruitment and Population Dynamics of Coral Reef Fishes: 161-163. Townsville, Australia: Mapstone and L. Howett: CRC Reef Research Center. Robertson, D. Ross. 1998. “Shorefishes endemic to small tropical islands: long-term persistence in high-risk situations, Fisheries Society of the British Isles Symposium on Tropical Fish Biology, Southampton July 13-16, Abstracts: 46-47. Southampton. Robertson, D. Ross. 1998. “Implications of body size for Interspecific interactions and assemblage organization among coral-reef fishes.” Australian Journal of Ecology 23: 252-257. Rodriguez S, Rafael Lucas. 1998. “Mating Behavior of Two Psendoxychila Beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae).” The Canadian Entomologist 130(6): 735-750. Sakai, Shoko, Momose, Kuniyasu, Yumoto, Takakazu, Nagamitsu, Teruyoshi, Nagamasu, Hidetoshi, Hamid, Abang A., and Nakashizuka, Tohru. 1999. “Plant reproductive phenology over four years including an episode of general flowering in a lowland dipterocarp forest, Sarawak, Malaysia.” American Journal of Botany 86(10): 1414-1436. Salazar Allen, Noris and Morales, Marfa Isabel. 1998. “Briolatina.” 44 (Suppl. 4). Salazar Allen, Noris. 1998. “Editorial.” Briolatina 44: 1. Salazar-Allen, Noris and Morales, Marfa Isabel. 1998. “Briolatina Boletin Informativo.” 43. 276 Sanchez H., Luis Alberto, and Cooke, Richard G. 1999. “Quién presta y quién imita?: orfebreria e iconografia en “Gran Coclé”, Panama.” Boletin Museo del Oro 42(Enero- Junio): 87-111. Santos-Granero, Fernando, and Barclay, Frederika. 1998. Selva Central: history, economy and land use in Peruvian Amazonia. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Scharer, L., and Robertson, D. Ross. 1999. “Sperm and milt characteristics and male v. female gametic investment in the Caribbean reef fish, Thalassoma bifasciatum.” Journal of Fish Biology 55: 329-343. Schimming, Thomas, Tofern, Britta, Mann, Petra, Richter, Anuschka, Jenett, Siems Kristina, Draeger, Birgit, Asano, Naoki, Gupta, Mahabir P., Correa, Mireya D., and Eich, Eckart. 1998. “Distribution and taxonomic significance of calystegines in the Convolvulaceae.” Phytochemistry 49(7): 1989-1995. Skillman, John B., Garcia, Milton, and Winter, Klaus. 1999. “Whole-plant consequences of crassulacean acid metabolism for a tropical forest understory plant.” Ecology 80(5): 1584-1593. Snedden, W. Andy, and Greenfield, Michael D. 1998. “Females Prefer Leading Males: Relative Call Timing and Sexual Selection in Katydid Choruses.” Animal Behaviour 56: 1091-1098. Sousa, Wayne P., and Mitchell, Betsy J. 1999. “The effect of seed predators on plant distributions: Is there a general pattern in mangroves?” Oikos 86(1): 55-66. Stotler, Raymond, Salazar-Allen, Noris, Gradstein, S. Rob, McGuiness, William, Whittemore, Alan, and Chung, Clementina. 1998. “A Checklist of the Hepatics and Anthocerotes of Panama.” Tropical Bryology 15: 167-195. Stutchbury, B.J.M., Morton, E.S., and Wiper, W.H. 1998. “Extra-Pair Mating System of a Synchronously Breeding Tropical Songbird.” Journal of Avian Biology 29(1): 72-78. Summers, Kyle, Weigt, Lee A., Boag, Peter, and Bermingham, Eldredge. 1999. “The evolution of female parental care in poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates: Evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences.” Herpetologica 55(2): 254-270. Suzuki, Kunio, and Windsor, Donald M. 1999. “The internal reproductive system of Panamanian aulacoscelis sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Aulacoscelinae) and comments on the systematic position of the subfamily.” Entomological Science 2(3): 391-398. Swearer, Stepehn E., and Robertson, D. Ross. 1999. “Life history, pathology, and description of Kudoa ovivora n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea): An ovarian parasite of Caribbean labroid fishes.” Journal of Parasitology 85(2): 337-353. Tejera, V.H., Roberto, Ibafiez D., and Arosemena G, G. (eds.). 1998. E/ inventario biolégico del Canal de Panama. II. Estudio ornitolégico, herpetolégico y mastozoolégico. (Vol. Numero Especial 2). Panama: Scientia. Tewfik, Alexander, Guzman, Hector M., and Jacome, Gabriel. 1998. “Assessment of the Queen conch Strombus gigas (Gastropoda: Strombidae) population in Cayos Cochinos, Honduras.” Revista de Biologia Tropical 46 (Suppl. 4): 137-150. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Tewfik, Alexander, Guzman, Hector M., and Jacome, Gabriel. 1998. “Distribution and abundance of the spiny lobster populations (Panulirus argus and P. guttatus) in Cayos Cochinos, Honduras.” Revista de Biologia Tropical 46 (Suppl. 4): 125-136. Thiele, A., Krause, G.H., and Winter, Klaus. 1998. “In situ Study of Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis and Xanthophyll Cycle Activity in Plants Growing in Natural Gasps of the Tropical Forest.” Amstralian Journal of Plant Physiology 25: 189-195. Tilman, David. 1999. “Diversity by default.” Science 283: 495-496. Torres, Julio. 1998. Efecto del crudo venezolano (BCF-24) sobre el crecimiento de la diatomea Chaetoceros gracilis. Unpublished tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Torti, Sylvia D., and Coley, Phillis D. t999. “Tropical Monodominance: A preliminary test of the Ectomycorrhizal Hypothesis.” Bzotropica June. Tringali, Michael D., Bert, Theresa M., Seyoum, Seifu, Bermingham, Eldredge, and Bartolacci, Danielle. 1999. “Molecular phylogenetics and ecological diversification of the transisthmian fish genus Centropomus (Perciformes: Centropomidae).” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13(1): 193-207. Urefia, Onanchi. 1999. Aspectos de Flujo de Agua a Través del Xilema en Tres Especies de Arboles del Dosel Durante la Estacion Seca, en la Isla de Barro Colorado. Unpublished tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Valderrama Cumbrera, Anayansi. 1999. Diversidad de Insectos Minadores en un Bosque Tropical. Unpublished tesis de maestria, Universidad de Panama, Panama. Valencia, Renato. 1998. “Preliminary Comparisons Between the Yasuni and BCI Plots.” Inside CTFS 1998 (Summer): BTA. Ventocilla, Jorge. 1998. “Esas pequefias plantitas.” La Prensa: 1C. Wcislo, William T., and Danforth, Bryan N. 1998. “Reply from W.T. Wcislo and B.N. Danforth.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13(5): 199. Wecislo, William T. 1999. “Transvestism hypothesis: A cross-sex source of morphological variation for the evolution of parasitism among sweat bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)?” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92(2): 239-242. West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. 1998. “Evolution in the light of developmental and cell biology, and vice versa.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95: 8417-8419. Wiley, John P., Jr. r999. “New light on diversity.” Smithsonian 30(2): 20-23. Wills, Christopher. 1998. “Birth and Death in Two Tropical Rainforest.” Inside CTFS 1998 (Summer): 9, I1. Windsor, Donald, Ness, Joshua, Gomez, Luis Diego, and Jolivet, Pierre H. 1999. “Species of Aulacoscelis Duponchel and Chevrolat (Chrysomelidae) and Nomotus Gorham (Languriidae) feed on fronds of Central American cycads.” Coleopterists Bulletin 53(3): 217-231. Wright, S. Joseph, Carrasco, Claudio, Calderon, Osvaldo, and Paton, Steven. 1999. “The El Nino southern | Publications of the Staff DIL. oscillation, variable fruit production, and famine ina tropical forest.” Ecology 80(5): 1632-1647. Wiirth, Mirham K.R., Winter, Klaus, and Koérner, Christian. 1998. “In situ responses to elevated CO, in tropical forest understorey plants.” Functional Ecology 12: 886-895. Zeh, Jeanne A., Zeh, Adrian D., and Zeh, David W. 1999. “Dump material as an effective small-scale deterrent to herbivory by Atta cephalotes.” Biotropica June 1999. Zotz, Gerard, Tyree, Melvin T., Patifio, S., and Carlton, M.R. 1998. “Hydraulic architecture and water use of selected species from a Lower Montane rainforest in Panama.” Trees 12: 302-309. Zotz, Gerhard, and Andrade, Jose Luis. 1998. “Water relations of two co-occurring epiphytic bromeliads.” Journal of Plant Physiology 152(4-5): 545-554. Zotz, Gerhard, and Ziegler, H. 1999. “Size-related differences in carbon isotope discrimination in the epiphytic orchid, Dimerandra emarginata.” Naturwissenschaften 86: 34-40. Zotz, Gerhard. 1999. “Vegetative propagation in an epiphytic orchid occurrence and ecological relevance.” Ecotropica 5: 65-68. National Science Resources Center National Science Resources Center. Discovery Deck: Animal Studies. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1999. . Discovery Deck: Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1999. . Discovery Deck: Motion and Design. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1999. ; . Discovery Deck: The Technology of Paper. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1999. Program for Asian Pacific American Studies Odo, Franklin. “The Nisei in Hawai'i,” translated into Japanese as “Hawai no nisei” {translator, Miyaji Hitomi} in Hawai Nikkei shakai no bunka to sono henyo {Culture and Change in Hawaii’s Japanese American Society: Maui in the 1920s, eds. Okita Yukuji. Kyoto: Nakanishiya, 1998. . “Hawaii's Japanese Americans and Public Representation,” Social Process in Hawai'i, 1999. Smithsonian Institution Archives Christen, Catherine A., et al. “Latin American Environ- mentalism: Comparative Views.” Studies in Comparative International Development 33, 2 (Summer 1998):58-87. . A review of Maslow’s “Footsteps in the Jungle: Adventures in the Scientific Exploration of the American Tropics.” Journal of the History of Biology 32, 1 (Spring 1999). Cox, William E. “Herbert Friedmann” and Charles Wallace Richmond.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Glaser, Jane R. Editor, IT (Newsletter of the International Committee for the Training of Personnel (ICTOP) of the International Council of Museums) 16, no. 1 (February 1999). . A review of Sija Tanner-Kaplash’s Basic Museum Studies. UNESCO Journal, Museum International 4 (October-December 1999). Henson, Pamela M. “Objects of Curious Research’: the History of Science and Technology at the Smithsonian.” Isis 90 (1999): 8249-8269. . “Anna Botsford Comstock,” “John Henry Comstock,” “Harrison Gray Dyar,” “Mary Jane Rathbun,” and “Robert Edwards Carter Stearns.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Millikan, Frank R. “Charles H. Nichols,” and “William Alanson White.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. National Collections Program. Smithsonian Institution Collection Statistics, 1998. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Archives, 1999. Nelson, Clifford M. “Toward a Reliable Geologic Map of the United States, 1803-1893.” In Edward C. Carter, II, ed., Surveying the record: North American Scientific Exploration to 1930. American Philosophical Memoir 231 (1999): 51-74. . “Walter Curran Mendenhall,” “John Strong Newberry,” “David Dale Owen,” “George Otis Smith,” and “William Embry Wrather.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Nelson, Clifford M. and Carol A. Edwards. “Arnold Hague.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Rothenberg, Marc. “‘In Behalf of the Science of the Country’: The Smithsonian and the U.S. Navy in the North Pacific in the 1850s.” Pacific Science 52 (October 1998): 301-307. . “Observers, Publications and Surveys: Astronomy in the United States in 1849.” Astronomical Journal 117 (1999): 6-8. . “U.S. Science Policy and Science Advice, 1840-1878.” AAAS Science and Technology Policy Yearbook, 1999, pp. 285-291. . “Stephen Alexander,” “Nathaniel Bowditch,” “John Alfred Brashear,” “Benjamin Apthorp Gould,” “Theophilis Grew,” “Joseph Henry,” “C. H. F. Peters,” “William Augustus Rogers,” “Alexander Catlin Twining,” “Sears Cook Walker,” and “Joseph Winlock.” American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. . [Review of] Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication, Andrew Butrica, editor. In The Public Historian 21 (Winter 1999): 138-140. . [Review of} The Victorian Amateur Astronomer: Independent Astronomical Research in Britain, 1820-1929, by Alan Chapman. In Endeavor 23, 3 (September 1999): 136-137. . [Review of] Scientific Communities in the Developing World, Jacques Gaillard, V. V. Krishna, and Roland Waast, 278 editors. In Technology and Culture 40 (January 1999): 171-172. Rothenberg, Marc and Thomas R. Williams. “Amateurs and the Society during the Formative Years.” The American Astronomical Society's First Century, David H. DeVorkin, editor. American Astronomical Society, 1999, pp. 40-52. Smithsonian Institution Archives. SIA Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1998. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Archives. February 1999. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Brashear, Ron. “John August Anderson” (1: 459-460), “Harold Delos Babcock” (1: 808-809), “Alfred Harrison Joy” (12: 288-289), “Paul Willard Merrill” (15: 361-362), “Ernest Fox Nichols” (16: 386-388), “Frederick Hanley Seares” (19: 555-556). In American National Biography, eds. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). . Introduction to Theatrum instrumentorum et machinarum, by Jacques Dauphinois Besson (1578), digital ed. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1999). http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/ Besson/besson.htm . Introduction to AstronomiF instauratF mechanica, by Tycho Brahe (1602), digital ed. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1999). http://www.sil. si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Brahe/brahe.htm . Introduction to Systema Saturnium, by Christiaan Huygens (1659), digital ed. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1999). http://www.sil. si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Huygens/huygens.htm Carr, Timothy, and Debra Shumate, compilers, “Postal Service in Colonial America: A Bibliography of Material in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, National Postal Museum Branch.” Educational Resources Information Clearinghouse (ERIC), Department of Education, document ED428772, 1999. Republished from PAz/atelic Literature Review 47, no. I (1998): 44-57. . “History of the Smithsonian’s Philatelic Library,” (paper presented at the American Topical. Association annual meeting, July 1998). Summary in Topical Time 49, no. 6 (November-December, 1998): 37, 41. . “The Post Office Department Transfer of 1911.” Enroute 8, no. 1 January-March 1999): 6. Cline, Elaine. “The Smithsonian Institution Libraries at the Dulles Center,” The Federalist, Newsletter of the Society for History in the Federal Government (Summer 1999). Dittemore, Margaret R., compiler. Anthropology on the Internet for K-12 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1999). http://www.sil.si.edu/SILPublications/ Anthropology-K12 . Anthropological Resources: A Guide to Archival, Library and Museum Collections. Compiled by Library- Anthropology Resource Group (LARG). Lee S. Dutton, ed., pp. 147-152. New York: Garland Publishing, 1999. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 , with Jane MacLaren Walsh and Pamela M. Henson. Expeditions: 150 Years of Smithsonian Research In Latin America. Washington D.C.: Latin American Research Program, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, 1999. http://www.nmnh.si.edu/anthro/laexped Hutchinson, Alvin. Review. Life out of Bounds: Bioinvasion in a Borderless World by Chris Bright, Zoogoer 28.3 (May-June 1999): 28. Kalfatovic, Martin R., Elaine Cline, Amy DeGroff, and Lowell Ashley. “The Smithsonian Institution Libraries Digital Information Center: Digital Outreach, E-Journals, and Traditional Reference Services,” pp. 12-16, in Computers in Libraries 1999 Proceedings, compiled by Carol Nixon and Heide Dengler. Information Today, Inc.: Medford, N.J., 1999. Kalfatovic, Martin R. “John White Alexander” (1: 274-75); “William Baziotes” (2: 380-81); “George Biddle” (2: 730-31); “Adelyn Dohme Breeskin” (3: 473-74); “Elisabeth Coit” (5: 182-83); “Stuart Davis” (6: 230-32); “Richard Diebenkorn” (6: 586-87); “Burgoyne Diller” (6: 605-06); Lyonel Charles Adrian Feininger” (7: 792-94); “Robert Feke” (7: 797-98); “Isabella Stewart Gardner” (8: 706-08); “Arshile Gorky” (9: 307-09); “Keith Haring” (10: 79-80); “Sidney Janis” (11: 857-58); “Hugh Bolton Jones” (12: 201-02); “Morris Louis” (13: 944-46); “Man Ray” (14: 446-48); “Robert Mapplethorpe” (14: 467—69); “Alfred Henry Maurer” (14: 738-39); “Edward Moran” (15: 798-99); “Barnett Newman” (16: 346-48); “John Frederick Peto” (17: 401-02); “John Russell Pope” (17: 676-77); “Ad Reinhardt” (18: 323-24); “Mark Rothko” (18: 940-43); “Augusta Savage” (19: 314-15); “John Smibert” (20: 118-20); “Clyfford Still” (20: 773-75); “Elihu Vedder” (22: 312-13). In American National Biography, eds. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). . “Edge of the Web: A Brief Guide to Digital Collections.” LITA Newsletter 20.4 (Fall 1999). http://www. lita.org/newslett/v20n4/ . “Edge of the Web: ‘He’s Dead Jim’: Submerging Technologies.” LITA Newsletter 20.3 (Summer 1999). http://www.lita.org/newslett/v20n3/ . “Edge of the Web: If a Browser META TAG Comin’ Cross the ‘Net: Using META TAGS in HTML.” LITA Newsletter 20.2 (Spring 1999). http://www.lita.org/ newslett/v20n2/ . “Edge of the Web: You Can Do that with HTML: Using Dynamic HTML.” LITA Newsletter 20.1 (Winter 1998). http://www.lita.org/newslett/v2on1/ . “Edge of the Web: What the ?XML!: Making the Web Safe for SGML.” LITA Newsletter 19.4 (Fall 1998). http://www.lita.org/newslett/v19n4/ . Review of The Fake: Forgery and Its Place in Art by Sandor Radnoti (1999), Library Journal 124.14 (September 1, 1999): 190. . Review of FACTS.com. compiled by Facts on File (1999), Reference & User Services Quarterly 39.1 (Fall 1999): 84-85. Publications of the Staff 279 . Review of What is Painting?: Representation in Modern Art by Julian Bell (1999), Library Journal 124.11 June 15, 1999): 73. . Review of Twilight of the Intellectuals by Hilton Kramer, ed. (1999), Library Journal. 124.10 (June 1, 1999): 137- . Review of Scribner's American History and Culture on CDROM, Release 4.0 (1998), Reference & User Services Quarterly 38.3 (Spring 1999): 295-96. . Review of Off Limits: Rutgers University and the Avant-Garde, 1957-1963 by Joan Marter, ed. (1999), Library Journal 124.7 (April 15, 1999): 84. . Review of George Catlin: The Printed Works on CD-ROM by the University of Cincinnati Digital Press (1998), Reference & User Services Quarterly 38.2 (1999):189-90. . Review of Common Man, Mythic Vision: The Paintings of Ben Shahn by Susan Chevlowe, et al. (1998), Library Journal 124.6 (April 1, 1999): 90. . Review of The Power of Display: A History of Exhibition Installations at the Museum of Modern Art by Mary Anne Staniszewski (1998), Library Journal 124.4 (March 1, 1999): 82, 84. . Review of Building the Great Cathedrals by Francois Icher and translated by Anthony Zielonka. (1998), Library Journal 124.2 (February 1, 1999): 84-85. . Review of The Java Programming Language by Ken Arnold and James Gosling, second edition (1998), Telecommunications Electronic Review (TER) 6.1 (February 1999). http://www. lita.org/ter/ter-6—1.html#arnold . Review of Wondrous Strange: The Wyeth Tradition by Delaware Art Museum (1998), Library Journal 123.20 (December 1998): 100. . Review of Raggett on HTML 4 by Dave Raggett, Jenny Lam, Ian Alexander, and Michael Kmiec (1998), Telecommunications Electronic Review (TER) 5.9 (October 15, 1998). http://www.lita.org/ter/ter-5—9.html . Review of N.C. Wyeth by David Michaelis (1998), Library Journal 123.17 (October 15, 1998): 64. . Review of Ben Shahn: An Artist’s Life by Howard Greenfeld (1998), Library Journal 123.16 (October 1, 1998): 82. Kraft, Ned. O. “Adventures in Librarianship,” monthly column in Against the Grain, v. 10, no. 5—v. IT, no. 3. (Charleston, $.C.: LLC, 1999). Overstreet, Leslie. Introduction. Joachim Johann Nepomuk Spalowsky. Prodyomus in Systema Historicum Testaceorum. (1795 {1801 issue}). Digital edition. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1999. http://www.sil. si.edu/DigitalCollections/NHRareBooks/Spalowsky/spalo wsky.htm . Introduction. José Dionisio Larredtegui. Description Botanique du Chiranthodendron (1805). Digital edition. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1999. http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/ NHRareBooks/Larreategui/larreategui.htm Riley, Sheila M. Review of Model Behavior by Jay McInerney, Library Journal 123, no. 15 (September 15, 1998): 112. . Review of Rescue by Elizabeth Richards, Library Journal 124, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 122. . Review of Indiscretions by Carol Doumani, Library Journal 124, no. 4 (March 1, 1999): 108. . Review of The Queen's Bastard by Robin Maxwell, Library Journal 124, no. 6 (April 1, 1999): 129. . Review of The Cigarette Girl by Carol Wolper, Library Journal 124, no. 13 (August 1999): 143. Rossignol, Lucien R., with William Terry, Ellen Greenblatt and Cynthia Hashert, “Build It So They Will Come: Blueprints for Successful Webpage Development.” Heads in the Clouds, Feet on the ground, Proceedings of the North American Serials Interest Group, eds. J. S. Bullington, B. L. Caraway, and B. Geer, pp. 523-528. New York, London and Oxford: Haworth Press, 1999. Wheat, Valerie J. “The Museum Library: An Invaluable Resource for the Museum.” Caderno de Memoria Cultural. V. 6, No. 4 (October 1998/March 1999): 120-127. . “A Bibliography of Disaster Recovery Resources.” History News: The Magazine of the American Association for State and Local History. V.54, No. 3 (Summer 1999): 31-32. Office of General Counsel Browne, Rachelle V., Cownseling the Non-Profit Entrepreneur in Commercial Law Section Newsletter, National Bar Association, August 1999. Browne, Rachelle V., Music: Licenses, Permission Forms, and Releases in the Digital Age in Hoffman, Barbara, ed., Exploiting Images and Image Collections in the New Media (London: Kluwer Law International, 1999). Office of Public Affairs Blue Bulletin. A biweekly two-to-four-page newsletter with administrative information for staff. Circulation is to every Smithsonian staff member. Editor: Colleen Hershberger. The Torch. A monthly newspaper for Smithsonian employees, which highlights staff roles in research, exhibitions, collections and other activities; exhibitions “Now Showing”; classified ads; staff “Spare Time” activities; and more. Circulation is 10,500, which includes staff, volunteers, Smithsonian boards and commissions, and a list of interested individuals and organizations outside the Smithsonian. Editor: John Barrat. Smithsonian Institution Research Reports. A quarterly newsletter that disseminates information on Smithsonian research to an audience of more than 60,000 readers, mostly Smithsonian Contributing Members but also scientists, scholars, libraries, museums, universities, journalists and others. Editor: Jo Ann Webb. The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 The Secretary Office of the Secretary The Secretary Lawrence M. Small Executive Assistant to the Secretary James M. Hobbins Deputy Executive Assistant to the Secretary Kathy A. Boi Special Assistant to the Secretary Yong Lee Assistant to the Secretary Leslie A. Davis Administrative Assistant Carol F. Anderson Administrative Assistant Leigh C. Trail Secretariat Records Management Supervisor Betty J. Russell Office of Planning, Management and Budget Director L. Carole Wharton Deputy Director C. Austin Matthews Assistant Director for Compliance and Representation Mary J. Rodriguez Assistant Director for Program Planning and Management Support Kathleen R. Johnson Assistant Director for Policy Development Margaret C. Gaynor Associate Director for Systems and Administrative Support Jack D. Zickafoose The Provost Office of the Provost The Provost J. Dennis O’Connnor Executive Officer for Administration Mary Tanner Executive Assistant for Programs Barbara Schneider Senior Advisor for Advance Information Technology Peter House Scientific Diving Program Scientific Diving Officer Michael Lang Institute for Conservation Biology Acting Director for the Institute for Conservation Biology Christian Wemmer Counselor for Biodiversity Thomas Lovejoy Archives of American Art Director Richard J. Wattenmaker West Coast Regional Director Paul J. Karlstrom Curator of Manuscripts Elizabeth S. Kirwin Editor, Journal Darcy Tell Assistant to the Director and Liaison to the Board of Trustees Skip Moellman Assistant Director for Archival Programs James B. Byers Chief, Collections Processing Barbara Dawson Aikens Registrar Susan Cary Chief, Reference Services Judith E. Throm Catalog and Internet Resources Manager Karen B. Weiss Assistant Director for Operations Dianne G. Niedner Administrative Officer Brinah White Assistant Director, Membership and Development Nora Trebbe Maroulis Membership Coordinator Athena Kaldis Curator Emeritus Garnett McCoy The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 281 Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Director Milo C. Beach Deputy Director Thomas W. Lentz Executive Assistant Toni Lake Secretary to the Director Elaine Gill Assistant to the Deputy Director Marjan Adib Head, Office of Development Beverly C. With Head, Office of Public Affairs Susan Bliss Finance Office Vacant Head, Gallery Shops Martin Bernstein Research and Collections Division Associate Director!/Chief Curator Vidya Dehejia Senior Research Scholar Thomas Lawton Curators Louise Allison Cort, Ceramics Vidya Dehejia, South and Southeast Asian Art Jenny F. So, Ancient Chinese Art James T. Ulak, Japanese Art Associate Curators Joseph Chang, Chinese Art Massumeh Farhad, Islamic Art Ann C. Gunter, Ancient Near Eastern Art Ann Yonemura, Japanese Art Jan Stuart, Chinese Art Assistant Curator Kenneth Myers, American Art Research Specialist Stephen D. Allee, Chinese Head, Conservation and Scientific Research Paul Jett Head, Library and Archives Lily Kecskes Head, Publications Karen Sagstetter Head, Collections Management Bruce Young Head, Photographic and Imaging Services John Tsantes Public Programs Division Associate Director, Exhibitions and Facilities Patrick Sears Head, Design and Production Richard Franklin Head, Education Stevie Engelke (interim) Head, Digital Information Services Michael Edson Facilities Robert Evans Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Director Richard Kurin Deputy Director Richard Kennedy Director and Curator, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings Anthony Seeger Director, Smithsonian Folklife Festival Diana Parker Director, Cultural Studies and Communication James Early Senior Ethnomusicologist Thomas Vennum, Jr. Assistant Director, Smithsonian Folkways D.A. Sonneborn Administrative Officer Barbara Strickland Chair, Research and Education Olivia Cadaval Folklorist Peter Seitel Cultural Specialist Diana Baird N’Diaye Education Specialists Betty Belanus Marjorie Hunt Festival Technical Divector/Folkways Sound Production Supervisor Pete Reiniger Program/Publications Manager Carla Borden Program Manager John Franklin Design Director Kenn Shrader Design Project Coordinator Kristen Fernekes Coordinator, Latino Cultural Resource Network Cynthia Vidaurri Program Specialist/Intern Coordinator Arlene Reiniger Archivist C. Jeffrey Place Assistant Archivist Stephanie Smith Media Specialist Charles Weber Development Officer Josh Silver Graphic Design Assistant Caroline Brownell Administrative Assistants Linda Benner Heather Berthold Bill Holmes Bernard Howard Folkways Manufacturing Coordinator Michael Maloney Folkways Production Coordinator Mary Monseur Folkways Marketing Manager Brenda Dunlap Folkways Marketing Assistant John Smith Folkways Audio Recording Specialist Ronnie Simpkins Folkways Merchandise Specialist Sharleen Kavetski Folkways Customer Service Representatives Lee Michael Demsey Matt Levine Nakieda Moore Senior Fellow Nancy Groce Research Associates Roland Freeman Daniel Goodwin Amy Horowitz Ivan Karp Alan Lomax Worth Long Rene Lopez Kate Rinzler Alf Walle Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Director Dianne H. Pilgrim Deputy Director Linda Dunne 282 Assistant Director for Public Programs Susan Yelavich Adjunct Curator Donald Albrecht Paper Conservator Konstanze Bachmann Textiles Conservator Lucy Commoner Assistant Curator Gail Davidson Head of Education Dorothy Dunn Adjunct Curator Lucy Fellowes Public Information Officer Barbara Livenstein Adjunct Curator Ellen Lupton Curator, Textiles Gillian Moss Editor Patricia O'Connell Head of Design Jen Roos Registrar Cordelia Rose Head of Exhibtions Lindsay Shapiro Curator, Drawings and Prints Marilyn Symmes Librarian Steven VanDyk Assistant Curator, Wallcoverings Joanne Warner Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Board of Trustees Chairman Robert Lehrman Camille Oliver-Hoffmann Melva Bucksbaum J. Tomilson Hill Marvin Mordes Ponchitta Pierce Mitchell Rales Robert Rosenblum Ex officio I. Michael Heyman The Honorable William H. Rehnquist Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Committee on Collections Marvin Gerstin Barbara Levine Anthony Podesta Director James T. Demetrion Administration Assistant Director for Administration Beverly Lang Pierce Library Librarian Anna Brooke Office of Photographic Services Chief Photographer Lee Stalsworth Office of the Registrar Chief Registrar Brian Kavanagh Facilities Management Building Manager Fletcher Johnston Art and Public Programs Assistant Director for Art and Public Programs Neal Benezra Curator of Sculpture Valerie J. Fletcher Curator of Prints Frank Gettings Curator of Paintings Judith Zilczer Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig Associate Curator Olga M. Viso Office of Publications Publications Manager Jane McAllister Office of Public Affairs Public Affairs Officer Sidney Lawrence Education Department Education Program Director Linda Powell Conservation Lab Chief Conservator Laurence Hoffman Office of Exhibits and Design Chief, Exhibits and Design Edward Schiesser National Air and Space Museum Director Donald D. Engen Secretary Kimberly Chapman Deputy Director Donald S. Lopez Secretary Patricia Bellacicco Dulles Center Project Coordinator Lin Ezell Office of Development Manager John M. Fay National Air and Space Society Director Joseph T.N. Suarez Mayor Gifts Officers Edmund A. Carlson Michael R. Dempsey Corporate and Foundation Relations Officer Anne S. Seeger Associate Major Gifts Officer Scotty O’Connell Development Specialists Kelly M. Brown Carla Goring-Madden Gayle S. Union Program Manager Timothy J. Cronen Events Manager Marilyn Elliott Kozak Office Manager Kathy Schulin The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 Office of Public Affairs Manager Vacant Writer-Editors Walton Ferrell Helen M. Morrill Public Affairs Specialists Amy Dyson Kimberly Riddle Public Information Specialist Kathleen Brooks Office of Specials Events Manager Linda Hicks Special Events Coordinators Darlene Rose Barge Margaret Caulk Karen S. Collins Beate Rettberg-Beck Collections and Research Department Associate Director Ted A. Maxwell Publications Officer Patricia J. Graboske Museum Program Coordinator Jane Pisano Photographer Carolyn J. Russo Fellowship Program Coordinator Anita M. Mason Program Coordinator Laurenda Patterson Aeronautics Division Chairman Dominick A. Pisano Curators John Anderson Dorothy Cochrane Tom Crouch R.E.G. Davies Von D. Hardesty Peter Jakab Russell E. Lee Richard Leyes F. Robert van der Linden Museum Specialists Thomas Dietz Joanne London Alex M. Spencer Project Coordinator Collette E. Williams Space History Division Chairman Allan A. Needell Curators Paul E. Ceruzzi Martin J. Collins David H. DeVorkin Gregg Herken Cathleen S. Lewis Valerie S. Neal Michael J. Neufeld Frank H. Winter Museum Specialists David E. James Amanda J. Young Museum Program Specialists Joann M. Bailey Frederick Baetz II Antoinette E. Thomas Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Division Chairman Bruce A. Campbell Geologists Mary Bourke Robert A. Craddock Thomas Watters James R. Zimbelman Geophysicist Bruce A. Campbell Geographer Andrew Johnston Cartographer Anthony Cook Photolibrarian Rose Steinat Program Manager Priscilla Strain Program Coordinator Mark Bulmer Physical Sciences Technician Jennifer Tansey Administrative Assistant Donna Slattery Webmaster Victoria Portway Web Specialist Jonathan Hallenberg Collections Division Chief Thomas M. Alison Museum Specialists Al Bachmeier Howarch Kirchner Management Support Assistant Valerie Vencelov Office Assistant Betty Roberts Preservation/Restoration Unit Supervisor William C. Reese Museum Specialists Michael Cross Karl Heinzel Derek Hodge Richard Horigan Wilbert Lee Ed Mautner Robert Mawhinney Anne McCombs Robert McLean Matthew Nazarro Robert Padgett Bernard Poppert Bayne Rector William Stevenson Robert Weihrauch David Wilson Scott Wood George Vencelov Museum Technician Ken Isbell Collections Processing Unit Supervisor John E. Fulton Museum Specialists Charles Burton Sam Dargan John Eckstine Ed Marshall Lars McLamore Jeff Mercer Lillie Wiggins Tom Yarker Norman Taylor Conservation Unit Conservator Edward McManus Museum Specialist Carolyn Triebel 283 284 Collections Information Unit Supervisor Patricia J. Jellison Registration Specialists Greg Bryant Ellen Folkama Natalie Rjedkin Lee Robin Schoffel Archives Division Chairman Thomas F. Soapes Supervisory Archivist Marilyn Graskowiak Supervisory Technical Information Specialist Dana Bell Archivists Daniel P. Hagedorn Katherine M. Igoe Kristine L. Kaske Mark R. Taylor Patricia L. Williams Archives Specialist Melissa A.N. Keiser Museum Specialists Allan S. Janus Brian D. Nicklas Paul E. Silbermann Computer Specialist Barbara E. Weitbrecht Technical Information Specialist Lawrence E. Wilson Archives Technician Henry A. Brown Exhibits and Public Services Department Associate Director Nadya Makovenyi Program Specialists Alice Adams Laurenda Patterson Exhibits Division Manager Sandy Rittenhouse-Black Exhibits Writer-Editor David Romanowski Program Assistant Diane Pearson Account Technician Norine Person Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Design Unit Supervisor Stephen H. Estrada Exhibits Designers Barbara Brennan Frank Florentine Victor Govier William Jacobs Linda King Beatrice Mowry Printed Material David Gant Design Services Assistant Mary Edwards Audiovisual Unit Supervisor David M. Heck Computer Specialists Stephen Bennett Zahib Sadighian Exhibits Specialists Robert Curran Louis Doyle Edward Hall Chris Modla Ralph Prout Juan Reyes Claven Wood Exhibits Lighting Specialist Richard Pullman Audiovisual Assistant Doris Fulton Production Unit Supervisor David Paper Supervisory Exhibits Specialists Dittmar Geiger Eugene Jones James Murphy Exhibits Specialists David Cremer Don Crowder Derek Fiedler Gary Fletcher Robert Gibson Richard Hockensmith Hollis Houston Gary Newgent Jefferson Spears Peter Stem Brian Young Production Services Assistant Beverly Sendlebach Public Services Division Chief LeRoy London Office Assistant John Hoke Education Unit Supervisor Maureen Kerr Education Program Specialists Myra Banks-Smith Clare Cuddy HTF Gallery Manager Blake Reid Museum Specialist Gloria Fulwood Explainer Program Supervisor Suvinee Vanichkachorn Clerk-Typist Zelda Tooks Docent Program Unit Docent Coordinator Maretta Hemsley Media Unit Supervisor Patricia Woodside Media Program Coordinator Fleta Hylton Planetarium Manager Cheryl Bauer Planetarium Technician Dalton E. McIntosh Planetarium Operations Coordinator Sean P. O’Brien Operations and Administration Department Associate Director Elizabeth R. Scheffler Human Resources Specialist Pamela L. Blalock Budget Analysts Kim Batchelor Sonia Pearson Deborah B. Swinson Special Assistant for Plans Claude D. Russell The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 Information Technology Division Manager Phouy Sengsourinh Computer Specialists James Carter Christopher Pratt Secretary LeShawn Calloway Theater Division Manager Robert M. Watson Assistant Manager Charles T. Lewis Box Office Supervisor Jeffrey Weaver Theater Operations Manager Dave L. Jackson Lead Motion Picture Projectionist Kim I. Martin Motion Picture Projectionists Craig S. Barksdale Dwayne A. Davis Keith L. Madden Myles Marken, Jr. Administrative Technician Marjorie R. Johnson Building Management Division Building Manager Richard Kowalczyk Museum Facility Assistant Helen M. Cheek Management Support Assistants Priscilla L. Limes Tina M. Tyson Assistant Building Manager Gary Houston Maintenance Supervisor Kathleen Fleming Materials Handler Shawn Dorman Facilities Manager Rod Milstead Painter Ivory L. Teague, Jr. Maintenance Mechanic Leader John C. Farmer Maintenance Mechanic Milan Tomasevich, Jr. Maintenance Workers James E. Curtis Allfred G. Koroma Alexander Parker Paul L. Robbins, Jr. Tyrone J. Stewart Automotive Worker Harold J. Dailey Electrical Worker Rafael E. Grillo Mobile Equipment Operator Supervisor Louis V. Fleming Mobile Equipment Operator Leader Harrison Jones Mobile Equipment Operators Brenda Y. Averett Allen Lee Roberto Pulos Clara Robinson Building Services Supervisors Jeffrey B. Franklin Estelle Washington Building Services Leaders Anthony A. Bynum Franklin Pressley Building Services Workers Leroy W. Jefferson Maverick Russell Laborers Kenneth S. Foster Charles E. Harrison Winston B. Jenkins Tari Miller Gerald T. Sartor Andrew L. White, Jr. Henry Whittle Custodial Worker Supervisors Julius L. Fouch Ann E. Hemsley Samuel Sommers Custodial Worker Leaders Odella L. Davis Harry Francis Charles R. Monk Michelle Wasington Custodial Workers Michelle H. Anderson Sylvester Arthur Theresa M. Bazemore Frances Bennett Joe P. Brown, Jr. Maria Bush Rock Celine Valerie M. Dyson Herman E. Hudson Brenda V. Johnson Louise Johnson Ruth L. Johnson William H. Knight Regina Long Catherine Meade Michael T. Munson Christopher Shipman Gillette O. Simms Reginald R. Simms Annie L. Sullivan Thomas E. Yates, III National Museum of African Art Director Roslyn A. Walker Assistant Director, Administration Patricia L. Fiske 285 Assistant Director, Exhibit Design and Facility Alan Knezevich Senior Scholar Emeritus Roy Sieber Curatorial Department Chief Curator David Binkley Assistant Curators Lydia Puccinelli Bryna Freyer Andrea Nicolls Public Affairs Department Public Affairs Officer Janice L. Kaplan Education Department Curator of Education Edward Lifschitz Assistant Curator of Education Veronika Jenke Education Specialist Peter Pipim Registration Department Registrar Julie Haifley Conservation Department Conservator Steve Mellor Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives Curator of Photographic Archives Christraud Geary 286 Publications Department Writer-Editor Migs Grove National Museum of American Art Office of the Director Director Elizabeth Broun Deputy Director Charles J. Robertson Curatorial Office Chief Curator Lynda R. Hartigan Deputy Chief Curator George Gurney Associate Curator (Painting and Sculpture) Andrew L. Connors Senior Curator (Photography) Merry A. Foresta Senior Curator (Painting and Sculpture) Virginia M. Mecklenburg Senior Curator (Graphic Arts) Joann G. Moser Senior Curator (Painting and Sculpture) Richard N. Murray Senior Curator (Painting and Sculpture) William H. Truettner Curator Jacquelyn D. Serwer Collections Research Coordinator Gwendolyn F. Everett Senior Conservator Stefano Scafetta Renwick Gallery Curator-in-Charge Kenneth R. Trapp Senior Curator Jeremy Adamson Operations Administrator Ellen M. Myette Research and Scholars Center Chief Rachel M. Allen Intern Program Officer Judith H. Houston Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Librarian Cecilia H. Chin Research Databases Coordinator Christine Hennessey Collection Database Administrator Mary Ellen Guerra Coordinator of Image Collections Joan R. Stahl Office of Educational Programs Chief Nora M. Panzer Public Programs Coordinator N. Faye Powe Office of Registration and Collection Management Registrar Melissa L. Kroning Associate Registrar Abigail Terrones Assistant Registrar (Packing and Shipping) Michael R. Smallwood Office of Design and Production Chief John R. Zelenik Senior Designer Claire F. Larkin Graphics Coordinator/ Designer Robyn L. Kennedy Exhibitions Project Coordinator Anthony R. Giuffreda Administrative Office Administrative Officer Maureen E. Damaska Office of External Affairs Chief W. Robert Johnston Deputy Chief Barbara M. Cox Special Events Coordinator Vacant Office of Print and Electronic Publications Chief Theresa Slowik Office of Development Development Officer Katie M. Ziglar Membership Marketing Coordinator Julie A. Rizzo Public Affairs Officer Judith Bell Office of Information Technology Chief Robert G. Billingsley Computer Support Manager Peter Butrite Head, New Media Initiatives Jeffrey Gates Head, Interactive Distance Learning Sherwood A. Dowling National Museum of American History Office of the Director Director Spencer Crew Deputy Director Martha Morris Assistant Director for Strategic Initiatives Katherine Spiess Special Assistant to the Director Debora Scriber Miller Secreta ry Tarika Robinson Management Support Assistant Sillvan Carlson Office Aide Shayla Hart Planning Specialists Nanci Edwards Kathleen Fleming Patrick Ladden Office of Curatorial Affairs Associate Director Lonnie Bunch III Program Manager Lynn Chase Assistant to the Associate Director Joyce Ramey Special Projects Office Project Managers Camilla Clough Kate Henderson The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 287 Museum Specialist David Miller Project Assistant Andrea Woody Department of History Assistant Director James Gardner Head Curator Ramunas Kondratas Assistant Director for Interdisciplinary Initiatives Arthur Molella Secretaries Arevivia Amos Vickie Tierney Chandra Williams Management Support Assistant Wendy Watkins Collections Support Office Museum Specialists Lisa Brenner Bishop Alicia Cutler Jane Fortune Kathleen Golden Lisa Kathleen Graddy Jim Hughes Sue Ostroff Janet Rockenbaugh Jane Rogers Wayne E. Wakefield Diane Wendt Smithsonian Without Walls Director Judith Gradwohl Program Specialist Ione Anderson Archives Center Chief Archivist John A. Fleckner Deputy Chief Archivist Robert S. Harding Archivists David E. Haberstich Reuben M. Jackson Cathy Keen Ann Kuebler Mimi Minnick Craig A. Orr Alison Oswald Deborra A. Richardson Scott W. Schwartz Wendy Shay Program Assistant Graciella Berkovich Historian Fath Davis Ruffins Museum Specialist Vanessa Broussard Simmons Archives Technician Thomas Eisinger Division of Cultural History Chair Rex Ellis Assistant Chair Odette Diaz Schuler Administrative Technician Jane Woodall Management Support Assistants Lynetta Jones David Hill Rosa Suau Curators James Weaver Richard Ahlborn Rayna D. Green John Edward Hasse Cynthia Adams Hoover Charles F. McGovern Marvette Perez Harry Rand Historians Dwight Blocker Bowers James Oliver Horton Program Coordinators Howard Bass Kenneth Kimery Project Assistants Deena Gift John McKiernan-Gonzalez Museum Specialists Ellen Roney Hughes David H. Shayt Gary Sturm Exhibits Interpreter Kimberly Kelly Producer James Zimmerman Smithsonian Chamber Music Society Executive Director Patrick Rucker Artistic Director Kenneth Slowik Division of the History of Technology Chair Steven Lubar Assistant Chair Jennifer Locke Clerk Typist Grace Boone Secretary Shirley Jordan-Stanton Curators Pete Daniel Paul F. Johnston Donald E. Kloster Carlene Stephens Jeffrey K. Stine William L. Withuhn Bardton Hacker Marilyn Zoidis Museum Specialists Harry Hunter Paula Johnson Larry Jones Peter Liebhold Sarah Rittgers David Todd L. Susan Tolbert Margaret Vining Roger White William E. Worthington Timothy Mitchell Margaret Dennis Historian Emeritus James S. Hutchins Division of Information Technology and Society Acting Chair Helena Wright Chair David Allison Assistant Chair Joan Boudreau Secretary Cynthia Joynes Program Manager Karen Lee Curators Richard G. Doty Bernard S. Finn Paul Forman Elvira Eliza Clain-Stefanelli Museum Specialists Nance Briscoe Michelle Delaney Peggy Kidwell Douglas Mudd 288 R. Stanley Nelson Roger Sherman Elliot Sivowitch Shannon Thomas Harold Wallace Curator Emeritus Elizabeth M. Harris Management Support Assistant Queen Brown Division of Science, Med icine and Society Chair Ray Kondratas Assistant Chair Steven Turner Secretary Gertrude Ross-Padgett Museum Specialists Judy Chelnick Ann M. Seeger Curators Jon B. Eklund Patricia Gossel G. Terry Sharrer Linda Tucker Deborah J. Warner Katherine Ort Division of Social History Chair Susan Myers Assistant Chair Shelly Foote Secretaries Doyon Harris Kim Knoblock Jennifer Strobel Museum Specialists Marilyn Higgins Sheila Alexander Doris M. Bowman Barbara S. Janssen Claudia Brush Kidwell Bonnie E. Lilienfeld Jennifer Oka Harry Rubenstein Anne M. Serio Melodie Sweeney Priscilla Q. Wood William H. Yeingst Cindy Petony Project Assistants Soledad Campos Denise Meringolo Adminstrative Technician Sandra Matthews Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Curators Emeritus Rita J. Adrosko Anne C. Golovin Edith P. Mayo Keith E. Melder Curators Larry Bird Rodris Roth Barbara Clark Smith Shelley Nickles Museum Conservators Katherine Dirks Karen J. Harris Historian Lonn Wood Taylor Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation Director Arthur Molella Program Manager Claudine Klose Project Manager Gretchen Jennings Historian Joyce Bedi Educators Michael Judd Sondra Berger Program Coordinator Tanya Garner Research Assistant Monica Smith Public Affairs Specialist Heather Bruce Satrom Department of Collections Management Services Acting Assistant Director Karen Garlick Program Manager Ray Hutt Secretary Erika Mack Manager Margaret Grandine Project Assistant Jonothan Arbolino Master Plan Project Manager Frances Dispenzirie Museum Technician Kristin DeGrace Administrative Services Manager Rosemary Phillips Secretary Frances Jones Collections Documentation Services Collections Documentation Specialists David Board Bernard Gallagher Andrea Heiss Deborah Schaefer-Jacobs Offsite Storage Management Manager Steve Hemlin Museum Specialists Stacey Kluck Tamura Moore James Oakley Richard Siday Museum Technicans Craig Brunetti Scott Bruton Edward Christian Gail Everson Lehua Fisher Christopher Moore Alicia Freitag Donald Leonard Scott Neel Wendy Wiener Jeannie Whited Neal Walters Cedric Yeh Dana Leo Anthony Segaria Jane Legrow Computer Specialist Martin White MSC Move Project Manager Ginger Deucher Program Assistant Beverly Wise Preservation Services Preservation Administrator Joan Young Museum Specialist Debbie Hashim Conservators Beth Richwine Richard Barden Lynne Gilliland Carolyn Long The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 289 Suzanne Thomassen-Kraus Sunae Park Evans Museum Technician Amy Venzke Registration Services Registrar Jeanne Benas Assistant Registrar Ed Ryan Registration Specialists Tom Bower Nancy Card Museum Specialists Batja Bell Patricia Mansfield Stephen Velasquez Registration Technicians Estelle Hurley Office of Public Services Associate Director Harold Closter Senior Program Manager Catherine Perge Secretary Barbara Gilmartin Department of Education and Visitor Services Director Nancy McCoy Secretary Cassandra Williams Education Specialists Martha Jo Messerole Burt Glassman Julia Forbes Amy Bartow-Melia Intern and Fellowship Specialist Suzanne McLaughlin Educators Theresa Esterlund Tim Grove Aniceto Navarro Heather Paisley-Jones Education Coordinator Michael Huslander Program Assistants Alice Gergely Andrea Lowther Howard Morrison Dorothy Green Exhibit Coordinator Tom O’Brien Department of Exhibits Audio/Visual and Services Director Tom Tearman Exhibits Maintenance Coordinator Mary Miller Exhibits Aides Joe Grace Charles Sthreshley Supervisory Exhibits Specialist Ralph Logan Exhibits Specialist Electronics Technician Richard Wakefield Program in African American Culture Director Niani Kilkenny Historian Alonzo Smith Program Coordinator Luvenia George Office Manager Regina Taylor-Wynn Department of Program Planning and Design Director Harold Aber Secretary Kay Habeger Visual Information Specialist/ Designers Russell Cashdollar Stevan Fisher David Lenk Conny Raitzky Ann Rossilli Nigel Briggs Exhibit Specialists Bob Norton Marcia Powell Department of Program Production Director Kathryn Campbell Administrative Technician Marilyn Turner Graphics Supervisory Exhibits Specialist Omar Wynn Exhibits Specialists Walter Adams Lou Covey Brian Jensen John Nelson Diane Pryor Beverly Robinson Juan Smith Eric Chamberlain Barbara Cross Cabinets Supervisory Exhibits Specialist Peter Albritton Exhibits Specialists Bill Roseberry Geoffrey Ward Billy Powell Historic Restoration Shop Supervisor Terry Conable Exhibits Specialists Robbie Barrett Joe Criste Daragh Cassidy Department of Publications Writers/Editors Nancy Brooks Joan Mentzer Administrative Technichian Lydia Wallick Publications Specialist/Graphics Designer Sue Walther Office of the Capital Campaign and External Affairs Capital Campaign Office Associate Director Elizabeth Perry Project Specialist LaKecia Graham La Juan Graham Capital Campaign Officer John McDonagh Office of External Affairs External Affairs Officer Diane Gingold External Affairs Assistant Gina Cordero External Relations Specialist Cortney Powell 290 Office of Development Development Associate Danyelle Kensey Office of Special Events Director Elizabeth Little Special Events Coordinators Arlene Fenlon Jennifer Sawitzsky Department of Public Affairs Director Melinda Machado Public Affairs Specialists Valeska Hilbig Kristian Knight Public Affairs Assistants Dia Adams Michelle Pollak Office of Capital Programs Associate Director Ronald Becker Management Support Assistant Margaret MacDonnell Julie Statz Jacqueline Flanders Valerie Dunn Bailey Program Manager Carol Frost Clerk Typist LaShawn Barnes Star-Spangled Banner Project Museum Technician Simran Dhami Conservators Suzanne Thomassen-Krauss LaTasha Harris Michele Pagan Office of Facility Planning and Management Director Jim Whoolery Facility Manager Richard Day Assistant Facility Manager Ken Jordan Building Management Assistant Donna Tillman Safety Manager Bill Prebble General Foreman Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Sinclair Jennings Management Support Assistant Mary Stacey Clerk Typist Joyce Clark Space Management Specialist Ricky Drake Processing Clerk, Shipping/Receiving Hazel Jones Rigging Worker Supervisor Steve Jones Custodial Office Custodial Foremen Floyd Harris Irene Short Lennette Weaver Custodial Workers Vincent Nunnicut David Felix Carolyn Anderson Wesley Johnson Malcolm Archer William Brock Bernell Brown Catherine Butler Yvette Clanton Armanrey Devaughn Priscilla Dickerson Delphine Dicks John Dixon Barry Duncan Marion Dunsmore Reginald Eley William Ellis Walter Feaster Nathaniel Jennings Theresa Jones Laura McKnight Gregory McNeil Deborah Morton Beatrice Newland Michael Newlon Irvin Suggs Tim Witherspoon Yvonne Lennon Linda Smith George Williams Denise Terrell Rigging Rigging Worker Leader Donald Phillips Riggers Andrew Goffney Harrison Hawkins Gregory Powell John Ridout Milton Williams Laborers Darnell Eddy Myron Johnson Maintenance Electrical Worker Bill Cole Maintenance Mechanics Fred Dunsmore Bo Matchett Todd Coombs Oplants Electricians John Kerns James Reed Office of Administrative and Automation Services Associate Director Dennis Dickinson Budget Director Richard Nicastro Administrative Office Budget Analyst Sandra Dunnigan Management Analyst Maggie Limehouse Administrative Specialist Carolyn Foxx Adminstrative Technician Dan Weinwurm Clerk Typist Wendy Coleman Office Aide Vanessa Henry Project Management Office Project Manager Eleanor Boyne Computer Services Center Chief Rick Luhrs Computer Programmer Analysts Sherman Ellegood Elizabeth Fite Computer Specialists Rob Gaskill Barbara Jordan Steve Stewart Brad Tesh Raelene Worthington The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 291 National Museum of the American Indian Director W. Richard West Office of the Director Deputy Director Douglas E. Evelyn Department of Administration Assistant Director for Administration Donna A. Scott Office of External Affairs and Development Director (Acting) Maggie Bertin Deputy Director Vacant Department of Public Programs Assistant Director for Public Programs Charlotte Heth Department of Public Programs—GGHC (NY) Deputy Assistant Director for Public Programs John Haworth Department of Community Services Assistant Director for Community Services Tim Johnson Department of Exhibitions Assistant Director for Exhibitions and Public Spaces James Volkert Department of Cultural Resources Assistant Director for Cultural Resources Bruce Bernstein Deputy Assistant Director for Cultural Resources George Horse Capture National Museum of Natural History Director Robert W. Fri Associate Director for Operations James P. McDonald Associate Director for Research and Collections Ross Simons Associate Director for Public Programs Robert D. Sullivan Acting Associate Director for Development and Public Affairs Shelley Goode Manager of Public Affairs Randall Kremer Registrar Susan Wilkerson Department of Anthropology Chair Dennis J. Stanford Deputy Chair Carolyn Rose Curators Mary Jo Arnoldi William Fitzhugh Ives Goddard Adrienne Kaeppler Robert Laughlin William Merrill Donald Ortner Douglas Owsley Richard Potts Daniel Rogers Theresa Singleton Bruce D. Smith William C. Sturtevant Paul Michael Taylor Douglas H. Ubelaker Gus Van Beek Melinda A. Zeder Department of Botany Chair and Curator John Kress Curators Pedro Acevedo Walter Adey Paula DePriest Laurence Dorr Robert Faden Maria A. Faust Vicki Funk David Lellinger Mark M. Littler Dan Nicolson James Norris Paul M. Peterson Harold Robinson Laurence Skog Warren L. Wagner Dieter Wasshausen Elizabeth Zimmer Department of Entomology Chair Bob Robbins Curators John Burns Jonathan Coddington Don Davis Terry Erwin Wayne N. Mathis Scott Miller Dan Polhemus Ted Schultz Department of Invertebrate Zoology Chair and Curator Kristian Fauchald Curators Stephen Cairns Frank Ferrari Jerry Harasewych Robert Hershler Duane Hope Brian Kensley Lou Kornicker Rafael LeMaitre Ray Manning Jon Norenburg Dave Pawson Mary Rice Clyde Roper Klaus Ruetzler Department of Mineral Sciences Chair Glenn MacPherson Curators Richard S. Fiske Jim Luhr Timothy McCoy William G. Melson Jeffrey E. Post Tom Simkin 292 Sorena S. Sorensen Edward P. Vicenzi Michael A. Wise Department of Paleobiology Chair and Curator Richard Benson Curators Kay Behrensmeyer Bill DiMichele Marty Buzas Alan Cheetham Robert J. Emry Douglas H. Erwin Brian T. Huber Francis M. Hueber Conrad C. Labandeira Ian G. Macintyre John Pandolfi Daniel J. Stanley Thomas R. Waller Scott Wing Department of Vertebrate Zoology Chair G. David Johnson Curators Michael Carleton Kevin de Queiroz Gary R. Graves Charles Handley W. Ronald Heyer James Mead Storrs L. Olson Lynne R. Parenti Victor G. Springer Richard W. Thorington, Jr. Richard P. Vari Stanley H. Weitzman George R. Zug Laboratory of Molecular Systematics Curators Michael J. Braun David Swofford Office of the Director Curators Lee-Ann Hayek James Tyler Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 National Portrait Gallery Director Alan M. Fern Deputy Director Carolyn K. Carr Associate Director for Administration Barbara A. Hart Administrative Officer Eloise P. Baden Curator of Painting and Sculpture Ellen G. Miles Curator of Photographs Mary C. Panzer Curator of Prints and Drawings Wendy Wick Reaves Senior Historian Frederick S. Voss Computer Specialist Andrew L. Klafter Senior Conservator Cindy Lou Molnar Development Officer Patrick M. Madden Education Program Director Carol D. Wyrick Design and Production Nello R. Marconi Curator of Exhibition Beverly J. Cox Keeper, Center for Electronic Research and Outreach Services Catalogs of American Portraits Linda Thrift Editor of the Charles Willson Peale Papers Sidney Hart Librarian Cecilia Chin Chief Photographer Rolland G. White Publications Officer Frances K Stevenson Public Affairs Officer Cecilia H. Chin Registrar Suzanne C. Jenkins Facilities Manager Daniel H. Davies National Postal Museum Director James H. Bruns Curatorial Department Museum Program Specialists, Curatorial Jeffrey L. Brodie Nancy A. Pope James O'Donnell Education Department Head of Education Esther Washington Public Program Coordinator Anissa Paulsen Tours and School Coordinator Amy Orlando Special Projects Manager Lynn Heidelbaugh Finance and Administration Operations Officer Antoinette Williams Financial Officer Polone Bazile Building Manager Greg Cunningham Librarian Timothy Carr Exhibits Department Exhibitions Manager Patricia M. Burke Exhibits Specialist Peter von Gomm Exhibit Technician Les Graves Collections Management Registrar David T. Wilson Museum Specialists Patricia A. Raynor Mary H. Lawson Sanghmitra Kundu Museum Technician Kevin M. Allen Conservation Specialists Linda Edquist Siobhan Creem Department of External Affairs Public Affairs Specialist Laura DeSimio The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 Head of Security Captain Gordon Swain National Zoological Park Director Michael H. Robinson Deputy Director McKinley Hudson Associate Director for Conservation Christen Wemmer Deputy Associate Director for Conservation Scott Derrickson Head, Reproductive Physiology David Wildt Wildlife Training Officer Rasanayam Rudran Associate Director for Biological Programs Benjamin Beck Assistant Director for Zoological Research Daryl Boness Deputy Head, Department of Zoological Research Miles Roberts Research Geneticist Robert Fleischer Director, Migratory Bird Center Russell Greenberg Assistant Curator, Herpetology and Invertebrates Michael Davenport Assistant Curator, Small Mammals Alan Peters Assistant Curator, Birds Paul Tomassoni Assistant Curator, Amazonia Vincent Rico Associate Curator, Mammals Lisa Stevens Senior Curator, Large Mammals John Seidensticker Associate Director for Interpretive Programs David Jenkins Head, Interpretive Information Specialist Lynn Dolnick Supervisor, Design and Production Richard Hider Administrative Officer Alexander Beim Head, Animal Health Lucy Spelman Associate Veterinarian Rebecca Yates Head, Pathology Richard Montali Veterinary Pathologist Don Nichols Manager, Nutritional Resources Mary Allen Chief, Office of Public Affairs Robert J. Hoage Director, Development Teresa Larson Registrar Judith Block Librarian Alvin Hutchinson Assistant Director for Facilities and Management Robin Vasa Head, Project Management Michelle Kayon Chief, National Zoo Park Police Michael Pickett Captain, National Zoo Park Police Robert McCready Manager, Safety and Occupational Health Garrick Smith Senior Business Officer Nancy Johnson Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Director Irwin Shapiro Associate Directors Planning Bruce Gregory Atomic and Molecular Physics Kate Kirby High Energy Astrophysics Stephen Murray Optical and Infrared Astronomy Robert Kirshner Planetary Sciences Brian G. Marsden Radio and Geoastronomy Philip Myers Solar and Stellar Physics Eugene H. Avrett Theoretical Astrophysics George Rybicki Department Managers Central Engineering Richard B. Dias 293 Computation Facility Van L. McGlasson Contracts, Grants, and Property Management John Harris Financial Management Accounting Section Chief Robert Palleschi Budget Section Chief James Taylor Human Resources Laura Conway Library Donna Coletti Management Information Systems Rosalie Blum Publications James Cornell Science Education Philip M. Sadler Subcontracts and Procurement Peter Sozanski Travel Nancy M. Adler Scientific Staff Alberto Accomazzi Arya Akmal Thomas L. Aldcroft Yakov Alpert Aldo Apponi Alice L. Argon Matthew L. N. Ashby Joshua Ashenberg James F. Babb Robert W. Babcock Sallie L. Baliunas Terrill Joseph Balle Simon R. Bandler Aaron Jordan Barth 294 Edwin A. Bergin Mark Birkinshaw Raymond Blundell Jay A. Bookbinder Christina Borras David Bosworth Nancy Susan Brickhouse Roger J. Brissenden Yousaf Butt Nelson Caldwell Nuria Calvet Robert A. Cameron Nathaniel P. Carleton Michael Catanese Kelly V. Chance John F. Chandler Jon H. Chappell Yang Chen Mario L. Cosmo Steven R. Cranmer Merce Crosas Alexander Dalgarno Thomas M. Dame Laurence P. David Robert J. Davis James Louis Davis Edward E. DeLuca Rosanne Di Stefano Danuta Dobrzycka Adam Dobrzycki R. Hanks Donnelly Jeremy J. Drake Andrea K. Dupree Richard J. Edgar Antonio Manuel Eff-Darwich Pena Guenther Eichhorn Martin S. Elvis Ruth Esser Robert D. Estes Ian N. Evans Nancy R. Evans Giuseppina Fabbiano Daniel G. Fabricant Emilio Falco-Acosta Giovanni G. Fazio George B. Field Silvano Fineschi Fabrizio Fiore Craig Foltz William R. Forman Christine Jones Forman Fred A. Franklin Peter Freeman Antonella Fruscione Terrance Gaetz Charles F Gammie Michael R. Garcia Larry D. Gardner Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 John C. Geary Margaret Geller Owen J. Gingerich Tomas P. Girnius Leon Golub Paul Gorenstein Roy R. Gould Dale E. Graessle Paul J. Green Lincoln J. Greenhill Laura Grego David M. Grumm Mark A. Gurwell Shadia Rifai Habbal F. Rick Harnden Daniel E. Harris Lee W. Hartmann Xiangquan Helen He Paul T.P. Ho Matthew J. Holman Eric J. Hooper Joseph L. Hora Janet L. Houser Jiasheng Huang John P. Huchra Todd R. Hunter Takashi Isobe Michael J. Jamieson Diab Jerius David G. Johnson Kenneth W. Jucks Michael Juda Philip E. Kaaret Wolfgang Kalkofen Margarita Karovska Vinay L. Kashyap Edwin M. Kellogg Almus Kenter Scott J. Kenyon Eric R. Keto Vasili A. Kharchenko Dong-Woo Kim Steven C. Kleiner Yuan-Kuen Ko Christopher Kochanek John L. Kohl Sylvain G. Korzennik Ralph P. Kraft Thomas Kurosu Michael J. Kurtz Robert L. Kurucz Marc G. Lacasse Charles J. Lada Adair P. Lane David W. Latham Daniel E. Lebach Myron Lecar Alex Jan Rita Lobel Enrico C. Lorenzini Kevin Lee Luhman Maxim L. Markevitch Christopher L. Martin Ursula B. Marvin Alessandro Massarotti Smita Mathur Edward M. Mattison Susan Mattson Michael C. McCarthy Jeffrey E. McClintock Jonathan C. McDowell Brendan M. McLaughlin Brian A. McLeod Brian R. McNamara S. Thomas Megeath Gary J. Melnick Joseph G. Michels Mari Paz Miralles John David Monnier James M. Moran Fabrizio Nicastro Joy S. Nichols Robert W. Noyes Roopesh Ojha Scott N. Paine Alexander V. Panasyuk Costas Papaliolios Nimesh A. Patel Brian Michael Patten Michael R. Pearlman Jesus Pelaez Michail Petaev James D. Phillips Paul P. Plucinsky Rene Plume William A. Podgorski Andrea H. Prestwich Francis A. Primini Michael I. Ratner John C. Raymond Robert D. Reasenberg Mark J. Reid Suzanne E. Romaine Laurence S. Rothman Arnold H. Rots Steven H. Saar Hossein R. Sadeghpour Juan R. Sanmartin Jonathan Schachter Rudolph E. Schild Eric M. Schlegel Matthew H. Schneps Herbert W. Schnopper Daniel A. Schwartz Frederick D. Seward Aneta Siemiginowska Eric H. Silver The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 295 Patrick O. Slane Randall Smith Howard A. Smith Willie Soon Robert J.D. Spurr Antony A. Stark John R. Stauffer Robert P. Stefanik Richard E. Stoner Leonard Strachan Andrew H. Szentgyorgyi Harvey D. Tananbaum Patrick Thaddeus Eric V. Tollestrup Volker Tolls Edward C. Tong Guillermo Torres Wesley A. Traub Ginevra Trinchieri Takahiro Tsutsumi Wallace H. Tucker Han Uitenbroek Michael Uzzo Adriaan Van Ballegooijen Leon P. VanSpeybroeck Vladimir V. Vassiliev Robert EF. C. Vessot Alexey A. Vikhlinin Jan M. Vrtilek Saega Dil Vrtilek Bradley James Wallace Ronald L. Walsworth Zhong Wang Bradford Wargelin Harry P. Warren Trevor C. Weekes Fred L. Whipple Belinda J. Wilkes Steven P. Willner David J. Wilner Robert W. Wilson Scott J. Wolk Kenny Wood John A. Wood Eric Woods Diana M. Worrall Kouichi Yoshino Ken Harbour Young Qizhou Zhang Yun Fei Zhang Ping Zhao Jun-Hui Zhao Panagoula Zografou Martin V. Zombeck Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellows Lori E. Allen Hussein Mahmoud Badran Jasjeet Singh Bagla Thomas Beckert Wesley Neal Colley Rupert A. C. Croft James Di Francesco Paul Joseph Groot Vassiliki Kalogera Charles A. Katz Xing Li Mikhail D. Lukin Rodney Marks Mikhail Medvedev Rafael S. Millan-Gabet Michael Andrew Pahre Irene L. Porro Dimitrios Psaltis Masao Saito Hsien Shang Krzysztof Z. Stanek Sridharan Kumaran Tirupati Amichay Vardi Martina Corinna Wiedner Mario van den Ancker Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Director Lambertus van Zelst Assistant to the Director Beverly M. Smith Administrative Officer Vernetta M. Williams Administrative Staff Loretta E. Ester-Clark Francine T. Lewis Education and Training Education Coordinator Donald C. Williams Archives Conservator Fei-wen Tsai Senior Furniture Conservator Melvin J. Wachowiak Microscopist Harry A. Alden Senior Objects Conservator Carol A. Grissom Objects Conservator Harriet (Rae) F. Beaubien Paintings Conservator Jia-sun Tsang Senior Paper Conservator Dianne van der Reyden Technical Information Specialist Ann B. N’Gadi Research Research Coordinator Ronald L. Bishop Senior Research Biochemist Noreen C. Tuross Biochemist Jill L. Russ Research Biologist Connie J. Kolman Senior Research Ceramic Scientist Pamela B. Vandiver Senior Research Chemists M. James Blackman Charles S. Tumosa Research Chemist Emile C. Joel Metallurgist Martha E. Goodway Senior Research Organic Chemist W. David Erhardt Research Organic Chemists Mary T. Baker David W. von Endt Senior Research Physical Scientist Marion F. Mecklenburg Support and Collaboration Assistant Director for Operations Melanie E. Feather Analytical Chemist Camie S. Thompson Organic Chemist Walter R. Hopwood Senior Paintings Conservator Roland H. Cunningham Senior Textile Conservator Mary W. Ballard Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Director Ross B. Simons Assistant Director Anson H. Hines 296 Facilities Manager Paul F. Tavel Education Specialist A. Mark Haddon Development Officer James DeLorbe Animal Ecologists Ilka C. Feller Peter P. Marra Gregory M. Ruiz Chemical Ecologist Thomas E. Jordan Environmental Chemist David L. Correll Environmental Engineer Gary Peresta Ecologist Geoffrey G. Parker Microbial Ecologists D. Wayne Coats Charles L. Gallegos Modeler Donald E. Weller Plant Ecologists Catherine E. Lovelock Dennis F Whigham Photobiologist Patrick J. Neale Plant Physiologist Bert G. Drake Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Director Ira Rubinoff Deputy Director Anthony G. Coates Assistant Director for Facilities Carlos Tejada Assistant Director for Fellowships and Education Georgina de Alba Assistant Director for International and External Affairs Elena Lombardo Assistant Director for Scientific Support Services Howard S. Barnes Comptroler Leopoldo Leén Executive Officer and Assistant Director for Administration and Legal Affairs Leonor G. Motta (retired August 31, 1999) Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Special Advisor to the Director for Technology Transfer/Environmental Policy Issues Stanley Heckadon-Moreno Accounting Office Accounting Officer Carlos Urbina Development Office Head, Development Office Lisa Barnett Diving Office Diving Officer José Espino Human Resources Office Personnel Management Specialist Carmen Sucre Office of Information Technology Information Technology Officer Francisco Rivera Library Branch Librarian Vielka Chang-Yau Office of Physical Plants Branch Engineer Fernando Pascal Photographic Department Photographer Marcos A. Guerra Electronic Imaging Specialist Alejandro Caballero (resigned March 28, 1999) Procurement Office Supervisor, Contract Specialist Mercedes Arroyo Protocol Office Protocol Officer Ménica Alvarado Safety Office Safety Officer José Ramon Perurena Security Office Security Manager Alejandro Arze Scientific Support Services Management Specialist (Scientific) Raineldo Urriola Tupper Center, Ancon and Galeta Manager Audrey M. Smith BCI Scientific Coordinator Oris Acevedo BCI Manager Daniel Millan Naos Support Services Manager Mercedes Denis Naos Laboratories Scientific Coordinator Anibal Velarde Transition Office Attorney Natacha Chandler (effective June, 1999) Visitor Services Office Visitor Services Manager Gloria Maggiori Scientific Staff Emeritus Senior Scientists A. Stanley Rand Neal G. Smith Senior Scientists Jeremy B.C. Jackson Olga F. Linares Mary Jane West-Eberhard Staff Scientists Annette Aiello Penelope Barnes Eldredge Bermingham | John H. Christy Richard G. Cooke | Richard Condit Mireya Correa Luis D’Croz | William G. Eberhard Helena Fortunato | The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 Robin Foster (resigned May 1, 1999) Héctor Guzman Stanley Heckadon-Moreno E. Allen Herre Nancy Knowlton Egbert G. Leigh, Jr. Harilaos Lessios Dolores Piperno D. Ross Robertson David W. Roubik Noris Salazar Allen Fernando Santos-Granero I. Fang Sung William Wcislo Donald M. Windsor Klaus Winter S. Joseph Wright Center for Tropical Forest Science Director Elizabeth C. Losos Center for Tropical Palaeoecology and Archaeology Director Jeremy B.C. Jackson Research Associates Tomas Arias Héctor Barrios Mary Alice Coffroth Laurel Collins Gregory S. Gilbert Nicholas Georgiadis Mahabir Gupta Stephen Hubbell Roberto Ibéfiez Jorge Illueca Peter Jung Elisabeth Kalko Howard R. Lasker Stephen Mulkey Catherine Potvin Diomedes Quintero Robert E. Ricklefs Tyson Roberts Michael Ryan Julieta Carrrién de Samudio Rafael Samudio Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler Robert Stallard Henry Stockwell Melvin Tyree Fredic V. Vencl Gerhard Zotz National Science Resources Center Executive Director Douglas M. Lapp Deputy Director for Development, External Relations, and Outreach Sally Goetz Shuler Computer Analyst Leonard West, Sr. Project Director, Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools (STC/MS) Kitty Lou Smith Information Dissemination Director Evelyn M. Ernst Acting Director, Leadership and Assistance for Science Education Reform Evelyn M. Ernst Publications Director Heather Dittbrenner Office of Exhibits Central Director Michael Headley Administration Assistant Director for Programs Mary Dillon Bird Administrative Officer Debbie H. Yang Projects Manager George Quist Design, Editing, and Graphics Team Leader Mary Dillon Bird Modelmaking Team Leader Richard J. Kilday Fabrication Team Leader Rick Pelasara 297 Office of Fellowships and Grants Director Roberta W. Rubinoff Assistant Director for Administration Catherine F. Harris Program Manager Bruce W. Morrison Academic Programs Specialist Pamela E. Hudson Program Assistants Gordon Bullock Bryan T. Fair Jennifer Swize Office of Sponsored Projects Director Ardelle G. Foss Assistant Director J. Scott Robinson Administrative Officer Dorothy C. Smith Office Assistant Viadamier X. Bouvier Grant Administrative Management Unit Grant and Contract Administrative Manager Karen E. Otiji Grant and Contract Administrators Violet Bruce Kathleen Hindle Maxine Lippman Grant and Contract Specialists Keron Hopkins Karen Williamson Grant Financial Management Unit Grant and Contract Financial Manager Edgard Padilla Financial Analysts Delores Clyburn Leni Figueiras Financial Specialist Marie A. Rogers Indirect Cost/Audit Analyst Vacant 298 Program for Asian Pacific American Studies Counselor to the Provost Dr. Franklin Odo Program Specialist Stacey Suyat Office Assistant Gina Inocencio Smithsonian Affiliations Director J. Michael Carrigan Affiliations Coordinator Tracy Goldsmith Affiliations Coordinator and Media Relations Specialist Margaret Pulles Secretary Alma Douglas Smithsonian Institution Archives Director Edie Hedlin Administration Administrative Officer Carolyn J. Taylor Management Support Specialist Flint G. Hamilton Office Assistant Josephine Jamison National Collections Program National Collections Coordinator William G. Tompkins Assistant National Collections Coordinator Lauri A. Hinksman Research Associate Ildiko P. DeAngelis Research Collaborator Roy Mitchell Institutional History Division Historian and Division Director Pamela M. Henson Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Program Assistant Jennifer A. Nichols Editor, Joseph Henry Papers Project Marc Rothenberg Assistant Editor, Joseph Henry Papers Project Kathleen W. Dorman Staff Historians, Joseph Henry Papers Project Deborah Y. Jeffries Frank R. Millikan Research Contractors Laura K. Garrett Pilar M. Montalvo Layla Wuthrick Pre-Doctoral Fellows Briann G. Greenfield Michele Gates Moresi Michael F. Robinson Patrick H. Wirtz Short-Term Visiting Fellow Kae Takarabe Research Associate Albert E. Moyer Research Collaborator Pedro M. Pruna-Goodgall Interns Meghan Gutierrez Jennifer E. N. Insley Volunteers Caroline H. Farquhar (died 9/15/99) Doris J. Jensen Zoe Martindale Kathryn B. Moore Lillian E. Pharr Carole Poling Martha Rosen Technical Services Division Senior Electronic Records Specialist and Division Director Fynnette L. Eaton Associate Archivist Paul H. Theerman (departed 12/98) Archives Specialist Gerald J. Rosenzweig Archives Technicians Michael J. Horsley Alyssa Pease Computer Assistant James E. Gowans Conservation Fellow Mary Studt Intern Tanya Marshall Archives Division Archivist and Division Director Alan L. Bain Associate Archivists William E. Cox James A. Steed Kathleen M. Williams Assistant Archivists R. Shawn Johnson Bruce R. Kirby Michele Lee Tammy L. Peters Archives Technicians Ellen V. Alers Michael E. Willens Archives Contractors Leo Martinez Sarah D. Stauderman Research Associates Jane R. Glaser Edward F. Rivinus (died 11/3/98) Research Collaborator Clifford Nelson Interns Jennifer Gunter Jeremy Skinner Volunteers Patricia Breen Heather Lee Cohen Jane Livermore Smithsonian Institution Libraries Director Nancy E. Gwinn Assistant Directors Thomas Garnett Bonita D. Perry Mary Augusta Thomas Assistant to the Director and Publications Officer Nancy L. Matthews Development Officer Gwendolen R. Leighty Systems Office Assistant Director and Division Manager Thomas Garnett Department Head Marcia Adams Computer Specialist Susan Stead-Carter Digital Projects Librarian Martin Kalfatovic The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 299 Systems Librarian Elizabeth Missell Management and Technical Services Division Assistant Director and Division Manager Mary Augusta Thomas Management Services Office Department Head Laudine L. Creighton Personnel Specialist David L. Bartlett Acquisitions Services Department Department Head Lucien R. Rossignol Special Collections Department Department Head and Exhibitions Officer William E. Baxter Preservation Services Department Department Head Susan F. Frampton Conservator Clare Dekle Vacant Cataloging Services Department Department Head Sherry Kelley Cataloging Project Manager Victoria Avera Librarian-Cataloguers Thomas Baker Lowell Ashley Carolyn Hamilton Suzanne Pilsk Margaret A. Sealor Special Collections Cataloguer Diane Shaw Catalogue Management Manager Sheila Riley Research Services Division Assistant Director and Division Manager Bonita D. Perry Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Branch Branch Librarian Stephen Van Dyk Reference Librarian Claire Gunning Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Branch Branch Librarian Vielka Chang-Yau Special Collections Department Curator of Science and Technology Rare Books and Reference Librarian Ronald Brashear Curator of Natural History Rare Books and Reference Librarian Leslie K. Overstreet Central Research Services Department Central Reference and Loan Services Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Martin A. Smith Circulation and Loan Librarian Patricia Lasker Reference Librarian Amy Levin Museum Reference Center Branch Librarian Valerie Wheat Museum Support Center Branch Branch Librarian E. Gilbert Taylor History, Technology, and Art Department National Museum of American His- tory Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Rhoda S. Ratner Reference Librarians Amy DeGroff James Roan Anacostia Museum Branch Branch Librarian Tracy-ann Suleiman-Stewart National Museum of African Art Branch Branch Librarian Janet L. Stanley National Air and Space Museum Branch Branch Librarian Elaine Cline Reference Librarian Paul McCutcheon Technical Information Specialist Philip D. Edwards National Postal Museum Branch Branch Librarian Timothy Carr Horticulture Branch Branch Librarian Marca Woodhams Natural and Physical Sciences Department National Museum of Natural History Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Ann Juneau Reference Librarians Courtney Shaw Robert J. Skarr David T. Steere, Jr. Anthropology Branch Branch Librarian Margaret Dittemore Botany Branch Branch Librarian Ruth F. Schallert National Zoological Park Branch Branch Librarian Alvin Hutchinson Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Branch Branch Librarian Angela N. Haggins 300 Historian Emeritus Silvio A. Bedini Smithsonian Institution Press Director Peter F. Cannell Business Manager Prospero Hernandez Executive Editor, Museum Publications Caroline Newman Managing Editor Duke Johns Marketing Manager Annette Windhorn Production Manager Martha Sewall Design Manager Janice Wheeler Managing Editor, Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series Diane Tyler Administrative Officer Anne Garvey Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) Director Anna R. Cohn Administration Deputy Director Lori Yarrish Program Director of Exhibits Frederica R. Adelman External Relations Director of External Relations Andrea Stevens Development Director of Development Johleen D.N. Cannon Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 International Gallery Director Anne Gossett The Under Secretary Under Secretary Constance B. Newman Executive Director Anna B. Martin Confidential Assistant Constance E. Lykes Office of the General Counsel General Counsel John E. Huerta Deputy General Counsel James D. Douglas Marsha S. Shaines Assistant General Counsel Rachelle V. Browne Farleigh H. Earhart Mildred M. Glover Lauryn G. Grant Elaine L. Johnston Lisa A. Landsman John K. Lapiana Chris Nicholson James I. Wilson Legal Assistants Debra Y. Belton William C. Lamborn Mariko C. Murray Moire M. Queen Anne H. Westbrook Special Assistant Lisa B. Bennett Management Support Assistants Sue E. Lake Queenie C. Gray Fernando J. Arce Office of Communications Director David J. Umansky Secretary to the Director Michelle Carr Media Relations, Office of Public Affairs Associate Director Linda St. Thomas Staff Mary Combs Vicki Moeser Hamlet Paoletti Rachel Sears Elizabeth Tait Publications, Office of Public Affairs Associate Director Kathryn Lindeman Staff John Barrat Colleen Hershberger Jo Ann Webb Office of Contracting Director John W. Cobert Administration Division Assistant Director John P. Howser Procurement and Training Branch Manager Evanne E. Browne Travel Services Branch Manager Judith Petroski Property and Inventory Management Branch Manager Lymon A. Wooten Systems Branch Manager Theresa J. Pomeroy Federal and Trust Contracting Division Assistant Director Lynn R. Spurgeon The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1999 301 Renovation and Construction Contracting Division Assistant Director Paulette E. Pressley Business Contracting Division Assistant Director Ronald F. Cuffe Deputy Assistant Director Lisa A. Keenan Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Director . Era L. Marshall Special Assistant to the Director McKinley Harris Affirmative Employment/ Diversity Program Program Manager Carol Gover Special Emphasis Program Program Manager Pauline Fletemeyer Supplier Diversity Program Program Manager Mauricio Vera Complaints Administration Attorney Advisor Kathleen Aram Pre Complaint Program Program Manager Angela Roybal Office of Information Technology Operations Director George Van Dyke Office of Physical Plant Director Michael J. Sofield Deputy Director Ken Olmsted Special Assistant to the Director William Thomas Financial Management Officer Sherell Vucci Associate Director, Architectural History and Historic Preservation Cynthia R. Field Assistant Director, Crafts Services Division Judie Cooper Associate Director, Construction Management Division Derek Ross Assistant Director, Facilities Planning Division Harry Rombach Associate Director, Engineering and Design Division Larry Stuebing Assistant Director, Horticulture Services Division Nancy Bechtol Assistant Director, Information Services Division Mickey Stam Assistant Director, Project Management Division Sheryl Kolasinski Associate Director, Staff and Organizational Effectiveness Nancy Johns Chief, Support Services C. W. Arthur Assistant Director, Utilities Operations and Maintenance Division Howard L. Wink, Jr. Office of Protection Services Director David F. Morrell Deputy Director, Operations James J. McLaughlin Associate Director, Administration Susan T. Tracey Office of the Treasurer Treasurer Sudeep Anand Finance and Investment Division Senior Investment Analyst Debra Winstead Senior Endowment and Accounting Analyst Lorri Gruner Secretary Judy Adams Risk Management Division Disaster Preparedness Coordinator Pat Terry Risk Management Analyst Katherine Tkac Paralegal Specialist Nancy Lewis Insurance and Budget Assistant Lizzie Clark The Smithsonian Associates Director Mara Mayor Deputy Director Barbara S. Tuceling Associate Director for Educational and Cultural Programs Carol Bogash Associate Director for Marketing and Membership Holly Dell Tyler Resident Associate Program Program Managers Brigitte Blachere Faye Dale Browning Binney Levine Senior Programmers Roberta S. Gasbarre Karen M. Gray Cheryl Taylor Smithsonian Study Tours Program Manager Amy Kotkin Deputy Program Manager Prudence Clendenning Senior Program Coordinators MaryBeth Mullen Barbara York 302 Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center Director Mary Grace Potter Deputy Director Vacant Administrative Officer Grace Tull Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Computer Specialist Dana Small Unit Manager, Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone Information Services Katherine Neill Ridgley Unit Manager, Information Resource Division Jane Gardner Coordinator, Telephone Information Services Cordelia Benedict Coordinator, Behind the Scenes Volunteer Program Roberta Buchanan Coordinator, Visitor Information Unit Tricia Byrne Coordinator, Visitor Information Unit Sheila Washington Members of the Smithsonian Institution Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1999 Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents The Honorable William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Chancellor, ex officio The Honorable Albert Gore, Jr., Vice President of the United States, ex officio Members of the Senate The Honorable Thad Cochran, Senator from Mississippi The Honorable Bill Frist, Senator from Tennessee The Honorable Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York Members of the House of Representatives The Honorable Sam Johnson, Representative from Texas The Honorable Robert T. Matsui, Representative from California The Honorable Ralph Regula, Representative from Ohio Citizen Members The Honorable Howard H. Baker, Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr., Citizen of New York Ms. Anne d’Harnoncourt, Citizen of Pennsylvania Dr. Hanna Holborn Gray, Citizen of Illinois Dr. Manuel L. Ibanez, Citizen of Texas Dr. Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan Mr. Frank A. Shrontz, Citizen of Washington Mr. Wesley S. Williams, Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia Smithsonian Institution Senior Officers I. Michael Heyman, Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary J. Dennis O'Connor, Provost Gary M. Beer, Chief Executive Officer, Smithsonian Business Ventures Thomas D. Blair, Inspector General Robert V. Hanle, Executive Director for Development Donald L. Hardy, Director of Government Relations James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary John E. Huerta, General Counsel David J. Umansky, Director of Communications L. Carole Wharton, Director of the Office of Planning, Management, and Budget Smithsonian Institution Council Dr. Robert McC. Adams Dr. Joyce O. Appleby Dr. Ellsworth Brown Dr. George R. Carruthers Dr. Linda S. Cordell Dr. Ruth Schwartz Cowan Mrs. Diane Frankel Mr. David R. Gergen Mrs. Kinshasha Holman Conwill Dr. Daniel H. Janzen Ms. Akemi Kikumura Yano Dr. J. Jorge Klor de Alva Mr. John Wilbur McCarter, Jr. Mrs. Cheryl McClenney-Brooker Dr. Clifton Arthur Poodry Dr. Richard J. Powell Ms. Mimi Quintanilla Dr. Lauren B. Resnick Dr. Jeremy A. Sabloff Mr. Igor I. Sikorsky, Jr. Dr. Beryl B. Simpson Dr. Elisabeth S. Vrba Dr. John Walsh 304 Smithsonian Institution National Board Current Members Hon. Frank Weil, Chairman Hon. Max Berry, Vice-Chair Mrs. Carolyn S. Blount Mr. L. H. “Hacker” Caldwell Mr. Peter R. Coneway Mr. Thomas E. Congdon Mr. Frank A. Daniels Jr. Mr. Archie W. Dunham Dr. Sylvia A. Earle Mrs. Jane B. Eisner Mrs. Patricia Frost Ms. Nely Galan Mr. Bert Getz Mr. Stephen Hamblett Mr. Frederic C. Hamilton Mr. Paul Hertelendy Mr. Robert L. James Mrs. Dona Kendall Mrs. Marie L. Knowles Hon. Marc E. Leland Mrs. Elizabeth S. MacMillan Mr. John D. Macomber Mrs. Holly Madigan Mrs. Millicent Mailliard, ex officio Mr. Michael McBride Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mr. Kenneth B. Miller Hon. Norman Y. Mineta Mr. Thomas D. Mullins Mr. Henry R. Munoz HI Ms. Nancy Brown Negley Mr. John M. Nelson Mrs. Mary Ourisman Mr. James Patton Mr. Heinz C. Prechter Mr. Thomas F. Pyle Jr. Baron Eric de Rothschild Mr. A. R. Sanchez Mr. David M. Silfen Mr. Kenneth L. Smith Mr. Kelso Sutton Mr. Jackson Tai Mr. Anthony Welters Mr. Daniel Yohannes Honorary Members Mr. Robert McC. Adams Mr. William S. Anderson Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Mr. Charles D. Dickey Jr. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. Alfred C. Glassell Jr. Mr. James M. Kemper Jr. Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney Hon. George C. McGhee Justice Sandra D. O'Connor Mr. S. Dillon Ripley Mr. Francis C. Rooney Jr. Mr. Wilbur L. Ross Jr. Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer Mrs. Gay FE. Wray Anacostia Museum Board Mrs. Helen Allen Mr. Stanley Anderson Mr. Glover Bullock Ms. Irene Carter Ms. Dianne Dale Mrs. Marie Dale Mts. Iris Harris Mrs. Concha Johnson Mr. Alton Jones Mrs. Theresa Jones Mrs. Della Lowery Mr. David Lyons Dr. Caryl Marsh Mrs. Cynthia Clark Matthews Mrs. Alenitha J. Qualls Archives of American Art Board of Trustees Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth, Chairman Emeritus Mrs. Keith S. Wellin, Chairman Mr. Frank Martucci, President Mrs. Arthur A. Feder, Vice President Mrs. Joseph G. Fogg, III, Vice President Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr., Vice President Mrs. Richard Roob, Vice President Mrs. Dana M. Raymond, Secretary Mr. John R. Robinson, Treasurer Mrs. Laura Blanton Dr. Charles Blitzer Ms. Lori Blount Cucchiaro Mr. Gerald Buck Mrs. Barbara de Marneffe Mr. Donald Douglass Ms. Barbara Fleischman Ms. Elizabeth Gordon Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr. Mr. Raymond Horowitz lol Mrs. Janet Karatz Mrs. Dona Kendall Mr. Werner Kramarsky Ms. Hilva Landsman Mr. Richard Manoogian Dr. Samuel Miller Mrs. Vivian Potamkin Mr. Jock Reynolds Mrs. Polly Rubin Mrs. Ann Stack Mr. A. Alfred Taubman Lady Judith Thomson Trustee Council The Honorable Max N. Berry Mr. Gilbert S. Edelson Mrs. Daniel Fraad Mr. John Howat Dr. Helen Jessup Mr. Alan Levy Mrs. Abbott K. Schlain Mr. Alan E. Schwartz Honorary Trustees Dr. Irving Burton Mr. Richard J. Schwartz Ex Officio Members Mr. I. Michael Heyman Mr. J. Dennis O’Connor Mr. William C. Agee Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Visiting Committee Mrs. John B. Bunker Mr. George J. Fan, Vice Chair Dr. Robert S. Feinberg Mrs. Hart Fessenden, Chair Dr. Kurt A. Gitter Mrs. Richard Helms Dr. Florence Cawthorne Ladd Mrs. Marie Lam Mrs. James R. Lilley Mrs. Jill Hornor Ma Dr. Kenneth X. Robbins Mr. Sichan Siv Mr. Abolala Soudavar Mr. Robert Ching Tang Mr. Paul F. Walter Members of the Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1999 305 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Board of Directors Mr. Harvey M. Krueger, Chairman Mr. Arthur Ross, Vice Chairman Mrs. Kathleen B. Allaire Mr. Jorge L. Batista Ms. Agnes Cowles Bourne Mr. Donald Bruckmann Mrs. Anne Ehrenkranz Mrs. Joanne Foster Secretary I. Michael Heyman Ms. Elaine La Roche Mrs. Barbara Levin Mrs. Nancy A. Marks Mr. Richard Meier Mr. Kenneth B. Miller Mr. Harry G. Robinson, II Mr. Richard M. Smith Mr. Edward A. Weinstein Honorary Members Mrs. Joan K. Davidson Mr. Harmon H. Goldstone Ex Officio Members Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor Council of Directors Dr. Milo Cleveland Beach Dr. Elizabeth Broun Mr. James H. Bruns Dr. Spencer R. Crew Mr. James T. Demetrion Vice Admiral Donald D. Engen Dr. Alan Fern Mr. Robert W. Fri Mr. Steven Newsome Ms. Dianne H. Pilgrim Dr. Michael H. Robinson Dr. Ira Rubinoff Dr. Irwin I. Shapiro Mr. Ross B. Simons Dr. Roslyn Walker Dr. Richard J. Wattenmaker Mr. W. Richard West, Jr. Council of Information and Education Directors Ms. Anna R. Cohn, Chair Ms. Ann P. Bay Ms. Nancy J. Bechtol Ms. Francine C. Berkowitz Mr. Joseph Carper Dr. Zahava D. Doering Ms. Anne R. Gossett Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn Mr. Mike Headley Ms. Edie Hedlin Mr. Paul B. Johnson Dr. Richard Kurin Dr. Douglas M. Lapp Ms. Janice Majewski Dr. Mara Mayor Ms. Mary Grace Potter Mr. Robert L. Schelin Mr. David J. Umansky Dr. Lambertus Van Zelst Mr. Ronald Walker Mr. James H. Wallace, Jr. Folklife Advisory Council Dr. Roger Abrahams Dr. Jacinto Arias Dr. Jane Beck Dr. Pat Jasper Dr. Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett Dr. Bernice Johnson Reagon Dr. John Roberts Dr. Carol Robertson Dr. Gilbert Sprauve Dr. John Kuo Wei Tchen Dr. Ricardo Trimillos Dr. Carlos Velez-Ibanez Folkways Advisory Board Mr. Michael Asch Mr. Don DeVito Ms. Ella Jenkins Mr. Jon Kertzer Mr. John Nixdorf Freer Gallery of Art Visiting Committee Mr. Willard G. Clark Mr. Richard M. Danziger, Chair Dr. Kurt A. Gitter Mrs. Richard Helms Sir Joseph E. Hotung Mr. Rogerio S. Lam Mr. Christopher Luce Mrs. Elizabeth Moynihan Mr. Martin Powers Dr. Gursharan Sidhu, Vice Chair Ms. Elizabeth ten Grotenhuis Ms. Shelby White Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Board of Trustees Mrs. Melva Bucksbaum Mr. Robert B. Lehrman, Chair Dr. Marvin Mordes Mrs. Camille Oliver-Hoffmann, Vice Chair Ms. Ponchitta Pierce Mr. Mitchell Rales Ex Officio Members Secretary I. Michael Heyman The Honorable William H. Rehnquist National Air and Space Museum Advisory Board Mr. Thomas L. Blair General John R. Dailey The Honorable Jane Garvey Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. Thomas W. Hoog The Honorable Sam Johnson Captain David Kunkel, USCG Lieutenant General Frederick McCorkle, USMC Rear Admiral John B. Nathman, USN General Michael Ryan Brigadier General John K. Schmitt, USA Dr. Y.C.L. Susan Wu National Museum of African Art Commission Prof. David C. Driskell Mr. John A. Friede Mr. Joseph M. Goldenberg Dr. Joseph E. Harris Mrs. Frances Humphrey Howard Mr. Elliot Lawrence Mr. Brian S. Leyden The Honorable Frank E. Moss Mr. Robert H. Nooter Mrs. Frieda Rosenthal Prof. Robert Farris Thompson The Honorable Walter E. Washington 306 Ex Officio Member Secretary I. Michael Heyman National Museum of American Art Commission Mr. Ronald D. Abramson Mr. Norman Bernstein Mr. Edwin I. Colodny Mrs. Ann Cousins Mr. James T. Demetrion Mr. Barney A. Ebsworth Mrs. Daniel Fraad Mrs. Patricia Frost Mrs. Shelby M. Gans Mr. Ken Hakuta Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr. Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. Raymond J. Horowitz Mrs. Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan Mr. William G. Kerr Mr. Melvin Lenkin Mr. Henry Luce, III Mr. Peter H. Lunder Mr. Jesus Moroles Dr. Paul D. Parkman Mr. Gerald L. Pearson Mrs. Morris S. Pynoos Mr. Frank K. Ribelin Mr. Richard J. Schwartz Mr. Ferdinand T. Stent Mr. Wesley S. Williams, Jr. Emeritus Members Mr. Walker Hancock Mr. R. Crosby Kemper Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mr. David Purvis Mr. Charles H. Sawyer National Museum of American History Board Dr. Ivan Selin, Chair Mr. Todd Axelrod Dr. Alison R. Bernstein Mr. Richard L. Carrion Mr. Peter Claussen The Honorable Thad Cochran Mr. Lester Colbert, Jr. Mr. George M. Ferris, Jr. Mr. Jerry Florence Mr. George C. Freeman, Jr. Prof. Neil Harris Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mr. Robert F. Hemphill, Jr. Ms. Irene Y. Hirano Thomas W. Langfitt, M.D. Mrs. Dorothy Lemelson Mr. James R. Mellor Mr. Elihu Rose Seymour I. Schwartz, M.D. Mr. Marvin D. Williams National Museum of the American Indian Board of Trustees Mr. Manley Alan Begay, Jr. Mr. James A. Block Dr. Ellsworth Brown Mr. Duane Champagne Ms. Eloise Cobell Mr. George L. Cornell Mr. Billy L. Cypress Mr. Vine Deloria, Jr. Mr. Charles M. Diker Ms. Catherine S. Fowler Mr. Douglas George Mr. Dwight Gourneau Mr. George Gund, II Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. Peter J. Johnson Mrs. Loretta Kaufman Ms. Henrietta Mann Ms. Joann Sebastian Morris Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor Mr. Jorge Flores Ochoa The Honorable Ted Stevens Ms. Luci Tapahonso Mr. Bernie Whitebear Ms. Ofelia Zepeda National Museum of Natural History Board Mr. Kenneth E. Behring Dr. Isabella C.M. Cunningham Dr. David Dilcher Dr. Thomas Eisner Dr. William B. Ellis Mr. Robert W. Fri The Honorable William H. Frist Mr. Edward O. Gaylord Mr. Arthur Gray, Jr. Mr. John S. Hendricks Dr. Stanley O. Ikenberry Mrs. Jean Lane Mr. Robert H. Malott The Honorable James A. McClure Mr. Jeffery W. Meyer Dr. Nancy R. Morin Mr. James R. Patton, Jr. Mr. Paul Risser Ms. Desiree G. Rogers Mr. Alan G. Spoon Mr. Marshall C. Turner, Jr. Mr. Milton H. Ward Mr. Howard H. Williams, III Emeritus Member Mr. S. Dillon Ripley I Ex Officio Members Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor National Portrait Gallery Commission The Honorable Anthony C. Beilenson The Honorable Jeannine Smith Clark, Chair Prof. Stephen Jay Gould Ms. Julie Harris Prof. David Levering Lewis Prof. R.W.B. Lewis Ms. Bette Bao Lord Mrs. Joan Mondale The Honorable Robert B. Morgan Mr. Roger H. Mudd Prof. Barbara Novak Ex Officio Members Secretary I. Michael Heyman, Smithsonian Institution Dr. Earl A. Powell III, Director, National Gallery of Art The Honorable William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice, U.S. Supreme Court National Postal Museum Advisory Commission The Honorable Winton M. Blount Mrs. Lovida Coleman Ms. Amina Dickerson Ms. Meredith Fischer Dr. Manuel L. Ibanez Mr. Azeezaly Jaffer The Honorable John M. McHugh Members of the Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1999 Mr. Arthur H. Morowitz Mr. Tim E. Needham Mr. James E. Pehta Ms. Elizabeth C. Pope Mrs. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy Mr. Edwin M. Schmidt The Honorable Robert Setrakian The Honorable Ted Stevens National Postal Museum Coordinating Committee Mr. Richard H. Arvonio Ms. Kathy Cunningham Ms. Ardelle G. Foss Mr. William Henderson Mr. Rick R. Johnson Dr. J. Dennis O’Connor National Postal Museum Director’s Circle Mr. Maynard H. Benjamin Mrs. Joan Berkley Mr. Thomas J. Berry The Honorable Paul Carlin Mr. Kieran A. Carracher Mr. Bruce Dobin Mr. Victor Forman Mr. James Forsythe Mr. Coleman Williams Hoyt Mr. Floyd Ivey Ms. F. Suzanne Jenniches Mr. Joe Monastro Mr. John Murchake Mr. John O’Dell Mr. James E. Pehta Ms. Joyce Reid Mr. Ernesto J. Rojas Mr. Thomas Stoneback Mr. Frederic Wolff, III Mr. John Zanchi National Science Resource Center Advisory Board Dr. Joseph A. Miller, Jr., Chair Ms. Ann P. Bay Ms. DeAnna Banks Beane Dr. Fred P. Corson Dr. Goery Delacote Ms. JoAnn DeMaria Dr. Peter Dow Dr. Hubert M. Dyasi Dr. Bernard S. Finn Dr. Robert M. Fitch Dr. Jerry P. Gollub Dr. Ana M. Guzman Dr. Anders Hedberg Dr. Richard Hinman Dr. David Jenkins Ms. Mildred E. Jones Dr. John W. Layman Dr. Leon M. Lederman Ms. Sarah A. Lindsey Dr. Lynn Margulis Dr. Ted Maxwell Dr. Mara Mayor Dr. John A. Moore Dr. Carlo Parravano Dr. Robert Ridky Ms. Ruth O. Selig Dr. Maxine F. Singer Dr. Robert D. Sullivan Ms. Nancy Thomas Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler Dr. Richard L. White Dr. Paul H. Williams Ms. Karen L. Worth Ex Officio Members Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor Mrs. Barbara K. Schneider Dr. William Colglazier Dr. Rodger Bybee National Zoological Park Advisory Board Mr. Peter C. Andrews Mr. Robert A. Bartlett, Jr. Ms. Edith A. Cecil Dr. David Challinor The Honorable Jeannine Smith Clark Mr. George A. Didden, HI Ms. Caroline D. Gabel Mrs. Laura Howell Mrs. Alberta Allen Kelly Dr. William C. Ramsay Mr. Jeffrey R. Short, Jr. Mr. Henry M. Strong Mrs. Carole A. Valentine Mrs. Beatrix von Hoffmann Honorary Members Mrs. Joan Donner Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Mrs. Adrienne Mars 307 Smithsonian Institution Environmental Research Center Board of Advisors The Honorable Helen Delich Bentley Ms. Susan Hager Michael Hayman, M.D. John Hobbie, Ph.D. The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta Beth Stevens, Ph.D. Prof. Richard P. Thornell Ms. Kathleen Wagner Smithsonian Institution Archives and Special Collections Council Mr. James B. Byers Ms. Cecilia H. Chin Ms. Fynnette Eaton Dr. John A. Fleckner Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn Ms. Edie Hedlin Ms. Colleen A. Hennessey Mr. John Homiak Ms. Lauranne C. Nash Mr. C. Jeffrey Place Dr. Thomas F. Soapes Mr. William G. Tompkins Ms. Linda A. Thrift Mr. James H. Wallace, Jr. Ms. Ching-Hsien Wang Mr. Mark A. Wright Dr. Judith K. Zilczer Smithsonian Institution Libraries Users Advisory Committee Dr. Gail S. Davidson Ms. Paula T. DePriest Ms. Patricia Gossel Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn Mr. Von D. Hardesty Ms. Elaine L. Johnston Dr. Thomas E. Lowderbaugh Dr. Nancy L. Matthews Dr. Sorena S. Sorensen Mr. Melvin J. Wachowiak, Jr. Smithsonian Institution Washington Council Ms. Jin-Hyun Weatherly Ahn Mr. Oliver T. Carr The Honorable Elaine L. Chao 308 Mr. Emilio A. Fernandez Mr. Donald Edward Graham Mr. J. Roderick Heller, HI Mrs. Kathleen Mullins Hough Mr. James V. Kimsey Mr. R. Robert Linowes Mr. Mario M. Morino Mrs. Irene Pollin Mr. John R. Risher, Jr. Mrs. Vicki Sant Mr. Ladislaus von Hoffmann Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Board of Trustees The Honorable Madeleine K. Albright The Honorable James A. Baker, HI Mr. Steven Alan Bennett, Esq. Mr. Samuel R. Berger Dr. James H. Billington Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Esq. Mr. John W. Carlin The Honorable Joseph D. Duffey Mr. William R. Ferris Mr. Joseph H. Flom, Esq. Ms. Jean L. Hennessey Secretary I. Michael Heyman Mr. Eli S. Jacobs Mr. Paul Hae Park The Honorable Richard W. Riley The Honorable S. Dillon Ripley, I The Honorable Donna E. Shalala Smithsonian Institution Women’s Committee Mrs. Martin Atlas Mrs. Marilyn Barrett Mrs. Christine Blazina Mrs. Annelise Brand Mrs. I. Townsend Burden, III Mrs. Margaret Bush Mrs. Margaret Camp Mrs. Doniphan Carter Mrs. Frank B. Clay Mrs. Lloyd E. Clayton Mrs. Richard Cobb Ms. Cissel Gott Collins Mrs. Margaret Collins Mrs. Willis D. Crittenberger, Jr. Mrs. Fritz Daguillard Mrs. Helen Davison Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Mrs. J. Edward Day Mrs. Jill Fri Mrs. Mary Goldberg Mrs. William F. Gorog Mrs. Karl G. Harr, Jr. Mrs. Henry L. Heymann Mrs. Stanford R. Hicks Mrs. George H. Hughey Mrs. Walter Innis Mrs. Ronald Ivey Mrs. Joanne Johnson Mrs. Betty Kadick Mrs. Pamela Kloman Mrs. Sherley Koteen Mrs. Carol Kuehl Mrs. Jane Kuuskraa Ms. Patricia Larkin Mrs. Bruce K. MacLaury Mrs. William S. Mailliard Mrs. Alexander M. Maish Mrs. Martha Martin Mrs. Arthur K. Mason Mrs. Joan Lambert McPhee Mrs. Ruth Metcalf Mrs. Sarah Milam Ms. Louise C. Millikan Mrs. J. Suzanne Moore Mrs. Horace White Peters Mrs. Charles L. Poor Mrs. C. Michael Price Mrs. Thomas Malcolm Price Ms. Judy Lynn Prince Major General James G. Randolph Mrs. Karen Rockwood Mrs. William C. Rountree Mrs. Arden Ruttenberg Mrs. John A. Sargent Mrs. Alice Sessions Mrs. Joy Vige Mrs. Sally Walker Mrs. Wendy Wall Mrs. James Bud Ward Mrs. Charles Swan Weber Mrs. John R. Webster Mrs. Jerome Weiss Mrs. Philip C. White Smithsonian Institution Internship Council Ms. Pablita T. Abeyta Mrs. Lorie H. Aceto Ms. Frederica Adelman Ms. Victoria Avera Ms. Lisa Bennett Ms. Ann M. Bissell Ms. Teresia Bush Ms. Faya Causey Ms. Anita Chapa Ms. Montrose R. Cones Ms. Deirdre Cross Ms. Georgina de Alba Ms. Kimberly L. Dow Ms. Betty Epps Mr. Brian Fair Ms. Paula Fletemeyer Ms. Ann R. Garvey Ms. Jill Greenstein Ms. Marcia Gregory Ms. Joanie Heavey Mrs. Judith H. Houston Ms. Pamela Elizabeth Hudson Ms. Veronika O. Jenke Ms. Jean Kalata Mr. Peter Kibbee Mr. Bruce R. Kirby Ms. Elizabeth Kirwin Mrs. Sharon F. Leathery Ms. Jane LeGrow Ms. Cassandra Lewis Ms. Nancy Lewis Ms. Sherri Manning Ms. Cathy Maree Ms. Elena P. Mayberry Ms. Lisa Mazzola Mr. Richard Moll Ms. Dana Moreland Mr. Bruce Morrison Ms. Lauranne C. Nash Ms. Rachel Orgeron Ms. Karen Oriji Ms. Gloria Player Ms. Amy Putnam Ms. Arlene Reiniger Dr. Marc Rothenberg Ms. Niki Sandoval Ms. Mary Sangrey Mrs. Magdalene C. Schremp Ms. Heidi L.R. Schwartz Mr. Raymond W. Seefeldt Mr. Robert Shallcross Ms. Karen B. Smith Ms. Myra Banks Smith Mr. Tim Smith Ms. Annie Teamer Mr. William G. Tompkins Ms. Esther Washington Ms. Jennifer Wheeler Ms. Allison Wickens Ms. Sabina Wiedenhoeft Ms. Andrea Williams Mr. Donald C. Williams Ms. Frances Yeh Ms. Alex Yi LES‘6g¢‘gz ebliob z88'8 gbSilgs LECtece OLEEKE gglSbz 6LS‘gor FOL‘Sz gobo‘ Sol oge‘gLotl 100‘0g9‘S €LG‘z61 1gz‘oL1 o16‘SzI Soeho€ 066‘10h'6 Sibebl £o6'hSe't [e101 tohiol'1 11gtzSgiz_ = GLO ggg‘ 61L‘Ce Lvo‘or 1Lg‘br €bg PLL 889 oSlzy Sglitlh o6z‘bS 1Sh'Cz LEg‘eg Leg‘oL O1€‘OI ZTOQ‘IT Ool€ez gSrscr CLO‘Sz oL6‘1€ £06 ILL‘9 o£ gg 199 Coes ESV Sg9‘09 SLHEg Sz9‘98 FOS‘hEL €L6‘E1g 6S1°7Q6 zeO°L Le Ih1‘LS¢ bg0'669 Soe‘rI goz‘o1r 6or'Lt SoS‘r1 Soler giv‘Li ZQE‘OI g6‘g Oo€‘or ob6‘gz 6z0'QE recy POS‘ ber g9z‘6Sg Sorvic'r ore ry 68789 ogo‘'z6 6LE‘Sor ¢€LotLgr Ogg‘ 1gz das sny ae ggs*sor'e gog‘¢v 988 zIvyy 6LS‘6b 6OE‘gI grltz PL1‘g GSE gorel b6z‘+rro 1F9‘99S gcc‘gl SCIFI Loo‘o1 €OI'e’ gborro'r bSg‘69 LSo‘L6r un{ TESOL E 1Lz‘Sh zLg 1bz‘6r SQe‘Le SLo‘zz z6L‘gz Cro‘ 61E'¢ Gezlg LotF‘vog 608989 6gg‘1z gSlibr 6LO‘11 zzS'1v Ibg‘10z'T Poe'Sl LLz‘g61 Avy ‘(ajaseD) Surpying uornansuy ueruosyaUS ‘A TLSYD IS ‘AIpoeg ades03¢ [IH JaqIS “TWH WAATIS aauay Aapdry uoypid “Ss ‘AATATY {eT]eH xrAauay SOLANA ‘nasnyy [eIsog [PUOIRNT “TY LSOd ‘MaT]eD wWessog [PuoNeNy “OqN ‘Asoastpy [einaeNy Jo WuMasnyy [euOeNY SEINIJN ‘Ueipuy uray aya jo wnasnyy [euoneN ‘TYWN ‘403s!P{ ULsaWy Jo whasnyy [euoneN SH WWN ‘Vy uroawy jo wnasny feuonenN “YYWN ‘My uvoiyy jo wnasnyw [euoneN ‘RIV NVOIMAV ‘wnasnyy aovdg 29 1ry [euoNeN ‘WSYN ‘uapseyg amadynog pure wnasnyy UJOYYSITFY “OSWH Sy Jo AaT[eH J9aIy YUATAUA ‘wWnasnyy usisaq yeuonepyy ‘armazy-sadooy ‘}/D ‘wmnasnyy easosvuy “VL LSOOVNY ‘AJ 1129 PepPpPes “W INYWIWY WATAOVS ‘FuIpying sarasnpuy pur sy ‘pey :puasay EzS'CSO'E §=—gheIgzz = SELltibe1T = SgtSlotr glo‘Ly gSO1P oPr‘'r€ zgLliote £zg grl gzs Crh goshs Sgz‘oS ztho'cy 106'6€ zoLlgI I9¢‘T1 ESQ*r1 S6S‘9 096'Sz 6o09‘L1 gog‘ol Lorri 6gS'ez orice €QC‘OI 6bL‘6 gb6'9 6L¢‘or z£9‘8 ELOCET Ibliz Sgo‘r QIg‘I ool E1€‘IQg SPSL veL‘go€ PLI‘VE EQeQ°QlL ZIZ‘6SS Log‘€o€ 1gb‘osz ggLlibsl 1gl‘S6P 966'gzz grlicer LeS‘61 IEQ‘OI IQO‘SI Lot‘h1 g6o'St 16PS1 L60‘Z1 66L‘c1 eteromnant 10¢‘OI zIGSG SL9‘9 ggo'er blo‘Le CEL ce oF St eghilov1 zgotezl T1g‘gle OL gtese 61g'bg o£9'9S gorner gLgice SLo‘LLe 6LOIvI LLo‘SL 6906S idy IR qoy uel QScbrgor zod‘zSgtr = zze‘goG‘t [e310], gree’ Evo'Se cov’ TV.LSOd vs Sol I9O'l THH WHATS 1QS‘6b BzzPs ETSQG IVNN obg‘L obl'ri ggLlici AdTd 1a Lo6‘v1 zge‘Li Liv‘e1 WATAOVS ghz SoL‘L1 VSr‘gI INV NVOIAV obg't1 QEgzI gLLirr H/D 1Lo‘1 grt 6FI VILSOOVNV zLzes PLL‘oL gro‘oLl OSWH £6660 Loz‘zzr ore*eeV HNWN COStbcr ozS‘ght BEEOSE HVWN gz6'€1 gos‘ ri gos‘F1 VVWN 6zo'S1 1m a SE OSH cI dN TZO'TI gc liz OIg‘eI MOIANIY ztQIze Siz‘iz IS1‘O€ BEERS E ziz‘Sgr Legg ogs‘ozg WSVN T€z‘oS 6OL‘SS L¥e‘lo PSV 1S9°€g 190‘QOI CzPocl ALLSV)D IS 22q AON YO Surpying Saale Pue suUNasN| UOINANSU] ULIUOSYWIS O} S}SIA Reports of Affiliated Organizations The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the National Gallery of Art, and the Woodrow Wilson Interna- tional Center for Scholars were established by Congress within the Smithsonian Institution under their own boards of trustees. The Institution provides administrative services on contract to Reading Is Fundamental, Inc., an independent organization. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts James A. Johnson, Chairman Lawrence J. Wilker, President The Kennedy Center is America’s living memorial to Presi- dent John F. Kennedy and the national center for the performing arts. The Kennedy Center commissions, produces, and presents more than 3,500 performances of music, theater, and dance from this nation and abroad. It makes the perform- ing arts available to everyone through free and discounted performances, nurtures new works, supports American artists, and serves the nation as a leader in arts education. This year, more than 5 million people visited the Kennedy Center. The Kennedy Center's national reach was extended through tour- ing productions, television, and the Internet. An additional 1 million people attended Kennedy Center touring productions nationwide, and more than 10 million people watched Kennedy Center television broadcasts. The Kennedy Center has two permanent Millennium Stages dedicated to free daily 6:00 p.m. concerts. Since the program’s inception, more than 500,000 people have watched the nightly concerts, 375 groups have made their Kennedy Center debuts, and more than 9,000 artists from around the world and all 50 states have performed on the Millennium Stage. On April 1, a daily live Internet broad- cast was inaugurated at www.kennedy-center. org. The Kennedy Center’s National Symphony Orchestra and Music Director Leonard Slatkin completed a highly success- ful year nationally and internationally. They performed from Beijing to Biloxi and received world recognition for being advocates of American music. Innovative festival program- ming was the highlight of the season and featured five festivals. The orchestra made its debut in China before Presi- dent Jiang Zemin and completed a Seventh American Residency in Mississippi, where it spent ro days in perform- ance, including 115 education and outreach events. It also earned the highest praise yet for its Carnegie Hall concerts. The Kennedy Center continues to build a worldwide repu- tation for commitment to quality in theater. Last season’s highlights featured the Washington pre-Broadway premieres of Footloose, which broke box office records in New York, and the Tony Award—winning revival of Annie Get Your Gun. Brothers of the Knight, a Kennedy Center commission, by Deb- bie Allen and James Ingram, won a Helen Hayes Award for outstanding choreography. Stunning international presenta- tions graced the stages: the American premiere of A Hotel in the Town of NN (Russia), The Game of Love and Chance and Les Arts Sauts (France), Orfeé (Canada), and Manuel Mendive (Cuba). African Odyssey completed a third season with a yearlong cel- ebration of music, dance, and theater of the African Diaspora. Africa Fete, the center's world music tour, performed in 16 cities. The center's “Imagination Celebration” on tour in- cluded 200 nationwide performances in 82 cities and 49 states of Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing, The Nightingale, and Little Women. More than 500 colleges participated in the center's an- nual American College Theater Festival. The Kennedy Center's commitment to new work in dance continued with the commissioning of collaborations between Reports of Affiliated Organizations 311 jazz composers with dance companies and choreographers: Pilobolus and the Maria Schneider Orchestra, Parsons Dance Company with Phil Woods, Paul Taylor Dance Company with the Paragon RagTime Orchestra, and Bill T. Jones with Fred Hersch. Internationally, the newly reconstructed Ba/let Suedois by the Royal Swedish Ballet and Swan Lake by the legendary Stanislavsky Ballet staged their American pre- mieres at the center. The Kennedy Center’s national reach was extended through television, touring productions, and the Internet. Six nationally televised programs emanated from the center: The Mark Twain Prize (Comedy Central), The Kennedy Center Honors (CBS), Memorial Day and July 4th National Sym- phony Orchestra Concerts (PBS), Kennedy Center Presents Los Americanos (PBS), and the Hispanic Heritage Awards (NBC). The Kennedy Center solidified its commitment to the fu- ture of the performing arts in the new millennium by introducing the “First Decade Initiative” to commission a minimum of ro new works each year of the first decade. National Gallery of Art Earl A. Powell III, Director The National Gallery of Art serves the nation by preserving, collecting, exhibiting, and fostering the understanding of works of art at the highest possible museum and scholarly standards. The gallery family was deeply saddened by the death of its dear friend, longtime trustee, and principal benefactor Paul Mellon on February 1. Mellon’s final gift includes 183 works of art, among them 37 wax and plaster sculptures by Edgar Degas, and endowment funds for acquisitions, art education, the archives, and the Center for Advanced Study in the Vi- sual Arts. During his lifetime, Mellon gave more than 900 works of art to the gallery. The exhibition year began with “Van Gogh's Van Goghs: Masterpieces from the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam,” a selection of 70 works kept together by the artist’s brother and his family. The art of portraiture was featured in three exhibitions of works by John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Other highlights in- cluded “Edo: Art in Japan 1615-1868,” which presented nearly 300 scrolls, screens, sculptures, ceramics, textiles, and woodblock prints; Italian baroque terracottas from Russia’s State Hermitage Museum; recently acquired works by roth- and 2oth-century photographers; 17th-century still life paintings, shown in the Dutch Cabinet Galleries; and “The Golden Age of Chinese Archaeology: Celebrated Discoveries from The People’s Republic of China,” an unprecedented ex- hibition of 200 archaeological artifacts and works of art dating as far back as 7,000 years. Six years of planning and construction culminated with the opening in May of the National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden. The garden and 10 sculptures displayed there are a gift of The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation. Placed among thousands of plantings, from 40-foot trees to many varieties of groundcovers, are 17 sculptures by such outstanding post-World War II artists as Magdalena Abakanowicz, Louise Bourgeois, Scott Burton, Mark di Su- vero, Barry Flanagan, Ellsworth Kelly, Sol LeWitt, Roy Lichtenstein, Joan Miro, Isamu Noguchi, Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, George Rickey, Lucas Samaras, Joel Shapiro, David Smith, and Tony Smith. Among the year’s purchases for the collections were a painting of soldiers playing cards and dice by the early 17th- century French artist Valentin de Boulogne; a book of landscape sketches by Oscar Bluemner, done in France and Italy; a watercolor and ink drawing by American syn- chromist Stanton Macdonald-Wright; an extremely rare print by the earliest known engraver, the Master of the Play- ing Cards; and an album of 81 drawings made in Rome by Jacques-Louis David. Outstanding among the many gifts to the collections were an early 16th-century pen and ink drawing by Hans Suss von Kulmback from Mrs. Neil F. Phillips; a Diirer drawing, Female Nude Praying, from The Ian Woodner Family Collec- tion; a partial gift of a Raphaelle Peale still life, A Dessert, from Jo Ann and Julian Ganz Jr.; and a partial gift of a Georgia O'Keeffe painting, Black, White, and Blue from Bar- ney Ebsworth. Among the gifts for the photography collection were a very early Frederick and William Lengenheim photograph (1849) and works from the 1860s by Robert MacPherson and Felice Beato. Other photographers whose works were added to the collection included Berenice Abbott, Ralston Crawford, Imogene Cunningham, Roy De Carava, Robert Fichter, André Kertész, Leonard Missone, Arnold Newman, Dorothy Norman, and August Sander. The education division initiated two new programs: a popular monthly Saturday morning children’s film program and a summer institute on museum careers for District of Columbia high school students. An electronic classroom project focusing on the Shaw Memorial by Augustus Saint- Gaudens was organized with the Massachusetts Corporation for Educational Technology and reached approximately 42,000 students in schools throughout the country. Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. Lynda Johnson Robb, Chairman William E. Trueheart, President and Chief Executive Officer Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. (RIF) creates and delivers chil- dren’s and family literacy programs to prepare young children to become eager and engaged readers, to motivate school-age children to discover the joys of reading, and to support children’s efforts to become strong readers. In 1998, RIF served children and their families at more than 16,500 sites, including schools, libraries, community health centers, 312 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 hospitals, Head Start and Even Start sites, Native American reservations, migrant worker camps, detention centers, and homeless shelters. Through a network of 240,000 volun- teers, RIF reached more than 3.5 million children nationwide. RIF’s core activity is its National Book Program, which provides motivation training and “seed money” for RIF pro- gram coordinators to purchase new books at significant discounts for free distribution to children. Building on that strong foundation, RIF is poised to reach 5 million children a year by the end of 2000. RIF places highest priority on serving the nation’s neediest children—those at greatest risk of educational failure and economic hardship—with special emphasis on serving children from birth to age 11. RIF received a five-year grant from the U.S. Department of Education’s Star Schools Program to develop RIFNet, a consortium that will create and disseminate technology- based, multimedia training programs for parents, educators, and literacy volunteers to enable them to help children get ready to read and become better readers. The network, oper- ational in 2000, will deliver programs and training via satellite and cable TV, the Internet, video, and CD-ROMs. RIF developed Care to Read, a series of workshops to pro- vide resources and training to caregivers in child-care centers and family-based day-care centers. Last year, Care to Read was piloted at early childhood programs and day-care centers in Delaware and Virginia. In 1998, RIF entered year two of a landmark, multiyear program actively supported by Delaware Governor Thomas Carper and First Lady Martha Carper and the state’s Depart- ment of Education. The Delaware RIF Initiative provides teacher training, literacy services, and books to every first- grade classroom in Delaware’s public schools and serves every child enrolled in Head Start, Even Start, Early Child- hood Assistance, and Parents-as-Teachers programs. RIF children across the country participated in our Na- tional Reading Celebration through a series of events that culminated in the annual Reading Is Fun Week in April. An awards ceremony at the Capital Children’s Museum in Washington, D.C., honored national RIF Reader winner, Harry Bates of Selma, Alabama, and winner of the National Poster Contest, José Giraldo of New York. With a generous donation of 250,000 new books from Scholastic, Inc., RIF launched a summer reading program in Washington, D.C., that enabled every student in the city’s public elementary schools to select three free new books. The program also created classroom libraries. RIF Chairman Lynda Johnson Robb and President and Chief Executive Of ficer William E. Trueheart presided at the kickoff event with Scholastic’s President and Chief Executive Officer Richard Robinson. Joining them were U.S. Secretary of Education Richard W. Riley, Sen. James Jeffords, Sen. Charles Robb, Rep. Sheila Jackson-Lee, and District of Columbia Mayor Anthony Williams and Superintendent of Schools Arlene Ackerman. RIF also teamed with the Washington, D.C., Public Li- brary to launch the library’s summer reading program. The program was made possible through RIF’s partnership with Best Buy, Inc., as part of the corporation’s commitment to America’s Promise, chaired by retired General Colin Powell. (America’s Promise is dedicated to mobilizing individuals, groups, and organizations from every part of American life to build and strengthen the character and competence of youth.) RIF Chairman Lynda Johnson Robb serves as vice- chair of America’s Promise. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Lee H. Hamilton, Director As Washington, D.C.’s nonpartisan research institution ex- amining important issues in the humanities, social sciences and public policy, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars holds a unique place in our nation. Established by Congress in 1968 as the nation’s memorial to our 28th president, the Wilson Center provides a link between the world of ideas and the world of policy making. Situated in the Ronald Reagan Building on Pennsylvania Avenue, it is a fitting place for the 150 scholars from all over the world who visit the center each year to carry out research and interact with Washington practitioners. The Wilson Center assembles policy makers, academi- cians, members of Congress, scholars, and business and national leaders in more than 300 conferences and meet- ings per year. These lively events provide the public with the opportunity to ask questions and explore new ideas with academic and research and policy experts. The wide array of topics covered this year included the effects of C-SPAN on Congress and the political career of Slobodan Milosevic. The center’s renowned Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies celebrated its 25th anniversary this year. The center is expanding its scope and activities, yet also tying more of its work to a few central themes. Three themes are key: the role of the United States in the world and issues of leadership and partnership; governance; and long-term challenges facing the United States and the world. Six new or expanded initiatives were launched this year. First, a series of Director’s Forums have brought more than a dozen notable speakers to the Woodrow Wilson Center. Sit- ting and former prime ministers, several ambassadors, cabinet officials, members of Congress, and other officials have spoken. The center has also begun a “Project on Sover- eignty in the Digital Age,” which is examining the information revolution and its profound impact on the global economy and on relations between governments and the private sector. The project explores how to balance na- tional sovereignty with the need for new international rules in an age when the Internet and electronic commerce operate both within and beyond national borders. In addition, the center has started two new regional programs and expanded a third. Projects on Canada and on Africa are new to the cen- ter, and the Middle East Program is being expanded with a Reports of Affiliated Organizations 313 focus on Islam and on women. These are all exciting addi- tions to the work of the center. The Congress Project, the sixth initiative, seeks to bring to- gether current and former members of Congress and staff, congressional scholars, representatives of the media, and the general public to examine aspects of the policy process on Capitol Hill. The project director, a 28-year House staff vet- eran, developed the model for the project as a public policy scholar with a series of programs in 1998 on “The Information Age Congress and the Policy Process.” The project’s 1999— 2000 series will look at “Congress and the Purse Strings.” Dialogue, the Wilson Center’s award-winning weekly radio program, has continued its long-running role as a forum for showcasing the work that goes on at the center. It is pro- duced in association with Smithsonian Productions and broadcast nationwide by the Armed Forces Radio Network. This summer, the program’s host, George Liston Seay, marked a milestone in recording his 500th interview for the show. And the popular Wé/son Quarterly remains one of the most widely circulated scholarly journals of its kind, with an annual readership of more than 60,000 subscribers. While new initiatives were added this year, existing pro- grams and projects continued to provide for open, fair, and nonpartisan study and dialogue. Center activities included serious discussion from the Balkans, Kosovo, Iran, and envi- ronmental policy to updates on critical nonproliferation concerns and reviews of developments in China, Japan, Russia, Europe, Brazil, and Mexico. Financial Report Rick Johnson, Chief Financial Officer The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both federal appropriations and nonappropriated trust sources. Nonappropriated trust funds include all funds received from sources other than direct federal appropriations. These other sources include gifts and grants from individuals, corpora- tions, and foundations; grants and contracts from federal, state, or local government agencies; earnings from short- and long-term investments; revenue from membership programs; and revenue from business activities, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops and restaurants, mail order cata- logues, and licensed products. Federal appropriations provide funding for the Institu- tion’s core functions: caring for and conserving the national collections, sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and unique strength, and edu- cating the public about the collections and research findings through exhibitions and other public programs. Federal appropriations also fund most activities associated with maintaining and securing the facilities and with various administrative and support services. Smithsonian trust funds allow the Institution to under- take new ventures and enrich existing programs in ways that would not otherwise be possible. These funds provide the critical margin of excellence for innovative research, building and strengthening the national collections, constructing and presenting effective and up-to-date exhibitions, and reaching out to new and underrepresented audiences. In recent years, the Smithsonian has also begun to rely on trust funds to sup- port major new construction projects. The following sections describe the external environmen- tal factors affecting the Institution’s general financial condition, its financial status, and its planned response to changing conditions; financial results for fiscal year 1999; and organizational and financial measures being taken to en- sure the continued fiscal health of the Institution. Financial Perspectives As we move into the new millennium, the Smithsonian has made major advances in several key projects that will sustain and enhance its reputation as a world-class center for re- search and education. The Smithsonian's continued focus on generating new revenues through fund-raising and business activities is integral to this advancement. The Discovery Center in the National Museum of Natural History opened in fiscal year 1999. This project provides space for new programs, a café, an IMAX® theater, and an expanded museum shop. Incremental net income from busi- ness activities in the museum will repay the funds borrowed to build this facility. The fund-raising campaign for the Dulles Center, a major extension of the National Air and Space Museum at Dulles International Airport, continued this year. By the end of cal- endar year 1999, approximately 68 percent of the campaign goal of $130 million had been received in cash and pledges. The capstone of the campaign was a $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazy. Net income from business activ- ities in this facility and pledge payments will repay planned borrowing. The project is also receiving significant support from the Commonwealth of Virginia, which includes provid- ing the basic infrastructure for roads, landscaping, and parking. The Smithsonian has entered into an agreement to purchase the Victor Building, an office building near the Old Patent Office Building, which houses the National Portrait Gallery, the National Museum of American Art, and the Archives of American Art. The purpose of the acquisition is to move ad- ministrative offices currently in leased space, reclaim gallery space in the Patent Office Building by relocating administra- tive and support functions, and provide additional program space. Fund-raising and savings from amounts currently bud- Financial Report 315 geted for leases will service debt for this $106 million facility. Planned occupancy is in fiscal year 2000. The groundbreaking ceremony for the National Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall was held in 1999. The museum is scheduled to open in 2003. This project is being funded by a combination of federal appropriations and private funding. At the end of the year, plans were under way to raise the final 20 percent of the project costs. In support of these projects, the Smithsonian established Smithsonian Business Ventures and appointed Gary M. Beer, previously president and CEO of the Sundance Group, as CEO of that organization. Smithsonian Business Ventures is a separate entity within the Institution approved by the Board of Regents with a goal of doubling business revenue in five years. The Smithsonian’s national capital campaign, currently in its “quiet phase,” continued to significantly in- crease giving to the Institution. Fiscal Year 1999 Results Operating revenues received by the Institution in fiscal year 1999 from all sources totaled $869.6 million. Revenue from federal appropriations accounted for $402.6 million, and nonappropriated trust funds provided an additional $467.0 million. When adjusted to remove auxiliary activity expenses of $191.8 million, net revenues totaled $677.8 mil- lion. The chart on this page reflects revenues by source and broad purpose of use. Operations Federal operating revenue of $344.0 million provided the core funding for ongoing programs of the Institution. The fiscal year 1999 federal appropriation of $351.3 million represented a net increase of $17.9 million over the fiscal year 1998 level. After reduction of $3.4 million for one-time costs in the fiscal year 1998 budget, increases totaled $21.3 million. The increases included $9.1 million for mandatory increases in pay, utilities, and rent; $6.0 million for opera- tions of the National Museum of the American Indian; $1.5 million for the National Museum of Natural History for operations and move costs associated with additions to the museum; and $4.7 million to meet security system re- quirements that were not Year 2000 compliant. General trust revenue was $276.5 million, a 2 percent increase over the previous year. Donor/sponsor revenue for undesignated purposes of $33.7 million was basically un- changed from the prior year. Sales and membership revenue rose 2 percent, reversing a decline from last year. However, the net revenue from these activities was up more than 58 percent, in part due to a reduction in expenses. This increase was the result of a major restructuring of the Smithsonian Institution Press, which eliminated unprofitable lines of business, and the success of Smithsonian magazine. Revenue from donor/sponsor designated funds totaled $123.6 million, more than doubling the amount from fiscal year 1998. Major gifts and grants included the $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazy for the National Air and Space Museum’s Dulles Center and $10 million from Polo Ralph Lauren for the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Pro- ject at the National Museum of American History. The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generosity contributed vitally to its work. The names of major donors are listed in the Donors section of this annual report. In fiscal year 1999, the Institution recorded $66.9 million in revenue from contracts and grants from government agen- cies, a $9.6 million increase over fiscal year 1998. Support from government agencies constitutes an important source of research funding, while also providing the granting agencies access to Smithsonian expertise and resources. As in previous years, most of these funds were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for research programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. One of the largest and most important projects funded was the Chandra X-ray Observatory, which is now in orbit and contributing to astrophysical knowledge. Two projects received support from Save America’s Treasures, a public-private partnership between the White House Millennium Council and the National Trust for Historic Preservation: $3.0 million for the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project and $1.4 mil- lion for Apollo space program artifacts at the National Air and Space Museum. Endowment The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment purposes into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment purchasing shares in a manner similar to shares purchased by an investor in a mutual fund. The Investment Policy Committee of the Board of Regents establishes investment policy and recommends the annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The Smithsonian's policies for managing the endowment are designed to achieve two objectives: to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures and to protect the value of the en- dowment against inflation and maintain its purchasing power. Current policy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent of the average market value over the prior five years. With this pay- out policy, to achieve the endowment’s objectives, the investment policy targets a real rate of return of 5 percent. The market value of the endowment increased from $580.9 million to $658.5 million during fiscal year 1999. The total includes $1.0 million that is not pooled with other endowment assets. The total return for the endowment, net of fees, was $121.5 million, and transfers into the endow- ment totaled $8.5 million. Offsetting these amounts was an endowment payout of $21.0 million and a net transfer out of the endowment of $31.4 million. The transfer moved funds to a private operating foundation that had been the recipient of the endowment payout to perform research consistent with the requirements of the endowment. The total return on the consolidated portfolio was 21.78 percent. At the end of the fiscal year, the Institution’s portfo- lio was invested 71 percent in equities, 28 percent in bonds, 316 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 and 1 percent in cash. The portfolio hac 23 percent in for- af eign stocks and bonds and 77 percent in U.S. securities. Construction Funds In fiscal year 1999, federal appropriations for construction were $60.4 million. This amount included $40.0 million for general repair, restoration, and code compliance projects throughout the Institution. Funds earmarked for new con- struction, alterations, and modifications totaled $20.4 million. Included in this amount is $16.0 million tor the Mal! museum of the National Museum of the American Indian and $4.4 million for renovations, repairs, and master plan projects at the National Zoological Park Nonappropriated trust construction funds totaled $5.9 million. Approximately $4.4 million supported construction of facilities for the National Museum of the American Indian; $1.0 million contributed to the reinstallation of the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems. and Minerals at the National Museum of Natural History; $0.3 million sup- ported renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum: and $0.2 million went to several smaller projects. Financial Position The Smithsonian Institution’s Statement of Financial Position presents the total assets, liabilities, and net assets of the Insti- tution. Total assets of $1.7 billion far exceed rotal liabilities of $406 million and continue to be indicative of the tinancial al year 1999. the most significant increases in the Institution's fir strength of the Institution. During fis nancial position in- cluded growth in investments of approximately $92 million, an increase in net property and equipment of $40 million, and the $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazv. Financial Management During the year, the Institution devoted significant re- sources to deal with the Year 2000 software preblem. A final review by the Regents’ Audit and Review Committee found the steps taken to be satisfactory, and all major systems were functioning effectively at the beginning of 2000 Other financial management improvement initiatives undertaken in fiscal year 1999 included: ion of ¢ An internal study that recommended imp!ementat an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System. Funding has yet to be identified for the project, but it is hoped that implementation of the first module—the financial system—can begin in fiscal year 2001. e A study to document accounting and systems architecture as the basis for implementing a new financial system and a draft of the functional requirements for a new general ledger. e A project in the Office of the Comptroller to implement software that would facilitate accurate preparation and electronic processing of travel authorization and voucher forms. The software will be tested with selected units early in fiscal year 2000 and then rolled out to all units. e Improved collection of amounts due under grants and contracts by the Office of Sponsored Projects as a result of automation and systems enhancement. e Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) for employee travel reim- bursements. Additional financial management improvement initiatives planned to start in fiscal year 2000 include the following: e Updating and streamlining financial policies and proce- dures. The project includes putting policies online in a searchable format. e Implementation of a credit card system for small purchases. e Development of a comptroller’s manual to document ac- counting procedures. Audit Activities The Institution’s financial statements are audited annually by KPMG LLP, an independent public accounting firm. The audit plan includes an in-depth review of the Institution’s internal control structure. The KPMG LLP Independent Auditors’ Report for fiscal year 1999 and the accompanying financial statements are presented on the following pages. The Smithsonian’s internal audit staff, part of the Office of Inspector General, assists the external auditors and regularly audits the Institution’s various programs, activities, and in- ternal control systems. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents provides an additional level of financial oversight and review. In accordance with the government requirement for the use of coordinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Smithsonian Office of Inspector General, and KPMG LLP coordinate the audit of grants and contracts re- ceived from federal agencies. Smithsonian Institution at a Glance ¢ 16 museums and galleries ¢ 400 buildings in 5 states, Washington, D.C., and Panama ® 19,000 acres ¢ 6.6 million square feet of owned space e 31.4 million visits in 1999 (including an estimated 3 million at the National Zoo) ¢ 141 million objects, works of art, and specimens ¢ 40 million hits per month at the Smithsonian Web site (www.si.edu) e 2.1 million members of the Smithsonian Associates Financial Report 317 FINANCIAL REPORT RICK JOHNSON, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both federal appropriations and non- appropriated trust sources. Nonappropriated trust funds include all funds received from sources other than direct federal appropriations. These other sources include gifts and grants from individuals, corporations, and foundations; grants and contracts from federal, state, or local government agencies; earnings from short- and long-term investments; rev- enue from membership programs; and revenue from business activities, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops and restaurants, mail order catalogues, and licensed products. Federal appropriations provide funding for the Institution’s core functions: caring for and conserving the national collections, sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and unique strength, and educating the public about the collections and research findings through exhibitions and other public programs. Federal appropriations also fund most activities associated with maintaining and securing the facilities and with various administrative and support services. Smithsonian trust funds allow the Institution to undertake new ventures and enrich existing programs in ways that would not otherwise be possible. These funds provide the critical margin of excellence for innovative research, building and strengthening the national collections, constructing and presenting effective and up-to-date exhibitions, and reaching out to new and underrepresented audiences. In recent years, the Smithsonian has also begun to rely on trust funds to support major new construction projects. The following sections describe the external environmental factors affecting the Institu- tion’s general financial condition, its financial status, and its planned response to chang- ing conditions; financial results for fiscal year 1999; and organizational and financial mea- sures being taken to ensure the continued fiscal health of the Institution. Financial Perspectives As we move into the new millennium, the Smithsonian has made major advances in sev- eral key projects that will sustain and enhance its reputation as a world-class center for research and education. The Smithsonian’s continued focus on generating new revenues through fund raising and business activities is integral to this advancement. The Discovery Center in the National Museum of Natural History opened in fiscal vear 1999. This project provides space for new programs, a café, an IMAX* theater, and an expanded museum shop. Incremental net income from business activities in the museum will repay the funds borrowed to build this facility. The fund-raising campaign for the Dulles Center, a major extension of the National Air and Space Museum at Dulles International Airport, continued this year. By the end of calendar year 1999, approximately 68 percent of the campaign goal of $130 million had been received in cash and pledges. The capstone of the campaign was a $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazy. Net income from business activities in this facility and pledge payments will repay planned borrowing. The project is also receiving significant support from the Com- 318 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 monwealth of Virginia, which includes providing the basic infrastructure for roads, landscaping, and parking. The Smithsonian has entered into an agreement to purchase the Victor Building, an office building near the Old Patent Office Building, which houses the National Portrait Gallery, the National Museum of American Art, and the Archives of American Art. The purpose of the acquisition is to move adminis- trative offices currently in leased space, reclaim gallery space in the Patent Office Building by relo- cating administrative and support functions, and provide additional program space. Fund raising and savings from amounts currently budgeted for leases will service debt for this $106 million facility. Planned occupancy is in fiscal year 2000. The groundbreaking ceremony for the National Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall was held in 1999. The musem is scheduled to open in 2003. This project is being funded by a com- bination of federal appropriations and private fund- ing. At the end of the year, plans were under way to raise the final 20 percent of the project costs. In support of these projects, the Smithsonian established Smithsonian Business Ventures and appointed Gary M. Beer, previously president and CEO of the Sundance Group, as CEO of that organi- zation. Smithsonian Business Ventures is a separate entity within the Institution approved by the Board of Regents with a goal of doubling business revenue in five years. The Smithsonian’s national capital campaign, currently in its “quiet phase,” continued to significantly increase giving to the Institution. Fiscal Year 1999 Results Operating revenues received by the Institution in fis- cal year 1999 from all sources totaled $869.6 mil- Fiscal Year 1999 Sources of Gross/Net Revenues FY 1999 Sources of Net Revenues General Trust 7.5% Gov't Grants & Contracts 9.9% Donor/Sponsor 23.2% Federal Appropriations 59.4% lion. Revenue from federal appropriations accounted for $402.6 million, and nonappropriated trust funds provided an additional $467.0 million. When adjusted to remove auxiliary activity expenses of $191.8 million, net revenues totaled $677.8 million. The chart on this page reflects revenues by source and broad purpose of use. Operations (Table 1) Federal operating revenue of $344.0 million pro- vided the core funding for ongoing programs of the Institution. The fiscal year 1999 federal appropria- tion of $351.3 million represented a net increase of $17.9 million over the fiscal year 1998 level. After reduction of $3.4 million for one-time costs in the fiscal year 1998 budget, increases totaled $21.3 mil- lion. The increases included $9.1 million for manda- tory increases in pay, utilities, and rent; $6.0 million Gross Net* Percent Revenues Revenues Net Revenues ($ millions) (S millions) (%) Operations Federal Appropriations 402.6 402.6 59.4 General Trust ** 242.7 50.9 Vis: Donor/Sponsor ** 157.4 157.4 2302: Gov’t Grants & Contracts 66.9 66.9 9.9 Total Sources for Operations 869.6 677.8 100.0 *Net of expenses related to revenue-generating activities, e.g., museum shops, restaurants, publications, etc. ** General trust is reduced from Table 1 by the Donor/Sponsor Contributions. for operations of the National Museum of the Ameri- can Indian; $1.5 million for the National Museum of Natural History for operations and move costs associated with additions to the museum; and $4.7 million to meet security system requirements that were not Year 2000 compliant. General trust revenue was $276.5 million, a 2 per- cent increase over the previous year. Donor/sponsor revenue for undesignated purposes of $33.7 million was basically unchanged from the prior year. Sales and membership revenue rose 2 percent, reversing a Sales and Membership Activities ($ millions) decline from last year. However, the net revenue from these activities was up more than 58 percent, in part due to a reduction in expenses. This increase was the result of a major restructuring of the Smith- sonian Institution Press, which eliminated unprof- itable lines of business, and the success of Smith- sonian magazine. Revenue from donor/sponsor designated funds totaled $123.6 million, more than doubling the amount from fiscal year 1998. Major gifts and grants included the $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazy for the National Air and Space Museum’s Dulles Center and $10 million from Polo Ralph Lauren for the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project at the National Museum of American History. Financial Report The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generosity con- tributed vitally to its work. The names of major donors are listed in the Benefactors section of this annual report. In fiscal year 1999, the Institution recorded $66.9 million in revenue from contracts and grants from government agencies, a $9.6 million increase over fis- cal year 1998. Support from government agencies constitutes an important source of research funding, while also providing the granting agencies access to Smithsonian expertise and resources. As in previous years, most of these funds were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for research programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. One of the largest and most important projects funded was the Chandra X-ray Observatory, which is now in orbit and contributing to astrophysi- cal knowledge. Two projects received support from Save America’s Treasures, a public-private partnership between the White House Millennium Council and the National Trust for Historic Preservation: $3.0 million for the Star-Spangled Banner Preserva- tion Project and $1.4 million for Apollo space pro- gram artifacts at the National Air and Space Museum. Endowment The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment purposes into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment purchasing shares in a man- ner similar to shares purchased by an investor in a mutual fund. The Investment Policy Committee of the Board of Regents establishes investment policy and recom- Market Value of Endowment ($ millions) 7005 G58 600 581 Ss 600 F 500- 400+ 300+ 200+ 100 - 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Fiscal Year 319 320 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 FY 1999 Endowment and Similar Activities Net Assets ($ millions) Permanently : Undesignated Restricted (65) Unrestricted (258) Temporarily Restricted (140) Designated Unrestricted (202) mends the annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The Smithsonian’s policies for manag- ing the endowment are designed to achieve two objectives: to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures and to protect the value of the endowment against inflation and maintain its purchasing power. Current policy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent of the average market value over the prior five years. With this pay- out policy, to achieve the endowment’s objectives, the investment policy targets a real rate of return of S percent. The market value of the endowment increased from $580.9 million to $658.5 million during fiscal year 1999. The total includes $1.0 million that is not pooled with other endowment assets. The total return for the endowment, net of fees, was $121.5 million, and transfers into the endowment totaled $8.5 million. Offsetting these amounts was an endowment payout of $21.0 million and a net trans- fer out of the endowment of $31.4 million. The transfer moved funds to a private operating founda- tion that had been the recipient of the endowment payout to perform research consistent with the requirements of the endowment. The total return on the consolidated portfolio was 21.78 percent. At the end of the fiscal year, the Insti- tution’s portfolio was invested 71 percent in equi- ties, 28 percent in bonds, and 1 percent in cash. The portfolio had 23 percent in foreign stocks and bonds and 77 percent in U.S. securities. Construction Funds In fiscal year 1999, federal appropriations for con- struction were $60.4 million. This amount included $40.0 million for general repair, restoration, and code compliance projects throughout the Institution. Funds earmarked for new construction, alterations, and modifications totaled $20.4 million. Included in this amount is $16.0 million for the Mall museum of the National Museum of the American Indian and $4.4 million for renovations, repairs, and master plan projects at the National Zoological Park. Nonappropriated trust construction funds totaled $5.9 million. Approximately $4.4 million supported construction of facilities for the National Museum of the American Indian; $1.0 million contributed to the reinstallation of the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals at the National Museum of Natural History; $0.3 million supported renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; and $0.2 million went to several smaller projects. Financial Position The Smithsonian Institution’s Statement of Financial Position presents the total assets, liabilities, and net assets of the Institution. Total assets of $1.7 billion far exceed total liabilities of $406 million and con- tinue to be indicative of the financial strength of the Institution. During fiscal year 1999, the most signifi- cant increases in the Institution’s financial position included growth in investments of approximately $92 million, an increase in net property and equip- ment of $40 million, and the $60 million pledge from Steven F. Udvar-Hazy. Financial Management During the year, the Institution devoted significant resources to deal with the Year 2000 software prob- lem. A final review by the Regents’ Audit and Review Committee found the steps taken to be satisfactory, and all major systems were functioning effectively at the beginning of 2000. Other financial management improvement initia- tives undertaken in fiscal year 1999 included: e An internal study that recommended implemen- tation of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System. Funding has yet to be identified for the project, but it is hoped that implementation of the first module—the financial system—can begin in fiscal year 2001. e A study to document accounting and systems architecture as the basis for implementing a new financial system and a draft of the functional requirements for a new general ledger. e A project in the Office of the Comptroller to implement software that would facilitate accurate preparation and electronic processing of travel authorization and voucher forms. The software will be tested with selected units early in fiscal year 2000 and then rolled out to all units. ¢ Improved collection of amounts due under grants and contracts by the Office of Sponsored Projects as a result of automation and systems enhancement. e Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) for employee travel reimbursements. Additional financial management improvement initiatives planned to start in fiscal year 2000 include the following: ¢ Updating and streamlining financial policies and procedures. The project includes putting policies online in a searchable format. ¢ Implementation of a credit card system for small purchases. ¢ Development of a comptroller’s manual to docu- ment accounting procedures. Audit Activities The Institution’s financial statements are audited annually by KPMG LLP, an independent public accounting firm. The audit plan includes an in- depth review of the Institution’s internal control structure. The KPMG LLP Independent Auditors’ Financial Report Smithsonian Institution At a Glance e 16 museums and galleries e 400 buildings in 5 states, Washington, D.C., and Panama e 19,000 acres ¢ 6.6 million square feet of owned space ¢ 31.4 million visits in 1999 (including an estimated 3 million at the National Zoo) e 141 million objects, works of art, and specimens e 40 million hits per month at the Smithsonian Web site (Wwww.si.edu) e 2.1 million members of the Smithsonian Associates = Report for fiscal year 1999 and the accompanying financial statements are presented on the following pages. The Smithsonian’s internal audit staff, part of the Office of Inspector General, assists the external auditors and regularly audits the Institution’s vari- ous programs, activities, and internal control sys- tems. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents provides an additional level of financial oversight and review. In accordance with the government requirement for the use of coordinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Smithsonian Office of Inspector General, and KPMG LL? coordinate the audit of grants and contracts received from federal agencies. 32] 322 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 Table 1. Source and Application of Institutional Resources for the Year Ended September 30, 1999 ($000) Trust Funds Donor/ Government Total Federal General Sponsor Grants & Trust Total Funds Trust Designated Contracts Funds FY 1999 REVENUE & GAINS: FederalbAppropulations: i iriaie spears oa ie oe Ae wee eee 344,042 = — = = 343,691 Endowment Payout & Investment Income. ..............- —_— 17,337 6,636 — 23,973 23,973 Government Grants and Contracts ............0000e ee eee = = — 66,868 66,868 66,868 DOMOM/ASDOMSOL cetera coun ho ca yee areas, Sete oil stan F —_ 33,714 117,068 — 150,782 150,782 Salessandi Membership’ \ jes. 244 5.x sorted yeisa slat cryehenan — 217,296 — — 217,296 217,296 GOMStUGHOMG oe fant haerirchesey ces eck he se, cncyi boas ant Ae ates 58,547 — — — — 58,898 (Qi oVeS tae ASAT) ke rin Se snare Pee Oe a REE een Sen ne Nayar — 8,134 —_ — 8,134 8,134 TOTAL REVENUE & GAINS ....................--. 402,589 276,481 123,704 66,868 467,053 869,642 EXPENSES: Museums & Research Institutes: Anacostia Museum and Center for African American FAISCORY ANGS Culture ys: ive oc.05-4,6, osyenetesre ee yaa eset 22 ET 27. 893 129 — 1,022 2,749 ATGMIVESTOR ATEN CAMA oo rsesnecs-s2aua sn slats eenareus = lee «seeeie 1,580 144 631 — 775 2,355 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art ......... 5,690 4,321 1,736 _— 6,057 11,747 Center for Folklife Programs & Cultural Studies ........ 1,754 1,105 1137 _— 2,242 3,996 Center for Materials Research and Education .......... 3,046 82 4 — 86 34132 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. ............ 2,871 2,801 1,190 17 4,008 6,879 Hirshhorn Museum & Sculpture Garden .............. 4,305 4,328 187 — 4,515 8,820 National Air and Space Museum .................05- 13,338 3,815 4,115 338 8,268 21,606 National Museum of African Art .................... 4,000 360 43 — 403 4,403 National Museum of American Art (incl. Renwick) ...... 7,631 2125 17333 — 3,458 11,089 National Museum of American History ............... 19,108 3,081 5,408 18 8,507 27,615 — National Postal Museum. .............00c0ceeeeae S71 149 2,012 3,164 5,825 6,396 National Museum of the American Indian. ............ 13,830 1,441 3,401 62 4,904 18,734 National Museum of Natural History................. 39,784 4860 8,225 3,276 16,361 56,145 — Museum Support Center’ ois siecic ere aceteoc pains ciate s 4,556 9 _— - 9 4,565 National Portrait Gallery i... di. 6 oe 2. See wel se caw oes 4,791 399 329 = 728 5,519 National Zoological Park: sn. .:<.s:ace sustiers cts eee erd he eine ae 19,691 2,180 1,400 851 4,431 24,122 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory .............. 29,049 O12 2,548 53,640 65,900 94,949 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center .......... 3,184 295 232 1,968 2,495 5,679 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute .............. 9,314 1,927 112 1,690 4,729 14,043 Total Museums & Research Institutes ............. 189,820 44,027 35,672 65,024 144,723 334,543 Education, Museum & Scholarly Services: Center:forMuseum:Studies. 25. ic6n6. 4256500800085 es 840 49 90 _ 139. 979 EGQUCALLOM a yeccrevazeterstetersuiierevenn skatensralsterctatel tcniiece crereouther ees 523 466 184 18 668 1,191 Exiibits:-Gemttali! Gorin onicce ou bio oeetae aaa sokna nae 2,138 98 88 — 186 2,324 RellowshipsiamG Grants. ss.2 6 sneia diet euels w/c; etesend) iene’ sie 430 1,538 105 — 1,643 2,073 International Relations: «2. 5.2.502ceecee enn. eoeeavns 1,078 341 28 (5S) 364 1,442 National Science Resources Center............... 0005 217, 949 858 1,792 3,599 3,816 SUM CTO MOSia ners cee rcieaetntees me erereye rarer face ice retarsas 1,563 1,972 373 18 2,363 3,926 Smithsonian Institution Archives ................... 1,449 142 49 — 191 1,640 Smithsonian Institution Libraries ................... 6,157 955 138 — 1,093 7,250 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service .... 2,853 751 2,141 21 2,913 5,766 Sponsored Projects ec... csi esac oc tins se gamaaee see he — 1,284 — — 1,284 1,284 Total Education, Museum & Scholarly Services 17,248 8,545 4,054 1,844 14,443 31,691 Sales and Membership Activities (Programmatic) .......... 1,549 18 90 273 1,822 America’s Smithsonian a. .04 o< un ance eared oc toe ace aseye = (275) 176 —_ (99) (99) Prior Year Annual Appropriations .................0.005. 12,723 — — — —_ 12,723 Hic tra] epee eter acu crac hee e vie ees cutite tact anecerentegte & eaenen Timea 221,340 52,480 39,992 66,868 159,340 380,680 Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense .......... 106,579 3,938 _— — 5,538 112,117 PLO Ca ee pacers se ee rete eat h ark eae ody Se eshte Selle, goeme She 327,919 58,018 39,992 66,868 164,878 492,797 Sales and Membership Activities: Smithsonian Press / Smithsonian Productions. ........... — 8,637 — _ 8,637 8,637 Smithsonian Magazines ............. 0.00 e cece eee eees — 57,942 — — 57,942 $7,942 The Smithsonian Associates ...................200000- — 33,533 — — 33,533 33,533 STOR Ctr ess ye kanes ay aN se acca eyape Snis ie Rig uAla ane ayes —~ 68,044 — — 68,044 68,044 Unit Sales and Membership Activities .................. — 23,674 — — 23,674 23,674 Total Sales and Membership Activities (including Overhead) .................... 191,830 — — 191,830 191,830 Financial Report 323 Table 1. Source and Application of Institutional Resources for the Year Ended September 30, 1999 ($000)—(continued) Trust Funds Donor/ Government Total Federal General Sponsor Grants & Trust Total Funds Trust Designated Contracts Funds FY 1999 Administration: Membershipiand) Development: ct.srycccs ot /aeeneu, yee es weekete _— 2,632 100 — PAD bePe 2,732 Administrative Offices (Net of Overhead Recovery) ......... 32,084 2,249 101 — 2,350 34,434 Total Administration before Allocation of Facilities andIDEpreclatlON EXPeCMSC 2 sc crete Se ey cote eee is 32,084 4,881 201 — 5,082 37,166 Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense .......... 14,533 417 — _ 417 14,950 MO GaAleA Gri S tra CLO Mey cacy ces ccee soa fenced seer ech ciiaae? shohenamepcheeng ve 46,617 5,298 201 — 5,499 52,116 FAGHIELESSSCHVIGES) a letys jets ereasdindss ue a aos o-gepseigcs o> Gleam eRe eae 91,013 1,058 (260) — 798 91,811 Depreciation. cspwe. apap reise sacias o Noe enciel etd Sons 3G Saeed 30,099 4,897 — — 4,897 34,996 Allocation of Facilities Services and Depreciation to Functions (121,112) (5,955) — — (5,955) (127,067) Total Facilities Services and Depreciation ............... — —_— (260) _ (260) (260) MOPAISE NP ENSES since, gsc 2008 cole Greens = pesahe.sehecsveye tered uations. sh gra 374,536 255,146 39,933 66,868 361,947 736,483 Endowment Return Reinvested .................00000005 — 69,363 31,065 _— 100,428 100,428 RetumbonGiftand Appreciation <0. 5265s. nos ee sees _— — (44,823) — (44,823) (44,823) REOGeeASHTOMMMCOMECHONS sec sicoha vos pce sng wane eos Giere 6 aucune 6 _— 1,000 — — 1,000 1,000 INGEIncrease InmMetiassets) ci. pies sGle oot eee oe wn 28,053 91,698 70,013 — 161,711 189,764 Netsassets™beginning Of the'year 222.6 2626s. 336 0s uss as 426,271 — _ — 718,432 1,144,703 INetfassets mend Ofth egy ean ie 26 pecs cco s com sctis 9 Saeiesiete.cesscua cones 454,324 — — — 880,143 1,334,467 324 Independent Auditors’ Report BOARD OF REGENTS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: We have audited the accompanying statement of financial position of the Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian) as of September 30, 1999, and the related statements of financial activity and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Smith- sonian’s management. Our responsibility is to express an Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 material misstatement. An audit includes examining, ona test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1999, and its changes in net assets and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted account- opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. ing principles. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assur- ance about whether the financial statements are free of Washington, D.C. KPMG LLP January 14, 2000 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Position September 30, 1999 ($000) Total Funds Trust Federal Funds Funds 1999 1998 Assets: Cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury 3/539 206,813 210,352 205,829 Receivables and advances (note 3) 134,542 20,139 154,681 84,281 Prepaid and deterred expenses, and other (notes 2 and 5) 21,984 — 21,984 19,963 Inventory 14,548 847 15,395 21,175 Investments (note 6) 738,521 — 738,521 646,455 Property and equipment, net (note 9) 131,266 468,978 600,244 559,842 Total assets 1,044,400 696,777 1,741,177 1,537,545 Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses (note 10) 43,777 50,778 94,555 89,606 Net payable for investment securities purchased 26,121 — 26,121 24,963 Deferred revenue 49,691 —_— 49,691 49,260 Long-term debt (note 11) 41,535 _— 41,535 41,526 Deposits held for affiliates (note 12) 3,133 — 3,133 4,864 Unexpended federal appropriations (note 4) _— 191,675 191,675 182,623 Total liabilities 164,257 242,453 406,710 392,842 Net assets: Unrestricted: Funds functioning as endowments (note 7) 459,521 — 459,521 387,608 Operational balances (notes 4 and 5) 61,473 454,324 515,797 489,944 Total unrestricted net assets 520,994 454,324 975,318 877,552 Temporarily restricted: Funds functioning as endowments (note 7) 140,360 a 140,360 138,686 Donor contributions for ongoing programs 153,323 — 153,323 63,538 Total temporarily restricted net assets 293,683 — 293,683 202,224 Permanently restricted: True endowment (note 7) 63,248 _ 63,248 62,972 Interest in perpetual and other trusts 2,218 — 2,218 1,955 Total permanently restricted net assets 65,466 aaa 65,466 64,927 Total net assets 880,143 454,324 1,334,467 1,144,703 Total liabilities and net assets 1,044,400 696,777 1,741,177 1,537,545 See accompanying notes to the financial statements. Financial Report 325, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Activity Year ended September 30, 1999 ($000) Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Trust Federal Restricted Restricted aaa Funds Funds Total Trust Funds Trust Funds 1999 1998 Operating revenue: Government revenue: Federal appropriations (note 4) — 402,589 402,589 — — 402,589 393,032 Government grants and contracts 66,868 —_ 66,868 —_— — 66,868 $9,972 Total government revenue 66,868 402,589 469,457 — — 469,457 453,004 Contributions: Program support (note 7) 28,079 — 28,079 22,1715 3,449 54,303 63,742 Construction of facilities (note 16) — — — 64,609 — 64,609 3,815 Total contributions 28,079 —_— 28,079 87,384 3,449 118,912 67,557 Business activities and other: Short-term investment income (note 8) 2,946 — 2,946 5 — 2,951 2,380 Endowment payout (note 8) 14,391 —_— 14,391 6,123 508 21,022 19,726 Private grants 5,685 — 5,635 26,235 — 31,870 10,348 Rentals, fees, and commissions 8,134 _ 8,134 —_ — 8,134 8,335 Business activities (note 15) 217,296 —_— 217,296 — a 217,296 213,109 Total business activities and other 248,402 — 248,402 32,363 508 281,273 253,898 Total operating revenues 343,349 402,589 745,938 119,747 3,957 869,642 774,459 Net assets released from restrictions 17,948 — 17,948 (17,948) — — — Total operating revenues, and other additions 3617297 402,589 763,886 101,799 3,957 869,642 774,459 Expenses: Research 69,485 80,760 150,245 _ a 150,245 144,760 Collections management 5,485 87,461 92,946 — — 92,946 93,898 Education, public programs, and exhibitions 43,567 96,883 140,450 —_ — 140,450 125,178 Business activities (note 15) 191,830 — 191,830 — — 191,830 196,990 Administration 32,674 107,690 140,364 — — 140,364 130,260 Advancement nip Gite — ee, — — 12,112 10,561 Total expenses 3954153 372,794 727,947 — — 727,947 701,647 Increase in net assets from operations 6,144 29,795 35,939 101,799 3,957 141,695 72,812 Endowment income reinvested (note 8) 69,363 — 69,363 31,067 (2) 100,428 (30,825) Return of endowed gift (note 7) — — — (41,407) (3,416) (44,823) — Change in net assets related to collection items not capitalized: Proceeds from sale 1,000 — 1,000 — — 1,000 737 Collection items purchased (6,794) (1,742) (8,536) — a (8,536) (8,831) Increase in net assets 69,713 28,053 97,766 91,459 539 189,764 33,893 Net assets, beginning of the year 451,281 426,271 877,552 202,224 64,927 1,144,703 1,110,810 Net assets, end of the year 520,994 454,324 975,318 293,683 65,466 1,334,467 1,144,703 See accompanying notes to the financial statements. 326 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statements of Cash Flows Year ended September 30, 1999 ($000) Total Funds Trust Federal Funds Funds 1999 1998 Cash flows from operating activities: Increase in net assets 161,711 28,053 189,764 33,893 Adjustments to reconcile increase in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities: Proceeds from sales of collections (1,000) — (1,000) (737) Collection items purchased 6,794 1,742 8,536 8,831 Depreciation 8,190 39,829 48,019 45,881 Loss on disposition of assets 135 301 436 583 Contributions for increases in endowment (2,592) — (2,592) (4,822) Contributions for construction of property (64,609) —_ (64,609) (3,815) Appropriations for repair, restoration and construction — (60,400) (60,400) (68,850) Investment income restricted for long-term investment (506) -—— (506) (462) Provision for doubtful accounts 737 _ 737 277 Net realized and unrealized loss (gain) on investments (102,332) — (102,332) 26,505 Decrease (increase) in assets: Receivables and advances (71,275) (4,073) (75,348) (20,023) Prepaid and deferred expenses, and other (2,021) — (2,021) 1,293 Inventory 5,706 74 5,780 (2,216) Increase (decrease) in liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses 3,003 1,946 4,949 804 Deferred revenue 431 — 431 (3,097) Deposits held for others (1,731) = (1,231) 931 Unexpended federal appropriations — 9,052 9,052 8,823 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (59,359) 16,524 (42,835) 23,799 Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from sales of collections 1,000 — 1,000 737 Collection items purchased (6,794) (1,742) (8,536) (8,831) Purchase of property and equipment (19,852) (69,005) (88,857) (89,810) Purchases of investment securities (946,739) _ (946,739) (712,267) Proceeds from the sales of investment securities 958,163 — 958,163 672,929 Net cash used in investing activities (14,222) (70,747) (84,969) (137,242) Cash flows from financing activities: Contributions for increases in endowment 6,803 _— 6,803 8,571 Contributions for construction of property 64,609 — 64,609 3,815 Appropriations for repair, restoration and construction -- 60,400 60,400 68,850 Investment income restricted for long-term purposes 506 _ 506 462 Proceeds from issuance of debt — — — 40,526 Repayments of debt 9 a 9 — Net cash provided by financing activities 71,927 60,400 132,327 122,224 Net increase (decrease) in cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury (1,654) 6,177 4,523 8,781 Cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury: Beginning of the year 5,193 200,636 205,829 197,048 3,539 206,813 210,352 205,829 End of the year Cash paid for interest during fiscal years 1999 and 1998 was approximately $2,000,000 and $1,332,000, respectively. See accompanying notes to the financial statements. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to the Financial Statement September 30, 1999 (in thousands) (1) Organization The Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian) was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who, in 1826, bequeathed his property to the United States of America “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smith- sonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” After receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress vested responsi- bility in the Smithsonian Board of Regents (Board) to administer the trust. The Smithsonian is a museum, education and research complex consisting of 16 museums and galleries, the National Zoological Park, and other research facilities. Research is carried out in the Smithsonian’s museums and facilities throughout the world. The Smithsonian’s exten- sive collections number over 140 million objects. During fiscal year 1999, over 28 million individuals visited the Smithsonian museums and other facilities. The Smithsonian receives its funding from federal appropriations, private gifts and grants, government grants and contracts, investment income, and various business activities. Business activities include Smithsonian maga- zines and other publications, a mail-order catalogue, museum shops, and concession income from focd services. A substantial portion of the Smithsonian’s annual oper- ating budget is funded from annual federal appropriations. Certain construction projects have been completely funded from federal appropriations, while others are funded using amounts raised from private sources, or by a combination of federal and private funds. Federal operating and construction funding are both subject to the annual federal appropriations process, and therefore the potential exists for reductions in approved federal funding that would significantly impact the Smith- sonian’s operations. These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, or the Woodrow Wilson Interna- tional Center for Scholars, which were established by Con- gress within the Smithsonian, but are administered by independent boards of trustees. (2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies These financial statements present the financial position, financial activity, and cash flows of the Smithsonian on the accrual basis of accounting. Funds received from direct fed- eral appropriations are reported as Federal Funds in the financial statements. All other funds are reported as Trust Funds. (a) Trust Funds Trust funds revenues arise primarily from contributions, grants and contracts, net investment income, and business Financial Report activities. Trust funds net assets are classified and reported as follows: Unrestricted net assets Net assets that are not subject to any donor-imposed or other legal stipulations on the use of the funds. Funds functioning as endowments in this category represent unrestricted assets which have been designated by manage- ment or the Board for long-term investment. Temporarily restricted net assets Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations on the use of the assets that may be met by actions of the Smith- sonian and/or the passage of time. Funds functioning as endowments in this category represent donor-restricted contributions that have been designated by management or the Board for long-term investment. Donor contribu- tions represent unspent gifts and promises-to-give of cash and securities subject to donor-imposed restrictions which have not yet been met. Permanently restricted net assets Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations that the principal be maintained permanently by the Smithsonian. Generally, the donors of these assets permit the Smithsonian to use all or part of the income earned on investment of the assets for either general or donor-specified purposes. (b) Federal Funds The Smithsonian receives federal appropriations to support the Smithsonian’s operating salaries and expenses, repair and restoration of facilities, and construction. Federal appropriation revenue is classified as unrestricted and rec- ognized as an exchange transaction as expenditures are incurred. The liability reported as unexpended appropria- tions represents amounts received either (1) which have not yet been obligated, or (2) for which goods or services have been ordered but not yet received. The Smithsonian was appropriated $351,344 for opera- tions and $60,400 for construction or repair and restora- tion in fiscal year 1999. Federal appropriations for opera- tions are generally available for obligation only in the year received. In accordance with Public Law 101-510, these annual appropriations are maintained by the Smithsonian for five years following the year of appropriation, after which the appropriation account is closed and any unex- pended balances are returned to the U.S. Treasury. During fiscal year 1999, the Smithsonian returned $1,644 to the U.S. Treasury which represents the unexpended balance for fiscal year 1994. Federal appropriations for construction or repair and restoration of facilities and construction are generally avail- able for obligation until expended. (c) Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires manage- ment to make estimates and assumptions that affect the 327 328 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates, however, management does not believe that actual results will be materially different from those estimates. (da) Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value of bond obligations in the financial statements exceeds the fair market value by approximately $3,756 at September 30, 1999. The carrying value of all other financial instruments in the financial statements approximates fair market value. (e) Cash and Balances with U.S. Treasury Amounts represent cash deposited with financial institu- tions, balances held by the U.S. Treasury that are available for disbursement, and a repurchase agreement totaling $3,272 at September 30, 1999. (f) Investments The Smithsonian’s marketable equity and debt securities are reported at fair value based on quoted market prices. Changes in fair value are recognized in the statement of financial activity. Purchases and sales of investments are _recorded on the trade date. Investment income is recorded when earned. As mandated by Congress, the Smithsonian maintains two Treasury investments totalling $1,000 relat- ing in part to the original James Smithson gift. The Smithsonian uses the “total return” approach to investment management of pooled true endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds, referred to collectively as the endowment. Each year, the endowment pays out an amount for current expenditures based upon a number of factors evaluated and approved by the Board of Regents. Based on approved Board policy, if the market value of any endowment fund is less than 110 percent of the historical value, the current payout is limited to the actual interest and dividends allocable to that fund. The difference between the total return (i.e., dividends, interest and net gain or loss), and the payout is reinvested when there is an excess of total return over payout, or withdrawn from previously accumulated returns when there is a deficiency of total return to payout. The differ- ence is reported as non-operating income or loss in the statement of financial activity. (g) Contributions Receivable All contributions receivable are reported net of estimated uncollectible amounts. Contributions expected to be col- lected beyond one year are also discounted to present value based on current U.S. Treasury rates. Conditional contribu- tions receivable are not recorded until material conditions have been met. (h) Inventories Inventories are reported at the lower of cost or market, and consist primarily of merchandise inventory, books, record- ings, and office supplies. Cost is determined using the first- in, first-out method. (i) Deferred Revenue and Expense Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine is recognized over the period of the subscription, generally one year. Promotion production expenses are recognized when related advertising materials are released. Direct-response advertising relating to the magazines is deferred and amor- tized over one year. At September 30, 1999, prepaid and deferred expenses include $6,926 of deferred promotion costs, mostly related to the Smithsonian magazine. Promo- tion expense totaled $15,967 in fiscal year 1999 and is reported within Business Activities on the statement of financial activity. (j) Split Interest Agreements and Perpetual Trusts Split interest agreements with donors consist primarily of irrevocable charitable remainder trusts and charitable gift annuities. For the charitable remainder trusts, contribution revenue and assets are recognized at fair value on the date the trusts are established. Assets are adjusted during the term of the trusts for changes in the value of the assets, accretion of discounts, and other changes in the estimated future benefits. For the charitable gift annuities, assets are recognized at fair value on the date the annuity agree- ments are established. An annuity liability is recognized at the present value of future cash flows expected to be paid to the donor and contribution revenue is recognized as the difference between the assets and liability. Liabilities are adjusted during the term of the annuities for payments to donors, accretion of discounts and changes in the life expectancy of the donor. The Smithsonian is also the beneficiary of certain per- petual trusts held and administered by others. The present values of the estimated future cash receipts from the trusts are recognized as assets and contribution revenue at the dates the trusts are established. Distributions from the trusts are recorded as contributions and the carrying value of the assets is adjusted for changes in the estimates of future receipts. (k) Property and Equipment Property and equipment purchased with federal or trust funds are capitalized at cost. Property and equipment acquired through transfer from government agencies are capitalized at net book value or fair value, whichever is more readily determinable. Property and equipment acquired through donation are capitalized at appraised value at the date of the gift. These assets are depreciated on a straight- line basis over their estimated useful lives as follows: Buildings 30 years Major renovations 15 years Equipment 3-10 years Certain lands occupied by the Smithsonian's buildings, pri- marily located in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia, were appropriated and reserved by Congress for the Smithsonian’s use. The Smithsonian serves as trustee of these lands for as long as they are used to carry out the Smithsonian's mission. These lands are titled in the name of the U.S. government and are not reflected in the accom- panying financial statements. (D Collections The Smithsonian acquires its collections, which include works of art, library books, photographic archives, objects and specimens, by purchase using federal or trust funds or by donation. All collections are held for public exhibition, education, or research, furthering the Smithsonian’s mis- sion to increase and diffuse knowledge to the public. The Smithsonian protects and preserves its collections, which total more than 140 million items. The Smithsonian’s Collections Management policy includes guidance on the preservation, care and maintenance.of the collections and procedures relating to the accession/deaccession of items within the collections. The Smithsonian’s policy is to not capitalize its collec- tions, therefore, no value is assigned to the collections on the statement of financial position. Purchases of collection items are recorded as expense in the year in which the items are acquired. Contributed collection items are not reflected in the financial statements. Proceeds from deac- cessions or insurance recoveries from lost or destroyed col- lection items are reflected as increases in the appropriate net asset class, and’are designated for future collection acquisitions. Items that are acquired with the intent at the time of acquisition not to add them to the collections but rather to sell, exchange, or otherwise use them for financial gain are not considered collection items, and are recorded at fair market value at date of acquisition as other assets in the statement of financial position. (m) Annual Leave The Smithsonian’s civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with federal laws and regulations. Separate internal policies apply for trust employees. Annual leave for all employees is recognized as expense when earned. (n) Government Grants and Contracts The Smithsonian receives grants and enters into contracts with the U.S. government and state and local govern- ments, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Smithsonian. Revenue from governmental grants and Financial Report contracts is classified as unrestricted and is recognized as reimbursable expenditures are incurred. (o) Contributions The Smithsonian recognizes revenue from all contributions as revenue in the period unconditional promises are received. Unrestricted contributions with payments due in future periods are initially recorded as temporarily restricted sup- port, and are reclassified to unrestricted net assets when payments become due. When donor restrictions are met on temporarily restricted contributions, the related net assets are reclassi- fied as released from restrictions in the accompanying statement of financial activity. Gifts of long-lived assets are recorded as unrestricted revenue in the period received. Contributions of cash and other assets restricted to the acquisition of long-lived assets are recorded as temporarily restricted revenue in the period received. The donor’s restrictions expire and the related net assets are released from restriction when the long-lived asset is placed in service by the Smithsonian. In-kind contributions of goods and services totaling $7,115 were received in fiscal year 1999 and recorded as program support in the accompanying statement of finan- cial activity. The nature of the in-kind contributions includes donated space and interactive multimedia soft- ware programs. A substantial number of volunteers also make significant contributions of time to the Smithsonian, enhancing its activities and programs. In fiscal year 1999, more than 5,400 volunteers contributed approximately 476,000 hours of service to the Smithsonian. The value of these contribu- tions is not recognized in the financial statements. (p) Advancement The Smithsonian raises private financial support from individual donors, corporations and foundations to fund programs and other initiatives. Funds are also generated through numerous membership programs. Fund-raising costs are expensed as incurred and reported as advance- ment expense in the statement of financial activity. Mem- bership program costs are amortized over membership terms, typically one year, and are also reported as Advance- ment expenses. (q) Comparative Financial Statements The statement of financial activity includes certain prior- year summarized comparative information in total but not by net asset class. Such information does not include sufficient detail to constitute a presentation in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Accord- ingly, such information should be read in conjunction with the Smithsonian's financial statements for the year ended September 30, 1998, from which the summarized information was derived. 329 330 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 (r) Reclassifications Certain amounts have been reclassified in prior year to conform with the current year presentation. (3) Receivables and Advances Receivables and advances consisted of the following at Sep- tember 30, 1999: Trust Federal Total Trade receivables, net of $1,618 in allowances 18,252 — 18,252 Contributions receivable, net (note 3a) 101,799 — 101,799 Grants and contracts 10,048 _— 10,048 Accrued interest and dividends 805 —_— 805 Advance payments (note 3b) 1,048 20,139 21,187 Charitable trust 2,590 — 2,590 Total receivables and advances 134,542 20,139 154,681 (a) Contributions Receivable Contributions receivable (pledges) are recorded as revenue when unconditional promises are received. Pledges for which payment is not due within one year are discounted based on rates earned by U.S. Treasury obligations with corresponding maturities. As of September 30, 1999, the aggregate discounted contributions receivable was as fol- lows: Due within: Less than 1 year 30,017 1 to 5 years 83,765 More than 5 years 4,680 118,462 Less: Allowance for uncollectible pledges (3,812) Discount to present value (at rates ranging from 4.43 to 6.45%) (12,851) Contributions receivable, net 101,799 At September 30, 1999, the Smithsonian has outstanding conditional contributions totaling $15,500 which will be recognized if and when the specific conditions are met. (b) Advance Payments At September 30, 1999, federal advance payments of approximately $20,139 represent prepayments made to government agencies, educational institutions, firms and individuals for services to be rendered, or property or mate- tials to be furnished. At September 30, 1999, advance payments included amounts paid to the General Services Administration of $10,591 for equipment purchases for the Museum Support Center and other projects to be completed in future years. (4) Reconciliation of Federal Appropriations Federal appropriation revenue recognized in fiscal year 1999 can be reconciled to the federal appropriations received in fiscal year 1999 as follows: Repair and Salaries Restoration and and Expenses Construction Total Federal appropriation revenue 344,042 58,547 402,589 Unexpended 1999 appropriation 55,107 60,400 115,507 Amounts expended from prior years (46,268) (58,547) (104,815) Other funding (1,537) —* (1,537) Fiscal year 1999 federal appropriations 351,344 60,400 411,744 Federal expenses recognized in fiscal year 1999 can be rec- onciled to the federal appropriations received in fiscal year 1999 as follows: Repair and Salaries Restoration and and Expenses Construction Total Federal expenses 341,856 30,938 372,794 Unexpended 1999 appropriation 55,107 60,400 115,507 Depreciation (8,891) (30,938) (39,829) Supplies consumption (74) — (74) Gain (loss) on disposition of assets (301) — (301) Unfunded annual leave (748) — (748) Amounts expended from prior years (46,268) (58,547) (104,815) Capital expenditures 10,458 $8,547 69,005 Collection items purchased 1,742 —_ 1,742 Other funding (2,537) — (1,537) Fiscal year 1999 federal appropriations 351,344 60,400 411,744 Federal unrestricted net assets primarily represent the Smithsonian’s net investment in property, plant and equipment purchased with or constructed using federal appropriated funds. Unexpended appropriations for all fiscal years total $191,675 at September 30, 1999, and consist of $80,882 in unexpended operating funds, $66,565 in unexpended repair and restoration funds and $44,228 in unexpended construction funds. Unexpended operating funds include amounts for the Museum Support Center move and the National Museum of the American Indian. Unexpended repair and restoration funds represent amounts available for on-going major repair and restoration of the Smith- sonian’s museums and facilities. Unexpended construction funds represent amounts appropriated but not yet expended for construction of new facilities. (5) Accessions and Deaccessions For fiscal year 1999, $6,794 of trust funds and $1,742 of federal funds were spent to acquire collection items. Pro- ceeds from trust fund deaccessions were $1,000. There were no deaccessions of collection items purchased with federal funds in fiscal year 1999. At September 30, 1999, accumu- lated proceeds and related earnings from deaccessions amounted to $17,270 and are designated within unrestricted net assets for collections acquisition in the trust funds. Non-cash deaccessions result from the exchange, dona- tion, or destruction of collection items, and occur because objects deteriorate, are beyond the scope of a museum’s mission, or are duplicative. During fiscal year 1999, the Smithsonian’s non-cash deaccessions included works of art, animals, historical objects, and natural specimens. Con- tributed items held for sale total $4,060 and are included in prepaid and deferred expense and other assets in the state- ment of financial position. (6) Investments At September 30, 1999, investments consisted of the following: Short-term investments: Cash equivalents 20,619 U.S. Government obligations 32,304 52,923 Endowment and similar investments: Pooled investments: Cash equivalents 9,270 U.S. Government and quasi-government obligations 44,591 Corporate bonds and other obligations 163,136 Common and preferred stocks 469,944 Total pooled investments 682,941 Non pooled investments: Deposits with U.S. Treasury 1,000 Total endowment and similar investments 683,941 Gift annuity program investments: Cash equivalents 4 Corporate bonds and other obligations 49] Common and preferred stock 1,162 1,657 Total investments 738,521 Financial Report 331 (7) True Endowment and Funds Functioning as Endowments Substantially all of the investments of the endowment are pooled on a market value basis, with individual funds sub- scribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the per unit market value at the beginning of the month in which the transaction takes place. At September 30, 1999, the market value of the pool equated to $721 per unit. The market value of the pool’s net assets at September 30, 1999, was $657,310. This represents all pooled investments plus or minus net receivables and payables related to unsettled investment transactions. Each fund participating in the investment pool receives an annual payout equal to the number of units owned times the annual payout amount per unit. The payout for fiscal year 1999 was $22.80 per unit, or 4.5 percent of the average market value of the endowment over the prior five years. Net asset balances of the endowment consisted of the following at September 30, 1999: Unrestricted 257,691 Unrestricted-designated 201,870 Total unrestricted 459,521 Temporarily restricted 140,360 Permanently restricted 63,248 Total endowment net assets 663,129 During 1999, the Smithsonian agreed to transfer the Seward Johnson Trust Fund for Oceanography (the John- son Fund) to Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Inc. (Harbor Branch), a private operating foundation. The Johnson Fund was originally received by the Smith- sonian in 1969 as a permanently restricted gift of $3,400, restricted to the development and operation of the Johnson-Sea-Link Research submersible vehicle and oceanographic research. At the date of transfer, in February 1999, the original gift corpus and accumulated interest totaled $44,800. The con- tribution is reported in the statement of financial activity as a non-operating reduction of both temporarily restricted and permanently restricted net assets, in the amounts of $41,400 and $3,400, respectively. In exchange for being appointed trustee of the Johnson Fund, Harbor Branch agreed to donate 30 percent of the value of the Johnson Fund at the date of transfer to the Smithsonian from Harbor Branch’s own funds. The contri- bution of $13,400 is reported in the statement of financial activity as a program support contribution, increasing tem- porarily restricted net assets. The net affect of these related transactions is a $31,400 reduction in net assets. 332 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 (8) Composition of Total Return from Investments Total return from investments consisted of the following for the year ended September 30, 1999: Composition of Endowment Return: Endowment payout 21,022 Investment income in excess of payout 107 Total investment income 21,129 Less—investment fees (1,479) Net investment income 19,650 Net realized and unrealized gain on investments 101,800 Endowment total return Endowment total return is reported as $21,022 in operat- ing revenue representing the annual payout, and the excess of $100,428 as non-operating endowment income in the statement of financial activity. Composition of Short-Term Investment Total Return: Interest and dividends 2,419 Net gain on investments 932 Short-term investment total return 2,951 (9) Property and Equipment Property and equipment consisted of the following at Sep- tember 30, 1999: Trust Federal Total Land 2,500 — 2,500 Buildings and capital improvements 173,416 880,153 1,053,569 Equipment 30,398 $4,263 84,661 Leasehold improvements 2,623 _— 2,623 208,937 934,416 1,143,353 Accumulated depreciation (77,671) (465,438) (543,109) Total property and equipment 131,266 468,978 600,244 At September 30, 1999, buildings and capital improve- ments included $15,197 and $155,016 of construction in progress within Trust and Federal funds, respectively. Depreciation expense for fiscal year 1999 totaled $8,190 in the trust funds and $39,829 in the federal funds. (10) Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following at September 30, 1999: 121,450 Trust Federal Total Accounts payable 16,941 16,408 33,349 Accrued salaries and benefits 23,836 28,913 $2,749 Other accrued liabilities 3,000 $,457 8,457 Total accounts payable and accrued expenses 43,777 50,778 94,555 (11) Long-term Debt In January 1998, the District of Columbia issued $41,300 of tax-exempt revenue bonds on behalf of the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian is obligated under these bonds as follows: Series 1997 Revenue Bonds, Serial, with interest rates ranging from 4.10% to 4.75%, maturing at various dates from February 1, 2002 through 2012: 10,950 Series 1997 Revenue Bonds Term: Interest rate 5.00% due February 1, 2017 7,105 Interest rate 4.75% due February 1, 2018 1,640 Interest rate 5.00% due February 1, 2028 21,625 Total bonds at face value 41,320 Less—unamortized bond discount (785) Total bonds payable 40,535 Interest free note, Virginia Department of Aviation 1,000 Total long-term debt 41,535 The serial and term bonds represent an unsecured general obligation of the Smithsonian. Proceeds from the sale of the bonds will finance certain renovations of and improve- ments to the National Museum of Natural History, fund capitalized interest, and pay certain costs of issuing the bonds. Interest on the bonds is payable semi-annually on August 1 and February 1, beginning on August 1, 1998. Principal and interest payments will be funded solely through unrestricted Trust funds. The term bonds maturing on February 1, 2017 and 2028 are subject to mandatory redemption by operations of sinking fund installments. Installment payments for the term bond maturing February 1, 2017, begin on Febru- ary 1, 2013 and range from $1,285 to $1,565 per year through the maturity date. Installment payments for the term bond maturing February 1, 2028 begin on February 1, 2019 and range from $1,720 to $2,665 per year through the maturity date. Interest expense on bonds payable for fiscal year 1999 totaled $1,334 net of capitalized interest of approximately $666. At September 30, 1999, the Smithsonian also had an interest-free loan from the Virginia Department of Aviation totaling $1,000. The Virginia Department of Aviation agreed, in fiscal year 1995, to make available to the Smith- sonian an interest-free loan facility totaling $3,000, of which $500 was drawn in fiscal years 1996 and 1997. This loan facility is intended to assist in the financing of the planning, marketing, fund-raising, and design of the pro- posed National Air and Space Museum extension at Wash- ington Dulles International Airport. The Smithsonian is scheduled to repay the outstanding loan not later than June 30, 2001. (12) Affiliate Relationships The Smithsonian provides certain fiscal, procurement, facilities and administrative services to several separately incorporated affiliated organizations, not consolidated in these financial statements, for which certain officials of the Smithsonian serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Smithsonian by these organizations for the above services totaled $164 of trust funds and $147 of federal funds for fiscal year 1999. Deposits held in custody for these organizations at September 30, 1999, were $3,133 and were recorded in the trust funds. The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ), an indepen- dent 501(c)(3) organization, raises funds for the benefit of the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park. Funds received by the Smithsonian from FONZ are recorded as unre- stricted revenue and totaled $583 in fiscal year 1999. (13) Employee Benefit Plans The federal employees of the Smithsonian are covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS). The terms of these plans are defined in federal regulations. Under both systems, the Smithsonian withholds from each federal employee’s salary the required salary percentage. The Smithsonian also contributes specified percentages. The Smithsonian’s expense for these plans for fiscal year 1999 was $16,912. The Smithsonian has a separate defined contribution retirement plan for trust fund employees, in which sub- stantially all such employees are eligible to participate. Under the plan, the Smithsonian contributes stipulated percentages of salary which are used to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the employees. Employees can make voluntary contribu- tions, subject to certain limitations. The Smithsonian’s cost of the plan for fiscal year 1999 was $10,437. In addition to the Smithsonian’s retirement plans, the Smithsonian makes available certain health care and life insurance benefits to active and retired trust fund employ- ees. The plan is contributory for retirees and requires pay- ment of premiums and deductibles. Retiree contributions for premiums are established by an insurance carrier based on the average per capita cost of benefit coverage for all participants, active and retired, in the Smithsonian’s plan. The following information summarizes the activity of postretirement benefit plans as of and for the year ended September 30, 1999: Financial Report Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at September 30, 1998 10,498 Service cost 300 Interest cost 351 Actuarial gain (6,181) Benefits paid (118) Benefit obligation, September 30, 1999 4,850 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, September 30, 1998 234 Actual return on plan assets 19 Employer contributions 118 Refund of life insurance reserve (253) Benefits paid (118) Fair value of plan assets, September 30, 1999 — Projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets (4,850) Unrecognized transition obligation 4,564 Unrecognized net actuarial gain (6,508) Accrued postretirement benefit obligation (6,794) Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost 300 Interest cost 351 Expected return on plan assets (19) Amortization of transition obligation 326 Amortization of unrecognized gain (633) Net periodic postretirement benefit cost 325 Weighted-average assumptions as of September 30: Discount rate 8.25% Expected return on plan assets 8.25% Rate of compensaiton increase 3.50% For measurement purposes, the September 30, 1999 postre- tirement benefit obligation was determined using a 6.5 per- cent annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of cov- ered health care benefits was assumed for fiscal year 2000. The rate was assumed to decrease gradually to 4.5 percent for fiscal year 2004 and remain at that level thereafter. The effect of a one percent change in the assumed health care cost trend rate at September 30, 1999 would have resulted in an approximate $522 increase or $409 decrease in the postretirement benefit obligation and an approximate $93 increase or $71 decrease in the 1999 postretirement benefit cost. (14) Income Taxes The Smithsonian is recognized as exempt from income tax- ation under the provisions of Section 501(c)(3) of the Inter- nal Revenue Code (the Code). Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income. Periodical advertising sales is the main source of unrelated business income. An IRS determination letter has been received supporting the Smithsonian’s tax-exempt 333 334 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 (12) Affiliate Relationships The Smithsonian provides certain fiscal, procurement, facilities and administrative services to several separately incorporated affiliated organizations, not consolidated in these financial statements, for which certain officials of the Smithsonian serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Smithsonian by these organizations for the above services totaled $164 of trust funds and $147 of federal funds for fiscal year 1999. Deposits held in custody for these organizations at September 30, 1999, were $3,133 and were recorded in the trust funds. The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ), an indepen- dent 501(c)(3) organization, raises funds for the benefit of the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park. Funds received by the Smithsonian from FONZ are recorded as unre- stricted revenue and totaled $583 in fiscal year 1999. (13) Employee Benefit Plans The federal employees of the Smithsonian are covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS). The terms of these plans are defined in federal regulations. Under both systems, the Smithsonian withholds from each federal employee’s salary the required salary percentage. The Smithsonian also contributes specified percentages. The Smithsonian’s expense for these plans for fiscal year 1999 was $16,912. The Smithsonian has a separate defined contribution retirement plan for trust fund employees, in which sub- stantially all such employees are eligible to participate. Under the plan, the Smithsonian contributes stipulated percentages of salary which are used to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the employees. Employees can make voluntary contribu- tions, subject to certain limitations. The Smithsonian’s cost of the plan for fiscal year 1999 was $10,437. In addition to the Smithsonian’s retirement plans, the Smithsonian makes available certain health care and life insurance benefits to active and retired trust fund employ- ees. The plan is contributory for retirees and requires pay- ment of premiums and deductibles. Retiree contributions for premiums are established by an insurance carrier based on the average per capita cost of benefit coverage for all participants, active and retired, in the Smithsonian’s plan. The following information summarizes the activity of postretirement benefit plans as of and for the year ended September 30, 1999: Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at September 30, 1998 10,498 Service cost 300 Interest cost Soli Actuarial gain (6,181) Benefits paid (118) Benefit obligation, September 30, 1999 4,850 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, September 30, 1998 234 Actual return on plan assets 19 Employer contributions 118 Refund of life insurance reserve (253) Benefits paid (118) Fair value of plan assets, September 30, 1999 — Projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets (4,850) Unrecognized transition obligation 4,564 Unrecognized net actuarial gain (6,508) Accrued postretirement benefit obligation (6,794) Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost 300 Interest cost 351 Expected return on plan assets (19) Amortization of transition obligation 326 Amortization of unrecognized gain (633) Net periodic postretirement benefit cost 325 Weighted-average assumptions as of September 30: Discount rate 8.25% Expected return on plan assets 8.25% Rate of compensaiton increase 3.50% For measurement purposes, the September 30, 1999 postre- tirement benefit obligation was determined using a 6.5 per- cent annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of cov- ered health care benefits was assumed for fiscal year 2000. The rate was assumed to decrease gradually to 4.5 percent for fiscal year 2004 and remain at that level thereafter. The effect of a one percent change in the assumed health care cost trend rate at September 30, 1999 would have resulted in an approximate $522 increase or $409 decrease in the postretirement benefit obligation and an approximate $93 increase or $71 decrease in the 1999 postretirement benefit cost. (14) Income Taxes The Smithsonian is recognized as exempt from income tax- ation under the provisions of Section 501(c)(3) of the Inter- nal Revenue Code (the Code). Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income. Periodical advertising sales is the main source of unrelated business income. An IRS determination letter has been received supporting the Smithsonian’s tax-exempt Financial Report 335 status. No provision for income taxes was required for fis- cal year 1999. It is the opinion of the Smithsonian’s management that the Smithsonian is also exempt from taxation as an instru- mentality of the United States as defined in Section 501(c)(1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are exempt from all income taxation. The Smithsonian has not yet formally sought such dual status. (15) Business Activities A summary of business activities reported in the statement of activities for the year ended September 30, 1999 follows: Revenue —_ Expenses Net Magazines 72,556 57,942 14,614 The Smithsonian Associates 32,438 33,933 (1,095) Museum shops and mail order 71,268 65,332 5,936 Smithsonian Institution Press 8,930 8,633 297 Concessions, licensing and other 32,104 26,390 5,714 217,296 191,830 25,466 (16) Commitments and Contingencies (a) Leasing Activities Leases for Smithsonian warehouse and office spaces pro- vide for rent escalations to coincide with increases in prop- erty taxes, operating expenses attributable to the leased property and the Consumer Price Index. The Smithsonian has the authority to enter into leases for up to 30 years using federal funds. The Smithsonian’s operating leases for the warehouse and office spaces require future minimum lease payments as follows: 2000 13,348 2001 7,878 2002 7,748 2003 6,774 2004 Spl27 Thereafter 17,287 58,162 Rental expense for operating leases totaled $16,518 for fiscal year 1999. (b) Government Grants and Contracts The Smithsonian receives funding or reimbursement from governmental agencies for various activities which are sub- ject to audit. Audits of these activities have been completed through fiscal year 1998, however, fiscal year 1998 has not been closed with the cognizant federal audit agency. Man- agement believes that any adjustments which may result from this audit and the audit for fiscal year 1999 will have no materially adverse effect on the Smithsonian’s financial position. (c) Litigation The Smithsonian is a party to various litigation arising out of the normal conduct of its operations. In the opinion of the Smithsonian’s General Counsel, the ultimate resolution of these matters will have no materially adverse effect on the Smithsonian’s financial position. (d) National Museum of the American Indian The Smithsonian broke ground in September 1999 for the construction of the National Museum of the American Indian. Federal appropriations of $73,300 are budgeted for this project. Restricted contributions collected or pledged of $23,800 are included in temporarily restricted net assets. Additional fund-raising will provide the remainder of the funds needed. The museum is projected to open in 2003. (e) National Air and Space Museum Extension The Smithsonian is planning to build a major extension of the National Air and Space Museum at Dulles International Airport in Northern Virginia. A long-term lease has been signed for a 176.5 acre site with the Washington Area Air- port Authority. Subject to Smithsonian Board of Regents’ approval, access and infrastructure work will begin in Spring 2000. The project is expected to be financed through a combi- nation of donations, net revenues from business activities of the facility, and external borrowing. Donations and business activities revenues are projected to fully service any debt. Restricted contributions collected or pledged of $80,000 are included in temporarily restricted net assets. The Commonwealth of Virginia is committed to expend an estimated $34,000 on access and infrastructure improve- ments on the site. (f) Victor Building The Smithsonian entered into an agreement on June 24, 1999 to purchase a building known as the Victor Building, a 330,000 square foot commercial office structure in North- west Washington, DC. The core and shell of the building has since been renovated, and the transaction for its pur- chase for approximately $86,000 is expected to close in March 2000. The building will be used to house museum support staff and central administrative staff currently in leased space. The total cost of the project (including the build out of the interior space) is estimated at $106,000. The project will be funded through external borrowing which will be primar- ily serviced by fundraising and savings on currently bud- geted lease costs. (g) Year 2000 The Smithsonian has addressed anticipated operational issues resulting from the year 2000. Management has final- ized contingency plans and is prepared to address any mat- ters that may arise that could create potential for business interruption. 336 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1999 wii HN 3 9088 01096 0896 Wn O Smithsonian Institution National Collections Program William G. Tompkins, National Collections Coordinator Lauri A. Swann, Assistant National Collections Coordinator For additional copies contact: National Collections Program PO Box 37012 Arts and Industries Building, Room 3101 MRC 404, Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20013-7012 Tel. (202) 357-3125 Fax (202) 633-9214 Email tompkinsw@si.edu