AM 101 .S6635 2000 MSRLSI Annals of tlie Smithsonian Institution National Collections Program Smithsonian Institution Archives Washington, D.C. a Smithsonian Institution ae F in 4 : 7 = , 7 , f . s- : ' Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 National Collections Program Smithsonian Institution Archives Washington, D.C. ie Thy o ‘ A ; ; time =; vo I ~, - I Tare 1igiie2tsigic WER Contents In Memory 4 Smithsonian Institution 5 Statement by the Secretary Z Report of the Board of Regents ) A Twenty-First-Century Vision 11 Public Impact 13 Research 19 Management Excellence 22 Financial Strength 23 Financial Report 26 Selected Exhibitions, October 1, 1999- September 30, 2000 27 Selected Acquisitions, October 1, 1999- September 30, 2000 30 Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes Reports of Programs and Services Smithsonian Management 82 Contributing Members 84 Donors 98 Chronology 140 Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 169 Award Activity 225 Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press 238 Publications of the Staff 240 The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 2000 303 Members of the Smithsonian Institution Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 2000 327 Visits to the Smithsonian Institution Museums and Galleries 334 In Memory This publication is dedicated to the memory and achieve- ments of S. Dillon Ripley, eighth Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. S. Dillon Ripley S. Dillon Ripley, 87, the eighth Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and a well-known biologist, ecologist, and au- thority on the birds of India, died of pneumonia at George Washington University Hospital in Washington, D.C., on March 12, 2001. Mr. Ripley was appointed Secretary of the Smithsonian in February 1964. Upon his retirement on September 18, 1984, he was named Secretary Emeritus. Fol- lowing his retirement, Mr. Ripley returned full time to the study of ornithology in an office (“birdlab”) in the National Museum of Natural History. Under Mr. Ripley’s steward- ship, the Smithsonian Institution experienced growth and expansion unparalleled in its more than 155-year history. During his tenure, eight new museums, seven new research facilities, and numerous Smithsonian outreach programs were launched. From 1964 to 1984, the number of annual Smithsonian visitors nearly tripled, growing from 10.8 mil- lion to more than 30 million. S. Dillon Ripley threw the doors of the Smithsonian wide open and made it clear that all Americans were welcome to enter. With his limitless curiosity and vast intellect, he expanded the scope, reach, and impact of this institution in many important ways. To this day, we are still trying to live up to his legacy. He will be sorely missed, but never forgotten. His influence is all around us. —Lawrence M. Small Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution is the world’s largest museum and research complex, with 16 museums, the National Zoo, and a number of research facilities around the world. It was created by an act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of America “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” After receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress vested responsi- bility for administering the trust in the Smithsonian Board of Regents. Secretary of the Smithsonian Lawrence M. Small Smithsonian Management Sudeep Anand, Treasurer Robert D. Bailey, Under Secretary, Finance and Administration Roland Banscher, Director, Concessions Gary M. Beer, Chief Executive Officer, Smithsonian Business Ventures Francine C. Berkowitz, Director, International Relations F. William Billingsley, Director, Environmental Management and Safety Thomas D. Blair, Inspector General William W. Brubaker, Director, Facilities Engineering and Operations Sheila P. Burke, Under Secretary for American Museums and National Programs John W. Cobert, Director, Contracting Paul M. Flickinger, Director, Operations, Stores Robert V. Hanle, Director, Development Michael A. Headley, Director, Exhibits Central Herma Hightower, Director, National Programs James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary Thomas L. Holzfeind, Director, Catalogue John E. Huerta, General Counsel Paul B. Johnson, Director, Smithsonian Productions Carolyn E. Jones, Director, Human Resources Edward L. Knapp, Comptroller Nicole L. Krakora, Director, Special Events and Conference Services Thomas W. Lentz, Director, International Art Museums Division Janice Majewski, Coordinator, Accessibility Program Alice C. Maroni, Chief Financial Officer Lisa A. Mazzio, Director, Merchandise, Stores David F. Morrell, Director, Protection Services Donald B. Moser, Editor, Smithsonian Magazine Carole M. P. Neves, Director, Policy and Analysis J. Dennis O’Connor, Under Secretary for Science Nell Payne, Director, Government Relations Mary Grace Potter, Director, Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center Peter J. Reid, Director, Product Development and Licensing Dennis Shaw, Chief Technology Officer Michael J. Sofield, Director, Physical Plant Dan Stevenson, Acting Director, IMAX® Theaters David J. Umansky, Director, Communications James H. Wallace Jr., Director, Imaging, Printing, and Photographic Services L. Carole Wharton, Director, Planning, Management, and Budget Amy P. Wilkins, Publisher, Smithsonian Magazine 6 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Museums Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture, Steven Cameron Newsome, Director Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art, Milo C. Beach, Director Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Paul Warwick Thompson, Director Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, James T. Demetrion, Director National Air and Space Museum, John R. Dailey, Director National Museum of African Art, Roslyn A. Walker, Director National Museum of the American Indian, W. Richard West, Director National Museum of American History, Spencer R. Crew, Director National Museum of Natural History, Robert W. Fri, Director National Portrait Gallery, Marc Pachter, Director National Postal Museum, Miguel A. Bretos, Acting Director National Zoological Park, Lucy H. Spelman, Director Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Renwick Gallery, Elizabeth Broun, Director Research Centers Archives of American Art, Richard Wattenmaker, Director Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Richard Kurin, Director Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Irwin I. Shapiro, Director Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives, Refugio I. Rochin, Director Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education, Lambertus van Zelst, Director Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Ross B. Simons, Director Smithsonian Institution Archives, Edie Hedlin, Director Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Mary Rice, Director Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ira Rubinoff, Director Programs and Services National Science Resources Center, Douglas M. Lapp, Director Office of Fellowships and Grants, Roberta W. Rubinoff, Director Office of Sponsored Projects, Ardelle Foss, Director Program for Asian Pacific American Studies, Franklin S. Odo, Director Smithsonian Affiliations, J. Michael Carrigan, Director The Smithsonian Associates, Mara Mayor, Director Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies, Stephanie L. Norby, Acting Director Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Nancy Gwinn, Director Smithsonian Institution Press, Peter F Cannell, Director Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, Anna Cohn, Director Statement by the Secretary Lawrence M. Small A Twenty-First-Century Smithsonian The first year of the twenty-first century has been a stimu- lating, rewarding year for the Smithsonian. We have new plans, new people, new enthusiasm, and new exhibitions in place to build on the Smithsonian’s great past and enhance its stature as a world-class institution and one of America’s true treasures. We're experiencing a record number of visits—more than 7o million in 2000, including 34 million to our museums and the National Zoo and 36 million to our traveling exhi- bitions, Affiliate museums, and Web sites. We are reaching citizens across the country in unprecedented numbers. The National Zoo had 2.36 million visits in 2000, and we're certain to exceed that number now that the Smithson- ian’s “first couple’—the giant pandas Mei Xiang and Tian Tian—have arrived from China and made their debut. In their first week in their new home, they attracted 76,181 visitors. We're sure everyone will want to see “The American Pres- idency: A Glorious Burden,” which opened November 15 at the National Museum of American History, Behring Center. Our newest exhibition is a timely look at the office of the presidency through more than 900 artifacts from our unpar- alleled collection. George Washington’s sword and scabbard, the top hat Abraham Lincoln wore on the night he was assas- sinated, the portable lap desk on which Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, the microphones FDR used for his fireside chats—these memorable objects, and more, tell the story. During the exhibition’s first two months, there were more than 110,000 visits. Another popular exhibition at the same museum has at- tracted millions of visits. It tells the story of the nation’s most treasured flag and the inspiring efforts to preserve it for at least another 500 years, and it is part of our Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project. Other major new exhibitions drew huge crowds, including the American History Museum’s “Piano 300: Celebrating Three Centuries of People and Pianos” and “Fast Attacks and Boomers: Submarines in the Cold War”; “Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga” at the National Museum of Natural History; “Dali’s Optical Illusions” at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; and the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum’s “National Design Triennial: Design Cul- ture Now.” There will be more visitors still when we've finished building two important new museums: the National Air and Space Museum’s Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, adjacent to Washington Dulles International Airport, and the National Museum of the American Indian, next to the Air and Space Museum on the National Mall. Both will be absolutely irre- sistible attractions. Outside the Washington area, we're working to make the Smithsonian an increasingly vivid presence across the United States. We're bolstering our program of traveling exhibitions, already the largest of its kind in the world, and strengthening our adult education courses and trips. Of our 142 million objects, we can display only 2 percent at any one time, so we're lending items from our vast collec- tions to museums across the country that become Smithsonian affiliates. The number of museums in our Smithsonian Affiliations Program more than doubled in fiscal year 2000, to 58 affiliates in 23 states and the District of Co- lumbia. One example is The Women’s Museum: An Institute for the Future in Dallas, which integrated more than 150 Smithsonian treasures into its exhibitions—from political buttons and suffragette material, to Amelia Earhart’s flight suit, to memorabilia from women in the U.S. space program. Scholarship and scientific discovery are also thriving at the Smithsonian. When the National Academy of Sciences published its once-a-decade survey of the 12 most significant contributions to astronomy during the 1990s, scientists 8 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory figured in nine of them. We are ever mindful of our education mission. Last year, more than 6.5 million schoolchildren visited us. More than 24,000 teachers benefited from our training and develop- ment programs, and they used what they learned to teach tens of thousands of students. It takes money to support all these efforts, and our finan- cial underpinnings are solid. The Smithsonian’s net worth has increased nearly 40 percent in just two years, and for the first time, it has passed the $1.5 billion mark. Private-sector fund-raising totals at the Smithsonian have reached an all-time high, rising from $40 million in 1996, to $147 million in 1999, to $206.6 million in 2000. We received our largest commitment ever, $100 million, with a new $80 million gift to the National Museum of American History from philanthropist Kenneth E. Behring, who had previously given $20 million to the National Museum of Natural History. Record-breaking individual gift commit- ments were also received this year by the Archives of American Art, National Portrait Gallery, National Postal Museum, National Zoological Park, Program for Asian Pacific American Studies, Smithsonian American Art Mu- seum, and Smithsonian Institution Libraries. We are making significant progress, yet we need addi- tional funding to deal with desperately needed repairs to some decaying buildings. Peeling paint, dripping water, and falling plaster are all-too-common sights. We have 400 buildings; several are historic landmarks, and one has been around for 164 years. With our backlog in excess of $600 million in repairs and renovations, we are working to create a bipartisan consensus to get the federal funding needed to bring these buildings up to standard. Added to the $900 million required to com- plete projects the Smithsonian has taken on over the last few years, the total we must raise in the public and private sec- tors is well over $1.5 billion. This is a daunting goal, but an achievable one. The Smithsonian has taken a giant step forward into the new century. Our progress wouldn't be possible without the dedication of the exceptional people who work here. It wouldn't be possible without the support of the American taxpayer. It wouldn't be possible without the knowledgeable volunteers and generous donors who contribute their time and money. We are all committed to the Smithsonian’s time- honored mission, the “increase and diffusion of knowledge.” Inspired Smithsonian people are exploring, studying, and discovering every day, in the laboratory, the library, and the rainforest, here on Earth, and billions of light years into space. In all these places, the Smithsonian is active and in- volved, and transforming itself into a true twenty-first- century institution. Today, our nation numbers 281 million strong. Ulti- mately, our goal is to touch the lives of all these Americans. Report of the Board of Regents The Board of Regents exercised its governance of the Smith- sonian Institution in fiscal year 2000 through three plenary meetings, meetings of its various committees, and commu- nications among members and with the Secretary and his staff. The board welcomed Alan Spoon as a new member, congratulated Manuel Ibdfiez on his reappointment to the board, and named retiring members Frank A. Shrontz and Daniel Patrick Moynihan as Regents Emeritus. The board elected Howard H. Baker Jr. as chairman of its Executive Committee and thanked Barber B. Conable Jr. for his service in that position since 1995. The board also revised its bylaws to establish a new Finance and Investment Committee to en- hance its oversight of financial affairs and maintain standards of investment strategies. Shortly after Lawrence M. Small’s installation on January 24, 2000, as the 11th Secretary, the board was pleased to af- firm support for his vision of the Smithsonian’s future and the optimum organizational structure to effect that vision. In subsequent meetings with the Regents, Secretary Small discussed his 10-year plan, as well as his semiannual and annual reports, which presented evidence of significant achievements toward his goals. On May 11, 2000, the Re- gents received reports from National Air and Space Museum Director John R. Dailey and National Museum of the Ameri- can Indian Director W. Richard West on the compelling significance of their capital plans. At the Regents’ September II, 2000 meeting, members of the Secretary’s management team reported on progress in their areas of responsibility. Moved by Kenneth E. Behring’s record-breaking contri- bution to the Smithsonian for the revitalization of the National Museum of American History, the Regents author- ized the designation “Behring Center” on the building and on printed materials, beneath the names Smithsonian Insti- tution and National Museum of American History. The Regents also named two galleries in the museum in honor of the donor and his family. In recognition of Steven F. Udvar-Hazy’s extraordinary contribution for the National Air and Space Museum's cen- ter at Washington Dulles International Airport, the Regents voted to name that facility the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center and to induct him into the prestigious Order of James Smithson. The Regents also established the Paul Peck Fund for Presidential Studies and named a gallery in the National Portrait Gallery in honor of Mr. Peck out of gratitude for his generosity. The Regents named the Fujifilm Giant Panda Conserva- tion Habitat and proposed a bill to Congress to change the name of the National Museum of American Art to the sim- pler, more forceful, and more instantly recognized name Smithsonian American Art Museum. Among its other actions, the board agreed to seek con- gressional authorization for construction of a scientific base facility at Hilo, Hawaii, in support of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; authorized the Friends of the National Zoo to raise funds for and construct a new educa- tion building at the Zoo; and authorized construction of the National Air and Space Museum Udvar-Hazy Center. The board also voted to appoint Secretary Emeritus I. Michael Heyman as an honorary life member of the Smith- sonian National Board, and throughout the year, the Regents appointed many dedicated volunteers as members of the In- stitution’s advisory boards and commissions. Staff Milestones At a special dinner in honor of the roth Secretary and Mrs. Heyman on December 12, 1999, the Regents presented the Smithsonian’s highest distinction, the James Smithson Medal, to Secretary Heyman in grateful recognition of his 10 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 extraordinary service. In other ceremonies, the Regents pre- sented Joseph Henry Medals to Constance Berry Newman for her service as Under Secretary, 1992-2000, and Michael H. Robinson for his enlightened leadership as director of the National Zoological Park, 1984-2000. Assembling his new senior management team, Secretary Small appointed leaders to five positions. Under Secretary for American Museums and National Programs Sheila P. Burke came to the Smithsonian from Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, where she was executive dean and lecturer in public policy. She previously served as chief of staff to Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole and as Sec- retary of the U.S. Senate. J. Dennis O’Connor, Under Secretary for Science, was Smithsonian Provost from 1996 to 2000. A biologist and ed- ucational leader, he formerly was chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh and a top administrator and faculty member of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of North Carolina. Thomas W. Lentz, Director of the International Art Muse- ums Division, was deputy director of the Freer and Sackler Galleries. A specialist in Islamic art and Persian painting, he joined the galleries in 1992. Under Secretary for Finance and Administration Robert D. Bailey has had a career in the banking industry, most recently as head of corporate banking for the Santander Group, the largest bank in Spain and Latin America, and for Nations- Bank. He was an international executive with Citicorp for nearly 30 years. Gary M. Beer continues in his position as Chief Executive Officer of Smithsonian Business Ventures. Beer came to the Smithsonian in 1999 from the Sundance Group, where he served as president and CEO. The Secretary also appointed Robert P. Kogod as adviser to the Secretary for the Patent Office Building renovation; Don- ald A. Brown as adviser to the Secretary for the National Museum of the American Indian construction; and Oliver T. Carr Jr. as adviser to the Secretary for construction of the Na- tional Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. The Institution welcomed a number of new directors. John R. (Jack) Dailey is director of the National Air and Space Museum; Lucy H. Spelman is director of the National Zoological Park; and Penelope (Nell) Payne is director of the Office of Government Relations. Marc Pachter was ap- pointed director of the National Portrait Gallery, and Paul Warwick Thompson was appointed director of the Cooper- Hewitt, National Design Museum. Amy P. Wilkins was appointed publisher of Smithsonian and Air & Space/Smithson- ian magazines; Dennis Shaw was appointed chief technology officer; Alice C. Maroni was appointed chief financial officer; and William W. Brubaker was appointed director of facili- ties engineering and operations. A Twenty-First-Century Vision Early in his first year as Secretary, Lawrence M. Small made this promise: “We pledge to be the architects of a Smithson- ian that, for intellectual eloquence, emotional excitement, and quality of presentation, is second to no other cultural and educational enterprise in the world.” This vision is unfolding, and the Smithsonian’s impressive accomplishments are shaping an institution that is truly sec- ond to none. As a prelude to the achievements described in this annual report, here are some examples: Public Impact— ¢ A growing, enthusiastic audience enjoyed dynamic exhi- bitions: the legendary Vikings, the optical illusions of Salvador Dali, the work of noted African American pho- tographers, and more. The Smithsonian's museums and the National Zoo logged an impressive 34 million visits. ¢ By the close of the year, a captivating pair of giant pandas were on their way from China to the National Zoo, and “The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden” at the National Museum of American History, Behring Center was poised to open in the wake of an unprecedented presi- dential election. ¢ Exciting Affiliations partnerships with nearly Go cultural institutions gave the Smithsonian a vibrant presence in 23 states and the District of Columbia—and the number of partnerships is increasing. * In cyberspace, the Smithsonian capitalized on the enor- mous potential to reach people in their homes, at their leisure. The number of electronic visits to www.si.edu exceeded 2 million per month. ¢ The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service opened the blockbuster “Star Wars: The Magic of Myth,” just one offering on a rich menu of exhibitions that circu- late from coast to Coast. e On the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the sights, sounds, and aromas of the annual Smithsonian Folklife Festival attracted more than 1.2 million people. e¢ Some 6.5 million schoolchildren visited the Smithsonian, and more than 24,000 educators enriched their classroom teaching through professional development opportunities. Research— e Globally acclaimed, top-caliber research in science and the humanities revealed new understanding in a dazzling variety of fields. e Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory scientists ob- served galaxies 60 million light-years from Earth from the orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory, which provides powerful images that are transforming astronomy. They also took first light readings from the refurbished multi- ple-mirror telescope at the Whipple Observatory in Arizona. e National Museum of Natural History researchers revisited the question of human origins, working with colleagues in China to study 800,000-year-old stone artifacts and defy the notion that early humans in Asia were less intel- ligent than humans in Africa. e At the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, a scientist completed a project showing the geographical and biolog- ical consequences of the rise of the Isthmus of Panama. ¢ Ground-breaking textile research on the Star-Spangled Banner and major scientific studies by the Freer and Sack- ler Galleries exemplified the Smithsonian’s sterling repu- tation in conservation and materials research. 12 Management Excellence— After a smooth transition to a new management team, efforts intensified to build the Smithsonian into an effective and streamlined twenty-first-century organization. Secretary Lawrence M. Small created five divisions— American Museums and National Programs; Science; International Art Museums; Financial and Administrative Services; and Business Ventures. The purchase of the Victor Building in Washington, D.C., centralized staff from leased offices and freed up more mu- seum exhibition space. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Financial Strength— In an extraordinary year, financial contributions to the Smithsonian surpassed all records: a total of $206.6 mil- lion from individuals, corporations, and foundations. With his $80 million gift to the National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring increased his sup- port for the Smithsonian to $100 million, the largest gift the Smithsonian has ever received. The Archives of American Art, National Portrait Gallery, National Postal Museum, National Zoo, Program for Asian Pacific American Studies, Smithsonian American Art Museum, and Smithsonian Institution Libraries all received record-breaking gifts. This year’s success gave invigorating momentum to the Smithsonian’s effort to raise more than $1 billion from private sources in the next five years. Public Impact Compelling Exhibitions Engaging visitors with real things and intriguing ideas People came to Smithsonian museums and the Zoo in greater numbers in 2000—34 million visits in all—and they had an incredible array of exhibitions to choose from. At one end of the National Mall, visitors flocked to the National Museum of American History, Behring Center for a live, close-up look at the delicate work of preserving the Star-Spangled Banner. Next door, the remarkable tale of the Vikings unfolded at the National Museum of Natural His- tory. Across the Mall, in the historic Arts and Industries Building, the fascinating, 500-year-old Latino cultural tradition of santos was on display, along with a popular exhi- bition of African American photographers’ work. Exhibitions like these—the three-dimensional stories that make a museum visit memorable—are a vital connecting point between people and the Smithsonian. The Institution is dedicated to creating exhibitions of the highest quality that invite visitors to rethink familiar concepts, imagine new possibilities, and consider the continuity of cultures. Here are some examples from fiscal year 2000. Attendance rose by nearly 20 percent at the National Museum of American History, Behring Center, with the Star-Spangled Banner conservation laboratory and exhibition attracting nearly half of the museum’s visits. “Fast Attacks and Boomers: Submarines in the Cold War,” another draw- ing card, revealed fascinating facts about the role of submarines in American Cold War strategy. The piano has always delighted music lovers, so the museum’s exhibition “Piano 300: Celebrating Three Centuries of People and Pianos” was a natural success while it was on view in the S. Dillon Ripley Center's International Gallery. Capitalizing ona perfect performance opportunity, Smithsonian Productions and Maryland Public Television produced the 90-minute tele- vision special “Piano Grand! A Smithsonian Celebration,” hosted by Billy Joel and featuring Dave Brubeck, Jerry Lee Lewis, and other renowned pianists. Their name conjures up visions of fearsome marauders, but the Vikings were also boat builders, traders, pioneers of parliamentary govern- ment, and the first Europeans to reach North America. On the 1,000th anniversary of the Vikings’ landing, the National Museum of Natural History examined their histor- ical impact in “Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga.” This traveling exhibition, an official project of the White House Millennium Council, highlighted new archaeological re- search and involved cooperation with museums from around the world. Public response was positive: Museum attendance rose, and the 43,000-volume first printing of the companion book, published by Smithsonian Institution Press, was so pop- ular that it sold out before the exhibition closed in August. “Vikings” is now on a two-year tour. “Provocative, intriguing, sometimes perplexing, but never dull” was the Washington Post’s view of the Hirshhorn Mu- seum and Sculpture Garden’s 25th anniversary exhibition, “Regarding Beauty: A View of the Late Twentieth Century.” Curators Neal Benezra and Olga Viso chose more than 90 works by well-known and emerging artists to show how an age-old concept has been probed and reassessed since 1960. Later in the year, “Dali’s Optical Illusions” attracted one of the highest attendance levels in the Hirshhorn’s history: an average of 2,500 visitors a day from April 19 through June 18. Visit totals for May 2000—154,200—were almost dou- ble what they were for May 1999. The looking-glass of “Reflections in Black: A History of Black Photographers, 1840 to the Present” revealed not just images, but the powerful story of African American life. This critically acclaimed exhibition, organized by the Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Cul- ture, took visitors on a visual odyssey from slavery through the present. Curator Deborah Willis, who was awarded a presti- gious John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Fellowship in June 14 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 2000, said she intended to show the “link between visual im- agery and personal and historical identity.” A national tour of “Reflections in Black” began in August 2000. The Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum showcased the creative vitality of contemporary design in Design Cul- ture Now, the first National Design Triennial. Art zm America praised the exhibition for drawing attention to “things, both grand and small, that we customarily overlook,” such as the sole of the Nike Air Jordan XIII shoe, a prototype mobile computing and communication appliance, and a skateboard. More than 70,000 visitors enjoyed Design Culture Now dur- ing its five-month showing. Some 15,000 participated in programs for adults and young people, including a sold-out conference to hear leading designers on current design issues. The catalogue, published by the museum with Princeton Architectural Press, had sold more than 7,000 copies by Sep- tember 2000. No one knows how music sounded when performed in China 2,500 years ago, but visitors to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery’s “Music in the Age of Confucius” invited visitors to imagine the possibilities. The exhibition presented the largest, best-preserved group of ancient musical instruments ever discovered—bells, chime stones, zithers, flutes, drums, and panpipes from the fifth century B.C. Most were on loan from the Hubei Provincial Museum in central China. Cellist Yo-Yo Ma narrated the audio tour and gave a free public per- formance with Wu Man and the Music from China ensemble. Combined attendance at the Smithsonian American Art Museum (formerly known as the National Museum of Ameri- can Art) and the National Portrait Gallery rose by 80 percent during October, November, and December 1999, just before the historic Patent Office Building closed for major renova- tion. An active schedule of traveling exhibitions is keeping the two museums in the public eye until they reopen in 2004. The Portrait Gallery prepared to launch “Portrait of a Na- tion,” a four-exhibition series that is sending 250 treasures on the road in the United States, Europe, and Japan from Octo- ber 2000 until 2004. “Portraits of the Presidents from the National Portrait Gallery,” the first exhibition, features presi- dential likenesses from the gallery’s most famous collection, ranging from Rembrandt Peale’s “porthole” portrait of George Washington to Chuck Close’s iris print of Bill Clinton. The American Art Museum's “Treasures to Go” is criss- crossing the United States to 70 cities, stimulating wide enthusiasm for American art with eight thematic exhibitions from the collection. Promotional activities developed in part- nership with Principal Financial Group include a syndicated television special, Tzme magazine advertorials, an educational video, a Web site, teacher resources, and four souvenir books copublished with Watson-Guptill. Nearly 150,000 people had seen the exhibitions by the end of the fiscal year. Twenty works of art from one of the West’s most com- prehensive collections of Chinese calligraphy of the late eigh- teenth to the late twentieth centuries were shown at the Freer Gallery of Art in “Brushing the Past: Later Chinese Calligra- phy from the Gift of Robert Hatfield Ellsworth.” This recent gift encompasses the major trends and most of the important calligraphers of the last 200 years. The Freer now has one of the largest collections of Chinese calligraphy in the United States, and it is the only museum with such an extensive col- lection from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. “A Concrete Vision: Oshogbo Art in the 1960s” at the National Museum of African Art chronicled the artistic transformation in a Yoruba town in western Nigeria where visual, literary, and performance artists drew on traditional ideas to conceive new artistic forms. Adebisi Akanji, one of the movement's founders, created large openwork concrete screens showing everyday subjects. Four screens were on view in the exhibition, along with a description of their ex- tensive Conservation treatment. Living Latino cultural traditions attracted enthusiastic exhibition audiences this year. The making and veneration of santos—carved and colorfully painted wooden figures of saints—is a Hispanic American cultural legacy from the ear- liest Spanish colonial days. “Santos: Substance and Soul,” a traveling exhibition organized by the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education in cooperation with the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives, considered dis- tinctive santos-making techniques and materials of Puerto Rico and New Mexico. The Center for Latino Initiatives’ bilingual exhibition “Ritmos de Identidad/Rhythms of Iden- tity” explored rhythm and percussion in Afro-Caribbean music through the work of the eminent Cuban musicologist Fernando Ortiz. Drawn from the treasures of the national collections, permanent exhibitions are at the heart of Smithsonian muse- ums. In a museum-wide collaborative effort, the National Museum of American History, Behring Center spent much of the year preparing “The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden” for a November 15, 2000, opening. More than 900 objects from the museum’s unparalleled collection of presi- dential artifacts—the largest of its kind in the nation—were chosen to tell the story. Interactive experiences, videos, teacher resources, a Web site, and a yearlong series of public programs enhance the experience. The National Museum of Natural History’s new 6,500- square-foot exhibition hall, “African Voices,” offers a dynamic view of the African continent. Voices of African people are coupled with objects from the collection, photo- graphs, film, video, and sound to tell vivid stories of Africa’s history, influence, and continuing relevance. The African ele- phant in the Museum of Natural History’s rotunda, long a favorite of Smithsonian visitors, has a new habitat—a realis- tic landscape created by fabricators from the Smithsonian Office of Exhibits Central’s Modelmaking and Fabrication Units. The diorama is remarkable for its realism, from the individual butterflies to the dusty contoured surface that evokes the African savanna. Private Support Brings Pandas to the Zoo Knowledge of giant panda biology, behavior, and conserva- tion has advanced considerably in the past 25 years, in part Public Impact 15 due to research by scientists at the National Zoological Park. Now the Smithsonian has received commitments to- taling an impressive $18 million in private support for continuing efforts to ensure the survival in the wild of this highly endangered species. Mei Xiang and Tian Tian, a pair of young giant pandas, arrived at the Zoo from China in December 2000. Nearly $8 million from Fujifilm, the largest single spon- sorship ever received by the National Zoo, will fund the acquisition of the giant pandas, construction of a new habi- tat, and extensive educational programs, including a visitor guide and a Web site for teachers. Discovery Communica- tions’ Animal Planet network, in addition to making a financial contribution, will create four hour-long specials and other educational programming. FedEx contributed air transportation, ground transportation, and logistical support for the pandas’ journey from China, at no cost to the Smith- sonian. Additional support was provided by Ruth S. and A. William Holmberg; the Alice S. Marriott Lifetime Trust; the J. Willard and Alice S. Marriott Foundation; the Roger and Vicki Sant Fund; the Chubb Corporation; and Friends of the National Zoo. In exchange for the long-term loan of the giant pandas, the Zoo will contribute $1 million a year for IO years to the China Wildlife Conservation Association for the expansion and improvement of giant panda reserves in China. Dynamic Outreach Welcoming a cross-section of America to the Smithsonian experience In Long Beach, California, Cynthia Vidaurri captivates mid- dle school students with anecdotes from her research in Mexican American folklife. Vidaurri, a U.S.—Mexico Border- lands scholar from the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, is spending a week in Long Beach as part of The Smithsonian Associates’ Scholars in the Schools program. Across the country, a family visiting the Miami Museum of Science enters the adventurous world of “Smith- sonian Expeditions.” Fascinating artifacts of past civiliza- tions, gathered by Smithsonian scientists in Latin America and now in the collections of the National Museum of Nat- ural History, make up this exhibition organized as part of the Smithsonian Affiliations Program. Scenes like these are repeated every day somewhere in the nation, as the Smithsonian shares its unparalleled resources: objects on loan to complement other museums’ collections, curriculum guides for teachers, traveling exhibitions, and ed- ucational tours and programs. Throughout the country—and in the Washington, D.C., region as well—the Smithsonian’s energetic outreach served countless Americans. The Miami Museum of Science partnership that led to “Smithsonian Expeditions” is a product of the Smithsonian Affiliations Program, an expanding initiative, begun in 1987, that shares artifacts, programs, and expertise with other cultural institutions. By the end of the fiscal year, the steadily increasing number of affiliations reached 58 in 23 states and the District of Columbia. All kinds of communities benefit, including McAllen, Texas, located on the Rio Grande border; Oakland, Califor- nia, where there is no single ethnic majority and more than 120 different dialects are spoken; and Bisbee, Arizona, a ru- ral community that depends on heritage tourism. Through these partnerships, the Smithsonian touches the lives of millions. Audiences grow when museums partici- pate. At the Miami Museum of Science, for example, attendance is up by 37 percent since “Smithsonian Expedi- tions” opened. Affiliations with 18 museums were fully implemented this year. One example, the Chabot Space and Science Center, opened its new facility in Oakland, Califor- nia, with historical telescopes and astronomical instruments from the National Museum of American History and mete- orites from the National Museum of Natural History. Collaboration with Mount Vernon, announced this year, will lead to expanded exhibitions about the life and times of George Washington using objects from Smithsonian col- lections. The Heinz Pittsburgh Regional Center of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania included artifacts from the American History Museum in “George Washing- ton: Man Behind the Myths.” The center reports significant attendance increases—150 percent for school groups and 20 percent for general visitors—since the exhibition opened. New participants in the program include a remarkable variety of cultural institutions: the American Jazz Museum in Kansas City, Missouri; the Storytelling Foundation Inter- national in Jonesborough, Tennessee; the Museum of American Financial History in New York City; the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences in Raleigh; and more than 30 others that are welcoming America’s museum to their hometowns. Sample the art and architecture of Italy, listen to Latin rhythms, escape to adult summer camp at the Smithsonian, fly a kite: Lifelong learning is the specialty of The Smithson- ian Associates (TSA), which offered 1,730 programs and 342 study tours this year. Among them was La Bella Italia, a to- tal immersion in Italian art, invention, intellectual history, music, and cuisine. Four-day Swmmer Escapes to the worlds of photography, diplomacy, and cooking got rave reviews from adult campers. The 34th Annual Kite Festival, a study tour and seminar on the Vikings, and the lively performance- interview series Mésica de las Américas brought out the best in TSA programming. In a national outreach program, teachers, students, adults, and families sampled the Smithsonian in TSA's Smithsonian Week in Long Beach. Under an Affiliations agreement with the Public Corporation for the Arts, TSA offered lectures, workshops, and school programs by three Smithsonian ex- perts. They headlined three evening events in the California community and gave 28 lectures, workshops, and teacher programs in middle schools and high schools as part of Smithsonian Scholars in the Schools. The Smithsonian Insti- tution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) has been 16 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 connecting communities to the Smithsonian for more than 50 years. This year, SITES sent 47 exhibitions to 163 locales, reaching about 5 million people. The enormously popular “Star Wars: The Magic of Myth,” originally shown at the National Air and Space Museum, broke attendance records at the Field Museum in Chicago. The museum was the third stop on a seven-city tour that this year included the San Diego Museum of Art and the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. SITES has collaborated with Lucasfilms on a number of educational outreach projects, including a distance learning program through the Fairfax Network in Virginia that was set for broadcast in November 2000. Creating community linkages is part of SITES’ mission. For “On Miniature Wings: Model Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum,” SITES joined with the Academy of Model Aeronautics to create educational programs for stu- dents in each tour-city museum. Teacher resource material, developed with an advisory committee of educators, is tied to math and science curricula. SITES’ successful rural initia- tive, Museum on Main Street, took the exhibition “Barn Again!” to 200 towns this year. With a grant from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, SITES is developing a new exhibition in the series Yesterday’s Tomorrows: Past Visions of the American Future. Where else but at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival could you listen to Tibetan monks engaging in vigorous religious debate, residents of the nation’s capital reminiscing about their neighborhoods, and South Texas conjunto musicians performing for a dance party? This 34th annual living exhi- bition, a program of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, attracted a diverse audience of more than 1.2 million people to the Smithsonian’s neighborhood on the National Mall during ro days in June and July. The featured programs were the cultures, communities, and traditions of Tibet, the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin in Texas and Mexico, and Washington, D.C. Special events included a visit from the Dalai Lama, Tibet’s exiled spiritual and political leader, who participated in a traditional peace ritual called a Mon- lam Chenmo and gave a free public address. Programs for students and teachers capitalize on the Smithsonian’s extraordinary potential as a learning resource. More than 6.5 million schoolchildren visited the Smithson- ian this year, and some 24,000 teachers used Smithsonian professional development resources. The annual Teacher’s Night at the Smithsonian, hosted by the Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies (SCEMS) and sponsored by the Clark-Winchcole Founda- tion, attracted more than 2,000 educators from nearly 50 school districts. Educators can find more information on-line at the new Field Trips and Learning Resources Web site (edu- cate.si.edu), developed by SCEMS. In every Smithsonian museum, educators find food for thought and useful teaching tools. “Whose Beauty Is It?,” a workshop for elementary through high school teachers pre- sented by the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden and the National Museum of African Art, raised questions about beauty in art to stimulate future classroom discussions and field trips. The workshop was so successful that it sparked plans for similar collaborative workshops among Smithson- ian museums. For preschoolers ages 2 through 4, the National Postal Museum introduced a fanciful tour called Let’s Deliver Mail. Children uncover the mystery of mail delivery by tracing the travels of three make-believe characters through the mail system. Early childhood specialists and museum educators profit from the Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center’s latest training seminar, “Creating Collections in the Classroom,” which complements the “Learning Through Objects” semi- nar offered twice a year. A scholarship program enables teachers working with low-income children in the Washing- ton, D.C., metropolitan area to participate. Smithsonian museums have a lot to offer adolescents and young adults, who typically lack consistent involvement with museums. The Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum's comprehensive design and career awareness program series for high school students, Design Directions, doubled in size this year with 6oo participants. The National Museum of African Art hosted its first-ever College Night, attended by 1,000 undergraduate and graduate students from more than 30 col- leges and universities. The National Museum of Natural History hosted the first annual Discovery Young Scientist Challenge, a nationwide scholarship contest for middle school students sponsored by Discovery Communications, Inc., in partnership with Science Service. Forty finalists competed for the $10,000 top prize by working with museum scientists in their laboratories on “science challenges.” Family days at the National Museum of American History, Behring Center reflected the exuberance of the American ex- perience. Playful innovation with a purpose took center stage in a day-long demonstration of robotics sponsored by the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. For the family program “Tales from the Land/Cuentos de la Tierra,” storytellers shared tales originating in different com- munities, from Native American hunting and gathering thousands of years ago to migrant farm labor today. On a local, regional, and national scale, the Institution has stepped up its efforts to welcome more people—espe- cially minorities and new Americans—into the Smithsonian experience. Bhangra, a traditional Punjabi folk dance, has found re- newed popularity, especially among South Asian youth who mix it with rap and hip-hop beats. Four groups of Bhangra dancers performed in “From Roots to Shoots,” the biggest drawing card in the series of Heritage Month events spon- sored by the Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies. During the five Heritage Months—Hispanic Heritage, American Indian Heritage, Black History, Women’s History, and Asian Pacific American Heritage—Smithsonian muse- ums and centers presented more than 150 lectures, films, performances, and programs. More than 2,000 people partici- pated—twice as many as last year. Building bridges through community organizations, the Program for Asian Pacific American Studies (PAPAS) has established connections with the growing local population of recent immigrant children from Asia. Working with Public Impact 7 Asian American LEAD, the Chin Baptist Church, the New- comer Community Service Center, and the Chinatown Community Center, PAPAS initiated museum visits and other activities for children that laid the groundwork for col- laboration as these organizations and the Smithsonian get to know one another. Affiliations Support Big Ideas Bisbee, Arizona, with a population of just under 6,500, was a leading copper mining site in the late r9th and early 20th centuries, a thriving urban center in the rugged Arizona Ter- ritory. The mines are closed now, but this rural community is home to a small museum with big ideas. In 2002, a new permanent mining and minerals gallery will open at the Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum that includes Bisbee minerals on long-term loan from the Na- tional Museum of Natural History through the Smithsonian Affiliations Program. The partnership, says director Carrie Gustavson, “has allowed us as a community museum to take our vision and go for it.” The Bisbee affiliation shows how one partnership can penetrate multiple museums and communities. As the mu- seum works with the Smithsonian’s Office of Exhibits Central and the Smithsonian Center for Education and Mu- seum Studies on exhibition development and fabrication and educational programming, it has conceived a workshop series called “Think Big,” for staff in small, rural Arizona museums. The Smithsonian-stimulated exhibition in Bisbee will provide a laboratory for hands-on learning and profes- sional development in other museums. “No one would have ever thought that a small mining town would partner with the Smithsonian,” says Gustavson. “If we're a tiny museum and can think beyond the limits, others can do it, too.” Object Lessons from “The American Presidency” More than 900 objects from the National Museum of American History’s collection were assembled for “The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden,” a new permanent exhibition that celebrates this powerful and challenging in- stitution. For museum director Spencer Crew, two particular objects evoke the glorious burdens of the presidency. The first is a charred wooden beam from the White House that is believed to have survived when the British burned the building in 1814. “Looking at that burned wood,” Crew says, “one has to think about the crisis James Madison faced at that mo- ment as the survival of the new nation hung in the balance.” The second object is a glass ballot box, “a reminder that the power of the presidency is derived from the will of the people” —and an especially meaningful symbol in 2000. “The American Presidency” is made possible through the generous support of individual donors and corporate spon- sors, including Kenneth E. Behring; The History Channel; Chevy Chase Bank; Cisco Systems, Inc.; Elizabeth and Whit- ney MacMillan; Heidi and Max Berry; and the United States Congress. Additional sponsors include Automatic Data Pro- cessing, Inc.; Business 2.0; KPMG LLP; Sears, Roebuck and Co.; and T. Rowe Price and Associates, Inc. The Electronic Smithsonian Capturing the potential of a powerful medium On a cyber-journey through the Smithsonian, the frontiers are limitless. If you missed “Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga” in person, you can visit the virtual version on the National Museum of Natural History’s site, www.nmnoh. si.edu/vikings. You can satisfy your curiosity about the Star- Spangled Banner and get an update on this spectacular conservation project at www.americanhistory.si.edu/ssb. You can also peruse digital editions of rare books in natural his- tory or search the on-line catalog on the Smithsonian Institution Libraries’ site, www.sil.si.edu. Electronic visits to Smithsonian Web sites topped 2 mil- lion per month this year. Nearly every organization has expanded its on-line offerings and redesigned its sites, and more resources have gone live on the Web. Electronic access is transforming the way people use and enjoy the Smithson- ian, as these new developments in fiscal year 2000 illustrate. Forbes magazine described the Smithsonian American Art Museum's revamped Web site as “a party at every click.” At AmericanArt.si.edu, the museum is open while its build- ing is closed for renovation. Director Elizabeth Broun shares her personal favorites from the permanent collection in a vir- tual gallery talk. A click on the monthly calendar, “1too1 Days and Nights of American Art,” displays a new entertaining fact about American art and artists every day. And an on-line re- search librarian will answer questions submitted to “Ask Joan of Art.” Forbes chose the site for its “Best of the Web” issue— one of just seven art museums to receive this distinction. The museum also supports new art created for the Web with the New Media/New Century Award. Winning proj- ects are posted on Helios, the museum's on-line photography center. The award is made possible by Dominion, an energy company, in an ongoing partnership with the museum that is dedicated to supporting landscape photography. The National Museum of American History, Behring Center’s Star-Spangled Banner Web site is an absorbing compendium of history. The many-layered presentation, de- veloped by a team of museum experts, captures the Web’s potential for quality, quantity, and interactivity. The award-winning site tells the story of the flag that in- spired the Star-Spangled Banner and describes the challenges of preserving and caring for this fragile artifact. Visitors can consult primary sources such as photographs, documents, and published materials and compare their conclusions to 18 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 what museum historians say. Educators can download mate- rials and ideas for classroom use and then plan a museum visit to watch the preservation project firsthand. From the nineteenth century on, recordings of spoken words and music have allowed us to listen to history. The Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress have been collecting these recordings—hundreds of thousands of them, from the sounds of Native American music, dance, and story- telling, to Woody Guthrie singing the original “This Land Is Your Land,” to speeches by every American president since Theodore Roosevelt. But the original recordings are deterio- rating, and sounds that have inspired generations of listeners are in jeopardy. This year, the two organizations received a $750,000 grant through the U.S. Congress from Save Amer- ica’s Treasures, a bipartisan program to preserve our cultural heritage. With the help of experts in the field, they will re- store and preserve the originals, create digital and archival copies, and make recordings available to millions of listeners on the Web and in CD form. Major Building Projects Creating inviting public spaces “Pardon Our Progress!” proclaim the banners stretched across the exterior of the National Air and Space Museum, signaling the renovation of the building and the replacement of its signature skylights and window walls. Similar evidence of progress is everywhere at the Smithsonian, where an un- precedented number of building and renovation projects are under way. From brand-new facilities, to major renovations, to build- ing repairs, Smithsonian spaces inside and out are receiving renewed attention. The Institution’s landmark buildings, like its collections, deserve expert care. Urgent maintenance and restoration have moved up on the agenda. As Secretary Lawrence M. Small says, “Americans who make a pilgrimage to their nation’s capital should be open-mouthed in awe at their national treasures, not at the state of disrepair of the buildings in which they are housed.” Construction cranes appeared at the east end of the Mall this year as site preparation began for the National Museum of the American Indian—the first museum conceived and designed by Native Americans, not just about them. The curvilinear building, with exterior walls of Minnesota lime- stone, will be surrounded by landscaping that evokes American Indian lands. Visitors will enter through a five-story welcoming area called the Potomac, where they will be immersed in living traditions. Three inaugural exhibitions will present the philosophies, histories, and identities of indigenous peoples from a Native perspective—a revolutionary change from traditional museum practice. Research and extensive collabo- ration with 18 Native communities in the United States, Latin America, and Canada have been completed for these exhibitions. Meanwhile, at the museum’s Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland, staff coordinated the complex move of the museum’s renowned collection of more than 800,000 ethnographic and archaeological objects from the Research Branch in the Bronx, New York. In 2000, they brought the total number of objects prepared for the journey to more than 67,300, packing them in custom-made mounts and giving each truckload a Native blessing. It is a puzzle of huge proportions: fitting more than 300 spectacular flying machines into the soaring spaces of the Na- tional Air and Space Museum’s Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. Site work on the new storage, restoration, and exhibition fa- cility at Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia has just begun, but a team of curators, collection managers, and exhibit designers is already solving the puzzle. The center is named for aviation business executive Steven F. Udvar-Hazy, who has contributed $65 million to the museum and co-chairs its capital campaign. Udvar-Hazy professes an early love for aerospace and aviation and a deep respect for their role in shaping our world. He says he hopes the center will be an enjoyable, educational experience that inspires those same feelings in others. For the museum planning team, it helps that the 761,000-square-foot structure is almost three football fields long and ro stories high. Using computer-aided design, they arrange plastic cutouts in a scale model of the building to create a three-dimensional view of the artifacts within the exhibition space, suspended from the arches and displayed on the floor. Three to four million visitors a year are anticipated when the Udvar-Hazy Center opens in December 2003, the cen- tennial month of the Wright Brothers’ historic flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The renovation of the Patent Office Building, home to the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Por- trait Gallery, began this year, with both museums closed for the duration but active and visible on the Web and in exhi- bitions from their collections touring the country. The Smithsonian purchased the Victor Building in downtown Washington to provide consolidated office space for Smith- sonian administrative offices, as well as staff of the two museums and the Archives of American Art. Other projects have created comfortable visitor spaces or improved collection display and storage. The loggias, or open galleries, overlooking the courtyard of the Freer Gallery of Art opened to the public for the first time in June, made possible by a generous grant from the Philip L. Graham Fund. Visitors can relax among the refreshed courtyard plantings and enjoy two bronze sculptures by American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens that are on view in the east loggia. The Renwick Gallery’s Grand Salon, considered one of Washington’s most beautiful public spaces, reopened in June after a six-month refurbishment that re-created the elegant setting of a nineteenth-century collector's picture gallery. While the Smithsonian American Art Museum is closed, 170 paintings and sculptures from its collection are on view in the Grand Salon and the Octagon Room. Research A Year of Significant Contributions Continuing a tradition of excellence and influence Smithsonian scholars ask some intriguing questions: What makes up the mysterious material being sucked into the black hole at the center of our galaxy? How have African American photographers shaped our understanding of a people’s history? Why are Washington's celebrated cherry trees blooming earlier every year? How do we know that Leif Ericson was the first European to set foot on the North American continent? From an orbiting observatory probing the far reaches of the universe, to art conservation laboratories in the Freer and Sackler Galleries, to the Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce on Florida’s Atlantic coast, exploration and discovery are thriving. The Smithsonian is both a premier research institution and a thriving center for learning, and the com- bination is powerful. Scholars advance knowledge about human beings, our universe, and our place in it, while seek- ing solutions to pressing global problems. Their research also shapes exhibitions and programs to provide a solid edu- cational experience for Smithsonian audiences. “We have a special obligation to explain what we are doing,” Secretary Lawrence M. Small has observed, “to bring the public along with us, to communicate the importance and the conse- quences of our work.” A pair of merging galaxies in the Constellation Corvus is giving astronomers a glimpse of the young universe 15 bil- lion years ago. “Galaxies were much closer together then,” explains Giuseppina Fabbiano of the Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory (SAO). Such collisions were more common, and “they played a major role in shaping the galax- ies we see around us today.” Fabbiano and her SAO colleagues Andreas Zezas and Stephen Murray have observed the two galaxies—about 60 million light-years from Earth—using the orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory, which SAO built and operates under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administra- tion. Launched aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia in July 1999, Chandra is the most sophisticated x-ray observatory ever built, with a resolving power equivalent to the ability to read a stop sign from a distance of 12 miles. The images it returns from high-energy regions of the universe, such as the remnants of supernovas, are transforming astronomy. Scien- tific support and the operations control center for this mission are located at SAO in Cambridge, Massachusetts. “What we are witnessing with Chandra is galaxy ecology in action,” says Zezas. As the two galaxies in Constellation Corvus collide, they produce massive bubbles of expanding x-ray-emitting gas at such astonishing rates that they are bumping into each other to create “superbubbles” with sur- prisingly bright x-ray luminosities. Over tens of billions of years, the superbubbles enrich the galaxy’s supply of oxygen and other elements, supporting the cycle of star birth, death, and renewal. Scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama who study the behavior of tropical ani- mals have discovered that parasites take advantage of their hosts in unusual ways. Perhaps no story tops the one about the spider and the wasp. On the night that the parasitic wasp larva will kill its orb-weaving spider host, the wasp in- duces the spider to weave a unique web designed to support the larva’s cocoon. William Eberhard of STRI and the University of Costa Rica had been observing orb-weaving spiders for 10 years when he uncovered this story, which is probably the most elaborate known example of an insect parasite manipulating the behavior of its host. His report in the July 2000 issue of the journal Nature was the first to describe the wasps’ behav- ior and explain it as a fast-acting, apparently chemical phenomenon with long-term effects. 20 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 For nearly 30 years, the National Zoological Park has been a center of research in giant panda biology, behavior, and conservation, making significant contributions to knowledge of endangered species. After the deaths of the Zoo's original giant panda pair—Ling-Ling in 1992 and Hsing-Hsing in 1999—the Zoo arranged for the long-term loan of two pandas from the China Wildlife Conservation Association. Tian Tian, a male born in 1997, and Mei Xiang, a female born in 1998, arrived at the Zoo on December 6, 2000. In the next decade, the Zoo will collaborate with other organizations, including the China Wildlife Conservation Association, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the World Wildlife Fund, and various zoos on an expanded program of research and professional training. The Zoo’s research led to success in the propagation of other disappearing species this year. Mandara, a 17-year-old lowland gorilla, gave birth to her fourth offspring. Lowland gorillas, native to the tropical forests of West and Central Africa, are considered endangered. Through the Species Survival Plan, coordinated by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, zoos in the United States are engaged in a collective effort to create a self-sustaining zoo population of the world’s largest ape. As Tropical Storm Floyd moved steadily toward the mid- Atlantic states in fall 1999, staff at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Mary- land, geared up for a long-awaited research opportunity. By measuring stream flows at the height of the storm, SERC scientists continued their quest for solutions to a major envi- ronmental problem. Since the early 1970s, they have studied the movement of sediments and plant nutrients into the Chesapeake Bay, using the Rhode River and its watershed as a model system. The resulting accumulations threaten the ecosystem by killing off sea grasses and depleting the oxygen supply. Sci- entists think heavy storm flows might be a factor, but they have not been able to test this hypothesis in recent years be- cause of severe drought conditions. Floyd changed all that. Two SERC “stream teams” braved heavy currents to find flow rates that were up to 100 times higher than usual. The researchers’ Floyd adventure added crucial comparative data to SERC's studies. Cherry blossoms appear earlier every year in Washington, D.C.—on average, seven days earlier than they did three decades ago. Global warming may be the reason, according to National Museum of Natural History scientists who ana- lyzed botanical data during a 30-year study. They found significant correlations between temperature and early flow- ering: As the average minimum temperature rises, flowering plants begin to bloom earlier in the spring. Museum scientists Stanwyn Shetler, Mones Abu-Asab, Paul Peterson, and Sylvia Stone Orli studied 100 species in and around Washington. They determined that 89 show a consistent trend of earlier flowering, including dogwood, columbine, bluebells, Jack-in-the-pulpit, and the famous flowering cherry trees that are a rite of spring in the nation’s capital. The phenomenon could affect far more than the spring tourist season. We could expect a gradually expanding grow- ing season, as well as long-term changes in local flora. Plants that prefer colder climates could die out, and weedy species that thrive on warm weather could spread. People who are allergic to pollen could suffer over a longer period, because wind-pollinated trees are among the first to bloom. Smithsonian botanists are continuing their study so they can contribute to the understanding of global warming and its effects. Art conservation and scientific research at the Smithson- ian preserve the nation’s collections while contributing to knowledge in the field. At the Freer and Sackler Galleries, the Department of Conservation and Scientific Research is involved in crucial conservation work on the renowned col- lection of Chinese paintings with the support of a $250,000 grant from the Henry Luce Foundation. The program also provides valuable professional training and collaborative op- portunities for conservators in the United States and abroad. Another Freer and Sackler team, along with scientists from Johns Hopkins University, is exploring the possibility that techniques from the automotive and aerospace industries could be used to study ancient metalworking. With a grant from the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training of the National Park Service, they are studying a method used to examine metals to find out whether it is ap- propriate for conserving and authenticating works of art. On-line and in person, researchers’ access to Smithsonian libraries and archives is faster and more complete. Search- ing the Smithsonian Library Catalog through the Smith- sonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS) is a simpler, smoother process now that SIRIS is an inte- grated system that supports cataloguing, circulation, acquisitions, and public access. Among the new editions in the Electronic Library are three rare books in natural his- tory, which researchers can peruse on-line in high-quality digital editions. Collections guides such as the Archives of American Art’s Papers of Latino and Latin American Artists—treissued this year in a second edition with 43 additional collections—provide a road map to the Archives’ extensive original source materi- als on American art and cultural history. Finding aids are being converted for electronic access, oral history transcripts are available on-line, and a new search engine improves Web service. Smithsonian-sponsored public symposiums in the arts and the humanities present current research and raise challeng- ing issues. “Reflections in Black: A History of Black Photographers, 1840 to the Present,” this year’s James A. Porter Colloquium cosponsored by the Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture and Howard University, brought together more than 30 of the nation’s most respected African American photographers and art historians for lectures and demonstrations. At the National Museum of American History, Behring Center, overflow audiences attended “Slavery in History and Mem- ory,” a two-day symposium that looked at images of slavery and how they continue to haunt race relations in this coun- Research 21 try. A major symposium at the National Museum of Natural History featured an international group of scholars who con- tributed to the exhibition “Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga” and also attracted a large audience. Star Party for the Multiple-Mirror Telescope The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory threw a party in June to celebrate its latest accomplishment. At the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, 35 miles south of Tucson, Arizona, the public was invited toa Community Day in honor of the new 6.5-meter mirror in the multiple-mirror telescope, or MMT. After the sun went down, the “star party” began, as amateur astronomers gazed at the night skies from the observatory’s site on top of Mount Hopkins. The converted telescope, one of the 10 largest in the world, has one gigantic lightweight mirror, which replaced six smaller mirrors mounted together in a common struc- ture—the most practical design at the time the original MMT was built in the late 1970s. Dozens of research projects are under way using the MMT, including the most comprehensive survey ever undertaken of quasars, distant astronomical objects that emit radio waves, and a study of the remnants of supernovas, or exploding stars, to understand their role in stellar evolution and in de- termining the age of the universe. The MMT is a joint venture of the Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory and the University of Arizona. Management Excellence Leadership for the Twenty-First Century Reinvigorating the Smithsonian organization With a promise to lead an “energetic reimagination and re- newal” of the Smithsonian’s traditions, Lawrence M. Small was installed as the Institution’s 11th Secretary on January 24, 2000. Small is the former president and chief operating officer of Fannie Mae, the world’s largest housing finance company. He has been involved with the museum and cul- tural communities throughout his career. Vigorous action to build a dynamic, contemporary organization marked Secre- tary Small’s first year. On February 11, 2000, he announced a reorganization plan that created five divisions, each unified by shared prior- ities: American Museums and National Programs; Science; International Art Museums; Finance and Administration; and Smithsonian Business Ventures. Over the succeeding months, the Secretary appointed a senior management team that provides leadership for what he terms the “marvelous enterprise that is the Smithsonian Institution,” and he out- lined an institutional vision for the coming decade. The Smithsonian’s leadership took decisive steps this year to strengthen internal systems in support of broader institu- tional goals. The appointment of a new chief financial officer, a new chief technology officer, and a new facilities engineering and operations director signaled renewed em- phasis on those areas of operations. The newly created Office of Policy and Analysis com- pleted several issue papers that will lead to organizational change. A collections management study that will guide col- lections activities was initiated. Other high-priority functions include capital manage- ment, human resources, and relations with government and the news media. A dedicated, enthusiastic workforce is key to the Smith- sonian’s effectiveness. During the year, the Secretary met with staff throughout the Institution and held numerous town meetings to seek employee feedback and ideas. He also began a popular series of weekly breakfasts, welcoming small groups of staff members to his office for candid conversations. Sixty-six percent of the workforce—4,100 people—re- sponded to the first employee perspective survey, conducted in spring 2000 by Hewitt Associates. The findings revealed that employees are committed to the Smithsonian and be- lieve in its mission, but they have obvious concerns and support the need for improvements. To address these staff concerns, Secretary Small is focusing the Institution’s efforts in four key areas: communication, individual performance, management, and organizational infrastructure. In addition, he plans to conduct the Employee Perspective Survey every two years to gauge the progress of these efforts. Financial Strength Impressive Momentum in Private Support Dedicated commitment to the Smithsonian’‘s vision The first year of the twenty-first century emerged brightly for the Smithsonian Institution, as its strength and vitality continued to shine through the success of public and private partnerships, fund-raising campaigns, audience development, and outreach efforts. The new year brought significant change to every facet of the Smithsonian. The excitement and momen- tum generated by the new administration and its goals fostered increased awareness among the Smithsonian’s membership and reaffirmed the Institution’s commitment to the public. The Smithsonian enjoyed many successes in fiscal year 2000. Fund-raising efforts led the way to record-breaking progress. With $206.6 million in contributions from indi- viduals, corporations, and foundations, the Smithsonian exceeded all previous levels of annual fund raising with a 40 percent increase from fiscal year 1999. Kenneth E. Behring increased his remarkable gift to the Smithsonian to $100 million, the largest gift the Smithson- ian has ever received. In fiscal year 2000, he pledged $80 million to the National Museum of American History, which now carries the title “Behring Center” in honor of his philan- thropy. Behring gave $20 million to the National Museum of Natural History in 1998. His generous contribution led the way for other individual gift commitments. By the year's end, the Archives of American Art, National Portrait Gallery, Na- tional Postal Museum, National Zoological Park, Program for Asian Pacific American Studies, Smithsonian American Art Museum, and Smithsonian Institution Libraries had also received their highest single gifts ever. Highlights of private giving for the fiscal year included the following: e The National Zoo received commitments totaling $18 million from individuals and corporations in support of its panda conservation project. Fujifilm pledged nearly $8 million toward creating a new habitat for the pandas and educational programs for visitors. Discovery Communica- tions’ Animal Planet network pledged $5 million. Addi- tional support came from Ruth and Bill Holmberg, FedEx, the Alice S. Marriott Lifetime Trust, the J. Willard and Alice S. Marriott Foundation, the Roger and Vicki Sant Fund, the Chubb Corporation, and Friends of the National Zoo. e The National Museum of American History, Behring Center received major gifts in support of the “American Presidency” exhibition. This blockbuster installation was made possible through the generous support of indi- vidual donors and corporate partners, including Kenneth E. Behring; The History Channel; Chevy Chase Bank; Cisco Systems, Inc.; Elizabeth and Whitney MacMillan; Heidi and Max Berry; and the U.S. Congress. Additional support came from Automatic Data Processing, Inc.; Business 2.0; KPMG LLP; Sears, Roebuck and Co.; and T. Rowe Price and Associates, Inc. ¢ Bringing their cumulative total to $40 million, the Lemelson Foundation gave to the Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innova- tion, for endowment and operational support and for a future exhibition on the Nobel Prize. ¢ The Brown Foundation, Inc. of Houston made a $12 mil- lion grant to the Archives of American Art that will allow the Archives to establish its permanent home in the Vic- tor Building. The grant is the largest the Archives has ever received. e¢ Nan Tucker McEvoy contributed $10 million toward an auditorium in the renovated Patent Office Building and for the Smithsonian American Art Museum. This is the largest gift in the museum’s history. 24 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 e The National Postal Museum received a $10 million gift, the largest in its history, from former Postmaster General Winton M. Blount to create the Winton M. Blount Cen- ter for Postal Studies. The center will conduct research, publish research findings, and develop public programs on the future of postal communications. e John and Adrienne Bevis Mars made a gift of $5 million toward the National Air and Space Museum’s Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. e A $3 million gift from Royal Dutch/Shell Group will support scientific research that increases our understand- ing of biodiversity and how ecosystems function. e Paul Peck contributed $2 million to the National Portrait Gallery for new and expanded programs on the presidency, its role in American history, and its impact on society and culture. This is the largest gift in the gallery’s history. e A library in the National Museum of Natural History to house rare books and manuscripts received a leadership com- mitment of $2 million from Joseph F. Cullman 3rd of New York City. The Cullman Natural History Library Endow- ment will underwrite acquisitions, programs, and staffing for the new library, to be administered by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. The gift is the Libraries’ largest ever. e The Smithsonian Program for Asian Pacific American Studies received its first major gift: a $750,000 challenge grant from The Starr Foundation toward the establish- ment of an endowment for continuing support of its work in integrating the Asian American experience into the Smithsonian. The success of fund-raising endeavors in 2000 soared with the rise in attendance at museums, outreach programs, and traveling exhibitions. The name “Smithsonian Institution” garnered even greater visibility among well-established con- stituencies and new, diverse audiences across the country. From a fund-raising total of $40 million in fiscal year 1996 to an unprecedented $206.6 million four years later—with gifts greater than $5 million each comprising half that toral—the Smithsonian’s fund raising has gained substantial momentum. The Office of Development is spearheading the effort to raise more than $1 billion from private sources in the next five years, seeking new and imaginative resources to help fund four major capital projects, the refurbishment of exist- ing museum facilities, and the creation of vibrant and compelling exhibitions. In this annual report, we recognize and applaud the many individuals, corporations, foundations, and organizations that have joined the Smithsonian in its eagerness to expand and improve the nation’s most visible educational resource. Many such partnerships are described in greater detail throughout this publication. Business Ventures Developing the potential of the Smithsonian brand Newly reorganized as Smithsonian Business Ventures, the Smithsonian’s core businesses—Smzthsonian and Air & Space/Smithsonian magazines; museum retail stores, restau- rants, and IMAX theaters; the mail order catalogue and e-commerce; and licensing and media activities—launched a five-year strategy aimed at doubling net gain. The Smith- sonian has valuable assets in its millions of visitors, its subscribers and readers, and its vast collections. Using these assets to capitalize on the power of the Smithsonian brand can generate significant resources to support the Institution’s vision of heightened public impact and influential scientific research. e Business activities achieved a total net gain of $24.4 mil- lion in fiscal year 2000, a decline of $5 million from the previous year. The decline in earnings was due principally to Smithsonian magazine advertising, as compared with 1999, and disappointing catalogue holiday sales. With new revenue streams and improved management and mar- keting, Smithsonian Business Ventures expects to achieve solid growth and a $30 million net gain by fiscal year 2002. This year’s accomplishments indicate progress to- ward that goal. ¢ Smithsonian Store.com, the virtual superstore, was ready to launch by the end of the fiscal year, offering more than 1,000 high-quality products based on Smithsonian collec- tions. A five-year, multimillion-dollar collaborative li- censing agreement was negotiated with The Museum Company for a comprehensive e-retailing program. © Smithsonian magazine maintained its circulation of 2.1 million even while implementing a price increase. Monthly readership for this flagship business is estimated at more than 7.6 million. e Museum stores, restaurants, and IMAX® theaters on the National Mall served more than 6.4 million customers this year. An impressive new 12,000-square-foot store opened in January at the National Air and Space Museum. e A five-year, multimillion-dollar media partnership was es- tablished with the Animal Planet network, including tel- evision specials on the giant pandas and a 13-part episodic series from the Smithsonian’s National Zoo. ¢ Coproduction agreements were reached with Showtime Networks for Smithsonian-brand movies-of-the-week tel- evision programs on the African American experience and a four-part dramatic series chronicling the First Ladies. Kenneth E. Behring Inspiring others to follow their dreams Kenneth E. Behring, a California philanthropist and devel- oper, hopes his gift will “showcase the ideas, the technologies, and most of all, the people who continue to make the United States the greatest country in the world.” Behring’s donation is unprecedented in its generosity: a total of $100 million, the largest in the Smithsonian’s his- tory. This includes $80 million to the National Museum of American History this year and $20 million to the National Museum of Natural History in fiscal year 1998. Financial Strength 25 “T owe society a lot for the happiness and success I have enjoyed,” Behring says, “and I really want to do some good in return. I worked hard building my business and making a good life for my family. But I’m working harder now at giv- ing the money away. . . . It’s something I believe I must do. “Sometimes it is easy to forget how we started, who made the country,” he adds. He believes in the American History Museum’s potential to “inspire people to chase the American dream.” Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Appreciating the wonders of flight The wonders of flight have inspired Steven F. Udvar-Hazy since childhood. The aviation executive, who is president and CEO of International Lease Finance Corp., has given $65 million to the National Air and Space Museum’s new storage, restoration, and exhibition center at Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia, which has been named the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in his honor. “The time has arrived for my family to give back to America part of the reward that aviation has been instru- mental in creating,” Udvar-Hazy says. He hopes the new facility will introduce children to the marvels of aviation— and its greatest potential. “An airplane rising into the sky is the only hope, the only way to reach into a bigger world.” Dorothy Lemelson Continuing a tradition of giving There is little in our contemporary world that has not been touched by the creative genius of Jerome Lemelson, one of America’s most prolific inventors. Bar code readers, cordless phones, cassette players, and camcorders are but a few of the hundreds of items derived from the creativity of this remark- able man. The legacy of Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson will touch the lives of millions of Americans through their generosity to the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History, Behring Center. Since 1995, the Lemelson Foundation has contributed $40 million to the creation and support of the Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of In- vention and Innovation. The center provides programs and resources aimed at engaging young people in the study and exploration of technological invention and innovation. Through her support of the Smithsonian, Dorothy Lemel- son continues to impart the important lessons of creative thought and innovation her late husband so valued. The Lemelson Foundation’s most recent contribution of $14.5 million to the museum earmarked substantial funds for both endowment and operational support of the center, as well as a future exhibition on the Nobel Prize. Smithsonian National Board Inspiring leadership The Smithsonian National Board enjoyed tremendous success in 2000, ushering in the new century with an un- precedented fund-raising total of $42 million toward Smithsonian priorities and initiatives. The board’s continued leadership and strong financial commitment led the way for fund-raising efforts on behalf of the Institution’s museums and research centers. The board’s generosity is an invaluable catalyst for future contributions toward special projects, edu- cational programs, facility expansion, and exhibition development. The installation of the new giant panda habitat at the Na- tional Zoo received the strong financial support of National Board members. The blockbuster exhibition “The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden” at the National Museum of American History, Behring Center also received substantial donations from members of the board, who committed to raise the funds for the national traveling portion of the exhi- bition. As the Institution’s premier fund-raising group, the Na- tional Board advises the Secretary on a range of issues and maintains a network of supporters from around the country. The all-volunteer group met three times to discuss issues central to the board’s development efforts and to the whole of the Institution in national fund raising. Financial Report Fiscal year 2000 was an exciting one for the Smithsonian. Fund raising surpassed previous records. Challenging new initiatives and major construction projects are under way. The Smithsonian’s financial condition is strong. In 2000, our: ¢ Operating revenue increased 7 percent. ¢ Funds raised totaled $206.6 million, a 40 percent increase Over 1999. ¢ Endowment had an annualized return of 15.8 percent. e Business ventures generated a net gain of $24.4 million. By the end of 2000, the market value of the endowment was $742 million, and net assets of the Institution had reached a total of $1,569 million. The Smithsonian receives funding from federal govern- ment appropriations and from private sources, including gifts and grants from individuals, foundations and corporations; grants and contracts from governmental entities; earnings from investments; revenue from membership programs and from sales activities, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum stores and restaurants, a mail-order catalogue, large-screen theaters, and licensed products. Federal appropriations support core functions: caring for and conserving our national collections; sustaining basic re- search in history, science, and the arts; and educating the public through exhibitions and other programs. Federal funds also pay most costs associated with operating, maintaining, and protecting the large Smithsonian museum and research complex, as well as administrative and support services. Private funds, known as trust funds, allow the Institution to undertake new ventures and significantly enrich existing programs in ways that would not otherwise be possible. These funds provide a critical margin of excellence for carry- ing out innovative research, expanding and strengthening our national collections, developing and building new facili- ties, opening state-of-the-art exhibitions, and reaching out to America’s many different communities. An annual audit was conducted by KPMG LLP. For a com- plete set of audited financial statements, contact the Office of the Chief Financial Officer. Selected Exhibitions— October 1, 1999-September 30, 2000 Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture Through These Eyes: The Photographs of P. H. Polk, October 15, 1999—March 30, 2000 Reflections in Black: A History of Black Photographers, 1840 to the Present, February 4—June 30, 2000 Archives of American Art: New York Regional Center Ellsworth Kelly: Selections from His Archives, October 19, 1999—January 21, 2000 Getting the Picture: The Art of the Illustrated Letter, January 28—March 10, 2000 Selections from the Fairfield Porter Papers, March 16— October 6, 2000 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur, October 17, 1999—January 17, 2000 (organized by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology) Imaging the Word: New Selections of Calligraphy from the Islamic World, November 17, 1999—May 7, 2000 Constructing Identities: Recent Works by Jananne al-Ani, Novem- ber 21, 1999—February 28, 2000 Antoin Sevruguin and the Persian Image, November 21, 1999— May 29, 2000 Music in the Age of Confucius, April 30-September 17, 2000 The Heroic Past: The Persian Book of Kings, Jane 4—October 29, 2000 Fountains of Light: Islamic Metalwork from the Nuhad Es-Said Collection, September 17, 2000—indefinite A Well-Watched War: Images from the Russo-Japanese Front, 1904-05, June 11—~November 26, 2000 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum The Work of Charles and Ray Eames: A Legacy of Invention, October 12, 1999—January 9, 2000 (organized by the Library of Congress and the Vitra Design Museum, Germany) Two Views of Venice: Canaletto and Menpes, October 26— December 19, 1999 National Design Triennial: Design Culture Now, March 7— August 6, 2000 The Opulent Eye of Alexander Girard, September 12, 2000— March 18, 2001 Freer Gallery of Art The Idea of China in Japanese Art, December 19, 1999—June II, 2000 The Dragon’s Moan, February 6—October 1, 2000 Winged Figures, April 2000—indefinite Later Chinese Calligraphy from the Gift of Robert Hatfield Ellsworth, April 30, 2000—January 2, 2001 Picturing Whistler: Portraits and Self-Portraits, May 21— December 3, 2000 Poets and Parties, July 2, 2000—February 4, 2001 The Tea Ceremony in Japan, Jaly 2, 2000—indefinite 28 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Regarding Beauty: A View of the Late Twentieth Century, October 7, 1999—January 17, 2000 Directions—Shahzia Sikander, November 18, t999—February 21, 2000 Robert Gober: Sculpture and Drawing, February 24—April 23, 2000 Directions—Leonardo Drew, March 16—June 25, 2000 Dali’s Optical Ilusions, April 19—June 18, 2000 (organized by the Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut) The Collection in Context: Horace Pippin's “Holy Mountain LII,” September 14, 2000—March 5, 2001 Ed Ruscha, Jane 29—September 17, 2000 Directions—Cathy de Monchaux, July 14—October 26, 2000 National Air and Space Museum R. G. Smith: The “Old Master” of the Sky, March 24— September 5, 2000 Looping the Loop: Posters of Early Flight, April 29—-July 9, 2000 National Museum of African Art A Concrete Vision: Oshogbo Art in the 1960s, January 23— October 22, 2000 The Artistry of African Currency, March 12—July 23, 2000 Transatlantic Dialogue: Contemporary Art In and Out of Africa, May 21—September 3, 2000 (organized by the Ackland Art Museum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) Audible Artworks: Selected African Musical Instruments, Jane 25, 2000—April 8, 2001 Identity of the Sacred: Two Nigerian Shrine Figures, September 24, 2000—April 2, 2001 National Museum of American History Sporting Invention, October 6, 1999—October 2000 (organized by the museum’s Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation) On Time, November 18, 1999—indefinite Digilab, December 9, 1999—indefinite Lighting a Revolution 2, March 1, 2000—-indefinite Piano 300: Celebrating Three Centuries of People and Pianos, March 9, 2000—June 3, 2001 Fast Attacks and Boomers: Submarines in the Cold War, April 12, 2000—April 2003 (organized in collaboration with the U.S. Navy and the Naval Submarine League) Rock ’n’ Soul: Social Crossroads, April 28, 2000—indefinite (organized in collaboration with and presented at the Memphis Rock ’n’ Soul Museum, Memphis, Tennessee) An American Diary and Memories of Childhood: Paintings and Prints by Roger Shimomura, Jane 1o-September 5, 2000 The Disability Rights Movement, July 1, 2000—indefinite National Museum of the American Indian: George Gustav Heye Center Instrument of Change: Jim Schoppert Retrospective Exhibition, 1947-1992, October 3, 1999—February 6, 2000 (organized by the Anchorage Museum of History and Art) Reservation X: The Power of Place, April 9—August 20, 2000 (organized by the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Quebec) National Museum of Natural History Galapagos: A Living Laboratory, October 20, 1999—indefinite In Place of Prairie, November 30, 1999—March 7, 2000 African Voices, December 15, 1999—indefinite In Search of Giant Squid, April 1, 2000—indefinite Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, April 29—September 4, 2000 Selections from Forces of Change: A New View of Nature, June 8— October 9, 2000 Desert and Sea: Visions of Baja California, September 12, 2000—March 12, 2001 National Portrait Gallery Téte a Téte: Portraits by Henri Cartier-Bresson, October 29, 1999—January 8, 2000 (Museum closed for renovation on January 10, 2000) National Postal Museum The Graceful Envelope: Looking at the Century, May 5—October 31, 2000 Artistic License: The Federal Duck Stamp Story, Jane 30, 2000— indefinite “If you ever get a second chance in life” (cyclist Lance Armstrong), July 24-September 5, 2000 Recounting Roosevelt Presentation Albums, 1903-1905, July 26, 2000—February 23, 2001 Office of Physical Plant, Horticulture Services The Artistry of Orchids, January 22—March 26, 2000 (cospon- sored by the U.S. Botanic Garden) Selected Exhibitions, October 1, 1999-September 30, 2000 29 Smithsonian American Art Museum Recent African American Acquisitions, October 1, 1999— January 3, 2000 Birthday Tribute to Jacob Kainen, October 20, 1999—January 3, 2000 Selections from the Washington Color School, October 20, 1999— January 3, 2000 Edward Hopper: The Watercolors, October 22, 1999—January 3, 2000 (with the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, Alabama) Treasures to Go: Young America, opened March 1, 2000 Treasures to Go: Lure of the West, opened June 17, 2000 Treasures to Go: American Impressionism, opened June 17, 2000 Treasures to Go: The Gilded Age, opened June 23, 2000 Treasures to Go: Scenes of American Life, opened April 1, 2000 Treasures to Go: Modernism and Abstraction, opened January 7, 2000 Treasures to Go: Contemporary Folk Art, opened September 3, 2000 Treasures to Go: Arte Latino, opened September 16, 2000 (Museum closed for renovation on January 10, 2000) Smithsonian American Art Museum, Renwick Gallery The Art of John Cederquist: Reality of Illusion, March 31- August 20, 2000 (organized by the Oakland Museum of California) The Renwick Invitational: Five Women in Craft, March 3 1— August 20, 2000 Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives Ritmos de Identidad/Rhythms of Identity: Fernando Ortiz's Legacy and the Howard Family Collection of Percussion Instruments, February 27—August 1, 2000 Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Santos: Substance and Soul, September 17, 2000—March 31, 2001 Smithsonian Institution Libraries “Make the Dirt Fly!” Building the Panama Canal, November 20, 2000—January 5, 2001 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Star Wars: The Magic of Myth, opened September 25, 1999 Serving Home and Community: Women of Southern Appalachia, opened September 25, 1999 On Miniature Wings: Model Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum, opened October 9, 1999 These Rare Lands, opened January 15, 2000 Millennium Messages, opened February 17, 2000 Heart & Hands: Musical Instrument Makers of America, opened April 8, 2000 Looping the Loop: Posters of Early Flight, opened April 29, 2000 Picturing the Century: One Hundred Years of Photography from the National Archives, opened May 6, 2000 Hubble Space Telescope: New Views of the Universe (versions 1 and 2), opened June 30 and September 2, 2000 American Garden Legacy: Exploring Garden Transformations, 1900-2000, opened September 30, 2000 Some of these exhibitions have on-line components, acces- sible through the Smithsonian’s Web site, www.si.edu. Selected Acquisitions— October 1, 1999-September 30, 2000 Archives of American Art Papers of Florence Knoll Bassett, designer and design direc- tor of Knoll Furniture, 1932—99. Gift of Florence Knoll Bassett Fendrick Gallery Records and the Barbara Fendrick Gallery Records, ca. 1960-95. Gift of Barbara Fendrick Papers of Helen Lundeberg, painter, addition to the Lorser Feitelson and Helen Lundeberg papers, 1924-99. Gift of the Feitelson/Lundeberg Art Foundation Papers of Geoffrey Clements, photographer, ca. 1950-95. Gift of Geoffrey Clements Papers of Gifford Beal, painter, 1902-53. Gift of Richard Goff, Lewis Goff, Margaret Alexander Beal, and Telda A. Beal Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Sheikh Mohammad Amir, A Horse and Groom, 1830-50, pencil and watercolor with touches of white and gum Arabic. Museum purchase Huseyin Fazil Beg, Man Dressed in European Costume from a Copy of the “Hubannama,” ca. 1780, opaque watercolor, gold, and ink on paper. Museum purchase Bronze bell (nao), Yangzi River Valley, China, Shang period (1200-1100 B.C.). The Dr. Paul Singer Collection of Chinese Art of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; a joint gift of the Arthur M. Sackler Foundation, Paul Singer, the Arthur M. Sackler Foundation for the Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, and the Children of Arthur M. Sackler Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Barcelona chair, model no. 90, 1929, Germany, hand-forged steel and hemp. Museum purchase from Smithsonian Institution Collections Acquisition Program; General Acquisitions Endowment; Decorative Arts Association Fund through the gift of Torsten Brdhan; and through the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel A. Dix; Anne McDonnell Ford; Eleanor and Sarah Hewitt; Mrs. John Innes Kane from the estate of and in memory of her sister Mrs. Samuel W. Bridgeham; Mrs. Paul Moore; Neil Sellin; unknown donor; and through bequests of Mrs. John Innes Kane, Ruth Vollmer, and Mary Hayward Weir Panoramic wallpaper, Views of Italy, printed by Joseph Dufour Co., Paris, ca. 1825, block-printed on handmade paper. Museum purchase from Sarah Cooper-Hewitt, Pauline Cooper-Noyes, and General Acquisitions Endowment Funds Wallpaper sidewall depicting George Washington, United States, ca. 1800, block-printed on handmade paper. Gift of the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology Freer Gallery of Art Earthenware bowl, Abbasid dynasty (749-1252), Mesopotamia. Museum purchase Giuseppe Castiglione (Lang Shining), Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1730-95) as the Bodhisattva Manjursi, China, mid-eighteenth century, color on silk. Museum purchase, anonymous donor, and museum funds Selected Acquisitions: October 1, 1999-September 30, 2000 31 White Avalokiteshvara, Nepal, fourteenth century, wood with pigment. Museum purchase, Friends of the Freer and Sackler Galleries and Sigrid and Vinton Cert Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Arshile Gorky, Study for “Nighttime, Enigma, and Nostalgia,” ca. 1932, pen and brush and ink. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Purchase Fund Jim Hodges, This Way In, 1999, silk, plastic, and wire with pins. Museum purchase Jannis Kounellis, Untitled, 1980, stone and plaster fragments. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Purchase Fund Michelangelo Pistoletto, Venws of the Rags, 1967, plaster and fabric. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Bequest Fund Rachel Whiteread, Untitled (Library), 1999, dental plaster, polystyrene, fiberboard, and steel. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Purchase Fund National Air and Space Museum Three butterflies from the student experiment flown on the STS-93 Space Shuttle mission, July 1999. Gift of the High School/High Tech Program, Dougherty County School System, Albany, Georgia Nemesis racer, the most successful aircraft in air racing history, built and piloted by Jon Sharp. Gift of Jon and Tricia Sharp National Museum of African Art Dogon figure, Mali, nineteenth-twentieth century, wood. Gift of Robert and Nancy Nooter Baga mask, Guinea, early twentieth century, wood, pigment, and metal. Gift of Margaret H. Demant in memory of Steven Demant Mbala maternity figure, Democratic Republic of the Congo, nineteenth century, wood and pigment. Museum purchase Alexander “Skunder” Boghossian, Devil Descending, 1970, oil and mixed media on canvas. Gift of Basilio EF. Ciocci in memory of Raimondo Ciocci and Elvira Maone Ciocci Gerard Sekoto, Boy and the Candle, 1943, oil on canvas. Museum purchase National Museum of American History Two fragments from the Star-Spangled Banner, 1813, among the pieces removed from the flag as mementos in the nineteenth century. Museum purchase Bill Holman Collection, 1951-99, approximately 430 holograph scores, including compositions and arrangements for Woody Herman, Stan Kenton, Count Basie, the Metropole Orchestra (The Netherlands), and the WDR Big Band (Germany). Gift of Willis Holman Cased set of Colt Army presentation revolvers, Model 1860. Gift of Mr. Adalbert Ames III Two Quickie ultralight wheelchairs, a 1980 tennis wheel- chair, and a 2000 sports wheelchair. Gift of Marilyn Hamilton Goya Foods Collection, archival materials and objects documenting the largest Hispanic-owned food company in America. Gift of Goya Foods, Inc. National Museum of the American Indian Indian Arts and Crafts Board Collection, more than 8,000 works of art created by American Indians, 1937-99. Transfer from U.S. Department of the Interior. Doug Hyde, Chief Joseph, 1995, bronze, edition 9. Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Jerome Harold Kay Dave McGary, Chief Washakie (Shoshone), 1999, painted bronze. Gift of the Washakie Family National Museum of Natural History Robert Walters Collection, 860 modern replicas of Paleo- indian stone projectile points, made by twentieth-century flint knappers. Department of Anthropology. Gift of Margaret Robbins Walters Series of plant voucher specimens of plants that have anti- cancer and anti-AIDS properties, collected in Vietnam by T. N. Ninh. Department of Botany. Transferred from the National Cancer Institute Collection of Dr. Arthur G. Humes, including invertebrate specimens and library. Department of Invertebrate Zoology. Bequest of Dr. Arthur G. Humes Orpiment, Twin Creeks mine, Winnemucca, Humboldt County, Nevada. Department of Mineral Sciences. Gift of Newmont Mining Corporation Meyer Collection, 2,294 kimberlite and related rock specimens from around the world. Department of Mineral Sciences. Gift of Helen Meyer Sinhalite, 100.9 carats, faceted, Sri Lanka. Department of Mineral Sciences. Gift of Richard C. Ashley National Portrait Gallery Nineteen Indian Peace Medals representing American presidents, 1793-1884, silver or bronzed copper. Gift of Betty A. and Lloyd Schermer 32 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 History of the Indian Tribes, 1837-44, by Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall, three volumes with 250 hand-painted lithographic portraits. Gift of Betty A. and Lloyd Schermer Wilfred de Glehn, Lynn Fontanne, 1912, oil on canvas. Gallery purchase Marius de Zayas, Agnes Meyer, ca. 1912-13, abstract charcoal drawing. Gift of Anne Meyer Leni Riefenstahl, Jesse Owens, 1936, gelatin silver print. Gallery purchase Edward Weston, Miguel Covarrubias, 1926, gelatin silver print. Gallery purchase National Postal Museum Presentation album, small die proofs of all revenue stamps produced by Joseph Carpenter and Co., 1860s and 1870s. Gift of W. Curtis Livingston Album, U.S. Post Office Department blank forms prepared by the Government Printing Office, 1873. Gift of Myron and Judith Kaller U.S. Postal Money Order salvaged from U.S.S. Kanawha following its sinking on April 7, 1943. Gift of Oscar M. Holm Smithsonian American Art Museum David Beck, Movie Palace, 1990, mixed media construction. Gift of Ken and Judy Siebal and museum purchase through the Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghausen Endowment Christo, Package, 1961, fabric and rope on wood. Museum purchase through the Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghausen Endowment Joseph Cornell, Soap Bubble Set, 1949-50, wood box construction with mixed media. Museum purchase made possible by the American Art Forum Smithsonian American Art Museum, Renwick Gallery Kim Schmahmann, Bureau of Bureaucracy, 1993-99, various hardwoods, veneers, marquetry, mother-of-pearl, gold leaf, and brass. Gift of an anonymous donor Smithsonian Institution Libraries Journal des Scavans, 1665-1759, 220 volumes, widely regarded as the first scientific journal published, for the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. Purchase, Smithsonian Libraries’ Spencer Baird Society Louis Siie and André Mare, Architectures, Paris, 1921. Folio of Art Deco designs by the era’s foremost designers, artists, and architects, for the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Library. Purchase, Smithsonian Institution Libraries Collections Acquisition Fund Isaac McCoy, Periodical Account of Baptist Missions with the Indian Territory, Shawnee Baptist Mission, Kansas, 1837. Provides important historical background in American Indian linguistics. Purchase, private, and public funds Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes Archives of American Art Richard J. Wattenmaker, Director The Archives of American Art (AAA) is the world’s largest repository of primary source documentation on the history of the visual arts and culture in America. For nearly 50 years, the Archives has collected, preserved, and made available to the public for study such diverse materials as letters and di- aries of artists and craft persons; manuscripts of critics and scholars; records of museums, galleries, and schools; photo- graphs; works of art on paper; and recorded oral and video interviews. More than 14.6 million documents constitute an indispensable resource for researchers, who, in addition to consulting original papers at AAA’s Washington, D.C., headquarters, may access selected holdings on microfilm worldwide through interlibrary loan or at Archives’ reference centers in Washington, New York, and San Marino, Califor- nia, and affiliated facilities in Boston and San Francisco. Through its Web site and automated catalog, the Archives provides Internet access to on-line exhibitions, oral histories, finding aids and guides, selected digital images, and visitor services, including inquiries by e-mail and photo orders. In FY 2000, AAA continued to meet its goals of increas- ing accessibility to its unique collections through a variety of means, including enhancing user services through the Inter- net, preparing finding aids to the collections and using digital technology to make the aids more searchable, dis- playing original materials in exhibitions and on-line, conserving and processing documents, and disseminating in- formation about the collections through varied educational methods, including talks, lectures, publications, and intern- ship/fellowship programs. Educational Services In FY 2000, the Archives received inquiries from every state in the Union as well as many foreign countries, with Canada, England, France, Germany, and Switzerland being the most frequent foreign users. AAA’s Reference Services staff experi- enced unprecedented increases in the number of inquiries made via e-mail, telephone, or regular mail; research visits to the manuscript reading room to use original documents doubled in FY 2000. Archives’ Interlibrary Loan distributed 2,605 reels of microfilm worldwide; researchers in Califor- nia, New York, and Pennsylvania submitted the most requests, while users in Canada, England, and Germany led the list internationally. In FY 2000, the Archives added an- other 70 oral history transcripts to its Web site, bringing the total number of transcripts available on-line to 173. Of the oral histories, among the most frequently consulted are in- terviews with Louise Bourgeois, Alexander Calder, Edith Halpert, Jacob Lawrence, and Kenzo Okada. In FY 2000, the Archives accomplished the conversion to encoded archival description (EAD) of a selected group of Archives’ finding aids; EAD is a type of digital encoding specifically designed to make archival finding aids searchable on-line to researchers worldwide. Encoded finding aids are contributed to the Research Libraries Group Archival Resources, provid- ing even greater accessibility to the Archives’ rich holdings. Throughout FY 2000 were lectures, talks, and workshops designed to increase the visibility of the Archives and em- phasize its availability and accessibility as a rich source of unique documentation on art in America. Notable among these was “Art in America: a Conversation on Archival Col- lecting,” a major three-day conference cosponsored by the Archives of American Art with the Getty Research Institute, at which more than 20 major art archival institutions in the 34 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 United States and Canada exchanged ideas about collecting. Also an important part of the Archives’ education mission is its active internship and fellowship program, in which un- dergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students from around the United States participate. In FY 2000, the Archives was one of three Smithsonian organizations selected to participate in the new Katzenberger Foundation Art In- ternships; the Archives’ project attracted the largest number of applicants. In FY 2000, the Archives was accepted as a full-member institution of the Association of Research Insti- tutes in Art History (ARIAH), whose purpose is to promote scholarship by institutes of advanced research in the history of art and related disciplines. Among its many programs are providing opportunities for internships. Exhibitions and Loans to Exhibitions In FY 2000, the Archives presented exhibitions showcasing the world of art and AAA collections, including a show high- lighting the work of contemporary artist Ellsworth Kelly, “Ellsworth Kelly: Selections from His Archives,” as well as “Getting the Picture: The Art of the Illustrated Letter” (also presented in an on-line version) and “Selections from the Fairfield Porter Papers” (also displayed on the AAA Web site). As part of the Smithsonian’s Hispanic Heritage Month activities, AAA presented a special Web site location entitled “Selecciénes Cubanas: Selections from the Papers of Cuban American Artists at the Archives of American Art.” To com- memorate Native American Heritage Month, the Archives presented “The American Indian Observed: Sketches and Documents from the Collections of the Archives of American Art,” an on-line exhibition on AAA holdings related to Na- tive Americans. In FY 2000, the Archives lent selected documents from its collections to exhibitions in museums around the U.S. and throughout the world. Among them: “Horace Pippin: The Collection in Context,” “Ben Shahn’s New York: The Photography of Modern Times,” “Harvey Littleton: Reflections, 1946-1994,” and “The Century: At the End of One Hundred Years of Architecture.” Publications (guides, finding aids, etc.) In FY 2000, the Archives published the second, revised edition of The Papers of Latino and Latin American Artists, de- scribing AAA's diverse holdings of sketchbooks, diaries, photographs, letters, manuscripts, oral histories, etc; 43 new collections have been added since the first edition of this guide was published in 1996. Also in FY 2000, the Archives expanded its “Preliminary Guide to Resources on Asian American Artists at the Archives of American Art,” an on- line guide that was prepared in FY 1999. A Finding Aid to the Records of Midtown Galleries (ca. 1925—1997) was pre- pared, as well as a finding aid for the papers of Millard Sheets (1907-1990), reflecting his career as a designer, painter, and muralist in Southern California. In FY 2000, the Archives published A Finding Aid to the Records of the Downtown Gallery, which presents a comprehensive portrait of a signifi- cant commercial gallery that operated as a successful business for more than 40 years. Also published throughout the year is the Archives of American Art Journal, which has been produced continuously since 1960. Articles by users of Archives’ collections feature selections from the holdings; each issue also contains collecting reports that showcase re- cent Archives’ acquisitions around the United States. As a service to the scholarly community, the Jowrnal compiles an- nually a listing of masters theses and doctoral dissertations on American art that have been recently completed or are currently in progress. Collections Acquisitions and Management In FY 2000, the Archives made notable additions to its holdings of more than 14.6 million, continuing to achieve its goal of preserving the most significant materials docu- menting the history of art in America and of ensuring that its holdings are diverse chronologically as well as in subject matter and geography. Among the recent acquisitions were the papers of Florence Knoll Bassett (b. 1917), documenting design and architecture in the second half of the twentieth century; the papers of Geoffrey Clements (b. 1928), compris- ing approximately 60,000 negatives and photographs from the 1950s to 1990s; the Fendrick Gallery Records and the Barbara Fendrick Gallery Records, describing a contempo- rary gallery with an international reputation for exploring new artistic territory; the papers of Stephen Etnier (1877— 1949), a Maine realist painter; an addition to the papers of Erle Loran (1905-1999), who helped to educate a new gen- eration of modern American artists; and the papers of Helen Lundeberg, who, with Lorser Feitelson, founded the New Classicism art movement and created murals in California for the WPA. Also notable was an addition to the papers of Walt Kuhn (1877-1949); Kuhn’s papers, among the most frequently used in the Archives’ collections, are essential for the study of the early history of modern painting in the United States. Also collected was an addition to the Gifford Beal (1879-1956) Papers; a small but interesting element of this collection provides documentation for a mural that Beal created at Princeton University celebrating the life and achievements of Joseph Henry, the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Several major processing projects were completed in FY 2000, including the Midtown Gal- leries records and the Downtown Gallery records. Non-appropriated Resources Trust funds provide partial support for Archives’ operations and finance a variety of projects. In FY 2000, grants funded by The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. and The Getty Grant Program enabled AAA to process several major collections. Also in FY 2000, the Archives successfully met a $500,000 challenge made by The Brown Foundation, Inc., resulting in the establishment of a million-dollar endowment to fund Archives’ publications. The Archives’ financial strength was significantly enhanced by an extraordinary $12 million grant from The Brown Foundation, Inc. for the purpose of secur- ing a permanent home for the Archives in Washington, Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 35 D.C.’s historic Victor Building. A pledge of $538,000 from the William and Mildred Lasdon Foundation established the Nanette L. Lairman Documentation Project for Craft in America, a comprehensive collecting project (oral histories and papers) focused on major American crafts artists. Also of note in FY 2000 was a gift of $140,000 from the Ford Mo- tor Company to provide full corporate underwriting for the Archives’ annual fund-raising benefit. Throughout FY 2000, private donors made numerous gifts to support Archives’ op- erations; among these were a bequest from the Inverarity Trust ($25,000) and a grant from the Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation ($25,000). Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Milo C. Beach, Director The Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery be- gan the fiscal year 2000 with many exciting changes. We entered the new century with a tremendous growth in our public offerings, and we are delighted that our many visitors, friends, and supporters have responded so enthusiastically. This summer, for the first time since the Freer opened in 1923, we were delighted to provide public access to the gallery’s courtyard. Founder Charles Lang Freer and the gallery’s architect Charles Platt had hoped that the courtyard could offer a space for visitors to relax; because of environ- mental concerns, however the courtyard has actually remained closed. With a generous grant from the Philip L. Graham Fund, new doors were installed, allowing visitors easy access to the courtyard loggias where benches provide a respite from touring the galleries. Two bronze sculptures by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Law Supported by Power and Love and Labor Supported by Science and Art, which Platt considered to be among the finest American sculptures, were selected from the Freer collection for installation on the east loggia. Bought by Freer directly from the artist's widow, the sculp- tures were originally commissioned to flank the main entrance of the Boston Public Library on Copley Square. The Freer's half-size editions were cast from the unfinished plas- ter models after the sculptor’s death. We were also thrilled to be able to include Freer objects in two Sackler exhibitions this year. This marked the first time any object from the Freer had been shown in any other insti- tution. Since the museum’s founding, Freer objects could be shown only in exhibitions held in the Freer Gallery. By con- sent of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, objects from the Freer can be displayed in the Sackler Gallery in temporary, special exhibitions. By juxtaposing works from the Freer collections with those on view at the Sackler, we can now realize important exhibition and research goals. This in- novation preserves yet enhances the vision of Charles Lang Freer, who wanted both to ensure that his collection would always be available to visitors and to increase American awareness and understanding of the artistic traditions of Asia. Critical commentary on gallery exhibitions and programs was favorable this year. The Freer and Sackler were featured in local, national, and international press. The International Herald Tribune urged readers, “Go to the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery . . . which are making Wash- ington the Western world’s capital of Asian art.” According to the Washington Post, “Today the Freer and the newer Sack- ler house one of the greatest collections of Asian art in the world.” The collection of Chinese paintings and calligraphy is one of the galleries’ major strengths. To support and enhance the collection, the Henry Luce Foundation funded a three-year program in Chinese painting conservation at the galleries’ East Asian Painting Conservation Studio. In addition to funding an assistant to the conservator of Chinese paintings, the program also includes support for materials, research, and an internship in Chinese painting conservation. Freer and Sackler conservators, along with a number of the galleries’ curators and exhibition, publications, and ad- ministrative personnel, have also been involved in a cultural exchange program with Iran. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, we hosted a cultural delegation from Iran in May 2000 for a series of meetings, facility tours, and discussions to identify mutually beneficial areas of col- laboration. To follow up on the meetings, six members of our staff traveled to Iran in September. During this visit, I signed an official agreement with the Golestan Palace (Tehran) that will result in an international effort to study the great Mughal album, the Gulshan Muraqgqa, prior to its joint pub- lication by the Freer and Sackler Galleries and the Golestan Palace. While it is regarded as the most important Mughal manuscript in existence, the Guw/shan Muraqqa has never been fully studied, exhibited, or published. We are extremely pleased about this agreement, which stands as the first cul- tural accord between Iran and the United States since the revolution, and we especially look forward to working to- gether with our Iranian colleagues. Sharing the galleries’ wonderful collections of art and pro- grams with the rest of the world has been made easier this year with an aesthetic and content redesign of our Web pages. The Web site now includes expanded sections for the shops, membership, and press information while it provides visitors with in-depth information on current exhibitions and public programs. As a result of the growth of our public programs, the gal- leries’ calendar of events was also redesigned. The new larger, more inviting format allows for the inclusion of detailed es- says on current exhibitions, thorough descriptions of our programs, as well as sections dedicated to our fund-raising activities, shop items, and publications. The new format also includes a message from the director in each issue. Printing the calendar would not be possible without the generosity of the late Mrs. Else Sackler. We were deeply saddened this year by the passing of this dear friend and supporter of the gal- leries. Mrs. Sackler was instrumental to the success of the Sackler Gallery. The endowments she established to support our public affairs efforts and to provide fresh flowers in the Sackler pavilion have enriched the galleries, and her personal 36 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 interest in the staff was much valued. She will indeed be missed. Membership and Special Events With the black-tie benefit dinner held on April 27, the gal- leries initiated what will be an annual gala event to raise funds for programs and exhibitions as well as strengthen our ties to the community. This year’s gala, which inaugurated the exhibition “Music in the Age of Confucius,” raised more than $205,000 from supporters, including The Washington Post Company, Mr. and Mrs. Michael R. Sonnenreich, and Toyota. The 274 guests, who were the first to see the show, were summoned to dinner by a Chinese musician playing a drum on display in the exhibition. A Washington reporter called the event a “stunning feast for the senses” and we were pleased to have honored guests such as architect I. M. Pei and the Chinese and Japanese ambassadors join the largest seated dinner ever served in the Freer. The gala was superbly organized by cochairmen Cynthia Helms and Eden Raf- shoon, while cellist Yo-Yo Ma served as honorary chairman. This year we were pleased to welcome to the Friends of the Freer and Sackler Galleries a number of new corporate donors who became members as a result of their support of the gala. In fiscal year 2000, we experienced a 37 percent growth in overall membership from the previous year. The galleries’ ability to produce quality programs that enrich the general museum experience for each and every museum visi- tor is strengthened by the support of the Friends of the Freer and Sackler Galleries, and our future looks promising due to our broadening membership base. Friends’ contributions to underwrite acquisitions raised $354,943 this year. This enabled the Freer to acquire the fourteenth-century White Avalokiteshvara, a wooden bodhi- sattva from Nepal, at the member’s annual black-tie dinner held on June 10. Through generous pledges made through- out the evening, we were also able to raise an additional $231,000 towards acquisitions. This festive occasion drew 190 people, the largest attendance for a Friends dinner to date. Prior to the evening activities, members participated in a day-long program consisting of behind-the-scenes tours and a lecture by architectural historian and author Elizabeth B. Moynihan on her work at the Mahtab Bagh, a garden lo- cated at the Taj Majal. Exhibitions Fiscal year 2000 brought a variety of exhibitions to the Freer and Sackler that featured both contemporary and ancient works of art from the collections and on loan. Exhibitions were critically applauded by the press and brought in a wide range of visitors of different ages and backgrounds. In October 1999, the traditions of royal life and death in Mesopotamia nearly five thousand years ago were explored in the exhibition “Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur” (October 17, 1999—January 17, 2000). This spectacular ex- hibition featured jewelry in gold and semiprecious stones, ancient musical instruments, tools and weapons in precious metals, and cylinder seals depicting royal celebrations and rituals. The exhibition attracted more than 3000 visitors on its opening day and a total of over 140,000 visitors during its three-month run at the Sackler. Several other Sackler exhibitions this year offered a diverse look at the art and culture of Asia. Three exhibitions featur- ing works from the Islamic world, “Constructing Identities: Recent Works by Jananne al-Ani” (November 21, 1999— February 28, 2000), “Antoin Sevruguin and the Persian Image” (November 21, 1999—May 28, 2000), and “Imaging the Word: Selections of Calligraphy from the Islamic World” (November 17, 1999—May 7, 2000), gave visitors a fresh, multifaceted view of the Near East. “Constructing Identi- ties” was the gallery’s first presentation of contemporary works by an artist from the Islamic world. The exhibition featured large-format photographs, transparencies, and a slide show by Iraqi artist Jananne al-Ani (born 1966). “Antoin Sevruguin and the Persian Image” included 50 photographs of rulers, courtiers, commoners, and daily life in Iran from the late 1870s to the 1930s. “Imaging the Word” featured 30 works on paper and parchment, textiles, coins, gemstones, metalwork, and wood dating from the ninth cen- tury to the present. The Sackler Gallery exhibition “Music in the Age of Con- fucius” (April 30-September 17, 2000), featured a rare set of 36 bells, chime stones, zithers, flutes, drums, and panpipes that represents the largest and best-preserved cache of an- cient musical instruments ever discovered. The exhibition marked the first time the instruments were shown together outside China; the majority of the instruments were on loan from the Hubei Provincial Museum in central China. “The Heroic Past: The Persian Book of Kings” (June 4— October 29, 2000) presented 38 works of art that include lavishly illustrated manuscripts as well as tiles, glazed ceramic vessels, coins, and other objects in silver and gold. Centered on the Shahnama (the Persian Book of Kings), this exhibition drew on two of the museum’s richest collections: metalwork of the Sasanian period (22-650) and Persian arts of the book. The show examined how ancient Iranian myths, legends, and history were combined to create the most pow- erful literary and visual expression of kingship in Iran. Also in June 2000, the Sackler Gallery housed the first ex- hibition to analyze the use of Russo-Japanese War prints as propaganda devices. Twenty-nine woodblock prints by Japanese artists and nine gouache drawings by British illus- trators were placed on view in the exhibition “A Well- Watched War: Images from the Russo-Japanese Front 1904— 1905” (June 4—October 29, 2000). These dramatically graphic, action-filled images—published in contemporane- ous magazines and books—focused on themes of individual heroism and compassion and also depicted scenes from the Japanese home front. The Nuhad Es-Said Collection, arguably the finest collec- tion of Islamic metalwork in private hands, went on view for the first time in the United States in the Sackler exhibition “Fountains of Light: Islamic Metalwork from the Nuhad Es-Said Collection.” The long-term exhibition, which opened in mid-September 2000 and will be exhibited for at Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes BL least three years, features 27 inlaid brass, bronze, and steel objects dating from the tenth to the nineteenth centuries. The exhibition provides an in-depth view of the history of inlaid metalwork from its inception in Iran and present-day Afghanistan and Uzbekistan to its later development in Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and Anatolia (present-day Turkey). At the Freer, complementing the Sackler exhibition, “Music in the Age of Confucius,” the Chinese seven-stringed qin, a zither-like instrument with origins in the Bronze Age (ca. 3000-1550 B.C.), was featured in the small Freer exhi- bition “The Dragon’s Moan” (February 6, 1999—October 1, 2000). The exhibition told the story of the gin as it evolved over the last two millennia and centered around two instru- ments in the Freer collection, a rare Tang dynasty (618— 1279) gin from Charles Freer’s original bequest and a Ming dynasty (1368-1644) instrument, a gift made by Dr. Shing Yiu Yip in honor of the Freer’s 75th anniversary. “The Idea of China in Japanese Art” (December 19, 1999- June 11, 2000), a presentation of Japanese and Chinese paint- ings, calligraphy, textiles, metalwork, and ceramics explored how the arts of China influenced Japanese cultural life from the eighth to the nineteenth centuries. The exhibition also re- vealed how Chinese religious and philosophical teachings and personal correspondence—by Japanese travelers to China and Chinese immigrants to Japan—contributed to Japanese art. A selection of works from one of the most comprehensive collections of later Chinese calligraphy in the West was placed on exhibition in April 2000 through January 2, 2001. “Brushing the Past: Later Chinese Calligraphy from the Gift of Robert Hatfield Ellsworth” presents 20 examples from Ellsworth’s recent gift to the Freer of works dating from the late eighteenth to the late twentieth centuries. The gift of 260 works represents all the major trends in Chinese calligraphy and most of the important individual calligra- phers of the last 200 years. As a result of the gift, the Freer Gallery is now one of the largest repositories of Chinese cal- ligraphy in the United States and the only museum with such extensive holdings from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Public Programs The Sackler exhibition “Music in the Age of Confucius” provided a focus for much of the performing arts and film programming in fiscal year 2000. The exhibition’s opening day featured performances by the Han Tang Ensemble from New York and dancers from the U.S.-Chinese Cultural Arts Association based in Washington. Over the course of the ex- hibition’s run, soloists from the Chinese Music Society of Greater Washington gave more than 400 demonstrations on modern instruments that related to the ancient instruments on display. The series “Chinese Music in Film” gave audi- ences a look at the ways Mainland and Hong Kong film directors have depicted ancient Chinese court music, folk music, Peking Opera, street opera, and the contemporary Beijing rock scene in recent feature films. The symposium “Ancient Instruments, New Music,” held on September 16, was sponsored by the Else Sackler Foundation in memory and honor of Mrs. Else Sackler. Preregistered to capacity, the symposium brought together performers and specialists in ancient Chinese music and the music of China’s ethnic mi- norities. On the final day of the exhibition, September 17, cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Music From China Ensemble per- formed the world premiere of Zhou Long’s Rites of Chimes, which was jointly commissioned by the Freer and Sackler Galleries and Music From China. The piece incorporated performance on two of the ancient Chinese bronze bells in the Sackler collection. Contemporary and crossover music was a highlight of the 15 Asian music concerts of the 2000 season, with avant-garde jazz pianists Satoko Fujii and Vijay Iyer; elec- tric komungo pioneer Jin Hi Kim; new age stars Shahin and Sepehr; guitarist Sanjay Mishra; and the Iranian-Indian- Afghan fusion ensemble Probe. Outstanding soloists in South Asian music were once again a strong point, with concerts by the gawwali ensemble of Mehr and Sher Ali, sitarist Vilayat Khan, vocalist Ajoy Chakrabarty, and violin- ist Lalgudi Krishnan. Indonesian music and dance returned to the galleries’ summer program with performances by Balinese and Javanese gamelan ensembles based in Wash- ington. In addition to the world premiere of Zhou Long’s Rites of Chimes, the Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Series featured a performance of the major Tan Dun work Ghost Opera by vio- linist Cho-Liang Lin and Gotham Musik; and two string quartets by Bright Sheng performed by the Takacs Quartet and the Shanghai Quartet. String Quartet number four, per- formed by the Shanghai Quartet, was co-commissioned by the Freer and the University of Richmond specifically for the group. This series is generously supported by the New York Community Trust—The Island Fund, Elizabeth E. Meyer, and numerous private donors. More than 4o Asian feature films and documentaries shown in the 2000 season attracted a total audience of nearly 10,000 people to the Meyer Auditorium. The galleries’ am- bitious “Masters of Animé” festival concluded with 11 additional programs of Japanese animation features and shorts dating from the 1920s to 1998. The “New from Iran” and “Made in Hong Kong” series celebrated their fourth and fifth seasons, respectively. And the year concluded with a retrospective of films by Taiwanese director Hou Hsiao- Hsien, whom many critics considered the most important director of the 1990s. Our Gallery Shop sales came within 2 percent of our record-setting 1999 level during fiscal year 2000. This level of success was once again accomplished by providing unique merchandise that ties directly into our collections and exhi- bitions, presenting an outstanding level of customer service, expanding product assortments on our e-commerce Web site, advertising to broaden our market share, and sponsor- ing various gallery- and product-related events. In addition to offering an Asian Book Club, the Gallery Shops sponsored “Meet the Author” events, concerts, and food tastings during the year. These efforts resulted in the shops’ important con- tribution to the cost of museum programs and acquisitions of art. 38 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Research This year’s scholarly investigations emphasized collaboration and preparation for the many exhibitions planned for the next few years. With the support of the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation, Jenny F. So, curator of ancient Chinese art, continues to work on the two-volume compre- hensive catalogue of Chinese jades in the Freer and Sackler collections, including selected objects from the Dr. Paul Singer Collection of Chinese Art of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Dr. So’s exhibition “Music in the Age of Confucius” and its accompanying catalogue were among the highlights of the fiscal year. Jan Stuart, associate curator of Chinese art, continues her study of Chinese portraiture in preparation for the forthcoming book (coauthored with Evelyn S. Rawski) and Sackler exhibition “Worshiping the Ancestors: Chinese Commemorative Portraits.” Ms. Stuart's research also in- cluded the study of Buddhist sculpture and Chinese carvings in the medium of rhino horn. The E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation is also funding the work of Joseph Chang, associate curator of Chinese art, Stephen D. Allee, re- search specialist in Chinese literature and history, and Ingrid Larsen, research specialist, on a comprehensive catalogue of Chinese paintings and calligraphy from the Song and Yuan dynasties in the Freer Gallery of Art. Based on selections of Chinese paintings from the Freer’s permanent collection, Mr. Allee is also consulting on a book, soon to be published by Harry N. Abrams and Company, that is intended to intro- duce children to Chinese painting. Louise A. Cort, curator for ceramics, catalogued the Hauge gift of Khmer ceramics and prepared the Khmer por- tion of the book and the exhibition of the ceramics. The Hauge gift, generously given to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery by Osborne and Gratia Hauge and Victor and Takako Hauge, consisted of three extraordinarily fine and diverse collections of ceramics from ancient and Islamic Iran and the Khmer Empire. Ms. Cort is also engaged in a long-term study of contemporary earthenware and stoneware produc- tion in mainland Southeast Asia, and she is working on books of the Freer’s collections of Japanese ceramics from the Kyoto region and Kyushu. James T. Ulak, curator of Japanese art, conducted research into the visual accounts of the Russo-Japanese War. Dr. Ulak’s research resulted in the exhibition and book A Wé//- Watched War: Images from the Russo-Japanese Front, 1904— 1905. He continues to conduct research on Japanese narra- tive paintings in the Freer Collection. Ann Yonemura, senior associate curator of Japanese art, continues research into the arts of the Rimpa School in the Freer Gallery of Art and Japanese prints of the Edo period. Ms. Yonemura has also been investigating the use of gold and silver in Japanese lac- quer, painting and other arts. Vidya Dehejia, deputy director and chief curator, com- pleted her work on the exhibition and accompanying book titled India through the Lens: Photography—1840—1911. This exhibition presents the Indian subcontinent in 135 photo- graphs taken during the golden age of photography and is scheduled to open on December 3, 2000. Dr. Dehejia is also conducting research for an exhibition on Southern Indian bronzes of the Chola dynasty, ninth—thirteenth centuries, which will be accompanied by a book incorporating new material and fresh perspectives. The exhibition, organized by the American Federation of Arts (AFA), will open in November 2002. Massumeh Farhad, associate curator of Islamic art, is con- ducting research toward the publication of a catalogue of the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish works of art on paper in the Freer Gallery of Art, a project supported by the Smithson- ian’s Collection Based Research Program. Dr. Farhad is also working on the Great Gulistan of Sa'di, recently given to the Freer by The Art and History Trust in honor of Ezzat-Malek Soudavar, for a Freer Occasional Paper, as well as for a chap- ter on seventeenth-century paintings for the forthcoming publication S/aves of the Shah: New Elites in Safavid Iran. Ann C. Gunter, associate curator of Ancient Near Eastern art, continues her work toward the publication of two books: Charles Lang Freer and Egypt and Defining Cultural Boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean, ca. 1000-600 B.C. Dr. Gunter is also working on a book of the ancient Iranian ceramics in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery’s collection and is conducting re- search on the Ernst Herzfeld Papers housed in the archives of the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Kenneth J. Myers, assistant curator of American art, is currently working on an exhibition and book that will highlight the intellectual history of Freer’s collection of American art. He completed the essay “The Public Display of Art in New York City, 1664-1914” for the National Academy of Design publication Rave Reviews: American Art and its Critics, 1820-1925. Dr. Myers is also working on the journal of Thomas Kelah Wharton and is continuing his re- search on James McNeill Whistler’s 1884 exhibition at the Dowdeswell Gallery in London. He and Martha Smith, the galleries’ paper conservator, have continued to foster the rela- tionship between the Freer Gallery of Art and the Centre for Whistler Studies at the University of Glasgow, Scotland. Jane Norman, exhibition conservator, continues her tech- nical studies and the conservation of East Asian and Islamic lacquer, particularly the adaptation of Japanese and Chinese treatment methods in the context of American conservation practices. Members of the department of conservation and scientific research continue their studies of Asian art on Chinese and Islamic metalwork (Paul Jett), Chinese jades (Janet G. Douglas), papers used by Whistler and Indian papers (Martha Smith), gilded bronzes (Blythe McCarthy, principal investi- gator, with funding from the National Park Service), Japanese raku ceramics (McCarthy), Korean stone and glass beads (Gokok) (Douglas and McCarthy), and East Asian paintings (John Winter in collaboration with Marco Leona and Jennifer Giaccai, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation). Our publications department is an important component in bringing our research to the attention of the public and the scholarly community. This year the Museum Publica- tions Design Competition of the American Association of Museums awarded an Honorable Mention to the Devi Public Programs Calendar of Events. The publication Sevruguin and Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 39 the Persian Image: Photographs of Iran, 1870-1930 received an Honorable Mention from the American Association of Muse- ums’ Museum Publications Design Competition and a Certificate of Merit from the Art Directors Club of Metro- politan Washington. Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Richard Kurin, Director The Center’s job is one of studying, encouraging, and pro- moting cultural democracy. We seek to understand how various and diverse communities see the world culturally. We appreciate how those ways of knowing, doing, and ex- pressing have significance, meaning, and value to real people living contemporary lives. And we respect the fact that var- ied forms of knowledge, skill, and artistry may sometime have something to contribute to the lives of fellow citizens of the nation and the world. We have learned that our mis- sion is best achieved when we work closely and collabora- tively in partnership with the people and communities we seek to represent. In keeping with this approach, we are pleased to have recently concluded our series of Smithsonian Folkways recordings on Indonesian musics. This 20—volume set serves as a benchmark effort to document that island nation’s musi- cal heritage. Funded by the Ford Foundation over the last decade, dozens of Indonesian archivists, technicians, and stu- dents were trained in an extensive collaboration with the Indonesian Musicological Society. Publication of the series, with notes in regional languages, their use in educational in- stitutions, and popular air play have provided millions of Indonesians access to their own traditions and a building block for their cultural future. Work with other communi- ties, local institutions, and artists led to other important Folkways releases such as Bamboo on the Mountains: Kmhmu Highlanders of Southeast Asia and the U.S., which is a com- plilation drawn from 15 years of field research that extended from California garden apartments to mountain villages in Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. A portion of the royalties from sales will be donated to cultural preservation organizations in Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. And to mark the passage from one millennium to the next (at least in the calendars of some of the world’s population), Smithsonian Folkways reis- sued a number of recordings of music for children by Suni Paz, Pete Seeger, Ella Jenkins, and Richard Dyer-Bennet. The work of Folkways has also been recognized by the indus- try with a Grammy nomination as well as a nomination by the Association for Independent Music (AFIM) for E//a Jenkins and a Union of Friends Pulling Together. Several Smith- sonian Folkways Recordings were nominated by AFIM, and others received awards from Crossroads Music Magazine, a radio broadcasters’ periodical. Issues of cultural democracy were at the fore of the featured programs at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. “Washington, D.C.: It’s Our Home” showed the vibrancy of local communi- ties in the shadow of national institutions. The program was developed and produced in collaboration with the D.C. Com- mission on the Arts and Humanities. Highlights included the range of faith traditions represented: Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, and African spiritual. Brightly colored murals painted by children from the D.C. public schools served as a gateway into the D.C. area. The “pick-up” basket- ball court was filled all day, and the D.C. music tent featured social music of all kinds. Community gardening was pre- sented, as were the experiences of African-American, Italian, Bosnian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Panamanian, Jamaican, Sal- vadoran, Ghanaian, and Senegalese cooks. The porch of a D.C. row house was used as a narrative stage where discus- sions were held about social justice, playground legends, community organizations, and migrants to the city. The D.C. Café featured jazz, blues, and poetry slams, and environmen- tal issues along the Anacostia and Potomac rivers were discussed at the boathouse of the Seafarers’ Yacht Club. Through this program, more Washington, D.C., residents discovered the Festival and more young people came to per- form and visit than in previous years. The El Rio program demonstrated the tenacity of regional culture at the border of Mexico and the United States. The relationship between culture and environment was explored by focusing on three areas of cultural life that span several geographical and cultural regions in the basin: how tradi- tional knowledge contributes to managing land and water resources; how is a community’s cultural identity nurtured by its environment; and how local knowledge and cultural practices contribute to sustainable development by provid- ing the basis for successful economic enterprises. Case studies exemplified local approaches to living in and with the environment such as the presentation of ranching skills. Related to the land was another case study that featured desert plants as a resource for artisans concerned with pass- ing on craft traditions as well as protecting the environment. Artisans demonstrated how they use river cane for weaving chair seats and for making pifiatas. In the area of cultural identity, Cochiti Pueblo and the Hispano community of Bernalillo, New Mexico, highlighted the interrelationships between land, faith, and water with traditional music and matachin music and dance that the Tarahumara have brought from the mountains to Ciudad Juarez, complemented with conjunto and nortefio music. Sustainable development fea- tured Tierra Wools, a hand-spinning and weaving enterprise located in northern New Mexico. Other case studies featured maquiladora (factory) workers from Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and building arts featuring house building, brick-making, and adobe and stone artisans. The program was produced in collaboration with the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initia- tives with support from el Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, el Consejo para la Cultura de Nuevo Leon, and Coordinacién de Museos Comunitarios de Chihuahua. The program on Tibetan refugees provided a cultural in- gathering of a diaspora community facing issues of continuity and survival. “Tibetan Culture Beyond the Land of Snows” offered a particularly vivid example of cultural survival. The establishment of cultural institutions that would revitalize 40 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 and strengthen traditional Tibetan culture was among the first considerations of the government-in-exile, and represen- tatives from those institutions participated in the Festival. Participants came from the United States, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Canada, and Switzerland, and demonstrated a vari- ety of crafts including thangka painting, paper and mask making, wood and stone carving, weaving and embroidery. Practitioners of Tibetan medicine discussed astrology and healing, and nomadic herders from the Himalayas demon- strated their skills caring for yaks. In the gimpa (monastery), monks performed religious dances, while nearby others cre- ated sand and string mandalas and butter sculptures as offerings. A 25-foot chaten (Buddhist monument) ringed by 30 prayer wheels was constructed on the site. Tibetan- American Day brought Tibetans living throughout North America together for a first-ever cultural reunion. On July 2 the Dalai Lama presided over a Monlam Chenmo (Great Prayer Festival) at which monks and nuns chanted, made rit- ual offerings, and debated religious topics. Produced in collaboration with the Conservancy for Tibetan Art & Cul- ture, the program provided a platform for a number of Tibetans to speak and gave a more complete picture of this refugee culture. The Sixth Annual Ralph Rinzler Memorial Concert was curated by Peggy Seeger, who encouraged Ralph to learn the banjo. The evening was presented in three parts, represent- ing three phases of her musical and political career: the traditional and classical disciplines with which she grew up; song making and theater disciplines and her collaborations with Ewan McColl; and her feminist and ecological period of political songwriting. She was joined by her children, her brother, her niece, and several friends and collaborators singing her songs and songs of their own. Two other special evening concerts were featured this year. “Piano Traditions” included gospel, Irish, blues, Latino, American traditional, and boogie styles. This program was held in conjunction with the exhibition “Piano 300: Celebrating Three Centuries of People and Pianos” at the Smithsonian International Gallery, S. Dillon Ripley Center and was organized by the National Museum of American History. And “Woody Guthrie’s Songs for Children” was celebrated with perform- ers Ella Jenkins, Tom Paxton, Cathy Fink and Marcy Marxer, and Magpie. This program was presented in conjunction with the exhibition “This Land Is Your Land: The Life and Legacy of Woody Guthrie,” which was on view at the Na- tional Museum of American History. To extend the work that went into the New Hampshire Festival program from 1999, the state restaged the program in central New Hampshire. Most of the participants from the Smithsonian Festival were reunited to share their skills and knowledge with state audiences. Three of the five days of Festival New Hampshire were dedicated to school groups, with nearly 10,000 students from across the state visiting the festival. Many of the structures that gave character to the New Hampshire program were recreated for the “homecom- ing” event. The post-and-beam sugar house that was erected on the Mall found a permanent home at the restaging site, the Hopkinton Fairgrounds. And the 36—foot covered bridge made a “guest appearance,” along with theme gates featuring granite gate posts and a timber-framed entryway, stone walls, wrought iron, brick masonry, and the popular New England front porch stage. In our work to study, encourage, and promote cultural democracy, it is also important to preserve the many sounds from the communities where our work takes us. On July 7 President Clinton announced a federal grant from the “Save America’s Treasures” program to help save 10,000 of Amer- ica’s historical audio recordings at the Smithsonian Institu- tion and the Library of Congress. These treasured sound recordings document in music, song, speech, and poetry some of the most significant experiences of the American people over the past 100 years. Originally recorded on Edison wax cylinder, wire, acetate, and audio and video tape, these American treasures are decaying and in need of restoration, preservation, and digitization in order to make them more widely available to the American public. Among items slated for preservation are those in the Smithsonian’s Ralph Rinzler Archives and Collections including Folkways tapes and ac- etates ranging from the songs of Woody Guthrie to the speeches of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., Festival narrative sessions and performances over the course of three decades, and a variety of spoken word, film, and song in the archives of the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress. The grant marks a major collaboration between the Smith- sonian and the Library. The project will be publicly known as “Save Our Sounds,” and a group of high-profile musicians will lend their support to the project. “Save America’s Trea- sures” is a public-private initiative between the White House Millennium Council, the National Park Service, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The Center found itself working closely with the White House Millennium Council on another project to mark the transition to the year 2000. “America’s Millennium on the Mall,” a series of events held over the New Year's holiday weekend, ushered in the new century by honoring the past and imagining the future. More than three dozen sessions were held throughout the Smithsonian and included discus- sions of the history of the blues with B.B. King and Bill Ferris, transformations of bluegrass and country music with Ricky Skaggs and Bill Ivey, making of new American cuisines from old styles with Martin Yan, Raji Jallepalli, and Vertamae Grosvenor, recounting struggles for freedom with Bernice Johnson Reagon, and letters of Frederick Douglass and W.E.B. Du Bois read by Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee. Basketball legends, MIT scientists, poets, rap artists, actors, lawyers, and astronauts participated in the three-day event. Two other projects that exemplify our work with col- leagues and communities are an education kit and a training program. “Discovering Our Delta,” a resource kit for Missis- sippl teenagers conducting community-based research, includes a video that follows six teens from several schools as they develop projects in social studies, language arts, science, music, and home economics. At the heart of their work are interviews with tradition-bearers from their community, most of whom were featured at the 1997 Smithsonian Folk- life Festival program on the Mississippi Delta. The video Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 4] documents the techniques the students use to turn the data they collected into finished projects. The kit was sent to every school in Mississippi, and the video premiered state- wide on education television. In July the Center hosted 24 representatives from South African museums, archives, and universities, and six faculty/ staff from Historically Black Colleges and Universities in the United States for a Summer Institute on Heritage and Tech- nology. The institute was designed to teach how to develop community-based fieldwork/documentation projects and make cultural heritage collections more accessible to com- munities and scholars within Africa and around the globe through networked technologies. It is a three-year collabora- tive training program initiated by Michigan State University and in partnership with the Smithsonian and other South African and U.S. universities, archives, and museums. There are good signals for cultural democracy on the hori- zon. We are encouraged by foundations who have invigorated cultural work, by initiatives in the academy where new pro- grams address cultural policy issues, and by new institutions that are bringing new energy to defining cultural communi- ties and resources, examining public policies, and figuring out how cultural resources may be preserved and utilized. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Paul Warwick Thompson, Director Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, located in New York City, is the only museum in the United States devoted exclusively to historical and contemporary design. With its exhibitions and publications, innovative education programs for children and adults, curatorial research, and collections acquisitions, Cooper-Hewitt continues a tradition of more than a century dedicated to the exploration of the meaning and impact of design on daily life. As part of its goal to educate the public about design in the broadest, most accessible sense of the term, Cooper- Hewitt organized a major exhibition “Unlimited by Design,” which investigated the principles of Universal Design, an approach to the design of products, services, and environ- ments that seek to achieve the goal of universal usefulness and access. Exhibition curators selected more than 150 con- temporary design objects that are able to serve diverse groups of potential users, accommodating as many cultural differences, individual abilities, and ages as possible, without physical or intellectual barriers. The criteria for inclusion re- quired that objects be easily available and affordable, as well as understandable through the use of multiple senses and for all levels of experience, knowledge, and skills. The public programming for “Unlimited by Design” included a major conference entitled “Universal Cityscape: Housing for the Age Boom” presented in collaboration with AARP, the New York City Department for the Aging, and MetLife. In addi- tion to its enormous popular response and critical success, the exhibition was selected for a Federal Design Achieve- ment Award, one of only 35 projects to receive the National Endowment for the Arts highest honor in design this year. The Education Department at Cooper-Hewitt signifi- cantly expanded its existing high school programs to create “Design Direction,” which seeks to tap the vast professional design resources in New York City to help high school stu- dents prepare for careers in the design professions and provide them with the tools to enter a design school or col- lege. This comprehensive program fully engages students in the design process through sketching, problem solving, model building, project presentation, and critique while working with design professionals in the fields of fashion, industrial, graphic, media, film, environmental, architecture, urban, and interior design. Included with the program offer- ings are “Studio-After-School,” an intensive six-part program in which students work with a design professional to investi- gate careers in design while working on a long-term project, and “Design Career Day,” a one-day workshop in which students explore social and environmental issues through discussions and activities with professional designers. “Design Directions” also offers design school and college visits, application and portfolio workshops, design studio visits, and internships with designers. Another recipient of a Federal Design Achievement Award this year is the exhibition “Under the Sun: An Outdoor Exhi- bition of Light.” Originally displayed in the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden at Cooper-Hewitt, the exhibition is an exploration of significant contemporary innovations in solar energy technology and their applications in contempo- rary design. In collaboration with SITES, the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, and the sponsors BP Amoco and the U.S. Department of Energy, “Under the Sun” has since begun its national tour with a presentation at the Enid A. Haupt Garden on the National Mall in Wash- ington, D.C. Among other exhibition highlights of the past year, 15 prestigious department stores in Manhattan—including Bloomingdales, Geoffrey Beene, Bergdorf Goodman, Saks Fifth Avenue, Barneys, Christian Dior, and Macy’s— presented an off-site exhibition called “The Window Show.” Participating window display designers selected objects from the museum’s world-renowned collections as points of departure for their design schemes. Conceived as a way to explore a ubiquitous, yet rarely studied, aspect of design, this unusual collaborative exhibition was seen by hundreds of thousands of passersby during one week in May 1999. The exhibition “Graphic Design in the Mechanical Age: Selections from the Merrill C. Berman Collection” featured more than 200 works from a premiere private collection of graphic material and examined the origins of modern print media in the revolutionary work of early twentieth-century avant-garde artists in Europe and America. The show was presented in partnership with the Williams College Museum of Art, and was accompanied by a catalog published by Yale University Press. The exhibition “The Architecture of Reassurance: Design- ing the Disney Theme Parks,” organized by the Canadian 42 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Centre for Architecture, Montreal and drawn from the archives of the Walt Disney Imagineers, was a stimulating examination of one of the most influential cultural forces in the worlds of entertainment and design during the twentieth century in America. The International Association of Art Critics cited the show as the best architecture exhibition of 1999 based on its presentation at Cooper-Hewitt. “Huguenot Legacy: English Silver 1680-1760” from the collection of Alan and Simone Hartman. Organized by Exhi- bitions International, the show boasted a magnificent offering of silver produced by the French Protestant silversmiths who fled to England because of religious persecution late in the seventeenth century. The appearance of these Huguenot arti- sans, trained in the fashions of the French court, significantly shaped the development of English silver. Here we are able to see reflected in design objects the turbulence and evolution of the societies that produced them. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum inaugurated the new Drawings and Prints Council with a reception and a lec- ture by the noted architect Richard Meier on May 3, 1999. Mr. Meier, whose projects include The Getty Center in Los Angeles and the Church of the Year 2000 in Rome, delivered a slide presentation entitled “An Architect’s View of Draw- ings and Prints” in which he offered observations about a selection of architectural works on paper from the extraordi- nary collections of the National Design Museum. The Council is a new museum friends group established to support the De- partment of Drawings and Prints collections, acquisitions, and programs by offering members unique opportunities to study and enjoy works of art and design on paper. Through the generosity of the Drue Heinz Trust and the Henry Luce Foundation, the final phase of the museum-wide renovations has just begun with construction on the fourth floor of the historic Andrew Carnegie mansion. Upon comple- tion in 2001, the $1 million project will house the Drue Heinz Study Center for Drawings and Prints and the Henry Luce Study Room for American Art. The facility, designed by the award-winning Polshek Partners Architects, will feature larger, more spacious public research areas, state-of-the-art col- lection storage areas, and improved curatorial offices. During the month of June, the museum’s Education Department organized a pair of tours that focused on the buildings of McKim, Mead & White, the most important architecture firm of America’s Gilded Age. A walking tour on Manhattan’s Upper East Side explored the famous resi- dences of some of the wealthiest New Yorkers and the role that domestic architecture played in the social history of the era. A day-long regional tour featured visits to numerous op- ulent country retreats in the Hudson Valley, north of New York City. Both tours were led by the architect Samuel G. White of the firm Buttrick, White & Burtis and author of the book The Houses of McKim, Mead & White (Rizzoli Inter- national Publications, 1998). On October 12, 1999, the critically acclaimed exhibition “The Work of Charles and Ray Eames: A Legacy of Inven- tion” opened to the public. Organized by the Library of Congress in partnership with the Vitra Design Museum, the exhibition includes nearly 500 objects from the work of the two most important American design thinkers in this cen- tury. The exhibition, on view through January 9, 2000, is accompanied by a catalog of the same name (Harry N. Abrams, Inc.,1997) edited by Donald Albrecht, Adjunct Curator for Special Projects at Cooper-Hewitt and Director of the exhibition. In the exhibition “Two Views of Venice: Canaletto and Menpes,” the museum is featuring a selection of rare prints from the collection of the Arthur Ross Foundation that pairs the eighteenth-century work of Giovanni Canal, known as Canaletto (1697—1768), and the lesser-known British artist Mortimer Menpes (1855-1938). The exhibition, which is accompanied by a catalog of the same name, also includes a selection for related rare books from the Cooper-Hewitt Mu- seum Branch, Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution Re- search Resources Program, the museum launched the initial cataloging and research into the Léon Decloux Collection of Ornament Albums. Acquired in 1921 by Sarah and Eleanor Hewitt, the museum’s founders, the 431 bound volumes in the collection of the noted French collector contain more than 7,000 eighteenth-century prints that document designs for furniture, jewelry, architecture, metalwork, and the like. Peter Fuhring, the leading authority on European ornament prints, began work on the albums as a consulting curator in 1998-99. Smithsonian funds have helped begin a long-range project that will allow greater public access to these re- sources through museum and library databases and scholarly publications. The Education Department also organized “Celluloid City,” a three-part series of lectures, historical film clips, and interviews with such film celebrities as director Sidney Lumet, that examined the image of New York City— through its buildings and interiors—in more than a century of movies. Cohosted by the American Institute of Architects New York Chapter, the program was led by Richard Brown, the noted film-historian and Professor of Cinema Studies at New York University. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden James T. Demetrion, Director The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Smith- sonian Institution’s museum for modern and contemporary art, is committed to increasing the awareness and under- standing of art through acquisitions, exhibitions and publications, research activities, educational public pro- grams, and the presentation of the permanent collection in its galleries and outdoor exhibition spaces. The museum pro- vides a public facility for the exhibition, interpretation, study, and preservation of nineteenth- and twentieth-century art while presenting a spectrum of contemporary work. Culminating a yearlong celebration of its 25th anniversary year, and transforming the plaza into a “shimmering abstract Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 43 painting” as the Washington Post put it, the museum hosted “A Celebration of Art,” a glittering fund-raising gala under a tent on the Hirshhorn plaza on October 13, 1999. Nearly 500 guests, including more than 30 nationally known artists, heard remarks by Olga Hirshhorn, Smithsonian Sec- retary I. Michael Heyman, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Board chairman Robert Lehrman, and Director James T. Demetrion. Honorary Co-Chairs of the event were First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton and Lady Bird Johnson, whose hus- band, President Lyndon B. Johnson, was instrumental in bringing Joseph Hirshhorn’s extraordinary private collection to the Smithsonian and the American people. Many artists whose work is included in the museum’s permanent collec- tion were invited to attend a White House tea held the day previous to the gala and heard Mrs. Clinton praise the Hirshhorn Museum as a gift to the Nation that had “stood the test of time.” The significant funds raised during the evening were earmarked to support the museums first-rate exhibitions and public programs. The Hirshhorn further commemorated its anniversary year with the major exhibition “Regarding Beauty: A View of the Late Twentieth Century,” on exhibit October 7, 1999 through January 17, 2000. This subtly nuanced, thematic presentation of late twentieth-century art featured a spec- trum of responses to the timeless concept of beauty. Eighty- eight paintings, sculptures, drawings, mixed-media works, and installations revealed how corporeal and abstract beauty has been questioned, commented on, or reconsidered by 36 international artists. Among the show's many highlights were reinterpreted icons from art history by Michelangelo Pistoletto and Yasu- masa Morimura; nudes by Lucian Freud and Pablo Picasso that uproot tradition; faces and figures by Cindy Sherman and Mariko Mori that reflect media saturation; landscape- based paintings that evoke the sublime by Agnes Martin and Gerhard Richter; sensuous fabric and silk-flower installa- tions by Beverly Semmes and Jim Hodges, respectively; and environments of light by James Turrell and Felix Gonzalez- Torres. A media-arts gallery, featuring video works and documentation by some 20 additional artists, was included within the exhibition. Organized by Neal Benezra, assistant director for art and public programs, and Olga M. Viso, asso- ciate curator, the exhibition traveled to the Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany, in February. Major support for the exhibition was provided by the Holenia Exhibition Fund in memory of Joseph H. Hirsh- horn; by Robert Lehrman; and by The Hill Family Foun- dation, Inc. Additional funding was provided by Aaron and Barbara Levine and the Phoebe W. Haas Charitable Founda- tion. The 232-page catalog was made possible in part by The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. The media-arts gallery was funded by the Peter Norton Family Foundation, and education programs were supported in part by a grant from Carlos and Rosa de la Cruz. Additional assis- tance was provided by the Canadian Embassy, Washington, D.C.; Pro Helvetia, the Arts Council of Switzerland; the Mondriaan Foundation, Amsterdam; and the Institute for Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany. Public programs for “Regarding Beauty” were high- lighted by two panel discussions and an evening lecture series. Sidney Lawrence, head of public affairs, moderated a discussion between the two curators and several artists— including Janine Antoni, Marlene Dumas, Rodney Graham, Jim Hodges, and Pipilotti Rist—represented in the exhibi- tion (October 7). Differing notions of beauty in Western and non-Western art was the subject of a second panel which in- cluded Roslyn Walker, Director of the National Museum of African Art, James Ulak, Curator of Japanese Art at the Arthur M. Sackler/Freer Gallery of Art, and Mark Thistleth- waite, Chair of Art History at Texas Christian University (October 17). An evening series of four lectures featuring no- table critics and art historians commenced October 20 with Dave Hickey, Professor of Art Criticism and Theory at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas presenting “Beauty: Art without Artists.” Arthur C. Danto, catalog contributor, art critic for The Nation, and Johnsonian Professor of Philos- ophy Emeritus at Columbia University presented “Artistic Beauty and the Intractable Avant-Garde” where he shared his perspective on questions posed by the exhibition (Octo- ber 27). Camille Paglia, cultural critic and Professor of Humanities at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia gave a thought-provoking lecture titled “The Romance of Beauty,” (November 10), which was sponsored by the Hirsh- horn Museum Docents. Due to the great interest in Ms. Paglia’s presentation, the lecture was presented in the much- larger Baird Auditorium of the National Museum of Natural History. The final lecture of the series (December 8) was given by Robert Farris Thompson, the Colonel John Trum- bell Professor of the History of Art at Yale University. Professor Thompson, who spoke on the “Aesthetic of Cool” was introduced by Roslyn Walker, director of the National Museum of African Art. His talk was made possible in part by the Buddy Rosenthal Fund for Docent Education and the National Museum of African Art Docent Fund. The Hirshhorn’s other major exhibitions this year in- cluded “Robert Gober: Sculpture + Drawing,” which opened at the museum in February following its launch at the Walker Art Center of Minneapolis, which organized the show. Well known since the mid-1980s, this American artist has created disturbingly inventive, iconic images that fuse familiarity and dislocation and mine themes of childhood, memory, loss, and sexuality. The Hirshhorn recorded one of the most exceptional exhibition attendance levels in its 25-year history with “Dali’s Optical Illusions,” which was on view April 19 through June 18. The exhibition brought together 68 emblematic and rarely seen works by the flam- boyant Salvador Dali and focused on the artist’s longtime preoccupation with optics and visual perception. The show garnered critical and popular acclaim; to handle the crowds, which averaged 2,500 persons per day, the museum devel- oped a system of free, immediate-use passes coordinated by a corps of 73 volunteer monitors. “Ed Ruscha,” co-organized by the Hirshhorn and the Museum of Modern Art in Oxford, England, brought to Washington the dry wit and subtle cul- tural commentary of this California-based painter in a retrospective of his work. 44 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 “Directions” shows this year included three artists whose choice of artistic media set them apart from their peers. Pakistani-born Shahzia Sikander uses traditional watercolor and natural vegetable pigments to create luminous, vividly detailed, often autobiographical images of figures, creatures and landscape elements. Her work deliberately evokes ancient traditions of Muslim and Hindu miniatures yet ex- presses a purely personal vision. American artist Leonardo Drew, by contrast, has earned acclaim for his large, wall- mounted sculptures made from the detritus of contemporary society. The use of the distressed found objects collected by the artist comment on both Drew’s southern Black her- itage and America’s industrial past. Cathy de Monchaux’s enigmatic mixed-media sculptural forms suggest aspects of animal and human anatomy to some, medieval appara- tuses to others, science-fiction inventions to still more. Her use of a mixture of sumptuous fabric and cold metal make her works appear simultaneously seductive and threatening. Further broadening its reach, geographical representation, and the ambition of its activities, the museum’s Board of Trustees continued to expand in number. New members in- clude community leaders Jacqueline Leland and Barbara Levine, both of Washington, D.C., and business executives Steven Oliver of the San Francisco Bay Area and Steven Mnuchin of New York City. The museum’s long-planned program of institutional development was launched in Octo- ber with the establishment of its first development office. In July, the Hirshhorn issued its first direct mail solicitation for unrestricted contributions with an appeal letter sent to more than 6,800 individuals. The development staff worked closely with the Director and Board of Trustees to finalize planning documents in preparation for a proposed endow- ment campaign. Acquisitions this year were highlighted by Untitled (Library), 1999, by British sculptor Rachel Whiteread (b. 1963), further strengthening the museum’s world- renown collection of modern and contemporary sculpture. This piece is one of a series of works that grew out of White- read’s commission for the Holocaust Memorial in Vienna, Austria and, like its genesis, was produced through the process of directly casting the space around the objects rather than the objects themselves. Important works by Jannis Kounellis, Michelangelo Pistoletto, John Currin, Cathy de Monchaux, and Arshile Gorky were also among the year’s acquisitions, Following the mid-year departure of Neal Benezra, Assis- tant Director for Art and Public Programs, the Hirshhorn welcomed the announcement of Kerry Brougher to the posi- tion of Chief Curator in July. Mr. Brougher, who cocurated the Ed Ruscha exhibition on view at the Hirshhorn this year, was previously Director at the Museum of Modern Art in Oxford, England. The museum also welcomed a second fundraising professional to the newly-formed Development Office and the Education Department added a program as- sistant to coordinate the many public programs created for children and adults. National Air and Space Museum John R. Dailey, Director John R. (Jack) Dailey, retired U.S. Marine Corps general and pilot, assumed the duties of director of the National Air and Space Museum in January 2000. General Dailey came to the museum from the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- tration (NASA), where he had been the Associate Deputy Administrator since retiring from the U.S. Marine Corps in 1992. In January, the Smithsonian Board of Regents voted to recognize the extraordinary generosity and dedication of Steven F. Udvar-Hazy by naming the new aviation and space center at Washington Dulles International Airport in his honor. The center’s observation tower will be named for the late Donald D. Engen. The capital campaign for the center was launched on October 8, 1999. General Dailey will continue the effort to open the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center by December 2003. A large part of the focus of the museum in fiscal year 2000 was on preparing to build the Center and on preparing the national collections now in storage at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restora- tion and Storage Facility for the move. In conjunction with the Under Secretary for American Museums and National Programs, the museum established an SI-wide Oversight and Control Board to help ensure the successful completion and opening of the Center. General Dailey was selected by his fellow Commission members to serve as the chair of the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. The Commission was established by Congress in 1998 to assist in coordinating a wealth of educational and other public outreach activities surrounding the celebration of the centennial of powered flight in December 2003. The museum’s renovation project continued, with com- pletion scheduled for July 2001. Collections and Research The three scholarly divisions at the National Air and Space Museum, Aeronautics, Space History, and the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (CEPS), continued their work in scientific and historical research, collecting significant arti- facts and developing exhibitions related to all aspects of aviation and space flight. The Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight series published its first volume, Beyond the Moon: A Golden Age of Planetary Exploration, 1971-1978, written by Robert S. Kraemer and published by Smithsonian Institution Press. Peter Jakab’s The Published Writings of Wilbur and Orville Wright also was published by Smithsonian Institution Press. The research highlight in the Division of Space History was the publication, with favorable reviews (including one in the New York Times Book Section), of curator’s David DeVorkin’s book Henry Norris Russell: Dean of American Astronomers. It was published by Princeton University Press. Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 45 Division of Aeronautic curator R.E.G. Davies was selected to deliver the prestigious Sight Lecture at The Wings Club in New York City in May 2000. Previous Sight lecturers have included Igor Sikorsky, Juan Tripp, and Neil Armstrong. David DeVorkin presented his first lecture as a Harlow Shap- ley Visiting Lecturer at Cabrini College in Philadelphia on the “Origins and Development of Astrophysics.” DeVorkin also delivered the Benjamin Dean Lecture at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. CEPS received new research funding from the NASA Planetary and Geology and Geophysics, Mars Data Analysis, and Natural Hazards Programs. CEPS also secured a third year of funding from Honda for the Reflections on Earth program, which develops educational materials related to satellite remote sensing and distributes them through teacher workshops and a dedicated Web site. Recent high- lights include field projects to remote volcanoes in Peru, ancient flood deposits in Australia and Namibia, analyses of new data from the Mars Global Surveyor mission, and publi- cation of a book on volcanoes throughout the Solar System. Several long-term projects are under way that contribute to the preparations for the move to the Udvar-Hazy Center. The Aeronautics Division continued work on a project to docu- ment each aircraft in the collection by writing substantive curatorial essays for each. The Space History Division also continued to work to update the information about the col- lection in the museum’s Collections Information Database. With the completion last year of the restoration of the Soviet SA-2 missile transporter, a World War I—-vintage Nieuport 28, and the Aichi Seiran, the museum shifted its focus from full restoration to preservation, cleaning, and in some cases reassembling artifacts in preparation for the move to the Udvar-Hazy Center. The Soviet MiG-15 preparation was completed, and a rigorous preservation effort on the NASM 1915 WW I French Caudron G 4 was begun. Other aircraft in the restoration shop now are the Bowlus duPont Falcon and Albatross gliders, the Curtiss JN-4, the Boeing Stearman N2S-5, the Grunau Baby glider, the Krider Reis- ner KR-34, the Grumman Gulfhawk II, the Curtiss Gulf- hawk I, and the Piper PA-18 Super Cub. These projects included fabric repairs, airframe and engine cleaning and preservation, fabricating transportation stands, and exhibit enhancements. Fabric repairs were also done on the Bell P-63 King Cobra and the North American O-47A. The NASM Collections Division continued its partner- ship with Rolls Royce NA in the Rolls Royce Aviation Heritage Trophy competition. The Collections Division Chief served, for a second year, as the chief judge for the competition and one other Preservation/Restoration Unit staff member also served as a judge. The museum’s director, John R. Dailey, during the National Championship Air Races at Reno, Nevada, presented the trophy to the winner. In order to accomplish an orderly artifact movement, the collections database must be as complete and accurate as possible. In 2000, NASM’s newly installed Collections Infor- mation System continued to mature. Continuing the work begun in fiscal year 1999, collections staff completed the digitization of the museum’s archive of black-and-white ob- ject ID photos and began working on color transparencies and other photo resources. Digital images are now created and entered into the database as new accessions are received. Similarly, work continued to reduce the number of remaining backlog items, and to fully catalogue new acces- sions. A program was also initiated to prepare a selection of object records for eventual public access via the Web or in kiosks on the museum floor. These initiatives were very suc- cessful: by the end of fiscal year 2000, more than half of the remaining backlog items had been catalogued and entered into the system. To further prepare for moving the collections move to the Udvar-Hazy Center, the Collections Processing Unit office space was enlarged by 50 percent. This allowed for addi- tional computer workstations that are used by curators and collections staff to add artifact information to the TMS. Also, the space allowed for the addition of a photo backdrop for digital imagery and two more computer workstations and scanner that serves as a barcode system station. Major equipment purchases directly related to the preparation for the collections move during the year include two new fork- lifts, and a new tractor trailer, which will be used to move the artifacts from the Garber Facility to the Hazy Center. The Conservation Unit also had a busy and productive year during fiscal year 2000. In addition to the artifact treat- ment and condition reporting responsibilities associated with the collections move, the unit continued to oversee the Save America’s Treasure project within NASM. That project, funded under a partnership between The White House Mil- lennium Council and The National Trust for Historic Preservation, is designed to save threatened artifacts from the Apollo Space program. The museum’s Materials Advi- sory Group is researching complex issues involving spacesuit materials and their deterioration and preservation. During fiscal year 2000 work was completed on 88 objects including six actual Apollo lunar spacesuits and various other space- related components. Each suit was photographed, condition reported, cleaned and stabilized, inserted with a museum- quality mannequin, which was also created within the Collections Division, and mounted on a newly designed tray system for long-term storage. All data was updated in cura- torial and conservation files and loaded into the TMS system. A paper describing the ongoing conservation research was delivered to the national meeting of the American Chemical Society held in Washington, D.C., on August 25. This year’s conservation intern performed a complete cleaning and condition report on the Gemini 7 spacecraft and the “Blink” comparator, an early optical instrument used by astronomers and which is destined for the new “Exploring the Universe” exhibition. Also receiving conservation care and condition reporting was the TV set used by John F. Kennedy aboard the Convair 240 “Caroline” during his presidential campaign. This object was the first artifact to be loaned by the museum under the Secretary's new Affiliates Program. The Archives Division continued efforts to make its col- lections more accessible to researchers and the public. It 46 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 completed a successful test of its new database software and began transferring data into the new system. These transfers will continue in FY 2001. The major collections processing project completed was the Giuseppe M. Bellanca Collection (72 cubic feet). This collection documents the accomplish- ments of an Italian immigrant who designed and built many of the important aircraft of the pre-World War II era. The Archives also completed the first 10 percent of a major effort to move its extensive photographs and technical drawings databases from a DOS-based system to a new Windows envi- ronment, a first step toward making museum’s archival records available through the Institutions SIRIS system. This system now includes 1,491 records with narrative de- scriptions of the artifacts, as well as images and information about their origins, dimensions, and material composition. The staff again responded to a large volume of reference requests that varied greatly in their scope. These requests supported restoration and modeling projects as well as other historical research efforts, such as books and videos. Exhibitions and Public Service In fiscal year 2000 substantial progress was made on the Ex- ploring the Universe gallery, including completion of the label script. Explore the Universe, which will open in Sep- tember 2001, will examine mankind's changing ideas about the universe, its origins, and its ultimate fate. Two large in- coming loans for objects for the exhibition were completed: the Newtonian Cage came from the Mount Wilson Observa- tory and the back-up Hubble Space Telescope mirror came from Kodak. “R. G. Smith: The ‘Old Master’ of the Sky,” a temporary exhibition featuring 25 paintings by one of the finest avia- tion artists and curated by senior aeronautics curator Tom Crouch, went on display in March 2000 on the second-floor hallway. Joanne London was the curator for “Looping the Loop: Posters of Early Flight,” a SITES exhibition that in addition to being on display at the National Air and Space Museum from April to July, has traveled to the Thames Science Center in Newport, Rhode Island. The model of the starship U.S.S. Enterprise used in the original “Star Trek” TV series was installed in the newly renovated museum shop, along with a scale model of a Boeing 747 airliner and a Pitts Special S-1S aerobatic airplane. A scaled-down version of “Business Wings,” a temporary exhibition that was dis- played in the Museum’s West End gallery, was added to the Air Transportation gallery. Several flight simulator rides were installed in a vacant gallery, in order to test the tech- nology for inclusion at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. In March 2000, the museum cosponsored (with the Amer- ican Association of Museums), the annual Mutual Concerns of Air and Space Museums seminar. Nearly 150 delegates from air and space museums and related organizations from 31 states, the District of Columbia, and 10 other countries participated in sessions designed to share “lessons learned” associated with collecting, preserving, and interpreting air and space artifacts, as well as successful approaches to mar- keting and fund raising. The Web site, including innovative on-line exhibit materi- als, interactive educational programs, research highlights, and virtual tours of museum galleries continued to serve a national and international audience, providing families, stu- dents, and professionals with the opportunity to learn about our exhibits, programs, research, and collections. The Web site continued to grow in popularity in 2000, receiving over 84 million hits—a 20 percent increase over 1999. All areas of the site continue to grow in content and scope. Major addi- tions and enhancements include a full-text search engine, updated collections and exhibition information, additional educational activities, reference materials, downloadable pub- lications, on-line shopping, and a newly designed section featuring information about the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. The space section of the Beyond the Limits gallery was updated in October 1999 with the addition of a Motorola satellite for the Iridium system, the first satellite communi- cations system in low Earth orbit and the first to provide worldwide coverage. Also added were exhibits on the Irid- ium system and on satellites and international communication, including an INTELSAT VI satellite. In November the renovation of the Langley IMAX® Theater lobby was completed, making this area much more vibrant, inviting, and visitor-friendly. Slated to open in 2002 is a complete renovation of the Air Transportation gallery. The new exhibition will present a more thorough treatment of the history of civil air trans- portation in the United States. New exhibits will be created to support the unifying theme: how the federal government has carefully guided the growth and development of the air- line industry, leading it to a position of international preeminence. In the planning phase are an exhibition to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the Wright brothers’ historic flight in 1903 and “Dream to Fly,” which will chronicle the struggle of African Americans to break into aviation. Design and planning also continue for the exhibition component of the Udvar-Hazy Center, and work continues on the mu- seum’s exhibit gallery maintenance project. A wall to honor donors who have made unrestricted donations to the Na- tional Air and Space Museum was erected across from the Langley IMAX® Theater on the first floor of the museum. The 2000 Exploring Space Lecture Series topic was “Ex- ploring Earth’s Moon.” Distinguished lecturers, including Andrew Chaikin, author of A Man on the Moon, and Harrison Schmitt, Apollo 17 astronaut, discussed the history of lunar exploration, what we have learned about the Moon, and what we continue to learn. During fiscal year 2000, the Museum Education Program continued to reach out to educators both locally and throughout the country, in part by producing multiple teaching posters, teacher guides, and museum guides. Fiscal year 2000 teacher guides include African American Pioneers in Aviation 1920—Present, Airmail to Airlines, and Reflections on Earth: Biodiversity and Remote Sensing. A plan was developed, approved and is being implemented for documenting the Udvar-Hazy Center construction. There have been four photo and video shoots to date. Planning for a Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 47 large-format film celebrating the 1ooth anniversary of flight, which will be distributed worldwide, was initiated. An elec- tronic field trip featuring the How Things Fly gallery was produced and broadcast in conjunction with Ball State Uni- versity. National Museum of African Art Roslyn A. Walker, Director The National Museum of African Art celebrates the rich visual traditions and extraordinarily diverse cultures of Africa and fosters an appreciation of African art and civiliza- tions through its collections, exhibitions, research, and public programs. Acquisitions Among the most significant art works acquired by the mu- seum in the past year were a Dogon figure from Mali, a Baga mask from Guinea and a mbala maternity figure from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In addition, the museum acquired a 1972 mixed-media work by Alexander “Skunder” Boghossian titled Devil Descending, (a gift of Basilio F. Ciocci in memory of Rainmondo Ciocci and Elvira Maone Ciocci) and a 1943 oil painting by Gerard Sekoto titled Boy and the Candle. The first level of the National Museum of African Art houses several permanent exhibitions drawing on the mu- seum’s collection: “Images of Power and Identity,” “The Art of the Personal Object,” and “The Ancient West African City of Benin, A.D. 1300-1897.” In addition, in collabora- tion with the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the museum offers “The Ancient Nubian City of Kerma, 2500-1500 B.C.,” a loan exhibition of works from the permanent collec- tion of the Museum of Fine Arts, featuring objects from Kerma, an ancient Nubian city that was located on the Nile River. The exhibition was organized by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and its Department of Ancient Egyptian, Nu- bian, and Near Eastern Art; all objects are from the Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Expedition. Also located on the first level is the Sylvia H. Williams Gallery, which was the location of the exhibition “A Con- crete Vision: Oshogbo Art in the 1960s.” In addition, the first level was the site of “Celebrating Our New Collection Catalogue.” The first level is the location of the Point of View Gallery that presents small temporary exhibitions that focus on specific themes or objects. This gallery was the site of “Hats Off! A Salute to African Headgear,” “The Artistry of African Currency,” and “Identity of the Sacred: Two Niger- ian Shrine Figures.” In addition, on view on the first level was “Audible Artworks,” a selection of African musical instruments. The museum’s second-level gallery was the site of the ex- hibition “Wrapped in Pride: Ghanaian Kente and African American Identity,” which examined the history and use of traditional kente cloth and explored the impact contempo- rary kente production has had in Ghana and the United States. The exhibition was presented jointly by the National Museum of African Art and the Anacostia Museum and Cen- ter for African American History and Culture. Also on view was “Transatlantic Dialogue: Contemporary Art In and Out of Africa,” the first exhibition to chart the interrelationship between contemporary African artists who have lived or worked in the West and African American artists who have traveled primarily in West Africa. The museum’s educational offerings, which spring from the permanent collections and special exhibitions, provide audiences with provocative and insightful views of the world of African art. An array of tours, workshops and focus pro- grams gave students of all ages their first encounters with real works of African art. Among the highlights was a Kwanzaa celebration, cosponsored with the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture, which highlighted African and African American collections at the Smithson- ian, with many varied programs for youth and adults. A panel discussion on “Kente Is Not Just a Cloth: Reflections on Kente” brought together scholars from Ghana and the United States who explored kente cloth production, design, aesthetics, and use in Ghana, the United States, and around the world. Another panel discussion was organized on the topic of “Perspectives on Art of the Oshogbo School” with panelists offering diverse views regarding the history, devel- opment, and importance of art and artists from the Oshogbo school. The museum also participated in “Art Night on the Mall,” offering nine musical programs introducing audiences to African musicians and instruments during extended summer hours on Thursday nights. In addition, workshops and demonstrations by practicing artists engaged attentive audiences eager to meet and talk with African artists. For example, Nyamekese Osei-Tutu, an Asante master weaver, demonstrated and discussed kente weaving techniques and Gilbert “Bobbo” Ahiagble, an Ewe master weaver from Ghana, demonstrated and discussed kente weaving. Week-long workshop gave local art teachers the opportunity to work with African and African American artists represented in the museum’s exhibition “Transatlantic Dialogue.” The museum also continues to make itself accessible to people with special needs. Tours for hard-of-hearing visitors were made possible through a portable FM Assistive Listen- ing System. This system also allowed hard-of-hearing visitors to participate in educational programs in the workshop and lecture hall. Sign language interpreters for deaf visitors were available upon request for all museum programs. Publications Throughout the year, the museum published informational materials to accompany exhibitions. 48 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Photographic Archives and Library The museum continues to be a leading research and reference center for the visual arts of Africa. The Warren M. Robbins Library, a branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, contains more than 20,000 volumes on African art and ma- terial culture. The Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives specializes in the collection and preservation of visual mate- rials on African art, culture, and the environment. National Museum of American History Spencer R. Crew, Director The National Museum of America History dedicates its collections and scholarship to inspiring a broader under- standing of our nation and its many peoples. The museum creates learning opportunities, stimulates imaginations, and presents challenging idea about our nation’s past through publications, family programs, electronic outreach and dis- tance learning, community-based collaborations, and affiliations. In FY 2000, the museum acquired over 9,000 objects and had a budget of $32 million. The annual visita- tion grew by 20 percent to 6.3 million. The Museum launched into its capital campaign, called “Who Is Responsible for America?” With a directive to seek private funding from individuals, corporations, and founda- tions for critical and strategic capital improvements, gifts and pledges reached $98 million in 2000. Paul O'Neill, Chairman of Alcoa, Inc. was named the Campaign Chair, and Senator Nancy Kassebaum Baker was named the Hon- orary Campaign Chair. On March 27, the museum announced sponsorship in the amount of $2.4 million from the National Association of Realtors (NAR) in support of a new exhibition, “Within These Walls,” centered around a two-and-a-half story house that stood in Ipswich, Massachu- setts, for nearly 300 years. In September 2000, the museum announced an $80 million gift of Kenneth E. Behring, the largest single donation in the history of the Smithsonian. Mr. Behring’s generous contribution will allow for a com- plete transformation and modernization of the museum. Findings from The Star-Spangled Banner Conservation was a major highlight of the year. After close examination and documentation of the Star-Spangled Banner, the conser- vation staff spent most of 1999 removing the 1.7 million stitches that had attached it to the 1914 linen lining. After adding a temporary support layer, they turned the flag over to remove the stitching altogether, and are now in the process of detaching the linen. The next steps include de- tailed examination and evaluation of that newly revealed side of the flag, followed by research and decision-making re- garding cleaning protocols. Various materials will also be discussed for possible use to provide support for the fragile Star-Spangled Banner. The museum continues to engage the public in this sig- nificant work. Members of the project team lecture on the subject, and continue to lead twice-weekly tours of the Star-Spangled Banner conservation exhibition. A public relations campaign tied to the conservation lab and exhibi- tion won the Silver Anvil Award of Excellence from the Public Relations Society of America. The project Web site (http://Americanhistory.si.edu/ssb), launched in November 1999, features innovative design, interactives for people of all ages, and updates on the preservation effort. In the year since, the site has had bestowed upon it an American Associ- ation of Museums award in 2000 and commendations from Communication Arts, www.4kids.org, and www.surfingthenet withkids.com. On July 4, 2000, “The Today Show” and “Good Morning America” interviewed the Secretary and the Chief Conservator about the project in the exhibition for national broadcast. On the same date, museum historian Lonn Taylor published The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem, documenting the flag’s his- tory as it relates to our National Anthem, the Armistead family, the Smithsonian, and the American public. “On Time” opened in November 1999 to tell the story of how and why clocks and watches have become so significant in American life. Its five engaging historical sections— Marking Time, Mechanizing Time, Synchronizing Time, Saving Time, and Expanding Time—chronicle the ways in which people have measured, used, and thought about time over three centuries. A concluding section asks visitors to pause and consider what other kinds of time besides clock time they experience everyday. Each section is represented by landmark objects, such as the Ellicott Clock—a unique eighteenth-century four-sided clock. Interactive stations pro- vide “virtual showcases,” and activity carts enable visitors to participate in time-related projects. The exhibition’s sponsor, Timex Corporation, loaned the watches for a changing ex- hibit case, which currently spotlights Inventing the Mickey Mouse Watch. The museum began the yearlong “Piano 300: Celebrating Three Centuries of People and Pianos” in grand style. Billy Joel, Dave Brubeck, and Jerry Lee Lewis were on hand at the exhibition's opening to receive the James Smithson Bicentennial Medal. They later taped “Piano Grand! A Smithsonian Celebration,” which aired nationwide on PBS. Smithsonian Productions and Maryland Public Television coproduced the show. A PBS documentary based on the ex- hibition is in preparation. Drawing from museum collections, the exhibition, which opened in March 2000, traces the piano from its origins in Italy, to its American incarnations, to its modern-day manufacture in Asia. It features 25 keyboards such as a Florentine piano made in 1722 by the inventor, Bartolomeo Cristofori; an 1854 Erard grand piano presented to Prince Albert by Queen Victoria; the 1893 concert grand created for Paderewski’s American tours by Steinway & Sons; Irving Berlin’s customized transposing upright piano; and Liber- ace’s rhinestone-encrusted Baldwin grand. Manuscripts and first editions by masters from Mozart to Gershwin, on loan from the Library of Congress, are also displayed. Special “Piano 300” events have included performance tours led by professional pianists and museum staff; concerts at NMAH, Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 49 the Freer, and the Quad; and affiliated concerts and activities at the Kennedy Center and Freer Gallery, and gallery talks. On view at the Smithsonian International Gallery through June 3, 2001, “Piano 300” has been setting attendance records. It was made possible by NAMM—International Music Products Association with additional donor support. “Fast Attacks and Boomers: Submarines in the Cold War” tells the story of American submarines during the Cold War, from 1945-1991. It opened in April 2000, to coincide with the centennial of the U.S. Navy’s submarine force. The ex- hibit starts by explaining the Cold War context of the nuclear submarine, a photographic timeline, and a video nar- rated by Walter Cronkite that introduces the Cold War years. Video dramatizations demonstrate some of the mis- sions of the U.S. submarine force during the Cold War, such as firing a missile including tracking enemy submarines and observing missile launches. Taking advantage of equipment from decommissioned submarines, the exhibition lets visi- tors see a sub’s attack center, its nuclear power room, and crew dining and bunking areas. The exhibition features material declassified by the Navy for the Smithsonian and reveals aspects of submarines never before seen by the public. The exhibition not only explains the role of subs in the Cold War, and the work and life of sailors on board, but also touches upon the lives of submariners’ families. An interac- tive kiosk helps visitors learn about underwater acoustics. The NMAH Web site features a virtual version of the exhi- bition. The endeavor was made possible through generous support from the National Commemorative Committee for the Submarine Centennial and its corporate members, the assistance of the U.S. Navy and other donors. Since July 2000, a ground-breaking exhibition has been changing the way museum visitors view the subject of dis- abilities. “The Disability Rights Movement,” located next to the Greensboro lunch counter on the museum’s second floor, communicates the civil rights struggle that persons with disabilities have faced. Handmade keys show the struggle for individuals to escape the confinement and loss of control ina mental health institution. T-shirts, buttons, and news head- lines advocate equality and autonomy. In December 1999, the museum opened “Digilab” in the Printing and Graphics Hall. Digilab offers a unique behind- the-scenes view into the applications of modern technology, allowing visitors to view the scanning of objects and photo- graphs to create 3-D digital images, Web sites, and other digital archives. Its companion exhibit focuses on the Super- man collection, which is in the process of being digitized; visitors can view the digital images of an object on the inter- active screen and compare it to its physical form. “Lighting a Revolution 2,” an extension to the exhibition “Edison: Lighting a Revolution,” opened in March 2000. It brings the story of electric lighting into the modern era by examining the history of several latter twentieth-century lamp inventions, explores similarities and differences between inventing in Edison’s era and today. “This Land Is Your Land: The Life and Legacy of Woodie Guthrie” a temporary SITES exhibition, ran from May through September 2000. It offered viewers a rare perspec- tive into the nation’s history as seen through Woody’s eyes, by using observations and commentary left by Guthrie in his manuscripts, notebooks, lyrics, illustrations, and photo- graphs. The exhibition is Guthrie's self-portrait and a portrait of America. Another temporary exhibition, “An American Diary and Memories of Childhood: Paintings and Prints by Roger Shimomura,” ran from June to September 2000. “An American Diary” is an installation of painting illustrating Shimomura’s grandmother’s diary entries remembering her Japanese American internment camp experiences between 1941 and 1943. “Memories of Childhood” is a series of prints that depict the artist’s memories of his own intern- ment experiences from ages three to five. Showcases opened in 2000 include “History in a Vacuum,” which focuses on housework with an emphasis on the chang- ing practices of cleaning carpets and floors; “Exhibiting George Washington,” highlights commemorative objects and personal belongings of the country’s first president; “Census 2000: Counting America, 1790-2000,” a History in the News showcase about the history of the census that compares items used in the 1960 census with those being used for the 2000 census; “Artificial Anatomy: Paper-Mache Anatomical Models,” on the history and the educational use of papier-mache anatomical models for the medical and lay person, as well as the conservation and preservation of the models; and “Rube Goldberg: Comic Art and Invention,” looking at twentieth-century America’s (and Rube Gold- berg’s) playful yet guarded enthusiasm for people's inventiveness, that was linked to the Lemelson Center's theme of “Invention at Play.” American History public programs also shared the spotlight in 2000. The year began with a series of Encuentros programs on the play, “The Last Angry Brown Hat.” In this play by Alfredo Ramos, four ex-Brown Beret members revisit their political fight for Chicano equality. It was presented in partnership with the Mexican Cultural In- stitute, and Georgetown University’s Center for Latin American Studies, with performances at The George Wash- ington University’s Lisner Auditorium, GALA Hispanic Theatre, and Carmichael Auditorium. Other Encuentros programs included “Art in Progress with Ping Chong,” a behind-the-scenes glimpse of his oral history project; and “Undesirable Elements,” an exploration of the effects of his- tory, culture, and ethnicity on the lives of individuals who share the common experience of having been born in one culture and now are part of another. The second season of OurStory: History through Chil- dren’s Literature began with several collaborations with other NMAH programs: in October and in collaboration with the Lemelson Center, visitors got to meet Ann and Mike Moore, inventors of the Snugli and were able to create their own inventions. On NMAH Family Day in November, OurStory, in collaboration with Encuentros presented “Tales from the Land—Cuentos de la Tierra.” Renowned Mexican American artist Lomas Garza shared her family’s story about the land—from Native American hunting and gathering to migrant farm labor today, working the land has been an im- 50 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 portant story of the American experience. Other OurStory events included “High Flight: A Story of World War II’; “The Symbols of Our Nations: Iroquois Tales and Tradi- tions”; “Home Sweet Home: Five Generations of Little House”; and “Riding Freedom’s Rails: Women and the Underground Railroad.” April brought the Duke Ellington Youth Festival 2000, “Duke Ellington: The Spirit of Music,” to the museum. The annual festival, celebrating the life and legacy of Edward Kennedy (Duke) Ellington as interpreted by students in the Washington, D.C., public schools, began with poetry and music, followed by the opening of an exhibition of art works. Students in grades 6 through 12 perform works by Ellington in concert. In May the Smithsonian Jazz Master- works Orchestra presented “The Music of Mary Lou William.” SJMO and the Kennedy Center presented two evening concerts featuring guest artist Geri Allen, as well as a youth concert in the Kennedy Center Concert Hall. The public program highlight of the year was the confer- ence “American Slavery in History and Memory,” which took place March 16 through 18 and was cosponsored by the David C. Driskell Center for the Study of the Africa Dias- pora of the University of Maryland, Howard University, the National Archives and Records Administration, and Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. The conference married academic scholarship, public perceptions, and the construction of his- torical memory to create a discussion about what the public “knows” and “feels” about slavery. It was the first of an an- nual symposium exploring the questions of history, memory, and American Identity. The Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Inno- vation continued with its 1999-2000 theme, “Invention at Play.” The Center sponsored behind-the-scenes tours of Six Flags (“Inventing the Scream Machine,” a look at roller coasters), Camden Yards, home of the Baltimore Orioles (“Field of Dreams, Illusions and Technology”) and the carousel at Glen Echo Park. In December, the Center spon- sored “Working and Playing with Robots: A Family Robot Day,” a day-long exploration of real robots. Akhil Madhani discussed his award-winning robot inventions, including a robotic arm. Curator Steve Lubat discussed robots in the col- lection including one of the original C-3PO costumes. The RoboCup teams of Carnegie Mellon and Cornell Universities demonstrated soccer-playing robots. In coordination with “Piano 300,” the Center sponsored “The Keyboard Meets Modern Technology” in April 2000. The program included an inventor's expo, a video confer- ence, a concert, and a panel discussion with rock keyboardist Keith Emerson and the inventor of the electronic synthesizer, Robert Moog. In May, the Center sponsored “ Re-Inventing the Wheel—A Month-long Celebration of the Bicycle,” exploring the history, technology, and sociology of that familiar marvel, the bicycle. Historian Wiebe E. Bijker de- scribed the macho culture of early cyclists and the role of bicycles in women’s emancipation, and showed bicycles from the collection. Claudia Kidwell and Ellen Hughes discuss the evolution of athletic clothing for women in the nine- teenth century in “From Bloomers to Bike Shorts.” The “Innovator’s Expo” brought inventors, designers, and histori- ans to the museum to demonstrate and display their bicycles, including antique high-wheelers and an all-terrain hand cycle. The Center and the Washington Area Bicyclist Association presented two “Innovative Path” bicycle tours of 20—mile rides with educational stops along the way. It spawned a free, award-winning booklet of the same name that features eight bicycle trails in the Washington area. The Center’s “Invention at Play” theme concluded in Sep- tember with a two-day symposium, “The Playful Mind,” that examined creative thinking and problem solving through discussions, performances, and hands-on workshops. The Affiliations program continued to grow, with American History comprising 80 percent of the total Smith- sonian’s Affiliates. In 2000, George Washington’s Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens, became a formal affiliate. The Chabot Observatory and Science Center in Oakland Califor- nia opened in August 2000 with six telescopes from the collection. April saw the opening of “Rock ’n’ Soul: Social Cross- roads,” a collaboration between the museum and Memphis Rock ’n’ Soul, Inc. The exhibition is located in the Gibson Guitar factory in Memphis, Tennessee, and examines the rich musical heritage of the Memphis area. “Rock ’n’ Soul” focuses on this transformation-migration, urbanization, racial and class issues, civil rights, and youth culture through the medium of music. National Museum of the American Indian W. Richard West, Director The National Museum of the American Indian, established in 1989 by Public Law 101-185, is a hemispheric institution of living cultures dedicated to the preservation, study, and exhibition of the historic and contemporary life, languages, literature, history, and arts of Native Peoples. The museum also is dedicated to supporting and perpetuating contempo- rary Native cultures and communities. The year 2000 saw the conclusion of the first phase of construction of the NMAI’s National Mall museum. This involved tasks such as utility relocation, site drainage, excava- tion, sheeting and shoring, and relocation of the NMAI construction office to the Mall site. One result of the first phase is the visible below-grade outline of the Mall museum’s unusual curved shape, which references the natural world that is at the center of Native philosophies and beliefs. Construc- tion of the foundation and building will commence in 2001. Concurrent with the construction is the NMAI’s ongoing planning and design of the Mall museum’s three opening ex- hibitions. Titled “Our Universes,” Our Lives,” and “Our Peoples,” the exhibitions are being prepared in collaboration and cooperation with 35 Native communities through the hemisphere. Numerous tribal delegations this year visited the Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland, in 2000 to Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 51 select objects from the NMAI collections to represent their communities in the opening exhibitions. Native ceremonies, blessings, and offerings during these visits have added to the center's rich Native involvement. The move of the NMAI collection from the Research Branch in the Bronx to the Cultural Resources Center continued during the year, which ended with a tally of ap- proximately 60,000 objects being moved since the project began. The complex move involves many museum disciplines including both the conservation and curatorial departments. Because of the Mall museum exhibition creation process, spe- cific tribal collections were moved to the CRC in 1999 in order to be examined by participating Native delegations. Individual objects selected by the delegations will be incorporated in the opening exhibitions to represent their communities. Additionally, because of Native involvement, each shipment is blessed in a traditional manner upon depar- ture from the Research Branch and upon arrival at the CRC. The new NMAI quarterly publication American Indian was mailed to museum members in February 2000. This 32-page four-color publication “celebrates Native traditions and communities.” The publication is a benefit of membership in the NMAI. The first issue highlighted the Mall museum ground-breaking and its symbolism; an NMAI project as- sisting a Chontal community in Mexico with maintaining its culture; and how NMAI’s repatriation program can revi- talize a community's ceremonial life. American Indian also includes regular features, including a children’s section. The NMAI exhibition “Woven by the Grandmothers: Nineteenth-Century Navajo Textiles from the National Museum of the American Indian” began its 14-month tour of Latin American in 2000 at the Museum of Anthropology in Montevideo, Uruguay. The exhibition was cosponsored by the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs and was designated as an official pro- gram of the White House Millennium Council. It also traveled to the National Palace of Culture in Guatemala City, Guatemala; the National Museum of Art in La Paz, Bolivia; the Instituto Cultural Peruano Norte Americano in Lima, Peru; and the Museo Chileno de Arte Precolumbino in Santiago, Chile. This traveling exhibition is the first in recent years to bring Smithsonian collections to a venue out- side of the United States. The Los Angeles Times on January 9, 2000, published a comprehensive article about the NMAI. The NMAI’s unique mission and active fulfillment of its congressional mandate also drew coverage in publications such as the Baltimore Sun and the New York Times. The NMAI'’s outreach to its mem- bers and the general public in 2000 also included a traveling exhibition that explained the concept and design of the Mall museum. The exhibition, informally called a “City Tour,” had one-day showings in Santa Fe, New Mexico, Los Ange- les, and Denver. The museum’s Community Services Department contin- ues to work regularly with tribes throughout the hemisphere in cultural exchanges, workshops, and other programs. For example, a day-long workshop was held this year by the NMAI in Sonoma County, California, to introduce a new generation of basket weavers from Pomoan tribes to a sedge and willow gathering area that was not known to them. As development erases traditional gathering areas for basket- making materials, connecting weavers to previously unknown sites helps to perpetuate their art and craft. The workshop was held in conjunction with an NMAI exhibition “Pomo Indian Basket Weavers, Their Baskets and the Art Market. Pomo weavers, storytellers, dancers, and others tribal members participated in the exhibition programming and traveled to New York from California. During the past year, NMAI’s interdisciplinary research has been focused in Peru, Mexico, and the North American Plains, Southeast, and Southwest. Current research with and for indigenous communities is creating the inaugural exhibi- tions for the museum on the National Mall, which will encompass the world-view and philosophies, histories, and vitalities of indigenous peoples. NMAI’s curatorial staff is working collaboratively with the Seminole Tribe of Florida, Eastern Band of Cherokees of North Carolina, Oglala Lakota of South Dakota, and Quechua of Peru on the first several of the approximately 35 tribal consultations that will be the basis of tribally curated exhibitions at the Mall museum. Tribes will also select objects from the NMAI collection to represent their cultures in three planned exhibitions: “Our Universes,” “Our Peoples,” and “Our Lives.” National Museum of Natural History Robert W. Fri, Director The National Museum of Natural History enhances the un- derstanding of the natural world and humanity’s place in it. The museum’s researchers study natural and cultural diver- sity by collecting and identifying specimens of nature and human invention, establishing relationships among them, and explaining the underlying processes that generate, shape, and sustain their diversity. The close linkage among research, outreach, and collections stewardship is a hallmark of the museum, lending perspective and authenticity to its research and authority to its outreach. In the year 2000, the National Museum of Natural His- tory was once again the most visited museum in the world, welcoming nearly 9.5 million visitors, 35 percent more than in 1999. Greeting these visitors was the recently refurbished Kenneth E. Behring Family Rotunda, featuring our famous African Bull Elephant in newly renovated surroundings. The naturalistic setting, incorporating native African grasses and animals, gave visitors a more complete picture of this animal’s place in its ecosystem. The diorama introduces im- portant ideas in botany, entomology, and mineral sciences, as well as zoology. After six years of development and consultation with communities throughout the African diaspora, the new per- manent exhibition “African Voices” opened at the museum. The multimedia exhibition features the voices of Africans 52 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 and their descendents while examining the history, diversity, dynamism, and influence of Africa’s peoples and cultures. The museum coproduced a new 3D IMAX® film, Gala- pagos. The film featured museum scientists and their work in the Galapagos Archipelago and the sea around it. Focusing on evolution and biodiversity, the film feature introduced audiences to the exciting experience of field research. Dr. Richard Potts and Ms. Jennifer Clark, of the Depart- ment of Anthropology, along with Chinese colleagues, discovered the oldest known large cutting tools in East Asia. The findings indicate that Homo Erectus groups in East Asia were making similarly sophisticated tools to their African counterparts. Dr. Stanwyn Shetler, Dr. Paul Peterson, and Ms. Sylvia Stone Orli of the Department of Botany, along with Dr. Mones Abu-Asab of the National Cancer Institute, found evidence that flowering plants in the Washington area are blooming an average of 4.5 days earlier than 30 years ago. Washington, D.C.’s famous cherry trees bloomed an average of 7 days earlier than in 1970. Global warming seems to have caused this change. Our most heralded temporary exhibition in 2000, “Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga,” commemorated the millennial anniversary of Leif Erikson’s arrival in the New World, 500 years before Columbus. Royalty and heads of states from all of the Scandinavian nations attended the exhibition’s gala opening. “Vikings” is now reaching even wider audiences on a three-year tour and through its award- winning Web site. An asteroid was named in honor of Dr. Tim McCoy of the Department of Mineral Sciences, in recognition of his re- search in meteoritics. Asteroid 4259 McCoy was discovered by Bobby Bus at Cerro Tololo (Chile) in 1988. The museum celebrated the 20th year of the Research Training Program (RTP), which enables undergraduate stu- dents to work on original research programs with museum mentors. Students in the 2000 program hailed from all over the United States, as well as from Colombia, Germany, Guyana, and Malaysia. Featuring 28 large-format photographs, the photographic exhibition “Selections from Forces of Change: A New View of Nature,” represented the interplay between humans and nat- ural forces of change. The exhibition coincided with the release of the book Forces of Change: A New View of Nature, the first-ever publishing collaboration between the Smith- sonian Institution and the National Geographic Society. The ongoing “Forces of Change” program eventually will include traveling exhibitions, publications, interactive computer products, public programming, and the Forces of Change Gallery, featuring rotating exhibits. The National Museum of Natural History repatriated the human remains of Ishi, commonly thought to be the last member of the Yahi tribe, to the closely related Yana people of California. Ishi’s brain was donated to the museum and re- mained there for 85 years. It will now be reunited with his cremated body. In some Native American beliefs, the soul cannot rest until the body is cremated whole and placed in its homeland. National Portrait Gallery Marc Pachter, Director The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is dedicated to the portrayal of people who have made significant contributions to American history and culture and to the study of the artists who created such portraiture. NPG collects, docu- ments and preserves portraits in all media as both historical and artistic artifacts. The Gallery explores the heritage and accomplishments of the American people by collecting, doc- umenting and preserving, studying, and exhibiting portraits in all media as both historical and artistic documents, and finding other ways, such as performance, biography, and electronic media to remember great American lives. The Gallery’s closure in January for a major renovation of its building happened with a bang rather than a whimper. Final shows, which attracted record audiences along with major media coverage, included “Téte a Téte: Portraits by Henri Cartier-Bresson” with 49,000 visitors, “Picturing Hemingway: A Writer in His Time” with 74,000 visitors, “Edward Sorel: Unauthorized Portraits” with 67,000 visitors, and “A Durable Memento: Portraits by Augustus Washing- ton, African American Daguerreotypist” with 65,000 visitors. The Augustus Washington exhibition chronicled the remarkable life and work of one of the nation’s earliest black photographers. As the first comprehensive presentation of Washington's work, it displayed 33 daguerreotypes, many on view for the first time. “A Durable Memento” was featured on “C-SPAN’s Washington Journal,” the “CBS Morning News,” and “Voice of America,” and garnered glowing reviews from the New York Times and Art in America. “A Durable Memento” subsequently traveled to the Connecticut Historical Society in Hartford—where it drew a record num- ber of visitors (7,906)—and to the International Center of Photography in New York City where it was also enthusiasti- cally received (11,361 visitors). The Gallery has assembled four traveling exhibitions to send on the road during the four years the museum will be closed: “Portraits of the Presidents,” which opened at the George Bush Presidential Library and Museum and is travel- ing to seven venues around the country; “A Brush With History: Paintings from the National Portrait Gallery,” which will tour both in this country and in Japan and Eng- land; “Modern American Portrait Drawings,” which will go to three venues; and “Women of Our Time,” a photography exhibition that will tour to five venues. Two additional exhibitions are traveling abroad: “Philippe Halsman: A Retrospective” and “Hans Namuth: Portraits.” The Gallery will maintain a Washington exhibition presence with the in- stallation of two exhibitions in the city during 2001: “Indian Peace Medals from the Schermer Collection,” which will be on view at the Smithsonian Castle through June, and “Champions of American Sport,” a photography exhibition at the MCI Sports Arena, which will be on view for one year beginning in February. An ambitious traveling exhibition on the history of the movie industry’s Academy Awards is being planned, as well as exhibitions or loans to museums in Texas, Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 53 Florida, and California as part of the Smithsonian Affilia- tions Program. Future projects in Maryland, Nevada, and Missouri are also in the works. Thirty portraits of Virginians from our collection will be on view at the Virginia Historical Society for the next three years and a number of major works from the Gallery are being loaned to museums around the country. During FY 2000, NPG acquired approximately 200 ob- jects. Among the most important were 19 Indian Peace Medals from Betty A. and Lloyd G. Shermer; three folio vol- umes with hand-colored lithographs of McKenney and Halls History of the Indian Tribes; and a charcoal of Agnes Meyer by Marius de Zayas. Purchases included a bust of Cab Calloway by Domenico Facci; a pastel of Van Wyck Brooks by John Steuart Curry; screen prints of Edward Kennedy and Ronald Reagan by Andy Warhol; drawings of Jerome Robbins and Zero Mostel by Al Hirschfeld; photographs of Miguel Covar- rubias by Edward Weston; Blind Tom by George K. Warren; Father Divine by James Van Der Zee; Jesse Owens by Leni Riefenstahl; and Sarah Vaughan by Josef Breitenbach. Paint- ings include Lynn Fontanne by Wilfred de Glehn; Arthur Miller by Herbert Abrams; Janius Brutus Booth attributed to John Neagle; and Samuel Griffin by Cosmo Alexander. Marc Pachter became the fourth Director of the National Portrait Gallery in July when Alan Fern retired. A cultural historian, biographer, and author, Pachter is known as the Smithsonian’s “Master Interviewer’ for his creation at the Portrait Gallery of the Living Self-Portrait interview series with distinguished Americans. His interviews, before live audiences, have included Clare Boothe Luce, Walter Cronkite, Agnes de Mille, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Katharine Graham, and Senator J. William Fulbright, among others. Interviews are taped and many have been used in radio and televison programs. Pachter’s career at the Smithsonian in- cludes the post of Counselor to the Secretary, Deputy Assistant Secretary for External Affairs, and Assistant Direc- tor and Chief Historian at the Portrait Gallery. Supervising electronic media development, facilitating international partnerships, chairing the Smithsonian’s 150th anniversary celebration, and overseeing the Smithsonian Institution Press, The Smithsonian Associates Program, and the Smith- Somian Magazine are some of the responsibilities he has held. His work in television includes commentary on CBS’s “Nightwatch,” C-Span, PBS, and the “Voice of America.” He authored and edited several books, including Abroad in America: Visitors to the New Nation, Champions of American Sport, and Telling Lives: The Biographer’s Art. He is a graduate of the University of California at Berkeley and Harvard Uni- versity. Marc Pachter’s prime goal as NPG Director is to communicate the lives, meaning, and inspiration of remark- able Americans, past and present. The Portrait Gallery, in this way, will connect all Americans, across generations, re- gions, and communities, with their shared heritage of national achievement. The Peale Papers and Yale University Press published vol- ume 5 of The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, the Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale. Work has begun on volume 6, selected documents and letters from the children of James and Charles Willson Peale. In addition, the Peale Papers and Yale University Press will publish an abridged paperback edition of Charles Willson Peale’s Autobi- ography, suitable for classroom use for courses on American studies, American art history, American literature, and American history, not excluding a more popular audience. The Center for Electronic Research and Outreach Services (CEROS) has added 11 new Web areas to NPG’s award- winning Web site. The total number of visitor sessions has doubled in the past year, averaging 1.4 million on-line visi- tors per year. A new Web-based Collections and Research Public Access database, featuring digital images of NPG’s collections, will be implemented in FY 2001. New portrait material from the Catalog of American Portraits and selected images will be added to the Web database as well. A com- plete inventory of the National Portrait Gallery collection has been made, and another 4,500 images were digitized so that more than 9,000 images are now available on the Gallery’s Collections Information System (CIS). The Conservation Lab has examined or treated approxi- mately 620 objects for the permanent collection, pending acquisitions, loans, affiliations, or in preparation for the Gallery’s extensive traveling shows across the United States, Asia, and Europe. The year 2001 will be devoted to moving the collection out of the Patent Office Building to a new storage facility. The Education Department inaugurated an expanded menu of public programs for our Washington, D.C., metropolitan area audiences. A rich array of exhibition or permanent collection-related living history performances, teacher workshops, symposia, panel discussions, lunchtime lecture and book signings, and theatrical and musical per- formances attracted an overall audience of 4,880. Highlights included a family day—including interactive portraiture activities, storytelling, special tours, and variety of living history, musical, and reader's theater performances—that included 1,200 participants; Hispanic Heritage Month pro- grams that included two panel discussions with one that incorporated a concert program on the subject of Afro-Latino presence in American popular culture and music for a combined audience of 480; symposia based on Gallery exhi- bitions featuring works by photographer Henri Cartier- Bresson and African American daguerreotypist Augustus Washington that was attended by 230 and 110 guests re- spectively; and two Cultures in Motion performances based on the life of entertainer Sammy Davis, Jr., with 475 in attendance. An educational grant was received to produce a video, Telling Lives: the Art of the Painted Portrait, for use with the traveling exhibition “A Brush with History: Paintings from the National Portrait Gallery.” The first six installments of “Portraits of Character’ —featuring a portrait from the Por- trait Gallery’s permanent collection and a related story about the sitter—have been published by the Washington Times in their “Newspaper in Education” pages, and NPG is negoti- ating a licensing and distribution contract for syndication across the country. Extensive print and Web site versions of resource materials—including teacher resource packets, ac- 54 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 tivity guides, and games—have been developed to comple- ment our traveling exhibitions “Portraits of the Presidents” and “A Brush with History.” We continue to explore alterna- tive venue sites for performances and have received a grant to produce a “Cultures in Motion” theatrical performance based on the life of Rita Hayworth for presentation at the Gala Hispanic Theatre. A variety of other public programs have been initiated or are in the planning stages with partnering organizations in metropolitan D.C. as part of the “National Portrait Gallery Around Town” initiative. Profile, a new quarterly publication launched by the Gallery is written in a lively style with rich color photos. The quarterly illustrates the Gallery’s range of research, col- lections, public programs, gifts and their donors, and invites readers to comment on Gallery activities. The quarterly 1s the Gallery’s first large-scale publication that reaches mem- bers, donors, and visitors and helps sustain relationships. The first of the traveling exhibition publications, Portraits of the Presidents: the National Portrait Gallery, was published by Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., and is a History Book Club selection. A Brush with History: Paintings from the National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom edition title Americans: Paintings from the National Portrait Gallery, Smith- sonian Institution) will be distributed by the University Press of New England, and a Japanese-language edition will also be published. Publications are planned to accompany the “Indian Peace Medals from the Shermer Collection, National Portrait Gallery” and “The Civil War Era: Images from the National Portrait Gallery” exhibitions. After an internal restructuring, the new Office of External Affairs (OEA) now includes development, public affairs, and special events. Development activities included appeals to individuals for the Director's Circle and Fund for the New Century. In the coming year the NPG Commission will be expanded and restructured to actively engage in fund-raising activities. Work continues with corporations and founda- tions to support exhibitions and educational programs. Public Affairs, with the assistance of Clifford Associates of New York City, has managed an impressive media outreach for the traveling exhibitions, gaining regional and national impact. While the Patent Office Building is closed, special events will be planned for various locations around the coun- try to coincide with the openings of NPG exhibitions. Paul Peck of McLean, Virginia, gave the National Portrait Gallery $2 million to promote understanding of the Ameri- can presidency, the largest individual gift in the museum's history. The gift will endow the Paul Peck Fund for Presi- dential Studies, and support publications, acquisitions, public programs, media outreach, and a Web site. In honor of Mr. Peck’s gift, a space will bear his name when the mu- seum reopens. The gift inaugurates a major fund-raising drive at the Gallery. Additional private funding for education programs and exhibitions were raised through the expansion of the Direc- tor’s Circle and the creation of the Fund for the New Century, a donor group for friends of the Gallery. The Portrait Gallery extends its gratitude to the following corporations and foun- dations for their support of projects during the past year: Adler Schermer Foundation, Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation, JP Morgan, Lucent Technologies, Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, Robert Lehman Foundation, Sherman Fairchild Foundation, Warner Lambert, WGMS- FM, as well as the Smithsonian’s Educational Outreach Fund, Center for Latino Initiatives, and Research Equipment Fund. National Postal Museum Miguel A. Bretos, Acting Director The National Postal Museum, through its collection and li- brary, is dedicated to the preservation, study, and presentation of postal history and philately. The museum uses research, ex- hibits, education, and public programs to make this rich history available to a wide and diverse audience. Winton M. “Red” Blount Center for Postal Studies Without question, the highlight of Fiscal Year 2000 for the National Postal Museum occurred on December 8, 1999. On that day, Winton M. “Red” Blount, former Postmaster Gen- eral in the Nixon administration, graciously presented the National Postal Museum with a pledge of a $10 million en- dowment. This generous gift, the largest single gift received by the museum and one of the largest in Smithsonian his- tory, will support the creation and operation of the Center for Postal Studies. Winton M. Blount has been instrumental in the development of the National Postal Museum from its inception. He is the chairman of the National Postal Mu- seum’s 15-member Advisory Commission, a leadership position that he has held since the founding of the museum. The donation will fund the building of the Winton M. Blount Center for Postal Studies and underwrite the center's operations, including programs, publications, and research. Mr. Blount’s gift will endow research positions and will fund fellowships. The center will provide the museum with a state-of-the-art conference center, serve as an educational re- source, and sponsor research that will explore the role of the U.S. postal system in the new millennium. Few Americans in our time have had an opportunity to leave their mark in the private sector, in the running of a business within the federal government, and in the creation of important national resources, but Red Blount has done all three. Founding Blount International Inc. in 1946, Blount be- gan by building fish ponds in rural Alabama and expanded the company into a multimillion-dollar construction and manufacturing company. In 1969 Red Blount became the nation’s 62nd postmaster general. President Richard Nixon soon charged him with transforming the U.S. Post Office Department, a federal agency that was plagued by decades of patronage appoint- ments, into a government corporation that operated under business principles. Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes D5 This mission was accomplished under Blount’s leadership in 1971. Exhibition Highlights Since opening its doors in July 1993, the National Postal Museum focused much of its attention to producing cutting- edge exhibitions, rotating NPM collections through permanent exhibits, and exploring new, innovative methods for interpretation. In Fiscal Year 2000, the National Postal Museum explored a wide variety of topics through several new exhibitions that were enthusiastically received by our visitors. Our success was reflected in our participation in both national and international philatelic and postal events. On November 11, 1999, the National Postal Museum was very proud to open the “Missing You: Letters from WwW IT” exhibition. This incredibly powerful exhibition presented the “last letters” written by servicemen before they were killed in action during World War II. In May, the pop- ular Graceful Envelope Contest celebrated the millenium by asking participants to design artistic envelopes celebrating significant events of the twentieth century. The National Postal Museum called attention to environ- mental concerns with the renovation and reopening of “Artistic License: The Federal Duck Stamp Story” on June 30. The museum celebrated Lance Armstrong’s successful defense of his Tour de France bicycle championship and his victory over cancer in a July exhibition. The museum rounded out the year by presenting “Re- counting Roosevelt Presentation Albums, 1903-1905” in a Philatelic Rarities Gallery exhibition that presented a number of rare albums selectively given to friends of the Theodore Roosevelt administration. Finally, “Town and Country” showcased a few of the models in the museum’s collection of vehicles that moved the mail in urban towns and the rural countryside. Collection Management The 13-million-object collection of the National Postal Mu- seum is selectively expanded each fiscal year. In accordance with the collecting policy, the museum acquires rare or sig- nificant U.S. and international philatelic and postal history objects and routine amounts of U.S. stamp material from the U.S. Postal Service, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and US. Fish and Wildlife Service. In Fiscal Year 2000 the most notable addition was the George Boutwell album of U.S. federal and private revenue proofs (ca. 1862—74). Other notable acquisitions were the 1873 Government Printing Office album of U.S. Post Office Department blank forms for bureau use and an 1893 souvenir set of 12 Columbian Exposition postal cards. Collection Management's agenda targets every aspect of object care: research, retrieval, and distribution of object- related data and images; object storage, shipping, and ac- countability; preservation and treatment; and observance of the legalities of custodianship over acquisitions and loans. Continued goals of the Department are the greater accounta- bility, utilization, and visibility and better long-term care of the collection. In Fiscal Year 2000 the museum continued its cooperative projects with Smithsonian affiliates. The Women’s Museum of Dallas, Texas, was loaned Amelia Earhart’s flight suit and flight-related covers for its inaugural exhibit. The Black- hawk Museum of Danville, California, was loaned a seven- panel, 15-object exhibit that explores Franklin Delano Roosevelt's impact as president and philatelic collector on the design and issuing of postage stamps during his tenure (1933-45). Technical support was given for the installation of objects in both exhibits. Lastly, the 1941 White Motor highway post office bus was returned to the city of its manu- facture in a loan to the Western Reserve Historical Society. It will be exhibited at the 2003/2004 opening of the Crawford Museum of Transportation and Industry in Cleveland, Ohio. Nine major object rehousing projects were completed in this period. The preservation staff finalized their efforts for the U.S.-certified plate proof collection. Continued financial support from the Center for Latino Initiatives enabled the Collection Management Department to have a nine-volume specialized collection of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Paraguayan philatelic material professionally conserved and rehoused. The 24-volume Eagle Collection of revenue die proofs, the Loizeaux Collection of engraving equipment, the U.S. collections of postal service badges and mailbags, half of the Master and Reference collections of mint U.S. stamp panes, and the collection of state waterfowl conservation stamps were also rehoused by Collection Management staff and interns. Gallery System, Inc., installed a beta version of The Mu- seum System in the museum’s updated server. The prototype of the relational database contained the skeletal Access ob- ject records supplied by the Museum in Fiscal Year 1999. Collection Management staff analyzed System functions and data and developed strategies for using the database as a true research tool to present a synthesis of object information and historical context in readable, searchable form. A unique de- partment and classification system was partially completed in draft and tested in the prototype system. An Access data- base of original object location information was edited, restructured and parsed for reconfiguration to The Museum System (edition 9.1). The U.S. postal service badge collection was chosen as a summer intern research and rehousing project. Service badges were classified by the postal department and design based on source information available from the U.S. Postal Service, National Archives, National Association of Letter Carriers, and Smithsonian Institution Libraries. The U.S. mailbag collection was also targeted as a re- search, cataloging, and rehousing project. The objective was to start to acquire comprehensive knowledge of this section of postal history in order to accurately classify and name the objects. Source information was obtained from the National Archives and U.S. Postal Service. In Fiscal Year 2000 staff finished assembling half of the U.S. stamp material and continued object preparation for a new, comprehensive philatelic exhibition. Biographical and 56 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 topical indexes were drafted in Excel as finding aids to this exhibition; volunteer staff researched and recorded informa- tion for the biographical database. Staff also began a program to regularly monitor current levels and solicit addi- tional needed amounts of new U.S. stamp issues to stock the Master and Reference collections. Educational Initiatives In Fiscal Year 2000, the Education Department began the initial research and development of a gallery cart, funded by a Smithsonian Women’s Committee grant, focusing on the science behind steamboats that carried mail. The cart will have a demonstration component as well as an accompanying interactive student tour. We began development on a new curriculum guide with a working title, Stamp Mural Book. The Education Department’s other highlights for the year included continuing docent training classes who in turn, conducted literally thousands of tours for the public. The Education Department developed and hosted more than 20 engaging and interactive programs and lectures for visitors covering a wide range of postal history and philately. The hands-on Discovery Center Day increased its average atten- dance to 84 visitors to each two-hour session. In February, as part of National Consumer Protection Week, the National Postal Museum presented a public program with the U.S. Postal Inspection Service to educate visitors how to avoid becoming a victim of “identity theft.” Another highly suc- cessful public program was the Valentine’s Day Festival in February with 2,000 attendees. Other public programs in- cluded a bus tour of historic Washington, D.C. post offices and a live theatre presentation of the Churchill family as portrayed through their letters. The Graceful Envelope Contest enjoyed another successful year with “Celebrating the Millenium” as the contest theme for Fiscal Year 2000. Seventy-five winning envelopes depict- ing significant events of the past century were selected from the entries and displayed in a special exhibition from May to October. Similarly, the second “Folk Art Mailbox Contest” attracted many entries with photographs of five winning mailboxes displayed in the museum. All three exhibitions were also represented by on-line counterparts. The Education Department continued its strong outreach efforts with the continued distribution of the “Classroom in a Can” project. Lessons Two and Three of this initiative focused on letter writing and papermaking. The kits were distributed to 2000 Title 1 schools nationwide. The Educa- tion Department also distributed 1,322 Postal Pack for Elementary Students, 785 Pen Friends, 1001 Secondary School Postal Packs, and 456 Letters From Home publications. National Zoological Park Lucy H. Spelman, Director The National Zoo was established by an act of Congress as a Smithsonian bureau in 1889. The Zoo’s primary mission re- mains essentially as set forth then: the advancement of sci- ence and the education and recreation of the people. Today, the Zoo is not only carrying forward its founders’ visions into the new millennium, but it is also positioning itself to be a leader in educating the public in the fields of wildlife and biology, areas that will intimately affect their lives in the next decades. The Zoo's great success in developing innovative medical care for its animals produced a large number of aging ani- mals among the collection. As many of the animals developed problems associated with old age, the Office of Public Affairs prepared local media for the inevitable demise of some of the Zoo’s popular animals. This resulted in a lengthy Washington Post article about the Zoo’s efforts to cope with geriatric problems. Over the course of the year several charismatic animals died. In May 1999, Hsing Hsing, the Zoo’s giant panda had been diagnosed with chronic kidney failure. He was treated and remained comfortable until November, when it became apparent that the quality of his life had deteriorated to an unacceptable level. He was euthanized on November 28. Nancy, an African elephant, was euthanized on August 22, 2000. She was 46 years old and had been experiencing chronic medical problems for almost two years. After she had begun to lose weight in January 1999, veterinarians discovered that she had developed ascites (fluid in the ab- domen) and had a very low blood protein level. This was attributed to a combination of poor kidney function and poor absorption of nutrients from her intestinal tract. She was treated with two oral medicines and improved dramati- cally until July 1999, when she developed osteomylitis, a bone infection, in a digit on her left front foot. Veterinarians successfully treated this for over a year, but by mid-August 2000, the elephant began to refuse oral medicines and her condition worsened. Given all of her problems, Zoo veteri- narians, elephant keepers, and the Zoo Director decided to euthanize her. Michael Robinson, Director of the Zoo for 16 years, stepped down on May 1. He came to the Smithsonian in 1965 where he worked as a biologist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. There, he rose to deputy direc- tor and then acting director before he came to Washington in May 1984 to become the director of the National Zoo. Robinson departed from the concept of the traditional zoo by creating what he called the “biopark.” He hoped to elimi- nate barriers between zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens, and natural history museums. During his tenure, he was instrumental in developing permanent exhibits, such as Amazonia, Invertebrates, and American Prairie, that empha- sized the relationship among living organisms and the potential of humans to influence nature. In addition to the typical animals exhibited at zoos, these new exhibits in- cluded insects and other invertebrates, fish, and plants. The exhibits also reflect Robinson’s lifelong interest in scientific inquiry and sharing the work of scientists with the public. Robinson also oversaw the renovation of Olmsted Walk, the pathway that links the Zoo’s exhibit areas. Robinson believes, “Zoos are powerful forces of biological education, Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 57 places where people can be moved by the wonder and glory of real, living things.” After he left the Zoo, Robinson continued his tropical biology research at the Smithsonian's Tropical Research In- stitute in Panama. Gorilla Birth Mandara, a 17-year-old lowland gorilla, gave birth to her fourth offspring on November 20, 1999. Great-ape keepers knew she was pregnant, but did not expect a birth until Jan- uary. Named Kwame, the male newborn was the latest addition to the gorilla troupe, which includes Kigali, a five- year-old female, and Ktembe, a two-and-a-half-year-old male. Kwame’s father is Kuja, a 16-year-old male who had not bred before. Delegation of Chinese Present Panda Art to NZP A group of 21 Chinese children from Qingdao, China, pre- sented artwork they had created depicting giant pandas to the National Zoo on February 7, 2000. The art was donated in memory of Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling, the National Zoo's first pair of pandas. Tiger Gets Dental Work The Zoo hosted a photo opportunity for members of the press, who were invited to witness a veterinarian examine a 10-year-old, 260-pound Sumatran tiger's teeth and carry out any necessary treatment. During the hour-long treatment, reporters took turns watching. Dr. Lucy Spelman, chief vet- erinarian; Becky Yates, associate veterinarian; and Dr. Chuck Willams, a veterinary dental specialist who practices at the Animal Dental Clinic in Vienna, Virginia, participated in the procedure. Zoo Announces Plans to Acquire Giant Pandas On April 11, Smithsonian Secretary Lawrence Small an- nounced that the Zoo had signed a letter of intent with the China Wildlife Conservation Association (CWCA) regarding a long-term giant panda loan. The CWCA agreed to loan a pair of giant pandas for 10 years, for the purposes of study, breeding, and exhibition. According to the agreement, NZP will contribute $1 million per year for 10 years to support China’s National Project for the Conservation of the Giant Panda and Its Habitat. Lawrence Small said, “Since I became Smithsonian Secretary this past January, I’ve been asked al- most every day if giant pandas will return to the National Zoo. I am delighted to report that, by signing the letter of intent with the China Wildlife Conservation Association, the National Zoo is one critical step closer to bringing pan- das back to Washington, D.C.” Vanishing Pollinators Vanishing Pollinators opened on May 5 in the Amazonia Sci- ence Gallery. The exhibit explored the hidden interrelationship between plants and animals in a series of 34 stunning color photographs by biologist and photographer Carll Goodpasture. The photographs were produced using the IRIS process. The images are digitized, manipulated with computer software, and then printed. IRIS enables the photographer to adjust his work and essentially allows a range of fine-tuning that is available to a scientific illustra- tor. In addition to the photographs, the exhibit includes a video on pollination biology, two interactive computer pro- grams, What Are Flowers For? and Flower to Apple, as well as reference material for all ages. International Migratory Bird Day Washington, D.C., mayor Anthony Williams attended the Zoo’s annual Migratory Bird Day celebration on May 6 and led an early morning bird walk. Other activities during the two-day event included musical performances, interactive displays, special appearances by live birds of prey, games, arts, and crafts. Shanthi Confirmed Pregnant by Artificial Insemination A team of scientists and keepers confirmed preliminary hor- monal evidence that Shanthi, a 24-year-old Asian elephant is pregnant. The sonogram ended three months of speculation whether a carefully timed artificial insemination in February had been successful. Shanthi was inseminated on February 23 and 24 with sperm from Calvin, a bull elephant living at African Lion Safari in Canada. National Zoo specialists teamed with col- laborating veterinarians Thomas Hildebrandt and Frank Goeritz from the Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife Re- search in Germany. The gestation period is 22 months. This will be the second elephant birth at the National Zoo. Spelman Appointed New Director Smithsonian Institution Secretary Lawrence Small an- nounced the appointment of Lucy H. Spelman, chief veterinarian in the Department of Animal Health, as the Director of the Zoo: “Lucy brings to this position one of the most important attributes we looked for—her love and thorough knowledge of animals. But she also is deeply com- mitted to the public and to making sure that visitors have a great experience at the National Zoo. As a clinical veterinar- ian at the Zoo for the past five years, Lucy has proven herself to be an outstanding leader, researcher, and scientist.” Spelman, then 37, joined the National Zoo in May 1995 as associate veterinary medical officer and was named senior veterinary medical officer in September 1999. Her research efforts have included anesthetic techniques for problem species such as otters and sea lions, and finding treatment options for geriatric zoo animals. Spelman has been a member of the American College of Zoological Medicine (ACZM) since 1994 and has served on the ACZM’s Examination Committee since 1995. She has served as editor for the Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 58 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 since 1994 and as veterinary advisor on the Giant Panda Species Survival Plan for the American Zoo and Aquarium Association since 1998. During the past eight years, Spel- man has written 15 scientific articles and two book chapters. She was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and grew up in West Redding, Connecticut. She received her bachelor’s degree in biology from Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1985 and her doctorate in veterinary medi- cine from the University of California, Davis, in 1990. How Do You Zoo? Opens Children who love to ask questions about zoo animals and zoo work now can find answers for themselves at a new edu- cational, interactive exhibit, How Do You Zoo? The room opened on June 27 in the Visitor Center. How Do You Zoo? is a collaborative effort between the National Zoo and Friends of the National Zoo. As visitors enter the room, they step into the world of ex- otic-animal caretaking. Colorful signs direct visitors to four learning areas: Small Mammal House, Commissary, Keeper Office, and Animal Hospital, where children can role play in typical day-to-day activities. Popular Evening Lecture Series The highlights of the Zoo lecture series included a symposia series entitled “Conservation Research: The National Zoo Prepares for a New Millennium.” The three programs in the series, cosponsored by the Zoo’s Department of Zoological Research and the Conservation Research Center at Front Royal, focused on 25 years of scientific study at the Zoo. The programs brought back a total of nine researchers, who began their careers here, to update their findings and assess the contributions that National Zoo research has made to understanding the animal world. The programs explored conservation biology, using genetics and DNA study to un- derstand nature, and studying hormones to shed light on behavior of wild animals. Other programs featured National Museum of Natural History senior scientist Don Wilson and a symposia based on the Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals; Michael Brett-Surman, museum specialist at National Museum of Natural History, who presented a pro- gram on dinosaurs, a subject that has lured countless children into natural science careers; Jo Gayle Howard, a reproductive physiologist at the Zoo’s Conservation and Re- search Center, who spoke about the reintroduction of black footed ferrets; and Irene Pepperberg, who described her lin- guistic studies with African grey parrots. Smithsonian American Art Museum Elizabeth Broun, Director The 2000 fiscal year saw the closing of the museum for a four-year renovation, the official approval of its new name, and the launch of the most extensive art tour ever—Treaures to Go, in order to share its masterpieces with the American public over the next three years. A focus on planning for the temporary relocation of the entire collection and permanent relocation of the entire office staff was central throughout the year. Yet, despite its closure, the museum maintained a significant record of achievement in national media cover- age, research, education, fund-raising, restoration at the Renwick Gallery, and new media initiatives. A decision from the Secretary’s office was made allocating space in the Patent Office Building, providing for 22,870 square feet of new gallery space for American Art, as well as for expanded visitor service areas to be shared by both Amer- ican Art and the National Portrait Gallery. Interior space planning for the Victor Building, to house the majority of the office staff in a permanent relocation, proceeded. Discus- sions continue regarding the temporary alternatives for housing the permanent collection. Secretary Lawrence Small was inaugurated on January 24 and reorganized the Smithsonian. SAAM joins NPG, AAA, and NMAH ina group headed by Sheila Burke, named Under Secretary for American Museums and National Pro- grams. Sheila Burke was honored at a reception unveiling the newly refurbished Grand Salon at SAAM’s Renwick Gallery in June. More than 170 paintings and sculptures were installed, with the paintings hung “salon style,” one atop another and side by side, to recreate the effect of a nine- teenth-century collector’s picture gallery. Highlights include new custom-loomed draperies from France, repainting, gild- ing, and the installation of an innovative lighting system that re-creates natural light through the historic skylight completing the dramatic and beautiful refurbishment. The Renwick closed “Glass! Glorious Glass!” to rave re- views from the press and public, with record attendance highlighting the exhibition. The first biennial invitational for craft artists at the Renwick, titled “The Renwick Invita- tional: Five Women in Craft,” opened in March, concurrent with the exhibition of John Cederquist’s delightful trompe Voeil sculptural wood furniture. In the fall, two quilt exhibi- tions opened: “Spirits of the Cloth: Contemporary Quilts by African American Artists” and “Amish Quilts from the Collection of Faith and Stephen Brown.” And the Smithson- ian Women’s Committee endowed an annual fall lecture series at the Renwick for $100,000, which will begin in the fall of 2000. “Edward Hopper: The Watercolors” was extremely popu- lar until closing on January 3, 2000, with unusually high attendance and a record number of out-of-town tour groups. The new evening hours attracted a variety of new visitors, and the publication accompanying the exhibition had to be reordered several times. The framing initiative for the Treasures to Go exhibitions received support from Commissioners Jim Dicke, Henry Luce, Ruth Holmberg, and Rita Fraad, as well as Art Forum members Tom and Tania Evans. Thirteen paintings were given period frames and one painting received a custom-made reproduction of an artist’s frame as a part of this initiative. Treasures to Go, three years in the planning, launched to great acclaim in January of 2000. Registration secured 62 Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 59 venues for the three-year tour, conservation readied more than 500 paintings and sculptures, and the cabinet shop spent months readying cases for packing. By September, all eight exhibitions had debuted throughout the United States, with 339,482 people attending by the close of the year. Four exhibitions debuted with accompanying souvenir books published, and the remaining four will be published in 2001. Major media coverage ranging from the Miami Herald Tribune to the Minneapolis Star resulted in over $1.4 million dollars in media value. Four TIME magazine advertorials accompanied by four full-page color advertisements on the tour helped publicize its range and scope. A half-hour syndi- cated television special was created, with two advertisements for the Renwick Gallery and the Treasures to Go souvenir books. It aired in 11 markets in 2000, with more planned for 2001. The Sara Roby Foundation funded an education packet on “Scenes of American Life: Treasures from the Smithsonian American Art Museum,” which included a ro-minute video. Curators from the museum attended every opening, giving public and member lectures on the exhibi- tions, with Director Elizabeth Broun and Secretary Lawrence Small attending selected venues as schedules permitted. Conservation readied a number of works for long-term loan during the renovation. One of these was James Hamp- ton’s The Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations Millenium General Assembly, which will be on loan at the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Center at Colonial Williamsburg, Vir- ginia, where it opened to the public in April. Alexander Calder’s sculpture Nenuphar was installed at the Memphis Brooks Museum of Art in Memphis, Tennessee, and Thomas Hart Benton’s mural Achelous and Hercules is on view at the Chrysler Museum in Norfolk, Virginia. The Lucelia Foundation, based in Buffalo, New York, awarded $65,000 for three consecutive years for a new pro- gram called the Lucelia Artist Award. A $25,000 cash prize will be awarded to a contemporary American artist under the age of 50. Former SAAM Distinguished Scholar Sidra Stich of California will serve as Executive Director of the award. Jurors have been selected and nominations solicited. The first prize will be announced in May 2001. Awards and milestones were reached in a number of areas. Professor Wanda M. Corn’s book The Great American Thing: Modern Art and National Identity, 1915-1935 was awarded the Charles C. Eldredge Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in American Art. On September 5, the museum formally announced that all Save Outdoor Sculpture! Survey reports —31,833—were entered into an on-line database that has been under way for several years. The New Media/New Century Award was announced, a new award for on-line art that explores the American landscape, supported by the en- ergy company Dominion. Winners will be announced in early 2001. The museum was selected to participate in a trilateral ed- ucational Web site called “Pan-American Perspectives: The Land in Art.” The U.S. State Department chose SAAM to represent the United States and is providing $72,000 in funding for the project. This first multi-lingual Web part- nership links SAAM with museums in Canada and Mexico, under the leadership of the Canadian Heritage Information Network. The site is expected to launch in April 2001. In education, a new project began entitled the Virtual Community Development Project, which trains docents as hosts for students of American art around the United States through Internet and video-conferencing. A second issue of “-del Corazén!,” the museum’s bilingual interactive Webzine (a magazine on the Web) for teachers and students, focusing on SAAM’s Latino art collection launched on the Web site. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Irwin I. Shapiro, Director Headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the scientific staff at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) carries out a wide variety of research programs in astronomy and astrophysics, Earth and space science, and science education in close collaboration with the Harvard College Observatory (HCO). The combined staff has more than 300 scientists, with many holding joint appointments. Together, the two observatories form the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) to coordinate related activities under a single director. Research is organized in seven divisions, with an addi- tional department devoted to science education. And, while both observatories retain their separate identities, the com- bined CfA staff actively cooperates, conducting programs of study among the following divisions and department: Atomic and Molecular Physics, High Energy Astrophysics, Optical and Infrared Astronomy, Planetary Sciences, Radio and Geoastronomy, Solar and Stellar Physics, Theoretical Astrophysics, and Science Education. Facilities Observational facilities include the multi-purpose Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) on Mt. Hopkins in Arizona and the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts. The major instrument on Mt. Hopkins is the recently reded- icated Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT), now converted to a single-mirror telescope, 6.5 m in diameter, operated jointly with the University of Arizona. Also located at the FLWO are a 10-m-diameter reflector to detect gamma rays, a I.2—-m imaging optical/infrared telescope, and a 1.5-m spectroscopic telescope; it also houses a 1.3-m optical telescope, operated by the University of Massachusetts and other partners, and an optical and infrared interferometer (IOTA), built in collaboration with the universities of Mass- achusetts and Wyoming and MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory. Major support facilities in Cambridge include a panoply of computers connected by a local area network, a central en- gineering department, a machine shop, a large astronomical library, design and drafting capability, and in-house printing and publishing services. 60 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Special laboratories are maintained for the petrologic and mineralogic studies of meteorites and lunar samples, for the spectroscopy of atoms and molecules, and for the development of instrumentation, including advanced electronic detectors and atomic maser clocks. This year, significant milestones were reached in the development of the Submillimeter Array (SMA) on Mauna Kea: the first successful observations by two telescopes in interferometric mode and the first detection of fringes on a source outside our galaxy. Another major en- deavor—the conversion of the MMT to a single-mirror telescope—saw completion and “first light” in May. SAO instrumentation is also operating in space. The first year of observations for both the Chandra X-ray Obser- vatory and the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) resulted in numerous findings for the astronomical community. Data from Chandra have provided a wealth of spectacular x-ray images of previously “unseen” phenomena; while observations returned by SWAS, which focuses on the process of star formation through study of the chemical com- position of interstellar gas clouds, have led new information of the presence of water in space. SAO scientists have also pursued studies of the Sun by use of the TRACE spacecraft in addition to ongoing investigations with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS). Further, the Science Education Department conducts several programs designed to improve the teaching of pre- college science and mathematics, partly through the use of examples from astronomy. These programs include the de- velopment of curriculum materials and videos, the training of precollege educators, and programs for public television. Numerous facilities serving the general astronomical com- munity are located at the CfA in Cambridge as well. The Institute for Theoretical Atomic and Molecular Physics, es- tablished in 1988 to attact and encourage talented graduate students to enter this field, emphasizes study of fundamental questions in atomic and molecular physics. Other services include the International Astronomical Union’s Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams and the Minor Planet Center, both of which disseminate information on astronom- ical discoveries worldwide. Also located at the Cambridge site is the gateway for SIMBAD, an international astronomi- cal computer database, as well as Harvard’s extensive collection of astronomical photographic plates, the largest in the world. In addition, SAO operates the Astrophysics Data System (ADS) and the Chandra X-ray Observatory Science Center and Operations Control Center, on behalf of NASA. SAO also provides Guest Observer Facilities for investigators using data from the Roentgen X-ray satellite (ROSAT), a joint venture of Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Research Highlights SAO has the lead role in operating the NASA Chandra X-ray Observatory, which completed its first year of observations in FY 2000 with a series of widely reported results and discov- eries. Chandra studied the presence of compact X-ray stars in supernova remnants, the galactic center X-ray source, the disk and jets in the Crab Nebula, and obtained deep images, which resolve the X-ray background into faint sources. Chandra also found superbubbles of very hot gas within col- liding galaxies, discovered that even small, failed stars emit X-ray flares, found X-rays coming from a comet, and opened a whole new field of research by discovering medium-sized black holes. SAO was also the leader of another NASA satellite effort, the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS), a space telescope, which is studying the chemistry of the inter- stellar gas clouds in the Milky Way galaxy. SWAS discovered that water, a key component for life, is prevalent throughout space, and found that a substantial amount of water is pres- ent in the Martian atmosphere, but, surprisingly, SWAS has been unable to find any molecular oxygen beyond Earth. Another SAO program, designed to study our Milky Way galaxy, this year completed its 20-year radio astronomy survey, and released an image of the entire galaxy with un- precedented detail and clarity. By observing the transits of a suspected planet in front of the star HD209458, SAO astronomers took a giant step toward learning about the nature of planets outside our solar system—their size, mass, and density. These observations, made initially by a graduate student advisee of an SAO sci- entist, marked the first time that astronomers had directly detected an extrasolar planet, in this case by watching its shadow cross the disk of a Sun-like star. The precise observa- tions allowed astronomers to determine that the suspected planet is a “gas giant,” with a density somewhat less than that of Saturn in our own solar system and a size about one third greater than Jupiter’s. In FY 2000, SAO’s solar system astronomers (together with their colleagues) were very active. They discovered two new moons of Jupiter (numbers 17 and 18) and a new moon of Saturn (number 22). Solar scientists used the TRACE spacecraft to watch the Sun as its activity climbed to a peak during the maximum of its approximately 11-year solar cycle; they also used the SOHO spacecraft to study the Sun. New models of the solar activity based on these observations promise to help predict storms of charged space particles that often rain down on the Earth, disrupting communications. This year a class of objects intermediate in size between stars and planets, called brown dwarfs, was detected in the Orion nebula. In related work, some very newly formed stars were observed in the process of collapsing, and other young stars were found to have disks or rings of material around them, with compositions likely resembling that of our own solar system at the time of its formation. SAO scientists continued as leaders in the field of cosmol- ogy and the structure of the universe. Especially noteworthy was progress that supports the incredible, recent discovery that the universe may be accelerating its expansion, imply- ing the presence of a repulsive component to gravity. Also, a new technique for calibrating the distances to galaxies was developed this past year, and is being tested. The Science Education Department (SED) at CfA contin- ued to host teachers from across the United States at sessions designed to train them in the use of the Department’s many Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 61 curriculum programs, including the MicroObservatory Pro- gram, the ARIES curriculum (grades 3—8), and the SPICA and STAR activities (grades 9-12). SED produced several new television and video shows this year, while staff through- out SAO continued their active involvement with schools. The seven public Web sites at SAO received about 80 mil- lion hits during the year. Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Lambertus van Zelst, Director The Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Educa- tion (SCMRE) is the Smithsonian’s specialized facility dedicated to research and training in the area of conserva- tion, analysis, and technical study of museum collections and related materials. Conservation and preservation research seeks to increase our understanding of the mechanisms that affect the preservation of materials in museum collections, in order to formulate improved exhibit, storage, and other use conditions, as well as to develop, test, and improve treat- ment technology. In collections-based research, objects from museum collections and related materials are studied to increase their contextual information value and address ques- tions in archaeology, art history, etc. Several of these research programs are conducted in collaboration with other institu- tions, notably the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, and the Carnegie Insti- tution of Washington. The most memorable event for SCMRE in FY 2000 was the opening of the exhibition “Santos: Substance and Soul,” marking the completion of a project that occupied the or- ganizers in SCMRE for most of the calendar year 2000 and involved almost all SCMRE staff in one way or another. Based on research and technical studies done at SCMRE, this interdisciplinary and fully bilingual exhibition examines the diversity and continuity in the making and veneration of santos, a Hispanic American cultural tradition that dates back to the earliest Spanish Colonial days. Focusing espe- cially on Puerto Rico and New Mexico, this exhibition makes a contribution to our appreciation and understanding of the richness of Latino culture by examining the diversities and commonalities between the cultural traditions of santo- making in these two areas, from their origins till the present day. Made possible with generous sponsorship support by the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives, the exhibition opened at the Arts and Industries Building, and had already lined up subsequent venues in New Mexico and Puerto Rico. The Furniture Conservation Training Program (FCTP) graduated its last class of furniture conservators. This inno- vative and highly successful program started 15 years ago to address an urgent problem of a serious shortage of furniture conservators in American museums. Now, having graduated a total of 25 students, FCTP has reached its goals of creating a well-trained cadre of specialists who occupy leading posi- tions in the field and a steady supply of new furniture conservators being trained at the academic graduate conser- vation training programs. SCMRE will now change the focus of its activities in this field to reach a wider audience, including proprietors of small restoration and refinishing shops, who often treat important historical pieces. First steps in this directions were taken with an off-site workshop on coatings technology and preservation in Minneapolis, which will be repeated next year. In the research program on materials culture from the California Missions, a project organized in collaboration with SCMRE's partner institution Santa Clara University, hand- modeled and wheel-thrown, unglazed earthernware from missions throughout the state was chemically analyzed to determine the production sources. In contrast to prevailing notions of a single mission being responsible for the ceramic production, with subsequent distribution to the other mis- sions, research findings suggest that ceramic production took place at several of the missions and was far more com- plicated than presumed. Other types of pottery recovered at the missions include a lead-glazed ceramic, commonly con- sidered to be “from Mexico.” The research has determined that multiple sources of production were involved. These pottery-based studies provide a wealth of new insights into the organization of craft production and aspects of the mis- sions’ external relationships. The second aspect of the Mission Project focuses on the origins and distribution of zmaginerfa, painted wooden sculp- tural representations of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints and angels that were an important part of the architec- ture and decoration of the missions. Research has begun into how and where the images were constructed, and how they were transported through the Spanish Mexican frontier to their mission locations. Initial technical studies on the vast collection of statues held by the Mission San Luis Rey Museum will extend to other missions in California and neighboring states in the United States and Mexico. Research in the area of traditional artists’ oil paints has allowed SCMRE scientists to develop a much better under- standing about the long-term process of the drying of these oil paints and the changes in their chemical and mechanical properties. These studies also provide insights into how dif- ferent pigments affect the polymerization or “drying” of oil paints. It is now possible to get an accurate assessment of the properties of a paint over a time span of two to three cen- turies. This provides a baseline of understanding as to what is “normal” for old paintings and how new and old paintings respond to the environment and transportation. In the program of SCMRE professional short courses, a series of courses was organized, in partnership with The George Washington University, on technology, materials, and conservation of cultural materials, for an audience of students, appraisers, collectors, and dealers. This offering re- flects the widening of the audience targeted by SCMRE’s professional education programs. The Research Libraries and Archives Conservation Training (RELACT) program offered several courses and workshops for archivists, librarians, and managers of paper-based research collections, while the opti- 62 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 cal microscopy center offered two new courses in addition to repeat performances. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Ross Simons, Director The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) is a major international research and education center dedi- cated to understanding the ecological dynamics and human impacts in land/sea interactions of the coastal zone. SERC carries out research from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to the Antarctic Ocean; and from the farmlands of the Chesa- peake Bay watershed to the Mangroves of Central America. The former director of SERC, Dr. David L. Correll retired in November 1999, leaving an important legacy of scientific and administrative accomplishments. Correll joined the Smithsonian Institution in 1962. He was instrumental in founding SERC and beginning many of the long-term stud- ies there that continue today. He has produced about 140 scientific publications. Among his scientific contributions are numerous pioneering studies of the chemical flows link- ing air, land, and sea. Human activities have increased flows of plant nutrients from land causing excessive growth of phytoplankton (microscopic algae) in estuaries such as Chesapeake Bay. A study led by Dr. Charles Gallegos analyzed a massive phyto- plankton bloom in upper Chesapeake Bay triggered by runoff of nutrients during unusually rainy conditions during April and May 2000. Special instruments measured the absorption of light by phytoplankton, dissolved organic matter, and suspended sediments. The separate effect of each of these components on light penetration was determined using math- ematical procedures developed at SERC. During the bloom, light absorption by phytoplankton exceeded that by both of the other components for a period of about two weeks. In- creased light absorption by decay products of the phyto- plankton bloom lasted another two weeks. Reduced light pen- etration caused by excessive growth of phytoplankton has been the primary cause of loss of underwater grasses in Chesapeake Bay. Bay grasses are widely believed to be an indicator of over- all health and water quality of the Bay. The research was funded by the Coastal Intensive Site Network (CISNet) pro- gram of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. SERC is also studying another important aspect of under- water light: the potential harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The intensity of UV radiation at the sea surface will increase if the UV-absorbing layer of stratospheric ozone continues to thin. To learn more about the effects of UV radiation, a team of SERC scientists led by Dr. Patrick Neale has developed a solar simulator to expose phytoplankton to controlled amounts of UV radiation. Exposures are precisely controlled as to duration and intensity of UV. Subsequently DNA damage is measured. Mathematical models of the rela- tionship between UV and DNA damage are then developed to predict effects of changes in solar UV radiation. Wetlands provide important habitats for plants and ani- mals while acting as natural filters removing pollutants, such as plant nutrients, from runoff. A team of SERC scientists, including Drs. Whigham, Weller, and Jordan, collaborated with The Nature Conservancy to assess the environmental health of non-tidal wetlands in the Nanticoke River water- shed. The EPA-funded study has identified ecological indicators of the condition of wetlands and of their potential to remove nitrogen from runoff. By combining observations of dozens of wetlands with geographic information about the watershed, the researchers will project the assessment of wet- land condition over large spatial scales. SERC studies of tropical mangrove forests around the world are exploring the effects of human-caused nutrient en- richment on these critically important coastal ecosystems. Mangrove forests dominate the world’s tropical and subtrop- ical coasts, paralleling the geographical distribution of coral reefs. Ecological processes in these forests are influenced by inputs from the land, sea, and sky, which result in extreme fluctuations of flooding, salinity, temperature, light, and nutrient availability. Mangrove-associated organisms have specialized physiological and structural adaptations that sus- tain them in this variable environment. Human-caused nutrient enrichment is one of the major global threats to these coastal ecosystems. Experiments show that nutrients are not uniformly distributed among or even within man- grove forests. Soil fertility can switch from nitrogen to phosphorus limitation across narrow gradients. Our research explores the relationships among physical and chemical fac- tors, nutrients, microbes, trees, and elemental cycling on offshore mangrove islands in Belize. This NSF-funded proj- ect led by Dr. Ilka Feller examines the interactions between the environment and organisms to determine how changes in nutrient inputs from natural, agricultural, or urban sources might alter the delicate balance among these ecosystem components. Mathematical models will help us predict the contribution that biocomplexity makes to the ability of mangrove ecosystems to survive both natural and anthro- pogenic disturbances. A SERC study directed by Dr. Bert Drake used open- topped chambers to expose stands of scrub oaks to elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide at a field site in Florida. The responses of oak forest show how similar ecosystems may react to the global increase in carbon diox- ide caused by deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels. Elevated carbon dioxide stimulated growth in Florida scrub oak and reduced water loss. Because of these combined ef- fects, the scrub oak tolerates severe drought much better if it also is exposed to elevated carbon dioxide. This may mean that as the climate warms, the elevated carbon dioxide will promote survival of plants in very hot, dry environments, possibly good news for the plants. However, the research also showed that insects must eat more the foliage grown in elevated carbon dioxide than in present normal ambient carbon dioxide, thus exposing themselves longer to their Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 63 predators and significantly increasing their mortality. This could be bad news for insects. SERC scientist, Dr. Peter Marra, began a unique citizen science program. “Neighborhood Nestwatch” enlists the help citizens in studies of the resident and migratory birds in their own backyards. Marra and his assistants capture and tag birds at the homes of volunteers who record observations of the birds to learn more about their adaptations to a chang- ing suburban environment. The launch of the traveling exhibition “Tales of the Blue Crab” was another important milestone in SERC’s educa- tional outreach program this year. The exhibition made a triumphant premiere at Hillsmere Elementary School in An- napolis, Maryland, and will circulate among schools and other public venues. Viewers of the exhibition learn about SERC's research on the ecology of the Blue Crab and the Chesapeake Bay. This year SERC achieved significant progress toward con- serving rural lands within its core research site in the Rhode River watershed. The Maryland Rural Legacy Program awarded $2 million to the partnership of SERC and Anne Arundel County to preserve rural lands. Maryland Governor Parris Glendening came to SERC to announce the award and affirm his support of these conservation efforts. While visit- ing SERC, the governor interacted with school children participating in SERC’s popular hands-on learning experi- ence, “Estuary Chesapeake.” Smithsonian Institution Archives Edie Hedlin, Director The Smithsonian Institution Archives continued to empha- size improving internal systems and promoting outreach in 2000. The Archives materially improved its collection management functions during the year. The Records Man- agement, Arrangement and Description, and Reference teams set out to develop better internal control over their ac- tivities and to enhance reference service. With programming support from the Technical Services Division, a new collec- tion management system was created. It incorporates in one platform the accession system; priority controls for process- ing materials based on use and preservation needs; physical location control in the four locations used by the Archives; links to electronic folder lists available on the Web; and reports for management. The system is designed to be compatible with the Smithsonian Institution Research Infor- mation System (SIRIS). Along with other affected Archives units the Division successfully migrated the first set of its data to the new Horizon SIRIS system, including 260 agency histories and 788 record series. By hiring a Preservation Manager to coordinate both interal and external preservation activities for the archival commu- nity, SIA consolidated its commitment to enhancing both the environmental and physical conditions of its collections. SIA developed preservation policies for moving image materials and accessioned film and videotape from Smithsonian Produc- tions. The Preservation Team improved the overall storage conditions of more than 650 cubic feet of archival records by rehousing this material. The focus for the Electronic Records Program was offering workshops to staff on the development of model guidelines for electronic record keeping systems. The Institutional History Division made significant progress on a number of programs during FY 2000. The Joseph Henry Papers Project completed the annotations for volume 9 of The Papers of Joseph Henry, which will focus on the years 1854-1857. A new grant for the Joseph Henry Papers Project was received from an anonymous foundation. The Historian’s Office recorded oral history interviews with several staff members and initiated a preservation program for the Oral History Collection. A new exhibition, “The Smithsonian at the Turn of the Century,” located on the balcony outside the SI Archives provided a glimpse of the Institution 100 years ago. A virtual version of this exhibition was also created (http://www.si.edu/archives/century/index.htm), one of a number of digital initiatives. “This Day in Smithsonian History,” a Web site on both the World Wide Web and the SI's intranet, Prism, taught the public and Smithsonian staff about the Institution’s history (http://www.si.edu/archives/thisday/index.htm). Additions to the Joseph Henry Papers Project Web site (http://www.si. edu/archives/ihd/jhp/index.htm) included a selection of Henry documents, an essay on “Henry and the Telephone,” and a survey of Joseph Henry namesakes. The Henry Papers Project participated in the Model Editions II Partnership, a cooperative effort to develop standards for placing documen- tary editions on the Web. Selections from Volume 7 of The Papers of Joseph Henry were made available on the MEP Web site (http://adh.sc.edu/jh/jh-table.html). Pam Henson, in cooperation with Edie Hedlin, James Hobbins, and John Huerta, continued a project to digitize the publication, The Smithsonian Institution: Documents Relative to Its Origin and History, by William Jones Rhees, published in 1879 and root, and to update this compilation of legal documents on the Smithsonian from 1900 to 2000. Henson continued research on phase two, the legal documents from 1900 to 2000. A volunteer, Doris Jensen, former librarian at the Supreme Court of the United States, continued to share her considerable knowledge of legal history research and completed a great deal of research on the project. Work on published legal documents from 1826 to 2000 was near completion at the end of the year. During 2000, The National Collections Program (NCP) made major progress toward completing the revision of Smithsonian Directive (SD) Goo: Collections Management Policy. Following the issuance by the Secretary of the “Smithsonian Collections Management Guidelines” in May 1999, the office finalized two exposure drafts of the directive for review and comment by Smithsonian museums and col- lecting units. The positive responses to the exposure drafts reflected the time and effort NCP, SI offices, and collecting unit staff have contributed to the project. 64 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 NCP staff compiled and published the annual Co//ection Statistics, which provides information on collection size, growth, and activity for Smithsonian museums, archives, and libraries. In addition, the office produced a number of annual reports highlighting various aspects of Smithsonian collections management: a summary report of collection ac- tivity for the Smithsonian’s budget hearing; a report on deaccessioning for the Secretary and Board of Regents; a summary report for the Provost of unit collections manage- ment assessments that identifies collecting unit needs, achievements, and concerns; and FY 2000 collection disclo- sure information for the Smithsonian financial statement and external audit. At the request of the Provost’s Office, NCP agreed to publish the Highlights of Smithsonian Collections and Smithson- ian Annals, During the year, the Highlights were revised in format and content and expanded to include photographs. Work on the Annals, a sister publication to the Syithsonian Institution Year, was begun and culminated in the publication of the 1997 edition. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Ira Rubinoff, Director During FY 2000, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) continued its efforts to increase our understanding of the world’s tropics. STRI worked to realign its activities to Secretary's Small’s goals of conducting first-class research, pursuing management excellence and financial strength, while increasing public impact with a more dynamic outreach strategy. The productivity of staff scientists, visiting researchers and fellows is evidenced by numerous scholarly publications including papers featured in the covers of leading scientific journals such as Sczence and Nature, where six papers appeared during FY 2000. STRI scientist Richard Condit was the first author in a publication published in Science {2000, vol. 288(5470): 1414-1418] by an international team of scientists associated to STRI’s Center for Tropical Forest Science. This important publication explains how trees of the same species tend to cluster or aggregate together in a tropical forest, that may contain more than a thousand species and more than 360,000 individual trees. Researchers have long debated whether trees tended to cluster by species or are randomly distributed. Findings from studies in five countries in Latin America and Asia revealed that every tree species tended to clump together and that these aggregations were most in- tense for the rarer species. This study yields results that may affect how tropical forests are managed and preserved and will help in the design of forest reserves and in reforestation efforts. One of the focuses of STRI research is the study of behav- ior of tropical animals, and STRI scientists have discovered novel host-parasite interactions. William Eberhard of STRI and the University of Costa Rica reported in Nature [2000, - vol. 406(6793): 255-256] what is probably the most elabo- rate example of host control by an insect parasitoid reported to date. The spider, Plestometa argyra, infected with a wasp larva, rather than make her usual spiral web, makes a stronger web with many-stranded cables of silk, which she repeats until her death, that serves as the larva’s cocoon. This is the first time this novel behavior was described and understood. The Panama Canal Monitoring Project, a three-year collaborative research project involving 33 scientists was completed by STRI and Panama's National Environmental Authority (ANAM) with funds from the U.S. Agency for In- ternational Development. The results from this project were published in a 120-page book La Cuenca del Canal: defor- estacion, urbanizaciony contaminacion (1999) edited by STRI scientists Stanley Heckadon-Moreno and Richard Condit with Roberto Ibafiez, a STRI research associate. STRI anthropologist Fernando Santos-Granero and collab- orator Federica Barclay published two books on upper Amazonia, one an English translation of a book previously published in Spanish: Tamed frontiers: economy, society, and civil rights in upper Amazonia, 2000, Westview Press, Boulder; and a new publication: Guia etnogrdfica de la Alta Amazonia, 2000, Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Pert. During FY 2000 STRI worked to improve its public im- pact and communication strategy. STRI’s bilingual Web site describes the ongoing research of its staff members and in- cludes two exhibitions and views of the forest canopy through a camera that takes continuous shots from STRI’s canopy access system in Panama’s Metropolitan Natural Park. STRI also initiated a human resources newsletter “INFORMA,” and its Office of Education produced a monthly newsletter on research and current activities at the Barro Colorado Nature Monument called “Luna Llena” (Full Moon). Another information initiative was the production of news flashes on STRI ongoing research and publications available on the Web (www.stri.edu). In FY 2000, 38 fellows and 50 interns were supported at STRI, 31 percent with institutional funds and the remainder from grants to scientists or to the Institute. STRI continued facilitating two semester-long undergraduate programs in Panama from Princeton and McGill Universities. With the University of Panama, STRI also organized a yearly field course for undergraduates held at its Gigante Field Station from July 24 to August 6 with the participation of 12 stu- dents from the University of Panama and one from the Universidad Metropolitana in Puerto Rico. The STRI exhibition “Desaparecen los anfibios,” the Spanish version adapted to Panama of “Vanishing Amphib- ians,” an exhibition developed by the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibitions Service, traveled to Montevideo, Uruguay, where it was on view for participants to the V Latin American Congress of Herpetology. The exhibition returned to STRI’s Tupper Exhibit Hall to be visited by school children from Panama City, as part of a STRI education program. STRI entered the twenty-first century with the challenge of creating a specific employment program applicable to Reports of the Museums and Research Institutes 65 Smithsonian employees covered by the labor laws of Panama. This change was necessitated by the termination of the Panama Canal Treaties on December 31, 1999. To spearhead this process, STRI hired Luz E. Latorraca as the new director of human resources. Thirteen STRI employees retired on December 31 under the U.S. federal retirement program. They were Mercedes Arroyo, Juan Campos, Wilbert Forde, Alberto Gonzalez, Alvaro Gonzdlez, Bonifacio de Leén, Elena Lombardo, Gloria Maggiori, Saturnino Martinez, Eduardo Navarro, Orlando Rodriguez, Félix Sanchez, and Anibal Velarde. Luis Turner was named acting director of the Procurement Department and Maria Leone acting director of the Visitor Services Office. STRI initiated a reorganization to improve coordination among its administrative, support, and maintenance units and to enhance its communication strategy. Georgina de Alba was appointed associate director for finance and administra- tion, Monica Alvarado was put in charge of STRI’s public information program, Xenia Guerra was appointed office manager for scientific support services, and Edith Salgado was named protocol officer. To support the Secretary’s goal of management excellence, STRI managers and supervisors completed a 48-hour work- shop in leadership and supervision. In November 1999, STRI established a new department, the Business Initiatives Office, to manage the Institute’s business relations and income-generating activities and en- sure appropriate revenues to STRI programs. Laura E. Flores was recruited to head this office, which responded to increas- ing demands by the commercial sector, particularly Panama’s tourism industry, to access information generated by STRI researchers. The fund-generating activities of this office in- clude bookstores, commercial publications, and educational visits. The ultimate goal of this office is to set up a self- sustaining operation that covers program costs, while gener- ating funds to enhance STRI’s research and fellowship programs. In the last three years, STRI had lost three staff scientists to retirements and two to relocation. In order to strengthen its scientific programs, four scientists joined STRI this fiscal year. William Laurence, who has been working as senior research scientist with the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments in Brazil, was hired as tropical plant ecologist. Stephen Hubbell, an internationally known forest ecologist at the University of Georgia and a STRI research associate, accepted a position on the STRI staff for two months a year. Elisabeth Kalko, a pro- fessor at the University of Ulm and an international authority on bats, also became a part-time staff scientist. Nelida Gomez, a products chemist, was given a half-time scientific position and will work half-time as academic liaison. STRI’s deputy director Anthony Coates resigned in Au- gust 2000 to accept the position of Smithsonian director of research programs based in Washington, D.C. STRI director Ira Rubinoff was conferred an honorary pro- fessorship by Panama’s Universidad Catolica Santa Maria La Antigua, in recognition of his support to the development of research in Panama. William Eberhard was elected as a fel- low of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in the category of evolution and population biology and ecology. Reports of Programs and Services National Science Resources Center Douglas M. Lapp, Executive Director The National Science Resources Center (NSRC), established in 1985 and operated jointly by the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academies (including the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Insti- tute of Medicine, and the National Research Council), works to improve science education in the nation’s elementary and secondary schools. In addition to developing science materials for classroom use, the NSRC collects and disseminates infor- mation about exemplary science teaching resources and sponsors outreach activities to help school districts develop, implement, and sustain inquiry-centered science programs. The NSRC’s reform strategy begins with the assumption that informed leadership at all levels is critical in developing and implementing a new vision for science education reform. The NSRC conducts leadership development institutes to help identify and develop effective leaders within school dis- tricts and their local communities. It also provides ongoing technical assistance to catalyze and maintain science educa- tion reform efforts. The NSRC’s mission is to— ¢ Develop effective teaching materials for precollege science education. ¢ Collect and disseminate information on science teaching resources. ¢ Develop informed leaders to spearhead local, regional, and state science education reform efforts. e Provide technical assistance to help school systems im- prove their science programs. © Create networks of individuals and organizations that will promote the exchange of knowledge and experience useful to the improvement of science education. During fiscal year 2000 the NSRC focused mainly on sci- ence curriculum development and outreach efforts. The NSRC completed field testing for and has printed and re- leased the first set of modules in the Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools (STC/MS) project: Human Body Systems, Catastrophic Events, Properties of Matter, and Energy, Machines, and Motion. These STC/MS modules are designed to enable middle school students to develop an understand- ing of important science concepts by investigating scientific phenomena. Students make observations, gather data, note interesting patterns, identify cause-and-effect relationships, and generate explanations based on their observations. Field testing of the first four STC/MS modules was conducted in 19 school districts across the country. Following the publica- tion of the student texts and teacher guides for these four modules, school districts nationwide have begun to imple- ment the program. Development is now under way on four additional STC/MS modules: Light, Earth in Space, Organ- isms—From Macro to Micro, and Electrical Energy and Circuit Design. Distribution of the successful Science and Technology for Children® (STC®) modules continues. To date, more than 60,000 STC curriculum units—teacher guides, student guides, and kits of science materials—have been put to use in schools nationwide. The bottom line: This year, the NSRC reached the benchmark of more than 1.8 million ele- mentary school children. This is the number of students participating in hands-on, inquiry-centered science learning using the STC program materials developed by the NSRC— and this number is growing annually. The NSRC’s Leadership and Assistance for Science Educa- tion Reform (LASER) initiative continues to reach out to school districts by sponsoring—in partnership with educa- tional and scientific institutions at eight regional sites— programs that help districts plan and implement science ed- Reports of Programs and Services 67 ucation reform. The eight LASER regional sites serve more than 15 percent of the U.S. student population. Since 1989, 465 school district leadership teams from 44 states have attended 32 week-long Strategic Planning Institutes spon- sored by the NSRC. During the past year, leadership teams from more than 100 school districts attended LASER events; these school districts serve more than 4 million K-8 students. At this year’s annual national Strategic Planning Institute, 16 leadership teams from across the country plus represen- tatives from the U.S.-Mexico Foundation for Science, repre- senting more than 375,000 K-8 students, took part in six days of strategic planning and interactive workshops and discussions to develop five-year plans to reform K-8 science education in their districts. Office of Communications David J. Umansky, Director The Office of Communications is responsible for the public face of the Institution. Its Office of Public Affairs (OPA) is dedicated to media relations, publications, and public rela- tions. The Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center (VIARC) serves the millions of people who visit the Smithsonian each year. Office of Public Affairs The Smithsonian's Office of Public Affairs, part of the Office of Communications, planned and implemented all major public relations promotions for fiscal year 2000, beginning with the Millennium celebrations at the museums on the Mall and the January installation of the new Secretary, Lawrence M. Small, and continuing to preparations for the December 2000 arrival of the giant pandas. Major publicity projects resulted in coverage in countless newspapers and magazines, on network news, and on local TV and radio. Among the most highly visible projects was the campaign to promote the opening of “The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden” at the National Museum of American History, Behring Center one week after the elec- tion, on November 15, in the next fiscal year. A luncheon and media event—featuring real artifacts from the show and a sampling of the dozen videos that enhance the exhibition— were held in New York City, at the birthplace of Teddy Roosevelt, to “launch” the exhibition. Publicity, advertising, marketing, and word-of-mouth in fiscal year 2000 and the beginning of 2001 resulted in more than 110,000 visits dur- ing the exhibition’s first two months. National outreach, one of Secretary Small’s priorities for the Institution, was central to the year’s public relations ac- tivities. The staff went to several cities to “advance” the Secretary's visits to affiliated museums and to work with local public relations professionals on press events. Cities in- cluded this year were Palm Beach, Florida; Blackhawk, California; Miami; San Antonio, Texas; and Mount Vernon, Virginia. All of the Smithsonian’s National Outreach projects, as well as major temporary and permanent exhibitions, are sup- ported with private funds. OPA works closely with the Office of Development and fund raisers in the museums to plan and draw media attention to events that focus on donor contributions. This year, there were several outstanding events—a press conference at the National Zoo to announce the three corporate sponsors of the panda project, attended by more than 30 reporters and television crews; a press briefing at the National Museum of American History to announce the biggest-ever gift to the Smithsonian—$8o million from Kenneth E. Behring; and the announcement of the contribution of $2 million to the National Portrait Gallery from a local government employee, Paul Peck. The events paid tribute to the donors and were successful media occasions. The planning for the arrival of the pandas—from the an- nouncement that the permit had been granted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and that the funding of $18 mil- lion had been secured to the actual arrival of the pandas at Washington Dulles International Airport one cold night in December—was spearheaded by the Office of Public Affairs, working in close collaboration with the National Zoo, Busi- ness Ventures, and the corporate sponsors. The results were a well-choreographed succession of events culminating in more news coverage around the globe than has ever been seen at the Smithsonian. As part of the Institution’s diversity efforts, OPA coordi- nates publicity for all Heritage Month celebrations and runs radio and/or print advertising for Black History Month in February and Hispanic Heritage Month in September and October. Great progress was made this year in efforts to help staff around the Institution understand, feel comfortable with, and use the two-year-old Visual Identity Program to its best advantage. The Smithsonian Logo Web site was launched in January 2000 to assist staff and contractors in correct use of the logo system. The Web site contains all the information and graphics in the printed “Smithsonian Design Guide- lines,” along with additional information and each unit's logo in five downloadable graphic file formats. A number of Institution-wide publications produced by the Office of Public Affairs were reexamined and slated for re- design as soon as feasible. Work on a new, improved look for Smithsonian Year, the Institution’s annual report, a joint project of OPA and Smithsonian Institution Press, began in July 2000. This meant a major reorganization of the text and the message, along with additional photographs of higher quality. Focus groups were held during the summer to get input from Smithsonian staff about the employee newspaper, The Torch. Asa result, to better reach all levels of staff, a redesign and changes in content were planned for early the next fiscal year. 68 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center Mary Grace Potter, Director During fiscal year 2000, the Visitor Information and Associ- ates’ Reception Center (VIARC) continued to pursue its mission to broaden the public’s knowledge, appreciation, and enjoyment of the Institution and to facilitate and pro- mote participation in its programs and activities. As a central support organization and the principal con- tact point for information about the Smithsonian, VIARC’s work was carried out through the Smithsonian Information Center (SIC); the Internet; museum information/member re- ception desks; response services for public and member mail, telephone and electronic inquiries; outreach to the tourism industry; outdoor wayfinding stations; two large volunteer programs that provided primary support for the Institution’s public information activities and for staff project assistance behind the scenes; and a docent program for the Castle. Operating from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily, the Smith- sonian Information Center attracted 1,836,963 visitors. Reception services were provided to 19,856 Associate mem- bers and their families; 2,830 memberships were sold representing $94,258 in revenue. Docents led 226 tours of the Castle, which engaged 2,643 public and Associate participants. In January the Castle was closed to allow recar- peting of the Information Center and other public areas, a major project planned and overseen by VIARC. Information desk services were provided daily by a corps of 662 Volunteer Information Specialists in 13, museums through December 1999. The closing of the Gallery Place museums in January 2000 reduced the number of museums served to 11 for the remainder of the year. Sixty-two new volunteers were recruited, trained, and placed in desk assignments across the Institution, and the majority of the displaced SAAM/NPG volunteers received other desk as- signments; the “InfoSpecial” newsletter was produced and distributed quarterly; and 130 in-service enrichment oppor- tunities were offered to volunteer participants as a means of increasing their knowledge and understanding of the Insti- tution’s work and collections. Incoming public inquiry mail, including electronic in- quiries (16,466), numbered a total of 34,703. Capability to respond on-line facilitated answers to some 10,131 inquiries originating primarily from the World Wide Web. The latter represents a 4 percent increase in on-line response to electronic inquiries over the previous year. Seventeen new bibliogra- phies, fact sheets, and leaflets were created and uploaded to the Web on subjects from anthropology to zoology. Twenty others were created or revised for individual responses. The Sales Reference List was updated and published quarterly. Ourgoing mail in response to both mail and phone inquiries numbered more than 55,984 pieces. Public telephone inquiries documented by VIARC num- bered more than 267,200. This number is lower than the actual number of calls handled, as many callers received an- swers to their questions from information provided on incoming lines before calls reached an Information Special- ist. The latter is a feature of our new Lucent ESC telephone system, which speeds up caller assistance but does not regis- ter such calls as answered in the data collection. Factors influencing the volume of calls this year included the Sal- vador Dali exhibition at HMSG, NASM’s Michael Jordan IMAX, The Folklife Festival (Dalai Lama), and visitor confu- sion about erratic summer museum hours. Total volunteers participating in the Behind-the-Scenes Volunteer Program during the year numbered 1,093. These volunteers contributed more than 157,863 hours of service to projects across the Institution. One hundred thirty-eight new project requests from staff were received during the year, bringing the total number of projects on file to 577. Translations completed by volunteer translators numbered ro7 in 11 languages. Efforts to address the Institution’s accessibility and cul- tural diversity goals were ongoing. Twenty-six percent of new Volunteer Information Specialists represented minority constituencies. Fourteen percent of new volunteers placed in projects behind the scenes were known to be minorities. Printed activity “Samplers” were produced for all Heritage Celebrations, and 24-hour recorded information tapes were also developed. As updates were required, publications were revised to reflect adherence to accessibility guidelines and primary publications were provided in alternate formats at all information desks for distribution to visitors. In addition, tours of the SIB were offered in Spanish during Hispanic Heritage Month and on a request basis throughout the year. The Tourism Outreach Coordinator attended the annual La Cumbre marketplace to promote travel to the Institution/ D.C. from Latin America. Other efforts included uploading all Heritage Month activities to the Web and promotion of same in the SIC theaters. Without question, the year’s most rewarding and team-oriented efforts were those directed at broadening our volunteer base to include blind and low- vision candidates. Activities included, but were not limited to, the development of appropriate training and testing methodologies, creation of an accessible Web site, new hard- ware and software, and desk adjustments and workshop instructions for staff and volunteers alike to ensure a com- fortable working environment. The Institution-wide volunteer survey conducted annually through VIARC counted a total of 5,799 volunteers who contributed some 449,470 hours of service during fiscal year 2000. Volunteer participation was acknowledged appropri- ately through appreciation events, service pins, the annual January supplement to The Torch, and inclusion in the vari- ous Staff Open Houses sponsored through the Community Committee. Volunteer service pins and certificates of appre- ciation were redesigned to be logo compliant, which also netted an improved appearance and more durable product. Appreciation events for participants in VIARC’s two vol- unteer programs included remarks by Secretary Small at the spring event for behind-the-scenes volunteers where special awards were presented to volunteer teams from the NASM Library/Archives and the Office of Horticulture. Under Sec- retary Constance Newman spoke at the December Reports of Programs and Services 69 appreciation reception for Volunteer Information Specialists where 25-year awards were presented to two volunteers. En- gagement calendars were also provided to VIARC volunteers again this year, courtesy of the Contributing Membership Program. Work with the tourism industry continued through par- ticipation in major marketplace activities including the American Bus Association, National Tour Association, Travel Industry Association, and La Cumbre, the principal visit USA travel trade show for Latin American tour opera- tors, and travel agents. Liaison with local hospitality, convention, and visitors associations was ongoing as was on-line promotion of the Smithsonian as a major tourist des- tination through TravelFile and NTA Online. Quarterly mailings to more than 2,000 domestic and international tour operators also served to promote Smithsonian activities. VIARC also assisted NMNH in marketing the Discovery Center for the Friday Night Shopping Festival and in pro- moting the facility locally by cohosting the February Washington Area Concierge Association meeting at the site. In addition, assistance was provided to NMAH to promote the American Presidency exhibition and to NPM to increase the museum’s visibility within the National Tour Associa- tion by arranging a special tour for some 40 operators from across the country. Additional activities during FY 2000 included enhance- ments to internal and external communication systems and networks, which enabled VIARC to improve information services for all audiences. In the Smithsonian Information Center, redesigned computer-based touch-screen interactive guides to the Smithsonian and the associated new hardware were installed in nine visitor stations, two updated and pho- tographically enlarged electronic maps of the Washington metropolitan area were installed, and two flat-screen moni- tors to display scrolling listings of daily activities replaced larger models on the main information desk. Office network improvements included the purchase and installation of 18 new Pentium 500-667 MHZ computers for staff and the purchase and installation of a new network server to increase speed and storage capacity. Intranet and Internet improve- ments included the ongoing enhancement of VIARC’s Web pages. The “Encyclopedia Smithsonian” and “Planning Your Visit” sites were two of the most popular destinations on the Smithsonian home page, logging some 3 million hits and 300,000 visitor sessions monthly. In addition, “Encyclopedia Smithsonian” was the recipient of two awards for its stellar content, a USA Today “Hot Site” award and a PC Week pick of the week. With the reorganization of the SI Web site maintenance of the second-level pages were absorbed by VIARC. On the Intranet, numerous improvements were made to assist staff, e.g., forms for requesting volunteer as- sistance for translations and behind-the-scenes projects can be downloaded; content for each museum’s monthly entries in VIARC’s Exhibitions Directory and Calendar can be re- viewed on-line. Some 1,608 public programs were promoted via the chronological calendar listings alone. Greater use of the “flash note” capacity available through “InfoTools,” our on-line information resource system, continued to prove an efficient method of alerting staff and volunteers to last- minute changes in SI activities. Despite the latter, some 300 changes to hard-copy materials were required involving re- placement of some 10,000 pages during the year. On the wayfinding front, the reengineering of VIARC’s 10 outdoor information pylons paid off in streamlining the process and time needed to change out panels. Text and placement of the 88 pedestrian signs to be installed in the National Mall area through the city-wide signing program of the Downtown D.C. Business Improvement District (DBID) were finalized. Office of Contracting John W. Cobert, Director A major accomplishment for the Office of Contracting during FY 2000 was the successful recruitment of an exceptionally qualified individual to fill the Deputy Direc- tor position. Ms. Elaine C. Duke entered on duty as Deputy Director, Office of Contracting, in January 2000. The leadership, programmatic planning, and management skills that Ms. Duke brings with her have proven to be a great asset to the Office of Contracting, and to the Smithsonian Institution, During FY 2000 the Office of Contracting continued to provide centrally located advisory and assistance services to staff at the Smithsonian Institution museums, research insti- tutes, and offices (units) regarding their contracting and procurement requirements. These services were provided directly by the Office of Contracting staff, and indirectly through the more than 400 individuals at 66 Smithsonian units who have been delegated authority by the Director of the Office of Contracting to make transaction commitments on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution. Administrative and program support to the Smithsonian was also continued by the Administration Division through the activities of the Systems Branch, Travel Services Branch, and the Property and Inventory Management Branch. Major contracts issued by the Federal and Trust Fund Contracting and the Renovation and Construction Contract- ing Divisions during FY 2000 were for repairs to the roof and skylights at the National Museum of Natural History, a master plan study at the National Zoological Park, design and fabrication of the “The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden” exhibition at the National Museum of American History, improvements to the panda house at the National Zoological Park, and fit-out of the Victor Building. The Business Contracting Division completed agreements for the Smithsonian-sponsored events that were part of the “Millennium on the Mall” celebration. Other contracts and agreements completed by the Business Contracting Division covered the “Piano 300” exhibition at the Ripley Center, development and implementation of a Web site for informa- tion relating to the “American Presidency: A Glorious Burden” exhibition at the National Museum of American 70 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 History, and a new contract, and contractor, to provide food services at the southside facilities. During FY 2000 the Procurement and Training Branch added three new contracting and procurement courses and one workshop to the procurement-related training curricu- lum offered to the Smithsonian units. These new courses covered information regarding purchase cards, advanced sim- plified acquisition, and training for managers who supervise designated Contracting Officer Technical Representatives. The Office of Contracting was able to accommodate 1,091 participants at the training courses offered during FY 2000, and every chair available was occupied. This count was up from 425 participants accommodated at training courses sponsored by the Office of Contracting during FY 1999. The Procurement and Training Branch staff also conducted on- site informational sessions and training to a number of Smithsonian units, including staff at the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and the National Museum of the American Indian in New York. To further improve the effi- ciency of small purchases by the units, the Systems Branch implemented a Smithsonian-wide Purchase Card Program. This program allows units to purchase commercially avail- able goods and services valued up to $2,500 with the purchase card in lieu of issuing and tracking a purchase or- der. During FY 2000 approximately 150 purchase cards were issued to staff at various Smithsonian units. The Travel Services Branch continued to provide travel arrangements and carrier-ticketing services to Smithsonian employees. During FY 2000 the number of transactions completed was 10,824, including necessary refunds for travel arranged but not completed. Services coordinating the Smithsonian’s employee travel charge card program were also continued in FY 2000 by the Travel Services Branch. As of September 30, 2000, approximately 3,100 employees that travel on official Smithsonian business have received a travel charge card. The Property and Inventory Management staff continued its support to the Smithsonian units. Approximately 2,200 items of accountable property were tagged and recorded by the staff. Other services provided include the delivery of more than 5,200 items to the Smithsonian units that in- volved 2,250 trips by the central warehouse staff The Office of Contracting staff is committed to working cooperatively with all of our clients and to provide quality, timely and innovative services to assist in furthering the mission of the Smithsonian Institution. Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Era L. Marshall, Director The mission of the Office of Equal Employment and Minor- ity Affairs (OEEMA) is to ensure compliance with EEO laws, rules, and regulations, and to promote diversity in all aspects of employment and business relationships at the Smithsonian. Fiscal Year 2000 was enhanced by the advent of Lawrence M. Small, the new and dynamic Secretary, who set the stage for Smithsonian operations with secretarial goals, reorganiza- tions, and realignments. Prominent among his reorganization efforts was the establishment of the Office of Diversity Initia- tives, which reports directly to the Secretary, and the realign- ment of OEEMA within the Office of Diversity. While OEEMA has always been an integral part of the management team, this new positioning of the office is a reflection of in- creased concern for its mission by Secretary Small. This initiative further demonstrated leadership’s attention to mat- ters concerning human capital, as well as the Smithsonian’s compliance with equal employment opportunity regulations. Managerial Excellence The Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs has a long-standing history of managerial excellence in its office operations and during FY 2000 continued to maintain the highest standards in its policies, programs, publications, and activities. Management excellence was achieved through the formula- tion of goals and the development of effective programmatic strategies for achieving them. Annual in-process reviews and revisions of OEEMA'’s Strategic Plan were augmented with information provided in the Secretary's Employee Perspective Survey results. Serving as a road map for all administra- tive and programmatic operations, the Strategic Plan contained specific measurable and customer-responsive objectives with effective evaluative methods in place for deter- mining successes. For example, evaluation forms for the EEO training, Roundtables, and Town Meetings continued to be used as assessment tools. Results of initiatives, such as the de- velopment of the Applicant Survey Form used in tandem with the Office of Human Resources, also served as assessment in- struments. As a result of that much needed initiative, a 100 percent increase in response rate to Background Survey Analy- ses was reported. This initiative measures, in part, the impact of the Smithsonian’s recruitment and outreach efforts vis-a-vis underrepresented populations of employees. Compliance and Risk Management As the office responsible for assessing and directing the Smithsonian's EEO efforts to avoid and eliminate risk to its mission through unfavorable EEO-related matters, OEEMA continued to certify risk management by ensuring compli- ance, as mandated by federal laws/regulations. To this end, the following annual reports were developed and published in compliance with federal regulatory and Smithsonian guidelines: © Annual Affirmative Employment Plan and Accomplishment Re- port for Minorities/ Women: a report submitted to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that updated the Smithsonian plan to enhance employment opportunity for women and minorities. The accomplishment report showed achievements of the previous year and included a work-force analysis. Reports of Programs and Services 71 ¢ Persons with Disabilities Affirmative Action Plan and Accom- plishment Report: an informational document submitted to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regard- ing SI recruitment and hiring of disabled employees. e “Federal Statistical Report of Discrimination Complaints”: a compilation report submitted to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission supplying information regard- ing the numbers and nature of Institution-wide complaints on a fiscal-year basis. ¢ Equal Opportunity Report to Congress: an extensive analysis of the SI work force and detailed synopses of museum ex- hibits and programs requested by and submitted to the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations. © Annual Accomplishment Report for Diversity Action Plans: a comprehensive account of the accomplishments of muse- ums, research institutes, and offices with 25 or more em- ployees to enhance diversity within their units. Forwarded to the Secretary and the Under Secretaries for considera- tion in assessing the diversity/equal employment opportu- nity performances of responsible officials. e “Procurement Preference Goaling Report”: established SI's percentage goals in utilizing small, minority, and women-owned businesses, and was submitted to the Small Business Administration. e “Contracting Achievement Report”: submitted to the Small Business Administration, this report chronicled SI's successes in meeting small business goal as stated in the “Procurement Preference Goaling Report.” Equal Employment Opportunity Complaints Administration The use of dispute resolution procedures, put into place sev- eral years ago, continued to be highly effective in increasing the number of disputes resolved during the informal stages. Early intervention and mediation were techniques that proved to be instrumental in office successes. This past year alone, 562 employees (approximately 8.2 percent of the SI work force) requested EEO counseling to address disputes. Of that number, 535 (95 percent) of the disputes were re- solved during the informal stage of the EEO process. Counting only projected costs for the investigation of one issue per case, approximately $1,605,300 was saved in cost avoidance this fiscal year. This is an extremely low figure when benchmarked with industry standards. It does not in- clude the pro-rated cost of management and staff time nor the additional cost for the investigation of multiple issues per case. Additionally, through its in-house investigation initiative, OEEMA saved approximately $13,000 in cost avoidance. These are measurable examples of aggressive risk management in practice. Affirmative Employment and Special Emphasis Programs As one of its principal functions, OEEMA represented to management and employees at all levels EEO laws, policies, and procedures. Advice and assistance were also provided through the development and publication of policies and through cooperative working relationships with employee groups such as the EEO officers, the Employee Relations Working Group, the Latino Working Committee, the SI Training Council, SI Advocacy groups, the EEO Advisory Council, and various others. The office developed and published the Secretary's Policy on Diversity/EEO, which established his position on EEO and Diversity and set the tone for expectation in this area. This Policy was, and will remain, prominently displayed on PRISM, the SI Intra-Web, and bulletin boards throughout the Smithsonian. The expiration of the Panama Canal Treaty left unclear the EEO status and the procedures for acquiring, account- ing, and reporting demographic information on employees at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI). Responsible for ensuring that SI employees at STRI are in- cluded in appropriate EEO reports, OEEMA initiated the clarification of SI policy and documented the status of all STRI employees regarding demographic accountability and federal EEO coverage, and this included Panamanian as well as U.S. citizens. This effort clarified that American citizens working at STRI are also covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, as amended, and set into motion mandatory ef- forts to provide EEO information to U.S. Smithsonian employees abroad. OEEMA continued to provide leadership to units in the development and implementation of their Diversity Action Plans. Units with 25 or more employees developed and im- plemented plans that resulted in the Accomplishment Report for Diversity Action Plans, the management document used by the Secretary and Under Secretaries for determining levels of accountability and accomplishments in achieving diversity and providing equal employment opportunity for all em- ployees. Reasonable Accommodation Training was provided to unit EEO officers and supervi- sors/managers on recent Supreme Court decisions regarding the Americans with Disabilities Act. Consultation and assis- tance were provided to management at HMAH, HMNH, NASM, OPP, OPS, OEC, NMIA, NZP, Facilities Manage- ment (South Group), and SIL. This initiative assisted disabled employees and their management in realizing these employees’ full potential and helped to restore harmony in the workplace. EEO Awareness and Training Initiatives Innovative training programs continued to be provided that educated and promoted Institutional awareness and adher- ence to EEO principles and practices for managers and employees. Prevention of Sexual Harassment (POSH) train- ing continued as an ongoing effort. Training was conducted in the Washington metropolitan area as well as in Smithson- ian units in New York and Massachusetts. More than 800 employees were educated on the prevention and elimination 72 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 of sexual harassment in the workplace this fiscal year. EEO- updated training was provided to EEO counselors and officers. In addition, OEEMA continued to promote EEO objectives and Smithsonian programs and activities at all New Employee Orientations. Fostering and strengthening a culture of diversity and in- clusion within the Smithsonian, the office spearheaded the presentation of equal opportunity awards during the Secre- tary’s Day of Excellence Awards Program. Three outstanding employees were recognized for their achievements in pro- moting equal opportunity in employment, diversity in programs and activities, and diversity in procurement and contracting. Pictures of the recipients and narratives of their accomplishments are prominently displayed on the SI PRISM Intra-Web. In addition to guidance/assistance and outreach efforts provided in the aforementioned initiatives, OEEMA pub- lished the biannual newsletter, “OPPORTUNITIES,” which was distributed Smithsonian-wide and made available to outside organizations via OEEMA’s Web site. Additionally, advertisements extolling the Smithsonian as a model em- ployer in minority newspapers and publications remained a continuing focus. Supplier Diversity Program OEEMA's program, initially called the Small and Disadvan- taged Business Utilization Program, retained the same goals but underwent a name change to the Supplier Diversity (SD) Program to reflect its comprehensive nature and intent. As the Smithsonian focal point for advocacy of diversity in all its contractual and procurement efforts, this office worked in close collaboration with the Office of Contracting (OCon) and Office of Physical Plant (OPP) as principal partners, as well as with other units with procurement authority seeking to diversify their source of suppliers. Together with OCon and the Small Business Administration (SBA), OEEMA es- tablished and approved FY 2000 procurement goals and reported on SI's FY 1999 contracting achievements. The achievement report showed that, for the second year in a row, SI met and exceeded all four of its federal small business goals. Specifically, percentage contract dollars awarded to small businesses were 50 percent, with a goal of 45 percent; 8(a) firms were awarded 11.6 percent, with a goal of 10.5 percent; minority businesses received 6 percent, with a goal of 5 percent, and women-owned businesses received 8 per- cent, with a goal of 6 percent. In the subcontracting area, the office aggressively imple- mented the requirements that prime contractors submit detailed and challenging subcontracting plans. Consultations and revisions resulted in increases in subcontracting goals. OEEMA led the coordination to approve a three-year ex- tension of the key memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the Smithsonian Institution and the Small Business Administration. The MOU delegates direct authority to SI to award 8(a) contracts, resulting in a reduction of process- ing time from two months to about two weeks. Increased emphasis on the use of 8(a) firms was an integral part of this year’s Supplier Diversity training, and included relevant SI policies and procedures for using 8(a) firms. In conjunction with the Office of Physical Plant, the unit that generates approximately 70 percent of SI’s total annual contractual expenditures (primarily in the area of construc- tion), OEEMA made 18 site visits to local suppliers, including exhibits design and fabrication, information tech- nology, construction, and relocation and fulfillment services firms. This fiscal year three new 8(a) open-term contracts were awarded. As part of the Supplier Diversity initiative, OPP was persuaded to expand its use of 8(a) construction contractors at SI facilities in Florida and Panama. The office continued to work with OPP to augment its 8(a) portfolio of construction contractors and with other units. As the key advocate for small, minority, and women- owned businesses, OEEMA participated in OCon’s training programs and on-site assessments of a number of diverse suppliers. Training was provided for more than 200 procure- ment officials, and 32 meetings were conducted with representatives from small and minority-owned businesses. Assistance was provided to a host of SI offices to identify contractors for major requirements. OEEMA'’s efforts in this regard led directly to the awarding of at least 18 separate contracts, totaling approximately $4 million. Using OEEMA's database and external databases, 27 vendors searches were conducted for 15 units seeking qualified small, minority, or women-owned businesses. In at least 18 of the cases, vendors recommended were subsequently awarded SI contracts. Again, most of the vendors came from searches in SI’s Supplier Diversity database. OEEMA responded to more than 350 electronic mails requesting information via this system. The database was updated throughout the year and registered 180 new firms on-line. The SD database now hosts 400 firms and was accessed more than 600 times over the past year alone by SI staff looking to do business with diverse suppliers. As part of its outreach initiative, OEEMA participated as a key member of the Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization Directors Inter-Agency Council and as the chair of the SBA Working Group. This office also partic- ipated in a number of procurement fairs and conferences that promoted the Smithsonian as a prominent supplier diversity advocate. The more prominent ones which OEEMA repre- sentatives attended and at which they made presentations and/or hosted a booth included the Small Business-sponsored MED-Week activities, the Eleanor Holmes Norton Procure- ment Fair, the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Conference, and the National Black Chamber of Commerce Conference. Among the various procurement fairs sponsored by this of- fice in fiscal year 2000, the most noteworthy was the joint venture between OEEMA and the National Museum of American History. This procurement fair hosted vendors from the National Industries for the Blind, who participated in the Javit-Wagner O’Day (JWOD) program. The effort was significant in its own right, serving to satisfy an Execu- tive Order of the President that encouraged the use of businesses run by disabled but capable workers. Reports of Programs and Services 73 In summation, the Office of Equal Employment and Minor- ity Affairs’ mission was achieved during FY 2000 through vigorous emphasis on managerial excellence by the following means: effective Strategic Planning of goals and objectives; compliance and monitoring of EEO/Diversity and Small Busi- ness laws/regulations; aggressive efforts to encourage the use of small, minority, and women-owned businesses, and through publication of reports and a news-letter that address Smithson- ian accomplishments in the ever-changing and challenging arena that is Equal Employment Opportunity today. Office of Exhibits Central Michael Headley, Director The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) provides high-quality exhibition and production services to nearly every museum, research institute, and office at the Smithsonian. As Secretary Lawrence Small noted in the June 2000 issue of Smithsonian magazine: In partnership with curators and museum directors, they [OEC} transform ideas into exhibit plans. They build the first small models of the exhibit; they make the stands and the display cases; the mannequins and the dioramas; they edit the words and make the labels that allow the exhibit to be understood; and they often rig the lighting that lets it be seen. They work their magic on wood, metal, plastic, glass, paper, clay, cloth, and just about any other material that suits the purpose. Assisting staff in the execution of these responsibilities is OEC’s Administrative Unit, which offers management over- sight and administrative and computer support. Consultation OEC’s consultation services help clients shape and define the content, format, and feasibility of proposed exhibitions and projects while they are still in the conceptual stage. Repre- sentative consultation projects include an interactive map for the Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center (VIARC); an earth globe for the National Museum of Nat- ural History (NMNH); “Underwater Web: Cabling the Seas” and “Voyages” for the Smithsonian Institution Li- braries (SIL); “Jazz en Clave” for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES); “Plains Shirts” and “American Indian Code Talkers” for the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI); a book on Horatio Gree- nough for a curator of painting and sculpture at the National Museum of American History (NMAH); and “Digging In: Bisbee’s Mineral Heritage” for Arizona’s Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum, a Smithsonian Affiliate. Design, Editing, and Graphics OEC staff members provided design, editing, and/or graph- ics services for the following exhibitions: “Piano 300” for NMAH and International Gallery; “Looking Both Ways: Heritage and Identity for the Alutiiq People” for NMNH’s Arctic Studies Center; “Looping the Loop: Posters of Early Flight,” “Miniature Wings: Model Aircraft from the Na- tional Air and Space Museum,” “Exploring Garden Transformations, 1900-2000,” “These Rare Lands,” “Heart and Hands,” and “Small Wonder” for SITES; “Who Stole the Teepee” for NMAI; “Make the Dirt Fly: Building the Panama Canal” for SIL; “Artistry of Orchids” for the Horti- culture Services Division (HSD); and “Getting the Picture: The Art of the Illustrated Letter” for the Archives of Ameri- can Art. Among its other assignments, the Unit provided NMAH with editing services for a Web site and book about the Star-Spangled Banner, produced an exhibit display panel for the Garden Club of America meeting in Cleveland for HSD, refurbished the “Produce for Victory” exhibition for SITES, and wrote the text for an NMNH exhibit case promoting a new 3-D IMAX movie about the Galapagos Islands. Modelmaking The elephant diorama at the renovated Natural History Ro- tunda occupied much of the Modelmaking Unit’s time over the past two years. Thanks to OEC, the habitat is remark- able for its realism, from individual butterflies to the dusty contoured surface that evokes the African savanna. Another high-profile project was the design and construction of six interactive models of the actions (striking mechanisms) of instruments critical to the development of the modern piano for “Piano 300.” Staff also created two Viking man- nequins and one Thule Inuit mannequin for “Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga” at NMNH and made copies of skele- ton panda paws, also for NMAH. Work continued on the creation of full-size models of animals from the Cambrian Period for “Burgess Shale: Evolution’s Big Bang,” a SITES exhibition. Fabrication The Fabrication Unit’s talented craftspeople collaborated with their OEC and SI colleagues on a number of exhibitions for SITES, NMNH, NMAI, and the Center for African American History and Culture. Their work involved consul- tation, case, vitrine, and crate construction, and exhibit installation and deinstallation. The Unit was also active in the elephant diorama, fabricating the entire diorama frame- work, a concealed access door for an audiovisual unit, and three interactive, interpretive cases. For “Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga,” the Unit developed case details and performed value engineering for 12 wall-hung cases that incorporated faux boat planking, passive climate control measures, and a high level of security. For “On Time” at NMAH, OEC trans- lated the artist’s two-dimensional rendering and verbal suggestions into an eight-foot-high kinetic sculpture that incorporates a variety of materials and finishes as well as electrical and mechanical devices that allow for synchronized and continuous movement. 74 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Miscellaneous Services As usual, OEC worked with numerous Smithsonian offices to provide an eclectic assortment of services, often not re- lated to exhibitions and typically at a lower price and within a tighter timeframe than could be offered by its outside counterparts. The office welcomed the new secretary by de- signing and producing projects ranging in scale from a new nameplate to a mini-exhibit in his office consisting of some four dozen art works, objects, and specimens from SI collec- tions. OEC redesigned and fabricated the awards for the Secretary’s Award for Excellence in Access for People with Disabilities, and was heavily involved in three SI Commu- nity Committee activities: the Unsung Heroes program, Artists at Work 2000 (staff art show), and the Exhibition Awards Program. At the second annual Day of Excellence Awards, OEC modelmaker Jim Reuter received the Secre- tary’s Award for Outstanding Achievement in Safety, Fire Protection/Fire Prevention, or Environmental Management for his efforts in improving OEC’s safety environment. Outreach and Training OEC shared its intellectual and hands-on expertise with the world outside the Institution in a number of ways. One of its senior editors chaired a panel on exhibition criticism at the American Association of Museums’ annual conference in Bal- timore; other staff wrote labels and installed exhibit cases in Congressman Patrick Kennedy’s Capitol Hill office. In a de- parture from the usual summer intern activities, OEC had its eight interns design, edit, fabricate, and install an informative and entertaining mini-exhibition at its North Capitol Street offices. Featured in the October 2000 issue of The Torch, this realistic summer project emphasized teamwork, working with a demanding client, and meeting tight time constraints. Office of Facilities Services Richard H. Rice, Jr., Senior Facilities Services Officer The Office of Facilities Services, along with other organiza- tions in the Facilities Services Group, focused much attention to managing for results and strategically aligning the entire organization to move toward a more performance- based, customer-oriented system. The Office also led the strategy to increase funding for repair of the Smithsonian’s physical plant, which resulted in appropriation of $57.6 mil- lion for FY 2001, including $7.6 million for the National Zoological Park. Office of Physical Plant Michael J. Sofield, Director The Office of Physical Plant creates and maintains the infra- structure and environment within which the Smithsonian museums, research institutes, and offices pursue their goals. The work of the office includes capital construction projects; repair, restoration, and alteration of buildings; crafts and trade work to maintain facilities; operation of utilities sys- tems; landscaping and gardening for Smithsonian properties, transportation and mail services; and architectural research and historic preservation. During the year, the office began construction of the National Museum of the American Indian Mall Museum and the National Air and Space Museum Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. The Office of Physical Plant supported the fit-out of the Victor Building and moved many of its staff into this new location when the building opened. OPP reached agreement with GSA on construction and operation of a chiller plant that will service the NMAI Mall Museum and existing facilities on the south side of the Na- tional Mall. The Horticulture Services Division presented a highly successful orchid exhibition in cooperation with the U.S. Botanic Gardens. Office of Protection Services David F. Morrell Deriving its legal authority from Title 40, U.S. Code, Sec- tion 193, the Office of Protection Services (OPS) has as its mission: “Protecting and securing the National Collections and other properties entrusted to the Smithsonian Institu- tion and ensuring the safety and security of staff and visitors, while permitting an appropriate level of public access to col- lections and properties.” During this year, the Office of Protection Services recruited and hired 59 Museum Protection Officers (MPOs). In October 1999, OPS began working with the U.S. Office of Personnel Management to develop an entry-level test for applicants for the MPO position. In May 2000, OPS began administering the entry-level test to all applicants for MPO positions. The OPS Training Division conducted four two-week basic training courses for all new MPOs. The two-week training courses focused on basic security operations within a museum setting. OPS continued its contract with Wacken- hut Services Incorporated to provide supplemental training to OPS staff. In a five-day Senior Level Security Leadership Course developed by OPS and Wackenhut, 12 Senior Level Security Managers received leadership training. In addition, OPS and Wackenhut also developed and conducted 12 three- day Supervisory/MPO Teamwork Courses for 400 supervisors and MPOs. In January 2000, OPS worked closely with Office of Plan- ning, Management and Budget to develop and issue the Smithsonian Policy “Drug Testing for Designated Security Employees.” In March 2000, OPS conducted ro training sessions for all OPS and National Zoo Park Police employees who are required to carry firearms or otherwise have access to firearms. Employees were briefed on the drug testing policy and the procedures for drug testing. In April 2000, OPS began monthly random drug testing of employees and appli- cants in testing designated positions. Reports of Programs and Services 75 In our continuing effort to upgrade and modernize secu- rity systems throughout the Smithsonian, OPS continued to work closely with the U.S. Army Engineering Support Cen- ter, Huntsville, Alabama. OPS completed the replacement of the 20-year old Smithsonian Institution Proprietary Security System for the National Air and Space Museum, the Hirsh- horn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Arts and Industries Building/Smithsonian Castle, and the Renwick Gallery. OPS completed engineering designs for modern installations in the National Museum of Natural History, the Smithson- ian Tropical Research Institute, and OPS’ Central Control Center. Additionally, in FY 2000, OPS began engineering designs for the Museum Support Center, the National Mu- seum of American History and the Quadrangle, which includes the National Museum of African Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. The National Conference on Cultural Property Protection was held in Arlington, Virginia, from February 13 to 17, 2000. For over 20 years this self-supporting conference has provided an opportunity for the diffusion of knowledge among security, library, and administrative professionals. The theme for the 2000 conference was “Year 2000 and Beyond: Challenges and Opportunities.” The conference attracted 153 participants from the United States, Canada, and abroad. Office of Fellowships and Grants Roberta W. Rubinoff, Director Support from the Office of Fellowships and Grants enhances the quality, quantity, and diversity of research conducted at the Smithsonian. Each year, nearly 800 students and scholars come from universities, museums, and research in- stitutes throughout the United States and abroad to use the Institution’s collections and facilities. The office manages centralized competitive internship and fellowship programs, as well as competitive grant programs that support Smith- sonian staff research. This office also administers all stipend appointments offered by the Institution. Eighty-eight awards were offered to Graduate Students, Predoctoral Students, and Postdoctoral and Senior Scholars through the Smithsonian Fellowship Program. The individ- uals conducted independent research in fields actively pursued by the Institution, utilizing the collections and fa- cilities. Through the office’s minority internship programs 42 students came to study and participate in ongoing re- search or other museum-related activities. Twenty grants were made through the office's competitive grant programs for Smithsonian staff. Participants in our programs ranged from distinguished scholars and scientists to graduate and undergraduate stu- dents. Karen Warkentin, for example, from the University of Texas was a Smithsonian Institution Postdoctoral Fellow at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute with A. Stanley Rand and Mary Jane West-Eberhard. Her research analyzes the adaptive timing of hatching red-eyed tree-frogs. This study contributes to knowledge of embryo behavioral ecology. Maria Sprehn Malagon of the University of New Mexico stud- ied the Hispanic and pueblo potters of colonial New Mexico, working at the National Museum of Natural History with William Merrill, Anthropologist. Ms. Malagon was a predoc- toral fellow in the Latino Studies Fellowship Program, which broadens and increases the body of Latino-related research. Under the Scholarly Studies Program, Janine Brown, Re- productive Physiologist of the Department of Physiology at the National Zoological Park is leading a project to investi- gate ovarian dysfunction in captive Asian and African elephants. Zoos currently have poor reproductive results in breeding captive elephants. This research will increase the understanding of elephant endocrinology, helping to main- taining genetic diversity. Office of General Counsel John E. Huerta, General Counsel The Office of the General Counsel (OGC) protects the legal interests of the Smithsonian Institution. In carrying out that mission, the OGC provides legal advise and counsel to the Smithsonian Board of Regents, Secretary, Provost, Under Secretary, and other managers on the administration of the Institution; represents the Smithsonian in litigation and other adversarial proceedings to which the Institution is a party and before federal, state, and local government entities on administrative matters; issues final determinations on ad- ministrative tort and personal property claims against the Smithsonian; and generally monitors developments in the law for application to the Smithsonian programs. Office of Information Technology Operations George Van Dyke, Director The Director of Information Technology Operations is re- sponsible for planning and managing the implementation, day-to-day operation, maintenance, IT security, and disaster recovery of the Smithsonian’s information technology infra- structure including end-to-end network connectivity operations and technical support services: Help Desk, office automation, and desktop support services; the Smithsonian's computer facilities; system and database software; and Internet/Intranet services. Office of Planning, Management and Budget L. Carole Wharton, Director The Office of Planning, Management and Budget (OPMB) assists the Secretary and Board of Regents in setting priori- 76 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 ties, allocating resources, and measuring performance. OPMB gathers, analyzes, and presents Institutional needs to the Regents, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and Congress for evaluation and disposition. OPMB also provides services to central and unit managers in order to improve planning for, as well as management of, Smithson- ian resources. In addition, OPMB develops and disseminates Institu- tional policy directives and announcements. Reorganization Shortly after Secretary Small’s arrival, he reorganized the re- porting structure of many offices, including OPMB. OPMB was moved from reporting to the Secretary to reporting to the Chief Financial Officer within the Office of the Under Secretary for Finance and Administration. Office of Sponsored Projects Ardelle G. Foss, CRA, Director The Office of Sponsored Projects served Smithsonian researchers and scholars by supporting the work of approxi- mately 179 principal investigators by submitting 321 new proposals valued at $104.5 million and by negotiating and accepting for the Institution 260 grant and contract awards valued at $43.8 million. Office of the Treasurer Sudeep Anand, Treasurer The Office of the Treasurer (OT) is responsible for ensuring the growth, safety, and integrity of the Smithsonian's finan- cial assets, developing funding for major new Trust projects, and preserving and protecting its operations, collections, and facilities of other assets. OT manages the Institution’s Endowment and working capital funds. The overall objectives of the Endowment are to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures while protecting the purchasing power of the Endowment. Investment of the Endowment to ensure that it grows more rapidly than inflation contributes importantly to the financial strength of the Institution. In 2000, OT man- aged over $800 million in assets. OT is responsible for the evaluation, structuring, and funding of major Trust projects. The disciplined evaluation of new projects ensures that the Institution manages its capi- tal responsibly. The effective structuring and funding of major projects provides the wherewithal to undertake the major building (and other) projects that are required to dra- matically increase the public impact of the Smithsonian. In 2000, OT was actively involved in the NASM Dulles Center and the Victor Building (which is an integral component of the redevelopment of the Patent Office Building). OT com- pleted a $93 million tax-exempt bond offering as part of the Victor Building financing plan. OT is also responsible for the risk management, insur- ance, and disaster preparedness planning programs of the Institution, The risk management program identifies the risks inher- ent in dealing with large audiences, research activities, and the businesses of the Smithsonian. The insurance programs are designed to complement the Federal immunities in pro- tecting the Institution against this broad range of risks. In FY 2000, the insurance property market went through sig- nificant tightening; however, our collection insurance was purchased at $.0054 per $100. The disaster preparedness and continuity planning pro- grams are aimed at minimizing the damage from emergency situations. The Institution-wide programs emphasize the protection of staff and visitors, collections, and research ma- terials; the recovery and restoration of assets; and the resumption of operations in an organized, efficient, and timely manner. These contingency plans protect the finan- cial strength of the Institution and allow the Institution to minimize the impact of unforeseen emergencies on the Insti- tution’s public outreach and scientific research activities. In 2000, OT designed, printed, and distributed Staff Disaster Preparedness procedures and books to eight facilities. The Disaster Preparedness Plans for NASM, NMAH, and the Paul E. Garber Facility were also completed. Program for the Asian Pacific American Strategies Franklin S. Odo, Director The APA Program seeks systems to integrate Asian Pacific American experiences in U.S. history, culture, art, and society, throughout Smithsonian collections, research, exhi- bitions, and programs. During FY 2000, the APA Program made significant strides establishing itself within the Insti- tution as well as in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area and across the nation. The most important accomplishments were made in the development area where nearly $1 million was raised. The key ingredient was a challenge grant from The Starr Founda- tion to establish an endowment fund for the Program. In addition, significant grants were secured from the following foundations: Rockefeller, Citigroup, AT&T, and the Washing- ton Post. One corporate gift, from Saturn Electronics & Engineering supported public programming. For the first time, a major solicitation was mailed and approximately 30 individuals also made donations. The Washington Post grant supported a series of APA per- formance programs including Asian Indian jazz and banghra, APA Broadway-music/history, and a reprise of Asian American social movement music from the 1970s. All Reports of Programs and Services Ve, were well publicized by the Post and well attended and re- ceived. In addition, the Washington, D.C., area premiere of a documentary film on Chinese Americans in WW II, They Served With Pride, was shown at NMNH'’s Baird Auditorium. The Citigroup grant funded the creation and launching of a Web site for the Program; www.apa.si.edu is rapidly be- coming an important part of the informational infrastructure for APA culture and history. The site is updated monthly and features upcoming and past events, donor information, and links to other APA organizations. The Rockefeller grant will support the creation of an on-line version of the NMAH exhibition “A More Perfect Union,” dealing with the WW II experiences of Japanese Americans. Director Franklin Odo continued work on two manu- scripts and published a review of a documentary film, award- winning “Rabbit in the Moon,” as well as a book review of Japanese-American Students and World War I. He also contin- ued site visits and delivered lectures in various APA com- munities across the country. Several consultations led to seri- ous consideration of Affiliate status: in Seattle, Los Angeles, New York City, and Hawaii. Funding from the Latino Center enabled a meeting of scholars to consider an exhibition on comparative cane sugar history, using Puerto Rico, Florida/Cuba, Louisiana, and Hawaii as case studies. Another exhibition concept being developed is “Language in America.” FY 2000 demonstrated a marked maturation of the APA Program in its third year of operation. It is now recognized as an important part of the Smithsonian infrastructure, a portal for APA communities to use in order to access the In- stitution, a significant fund-raising force, and a source of intellectual capital for SI’s museums and other units. The Smithsonian Associates Mara Mayor, Director In FY 2000, The Smithsonian Associates (TSA) provided a dazzling array of programs designed to highlight and com- plement the work of the Institution to audiences here in Washington, across the United States, and around the world. Programs In and Around Washington Resident Associate Program TSA presented a wide array of educational and cultural pro- grams designed to reflect on the twentieth century and to look ahead to the twenty-first. Tim Berners-Lee, named by TIME magazine as one of the 100 greatest minds of the twentieth century, came to the Smithsonian to tell the story of his revo- lutionary creation, the World Wide Web. Richard Stolley, senior editorial adviser of Time, Inc. and a former LIFE maga- zine reporter and editor, used photographs selected from the archives of LIFE and other major collections, to bring to life the people and events that shaped the twentieth century. A yearlong celebration of “Discoveries of the Twentieth Cen- tury,” cosponsored with the National Science Foundation in honor of its 50th anniversary, included world-renowned U.S. scientists, researchers, engineers, and educators, including Nobel Prize—winners Richard Smalley and Robert Solow. And in recognition of the coming new millennium, TSA proudly inaugurated a series of distinguished speakers who reflected on their work and the future in conversations with Marc Pachter. Glass artist Dale Chihuly and naturalist E.O. Wilson were the first two speakers in this series. TSA continued its strong collaborations with Smithsonian museums. A course on the Vikings complemented the spec- tacular exhibition “Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga” at the National Museum of Natural History. A weekend seminar, “Triptych in Barcelona—Dali, Picasso, and Miro,” paid homage to the exhibition at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, “Salvador Dali—Optical Illusions.” In a special program introduced by Doug Evelyn, deputy director of the National Museum of the American Indian, curator emeritus Herman Viola interviewed the descendants of the Indians who participated in the Battle of Little Bighorn, in- cluding Joseph Medicine Crow. There were a number of programs crafted to accompany the “Piano 300” exhibition, including “Twentieth-Century Piano Masters in Sight and Sound,” with distinguished broadcast personalities Eric Friesen and Martin Goldsmith. In spring 2000, TSA, in collaboration with the Embassy of Italy, the Italian Trade Commission, and Alitalia Airlines, presented a challenging array of more than 30 courses, semi- nars, and special events on the history, arts, cuisine, and cultural traditions of Italy, entitled “La Bella Italia.” A high- light of the celebration was “Saving Venice,” a special evening event presented in cooperation with Save Venice, Inc. Noteworthy were several programs focusing on the contri- butions of African Americans. Outstanding African American writers, including Octavia Butler, Bebe Moore Campbell, Nathan McCall, and Walter Moseley, gathered at the Smithsonian to share the secrets of their careers and suc- cess. Another program, entitled “African Americans and the Media,” featured Gwen Ifill, managing editor of “Washing- ton Week in Review” and senior correspondent for PBS’s “The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer,” along with Donna Britt, Michael Wilbon, Phil Bennett, and Bertie Howard. Mayor Anthony Willians and his mother, Virginia Williams, talked about their lifetime accomplishments during an evening to honor Mrs. Williams. “Twenty-first-Century Sisters Celebra- tion,” cosponsored with Essence magazine, featured timely subjects important to African American women. There were a number of notable guests who visited the Smithsonian, including Marcel Marceau in a rare speaking role, legendary scientist and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl, au- thor and feminist Betty Friedan, author and scholar Harold Bloom, and architect Philip Johnson. Two special events stand out among TSA's vast array of wonderful programs. “A Festival Celebrating Fryderyk Chopin” brought eminent scholars, a documentary film pre- miere, and piano, dance, and theatrical performances together to honor the great composer. This multi-day event 78 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 was sponsored in cooperation with the Embassy of the Re- public of Poland, Maison Francaise, the Embassy of France, and The Chopin Foundation of the United States, Inc. Once again racing for the best, TSA presented a program “Cele- brating the 125th Running of the Preakness Stakes,” in cooperation with the Maryland Jockey Club and the Mary- land Tourism Development Board. For people living in the greater Washington, D.C., area, TSA offered 200 day and overnight tours on subjects rang- ing from local history and natural history to the arts. For example, participants enjoyed a new overnight tour to Altoona, Pennsylvania, a center for American railroading for more than 150 years. They toured rail yards, visited the Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historical Site, and took a journey on Amtrak around Horseshoe Curve, a Na- tional Historic Landmark. Young Benefactors The Smithsonian Young Benefactors entered its eleventh year, continuing its mission of raising unrestricted funds for the Smithsonian Institution and increasing awareness among young professionals of the goals and objectives of the Institu- tion. Among activities this year were a private showing at the National Museum of Natural History’s Johnson IMAX Theater of Mysteries of Egypt followed by a reception in the Atrium Café, an outdoor reception with music at the Hirsh- horn Museum and Sculpture Garden, and the Eleventh Annual Black-Tie Gala at the National Building Museum, which raised more than $125,000. Masters Program in the History of Decorative Arts: Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century American Decorative Arts The masters program, in its fifth year, welcomed Cynthia Williams as the new assistant chair and a faculty member. Ms. Williams came to the Smithsonian from “Olana,” the Frederic Church Estate in Hudson, New York. She is a grad- uate of the Masters Program in the History of Decorative Arts at Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in New York and is a specialist in ceramics. In spring 2000, the program hosted a committee of evalu- ators from the District of Columbia's Board of Education. After a weeklong review of the program in Washington and the university in New York, the program received its perma- nent license and several commendations for excellence. To prepare graduates for the workplace, the program hosted a “Panel of Professionals.” Curators, museum direc- tors, collections managers, and educators shared information on their work and career paths. At a post-program reception, students spoke with the discussants about their own ambi- tions and received helpful guidance and advice. The “Art Nouveau” exhibition at the National Gallery of Art provided the centerpiece for several events. Curator Wendy Kaplan led a lively tour for the graduate students. Elizabeth DeRosa, a specialist on the modern period, took faculty and students through the exhibition, offering an al- ternative viewpoint. The masters program welcomed a variety of speakers, in- cluding White House curator Betty Monkman, and Selma Schwartz, curator of ceramics at Waddesdon Manor, the Rothchild Collection. Programs Across America and Around the World Smithsonian Signature Experiences In mid-year, TSA redesigned the Smithsonian Professional Institutes to be more relevant and appealing to a corporate audience, renaming it Smithsonian Signature Experiences. A vigorous marketing strategy was implemented that resulted in increased client interest and expanded programming for the future. In April, TSA presented its roth World Affairs Institute for Indiana University, with a focus on the OPEC nations. Forty-six participants were introduced to the economic, po- litical, and social issues pertinent to OPEC countries, the importance of their oil and gas industries, and their interna- tional impact. Notable international experts presenting lectures included ambassadors, former congressmen, a State Department division chief, and managers from The World Bank and the American Petroleum Institute. Embassies hosting events included Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Norway, and Kuwait. In June, TSA presented a program, “The Smithsonian: America’s Home,” to 20 high school students who had been selected for the Aaron Price Fellows Program. This daylong event, intended to offer a sampling of the Smithsonian’s many activities, included discussions with curators, behind- the-scenes tours of research and collection storage areas, and private curator-led tours of exhibitions. As part of a newly initiated agreement with the Lockheed Martin Leadership Institute to present quarterly creativity institutes to its senior management, TSA developed and im- plemented three such programs in November, March, and May. Lockheed Martin executives delved into topics such as forensic anthropology, entomology, and art restoration/ conservation. Smithsonian Voices of Discovery TSA’s Voices of Discovery program continued with presenta- tions around the country. A highlight was “Smithsonian Week in Long Beach,” presented in cooperation with the Public Corporation for the Arts and the City of Long Beach, California, as part of its affiliation agreement. The weeklong program comprised four components: (1) visits by three Smithsonian scholars to Long Beach middle and high schools, where they presented lectures, classroom workshops, and teacher training programs, (2) three evening parties for the public to meet and hear from the Smithsonian scholars in in- formal settings, (3) the creation of Smithsonian In-School Museums in nine elementary schools, and (4) a widely publi- cized quiz emphasizing Smithsonian connections to Long Beach. A new program, Mini-Med School, was presented in Boston in collaboration with the National Institutes of Reports of Programs and Services 79 Health (NIH) and the Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM). This eight-part series, geared towards a lay audi- ence, introduced participants to the basic framework of medicine, their own bodies, and the impact of medical re- search on society. It also included a hands-on laboratory exercise at BUSM'’s CityLab. Smithsonian Scholars in the Schools The Scholars in the Schools program continued to grow. Houston's Spring Branch Independent School District hosted its third annual series, with two scholars visiting its elementary, middle, and high schools for three days each. Using the school district’s advanced distance learning equip- ment and capabilities, the scholars reached hundreds more students than actually participated in person. Community presentations in the evenings also were presented to full houses. A Scholars in the Schools program, presented in Provi- dence, Rhode Island, was an outgrowth of contacts made there during the Smithsonian’s 150th anniversary celebra- tion. Working closely with the National Museum of Natural History, scholars made presentations at numerous area schools, as well to the general public at events hosted by the museum. The Museum of Me TSA continued its relationship with Educational Field Stud- ies, Inc., to offer the Museum of Me program to school groups visiting Washington, D.C., from around the country. This program introduces middle school students to muse- ums, collecting, museum careers, and exhibit design through a lively, 30-minute interactive presentation. In FY 2000, the Museum of Me program reached approximately 4,300 students representing 124 school groups from 21 states plus Japan. Smithsonian Study Tours Smithsonian Associates learned about subjects that ranged from Shakespeare to the geology and wildlife of Alaska, se- lecting from over 350 national and international study tours. For example, Associates journeyed to Oxford University to take part in the 22nd annual Oxford-Smithsonian seminar. More than 100 Smithsonian members studied topics ranging from Stonehenge to Shakespeare to English country homes during this popular annual seminar. Joining with the Stanford Alumni Association, 38 Smith- sonian Associates traveled to China, Korea, and Japan on the Clipper Odyssey. Freer/Sackler Gallery curator Jan Stuart and William Perry, former U.S. Secretary of Defense, provided the onboard educational program that ranged from ancient Chinese culture to current geopolitical developments. More than 100 Smithsonian Odyssey Tour participants journeyed to Washington, D.C., to explore the museums, monuments, and historic sites of the nation’s capital. This popular program included tours of the Freer Gallery of Art and behind-the-scenes tours with Smithsonian scientists at the National Museum of Natural History. Forty Associates—children, their parents, and grand- parents—embarked the small ship Wilderness Adventurer for a first-time cruise through Alaska’s Inside Passage. Staff lecturers and youth counselors provided a daily mix of edu- cational, hands-on projects designed to enhance activities ranging from wildlife viewing to kayaking and hiking. Smithsonian Affiliations J. Michael Carrigan, Director In fiscal year 2000, Smithsonian Affiliations welcomed 37 new program participants, bringing the totals to 58 affiliates representing 23 states and the District of Columbia. Twelve affiliates fully implemented their projects with significant artifact loans, bringing the total number of implemented af- filiations to 18. The second National Affiliations Conference took place at the Smithsonian from June 14 to 16, 2000, and enjoyed record attendance. There were 96 registered participants rep- resenting the majority of the affiliates on board at that date. Highlights of the 2000 conference included major collabora- tive planning workshops, Secretary Small’s speech to the affiliates at the Congressional Reception in the Smithsonian Castle, the launch of the redesigned Affiliations Web site (hetp://afffiliations.si.edu), the unveiling of the proposed na- tional affiliations membership program and product line, and the announcements of the Smithsonian Affiliations Na- tional Fellowship Award and the Smithsonian Affiliations Intern Partnership Program. Through Smithsonian Affiliations, more than 450 arti- facts went out on loan in fiscal year 2000. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Nancy E. Gwinn, Director On September 5, 2000, the Smithsonian Libraries adopted this twenty-first-century vision: The Smithsonian Institution Libraries, the most com- prehensive museum library in the world, strives to be- come an internationally recognized source for recorded knowledge and information in subjects related to Smithsonian interests. We will be catalyst, partner, and participant in the use of information technology and the transformation of scholarly research in the sciences, arts, and cultural heritage of the United States. We shall preserve and organize our collections and shall use the most appropriate and innovative means to enrich and augment them. We shall provide vigorous, responsive service to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse institutional and public clientele. We shall interpret our collections for the general public, using them as the basis for exhibitions, publica- 80 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 tions, and public programs that advance an understand- ing of scientific and technological progress, the arts, and the American experience. We shall foster in our staff common goals of excel- lence, innovation, and cooperation and ensure that all are highly trained, technologically sophisticated, and thoroughly committed to the Smithsonian's research, education, and public outreach mandate. The Libraries benefited from a number of gifts. A Natural History Library to house rare books and manuscripts re- ceived a leadership commitment of $2 million from Joseph F. Cullman, 3rd of New York City in May 2000. This newest facility of the 19-branch Smithsonian Institution Libraries will be housed in the National Museum of Natural History. The Cullman Natural History Library Endowment will un- derwrite acquisitions, programs, and staffing for the new library, currently under construction. The gift enables the Libraries to consolidate its world-class collection of an esti- mated 10,000 natural history volumes in a secure facility with state-of-the-art temperature and humidity controls. Among them are early publications in the natural sciences— botany, zoology, anthropology, paleontology, and the earth sciences—with particularly strong collections of voyage and expedition narratives and scientific studies, with many of the volumes in the Institution’s collections from its earliest days. Mr. Cullman’s latest contribution follows years of prior gifts to the Smithsonian Libraries. In 1993, Cullman helped to create the S. Dillon Ripley Library Endowment, in honor of Ripley’s seminal role in creating the Smithsonian Libraries as a comprehensive library system serving the Smithsonian In- stitution and the public. In 1997 he and his wife Joan established the Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Endowment for the Preservation of Natural History Rare Books at the Libraries. The Smithsonian Libraries now has six named endowments In December, the Smithsonian Library Catalog, part of the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS), moved to a new system, Horizon, after months of intensive work by staff of the Libraries and the Office of Information Technology. The catalog includes holdings of 20 of the Institution’s libraries. The same month, the Institution took a general membership in the Research Li- braries Group, bringing the nation’s preeminent collection of cultural materials into the RLG community. The Smith- sonian Libraries, the Archives of American Art, and the Freer-Sackler Galleries had been special members. RLG, es- tablished 25 years ago, has been very active in digitizing collections, providing resources, services, training, and information access projects, including its database RLIN (Research Library Information Network). The Marcia Brady Tucker Foundation pledged $25,000 over two years to fund digital editions of ornithology works from the collection donated to the Libraries by Marcia Brady Tucker many years ago. Along with a $5,000 personal gift for this effort received last year, $30,000 is available to sup- port this project. The Libraries’ 11th digital edition was launched on the Web at sil.si.edu in September 2000. F.N. Martinet’s Ornithologie (1773-92) is the sixth natural history rare book that the Libraries has published on the Web. Three works in the history of science and technology and two works on Native American Studies from the Bureau of American Ethnology are also available on the Libraries’ Web site at www.sil.si.edu. In June the Libraries hosted members of the Chesapeake Information and Research Library Alliance (CIRLA) for a workshop on digital technology workshop in the Libraries Imaging Center. CIRLA is a consortium of nine libraries of which SIL is a founding member. Other members are the Library of Congress and the National Agricultural Library and several universities (Georgetown University, George Washington University, Howard University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Delaware, and University of Maryland). In August, the Libraries’ Spencer Baird Society, the pre- miere annual giving and donor recognition organization, awarded the Libraries funds for resident scholars to come to work in the Libraries special collections for up to six months. The Baird Society Resident Scholar Program joins the Li- braries’ Dibner Library Resident Scholar Program, supported since 1992 by The Dibner Fund of Wilton, Connecticut. In September, the Libraries held a reception for members of its Spencer Baird Society to welcome a major acquisition pur- chased with funds provided by the society. The 220-volume set of the first scientific journal published, the Journal des SHavans (an early form of savants, the French word for schol- ars), will be available to researchers in the Libraries’ Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. This major historical resource consists of all volumes published from the first volume in 1665 through 1759. The Dibner Fund supported a lecture, several resident scholars, and a new publication this year. The Dibner Library News inaugurated its first issue in June, with reports about current Dibner Library Resident Scholars activities, a report on history of mathematics collections in the library, and a report about Bern Dibner and the origins of the Dibner Li- brary. The News will be published twice a year, is distributed to the history of science and technology community and to friends of the Libraries and the Institution, and appears on- line at www.sil.si.edu. The Smithsonian Libraries’ Dibner Library Lecture was delivered in May by Steven J. Dick, as- tronomer and historian at the U.S. Naval Observatory, on “Extraterrestrial Life and Our World View at the Turn of the Millennium.” Dr. Dick featured illustrations from four- teenth-, fifteenth-, and sixteenth-century books from the Dibner Library and images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope images. The illustrated published version was dis- tributed free to selected members of Congress, and members of the History of Science Society and the Association of Re- search Libraries. Libraries began offering JSTOR journal archives to Insti- tutional users in October 1999. Smithsonian-affiliated researchers now have desktop access to the JSTOR database of 117 historical scholarly journals. Fields covered to date in- clude African American studies, anthropology, Asian studies, ecology, economics, mathematics, philosophy, political sci- ence, economics, education, finance, history, literature, population/demography, sociology, and statistics. A new ini- Reports of Programs and Services 81 tiative focuses on science and will include transactions and proceedings of scientific societies. SIL loaned volumes of the Royal Society transactions and proceedings to JSTOR for digitizing as part of the enterprise. The exhibition “‘Make the Dirt Fly!’ Building the Panama Canal” opened simultaneously in the Libraries Gallery in the Museum of American History and on-line at www.sil.si.edu in November. Panamanian Ambassador Guillermo Ford spoke at the opening of the yearlong exhibition. Bucyrus International, Inc, the Dames & Moore Group, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and The American Society for Macro Engi- neering as well as a number of individuals provided exhibition support. In May 2000, the Libraries presented a free public program on “The Panama Canal and the American Imagina- tion” in conjunction with its Panama exhibition. Stanley Heckadon of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, William E. Worthington of the National Museum of Ameri- can History, novelist Eric Zencey, and environmental historian Paul Sutter participated in a panel discussion in the Carmichael Auditorium, Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) Anna R. Cohn, Director The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) is the largest traveling exhibition service in the world. Its mission is to extend the Smithsonian collections, research, and exhibitions to “sites” across the nation and beyond. SITES organizes and circulates exhibitions of all shapes and sizes on the arts, sciences, and humanities. Since its first exhibition went on the road in 1952, SITES has traveled thousands of ex- hibitions for the education and enjoyment of museum-goers in every state and several foreign countries. To expand the Smithsonian’s outreach, SITES has contin- ued to seek out alternative partners and spaces to create and host exhibitions. For example, throughout its tour, the exhi- bition “Vanishing Amphibians” traveled to science centers, conferences, and libraries in order to reach audiences that might not visit traditional science or natural history muse- ums. SITES also continues to work with the American Library Association to present poster versions of exhibitions for display in libraries across the country. Now in its eighth year of sharing the Smithsonian’s cul- tural resources with rural America, Museum on Main Street is a one-of-a-kind cultural project. It is a partnership be- tween the Smithsonian, Federation of State Humanities Councils, and state humanities councils that serves small- town museums and residents of rural America. Museum on Main Street exhibitions, designed for small cultural insti- tutions, focus on broad topics of national history and give host museums the opportunity, with support from state hu- manities councils, to create their own educational programs, cultural activities, and exhibitions that center on local heritage. Museum on Main Street exhibitions have traveled to nearly 200 towns with populations of 500 to 20,000 in 26 states, inspiring heightened awareness of local histories, such as World War II homefront experiences. While hosting the SITES exhibition, “Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Homefront, 1941-1945,” rural communities across the country have collected numerous period photos and oral histories of veterans and homefront heroes. These communities involve the entire community through USO recreations, scrap metal drives, victory gardens, and even Rosie the Riveter look-alike contests. Another Museum on Main Street exhibition, “Barn Again! Celebrating an American Icon,” has brought record- breaking audiences to small-town museums and triggered historic barn preservation efforts, barn tours, and music fes- tivals; and in South Dakota a barn poster contest sponsored by the 4-H had more than 500 entries. In Lindsborg, Kansas (pop. 3,155), museum attendance shot up 132 percent over the previous year when they hosted “Barn Again!” and gift shop sales when up 139 percent. And, in Colby, Kansas (pop. 5,544), the 5,600 visitors who saw “Barn Again!” in the seven-week period represents half of the number of visi- tors for the entire previous year; 75 percent were first-time visitors, and 53 percent drove 100 miles or more to visit the museum. Given the opportunity to host “Barn Again!,” the folks in Butler, Tennessee (pop. 400), actually built a new museum because “the Smithsonian wanted to come to town”! Another special project of SITES is America’s Jazz Her- itage (AJH). Now in its eighth year, AJH, a partnership of the Lila Wallance—Reader’s Digest Fund and the Smithson- ian Institution, continues its mission to research, preserve, and present the history of jazz. AJH/SITES traveling jazz ex- hibitions have fulfilled and continue to fulfill institutional visibility across the nation. AJH reached diverse audiences through informative and entertaining exhibitions focused on one of America’s most treasured legacies, its history, its icons, and its priceless collections. In the planning stages is the final AJH exhibition—’ Latin Jazz’—which is due to open in fall 2002. Through the Smithsonian’s growing Affiliations program, AJH is afforded heightened institutional support for creat- ing partnerships and collaborations with jazz museum affiliates such as the American Jazz Museum in Kansas City, Missouri, and the emerging National Jazz Museum in Harlem. The Jazz Oral History Program, a part of America’s Jazz Heritage, has developed an archive of more than 100 oral histories. It continues to play an essential role in providing coveted access to first-person accounts from a wide array of America’s seminal jazz practitioners, many of whom are now deceased. In the past year, the program has completed the jazz oral histories of Bebo Valdez, Yusef Lateef, Chief Bey, Buck Hill, and Von Freeman. The digitization of these oral histories and planned transfer to the National Museum of American History's Archive Center will signifi- cantly increase access to scholars, producers, students, and enthusiasts. Smithsonian Management Office of the Secretary Lawrence M. Small The Office of the Secretary oversees the Smithsonian Institu- tion and maintains continuous communication with the Board of Regents and its committees. Organizations report- ing directly to the Office of the Secretary include the Office of Inspector General, Office of Policy and Analysis, Office of Diversity Initiatives, and Office of Development. The Office of Inspector conducts, supervises, and coordinates audits and investigations to prevent and detect fraud, waste, and abuse of Smithsonian programs and operations. The Office of Policy and Analysis provides timely and accurate information for de- cision making to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Smithsonian Institution. The Office of Diversity Initia- tives promotes equal opportunity by strategic recruiting and ensuring compliance with all applicable regulatory guidelines pertaining to all aspects of equal opportunity in the Smith- sonian’s employment and business relationships. In addition, it serves the Smithsonian, its visitors and staff by advancing and focusing the Institution's efforts to become accessible and welcoming to people with disabilities. The Office of Devel- opment provides both direct fund-raising and development support activities in response to Institution-wide and selected museum and research institute development activities. Under Secretary for Science J. Dennis O’Connor The Under Secretary for Science provides leadership and over- sight of the scientific research and associated public program- ming activities at the National Museum of Natural History and the National Zoological Park. The Under Secretary over- sees research centers in astrophysics and marine and terrestrial ecology that are based in Boston, Massachusetts; Edgewater, Maryland; Fort Pierce, Florida; and in the Republic of Panama. The Under Secretary for Science is also responsible for the education and outreach activities carried out by the National Science Resource Center and the Office of Fellowships. A plan is presently under development to restructure the science units in order to improve the integration and enhance the produc- tivity of research conducted at the different sites. The Scientific Diving Program oversees all diving activi- ties conducted under the auspices of the Institution, including establishing safety standards and providing train- ing and certification. Under Secretary for American Museums and National Programs Sheila P. Burke The Under Secretary for American Museums and National Programs is responsible for all of the Institution’s museums and galleries that focus on the American experience, includ- ing American history, social and cultural heritage, as well as the Institution's national outreach programs. The museums that are part of this office spotlight American culture, achievements, and accomplishments. The National Programs bring the experience of the Smithsonian to local communi- ties around the country. Under Secretary for Finance and Administration Robert D. Bailey The Under Secretary for Finance and Administration serves as the Institution’s chief operating officer with responsibility Smithsonian Management 83 for the day-to-day administration of the Smithsonian Insti- tution. Organizations reporting directly to the Under Secretary for Finance and Administration include the Chief Financial Officer, Chief Technology Officer, Office of Human Resources, Office of General Counsel, Office of Fa- cilities Services, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and Office of Exhibits Central. Director for International Art Museums Division Thomas W. Lentz The Director, International Arts Museum Division provides leadership and oversight for all policies, programs, and activities of the National Museum of African Art, the Freer Gallery of Art, the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Contributing Members The Contributing Membership sup- ports the Institution through generous annual donations and special giving opportunities. Members’ participation enables the Smithsonian to pursue specific projects and broader research, acquisition, preservation, and educa- tion efforts than might otherwise be possible. Distinguished Benefactors The Distinguished Benefactors room honors the Institution’s most generous contributors, those whose gifts total $x million or more. Their abiding vision and stewardship have preserved the traditions of the Smithsonian while furthering its mission. Following the leadership of the In- stitution’s founder, James Smithson, they have expressed their belief in the Smithsonian through their magnani- mous support and represent the truest spirit of philanthropy. Gifts are as broad and varied as the work of the Institution and help support museum programs, exhibi- tions, capital projects, scientific endeavors, and national and regional outreach activities. Distinguished Benefactors Anonymous A&E Television Network Charles Francis Adams American Airlines American Chemical Society American International Group, Inc. AMS Foundation for the Arts, Sciences and Humanities Animal Planet Apple Computer, Inc. Art Research Foundation Herbert and Evelyn Axelrod Laura Barney Kenneth E. Behring Family Max N. and Heidi L. Berry James A. and Barbara H. Block Mary and Leigh B. Block Winton M. “Red” Blount The Boeing Company Agnes C. Bourne The Brown Foundation, Inc. of Houston The Emil Buehler Trust Mrs. Janet Burkle William A. Burleson The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation The E. Rhodes & Leona B. Carpenter Foundation Cessna Aircraft Company Chevy Chase Bank Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Florence Coulson Davis Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghausen Bern Dibner Discover Financial Services, Inc. Patricia C. Dodge DuPont The Eberly Family Trust EDS Charles H. Ettl Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Evans FDX Corporation The Ford Foundation Charles Lang Freer Friends of the National Zoo Patricia and Phillip Frost Fujifilm Arvin Gottlieb Katharine Graham The George Gund Foundation George Gund III and Iara Lee Karl H. Hagen Enid A. Haupt Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Ikuo Hirayama Joseph Hirshhorn Frank and Lisina Hoch Holenia Trust in Memory of Joseph H. Hirshhorn Ruth S. and A. William Holmberg Janet Annenberg Hooker IBM Corporation Intel Corporation International Lease Finance Corporation Christian A. Johnson Endeavor Foundation S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. W. K. Kellogg Foundation The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia John S. and James L. Knight Foundation Kraft Foods The Kresge Foundation B. Y. Lam Foundation Lannan Foundation Robert Lehrman The Lemelson Foundation Barbara Riley Levin Lockheed Martin Corporation The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Peter and Paula Lunder The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Elizabeth and Whitney MacMillan Alice §. Marriott Lifetime Trust/ J. Willard and Alice S. Marriott Foundation John and Adrienne Mars Nan Tucker McEvoy MCI WorldCom The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation NAMM—International Products Association National Association of Realtors National Business Aviation Association, Inc. National Mining Association The National Stone Association The Nippon Foundation Nissan North America, Inc. Nordic Council of Ministers Northrop Grumman Corporation Occidental Chemical Corporation Yoko Ono The David and Lucile Packard Foundation Paul Peck The Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation The Pew Charitable Trusts Pioneer Electronics (USA), Inc. Pitney Bowes Inc. Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation The Principal Financial Group Sara Roby Foundation Rockefeller Foundation David Rockefeller Susan and Elihu Rose Arthur Ross Foundation Rodris Roth Arthur M. Sackler Foundation The Children of Arthur M. Sackler Arthur M. Sackler Contributing Members Else Sackler John Safer Victoria P. and Roger W. Sant Lloyd G. and Betty A. Schermer Nina and Ivan Selin Shirley Phillips Sichel Paul Singer Sketch Foundation Alfred P. Sloan Foundation The Starr Foundation Margaret and Terry Stent Eugene V. and Claire E. Thaw Charitable Trust Timex Corporation TRW TWA Earl S. Tupper Turner Foundation, Inc. Steven EF. Udvar-Hazy United States Postal Service The Upton Trust Teodoro Vidal VOLVO Lila Wallace—Reader’s Digest Fund Harry Winston Research Foundation, Inc. Ronald Winston Xerox Corporation Donors of Financial Support The Smithsonian recognizes those donors who made contributions dur- ing the fiscal year ending September 30, 2000. $1,000,000 or more Anonymous A&E Television Network American International Group, Inc. Animal Planet Laura Barney Kenneth E. Behring Family Max N. and Heidi L. Berry Winton M. “Red” Blount The Brown Foundation, Inc. of Houston Mrs. Janet Burkle Chevy Chase Bank Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman 3rd The Ford Foundation Friends of the National Zoo Fujifilm Holenia Trust in Memory of Joseph H. Hirshhorn Ruth S. and A. William Holmberg Christian A. Johnson Endeavor Foundation 85 The Lemelson Foundation Elizabeth and Whitney MacMillan Alice S. Marriott Lifetime Trust/ J. Willard and Alice S. Marriott Foundation John and Adrienne Mars Nan Tucker McEvoy National Business Aviation Association, Inc. Northrop Grumman Corporation The Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation Rodris Roth Victoria P. and Roger W. Sant The Starr Foundation Margaret and Terry Stent TRW The Upton Trust $500,000 or more The Irving Caesar Lifetime Trust The Chubb Corporation Ms. Nanette L. Laitman The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Lucent Technologies Foundation The Mills Corporation National Air and Space Society National Park Foundation Mr. Samuel G. Rose Eugene V. and Clare E. Thaw Charitable Volvo Group North America $100,000 or more The Ahmanson Foundation American Honda Motor Company, Inc. Automatic Data Processing, Inc Mr. and Mrs. William C. Baker Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. Mr. Jack S. Blanton The Boeing Company BP Amoco Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Mrs. Melva Bucksbaum The E. Rhodes & Leona B. Carpenter Foundation Vinton G. and Sigrid T. Cerf Cessna Aircraft Company Mr. and Mrs. Landon T. Clay Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Congdon Corning Incorporated Corporation for Public Broadcasting Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger Discovery Communications, Inc. Dow Chemical Company Foundation The Eberly Family Trust 86 Mr. D. Travis Engen Eurocopter Communications Directorate Fannie Mae Foundation Federal City Council Mr. and Mrs. Fred Feuille Fidelity Foundation The Ford Foundation The Fund for U.S. Artists at International Festivals and Exhibitions The Garden Club of America J. Paul Getty Trust Katharine Graham Group 1 Software Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Haute Décor, Inc. The Hearst Foundation, Inc. Frank and Lisina Hoch Ikea U.S., Inc. W. Alton Jones Foundation, Inc. The Robert S. & Grayce B. Kerr Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. Peter B. Kovler and Dr. Judy Lansing Kovler KPMG Mrs. Cynthia Lawrence Robert Lehrman Lockheed Martin Corporation Richard Lounsbery Foundation Ms. Claudine B. Malone Barbara and Morton Mandel The Mead Corporation Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Menschel Merck Company Foundation Mr. Jeffery W. Meyer Mr. Howard Milstein Mr. Charles Hewes Moore, Jr. and Ms. Judith Moore The Myers Family Foundation NAMM—International Products Association National Geographic Society Mrs. Paul M. Niebell, Sr. Nissan North America, Inc. David & Lucile Packard Foundation Paul Peck Phillips Petroleum Company Norway Mr. Thomas G. Pownall T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. Regional Citizens Advisory Council, Inc. James Renwick Alliance Rocks Build America Foundation Susan and Elihu Rose Mr. Arthur Ross Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Mr. and Mrs. Edwin N. Seiler Nina and Ivan Selin Shirley Phillips Sichel Sikorsky Aircraft Smithsonian Women’s Committee Guenther and Siewchin Yong Sommer Mr. and Mrs. Fred Streckewald The Summit Charitable Foundation, Inc. ; The Surdna Foundation Texaco, Inc. Mr. Robert E. Turner, III USWeb/CKS Mrs. Hendrick H. van Biema Mr. and Mrs. Mallory Walker Washington Area Lawyers for the Arts Warren and Barbara Winiarski Mr. Scott B. Wood The Xerox Foundation The Young Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution $50,000 or more Alcoa Foundation Altman Foundation America Online, Inc. American Cocoa Research Institute American Institute of Graphic Arts Aviation Space Writers Foundation Barbro Osher Pro Suecia Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass Mr. and Mrs. Norman Bernstein Dr. and Mrs. Peter S. Bing Agnes C. Bourne BP BP Exploration & Oil, Inc. Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation Mr. Torsten Brohan Brother International Corporation The Morris & Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Carolina Biological Supply Company Champion International Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Peter Claussen Computerworld Information Technology Awards Foundation Conservancy for Tibetan Art & Culture Consolidated Natural Gas Company Foundation Mr. Guido Craveri Mr. Raimondo Craveri Delta Education Denver Museum of Natural History Mr. and Mrs. David Dibner Earthwatch Institute Envelope Manufacturers Association The Event Network, Inc. Sherman Fairchild Foundation, Inc. Farmers Group, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Fri General Electric Company Mr. Tito Giamporcaro Mr. Gilbert W. Glass Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Hemphill, Jr. Herman Miller, Inc. Hewlett-Packard Company The Hill Family Foundation, Inc. Ruth S. Holmberg Fund of the Community Foundation of Greater Chattanooga Housing Assistance Council Italian Trade Commission Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. James Janus-Merritt Strategies, LLC Mr. and Mrs. Harvey M. Krueger Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Lenkin Maharam Mail Advertising Service Association Maritz Travel Company Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Meyer, Jr. Ms. Elizabeth E. Meyer Morris Animal Foundation The National Association for Music Education New York Stock Exchange, Inc. Colonel Erickson S. Nichols Mr. and Mrs. Carroli O’Connor The Pinkerton Foundation Mr. Edward Hart Rice Lloyd G. and Betty A. Schermer Dr. Evert I. Schlinger The Gertrude E. Skelly Charitable Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence M. Small Mr. and Mrs. Franchon M. Smithson The Sulzberger Foundation, Inc. Mr. David M. Sundman Mr. Donald J. Sundman Target Corporation Time Warner Inc. Turner Broadcasting System Inc. TyCom United Technologies Corporation Ms. Selena M. Updegraff Viking Sewing Machines, Inc. Vitra, Inc. The Women’s Museum $10,000 or more Anonymous Abbott Laboratories Fund Marjorie C. Adams Charitable Trust Adamstein & Demetriou Inc. Mr. Warren J. Adelson Alitalia Airlines Mrs. Kathleen B. Allaire American Association for the Advancement of Science American Bankers Association American Brachytherapy Society American Express Company American Hospital Association American Management Association International American Scandinavian Foundation American Society of Artificial Internal Organs American Standard, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Anheuser-Busch Companies Argentum Foundation Aria Foundation ASARCO Incorporated Association of American Law Schools Association of the United States Army AT&T Corporation Ms. Elizabeth Ballantine Binney & Smith, Inc. James A. and Barbara H. Block Bombardier Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John M. Bradley Mr. Eli Broad Ms. Ann L. Bronfman Mrs. Jackson Burke David E. Burmaster, Ph.D. W. Atlee Burpee Company CACTI International, Inc. Mr. L. Hardwick Caldwell III Cardiovascular Research Foundation Chabot Observatory and Science Center Dr. Anthony Chang Dr. Jaswinder K. Chattha Dr. Sohan S. Chaudhry Ms. Margaret A. Chisholm Christie's Citigroup Clark-Winchcole Foundation Cobe Laboratories, Inc. The Coca-Cola Company Dr. David A. Cofrin Mr. Lester Colbert, Jr. Mr. Walter Conser Conservation Treaty Support Fund Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. Mr. Frank B. Crandall Crate & Barrel Arie & Ida Crown Memorial Cyprus Amax Minerals Company Contributing Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Daniels, Jr. Davenport Museum of Art Davidson Plyforms, Inc. The Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation Deutsche Bank AG S. Sydney DeYoung Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Diker The Walt Disney Company Walt Disney World Company Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Dixon DLJ Holding Ltd. The Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation Inc. DuPont Durst Organization L.P. Mr. Dean S. Edmonds, II Mr. James H. Edmonds EGR International, Inc. Ehrenkranz Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Michael D. Eisner Mr. and Mrs. George W. Elliott Emigrant Savings Bank Mrs. Mary Engen Envision Communications, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John L. Ernst The Eureka Company Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Evans Evensonbest, LLC Eveready Battery Exxon Mobil Corporation Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Feinberg Mr. and Mrs. George M. Ferris, Jr. Mr. Edward Ridley Finch, Jr. Elizabeth Firestone-Graham Foundation Mrs. Helen Flanagan Ms. Barbara G. Fleischman Florida International Museum Mrs. Leslie S. Fogg II Mrs. Joanne Foster Foundation of the Litton Industries Mrs. Daniel Fraad Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson Fund, Inc. Friends of the Hunley, Inc. Ms. Patricia K. Frontz Mr. and Mrs. Morton Funger Ms. Caroline D. Gabel Gagosian Gallery Galyan’s Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Gans Mr. and Mrs. H. Clay Gardenhire Garmar Foundation Mr. Edward O. Gaylord Genentech, Inc. General Atlantic Partners, LLC General Electric Aircraft Engines 87 General Motors Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Arie Genger Geographic Expeditions Giant Food Inc. Mrs. Sara Tiedeman Gillespie Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. The Glenstone Foundation Global Environment Fund Mr. Irving P. Golden Marian Goodman Gallery Goya Foods, Incorporated Mrs. Phyllis M. Grasty Alvin, Lottie & Rachel Gray Fund The Monica & Hermen Greenberg Foundation Ms. Marion E. Greene Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation Hallmark Cards, Inc. Mrs. Ruth L. Halperin Mr. Henry Ellis Harris, Jr. Mrs. Martha Head The Heidtke Foundation, Inc. Mr. Robert A. Hemm Heritage Harbor Museum Mr. and Mrs. Adolph Herseth Mr. Paul Hertelendy Mr. Jeff Hill Hilton Hotels Corporation Mr. Alan J. Hirschfield Hogan & Hartson Hong Kong Economic & Trade Office Ms. Robyn Horn Mr. Gary Horowitz Mr. Mark Horowitz Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Hough Hughes Network Systems IBM Corporation Illuminating Engineering Society of North America Isaac 2000 Mr. James F. Jacoby The Jaffe Family Foundation Jewelers of America Mr. William H. John Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson Mr. Stephen Johnson Mr. B. Franklin Kahn Mr. Myron Kaller The Honorable Max M. Kampelman Eugene J. Kaplan Family Trust J. M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. The Katzenberger Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall Ketchum Communications, Inc. Kirkland & Ellis Foundation Mrs. Rose C. Kramer The Samuel H. Kress Foundation 88 Mr. Sanford Krieger Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Robert Krissel Dr. and Mrs. Gregory T. Kruglak Ms. Lee Kush Ms. Patricia A. Laird Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally Mrs. Emily Fisher Landau Ms. Elaine LaRoche Mr. Arthur Lazarus, Jr. L. S. B. Leakey Foundation Mr. Thomas H. Lee and Ms. Ann Tenenbaum Mr. Jeffrey T. Leeds Jacqueline and Marc Leland Lemberg Foundation, Inc. Mr. Harold Fitzgerald Lenfest Ms. Emily Sherby Levenson Mr. and Mrs. Gerald M. Levin Mr. and Mrs. Aaron Levine The Levitt Foundation Mr. Alan D. Levy Lichtenberg Family Foundation, Inc. Lincoln Mercury Corporation The Link Foundation Mr. Leonard Litwin Liz Claiborne Foundation Lockheed Martin Mission Systems Joe and Emily Lowe Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Lubin Mr. H. Christopher Luce and Ms. Tina Liu Lucent Technologies, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Peter H. Lunder Mr. and Mrs. Yo-Yo Ma The Honorable and Mrs. John D. Macomber Mr. and Mrs. John W. Madigan Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney The Malik Family Trust Mr. Sam Maloof Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Malott Nancy and Edwin Marks Mr. Clyde Marr Ms. Mary Martell and Mr. Paul Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Frank Martucci The Masinter Family Foundation Mrs. Margery F. Masinter Dr. and Mrs. Ernst Mayr Mr. Charles R. McAlister, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Sanford N. McDonnell Dr. John P. McGovern Miss Minnie Belle McIntosh Medical and Science Communications Development Corporation Medtronic, Inc. Mr. Richard Meier Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Mellor Family Foundation Mr. Bernard H. Mendik Merrill Lynch & Co. Fdn., Inc. LuEsther T. Mertz Fund Wilson & Geo. Meyer & Company Mr. and Mrs. James A. Meyer Mr. Harvey M. Meyerhoff Microsoft Corporation Mr. J. Irwin Miller Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Miller Mitsubishi Corporation The Steven T. Mnuchin Foundation Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. Enid and Lester Morse Mr. John M. Morss Mr. and Mrs. Furman C. Moseley, Jr. Mr. Henry R. Mufioz, HI Museum of Science Charn S. Nandra, M.D. NASA Goddard Alliance National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences, Inc. National Association of Secondary School Principals National Collegiate Honors Council National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry National League of Cities Nest Magazine The New York Times Company Newmark & Company Real Estate, Inc. Nordic Council of Ministers Nortek, Inc. Northeast Utilities Service Company University of Notre Dame Mr. and Mrs. Morris W. Offit Ralph E. Ogden Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Steven H. Oliver Camille Oliver-Hoffmann Oneida Indian Nation Origins of the Southwest Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical Mr. Arthur Pacheco Pacific Life Foundation Pacific Visions Communications Padma Health Products, Inc. Mr. Jene Pankow Mr. John Pappajohn The Park Foundation Parke-Davis Group Parsons Engineering Science, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Pearl Pharmacia Corporation The Philanthropic Collaborative, Inc. Philip Morris Companies, Inc. Ms. Carol Pochardt National Broadcasting Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. William Potter Mrs. Martha Caroline Pradeau Mr. and Mrs. Heinz C. Prechter Price Family Charitable Fund Mrs. Charles H. Price, II Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Pritzker Privacy Council, Inc. Public Corporation for the Arts Mr. Allen E. Puckett Putnam Investments Mr. Thomas F. Pyle, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frank J. Quirk Reed Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Thomas K. Reed Mr. Donald L. Reinking Mr. Douglas R. Ring Mr. Richard H. Robb Ms. Ann R. Roberts Mr. John R. Robinson Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc. Dr. Ruth Roland Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob Mr. and Mrs. Milton E. Rosenthal Mr. Stephen M. Ross Mr. Gary Roth Eric de Rothschild The Judith Rothschild Foundation The May and Samuel Rudin Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Clive Runnells Mr. and Mrs. Arthur F. Sackler Else Sackler Dr. Marietta Lutze Sackler SAE International Dr. H. Sahota San Diego Society of Natural History Ujjal Singh Sandhu, M.D. Sappi, Ltd. Sara Lee Foundation Saturn Electronics & Engineering Dr. and Mrs. Rolf G. Scherman Margaret Knowles Schink David Schwartz Foundation, Inc. Scient Shaw Industries, Inc. Shell Oil Company Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Sherman Mr. and Mrs. David M. Silfen Silver Dollar City Inc. Silverstream Software, Inc. Mr. Donald H. Siskind Mr. and Mrs. Theodore J. Slavin Mr. and Mrs. Stephen K Soldoff Mr. David Sonenberg Space Frontier Foundation Space.Com, Inc. Mr. Jerry I. Speyer Starwood Capital Group, LLC Tom and Kitty Stoner Richard and Nina Sussman Mr. and Mrs. Kelso F. Sutton Synergics Energy Development Mr. Jackson Tai Mr. Steven J. Tamkin Mr. Robert C. Tang, Q.C. Tarver Family Fund TC Group L.L.C. The Tides Foundation Tiffany & Company Mrs. Doris B. Tornroth Toyota Motor North America, Inc. Marcia Brady Tucker Foundation Unico Banking Group Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Waite Mr. Brent Wallis Mr. Artur Walther Warren Wilson College Mrs. Ruth L. Webb Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Mr. Charles Weingartner Mr. Eric W. Weinmann Mr. Edward A. Weinstein Dr. and Mrs. George David Weiss Mr. Keith S. Wellin Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Welters Nina W. Werblow Charitable Trust Mr. Josh S. Weston Mr. Carrington Williams Wilson Charitable Trust Mr. James D. Wolfensohn World Wildlife Fund Mrs. Gay F. Wray Ms. Nina Zolt and Miles Gilburne $5,000 or more Anonymous Mr. Roger Abelson Mr. and Mrs. Ronald D. Abramson American Center for Design Dr. and Mrs. Ken S. Bajaj Dr. Surinder S. Bajwa Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Barwick Battelle Memorial Institute Mr. and Mrs. John T. Bennett Birthplace of Country Music Alliance Whitney Boin Studio Inc. Ms. Eleanor F. Bourke The British Council, USA Mr. Earle Palmer Brown Brunschwig & Fils, Inc. Mr. Gerald E. Buck Steve Burnett, Inc. Bushnell Sports Optics Worldwide Ms. Rosalie K. Butzel The Capital Group Companies, Inc. Contributing Members The Honorable Henry E. Catto Captain Eugene A. Cernan, USN (Ret.) Chamber Music America, Inc. The Chase Manhattan Bank Chesapeake Region Lace Guild Chesapeake Wildlife Heritage Citizens Utility Company Dr. John P. Comstock Consolidated Natural Gas Company Mrs. Ann Cousins Douglas S. Cramer Foundation Deloitte & Touche LLP Diamon K Outfitters Mr. and Mrs. John F. Dorn Mr. Donald J. Douglass William L. Ebbs DDS & Associates, PE Lyda Ebert Family Foundation Mr. Farhad F. Ebrahimi Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkranz Mr. and Mrs. George J. Fan Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Ms. Martha Feltenstein Fidelity Charitable Gift Fund Mrs. June M. Fontanier Mr. William Clay Ford Mr. James S. Frank Freedom Museum Mr. George C. Freeman, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Peter A. Freeman The Frist Foundation Gamma-Metrics The Gap GEICO Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty Golden Family Foundation Ms. Elizabeth Gosnell Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Graham Richard Gray Gallery L.P. Mr. Murray A. Gribin Mr. H. Malcolm Grimmer Ms. Barbara Guggenheim and Mr. Bertram Fields Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Haas Mr. and Mrs. George W. Haldeman Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr. Hamilton Sundstrand Aerospace Mr. and Mrs. Frederic C. Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Hammett Mr. and Mrs. Irshad-ul-Haque Sylvia and Alexander Hassan Family Foundation Carolyn and Robert Hedin Fund Mrs. Drue M. Heinz Mr. J. Roderick Heller, II 89 The Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation Home Box Office Mr. Eric Horowitz Howard University Mr. John K. Howat Mr. John L. Huber Hunter Douglas, Inc Ms. Kathleen M. Ilyin Imax Limited Industrial Designers Society of America International Children’s Museum Mr. Robert C. Johnson Mr. Robert L. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Jacob C. Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Karatz Mr. and Mrs. Victor Kaufman The William H. Kearns Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Kelly, HI Mrs. Olive Dibben Kemp Mr. and Mrs. R. Crosby Kemper, Jr. Mr. William G. Kerr Mr. James V. Kimsey Mr. and Mrs. John E. Klein Mrs. Marie L. Knowles Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod Lieutenant Colonel William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Krueger Mr. Shau-wai Lam Mr. and Mrs. Jon Landau Alvin S. Lane, Esq. Mr. Marshall O. Larsen Mr. Leonard A. Lauder Dr. Thomas Lawton LEF Foundation Robert Lehman Foundation Mr. and Mrs. R. Robert Linowes Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Linton Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space Loudenslager Enterprises Inc. MAAR Associates, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian Mr. Matthew Marks Mars Foundation Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Inc. Margery and Edgar Masinter The May Department Stores Company MayaTech Corporation Nan Tucker McEvoy Foundation, Inc. The McGraw—Hill Companies, Inc. Mr. Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Memphis Rock ’n’ Soul, Inc. Mexican Heritage Corporation Miami Museum of Science Mr. Edward J. Minskoft 90 Ms. Maureen L. Miskovic Mr. James A. Mitchell Mitsui & Co. (U.S.A.), Inc. The Mnuchin Foundation Mr. Jon Molot and Ms. Hattie Ruttenberg The Henry Moore Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Morgan Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Mullins Museum of American Financial History The Museum of Arts and Sciences Museum of Progress NAMSB Foundation, Inc. New York State Museum Dr. Dan H. Nicolson Nordstrom North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Peter Norton Foundation Novartis Corporation Mr. Francis J. O'Toole Mrs. Camille Oliver—Hoffmann Ms. Virginia J. Ortega Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos Pace Wildenstein Parnassus Foundation Mr. Harish Patel Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Pearson Art Foundation Inc. Mr. James E. Pehta Mr. Gerald P. Peters Mrs. Vivian L. Pollock Mr. James S. Polshek Mrs. John Alexander Pope Dr. and Mrs. Meyer P. Potamkin Pratt & Whitney Mrs. Lewis T. Preston Principal Mutual Life Insurance Company Mr. Gene Quintana Mr. and Mrs. Jack Rachlin Mr. and Mrs. Harvey W. Rambach The Christopher Reynolds Foundation Mary Livingston Ripley Charitable Lead Trust Mr. John W. Rogers, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel J. Rosenfeld Harold I. Rubenstein Family Charitable Foundation Mrs. Polly Rubin Arthur M. Sackler Foundation Mr. and Mrs. James F. Sams Mr. and Mrs. Cameron H. Sanders Santa Fe Pro Musica, Inc. Sears, Roebuck and Company Semiconductor Industry Association Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Nate S. & Ruth B. Shapero Foundation Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry Sheffield Mr. and Mrs. James Shinn The Skerryvore Foundation, Inc. Julia R. Smith Lifetime Trust Mr. and Mrs. E. Maynard Smith Mr. Robert H. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Anthony M. Solomon Sony Corporation Sony Music Entertainment Inc. Mr. Ira Spanierman Steelcase, Inc. Alexander & Margaret Stewart Trust Mr. Stanford C. Stoddard Mrs. H. William Tanaka Mr. and Mrs. A. Alfred Taubman Lady Judith O. Thomson Time Inc. Mr. Joseph G. Tompkins Tupperware Mr. Norman H. Volk Ms. Patty Wagstaff Warner—Lambert Company Mrs. Eileen A. Wells Mr. Robert A. Williams Mr. Eli Wilner and Ms. Barbara Brennan Ms. Dora Wong Mr. and Mrs. Daniel W. Yohannes Mr. Henry C. Zenke, II $2,000 or more Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton Danese Altman, LLC American Bird Conservancy American General American Institute of Aero & Astro American Jazz Museum American Planning Association Harriett Ames Charitable Trust Mrs. Robert Amory, Jr. ARCO Foundation, Inc. Art Alliance for Contemporary Glass Arthur Andersen, LLP Atlanta International Museum Jean Axelrod Memorial Foundation B&O Railroad Museum Mr. Sidney Babcock and Ms. Samantha Butler Ms. Susanne Bachtel Mr. and Mrs. Robert Balzer Mr. Robert A. Bartlett, Jr. Mr. Jorge L. Batista Mr. Frederic Berger Mrs. Katherine Brittain Bradley Brand Environment Partners Mrs. Rochelle L. Brunner Mr. John R. Butler, Jr. Mr. Paul Calello California Institute of Technology Mr. Tommie Carl Carpenter Group Mr. and Mrs. Oliver T. Carr Mr. and Mrs. Richard W. Carr Mr. and Mrs. Cummins Catherwood, Jz The Center for Art Education The Chase Manhattan Foundation Ms. Jeanne Z. Chiao Dr. and Mrs. Timothy W. Childs Ms. Priscilla Christy Mr. and Mrs. Brice M. Clagett The Honorable Jeannine Smith Clark Ms. Jan McLin Claybergand and Mr. Olaf Bexhoeft The Honorable Bonnie Cohen Mr. Edward Cohen Melvin and Ryna Cohen Mr. Marcus Cohn Concrete Media, Inc. Ms. Nancy L. Connor Dr. Ronald M. Costell and Ms. Marsha E. Swiss Ruth Covo Family Foundation The Cowles Charitable Trust Mr. Douglas S. Cramer Ms. Harriett M. Crosby Priscilla Cunningham and Jay C. Lick Dyke Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, Ltd. Dallas Museum of Natural History Dalva Brothers, Inc. Mrs. M. A. Davis Mr. and Mrs. R. P. Davison Mr. Oscar de la Renta Mr. and Mrs. Michael Del Balso Mr. Marion Deshmukh Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Dickey, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George C. Dillon Mr. and Mrs. William H. E. Doole Mr. and Mrs. Dale F. Dorn Dorsey & Whitney Foundation Mr. William Drenttel Dreyfus Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Richard N. Dubin Mrs. Alexander Dunbar Mr. and Mrs. Anthony T. Enders Mrs. Myron S. Falk, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Feder Dr. Alan Fern and Mrs. Lois Fern Mr. Emilio A. Fernandez Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. Ms. Anne Forbes Mrs. Anne Ford Mrs. Charlotte M. Ford Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Friedlander Mr. Peter Fudge Ms. Nely Galan Georgetown University Mr. George J. Gillespie, II Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Ms. Alice Yelen Mr. Philip H. Goldentyer Dr. Margaret Goodman Mr. Richard E. Gray Mrs. Theodora S. Greenbaum The William and Mary Greve Foundation Mr. Gary Grossman Group of Dominican Professionals of Washington, D.C. Mr. Erwin M. Gudelsky and Ms. Harriet Silverman Ms. Agnes S. Gund Ms. Elizabeth W. Gwinn Mr. John M. Haddow Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Halpern Hayes & Associates The Honorable John W. Hechinger, Sr. Ms. Margot R. Heckman Mr. Brian Heidtke The Heller Family Foundation The Honorable and Mrs. Richard M. Helms Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Herlitz Levy Hermanos Foundation, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn Mr. Howard Hodgkin Ms. JunAnn Holmes Mr. William Hoover Mr. Joseph Horning Vice Admiral William D. Houser, USN Mr. and Mrs. Roland M. Howard, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Stanley O. Ikenberry Institut fur Auslandsbeziehungen The Institute for Intercultural Studies, Inc. J P Company Mr. David Jacques Mr. Richard J. Janes Mr. and Mrs. David Jernigan Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Jessup, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Jue Mr. John E. Katzenmeyer J.C. Kellogg Foundation Mr. Richard H. Kimberly James V. Kimsey Mr. Jatinder Kumar, Trustee of APCA Contributing Members Mr. Myron Kunin Dr. and Mrs. Emanuel Landau Dr. Thomas W. Langfitt Laplaca Cohen Advertising, Inc. Mr. Albert G. Lauber, Jr. and Mr. Craig W. Hoffman Mr. Edward J. Lenkin Dr. Thomas Lentz Mrs. Jane Lightcap Ms. Ann Ling Ms. Marilyn C. Link Lippincott & Margulies Mr. and Mrs. Jan Lodal Mr. Meredith J. Long Dr. Penn Lupovich Mr. and Mrs. Frank N. Magid Marriott International, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Tom Marsh Mr. Enrico Martignoni Major General and Mrs. Raymond E. Mason, Jr. Dr. Wayne N. Mathis McAllen International Museum Mr. and Mrs. William P. McClure Mr. Arnold B. McKinnon Dr. Gilbert D. Mead and Dr. Jaylee Mead Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies Ms. Paula Paster Michtom Mr. Steve Mignogna General and Mrs. Kenneth P. Miles Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Miller Mr. J. Sanford Miller Diane and Kenneth Miller Ms. Rebecca Ann Miller Mr. J. Gregory Milmoe Ms. Madge Rutherford Minton Mobil Foundation, Inc. Dr. Allen M. Mondzac Elayne and Marvin Mordes Mr. and Mrs. I. A. Morris Mr. Murray Moss Museum of Latin American Art Museum of the Americas Mr. Jack Nash National Asian Pacific American Bar Association National Soft Drink Association National Trust for Historic Preservation National Underground Railroad Freedom Center Nevada Test Site Historical Foundation Newsweek, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Stanton P. Nolan Mr. and Mrs. Halsey North 91 O'Hara Gallery Odegard, Inc. Oklahoma Historical Society Mr. Donald Oresman Mr. and Mrs. Jonathon J. Oscher Ms. Cheryl Owen Pasadena Art Alliance Ms. Lynne Pasculano Mr. Stephen M. Peck H. O. Peet Foundation Pentagram Design, Inc. PEPCO Mr. Jorge Peralta Permanent Mission of Germany to the UN Pew Partnership for Civic Change Mr. Carl H. Pforzheimer Barry and Beverly Pierce Mr. Harvey B. Plotnick Podesta Associates, Inc. Mrs. Elliott I. Pollock Prince Charitable Trusts Ms. Judy Lynn Prince Mr. Allen W. Prusis Mr. Charles Rademaker Dr. William C. Ramsay Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling The Rau Foundation, Inc. Razorfish USA The C. Frank Reavis Foundation, Inc. Mr. Morgan Rees Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins Mr. David Rockefeller, Sr. Karol K. Rodriguez Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Ganister Ms. Loretta Rosenthal Gloria E Ross Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Miles L. Rubin The Safer-Fearer Fund Mr. and Mrs. David Saity Charles E. Sampson Memorial Foundation San Diego Natural History Museum Santa Fe Art Foundation SBL, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Schmidt Mr. Steven Schmidt Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell R. Schneider Mr. Leslie J. Schreyer Robert and Caroline Schwartz Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Schwob Mr. Martin E. Segal M. Sigmund & Barbara K. Shapiro Family Fund Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey R. Short, Jr. Dr. Gursharan Sidhu 92 Siegel gale, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Arman R. Simone Mrs. H. Robert Slusser Ms. Jennifer Jean Small Smart Designs Mr. Bernald Smith Mr. David Byron Smith, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth L. Smith Ms. Frances D. Smyth Space Telescope Science Institute Mr. Robert A. M. Stern Mr. and Mrs. Roger D. Stone Storytelling Foundation International Strong Museum Mrs. Elizabeth Strong-Cuevas Ms. Sandra Sully Mr. Mark W. Sundberg Mrs. Stuart Symington Dr. Mahinder Tak and Mr. Sharad Tak Mr. Harold Tanner Mr. Frederick W. Telling Textron Inc. Mrs. Alice Tisch Mr. and Mrs. Donald Tober UNESCO University of Pennsylvania Mr. and Mrs. Greg Wageman Mr. and Mrs. Shao F. Wang Mr. William B. Warner Warner-Lambert Company Mr. Tetsunkuni Watanabe Mr. Edward Wayson Mrs. Janet L. Wayson The Honorable and Mrs. Frank A. Weil Mr. and Mrs. Guy Weill Mr. and Mrs. Franc Wertheimer The Western Reserve Historical Society Ms. Angela Westwater Mr. William FE. Whalen and Ms. Nancy Mattson Ms. Shelby White and Dr. Leon Levy Mrs. Paula M. Whitehouse Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Wimpfheimer Mr. David Y. Ying Ms. Virginia Hawthorne Zenke Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Zucker Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program The Smithsonian Corporate Member- ship Program is a national initiative through which corporations provide unrestricted support to Smithsonian education, research, and exhibition initiatives. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Corporate Members ABG, Inc. American Express American General Arthur Andersen LLP Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bayer Corporation The Beacon Group BellSouth Corporation Booz, Allen & Hamilton Inc. BP Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Capital One CH2M Hill Companies Ltd. Citibank The Clark Construction Group, Inc. The Coca-Cola Company Columbia University Business School Conoco Inc. DaimlerChrysler Corporation Fund Debevoise & Plimpton Deutsche Bank Dewey Ballantine LLP DuPont Eastman Kodak Company Eli Lilly and Company Eurasia Group ExxonMobil Corporation Fannie Mae Fidelity Investments First Union Corporation Ford Motor Company Fried, Frank, Shriver and Jacobsen Gannett General Electric Company Goldman, Sachs & Company Hitachi Limited Hunter Douglas Jane Eyre the Musical S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. The Kansai Electric Power Company, Inc. Kips Bay Boys and Girls Club Kirkland & Ellis KPMG Lee Enterprises Litton Industries Liz Claiborne Mars Incorporated Martha Stewart Living Merck and Company, Inc. Merrill Lynch MetLife J. P. Morgan & Company, Inc. National Association of Display Industries Nest Magazine Noble Drilling Corporation Novartis Corporation Paleontological Research Institute Pepco Pfizer Inc Pharmacia Corporation Polshek Partnership Architects Raytheon Company Riggs Bank N.A. Scripps Howard Foundation Siemens Foundation Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom Sony Corporation of America Southern Company Sprint Corporation State Farm Insurance Companies Steelcase Texas Instruments 3M The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A, Inc Tribune Company TRW Inc. United Gulf Management United Van Lines U. S. Bank Verizon Corporation Whitney Boin Studio Windhover Information Systems Xerox Corporation James Smithson Society James Smithson Society members share a deep commitment to the dy- namic unfolding of James Smithson’s vision. The society’s dues and special gifts provide unrestricted support for the Smithsonian’s research, exhibition, and educational programs. Endowed Life Members Anonymous Karen and Edward Burka Ms. Ruth Boyer Compton Mr. and Mrs. Dean S. Edmonds Mr. Daniel Gilbert and Mrs. Alice Petree Gilbert Mrs. Alton B. Grimes William Logan Hopkins Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kaufman Lieutenant Colonel and Mrs. William K. Konze Pearl Bell and Colonel Billie G. Matheson, Ret. Jaylee and Gilbert Mead Ms. Carol Pochardt Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Ganister Catherine F. Scott Shelby Shapiro J. Henry and Virginia Sheffield Shirley Phillips Sichel Mr. Richard L. Triska Annual Members $10,000 or more The Jean Axelrod Memorial Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass Ms. Nancy L. Connor The Da Capo Fund The Eberly Family Trust The Gordon Fund Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence M. Small Mrs. Betty Rhoads Wright $5,000 or more Mr. William Arndt Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Ballman Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block Carter and Melissa Cafritz Charitable Trust Dr. and Mrs. David A. Cofrin Mrs. Carole D. Crocker Ms. Diane M. Dudley Mr. James A. Elkins, Jr. The Virginia Sugg Furrow Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Gelman Ms. Lumina Greenway Mr. Corbin Gwaltney Stephen and Jocelin Hamblett Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Britt Harmon Miss Nancy A. Haynes The Honorable and Mrs. John W. Hechinger Sr. Therese and I. Michael Heyman Mr. James T. Hines, Jr. Mrs. Roy Johnson Dr. Edward J. Kirby Mr. William Layson Mr. and Mrs. A. Bryan Mac Millan Mary Martell and Paul Johnson Ms. Corenne McKinley Meriam McNiel Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse, Jr. Contributing Members Mr. Michael D. O'Dell and Ms. Judith Grass C. Wesley and Jacqueline Peebles John L. and Carolyn J. Peterson Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Poor Mrs. Melville J. Price Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John Watts Roberts Mrs. I. Alfred Rosenbaum, Jr. Vicki and Roger Sant Ms. Evelyn Twigg-Smith Miss Winifred E. Weter Ellen and Bernard Young $2,000 or more Anonymous (38) Mrs. August Ackel§ Mr. Terry L. Albertson Mr. and Mrs. Lambert E. Althaver Mrs. Carole Altice Miss Barbara Anne Ames Mrs. Robert Amory, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William G. Anderson Mr. Leonard Andrews Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph Arkin Mrs. Jack R. Aron Mrs. Bernard Aronson Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Avery Mr. and Mrs. Brian J. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Steven C. Bakerink Mr. Robert J. Barker Ms. Janine F. Barre Ms. Elizabeth V. Barrer Mr. and Mrs. R. M. Barton Rhoda and Jordan Baruch Mr. and Mrs. Michael B. Beeman Mr. and Mrs. James M. Beggs Mr. Michael D. Bielucki Dr. Deborah Black The Honorable Robert O. Blake and Mrs. Blake Mr. John H. Blazek Mr. and Mrs. Huntington T. Block Mr. William K. Block Elizabeth Board Mr. and Mrs. William J. D. Bond Ms. Jane A. Boorman Mrs. Howard M. Booth Mr. Bennett Boskey Mr. David Boyes Mr. and Mrs. Stephen F. Brauer Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Bresler Mr. J. Kevin Buchi and Dr. Kathleen Buchi The Bunting Family Foundation § Deceased 93 Mr. and Mrs. George E. Burch Mrs. Audrey S. Burnand Dr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Burnes Ms. Alice Green Burnette Mrs. Helen N. Cabell Mr. Kenneth S. Cameron Mrs. Phyllis H. Carey Mr. Donald Carl Mr. William Carlebach Dennis and Pamela Casey Ms. Eva M. Casner Dr. and Mrs. Vinton Cerf Mr. Alger Chaney Dr. Jonathan L. Chang Colonel and Mrs. George E. Chapin, Jr. Ms. Li Chu Mr. and Mrs. J. Donald Cline Mr. and Mrs. Melvin S. Cohen The Honorable Barber Conable, Jr. and Mrs. Conable Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. and Mrs. Donald N. Coupard Ms. Jean Coyne Mrs. Crayton M. Crawford Mrs. Gretchen Smith Crow Mr. and Mrs. Frank Daniels, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Worth B. Daniels Mr. John H. Darlington, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Howard Daschbach Barry and Nora Davis Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Davis Mrs. M. A. Davis Mrs. Anna Day Mr. Arthur F. Dellheim Mrs. Deborah J. Denefrio Mr. and Mrs. Bernard G. Dennis, Jr. Mr. Geert M. Deprest and Ms. Laura Travis-Deprest Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. R. Dewart Hilton B. Dickerson Ms. Claudia Dickman The Honorable Douglas Dillon Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Dixon Dr. and Mrs. William H. L. Dornette Ms. Jacqueline H. Dryfoos Mr. and Mrs. Leroy Eakin Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson Mrs. Shirley Egashira Miss Babs Eisman Mrs. Harriet J. Eiwen Mr. and Mrs. Richard England Gary and Jeri Epstein Colonel Charles O. Eshelman Mrs. Eric Eweson Mr. and Mrs. Michael L. Fayad Ms. Dianne Fecteau Mr. and Mrs. Harry Feldman 94 Dr. and Mrs. Adrian E. Flatt David A. Fleming, M.D. Mary and Henry Flynt Mr. Philip E. Forest The Honorable Rockwood Hoar Foster and Mrs. Foster Mr. Benjamin Frank Ernst and Elfriede Frank Foundation Inc. Ms. Betty Fraser Mr. and Mrs. Eric P. Fraunfelter Virginia McGehee Friend Mr. Cary J. Frieze David Morgan Frost Mrs. L. J. Futchik Mrs. J. Gardiner Mr. and Mrs. Caspar C. Garrigues Mr. and Mrs. Carl S. Gewirz Mrs. John T. Gibson Dr. and Mrs. Clarence G. Glenn Mr. Charles Goldsberry Mr. and Mrs. George C. Graham Ms. Catharine Graton Mrs. John B. Greene Ms. Marion E. Greene Mr. Edward C. Groark Mr. and Mrs. Calvin Gross Mr. and Mrs. Patrick W. Gross Bruce Guthrie Mr. Tom Gwaltney Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Hall Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Robert V. and Rita S. Hanle Mrs. Marguerite J. Harbert Nancy W. Harding Ms. Helen Leale Harper Mrs. Jane S. Hart Mr. and Mrs. Max E. Hartl Dr. and Mrs. Herbert A. Hartman, Jr. Ms. Chatten Hayes Mr. and Mrs. David R. Heebner Robert and Gladys Henry Catherine W. Herman Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess Mrs. Gloria Hidalgo Mrs. Clara Jane Hill Ms. Nancy A. Hoffmann Mr. and Mrs. Wallace FE. Holladay Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Hopkins Mr. and Mrs. Peter House Mr. Tommy D. Hughes Mrs. Peter D. Humleker, Jr. Mrs. Elizabeth L. Hunter Mr. Joshua Icore Mr. L. R. Ingels John Ippolito and Diane Laird- Ippolito Dr. Jay and Dr. Mary Anne Jackson Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Mr. David A. Jacques David and Pat Jernigan Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson Mr. Woodrow C. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Stanley B. Jones Mr. Kenneth L. Jordan, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Jung, Jr. Mr. John C. Kane Mr. and Mrs. Sheldon T. Katz Mr. and Mrs. Jack Kay Ms. Shelley Kay Mr. Stephen C. Keeble and Ms. Karen Depew Dr. Rebecca Kenyon Mrs. Virginia W. Kettering Mr. and Mrs. Clark H. Kilhefner Dr. William M. King Mr. and Mrs. Norman V. Kinsey Susan L. Klaus Ms. Elizabeth Gelman Kossow Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Krueger Mr. Wayne E. Kurcz Mrs. James S. Lacock The Honorable Marion Ladwig and Mrs. Ladwig Dr. and Mrs. Emanuel Landau Mr. and Mrs. Robert Lando Mrs. Stephens J. Lange Mrs. Janet E. Lanman Mr. James K. Leach Dr. E. H. Leduc Dr. and Mrs. LaSalle D. Leffall, Jr. Mrs. William Leonhart Mr. William B. Levin and Ms. Canice Kelly Levin Mr. James Lintott and Ms. May Liang Dr. and Mrs. John G. Lodmell Mr. Frank J. Lukowski Mr. and Mrs. Edmund C. Lynch, Jr. Dr. Hugh S. Mainzer and Ms. Jill Jarecki Mainzer Mr. and Mrs. Jack A. Mark Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars, Jr. Mrs. Virginia C. Mars Mr. Frederick P. Mascioli Major General Raymond E. Mason, Jr. and Mrs. Mason Dr. Thomas R. Masters Wayne and Tina Mathews Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Mathias Philip R. Mayhew Mr. James I. McAuliff Emmett and Miriam McCoy Richard and Vivian McCrary Mr. and Mrs. Clayton McCuistion Mr. and Mrs. John D. McLean Mr. and Mrs. E. Mercy, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Merriman His Excellency Sir Christopher Meyer Mr. George H. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Miller Ms. Elizabeth M. Molloy and Mr. Timothy E. Welch Mr. and Mrs. Peter R. Monrose, Jr. Mrs. Rosalis Montgomery Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Moran Mr. Robert E. Mortensen Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth F. Mountcastle Dr. and Mrs. Gary L. Mueller Dr. J. Andrew Mulholland Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Munroe Mrs. Ray Murray Ms. Linell E. Nemeth Mr. and Mrs. Eric B. Nettere Ms. Mary Nucci Mr. and Mrs. Merlin G. Nygren Dr. and Mrs. J. Dennis O'Connor Ms. Nancy F. O'Connor Mr. James D. Oglevee and Ms. Susan Marie Halliday Sture G. Olsson Mr. and Mrs. Steven F. Paes Mr. and Mrs. Gregory J. Parseghian Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Peacock Foundation, Inc. Mr. Scott D. Pearson Mrs. Thomas Perkins Mrs. Ruby Q. Petersen George and Sally Pillsbury Mr. John Pitts, Sr. Mrs. Jane P. Plakias Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky/The Polsky Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Henry Posner, Jr. Mrs. Charles P. Price Mr. William Raduchel Mr. and Mrs. John A. Radway, Jr. Mr. Elmer Rasmuson Mr. and Mrs. Norval L. Rasmussen Mrs. Carol H. Ray Mr. Michael F. Reagan Mr. and Mrs. Edward Hart Rice Mrs. Carlyn Ring Doug Ring and Cindy Miscikowski Mrs. Dorothy Hyman Roberts Ms. Nancy Robertson and Mr. Mark Cookingham Mr. Arthur Rock The Honorable John D. Rockefeller, IV and Mrs. Rockefeller Mrs. Howard W. Rosser Mrs. Yvonne W. Roth Ms. Marya Rowan Ms. Marcia Rubenstein Mr. Marcos Russek Mr. Edward H. Sachtleben Mr. and Mrs. William R. Salomon Mr. and Mrs. Albert Sbar The Honorable James H. Scheuer and Mrs. Scheuer Mr. and Mrs. Douglas R. Scheumann Mr. and Mrs. Roger P. Schlemmer Ms. Maybelle Schneider .and Mrs. Edwin Schreiber Mr. and Mrs. S. Norman Seastedt Mr. and Mrs. David M. Shapiro Mrs. Selma Shapiro Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Shatz Mr. Winslow T. Shearman Mr. Allan E. Shore Mrs. Alan B. Showalter Charles Siegel Alan and Sarah Skerker Dr. Lionel J. Skidmore and Dr. Jean M. Karle Mrs. David E. Skinner Dr. Harvey C. Slocum, Jr. Mr. Robert D. Smith General and Mrs. W. Y. Smith Mrs. Lillian Solomon Mr. and Mrs. Michael R. Sonnenreich Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Sowell Helen B. Spaulding Mr. and Mrs. Edson W. Spencer Mr. Bernie Stadiem Dr. Marjorie L. Stein Mr. and Mrs. Ellis M. Stephens Mr. and Mrs. William C. Sterling, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Franz T. Stone Mr. and Mrs. Shepard B. Stone Mr. Roy T. Strainge Ms. Carolyn Swift Mr. Joseph M. Tessmer Ms. Marjorie E. Thomas Mr. Stephen Tilton Ms. Carol Todd The Honorable and Mrs. Russell E. Train Mr. and Mrs. George Travis Helen Brice Trenckmann Bryan Troutman and Margaret Fischer Ms. Eva F. Tully Mr. James F. Turner Mr. M. S. Ursino Mr. and Mrs. Ladislaus Von Hoffmann Colonel Harold W. Vorhies Mrs. Robert Waidner Dr. and Mrs. Wesley W. Walton Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Wean, Jr. Lee Weissman Mr. and Mrs. Craig L. Weston Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Wherley = Contributing Members Mr. and Mrs. Ben White Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. White Mr. John K. White The Honorable John C. Whitehead Mr. and Mrs. Norman C. Willcox Mrs. Elizabeth Williams Mr. and Mrs. Wesley S$. Williams, Jr. Pat and Harvey Wilmeth Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Wilson Mr. Joseph G. Wirth Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Womble Mrs. Jane Ludwig Worley Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Wright Ms. Alice Wrobleski Mrs. Charlotte S. Wyman Mr. Gregory B. Young Mary L. Zicarelli Mr. Henri Zimand Mr. and Mrs. Michael N. Zirkle Ms. Nina Zolt and Mr. Miles Gilburne Life Members Prior to 1985, Life Members were ap- pointed to the James Smithson Society in recognition of significant, one-time contributions to the Institution. Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton David K. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo Mr. Scott R. Anselmo Herbert and Evelyn Axelrod Richard R. Bains Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow Mrs. Henry C. Beck, Jr. Mrs. Ralph E. Becker Mrs. John A. Benton Dr. and Mrs. William B. Berry Dr. and Mrs. B. N. Bhat Mr. Richard A. Bideaux Edwin W. Bitter Dr. and Mrs. William Beaty Boyd Lee Bronson Dr. Ruth D. Bruun Mrs. George E. Burch Mrs. Arthur J. Burstein Mrs. Hyman Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell Burstein Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Caldwell, Jr. Mr. Lawson J. Cantrell, Jr. Mrs. George H. Capps Carol Chiu Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cleveland Dr. and Mrs. George L. Compton 95 Dr. and Mrs. Roger D. Cornell Dr. and Mrs. E. J. Cunningham Dr. Bruce E. Dahrling, II Mrs. Peter N. Delanoy Mr. John R. Doss Mr. Edward R. Downe, Jr. Dr. Dale B. Dubin Mr. and Mrs. Willis H. Dupont Mr. Joseph M. Erdelac Mrs. Thomas M. Evans Dr. and Mrs. Dan Feriozi Mrs. Walter B. Ford, II Patricia and Phillip Frost Mrs. Edwin Fullinwider Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Andrew Funt Dr. and Mrs. Lamont W. Gaston Mr. Kirkland H. Gibson C. Paul and Pat S. Gilson Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P. Gott Mrs. W. G. Gould Dawn Greene Doris Stack Greene Mrs. Chaim Gross Mrs. Melville W. Hall Mr. and Mrs. Don C. Harrold Mrs. Enid A. Haupt Mr. and Mrs. Wayne C. Hazen Mr. Edward L. Henning Mts. Joseph Hirshhorn Mr. Paul Horgan Mr. and Mrs. George H. Jacobus Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Kastner Dr. Annette Kaufman Dr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Kirk Mr. Peter Merrill Klein Mrs. Samuel W. Koffler Mrs. Lewis Kurt Land Mrs. David Landau Dr. Maury P. Leibovitz Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Leininger Mr. and Mrs. Harry E. Lennon Mrs. Sara L. Lepman and Mr. Joshua M. Lepman ~ Mr. and Mrs. John Levey Robert Levey and Karen Levey Mrs. Frances Lewis Mrs. Jack Lord Mrs. Robert A. Magowan Dr. and Mrs. Leo J. Malone Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian Mr. John A. Masek Mrs. Vincent Melzac Mr. and Mrs. Jack L. Messman Mr. W. A. Moldermaker Dr. and Mrs. Walter A. H. Mosmann Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Mullins Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Murray 96 Mr. Mortimer L. Neinken Dr. Melanie Newbill Mrs. Henry K. Ostrow Mrs. Rudolf Pabst Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. Persons Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Pflueger Mrs. John Alexander Pope Mrs. Abraham Rattner Kate Rinzler Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Roberts The Honorable Martin J. Roess Dr. and Mrs. Richard G. Rogers, Jr. Mr. Arthur Ross Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Sachs Mrs. Janos Scholz Mr. and Mrs. Morton Silverman Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Slattery Mrs. Helen F. Sloan Mrs. Edith Thomas Smith Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Earl J. Spangler Mr. Stuart M. Speiser The Honorable Elaine Jackson Stack Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G. Stack Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Stavisky Dr. and Mrs. Leo F. Stornelli Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. Mrs. Hans Syz Mrs. Katherine S. Sznycer Dr. Yen Tan The Ruth and Vernon Taylor Foundation Mrs. David J. Tepper Mr. Richard W. Thomssen Mr. Bardy! R. Tirana Mr. Glenn O. Tupper Lillian Scheffres Turner Dr. and Mrs. Adolfo Villalon Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. Walker Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Wang Dr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Whiteley Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Williams Mr. Archibald M. Withers Mrs. David O. Woodbury Mr. Stanley Woodward Mr. and Mrs. James Wu Mr. and Mrs. Barry Yampol Smithsonian Legacy Society The Smithsonian Legacy Society hon- ors our friends who carry on James Smithson’s tradition through legacy gifts to the Smithsonian, such as be- quests, charitable gift annuities, Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 charitable remainder trusts, pooled in- come fund gifts, gifts of retirement and life insurance plans, and other giving vehicles. Founding Chairman Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Founders Anonymous (17) Mr. H. V. Andersen§ Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Mrs. J. Paul Austin Mr. and Mrs. William R. Baecht William C. and Nellie N. Baker Mr. Gary F. Beanblossom Col. and Mrs. Joseph S. Benham George and Bonnie Bogumill Mr. Richard L. Bolling Mr. and Mrs. Mark Boone Mr. Richard E. Booth Col. Charles Botula III, USAF (Ret.) Susan K. Botula Mr. John Brokaw Mr. Pulaski Broward, Jr. Mrs. Agnes M. Brown Mr. Berchman T. Carville§ Mr. Michael W. Cassidy Fenner A. Chace, Jr. Mr. Harry R. Charles, Jr. Ms. Linda C. Clark Mr. Louis P. Clark Mr. Earl Clayton Mr. Lawrence G. Clayton Dr. Karen Weaver Coleman The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr. and Mrs. Conable Mr. Hal J. Cunningham Miss Pauline R. Cushing Ms. Patricia Daniels Mr. Dennis O. Dixon Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Dixon Dr. Harold A. Dundee Mr. and Mrs. William C. Dutton Mr. John M. Elling Mr. and Mrs. George William Elliott Mrs. Elizabeth Engstrom Mr. and Mrs. Glenn H. Evans Mr. and Mrs. Fred Feuille Mrs. Helen Flanagan Mrs. June M. Fontanier Ms. Patricia K. Frontz § Deceased Dr. Martin A. Funk and Mr. Eugene S. Zimmer Mr. Oscar Galeno Mr. and Mrs. H. Clay Gardenhire Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Gardner Mrs. Aileen M. Garrett Mr. David E. Garrett Jane W. Gaston Mr. Gilbert W. Glass Mr. Irving P. Golden Mr. Charles Goldsberry Mrs. Phyllis M. Grasty Mr. and Mrs. Roger D. Hathaway Mr. Geoffrey Francis Hayes Mr. Lloyd E. Herman Mr. and Mrs. Carl D. Herold Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess Mr. Jeff Hill Frank and Lisina Hoch Miss K. T. Hoffacker Ruth S. and A. William Holmberg Ms. Hanna Lore Hombordy William Logan Hopkins Catherine Marjorie Horne Dr. and Mrs. Lee Houchins Mrs. Edgar McPherson Howell Mr. John R. Huggard Woodie W. and Jean B. Humburg Mr. Thomas L. Humphrey Dr. and Mrs. James C. Hunt Mr. and Mrs. Milton M. Hyatt Lt. Col. Robert B. Jenkins, USAF (Ret.) Mr. Joseph E. Johnson Mr. Robert C. Johnson Ms. Judy Kaselow Miss Narinder K. Keith Miss Rajinder K. Keith Ms. Kelly A. Kendrick Ms. Moselle Kimbler Mrs. Bessie M. Koehler Mr. and Mrs. John Koenig Lt. Col. William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Mrs. Rose C. Kramer Mr. William J. Kramer Ms. Lee Kush Dr. Geraldine E. La Rocque Mrs. James Spencer Lacock Ms. Patricia A. Laird Mr. and Mrs. Philip A. Lathrap Mrs. Cynthia Lawrence Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Leighty Ms. Eleanor L. Linkous Ms. Shirley Loo Mr. Anton C. Love Dr. and Mrs. Burton N. Lowe Mr. Frank J. Lukowski Mr. and Mrs. Charles Maluzzi Mr. Clyde Marr Mr. Ronald W. McCain Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. McCrary Miss Minnie Belle McIntosh Ms. Lowen McKay Mr. and Mrs. Allen McReynolds, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James A. Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Carl Mikuletzky Mrs. Mike Mitchell Mrs. Jane R. Moore Mr. Arthur Mucklow Mr. and Mrs. Roger K. Myers Col. Erickson S. Nichols Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Paul L. Peck Mr. James E. Pehta Mr. and Mrs. David S. Purvis Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Rabbitt Gen. and Mrs. William S. Rader, USAF (Ret.) Mr. Francis H. Rasmus, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Galen B. Rathbun Ms. Sanae lida Reeves Mr. Donald L. Reinking Mr. Robert A. Rice Col. and Mrs. Robert F. Rick George W. and Margaret P. Riesz Dr. Ruth A. Roland Mr. Stuart W. Rosenbaum Mr. Edward Sachtleben Lloyd G. and Betty A. Schermer Ms. Sharon Scott Mr. and Mrs. Edwin N. Seiler Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Sherman Allan E. Shore Mrs. Warren H. Sichel Mary F. Simons Dr. Barbara J. Smith Kathy Daubert Smith Mr. and Mrs. Lee Smith Mrs. Margaret Sokol Mr. and Mrs. Stephen K. Soldoff Mr. and Mrs. Guenther Sommer Irene Sorrough Mr. Charles W. Speck§ Mr. Bernie Stadiem Ms. Sandra Sterling Mr. Kevin B. Stone Mr. and Mrs. Fred Streckewald Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T. N. Suarez George D. and Mary Augusta Thomas Dr. and Mrs. F. Christian Thompson Ms. Johanna W. Thompson John and Ellen Thompson Diane D. Tobin Mr. David E. Todd § Deceased Contributing Members Mr. and Mrs. W. Carroll Tornroth Ms. Selena M. Updegraft Ms. Carol Vangelos Ms. Patty Wagstatt Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Waite Miss Catherine M. Walsh Dr. and Mrs. Richard Ward Mr. and Mrs. DeVer K. Warner Mr. and Mrs. Charles Watts Mr. Charles Weingartner Mrs. Harriet K. Westcott Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. White Mr. Julius Wile Mrs. Laurence I. Wood ADCS Scott B. Wood, USN (Ret.) Mr. Francis W. Worrell Mr. and Mrs. Robert Zapart Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Zelenka Dr. P. Joseph Zharn Mrs. Michael N. Zirkle Mr. Stephen R. Zlodi, Jr.§ Bequests We remember with appreciation the following generous donors whose gifts through bequests from their estates were received this year. Richard Anthis Samuel W. Bernheimer Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghausen Karl H. Hagen Robert Inverarity Janet W. Johnson Frederick Lankford Elinor Merrell Boyd O’Neal Catherine E. Rayne Beatrice Rubenstein Curtis W. Sabrosky Frances Schillinger Shaw Frank B. Sherry Robert R. Shomer Albert Snyder Victor J. Van Lint Wanda M. Wade Memorial and Commemorative Gifts The following were so honored by their families and friends. Alice Pike Barney Cecelia Chang 97 Frank M. Conser, Sr. Donald D. Engen Henry E. Fontanier Barbara W. Freeman Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Gardner Carolyn McKerrow Glass Richard Horowitz Rollyn O. Krichbaum Katherine Malone Raymond Manning Paul Milton Niebell, Sr. A. E Pradeau Josephine Raymond Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence M. Small James Smith J. T. Vida Priscilla Williams William J. Woolfenden Henry Christian Zenke II and all Air Weather Service personnel who have served this country Donors of In-Kind Support Alitalia Airlines American Airlines Aviation Week BET on Jazz Mr. and Mrs. Richard Blake Booz, Allen & Hamilton Inc. British Airways Cisco Systems, Inc. Continental Airlines, Inc. Delta Air Lines fastac.net FedEx Corporation The Gap Foundation Gateway, Inc. Hach Company LXL, Inc. Longview Fibre Company Midwest Express Airlines NEC Technologies, Inc. The Recording Industries Music Performance Trust Funds Research Systems, Inc. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. Southern Company Southwest Airlines TransBrasil Airlines U.S.A. Direct, Inc. Mr. David Y. Ying Donors The Board of Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution join with Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian the entire staff in thanking all of the Institution’s friends for the generosity they Nancy Brown Negley have shown with their financial support, gifts to the collection, and in-kind Dr. Meyer P. and Dr. Vivian O. donations. Gifts are recorded under the title of the recipient bureau or office, with Potamkin a brief description of the gift where appropriate. If perchance the name of any Mr. and Mrs. John R. Robinson donor has been omitted from these lists, it is an inadvertence and in no way Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob diminishes the Institution’s gratitude. Many gifts were received from donors who Mrs. Stephen D. Rubin prefer to remain anonymous; the Smithsonian wishes to thank these people, as Mr. and Mrs. Alan E. Schwartz well, for their support. Clarice and Bob Smith Stanford C. Stoddard Mr. and Mrs. A. Alfred Taubman Archives of American Art Sara Tiedeman Gillespie Judith Ogden Thomson Mr. and Mrs. William H. John Donors of Financial Support Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall Mr. and Mrs. Alan D. Levy $4,000,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Frank meeed gern TCR an acecaceating Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Adler Mr. and Mrs. Edward Minskoff Arthur G. Altschul Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Slavin Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Applebaum $100,000 or more Mrs. Vincent Astor Ford Motor Company Fund $5,000 or more The Barra Foundation The William & Mildred Lasdon Crothiny One Canad Poundaon Douglas Baxter Karen Bechtel The Honorable and Mrs. Max N. Berry Benjamin Moore & Co. Eleanor F. Bourke Berry-Hill Galleries, Inc. $25,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Buck Mr. and Mrs. Martin M. Blanck Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Rosalie K. Butzel Dr. Annette Blaugrund Inverarity Family Trust Mr. and Mrs. Richard Dubin Lee C. Bollinger Mr. and Mrs. William Clay Ford Ruth Bowman $10,000 or more Mrs. Daniel Fraad Henry Buhl Peter Fudge Dr. Irving F. Burton Warren and Jan Adelson Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Halff, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Robert E. Carroll The Beinecke Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Christie's, Inc. Douglas S. Cramer Mr. and Mrs. John K. Howat Mr. and Mrs. Edward Cohen Mr. and Mrs. John F. Dorn Janet Karatz Condé Nast Publications Barbara G. Fleischman Mr. and Mrs. Alvin S. Lane Ellen R. Cooper Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Fogg III Mr. and Mrs. Meredith J. Long Mr. and Mrs. Tarik Daoud Marvin H. Davidson Diana Gornick Day Mr. and Mrs. Oscar de la Renta Michael and Dudley Del Balso Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Douglass Mr. and Mrs. James Dufty Mr. and Mrs. Cameron B. Duncan Mr. and Mrs. James Ellis Mr. and Mrs. Robert Emett Mr. and Mrs. Andre Emmerich Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Enders Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Feder Mr. and Mrs. Desmond G. Fitzgerald Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Fleischer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Forbes Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Forbes Anne Ford Charlotte M. Ford Mr. and Mrs. Edsel B. Ford HU Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Friedlander Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ganz, Jr. Barbara Goldsmith Mr. and Mrs. Robert Goodman Mr. and Mrs. Richard Gray Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Greenbaum Agnes Gund and Daniel Shapiro Hachette Filipacchi Magazines Mr. and Mrs. John M. Haddow Gale Hayman-Haseltine Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Herlitz Nancy M. Herstand Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch Mr. and Mrs. John Ingle, Jr. Suzanne D. Jaffe Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Janes Dr. Helen I. Jessup Mr. and Mrs. Mendel Kaliff Mr. and Mrs. Martin Kanter Mr. and Mrs. Mark N. Kaplan Suzanne Kayne Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. and Mrs. John Klingenstein Melvin and Thelma Lenkin Mr. and Mrs. Alan Levenstein Dr. and Mrs. Kim K. Lie Linda Hyman Fine Arts Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Linton Shumer S. Lonoff Robert F. Maguire III Mr. and Mrs. Roger Mandle Mr. and Mrs. Richard Mannheimer Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Robert and Jane Meyerhoff Midtown Payson Galleries, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey Miro Mr. and Mrs. I. Wistar Morris III Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Peter Morse Donors Roy R. Neuberger Mr. and Mrs. S. I. Newhouse, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson Nolen Lois G. Oppenheimer Mr. and Mrs. Donald Oresman Janice C. Oresman Pasadena Art Alliance Mr. and Mrs. Richard Pasculano Claire E. Perry Ruth C. Pette Dr. and Mrs. Terry Podolsky Philippa Polskin Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky Marsha Ralls Mr. and Mrs. Dana Raymond David Rockefeller, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Felix G. Rohatyn Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Sachs II Santa Fe Art Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Abbott K. Schlain Mr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Schoenith Dr. and Mrs. Dennis R. Schumer Mr. and Mrs. Stuart R. Shamberg George A. Shutt Sotheby’s Ira Spanierman Mr. and Mrs. Harry Spiro Elizabeth Strong-Cuevas Mr. and Mrs. George Strumbos Mr. and Mrs. A. Richard Tischler Helen S. Tucker Mr. and Mrs. Thurston Twigg-Smith Mr. and Mrs. Bartholomew Voorsanger William B. Warner Ms. Shelby White and Mr. Leon Levy Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Wimpfheimer $500 or more Mr. and Mrs. John E. Akridge III Brooke Alexander Dr. Lourdes V. Andaya Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bahssin Louis C. Baker Brenda P. Ballin Dr. and Mrs. James Bannon Martha Banta Mr. and Mrs. Will Barnet Mrs. Edwin A. Bergman Dr. and Mrs. John G. Bielawski Sewell C. Biggs Karen Johnson Boyd Mr. and Mrs. Howard B. Camden Jay Cantor Mr. and Mrs. Donald Canvasser Mr. and Mrs. Bader Cassin Mrs. Robert J. Chapman Iris Clark 99 Albert Cohn Mr. and Mrs. William B. Connelly Mr. Joel Rosenkranz and Ms. Janis Conner Mrs. Norbert Considine Mr. and Mrs. Sol Neil Corbin Therese Crandall Dr. and Mrs. C. Arnold Curry Yvonne de C Segerstrom Dr. and Mrs. Richard L. Dodson Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Doerer Dr. John Driscoll Virginia Dwan Mr. and Mrs. Barney A. Ebsworth Irma B. Elder Mr. and Mrs. Alex J. Etkin Martha W. Farmer Helena Fraser Morton and Harriett Freedman Mr. and Mrs. Morton Funger Mrs. Frank Germack, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Frank C. Glover Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Goodman Dr. Vartan Gregorian Rachel K. Grody Mr. and Mrs. Graham Gund Dr. and Mrs. Reginald Harnett Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Hatz William E. Heyler Bernard Hirsch and Lillian Shaye- Hirsch Tabitha Huber Mrs. David Jacknow Wendy Jeffers Mr. and Mrs. David Jensen Mr. and Mrs. William A. Kaynor Mary P. Keating Martin and Cis Maisel Kellman Kennedy Galleries Dr. and Mrs. Charles Kessler Robert P. and Arlene R. Kogod Mrs. Roger Kyes Mr. and Mrs. David Leader Mrs. John M. Liebes Mira Linder Mr. and Mrs. Bob London Beverly Lopatin Marion Lynton William H. Mandel Mr. and Mrs. Tom F. Marsh Ambassador Anne Martindell Nan Tucker McEvoy Mr. and Mrs. Michael Mennello Anne Miller Evelyn Stefansson Nef Mildred M. Oppenheimer Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Oroshnik Mrs. William Pannill 100 Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Pastor Peters Art Gallery of New York Mr. and Mrs. Carl H. Pforzheimer III Mr. and Mrs. Bernard E. Pincus Monroe and Aimee Price Mrs. James A. Rawley Mr. and Mrs. Jock Reynolds Lois Ribicoff and A.A. Ribicoff David P. Robinson Mr. and Mrs. Morris Rochlin Florence R. Rolfe Judith R. Rosenberg Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Rosowski Fayez Sarofim Ina Schnell Mr. and Mrs. Douglas A. Schubot Mr. and Mrs. Peter L. Sheldon Mr. and Mrs. Morris P. Silver Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Singer Mrs. Nelson E. Smyth Dr. and Mrs. Richard E. Straith Barbara and Donald Tober Dr. and Mrs. Floyd Tukel Karen M. Van Antwerp Abbot W. Vose Duane A. Wakeham Joan Washburn Jerome Westheimer Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson Ronald L. Winokur Mrs. Robert G. Wolf Mrs. Warren R. Woodward Susan Young Linda Zalla $250 or more A La Vieille Russie Mr. and Mrs. M. Bernard Aidinoff Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Allesee Carolyn Alper Mr. Michael N. Altman Mrs. Milton Avery Laura Bakula Donna Barnett Mrs. Olin Barrett Arlene S. Berkis Mrs. George Berlinger Marcia Allen Bielfield Esther Bloch Adele Block Roger and Nancy Boas Mr. and Mrs. Paul Borman Dr. and Mrs. Philip L. Brewer Cynthia Clark Brown Bruce McGaw Graphics Mrs. Patricia Hill Burnett and Mr. Robert Siler Mrs. Samuel C. Butler Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 John W. Butler, Jr. and John M. VanderLinden Mrs. William A. Cameron Mr. and Mrs. Herman M. Canner Mr. and Mrs. Jack R. Cooper Ted Cooper Mrs. Lammot DuPont Copeland Mr. and Mrs. Raymond M. Cracchiolo Catherine G. Curran Dorothea F. Darlington Bruce A. Davis Mr. and Mrs. David E. Davis Dr. and Mrs. Francis de Marneffe David Dufour Dorothy Dunitz Mr. and Mrs. Robert Eichenberg Mr. and Mrs. Christian P. Erdman Carol J. Feinberg Mr. and Mrs. Miles Q. Fiterman Jacqueline Fowler Mrs. John S. French Walter J. Fried Elizabeth H. Fuller Howard and Melinda Godel Mr. and Mrs. Richard Gold Lawrence J. Goldrich Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Graham, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Grigg Philip J. Hahn Mr. and Mrs. Steven E. Halliwell Ruth and Robert Halperin John W. Harris Mrs. E. H. Heaton Jim Herrington and Carol Camiener Mr. and Mrs. Frederick D. Hill Holcombe & Nancy Green Char Trust Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin D. Holloway Earl Hordes David Hudgens Mr. and Mrs. Joseph L. Hudson, Jr. Milton and Sheila Hyman Walter Keating Tibor Kerekes, Jr. Mrs. W.S. Kilroy Mr. and Mrs. Harry L. Koenigsberg Lisa M. Koenigsberg Mauricio Kohn Mr. and Mrs. David Kolasinski Janice L. Kowalski Kraushaar Galleries Dr. John E. Larkin, Jr. The Honorable Charles L. Levin Mrs. Richard M. Livingston Mr. and Mrs. Peter Lunder Mr. and Mrs. Morton M. Maneker Mrs. Frank S. Marra Susan McClatchy Leonard L. Milberg Mrs. A. A. Minowitz Rhoda Mintzer Mr. and Mrs. Alan Mirken Dr. Martyna Miskinis Mrs. Edward P. Moore Mr. and Mrs. Donald EF. Morris Mr. and Mrs. E. Clarence Mularoni Raymond D. Nasher Mr. and Mrs. Edward Ney Dianne Niedner Dr. and Mrs. Kevin T. O'Donnell Karen M. Pastor Bennard B. Perlman David Pincus Mr. and Mrs. Leo Rabkin Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Raisch Sheila Johnson Robbins Patricia Rodzik Charles R. Rutherford Mary Bayes Ryan Elaine Sargent Mr. and Mrs. Morton L. Scholnick Lillian Schwartz Mr. and Mrs. Martin E. Segal Mr. and Mrs. Frederic A. Sharf Dr. and Mrs. Robert R. Silver Mr. and Mrs. Larry A. Silverstein Mrs. Richard E. Smitt Mr. and Mrs. Howard B. Sosin Mrs. Markley Spivak Jewel Stern Carolyn Stopak Bernard E. Sullivan Roselyne C. Swig Sheldon S. Toll Robert C. Vose III Mr. and Mrs. Ira D. Wallach Mr. and Mrs. William C. Wallstein Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Wasserman Barbara Watkins Mr. and Mrs. Robert Wechsler Ruth Westphal Wildenstein & Co., Inc. Gertrude Wilmers Mrs. A. Witter Mr. and Mrs. Erving Wolf Paul W. Worman Richard T. York William Patrick Young Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery $10,000 or more (Sponsor's Circle) The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Vinton G. Cerf Da Capo Fund Exxon Mobil Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Adolph Herseth Hughes Network Systems Ketchum Mr. and Mrs. Yo-Yo Ma Ms. Claudine B. Malone Medical and Science Communications Development Corporation Ms. Elizabeth E. Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Pearl Dr. and Mrs. Rolf G. Scherman Mr. and Mrs. Michael R. Sonnenreich Mr. Robert C. Tang, S.C. Toyota Motor North America, Inc. The Washington Post Company $5,000 to $9,999 (Founder’s Circle) Mr. and Mrs. William Beierwaltes Marinka and John Bennett The Honorable Max N. Berry and Mrs. Berry Brother International Corporation Christie's Mr. and Mrs. Roger E. Covey Ebrahimi Family Foundation Ms. Martha Feltenstein Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden Dr. Margaret A. Goodman Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office Mr. James V. Kimsey R. Robert and Ada H. Linowes Fund of the Community Foundation for the National Capital Region Mitsui & Company (U.S.A.), Inc. Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos Mrs. John Alexander Pope Mr. Robert Rosenkranz and Ms. Alexandra Munroe Mr. and Mrs. Arthur F. Sackler The Arthur M. Sackler Foundation Vicki and Roger Sant Mr. and Mrs. James Shinn Sony Classical Mrs. H. William Tanaka Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Tompkins Ms. Dora Wong and Mr. Edmund Nagel $2,500 to $4,999 (Director’s Circle) Harriett Ames Charitable Trust Mr. Sidney Babcock and Ms. Samantha Burler Mr. Paul Calello and Ms. Jane Debevoise Donors Mr. and Mrs. Brice M. Clagett Mr. Jeffrey P. Cunard Mr. and Mrs. Leon Dalva Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger Mr. and Mrs. Arun K. Deva Mr. and Mrs. Giuseppe Eskenazi Mrs. Myron S. Falk, Jr.* Mr. and Mrs. George J. Fan Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Ms. Alice R. Yelen Mr. and Mrs. Peter Haas Mr. and Mrs. George W. Haldeman Sir Howard Hodgkin and Mr. Antony Peattie Sir Joseph E. Hotung Dr. and Mrs. Ashok Kaveeshwar Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally Mr. Albert G. Lauber, Jr. and Mr. Craig W. Hoffman Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Miller Mr. and Mrs. J. Sanford Miller Dr. and Mrs. Allen M. Mondzac Dr. and Mrs. Stanton P. Nolan Parnassus Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Plotnick Mrs. Lewis T. Preston Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling Ms. Sanae lida Reeves Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins Karol K. Rodriguez Ms. Diane Schafer and Dr. Jeffrey Stein Mr. and Mrs. Roy A. Schotland Mrs. Richard E. Sherwood Dr. and Mrs. Gursharan Sidhu Dr. Gerald D. Slawecki and Ms. Constance H. Slawecki Dr. Mary Slusser Mr. Mark W. Sundberg Dr. Mahinder Tak and Mr. Sharad Tak Mr. and Mrs. Guy Weill Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Zucker $1,000 to $2,499 (Patron’s Circle) Prince and Princess Sadruddin Aga Khan Dr. and Mrs. Bruce Alberts Mr. and Mrs. Steven Ames Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Siah Armajani Mr. and Mrs. David Austern Bajaj Family Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Barclay Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William D. Baskett III *Deceased 101 Mrs. Daniel M. Beach, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Milo C. Beach Ms. Susanne K. Bennet Afsaneh Mashayekhi Beschloss and Michael Beschloss The Honorable Robert O. Blake and Mrs. Blake Mr. and Mrs. Dries Blitz Mr. and Mrs. William Breer Mr. and Mrs. Jere Broh-Kahn Mr. and Mrs. John B. Bunker Mrs. Jackson Burke Mr. and Mrs. Howard Burpee Ms. Ruby Chan and Mr. Edward Wan Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark Mr. Robert M. Clatanoff Mr. Jerome A. Cohen and Mrs. Joan Lebold Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Louis R. Cohen Mr. Thomas Colville Mr. Richard Cooper and Ms. Judith Areen Mr. and Mrs. John M. Courtney Mme Giséle Croés Mr. and Mrs. John R. Curtis, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Michael de Havenon Vidya and Jay Dehejia Drs. Ashok and Marion Deshmukh Mr. and Mrs. Dinyar Devitre Dr. Willem J.R. Dreesmann Mr. and Mrs. John L. Eastman Mr. Robert H. Ellsworth Mr. and Mrs. John H. Enns Mr. and Mrs. James G. Evans Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Feinberg Dr. and Mrs. Horace Z. Feldman Ms. Dallas Finn Ms. Ellen L. Frost and Mr. William F. Pedersen Mrs. Edwin Gaines Fullinwider Dr. Edward K. Gamson Mr. and Mrs. Donald Gavin Mr. and Mrs. Hitendra Ghosh Dr. and Mrs. Walter Y. Goo Mrs. Burton Gray Mr. Howard Griffin and Mr. Michael Dompas Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Grinnell Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Guttentag Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Halpern Mr. and Mrs. Anthony J. Hardy Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Harris The Honorable Richard Helms and Mrs. Helms Mr. John B. Henry and Ms. Ann Crittenden Mr. and Mrs. William Herbster Mr. and Mrs. Louis Hering Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth S. Hitch te 102 Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch Ms. Jayjia Hsia Dr. Josephine Huang and Ms. An L. Huang Mr. and Mrs. Sebastian Izzard Mrs. Rolf Jacoby Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Jessup, Jr. Ms. Shirley Z. Johnson and Mr. Charles Rumph Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Jue Dr. and Mrs. Rajesh S. Kadian Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Kahane Mr. and Mrs. Ramesh C. Kapoor Mr. Subhash Kapoor Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Kemper Ms. Marie-Louise Kennedy Ms. Miriam Kent Mr. and Mrs. Rohit Kishore Mr. and Mrs. Peter Koltnow Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Kramer Dr. and Mrs. Gregory T. Kruglak Mr. and Mrs. Jatinder M. Kumar Mr. Navin Kumar Mr. and Mrs. Shau-wai Lam Mr. Douglas A.J. Latchford Mr. Robert Lehrman Mary and Thomas Lentz Mrs. William Leonhart Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Levin Drs. Edmund and Julia Lewis Ambassador James R. Lilley and Mrs. Lilley Mrs. Ann S. Ling Mr. and Mrs. William H. Littlewood Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Lo Mr. and Mrs. Jan Lodal Mr. H. Christopher Luce and Ms. Tina Liu Dr. Robert W. Lyons and Dr. Virginia P. Riggs Mr. and Mrs. John B. Mannes Mr. and Mrs. Paul G. Marks Mr. and Mrs. Peter Marks Ms. Anne McIlvaine Mr. Terence McInerney Dr. Gilbert Mead and Dr. Jaylee Mead Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence G. Meyer Ms. Rebecca A. Miller and Mr. Christopher J. Vizas Mr. and Mrs. J. Gregory Milmoe Mr. Tajima Mitsuru Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Moskowitz Ms. Diane L. Mossler Dr. Umesh C. Mullick and Dr. Florabel G. Mullick Mr. and Mrs. David Newman Alice and Halsey North Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Overton Mr. Harish K. Patel Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Mr. and Mrs. William H. Peters Lt. Colonel and Mrs. Joseph T. Pisciotta Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Poster Ms. Judy Lynn Prince Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Pritzker Lilian and James Pruett The Honorable and Mrs. Gerald M. Rafshoon Ms. Barbara P. Richards Miss Elizabeth C. Ridout Miss Jacqueline Rizik Dr. Dorothy Robins-Mowry Ms. Jane Washburn Robinson Dr. and Mrs. Ignacio Rodriguez Mr. Randall B. Roe Mr. and Mrs. Howard Rogers Mr. and Mrs. H. David Rosenbloom Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H. Rotberg Ms. Dorothy Ing Russell Ms. Louise A. Russell Miss Hana Sackler Miss Maile Sackler Mr. Malcolm Sackler Dr. Marietta L. Sackler Miss Neoma Sackler Dr. and Mrs. Rajindra K. Sarin Mr. Etsuya Sasazu Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell R. Schneider Mr. and Mrs. Iwao Setsu Dr. and Mrs. Robert L. Sherman Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Silberstein Mrs. John F. Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Arman R. Simone Ms. Helen W. Sirkin Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Sokol Mr. Anthony M. Solomon Mr. and Mrs. Nathan J. Stark Mr. and Mrs. Roger D. Stone Ms. Nuzhat Sultan Ms. Alexia Suma Ms. Martha Sutherland Ms. Nella Taylor Prof. Elizabeth ten Grotenhuis and Mr. Merton C. Flemings Mr. and Mrs. Arvind D. Thadhani Mrs. Emilio Torres Mr. Theow H. Tow Mr. Victor Trasoff and Ms. Barbara Meister Mr. and Mrs. Ranvir K. Trehan Mrs. Anne van Biema Ms. Ellen VanDernoot Dr. Charles Linwood Vincent Mr. Paul F. Walter Mr. and Mrs. Shao F. Wang Ms. Ute Weatherall Mr. and Mrs. Franc Wertheimer Ms. Shelby White and Dr. Leon Levy Ms. Doris Wiener Ms. Nancy Wiener and Mr. Corwith Hamill Beverly and Christopher With Mr. and Mrs. David Y. Ying Gifts to Capital and Endowment Funds $500,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger $1,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Shao FE. Wang Annual Support for Programs and Projects $100,000 or more Anonymous Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation Sigrid and Vinton Cerf Fidelity Investments through the Fidelity Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Ms. Claudine B. Malone The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Mrs. Anne van Biema $50,000 to $99,999 Anonymous (2) Ms. Elizabeth E. Meyer The New York Community Trust— The Island Fund $25,000 to $49,999 Anonymous The Feinberg Foundation/Duron, Inc. The Folger Fund Hughes Network Systems Mr. H. Christopher Luce and Ms. Tina Liu Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Pearl The Else Sackler Foundation The Washington Post Company $10,000 to $24,999 American Hospital Association Anonymous Bankers Trust The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Cardiovascular Research Foundation Da Capo Fund Exxon Mobil Corporation Mr. and Mrs. George J. Fan Mr. and Mrs. Adolph Herseth Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office The Japan Foundation Ketchum JJ. Lally & Co. National Park Service/The National Center for Preservation Technology and Training Ralph E. Ogden Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Rolf G. Scherman Smithsonian Collections-Based Research Program Smithsonian Educational Outreach Fund Starwood Capital Group, LLC Toyota Motor North America, Inc. Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation $5,000 to $9,999 Bajaj Family Foundation, Inc. Brother International Corporation Chamber Music America Christie’s Mr. and Mrs. George W. Haldeman Sylvia and Alexander Hassan Family Foundation, Inc. Mr. James V. Kimsey Mr. and Mrs. Shau-wai Lam Dr. Thomas Lawton MARPAT Foundation, Inc. Mars Foundation Mitsui & Company (U.S.A.), Inc. Parnassus Foundation Mr. Harish K. Patel Mrs. Lewis T. Preston Vicki and Roger Sant Sony Classical Ms. Dora Wong and Mr. Edmund Nagel Mr. and Mrs. David Y. Ying $1,000 to $4,999 Mr. and Mrs. Peter Andrews Anonymous (4) Mr. Sidney Babcock and Ms. Samantha Butler Dr. and Mrs. Milo C. Beach Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Benkaim Marinka and John Bennett Donors Mr. and Mrs. David Bradley Mr. and Mrs. David S. Bruce Mr. and Mrs. Louis Cabot Mr. Paul Calello and Ms. Jane Debevoise Mr. and Mrs. Louis R. Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Leon Dalva Mrs. Edwin Gaines Fullinwider Georgetown University General Dynamics Glaxo Wellcome Inc. Dr. Margaret A. Goodman The Honorable C. Boyden Gray Takako and Victor Hauge The Honorable Richard Helms and Mrs. Helms Dr. and Mrs. Michael C. Hu IBM International Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Jue Mr. B. Franklin Kahn Kaidan, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Ashok Kaveeshwar Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Kemper Jatinder Kumar, Trustee of APCA Mr. Albert G. Lauber, Jr. and Mr. Craig W. Hoffman Mr. and Mrs. Rensselaer Lee Dr. and Mrs. Richard H. Lee, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Lasalle D. Leffall, Jr. The Honorable Marc E. Leland and Mrs. Leland Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey C. Lightcap Mrs. Ann S. Ling R. Robert and Ada H. Linowes Fund of the Community Foundation for the National Capital Region Mr. and Mrs. Jan Lodal Dr. Gilbert Mead and Dr. Jaylee Mead Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies Dr. Anne Meyer Mr. Peter Miller and Ms. Sara Cormeny Ms. Rebecca A. Miller and Mr. Christopher J. Vizas Mr. and Mrs. J. Gregory Milmoe Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos Mr. and Mrs. Walter H. Pincus Mrs. John Alexander Pope The Honorable and Mrs. Gerald M. Rafshoon Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling Ms. Sanae lida Reeves Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Dr. and Mrs. Mortimer D. Sackler Mr. and Mrs. Frederic A. Sharf Mr. and Mrs. Clyde E. Shorey, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Arman R. Simone Ms. Helen W. Sirkin 103 Dr. Mary Slusser Mr. Peter Stern and Dr. Margaret Johns Mr. and Mrs. George Stevens Mr. and Mrs. Roger D. Stone Ms. Martha Sutherland Dr. Mahinder Tak and Mr. Sharad Tak The Textile Museum Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Tompkins United Technologies Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Mallory Walker J. Watumull Fund Mr. and Mrs. Guy Weill Mr. and Mrs. Franc Wertheimer Ms. Shelby White and Dr. Leon Levy Mr. and Mrs. James D. Wolfensohn Planned Gifts Anonymous George and Bonnie Bogumill Mr.* and Mrs. Douglas F. Reeves Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Zelenka Donors to the Collections— Freer Gallery of Art Dr. Shing Yiu Yip, Spring Breeze (Zither, Q7z), China, Ming dynasty (1368-1644), lacquered wood, water buffalo horn, shell, silk strings (F1999.8.1 ) Susanne K. Bennet, Koran, copied by Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Kamal ibn Yahya al-Nasari, the physician of Cairo, Egypt, Cairo, Mamluk period (1250-1516), dated 744/1344-45, manuscript, ink, color, and gold on paper with red leather binding (F1999.9) Galerie Bork of Copenhagen, Denmark, Bowl, South China, Five dynasties—early Song, 1oth—12th century, ceramic, stoneware, white with translucent green/gray glaze (F1999.10) Mr. Kenneth Keith, Mznamorto no Yoshtie at Nakoso Barrier, by Sumiyoshi Hironao (1781-1828), calligraphy by Yokoyama Ikei ({1. ca. 1818-29), Japan, Edo period (1615-1868), early roth century, painting, hanging scroll, ink, color, and gold on silk (Fr999.11) Grace Gosnell Tucker, in honor of Horace Grant Underwood, Dish, *Deceased 104 Korea, Koryo dynasty (918-1372), roth—11th century, stoneware with translucent green/gray glaze (F1999.19) Dr. John Fuegi, Bonito (Katsuo) and Iris, by Utagawa Toyohiro (1773-1828), Japan, Edo period (1615-1868), early roth century, woodblock print, ink on paper (F1999.20) Dr. John Fuegi, Abalone and Rock Cod, by Katsushika Hokusai (1760— 1849), Japan, Edo period (1615— 1868), early roth century, wood- block print, ink and color on paper (F1999.21) Martha Mayor Smith and Alfred Mayor in memory of A. Hyatt Mayor, The Battle between Shah Ismail and Abul-khayr Khan, from the Tarikh-I alam-aray-I Shah Ismail (The World Adorning History of Shah Ismail), painting by Mu’in Musawvir, Iran, Isfahan, Safavid dynasty (1501-1732), c. 1688, manuscript page, opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper (F2000.3) Donors to the Collections— Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Anonymous, Bamboo and Rocks, by Zhu Qizhan (China, 1892-1996), 1936, ink on paper/hanging scroll, (S1999.123) Anonymous gift in memory of Philip L. Ravenhill, Two untitled photographs by Abbas Kiarustami (Iran, born 1940), 1997 and 1998, color print (S1999.124—.125) Gift in memory of H. Robert Slusser, Seated figure of a deity, Tibetan, 14th century, bronze (S2000.10) Lucy H. Arnoti in memory of Frances Keith Wallace, Japan, Pair of stirrups, 19th century, iron with brass or gold and silver inlay (S2000.12.1—2) Dr. John Fuegi, Kyoto ichiran zuga, by Sadahide (Japan, 1807-1873), hexatych woodblock print, ink and colors on paper (S1999.136a-f) Dr. John Fuegi, Fuji sanjurokkei: Shichirigahama, by Ando Hiroshige (1797-1858), 1858, woodblock print, ink and colors on paper (S1999.137) Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Dr. John Fuegi, Inuyama Dosetsu and Inuyama Sosuke, by Shigeharu (1830-1853), early roth century, diptych woodblock print, ink and colors on paper (S1999.135a-b) William E. Harkins, Japan, Wasp and grapes, (after Chikuseki, 1747— 1806), t890—1900, woodblock print, ink and colors on paper (S1999.127) William E. Harkins, Catalpa pod and bee, by Watanabe Seitei (Japan, 1851-1918), woodblock print, ink and colors on paper (S1999.128) William E. Harkins, Umbrella and plum branch with poem, by Shibata Zeshin (Japan, 1807-1891), woodblock print, ink and colors on paper (S1999.129) Gregory and Patricia Kruglak, Engagement at Port Arthur, February 14, 1904, by Kokyo (Japan, active 1877-1904), 1904, triptych woodblock print, ink and colors on paper (S1999.130a-c) Gregory and Patricia Kruglak, Sea Battle near Port Arthur, March ro, 1904, A Sailor from the Japanese vessel Sazanami Jumps Aboard a Russian ship and Kicks the Enemy Captain into the Sea, by Migita Toshihide (Japan, 1866-1905), 1904, triptych woodblock print, ink and colors on paper (S1999.131a-c) Gregory and Patricia Kruglak, Bombardment of Port Arthur, by Kobayashi Kiyochika (Japan, 1847-1915), 1904, triptych woodblock print, ink and colors on paper (S1999.132a-c) Gregory and Patricia Kruglak, The Heroic Commander Hirose, by Kobayashi Kiyochika Japan, 1847-1915), ca. 1904, triptych woodblock print, ink and colors on paper (S1999.133a-c) Gregory and Patricia Kruglak, The Heroic Commander Hirose-Gunshin, Unidentified, Japan, ca. 1904, triptych woodblock print, ink and colors on paper (S1999.134a-Cc) Harish K. Patel, scene from the Ramayana: Lakshmana Cuts the Nose of Surpanakha, India (Paithan), roth century, colors on paper (S2000.11) Daniel Ostroff in honor of Ann Ostroff, figure of a goddess (mata), India (Bastar), 20th century, brass (S1999.138a-b) The Dr. Paul Singer Collection of Chinese Art of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; a joint gift of the Arthur M. Sackler Foundation, Paul Singer, the AMS Foundation for the Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, and the Children of Arthur M. Sackler, Yangzi River Valley, Ritual bell (ao), ca. 1500-1200 B.C., bronze (S1999.120.1) Ritual disk (dz), 2200-200 B.C., nephrite (S1999.120.2) Funerary Sculpture of a bear, Shang Dynasty, stone (S1999.120.3) Shandong province, ancient Qi territory, Cylindrical wine or water container, 4th century B.C., bronze (S1999.120.4a-b) Shandong province, ancient Qi territory, Cylindrical wine or water container, 4th century B.C.,bronze (S1999.120.5a-b) Shandong province, ancient Qi territory, Cylindrical wine or water container, 4th century B.C., bronze (S1999.120.6a-b) Shaanxi-Shanxi provinces, Ritual wine server (4e) with bird-topped lid, Zhou dynasty, bronze (S1999.120.7a-b) Henan province, Ritual wine ladle with snake-headed handle, Shang dynasty, bronze (St999.120.8) Shaanxi-Shanxi provinces, Ritual wine ladle with bird handle, Western Zhou dynasty, bronze (S1999.120.9) Southeastern region, Jar with lid in the shape of a building with tiled roof, Six dynasties, ash-glazed stoneware (S1999.120.10a-b) Southeastern region, Jar with lid in the shape of a granary with tiled roof, Southern Song dynasty, qingbai-glazed porcelain (S1999.120.1 1a-b) Southeastern region, Jar with lid in the shape of a building with tiled roof, Southern Song dynasty, iron-glazed stoneware (S1999.120.12a-b) Southeastern region, Jar with building, praying human figure, and animals of the four directions, Southern Song dynasty, porcelain with areas of qingbai glaze (S1999.120.13a-b) Hunan Province, possibly Changsha, Jar in the form of bamboo root with shoots, Six dynasties period, unglazed stoneware (S1999.120.14a-b) Southeastern district, Jar with applied dragon, animals, and reptiles, Southern Song dynasty, unglazed stoneware (S1999.120.15) China, Henan Province, Small clappered bell with single flange, 15th century B.C., bronze (S1999.120.16) Henan Province, Small ritual bell (nao) with mask motif, 1300-1100 B.C., bronze, (S1999.120.17) Yangtse River valley, Ritual bell (do) with hooked flanges, ca. 1000-800 B.C., bronze, (S1999.120.18) Possibly south, Signaling bell (zheng), Eastern Zhou dynasty, Warring States period, bronze (S1999.120.19) Head from a figure of the Buddha, bronze, Ming dyansty, (S2000.1) Richard, Jane, Alex, and Claire Marie Wolcott in honor of George and Claire Tornwall, Woman with Umbrella in the Rain, by Ito Shinsui (Japan, 1898-1972), woodblock print/ink on paper (S1999.122) Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more Blum-Kovler Foundation Conservancy for Tibetan Art & Culture D.C. Commission on the Arts and Humanities Meyer Foundation New York City Council Washington Area Lawyers for the Arts White House Millennium Council $50,000 or more Howard P. Milstein Foundation New York Stock Exchange U.S. Department of Agriculture $10,000 or more Bank of America Con Edison Company of New York, Inc. Donors The Durst Organization Emigrant Savings Bank Fannie Mae Foundation Hilton Hotels Corporation Housing Assistance Council Greg Kruglak Leonard Litwin Bernard H. Mendik Newmark & Company Real Estate, Inc. New York Community Trust Arthur Pacheco Pacific Visions Communications Padma Health Products Inc. The Philanthropic Collaborative, Inc. Pritzker Foundation Sara Lee Foundation $1,000 or more William H. Crocker Folklore Society of Greater Washington The Henry J. Fox Fund Goldman, Sachs & Co. The Morse Family Foundation Odegard Inc. Reba Judith Sandler Foundation, Inc. Martin E. Segal Washington Real Estate Investment Trust $500 or more Council on Foundations Barry Sultanoff Donors to the Collection Conservancy for Tibetan Art and Culture, Thanka, Tibetan painting. Donors of In-Kind Support American University. Staff time of co-curator for Washington, D.C. program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Arnold & Porter. Meeting space and board member assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Ashby & Associates Video Production Services, Inc. Loan of video equipment to document the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Cactus Ropes. Loan of ranching gear for El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. 105 Cambridge, International. Conveyor belt equipment and photographs for El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Capital Area Tibetan Association. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Circuit City Foundation. Store credit for items for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Colorado College. Assistance with El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Continental Airlines. Airline tickets for participants with the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Costco Wholesale, Inc. Store credit for items for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Roger Craver. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Crystal Springs. Bottled water for staff of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Cultura Fronteriza, A.C. Assistance with El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Carol Dean. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Drepung Loseling Institute. Support of participants with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Carole Elchert. Photos for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Susan England. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Don Farber. Photos for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Fine Felt Farm. Loan of churro sheep for the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Luke Fretwell. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. G.L. Cornell. Loan of golf cars for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Garden City. Plants from the South Texas area for the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. George Washington University Gelman Library, Special Collections Department. Images for 106 Washington, D.C. program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Glen-Gery Corporation. 8 tons of clay and shale mixture for brick making as part of the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Global Village Productions. Video equipment and personnel for documentation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Goodmark Foods, Inc. Slim Jims and Hot Fries for staff and participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Hanson Concrete Products. Concrete manhole riser for outdoor cooking demonstrations with the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Brian Harris. Photos for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Himalayan Art Project. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Howard University. Staff time and images for Washington, D.C. program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Bob King. Construction of stupa for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Paul Kioppenburg. Construction of stupa for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Las Islas Ranch. Equipment for cattle ranching demonstrations with the EI Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. M&M/Mars, Inc. Twix for staff and participants of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Mandala. Magazine for the Dalai Lama. Marint Farm and Ranch Supply. Equipment for ranching demonstrations with the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Maxell Corporation of America. Maxell products for documentation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. McAllen Ranch. Equipment for ranching demonstrations with the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Media Visions Video Duplication. Videotape stock for documentation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Julie Meling. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Mexican Cultural Institute. Assistance with the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Daniel Miller. Advice on nomads for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Merrick Morton. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Namgyal Monastery. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. The Newark Museum. Photos for and assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Norbulingka Institute. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Odegard, Inc. Weaving supplies for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Kalsang Lodoe Oshoe. Assistance and presenting at the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Douglas Pearce. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Peirce-Phelps, Inc. Loan of video equipment for documentation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Priefert Mfg. Loan of corral panels for ranching demonstrations with the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Losang Rabgey. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Ricola, Inc. Ricola cough drop product for staff and participants at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Betty Rogers. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Samaya Foundations. Sand mandala platform for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. SEVA Service. Photos for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Shambhala Sun. Magazine advertise- ments for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. John Simpson. Construction assistance for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Snow Lion Publications. Magazine advertisements for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Sony Electronics, Inc. Loan of video equipment for documen- tation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Southwest Center for Environmental Research and Policy. Staff time and assistance with the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Philip Sugden. Photos for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Target Distributing, Audio/Video Division. Videotape stock for documentation of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. TDK Electronics Corporation. TDK products for use at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Construction assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. University of New Mexico: Southwest Hispanic Research Institute. Staff time and assistance with the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. University of Texas-Pan American. Assistance with the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. David Urubshurow. Assistance with the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. William B. Riley Coffee Company. Coffee for staff and participants at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Wisdom Publications. Publication advertisements for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Wrangler Western Wear. Equipment for ranching demonstrations with the El Rio program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Alison Wright. Photos for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Sonam Zoksang. Photos for the Tibet program, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more Ms. Kathleen B. Allaire BP Amoco, p.l.c. Ford Motor Company Fund Haute Decor, Inc. The Henry Luce Foundation Ikea Mr. and Mrs. Morton L. Mandel marchFIRST Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Ross $50,000 or more Altman Foundation American Express Company The American Institute of Graphic Arts Mr. Torsten Brohan The Hearst Foundation Herman Miller, Inc. The Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Maharam The Pinkerton Foundation Surdna Foundation, Inc. $10,000 or more American Institute of Architects Ms. Agnes C. Bourne and Dr. James Leubbers Mr. Jeffrey S. Brown and Ms. Elise Jaffe Debevoise & Plimpton Deutsche Bank Mr. Joseph A. Di Palma Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkranz Mrs. Joanne duPont Foster Hallmark Cards, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch In Style Irwin Management Company Ms. Elise Jaffe and Mr. Jeffrey S. Brown The J.M. Kaplan Fund Rita J & Stan Kaplan Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Harvey M. Krueger Mr. Jeffrey T. Leeds Mr. and Mrs. Gerald M. Levin Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey Levy-Hinte Liz Claiborne, Inc. The Joe and Emily Lowe Foundation, Inc. Donors Mr. and Mrs. Edwin S. Marks The Mead Corporation Mr. Richard A. Meier Ms. Maureen Miskovic Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse, Jr. Mrs. Helen Sue Mundstuk Nest magazine New York State Council on the Arts Nina W. Werblow Charitable Trust Nortek, Inc. Paleontological Research Institution Arthur Ross Foundation Scient Mrs. Frances S. Shaw Ms. Shelly Sonenberg Target Tiffany & Co. Ms. Esme Usdan Mr. Artur Walther Mr. and Mrs. Edward A. Weinstein Mr. George D. Weiss and Mrs. Claire Weiss $5,000 or more American Center for Design Bankers Trust Foundation BE Partners Brunschwig & Fils, Inc. The Center for Arts Education Columbia University Business School Mr. William Drenttel and Ms. Jessica Helfand Mr. Kenneth Freed frogdesign inc. Drue Heinz Trust Mr. David Hensler Hunter Douglas, Inc. IBM Corporation Industrial Designers Society of America Kell, Munoz Architects LEF Foundation Martha Stewart Living Mr. and Mrs. Edgar M. Masinter Mr. Stephen McKay Miller Freeman, Inc. Mr. Clement Mok Nash Family Foundation National Association of Display Industries Newsweek Mr. and Mrs. Stephen M. Peck Pentagram Design Inc. Polshek Partnership Architects Robert A.M. Stern Architects The Charles E. Sampson Memorial Trust 107 Shaw Contract Siegelgale Smart Design The Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives Smithsonian Magazine Smithsonian Office of Education, Educational Outre Steelcase North America Mr. and Mrs. Harold Tanner Whitney Boin Studio William H. Kearns Foundation Donors to the Collection Imperial Wallcoverings, Inc.; Sample book of wallcoverings “Casa Hermosa,” produced by Imperial Wallcoverings, Inc.; 1995; 1999-4-I. Tamar Cohen; collection of prints, various designers, 1930-1980; 1999-6-1/14. Found in Museum: unsolicited gift; Three posters for exhibitions at Copper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, unknown designers, 20th century; 1999-7-1/3. Found in Museum: unsolicited gift; Invitation, designed by Ed Pusz, 2oth century; 1999-8-1. Anonymous; Two trash cans, designed by Karim Rashid, introduced 1996 and 1997; 1999-9-1,2. Royal Scandinavia A/S; Cutlery “Arne Jacobsen,” designed by Arne Jacobsen, 1957; 1999-10-1/13. Mrs. Harriet Meserole through The Museum at The Fashion Institute of Technology; Cutlery “Dirigold”; manufactured by Dirilyte Company of America, Inc., introduced 1926; 1999-11-1/8. Emily Miller; Porcelain figure “Kneeling musician,” manufactured by Konakovsky, c.1960, and one Announcement, designed by Edward McKnight Kaufter, 1933; 1999-12-13; 1999-12-2. Stallinga BV; Vase “Slab,” designed by Henk Stallinga, introduced 1995; 1999-13-I. Slover [AND] company; Shopping Bag, designed by Susan Slover, designed 1993; 1999-14-I. Annie-May Hegeman; Two candelabra, made by Pierre-Philippe Thomire, 1815-1825; 1999-15-1,2. 108 Margery and Frederick Schab; Six etchings, made by Charles-Nicolas Cochin, n.d.; 1999-16-1. Found in Museum: unsolicited gift, Envelope, designed by Edward McKnight Kauffer, first half 20th century; 1999-21I-I. Henry Luce III in memory of his mother, Lila Tyng; Needlework on knotted net, maker unknown, 17—18th century; 1999-22-1. Eve Andree Laramee; Jacquard woven length, designed and produced by Eve Andree Laramee, 1998; 1999- 28-1. Winfield Scott Harvin Jr. in memory of Susan Harvin; Two imitation leather wallcoverings, maker unknown, 1875-1915; 1999-29-1,2. K. G. Olsson; Two posters, designed by Karl Gustav Olsson, late 20th century; 1999-30-1,2. Jessie Poesch; Two lengths printed textile, designed by Franz Von Zulow, produced by Wiener Werkstatte, 19 10-12 and designer unknown, 1960-69; 1999-31-I,2. Barbara E. Busch; Ring, manufactured by The Kalo Shops, 1905-14; 1999-32-I. Richard Meier; Fourteen prints, Artist Richard Meier, 1989-98; 1999-33- 1/14. Willa and Joseph Rosenberg; Ten shopping bags, various designers, 1980s; 1999-34-1/I0. Elliott Peter Earls; Poster “The Temptation of St. Wolfgang,” designed by Elliott Peter Earls, 1997; 1999-35-1. Morris-Jumel Mansion; Seven sidewalls and one border, made by Nancy McClelland, 1900-1986; 1999-37-1/8. Scott Cazet; Sidewall “Popeye,” produced by The Joliet Wallpaper Mills, 1938-40; 1999-38-I. Maureen Cogan; Twenty-eight designs for storefronts, designed by Kilemnik & Cia, Buenos Aires, €.19253; 1999-39-1/28. Gerald Gulotta; Four woven placemats “Chromatics,” designed by Jack Prince, 1970, and fifty-nine porcelain tableware “Chromatics,” designed by Gerald Gulotta, 1970; 1999-40-1/4; Textiles; 1999-40- 5/63. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Jerrol Golden; Portfolio of thirty ornamental designs, designed by Kolomon Moser, 1901; 1999-41- Ti 2 Te Brooklyn Museum of Art, Paul F. Walter Collection; Forty-four tablewares such as plates, goblets, teapots, cups and saucers, various designers, c.1880-—1950s; 1999-42- 1/44. Friends of Florham; Length of velvet, maker unknown, 1890-1899; 1999-43-1. Nelli Bespalova; Length of printed cotton, designer unknown, 1980; 1999-48-I. Lydia Van Gelder; Fifteen sketches and cartoons “Houses on A Street,” designed by Lydia Van Gelder, 20th century; 1999-49-1/15. Lois Dodd; Fragment of woven silk, designed unknown, ¢.1936; 1999- 52-1. Max Pine; Twenty-six flashlights, glasses, cameras, utensils, furniture, radios, various designers, 1964— 1997; 1999-53-1/26. Alan and Monah L. Gettner in memory of Clara and Herman Gettner and in loving memory of Minnie S. Hermann; Picture frame, made by Tiffany Studios, 1900-1910, and opera glasses made by Lemaire, c.1910; 1999-54-1I,2. Helen W. Drutt English in memory of Mark Dallas Butler; Three brooches, made by Georg Dobler, 1983-1985; 1999-55-1/3. Motorola, Inc.; Four mobile tele- phones, designed by Al Nagale and Leon Soren, manufactured by Motorola, Inc., 1993-1998; 1999- 5 6-1/4. Victor Wiener; Eighty-one pieces tableware, various German designers, c.I905—1930; 1999-57- 1/81. Thomas F. O'Malley; Twenty-six examples of letterhead, designers unknown, c.1910-—late 20th century; 1999-59-1/26. RoseLee, Zoe, and Pierce Jackson; Chair “Library Chair,” designed by Dakota Jackson, produced 1995; 1999-6I-I. Brunschwig & Fils, Inc.; Length of printed textile “Kalaheo Botanica” and a Sidewall and border “Kennebec,” designed by Chuck Fischer, 1999 and 1998; 1999-62- I; 1999-62-2,3. Helen Drutt English and Rudolf Staffel; Vase “Light Gatherer,” made by Rudlof “Rudi” Staffel, 2oth century; 1999-63-1. Parish-Hadley Associates; Archive of scrapbooks and slides, Parish- Hadley Associates, Inc., 1962— 1999; 2000-3-1. Anita Bach; Audio tape for Alphons Bach Archive, speaker Alphons Bach, 2oth century; 2000-4-1. Alexander Lurkis; Fifteen folders of archives relating to NY Type 10 Lighting project for Donald Deskey Archive, designers Donald Deskey and Alexander Lurkis, 20th century; 2000-5-I. Victor Wiener; Basket manufactured by Wachtersbach, c.1918—1920, and Vase manufactured by Carstens- Uffrecht, c.1930; 2000-6-1,2. James Howard Fraser; Fragment of printed linen “Abacus,” designed by Paul Rand, late 1940s; 2000-7-1. John Nicholson; Nine printed textiles, designed by Joe Martin, 1960— 1970; 2000-10-1/9. Industrial Designers Society of America; Clippings, pamphlets, etc., for Henry Dreyfuss Archive, and six drawings, designed by Henry Dreyfuss, 1934-1939; 2000- II-I; 2000-I1-2/7. Eldon Elder Associates; Two stage design drawings, designed by Eldon Elder, 1964-1972; 2000-13-1,2. Doug Minkler; Three posters, designed by Doug Minkler, 1990-1991; 2000-15-1/3. Ashley Dawn Brown; Candleholder, designed by Pipsan Saarinen Swanson, ¢.1947; 2000-16-1. Edgar Bartolucci; Chair “Barwa,” designed by Edgar Bartolucci, introduced 1947; 2000-17-I. Scott Cazet; Scenic wallpaper “Scenic Hudson,” made by The Schmitz- Horning Co., 1930-40; 2000-18- 1-a/e. Titi Halle; Fragment of printed cotton, unknown maker, 1750-1799; 2000-I19-1. Elaine Lustig Cohen; Three samples of woven textiles, various Bauhaus designers, 1930-1936, and seventeen drawings and prints, made by Vlastislav Hofman and Fortunato Depero, 19 1I-1930; 2000-20-1/3; 2000-20-4/20. Michael Bennett Levinson; Nine sidewalls and corner borders, makers unknown, 1770-—after 1914; 2000-25-I/IO. Unknown donor: Found in Museum; One hundred and eighty-three shopping bags, various producers where known, 1953-1989; 2000- 26-1/183. Unknown donor: Found in Museum; Two shopping bags, produced for Bloomingdale's, 1985; 2000-27-1/2. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more Holenia Trust in memory of Joseph H. Hirshhorn $100,000 or more Robert Lehrman The Henry Luce Foundation $50,000 or more Melva Bucksbaum Mr. and Mrs. J. Tomilson Hill $25,000 or more The Broad Art Foundation Jacqueline and Marc Leland Aaron and Barbara Levine Mary and John Pappajohn $10,000 or more Anonymous Elizabeth Ballantine Heidi and Max Berry Anthony d’Offay Elizabeth Firestone-Graham Foundation Steven T. Mnuchin The Mnuchin Foundation Steven H. Oliver Camille Oliver-Hoffmann Nina Zolt and Miles Gilburne Donors $5,000 or more Anonymous The British Council The Capital Group Companies Murray and Ruth Gribin Charitable Foundation Emily Fisher Landau Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman Foundation Matthew Marks Gallery The Henry Moore Foundation Vivian L. Pollock The Washington Post Company $2,500 or more Anonymous Danese Altman Richard Gray Gallery Philip H. Goldentyer Institut fiir Auslandsbeziehung Enrico Martignoni SBL, Inc. Sperone Westwater Inc. $1,000 or more Anonymous Baker and Hostetler Mrs. Katherine Brittain Bradley Carolyn and Kenneth D. Brody Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert Burstein Christie’s Ryna and Melvin Cohen Family Foundation Barbara Gladstone Gallery Mr. Harry Grubert Ms. Lynda R. Hartigan Hemphill Fine Arts Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Jacob C. Kainen Kell, Munoz, Wigodsky Architects Lt. Col. William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Dr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Lentz Dr. Penn Lupovich Elayne and Marvin Mordes Mr. Richard James Price Anthony T. Podesta Anita and Burton Reiner Alice Rogoff Rubenstein Nancy and Miles Rubin Mr. Gerald R. Sigal Sotheby’s Ms. Mary Ann Tighe Vista Management Company, Inc. 109 $500 or more Mr. Andrew Athy Mr. and Mrs. John W. Barnum Mr. R. Andrew Beyer and Ms. Susan A. Vallon Mr. Joseph M. Brodecki Campbell, Peachey and Associates Ms. Phyllis G. Diebenkorn Mr. Stefan T. Edlis Carole and John Fay Field Museum of Natural History Mrs. Olga Hirshhorn Sean F. Kelly, Inc. Ms. Nancy Kienholz Adele and Mortimer Lebowitz Fund Wiliam C. Paley Foundation Beverly and Barry Pierce Howard Earl Rachofsky Foundation Ms. Loretta Rosenthal Ms. Margaret A. Rubino Dr. Ira Rubinoff Mr. L. Clifford Schroeder Martha Jane and Charles Smith Mr. W. Dean Smith Mrs. Betty L. Ustun Charlotte and Norman Zaret $250 or more Mr. and Mrs. Albert Barclay, Jr. Ms. Rena G. Bransten Gilda and Hank Buchbinder Carl and Nancy Gewirz Ms. Mary Byrne Hollingshead Mr. William L. Hopkins and Mr. Richard B. Anderson Mr. James A. Johnson, Jr. Ms. Nancy Anne Kaiser Mr. Joseph Sefekar Ms. Janet W. Solinger Mr. David H. Steinmetz Dr. Linda J. Stillman Dr. and Mrs. Ira N. Tublin Maureen and Richard Turman $100 or more Art Seminar Group, Inc. Ms. Sally M. Avery Mr. John H. Brown, Jr. Buncher Family Foundation Mrs. Nancy Downing Buschmeyer Ms. Renee M. Butler Morris J. Chalick Ms. Willi Colino Contemporary Arts Association Susan Conway Gallery 110 Mr. Richard L. Dana Mrs. Joan Danziger Ms. Susan B. Eder Susan and Charles Edson Ms. Francine D. Farr Ms. Barbara C. Fendrick Mr. and Mrs. Ila Griffith Forster Mr. Oliver Fratzscher Mr. David M. Frost Ms. Colleen Garibaldi Ms. Joanne M. Gold and Mr. Andrew Stern Mrs. Shirley Goldenberg Ms. Elizabeth F. Gore Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Ms. Joni L. Henderson Ms. Tatjana Hendry Ms. Judy Jashinsky Mrs. Lynne G. Kauffman Ms. Elsa Keshishian Mr. Martin J. Kotler Mr. Roger W. Langsdorf Mrs. Vivienne Lassman Mr. and Mrs. Finlay Lewis Mr. Herman I. Liebling Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Liotta Mr. Ira M. Lowe Dr. Devra C. Marcus Mr. John McLaughlin Mrs. Dorothy A. Miller Ms. Claire Ann Monderer Mrs. Nan W. Montgomery Dr. and Mrs. Roscoe M. Moore, Jr. Ms. Susan S. Norwitch Ms. Louise R. Noun Dr. Frederick P. Ognibene Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Ms. Carolyn Peachey Dr. and Mrs. Paul A. Polydoran Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Powers Max Protetch, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Harold I. Rodman Mr. Richard J. Roth Ms. Lili-Charlotte Sarnoff Mrs. Barbara K. Schneider Mrs. Catherine F. Scott Dr. and Mrs. Jerry H. Sherman Dr. Bruce H. Sklarew Ms. Lila Snow Mr. Richard H. Squires Betsy Stewart Studio Mr. and Mrs. Duncan E. Tebow Dr. and Mrs. Stanley Tempchin Susan and David Theis Ms. Rose Ann Tilton Ms. Ann Van Devanter Townsend Ms. Gladys Weintraub Ms. Yuriko Yamaguchi Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Ms. Sandra Zafren Young Mrs. Annette N. Zimin Donors of In-Kind Support Parmalat USA. Provided whole milk to five United States venues for the Wolfgang Laib exhibition. Hosts of Exhibition Opening Preview dinner: Anthony T. Podesta—Robert Gober, February 2000 Peggy Cooper Cafritz—D rections: Leonardo Drew, February 2000 Spanish Embassy—Dal?s Optical Illusions, April 2000 Robert Lehrman—Ed Ruscha, June 2000 Danaher Corporation. Transportation. Berlinnale (Berlin International Film Festival) Festival dei Popoli, Florence, Italy Festivale dei Giovani, Turin, Italy Jerusalem International Film Festival Rotterdam International Film Festival, The Netherlands Taormina International Film Festival, Taormina Sicily, Italy San Sebastian/Donestia International Film Festival, San Sebastian, Spain. Donors to the Collection Judith Godwin, Red Monument, 1960, oil on canvas, by Gerald Nordland (HMSG.99.43) Joe Shannon, Self-Portrait at 66, 1996, graphite and charcoal on paper, by Olga and Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation (HMSG.99.42) Robert Goodnough, Civilized Cavewoman, 1998-99, acrylic on canvas, by Robert Goodnough (HMSG.99.41) Kendall Buster, Untitled Studies for HMSG installation, 1982, by Martin A. Funk and Eugene S. Zimmer (HMSG.99.37) Jan Frank, Goodby {sic} Bill, 1997, oil, ink and alkyd on paperboard mounted on wood, by The Hassam Purchase Fund, American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters (HMSG.99.30) Richard Stankiewicz, Untitled #28, 1960, ink on rice paper, by the Richard Stankiewicz Estate (HMSG.99.25) Richard Stankiewicz, Untitled, 1960, ink on rice paper, by the Richard Stankiewicz Estate (HMSG.99.26) Athena Tacha, Land Marks, 1984, | ink, oil pastel & pencil on paper | mounted on foamcore, by Athena | Tacha (HMSG.99.31) | Athena Tacha, Land Marks (site map), 1983, ink, oak leaves on blueprint map and mylar, by Athena Tacha (HMSG.99.32) Ernest Briggs, Untitled, 1953, oil on canvas, by Linda Dugmore Shannon (HMSG.99.29) National Museum of African Art Donors of Financial Support $10,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Milton Rosenthal $1,000 or more Jeroldean McClain $500 or more Mr. and Mrs. David C. Driskell Donors to the Collection A. Omotayo (Tayo) Adenaike, Acrobat and Masquerade, 1999, watercolor on paper, Omotayo (Tayo) Adenaike (99-15-1) Jane Avérous in memory of Louis Charles Avérous, equestrian figure, late 19th—early 20th century, Senufo peoples, Céte d'Ivoire (99-17-1) Nancy Berg, ring, 20th century, Kabyle peoples, Algeria (2000-8-1) Nancy Berg, four bracelets, 20th century, Kabyle peoples, Algeria (2000-8-2 through 2000-8-5) Nancy Berg, five pendants, 20th century, Kabyle peoples, Algeria (2000-8-6 through 2000-8-10) Nancy Berg, two necklaces, 20th century, Kabyle peoples, Algeria (2000-8-I10, II) Nancy Berg, two brooches, 20th century, Kabyle peoples, Algeria (2000-8-12, 13) Sarah McKee Burnside from the George T. McKee Collection, cloth, late 19th century, Kuba peoples and Shoowa peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-14-1) Sarah McKee Burnside from the George T. McKee Collection, skirt, early 20th century, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-14-2,3) Sarah McKee Burnside from the George T. McKee Collection, cup, wood, early—mid-2oth century, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-14-4) Sarah McKee Burnside from the George T. McKee Collection, bowl with lid, wood, early—mid- 2oth century, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-14-5) Sarah McKee Burnside from the George T. McKee Collection, baby sling, earl—mid-2oth century, Kanyok peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-14-6) Sarah McKee Burnside from the George T. McKee Collection, two vases, ivory, early—mid-2oth century, Luba Kasai peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-14-7-1, 99-14-7.2) Sarah McKee Burnside from the George T. McKee Collection, bow, early—mid-2oth century, Chokwe peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-14-8) Sarah McKee Burnside from the George T. McKee Collection, rattle, early—mid-2oth century, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-14-9) Sarah McKee Burnside from the George T. McKee Collection, crocodile figure, early—mid-2oth century, Luba Kasai peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-14-10) Basilio F. Ciocci in memory of Raimondo Ciocci and Elvira Maone Ciocci, Devil Descending, 1972, oil and mixed media on canvas, by Alexander “Skunder” Boghossian (99-22-1) Allen Clayton Davis, vessel, early—late 2oth century, Kabyle peoples, Algeria (99-23-1) Donors Allen Clayton Davis, pitcher, early—late 20th century, Kabyle peoples, Algeria (99-23-2) Allen Clayton Davis, vessel, early—late 2oth century, Berber peoples, Algeria (99-23-3) Allen Clayton Davis, two vessels, early—late 20th century, Kabyle peoples, Algeria (99-23-4, 5) Allen Clayton Davis, basket, 20th century, Kongo peoples, Demo- cratic Republic of the Congo (99- 23-6) Allen Clayton Davis, hunting bag, 2oth century Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-23-7) Allen Clayton Davis, initiation skirt (mukele), early—late 20th century, Kuba related peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-23-8) Allen Clayton Davis, vessel, early—late 2oth century, Kuba related peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-23-9) Allen Clayton Davis, lamp, early—late 2oth century, Dan peoples, Liberia (99-23-10) Allen Clayton Davis, bowl, 20th century, Dan peoples, Liberia (99-23-11) Margaret H. Demant in memory of Steven Demant, cap mask, early 2oth century, Baga peoples, Guinea (99-20-1) Marc Leo Felix, pipe, 20th century, Shilluk peoples, Sudan (99-19-1) Diane and Charles L. Frankel, Playing Cards of the Truth Commission, an Incomplete Deck, 1999, mezzotint, drypoint, and engraving on paper, by Kim Berman (2000-7-1) S. M. Harris, two overskirts, early 2oth century, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-13-1, 2) S. M. Harris, 25 cloths, raffia, early 2oth century, Kuba peoples and Shoowa peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-13-3 through 99-13-27) S. M. Harris, four pieces of cloth money, raffia, early 20th century, Mbun peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-13-28 through 99-13-31) S. M. Harris, 15 textiles, raffia, early 2oth century, undetermined land peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-13-32 through 99-13-46) S. M. Harris, cloth currency, raffia, early 20th century, undetermined peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-13-47) S. M. Harris, five textiles, raffia, early 20th century, undetermined peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-13-48 through 99-13-52) S. M. Harris, three textiles, raffia, early 20th century, Kuba peoples and Shoowa peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-13-53 through 99-13-55) S. M. Harris, three textiles, raffia, early 20th century, Undetermined peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-13-56 through 99-13-58) S. M. Harris, two textiles, raffia, early 2oth century, Kuba peoples and Shoowa peoples (99-13-59, 60) S. M. Harris, four textiles, raffia, early 20th century, undetermined peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-13-61 through 99-13-64) S. M. Harris, knife, early 20th century, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-25-1) S. M. Harris, pipe, staff, late 19th—early 20th century, undeter- mined peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-25-2 and 99-25-3) S. M. Harris, staff, late r9th—early 2oth century, undetermined peoples, Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-25-4) S. M. Harris, knife with sheath, late roth—early 20th century, Salampasu peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-25-5) S. M. Harris, knife, early 20th century, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-25-6) S. M. Harris, staff, late 19th—early 2oth century, undetermined peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-25-7) Dimitrios Kyrazis, manuscript, 1967-1970, goatskin, pigment, matboard, by Solomon Belatchew, Ethiopian; Getachew Solomon, Ethiopian; Guebre Christos WZ Solomon, Ethiopian; Costos Papadakis, Greek (99-18-1) Brian and Diane Leyden, face mask, 2oth century, Dan peoples, Céte d'Ivoire, (99-21-1) Pierre Loos, Brussels, belt with ornament (nkody mupaap), 20th century, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-26-1) Pierre Loos, Brussels, belt, 20th century, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo (99-26-2) Pierre Loos, Brussels, four anklets (mabiim), 20th century, Kuba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 99-26-3 through 99-26-6) Robert and Nancy Nooter, figure, mid-19th—mid-2oth century, Dogon peoples, Mali (99-12-1) Robert Farris Thompson, cloth, early—late 20th century, Bamum peoples and Bamileke peoples, Cameroon (99-16-1) Anonymous gift, gameboard, 20th century, Dan peoples, Liberia (99-24-1) National Museum of American History Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more Kenneth E. Behring Chevy Chase Bank The History Channel Lemelson Family Foundation Elizabeth and Whitney MacMillan National Association of Realtors Ms. Rodris Roth $100,000 to $999,999 American Century Automatic Data Processing, Inc. Heidi and Max Berry Cisco Systems, Inc. Federal City Council The Irving Caesar Lifetime Trust KPMG LLP Merck Company Foundation National Association of Music Merchants Susan & Elihu Rose Philanthropic Fund Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Sears, Roebuck and Co. Dr. and Mrs. Ivan Selin Mr. and Mrs. Guenther Sommer T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. Warren and Barbara Winiarski Ms. Tae Yoo $50,000 to $99,999 Mr. and Mrs. Peter Claussen Computerworld Information Technology Awards Foundation The Event Network, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert FE. Hemphill, Jr. Mrs. Dorothy Lemelson Ms. Linda Powers $10,000 to $49,999 Abbott Laboratories Fund American Bankers Association American Brachytherapy Society American Management Association International American Society of Artificial Internal Organs Association of American Law Schools The Barr Fund Binney & Smith, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Lester Colbert, Jr. The Eureka Company Eveready Battery George M. Ferris, Jr. Foundation David M. Fields Goya Foods, Incorporated Hach Company Heritage Harbor Museum Howard and Martha Head Fund Hogan & Hartson Illuminating Engineering Society of North America Mr. Stephen Johnson Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation Ms. Lee Kush Lincoln Mercury Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Lubin Mr. and Mrs. James Mellor Microsoft Corporation National Collegiate Honors Council Origins of the Southwest Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical Parke-Davis Group Mrs. Martha Caroline Pradeau Privacy Council, Inc. Reed Foundation The Rice Family Foundation, Inc. Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc. SAE International Silverstream Software, Inc. Smithsonian Women’s Committee The Women’s Museum $5,000 to $9,999 Chesapeake Region Lace Guild Mr. and Mrs. George C. Freeman, Jr. Lockhead Martin Corporation Mexican Heritage Corporation NAMSB Foundation, Inc. Santa Fe Pro Musica, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Williams $1,000 to $4,999 Mr. David J. Bailey Dr. and Mrs. Timothy W. Childs Ms. Jan McLin Clayberg Ms. Anita DeFrantz Florida International Museum Ms. Deborah M. House Mrs. Olive Dibben Kemp Dr. Thomas W. Langfitt Phyllis & Robert E. Levinson Foundation Mr. Thomas MacCracken Mr. and Mrs. I.A. Morris National Trust for Historic Preservation Mr. Peter G. Powers Emerson G. & Delores G. Reinsch Foundation M. Sigmund & Barbara K. Shapiro Family Fund J. Richard Taft Organization Donors to the Collection AccuScan Inc. (through Peter E. Heller): Faxon Model 811A facsimile system console (1997.0176); Faxon Model 811A facsimile system printer (1997.3082). Richard E. Ahlborn: 2 Roman Catholic carved wooden statues, Jesus as the Good Shepherd and the Virgin Mary with Rosary, made in India in 1998 (1999.0350); Pretty Maid toy kitchen set of enameled sheet iron in its original carton with toy appliances and utensils made by Louis Marx & Company of New York City, 1950s (2000.0033). Peter S. Albin: hand-woven guitar strap worn by Mr. Albin while playing guitar with the band Big Brother and the Holding Company which backed up Janis Joplin in the 1960s (2000.0054). Margaret Alduk in memory of Frank P. Alduk: Columbia light roadster high-wheel bicycle, ca. 1886, Hartford cross-frame safety bicycle, ca. 1889, and a lamp for the Hartford bicycle (1994.0279). Kate W. B. Alfriend: 39 pieces of political campaign memorabilia, I950sS—9Os (1999.0212). Hortensia Alvirez: corset, brassiere, pin, and a Reach to Recovery kit, all used by Ms. Alvirez while undergoing medical treatment for breast cancer (1996.0257). American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (through John J. Sweeney): 2 T-shirts and 2 stickers used during the election campaign of AFL-CIO officers John J. Sweeney, Richard L. Trumka, and Linda Chavez-Thompson called “A New Voice for American Workers,” 1995 (1999.0121). American Petroleum Institute (through Red Cavaney and G. William Frick): 38 cubic feet of photographic prints, negatives, slides, and motion picture film documenting the history of the petroleum industry, 1860s—1980s (1999.3085). American Watchmakers-Clockmakers Institute, Educational Library and Museum Charitable Trust (through William J. Ewbank): Beta 21 electronic watch movement made in Switzerland (1999.0294). Amherst College, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (through Gregory S. Call): Texas Instruments TI-81 electronic graphing calculator (1999.0285); 2 sets of mathematical and statistical computer software (1999.3054). Thomas D. Anderson: C. G. Conn silver-plated brass cornet with an ornate etched leaf design on the bell and engraved as having been made for use by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church of Jackson, Tennessee, in 1889 (2000.0020). Stephen S. Arnon, M.D.: vial of human botulism immune globulin prepared for the State of California’s infant botulism prevention program Donors by the Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories in December I99I (1999.0106). Evelyn and Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod: quartet of ornamented stringed instruments made by Antonio Stradivari of Cremona, Italy, consisting of the Old Bull violin made in 1687, the Marylebon cello made in 1688, the Axelrod viola made in 1695, and the Greffuhle violin made in 1709 (2000.0013); the Sandra Day and John J. O'Connor quartet of stringed instruments made by Nicolo Amati of Cremona, Italy, including the King Louis XIV violin made in 1656, the Professor Wirth viola made in 1663, the Florian Zajic violin made in 1672, and the Herbert violincello made in 1677 (2000.0100). Barnes and Thornburg (through Perry Palan) and Washington Music Center (through Robert Levin): Dragon 2000 electric guitar made by Paul Reed Smith of Stevensville, Maryland, in August 1999 (2000.0074). Prof. Paul T. Bateman: envelope and a postal meter strip imprinted with the announcement of the discovery of Mersenne prime numbers, 1975 (1999.3080). Patricia E. Bath, M.D.: anatomical model of a human eye (2000.0038). Edwin A. Battison: 28 stereoview photographs of various subjects (1995.0216). Bayer AG, Bayer Corporation (through Dr. Frank Morich): specimen of original acethlsalicylic acid, glass tube with tablets, ca. 1910, and a reproduction aspirin bottle (1999.0279). Shannon A. Bell: woman’s black poplin jacket made by Derby of San Francisco, pair of black twill trousers made by Ben Davis of Northern California, and a pair of black canvas shoes, 1986-96 (1999.0162). Jeanne M. Benas: religious wooden carving of “The Three Kings” made by Carlos Ivan Torres Luna of Puerto Rico, 1999 (2000.0076). Nancy Bent and Roger Reason in memory of Linita Reason: pair of 113 woman's blue denim jeans patched with various fabrics worn by Ms. Bent in high school and college, 1969-75 (2000.0036); 2 McCall’s dress patterns and 2 Simplicity sleepwear patterns, 1941-60 (2000.3008). Bernard E. Benassi: dolly for stacking and transporting chairs, designed by Charles Eames in 1955 and made by Herman Miller, Inc. in 1970 (2000.0061). Bethlehem Steel Corporation (through Lonnie A. Arnett): 7 reels of motion picture film relating to work at the Washington Steel Mill, 1955-66 (1999.3027). Audrey B. Beyer: 0.33 cubic foot of original engineering drawings documenting the inventions of Mrs. Beyer’s father, Everett H. Bickley, 1930S (2000.3045). Binney & Smith, Inc. (through Stacy Gabrielle): binder of staff committee minutes, 1913-15, and a Silly Putty laboratory notebook, 1965-68 (2000.3012). William L. Bird: 2 “NRA Member, We Do Our Part” trade cards (1999.0214). Dana J. Blackwell: pocket watch made by Barraud & Lund of London in 1853 which is number 13 of 15 watches made for the Vermont Central Rail Road (1999.0278). Jean Clairmook Blasser: scrapbook documenting Mrs. Blasser’s career as a child radio star, 1930-32 (1999.3067). Kent C. Boese: Gilbert chemistry set, 1946 (1999.0249). Jeanette Bojrab: 1 cubic foot of 78rpm phonograph records featuring various Arabic performers (2000.3022). H. Robert Booth: 2.5 cubic feet of archival material documenting the invention of the photometric camera by Henry Booth used to photograph a tailor’s customer from all sides for measurements to ensure a proper fit of clothes, 1940s—50s (2000.3016). Thomas W. Bower: 0.17 cubic foot of personal papers documenting Mr. Bower's academic history at Williamsport Grade and High School in Williamsport, Indiana, 1954-66 (1999.3064). 114 Jean Branch: 19 fashion plates published in Spanish fashion magazines, 1874-1903 (1999.0209). Lonnie G. Bunch III: 2 leaflets urging black people to join a car caravan to Richmond, Virginia, to demand the release of Black Panther Party leader H. Rap Brown on April 8, 1968 (1999.0312). Martin J. Burke: 2 civil defense identification cards issued by the State of Michigan (1999.0213). Alfonso Mosquera Callirgos: 2 silver commemorative medals from Peru, 1976 and 1998 (1999.0289). Pearl Carmichael: 3 photograph albums of Utah, Colorado, and Nova Scotia in 1894, a photograph album of Fitchburg State Normal School, 1898-1908, and a postcard album and scrapbook, 1913 (1999.0056). Mary Jo Chapoton: dress, 12-foot train, petticoat, shoes, crown, necklace, bracelet, earrings, mother’s badge, dress drawing, fabric sample booklet, and a program, all worn or used by Kelly Waymon Chapoton as the Duchess of Exquisite Porcelain to the Court of Resplendent Arts at the Order of the Alamo’s 1998 Fiesta held in San Antonio, Texas (1999.0099). Caesar L. and Michele Hermanson Chaves: Palm Pilot electronic personal organizer with a cradle and carrying case (1999.0270). James J. Childs: 30 cubic feet of trade literature documenting the numerical control industry, 1950-90 (1999.3023). Richard T. Chudy: custom billiard cue stick made by Mr. Chudy and named “Chocolate Rose” for the burl wood used to make it along with rock maple, ivory, buffalo hide, silver, linen, and wood veneers, 1997, and a black felt carrying bag (1999.0053). Hillary Rodham Clinton (through Betty C. Monkman): 2 photographs, a pamphlet, and a brochure related to Christmas at the White House, 1999 (2000.0109). Coats & Clark, Inc. (through Gwendolyn G. Martin): 15 sets and spools of thread (1998.0034). Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Barbara J. Coffee: dog’s squeaky toy of George Bush and Dan Quayle, 1989 (2000.0052). Ann McGaffey Cogswell, Richard N. Fryberger, and Don A. Strehler, Jr.: tall case clock made by Joseph Ellicott in Buckingham, Pennsylvania, in 1769 to be viewed from all sides with time, date, moon phase, and tidal dials on the front, an orrery with sun, moon, and 6 planets on the left side, dial of 24 tunes which play on the hour on the right side, and a view to the music box and clock works on the back (1999.0276). Colt’s Manufacturing Company, Inc. (through Steven M. Silwa): Colt model MrogIAt series 80 semi- automatic pistol (1999.0066). Scott J. Cornelius, Sr.: 9 residential electrical wiring components of 1910-40 including 4 connectors, 2 insulators, a switch, fuse, and a wire (1999.3042). Prof. David A. Cox: Mathematica computer software package (1999.3056). Janet Cubar: First Communion dress, bonnet veil, and a photograph of Sophie A. Lenard Cubar wearing the dress and veil on May 12, 1929 (2000.0095). CUI Corporation (through Lenore Carleton): 6 tissue expanders and a sheet of silicone TopiGel (1997.0208). Herbert M. Cullis: Fenwal leuko- pheresis pump with tubing set, Aminco Celltrifuge I cell separator, Aminco bow! autoclave, and a Baxter CS3000 cell separator, 1969-79 (1999.0001). Justin Dart, Jr.: Presidential Medal of Freedom with pins, ribbons, and presentation box, conferred upon Mr. Dart by President William J. Clinton in January 1998, the first pen used by President George Bush when signing the Americans with Disabilities Act on July 26, 1990, and a button given to attendees at the ceremony, western style boots worn by Mr. Dart since 1979 anda hat worn since 1985 at marches and protests for disability rights, and a pamphlet titled Wor&/ife about employment and people with disabilities, 1990 (1999.0316). Mary Ellen Dashiell: 6 ambrotype and 3 daguerreotype portraits (1999.0237). Datum Inc., Frequency and Time Systems, Inc. (through Paul E. Baia): cesium clock module chassis for the Navstar global positioning satellite (1999.3050). Irwin Dermer: 27 silver gelatin photographs by Mr. Dermer (1999.0219). Freda Diamond: 35 drinking glasses and a glass bow! designed by Ms. Diamond and made by the Libby Glass Company of Toledo, Ohio, I940S—90s (1997.0157) Dennis Dieckman: custom billiard cue stick, “Purple Haze,” made by Mr. Dieckman of maple inlaid with purple heart wood, 1998 (1999.0128). Helen M. Diers, Lee Flaten, and Jane Diers Wong: cast concrete grave marker of 1905 with only the number “7” on it, removed from the grave of institutionalized epileptic Bertha Flaten when replaced at the Faribault West Cemetery in Faribault, Minnesota, by her family (2000.0016). Helen Dietrich and Julie Gorski: 7 bars of soap (2000.0008). John Dieudonne and Dr. Deborah K. Evans: Book of Common Prayer for the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States with a carved ivory cover, 1892 (2000.0055). Sharon Donovan Dodd, Christine Donovan, and James F. Donovan: 6.5 cubic feet of archival material documenting the career of inventor and entrepreneur Marion O’Brien Donovan, 1940-96 (2000.3006). Mary D. Doering: 13 pieces of clothing and accessories by various designers worn by Ms. Doering from 1982 to 1992 including 2 dresses, 2 pairs of shoes, 2 blouses, a pant suit, jumpsuit, skirt, trousers, corset, stockings, and a belt (1999.0251). Banco Central de la Republica Dominicana, Departamento Cultural (through José Alcantara Almanzar): 3 specimen bank notes of the Dominican Republic, 2000 (2000.0066). Morrill B. Donnald: man’s wool vest, I91O—I5, woman's crocheted wool cap, 1900-30, woman’s crocheted cotton gloves, 1930-40, anda woman's linen handkerchief with a printed poodle, 1955-60 (2000.0041); 0.08 cubic foot of photographs, correspondence, diary, and high school and college documents of Mr. Morrill’s brother- in-law, Vernon Torrence, 1938-57 (2000.3014). Dwayne Dopsie: crown worn by Mr. Dopsie’s father, Alton Joseph “Rockin’ Dopsie” Rubin, when performing with his band Rockin’ Dopsie and His Zydeco Twisters of Layfayette, Louisiana, 1993 (1999.0337). Richard G. Doty: obsolete U.S. $1 bank note issued by the Patapsco Savings Fund of Baltimore, Maryland, on September 1, 1840 (2000.0064). Letitia Joyce D’Souza: artist’s plaster model of Our Lady of Good Health of Vailankanni, oil lamp, and a brass bowl, all used by Ms. D’Souza in an Asian Indian Roman Catholic household shrine, 1990-95 (1999.0259). Dale L. Dutton in honor of Dusty Dutton and William Tritt: Glasspar Fiberglas sports car designed and built by Mr. Tritt, 1953 (1996.0401). Herbert R. Edson: wool shirt, sweater, and topcoat, tropical combat trousers, and a trunk, used by Mr. Edson, his father Maj. Gen. Merritt A. Edson, and his brother Capt. Merritt A. Edson, Jr., while serving in the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Naval Reserve, 1944-98 (1998.0151). Nanci K. Edwards: 3 enameled steel refrigerator storage containers of the 1930s (1999.3053). Edward K. and Gaye Ellington in memory of their grandfather “Duke” Ellington: Wurlitzer electronic piano used when traveling and a silver presentation cigarette case dated 1952, both used by Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1999.0148); 10 cubic Donors feet of archival material including music, correspondence, business records, photograph, slides, and newspaper articles, all relating to the activities of the Duke Ellington Orchestra, 1920s—80s (1999.3074). Extra Measures, Inc. (through J. Bruce Stoneberg): 4 compasses and a set of 2 mmAtrc compasses, 5 rules, a set of 2 triangles, protractor, T-square, and a MathBox teaching system, 1990S (2000.0160). Richard S. Faron: white leather ball with interlocking seams made for clincher softball by deBeer & Son (1999.0268). Frederick A. Fay: 9 buttons, a tie tack, T-shirt, and a poster relating to the disability rights movement (1999.0352). Bernard F. Fetter, M.D.: motor vehicle brake control patented by Dr. Fetter’s father, J. William Fetter, in 1934 (1997.0362). Shelly J. Foote: Native American infant’s ring of silver set with turquoise, 1948, and a woman’s Hopi silver overlay bracelet, 1971-72 (1999.0131). Jerry D. Free: 20 cubic feet of archival material documenting the business and entertainment activities of the International Battle of the Bands (1999.3006). Jo Freeman: 2 political buttons, “Go With Goldwater” made by Ms. Freeman in 1964 and “California Professors for Johnson Humphrey,” 1968 (1999.0314). Delora S. and Robert L. French: Camp otel folding camping outfit for the top of an automobile, 1963 (1997-0112). Lawrence Fried]: 2 Franklin Quest Day Planner binders and a set of calendar sheets for the year 1992 used by Mr. Friedl (1998.0071). Ruth E. Ganister and Anton H. Rosenthal: off-white tricot wedding dress and a straw hat with pin worn by Pauline Wexelblatt Rosenthal at her marriage to Murray Rosenthal in 1946 and their wedding photograph (1999.03.44). Gateway Coin Club of Merced County (through Theresa M. Lund): commemorative medal produced by MVS the club for the year 2000 (2000.0063). Genovation, Inc. (through Leonard J. Genest): Foot-Fitter digital foot measuring device, 1999, invented by Mr. Genest (1999.0272). Alex Gibson and Landria Meehan: 16 price lists and catalogs from the Erewhon natural food store, 1972— 77 (2000.3015). Atle Gjelsvik: Remington adding and subtracting typewriter with a Wahl adding machine attachment (2000.0106). Cecile G. and John W. Glendening, Jr. in memory of Catherine L. Glendening: Westinghouse electric roaster-oven with a clock timer, 1930S—408 (2000.3025). David M. Gliserman: 10 ration books, 3, ration books with registration certificates, and 2 foil balls saved for scrap metal during WW II (2000.0082). Peggy Goforth: 32 clothing items and accessories used by Mrs. Goforth including 11 dresses, 4 pairs of earrings, 3 pairs of gloves, 2 necklaces, 2 vests, 2 pairs of shoes, 2 dress patterns, a suit, sweater, skirt, robe, jacket, and a pair of shoe sachets, 1937-84 (1999.0247). Goya Foods, Inc. (through Rafael Toro): 81 product samples, promotional items, and work uniform clothing items (1999.0322). Howard F. Greene: album of stereograms of still lifes and landscapes (1999.0067). Greer Laboratories, Inc. (through William White, Jr.): 3 vials of expired U.S.P. Lot #090421 plague vaccine (2000.0056). Mary A. Griep in memory of Laverne E. Griep : 45 photographs of Eleanor Roosevelt christening a ship and a photograph of President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressing workers, all taken by Laverne E. Griep when official photographer for the Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation, ca. 1942 (1999.0315). Robert A. Grimm: poster for the Eldridge Cleaver Legal Defense Fund, “Le Monde Diplomatique— Fevrier 1977” (1999.0313). Herb R. J. Grosch: 2.5 cubic feet of archival material documenting Mr. 116 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Fritzi and Madi Horstman: 11 cubic feet of audiotapes containing oral history field and radio show recordings of country and western music collected and produced by Dorothy Horstman between 1956 and 1994 (2000.3009). James O. Horton: Timex Data Link wristwatch (1999.0277). out at the George W. Bush Superbow! Party in New Hampshire on January 30, 2000 (2000.3021). Miles E. Hess, Jr.: Bausch & Lomb refractometer used in the food processing industry in Georgia, I920—39 (2000.0128). Max Hetzel: preproduction Swissonic Grosch's career in the computer industry, 1950-69 (1999.3063). Haemonetics Corporation (through Bill Cook): Haemonetics V50 blood cell separator, 1978, used at the National Institutes of Health (1999.0008). Marilyn Hamilton: yellow Quickie tennis wheelchair designed by Ms. Hamilton in the early 1980s (1999.0303). Bert Hansen: 4 packages of condoms, 1990 (2000.0031); 3 packages of condoms with AIDS-related messages, 1980s—9os, and a Dough-Boy prophylactic kit of WW II (2000.0168). George M. Hansen and Harry Hinson: 1990s replica of the electric swing- arm wall lamp designed by Mr. Hanson in the 1940s (2000.01 10). Candace M. and Katherine F. Harrington in memory of Eugene Fatjo: Stutz Model AA sedan made in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1926 (1994.0278). Karen Jean Harris: “Fashion Targets Breast Cancer” T-shirt with a bull’s eye designed by the Council of Fashion Designers of America, 1994 (2000.0042). Thomas B. Harsch: Gruen Teletime electronic watch with a twisted nematic liquid crystal display designed by Mr. Harsch for the International Liquid Crystal Company of Warrensville Heights, Ohio, 1973 (1999.0357). Cindy J. Hawk: Sinai Association of Women Surgeons T-shirt worn by Ms. Hawk when a surgical physician assistant resident at Sinai Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, 1987-88 (2000.0039). Audrey Bess Heaton: girl’s brown check homespun cotton dress made by Mrs. Heaton’s great- grandmother, Katherine Brown Willey, 1865-80 (2000.0080). Ruth M. Heller: 308 aniline dyes of the early 1900s to the 1960s collected by Mrs. Heller’s late husband, Dr. Richard E. Heller, for use in staining samples for the microscopic study of tissues and cells (1999.0325). Scott F. Hesketh: toy football inscribed “N.H. Bush 2000” given electronic watch head, 2 sets of tuning forks for Swissonic and Megasonic watches, and a set of Megasonic micromotors, both watches invented by Mr. Hetzel, 1966-73 (1999.0269). Hewlett-Packard Company (through Liz Bassett): 17 sets of photocopy paper, social expression paper, business communication paper, and label sheets, 2 sets of greeting cards, and a print sample book, all made for use in a Hewlett-Packard Inkjet printer (1999.0354). Dr. Hugh F. Hicks: set of 38 decorative Christmas tree light bulbs (1994.0126); 22 light bulbs including mercury vapor, incandescent, fluorescent, electroluminescent, and sodium discharge bulbs, 1930-87, a mercury switch, ca. 1907, pair of Hunter ceiling fans, ca. 1897, anda filmstrip and record set by Westinghouse about lighting, ca. 1945 (1997-0387). Himalaya USA (through Leonid Ber): sample of Liv. 52, a natural liver support dietary supplement made by the Himalaya Drug Company, 1999 (1999.0292). Susan S. Hitch: Dux Episcop opaque projector (1999.0041). James P. and Vada M. Hogan: 5-string banjo made by the A. C. Fairbanks Company of Boston, Massachusetts, 1899 (1999.0296). Sam Holman: 2 maple wood baseball bats made by Mr. Holman under the company name Sam Bat, one is unfinished and the other was finished for Keith Lockhart of the Atlanta Braves, 1999 (1999.0228). Donna Horn and Betty Mackewich: replica cake commemorating the 1989 inauguration of George Bush and the bicentennial of presidential inaugurations made by Mrs. Horn and Mrs. Mackewich (1999.3060). Dr. Richard H. Howland: portrait daguerreotype of Dr. Howland’s cousin as a boy with pink-tinted cheeks (1999.0242). Robert P. Huston: Beckman Model N pH meter (1999.0123). Ray Hutt: Fly Right condom (1999.0321). Bank of Indonesia (through Dr. Aslim Tadjuddin): 5 proof coins of Indonesia, 1992-95 (1999.0288). Inventronics, Inc. (through Paul Sanderson): Sanderson Accu-Tuner III electronic piano tuner, 1999 (1999.0266). The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory (through Gary L. Smith): 4 rocket- borne cameras used in high-altitude photography, 1946-61 (1994.0018). Margery S. Johnstone: silver friendship bracelet with engraved charms handed down to Mrs. Johnstone by her mother and grandmother, earliest dated charm is 1886 (1999.0231). Alice Odian Kasparian: 6 Armenian needle lace doilies made by Mrs. Kasparian (1996.0121). Elliott Kaufman: color photograph depicting the ocean freighter Baltic Hawk entering Miraflores Locks on the Panama Canal, taken by Mr. Kaufman in 1998 (1999.3058). Sister Judith J. Keehnen, C.S.J.: scrapbook titled “Judi’s History” documenting Sister Keehnen’s life as a member of the order of Saint Joseph of Bourg since 1959 with special reference to changes in habits and dress (1999.3045). Andrew Kennedy: walking stick made of wood and bone, ca. 1876 (2000.0068). Eddie Kinzer: beige and black wool tweed 3-piece boy’s suit worn by Ms. Kinzer’s father, Edward Alouson Loud, 1870-75 (1999.0293). David Kirkendall: inert Japanese-type 4 ceramic hand grenade of WW II found by Mr. Kirkendall when serving in Sasebo, Japan, with the U.S. Marines (2000.0019). Klein Tools (through Alan W. Sipe): ironworker’s tool belt with rr tools, 2 pairs of suspenders, a pair of work gloves, and a red-dyed rabbit’s foot (1999.0103). Stacey Kluck: 2-phonograph record set titled “Proudly They Came,” recorded by various performers on July 4, 1970 (1999.0216). Aveline and Michio Kushi: 7 cubic feet of archival records including photographs, audiotapes, videotapes, and medical case files, documenting macrobiotics (1999.3026). Helen M. Latimer: 3 lace collars, an embroidered jabot, and a peach crepe bed jacket, all worn by Ms. Latimer’s mother, 1930-50 (1999.0260). Beth K. Leaman: laminated identifi- cation card, 1990, and a smart card identification badge used to gain access to various parts of a building, 1995 (1999.0207). Simi Linton: 2 buttons relating to disability rights (1999.0262). Edward F. Little in memory of Dr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood: paper dollhouse scrapbook made by Grace Curtis Stevens of Marlboro, Massachusetts, about 1880 based on an account book of about 1850 (1998.0262). M. Ruth Little in memory of John Frances Little: album containing 82 photographs of the construction of the Panama Canal (1999.3072). Lockwood Greene Engineers, Inc. (through Bruce E. Dell): 705 sets of architectural drawings in various media including ink on linen, pencil on paper, and blueprint drawings of mostly industrial buildings including textile mills, automobile plants, piano factories, radio stations, military bases, and power plants, 1832-1963 (1997-0021). E. N. Logothetis: 38 cubic feet of archival material documenting the Eisler Engineering Company, 1920s—70s (2000.3042); 4 cubic feet of archival material Donors documenting the Kahle Engineering Company (2000.3043). Joseph L. and Linda A. Lombardo: Wurlitzer Model 1100 jukebox containing 24 original 45rpm phonograph records, 1950, 2 Wurlitzer wall boxes used in diner booths which remotely operate the Model 1100 jukebox, and a wooden Flexible Flyer sled (1999.3048). Lisa Lombardo in memory of Louis Michielini: Hi-Standard model H-D automatic pistol with silencer issued to Mrs. Lombardo’s father, Louis Michielini, by the Office of Strategic Services when serving in Italy during WW II and an OSS stiletto with scabbard (1998.0338). John Emile Lovret, Sr.: 17 objects relating to Mr. Lovret’s career as a machinist, inventor, and entrepreneur including 4 documents, 3 photographs, 2 tool boxes, 2 shop aprons, a set of microsizers for precision boring with original packaging and pamphlet, nutcracker, fuel drip valve, and a cufflink and tie tack set with the Litton Precision Products logo (1999.0079). Arnold L. Lum: 97 pieces of artwork and related material created by Mr. Lum’s mother, Ethel Chun Lum, for the first Aloha shirts made for King Smith Clothiers including 64 printing blocks, 19 fabric samples, 8 hand tools, 5 illustrations, anda King Smith label, 1933-40 (1998.0273). Sherrie L. Lyons: 2 cubic feet of archival material documenting Ms. Lyons’ father, Dr. Harold Lyons, and his work with atomic clocks (1999.3076). Betty Mackewich: notebook documenting the creation of a cake commemorating the inauguration of President George Bush and Mrs. Mackewich’s part in making it, January 1989 (1999.0120). Princess Masha Magaloff: cotton pieced work quilt from Jones County, Georgia, ca. 1875 (1999.0060). Maidenform, Inc. (through Steve N. Masket): 31 undergarments, 5 accessories, and a 7-piece costume for the advertisement “I dreamed I barged down the Nile in my 7, Maidenform bra” (1998.0040); 30 cubic feet of archival material documenting Maidenform’s designs, production, sales, and marketing, 1922-97 (1998.3009). Elizabeth S. Mains: baseball autographed by team members of the Washington Senators and by E. S. Barnard, President of the American League, 1930 (2000.0021). Lenka Makalova: 8 coins of the Czech Republic, 1993-98 (1999.0252). Rosemary L. Marsh: 11 miniature portrait photographs including 3 daguerreotypes, 3 tintypes, 2 ambrotypes, 2 cartes-de-visite, anda paper photograph inside a brooch (1999.0236). Dennis Martinez: trophy made to honor the lowrider automobile “Dave's Dream,” 1992 (1994.0265). Carr Massi: 18 buttons related to the disability rights movement and a poster, “Disabled People’s Civil Rights Day” (1999.0263). J. Michael McCloskey: 90 buttons relating to the environmental movement, 1960s—9g0s (1999.0248). McCormick’s Enterprises, Inc. (through Brian D. Anderson): Conn Strobotuner Model ST-6 made by C. G. Conn Ltd. (1999.0210). Stewart McLaurin: 4 brochures, 3 stickers, 2 buttons, a T-shirt, magnet, and a poster, all from Elizabeth Dole’s presidential campaign, 2000 (2000.0087). Roger E. McLendon, M.D.: 2 whole- mounted brain sections showing glioblastoma tumors, 1996 (1998.0164). MED-EL Corporation (through Darcy N. Ochs): 6-piece cochlear implant system (1997.0233). Keith Melder: leaflet given out during a demonstration in Portland, Oregon, urging partici- pation at a demonstration against the World Trade Organization in Seattle, Washington, 1999 (2000.0084). Lisa Mighetto: double-sided poster, calendar, and a T-shirt related to the demonstrations held against the World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle, Washington, November 1999 (2000.0IT5). 118 David D. Miller III: Maxwell House coffee can with a pictorial salute to Richard Petty, 1994 (1994.0214). Todd Martin Miller, Ph.D.: 19 ancient Greek coins (1999.0253). Evan and Johnnie Lu Morgan: 2 sets of Tammis Keefe printed placemats, 1956, and a set of placemats and set of napkins made of embroidered cutwork, 1959 (1998.0357). Morrison Motorsports, Inc. (through Tommy C. Morrison): 1990 Corvette ZR-1 modified to be the Morrison #92 racing car (1997.0120). Motorola Museum of Electronics (through Sharon S. Darling): 6 examples of pager technology including the BPR2000 radio pager, OPTRX alphanumeric pager, Bravo FLX display pager, Passport wristwatch pager prototype, Dick Tracy wristwatch and display pager, and a “Pedro” used by factory workers to build the Bravo pager, 1982-95 (1997.0246). Mrs. John H. Murray: woman's red polyester crinkled crepe dress, 1987-95, and a slate blue tencel- rayon dress, 1997-99 (1999.0343). Sherman L. Naidorf: Burroughs Corporation coaster and “Legion of Honor” pin awarded to Mr. Naidorf for exceeding sales quotas (1999.3082). National Federation of the Blind (through Marc Maurer): 4 white canes and a Braille ‘n Speak computerized note-taker (2000.0028). Louis Newman: 195 pieces of baseball memorabilia including 66 buttons, 26 jewelry pieces, 25 pennants, 20 autographed baseballs, 20 emblems, 11 caps, 7 bats, 7 games, 6 watches, 2 gloves, jersey and pants of a Washington Senators uniform, a stadium sign, lunchbox, and a package of condoms (1999.0265); 2 cubic feet of archival baseball memorabilia including programs, advertising, posters, photographs, postcards, and ephemera (1999.3047). Thomas S. Newsome: pair of man’s black leather shoes with ribbon ties, 1820-50 (2000.0040). Robert Ng: Schwinn Corvette 5-speed bicycle, 1962 (1998.0108). Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Paul D. Niemann: “Impeachment: The Card Game” developed by Mr. Niemann, 1998 (1999.0215). Nobel Biocare USA, Inc. (through Curt S. Gorman): Branemark system dental implant and craniofacial implant (1997.0196). George A. Norton: alarm clock made by the Ansonia Clock Company, ca. 1898 (1999.0358). Geraldine Oberling in honor of Josephine Guenzer: 6 dresses, 2 coats, an ensemble, and a pair of shoes acquired by Mrs. Oberling’s mother, Josephine Guenzer, while working for designer Mainbocher at his New York City salon, 1960s—70s, and an order book listing clients and the clothing they purchased (1999.0274). Elizabeth M. O’Connell: blue-gray American Red Cross uniform trousers made for Ms. O’Connell in London, 1944 (1999.0318). William E. O’Connor: 2 bottles of Mason's shoe polish with a set of fragments of the original box, 1850-1900 (1999.0301). Carolyn O'Donnell: set of 105 audiotape cassettes of oral histories of New Jersey farm workers conducted between January and June 1987 for creation of a theater piece called The New Jersey Farm Show produced by the Stageworks Touring Company (1993.3176). Tom Olin: T-shirt, button, arm band, card, and a candle related to disability rights demonstrations (2000.0048). Carl Marcus Olson, Ph.D.: vial of pure silicon crystals developed by Dr. Olson when working at DuPont, ca. 1940 (1998.0061). Richard D. Olson: 4.5 cubic feet of archival material documenting the career of physicist and inventor Fay C. Brown, 1900-49 (1999.3051). OraSure, SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare (through Theodore K. Kyle): oral HIV-1 antibody test kit and specimen vial (1997.0209). Edward J. Orth (through George A. Orth): 1,889 pieces of memorabilia and souvenir items from the Edward J. Orth Memorial Archives of the New York World’s Fair, 1939-40, including some objects from earlier fairs (990.0542). James O. Page: script, final screenplay, _ and a cast sheet for the episode “Drivers” from the television program “Emergency!” written by Mr. Page, 1972 (2000.3048). Willard H. Pearson: pair of U.S. Marine Corps surplus boots purchased by Mr. Pearson for his job as a material coordinator during construction of the trans- Alaska pipeline, used 1974-96 (1999.0169). Philip T. Pegues: photograph of Mr. Pegues in uniform contained ina cardboard folder with the acorn symbol of the 87th Division, WW II (1998.3080). Marvette Perez: 161 Roman Catholic sacramentals including medals, pins, crucifixes, crosses, patches, and badges, 1875-1925 (2000.0002). Hortensia Pérez de Leofi in memory of Tensia Alvirez: woman’s gold lame dress with a textured damask design of a horse, hunter, and hound in medallions, 1924—29 (2000.0035). Lucille R. and Thomas H. Peterson, M.D.: woven straw pith helmet with the name “Bricker” printed in blue (1999.0225). Mendel L. Peterson: 2 portrait daguerreotypes, one of a man and the other of a woman (1999.0238). Pfizer Inc. (through Terence J. Gallagher): specimen of Penicillium notatum mold culture in a petri dish grown by Alexander Fleming, ca. 1948 (1999.0273). Philips Lighting Company (through Steven M. Goldmacher): 51 electric lamps and components including 21 incandescent, 17 fluorescent, 8 mercury vapor, 3 metal halide, a high-pressure sodium, and a low- pressure sodium, and a key chain with fob shaped like a triple-tube compact fluorescent lamp, 1950-96 (1997-0389). Phillips Petroleum Company (through Kathleen B. Triebel): 2-sided porcelain enameled steel “Phillips 66” sign in orange and black, 1955 (1996.0387). Photographische Correspondenz: color collotype by Josef Albert, ca. 1892 (1999.0239). | | i) i) Fred Pitts: photo-serigraph by Mr. Pitts, 1975 (1997.0180). POM, Inc. (through Seth Ward ID): solar electronic parking meter and a debit card for use in the meter, 1994 (1994.0311). Richard H. Ponterio: 2 silver 4-real/ coins of Charles and Johanna struck in Mexico, 1536-56 (1999.0327). Christina A. Popenfus: woman’s cosmetics and clothing including 3 tubes of lipstick and an eyeshadow, 2 blouses, a turtleneck sweater, skirt, and leggings, 1995-96 (1999-0304). Dr. Robert C. Post: jacket presented to Don Garlits in 1976 when he was a member of Car Craft magazine's All-Star Drag Racing Team (1998.0080). Roberta D. Poulton: medical bag and a stethoscope used by Ms. Poulton when a pediatric nurse on a Project Hope ship (1999.0108). Martha Caroline Pradeau in memory of Dr. Alberto Francisco Pradeau: 184 coins, 61 medals, and 2 tokens of the U.S., Latin America, and ancient and modern Europe (1999.0338). Progress Center for Independent Living (through Diane Coleman): 3, buttons, a poster, lapel pin, T-shirt, handcuff, and an audiotape cassette, all used to protest assisted suicide (1999.0353). Project 51 (through Donato M. Dingillo): 11 fireman’s uniform items and 7 pieces of paramedic’s emergency medical equipment used in the television series “Emergency!” depicting Los Angeles County’s Emergency Medical Services, 1971-77, and a collectible die-cast “Squad 51” GMC Suburban vehicle (2000.0103). Al Prueitt and Sons (through David J. Prueitt): upholstery from a 1931 Ford Model A deluxe coupe (1995.0140). Dr. Harold W. and Maurine A. Puffer: boy’s cotton T-shirt with the emblem of the Hawkeye Boy’s State meeting in Iowa in June 1948 and a pair of woman’s disposable paper panties, 1967—72 (2000.0058). The Honorable William H. Rehnquist: judicial robe worn by Donors William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States, during the impeachment trial of President Clinton and sessions of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1972-99 (1999.0345). Louis Renner Company and Renner USA (through Lloyd W. Meyer): grand piano action model made by the Louis Renner Company of Stuttgart, Germany, 1999 (1999.3049). Louise C. Rice: pieced cotton quilt block signed by Grace Coolidge with a White House envelope in which the block was mailed to Mrs. Rice in 1927 and 2 photographs of Mrs. Rice in 1932 and 1997 (1998.0233). Robert L. Rice: 2 novelty packs of cigarettes from the 1988 campaign marked “Bush for President” and “Dukakis for President” (2000.0083). Prof. Robert Freed Riley: SAC-1 computer software with 16 sets of documentation, 1969-76 (1999.3057). Zona Roberts: Caribou wheelchair backpack used by Mrs. Robert’ son, Ed Roberts (1999.0359). Gerald J. Rose, D.D.S.: flasher device for theater marquees and lighted advertising signs made by Betts & Betts Corporation of New York, ca. I919 (1999.0227). Moocho Scott Salomon: Jewish tal/it prayer shawl, &ppah skull cap, and a carrying bag, all woven by Mrs. Salomon during the 1999 Smithsonian Folklife Festival (1999.0308). Eleanor G. and Gordon R. Sanctuary: 2 clear glass furniture knobs made by the Boston & Sandwich Glass Company of Sandwich, Massachusetts, ca. 1829 (1999.0133). Evelyn S. Schauber: 6 woman’s hats worn by Mrs. Schauber’s aunt, Helen Gray, as a career girl and actress in New York City, 1937-44, and a 2-piece dress by Italian designer Alberto Fabiani worn by Mrs. Schauber’s mother, 1950-55 (1999.0203). Bill and Tobie Schick: custom billiard cue stick, “The Family,” made by 119 Mr. Schick of Canadian birdseye maple with inlays of ebony, ivory, goldstone, yellow silver, and phenolic resin, and the working design drawing, 1998 (1999.0052). Stina Schloss: 4 casino tokens from Las Vegas (2000.0018). Chris Schmidt: 42 cubic feet of company records, photographs, and films of the Cincinnati Boss Company founded by Charles G. Schmidt, trade literature of the meat packing industry and miscellaneous industrial topics, and business ephemera, 1911-89 (2000.3029). Audrey Schurmann: 13 documents and photographs recording the work of Ms. Schurmann’s grandfather, Edward A. Ray, on the Panama Canal, 1908-12 (1999.0334). Diana Berner Seasonwein and Robert Gil Seasonwein: Victory prototype bicycle made by Iver Johnson’s Arms and Cycle Works to U.S. government specifications in December 1941 (1995.0307). Seiko Corporation (through Chushichi Inoue) and Seiko Instruments, Inc. (through Junichi Hattori): Seiko thermic wristwatch powered by converting body temperature into electricity, 1999 (1999.0200). Barbara J. Shafer: 2 samples of upholstery fabric designed by Robert Reed and a book of 6 upholstery fabric samples (1994.0351). David H. Shayt: 2 drummer's cymbals, 1990 (2000.0075); poster proclaiming “Police! Protect the People Not Corporations” and a “sleeping dragon” arrest resistance device found after a demonstration against The World Bank and International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C., April 2000 (2000.0113). Gerald Sheinem, P.E.: Odograph mapping unit consisting of a plotting unit, compass, and a power pack, 1943 (1999.0335). Shepherd Center (through Mark Johnson): 6 documents, 4 buttons, a postcard, and a patch advocating the rights of disabled people, 1980s—90s (1999.0351). 120 Ambrose P. Shinsky: Cold Wave by Nestlé permanent wave kit used by Myrna Moulton Shinsky while taking cosmetology training at Clara Barton Vocational High School in Baltimore, Maryland, 1943-46 (2000.0079). Comdr. C. E. Siegman, USCG (Ret.): McGuffey’s Eclectic Third Reader of 1846 (2000.3003). Thomas W. Smillie: portrait daguerreotype of 5 people, labeled Max Harrwitz of Berlin, 1840 (1999.0241). Andrea J. Smith: Breithaupt land traveler's magnetic navigation compass made in Kassel, Germany, and used by Ms. Smith’s father, Peter Moses, while serving in the U.S. Army in Europe during WW II (2000.0147). Eleanor Smith: T-shirt for “Concrete Change,” an organization working for handicapped accessible housing founded by Ms. Smith (2000.0050). Jay S. Snoke: dress blue uniform jumper, trousers, and neckerchief and a “dixie cup” cap worn by Mr. Snoke when a U.S. Navy Radioman Petty Officer First Class serving aboard a submarine (2000.0026). Katheryn E. Sofranoff: 2 identification tags and a Prisoner of War medal awarded to Michael Sofranoff while serving in the U.S. Marine Corps during WW II (1999.0347); 2.5 cubic feet of archival material documenting the life and U.S. Marine Corps career of Michael Sofranoff and members of his family (1999.3069). Margaret B. Southwick: 6 embroidered pieces including an infant’s christening dress, child’s muslin dress and bonnet, woman’s chemisette, pillowcase, and a dresser scarf of cutwork and needle lace made by Mrs. Southwick’s mother, Grace Caswell Batchelder, iN 1915 (1991.0438). Norma G. Sperry: 29 psychological instruments and tests, photographic slide sets, and neurological tools used by the late Dr. Roger W. Sperry, pioneer in studies of the nervous system and Nobel Prize laureate in 1981 (1999.0302). Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Dorothy G. and Philip D. Spiess: Sunbeam Coffeemaster electric coffee maker received as a wedding present in 1941 (2000.0099). Stall & Dean (through Henry N. Jackson): 1 cubic foot of catalogs, price lists, and advertising of Stall & Dean and its competitors, - 1905-98 (1998.3088). Prof. Norton Starr: Coradi planimeter distributed by Keuftel & Esser, ca. 1909, and an instruction leaflet for Amsler planimeters (1999.0250); Hewlett Packard HP-28C electronic graphing calculator with instruction manual (1999.0291). Kenneth E. Stein: leaflet, booklet, and a poster related to the demonstrations to demand the signing of “504” regulations and disability rights (2000.0047). Henry Z. Steinway: bound volume of Steinway & Sons company catalogs, 1865-78, photograph album celebrating Johanne and Theodore Steinway’s silver wedding anniversary, 1877, and a William Steinway memorial scrapbook, 1896 (2000.3013). Robert H. Studebaker: LaserPlane prototype level with power supply produced and patented by Mr. Studebaker in 1964 and a photo- graph of Mr. Studebaker with his level (1998.0304). Sunrise Medical Inc., Sunrise Medical Mobility Division, Quickie Designs (through Marilyn Hamilton): teal Quickie 3D tennis wheelchair, 1999 (2000.0156). Superior Safety Corporation (through R. James Hollenback): child’s bicycle helmet from the Evel Knievel signature product line, 1995 (1996.0287). Support Coalition International (through David Oaks): 3 T-shirts and a button related to the psychiatric survivors rights movement, ca. 1990 (2000.0030). Joseph E. and Tammy W. Taff: Evel Knievel related objects including an action figure with toy motorcycle and energizer stand, electric toothbrush, and a motion picture videotape starring George Hamilton (1998.0079). Davira S. and Dr. Marvin M. Taragin: 2 pieces of “American Modern” glass, a footed sherbet and a cordial goblet, designed by Russel Wright and made by the Morgantown Glassware Guild, Inc. of Morgantown, West Virginia, 1945-49 (1998.0271). Dayton Taylor: prototype Timetrack 6o-lens camera system developed by Mr. Taylor and patented in 1997 (1999.0245). Frank A. Taylor: instrument maker's lathe with set of face plates, set of 3-jaw chucks with keys, and a set of tools, made in Germany about 1860 and used by the Kabel family who made scientific instruments for the U.S. Coast Survey and Smithsonian Secretary Samuel Langley (1995.0312). Timex Corporation, Timexpo Museum (through Carl W. Rosa): Timex Expedition wristwatch and 5 components of the watch including a back plate, electronic module, partial movement assembly, dial, and a strip of Indiglo used to light up the dial (1999.0271). Lillian Scheffres Turner: silver sugar bowl, ladle-sifter, and cream pitcher made by Peter L. Krider of Philadelphia, ca. 1860 (1999.0305). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Northern Regional Research Center (through R. Meredith): polariscope with accessories, fermenter, microbalance, light source, inhibition zone counter, sterilizing box with petri dishes, set of metal rings, and a set of Erlenmeyer flasks, all used in penicillin research in the 1940s (1981.0734). U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Institute of Heraldry (through Stanley W. Haas): 22 pieces of distinctive unit insignia and 6 pieces of shoulder sleeve insignia (2000.0149). U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Tank- Automotive and Armaments Command (through Frank Jardim): 3, Browning automatic rifles, 1940-52 (1999.0036). ———weo U.S. Department of Energy (through John Ryan): energy efficient ballast, compact fluorescent lamp with a prototype recessed luminaire, and an experimental flywheel with a display rack, 1977-83 (1999.0324); energy efficient ballast demonstrator, ca. 1980, and a sample light pipe section, ca. 1994 (1999.3071). U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory (through Charles R. Hutt, Ph.D.): 4 seismometers, 4 galvanometers, a test set, recorder, time and power console, and a transformer, all part of a World Wide Standardized Seismic Network station set up in 1961 to monitor a nuclear test ban treaty (1999.0275). U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Mint (through Philip N. Diehl): 12 U.S. coins of 1997 including a 5-coin proof set, a 5-coin proof prestige set, and 2 silver dollars commemorating the U.S. Botanic Garden (1997.0081); (through Maria R. Goodwin): 7 commem- orative coins and 5 proof coins of the U.S., 1997-98 (1998.0094). U.S. Legislative Branch, Library of Congress, Exchange & Gift Division, American-British Exchange Section (through Joseph P. Molnar): 469 copyrighted textiles including 332 fabric samples, 68 needlework craft kits, 56 scarves, 9 mats and mat sets, a pillow cover, T-shirt, biker’s safety cape, and a pair of draperies (1995.3100). U.S. Panama Canal Commission, Operations Support Division (through Col. Robert J. Sperberg): pintel ball on which a canal lock gate rotated, removed from Gatun Locks on the Panama Canal in 1999 (1999.0317). Unknown: Upjohn Company drug case (2000.0120). Francois Van Hoof: 2 uniface lead impressions of the dies used to produce the 1863 Russian 2-hopek piece by the Royal Belgian Mint (1999.0287). Violette Verdy: 10 ballet costume iterms worn by Ms. Verdy during Donors her career as a prima ballerina, 1948-75 (1998.0055). Teodoro Vidal: 1,279 objects of Puerto Rican traditional material culture (1997.0097); 35 sets of Puerto Rican religious imagery, photographs, archival material, posters, and replicas (1997.3059). Maria von Matthiessen: 2 silver gelatin photographic prints made by Ms. von Matthiessen titled “The Rose Madonna,” 1990, and “Jack in the Banyan Tree,” 1998 (1999.0044). Watkins-Johnson Company (through Claudia D. Kelly): 3 traveling wave tubes (1999.0311). Estate of Edith Watson (through Leslie S. Simmons): 1 cubic foot of archival material documenting the invention of the telescoping shopping cart by Orla E. Watson, patented in 1949 (2000.3030). Robert M. Webster: “Tick-Off” tick remover and grasper patented by Mr. Webster in 1995 (2000.0006). Harold Wegweiser: custom made cue stick by Dan Dishaw of burled maple inlaid with turquoise, ivory, and ebony with gold rings and a leather wrap, 1999 (1999.0220). James Whitmore: 20 costume items worn by Mr. Whitmore in 3 stage performances including 2 bandannas, 2 lariats, a cowboy hat, trousers, shirt, boots, and a belt from Wi// Rogers, USA, 8 mustaches and a tube of mustache wax from Bully, and a cane and pair of eyeglasses from Give ‘Em Hell, Harry (2000.0081). State of Wisconsin, Department of Health and Family Services, Division of Care and Treatment Facilities, Winnebago Mental Health Institute (through Diane Meschefske): 3 keys hand-made by psychiatric patients in attempts to leave the institute (2000.0014). William L. Withuhn: cap labeled “Low Rider” worn by a member of the restoration team for the lowrider automobile “Dave's Dream,” 1990-92 (1995.0160). Edward W. Wolak: 19 pieces of woman’s clothing worn by Mr. Wolak’s wife, Helen Tabb Wolac, 1978-97 (1999.0150). 121 Ella H. Wright: sculptograph hand- colored relief photograph portrait of Julia Watkins Sims, ca. 1880 (1998.0260). Helena E. Wright: Polio Pioneer button and membership certificate, 1954 (2000.0003). James F. Young: Apple Newton Message Pad hand-held computer with 15 components and accessories (1999.0290); 6 sets of documentation for the Apple Newton Message Pad computer (1999.3055). Wilbur P. Young: 7 reels of 16mm motion picture film (1999.3081). Zenith Electronics Corporation (through John I. Taylor): 2 circuit boards, a faceplate, indoor field test antenna, paperweight, and a set of political convention buttons, all related to Zenith’s high definition television tests, 1991-96 (1997.0075). Dr. Raymond A. Zilinskas: UNSCOM hat, T-shirt, and arm band, a poster of Saddam Hussein, and a 100- dinars note of Iraq (1999.0107). National Museum of the American Indian Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more The Ford Foundation Christian A. Johnson Endeavor Foundation The Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation $500,000 or more Mr. Eugene Victor Thaw (Eugene V. & Clare E. Thaw Charitable Trust) $100,000 or more The Ahmanson Foundation Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Congdon Mrs. Eleanor B. Niebell The David and Lucile Packard Foundation Turner Foundation, Inc. 122 $50,000 or more The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Fannie Mae Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mercy, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Carroll O’Connor $10,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Adam M. Albright (ARIA Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block Margaret A. Chisholm Charitable Trust The Community Foundation for the National Capital Region Mr. and Mrs. Charles Diker Mr. and Mrs. John Ernst Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson Ms. Marion Greene Mr. and Mrs. Alan J. Hirschfield Kirkland & Ellis Foundation Mr. Thomas H. Lee The Joe and Emily Lowe Foundation, Inc. Merrill Lynch Oneida Indian Nation Mr. and Mrs. William A. Potter Estate of E. Catherine Rayne Ms. Ann R. Roberts May and Samuel Rudin Family Foundation Margaret Knowles Schink Mr. James D. Wolfensohn (Wolfensohn Family Foundation) $5,000 or more Dr. and Mrs. John P. Comstock Mr. James Frank Mr. William T. Golden (Golden Family Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Haas Mr. and Mrs. Victor Kaufman Mr. and Mrs. Robert Linton Mrs. Emily Fisher Landau Morning Start Gallery, Ltd. Mr. Francis O'Toole Mr. Morris W. Offic Ms. Virginia Ortega Mrs. Eileen A. Wells $2,000 or more Mr. Roger T. Abelson Mr. and Mrs. Robert Balzer Dorsey & Whitney Foundation Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Ms. Anne Forbes Mr. and Mrs. Robert Krissel Ringing Rocks Foundation Gloria FE. Ross Foundation Mrs. Jane Safer Mr. and Mrs. David Saity Estate of Wanda M. Wade Donors of In-Kind Support Ms. Liz Hill Donors to the Collections Gift of Marilyn B. and John D. Henderson: Pottery vessels from Arizona and New Mexico (25/5032-25/5045). Gift of Lillian Rosen: Navajo Yei rug (25/5046). Gift of Dr. Douglas E. Evelyn: Stereo- scope card of an Indian encampment. Gift of Dr. Jerome R. Berman: Navajo rug and Navajo Corn God pendant (25/5047-25/5048). Gift of Dr. Johari M. Rashad: Cherokee dresses and a beaded key ring (25/5049—25/5053). Gift of Lily Serrano (Textile Creations by Lily): Textiles with Native Am- erican images (25/5055—25/5059). Gift of Ms. Thea Westreich and Mr. Ethan Wagner: Two woven Tlingit baskets (25/5041—25/5042). Gift of Robert Menschel: Black-and- white photos by Toba Tucker. Gift of Anna May and Morton Silverman: Two sculptures by Bruce La Fountain (25/5043—25/5044). Transfer from the Department of the Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board Collection: North American Indian Collection. Anonymous Gift: Tropical Hobbyland Indian Village souvenir cards. Gift of Adrienne and Jerome Harold Kay Family: Sculpture of Chief Joseph. Gift of Gaetana Stampone: Book, Portraits of North American Indian Life by Edward S. Curtis. Gift of Dorotha Giannangelo: Comanche baby carrier. Gift of the Mapuche Delegation: Pottery used in blessing ceremony ao GRC: Gift of Alice Banks Yeaman and John P. Yeaman from the Collection of David W. Yeaman (1950-1997): Collection of Southwest pottery, textiles, Central American artifacts, and other artifacts (25/5076—-25/5157). Gift of Winifred Howell: Haida raven rattle. Gift of the Association of Q’eqchi Maya Priests from the Munici- palities of Coban and Carcha, Guatemala: Mayan outfits, gourd bowls, figurines, and posters. Gift From Ms. Marion Howard: Tome entitled JAPI OAYE, The World Carrier from 1871-1886. Gift of the Nahua Delegation, Constantino Medina, Alfredo Ramirez, Eustaquio Celestino, Sixto Cabanas: Nahua pottery, game, audio cassette. Gift from the Quechua Delegation- Nazario Turpo, Carmelo Achangaray, Guadalupe Holgado, Aurelio Carmona: Collection of South American artifacts, and two journals published by the Universdad de Cusco (25/5020—25/5027). Gift from Ms. Hilda Grunblatt: Bolivian hat (25/5028). Gift from Alice Coleman Smith from the Estate of Jean Ellen Coleman: Two Apache toy cradleboards, sandpainting (25/5015—-25/5117). Gift of Evelyn Grollman, MD: Southwest and Panama artifacts Gift from the Washakie Family: Sculpture of Chief Washakie by Dave McGary. Purchases Purchased from visiting Quechua Delegation: One Quechua poncho, one Quecha hat (25/5018—25/5019). Purchase for Mall museum exhibit: Huichol violin and bow and bowl. 70 photographs from the exhibition at GGHC “Lee Marmon: 50 Years at Laguna Pueblo.” Purchase for Mall museum exhibit: Tapirape headdress, wrist cuffs, stone axes, basket. Purchased from Custer Battlefield Trading Post: “Bear Dreams War shirt” by Deborah Magee Sherer, Blackfeet. Purchase for Mall museum: Yupi’k basket. Purchased from Heather Harris for Mall museum: Button blanket by Heather Harris. Purchase for Mall museum: Luchau School jacket. Purchase for CRC: Sioux Tipi. National Museum of Natural History Donors of Financial Support $500,000 or more Volvo Cars of North America, Inc. Volvo Group North America $100,000 to $499,999 Discovery Communications, Inc. The Eberly Foundation J. Paul Getty Trust Mr. and Mrs. Jeffery W. Meyer Phillips Petroleum Company Norway Texaco Foundation $50,000 to $99,999 AOL Time Warner Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Fri Janus-Merritt Strategies, LLC Maritz Travel Company Barbro Osher Pro Suecia Foundation Estate of Curtis W. Sabrosky The Schlinger Foundation Smithsonian Women’s Committee The Summit Charitable Foundation, Inc. Viking Sewing Machines Inc. $10,000 to $49,999 Anonymous American Association for the Advancement of Science American Scandinavian Foundation ASARCO Incorporated David E. Burmaster, Ph.D. CACTI International, Inc. The Carlyle Group LLC Chabot Observatory and Science Center Dr. Jaswinder K. Chattha Dr. Sohan S. Chaudhry The Coca-Cola Company Donors Frank B. Crandall Cyprus Amax Minerals Company S. Sydney DeYoung Foundation EGR International, Inc. Fannie Mae Foundation Friends of the Hunley, Inc. Gar Mar Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Edward O. Gaylord Genentech, Inc. General Motors Corporation Robert A. Hemm International Society of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Jewelers of America, Inc. Louis S.B. Leakey Foundation The Link Foundation Lockheed Martin The Malik Family Trust Mr. and Mrs. Robert Malott J. Willard and Alice S. Marriott Foundation Medtronic, Inc. Wilson and Geo. Meyer Company Charn S. Nandra, M.D. National Association of Secondary School Principals National Geographic Society National League of Cities National Stone, Sand and Gravel Association/Rocks Build America Foundation Nordic Council of Ministers Northeast Utilities Service Company Persons Engineering Science, Inc. Dr. H. Sahota San Diego Society of Natural History Ujjal Singh Sandhu, M.D. Sappi Limited Wallis Foundation Eric Weinmann Charitable Trust $5,000 to $9,999 Dr. Surinder S. Bajwa Battelle, Inc. Earle Palmer Brown Steve Burnett Inc. Bushnell Sports Optics Worldwide Consolidated Natural Gas Company GAMMA-METRICS Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin C. Hammett Carolyn and Robert Hedin Fund IMAX Limited MAAR Associates, Inc. Miami Museum of Science Dr. Dan H. Nicolson Desiree Rogers 123 Harold Rubenstein I. Family Charitable Foundation Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust Robert A. Williams World Wildlife Fund Estate of Jean Davies Wright $1,000 to $4,999 Dr. and Mrs. Richard A. Ahlstrand Alfred M. Bakken Mr. and Mrs. Michael Baly, HI Albert Beekhuis Foundation Ellen Berman Mr. and Mrs. Thomas R. Bolling Mr. and Mrs. Jere Broh-Kahn Mr. and Mrs. Glen E. Brolander John R. Butler, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard Wallace Carr Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Dukert Edison Electric Institute Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson ExxonMobil Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Falk Fenn Collection Dr. Oliver S. Flint Zvi Galil Genentech, Inc. Erwin M. Gudelsky Mr. and Mrs. E. Jan Hartman Colonel George E. Hesselbacher, Jr. Gloria Hidalgo Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Hopkins Dr. and Mrs. Stanley O. Ikenberry David and Pat Jernigan Mr. and Mrs. Lennart Johansson Johnson Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Roger W. Johnson Beverly E. Jones The Honorable and Mrs. Edward W. Kelley Claude R. Kinsey, II Lieutenant Colonel William K. and Mrs. Alice Konze Mr. and Mrs. O. Greg Linde Mr. and Mrs. Richard T. Lindgren Marilyn C. Link Mr. and Mrs. Bertil Lundh Sven Lundin Marriott International, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robin B. Martin Dr. Wayne N. Mathis The Honorable Ann D. McLaughlin Mr. and Mrs. David E. Monson Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Morgan Mr. and Mrs. David A. Olive Mr. and Mrs. Alan J. Olson m 124 The Honorable and Mrs. Lyndon L. Olson Pfizer, Inc. Judy Lynn Prince Hans Pulpan Edward and Nancy Rice Mr. and Mrs. Gary Schenk Miss Marguerite V. Schneeberger Science Service, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Henry T. Segerstrom Dr. Dwight Smith and Ms. Marillyn Suzuki-Day Roger Grant Smith and Patricia A. Schneider Patricia S. Swaney Reverend and Mrs. Reuben T. Swanson Swedish Council of America Marshall C. Turner U.S. Indonesia Society UNESCO Dr. and Mrs. David B. Wake Westin, Inc. Nina Zolt $500 to $999 Mr. and Mrs. Laurence Aurbach BJNB Foundation, Inc. Consulate of Sweden-Dallas Dr. and Mrs. Walter E. Dippy Siri Eliason Joan D. Ferraris Mr. and Mrs. Thomas A. Gottschalk Robert and Rhonda Greens Foundation Thomas Gutierrez Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess John J. Hurley Arthur C. Katims Mars Preservation Fund Inc. Dr. Patricia Ann McFate Franklin Mead, III Dr. Peter K.L. Ng Dr. Storrs L. Olson Scott and Anne Parker John M. Rankin, Jr. Rochester General Hospital Mr. and Mrs. Steven N. Rupp Sedgwick County Zoological Society Tulsa Zoo Herpetology Department Beatrice Busch VonGontard Zoological Society of Philadelphia $250 to $499 The Honorable and Mrs. James E. Akins Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Mrs. Calvin B. Andringa Ronald O. Baukol Mary Boyd James Fri, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James S. Gilliland Scott Hamilton Robert F. Inger Harold Laughlin Nancy C. Mohn and Robert W. Keen Harry K. Ransler San Francisco Zoological Society The Times Mirror Foundation Julia C. Wilson Angela Stent Yergin Donors to the Collection Dr. Arthur G. Humes, Crustacea: Copepoda; specimen collection and personal library, 2066 specimens (2015189) Joseph J. Anderson, 758 insects from around the world (2016048) Dr. Henry Meyer, kimberlite collection, 2296 specimens (2013906) Mark Strong, 96 vascular plants from District of Columbia and vicinity (Maryland and Virginia) (2014220) Steve Arnold, 2 meteorite specimens (2016927) Ai Van and Morgan Pham, faceted spinel (2017364) ArturoGranda Paucar, Asteraceae: Chiliochitriopsis peruviana from Peru collected by Mercedes Flores et al. (#2109) (2017043) ArturoGranda Paucar, Asteraceae from Peru collected by Arturo Granda Paucar (#1455—-1716) from 20 May 1995 to 5 April 1996, 7 specimens (2013480) Bill Heim, 5 primitive whale vertebrae (2017037) Stan Nicolay, 189 butterflies, Lycaenidae, South America (2014369) Stan Nicolay, 237 butterflies, Lycaenidae, neotropics (2013393) Conor Messinger, fragment of a dinosaur tooth from Muirkirk, MD (2015568) Cory Pittman, Coelenterata: Anthozoa: Scleractinia, 26 specimens (2017338) David Johnston, 64 study skins and partial skins (2015091) David Johnston, frozen Buteo lagopus (2016731) Don and Chery]! Cox, volcanic ash (2014469) Donald G. Cox, Severtsov wild sheep skins and skulls, 3 specimens (2008158) Dr. Robert Reynolds, 3 frozen duck wings (2018070) Dr. B. S. Singer, mollusks: gastropod: Clanculus korkosi (2013169) Dr. B. W. Frost, Crustacea: copepods in glycerine (2016496) Dr. Bevan French, set of rocks and minerals, 17 specimens (2016851) Dr. Bruce Hayward, paratypes of a new species of recent deep-sea foraminifera (loanella micula Hayward et al.), from approx. 130km E of Chatham Island, New Zealand, depth 752 m, 13 specimens (2016713) Dr. Charles C. Finley, 23 mollusks: gastropods: Cypraeidae (2014295) Dr. Christopher Maples, 20 Pennsylvanian (Moscovian) sponges from the Dikanre Fm, Xinjiang province, NW China, to be cited in Jour. Paleontology (1999), USNM 480476-480487, plus reference specimens (2011998) Dr. David Johnston, 2 beavers (2013999) Dr. David M. Rohr, Maclurites specimen (2015171) Dr. David M. Rohr, 260 Ordovician gastropods and bivalves from Alaska and Nevada (2015604) Dr. Edward E. Terrell, Asteraceae: Aster ericoides from Maryland (cancelled MARY’ sheet #67078) collected by Edward Terrell (#5663) on 6 Oct 1996 (2014313) Dr. Edward Rogers, 384 dance flies, Empididae, worldwide, no types, (2015326) Dr. Emilio Rolan, mollusks: Gastropoda: Turridae, Pyramidellidae and Conidae, 10 specimens (2010027) Dr. Francisco A. Esteves, Copepods and Rotifers: 20 lots, 500 specimens (1042614) Dr. Frederick A. Sundberg, collection of type and biologic trilobite specimens from the Lower Middle Cambrian, Pioche Shale, Nevada, 2400 specimens (2017116) Dr. Robert G. Ganis, Ordovician graptolites from Pennsylvania, to be published in Repetski + Ganis (2000), Geol. Soc. Amer. Bulletin, 124 specimens (2017568, USNM 5098235099333 509936509944; 509946509947; 509949509950) Dr. S. Gabriel R. Navas, Crustacea: Shrimp from Colombia, 25 specimens (1046603) Dr. Gayle H. Nelson, Metallic Wood Boring Beetle, Buprestidae, North America (2015513) Dr. Gayle Heron, Crustacea: copepods in glycerine (2016496) Dr. Harumi Torii, 3 Japanese squirrels, (2012556) Dr. J. B. Sullivan, HI, 106 specimens (2015436) Dr. J. Bolling Sullivan, 83 neotropical moths (2012829) Dr. J. Keith Rigby, two thin slabs of Triassic trace fossils of the ophiuroid Asteriacites from the Thaynes Formation, central Utah (2013136, USNM 480602, 480603) Dr. James A. Blake, worm: Polychaeta, Orbiniidae: types, 2 lots, 26 specimens (2017417) Dr. James E. Sublette, 86 midge, Chironomidae, USA (2015090) Dr. James Slater, 340 Tingids and Lygaeids, Africa (2007106) Dr. Janet W. Reid, Crustacea: Copepoda (2015752) Dr. John M. Kingsolver, 3 bean weevils, Bruchidae, Thailand, type (2017556) Dr. Jon A. Lewis, 375 beetles and grasshopper, Coleoptera & Orthoptera, USA, Peru, French Guiana and MX (2013967) Dr. Jon A. Lewis, 178 cutworm moths, Noctuidae (2017000) Dr. Jon A. Lewis, 152 miscellaneous insects from French Guiana, Peru and Virginia (2014580) Dr. Jon A. Lewis, Cicadellidae, Cicadidae, Membracidae Fulgoroidea and other Homoptera, and Hymenoptera from Nearctic and Neotropical regions, 393 specimens (2014025) Dr. Lars Crabo, 8 Nearctic moths (2002061) Dr. Lloyd Knutson, 14 Palearctic Beetles (2013435) Dr. Marcos Perez-Losada, Crustacea: Anomura: Aeglidae: Aegla species, 7 specimens (2016173) Donors Dr. Mark A. Wilson, two thin slabs of Triassic trace fossils of the ophiuroid Asteriacites from the Thaynes Formation, central Utah (2013136, USNM 480602, 480603) Dr. Mike Richardson, Crustacea: Copepoda, 100 specimens (2016280) Dr. Nidia Cuello, 9 palms from Venzuela (2017287) Dr. Patsy McLaughlin, Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae, 2 specimens (2017485) Dr. Paulino J. S. de Souza, Jr., 3 lots, 3, specimens marine gastropods (marginellids) (1043661) Dr. Philip Baedecker, 16 meteorite specimens (2014373) Dr. Raymond J. Gagne, 128 gall midges and Agromyzid flies, Cecidomyiidae and Agromyzidae (2015179) Dr. Richard D. Goeden, 1188 tephritid files, Tephritidae, USA (2017304) Dr. Richard D. Hoare, 4 Poly- placophoran types from the Gilmore City Ls (Mississippian), North of Humboldt, Iowa, USNM 501830-501833, to be published by Hoare in Jour. Paleontology (2013687) Dr. Richard D. Hoare, 40 Missis- sippian and Ordovician poly- placophorans, rostroconchs, and problematica from Oregon, Alabama, Minnesota, to be published by Hoare (2012618, USNM 501787-501822, 501824-501827) Dr. Richard E. Petit, 2 mollusks: gastropods (2015045) Dr. Richard W. Thorington, Jr., border collie (2008789) Dr. Richard M. Hazen, 18 fossil bones from Calvert Cliffs, Maryland (2009856) Dr. Robert R. Ireland, 4 Bryophytes: mosses from Ireland, collected by Robert R. Ireland in 1999 (2017893) Dr. Sylvia A. Earle, algae from worldwide localities, collected by S. A. Earle, 13246 specimens (2009825) Dr. Teruo Ishida, Crustacea: Copepoda, 36 specimens (2015891) 125 Dr. Teruo Ishida, Crustacea: Copepoda, 158 specimens (1046594) Dr. Thomas Mustelin, 24 Cutworm moths, Noctuidae, Nearctic (2017003) Dr. Will Reeves, 2 sawflies (Cimbicidae, Tenthredinidae), USA and Panama (2013202) Gregory S. McKee, 50 specimens (2009638) Hank Oppenheimer, Rutaceae: Melicope from Hawaiian Islands collected by Oppenheimer (included 4 specimens in silica gel for DNA testing) 11 Jul 1998 to 2 Apt 2000, 13 specimens (2016533) Jack Harry, 5 skippers, Hesperiidae, USA, non-types (2015601) Jeremy Jacobs, 38 fosssil vertebrates from the Eocene sediments at Harleyille and the Oligocene sediments at Summerville, SC (2010435) Jeremy Jacobs, 50 specimens (2009638) Jim Decker, dinosaur skull fragment from Muirkirk, MD (2015567) John A’Brook, 2 aphid, Aphididae, Jamaica (2015177) Julia Jacobs, 38 fossil vertebrates from the Eocene sediments at Harleyille and the Oligocene sediments at Summerville, SC (2010435) Karen L. Gray, 8 Bryophytes (mosses) and a lichen from Idaho, collected by Karen L. Gray (2016724) Kenneth Hobbs, 30 gall midges, Cecidomyiidae, NE (2015325) Martha Nizinski, Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea, 169 specimens (2015657) Maureen Gaskin, 5086 moths and butterflies, New Zealand, Balkans, Greece, North America, Africa (2017188) Michael Searle, fossil sirenian periotic (2016682) Mike Milbourne, 6 casts of dinosaur bones (2014842) Moira Galbraith, Crustacea: Copepoda: Metridia, 49 specimens (2016232) Andreas Kerner, fossil sirenian tooth from Germany (2016683) Anthony Cognato, Gerridae, Ecuador, 22 specimens (2010520) 126 Arthur Fletcher, 2 specimens (1046877) Barry Whittle, faceted zircon (2017275) Bill G. Mast, 3 meteorite specimens (2014460) Brent Steury, 54 vascular plants of Maryland (DC and vicinity) (2014534) Brent Steury, 4 Poaceae from Calvert County, MD (2014974) Bruce EF. Poore, 2 hybrid ducks, (2017060) Bruce Graham, Alga: Rhodymenia pseudopalmata (red alagae) collected at approx. 65 m water depth from high relief rock formation in NE Gulf of Mexico (west of DeSoto Canyon), Site 1, on 8/24/1998 (2015863) Cato O. Holler, Jr., portion of a fossil tapir molar (2013361) Chuck Ball, 5 fossil bird bones from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2014205) Chuck Ball, 7 fossil chondrichthyan remains from the Fisher Lane Site (2014907) Dan Belsher, 25 specimens (1046874) Daryl Serafin, Fossil bird bone from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2013614) Dave Bunk, 6 specimens (1046878) David W. Grabda, portion of Cretaceous fish fin (2012612) David Wells, 2 fossil fish and reptile bones from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2014299) Dean A. Young, 3 meteorite specimens (2014125) Donald Dan, 3 mollusks: bivalve and gastropod (2014428) Donald J. Schwab, remains of two dead birds (2017206) Edward W. Boehm, gift, 2017225 Eric Braunwart, 1 cabochoned purple quartz (2017220) Eric Woody, 2 partial fossil fish jaws from the Eocene of Virginia and the Pliocene of NC (2012848) Fernand Therrin, 15 mollusks: gastropods (2015954) Frank C. Hyne, 26 fossil vertebrates from the Lee Creek Mine near Aurora, NC and a bird bone from Catherine Lake, Jacksonville, NC (2014739) Frank Garcia, 65 fossil fish and sirenian bones (2015776) Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Gary Grimsley, 7 fossil chondri- chthyan remains from the Fisher Lane Site (2014929) Dr. Gene D. Everson, mollusks: gastropodi Lot, 1 spec (Trophon) Holotype (1043664) George W. Powell, Jr., 11 fossil bird bones from the PCS Inc., Lee Creek Mine, near Aurora, Beaufort Co., North Carolina (2019137) George W. Powell, Jr., 2 fossil bird bones from the PCS Inc., Lee Creek Mine, near Aurora, Beaufort Co., North Carolina (2016739) Glade Gunther, 56 specimens of Olenellid trilobites (mostly cephalons) from the Middle- Cambrian—Pioche Formation, “C” Section, Ruin Wash, Lincoln Co., Nevada (2012563) Glen R. Bolick, 2 specimens (1046871) Greg McKee, 50 Oligocene and Eocene vertebrate fossils from Harleyville, SC (2014844) Hans-Georg Evers, 101 specimens of miscellaneous characoids (2014522) Hussain Rezayee, 6 catseye opal (2017367) J. Bolling Sullivan, 2 moths, tortricidae, USA (2017007) J. Bolling Sullivan, 106 cutworm moths, Noctuidae, Colombia (2015922) James Ranson, ca. 100 Oligocene fossils from Florida, 163 specimens (2010002) Jeff Schneider, 1 faceted spodumene (2017218) Jim Chaney, 60 fossil shark teeth from the Kemp Clay Fm, South Sulfur River, Hunt Co., TX (2013798) John D. Everette, fossil bird pedal phalanx from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2017701) John D. Plakidas, 80 cecidomyiid flies, Cecidomyiid, North America, holotype (2014201) John Fales, 11610 butterflies, bugs, Maryland, no types (2011802) John Nay, 100 fossil vertebrates from the Cretaceous and Neogene sediments of Maryland and North Carolina (2013662) John Zyla, 4 cicada, Cicadidae, Maryland (2007983) K. C. Bell, 1 nat. abalone pearl (2017228) Lawrence M. Carpenter, One fulgurite specimen (2013406) Lindsey Greenbank, 2 specimens (1046876) Lloyd F. Gunther, 57 Olenellid trilobite specimens (mostly cephalons) from Klondike Gap, Lower Cambrian—Pioche Formation, Lincoln County, Nevada (2012548) Mark Bennett, 7 fossil bird bones from Liverpool Point, Maryland, and the PCS Inc., Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina (2016973) Mark Bennett, 13 fossil vertebrates from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia and the PCS Inc., Lee Creek Mine, Beaufort Co., North Carolina (2016747) Mark Bennett, 6 fossil chondrichthyan remains from the Fisher Lane Site (2014906) Mark Bennett, fossil bird bone from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2014290) Mark Bennett, fossil bird bone from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2014208) Mark Kaufman, faceted fluorapatite (2017226) Michael Folmer, 29 fossil chondrichthyan remains from the Fisher Lane site (2014845) Michael Folmer, 22 fossil bird bones from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2014340) Michael Folmer, 8 fossil bird bones from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (1046574) Michael Folmer, 2 fossil bird bones from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2014332) Michael Folmer, 2 fossil bird bones from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2014330) Michael Folmer, 3 fossil bird bones from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2013615) Michael McCloskey, 6 fossil chondrichthyan remains from the Fisher Lane Site (2014908) Michael Trevor, 24 specimens from Majuro, Marshall Islands (2013458) Norris Bloomfield, 250 Nearctic moths (2012802) Patrick Anseeuw, 10 lots; 10 specimens radula and jaws pleurotomaria (1043364) Paul G. Rhoads, 5 meteorite specimens (2014121) R. Kahler Martinson, 5 frozen scaup and miscellaneous scaup wings (2015695) Ray Zajicek, 1 object (2017216) Richard W. Grier, Jr., 2 fossil chondrichthyan remains from the Fisher Lane Site (2014926) Robert F. Walters, 1 painting of a Triceratops (2015268) Robert Linder, 1 trapiche emerald (2017217) Ron Harding, 5 fossil chondrichthyan remains from the Fisher Lane Site (2014928) Ron Rahmanan, 3 faceted sapphires (2017222) Ronald F. Keil, 4 fossil bird bones from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2017195) Ronald F. Keil, 5 fossil bird bones from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Stafford Co., Virginia (2017190) S. A. Harris, 2 lichens: Cladina arbuscula subs. beringiana from Canada, collected by S.A. Harris (2016510) Steve Jaquith, 1 cabochoned obsidian (2017368) Teddy Tucker, 4 Crustacea: Brachyura: Calappidae: Osachila tuberosa from Bermuda (1043637) Terry E. Schmidt, 5 meteorite specimens (2014117) Torsten Dikow, 9 shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) from South Africa (2017002) Trent Spielman, 200 Pleistocene mammals from Cumberland, Maryland (2012376) Wallace L. Ashby, 1 fossil bird bone from Calvert County, Maryland (2016361) Wayne Harland, 8 mollusks: gastropods (2015093) William G. Gardner III, 18 objects (1046875) William Larson, 1 object (2017223) William W. Samuelson, 7 ducks from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska (2010389) Deborah M. Jacobs, 38 fosssil vertebrates from the Eocene sediments at Harleyille and the Donors Oligocene sediments at Summerville, SC (2010435) Kerry F. Button, 12 Eocene fossil fish remains from Harleyville, SC (2010725) Francesca Young, 4538 aquatic beetles, Hydrophilidae and other families, N. and S. America (2017277) Janki S. Bhandula, 6 mosquitoes, Culicidae, India (2017398) Rebecca Hyne, 26 fossil vertebrates from the Lee Creek Mine near Aurora, NC and a bird bone from Catherine Lake, Jacksonville, NC (2014739) Ruth B. Shear, 1 mounted specimen of albino Adelie Penguin (2016885) Carolyn Hayes, 1 dinosaur tooth from Muirkirk, MD (2015566) Charlene Long, 9 worms: Polychaeta: Syllidae: Exogone breviantennata Hartman-Schroder 1959 (8 specimens) and specimen of Sphaerosyllis sp. from land-locked lakes on San Salvador Island, Bahamas (2015913) Diane Pitassy, 1 fossil echinoderm from the PCS, Inc., Lee Creek Mine (2009810) Elizabeth Schreiber, 1 skeleton of Sula leucogaster (2015143) Judith M. Stiles, 1 fossil sea cow skullcap from Onslow Beach, NC (2014500) Kirstie L. Kaiser, 1 Coelenterata—soft coral from Clipperton I (2016197) Susan S. Morgan, 3 meteorite specimens (2014442) P. Hattenschwiler, 57 moths, Psychidae, non-types (2014403) Pete Kroehler, 1 blue-gray gnatcatcher nest (2017946) Rebecca Hyne, 28 fossil vertebrates from the PCS, Inc., Lee Creek Mine (2009505) Richard A. Familia, the anterior portion of a skeleton of an archaeocete whale from the Eocene sediments at Giant Cement (2014541) Richard Dunn, Gesneriaceae collections from Panama collected by Richard Dunn (#9907019 to 9907091) in July 1999, 21 species (2014777) Richard Spjut, Anacardiaceae: Toxicodendron radicans (“poison 127 ivy”) from Maryland, collected by R. Spjut (#14390), I specimen (2013642) Richard Spjut, 253 vascular and cryptogamic collections from California, USA and Baja California, Mexico and Maryland collected by Richard Spjut (2010867) Robert M. King, 386 Asteraceae from Colorado (mostly), Wyoming, Greece and Turkey, collected by Robert M. King and Robert M. Garvey (#10865—11158) (2016002) Robert M. King, 15 Asteraceae from Spain and Colorado, collected by Robert M. King (2015978) Roger Martin, 2 black backed jackals (2012759) Stefan Schmidt, ro sawflies (Pergidae), Australia (2013005) Stephen and Donna O'Meara, 3 volcanic specimens from Yasur volcano (2014669) Stephen O’Meara, 1 volcanic rock (2016278) Steve Kinyon, 6012 butterflies, Africa and Asia (2014612) Susanne Schulmeister, sawflies (Symphyta), Germany (2014348) Chad T. Walter, Crustacea: Copepoda, 278 specimens (1046621) Thomas R. Lipka, Arundel Fm. Vertebrates, 30 specimens (2012306) Will Reeves, 2 aquatic Heteroptera, Panama and Armenia (2015051) Will Reeves, 4 sawflies (Tenthredinidae), North America (2013294) William G. Keel, 50 objects (2009638) William Hilgartner, 3 short tailed shrews (2014087) Xiaoming Guo, Crustacea: Copepoda Mesocyclops types, 5 specimens (2015022) Yong-Mei Xia, Zingiberaceae, Pyrgophyllum from China, 1 specimen (2015579) Susan S. Morgan, I meteorite specimen (2013914) Angel Fernandez, 200 vascular plants from Venezuela collected by Angel Fernandez (2014893) Dr. Peter Megaw, chalcophanite from Mexico, 3 specimens (2010747) 128 Michael I. Casper, 7 meteorites (2016609) Carlos Barbosa, 4 objects (1046866) Ken Roberts, 2 objects (1046870) Petignat Hermann, Acanthaceae from Madagascar collected by Petignat Hermann, 130 specimens (2002679) Victor Yount, 1 object (1046865) Victor Yount, 1 object (1046867) Marcella W. Horney, meteorite specimen (2014111) Debbie Y. Meng, beryl, 4 specimens (1046430) Richard W. Dunn, Gesneriaceae and Begoniaceae cultivated in Largo, Florida (originally from Ecuador) and collected in Costa Rica? by R.W. Dunn, 33 specimens (2002951) Jordi Fabre Fornaguera, Sr., Ferberite from Romania, I specimen (2010667) Alfredo Ugarte, Sr., Trichoptera, Plecoptera and Neuroptera from Chile and Bolivia, 505 specimens (2001778) Jordi Fabre Fornaguera, Sr., 1 object (1046869) National Portrait Gallery Donors of Financial Support $50,000 or more Sherman Fairchild Foundation Inc. $10,000 or more Adler Schermer Lucent Technologies Mary Martel Mr. and Mrs. Herman Greenberg (The Monica and Herman Greenberg Foundation) $5,000 or more The Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation Home Box Office John and Caroline Macomber Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Robert Lehman Foundation $1,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Max Berry The Community Foundation for the National Capital Region Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 The Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Alan Fern Mr. John W. Hechinger, Sr. Mr. Everett Raymond Kinstler Ms. Jean B. Mahoney Mrs. Walter F. Mondale Mr. Roger Mudd Ms. Evelyn Stefansson Nef Mr. and Mrs. Mark Russell Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Schreyer Mr. Robert G. Stewart United Jewish Endownment Fund of the Jewish Federation of Greater Washington The Washington Post Donors to the Collection— Department of Painting and Sculpture Mr. and Mrs. Herbert E. Abrams. Arthur Miller, 1982, oil on canvas, by Herbert E. Abrams (T/NPG.99.105) Bequest of Alice Dulany Ball. ?Samuel Griffin, 1772, oil on canvas, by Cosmo Alexander (S/NPG.2000.4) Estate of Joseph Cardinal Bernardin. Joseph Cardinal Bernardin, 1998, oil on canvas, by Richard S. Halstead (T/NPG.2000.34.06) Byron Dobell. Betty Friedan, 1999, oil on canvas, by Byron Dobell (T/NPG.2000.7) Penny Edwards-Facci. Cab Calloway, 1959, patinated hydrocal, by Domenico Facci (T/NPG.99.103.04) Dr. H. James King. Edgar Guest, circa 1952, oil on canvas, by John Stephens Coppin (NPG.99.104) Betty A. and Lloyd G. Schermer. Nineteen Indian Peace Medals, ranging from 1793 to 1881, silver or bronzed copper, by various artists (NPG.99.107—NPG.99.125); and a manuscript letter from John Vaughan to Jeremiah W. Bronaugh, February 11, 1823, concerning the James Monroe peace medals (AD/NPG.99.3) Still National Osteopathic Museum. Andrew Taylor Still, 1900, pastel on paper on canvas, by Floyd Horton (NPG.99.106) Virginia Commonwealth University. Douglas Wilder, 1999, oil on canvas, by Loryn Brazier (T/NPG.2000.8) Carlton and Elizabeth Wells. William E. Borah, not dated, oil on canvas, by Caleb Arnold Slade (NPG.99.102) Elizabeth Dean Gray Wroth. Margaret Todd Whetten, circa 1800, pigmented wax and oil paint on glass, by an unidentified artist (NPG.2000.10); and Margaret Whetten Dean, circa 1800, pigmented wax and oil paint on glass, by an unidentified artist (S/NPG.2000.11) Donors to the Collection— Department of Prints and Drawings Lloyd Schermer, History of the Indian Tribes by Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall, 1837-1844, 3 folio volumes hand-colored lithographs of Indians Dr. Anne Meyer, Agnes Meyer, circa 1912-13, charcoal drawing by Marius de Zayas Mary Hanes Holbeck, Martin Luther King, Jr., 1968, photo-offset poster by Ben Shahn and Stefan Martin Ted Cooper, John F. Kennedy, 1961, pastel on paper by Shirley Seltzer Cooper Herbert A. Bernhard, Federico Castellon, not dated, aquatint self-portrait Milton and Ingrid Rose, A Big Blue Bottle Fly in the Web, 1852, engraved cartoon by E.W. Clay Gift of the Regents, staff, and friends of the Smithsonian, I. Michael Heyman, 1999, ink on paper by Al Hirschfeld Lehman Foundation, Barry Tuckwell, Neal Miller, Boris Goldovsky, Teresa Stratas, Thomas Hoving charcoal and pencil drawings by Burt Silverman Robert Freedman, Harold Freedman, circa 1930-1935, pastel by Will Cotton Alan Fern, A/an Fern, circa 1998, pencil on paper by Charles Johnson; Presidential Campaigns, 1996, halftone poster after Edward Sorel Donors to the Collection— Department of Photographs Mildred Constantine, René a ’Harnoncourt, 1978, gelatin silver print by Eve Arnold (S/NPG.99.100) Sidney S. Lawrence III, Domingo Ghirardelli, 1860, albumen silver print by George H. Johnson (NPG.2000.12) Virginia Zabriskie, Ludwig Sander, c. 1955, gelatin silver print by Rudolph Burckhardt (S/NPG. 99.101) The Regents, staff, and friends of the Smithsonian Institution, I. Michael Heyman, 1999, two dye transfer prints by Arnold Newman (T/NPG.2000.5; T/NPG.2000.6) National Postal Museum Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more United States Postal Service Winton M. Blount $50,000 or more Guido Craveri Lockheed Martin Foundation $5,000 or more Envelope Manufacturers Association Group 1 Software Henry Ellis Harris, Jr. National Grange Foundation James E. Pehta $500 or more Blue Heron Foundation Myron and Judith Kaller Linn’s Stamp News Pew Partnership H.W. Wood, LTD. Donors to the Collection R. M. Arndt. Accordion-fold pane of 50 (+10) “Small Cowper Madonna” by Raphael (Scott No. 1507) (NPM I999.2030). James H. Bruns. 1904 RFD cover (NPM 2000.2003). Hugh A. Evans and Joyce P. Evans, U.S. Cover with “Chicago: A Century of Progress”, 1933 cachet and U.S. stamped envelope with “First Pacific Coast Ship to Shore Airmail Transfer,” 1931 cachet (NPM 1999.2028). Donors Francis $. Gilmore and Gary Henkelman, 1966 U.S. cover with stamp (Scott No. 1213) tied to it with cotton twine, sent by Gary Henkelman from Boy Scout reservation (NPM 2000.2004). Patricia D, Hamilton, 1943 US. postal money order and receipt for the same (NPM 2000.2010). Oscar M. Holm, U.S. postal money order salvaged from the USS Kanawha following its sinking April 7, 1943 (NPM 2000.2006). Myron and Judith Kaller, 1873 Government Printing Office album of U.S. Post Office Department blank forms for several bureaus (NPM 1999.2034). , 12 US. postal cards, wrapper as official postal souvenirs of 1893 Columbian Exposition Chicago, and plate proof single, Executive Branch official stamp (NPM 2000.2007). Caroline G. Kunkel, Chicago Mail Route Schedule, No. 574, November 6, 1952, Fifth Division, comprising Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky (NPM 2000.2014). Janet S. Leahy, 41 pieces of U.S. official V-Mail stationery and containers (NPM 2000.2001). W. Curtis Livingston, George Boutwell presentation album of USS. federal/private revenue proofs ca. 1862-1874, leather case (NPM 1999.2031). Miles Manchester, Container for Peerless Stamp Hinges, with hinges included (NPM 2000.2009). Stephanie F. McConaghy, Double- breasted U.S. letter carrier’s dress uniform coat (NPM 1999.2029). Robert Murch, U.S. Postal card (Scott No. UXC2), with overland mail centennial cachet (NPM 1999.2025). Smithsonian Institution, National Postal Museum, 24 objects Found In Collection (NPM 2000.2005). , Collected By Staff. U.S. Smart Envelope, 2000, souvenir of I-bip technology; 2000 commemorative cover (NPM 2000.2011). Seymour B. Stiss, 1905 post card made from detachable shirt cuff (NPM 1999.2033). 129 U.S. Department of Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, Federal Duck Stamp Program, 7 U.S. Department of Interior 1999-2000 Junior Duck Stamp and Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamps (NPM 2000.2008). U. S. Postal Service, Stamp Services (through Azeezaly Jaffer), 4 commemorative panels, 52 covers, 6 postal cards, 44 souvenir programs with inserts, 4271 stamps (NPM 1999.2026). , Stamp Services, (through Azeezaly Jaffer), 4489 stamps, 36 covers, 6 souvenir programs, 4 souvenir programs plus one insert, 6 souvenir programs plus two inserts, 4 commemorative panels, 10 postal cards (NPM 2000.2002). , Stamp Services, (through Azeezaly Jaffer), 26 souvenir programs, 505 stamps, 20 covers, 4 First Day postal cards, 6 mint postal cards, 4 uncut press sheets, 4 souvenir folders (NPM 2000.2012). , Stamp Services, (through Azeezaly Jaffer), 50 souvenir programs, 1095 stamps, 70 covers, 5 postal cards (in postcard books), 67 stamped cards, 360 uncut press sheets, 4 commemorative panels (NPM 2000.2013). David H. Wallace, 2 unused early 20th century international stamp albums: A. Bullard & Co. and The Ivory Stamp Club (NPM 1999.2032). Joann B. Young, 2 U.S. handstamps from Quantico, VA (NPM 1999.2027). National Zoological Park Donors of Financial Support $1,000,000 or more Animal Planet Fujifilm Mr. and Mrs. A. William Holmberg $250,000 or more The Freed Foundation Roger and Vicki Sant 130 $100,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Rick Adams Jeanne Beekhuis $50,000 or more De Beers The Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, Inc. Richard Horowitz Memorial Fund Shirley Sichel Franchon and Gloria Smithson Ladislaus and Beatrix von Hoffman $25,000 or more The Coca-Cola Company Ms. Caroline Gabel GEICO Giant Food Howard Hughes Medical Institute Jaguar Anne T. Shultz Target Wells Fargo $10,000 or more American Foundation (Ms. Edith Corning) Dr. Anthony Chang Chevy Chase Bank District of Columbia Department of Health & Human Services Clint and Elaine Fields Hecht’s Inman Foundation Ms. Sandy Lerner The Gordon F. & Jocelyn B. Linke Foundation Donald and Lynn Owen Mr. and Mrs. Phillip Reed James and Barbara Schroeder Shared Earth Foundation David B. Smith Henry Strong Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Twining, II Washington Area Ford Dealers Mr. and Mrs. Paul Wolk $5,000 or more Lt. Col. and Mrs. Austin Bach Mrs. Elaine Broadhead Cole Family Foundation Mr. Eldon H. Crowell Mr. and Mrs. William M. Dietel Mrs. Dielle Fleischmann and The Honorable Richard N. Viets Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Bobby and Susie Greenberg Donald Heywood The Mark and Carol Hyman Fund INTELSAT Land Rover Rockville Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars Mr. and Mrs. George Ohrstrom New Zealand Tourism Board Play N’Learn Hattie Ruttenberg and Jon Molot Singapore Tourism Board David Smith and Irene Weinrich SPRINT Holly and George Stone South African Tourism Board $2,000 or more Christopher Addison and Sylvia Ripley Robert A. and Cathleen M. Bartlett, Jr. Ms. Katherine M.B. Berger William and Ruth Berman Mr. and Mrs. Christoph L. Blangey Mr. Jack Bogart Esther S. Bondareff Mr. and Mrs. David C. Cole Ms. Nancy L. Connor Harriett Crosby Delta Airlines George A. and Kathryn Didden HI Discovery Channel Stores Mrs. Jean Wallace Douglas Mr. Simon Espley Fresh Fields Jane Gaston lan Greer and Clive Ferreira Mrs. Alton B. Grimes Tom and Anne Gwaltney Mrs. Patrick Healy, HI Ms. Christine Hemrick Keith and Laura Hoffman JuAnn Holmes Sheldon and Audrey Katz Deborah Keppler Ms. Sousie Kerman Robert and Leslie Knibb Harald and Nancy Leuba Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Long Mr. and Mrs. Jon Lovelace Mars Foundation Major General and Mrs. Raymond E. Mason Mrs. Ricard R. Ohrstom Mr. and Mrs. George O'Neill Mr. Philip Osborne David Perry PETSMART Dr. Kazuko K. Price Mr. and Mrs. Edward Hart Rice Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey William C. and Jane Ramsay Mr. and Mrs. Hansjurg Saager-Ros Marvin E. and Nancy K. Schneck Ms. Maybelle Schneider Jeffrey R. Short, Jr. David and Louise Simone South African Airways David K. Thorne Foundation The Honorable and Mrs. Alexander B. Trowbridge Tswalu Private Desert Preserve Ms. Madeline Peer Twining Alvin and Carole Valentine Mr. and Mrs. Adalbert von Gontard The Washington Post Mr. Thomas R. Wiseman, II Wiseman & Associates Financial Services, Ltd. Mr. and Mrs. Irving B. Yoskowitz John J. Ziolkowski Zoological Society of Milwaukee County Bequests Julia K. Wilson Donors of In-Kind Support American Airlines Black Entertainment Television Clearchannel Communications El Tiempo Latino EU Services Fujifilm KCR Printing METRO Mega Communications NBC4 Telemundo/Channel 64 Washington Parent/Washington Woman Washingtonpost.com WIJIZW Radio WRQX Radio Smithsonian American Art Museum Donors of Financial Support $2,000,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Ferdinand T. Stent $500,000 to $1,999,999 Principal Financial Group Mr. Samuel Rose and Ms. Julie Walters $100,000 to $499,999 Anonymous James Renwick Alliance $50,000 to $99,999 Mr. and Mrs. Norman Bernstein Consolidated Natural Gas Company Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Lenkin Sara Roby Foundation $10,000 to $49,999 Ms. Ann L. Bronfman Mr. Thomas M. Evans, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Gans Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Mrs. Ruth Holmberg Ms. Robyn Horn Mr. Eugene J. Kaplan Mr. Jonathan R. Kaplan Mr. and Mrs. William G. Kerr Ms. Emily Sherby Levenson Litton Industries The Henry Luce Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Peter Lunder Mr. and Mrs. Sam Maloof Mr. Douglas Ring and Ms. Cindy Miscikowski Mr. Richard J. Schwartz Unico Banking Group $5,000 to $9,999 Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Barwick Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cousins Mr. and Mrs. Dale F. Dorn Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Douglass Mr. Bertram Fields and Ms. Barbara Guggenheim Mrs. Daniel Fraad Frist Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Morton Funger Ms. Elizabeth Gosnell Mr. and Mrs. John L. Huber Mr. R. Crosby Kemper Mr. and Mrs. John E. Klein Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod Mr. and Mrs. Myron Kunin Mr. and Mrs. Jon Landau Mr. and Mrs. Michael Mennello Mr. and Mrs. James Mitchell Donors Mr. and Mrs. Charles Moore Mr. and Mrs. Gerald L. Pearson Mr. and Mrs. Gerald P. Peters Mr. and Mrs. Jack Rachlin Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Rosenfeld Mr. and Mrs. James F. Sams Mr. and Mrs. Henry Schwob Mr. Ira Spanierman Mr. Norman H. Volk Mr. Eli Wilner $2,000 to $4,999 Mr. and Mrs. Ronald D. Abramson Anonymous Art Alliance for Contemporary Glass Barra Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Brunner and Mrs. Melvin S. Cohen ~and Mrs. John W. Hechinger . Margot R. Heckman . and Mrs. Jacob Kainen .and Mrs. John E. Katzenmeyer Mr. and Mrs. Arnold B. McKinnon Mr. Jim Pepper Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Rademaker The Rau Foundation SEES a Donors to the Collection Suzanne L. Amendolara, in honor of Mr. and Mrs. Tony J. Amendolara. Woman I1—Scent Bottle, 1995, sterling silver, ebony, 24k gold foil, by Suzanne L. Amendolara (2000.2 1a-b) American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York (Hassam, Speicher, Betts and Symons Purchase Fund). Desert Dawn, 1991, watercolor on paper, by Susan Shatter (1999.72) Dale and Doug Anderson. Flow of Directional Time, 1995, acrylic paint on paper, by Mary Van Cline (1999.71); Basket Drawing, 1994, acrylic on paper, by Dale Chihuly; Floats Drawing Georgia Street Project, 1998, acrylic on paper, by Dale Chihuly; Venetian Drawing, 1992, acrylic on paper, by Dale Chihuly (1999.92.1-.3) Anonymous donor. Echo I, 1996, mixed media on wood, by Whitfield Lovell (1999.73) Anonymous donor. Arte Poetica II, mixed media on paper, by Liliana Porter (1999.83) 13] Anonymous donor. Organism Series— Carnivore, 1999, lampworked, blown, sculpted, sandblasted, and oil painted glass, by Robert Mickelsen (2000.36) Anonymous donor. Untitled, 1958, woodcut, by Un’ichi Hiratsuka (2000.39) Anonymous donor. Bureau of Bureaucracy, 1993-1999, various hardwoods, veneers, marquetry, mother of pearl, gold leaf, and brass, by Kim Schmahmann (2000.48a-h) Anonymous donor. Amazonia, 1999, enamel, precious metal, clay, bone, shell, stone, glass, wood, and horn, by Debbie Wetmore (2000.49) Robert and Marguerite Antell. Véesse/, 1975, wheel thrown and glazed clay, by Richard Hirsch (2000.59) Laura Dreyfus Barney (and Natalie Clifford Barney, in memory of their mother, Alice Pike Barney). Portrait of Romaine Brooks, n.d., gelatin silver print, by Carl Van Vechten (2000.42) Natalie Clifford Barney (and Laura Dreyfus Barney, in memory of their mother, Alice Pike Barney). Portrait of Romaine Brooks, n.d., gelatin silver print, by Carl Van Vechten (2000.42) Bonni Benrubi Gallery, Inc. (and Robert Parkeharrison). The Offering, 1997, photograph and mixed media on board, by Robert Parkeharrison (1999.93) Philip Robert Benson. T7ger's Head, ca. 1874, oil on canvas, by Abbott Handerson Thayer (2000.50) Eli and Penelope Boling (and Eldon and Lenore Boling, Janet Webster, Robert Goff, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Royston, George and Kimi Matsumoto, Asa and Yuriko Hanamoto, and Shirley McArthur, and museum purchase through the Renwick Acquisitions Fund). Twisted Place Setting, manufact: 2000; design: 1985, forged sterling silver, by Michel Royston (2000.63.1-.6) Eldon and Lenore Boling (and Janet Webster, Robert Goff, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Royston, George and Kimi Matsumoto, Asa and Yuriko Hanamoto, Shirley McArthur, and 132 Eli and Penelope Boling, and museum purchase through the Renwick Acquisitions Fund). Twisted Place Setting, manufact: 2000; design: 1985, forged sterling silver, by Michel Royston (2000.63.1-.6) Cynthia Boyer (and Eleanor T. and Samuel J. Rosenfeld). Joie de Vivre, 1995, pieced, appliqued, hand painted, and machine quilted commercial fabrics with glass and metallic threads, fetishes, charms, antique burrongs, and semi- precious stones, by Natasha Kempers-Cullen (2000.34) Fleur Bresler (and John and Robyn Horn, and Kenneth R. Trapp). Mutation, 1999, Mexican oak burl, by Norm Sartorius (2000.15) Ann L. Bronfman. Large Vase, 2000, elm ashed glazed clay, by Brother Thomas Bezanson (2000.61) Shelly and Thomas Brunner in memory of Louise Koblitz Brunner. Large Rectangular Vase, 1994, glazed porcelain with incised d’cor, by Fance Franck (2000.66) Dr. Richard D. Bullock (and museum purchase). Mount Chocorua, ca. 1856, oil on canvas, by William James Stillman (1999.81) David and Jacqueline Charak. Tropical Island Teapot, 1996, multi-glazed earthenware and China paint, by Joan Takayama Ogawa (2000.33a-d) Clifford T. and Patricia H. Chieffo. Baby March, 1933, etching, ed. 39/100, by Milton Avery; Repose, etching, artist’s proof, by Walt Kuhn; 1965, 1964, two-color lithograph, ed. 36/50, by Richard Lindner (1999.82.1-.3) Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1972-76, 1976, photograph, by Christo and Jeanne- Claude; Running Fence, Project for Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1976, collage: charcoal, pastel, photograph by Wolfgang Volz, crayon and technical data, by Christo (2000.35.1-2a-b) Martha and Pat Connell (and museum purchase through the Howard Kottler Endowment for Ceramic Art). Lineman, 1998, hand-built, glazed, stained earthenware, by Allan Rosenbaum (2000.6) Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Connell Gallery (and Rude Osolnik, in loving memory of Daphne Francis). Stack Laminated Mahogany Bowl, 1990, stack laminated and lathe-turned mahogany, by Rude Osolnik (1999.105) Beverly Cory. Wave, 1967, cast copper and resin, by Ken Cory; George Washington (belt buckle), 1980, copper, brass, silver, enamel, garnets, mother-of-pearl, by Ken Cory; Bear (pin), 1987, silver, 18k gold, 24k gold, blue topaz, by Ken Cory (1999.66.1-.3) Robert Danziger (and Martha Drexler Lynn). Floating Back Rocker, 2000, fiddleback maple, by Robert Erickson (2000.54) Florence Coulson Davis, bequest of. Untitled, n.d., oil on paper, by Joan Mitchell (2000.9.1); 12 prints from the portfolio “Peace Portfolio I,” 1970, silkscreen, by various artists (2000.9.2.1-.12); 72 drawings, various dates, various media, by Gene Davis (2000.43.I-.72) Dorothy Dehner Foundation for the Visual Arts. 8 drawings, various dates, various media, by Dorothy Dehner (1999.79.1-.8) Marcia and Alan Docter. Incantations, 1996, coiled cotton and wire, by Carol Eckert (2000.37) Kathy Erteman, in memory of Marguerite Dexter. Ceramic Bowl, 1999, slipcast whiteware clay with black engobe hand carving and wax resist dye, by Kathy Erteman (1999.69) Joseph A. Fleck, Jr. Amarilla, ca. 1927, oil on canvas, by Joseph A. Fleck (1999.70) Richard L. Ford, Jr., in honor of Jan Baum. Structure (locket-pendant), 1996, nickel silver, bronze, 24 karat gold plate, by Jan Baum (1999.95) Patricia Tobacco Forrester. Clearing, 1989, watercolor on paper, by Patricia Tobacco Forrester (1999.76) Margaret French, bequest of. Learning, 1946, egg tempera on gesso panel, by Jared French; Seat by the Sea, egg tempera on board, by Jared French; Nude and Dress Suit, 1950, egg tempera and ink on board, by Jared French (1999.98.3); Offended Gods, ca. 1960s, pencil and ink on paper, by Jared French (1999.98. 1-.4); PaJaMa box “A,” ca. 1937, silver prints mounted on paper, by Jared French (1999.98.5.1-.48); PaJaMa box “B,” ca. 1938, silver prints mounted on paper, by Jared French (1999.98.6.1-.53); PaJaMa box “C,” ca. 1939, silver prints mounted on paper, by Jared French (1999.98.7.1-.52); PaJaMa box “D,” ca. 1940, silver prints mounted on paper, by Jared French (1999.98.8. 1-.64); PaJaMa box “E,” ca. 1941, silver prints mounted on paper, by Jared French (1999.98.9.1-.57) Shelby M. Gans, in honor of Kenneth R. Trapp, on the 5th anniversary of his appointment as Curator-in- Charge of the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Storage Jar, 1999, terra cotta, by Stephen Merritt (2000.67a-b) Paul and Carole Garrison. 15 untitled containers, 1970-1978, various media, by Stuart Golder (2000.41. I-.15) Glendale Woodturners Guild. Lathe, 1999, various woods including walnut, cherry, maple, ebony, purple heart, teak and ash, by various artists (2000.38) Robert Goff (and Mr. and Mrs. Robert Royston, George and Kimi Matsumoto, Asa and Yuriko Hanamoto, Shirley McArthur, and Eli and Penelope Boling, and Eldon and Lenore Boling and Janet Webster, and museum purchase through the Renwick Acquisitions Fund). Twisted Place Setting, manufact: 2000; design: 1985, forged sterling silver, by Michel Royston (2000.63.1-.6) Diane and Marc Grainer. A /ong life may not be good enough, but a good life is long enough, 1997, turned and carved mahogany, by Peter Pierobon (2000.52) Asa and Yuriko Hanamoto (and Shirley McArthur, and Eli and Penelope Boling, and Eldon and Lenore Boling and Janet Webster, and Robert Goff, and Mr. and Mrs. Robert Royston, and George and Kimi Matsumoto, and museum purchase through the Renwick Acquisitions Fund). Twisted Place Setting, manufact: 2000; design: 1985, forged sterling silver, by Michel Royston (2000.63.1-.6) Walker Hancock, bequest of. Half- scale head from Meade Memorial, n.d., bronze, by Charles Grafly; Fa/len Boxer, 1934, bronze, by Walker Hancock; Standing Nude Figure (Diana), n.d., plaster, by Karl Bitter (2000.20.1-.3) Sally and Ned Hansen (and Colleen and John Kotelly and Joan Lunney and Will Idler). Fossil Series: Tight Loop Comin, 1998, blown glass with lampworked inclusions, by Brent Kee Young (1999.104) halley k. harrisburg (and Michael Rosenfeld). 6 untitled drawings, various dates, graphite and crayon on paper, by Burgoyne Diller (1999.85.1-.6) John and Marie Higginbotham. Curly Maple Corner Chair, 1999, East Coast curly maple with aniline stain and lacquer finish; damask upholstery, by John Higginbotham (2000.22) John and Robyn Horn. Sarcophagus Cabinet #1, 1999, mahogany, sassafras, and brass, by Charles Radtke (2000.14); From Within, 1999, turned, cut, carved, and bleached maple and mahogany, by Betty Scarpino (2000.25a-n) John and Robyn Horn (and Fleur Bresler, and Kenneth R. Trapp). Mutation, 1999, Mexican oak burl, by Norm Sartorius (2000.15) Hank Houser. Alhambra Vase, 1998, blown and sand-carved glass, by Chuck Boux (2000.24) Will Idler (and Sally and Ned Hansen and Colleen and John Kotelly and Joan Lunney). Fossil Series: Tight Loop Comin, 1998, blown glass with lampworked inclusions, by Brent Kee Young (1999.104) Charles Isaacs (and Carol Nigro). 5 daguerreotypes, sixth plate daguerreotype, by various photographers (1999.86. 1-.5) James Renwick Alliance. Chaise Marlin, 1999, Baltic birch plywood, gum, maple, poplar, epoxy resin inlay, aniline dye, by John Cederquist (2000.7); Red Spiral Fish, 1989, blown, cold- worked, and polished glass, by Joel Philip Myers (2000.23); Static Fuel, Donors 1998, wheel-thrown, slab- constructed, press-molded, fired, and painted clay, by Steven Montgomery (2000.28) Keith and Lydia Jones, partial and promised gift. Gentleman of Squire Williams House, c. 1829, oil on canvas, by Erastus Salisbury Field; Lady of Squire Williams House, c. 1829, oil on canvas, by Erastus Salisbury Field (1999.94.1-.2) Louis and Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan. Post Card for James Schuyler, 1962-1967, color lithograph on paper, ed. 11/19, by Helen Frankenthaler (1999.74) Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan, partial and promised gift. Dancer, ca. 19 18-19, painted cherrywood and gesso, by Elie Nadelman (1999.102) Mary Ann and Jack Katzenmeyer. Hot Blooded, 1994, blown and kiln- transformed glass, enameled, gold, and silver leaf, by Rene Culler (2000.57) Martin Douglas Kilmer (and Mrs. Jane L. Guerber in memory of Mrs. Lois A. Darling and Mrs. Elizabeth Bainum). Golden Pearls of Wisdom, Fragrant Petals of Blessings Go Forth to the Four Corners of the Earth, 1994, carved clam shell, pearls, bone, mother-of-pearl, horn, ivory, moonstones, antique gold-washed silver, silver, silver-plated antique French cut steel, leather, by Martin Douglas Kilmer (1999.68) Colleen and John Kotelly. Raft, 1997, blown glass with steel stand, by William Morris (1999.78) Colleen and John Kotelly (Sally and Ned Hansen and Joan Lunney and Will Idler). Fossil Series: Tight Loop Comin, 1998, blown glass with lampworked inclusions, by Brent Kee Young (1999.104) Chris Kroupa. Dragonfly Dance, 2000, air brushed and glazed porcelain with sgrafitto decoration, by Chris Kroupa (2000.51) Emily Sherby Levenson in memory of Sylvia Waldman Sacks. Armor and Amor, 1995, constructed 18k gold, sterling silver, pink cubic zirconia, and chandelier crystal, by Sondra Sherman (2000.32a-d) Jeffrey A. Lichtenberg in honor of his parents Laura and Harold 133 Lichtenberg. 18 photographs, 1940s, vintage gelatin silver print, by Rosalie Gwathmey (1999.97.1-.18); 23, photographs from “The Pacific Coast of Central America and Mexico; the Isthmus of Panama; Guatemala; and the Cultivation and Shipment of Coffee,” 1877, albumen print, by Eadweard Muybridge (1999.97.19-.41) Nina Liu. Geisha Kimono, 1982, sewn, painted, and glued mixed media: chamois, leather, feathers and paint, by K. Lee Manuel (2000.13) Keith E. Lo Bue. What We See in the Sky, 1997, bone-handled fork, pocket watch case, mason jar holder, nails, glass marble, opals, engraving, paper, text, etched and oxidized copper, bead, leather, brass and soil, by Keith E. Lo Bue (1999.65) Joan Lunney (and Sally and Ned Hansen and Colleen and John Kotelly and Will Idler). Fossz/ Series: Tight Loop Comin, 1998, blown glass with lampworked inclusions, by Brent Kee Young (1999.104) Martha Drexler Lynn (and Robert Danziger). Floating Back Rocker, 2000, fiddleback maple, by Robert Erickson (2000.54) Alastair B. Martin. 24 fish decoys, various dates, carved wood, by various artists (1999.67.1-.24) George and Kimi Matsumoto (and Asa and Yuriko Hanamoto, Shirley McArthur, and Eli and Penelope Boling, and Eldon and Lenore Boling and Janet Webster, and Robert Goff, and Mr. and Mrs. Robert Royston, and museum purchase through the Renwick Acquisitions Fund). Twzsted Place Setting, manufact: 2000; design: 1985, forged sterling silver, by Michel Royston (2000.63.1-.6) Shirley McArthur (and Eli and Penelope Boling, Eldon and Lenore Boling, Janet Webster, Robert Goff, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Royston, George and Kimi Matsumoto, Asa and Yuriko Hanamoto and museum purchase through the Renwick Acquisitions Fund). Twisted Place Setting, manufact: 2000; design: 134 1985, forged sterling silver, by Michel Royston (2000.63.1-.6) Martha McKenna in honor of the artist Miss Georgia Maltbie. Crazy Quilt, ca. 1895-1910, cotton and silk, by Georgia Maltbie (1999.90) Midwest Enamelist Guild. Earth Beneath Our Feet: Incense Burner #3, 2000, silver, brass, and enamel, by Harlan W. Butt (2000.45) Alfred T. Morris, Sr. (Transfer from National Museum of African Art). Still Life, 1888, oil on canvas, by Charles Ethan Porter (2000.10) Carol Nigro (and Charles Isaacs). 5 daguerreotypes, sixth plate daguerreotype, by various photographers (1999.86. 1-.5) Ellen Oppenheimer. Kishkas, 1989, machine sewn and quilted fabric, by Ellen Oppenheimer (1999.96) Rude Osolnik (and Connell Gallery in loving memory of Daphne Francis). Stack Laminated Mahogany Bowl, 1990, stack laminated and lathe- turned mahogany, by Rude Osolnik (1999.105) Robert Parkeharrison (and Bonni Benrubi Gallery, Inc.). The Offering, 1997, photograph and mixed media on board, by Robert Parkeharrison (1999.93) Elmerina and Paul Parkman, partial and promised gift. Oak Tree with Fence (FWV #119), 1978, blown glass with layered flamework drawing, by Mark Peiser; Parkman Coupe Study, 1988, watercolor and ink on paper, by Dan Dailey; Parkman Coupe, 1988, blown, sandblasted and acid-polished glass with patinated bronze rings, by Dan Dailey; Venetian Waldglas Fish Goblet (FWS #44), 1980, blown, fused and cold-fabricated glass with silicone prunts, by Richard Marquis; Cobalt and Gold Leaf Venetian, 1993, blown glass with surface ornamentation, by Dale Chihuly; Fountain with Blue, 1979, hot-worked glass with internal veiling, by Dominick Labino (1999.89.1-.6) Ed Paschke. Untitled, c. 1976, lithograph, by Ed Paschke (2000.29) Zack Peabody. 17 works of jewelry, various dates, various media, by various artists (2000.62.1a-c-.17) Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Jim Pepper on behalf of all committed artists. IDLUK: Fabulous Fish, 1996, thrown, painted, incised, burnished earthenware, by Melissa Greene (2000.5) Perkins Center for the Arts. Enter Here, 1999, toned silver print, by Ron Tarver (2000.31) Francoise and Harvey Rambach, promised gift. Neapolitan Song (Canzone Napoletana), 1929, oil on canvas, by Joseph Stella (2000.11) Henry Ward Ranger through the National Academy of Design, bequest of. Rosemary in Thought, 1975, oil on canvas, by Raphael Soyer (1999.77) Jim and Suzanne Rose. No. 56 Seven- Drawer Counter, 1997, steel with natural rust patina, by Jim Rose (2000.40) Eleanor T. and Samuel J. Rosenfeld (and Cynthia Boyer). Joze de Vivre, 1995, pieced, appliqued, hand painted, and machine quilted commercial fabrics with glass and metallic threads, fetishes, charms, antique burrongs, and semi- precious stones, by Natasha Kempers-Cullen (2000.34) Michael Rosenfeld (and halley k. harrisburg). 6 untitled drawings, various dates, graphite and crayon on paper, by Burgoyne Diller (1999.85.1-.6) Mr. and Mrs. Robert Royston (and George and Kimi Matsumoto, Asa and Yuriko Hanamoto, Shirley McArthur, and Eli and Penelope Boling, and Eldon and Lenore Boling and Janet Webster, and Robert Goff, and museum purchase through the Renwick Acquisitions Fund). Twisted Place Setting, manufact: 2000; design: 1985, forged sterling silver, by Michel Royston (2000.63.1-.6) Leonard S. Rubenstein. Porcelain Bowl, 1995, wheel thrown and altered porcelain, by Leonard S. Rubenstein; Porcelain Bowl, 1999, wheel thrown porcelain, by Leonard S. Rubenstein (1999.101.1-.2) Lloyd G. Schermer. Color Ink and Type—Study #54, 1997, monotype on paper, by Lloyd G. Schermer; Color Ink and Embossed Type—Stud) #7E, 1998, monotype on paper, by Lloyd G. Schermer (2000.44.1-.2) Cynthia Schira, in memory of Patti Zoppetti. Table/Cloth, 1997, hand- woven linen and cotton, by Cynthia Schira (2000.17) Josephine Regar Schlagel. Portrait of the Downer Children, ca. 1859, oil on canvas, by Peter Frederick Rothermel (2000.8) Natalie Brooks Sears Shippen (and William Brush Shippen). 7 painting miniatures, various dates, watercolor on ivory, by various artists (1999.87.1-.7a-b) William Brush Shippen (and Natalie Brooks Sears Shippen). 7 painting miniatures, various dates, ; ! : P i t t i ¥ watercolor on ivory, by various artists (1999.87.1-.7a-b) Ken and Judy Siebal (and museum purchase). Movie Palace, 1990, mixed media construction, by David Beck (2000.27) The Smithsonian Associates. Howse: Dots. Hatches, 1999, silkscreen on paper, by Jennifer Bartlett (2000.16) Mary and Dan Solomon in honor of Sandra and Marvin Solomon. Rocky Mount, North Carolina (Burning Tobacco Barn), 1943, gelatin silver print, by Rosalie Gwathmey; Tying Tobacco Leaves, Rocky Mount, North Carolina, 1943, gelatin silver print, by Rosalie Gwathmey; Inside Tobacco Barn, Rocky Mount, N. C., 1943, gelatin silver print, by Rosalie Gwathmey; Charlotte, North Carolina (Row Houses, people on porch), 1944, gelatin silver print, by Rosalie Gwathmey (1999.99.1-.4) Southern Highland Craft Guild in honor of Kenneth R. Trapp. Vase, 1999, blown glass, by Tommie Rush (1999.84) Farraday Newsome Sredl. Blue Teapot with Fruit, 1998, glazed terra cotta, by Farraday Newsome Sred] (1999.100) Terry and Margaret Stent (and Warren Unna, and the Thiebaud Family, and museum purchase in honor of Nan Tucker McEvoy). Neapolitan Meringue, 1986/1999, pastel over trial proof lithograph, by Wayne Thiebaud (1999.80) John B. Stockel, M. D. in honor of his parents, John and Gail Stockel. PODS, 1998, blown glass painted with glass lusters, by Anthony Corradetti (1999.64) Marcia and Harry Thalhimer. Sowrce Bench, 1999, carved poplar, paint and rope, by Douglas Paul Finkel (1999.103) Thiebaud Family (and Warren Unna, and Terry and Margaret Stent, and museum purchase in honor of Nan Tucker McEvoy). Neapolitan Meringue, 1986/1999, pastel over trial proof lithograph, by Wayne Thiebaud (1999.80) Keith and Susan Tornheim. Topographic Tray, 1999, carved curly maple, by Holly Tornheim (2000.46) Kenneth R. Trapp (and John and Robyn Horn, and Fleur Bresler). Mutation, 1999, Mexican oak burl, by Norm Sartorius (2000.15) Kenneth R. Trapp in memory of Beatrice Wood. Plate, ca. 1930s, uranium crystalline glaze on earthenware, by Glen Lukens (2000.18) Kenneth R. Trapp in honor of Gretchen A. Mehring. Teapot, 1999, porcelain with rattan wrap, by Carl Erickson (2000.19) Kenneth R. Trapp. Child's Chair, 1987, birch, maple, MDF, and lacquer, by Joanne Shima (2000.55) Kenneth R. Trapp in memory of Mildred G. Fischer. Teapot, 2000, glazed porcelain, by Jill Hinckley; Tea Bowl, 2000, glazed porcelain, by Jill Hinckley (2000.64.1a-b-.2) Warren Unna (Terry and Margaret Stent, and the Thiebaud Family, and museum purchase in honor of Nan Tucker McEvoy). Neapolitan Meringue, 1986/1999, pastel over trial proof lithograph, by Wayne Thiebaud (1999.80) Norman H. Volk. Ship Caterpillar or Flying Dutchman, 1998, mixed media: plastic, Venetian glass, beads and porcelain, by Tatyana Zhurkov (1999.88) Dr. James W. Washington, Jr. and Mrs. Janie Rogella Washington Foundation. Bird with Young, 1976, stone, by James W. Washington, Jr. (2000.12) Janet Webster (and Robert Goff, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Royston, George Donors and Kimi Matsumoto, Asa and Yuriko Hanamoto, Shirley McArthur, and Eli and Penelope Boling, and Eldon and Lenore Boling, and museum purchase through the Renwick Acquisitions Fund). Twisted Place Setting, manufact: 2000; design: 1985, forged sterling silver, by Michel Royston (2000.63.1-.6) Donors of In-Kind Support Capital Grille. Food for reception. Capital Style. Exhibition advertising in magazine. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Donors of Financial Support $20,000 or more Mr. Landon T. Clay Space Frontier Foundation Tamkin Foundation Edgar Wilson Trust $10,000 or more Roger S. Firestone Foundation Museum of Science, Boston $1,000 or more California Institute of Technology Mr. and Mrs. James D. Cathey Citizens Energy Services Mr. and Mrs. Henry K. Cole Gramp Foundation . and Mrs. Thomas C. Harrison . Thomas D. Mullins . and Mrs. William H. O’Brien . and Mrs. Jon Oscher . and Mrs. Tyrone Power Space Telescope Science Institute Dr. and Mrs. Gary Troyer SSS 55 $100 or more Mr. Richard W. Kislik Dr. Timothy Thomas Mrs. Gay F. Wray Donors of In-Kind Support Mr. and Mrs. Richard Blake. Brunch for participants in “Millennium on 135 the Mountain” special event at Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory. NEC Technologies, Inc. LT 100 portable multi-media projector system and case. Research Systems, Inc. 25 site licenses for IDL software. Mrs. Gay F. Wray. Supplies for participants in “Millennium on the Mountain” special event at Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory. Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Donors of Financial Support $125,000 or more Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives $50,000 or more National Science Foundation (Archaeological Research) $25,000 or more Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico $5,000 or more Samuel H. Kress Foundation (Archaeological Conservation Program) Donors of In-Kind Support American Institute for Conservation. Staff travel and per diem for Board committee service. Harvard University. Supplies, travel, and room/board for staff and interns on site for the Copan and Harappa Archaeological Research Projects. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Access to nuclear reactor and office/laboratory space and facilities. New York University/Conservation Center. Staff travel. University of Wisconsin. Supplies, travel, and room/board for staff and interns on site for the Harappa Archaeological Research Project. 136 Yale University. Supplies, travel, and room/board for staff and interns on site for the Aguateca Archaeological Research Project. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Donors of Financial Support $500,000 or more The Mills Corporation $50,000 or more Regional Citizens Advisory Council of Prince William Sound $25,000 or more Philip D. Reed, Jr. $10,000 or more Global Environment Fund James Jacoby The Park Foundation Synergics Energy Development, Inc. Walt Disney Corporation Wildlife Conservation Fund Warren Wilson College $1,000 or more Henry Diamond Edward Wayson Morgan Wayson $500 or more William Sweeney $100 or more Anonymous Beth Stevens Richard Thornell Kathleen Wagner Donors of In-Kind Support Alyeska Pipeline Service Company ARCO Marine, Inc. British Petroleum, Inc. Cummings Seafood Company Cyphers, Wood, Weinberg, and Lambird, Inc. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Lawrence French Photography Gardens Unlimited Herrington Harbor JAAL Events SeaRiver Maritime, Inc. Severn Graphics Side Street Framers Smithsonian Institution Archives Donors of Financial Support An anonymous foundation made a generous grant to support the work of the Joseph Henry Papers Project in producing a letterpress edition of the papers of the Smithsonian’s first Secretary. $10,000 or more American Institute of Physics $500 or more National Film Preservation Foundation Donors to the Collection Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, papers of Sidney Fay Blake, 1880-1921 (accession 00-076) Philip K. Lundeberg, additions to the papers of Philip K. Lundeberg, 1963-1998 (accession 00-054) Israel Gregory Sohn, additions to the papers of Israel Gregory Sohn, 1945-1998 (accession 00-079) National Science Resources Center Donors of Financial Support $2,000,000 or more National Science Foundation $900,000 or more Smithsonian Institution $150,000 or more Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation, Inc. Carolina Biological Supply Company Lucent Technologies Foundation Robert Wood Johnson Foundation $100,000 or more Dow Chemical Company Foundation $75,000 or more Delta Education DuPont National Academy of Sciences $50,000 or more Hewlett-Packard Company $30,000 or more Shell Oil Company Foundation Office of Physical Plant Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more Garden Club of America. $140,000 to build the Butterfly Habitat Garden extension. This addition to the garden provided a new sidewalk and amphitheater to facilitate expansion of children’s education in the garden. $10,000 or more Jean Ellen duPont Lead Annuity Charitable Trust. $12,833.23 to support internships in the Archives of American Gardens The Folger Fund. $10,000 to produce a Folger Rose Garden brochure. Office of Public Affairs Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more The Starr Foundation $10,000 to $99,000 AT&T Foundation Chevy Chase Bank Citigroup The Rockefeller Foundation Saturn Electronics & Engineering The Washington Post Less than $10,000 Asian American Arts Alliance Bacon Boeing Service Corp. Cho Chow Choy Chun Clark Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank/Sheisheido Durannte Dutta Embassy of the Philippines Foley Ford Foundation Giovanelli Herzig Kam Kanon Liu McCallum Moy Rice Sasaki Suzuki Takemoto Toma Tsukayama UC Santa Barbara Watanabe Wong Wu Yamata Donors of In-Kind Support IXL. $65,000 of Web design work. The Smithsonian Associates Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives $50,000 or more Alitalia Italian Trade Commission Donors M&M Mars Smithsonian National Board $10,000 or more America’s Jazz Heritage, a Partnership of the Lila Wallace-Reader’s Digest Fund Da Capo Fund Discover Card Hough Family Fund McGovern Fund National Science Foundation $5,000 or more Price Charitable Fund Subaru $1,000 or more Chopin Foundation of the United States Embassy of Poland Kozmo.com Donors of In-Kind Support American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR). Speakers for 1ooth anniversary program. American-Turkish Council and the American Friends of Turkey. Association for the Study of Dreams. Speakers. Bacardi. Ten cases of liquor for Young Benefactors Gala. Bios Group. Speakers. Black Issues Book Review. Speakers. California Pizza Kitchen. Venue and speakers. Charles A. Dana Foundation. Speakers. Charodei Vodka. Fifteen cases of vodka for Young Benefactors Gala. Chautauqua Institution. Speakers and reception. Brain-Body Institute. Speakers. D.C. Jewish Community Center. Venue. Embassy of Argentina. Venue and reception. Embassy of Belgium. Venue and reception. Embassy of the Czech Republic. Venue and reception. Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany. Venue and reception. 137 Embassy of France. Reception for Chopin Festival. Embassy of India. Venue and reception. Embassy of Italy. Venue and reception. Embassy of Jordan. Venue and reception. Embassy of Mongolia. Venue and reception. Embassy of the People’s Republic of China. Venue and reception. Embassy of Peru. Venue and reception. Embassy of Poland. Reception for 300 people for Chopin Festival. Embassy of Portugal. Performing artists and reception. Embassy of the Republic of Kenya. Venue and reception. Embassy of the Republic of Poland. Venue and reception. Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Venue and reception. Embassy of South Africa. Venue and reception. Embassy of Spain. Venue and reception. Embassy of Thailand. Venue and reception. Embassy of Ukraine. Venue and reception. Essence Magazine. Speakers and advertising. Friday Morning Music Club. Expenses for 22 musicians for chamber music course. George Mason University School of Management. Speakers for mini- MBA program. Hard Rock Café. Use of restaurant plus free buffet for Young Benefactors programs. Heineken. Ninety-six cases of beer for Young Benefactors Gala, 80 cases throughout the year for other Young Benefactors programs. Instituto Camoes. Fees for performing artists. Jennifer Bartlett. Original art for commissioned art program. Jewish Community Center of Greater Washington. Venue and speakers. Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington. Speakers. Mexican Cultural Institute. Venue and reception. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Speakers. 138 National Institute on Drug Abuse. Speakers. National Museum of American History. Artists’ costs for Woody Guthrie program. National Security Agency. Speaker's costs for course. Oasis Winery. Twenty-five cases of wine at cost. Portuguese Trade Commission. Luncheon. Random House Puzzles and Games. Books. Royal Netherlands Embassy. Venue and reception. Society for Women’s Health Research. Speakers. TV Land. Two roundtrip airfares from Los Angeles and rooms at the Four Seasons Hotel for actor Ed Asner. University of Pennsylvania Fund Raising Certificate Program. Printed materials. Washington Science Fiction Association. Speakers. WGMS 103.5 FM. Promotional spots for La Bella Italia. Yiddish of Greater Washington. Publicity and speakers for Yiddish program. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Donors of Financial Support $100,000 or more Joseph F. Cullman, 3rd $25,000 to $99,999 The Dibner Fund, David and Frances Dibner The Heidtke Foundation, Brian and Darlene Heidtke TyCom $5,000 to $24,999 The Gladys Kreible Delmas Foundation J. Roderick Heller Robert E. and Elizabeth Krueger H. F Lenfest The Marcia Brady Tucker Foundation Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 The Masinter Family Foundation, Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Masinter Susan R. Moseley Phillip Morris Companies Cameron and Betsy Sanders Ruth Webb $2,000 to $4,999 Richard and Sabele Gray Elizabeth W. Gwinn Paula Michtom Patricia and Donald Oresman Frank J. and Betty M. Quirk Rosemary Livingston Ripley Ruth O. Selig J. Henry and Virginia Sheffield Frances Smyth F. Christian and Betty Thompson $1,000 to $1,999 Frederick M. Bayer Mrs. Jackson Burke David and Joan Challinor The Honorable Jeannine S. Clark Shirley M. Gifford John Jameson Howard Phipps Jr. Lionel J. Skidmore Albert H. Small Barbara J. Smith The Honorable and Mrs. Russell Train $500 to $999 Linda and John Byrne Robert Clatanoff Rockwood and Marguerite Peet Foster Nancy Gray Don Griffith Nancy E. Gwinn and John Y. Cole Mr. and Mrs. Roman Martinez IV Brian H. Mason Joseph R. Salcetti Mary Augusta Thomas and George D. Thomas $250 to $499 Mrs. Lammot du Pont Copeland Georgette J. Edwards First Union National Bank Rodris Roth $100 to $249 Judith S. Boerger Council on Botanical and Horticultural Libraries Mary Lou Cowden The Jonathon and Patricia England Foundation Bryna Freyer Allen Gruber James M. Hobbins Henry M. Hoyt Thomas D. Mullins William A. Oliver Jr. Philip Pillsbury Erle J. Rappaport Malcolm P. Ripley Russell Shank Mr. and Mrs. Stanwyn G. Shetler Barbara Spraggins Timothy Thomas Donors to the Collection Johanna Agthe Teuvo Ahti Georgina de Alba George R. Angehr Tomas D. Arias Alfred Asch Sei-ichi Awano Daniel O. Babalola Stephen Bach Mary W. Ballard Howard Barnes Nitzia Barrantes Charles A. Birnbaum Nicolas Bissek Alberto Bolaffi Alida Boye Nancy and Robert Braum Roy Brooks David E. Browning Elizabeth S. Brownstein Marilyn Burgard Marta Campo I Diaz Dudley Cate Anne Causey Jacques Cayouette Rita Ceballos Filadelfo G. Chavez E. M. Chilver Roy S. Clarke Camilla S. Clough Anthony G. Coates Robert T. Coleman Bruce B. Collette Richard G. Cooke Philip A. Coppola Nani Croze Herrera Cubilla Stephen Cuthbertson Bing Davis eee ee Margo Davis Frederica B. de Castro Marco Diaz V. John Dick Trudi Dicks Paul C. Dike Luiz dos Anjos Don Duckwitz Linda Edmundson Jay Edwards Ineke Eisenburger Warren D. Erhardt Roy Erickson Carl H. Ernst Lawrence Ferns Ann Fienup-Riordan Linda Fitzgerald Perkins Foss Roy J. Friedman Gerald Frost Maria A. Fugazzola Christraud M. Geary Gordon D. Gibson Marie J. Goa-Lindskog Ives Goddard Martha E. Goodway Michael Graham-Stewart Jason R. Grant William Grauel Rosalind Hackett Robert Hall Frederik C. Hansen, Jr. Alex Hart Stanley Heckadon-Moreno C. J. Heij John Herbert Frank Herreman Otto Huber Richard Hughes Thomas L. Hughes Roberto Ibanez Chris Ibenegbu Belkys Jimenez Ruiz Stanley H. Johnston Adrienne L. Kaeppler Martin R. Kalfatovic Flora Kaplan Norma Karlin Ellis R. Kerley Claudia Kidwell Bob Kilmarx Craig S. Korr Debo Kotun Robert C. Kriste Conrad C. Labandeira John L. Larson Elton M.C. Leme Donors Olga F. Linares Elena Lombardo Caroline B. Long Harri Lorenzi Truman Lowe Brian H. Mason E. McLaren Marie Meade Betty J. Meggers Hector R. Mena Yaxelis G. Mendoza H. Scott FE Miller Mariena M. Montandon Nancy M. Murray Michael J. Neufeld Steven Newsome Lawrence R. Nickell Dan H. Nicolson Paul M. Niebell, Sr. Annabelle Nwankwo Olasehinde Odimayo Storrs L. Olson Bruce Onobrakpeya Donald J. Ortner Emilio Paoletti Lynne R. Parenti Larry C. Parks Pedro Perez Nora S. Pezet William S. Pollitzer Lester D. Puntonet Toledo William Rauel Robert J. Recks Michael D. Rich Taylor H. Ricketts Manuel L. Rodrigues de Areia C. P. J. Rodriguez Olivetti Alexander Rojas Peggy Rosario Col. Melvin H. Rosen Ira Rubinoff Jurgen Rutow Edward Ryan Martha and Steve Sanford Fernando Santos-Granero Adriana Sautu Duke D. Shafer Courtney A. Shaw Marshall B. Shore Calvin H. Sinnette Bernard Smith Gail E. Solomon Victor G. Springer William C. Sturtevant Daniel O. Suman George E. Swanson, Jr. Alviv M. Tavel 139 Marian Tebben F. C. Thompson Johanna W. Thompson Claudio G. Tiago Alan Tierney Paul Tonsing Wilma Troxell Terry T. Turner Stephen W. Van Dyk Lize van Robbroeck Francisco Vazquez Robert Vernet Pearline Waldrop Hellmut Walter Peter L. Weaver Jacqueline Wilson Frank H. Winter Richard F. Winter Bert Woodhouse John C. Wright David Zeitlyn George R. Zug Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) Donors of Financial Support $50,000 or more Farmers Insurance The Hearst Foundation Time Warner, Inc. $10,000 or more BET on Jazz Galyan’s Ruth and Robert Halperin The Judith Rothschild Foundation W. Atlee Burpee and Co. $500 or more Ruth and Barney O'Hara Mary Mhoon The Howard Earl Rachofsky Foundation Donors of In-Kind Donation BET on Jazz for Latin Jazz: La Combinacion Perfecta: provided promotional support. Chronology October ® Architect/engineering contract The Office of Contracting awarded a contract to Einhorn Yaffee Prescott for a Master Plan Study for the National Zoological Park. October ® Award The Smithsonian American Art Museum’s Web- based Reference Desk (now called Joan of Art) was named one of the top on-line digital reference sites known as AskA sites) by the Virtual Reference Desk Project, a project of the ERIC Clearinghouse on Information and Technology and the U.S. Department of Education’s National Library of Educa- tion. Additional support for this project is given by the White House’s Office of Science and Technology Policy. October = Exhibition A Motorola satellite built for the Iridium sys- tem was added to the National Air and Space Museum’s “Beyond the Limits” gallery. “Beyond the Limits” is devoted to the role of electronics and computing in aviation and space technology. The Iridium system, the first satellite communications system in low Earth orbit, also is the first to provide worldwide coverage. In addition to the satellite, the display includes an Iridium phone, pager, and spacecraft components. October = Project The “CFCH Cuba Cultural Community Project” began with a visit by Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage staff to Havana, Cuba. The project involves long- term research and public programs with colleagues at several research, educational, and applied community cultural policy centers, the Juan Marinello Center and the Cuban Institute of Music among them. Documentation will be conducted of tradition-bearers and cultural expressions throughout Cuba and applied uses of local culture in social and educational development. October = Program The Records Management Team completed a study of the records of the Cooper-Hewitt. National Design Museum and published a records schedule for its use. October = Construction Construction of NMAI Mall museum began. October = Program debut The Science Education Department premieres a new program on the Corporation for Public Broadcasting/Annenberg Channel, called “The Private Universe Project in Mathematics.” October ® Research milestone The Submillimeter Array successfully completes its first observations with two telescopes operat- ing in interferometer mode. October—September = Training and information briefings The Procurement and Training Branch, Office of Contracting, continued to conduct procurement-related training courses and small- purchases informational briefings to Smithsonian staff. These presentations were made throughout the course of the year and included three new courses covering purchase cards, advanced simplified acquisition, and training for managers who supervise designated Contracting Officer’s Technical Representatives. | | Chronology 141 October 1 = Development office established Acting on the same impetus that created a highly successful 25th anniversary fund- raising gala, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden launched a long-planned institutional development program with the establishment of its first development office headed by Carole Carle Fay. A second full-time fund raiser, Susan Theis, joined the staff a few months later. In July, the mu- seum issued its first direct-mail solicitation for unrestricted contributions with an appeal letter sent to more than 6,800 individuals. The development staff worked closely with the Director and Board of Trustees to finalize planning docu- ments in preparation for a proposed endowment campaign. October 1 a Exhibition “Folk Art Mailbox” photography exhibition opens at the National Postal Museum. October 1 = Special publication Specimens from the National Museum of Natural History’s collections were loaned to Steve Buchanan, an illustrator from Connecticut, enabling him to produce accurate images for the Insects and Spiders postage stamps, which were released by the U.S. Postal Service on Oct. 1, 1999. Gary Hevel of the Museum’s Department of Entomology edited text on the back of the stamps, describ- ing each insect or spider. October 1-3 = Public program The National Museum of American His- tory presented “The Last Angry Brown Hat,” as part of its ENCUENTROS: Latino America at the Smithsonian. In this play by Alfredo Ramos, four ex-Brown Beret members re- visit their political fight for Chicano equality. Presented in partnership with the Mexican Cultural Institute, George Washington University’s Lisner Auditorium, and George- town University’s Center for Latin American Studies. October 1-15 = Public program The National Portrait Gallery presented a series of feature films, shorts, and documentaries presented in celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month, including a mix of U.S.-made films currently on the independent film festi- val circuit and classics such as Salt of the Earth. Latin Festival activities were made possible by the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives. October 1—-November 14 = Traveling Exhibition “Faces of TIME: Seventy-five Years of TIME Magazine Cover Portraits,” organized by the National Portrait Gallery, was on view at the Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. Oct. 2, Nov. 20 and 21 ® Artist talks National Museum of African Art workshops and demonstrations by practicing artists engaged attentive audiences eager to meet and talk with African artists. For example, Nyamekese Osei-Tutu, an Asante master weaver, demonstrated and discussed kente weaving techniques and Gilbert “Bobbo” Ahiagble, an Ewe master weaver from Ghana, demonstrated and discussed kente weaving. October 3—February 6 8 Exhibition “Instrument of Change: Jim Schoppert Retro- spective Exhibition, 1947-1992” at NMAI George Gustav Heye Center, New York City. The work of the influential Tlingit artist Jim Schoppert (1947-1992) was showcased in this exhibition of 50 objects that include large wood- carvings, masks, and poetry. This retrospective celebrated the innovative art of Schoppert, an artist who challenged the traditional norms of Northwest Coast art while at the same time serving as a spokesperson for all contemporary Alaska Native artists. Organized by the Anchorage Museum of History and Art. October 5 = Ceremony With support from the Office of the Under Secretary for Science, the Smithsonian’s Community Com- mittee revived a Smithsonian exhibition award program that had been established in 1993 by Tom Freudenheim, who was then the Assistant Secretary for Arts and Humanities. Nominations were solicited from staff and judged by peer review, using experts both inside and outside the Institute. Awards were made in eight different categories and pre- sented at a ceremony in American History's Carmichael Auditorium on October 5. October 6 = JSTOR database Smithsonian-affiliated researchers now have desk-top access to the JSTOR database of 117 historical scholarly journals. Fields covered to date include African American studies, anthropology, Asian studies, ecology, economics, mathematics, philosophy, political science, economics, education, finance, history, literature, popula- tion/demography, sociology, and statistics. A new initiative focuses on science and will include transactions and proceed- ings of scientific societies. SIL loaned volumes of the Royal Society transactions and proceedings to JSTOR for digitiz- ing as part of the enterprise. October 7 = Exhibition and programs “Regarding Beauty: A View of the Late Twentieth Century,” a 25th-anniversary exhibition exploring concepts of beauty in modern and contemporary art, opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar- den, accompanied by a 232-page catalog. Diverse programs probing the complex exhibition subject included a five-artist 142 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 panel with exhibition co-curators Neal Benezra, the Hirsh- horn’s Assistant Director for Art and Public Programs, and Olga M. Viso, Associate Curator; a joint teacher workshop with the African Art Museum educators; a panel with Asian and African art scholars from other Smithsonian museums exploring non-Western beauty; and a four-part lecture series featuring the prominent art scholars Dave Hickey, Arthur C. Danto, Camille Paglia, and Robert Farris Thompson. Major support for the exhibition was provided by the Holenia Ex- hibition Fund in memory of Joseph H. Hirshhorn, Robert Lehrman and The Hill Family Foundation, Inc., with addi- tional funding from Aaron and Barbara Levine and the Phoebe W. Haas Charitable Foundation. Several other spon- sors also participated. The exhibition was presented February tz through April 30, 2000, at the Haus der Kunst in Mu- nich, Germany. October 7-9 8 Professional education course “Preservation of Plastics Collections,” a course organized and hosted by the Smithson- ian Center for Materials Research and Education, was offered for the first time. Consisting of a combination of lectures and practical laboratory exercises, the course attracted an au- dience of 30 museum professionals. October 8 = Donation Ceremonies at the National Air and Space Mu- seum announced Steven F. Udvar-Hazy’s gift of $60 million to help build the new aviation and space center at Dulles. It is the single largest gift in the Smithsonian’s 15 3-year his- tory. At the same time, the Capital Campaign for the Dulles Center was announced. October 9 = Exhibition The SITES exhibition “On Miniature Wings: Model Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum” kicked off a national tour at the Morris Museum in Morristown, New Jersey. From the National Air and Space Museum's collection of nearly 3,000 model aircraft, 25 superlative examples were selected to celebrate the exciting role aircraft modeling has played in aviation history over the past 100 years. October 9-December 4 = Public program The National Portrait Gallery presented 48 performances of “Augustus Washington: An Image of Liberty,” a 20-minute interactive one-man play written by Christopher Janson that portrayed Washington as a free black man in the antebellum North. The program was sup- ported by The Gwendolyn and Morris Cafritz Foundation. October 12 = Exhibition “The Work of Charles and Ray Eames: A Legacy of Invention,” Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. October 13 8 Special event “A Celebration of Art,” the 25th-anniversary gala, was held at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar- den, raising significant funds to enhance the museum’s Web site development and other forms of public outreach. In an the Washington Post put it, nearly 500 guests, including such nationally known artists as Mark di Suvero, Robert Rauschenberg, Betye Saar, and William T. Wiley, congre- gated and danced under a tent between viewings of / . . “ : : . . ” environment akin to a “shimmering abstract painting,” as | | “Regarding Beauty.” The festivities, cocktails, and dinner, were highlighted by remarks from Olga Hirshhorn, the founding donor’s widow; Smithsonian Secretary I. Michael Heyman; Smithsonian Regent and U.S. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, also founding Chairman of the Hirsh- horn’s Board of Trustees; current Board Chairman Robert Lehrman; and Director James T. Demetrion. At a White House tea the previous day, First Lady Hillary Rodham Clin- ton, the event’s Honorary Chair with Lady Bird Johnson (First Lady at the Hirshhorn’s ground breaking in 1969), praised the Hirshhorn Museum as a gift to the Nation that has “stood the test of time.” October 14 = Board of Trustees The Board of Trustees of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden held the first of two annual meetings. Further broadening its diversity, geographical rep- resentation, and the ambition and creativity of its activities, the Board expanded in number from 11 to 16 members. New members included community leaders Jacqueline Le- land and Barbara Levine, both of Washington, D.C., and business executives Steven Oliver of the San Francisco Bay Area and Steven Mnuchin of New York City. October 14 = Workshop “Showtime! Exhibition of Document Collec- tions,” a workshop organized and hosted by the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education as part of the Research Libraries and Archives Conservation Training (RELACT) series, was attended by 22 professionals from Smithsonian and other museums, libraries, and archives. October 15 = Public program Tim Berners-Lee, named by TIME maga- zine as one of the 100 greatest minds of the twentieth century, came to the Smithsonian to tell the story of his rev- olutionary creation, the World Wide Web, in a lecture for The Smithsonian Associates. October 16 = Program Princess Mononoke, the acclaimed Japanese anima- tion film about a girl raised by a wolf-goddess in ancient Japan, was screened for the first time in Washington, D.C., at the Freer Gallery of Art. Chronology 143 October 16 and April 1 = Panel discussions A National Museum of African Art panel discussion on “Kente Is Not Just a Cloth: Reflections on Kente” brought together scholars from Ghana and the United States who explored kente cloth production, design, aesthet- ics, and use in Ghana, the United States, and around the world. Another panel discussion was organized on the topic of “Perspectives on Art of the Oshogbo School” with panelists offering diverse views regarding the history, development, and importance of art and artists from the Oshogbo school. October 16-April 17 u Exhibition “History ina Vacuum” showcase at the Na- tional Museum of American History. Focuses on housework with an emphasis on the changing practices of cleaning car- pets and floors. October 17 u Exhibition “Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur” opened at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. The exhibition of- fered a rare look into the traditions of royal life and death in Mesopotamia nearly 5,000 years ago. Among the 150 objects on view were jewelry in gold and semiprecious stones; ancient musical instruments; tools and weapons in precious metals; and cylinder seals depicting royal celebrations and rituals. October 18-22 = Professional outreach in collaboration with George Washington University’s Museum Studies Program, the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education offers the first of a series of courses on properties and preser- vation of cultural materials, for an audience of students in the art appraisal program. This first course, and a subsequent one (November 1—5) dealt with the technology of furniture making; two more week-long courses in July 2000 dealt with technology and preservation of paper, glass and ceram- ics, and metals. October 19 = Benefit The Archives of American Art honors American artist Ellsworth Kelly at its annual gala benefit dinner in New York City. October 19 = Exhibition The Archives of American Art opens the exhibi- tion “Ellsworth Kelly: Selections from His Archives” in the Gallery Space of the Archives’ New York Regional Center. October 20 The Board of Trustees of the Archives of American Art meets at the Metropolitan Mu- seum of Art, New York. = Management excellence October 21—November 4 ® Study tour Smithsonian Study Tours, a division of The Smithsonian Associates, journeyed to Saudi Arabia for the first time on a study tour that included visits to Riyadh, Medina, and Jeddah. October 22-January 3 = Exhibition “Edward Hooper: The Watercolors” opened at the Smithsonian American Art Museum to large crowds that continued for the entire run of the exhibition. This was the first major exhibition in 40 years of Hopper’s watercolors. The exhibition, co-organized with the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, featured 56 watercolors made between 1923 and the mid-1940s, ranging from early scenes of Gloucester and Cape Cod to works painted on trips to Mexico and Charleston. These rarely seen masterworks are the body of work that brought Hopper, then in his forties, his first criti- cal and financial success. An on-line virtual exhibition that looks at Hopper’s life and art was created by museum staff and remains on the Web site. Senators Bob Kerrey (D-Neb.) and Robert Bennett (R-Utah), both longtime arts advocates, are honorary patrons for the exhibition. October 26 = Exhibition “Two Views of Venice: Canaletto and Menpes,” Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. October 26 = Public program Reception and screening of documentary film They Served with Pride. Cosponsored by the Organization of Chinese Americans. October 26-27 = Symposium “American Indian Origins: Cultural, Histori- cal, and Scientific Understandings” explored the origins of indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere. The distin- guished panel of Native and non-Native presenters for this symposium included elders, archeologists, anthropologists, historians, and linguists, who will share perspectives on American Indian emergence from their particular culture and knowledge traditions. October 27 ®IMAX® film Galapagos, a new 3-D IMAX® film, co- produced by the National Museum of Natural History and featuring its scientists, premiered in the museum’s Samuel C. Johnson Theater. The film explores a place few people have seen —the Galapagos Archipelago and the sea around it. Galapagos captures on film some of the Earth’s most remarkable animal life, including deep-sea species discovered during filming. October 29-30 = Conference Michael Lang, Smithsonian Scientific Diving Officer in the Office of the Under Secretary for Science, 144 chaired the diving safety research conference. Fifty scientific and industry experts discussed the data, problems, and rec- ommendations in conducting deep dives. October 29-January 9 wa Exhibition “Téte a Téte: Portraits by Henri Cartier- Bresson” was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. On the eve of his 90th birthday, Henri Cartier-Bresson assem- bled this exhibition of 70 of his most memorable portraits. Representing seven decades of work by one of the twentieth century’s most esteemed photojournalists, the exhibition fea- tured images of many of the modern era’s leading writers, artists, and public figures including Jean Paul Sartre, Alexander Calder, Marilyn Monroe, and Martin Luther King, Jr. October 30 = Symposium In conjunction with the exhibition “Téte a Téte,” the National Portrait Gallery presented a symposium entitled “Henri Cartier-Bresson and Photography Today.” The program brought together a distinguished group of photographers and historians who shared their views on the enduring legacy of Cartier-Bresson. Participants included historian Claude Cookman; Magnum photographers Elliott Erwitt, Bruce Davidson, and Inge Morath; and prominent photojournalists from the Washington Post and the New York Times. October 30-April 1 a Exhibition the National Museum of American History, highlights com- “Exhibiting George Washington,” showcase at memorative objects and personal belongings of the country’s first president. November and May = Acquisitions Among the most significant art works ac- quired by the National Museum of African Art in the past year were a Dogon figure from Mali, a Baga mask from Guinea, and a mbala maternity figure from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In addition, the museum acquired a 1972 mixed-media work by Alexander “Skunder” Boghoss- ian titled Devil Descending, (a gift of Basilio F. Ciocci in memory of Rainmondo Ciocci and Elvira Maone Ciocci), and a 1943 oil painting by Gerard Sekoto titled Boy and the Candle. November 8 On-line exhibition/outreach The Archives of American Art presents “The American Indian Observed: Sketches and Documents from the Collections of the Archives of Ameri- can Art” on its Web site in conjunction with Native American Heritage Month. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 November 8 Research result SAO astronomers publish their results of the direct detection of a planet orbiting another star. November = Scientist retires. Dr. David Correll retired after 34 year of service to SI, with 30 years at SERC serving as SERC Direc- tor for 10 years. His research focused on nutrient transfers in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. November 1 a Special event The Archives of American Art raises $20,000 at a benefit opening held in conjunction with the exhibition “Childe Hassam: An American Impressionist” at the Adel- son Galleries, Inc. in New York City. November 4 8 Public program The National Portrait Gallery presented a lecture by Pulitzer-prize winner David Maraniss on his new book When Pride Mattered: The Life and Myth of Vince Lom- bardi. The program was sponsored jointly with the MCI National Sports Gallery. November 4 = Seminar Thirty Lockheed Martin executives visited the National Museum of Natural History’s Anthropology De- partment to participate in a creative thinking seminar with forensic anthropology as its theme. The event was organized by the Smithsonian Associates and physical anthropologist Dr. Douglas Ubelaker. After an introductory lecture given by Dr. Ubelaker, the executives were presented with four dif- ferent forensic cases to solve, using their newly acquired knowledge about forensics and the scientific approach. Dr. Ubelaker was assisted by colleagues in the department and the FBI, and by George Washington University students. November 8-12 = Professional education course A course on “Polarized Light Microscopy” was organized and hosted by the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education as part of the laboratory's optical microscopy program. This hands-on course was repeated later in the year July 17-21). November 8—December 20 = Public program The National Portrait Gallery presented a Cultures in Motion presentation of “Reader’s Theater: South- ern Accents.” This four-part series presented dramatizations of written works by four authors featured in the exhibition “Téte a Téte: Portraits by Henri Cartier-Bresson.” Part 1: Truman Capote; part 2: Katherine Anne Porter; part 3: William Faulkner; and part 4: Carson McCullers. Directed by New York University’s Shona Tucker, in association with Chronology 145 the Washington Stage Guild, the program was sponsored by Eastman Kodak Company. November 11 s Exhibition “Missing You: Letters from WW II” opens at the National Postal Museum. November 12-13 = Smithsonian Council meeting The Smithsonian Council meeting, coordinated by the Office of the Under Secretary for Science, was held November 12 and 13. Nineteen members were present and focused on the topic of Smith- sonian research activities in the major areas in which the Institution is engaged. Four panel discussions, with Smith- sonian scholars representing various research fields, along with a concluding roundtable discussion, with senior man- agement and museum and research institute directors, covered topics such as the research environment and re- search models, the linkage of research and public programs, research challenges in museum settings, and future direc- tions in Smithsonian research. The Council’s Report to the Secretary was widely distributed to staff and units through- out the Institution. November 13 = Workshop In celebration of the release of NMAI’s book When the Rain Sings: Poems by Young Native Americans, the museum offered a workshop and reading for young Native American writers in the New York metro area. A reception and book signing followed the program. November 14 = Anniversary The Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center’s Smithsonian Information Center cele- brated its roth anniversary, having served some 20 million visitors over the decade. November 14-January 9 = Traveling exhibition “Philippe Halsman: A Retrospective,” organized by the National Portrait Gallery, was on view at the Toledo Art Museum in Ohio. November 15-19 = Professional education course “Plant Anatomy and Morphol- ogy,” a new course designed and hosted by the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education, was given for the first time as part of the series offered by the laboratory's optical microscopy program. This course was repeated later in the year (July 31 - August 4) November 15 = Public program The National Portrait Gallery presented a Cultures in Motion presentation of Papa. James Earl Jones performed a staged reading of John deGroot’s Tony Award- winning play about the life of Ernest Hemingway. The program was produced by the Washington Stage Guild and sponsored by Thomasville Furniture Industries, Inc. November 15 = Research A team of scientists from the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, as well as the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, began work on a $17,200 award from the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training of the National Park Service. The yearlong technology transfer grant will test whether the “eddy- current” technique—a means of examining metals—also can be applied to the field of conservation. November 17 8 Exhibition Thirty works on paper and parchment, tex- tiles, coins, gemstones, metalwork, and wood dating from the ninth century to the present were on view in “Imaging the Word: Selections of Calligraphy from the Islamic World,” an exhibition at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. The works, all of which are inscribed in a variety of Persian and Arabic, represented recent gifts, purchases, and long-terms loans of Islamic calligraphy. The show examined the variety of calligraphic styles that evolved in the Islamic world, and the ways these scripts were used as a means of communica- tion and embellishment. November 18 = Exhibition “On Time,” a permanent exhibition at the National Museum of American History, looks at the chang- ing ways Americans have measured, used, and thought about time during the past 300 years. The larger than 4,000- square-foot exhibition intermixes almost 200 clocks and watches with a wide variety of everyday objects to show how today’s society has come to equate time with the clock. An- other 300 objects will be virtually showcased through interactive computer stations in the exhibition. It aims to stimulate visitors to think about time, both in American history and in their own lives, in new ways. November 18 = Exhibition series scoring the diversity of imagery and media pursued by emerging artists was launched at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden with a show of miniature, semi- This year’s “Directions” series under- autobiographical works on paper in watercolor and natural vegetable pigments by Pakistani-born, Houston-based artist Shahzia Sikander. Next in the series, opening March 16, were large wall-mounted sculptures made of discarded and recycled hardware, toys, wrappers, timber, and other detritus of the city by New York-based artist Leonardo Drew—a re- flection in part on his southern Black heritage. Finally, opening July 14, British artist Cathy de Monchaux’s enig- matic sculptures of soft fabric and hard metal (often 146 knife-edged) suggested anatomy to some, medieval appara- tuses to others, science-fiction inventions to still more. Each of the three exhibitions was accompanied by an artist’s talk and other education and public programs. November 19 ® Coalition ence’s exhibit “Smithsonian Expeditions: Exploring Latin American and the Caribbean,” Robert W. Fri, Director of the National Museum of Natural History, announced the formation of the Coalition for Excellence in Tropical Biol- ogy (CETroB). The museum participated with the Florida International University, University of Miami, Fairchild Tropical Garden, Montgomery Botanical Center, and the Miami Museum of Science in founding CETroB. Its pur- pose is to foster collaboration among Smithsonian scientists At the opening of the Miami Museum of Sci- and tropical biologists of the Miami area in research, train- ing, and education, and to engage foreign scientists, particularly colleagues from Latin America, in education and research activities in Florida and at the Smithsonian. CETroB is an outgrowth of the affiliation between the mu- seum and the Miami Museum of Science, which was launched in November 1999, with a major exhibition in Miami, “Smithsonian Expeditions: Exploring Latin Amer- ica and the Caribbean,” organized by museum anthropologist Jane Walsh. November 19 = Exhibition The new Kenneth E. Behring Family Rotunda opened in the National Museum of Natural History, display- ing the museum’s beloved elephant in a setting that recreates the Angolan bush. The diorama introduces important ideas in botany, entomology, and mineral sciences, as well as zool- ogy. Overlooks above the Rotunda describe the ancestors of modern-day elephants and elephants’ importance in African cultures. November 19 The Miami Museum of Science affiliate (Miami, Florida) implemented its affiliation with = Exhibition, special event the opening of “Smithsonian Expeditions: Exploring Latin America and the Caribbean.” Included in this exhibition were nearly 40 artifacts on long-term loan from the National Museum of Natural History. Attendance at the museum dur- ing the period from November 1999 to June 2000 was up by 26,956 visitors, when compared to visitation during the same time frame in the previous year. November 19—March 29 = Exhibition “Make the Dirt Fly,” an exhibition at the National Museum of American History, focuses on the treaty period from the 1960s to 2000, emphasizing the contribu- tions of the people of Panama to the operation of the canal. In cooperation with STRI in Panama. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 November 20 = Exhibition “Make the Dirt Fly! Building the Panama Canal,” a Smithsonian Libraries exhibition, opened in the Libraries Gallery, located in the National Museum of Ameri- can History. Panamanian Ambassador Guillermo Ford spoke at the opening of the yearlong exhibit. Exhibition support was provided by Bucyrus International, Inc, Dames & Moore Group, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and the American Society for Macro Engineering as well as a number of individuals. The exhibition can be seen on-line at www.sil.si.edu. November 20 8 Public program The National Portrait Gallery presented the symposium “Augustus Washington in Context,” a day-long program in conjunction with the exhibition “A Durable Memento: Portraits by Augustus Washington, African American Daguerreotypist.” Moderated by Dr. Svend E. Holsoe, the symposium featured lectures by Wilson J. Moses, Marie Tyler-McGraw, D. Elwood Dunn, and Ann M. Shumard, on topics including the status of free blacks in the antebellum North and African American immigration to Liberia in the nineteenth century. Supported by The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation. November 20 = Public program “OurStory: Tales from the Land—Cuentos de la Tierra En Familia” Family Day at the National Mu- seum of American History. Renowned Mexican American artist Lomas Garza shared her family’s story about the land—tfrom Native American hunting and gathering to migrant farm labor today, working the land has been an im- portant story of the American experience. An OurStory production in association with ENCUENTROS. November 21 = Exhibition pairs of transparencies, and a slide show by contemporary Iraqi artist were featured in “Constructing Identities: Recent Works by Jananne al-Ani” at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Drawing on both the Sackler’s permanent collection and works loaned by the artist, the exhibition was the gallery’s first presentation of contemporary works by an artist from the Islamic world. The images on view all sought to examine Two pairs of large-format photographs, five and deconstruct the stereotype of “mystery and exoticism” that Westerners commonly associate with the veiled women of west Asia. November 21 = Exhibition “Antoin Servruguin and the Persian Image,” an exhibition of 50 photographs of rulers, courtiers, com- moners, and daily life in Iran from the late 1870s to the 1930s opened at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. The exhibi- Chronology 147 tion was divided into thematic groupings showing images of everyday life, ethnographic photographs, the royal court, Iranian antiquities, Western fantasy, religious architecture, and women. November 23 = Gorilla birth Male gorilla, Kwame, born to the National Zoo's Mandara, 17, and Kuja, 16. November 23 = Director steps down Michael H. Robinson, director, decides to step down after 16 years at the helm of the National Zoo. November 28 = Panda dies The National Zoo's giant panda, Hsing- Hsing, 28 years old, dies. He and his mate, Ling-Ling, had been favorites with zoo visitors since their arrival in April 1972 November 30 = Award The Archives of American Art successfully matches the $500,000 Brown Challenge Grant, made by The Brown Foundation, Inc., Houston, Texas, resulting in the establishment of a million-dollar endowment, The William E. Woolfenden Fund, to underwrite Archives’ pub- lications in perpetuity. December = Exhibition “The Smithsonian at the Turn of the Century,” an exhibition on the Institution at the turn of the last cen- tury, opened on the northeast balcony of the Arts and Industries Building. December = Food service agreement The Office of Contracting awarded a contract to Guest Services, Inc., to provide food services for Smithsonian visitors and employees at the Southside facilities. December = Gift porters of the Smithsonian Institution, gave the National Portrait Gallery a set of 19 Indian Peace Medals, covering the period between 1793 and 1881. Peace Medals were im- portant instruments in the federal government's relationship with Native Americans. With engravings of presidential portraits on one side, these rare medals were presented to tribal leaders to secure treaties and other commitments. The Schermer gift also includes a rare complete set of the History of the Indian Tribes of North America, written by Thomas McKenney and James Hall, one of the most authoritative ac- Betty and Lloyd Schermer of Iowa, long-term sup- counts ever published, as well as a number of framed prints. The three volumes contain 120 hand-colored lithographic portraits, the most elaborate color-print book published in the first half of the nineteenth century. December 8 Libraries membership Bringing the nation’s preeminent col- lection of cultural materials into the RLG community, the Institution took a general membership. The Smithsonian Libraries, the Archives of American Art, and the Freer-Sack- ler Galleries had been special members. RLG was established 25 years ago, has been very active in digitizing collections, providing resources, services, training, and information ac- cess projects, including its database RLIN (Research Library Information Network). December 8 Notable anniversary First anniversary of the launch of the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite is celebrated, and an issue of the Astrophysical Journal Letters will be dedicated solely to its achievements. The publication date of that issue is August 20, 2000. December 8 Outreach The Smithsonian American Art Museum worked with the U.S. Census Bureau to produce posters celebrating the country’s diversity. Five posters in the series reproduce art works from the museum’s permanent collection. The artists included were African American artists Romare Bear- den and Jacob Lawrence, Latina artist Carmen Lomas Garza, folk artist J. C. Huntington, and a sculpture by American Indian artist Allan Houser. December ® Staff appointment Susan Nichols, former Director of Operations at the Atlanta Historical Society in Atlanta, Georgia, was named Chief Financial Officer of the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Her responsibilities at the Atlanta Historical Society included management of all financial operations, security, facilities, the Museum Shop and café, special events, and visitor serv- ices, as well as shared management of capital projects. She holds a master’s degree in professional accounting from the University of Hartford. December 1 Oral history interviews of David Challinor, for- mer Assistant Secretary for Science, were completed for the Smithsonian Institution Archives Oral History Collection. a Interview December 1 = Public program The National Portrait Gallery presented a lecture by Edward Sorel on his book Edward Sorel Never 148 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Judges a Magazine Editor by His Cover. The renowned satirist and graphic artist presented a slide lecture linking images from NPG’s exhibition of his work with his experiences working with the press over the last 40 years. The program was supported by The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation. December 5 = Lecture For the seventh annual Mordes Lecture in Con- temporary Art at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, curator Madeleine Grynsztejn of the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, gave a talk en- titled “The 1999/2000 Carnegie International,” in which she discussed the process, problems, progress, and implications of scouring the world to assemble a major exhibition that summarizes international contemporary art. The Carnegie International, a periodic survey, is one of the oldest such exhibitions in the world. As the 1999 Mordes lecturer, Grynsztejn joined a roster of such internationally respected art-world figures as New York Times art critic Roberta Smith and Director Nicholas Serota of the Tate Gallery in London who have participated since 1994 in the yearly lecture series under the sponsorship of patrons and contemporary art col- lectors Dr. Marvin and Elayne Mordes of Baltimore. December 7 = Event The Smithsonian American Art Museum hosted a press breakfast to announce the “Treasures to Go” tour. Members of the media we invited on a behind-the-scenes tour of the variety of activities necessary to organize one of the most extensive art tours ever, including a visit to the conservation labs and a demonstration of how to securely crate and ship artworks. A number of artists were included in the festivities: Jacob Kainen, Pepdn Osorio, and William Christenberry. December 7 = Special event The Annual Appreciation Reception for the Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center’s Corps of Volunteer Information Specialists included remarks by Smithsonian Under Secretary Constance B. Newman. December 8& = Donation Winton M. “Red” Blount pledges $10,000,000 to the National Postal Museum for the creation and opera- tion of the Blount Center for Postal Studies. December 9 = Exhibition “Digilab,” at the National Museum of Ameri- can History, offers a unique behind-the-scenes view into the applications of modern technology, allowing visitors to view the scanning of objects and photographs to create 3-D digi- tal images, Web sites, and other digital archives. December 11 = Public program “Working and Playing with Robots: A Family Robot Day” sponsored by the National Museum of American History’s Lemelson Center. A day-long exploration of real robots. Akhil Madhani discussed his award-winning robot inventions. NMAH Curator Steve Lubar discussed ro- bots in the collection including one of the original C-3PO costumes. The RoboCup teams of Carnegie Mellon and Cor- nell Universities demonstrated soccer-playing robots. December 15 s Exhibition Featuring objects both extraordinary and everyday and resonant voices from Africa and the African diaspora, “African Voices” opened at the National Museum of Natural History. The new permanent exhibition examines the history, diversity, dynamism, and influence of Africa’s peoples and cultures. The African Voices Project includes the permanent exhibition along with changing exhibits, an elec- tronic resource center, a Web site, and on-going local and national educational programs. The Web site was honored with several awards. December 15 ® SIRIS goes live The Smithsonian Library Catalog, part of the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS), moved to a new system, Horizon, after months of intensive work by staff of the Libraries and the Office of In- formation Technology. The catalog includes holdings of 20 of the Institution’s libraries. December 17 # Award The Archives of American Art receives $25,000 from the Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation. December 17 = Donation The National Postal Museum received a George Boutwell Album of U.S. federal and private revenue proofs (ca. 1862-74) from W. Curtis Livingston. December 18 = Public program The National Museum of African Art hosted a Kwanzaa celebration, cosponsored with the Smith- sonian’s National Museum of Natural History and Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture, which highlighted African and African American collections at the Smithsonian, with many varied programs for youth and adults. December 18—March 19 “Teddy Roosevelt: Icon of the Ameri- can Century,” an exhibition co-organized by the National Portrait Gallery and the National Park Service, U.S. Depart- = Traveling exhibition Chronology 149 ment of the Interior, was on view at the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society in Buffalo, New York. December 22 = Donation The National Postal Museum received an 1873 Government Printing Office Album of U.S. Post Office Department blank forms for bureau use from Myron and Judith Kaller. December 28 s Award The Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center's “Encyclopedia Smithsonian” Web site received a USA Today “Hot Site” award for its stellar content. December 31-January 2 a Special event “America’s Millennium on the Mall,” a series of events held over the New Year's holiday weekend, was pro- duced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage in cooperation with the White House Millennium Council to mark the transition to the year 2000 by honoring the past and imagining the future. More than three dozen sessions were held around the Institution and included a visit by the First Family and discussions and presentations by B.B. King, Bill Ferris, Ricky Skaggs, Bill Ivey, Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee, basketball legends Bill Russell and Chamique Holdsclaw, and chefs Martin Yan, Raji Jallepalli, and Vertamae Grosvenor. January = Construction contract The Office of Contracting awarded a construction contract to Beta Construction for roof repairs and skylight replacements at the National Museum of Nat- ural History. January =Event In January, the Smithsonian Board of Regents voted to name the National Air and Space Museum’s new aviation and space center at Washington Dulles Interna- tional Airport for Steven F. Udvar-Hazy, who donated $60 million to help build the center. The Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center will open in December 2003 to celebrate the centen- nial of the first powered flight. January = Event John R. (Jack) Dailey, retired U.S. Marine Corps general and pilot, assumed the duties of director of the National Air and Space Museum. General Dailey came to the museum from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), where he had been the Associate Deputy Administrator since retiring from the U.S. Marine Corps in 1992. January The Smithsonian Center for Museum Studies selects the Archives of American Art as one of three = Public programs Smithsonian units who will participate in the new Katzen- berger Foundation Art Internships, beginning in Summer 2000. January = Web site launch The Office of Public Affairs launched its Smithsonian Logo Web site, which contains all of the infor- mation and Lock-ups found in the Smithsonian Design Guidelines, governing the Visual Identity Program. In addi- tion, the Web site contains tips for correct use of the guidelines and every unit’s assigned logo in five download- able graphic file formats. January = Web site “This Day in Smithsonian History,” a Web site that highlights important events in the history of the Institution for every day of the year, was posted on the Smithsonian's intranet, Prism, and on the Smithsonian’s public Web site. January = Special event This is the last day the Smithsonian Ameri- can Art Museum is open to the public before its historic home, the Old Patent Office, undergoes extensive renova- tions expected to take four years. January 1 The Smithsonian American Art Mu- seum launched a redesigned Web site as the museum went = New media initiative virtual while its main building closed for renovations. New features include, a splashy new design, a monthly calendar called “toor Days and Nights of American Art” that offers American art facts and features American artists and objects from the museum’s collection and an on-line gallery talk called “Director’s Choice” about an individual artwork by the museum’s director Elizabeth Broun. This colorful site reaches out to virtual museum viewers as a reminder that the museum’s collection can still be enjoyed daily. January 6-9 = Public program The National Portrait Gallery presented a Cultures in Motion presentation of “Scenes from Arthur Miller,” a four-part selection of scenes by the dean of Ameri- can playwrights, Arthur Miller, followed by a discussion of the play with director/dramaturge William Largess of the Washington Stage Guild. Part 1: The Crucible; part 2: Death of a Salesman; part 3: All My Sons; and part 4: After the Fall. The program was sponsored by Eastman Kodak Company. January 7 = Exhibition “Modernism and Abstraction: Treasures from the Smithsonian American Art Museum,” the debut exhibi- tion in the tour “Treasures to Go,” opened in Miami at The 150 Art Museum at Florida International University. This exhi- bition features 70 paintings and sculptures from the Smithsonian American Art Museum’s permanent collection. January 13 = Meeting Staff members from the Library of Congress American Folklife Center, the National Endowment for the Arts Folk and Traditional Arts Program, and the Smithson- ian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage met together to discuss issues of mutual concern and interest. Topics in- cluded archives and collections, Web sites, public programs, education, and cultural policy. January 15 a Exhibition The Maui Arts and Cultural Center in Kahu- lui, Hawaii, was the premiere venue for the SITES exhibition “These Rare Lands.” The exhibition presents 44 large-format panoramic photographic portraits of our national parks, monuments, and battlefields by photographer Stan Jorstad. January 16 "Award The Archives of American Art receives $25,000 from the Inverarity Family Trust, owned by the late Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bruce Inverarity. January 18 "Award The Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center’s “Encyclopedia Smithsonian” Web site was named in PC Week as a pick of the week in its article about “On-line Encyclopedias.” January 22 = Public program Gwen Ifill, managing editor of “Washing- ton Week in Review” and senior correspondent for PBS’s “The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer,” moderated The Smith- sonian Associates’ all-day seminar, “African Americans and the Media.” January 22 Leonard Slatkin and Norman Scribner were among the distinguished conductors who graced a Smithsonian Associates program exploring “The Art of Conducting.” = Public program January 22-June 4 = Exhibition The sixth annual orchid exhibition, “The Artistry of Orchids,” opened in the Arts and Industries Building on January 22, 2000, and closed after an extended run on June 4, 2000. The exhibition showcased selections from the vast orchid collections of both the Horticulture Services Division of the Office of Physical Plant and the U.S. Botanic Garden in specially designed garden spaces Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 and orchid artwork by 17 artists including paintings, photographs, illustrations, sculpture, Raku tiles, and glass- work. The entrance to the exhibition featured a floral arrangement of cut orchids, created weekly during a public demonstration. January 23 = Exhibition The National Museum of African Art opened the exhibition “A Concrete Vision: Oshogbo Art in the 1960s,” featuring four concrete screens by Adebisi Akanji, one of the founders of the Oshogbo movement in Nigeria. January 24 ® Radio advertising campaign The first radio advertisement ran in the Office of Public Affairs’ Black History Month campaign, one of three radio advertising campaigns this year aimed at local African American audiences, ages 25 to 45. Another campaign—a “giveaway” of items from Smithson- ian Museum Stores—was run for Spring Break and a third for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. The summer ad fea- tured the voice of Darrell Green of the Washington Redskins. The following stations were used in the three campaigns in different combinations: WHUR, WMMJ, WKYS, WOL, WPGC, and WYCB. January 24 The Office of Public Affairs handled all publicity related to the installation of Lawrence M. Small as the 11th Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The ceremony was held in a heated tent on the National Mall in front of the Castle. = Secretary's installation January 24—May 2 ® Traveling exhibition The National Portrait Gallery exhibition “A Durable Memento: Portraits by Augustus Washington, African American Daguerreotypist” was on view at the Connecticut Historical Society in Hartford, Connecticut. January 28 = Exhibition The Archives of American Art opens the exhi- bition “Getting the Picture: The Art of the Illustrated Letter” in the Gallery Space of the Archives’ New York Regional Center. February = Appointment A Preservation Manager was appointed to enhance the Archives’ preservation efforts. February = Installantion A beta version of The Museum System, an automated collections information system is installed at the { Chronology 151 National Postal Museum; 73,000 collections records are con- verted to the new system. February = Libraries’ endowments The Smithsonian Libraries now has six named endowments. The two largest are the S. Dillon Ripley Endowment for the purchase of library materials for the general collections and the Special Collections Endowment. February = Donation The Marcia Brady Tucker Foundation pledged $25,000 over two years to fund digital editions of ornithol- ogy works from the collection donated to the Libraries by Marcia Brady Tucker many years ago. Along with a $5,000 personal gift for this effort received last year, $30,000 is available to support this project. February = Public program Environmental law seminar. OGC in con- junction with the American Law Association-American Bar Association and the Environmental Law Institute hosted this annual seminar in Washington, D.C. February = Public program The National Postal Museum hosted 2,000 attendees to a Valentine’s Day Festival with six hours of hands-on activities. February 7 = Visit A delegation of 21 Chinese children from Qingdao, China, presents panda art in memory of Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling. February 10 = Program To expand educational offerings for professionals who cannot attend daytime weekday events at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, a new evening series enti- tled “Art After Hours” was launched with a program keyed to the images, themes, and traditions of St. Valentine’s Day. Dubbed “Hirshhorn Heartfest,” this inaugural program in- cluded valentine card making, tours of artworks with romantic connections, atmospheric music and refreshments, and a feature film centered ona love story. The event, which attracted nearly 200 people, was emblematic of the diverse education programs now in place at the Hirshhorn—an an- nual Family Day in May; “Meet the Artist”; writers’ workshops; “New Voices” student tours keyed to exhibi- tions; monthly “Young at Art” and “Improv Art” workshops for families; “Art Explorers” adult programs; and the well- regarded independent film series. February 11-14 = Benefit The Archives of American Art sponsors “Splash of Sunshine 2000” in Palm Beach, Florida, a fund-raising event for members and other supporters of the Archives. February 11—April 17 = Traveling exhibition “Philippe Halsman: A Retrospective,” organized by the National Portrait Gallery, was on view at the Currier Gallery of Art in Manchester, New Hampshire. February 15 = Public program As part of National Consumer Protection Week, the National Postal Museum presented a public pro- gram with the U.S. Postal Inspection Service to educate visitors on how to avoid becoming a victim of identity theft. February 22 = Special event Achim Moeller Fine Art Gallery in New York City holds a benefit opening for the Archives of Ameri- can Art in conjunction with its exhibition “Cross-Currents of Modern Art: A Tribute to Peter Selz.” February 27—March 4 = Public program The Smithsonian Associates presented “Smithsonian Week in Long Beach” as part of an affiliation agreement with the Public Corporation for the Arts and the City of Long Beach, California. Three Smithsonian scholars participated in this week-long event that involved a wide range of programs for diverse audiences, including school presentations, an evening jazz performance, in-school muse- ums, a Smithsonian trivia quiz, and several Smithsonian “parties,” during which the public was invited to meet and learn from the scholars in informal settings. February 27—March 4 = Special event The Public Corporation for the Arts affiliate (Long Beach, California) coordinated with The Smithsonian Associates to hold a “Smithsonian Week in Long Beach.” The celebration featured a scavenger hunt, an extensive media campaign, Smithsonian lectures for schoolchildren and the general public, and a series of festivals. February 28 "Gift The Joseph Henry Papers Project received a grant of $186,158 from an anonymous foundation to support publi- cation of volume to of The Papers of Joseph Henry. February 28 ® Staff appointment Ray Williams, former curator of educa- tion at the Ackland Art Museum at the University of North Carolina, was named Head of the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery’s Education Department. Part of his duties at the Ackland Art Museum included recruiting 152 and training docents, writing grants, and developing educa- tional programs and materials for diverse audiences. Williams was named the National Art Museum Educator in 1997 and the Southeastern Regional Art Museum Educator in 1991 by the National Art Education Association. He holds a master’s degree in education from Harvard Univer- sity and a master’s degree in art history from the University of North Carolina. February 28—March 1 = Management excellence The Board of Trustees of the Archives of American Art meets at Archives’ headquarters in Washington, D.C. March = Event The National Air and Space Museum cosponsored, with the American Association of Museums, the annual Mutual Concerns of Air and Space Museums seminar. Nearly 150 delegates from air and space museums and related or- ganizations from 31 states, the District of Columbia, and to other countries participated in sessions designed to share “lessons learned” associated with collecting, preserving, and interpreting air and space artifacts, as well as successful ap- proaches to marketing and fund raising. March = Exhibition “R.G. Smith: The ‘Old Master’ of the Sky,” a temporary exhibition featuring 25 paintings by one of the finest aviation artists and curated by senior aeronautics cura- tor Tom Crouch, went on display on the second-floor hallway. March = Public program OGC in conjunction with the American Law Association-American Bar Association hosted the an- nual Legal Problems in Museum Administration Conference in Chicago. March = Public program The National Postal Museum invited visi- tors to experience the lives of the Churchill family as portrayed in their letters. March 1 w Exhibition “Lighting a Revolution 2,” an extension to the exhibition “Edison: Lighting a Revolution,” at the National Museum of American History opened. It brings the story of electric lighting into the modern era by examining the his- tory of several latter twentieth-century lamp inventions, and explores similarities and differences between inventing in Edison's era and today. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 March 1 = Publication The Program for Asian Pacific American Studies publishes its first strategic plan, funded by the Starr Foundation. March 3 = Publication Dr. Richard Potts and Ms. Jennifer Clark, both of the National Museum of Natural History’s Depart- ment of Anthropology, and Chinese colleagues Hou Yamei, Yuan Baoyin, Guo Zhengtang, Alan Deino, Wang Wei, Xie Guangmao, and Juang Weiwen published “Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-like Stone Technology of the Bose Basin, South China,” the cover article in the March 3, 2000, issue of Scz- ence. Potts and his colleagues have associated stone artifacts with tektites dating to 803,000 (+ 3,000) years ago. These stone artifacts are the oldest known large cutting tools in East Asia. The findings indicate that Homo Erectus groups in East Asia were making similarly sophisticated tools to their African counterparts: the findings may cause re- searchers to revisit the concept that early humans in Asia were less intelligent and sophisticated than their African relatives. March 6 = Benefit The Archives of American Art holds its longest- running annual fund-raising event, Lundi Gras XL, a gala black-tie dinner in Detroit, Michigan, where the Archives was founded in 1954. March 7 = Exhibition “National Design Triennial,” Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. March 8—May 10 The first Boston Mini-Med School was presented in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health and the Boston University School of Medicine. This eight-part series created by The Smithsonian Associates at- tracted nearly 400 participants. = Public program March 9 = Exhibition “Piano 300,” an exhibition of the National Museum of American History, opens at the International Gallery. This exhibit celebrates the 300th anniversary of the invention of the piano and highlights the collection of pianos, including Paderewski’s Steinway & Sons grand piano, Irving Berlin’s transposing piano, and a grand piano exhibited at the 1939 World’s Fair. “Piano 300 features com- posers’ manuscripts, tools, photographs, play bills, sheet music, and other memorabilia in addition to 24 pianos for a comprehensive look at this invention and its influence on American culture. Chronology 153 March 12-13 a Interview Candido Camero, a percussionist, was inter- viewed for the Smithsonian Institution Jazz Oral History Program. The Jazz Oral History Program is part of Amer- ica’s Jazz Heritage, a partnership of the Lila Wallace- Reader's Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution. March 12-July 23 = Exhibition The National Museum of African Art pre- sented “The Art of African Currency,” featuring a variety of objects that have been used across Africa to facilitate trade and measure wealth. March 16 = Exhibition The Archives of American Art opens the exhi- bition “Selections from the Fairfield Porter Papers” in the Gallery Space of the Archives’ New York Regional Center. March 17-18 = Public program The National Museum of American His- tory presented “Slavery in History and Memory,” a two-day symposium that looked at the issue of race through audience and panel interactions on how slavery is portrayed in na- tional media, in performances, and academia. March 21 = Portrait unveiling Former President George Bush was among the guests at a reception hosted by the National Por- trait Gallery in honor of jazz musician Lionel Hampton for the unveiling of his portrait by Fred Brown, presented to the Gallery by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani on behalf of the People of New York City. The event was sponsored by Lucent Technologies. March 22-24 = Meeting The National Museum of Natural History cosponsored and hosted the American Institute of Biological Sciences’ (AIBS) annual meeting, gathering members from across the country. The meeting featured plenary sessions fol- lowed by interactive synthesis groups with speakers Stephen J. Gould, Dan Janzen, Gene Likens, Lynn Margulis, Ernst Mayr, Gordon Orians, Ghillean Prance, Marvalee Wake, and E. O. Wilson, all internationally renowned for their work in their respective disciplines. The meetings proved to be so successful and provocative that two articles have subse- quently been published in the June 2000 issue of The Scientist, describing the lectures given by visiting scientists and summing up the larger biological scene. March 24 = Exhibition, special event The Origins Museum affiliate in Arlington, Texas, opened “Sports and the Nation.” Showcas- ing artifacts and works of art representing eight different sports, “Sports and the Nation” includes featured collections from both the Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of American History. Sporting equip- ment, trophies, uniforms, portraiture, and sculpture highlight the career achievements of such legendary sports figures as Muhammad Ali, Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb, Casey Stengel, Nolan Ryan, Bobby Orr, Terry Bradshaw, Arnold Palmer, and John L. Sullivan. March 24 = Publication Dr. Melinda A. Zeder of the National Mu- seum of Natural History's Department of Anthropology and Dr. Brian Hesse (University of Alabama at Birmingham) published “The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago” in the March 24, 2000, issue of Science. Using museum collections and the accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS), Zeder and Hesse were able to identify initial domestication of livestock at the Ganj Dareh archaeological site 10,000 years ago by dating small fragments of bones directly. They were able to develop a new technique for identifying initial domestication by recon- structing the profile of animals slaughtered by inhabitants of this early site. They found that domestication did not affect animal size; instead, the animal bones indicate that there was a shift in the composition of the adult portion of the herd toward smaller, female animals. This research resolves a long-standing controversy over the environmental and social context of initial domestication, and highlights the impor- tance that museum collections play in ongoing scientific exploration. March 25-27 = Workshop The National Museum of Natural History held the National Science Foundation’s Partnerships for Enhanc- ing Expertise in Taxonomy (PEET) workshop. Building upon the community gathered through two previous PEET conferences, this year’s PEET conference focused upon monography (the practice of monographic research); the tools, both traditional and modern, of monographic research; and the dissemination of monographic products in an elec- tronic age. The purpose of the PEET conferences is to share expertise and resources among the systematics community so that systematics can be strengthened and improved as a discipline. The program offered a keynote address, panel dis- cussions, discussion groups, posters, and demonstrations. Further, a two-day session workshop specially designed for students followed the conference. It offered half-day sessions on topics such as phylogenetic analysis, nomenclature, and character analysis. Additionally, the 75 student participants had the opportunity to work with the collections from both the museum and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, and to interact with curators and researchers from PEET-hosting institutions in the Washington area. Funding for the PEET conference and workshop came from the National Science Foundation, the 154 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, the U.S. Geological Survey, and NMNH. March 27 = Donation The National Museum of American History an- nounced sponsorship in the amount of $2.4 million from the National Association of Realtors (NAR) in support of a new exhibition, “Within These Walls,” centered around a two- and-a-half-story house that stood in Ipswich, Massachusetts, for nearly 300 years. March 28 = Lecture “Authors Working in the Smithsonian Libraries,” a series offered to its members by The Smithsonian Associ- ates, presented Doris Rich speaking on research she had conducted at the National Air and Space Museum Library. Her talk, “Women in Flight: The Pioneers,” covered her work on her published biographies of Amelia Earhart and Bessie Coleman. March 29 = Public program Susan Sontag brought her distinctive vision of a lost America to the Smithsonian in an interview program conducted by Marc Pachter and produced by The Smithsonian Associates. March 29-July 1 = Exhibition “Census 2000: Counting America, 1790— 2000,” a History in the News showcase at the National Museum of American History. Visitors can learn about the history of the census and compare items used in the 1960 census with those being used for the 2000 census. March 31 = Dental day Yates, associate veterinarian; and veterinary dental specialist Dr. Chuck Williams, who practices at the Animal Dental Clinic in Vienna, Virginia, give the press an opportunity to witness an examination of a 10-year-old, 260-pound, Suma- tran tiger's teeth. Dr. Lucy Spelman, chief veterinatrian; Becky March 31 “Dare to Dream: The Life and Work of Cesar Chavez” opened at the Mexican Heritage Plaza affiliate on March 31, 2000. Featured in the exhibition were three artifacts—a jacket, banner, and hoe—pertaining to Cesar Chavez, on loan through the affiliation from the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History. = Exhibition, special event March 31—August 20 = Exhibition The Smithsonian American Art Museum’s Renwick Gallery launched a biennial exhibition series that Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 will present the work of mid-career craft artists from di- verse regions and backgrounds who are established in their respective craft fields yet worthy of greater recognition. The inaugural exhibition, titled “The Renwick Invita- tional: Five Women in Craft,” featured metal forms by Myra Mimlitsch Gray, baskets by Mary Jackson, carved porcelain and wood by Janel Jacobson, jewelry and body ornaments by Sondra Sherman, and fiber weavings by Consuelo Jiménez Underwood. Thirteen works by John Cederquist, an illusionistic furniture artist, were also on view in a small exhibition titled “The Art of John Ceder- quist: Reality of Illusion.” Spring = Publication Profile, a new quarterly publication is launched by the Gallery, written in a lively style with rich color photos. The publication illustrates the Gallery’s range of research, collections, public programs, and gifts and their donors, and invites readers to comment on Portrait Gallery activities. Profile is the Gallery’s first large-scale publication that reaches members, donors, and visitors and helps sustain relationships. April ® Award The Smithsonian American Art Museum was chosen from 338 entries to receive a Federal Design Achievement Award for the exhibition “American Photo- graphs: The First Century.” This honor, presented once every four years, represents the highest award given by the National Endowment for the Arts. The exhibition, held in 1996, included more than 160 works from the Charles Isaacs Collection. April 8 Exhibition contract An Exhibition Design and Fabrication contract was awarded to Design and Production by the Of- fice of Contracting for development of the “The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden” exhibition at the National Museum of American History. April = Exhibition Joanne London, Division of Aeronautics, was the curator for “Looping the Loop: Posters of Early Flight,” a SITES exhibition, which, in addition to being on display at the National Air and Space Museum from April to July, has traveled to the Thames Science Center in Newport, Rhode Island. April SERC received a major donation from The Mills Corporation to fund Neighborhood Nestwatch, an ed- ucational research program on bird ecology, and Watershed Radio, a series of radio spots and a Web site about issues of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. = Mayor donation Chronology 155 April = Outreach The Archives of American Art was accepted as a full-member institution of the Association of Research Insti- tutes in Art History (ARIAH), a consortium of 18 member institutes, whose purpose is to promote scholarship by insti- tutes of advanced research in the history of art and related disciplines. April = Public program The National Postal Museum invited visi- tors to explore Washington, D.C.’s postal history through a bus tour historic Washington, D.C., post offices. April-June = Public programs In spring 2000, The Smithsonian Associ- ates, in collaboration with the Embassy of Italy, the Northern Italian Trade Commission, and Alitalia Airlines, offered a challenging array of more than 30 courses, semi- nars, and single lectures on the history, arts, cuisine, and cultural traditions of Italy, entitled “La Bella Italia.” April 3 s Award The Archives of American Art receives a pledge of $538,000 from the William and Mildred Lasdon Founda- tion for the establishment of the Nanette L. Laitman Documentation Project for Craft in America, the first-ever comprehensive collecting project focused on documenting American craft. April 4-7 = Professional institute The Smithsonian Associates produced its roth annual World Affairs Institute for Indiana Univer- sity, with the focus on OPEC nations and global energy. April 5 ® Public program na very special evening cosponsored with the Embassy of Spain, The Smithsonian Associates presented an ensemble of scholars, musicians, and performers in hom- age to Federico Garcia Lorca. April 8 = Exhibition “Heart & Hands: Musical Instrument Makers of America” began its national tour at the Georgia Moun- tains History Museum in Gainesville, Georgia. Through the Iris prints of photographer Jake Jacobson, the exhibition, or- ganized by SITES, introduces some of the American artisans who are keeping alive the age-old tradition of designing and hand-crafting fine musical instruments. April 9-August 20 = Exhibition “Reservation X: The Power of Place”— Through major multimedia art installations, seven Native artists from across Canada and the United States expressed the complex relationships between community and identity. The installations, which include a classroom setting, a conceptual “Big House” incorporating traditional and pres- ent-day West Coast designs, and a mural reminiscent of cave paintings, make use of photography, film, audio recordings, CD-ROM, sculpture, and painting. The seven featured artists are Mary Longman (Plains Cree), Nora Naranjo-Morse (Tewa), Marianne Nicolson (Kwak- waka’ wakw), Shelley Niro (Mohawk), Jolene Rickard (Tuscarora), Mateo Romero (Tewa), and C. Maxx Stevens (Seminole). Organized by the Canadian Museum of Civiliza- tion, the exhibition was curated by Gerald McMaster (Plains Cree). April 11 = Award The Pasadena (California) Art Alliance makes a generous grant to the Archives of American Art in support of the Oral History Program, which will provide for the pro- duction and transcription of interviews of important artists living and working in Southern California. April 11 = Event The Annual Appreciation Reception for Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center’s Corps of Behind-the-Scenes Volunteers included remarks by Smith- sonian Secretary Lawrence Small. April 11 ® Giant panda plan The National Zoo announces plans to acquire giant pandas after signing a letter of intent with the China Wildlife Conservation Association (CWCA) regarding a long-term giant panda loan. April 12 es Exhibition “Fast Attacks and Boomers: Submarines in the Cold War,” a permanent exhibition at the National Museum of American History, explores the technology of submarines and their role in the Cold War. It showcases life aboard ship through graphics, submarine artifacts from decommissioned ships, and interactives. The role of Navy families is also ex- amined. This exhibit is a collaboration between NMAH, the U.S. Navy, and the Naval Submarine League. April 14-October 27 8 Traveling exhibition/affiliate loan The National Portrait Gallery exhibition “Presidents and First Ladies on TIME” was on view at the Florida International Museum, a Smith- sonian affiliate located in St. Petersburg, Florida. April 15 « Public program A marvelous collection of scholars gath- ered in Washington to celebrate the rooth anniversary of the 156 American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR) at an all-day seminar presented by The Smithsonian Associates. April 17 ® Donation The National Postal Museum receive an 1893 souvenir set of 12 Columbian Exposition postal cards from Myron and Judith Kaller. April 17 = Exhibition, special event Secretary Small visited Florida and presented artifacts for inclusion in exhibitions at two sepa- rate affiliate institutions. To the Miami Museum of Science, the Secretary presented an Olmec artifact to be added to the “Expeditions” exhibition. To the Florida International Mu- seum in St. Petersburg, the Secretary presented artifacts from the National Portrait Gallery, National Museum of Ameri- can History, and National Air and Space Museum for inclusion in the museum's exhibition on John F. Kennedy. April 19 = Blockbuster exhibition “Dali’s Optical Illusions,” the first full-fledged American exhibition in several decades to fea- ture the dreamscapes of Spanish Surrealist Salvador Dali (1904-1989), opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp- ture Garden, on tour from the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut. The 8%-week show, which closed June 18, resulted in one of the most exceptional exhibition- attendance levels in the museum's 25-year history—an exhibition door count of 153,298 visitors, or an average of 2,500 per day, the most intense since an exhibition of Russ- ian and Soviet paintings came to the Hirshhorn in the summer of 1988. To handle the crowds, the museum devel- oped a first-come, first-served system of free immediate-use passes coordinated by a corps of 73 volunteer monitors. Dali exhibition visitors brought a booming business to the mu- seum store, lines on weekends, and new challenges to security staff stationed in the galleries. The Hirshhorn’s at- tendance totals for May 2000 were almost double what they were for May 1999; Easter week and Memorial Day holidays were equally remarkable. April 20 = Public program The Smithsonian Associates offered a course on Complexity Theory cosponsored with the Bios Group and with keynote speaker Stuart Kauffman, external fellow at the Santa Fe Institute. April 24 = Zo00 shooting Seven people are wounded in a shooting on Connecticut Ave. at the NZP gate as crowds leave after Easter Monday festivities. April 25-27 = Public program “Duke Ellington Youth Festival 2000— Duke Ellington: The Spirit of Music” at the National Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Museum of American History. The museum's annual festival celebrating the life and legacy of Edward Kennedy (Duke) Ellington as interpreted by students in the Washington, D.C., public schools, begins with poetry and music, followed by the opening of an exhibition of artworks. Students in grades 6 through 12 perform works by Ellington in concert on Thursday. April 27 = Acquisition The Hirshhorn Board of Trustees approved the acquisition of Untitled (Library), 1999, by British sculp- tor Rachel Whiteread (b. 1963), further strengthening the museum's world-renowned collection of modern and con- temporary sculpture. This piece is one of a series of works that grew out of Whiteread’s commission for the Holocaust Memorial in Vienna, Austria, and, like its genesis, was pro- duced through the process of directly casting the space around objects rather than the objects themselves. The result is a haunting, evocative true-to-scale “library” in pale plaster where the absence, rather than the presence, of books creates a sense of dislocation and loss. Important works by Jannis Kounellis, Michelangelo Pistoletto, John Currin, Cathy de Monchaux, and Arshile Gorky were also among the year’s acquisitions. April 27 "Gala The Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery initiated the first annual gala event to raise funds for programs and exhibitions as well as to strengthen the gal- leries’ ties to the community. This year’s gala, which inaugurated the exhibition “Music in the Age of Confucius,” raised more than $205,000 from supporters, including The Washington Post Company, Mr. and Mrs. Michael R. Son- nenreich, and Toyota. The gala was organized by co-chairmen Cynthia Helms and Eden Rafshoon, while cel- list Yo-Yo Ma served as honorary chairman. April 27-29 The 26th Annual Student Conference, an event for students at the seven member insti- = International student conference tutions of the Association of North American Graduate Programs In Conservation (ANAGPIC), was organized and hosted by the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education. Among the 84 students (and 26 faculty mem- bers) from American and Canadian training programs who attended the conference were the six students of the class of 2000 of SCMRE'’s Furniture Conservation Training Program (FCTP). April 28-July 9 = Traveling exhibition “Teddy Roosevelt: Icon of the Ameri- can Century,” an exhibition co-organized by the National Portrait Gallery and the National Park Service, U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, was on view at the New York State Museum in Albany. Chronology 57 April 28 as Exhibition “Rock ‘n’ Soul: Social Crossroads,” a collabora- tion between the National Museum of American History and Memphis Rock ‘n’ Soul, Inc., is located in the Gibson Guitar factory in Memphis, Tennessee. It examines the rich musical heritage of the Memphis area. “Rock ‘n’ Soul” fo- cuses on this transformation-migration, urbanization, racial and class issues, civil rights, and youth culture—through the medium of music. April 29 = Exhibition “Looping the Loop: Posters of Early Flight” began a national tour at the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. With more than 30 vintage oversized posters, the exhibition, organized by SITES, chronicles modern aviation from its earliest inception of balloons and dirigibles (airships) to mono- and biplanes. April 29 = Public program A Grain of Sand Reunion Concert: Singers Nobuko Miyamoto, Chris lijima, and Charlie Chin recorded the seminal Asian American album A Grain of Sand: Songs from the Birth of Asian America in 1973. Their music played an integral role in the burgeoning Asian American move- ment. Miyamoto, Iijima, and Chin performed original songs from the 1970s that are as meaningful now as they were then. Organized by the Program for Asian Pacific American Studies Program, cosponsored by Tsunami Theater, and funded by the Washington Post. Additional support provided by Saturn Electronics & Engineering, Inc. April 29 The Smithsonian Associates’ weekend seminar, “Rickover, Submarines, and the Cold War,” com- plemented the exhibition “Fast Attacks and Boomers: Submarines in the Cold War” at the National Museum of American History. = Public program April 29-August 13 = Exhibition Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, a special exhibition developed by the Arctic Studies Center at the National Museum of Natural History, followed the Vikings’ expansion from Scandanavia across the North Atlantic to North America. The exhibition commemorated the millen- nial anniversary of Leif Erikson’s arrival in the New World, 500 years before Columbus. It showcased spectacular arti- facts and discussed new findings that shed light on the Viking seamanship and the disappearance of the Norse colonies in Greenland. Royalty and heads of states from all of the Scandinavian nations attended the exhibition’s gala opening. In addition, the Web site accompanying the exhi- bition won several awards. April 30 8 Exhibition “Music in the Age of Confucius” opened at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. The exhibition presented a set of 36 rare bells, chime stones, zithers, flutes, drums, and pan- pipes representing the largest and best-preserved cache of ancient musical instruments ever discovered. Most of the objects in the show were on loan from the Hubei Provincial Museum in central China and were on view for the first time in the United States. The exhibition offered several public programs and an audio tour narrated by renowned cellist Yo-Yo Ma. April 30 a Exhibition “Brushing the Past: Later Chinese Calligraphy from the Gift of Robert Hatfield Ellsworth,” a presentation of 20 examples from Ellsworth’s recent gift of works dating from the eighteenth to twentieth centuries opened at the Freer Gallery of Art. The pieces on view were just a sample of the 260 works donated by Ellsworth in honor of the Freer’s 75th anniversary in 1998. June = Donation The Smithsonian Women’s Committee made an endowment gift of $100,000 to the Smithsonian American Art Museum to establish lectures at the Renwick Gallery on American craft as a multidisciplinary program, featuring practicing craft artists, curators, art historians, and anthro- pologists with the purpose of increasing contemporary craft art scholarship. June =" Grant Dr. Sorena Sorenson of the National Museum of Natural History’s Department of Mineral Sciences received an $88,500 grant from the Department of Energy. Entitled “Low-T, Fluid-Ashflow Tuff Interactions: How Rock Textures, Chemistry, and Mineralogy Reflect Reaction Path- ways, and Influence Rock Response to Heating,” the grant will support a postdoctoral fellow to do research on altered volcanic rocks from Creede, Colorado; Socorro, New Mexico; several localities in eastern California; and one site in south- ern Arizona. Observations made in the Department’s digital cathodoluminescense laboratory (which was upgraded through a major equipment grant a few years ago) will be a key component in this research. The grant will run for two years. June = Award Maryland Governor Parris Glendening visited SERC to present an award from the Maryland Rural Legacy Program to help conserve lands of the Rhode River water- shed and adjoining areas in agricultural land-use. 158 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 June = Program The Archives Division completed preparation of 260 agency histories and 788 records series, the first phase of SIA’s new system for intellectual control of its holdings June a Publication The Smithsonian American Art Museum re- leased the first four in a series of eight souvenir books to accompany Treasures To Go, a nationally circulating tour of eight exhibitions from its permanent collection. The first four books are Young America: Treasures from the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Lure of the West: Treasures from the Smithsonian American Art Museum, American Impressionism: Treasures from the Smithsonian American Art Museum, and The Gilded Age: Treasures from the Smithsonian American Art Mu- seum. Copublished by the museum and Watson-Guptill, a division of BPI Communications, the books cost $19.95 each and are available at bookstores and the various venues hosting the exhibitions, as well as on the museum's Web site at AmericanArt.si.edu. June = Award The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences releases its decadal survey report, “As- tronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium.” Four Center for Astrophysics based (or originated) initiatives are among those cited as vital new U.S. astronomical programs for the first decade of this new millennium. June 1 = Web site launch Studies launched its Web site, www.apa.si.edu, providing in- The Program for Asian Pacific American formation on upcoming and past events, donor information, and links to other Asian Pacific American organizations. This site is updated monthly. June 1-2 = Research The National Museum of Natural History Department of Vertebrate Zoology’s Dr. James Mead and Mr. Charley Potter went to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to review the cause(s) of the March 15 Bahamas beaked whale strandings. There were findings of possible naval involvement in the strandings. The U.S. Navy met with NMFS on June 5. June 1—August 31 = Summer hours The National Museum of African Art par- ticipated in “Art Night on the Mall,” offering nine musical programs introducing audiences to African musicians and instruments during extended summer hours on Thursday nights. June 2 a Event The Smithsonian American Art Museum hosted a reception to celebrate the public reopening of the refur- bished Grand Salon at the museum’s Renwick Gallery, one of Washington D.C.’s most splendid public spaces. More than 170 paintings and sculptures from the museum’s permanent collection were installed in the Grand Salon, Octagon Room, and the Great Stairhall to replicate a nineteenth-century col- lector’s picture gallery. June 3 8 Exhibition The Adler Planetarium in Chicago premiered the large version of the traveling exhibition “Hubble Space Telescope: New Views of the Universe.” A scale-model of the Hubble Space Telescope is the focal point in the exhibition that immerses visitors in the magnificence and mystery of the Hubble mission. The exhibition was developed by SITES and the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). The exhi- bition and its educational programs have been made possible through the generous support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Offices of Space and Science Edu- cation, Lockheed Martin, and the Smithsonian Women’s Committee. June 4 = Exhibition “The Heroic Past: The Persian Book of Kings,” an exhibition at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery presented 38 works of art, including lavishly illustrated manuscripts as well as tiles, glazed ceramic vessels, coins, and other objects in silver and gold. The show examined how ancient Iranian myths, legends, and history were combined to create the most powerful literary and visual expression of kingship in Iran. June 5 = Staff appointment Vidya Dehejia, a scholar of South and Southeast Asian art was named deputy director and chief curator at the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Dehejia previously served as the associate director and chief curator of the galleries. Her new position was cre- ated after the galleries’ former deputy director Tom Lentz was named the Smithsonian’s director of International Art Museums Division. June 7-9 = Management excellence The Board of Trustees of the Archives of American Art holds its annual meeting and associated events at The Getty Center and the Huntington Library in California. June 7-11 = Program restaging The 1999 New Hampshire Festival pro- gram was restaged at the Hopkinton State Fairgrounds in Chronology 159 central New Hampshire. The Festival program was produced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage with the New Hampshire Commission on the Smithsonian Folklife Festival and its nonprofit affiliate Celebrate New Hampshire Culture in partnership with the New Hampshire State Council on the Arts, Department of Cultural Resources, and the State of New Hampshire. Several days of Festival New Hampshire were dedicated to school visits, attracting nearly 10,000 students from across the state. June 8—October 24 = Exhibition and publication The National Museum of Nat- ural History featured a photographic exhibition “Selections from Forces of Change: A New View of Nature,” featuring 28 large-format photographs that represent the interplay be- tween humans and natural forces of change. The exhibition coincided with the release of the book Forces of Change: A New View of Nature, the first-ever publishing collaboration between the Smithsonian Institution and the National Geo- graphic Society. Among the Smithsonian contributors to the book are museum director Robert Fri; William Melson, geologist and vulcanologist; Alan Cutler, geologist and writer, “Forces of Change” program; Anna Behrensmeyer, research curator, Department of Paleobiology; and Bee Wuethrich, writer, “Forces of Change” program. Scientists Melinda Zeder, William Melson, and Don Wilson served as science advisers. The exhibition and book are part of the mu- seum’s ongoing “Forces of Change” program, which eventually will include traveling exhibitions, publications, interactive computer products, public programming, and the Forces of Change Gallery, featuring rotating exhibits. June 9 = Workshop The Smithsonian Libraries hosted members of the Chesapeake Information and Research Library Alliance for a workshop in the Libraries Imaging Center on digital technology. CIRLA, a consortium of nine libraries of which SIL is a founding member, CIRLA members in addition to the Smithsonian Institution Libraries are the Library of Con- gress and the National Agricultural Library and several universities (Georgetown University, George Washington University, Howard University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Delaware, and University of Maryland). June 9 = Public program “Panopticon: Vijay Iyer Solo/Quartet”: This musical performance blended the American jazz aes- thetic of Duke Ellington and Thelonious Monk with pianist-bandleader Vijay lyer’s South Asian heritage. Iyer’s compositions draw from South Asian and African American traditions to create highly original, subtle, powerful music in the creative jazz tradition. Joining Iyer were Rudresh Mahanthappa on alto saxophone, Derrek C. Phillips on drums, and Stephan Crump on bass. Piano provided by Yarnaha Corporation of America. Organized by the Program for Asian Pacific American Studies Program. Funded by the Washington Post. Cosponsored by the Freer and Sackler Galleries and “Piano 300: Celebrating Three Centuries of People and Pianos,” and copresented with Transparent Productions. June 10-September 5 # Exhibition “An American Diary and Memories of Child- hood: Paintings and Prints by Roger Shimomura,” a temporary exhibition at the National Museum of American History. “An American Diary” is an installation of painting, illustrating Shimomura’s grandmother's diary entries re- membering her Japanese American internment camp experiences between 1941 and 1943. “Memories of Child- hood” is a series of prints that depict the artist’s memories of his own internment experiences from age three to five. June 11 = Milestone The loggias, or open galleries, overlooking the courtyard at the Freer Gallery of Art opened to the public for the first time. Two bronze sculptures by American sculptor Augusts Saint-Gaudens (1848-1907) and four furniture groupings were installed. The project aimed at opening the loggias to the public was made possible by a generous grant from the Philip L. Graham Fund. June 11 a Exhibition “A Well-Watched War: Images from the Russo-Japanese Front, 1904-05” went on view at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. The exhibition presented 29 woodblock prints by Japanese artists and nine gouache drawings by British illustrators that were created as propaganda during this early twentieth-century war. June 14-16 = Conference Ninety-six members of affiliate institutions participated in the National Affiliations conference held in Washington, D.C. Highlights of the 2000 conference included major collaborative planning workshops, the Secretary’s speech to the affiliates at the congressional recep- tion, the launch of the redesigned Affiliations Web site (http://afffiliations.si.edu), the unveiling of the proposed National Affiliations membership program and product line, and the announcements of the Smithsonian Affiliations National Fellowship Award and the Smithsonian Affiliations Intern Partnership Program. June 15 = Award The National Portrait Gallery's book Hans Namuth: Portraits, by Carolyn Kinder Carr, received a design award in the Trade Illustrated Category from the Association of American University Presses. 160 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 June 15 = Presentation As part of the commemoration of Joseph Henry Day in Galway, New York, the first Secretary of the Smithsonian was recognized by the state of New York. The New York State Legislature was presented with the volumes of The Papers of Joseph Henry. The volumes have been placed in the legislative library. June 19 ® New director Smithsonian Institution Secretary Lawrence Small appoints Lucy H. Spelman new director of National Zoo. June 19 = Symposium The National Museum of Natural History— hosted symposium “Biodiversity of Colombia: Linking Science and Policy for Biodiversity Conservation” included presentations by the directors of Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costera (INVEMAR), and Centro Internacional Tropicale Agricul- tural, as well as other representatives of these Colombian organizations. Meetings focused on development of a significant proposal to support research, training, and infra- structure through a collaborative relationship were held after the symposium. June 20 = Bulletin launched The Dibner Library News, funded by the Dibner Fund, inaugurated its first issue with reports about current Dibner Library Resident Scholars activities, a report on history of mathematics collections in the library, and a re- port about Bern Dibner and the origins of the Dibner Library. The News will be published twice a year and is dis- tributed to the history of science and technology community and to friends of the Libraries and the Institution. It appears on-line at www.sil.si.edu. June 21 = Interview Yusef Lateef, a multi-reedist and composer, was interviewed for the Smithsonian Institution Jazz Oral His- tory Program. The Jazz Oral History Program is part of America’s Jazz Heritage, a partnership of the Lila Wallace- Reader’s Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution. June 22 = Programs “Latin Music on the Plaza,” a weekly series of free outdoor concerts featuring Caribbean and Afro-Cuban music, South American rhythms, and Latin jazz, began at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden as part of Art Night on the Mall. The series, for the second year, was co- organized by the Prince George’s County (Maryland) Arts Council. On August 3, in a multi-museum program dubbed “Hot Night on the Mall,” South African saxophonist Sydney Banda led a march of his own concert audience at the Na- tional Museum of African Art to the Hirshhorn plaza, where a lively jam session with Latin musicians attracted an audi- ence of 1,400. Art Night programs also included a well-attended series of gallery talks, Improy Art workshops for families, and six weekly screenings of free films. June 22 8 Signature event The Smithsonian Associates hosted 20 California high school students participating in the Aaron Price Fellows Program. This all-day program was the culmi- nating event in their weeklong visit to Washington, D.C., and offered them a firsthand glimpse at some of the Smith- sonian’s many research, conservation, and exhibition activities. June 23 8 Opening ceremony The Smithsonian Folklife Festival, pro- duced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, opened with distinguished speakers representing the three major programs, including Moises Loza, Executive Director of the Housing Assistance Council, Lodi Gyari, Emissary of the Dalai Lama to the United States, and Anthony Williams, Mayor of the District of Columbia. June 23 = Public program “Must Be the Music: Songs from Making Tracks’ —Second Generation Productions presented songs from the hit rock-musical Making Tracks. Journeying through two centuries of unsung Asian American Tales, from the building of the railroad to the creation of the In- ternet, a young Asian American rock musician set the beat in this innovative and colorful new musical. Review- ing its New York Off-Broadway debut, the New York Times hailed the piece as “promising, energetic, and hopeful” and NBC’s “Today in New York” said it was “making Asian American history.” Organized by the Program for Asian Pacific American Studies Program. Funded by the Washington Post. June 23 = Publication Dr. Storrs Olson of the National Museum of Natural History's Department of Vertebrate Zoology was in- terviewed by USA Today, the New York Times, Newsweek, Science, and other magazines and newspapers regarding Longisquama, a Triassic reptile with unusual primitive feath- ers, as reported in the June 23 issue of Science. Scientists, including Dr. Olson, who reject the “birds evolved from di- nosaurs” view tout the feather structures seen in Longisquama as further confirmation of their interpretation of the fossil record. The article has generated a lively debate on the iden- tification of the fossil itself, the process of avian evolution, and the application of hypothesis Chronology 16] June 23-27, June 30-July 4 = Exhibition The Smithsonian Folklife Festival, produced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, presented the programs “El Rio,” “Tibetan Culture Beyond the Land of Snows,” and “Washington, D.C.: It’s Our Home.” June 23-27, June 30-July 4 = Folklife Festival The Office of Public Affairs developed a local and national publicity campaign for the 34th annual Smithsonian Folklife Festival, which featured three different programs—’ Washington, D.C.: It’s Our Home,” “El Rio,” and “Tibetan Culture Beyond the Land of Snows.” Media coverage included network and local morning shows, a num- ber of articles in the Washington Post, and coverage in the New York Times, USA Today, and Washingtonian magazine. June 24-28 = Teacher's seminar “Bringing Folklife into Your Classroom” was sponsored by the Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies and conducted by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. The seminar brought together teach- ers of grades 3 through 12 to use the Smithsonian Folklife Festival as a learning laboratory. June 24—September 24 8 Traveling exhibition “A Durable Memento: Portraits by Augustus Washington, African American Daguerreotypist,” an exhibition organized by the National Portrait Gallery, was on view at the International Center of Photography in New York City. June 25 = Exhibition The National Museum of African Art opened the exhibition “Audible Artworks,” a selection of African musical instruments that demonstrates the formal inventive- ness of African artists to create objects that are a delight for the eyes as well as the ears. June 26 = Honor Dr. Kevin DeQueiroz, curator of Amphibians and Reptiles at the National Museum of Natural History, as- sumed the Presidency of the Society of Systematic Biologists. June 26 "Award 2000 Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) presented the Craig Hoffman Memorial Award to Michael Lang for “long standing and high quality contribu- tion to diving safety to both the diving and diving medical communities.” June 26 = Special event George Washington's Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens became a Smithsonian affiliate. From the National Museum of American History, Mount Vernon ac- quired several artifacts on long-term loan pertaining to the life and times of George Washington. Secretary Small, Sena- tor John Warner, and Congressman James Moran attended the press event and ceremonies. June 27 8 Exhibition opens A new educational, interactive exhibition, How Do You Zoo? opens. It introduces children to the skills needed to run a zoo. June 28-July 2 = Teacher seminar “Compassion and Cultural Survival: A Teacher Institute on the Study of Tibet in K-12 Education,” organized by Global Source in Seattle. The seminar, held as part of the “Tibetan Culture Beyond the Land of Snows” program that was produced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, brought teachers from around the coun- try to carry out independent research on selected Tibetan cultural traditions, drawing on the knowledge of Festival participants. June 29 = Exhibition and programs “Ed Ruscha,” an exhibition of more than 80 paintings, drawings, and photo-narrative books representing nearly 40 years of work by this Califor- nia-based American artist (b. 1937), opened an extensive tour at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. In Washington, “Ruscha” was the fifth best-attended contem- porary-art exhibition in the world, as reported by the London-based Art Newspaper in its annual attendance figures analysis. The show, co-organized with the Museum of Mod- ern Art in Oxford, England, honored one of America’s most influential and independent contemporary artists, who spoke at the museum on the opening day. Ruscha has remained a step ahead and apart from Pop Art, media-based imagery, and other art trends and movements of his time. After this first venue, the show traveled to the Museum of Contempo- rary Art, Chicago, the Miami Art Museum, the Modern Art Museum in Fort Worth, the Museum of Modern Art, Ox- ford, and the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Germany. Neal Benezra, formerly Assistant Director for Art and Public Pro- grams at the Hirshhorn and Kerry Brougher of MOMA Oxford were co-curators. June 30 B Concert Latino, American traditional, and boogie piano styles. The “Piano Traditions” featured gospel, Irish, blues, concert was held as part of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival, produced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. June 30 = Exhibition “Artistic License: The Federal Duck Stamp Story” reopens following gallery renovation at the National Postal Museum. 162 July a Award The Archives of American Art receives full corporate underwriting ($140,000) from the Ford Motor Company to support the Archives’ October 2000 Benefit, “A Salute to the Founders of the Archives of American Art.” July ® Construction contract The Office of Contracting awarded a construction contract to James G. Davis for the building fit- out package for the Victor Building. July = Construction contract The Office of Contracting awarded a construction contract for improvements to the Panda House at the National Zoological Park. July a New public program “Woodland Connections,” a new public program for middle SERC's Education Program completed and high school students on forest ecology. July = Program implemented The Smithsonian-wide Purchase Card Program coordinated by the Systems Branch, Office of Contracting, was implemented in July 2000. Approximately 150 credit/purchase cards were distributed to Smithsonian staff that attended the required training. Purchase card hold- ers are delegated the authority to obtain commercially available goods and services using the purchase card in lieu of issuing and tracking a purchase order. July = Research milestone The Submillimeter Array facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, achieves its first successful observations on a source outside our galaxy. July = Teacher workshops Museum of African Art gave local art teachers the opportu- nity to work with African and African American artists A week-long workshop at the National represented in the museum’s exhibition “Transatlantic Dialogue.” July = Television production As part of the national visibility campaign for the Treasures to Go tour, the Smithsonian American Art Museum developed a 30-minute television special about the museum’s collections and the tour. The program, produced by Trans World International a sub- sidiary of IMG in New York, will be syndicated on network affiliates in cities hosting Treasures to Go exhibitions. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 July-August = Public programs The Smithsonian Associates responded to requests from adults for a concentrated summer experience at the Smithsonian by creating four fabulous week-long “summer escapes.” The topics included haute cuisine, inter- national diplomacy, and photography. July-December = STC/MS development The National Science Resources Cen- ter continued development of its middle school curriculum, Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools—, with work on the second set of four modules for the eighth grade: Earth in Space, Electrical Energy and Circuit Design, Light, and Organisms—From Macro to Micro. Module development staff for each module recruited a 10- to 15-member advisory committee composed of teachers, scientists, and science edu- cators to assist in developing appropriate learning activities and materials. Development staff and advisors completed module overview plans and conducted trial teaching during the summer of 2000. Curriculum developers then prepared field-test versions of each module—both student guides and source books and teacher guides—for use in the classroom in spring 2001. July 1 = Concert cert featured Peggy Seeger who was joined by her children, her brother Mike Seeger, her niece Sonja Cohen, and several The sixth annual Ralph Rinzler Memorial Con- friends and collaborators. The concert was held as part of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival, produced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. July 1 = Exhibition “The Disability Rights Movement” at the Na- tional Museum of American History examines the history of activism by people with disabilities, their friends, and fami- lies to secure the civil rights guaranteed to all Americans. July 1 = New director Marc Pachter became the fourth Director of the National Portrait Gallery in July 2000. A cultural histo- rian, biographer, and author, he is known as the Smithsonian’s “Master Interviewer” for his creation at the Portrait Gallery of the Living Self-Portrait interview series with distinguished Americans. Pachter’s prime goal is to communicate the lives, meaning, and inspiration of remarkable Americans, past and present. The Portrait Gallery, in this way, will connect all Americans, across generations, regions, and communities, with their shared heritage of national achievement. July 1 = Special event “Tibetan-American Day Celebration” with Tibetan Americans from across the United States. Nearly 75 Chronology 163 percent of all Tibetan Americans came together for the first time. The day culminated with a 10,000-light offering that night. July 2 = Concert “Ear to the Ground: A Centenary Tribute to Malvina Reynolds” featured songs written by the late Malvina Reynolds, with lyrics reflecting the social justice and environmental issues of her day. Performers included Rosalie Sorrels, Tom Paxton, Bernice Johnson Reagon, and Peggy Seeger. The concert was held as part of the Smithson- ian Folklife Festival, produced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. July 2 = Public address His Holiness the Dalai Lama, spiritual and temporal leader of the Tibetan people, gave his first free public address in Washington in conjunction with the Smithsonian Folklife Festival, produced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. The talk was attended by ap- proximately 50,000 people and was broadcast live in English and Tibetan to Tibetans everywhere by Radio Free Asia. July 3 = Concert “Woody Guthrie’s Songs for Children” featured Ella Jenkins, Tom Paxton, Cathy Fink, Marcy Marxer, and Magpie. The concert was held as part of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival, produced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. July 7 = Grant $750,000 from the Save America’s Treasures program to help save 10,000 of America’s historical audio recordings at the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress. These sound recordings document some of the most significant ex- periences of the American people over the past 100 years. President Clinton announced a federal grant of Publicly known as “Save Our Sounds,” the grant marks a major collaboration between the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage and the Library of Congress American Folklife Center. July 10 " Staff appointment The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden announced the appointment of Kerry Brougher, Director of the Museum of Modern Art, Oxford, England, as Chief Curator. The Illinois-born Brougher, co-curator of the Ed Ruscha retrospective, headed an innovative program of exhibitions at Oxford that included, among others, a major touring show of 1999 entitled “Notorious: Alfred Hitchcock and Contemporary Art,” which traveled to Australia, Canada, Denmark, and Spain. “Jeff Wall,” another show or- ganized by Brougher when he was curator at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, was seen at the Hirshhorn in 1997. Brougher succeeded Neal Benezra, who became Deputy Director and The Frances and Thomas Dittmer Curator of Modern and Contemporary Art at the Art Insti- tute of Chicago. July 15 "Grant Dr. Ed Vicenzi, Department of Mineral Sciences, is co-Principal Investigator on an NSF grant with Peter Heaney (Penn State University). The project is titled “A mantle or crustal origin for carbonado? Synthesis and micro- analytical studies of polycrystalline diamond.” The award is $149,767 and will be administered through Penn State. July 18-19 = Interview Chief (James) Bey, a percussionist and dancer, was interviewed for the Smithsonian Institution Jazz Oral History Program. The Jazz Oral History Program is part of America’s Jazz Heritage, a partnership of the Lila Wallace- Reader's Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution. July 23-28 = LASER event The National Science Resources Center’s Leadership and Assistance for Science Education Reform (LASER) initiative is designed to reach school districts through eight regional partnerships involving universities, corporations, state departments of education, and the Na- tional Science Foundation Systemic Initiative Projects. LASER programs encourage districts to address the National Science Education Standards as well as state and local stan- dards in developing their reform strategies. A six-day LASER event is called a Strategic Planning Institute, which consists of interactive workshops and discussions during which leadership teams develop five-year strategic plans to reform K-8 science education in their districts. Each year the NSRC hosts a national Strategic Planning Institute in Wash- ington, D.C. The 2000 national institute brought faculty from all eight LASER regions to share best practices with representatives from school districts across the country and from Mexico. In late July, the LASER staff hosted 16 leadership teams from school districts nationwide plus several special teams and participants, including a represen- tative from the U.S.-Mexico Foundation for Science. The 16 teams represented school districts with 573 K-8 schools, more than 20,000 K-8 teachers, and approximately 375,000 K-8 students. July 24 = Exhibition National Postal Museum. The Lance Armstrong exhibition opens at the July 24-November 1 = Exhibition “Rube Goldberg: Comic Art and Invention,” a showcase at the National Museum of American History, looks at twentieth-century America’s (and Rube Goldberg’s) 164 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 playful yet guarded enthusiasm for people’s inventiveness. Linked to the Lemelson Center’s theme of “Invention at Play.” July 26 a Exhibition The National Postal Museum presents the “Recounting Roosevelt Presentation Albums” exhibition. July 29 a Exhibition Due to great public interest, the SITES exhibi- tion “Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941-1945” began an extension tour at the Harden County Historical Museum in Kenton, Ohio. Originally col- lected by the Smithsonian’s curator of graphic arts during World War II, these poster reproductions accompany photo- graphs and original objects to tell the story of an America mobilizing its human and natural resources for the war overseas. July 29 = Exhibition, special event The “George Washington: Man Behind the Myths” exhibition with artifacts from the National Museum of American History opened at the His- torical Society of Western Pennsylvania affiliate in Pittsburgh. Since then, the museum reported that school group visitation increased 150 percent and that general visi- tation increased 20 percent. July 31-August 8 = Study tour Smithsonian Study Tours, a division of The Smithsonian Associates, commemorated the Viking’s 1000 A.D. landing with a tour that enabled Associates to walk in the footsteps of the New World’s first European visitors dur- ing visits to Gros Morne and L’Anse aux Meadows, Labrador. August = Annual report The Office of Public Affairs began the process of revamping the annual report, Smithsonian Year, for the year 2000. This involved rethinking the text and illus- trations to better reflect the united Smithsonian-wide efforts made during the year. August = Exhibition The educational exhibits surrounding FossiLab at the National Museum of Natural History opened. The ex- hibits explained the workings of FossiLab to the public. Visitors to FossiLab at the National Museum of Natural His- tory can watch as paleontologists and trained volunteers extract fossils from rock, set up fossil casts and molds, and prepare microscopic fossils for study. They can talk to scien- tists and learn how they use fossils to learn about the evolution of life and past climates on Earth. August = Information system The Office of Contracting awarded an Information Technology services contract to K. E. Software for the Collection Reference Information System for the multi-media module of the information system for the National Museum of Natural History. August 8 Acquisitions The Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Library purchased two major folios with funds pro- vided by The Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Fund. A remarkably beautiful 1921 folio of French Art Deco archi- tectural plans and elevations was the brainchild of Louis She and André Mare. Thomas Weigner’s Naturstunen und Kompo- Sitionem (1922) contains 22 color designs for textiles inspired by plants and insects, and documents Art Nouveau patterns developed for students and designers by the director of a technical college for women. August = Opening Victor Building August ® Repatriation The National Museum of Natural History repatriated the human remains of Ishi, commonly thought to be the last member of the Yahi tribe, to the closely related Yana people of California. Ishi spent the last years of his life at the University of California-San Francisco, demonstrating arrow making and fire building to visitors and helping re- searchers document the Yahi language. After he died in 1916, his brain was removed and preserved while the rest of his body was cremated. Ishi’s brain was donated to the mu- seum and remained there for 85 years, although apparently it was never used in any research. In 1999, the museum’s Repatriation Office received a request to return Ishi’s brain so that it could be reunited with the cremated body. In some Native American beliefs, the soul cannot rest until the body is cremated whole and placed in its homeland. August = Research result The Chandra X-ray Observatory looks at the Comet “LINEAR,” and discovers X-ray emission coming from hot oxygen and nitrogen atoms. August 2 = Staff appointment Debra Diamond, a scholar of Indian painting, joined the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery as assistant curator of South and Southeast Asian art. She filled the position following the appointment of Vidya Dehejia, former associate director/chief curator and curator of South and Southeast Asian art, as deputy director and chief curator of the galleries. Dr. Diamond received her Ph.D. from Columbia University for her innovative disserta- Chronology 165 tion on Jodhpur painting, “The Politics and Aesthetics of Citation: Nath Paintings at the Jodhpur Court, 1803-1843.” August 11 = Award The Smithsonian American Art Museum an- nounces the 2000 winner of the Charles C. Eldredge Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in American Art, Dr. Wanda M. Corn, Robert and Ruth Halperin Professor in art history at Stanford University, for her book The Great American Thing: Modern Art and National Identity, 1915-1935 (Univer- sity of California Press, 1999). August 12 s Award The Smithsonian American Art Museum was selected to participate in a trilateral educational Web site called “Pan-American Perspectives: The Land in Art.” Madeleine K. Albright, U.S. Secretary of State announced this project at the third annual Trilateral Ministerial Meeting in Santa Fe. This first multilingual Web partner- ship links SAAM with museums in Canada and Mexico, under the leadership of the Canadian Heritage Information Network. August 12 = Exhibition “Hubble Space Telescope: New Views of the Universe—Version 2” began a national tour at the Castle Museum in Saginaw, Michigan. Especially designed for display in smaller galleries, the exhibition explores the telescope, its history and its mission. The exhibition was developed by SITES and the Space Telescope Science Insti- tute (STSclI). August 15 The Smithsonian American Art Museum an- nounced the establishment of the New Media/New Century Award in support of new art created for the Web. This award is made possible by Dominion, an energy company head- = Donation quartered in Richmond, Virginia, as part of an ongoing partnership with the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Through this award, the museum is supporting projects that explore how the new medium of Web art affects the Ameri- can landscape as a subject. August 18 = Award program established The Libraries’ Spencer Baird Society, the premiere annual giving and donor recognition organization, will fund awards for resident scholars to work for up to six months in the Libraries special collections. The Baird Society Resident Scholar Program joins the Libraries’ Dibner Library Resident Scholar Program, supported since 1992 by The Dibner Fund of Wilton, Connecticut. August 18 = Exhibition, special event The new facility for the Chabot Space and Science Center affiliate opened in Oakland, Cali- fornia. Through this affiliation, the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History loaned more than a dozen sig- nificant historical telescopes and astronomical instruments for the exhibition hall, “History of Astronomy in California: 1850-1950.” Additional loans of meteorite specimens from the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History were sent for display in the Center’s exhibition “The Origins and Meaning of Meteorites.” August 19-October 29 “Hans Namuth: Portraits,” an exhibi- tion organized by the National Portrait Gallery, was on view at the Heckscher Museum in Huntington, Long Island, New York. = Traveling exhibition August 21-22 a Interview Roger “Buck” Hill, a saxophonist, was inter- viewed for the Smithsonian Institution Jazz Oral History Program. The Jazz Oral History Program is part of Amer- ica’s Jazz Heritage, a partnership of the Lila Wallace- Reader’s Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution. August 22 = Transition One of the Zoo’s most popular animals, Nancy, an African elephant, is euthanized. August 25 = Event A paper describing the ongoing conservation space suit research, which is being supported by a “Save America’s Treasures” grant, was delivered to the national meeting of the American Chemical Society in Washington, D.C. The conservation project, funded through a partnership between The White House Millennium Council and The National Trust for Historic Preservation, is designed to save threat- ened artifacts from the Apollo Space Program now in the National Air and Space Museum’s collection. During fiscal year 2000, specialists in the museum completed work on 88 objects, including six-actual Apollo lunar spacesuits and var- ious other space-related components. August 29-30 = Focus groups The Office of Public Affairs, in conjunction with the Institutional Studies Office, held three focus groups made up of a random sampling of staff, who were asked to discuss and give their opinions on various aspects of the em- ployee newspaper, The Torch. September = Anniversary celebration SERC and 300 guests celebrated its 35th anniversary with honors presented by Maryland Gover- 166 nor Parris Glendening and a message from the President of the United States. September 8 Award The Smithsonian American Art Museum and Heritage Preservation were awarded the fourth International Institute for Conservation’s Keck Award for “Save Outdoor Sculpture!” at the 18th International Congress in Mel- bourne, Australia. September = Publicity campaign The Office of Public Affairs’ publicity campaign for Hispanic Heritage Month included news re- leases, radio advertisements on Spanish-language stations, and ads in local Spanish-language newspapers. Thirty-second spots ran twice a day from September 11 to October 14 on Radio America, Radio Borinquen, and Radio Capital. Three print ads ran, once each week, from mid-September into Oc- tober, in E/ Pregonero and Tiempo Latino. September = STC/MS Books completed field testing and released the first four of eight modules in the Science and Technology Concepts for Middle The National Science Resources Center Schools project: Catastrophic Events; Energy, Machines, and Motion; Human Body Systems; and Properties of Matter. These STC/MS modules, geared for seventh grade, can be used in sixth or eighth grade as well. They are designed to enable middle school students to develop an understanding of important science concepts by investigating scientific phe- nomena. Students make observations, gather data, note interesting patterns, identify cause-and-effect relationships, and generate explanations based on their observations. Field testing of the first four STC/MS modules was conducted in 19 school districts across the country. Following the publica- tion of the student texts and teacher guides for each module, more than 40 school districts nationwide have begun to im- plement the program. September = Educational outreach The Smithsonian American Art Museum launched a new outreach initiative, “Have Art; Will Travel.” Docents from the museum visit community organizations and senior citizen groups throughout the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area to extend awareness of the museum’s collections to new audiences. September = Exhibition “Town and Country” exhibition opens at the National Postal Museum. September = Recording release The Best of Broadside 1962-1988: Anthems of the American Underground from the Pages of Broadside Maga- Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 zine was released, containing over five hours of music first published in the historic Broadside magazine, which con- tained thousands of songs that came out of the peace, labor, and civil rights movements. September 1 8 Appointment Anthony Coates appointed to the position of Director for Scientific Research, Office of the Under Secre- tary for Science. September 5 The Smithsonian American Art Mu- seum announced that all “Save Outdoor Sculpture!” survey reports—some 31,833 reports documenting the history and condition of America’s outdoor sculpture—have been en- tered in a database that is accessible on-line through the museum's Web site. = Educational outreach September 9 = Agreement The Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery signed an agreement with the Golestan Palace in Tehran to study and copublish an imperial Mughal manu- script of the early seventeenth century. The agreement marks the first time in over 20 years that cultural contact between Iran and the United States has been established. September 9 = Exhibition/partnership Building on a strategic relationship with Silver Dollar City (theme park) in Branson, Missouri, SITES embarked on its third successful partnership with this popular for-profit destination. The exhibition “Heart & Hands: Musical Instrument Makers of America” celebrates the American artisans who are keeping alive the age-old tradition of designing and hand-crafting fine musical instru- ments. The alliance between SITES and Silver Dollar City is important because the park’s large visitorship—1.8 million visitors a year, all ages, drawn mostly from the South and Midwest—generates high visibility for the Smithsonian and its exhibitions. September 12 = Exhibition “The Opulent Eye of Alexander Girard,” Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. September 12 = Premiere The San Diego Natural History Museum affiliate held the international premiere of its IMAX® film Ocean Oasis at the Johnson IMAX® Theater at the National Mu- seum of Natural History. September 14 ws Exhibiton “The Collection in Context: Horace Pippin’s Holy Mountain III,” an interpretive presentation probing the Chronology 167 biographical, religious, and symbolic dimensions of a 1945 painting, opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, accompanied by a noontime gallery talk by curator Judith Zilczer. The work by Pippin (1888-1946), who was one of the first self-taught African American artists in this country to gain wide recognition, is a highlight of the Hir- shhorn Museum collection—a quiet tour de force combining a biblical vision of peace with trenchant social commentary. A range of archival materials and artworks that provide in- sight into Pippin’s artistic sources and social milieu were part of this compact narrative exhibit, including a rare letter in the artist’s own hand, newsclips of race-based killings in the South, and a nineteenth-century Peaceable Kingdom paint- ing by Pennsylvania folk artist Edward Hicks (1780-1849), on loan from the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C. September 15 = Exhibition The Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education’s materials science exhibition “Santos: Sub- stance and Soul/Swstancia y Alma” opened at the Arts and Industries Building. This fully bilingual exhibit (cospon- sored by the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives) contained 40 objects from five institutions, and featured an innovative, bilingual Web-based catalog of objects and re- lated scholarship. September 15—October 15 = Outreach As part of the Smithsonian’s Hispanic Heritage Month activities, the Archives of American Art presented a special Web site location entitled “Selecciénes Cubanas: Selections from the Papers of Cuban American Artists at the Archives of American Art.” September 16 = Public program FY 2000 ended on a sweet note with an extraordinary Smithsonian Associates seminar, attended by 300 people, entitled “Chocolate: From Secret Indulgence to Good-for-You Pleasure,” cosponsored with M&M Mars. September 16 = Special event The B&O Railroad Museum affiliate (Baltimore, Maryland) held its “Capital Affair” gala at the National Postal Museum, with Secretary Small and Con- gressman Ben Cardin as keynote speakers and honored guests. September 16 = Symposium “Ancient Instruments, New Music” at the Freer Gallery of Art presented scholars and musicians from the United States, Germany, and China discussing and demonstrating ancient and modern Chinese music and their relation to the instruments in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery exhibition “Music in the Age of Confucius.” September 17 = Program The acclaimed cellist Yo-Yo Ma, pipa virtuoso Wu Man, and Music from China ensemble premiered a new composition by Zhou Long in a concert marking the closing of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery exhibition “Music in the Age of Confucius.” September 19 = Donation The announcement of the gift of Kenneth E. Behring of $80 million to the National Museum of Ameri- can History, the largest single donation in SI history. September 19 = Press briefing The Office of Public Affairs worked closely with the National Museum of American History and the Smithsonian’s Office of Development on publicity for the announcement of the biggest-ever gift to the Smithsonian— $80 million to the American History Museum from California developer and philanthropist Kenneth E. Behring. Along with his $20 million gift to the National Museum of Natural History in 1998, this brings Behring’s total gift to the Smithsonian to $100 million. September 20-21 a Interview “Bebo” Valdez, pianist, was interviewed for the Smithsonian Institution Jazz Oral History Program. The Jazz Oral History Program is part of America’s Jazz Her- itage, a partnership of the Lila Wallace-Reader’s Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution. September 21 ® Acquisition The Smithsonian Libraries held a reception for members of its Spencer Baird Society, its premiere annual giving and donor recognition group, to welcome a major ac- quisition purchased in July with funds provided by the society. The 220-volume set of the first scientific journal published, the Journal des Scavans (an early form of savants, the French word for scholars), will be available to researchers in the Libraries’ Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. This major historical resource consists of all vol- umes published from the first volume in 1665 through October 1759. September 21-23 = Conference The Archives of American Art and The Getty Research Institute cosponsored “Art in America: A Conver- sation on Archival Collecting” at The Getty Center and the Huntington Library, a conference attended by representatives from the most important art archives organizations in the United States and Canada. September 24 = Exhibition The National Museum of African Art opened the Point of View Gallery exhibition “Identity of the Sacred: 168 Two Nigerian Shrine Figures” exploring the meaning of identity within two societies of southeastern Nigeria. September 26 ® Robbery Friends of the National Zoo business office is robbed. September 27-January 8 Traveling exhibition/Affiliation loan “Notable Women from the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery Collection” became one of the inaugural exhibitions at The Women’s Museum: An Institute for the Future in Dallas, Texas. For this innovative museum dedicated to the history and promotion of women, the NPG compiled 50 paintings and sculptures to illustrate the import of such notable American figures as Leontyne Price, Amelia Earhart, and Susan B. Anthony. September 29 The Women’s Museum: An Insti- tute for the Future opened as an affiliate in Dallas, Texas. Under Secretary Sheila Burke attended the opening festivi- ties. Exhibitions developed for the new facility featured 152 artifacts on loan from the National Portrait Gallery—which developed an exhibition of Notable American Women = Exhibition, special event _ Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 specifically for the museum—the National Air and Space Museum, the National Museum of American History, and the National Postal Museum. September 30 = Eleventh digital edition published The Smithsonian Libraries rith digital edition was launched on the Web. FE. N. Marti- net’s Ornithologie (1773-92) is the sixth natural history rare book that the Libraries has published on the Web. Three works in the history of science and technology and two works on Native American Studies from the Bureau of American Ethnology are also available on the Libraries’ Web site at www.sil.si.edu. September 30 a Exhibition The SITES exhibition “American Garden Legacy: Exploring Garden Transformations, 1900-2000” premiered at the Smithsonian's Arts and Industries Build- ing, Washington, D.C. The exhibition, produced with the Smithsonian Horticulture Services Division, celebrates the rebirth and preservation of five grand American gardens: Thornewood in Tacoma, Washington; Beacon Hill in New- port, Rhode Island; Grosse Pointe War Memorial in Michigan; Shirley Plantation on the James River in Virginia; and Weld in Brookline, Massachusetts. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships The Smithsonian offers, through the Office of Fellowships and Grants, research and study appointments to visiting sci- entists, scholars, and students. The appointees are provided access to the Institution’s facilities, staff specialties, and refer- ence resources. The persons—listed by unit or office—in this Appendix began their residencies between October 1, 1999, and September 30, 2000, and have been in residence for three months or longer. Predoctoral and postdoctoral fellows, visit- ing scientists or scholars, and other awardees and participants in special programs are so listed. Listed for each fellow or visitor is the institution where each received, or expects to receive, a degree or the home university or institution; a brief description of the project undertaken at the Smithsonian; the Smithsonian advisor; and dates of residency. Archives of American Art Daniel L. Hurewitz, Visiting Student, University of California, Los Angeles. “Together Against the World,” with Paul Karlstrom from January 1, 2000 to March 31, 2000. Asian Pacific American Studies Program Dorothy Fujita Rony, Visiting Scholar, University of California, Irvine. “Oral History of a Pioneer in New York Chinatown: Lung Chin,” with Franklin Odo from July 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000. Thomas Y. Fujita Rony, Visiting Scholar, California State University. “The Predicaments of Professional Knowledge: Japanese Americans, Native Americans, and Anthropology,” with Franklin Odo from July 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000. Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage A. Abdullah, SI Predoctoral Fellow, New School for Social Research. “‘Transnational Imagination’ Among Asante Immigrants in the United States,” with Diana Baird N’Diaye and Peter Pipim from November 15, 1999 to May 15, 2000. Mark A. Jackson, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Louisiana State University. “The Writings and Recordings of Woody Guthrie,” with Jeffrey Place and Charles McGovern from September 1, 2000 to February 28, 2001. Freer Gallery of Art/ Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Raisa I. Amirbekyan, SI Senior Fellow, Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies, Armenia. “The Theory and Practice of Sufism as Reflected in the Art of Safavid Iran during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Themes, Subjects, and Motifs,” with Massumeh Farhad from July 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000. Qing Chang, SI Senior Fellow, Buddhist Research Institute, China. “The Freer/Sackler Buddhist Art Collection: A Reconsideration,” with Jan Stuart from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2000. Elspeth R.M. Dusinberre, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Michigan. “Construing Persepolis: The Ernst Herzfeld Archive at the Smithsonian Institution's Freer Archives,” with Ann Gunter and Colleen Hennessey from January 15, 2000 to April 14, 2000. Janice A. Katz, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Princeton University. “The Maeda Daimyo as Collectors and Patrons of Art,” with Ann Yonemura from April 1, 2000 to June 30, 2000. 170 Wei Liu, Visiting Scholar, Tsinghua University. “The Low- Temperature-Glaze Porcelain of Guantai Kiln,” with Blythe McCarthy from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2000. Anna M. Ranero-Antolin, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard University. “The Ramayana of ‘Abd al-Rahim Khanan: A Study of a Mughal Manuscript,” with Vidya Dehejia and Massumeh Farhad from May 15, 2000 to January 14, 2001. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Allan W. Antliff, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Delaware. “Reconfiguring New York Dada,” with Judith Zilczer and Liza Kirwin from February 1, 2000 to April 30, 2000. Horticulture Services Division Susan J. Pennington, Enid A. Haupt Fellow, University of Minnesota. “Soil Formation Processes and the Archeology of Urban Gardens,” with Nancy Bechtol from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2001. National Air and Space Museum William EF. Althoff, Ramsey Fellow, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey. “The Airship in Combat: A History of U.S. Navy Airships in the War at Sea, 1941-1945,” with Tom Crouch from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2000. Glen R. Asner, Guggenheim Fellow, Carnegie Mellon University. “Navigating the Cold War Economy: Government Policy, Corporate Strategy, and Industrial Research, 1945-1985,” with Martin Collins from September 1, 2000 to May 31, 2001. Carl J. Bobrow, Verville Fellow, Brooklyn, New York. “The Debut and Impact of the First Long-Range Bomber During World War I,” with Von Hardesty from October I, 1999 to September 30, 2000. Tian Y. Cao, SI Senior Fellow, Boston University. “The International Context of China’s Nuclear Weapons Program,” with Gregg Herken and Michael Neufeld from March 1, 2000 to August 31, 2000. Jeffrey A. Engel, Guggenheim Fellow, University of Wisconsin, Madison. “Cold War at 30,000 Feet: Anglo- American Diplomacy Aircraft Sales, and Trading with the Enemy at the Dawn of the Jet Age,” with Robert van der Linden from August 15, 2000 to November 15, 2000. Bettyann Holtzmann Kevles, Charles A. Lindbergh Chair Fellow, Pasadena, California. “Women in the Fields of Science and Engineering during the Last Third of the Twentieth Century,” with Allan Needell and Dominick Pisano from August 1, 2000 to January 31, 2001. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Katherine Landdeck, Visiting Student, University of Tennessee. “Study of Women Air Force Service Pilots (WASP) of World War II,” with Dom Pisano from May 22, 2000 to August 22, 2000. Thomas Wildenberg, Ramsey Fellow, Silver Spring, Maryland. “William E. Taylor and the Introduction of Radar Interception in the USN,” with Russ Lee and Dominick Pisano from January 1, 2000 to August 31, 2000. National Museum of African Art Erica E. James, Postgraduate Conservation Internship, University of Delaware. “Conservation of the Ethiopian Icons in the Museum’s Collections,” with Stephen Mellor from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. Karen E. Milbourne, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Iowa. “Diplomacy in Motion: Predoctoral Research of Lozi Arts at the Smithsonian Institution,” with David Binkley and Mary Jo Arnoldi from July 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001. National Museum of American History Regina Lee Blaszczyk, Lemelson Center Senior Fellow, Boston University. “Research on the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana and Transportation Collections,” with Arthur Molella and Claudine Klose from June 1, 2000 to August 31, 2000. Lorena Maria Chambers, Rockefeller Humanities Fellow, University of Michigan. “Vaqueros and Charros in the American Landscape,” with Lonn Taylor from April 1, 2000 to June 30, 2000. Georgine W. Clarsen, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Melbourne, Australia. “Some Wheels of One’s Own: Women Construct Nation, Modernity, Self,” with Steven Lubar and Roger White from January 15, 2000 to July 15, 2001. Cheryl Fox, Visiting Scholar, Maryland African American Museum Project. “Current and Potential Approaches to Encouraging Cross-Cultural Museum Visitation,” with Spencer Crew and Nancy Fuller from September 27, 2000 to September 19, 2001. Kathleen G. Franz, Lemelson Center Senior Fellow, University of North Carolina, Greensboro. “Research on African-American Motorists,” with Arthur Molella and Claudine Klose from May 15, 2000 to August 14, 2000. David A. Gray, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of Minnesota. “The Poster Representation of the Production Worker, 1930-1950,” with Harry Rubenstein and Peter Liebhold from May 29, 2000 to August 4, 2000. Jason P. Gruen, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley. “Tourist Attractions in Urban nserermaiemeemammaes maneninticdmmmae Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 171 America, 1870-1893,” with Charles McGovern and Cynthia Field from September 15, 2000 to June 14, 2001. Dennis R. Hidalgo, Fellow in Latino Studies, Central Michigan University. “Envoys of a New Empire?: Two Protestant Communities in the Spanish Caribbean, Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,” with Marvette Perez and Miguel Bretos from June 15, 2000 to June 14, 2001. Ann M. Kilkelly, SI Senior Fellow, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. “Tapping the Margins,” with Pete Daniel and Dwight Bowers from July 1, 2000 to September 30, 2000. Olivia McGray, Visiting Scholar, University of Minnesota. “Texas Cattle Fever As a Case Study in the Laboratory ‘Revolution’ in Medicine,” with Deborah Warner from December 1, 1999 to November 30, 2000. Denise D. Meringolo, SI Predoctoral Fellow, George Washington University. “Crisis and Interpretation,” with Charles McGovern from June 1, 2000 to February 28, 2001. Mary C. Neth, SI Senior Fellow, University of Missouri. “Tapping the Margins,” with Pete Daniel and Dwight Bowers from July 1, 2000 to September 30, 2000. Cynthia Ott, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Pennsylvania. “Cultural History of Pumpkins,” with Rayna Green from August 1, 2000 to April 30, 2001. Gerald E. Poyo, Visiting Scholar, St. Mary’s University. “Interpreting and Exhibiting U.S. Latino History,” with Charles McGovern from May 15, 2000 to August 14, 2000. Laura Schiavo, SI Predoctoral Fellow, George Washington University. ““A Collection of Endless Extent and Beauty’: Stereographs, Perception, and the American Middle Class, 1850-1882,” with Helena Wright and Susan Myers from October 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000. David M. Scobey, SI Senior Fellow, University of Michigan. “Nation-Building and the Victorian Culture Industry,” with Charles McGovern from May 1, 2000 to July 31, 2001. Michelle R. Scott, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Cornell University. “The Early Years of an Empress: Bessie Smith and Her Musical Influences, 1900-1923,” with John Hasse and Charles McGovern from July 1, 2000 to September 30, 2000. Lauren R. Sklaroff, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Virginia. “Ambivalent Inclusion: The Politics of Racial Representation in America, 1920-1950,” with Charles McGovern from September 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001. John W. Troutman, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Texas. “American Indians and the Politics of Music,” with Rayna Green from July 15, 2000 to January 14, 2001. James Todd Uhlman, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Rutgers University. “Peddlers of Exoticism,” with Charles McGovern and Pamela Henson from June 1, 2000 to November 30, 2000. Deborah R. Vargas, Predoctoral Fellow, University of California, Santa Cruz. “Las Grandes de Tejas: Mapping Histories of Women in Texas-Mexican Music,” with Marvette Perez and Matt Watson from October 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000. Jonathan R. Winkler, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Yale University. “Wiring the World’: U.S. Corporate Efforts to Create an Independent Global Communicataions System in the Interwar Period,” with Bernard Finn and Elliot Sivowitch from August 15, 2000 to February 14, 2001. National Museum of Natural History Gerard J. Allan, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Claremont Graduate School. “Biogeographic Relationships Between Western North American and Mediterranean Floras: Insights from Molecular and Morphological Phylogenetic Studies of ‘Lotus’ L. (Faboideae: Fabaceae),” with Elizabeth Zimmer and Warren Wagner from October 15, 1999 to October 14, 2000. Thomas C. Aplin, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of Oklahoma. “The Fire Dance of the Folk Sill Apache,” with Joallyn Archambault from May 29, 2000 to August 4, 2000. Stephanie Bergamo, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of Georgia. “What is Callisia Loefl. (Commelinaceae)?” with Robert Faden and Vicki Funk from May 29, 2000 to August 4, 2000. Rene Luis Bobe, Visiting Scientist, University of Washington, Seattle. “Faunal Responses to Climate Change in the East African Plio-Pleistocene,” with Anna K. Behrensmeyer from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2001. Kay S. Bradfield, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, James Cook University, Australia. “Using Fluctuating Asymmetry as a Tool for Identifying Amphibian Populations at Increased Risk of Decline,” with George Zug and W. Ronald Heyer from October 4, 1999 to December 10, 1999. Renae J. Brodie, Visiting Scientist, University of Washington. “Ontogeny of Land Crab Respiratory Structures During the Sea-to-Land Transition,” with Mary E. Rice and Anson Hines from February 1, 2000 to July 31, 2001. Thomas H. Burbine, Jr., SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Analysis of Possible Compositional and Spectral Analogs to Muses-C Target Asteroids,” with Timothy McCoy and James Zimbelman from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2001. Jennifer Bybee-Rashidi, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of California, Los Angeles. “Paleopathological Study of Human Remains from the Ancient Middle East,” with Bruno Frohlich and Donald Ortner from July 10, 2000 to September 15, 2000. H. David Clarke, Visiting Scientist, University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign. “Systematics and Evolution of Tribes Acacieae and Ingeae (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae),” with Don Wilson from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2000. 172 Mariana Cosarinsky, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Arizona State University. “Fine-grained Rims in the Reduced CV Chondrite Vigarano: Nebular or Parent Body Processing?” with Glenn MacPherson from June 1, 2000 to August 31, 2000. David N. Cozzo, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of Georgia. “Ethnobotanical Research of James Mooney Among the Cherokee Indians,” with William Sturtevant from June 5, 2000 to August II, 2000. Thomas W. Cuddy, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Columbia University. “Archaeology of Northeast Honduras,” with Thomas Killion from April 1, 2000 to March 31, 2001. Eric Warren Edsinger-Gonzales, Visiting Student, Utrecht University. “Evolution of Axis Specification within the Spiralia,” with Mary E. Rice from March 1, 2000 to May 18, 2001. Henry C. Fricke, Visiting Scientist, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institute. “Latitudinal Gradients in Temperature During the Early Eocene: A Combined Stable Isotope and Paleobotanical Approach,” with Scott Wing from October I, 1999 to September 30, 2000. Stephen D. Gaimari, Visiting Scientist, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. “Systematics of the Lauxanioidea (Dipteria),” with Wayne Mathis from March I, 2000 to August 31, 2000. Alexandra N. Harris, Visiting Student, University of California, Los Angeles. “Reinventing Native American Identity Through the Lens,” with Joanna Scherer from July 1, 2000 to July 21, 2000. John Harshman, Visiting Scientist, University of Chicago. “Exploring the Deep Phylogeny of Birds with C-myc,” with Michael Braun from September 11, 2000 to September ro, 2001. Wayne G. Henderson, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of California, Riverside. “Saukiid Trilobites and Their Implications for Late Cambrian Paleogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions,” with Conrad Labandeira and Douglas Erwin from June 19, 2000 to September 8, 2000. Walter C. Holmes, SI Senior Fellow, Baylor University. “Classification of Mikania (Compositae-tribe: Eupatorieae),” with Harold Robinson and Vicki Funk from June I, 2000 to August 31, 2000. Sharon A. Jansa, Visiting Scientist, American Museum of Natural History. “Phylogenetic Systematics of Madagascar’s Endemic Rodents (Muridae: Nesomyinae),” with Michael Carlton from April 1, 2000 to March 31, 2002. Carlos A. Jaramillo, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Florida. “Diversity Patterns of Neotropical Vegetation Across the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Global Warming,” with Scott Wing from January 15, 2000 to January 14, 2001. Tara D. Kennedy, Visiting Scientist, University of Texas, Austin. “Paper Conservation Techniques from Two Different Perspectives: Manuscript and Fine Art Conservation,” with Candace Greene from September 5, 2000 to May 31, 2001. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Naoki Kohno, Visiting Scientist, National Science Museum, Japan. “A Study on Fossil Pinnipeds,” with Clayton Ray from November 1, 1999 to May 31, 2000. Jennifer A. MacCormack, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Yale University. “Monitoring Foddering Practices from the Seventh to Second Millennia B.C. in the Western Jazira, Syria,” with Melinda Zeder and Bruce Smith from September 15, 2000 to September 14, 2001. Jonathan R. Mawdsley, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Cornell University. “Phylogenetic Study of Major Lineages in Cleridae and Cleroidea (Insecta: Coleoptera),” with Terry Erwin from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. Davianna McGregor, Visiting Scholar, University of Hawaii. “U.S. Policy Toward Indigenous Hawaiians,” with Franklin Odo and Adrienne Kaeppler from January 1, 2000 to July 31, 2000. Molly Nepokroeff, Visiting Scientist, University of Wisconsin, Madison. “Genetic Study of the Hawaiian Alsinoideae plants,” with Warren Wagner from November 1, 1999 to October 31, 2001. Santos M. Nino, Short-Term Visitor, UNELLEZ, Venezuela. “Study of the Flora of the Guaramacal National Park,” with Laurence Dorr from May 2, 2000 to October 31, 2000. Michael P. Noll, Visiting Scientist, University of Illinois. “Acheulean Lithic Assemblage Variability at Olorgesailie, Southern Kenya Rift Valley,” with Richard Potts from August 25, 2000 to June 25, 2001. George Okong’o Ombachi, Short-Term Visitor, National Museums of Kenya with Richard Potts from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000. Donald D. Pepion, Community Scholar, Blackfeet Community College. “Ethnography of the Blackfeet 1830-1870: The Influence of the United States on the Social, Economic, and Political Systems of the Blackfeet,” with JoAllyn Archambault from July 17, 2000 to August , 2000. Vasily Ivanovich Radashevsky, Visiting Scientist, Institute of Marine Biology. “Polychaete Phylogeny: Cladistic Analysis of Spinoids (Polychaeta: Spionidae),” with Kristian Fauchauld from November 15, 1999 to April 14, 2000. Jeffrey T. Rasic, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, Washington State University. “A Technological Analysis of Paleoindian Lithic Collections from Northern Alaska,” with Dennis Stanford from October 18, 1999 to December 23, 1999. Eric H. Roalson, Postdoctoral Fellow in Molecular Evolution, Claremont Graduate University. “Floral Evolution in Gasteranthus (Gesneriaceae): Phylogenetic Relationships and Ontogenetic Development of Floral Spurs,” with Elizabeth Zimmer and Laurence Skog from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2002. Yorke M. Rowan, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Texas. “Comparative Typological and Geological Analyses of a Ground Stone Assemblage from Tell Jemmeh, Israel,” : ee ——— Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 173 with Gus Van Beek and William Melson from September I, 2000 to February 28, 2001. Susan L. Richardson, Visiting Scientist, Yale University. “The Phylogenetic Relationships of Fossil and Recent Soritacean Foraminiferans,” with Martin Buzas from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. Jiakun Song, Visiting Scientist, University of Maryland, College Park. “Phylogeny of the Nervous System in Gobioid Fishes,” with Lynne R. Parenti from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2002. Maria S. Sprehn Malagon, Fellow in Latino Studies, University of New Mexico. “The Hispanic and Pueblo Potters of Colonial New Mexico,” with William Merrill from June I, 2000 to May 31, 2001. Joel L. Stake, Link Foundation/Graduate Student Fellow, University of Louisiana, Lafayette. “Environmental Factors Influencing the Swimming Behavior of Coral Planula Larvae,” with Mary E. Rice and Darryl Felder from July 31, 2000 to June 14, 2001. Basil Stergios, Mellon Senior Fellow, UNELLEZ, Venezuela. “Flor de Guaramacal,” with Lawrence Dorr from June 2, 2000 to October 31, 2000. Nataliya A. Tur, Visiting Scientist, Leningrad State University. “Middle Cretaceous Climatic and Paleoceanographic Events Inferred from Foraminifer Stable Isotopes and Population Turnover,” with Brian T. Huber from December 1, 1999 to November 30, 2001. Bernadette L. Vicenti-Howland, Community Scholar, Jicarilla Apache Tribe Lang. and Cultr. Inst. “Jicarilla Apache Basketry,” with JoAllyn Archambault from June 20, 2000 to July 10, 2000. Richard M. Von Sternberg, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, State University of New York, Binghamton. “How Are the Freshwater Crabs (Crustacea: Decapode: Gecarcinucoidea, Potamoidea, and Pseudothelphusoidea) Related to the Marine Eubrachyurans?” with Brian Kensley from January I5, 2000 to January 14, 2001. Karin Weyland, Rockefeller Humanities Fellow, Amherst College. “National Identity, Race, and Culture in the Hispanic Caribbean: Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba,” with Michael Mason from July 1, 2000 to October 31, 2000. Bob W. White, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, McGill University, Canada. “Carving Out a Space in the City: Popular Entertainment and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Leopoldville (19 10-1965),” with Mary Jo Arnoldi and Anthony Seeger from March 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. Karin Wiltschke-Schrotta, Fellow in Museum Practice, Museum of Natural History, Vienna, Austria. “Human Remains on Display: Curatorial and Cultural Concerns,” with Douglas Ubelaker from October 18, 1999 to June 2, 2000. Richard J. Wysoczanski, Visiting Scientist, Carnegie Institution of Washington. “Determination of Water Contents in Kermadec Arc Pillow Basalts by FTIR,” with James Luhr from June 1, 2000 to May 31, 2001. National Portrait Gallery Bryan T. Zygmont, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of Arizona. “An Inquiry into the American Patronage of Gilbert Stuart, 1793—1803,” with Ellen Miles from June 5, 2000 to August 11, 2000. National Zoological Park Norman A. Bourg, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Maryland. “Disturbance by Fire in Appalachian Forests and Its Role in Metapopulation Structuring of an Understory Plant,” with John Rappole and William McShea from June 15, 2000 to June 14, 2001. Miyoko C. Chu, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley. “Population Genetics of the Phainopepla (‘Phainopepla nitens’): Testing the Dual Breeding Grounds Hypothesis,” with Robert Fleischer from March 1, 2000 to February 28, 2001. John P. Dumbacher, Visiting Scientist on Scholarly Studies Program, University of Chicago. “The Ecology and Physiology of Chemical Defense in Hooded Pitohuis,” with Scott Derrickson from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2001. Elizabeth W. Freeman, Visiting Student, George Mason University. “Individual and Species Differences in Stress Responses in Asian and African Elephants,” with Janine Brown from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2004. Damian C. Lidgard, Visiting Student, National University of Ireland. “Alternative Male Mating Strategies in a Polygynous Mammal: The Grey Seal on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada,” with Daryl Boness from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2001. Allison M. Moss-Van Zandt, Visiting Student, George Mason University. “Study of the Mechanisms of Reproductive Synchrony in Female and Territorial Behavior in Male Wildebeest,” with Steven Monfort from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2004. Katharine M. Pelican, Visiting Scientist, University of Maryland. “Using Estrous Cycle Control to Improve the Efficiency of Assisted Reproduction in Rare Fields,” with JoGayle Howard from August 1, 2000 to July 31, 2002. Elizabeth Slikas, Visiting Scientist, University of Pennsylvania. “Evolutionary Relationships and Rates in Endemic Hawaiian Birds,” with Robert Fleischer from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2001. Sarah M. Stai, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Miami. “Sperm Competition in Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata): A Test of the Passive Sperm Loss Model,” with Scott Derrickson from June 1, 2000 to July 31, 2001. Airica Staley, Visiting Student, Boise State University. “Research on the Reproductive Function of Raptors Using Non-Invasive Techniques,” with Steven Monfort from June 1, 2000 to November 30, 2000. Mary Beth Voltura, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Colorado State University. “Will Elevated Atmospheric CO, Levels 174 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Impair Reproduction of Herbivores Through Induced Protein Deficiency?” with Olav Oftedal and Bert Drake from October 1, 1999 to August 15, 2000. Smithsonian American Art Museum Adrienne M. Baxter, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Columbia University. “The Metaphysical Paintings of George Inness,” with Elizabeth Broun and Virginia Mecklenburg from July 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001. Alan C. Braddock, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Delaware. “The Ethnographic Unconscious: Eakins and Race in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia,” with William Truettner and Katherine Manthorne from January 15, 2000 to January 14, 2001. Jane Hattie Carpenter, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Michigan. “Conjure Woman: Identity, Politics, and Spirituality in the Art of Betye Saar, 1950-1990,” with Lynda Hartigan from July 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001. Meredith P. Davis, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Columbia University. “Fool’s Gold: Trompe LOeil’s Nineteenth- Century Incarnations,” with William Truettner and Richard Murray from September 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001. Erika L. Doss, SI Senior Fellow, University of Colorado. “Reconsidering the Work Ethnic in Postwar American Art,” with Virginia Mecklenburg from August 15, 2000 to December 15, 2000. Frank H. Goodyear, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Texas. “View/Finding America: Nineteenth-Century Landscape Photography and the Birth of American Tourism,” with William Truettner from September 1, 2000 to February 28, 2001. Jennifer J. Harper, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Yale University. “In All Good Conscience: Abolitionist Imagery in American Art, 1830-1865,” with William Truettner from September 15, 2000 to December 14, 2000. Elaine A. King, SI Senior Fellow, Carnegie Mellon University. “Portraiture in the United States, 1965-2000,” with Virginia Mecklenburg from February , 2000 to May 31, 2000. Jonathan Lohman, Visiting Scholar, University of Pennsylvania. “Community-based Murals,” with Richard Murray from September 5, 2000 to August 4, 2001. Felipe Mirabal, Graduate Student Fellow in Latino Studies (CMS), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. “Spanish Colonial Art in the Smithsonian Collections,” with Helen Lucero and Andrew Connors from June 1, 2000 to August 10, 2000. Pamela J. Sachant, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Delaware. “Eddie Arning: ‘Artis Work’ and the American Dream,” with Lynda Hartigan and Liza Kirwin from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. Joshua A. Shannon, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley. “Art, Commodities, and the City: New York, 1958-1962,” with Virginia Mecklenburg from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. Emily D. Shapiro, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Stanford University. “Completion of Primary Research and Completion of Chapters on Village Craftsmen and Native American Artisans,” with William Truettner from August I, 2000 to July 31, 2001. Dickran L. Tashjian, SI Senior Fellow, University of California, Irvine. “U.S. Cultural Production During World War II,” with Virginia Mecklenburg from April 1, 2000 to June 30, 2000. Maria-Elena Versari, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa. “Futurism in the U.S.A.,” with Joann Moser and Judith Zilczer from July 15, 2000 to October 14, 2000. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Steven W. Allen, SAO Short-Term Visitor, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. “Chandra Studies of Galaxy Clusters and Cooling Flows,” with Christine Jones Forman from October 26, 1999 to January 30, 2000. Jason P. Aufdenberg, CfA Postdoctoral Fellow, Arizona State University. “State-of-the-Art Model Atmospheres for OB Stars,” with Eugene Avrett from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2002. Sara C. Beck, SAO Visiting Scientist, Tel Aviv University, Israel. “Study of Star Formation in Different Galaxies,” with Gary Melnick from August 28, 2000 to June 30, 2001. Krzysztof Belczynski, SAO Predoctoral Fellow, Polish Academy of Sciences. “Populations of Compact Object Binaries and Gravitational Waves,” with Vassiliki Kalogera from August I, 2000 to July 31, 2001. Jean Philippe Berger, SAO Postdoctoral Fellow, LEMO- ENSERG, France. “The Observation of Young Stars with Long-Baseline Interferometers,” with Wesley Traub from September 15, 2000 to September 14, 2001. Tyler L. Bourke, Postdoctoral Fellow, Anglo-Australian Observatory and Australia Telescope Nat. Fac. “Research on Molecular Clouds and Star Formation, with Emphasis on the Youngest Star-forming Regions, the Formation of Dense Cores, and the Formation of Clusters,” with Philip Myers from November 1, 1999 to October 31, 2001. Andreas Brunthaler, SAO Predoctoral Fellow, University of Bonn, Germany. “Towards Measuring Extragalactic Proper Motions and Distances in the Local Group,” with Mark Reid from September 15, 2000 to September 14, 2001. Silvia Casu, SAO Visiting Student, Cagliari Astronomical Observatory, Italy. “A Numerical Model of Inhomogeneous HII Regions Developed with Monte Carlo Techniques,” with Alexander Delgarno from February I, 2000 to January 31, 2001. Angela Ciaravella, SAO Visiting Scientist, Universita’ degli Studi di Palermo, Italy. “Data Analysis of Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships WE Trasient Phenomena Observed with UVCS/SOHO,” with John Kohl from November 15, 1999 to December 31, 2001. Adrian Daw, SAO Visiting Scientist, Harvard University. “Measuring Cross Sections for Dielectronic Recombination (DR) and Electron Impact Excitation (EIE) in the Ions $i3+ and C2+,” with W.H. Parkinson from August 7, 2000 to August 6, 2001. Ignacio de la Calle Perez, SAO Visiting Student, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. “An Exercise in Taking Measurements with the tom Whipple Telescope,” with Trevor Weekes from January 1, 2000 to March 31, 2000. John B.B. Dudek, SAO Visiting Scientist, Princeton University. “Studying the 442.93 nm Molecular Band Using CRDS and REMPI,” with Patrick Thaddeus from September 15, 2000 to September 14, 2001. Shane P. Dunlea, SAO Short-Term Visitor, University College, Dublin, Ireland. “Multivariate Analysis of TeV y Ray Data,” with Trevor Weekes from March 17, 2000 to June 17, 2000. Michael Efroimsky, SAO Visiting Scientist, Harvard University. “A Study of the Rotational Evolution of a Body under External Pertubations,” with Brian Marsden from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000. Michael Fleischhauer, SAO Visiting Scientist, Ludwig- Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Germany. “Quantum Communication and Computing Using Photons,” with Kate Kirby from May 1, 2000 to September 30, 2000. Parviz Ghavamian, SAO Visiting Scientist, Rice University. “Analysis and Intrepretation of Data from the FUSE Satellite,” with John Raymond from April 15, 2000 to August 15, 2000. Paul J. Groot, CfA Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. “The Faint Variable Sky,” with John Huchra from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2001. Jurgen Hinze, SAO Visiting Scientist, Universitat Bielefeld, Germany. “Atomic Structure Calculations,” with Kate Kirby from September 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000. Deirdre Horan, SAO Predoctoral Fellow, University College Dublin, Ireland. “A Search for TeV Counterparts to GRB’s Using the 10M Air Cherenkov Telescope at the Whipple Observatory,” with Trevor Weekes from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2001. Gaitee A.J. Hussain, CfA Postdoctoral Fellow, University of St. Andrews, UK. “Modeling the Magnetic Topology of Csdl Stars,” with Eugene Avrett from July 15, 2000 to July 14, 2001. Agnieszka Janiuk, SAO Short-Term Visitor, Nicholas Copernicus Astronomical Center, Poland. “A Study of the Theoretical Model of an Unstable Accretion Disc,” with Aneta Siemiginowska and Martin Elvis from September 12, 2000 to December 13, 2000. Vassiliki Kalogera, SAO Clay Fellow, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign. “Constraining the Physics of Supernovae,” with George Rybicki from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2004. Sungeun Kim, SAO Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “Study of Photo- Dissociation Regions in Nearby Gas-Rich Countries,” with Adair Lane from April 15, 2000 to April 14, 2001. Vladimir Korobov, SAO Short-Term Visitor, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Russia. “Developing Computational Methods for the Precise Evaluation of the QED and Relativistic Effects in Three-Body Atomic and Molecular Systems,” with Kate Kirby from June 10, 2000 to September 10, 2000. Joanna Kuraszkiewicz, SAO Postdoctoral Fellow, N. Copernicus Astronomical Center, Poland. “A Study of Emission Line Propoerties in Quasars,” with Belinda Wilkes from January I, 2000 to June 30, 2000. Mark J. Lang, SAO Visiting Scientist, National University of Ireland. “Investigation of the Use of Light Baffling and Mirror Protective Coverings on VERITAS,” with Trevor Weekes from January I, 2000 to June 30, 2000. Youngung Lee, SAO Short-Term Visitor, Korea Astronomical University, Korea. “A Survey of the Distributions of CI and CO Emission Perpendicular to the Galactic Plane,” with Adair Lane from June 1, 2000 to August 31, 2000. Jeremie Victor Justin Marcel Lochard, SAO Short-Term Visitor, Ecole Nationale Superieure de Physique de Marseille, France. “A Study of Time-Distance Helioseismology,” with Sylvain Korzennik from March 1, 2000 to May 31, 2000. Alois Mair, SAO Visiting Scientist, Institut fur Experimentalphysik, Austria. “Demonstration of the Technical Feasibility of the DBRM and CPT Clock as High-Performance Atomic Clocks for use in Navigation, Metrology, Radio Astronomy, and Basic Physics Research,” with Ronald Walsworth from July 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001. Sakoti Matsushita, SAO Postdoctoral Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. “Research on Submillimeter Wavelength Interferometry,” with Paul Ho from April 1, 2000 to March 31, 2001. Tsevi Moshe Mazeh, SAO Visiting Scientist, Tel Aviv University, Israel. “Radial Velocity Survey and a Search for Planets,” with David Latham from January 31, 2000 to August 18, 2000. David A. Micha, SAO Visiting Scientist, University of Florida. “First Principles of Quantum Dynamics Based on the Liouville-von Neumann Equation,” with Kate Kirby from April 1, 2000 to July 31, 2000. Frederick H. Mies, Short-Term Visitor, National Institute of Standards and Technology. “The Schumann-Runge Spectrum in O,,” with Kate Kirby from October 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Barbara J. Mochejska, SAO Visiting Student, Copernicus Astronomical Center, Poland. “A Study of Faint, Unresolved Stars in Nearby Galaxies using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST),” with Krzysztof Stanek from July I, 2000 to September 30, 2000. Sebastian Jean Michel Morel, SAO Visiting Scientist, Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees, France. “Development of 176 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Real-Time Software for Phase Closure Measurements Incorporating Fringe-packet Tracking, Visible Star Tracking, and Infrared Star Tracking,” with Wesley Traub from January 17, 2000 to November 30, 2000. Samuel Patz, SAO Visiting Scientist, Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “Developing and Testing a Magnetic Resonance Method that Allows Functional Evaluation of the Lung Acinar Structures by Measuring Gas Exchange,” with Ronald Walsworth from March 1, 2000 to February 28, 2001. Ettore Pedretti, SAO Predoctoral Fellow, University of Provence, France. “Implementation of Phase Closure Measurements at the CFA’s IOTA Interferometer,” with Wesley Traub from August 1, 2000 to July 31, 2000. Santina Piraino, SAO Short-Term Visitor, Instituto di Fisica Cosmica, Italy. “Joint Spectral and Timing Observation of Neutron Star LMXBs,” with Philip Kaaret from September 11, 2000 to December 9, 2000. Chunhua Qi, SAO Postdoctoral Fellow, California Institute of Technology. “Testing and Calibration of the Array Properties of the SMA Project,” with Paul Ho from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. Guido Risaliti, SAO Visiting Student, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Italy. “Structure and Physics of Quasars,” with Martin Elvis from September 15, 2000 to July 15, 2001. Kazushi Sakamoto, SAO Visiting Scientist, Nobeyama Radio Observatory, Japan. “SMA Project on Submillimeter Wavelength Inferferometry,” with Paul Ho from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. Moche Shapiro, SAO Visiting Scientist, The Weizmann Institute, Israel. “Research in Coherent Control of Atomic, Molecular, and Electronic Processes,” with Kate Kirby from May 1, 2000 to October 31, 2000. John David Silverman, SAO Predoctoral Fellow, University of Virginia. “Optical Studies of AGN Observed by Chandra,” with Paul Green from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. Mario Van Den Ancker, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. “The Influence of Circumstellar Material on the Star Formation Process,” with Philip Myers from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2001. Bruno Alexander Wilson, SAO Visiting Student, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. “Observations of the Orion Molecular Clouds Using the 1.2m Telescope,” with Thomas Dame from September 18, 2000 to June 30, 2001. Bruno Alexander Wilson, SAO Visiting Student, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. “Observations of the Orion Molecular Clouds,” with Patrick Thaddeus from October 4, 1999 to June 30, 2000. Min Yan, SAO Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard University. “Probing Molecular Clouds in the Submillimeter through AST/RO,” with Adair Lane from February 1, 2000 to November 30, 2000. Peter R. Young, SAO Visiting Scientist, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. “Modeling the Atmospheric Structure of Solar Spectra from SUMER to SOHO and EUV Spectra of Stars,” with Andrea Dupree from October 1, 1999 to January 31, 2000. Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives Melissa Carillo, Graduate Student Fellow in Latino Studies, University of Texas, El Paso. “Representation and Interpretation of Latino/a Artist in New Media,” with Magdalena Mieri from January 10, 2000 to March 17, 2000. Gladys R. Toulis, Visiting Scholar, Laboratory Institute of Merchandising. “Symbiotic Relation between Art and Fashion,” with Magdalena Mieri and Priscilla Wood (National Museum of Natural History) from February 1, 2000 to August 31, 2000. Smithsonian Center for Material Research and Education Candis Crocker Griggs, Postgraduate Conservation Internship, Queen’s University. “Archeological Conservation at SMCRE,” with Donald Williams from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2000. Karla Maria Munoz Alcocer, Visiting Scientist, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia. “Technical Examination and Analysis of Santos,” with Ronald L. Bishop from November 1, 1999 to October 31, 2001. Angel D. Santiago-Torres, Senior Fellow in Latino Studies, Museo de Arte de Ponce. “Analysis of Material and Techniques in Puerto Rican Santos,” with Donald Williams and Marvette Perez from July 1, 2000 to September 30, 2000. Monica Shah, Visiting Student, Winterthur Museum—University of Delaware. “Archeological Conservation (Furniture Conservation) Internship,” with Donald Williams from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2000. Stephen Weiner, George E. Burch Fellow, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. “Biomineralization Processes: The Study of Mineral Formation by Organisms,” with Noreen Tuross from June 1, 2000 to May 31, 2002. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Jennifer L. Apple, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Utah. “Interaction Between Biotic and Abiotic Stresses: Fitness Consequences for a Wetland Perennial,” with Ilka Feller from August 15, 2000 to August 14, 2001. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 177 Cathleen A. Coss, Visiting Scientist, The George Washington University. “Research and Outreach to Prevent and Control Aquatic Nuisance Species Invasions,” with Gregory Ruiz from July 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001. Jeffrey A. Crooks, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, San Diego. “Exotic Species as Causes and Consequences of Ecological Change in Estuarine Fouling Communities,” with Gregory Ruiz from January 15, 2000 to July 15, 2001. Yannick Huot, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, Dalhousie University, Canada. “DNA Damage and Photoreactivation in Bacterioplankton,” with Patrick Neale from June 19, 2000 to August 25, 2000. Joel A. Kopp, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of Washington. “Analysis of Domestic Ballast Water Transport Patterns in Selected U.S. Seaports,” with Anson H. Hines and Gregory Ruiz from June 26, 2000 to September 15, 2000. Melissa K. McCormick, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Michigan State University. “Orchid Fungi in the Forest Community: Interactions with Other Plants,” with Dennis Whigham and John O’Neill from August 1, 2000 to July 31, 2001. John J. Miller, SERC Predoctoral Fellow, University of Maryland. “Biological Interactions Influencing the Decline of Dinoflagellate Blooms Exploring the Autecology and Host Specificity of Parasites,” with D. Wayne Coats from September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. Harlan L. Miller III, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Texas. “The UV Biological Weighting Function for the Scandinavian Kelp Laminaria hyperborea,” with Patrick Neale from August 15, 2000 to November 14, 2000. Daniel Moon, Visiting Student, University of South Florida. “Insect Herbivores, Attack Rates by Natural Enemies and Leaf Abscission Under Ambient and Elevated CO,,” with Bert Drake and Peter Stiling from May 8, 2000 to May 7, 2002. Adina M. Motz, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, North Carolina State University. “Sperm Limitation in the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus,” with Anson H. Hines from July 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000. Myung Gil Park, SERC Postdoctoral Fellow, Seoul National University, Korea. “Rapid Recycling of DON/DIN from Infected HAB Dinoflagellates and its Ecological Importance,” with D. Wayne Coats from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2001. Mary A. Pittek, Visiting Student, University of Maryland. “Developing an Hydrogcomorphic Model to Asses Wetland Function in the Nanticoke Watershed,” with Ilka Feller from August 30, 2000 to August 29, 2001. Vladimir A. Samarkin, SI Senior Fellow, Russian Academy of Sciences. “Biogeochemical Processes Controlling Methane Emission from Wetlands,” with Thomas Jordan from July 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001. Ursula M. Scharler, Visiting Scientist, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa. “Researching and Understanding Coastal Ecosystems,” with Ilka Feller from September 10, 2000 to September 9, 2005. Ryoji Shimamura, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Tokyo Metropolitan University. “Male and Female Reproductive Success of Natural Hibiscus moscheutos Populations,” with Dennis Whigham from July 1, 2000 to September 30, 2000. Gabriela W. Smalley, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Maryland. “Influence of Photophysiology, Endogenous Rhythms, and Nutritional Status on Feeding Behavior of the Microtrophic Dinoflagellate ‘Ceratium furca’,” with D. Wayne Coats and Patrick Neale from February 1, 2000 to January 31, 2001. Smithsonian Institution Archives Juliet M. Burba, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Minnesota. “Intersecting Disciplines and the Study of the Peopling of the Americas, 1895-1935,” with Pamela Henson from July 15, 2000 to May 31, 2001. Juan F. Herbaig, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Minnesota. “Naturalists Afield: The Institutional and Methodological Development of Field Zoology in America, 1850—1920s,” with Pamela Henson from October 1, 1999 to May 31, 2000. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Jill Casid, Dibner Library Resident Scholar Fellow, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. “Necromancy of Empire: The Magic Lantern and Technologies of Projection, 1650-1850,” with William Baxter from September 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000. Victoria Erhart, Special Collections Scholar Fellow, Catholic University. “Science and Religion in the Thought of Sir Isaac Newton,” with William Baxter from March 6, 2000 to June 6, 2000. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Vidya Athreya, Short-Term Visitor, University of Iowa. “The Role of Aromatics in Maintaining the Fig-fig Wasp Mutualism: A Community Level Study,” with Allen Herre from June 1, 2000 to September 1, 2000. David H. Barker, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Colorado. “Use of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Techniques to Assess Successional Status of Plants Growing in a Tropical Rain Forest,” with Klaus Winter from October 1, 1999 to December 31, 2000. Stylianos Chatzimanolis, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, University of Kansas. “Behavioral Ecology of Nordus fungicola,” with William Wcislo and Donald Windsor from June 5, 2000 to August II, 2000. Thomas Duda, Visiting Scientist, Harvard University. “Adaptive Evolution at Ecological and Molecular Scales: 178 Evolution of Diets and Conotoxins of Tropical American ‘Conus’,” with Harilaos Lessios from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2002. Ahn-Heum Eom, Postdoctoral Mellon Fellow, Kansas State University. “Characterizing Identities, Distributions, and Effects of Mycorrhizal Species on Barro Colorado Island,” with Allen Herre from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000. Amy E. Faivre, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Arizona. “Microhabitat and Pollinator Effects on Sexual and Incompatibility System Variation of ‘Psychotria’ Species on Barro Colorado Island,” with S. Joseph Wright and E. Allen Herre from May 1, 2000 to July 31, 2001. Hironobu Fukami, Visiting Scientist, Tokyo University of Fisheries. “Reproductive and Genetic Study on Evolution of Corals in the Family Acroporidae,” with Nancy Knowlton from May 15, 2000 to November 15, 2001. Rachel Goeriz, Short-Term Fellow, University of California, Davis. “The Importance of the Number of Extrafloral Nectaries in Plant Defense,” with William Wcislo from September 1, 2000 to November 30, 2000. Adam Hart, Short-Term Fellow, University of Sheffield. “Leaf-dumping and waste management in field colonies of leaf-cutting ants,” with William Wcislo from March 1, 2000 to May 31, 2000. Gwen Keller, Visiting Scientist, University of Georgia. “Consequences of Wolbachia Infection in Natural Populations of Tropical Leaf Beetles,” with Donald Windsor from May 15, 2000 to August 14, 2001. Cynthia Kicklighter, Short-Term Fellow, Skidway Institute of Oceanography. “Defensive Strategies in Marine Worms,” with Nancy Knowlton from September 1, 2000 to November 30, 2000. Owen T. Lewis, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Leeds University, England. “Spatial Population Structure of Tropical Insects: Does Resource Fragmentation Lead to Meta- population Structure?” with Donald Windsor and Allen Herre from September 15, 2000 to December 14, 2000. Julio Mercader, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Universidad Complutense, Spain. “Human Colonization and Environmental History in the African Rain Forest,” with Dolores Piperno from October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2000. Georges A. Pearson, Short-Term Fellow, University of Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Kansas. “The First Panamanians and the Role of the Isthmus during the Peopling of the New World,” with Richard Cooke from September 1, 2000 to November 30, 2000. Kimberly B. Ritchie, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. “Phylogenetic Analysis and Host Range Studies of a Sea Urchin Pathogen,” with Harilaos Lessios and Penelope Barnes from June 1, 2000 to August 31, 2000. Louis Santiago, Short-Term Visitor, University of Florida. “Leaf Functional Characteristics Along an Environment Gradient: Energy and Longevity Character Syndromes,” with Joseph Wright from May 15, 2000 to August 15, 2000. Adam Smith, Short-Term Visitor, University of Washington. “Social Behavior in the Sweet Bee Megalopta,” with William Wcislo from January 2, 2000 to April 1, 2000. Renate Sponer, Short-Term Visitor, University of Otago. “Cryptic Speciation in a Cosmopolitan Marine Invertebrate: Phylogeography, Population Genetics, and Reproductive Mode of Amphipholis squamata,” with Haris Lessios from March 1, 2000 to May 30, 2000. Edward Tanner, Mellon Senior Fellow, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. “Assesing the Importance in Nutrient Cycling by a Large-Scale Litter Removal Experiment at Gigante BCNM,” with S. Joseph Wright from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2003. Dominic G. Valdez, SI Ten-week Graduate Student Fellow, California State University. “Genetic Sequence Divergence and Morphological Differentiation of the Cypridinid Ostracode Crustacean, Skogsbergia lerneri, from the Isthmus of Panama,” with Harilaos Lessios and Eldredge Bermingham from July 17, 2000 to September 22, 2000. Karen M. Warkentin, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Texas. “Adaptive Timing of Hatching in Red-Eyed Treefrogs: How Do Embryos Assess Risk?” with A. Stanley Rand and Mary Jane West-Eberhard from June 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. Ben H. Warren, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of East Anglia, England. “Historical Biogeography and Evolution of Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands,” with Eldredge Bermingham from September 15, 2000 to December 31, 2001. Smithsonian Internships in Fiscal Year 2000 Accessibility Office Luisa de Lachica BA Candidate Universidad Iberoamericana 5/30/00 to 8/11/00 Research on accessibility programs at the museum. Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture Remi Allen BA Candidate Howard University 2/22/00 to 5/16/00 Research historical grounds (i.e., churches, businesses, underground railroad) where African Ameri- cans could “roam freely.” My findings will contribute to a walking and bus tour for the Smithsonian. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 179 Kelli Herd MA New York University 2/22/00 to 4/27/00 Research in the collections of African American history. Monica Manuel BA Candidate University of Georgia 6/19/00 to 9/1/00 Research assistant to Deborah Willis, involving research of African American artists in Washington, D.C., from 1900 to the present. Rayna Smith BA Candidate Howard University 9/16/99 to 12/31/99 Working under Deb Willis, curator of the African American history and culture exhibits. Archives of American Art Jacob Bruneau BA Candidate Clark University 6/14/99 to 11/15/99 Helped archive materials. Emily Liebert BA Candidate Yale University 6/12/00 to 8/18/00 Helped to develop exhibition on changing character and cultural meaning of artists’ studios; research will be done in collection of the Archives of American Art. Heather Welch BA Woftord College 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Katzenberger Foundation Archives of American Art project. Processes new collection of archives from the Barbara Fendrick Gallery. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art Lauren Bronson BA George Mason University 9/9/99 to 12/31/99 Assist with family education program, ImaginAsia. Hua-Yu Cherng BA Candidate Massachusetts Institute 7/3/00 to 8/11/00 of Technology Dick Louie intern will work in the Curatorial Department to collect data on and catalog Chinese jade. Vivienne Cho BFA Rhode Island School of Design 1/10/00 to 9/1/00 Illustrator for ImaginAsia Guides. Wen-Shing Chou BA Candidate University of Chicago 7/17/00 to 9/1/00 Work on Bada Shannen’s paintings from the bequest of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai collection. Veronican de Jong MA University of Kansas 5/22/00 to 8/31/00 Study of Qing dynasty artist. Michael DeBaca BA Candidate Stanford University 6/12/00 to 8/18/00 Katzenberger Foundation art internship. Research on American artists represented in the Freer Gallery of Art, for a book contexualizing the Freer’s collection with late-nineteenth-century art and culture. Sunni Michelle Fass BA College of William and Mary 5/28/00 to 9/30/00 Working with music educator Bill Jenkins for family programs for the exhibition “Music in the Age of Confucius.” Hwei-Shuan Feng BA Candidate George Mason University 2/22/00 to 5/31/00 Song/Yuan painting catalogue. Sheila Flack BS College of William and Mary 9/5/00 to 12/31/00 Assisting scientists in the Conservation and Scientific Research department in melting replicate glasses and other research on objects in the collections. 180 Yuriko Furuhata Michelle Ghim Won-Mi Hah Brian Hart Kate Hutchinson Raina Johns Eliza Katz Tonja King Tomoko Kojima Li Koo Mina Koochekzadeh Catherine Liu Sue Moon Kristina Ogilvie Ewa Paul Sarah Perez-Silverman Allison Rodman Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 MA University of New Mexico 5/30/00 to 8/31/00 Helping with public programs in film series. Researching print sources for upcoming events. BA Washington University 6/1/00 to 8/11/00 Intern in Public Affairs department. Will be working on press releases, press kits, open houses, and advertisements. BA Ewha Women’s University, S. Assist with ImaginAsia family program. 11/15/99 to 2/15/00 MA American University 1/18/00 to 4/30/00 Assist in collection of exhibition records and reviews relating to Freer’s American artists, 1870-1920. BA Candidate Smith College Library research at Archives of American Art and NMAA library. 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 MA George Washington University 1/18/00 to 5/18/00 Work with the Sackler/Freer education department's Teacher Advisory Group and manage the design of a teacher packet. BA Candidate Brown University 6/19/00 to 8/11/00 Worked as research assistant for publication on the collection of Charles Freer and how it was received by the American public in the late nineteenth century. MA University of Delaware 6/14/00 to 8/31/00 Working on a project in the objects conservation lab on various ceramic, bronze, and lacquer objects with an emphasis on issues in exhibition conservation. MA Candidate American University Intern will assist with projects in the Public Affairs Office. 7/6/99 to 7/31/00 BA York University Assisting with ImaginAsia Program. 2/24/00 to 12/31/00 3/6/00 to 5/31/00 Updating database and research. BA Candidate Oberlin College 6/5/00 to 7/20/00 Working in the office of exhibitions management; will be working on day-to-day acts and on upcoming exhibitions. High School West Springfield High School Working on Sackler museum shop Web page, in the museum shop. 7/3/00 to 8/11/00 BA Candidate Wellesley College 7/17/00 to 8/25/00 Support service (administrative) in exhibitions management for the Freer and Sackler galleries; including advance planning for upcoming loan exhibitions and publications. MA Buffalo State College Conservation of papyrus, palm leaves, tracing paper and squeezes. 6/15/00 to 8/31/00 BA Candidate UC-Santa Cruz 9/12/99 to 12/3/99 ImaginAsia is an educational program for families with young children. I will be planning guided tours and activities that accompany exhibits within the museum. BA Candidate Wesleyan University 6/3/00 to 8/18/00 Working in the family program, ImaginAsia to create new guides and work with families during sessions. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 181 Anna Sawyer BA Candidate Montgomery College-UMD 2/3/00 to 5/31/00 Assistant in production and development of ImaginAsia programs. Seojeong Shin PhD Candidate University of Maryland 2/22/00 to 6/30/00 —College Park Assist curator with public inquiry and other research tasks. Pamela Stewart BA Parsons School of Design 2/23/00 to 5/30/00 Collections records. Tomoko Tajima BA Earlham College 6/12/00 to 8/26/00 Teaching assistant for ImaginAsia program. Diane Tolentino BA Candidate University of Michigan 6/26/00 to 8/8/00 Public Affairs intern—update and research mailing lists, research, museum marketing and advertising, track and document Freer and Sackler publicity. Hisashi Uehara BA George Washington University 3/3/00 to 5/31/00 Working in the education department at the Freer/Sackler. Amy Willingham BA Candidate Virginia Intermont College 12/11/99 to 1/7/00 Work on designs and layouts for ImaginAsia program. Chun-Chong Yiu BA University of Chicago 7/3/00 to 8/25/00 Documentation and research on Chinese ceramics. Mahjabeen Zaheda High School Hayfield Secondary HS 7/3/00 to 8/11/00 Work with coordinator to design guides, run hands-on workshops, prepare reports and evaluations, and assist in the daily activities of the ImaginAsia program. Asian/Pacific American Studies Me Hae Kim BA Candidate Hood College 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Assisting with public programs for Asian and Pacific American Studies. Annie So Yun Lee BA Candidate Claremont McKenna College 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Researching an exhibit on the role of cane sugar in the making of multicultural America. Julianna Lee BA Wellesley College 6/15/99 to 3/15/00 Research fellow for Dr. Franklin Odo in the Asian Pacific American Studies Program. Janis Millete BA Candidate University of Virginia 6/20/00 to 8/11/00 Assist in researching and contacting potential exhibits and persons pertaining to Asian Pacific American culture to be displayed and presented at the Smithsonian. Work with the Asian Pacific American Professional Interest Committee (APAPIC). Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Rebekah Adkisson MA Candidate George Washington University 9/21/99 to 12/21/99 Working for Conservancy of Tibetan Art and Culture and the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Responsibilities include administration and fund-raising aspects of the project. Donnalyn Anthony BA Candidate South Carolina State University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Assisting with preparation for advanced marketing and promotions for an historically significant 5-CD box set to be released by Smithsonian Folkways in August 2000. Christian Becker BA Edmund-Siemers-Universitat 9/14/99 to 12/10/99 Working on Folklife Festival projects for the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. 182 Tonika Berkley Matthew Douglas Black Megan L. Brown Hillary Brown Aisha Bustamante Paul Chaikin Joys Cheung Wai Kwan Chung Tracy Clonts Rachel Conrad Uluminair Cordell Katherine Dargis Joseph James David Lee Sarah Field Hilary Fineman Melissa Fisher Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA University of Maryland 6/5/00 to 7/28/00 D.C. Project at Folklife Festival. BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/19/00 to 9/26/00 Conducting research on Cuban and Zairean recording industries for Graduate Fellow. BA Candidate Smith College 1/3/00 to 1/21/00 To assist in the preparation of “Tibetan Culture: Beyond the Land of Snows’ for the 2000 Folklife Festival. BA Candidate Northeastern University 4/6/00 to 7/10/00 Learn about the various facets of record production and distribution by assisting with the acquisi- tion, organization, evaluation, and publication of Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. BA Candidate Montgomery College 1/5/00 to 5/31/00 Assisting with development and fund raising and researching folklife festival projects. BA Candidate Grinnell College 6/5/00 to 8/15/00 Folkways records mail-order department. MA University of Texas—Austin 9/15/99 to 2/4/00 Working on Folklife Festival projects for the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. BA Candidate Fordham University 6/14/00 to 8/11/00 Working on 2001 Folklife Festival New York City Project. Research and assisting in planning with curator. 9/9/99 to 12/3/99 Folklife and Cultural Studies Museum. History of folklife studies. BA New York University 6/5/00. to 7/14/00 Production assistant for Smithsonian Folkways. BA Candidate University of California, 6/19/00 to 8/18/00 Berkeley Conducting ethnographic research on the Washington, D.C., community at the Folklife Festival; assisting with preparation and planning of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival, the Bermuda Folklife Festival program, the South African cultural heritage training and technology program. BA Candidate Mary Washington College 1/12/00 to 5/5/00 By exploring the history of ethnic groups in the District of Columbia, we will assemble an idea about the history and changes that have occurred un the area. BA Candidate College of William and Mary 10/12/99 to 12/15/99 Help with release and publication of cultural recordings in the Folkways Record Label Dept. Aid in various departments and programs in the CFCH. Durham High School Eleanor Roosevelt High School 6/22/00 to 8/18/00 Research on physics of sound recording and producing. BA Candidate Smith College 9/19/00 to 12/15/00 Culture and environment in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin; researching and assisting in the production of educational materials. BA Candidate George Washington University 5/31/00 to 7/14/00 Volunteer program assistant for the Folklife Festival (data entry and office work). BA Pennsylvania State University 6/12/00 to 7/28/00 Working on projects for the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. Hadi Gharabaghi Joao Felipe Goncalves Anna Gray Elizabeth Greenspan Romain Haug Catherine Higgins Linda Ho Kerin Holt Chris Jacob Michelle Kaiserlian Rebecca Kallem Nahee Kim Marni Kravitz John Krupa Hannah Leatherbury Ziuile Maciukaite Mikalina Majewski Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 183 BA Candidate Montgomery College Provide assistance in filming and editing numerous video projects. 9/9/99 to 12/31/00 MA Museu Nacional, UFRJ/Brazil 2/1/00 to 3/31/00 The representation of African American culture and history in the Folkways recordings “Spoken Word” series; research in support of the Silk Road Project. MA Sydney University Working on projects for the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. 9/20/99 to 10/22/99 BA Candidate Haverford College 3/27/00 to 7/1/00 Organize Cuba Cultural Community Theater Tour in United States with Nisia Aguero, Director of the National Theater of Havana. MA Candidate Universite de Montreal 9/20/99 to 12/20/99 Working on Folklife Festival projects for the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. BA Candidate Southampton College 1/31/00 to 4/7/00 Assisting in the development of a Web site concerning African Immigrant Culture in the department of Folklife and Cultural Heritage, and various other projects with Dr. N’Dirye. BA Candidate University of Texas—Austin 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Research, production, and presentation of the “Culture and Environment in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin Program” for the 2000 Smithsonian Folklife Festival. BA University of Utah Folklife Festival intern with Public Affairs Office. 5/22/00 to 9/20/00 BA Candidate Denison University 5/15/00 to 6/2/00 Working on Folkways projects and festival preparation. BA University of Arizona 1/5/00 to 6/30/00 Assist on an ongoing project into the representation of race, ethnicity, and gender in comic books and strips. BA Candidate College of William and Mary 5/15/00 to 7/4/00 Working with Washington, D.C., artisans for the D.C. portion of the Folklife Festival. BA Candidate University of Chicago I will help Dr. Kurin research the “Mystery of the Hope Diamond.” 8/7/00 to 9/21/00 BA Georgetown University Year 2000 Folklife Festival. 2/1/99 to 2/1/00 BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/19/00 to 8/25/00 Conducting experiments using the Web and various search engines. This allows for the graphing, clustering, and scattering of concepts, allowing a mapping of the “Web group.” BA Candidate Goucher College 6/5/00 to 8/22/00 I plan to document the history and cultural influences from the Smithsonian Folklife Festival and also produce photographs and documentary on my experience with the D.C. program at the Festival this year. BA Candidate Wells College 1/3/00 to 1/21/00 Assisting with archival materials, including videos, scanning pictures. BA Earlham College 6/7/00 to 8/11/00 Cuban cultural theater project; organizing a tour for the Director of the National Theater of Cuba to learn about community theater in the United States. 184 Melissa Morales Amy Morros Emily O'Donnell Anthony Pananes Christine Parker Kathryn Parker Edme Pernia Edme Pernia Jemima Pierre Jemima Pierre Matthew Pistono Sarah Postellon Michael Ross Krista Marie Sharp Laura Simcock Rebecca Smerling Renny Travers Smith Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA Candidate Rutgers University 5/25/00 to 8/30/00 Assisting with the implementation of the Rio Grande program, translation English-Spanish- English. MA Candidate American University Working on New York City 2001 Folklife exhibition. 9/9/99 to 12/31/99 High School Sidwell Friends 5/8/00 to 6/2/00 Folklife Festival. BA Candidate Pennsylvania State University 5/22/00 to 7/21/00 Assist Smithsonian Folkways Marketing with campaigns for new recordings. BA Candidate SUNY-Stony Brook 5/15/00 to 8/31/00 Assistance with photographic documentation of the Folklife Festival and Festival Web. BA University of North Carolina, 6/26/00 to /18/00 Chapel Hill Marketing intern—radio promotions. BA Candidate George Mason University Smithsonian’s Folklife Festival Rio Bravo/Rio Grande Basin program. 1/18/00 to 6/4/00 BA George Mason University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Assisting with the organization of the culture and environment in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin program. PhD Candidate University of Texas—Austin 10/12/99 to 12/31/99 Community liaison for Smithsonian African Immigrant Folklife Study Project. PhD Candidate University of Texas—Austin t/t/oo to 5/31/00 Program development for the African Immigrant Folklife Study Project. Assisted the curators for the “D.C.: Our Hometown” Folklife Festival (2000) with community field research. MA Candidate School of Oriental and African 8/2/99 to 10/1/00 Working on the year 2000 Folklife Festival, and particularly on the Tibetan Culture “Beyond the Land of Snows” component. BA Candidate Kenyon College 6/5/00 to 7/31/00 Working on Folklife Festival projects for the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. BA University of Maryland 8/29/00 to 12/31/00 Collections-based research and background library research for book to be published on Matthew Sterling’s 1926-27 scientific expedition to Irian Jaya, New Guinea Island. BA Candidate Design intern for Folklife Festival. Oklahoma State University 5/30/00 to 7/27/00 BA 1/24/00 to 4/30/00 Help with editing special issue of journal Folklore Forum, including organizing submissions, transcribing taped interviews, and conducting research as necessary. BA Brandeis University 2/1/00 to 8/1/00 Research, programming, and development for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2000. 1/27/00 to 10/1/002 Work with CFCH on the Silk Route project. | ' | | | Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 185 Emma Snyder BA Candidate Yale University 6/6/00 to 8/24/00 Working as a research assistant for Bob White. I’ll be helping him gather materials and attempt to explore the influence of the Cuban Music Industry on popular dance music in the Congo. Andrew Sternberg BA University of Iowa 9/9/99 to 1/31/00 Production of Folkways recordings. Anne Elizabeth Teare BA Candidate Luther College 6/5/00 to 7/28/00 Working with Folklife Festival through the Office of Public affairs. Michael Twitty BA Candidate Howard University 6/8/99 to 3/17/00 Working with the African Immigrant Folklife Study, observing and assisting registrars and conservators. The second component of the internship is with the Tesfay Museum, where the intern will conduct an inventory of the museum’s collections from Ethiopia, and identify and record the collection’s conservation needs. Andrew Stephen Verner BA University of Georgia 3/20/00 to 6/20/00 Ethnomusicology intern to Assistant Director, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. Nilda Villalta PhD Candidate University of Maryland 6/7/99 to 3/17/00 Following up and planning educational programs and activities related to the exhibition “Our voices in Washington, D.C.” in three programs: art and oral history, radio, and occupational history. Jill M. Vogel BA University of Tennessee 2/1/00 to 5/1/00 Preliminary research for a Smithsonian Folklife Festival on mid-Atlantic maritime culture in 2003. Center for Latino Initiatives Melissa Carrillo MA University of Texas—E] Paso 10/4/99 to 12/10/99 Virtual exhibition: “Revealing Personal Identity: The Indigenous Vision of Mexican Photographer Manuel Carrillo.” (Center for Latino Initiatives) Monica Ramierz BA Candidate Harvard University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Researching U.S. and Mexican legal history and its impact on Chicano history. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Hillary Davis BA Candidate University of Maryland 6/12/00 to 8/10/00 —College Park Assisting the Registrar. Julia Day MA Portland State University 6/5/00 to 11/6/00 Intern will assist the HMSG conservator with basic conservation treatments on the outdoor sculpture collection; treatments will include high pressure and hand washing, application of protective coatings, repainting, and structural repairs. Intern will learn to photo document their treatments using 4x5 and 35mm cameras. Teresia Diaz BA George Washington University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Department of Education events, assistant to curator of Education. Amanda Fisher BA Candidate George Washington University g/21/o0 to 12/31/00 Research on African American cultural projects. Kirrily Freeman PhD University of Waterloo 6/26/00 to 8/8/00 Research assistant to Dr. Judith Zilczer, Associate Curator of Exhibits. Amy Gotzler MA Candidate American University 1/17/00 to 5/31/00 Research on Juan Munoz and Cathy de Monchaux. 186 Elizabeth Goulding Juliet Gray Victoria Hostin Amy Hunter Molly Jacobson Jennifer Josten Michelle Kaiserlian Ashlinn Killeen Me Hae Kim Tan Maready David Merhib Dominique Meys Marija Nelson Adassa Richardson Suzanne Schwarz Amy Sung Juliana Vail Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 High School Richard Montgomery 2/23/00 to 6/30/00 Assistant in library. High School MA University of Georgia 6/12/00 to 8/31/00 Working on a project at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. BA American University Prospect research for development levels at the HMSG. 6/9/00 to 9/15/00 BA Connecticut College 9/7/99 to 12/31/99 Will be involved with research for exhibition planned for March 2000. Other activities will include coordinating writers’ materials and luncheon for workshop. BA Madeira School 9/11/00 to 12/31/00 Object identification and data management of NMAH OPF's slide collection/digitization projects. BA Wellesley College 6/19/00 to 8/25/00 Research for upcoming Latin American art exhibits—Ana Mendieta (Cuban), Brazilian artist and other projects. BA University of Arizona 9/7/99 to 12/31/99 Research and collection of data for a temporary exhibit on surrealist photography and research on works in the permanent collection. High School Madeira School Providing support for docent program. 9/22/99 to 6/30/00 BA Candidate Hood College I am assisting a curator at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. 1/5/00 to 5/5/00 BFA Corcoran College of Art Working in the exhibition design department in the Hirshhorn. 9/16/00 to 8/31/00 BA University of Oregon 1/24/00 to 8/31/00 Assist curator with Leonardo Drew exhibit. Evaluate and help assign interns for the summer. AD Montgomery College 1/1/00 to 5/31/00 Assisting Dr. Zilczer in various projects—setting up incoming Dali exhibition and research. BA Candidate UC-Santa Cruz Working in collections, cataloging in directions gallery. 9/16/99 to 12/15/99 High School Benjamin Banneker Senior High 7/24/00 to 8/25/00 BA Candidate CUNY-—Hunter College 6/12/00 to 8/31/00 Assisting associate curator Phyllis Rosenweig in the implementation of the Ed Rusha show and possibly the Marina Abramovic show. BA Candidate Georgetown University 9/13/99 to 12/31/99 Assisting in researching and installation of a show of Ed Ruscha. Also, I will be helping to install a Robert Gober show. BA Candidate Northern Virginia Community 6/5/00 to 8/25/00 Intern will assist the HMSG conservator with basic conservation treatments on the outdoor sculpture collection. Treatments will include high pressure and hand washing, application of protective coatings, repainting, and structural repairs. Interns will learn to write professional conservation treatment reports on a computer. They will also learn to photo document their treatments using 4x5 and 35mm cameras. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships Paul Wilson Devin Phillip Zuber Institutional Studies Kira Crome Ethel Morgan Coutney Price Marion Riese Julia H. Ruttmann International Center Hugo Alfredo Castro Lopez Erika Schmierer Arianna Stazi 187 BA Candidate Whitman College Work in the registration department cataloguing the collection. 1/31/00 to 2/25/00 BA Bryn Athyn College 6/5/00 to 8/31/00 Assisting in the office of education with various tours and programs offered to the public. MA University of Duisberg 9/7/99 to 11/23/99 Working under Zahava D. Doering at the ISO to assist with exhibition assessments and visitor studies, as well as other surveys and research projects. MA Oberlin College 6/26/00 to 9/1/00 Study of Smithsonian staff. MA Ohio University 9/5/00 to 11/9/00 Working in the Institutional Studies office. BA Deutscher Akademischer 7/31/00 to 10/6/00 Austauschdienst (DADD) Working in the Institutional Studies office. BA Deutscher Akademischer 4/3/00 to 6/8/00 Austauschdienst (DADD) Working in the Institutional Studies office. BA Instituto Superior de Arte 2/13/00 to 5/2/00 Manage information about Latino artists and museology in the United States. BA Candidate University of Richmond 5/22/00 to 7/14/00 Assist in preparing new edition of OIR’s “Guide to International Research and Exchanges.” BA Candidate Lado International College Working on a project at the Center for Latino Initiatives. 10/2/99 to 11/30/99 National Air and Space Museum Kali Abdullah Nicholas Brown Rosa Cao Raymond Scott Ciszek Roger Connor BA Candidate Pratt Institute 6/5/00 to 8/15/00 Assisting museum staff photographers on magazine and book publications involving National Air and Space Museum aircraft and artifacts. BA Candidate University of South Carolina 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Computer office applications, James E. Webb Internship. — BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/19/00 to 8/25/00 To identify and collect images of telescopes, observatories, etc. from a wide range of library sources, including popular magazines, art books, postcard collections, etc. These images will be collected and entered into a database. BA Candidate University of Virginia 5/30/00 to 8/4/00 Intern will assist the Space History Department staff in documenting the provenance and history of Space History artifacts and verifying and authenticating information in the NASM collections database. Will assist in the creation of artifact descriptions to be placed on NASM Web site. MA George Washington University Converting accession files into database format on the museum system. 5/15/00 to 12/31/00 188 Virginia Corless Yahmina Crews Jacqueline Crousillat Angelica Daneo Greg Day Keith DiMuccio Jeanne Nicole Douglas Jennifer Headley Shannon Kelley Suzanne Lewis Andrea Pippins Erika Reinfeld Samantha Snell Mari Takagi Alistair Holbrook Taylor Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA Candidate Yosemite High School 7/5/00 to 8/11/00 Assist the docent coordinator with the development of a “speakers pool” for docent training and development of an annual schedule. Evaluate the learning objectives of the training and use of these. High School Madeira School 9/29/99 to 5/31/00 How Things Fly Gallery. AD Candidate Montgomery College 9/10/99 to 5/31/00 Researching photo collections. BA Candidate University of Turin 8/2/99 to 10/15/99 Working with the NASM Archive, which has many works of art that need to be checked in order to properly place them. Will work with the NMAA on the upcoming exhibition concerning Edward Hopper. BA Candidate Antioch College 1/24/00 to 5/15/00 Assist in How Things Fly gallery. BA Candidate Rhode Island School of Design 1/3/00 to 3/31/00 To catalog engine and prop. collection for the Dulles Center project. BA George Mason University 5/30/00 to 8/3/00 Research project on the history of Northern Virginia technology companies. The study addresses the feasibility of doing a history of those firms and how they relate to general themes of post- WW II research-based military technology. BA George Washington University 5/30/00 to 8/4/00 Projects will include photography for future magazine and book publications, including NASM air craft and artifacts. Photography will take place at NASM facilities and on location at the Paul Garber Facility and Dulles Airport. BA Candidate Minneapolis College of Art 5/30/00 to 8/3/00 Creating signs, publication design, assist with graphic design. MA George Washington University 1/18/00 to 8/31/00 Archival and collections work; assisted with installations. BA Candidate Temple University 6/12/00 to 8/18/00 Will be creating signs for the museum, publications design, and assist with graphic designs. BA Candidate Wellesley College 5/30/00 to 8/1/00 Preserving America’s Treasures: Space Suit Project. MA George Washington University 6/5/00 to 9/11/00 Preserving America’s Treasures: Threatened Artifacts from the Apollo Era. Intern will assist project conservator with primary research, conservation, photography, and day-to-day activities of the project. BS Candidate University of Maine 6/8/00 to 8/18/00 —Farmington The student will assist the supervisor in preparing geologic maps of Mars at 1:2,000,000 scale, to assess the regional context of the enigmatic Medusae Fossae Formation on Mars. Data from the Viking and Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft will be used in preparing the maps. BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/19/00 to 8/25/00 Researching the industrial response of GE and RCA to the launch of Sputnik by the Russians in 1957. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 189 Katherine Lenore Touw BA Duke University 5/30/00 to 8/1/00 Intern will assist student services coordinator in managing the program. This includes making arrangements for the Brown Bag lunch series and other intern activities. In addition, intern will work on the Exploring Planet program and coordinating Family Day activities. Eric Voboril MA George Washington University 1/18/00 to 4/11/00 Working with discovery carts in air transportation gallery. Helping develop family exhibit labels for air transportation gallery. Working with family programs and “Flights of Fancy” story-telling program. Clare Wysocki BA University of Wisconsin 5/30/00 to 8/4/00 Intern will work with the preservation and conservation of artifacts including cataloguing and treatment of artifacts and basic research. National Museum of African Art Micol Carmignani MA School of Oriental and African 3/20/00 to 5/31/00 Working on the African Art Index Project—an ongoing project to determine authoritative terminology for indexing and cataloging African Art. Julia Day BA Portland State University 9/11/00 to 11/6/00 Condition reports, assisting conservator on objects collections, studying museum environment and African art history. Michelle LeAnne MA University of Kansas 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Edwards Updating and annotating a bibliography on the arts and material culture of Lusaphone Africa. Vanessa Jones MA George Washington University 1/18/00 to 5/4/00 Give tours; rewrite teacher slide packet; other general activities; research and write focus object. Julia Young Kim BA Candidate Johns Hopkins University 6/5/00 to 8/25/00 I will assist Dr. Veronika Jenke in developing an exhibition in the Point of View Gallery that will focus on a single object from the museum’s collection. I will do research on the concept of the exhibition as well as the work of art. In addition, I will work on ongoing departmental programs and tasks. William Lommel MA Candidate George Washington University 9/25/00 to 12/31/00 The primary project of the internship is to digital photograph more than 1,000 objects in the storage areas of the National Museum of African Art. The intern will be responsible for downloading and processing the images to the computer network, converting the images and entering data needed to link the images to the database records, and keeping accurate records of the project. Gretchen Metzler BA Candidate University of Wisconsin 6/5/00 to 8/9/00 I will participate in the department’s physical inventory of accessioned collections, numbering approximately 7,200 objects. I will work with other registration department staff members to verify object locations in storage and exhibition areas, record the results, and resolve discrepancies. Josh Ruthnick BA University of California—Davis 9/20/00 to 12/31/00 Assist the exhibition and design department in the set-up of artists’ shows; responsible for all graphic elements of museum, including signs, invitations, etc. National Museum of American History James Allen, Jr. BA Appalachian State University 6/26/00 to 7/14/00 Working in the photo archiving area of the NMAH, researching and cataloguing the Scurlock collection. 190 Rebeca Ames Kelly Anderson Emily Appel Jennifer Ashline Alexis Azar Gloria J. Bailey Nuria Ballester Holley Barnes Jessica Becker Patrick Berry Alexis M. Blerman Joanna Bloch Christopher D. Bokulich Jolee Bracken Chris Bransfield Denise Breland Jennifer Buddenhagen Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA Candidate Smith College 9/7/99 to 12/17/99 Research, organize and compile database of the National Print Exhibitions—a sale of graphic arts at the Smithsonian from 1900-1970. BA University of California—Davis 6/26/00 to 8/30/00 Researching women in WW I. High School The Madeira School 9/22/99 to 6/30/00 Rehouse and organize record sheets of collection fabric and samples of ribbon; research; database entry; assist with quilt collections. 9/7/99 to 8/31/00 Assist with Star-Spangled Banner Project. BA Colby College 9/13/99 to 6/1/00 Assisting in researching and implementing Bicycle Awareness Month for the month of May 2000 under NMAH’s Lemelson Center. BA Wayne State University 1/to/o0 to 5/31/00 Work on the FY 2000 program in African American Culture public program series including W.E.B. Du Bois Lecture Series. Work includes research, scholar/participant contact, writing, administration and outreach. 1) Lecture Series. 2) From Middle Passage to Cyber Space. BA University Autonoma Barcelona 1/10/00 to 3/10/00 Archives readings on history and management of archives; preservation of electronic records. BA Sam Houston State University 6/8/00 to 7/27/00 Assisting Michael Judd with research and developing teacher lesson plans for the “Invention at Play” exhibition. BA George Washington University 1/18/00 to 6/1/00 Working on production of a literacy program in conjunction with 4th grade classes in D.C. public schools. BA Candidate Rehousing sports and entertainment collections. George Washington University 9/7/99 to 12/31/99 MA George Washington University 2/15/00 to 6/1/00 Assisting Bill Yeingst and other members of “Ipswich House” team—conducting research, etc. BA Candidate Johns Hopkins University 6/6/00 to 8/15/00 Work on Kolff collection of artificial hearts. BA Candidate Kent State University 1/24/00 to 5/5/00 Creation of a database for the collection of twentieth-century American presidential campaign documents. BA Hood College Assisted Patrick Brown. 1/10/00 to 12/31/00 BA Candidate Research on Presidency exhibition. Wheaton College 5/30/00 to 7/8/00 MA Candidate George Mason University 10/4/99 to 12/10/99 Organizing material for the program in African American Culture through the Archives Center. BA Candidate University of California—Davis 3/28/00 to 6/9/00 Graphic arts collection research, sorting, record keeping, list making/data entry, rehousing collection. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 191 Valerie Buford MA Texas A and M 1/31/00 to 5/1/00 Historical and artifact research on C/eopatra’s Barge, America’s first oceangoing yacht. Sean Carroll BA American University 9/5/00 to 12/23/00 Photographic assignments: printing photos in darkroom; computer assignment: developing standard and digital images for SI use. Charlene Clarke BA Candidate Millersville University 6/5/00 to 8/31/00 Researching railroads and contributing to a book. John Clarke BA University of Dayton 5/9/00 to 8/31/00 Assisting the Chief of Imaging and Technology Services in electronic imaging, scanning, and large- format printing. Courtney Cooper BA Candidate Roberts Wesleyan College 9/11/00 to 12/31/00 Assist with archival work and preparation of the on-line listing of the African American object collection. Leo Crane BA Oxford University 7/6/99 to 11/5/99 Helping with current projects in Public Affairs. Laura Crawford BA Candidate Wheaton College 6/5/00 to 8/10/00 Our Story: History Through Children’s Literature Program—Research and organization of topics for 2000-2001 season. Jessica Csoma BA Candidate Westfaulische 2/15/00 to 6/30/00 “Paint-by-Numbers—Phenomenon of the 1950s.” Helen Daniels BA Candidate California Lutheran University 9/13/99 to 12/1/99 Design intern for “Innovative Lives” exhibition for Lemelson Center. Nicole Dedekian BA Candidate New Mexico State University 7/6/00 to 8/31/00 Assisted Nance Briscoe. Robert DePaola I BA Candidate Rancho Santeogo 8/2/99 to 11/30/99 Design and upkeep of Web site. Rachelle Dixon BA Fisk University 6/26/00 to 9/17/00 To help plan out activities for the other interns. Jayson Kerr Dobney MA University of South Dakota 6/15/00 to 8/15/00 Working on a project at the National Museum of American History. Hannah Dunn BA Candidate University of Colorado—Boulder 9/25/00 to 4/20/01 Assist the Public Programs Director with Cultures in Motion public program and program notes. Adrienne Durand BA Candidate George Mason University 6/1/00 to 8/30/00 To familiarize myself with activities in the Public Affairs office. Scott Enstine BA Candidate American University 9/21/00 to 12/14/00 Editing and research at OEC. Pamela Epstein BA Vassar 6/26/99 to 12/31/99 Variety of projects: rehousing of sports and entertainment collections, cataloging incoming objects in the computer, photographing objects, inventory of collections, and research for exhibition on Jim Henson. Nicole Erickson BA Candidate George Mason University 6/19/00 to 8/31/00 Research on American political history and presidential exhibition. 192 Amy Essington Tuliza Fleming Andrew Foltz Isaac Foster Eric Gasqueres David Georgen Kelly Gerhard Desiree Girelle Ann Marie Gleeson Melissa Gniadek Lesley Godfrey Rashidah Goodwin Carrie Gray Gretchen Gueguen Heidi Hackford Lori Hamaguchi David Hanselman Amelia Harris Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 PhD Claremont Graduate University 5/22/00 to 8/11/00 Research and develop content to be published on NMAH’s Web site. BA University of Maryland— 7/6/99 to 12/31/99 College Park Research Assistant to the Archives of American History. BA Candidate Warner Pacific College 9/27/99 to 12/15/99 Conducting primary research for a book on the Washington Monument. BA Candidate Walt Whitman High School 7/3/00 to 8/31/00 Scanned and coded Don C. Hoefler’s microelectronics news; placed on Web. BA Candidate St. Mary’s International School 7/3/00 to 8/15/00 Assisted Andrea Lowther. High School George C. Marshall High School 6/25/99 to 12/31/99 Intern will place information gathered by the Chips program on the Web. BA Candidate Georgetown University 6/6/00 to 8/20/00 Researcher. BA Candidate George Mason University 1/13/99 to 1/31/00 Digital imaging lab; scan archive photos into computer and help coordinate future intern procedure to convert photos to digital. MA American University 9/1/00 to 12/31/00 Working on “American Bytes” Web site. BA Candidate Harvard College 6/19/00 to 8/19/00 Researching the statue of George Washington by Horatio Greenough in preparation for a book. Research will include both photo research and traditional research. BA Candidate University of California—Davis 6/27/00 to 9/1/00 Photographic history collection. BA Wheaton College 8/30/99 to 11/30/99 Researched Caribbean newspapers and gathered information about Afro-Caribbean art forms. Also assisted in the production of the “African Americans in the West” program for February. BA Smith College 9/5/00 to 12/15/00 Women in World War I. BA Candidate Pennsylvania State University 6/12/00 to 8/18/00 Research, editing, and writing for in-house publications at the American History Museum. PhD Candidate American University 1/26/99 to 3/1/00 Assisted Katherine Ott. BA Candidate University of California 9/20/00 to 12/15/00 To arrange the intern enrichment program. MA George Washington University 2/16/00 to 4/30/00 Research project for the West Point 2002 exhibition. BA University of the District of 2/23/00 to 8/31/00 Columbia Exhibit production, graphics. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships Jennifer Hecker Claudia Herting Candace Hewitt Jennifer Hicks Lorel Hiramoto Helen Hookway Melodee Hotai Christie Hubner Katherine Hunt Kate Hutchinson Jennifer Insley Annette Isgitt Kimberly Ivancovich Mary Beth Johnson Lindsey Johnson Gregory Dennis Jourdan Charles Kaczynski 193 BA Processing archival collections. University of Texas—Austin 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 BA University of Maryland— College Park Research pertaining to hip-hop and youth cultural training; other museum work through weekly lectures and tours. 1/6/00 to 5/31/00 BA Candidate Smith College 9/7/99 to 12/17/99 African American Communities project focus on Black military history and Afro-American culture in the 1930s and 1940s (specifically Catherine Dunham’s works. BA Candidate 5/15/00 to 8/31/00 Research biological molecules as an art form and give an artist’s interpretation of the interleuken2 University of Virginia molecule and the interleuken receptor. BA Candidate Smith College Doing research for “Ethnic Imagery in American Advertising.” 9/7/99 to 12/17/99 BA University of York Research, stock car exhibition, “Rock ‘n’ Soul” exhibition. 7/30/99 to 10/10/99 BA UCLA 9/14/99 to 12/8/99 Star-Spangled Banner Project. Work with senior educator and research, create, and develop a distance learning program for middle school students about the Star-Spangled Banner. BA Revise facilities report. George Washington University 6/5/00 to 8/31/00 BA Candidate Mary Washington College Collections management intern in the photographic history collection. 5/23/00 to 7/28/00 BA Candidate Smith College 9/5/00 to 12/15/00 Documenting presses from the 1880s for the National Museum of American History. BA Candidate University of Chicago 6/19/00 to 8/25/00 Conducting research on Chicago transportation history for upcoming “America on the Move” exhibition. BA Candidate Natchitoches State University 8/30/99 to 11/30/99 Research on beginnings of Buffalo soldiers and current life of surviving members. BA Candidate Oregon State University 7/17/00 to 9/12/00 Working in the department of photographic services. ; BA Candidate Salem College 2/t/oo to 5/2/00 Working with production manager of the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra. BA Candidate University of North Carolina 5/30/00 to 8/11/00 Musical instruments exhibition; “Piano 300”; Woodie Guthrie, etc. Research and program coordination. BA Candidate Photographing exhibits and interns for archival and publication usage. Purdue University 6/6/o0 to 7/30/00 PhD Catholic University of America Describing and cataloguing of artifacts in NMAH’s Catholic sacramental collection. 3/1/00 to 12/31/00 194 Edward Kader Kimberly Kahne Andrew Kahrl Demertra Pamela Kareman Laren Kata Alex Katz Laurie Kelleher Laura Keller Meaghan Anne Kent Amber King Steven King Beatrice Kingsbury Rachel Kivel Kristina Klimovich Megan Kulp Keith Kuzmovich Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA Bemidji State University 10/12/99 to 12/4/99 Helping Rayna Green with research on the importance of the American flag in Native People. Collecting an inventory of Iroquois objects held by other museums to be brought here for on educational exhibit. Working on research on Cherokee Nation. BA Smith College Popular music from the 1930s to 19703. 9/7/99 to 12/17/99 BA Candidate Kenyon College 6/12/00 to 8/18/00 To explore the changes in African American culture in the 20 years following Brown v. Board of Education. BA Candidate Kenyon College 6/12/00 to 8/11/00 Working in the African American studies department on the W.E.B. Du Bois lecture series. BA Wayne State University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Working with collections, materials related to the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation—multiple projects include processing manuscript collection, working with media archives and oral history program. BA Candidate Assist in exhibition on U.S. elections. Emory University 5/30/00 to 8/4/00 BA Candidate College of the Holy Cross 9/20/99 to 11/30/99 Working with Dr. Ahlborne to prepare religious medals for cataloging and display. BA University of Maryland —Baltimore 9/7/99 to 12/31/99 Enrichment program. Assist in Intern and Fellowship Office. MA Candidate 4/10/00 to 8/29/00 Assisted in programs in the education department: art improv, family day festival, docent and George Washington University teacher training; wrote essays for teacher packets; wrote children’s guide. BA Carnegie Mellon University 6/8/99 to 12/31/99 Working on Star-Spangled Banner Project, helping Marilyn with her dissertation, developing skills in museum work. BA Candidate Photographer for “Intern Opportunities.” Western Kentucky University 6/5/00 to 8/31/00 BA Candidate Montgomery College 1/4/00 to 5/31/00 Assist the design team in the development of the Ipswich House exhibition project by creating floor plans/elevations for space planning; organizing images and text into a schematic organization of exhibit sections; researching vendors/contractors. BA Candidate Interactive Web development intern American University 1/18/00 to 5/31/00 work on prototype for Web sites and kiosks. BA Candidate Worked on graphic arts project. Cornell University 8/28/00 to 12/1/00 BA Candidate Assisting with research and rehousing in textile collection. University of Richmond 6/27/00 to 7/27/00 MA Clarion University 1/10/00 to 5/31/00 Discussed with Mr. Howard Bass—projects will consist of a piano exhibition, slavery, and the Holocaust. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 195 Allison Lampton BA George Washington University 6/19/00 to 8/31/00 Research on provenance of 1870s costumes/dresses. Tippitt Lancaster BA University of California 3/3/99 to 3/3/00 “Piano 300” project: work with project manager, curator, and project director. Trisha Laski MA Candidate University of Maryland 9/20/99 to 12/13/99 Work on finding aid/database for objects in Women’s History Collection, work with the Women’s History Document Collection (including organizing documents), and general assistance with collections management activities in Political History Collection. Anne Laubernds BA Candidate School of Visial Arts 5/15/00 to 7/15/00 Assisting in scanning images in computer to create digital archive. Brigid Laurie BA George Washington University 5/31/00 to 8/25/00 The “Presidency” exhibition. Josephine Lee BA Candidate Columbia University 6/26/00 to 8/31/00 To compile a list of historic events relevant to each day of the year. David Leiman High School Walt Whitman High School 7/1/99 to 6/1/00 To catalog and archive small firearms such as pistols. Also, to conduct research on pistols in the National Archives and Library of Congress. Stacy Levine BA Candidate George Washington University 6/17/99 to 12/31/99 Helping coordinate Latino programs (Encuentos) at NMAH. Stacy Levine BA Candidate George Washington University 6/17/99 to 12/31/00 Working on a project at the National Museum of American History. Suzanne Lewis BA University of Cape Town 4/5/99 to 8/31/00 Collections management; cataloging, arranging photographic files, research in documentary collections. Hillary Lowenstein BA Candidate Smith College 9/5/00 to 12/15/00 Assisted curator Harry Rubenstein on the “American Presidency” exhibition. Tracy Manaster BA Wesleyan University 1/24/00 to 5/1/00 Research in certified proofs. Babe-Dee Lisa Mason BA Candidate Western Illinois University 6/27/00 to 8/11/00 Assisting with African American Studies Database. Eryn McGary BA Candidate Trinity University 6/19/00 to 8/11/00 Assisted Valeska Hilbig with public affairs. Kerry McLaughlin BA University of Delaware 6/5/00 to 7/14/00 Assisting with scanning and archiving in Photographic Services. Gabriela Melendez BA Candidate Salve Regina University 5/22/00 to 7/15/00 Assist the intern coordinator with providing orientation programs and tours for interns as they arrive. Develop and arrange a series of enrichment programs for the interns in and outside of NMAH. Assist coordinator with work in the office. Anna Mikelson BA Candidate Smith College 9/5/00 to 12/15/00 Researching the social history of popular music from the 1930s to the early 1980s. 196 Beth Milani Victoria Miller Patricia N. Mills Asha Mines Nina Moellers Sara Murphy Dana Nielsen Stephanie Novello Valerie Okrent Kristen Ostheimer Leigh O'Sullivan Lara Otis Kristen Pacino Celia Perez Allison Porch Marcie Povitsky Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA Candidate University of Maryland —Baltimore Working on a collection in the American Music Archives Department. 6/12/00 to 8/23/00 BA Candidate T.C. Williams High School 7/3/00 to 8/31/00 History of engineering in America. Posting information on topic about engineering on Internet. BA York College of Pennsylvania History and production of Roman Catholic Hispanic images. 5/30/00 to 8/30/00 BFA Candidate California Institute of the Arts Production and project management. Holiday Celebration 2000. t1/1/99 to 3/1/00 BA Tuebingen University—Germany 5/22/00 to 8/4/00 To assist on the Star-Spangled Banner Project; audio research “Presidency” exhibition. BA Roanoke College 6/11/00 to 8/31/00 Textiles. BA George Mason University 8/1/00 to 1/31/01 Research of repositories of USO material, document African American participation and experiences and prepare paper for George Mason University graduate course and share copy with Armed Forces History Collection. BA Candidate Bucknell University Internship with “Encuentros: Latino America at the Smithsonian.” 6/26/00 to 8/19/00 BA Candidate Smith College 9/5/00 to 12/15/00 I will be working on documenting women’s dresses from the 1840s. This will involve research in the Library of Congress as well as with primary materials. MA Northeastern University 9/13/99 to 12/14/99 Nobel exhibition: script development and research on audiovisual materials to be used in the exhibition. BA Smith College Research on Women’s Dress Collection from 1840 to 1860. 9/7/99 to 12/7/99 BA College of William and Mary 10/12/99 to 12/31/99 Research, cataloging, rehousing in the Photographic History Collection. Data entry, object lists, answering inquiries. Also, will assist Nan Card with Integration project. BA George Washington University 1/18/00 to 5/20/00 Graphics and Audiovisual intern for “Nobel! tooth Anniversary of the Prize” exhibition. Work with archival and internet research for the graphics that will be included in the exhibition. MA University of South Florida 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Creating an annotated bibliography of books related to the U.S./Mexico border issue, translating the title of the Spanish language books for the cataloguing department, providing basic library assistance. BA Candidate Purdue University Editor of “Intern Opportunities,” a yearly guide to internships at NMAH. 6/5/00 to 8/3/00 BA Candidate Montgomery College 7/5/00 to 7/31/00 Verify and enter selected data from the National Collection related to electricity for a future Web site, Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 197 Jennifer Powers BA Candidate Lehigh University 5/25/00 to 7/19/00 Analyzing photographs and artifacts that relate to technology. Scott Putnam Gibbs 1/31/00 to 5/31/00 Research in Duke Ellington Archive and coordinator for Duke Ellington Youth Festival. Jean Sook Rah BFA Maryland Institute, 4/24/00 to 12/31/00 College of Art Assistance in building support forms for objects in the textile and costume lab, either for exhibition preparation or for rehousing. Rebecca Brady Reidel BA Candidate University of Delaware 6/12/00 to 8/4/00 Working with the Kistler collection of lithographs and prints of 1950s and 1960s American artists. Katey Reilly BA Candidate Juniata College 7/24/00 to 8/31/00 Working with the Dorothy Horstman archives. Leslie Reinhardt MA Princeton University 2/9/00 to 5/31/00 Studying eighteenth-century costume. Brigid Grainne MA George Washington University 4/10/00 to 8/31/00 Rhodes Nuta Research assistant for the “Presidency” exhibition. John Riegel BA Candidate Ohio State University 9/18/00 to 12/1/00 Electricity: ICE project for Web. Kathryn Roberson BA Reed College 5/8/00 to 7/8/00 Support for “Rock ‘n’ Soul” and “Speed and Spirit” exhibitions. Jennifer Roy High School James Madison High School 7/6loo to 8/30/00 Working on symposium on Curtis Mayfield. Herb Ruffin II PhD Candidate Claremont Graduate University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Assisting in the research and production of the African Americans in the West program for February 2001. Kelly Rushing BA Candidate Illinois State University 5/22/00 to 8/10/00 Move anthropology and paleobiology collections from Garber Facility and Natural History Building to Museum Support Center for long-term storage. Alexis Saarela BA Candidate Smith College 9/7/99 to 12/17/99 Ethnic Imagery in the Landscape of Commerce: research in Archives and advertising collection for this project. Jessica Sanders 3/t/o0 to 5/31/00 Research for chapter on Ronald Reagan’s environmental policy. Barbara Satterfield MA George Washington University 5/8/00 to 8/18/00 Design work toward the Hands-On History activity relating to the Star-Spangled Banner, and model/entry graphics for “Freeze Frame: Eadweard Muybridge’s photography.” Ann-Marie Saucier BA Candidate Montgomery College 7/5/00 to 8/27/00 Building a database of all inventions for an Internet Web page. Michael Scalia MA Angelo State University 7/5/00 to 9/1/00 Chip intern. 198 Laura Scheu Kevin Paul Schlesier Laura Schulz Lindsey Morgan Scott Megan Shepard Karen Shimizu Rosalind Shipley Rebecca Short Alena Shumway Sofia Silva Rebecca Singer Jeanne Sklar Emily Sloat Shaw Carol Ann Small Anne Smallman Lara Smetana Kendra Smith Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA Candidate Luther College 1/20/00 to 4/30/00 Assist in work on the International Battle of the Bands Competition records. Research/draft scope notes, rearrange the Herman Leonard photos of jazz musicians. MA George Washington University 5/31/00 to 8/31/00 Assist in research and collections search for “America on the Move” exhibition, focusing on Route 66. BA George Washington University Background research on 1860s dresses and family history. 3/t/oo to 8/31/00 BA Candidate Participating in photo shoots, printing, and processing. Bowdoin University 5/25/00 to 7/25/00 BA Candidate Assisted designer Nigel Briggs. Pennsylvania State University 5/9/00 to 8/31/00 BA Candidate Smith College 9/5/00 to 12/15/00 Produce a treatment proposal for one section exhibition on American History. The goal of the exhibition is to provide an historical framework through which visitors can put into a larger context the museum’s varied programs and topical exhibitions. BFA Maryland Institute College of Art Assistant to curators of “America on the Move.” 1/28/00 to 5/31/00 BA Candidate University of Maryland 9/2/99 to 11/30/99 Analysis of letters, correspondence, journals, and official and personal records of Buffalo Soldiers, Native Americans, and Euro-Americans, to understand their perceptions of one another. BA Candidate Smith College The technology of time and its effects on people’s lives. 9/5/00 to 12/15/00 BA Fac. Bellas Artes, UNLP 1/28/00 to 4/5/00 Working in the imaging, printing and photographic services at printing process. BA George Washington University 1/18/00 to 4/13/00 Working on the production of Our Story. BA University of Michigan 6/5/00 to 8/31/00 Creating finding aids and processing materials for the Western Union Telegraph Company collection. BA Amherst College 9/15/99 to 12/31/99 Work with Howard Bass and Sue Walker in the Public Programs Office; assist with the Cherokee Program, “Piano 300,” and “American Slavery in History and Memory”; attend meetings and perform research for programming. MA Winterthur/University of Delaware 6/6/00 to 7/31/00 Graduate intern in paper conservation. BA George Washington University 1/11/00 to 5/31/00 Various Collections Management activities: documentation, photographing, cleaning, records verification, etc. BA Candidate Scholarly research. Georgetown University 1/26/99 to 12/31/99 BA Candidate Temple University 6/15/00 to 8/31/00 I will assist in the development department of NMAI. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 1:99 Amy Smith BA Candidate Mary Washington College 7/5/00 to 8/31/00 Worked on intern project. Emily Spates BA Candidate UC_Davis 9/14/99 to 12/3/99 Assist with Our Story program in planning and organizing Event Days; maintain Our Story hotline; research Our Story program for winter. Shannon Stackhouse BA Harvard College 6/12/00 to 8/18/00 Photo history/graphics design; Muybridge photographs on exhibit starting October. Design of posters, publicity, maybe some Web design. Callie Stapp BA George Washington University 6/1/00 to 9/15/00 Old loan project. Jennifer C. Stinson BA George Washington University 1/10/00 to 5/31/00 Assist in the development of cross-training offerings; study the management and leadership practices within a museum setting. Esther Sung BA Candidate Rice University 5/30/00 to 8/22/00 Research for the “Nobel Prize” exhibition. Angela Tarango BA Candidate Wellesley College 5/30/00 to 8/4/00 Research on religion in the media and millennialism. John Thiel BA Michigan State University 7/5/00 to 8/25/00 Projects relating to the Hands on History Room. Emmanel Thomann BA Colby College 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Compiling information on families of specific West Point graduates, and attempting to locate graphic images of the family members for exhibition “West Point 2000,” set to open in Spring 2000. Charissa Threat BA University of Louisiana 6/1/00 to 8/31/00 Archiving music collection. Jessica Trent Monica Trieu Monica Turcich Patricia Turning Andrea Lindsay Turpin Natasha Udu-gama Mary Upton BA College of William and Mary Help organize different events and exhibitions at the museum. 6/1/00 to 8/31/00 9/5/00 to 8/17/00 Worked with Peter Liebhold in the department of the History of Technology. MA George Washington University 6/5/00 to 8/29/00 Research on original owners/wearers of costumers in social history collection. MA University of Akron 1/18/00 to 5/30/00 Research assistant to Harry Rand for first sculpture commissioned by U.S. government of George Washington; photo research and copyright/reproduction permission. BA Candidate Princeton University 6/12/00 to 8/12/00 Research ideas in preparation for a grant to develop a science/invention cart for visitors. BA Candidate George Washington University Determining costs of a micro array lab. 5/29/00 to 8/15/00 BA Candidate George Mason University 6/15/00 to 8/30/00 Intern at the Office of Imaging, Printing and Photographic Services. 200 Sharon Varnum Brady Vause Philip Wallach Richard T. Watkins Jared Weissbrot Stephanie Wheeler Onari Williams Catherine Williams Sarah Wintle Catherine Wolfe Erik Woodard Yuki Yamazaki Michah Yang Jennifer Marie Yaremczak Patrick Ymele-Leki Ted Yuan Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA University of Missouri —Columbia 9/21/00 to 1/31/01 Electricity collection. MA Occidental College 1/10/00 to 5/31/00 Responsible for arranging the enrichment programs for the spring intern group. Will also assist the intern coordinator with the work of the intern/fellow office, including updating and revising office records, publications, and orienting new interns. BA Candidate Shaker Heights High School Work on putting Hoefler’s microelectronics news on the Web. 7/3/00 to 8/31/00 BA Candidate 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Assisting with the development of a lecture series, the annual Martin Luther King, Jr., Commemoration Event, and the PAAC’s event for the Folklife Festival. Morehouse College BA Candidate Worked on radio production project. Peabody Institute 7/17/00 to 12/31/00 12/28/99 to 5/31/00 I will be assisting the Smithsonian Production team in producing video for the Virtual Smithsonian Web site. High School Working on the Ellington project. Duke Ellington 3/14/00 to 5/31/00 MA Buffalo State College Working in preservation services. 9/5/00 to 9/30/01 BA Candidate Smith College 9/7/99 to 12/17/99 Constructing a finding guide to a portion of the Reform Movements Collections in the division of Social History. BA Candidate “Paint-by-Number” exhibition. UC -Davis 9/14/99 to 12/3/99 MA candidate George Washington University 1o/ to 12/30/99 Preparation of Yale-Smithsonian seminar for publication. PhD The Catholic University of America 2/15/00 to 5/31/00 To catalogue several kinds of historical documents of labor history, such as pamphlets, correspondence, and magazines. BA Candidate Research on the history of the electronic wristwatch. University of Chicago 6/19/00 to 8/25/00 BA Candidate Gettysburg College 6/5/00 to 8/31/00 Worked on programs in African American culture. BA Candidate Montgomery College 7/5/00 to 12/31/00 Verify and enter data of the National Collection related to the subject of electricity. High School Chantilly High School 7/18/00 to 8/31/00 Working with Patrick Brown to identify historical objects and place them into database. National Museum of the American Indian Sarah Beane BA Candidate North Dakota State University Working as an intern in facilities planning. 9/5/00 to 12/8/00 ; | Francesca Blasi Chelsea Cannon HyoJung Cho India Comosona Mary Coughlin Deloria Jean Dallas Marcie DeLorme Mary Everett-Patriquin Selina Marie Farmer Krista Grandey Melissa Ann Henry Jordan N. Jacobs Sarah Kitch Travis Lane Travis Lane Nancy Love Anthony Madrigal Heidi Ho McKinnon Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 201 MFA University of Florence Help in accessibility facilities and interior facilities 2/2/00 to 4/30/00 BA Candidate Stanford University Working with Diane Bird on archives and working with a new database. 6/12/00 to 8/18/00 MA George Wahsington University Collections management: accessioning of acquisitions. 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 BAC University of New Mexico Assist NMAT archivists with Hawikku records. 6/5/00 to 7/5/00 BA Mary Washington College Conservation projects. 9/5/00 to 8/31/01 BA Candidate Fort Lewis College 6/5/00 to 8/8/00 Conservation and transporting the collection for NMAI from Suitland, Maryland. BA Candidate University of Nevada—Reno At the cultural resource center of NMAI, will work with photo archives. 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 MA Arizona State University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Researching indigenous boat building for NMAI’s grand opening. BA Candidate Collections management internship. Institute of American Indian Arts 10/4/99 to 12/11/99 BA Candidate University of Virginia 6/12/00 to 8/4/00 —Richmond Working and doing research to facilitate the move of NMAI from New York to Washington, D.C. BA Candidate Fort Lewis College 6/4/00 to 8/16/00 Participate in the ongoing promotional efforts of the Heye Center exhibitions, assist public affairs staff in cultivating and maintaining ongoing relationships with the media, and assist in the planning and execution of promotional efforts for special events. BA Candidate Stanford University Develop electronic publication titled “Starting a Tribal Museum.” 3/29/00 to 6/9/00 MA Winterthur/University of Delaware Conservation of Plains Indian shirts for upcoming exhibition. 6/5/00 to 8/25/00 BA Candidate University of Arizona 6/5/00 to 9/12/00 Working/researching on Plains Indian shirts for upcoming exhibition. BA Candidate University of Arizona 10/ to 12/11/99 Background research; examination and condition reports; document condition of photography, carry out treatment, and suggest any mounting or exhibition-related needs and packing/travel needs. MA Queen’s University—Ontario 6/5/00 to 8/24/00 Conservation of hide Plains Indians war shirts. BA University of California NMAI Collections catalogue collection Heye Museum. 6/13/00 to 8/18/00 BA University of New Mexico 10/ to 12/31/00 I will transcribe tribal histories, research maps, photos, and documents related to the “Our Peoples” exhibition, and work with tribal representatives in the collections facility. 202 Melinda McPeek Adelina Morales Claudio Daniel Muro Jill Norwood Rhussel J. Ojibway Aron-Emile Osborn Shannon Parker Willow Powers Ameyali Ramos Castillo Heather Richardson Betzabe Rivera Kathleen Skonberg Sandra Smith Christa Stabler Anne E. Walters Manuela Araniegas Adae Romeno Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA College of William and Mary 9/7/99 to 9/7/00 Assisting in the conservation of collections at the Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland. | BA Candidate Univsidad Veracruzana 9/20/99 to 8/21/00 Anthropological research in Curatorial Department. 3/7/00 to 5/31/00 Design an exhibit about Plains Indians decorated shirts. BA Candidate University of Maryland 10/4/99 to 12/10/99 Draft concept paper and accompanying publication for the fall 2000 Forum. Compose a print and e-listing of potential forum participants with contact and bio information. Draft a schedule for the two-day forum. MA California State University 6/5/00 to 8/12/00 Intranet research regarding NMAI. BA University of Texas 10/4/99 to 12/10/99 Work with curatorial staff on content for the Mall museum exhibitions, particularly the Our Universe gallery. Conduct research on the Quecha and Chontal tribal philosophies. Interact with library and archives staffs to carry out research and maintain files. Research material published in Spanish and summarized in English. Also, research on the Todos Santos Day, Mother Earth ceremony, and tribal philosophies. BA Sir Sandform Fleming College 6/5/00 to 8/25/00 Preparing Plains Indian shirts for exhibit at the George Gustav Heye Center. 6/4/00 to 6/20/00 Working on project to develop Native American archives and archivists. High School Walt Whitman HS 10/28/99 to 6/30/00 Exploring cultural diversity through research at the CRC and the exhibitions at NMAI. 6/5/00 to 8/25/00 Mellon Fellowship to conserve American Indian artifacts in preparation for new NMAI facility. BA Candidate Univ. de Panama 9/20/99 to 12/10/99 Anthropological research in Curatorial Department. BA Candidate UAA-—Kodiak College 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Intern at NMAI. MA George Washington University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Cataloguing a collection of contemporary Native American art. MA University of Connecticut 1/10/00 to 7/17/00 Researching and interpreting Native American languages to be incorporated into the welcoming area of NMAI. BA Northern Virginia Community 1/10/00 to 3/17/00 My tasks will reflect the move of the collection, specifically those items that have just arrived from the New York facility. BA Harvard University 6/4/00 to 7/17/00 Assists in research and organizing material for the Film and Video Festival, scheduled for fall 2000. BA Candidate Princeton University 6/4/00 to 8/16/00 Assist workshop coordinator in gathering and organizing workshop material, setting-up Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 203 presentation area for public programs, creating handouts and flyers for public programs, and editing and printing Participant Handbook. National Museum of Natural History Catherine Adams David Agresto Amanda Albright Hector Enrique Angarita Beatrix Arendt Sudha Arunachalam Heather Backo Mariska Batavia Sarah Bayzick Andrea Elizabeth Berger Joyi Better-Rice Victoria Book Sabrina Boyer BA Candidate George Washington University 6/1/99 to 12/31/99 Research on photographs of North American Indians. BS College of William and Mary 5/22/00 to 9/1/00 Working with Dr. Purdy on a paleobiology research project. BA Juniata College 5/27/00 to 8/3/00 I am studying the Emmons Peqmatite of Southwestern Maine in order to determine crystallization sequence. BS Candidate Pontificia Universidad 5/27/00 to 8/4/00 Javeriana Differentiation of Columbian Platyrrhina (mammalia, chiroplera, phyllostomidae): Six species of Platyrrhina are currently known from Columbia. A preliminary analysis demonstrates that one of these is misidentified and suggests that eight species officially occur in the country. BA Emory University 9/15/99 to 12/31/99 Working on a project at the National Museum of Natural History. BA Candidate University of Southern 5/27/00 to 8/4/00 California Phonological variation in Menominee, an Algonquian language. The complex phonological rules formulated by Leonard Bloomfield will be compared with Bloomfield’s tests in both their published and original manuscript forms to determine the extent of variation from the community norm, which Bloomfield formulated. BA Tulane University 6/1/00 to 8/28/00 Bibliographic research on human skeletal paleopathology. High School Madeira School 9/20/00 to 5/31/o1 Facilitating the Discovery Room experience for the general public and developing educational materials for families with children 7 to 11 years old. BA Candidate Syracus University 6/12/00 to 8/4/00 Duties to include working with exhibit designer, fabricators, and graphic department to produce permanent exhibits in the Natural History Museum; office assistant in the fabrication shop. BA Candidate Wesleyan University 5/27/00 to 8/2/00 Working with Dr. Steve Ousley in the Anthropology Department. BS Candidate University of North Carolina 5/22/00 to 7/27/00 To assist in research projects and scientific investigation pertaining to ichthyology and the marine sciences. Responsibilities: classification of various fish species, preparation of information and specimens for catalog preservation, assisting in the establishment of correlative research database. BA University of Delaware 9/5/00 to 9/5/01 Preprogram conservation internship to gain experience in a wide range of conservation methods and techniques; primarily with the National Anthropological Archives’ Artwork Preservation Project. BS Candidate Swarthmore College 6/12/00 to 8/22/00 Assisting with research and reporting on volcanic activity, especially in Ecuador. 204 Matthew Brandley Amber Breiner Robin Kathleen Brown Krista Cadavero Diana Chapa Christine Chen Nicholas Coenraad Johnny Coleman Katherine Connors Thomas Conroy Heather Cooper Denise Crisanto Trevor Davis Erica Paige Davis Raul Ivan Raiol de Campos Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BS Candidate University of Oklahoma 5/27/00 to 8/3/00 Working with Kevin de Queiroz on a taxonomy project involving mollusks in the Research Training Program. BA Candidate Temple University 6/19/00 to 9/7/00 Illustrations research on photographs of Native Americans to be used in the Plains volume of the Handbook of North American Indians project. Also working on other projects of the anthropologist in charge, including gathering data on cartoons about anthropology and anthropologists for use in an upcoming exhibition at the AAA conference. BS Candidate University of Florida 5/22/00 to 8/11/00 Cataloguing slides from 1978 through 1981 of research in Leh, Ladakh, India. BA Candidate Columbia Union College 9/15/99 to 8/31/00 Stabel isotopic analysis of plankton foraminifera species in the mid-Cretaceous examining the oceanic anoxic event at the Cenomarian boundary. BS Candidate University of Texas 5/29/00 to 8/3/00 —Brownsville Working with Brian Huber. BA Columbia University 6/8/00 to 7/16/00 Participation in archaeological fieldwork in the Toluca Valley, Mexico. Her activities involve: assisting in the analysis of artifacts (ceramics, lithics, etc.); excavations in architectural sites, and mapping. BA Candidate University of Colorado—Boulder 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Working with both archival and collections-based repatriation-related research. BA Candidate Howard University 10/20/99 to 5/31/o1 The measurement of humerii and radii, femur, and tibia for the distinction in gender. High School Anatomy of the red panda. Thomas Jefferson High School 6/26/00 to 8/30/00 BA Candidate 8/10/00 to 12/31/00 I will answer media inquiries about the museum and its project and assist in the day-to-day George Washington University schedule of the office. BA Candidate Public affairs work. McGill University 5/4/00 to 9/1/00 BS London School of Economics Cataloguing William Sturtevant’s library in the Anthropology Department. 5/30/00 to 7/21/00 Rochester Institute of 6/21/00 to 8/22/00 Technology Photography of paleobotany type specimens for on-line catalog and archiving purposes. BS Candidate BA Oakland University 9/8/00 to 12/31/00 Projects relative to North American Indian photographs and the photographers who took them. Will include work in Handbook of North American Indians illustrations as needed for Plains and SE volumes. BA George Washington University 5/15/00 to 8/31/00 Cataloguing Crocker and Newton Collection. Andrea DiGiovanni Torsten Dikow Allison Elder Andrew Allen Farke Stephanie Fuentes Patricia Gaydos Helen Gemmill Sally Graver Robert Griffin Eleanor Grimm Valerie Kay Hardy Erica Haskell Kristofer Michael Helgen Tabitha Hensley Taneika Hughes Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 205 BA Candidate 6/5/00 to 8/31/00 Sort and evaluate Movietone newsreel collection; sort and catalogue travel slides associated with “Hansen Collection” (early travel films). New York University BS University of Rostock, Germany 5/27/00 to 8/3/00 A phylogenetic study of Actocetor (Diptera: Ephydridae) with a revision of the Afrotropical and Paleoarctic species. BA College of William and Mary 5/24/00 to 12/7/00 Developing, for the Discovery Room, object-based activities to facilitate learning in a hands-on en- vironment. BS Candidate South Dakota School of Mines 5/27/00 to 8/4/00 This project employed known statistical methods to investigate the feasibility of size from sample date, including fossil groups and extant spiders. BA Candidate SUNY-—Geneseo 5/29/00 to 8/2/00 The goal of the project is to make stratigraphic and geographic distinctions among the Precambrian Ediacarin Fauna. BA University of North Carolina Working on a project at the National Museum of Natural History. 5/7/00 to 6/16/00 BA Middlebury College 1/4/00 to 1/28/00 Cataloguing the African education collection; Introduction to museum education. BA Grinnell College 5/30/00 to 5/30/01 Assist with current laboratory projects, forensic cases, and monograph preparation. BA Candidate 6/12/00 to 8/17/00 Documenting eight films by Central American archaeologist, Matthew Stirling, including creation of detailed cataloging records in addition to audio commentary where possible. University of Virginia High School George Mason High School Helping with arrangement, description, and storage of archival collections. 7/24/00 to 9/1/00 BA Candidate University of Virginia 6/5/00 to 8/5/00 —Richmond Acting as liaison between news/entertainment media and museum scientists. Working with VIPs, local and national, and international film and television crews. Reading and compiling museum print news clippings, using the Internet and computer database. Writing and updating press materials, including news releases and fact sheets. BA Mills College 9/8/00 to 12/31/00 Assist with promotional campaigns to publicize historically important recordings. BA Candidate 5/29/00 to 8/3/00 Taxonomic revision of Caribbean Procyon based on cranial and dental morphology. Harvard University BS Candidate University of New Orleans 5/27/00 to 8/4/00 This project will focus on examining a compiled petrologic database from the Quaternary volcanoes of Central America to investigate regional geochemical trends, and relationships to age, position, and tectonic parameters, such as crustal thickness, distance from the trench and proximity to cross- arc fractures zones. BA Candidate Howard University 4/5/99 to 12/31/99 Exploration and documentation of the selection process believed to determine the reasoning behind inconsistent removal of remains from a former burial yard in St. Johnsbury, Vermont. Perhaps the 206 Matthew W. Jackson Erin Jandebeur Griffith Jones Nico Juber Christine Ann Kennedy Kelly Koldus Karen Kramer Ross Lang Aurelia Chrystyan Lewis Daniel Lopez Sara Lubkin Sabina Aguilera Madrigal Elisa Maldonado Melanie Mann Erik Martin Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 presence of pathologies, a fear of the deaths, supernatural beliefs, and associated customs—maybe even witchcraft. BS Candidate Brown University 5/27/00 to 8/3/00 A study of the systematics of the coleotrypinae subtribe of the plant family commelinace using a variety of anatomical techniques. BA San Diego State University 8/9/99 to 5/31/00 Coordinating media events and press releases, specifically working on the “Viking” exhibition opening April 2000. BA Candidate Old Dominion University Development and evaluation of interactive software. 6/21/00 to 9/1/00 BA Candidate Working in the Public Affairs office. Tufts University 7/27/00 to 8/23/00 BS Connecticut College 5/22/00 to 8/1/00 Conduct literature searches and other forms of research on marine and coastal issues in the U.S. government and the world. BA Candidate University of California—Irvine Working in the Education Department with Jim Johnson at NMNH. 6/26/00 to 9/1/00 PhD Candidate 6/1/00 to 9/1/00 This is a research assistant internship that will contribute to an ongoing project, “Ft. Marion University of New Mexico Revisited: An Evaluation of the Authorship of Drawings by Nineteenth-Century Southern Plains Artists,” directed by Dr. Candace Greene. I will assist by examining original and published Ft. Marion ledger art produced by Southern Plains Indians imprisoned in Florida between 1875 and 1878. High School Home School Intern at NMNH in the Entomology Department with Terry Erwin. 6/5/00 to 6/16/00 2/22/00 to 8/31/00 Educational project. BA Candidate Anatomy of the black-footed ferret. Northern Illinois University 5/23/00 to 6/8/00 BS Cornell University 5/30/00 to 8/2/00 Research using foraminifera to study prehistoric climate change. BA Candidate Escuela Nacional 5/24/99 to 11/30/99 Elaboration of a Web page related to textiles from southwest United States and northern Mexico. BS Candidate UCLA 5/27/00 to 8/3/00 This project involves a look at deep-sea echinoderms (sea stars and their relatives) of the Bahaman Islands. It will consist of an ecological analysis of videotapes, specimens, and still photographs obtained from manned submersibles. BS Candidate University of Hawai'i at Manoa Working with Steve Onsley in the Anthropology Department. 5/29/00 to 8/3/00 BA Candidate Los Angeles Valley College 5/27/00 to 8/3/00 The project will examine changes in variance and character correlation through time in a long- ranging species of fossil plant, Neuropters ovata. We propose that variance will decrease and correlation increase, showing that as a species ages over time, it becomes more specialized and subsequently more vulnerable to extinction. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships Donna McCarthy Sara McKinstry Brenda McLain Tsitsi McPherson Andrew Medina-Marino Robert Mehler Raissa Menendez-Delme Carrie Meyers Stephen Miller Emilie Miller Kelly Mills Frank Mitchell Carmen Ruth Nogueron Alison Olcott Donia Rae Preston 207 MA Oregon State University 9/t/oo to 12/31/00 Collecting data for calculating stature on skeletal remains for the Northwest coast populations. BS Duke University 3/20/00 to 7/21/00 Writing, designing, and editing of public outreach materials—reports, Web sites, brochures, posters, videos, exhibits, CD-ROMs, etc. MA Candidate University of Arizona 1/22/99 to 12/31/99 Documentary photography of exhibits in the Natural History Museum. Studio photography of exhibits to document ongoing curatorial research projects. Field research documentation photography for potential use in NMNH publications. BA Candidate University of Guyana 5/27/00 to 8/13/00 A morphological and phylogenetic analysis of two poorly known tortricid genera restricted to Chile and Argentina. BA Candidate Swarthmore College 1/24/00 to 3/31/00 Comparing fossil leaves and flowers of an extinct species of Alnus with living relatives to determine the systematic position of the extinct species. BS George Mason University 6/G/oo to 8/6/00 Assist NMNH GIS department with digitizing data entry, etc., on various anthropology- and geology-related projects. BA Candidate University of Puerto Rico 5/29/00 to 8/3/00 We will determine how many species of the Indo-Pacific freshwater needlefish, genus Xenentodon (Belonidae) are valid, using standard morphometric and meristic characters including x-raying specimens to count vertebrae. BA Goshen College 6/12/00 to 8/18/00 I will research the political, cultural, economic, and historical background of countries SI/MAB is beginning projects in. I will also translate documents from French to English. BA Pomona College 11/1/99 to 10/31/00 Assisting the Office of the Curator of Asian, European, and Middle Eastern Ethnology with anthropological research, collections improvement, exhibitions, and public programs—including a William Louis Abbott (1860-1936) publication project and Indonesian ethnology. BS Candidate University of New Mexico 5/30/00 to 8/5/00 An investigation of heteropteran biodiversity in Ecuadorian canopy fogging samples. BA University of Texas—Houston 9/8/00 to 12/31/00 Worked on anthropology project. BA University of Texas 6/13/00 to 8/18/00 —San Antonio Native American Urban Revitalization BS Montgomery College 6/10/00 to 12/31/00 Research, drafting documents, proofreading publications in Spanish; data analysis. BA University of Chicago 6/17/99 to 9/1/00 Morphometric analysis of Instars in Ostracodes through the Phanerozoic. BA Candidate York College of Pennsylvania 6/11/00 to 7/31/00 Researching military/civilian donors to the Philippines collection from the time of the Philippine- American War. 208 Mark Prschel Jarod Raithel Karine Reiter Margaret Robe June Mary Rubis Tiffany Nicole Sahadeo Jennifer Schade Molly J. Schafer Chad Schennum Stephanie Schroeder Courtenay Shinn Vicki Simon Elizabeth Stratton Alessandra Sulzer Kate Sweeney Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BS Candidate Transylvania University Literature research for new edition of “Cephalopods of the World.” 6/5/00 to 8/25/00 BA Candidate Texas A and M University Working with Dr. Helen James on birds. 5/27/00 to 8/3/00 BA Candidate Curatorial project with Dr. Huber. George Washington University 9/8/00 to 5/31/01 BA University of North Carolina 8/30/99 to 12/17/99 Assist with public events and openings during the fall with the Natural History Museum, and assist with the publication of the museum’s public record. BS Simon Fraser University, Canada In a collaborative project with World Wildlife Fund, published floras of Indo-Malaysian countries will be used to designate individual plant species to ecoregions in which they exist. This data will be used to determine which plant species and endemic to each ecoregion as part of an analysis of global extinction risk. 5/27/00 to 8/3/00 2/22/00 to 8/31/00 Educational project. High School Urbana High School Collecting, assisting Gary Hevel, maintaining insect trays and jars. 9/3/99 to 3/1/00 BA Candidate Corcoran College of Art 1/18/00 to 12/31/00 Inventory, archival rehousing, and surface cleaning on illustration collections. BS Candidate 5/27/00 to 8/4/00 I am examining a prehistoric mammal from Asia—extracting and preparing its rib cage—and trying to determine how it lived, based on information from a prehistoric mammal that lived in North America. Virginia Tech BS Candidate 5/28/00 to 8/3/00 Systematics and biogeography of the genus sinistrofolgor (Gastropodia melsugenidae) in eastern University of Wisconsin North America; sampling flight populations from throughout the geographic range. BS Candidate University of Chicago Conducting field excavations in Wyoming. 6/19/00 to 8/25/00 AD Montgomery College 9/22/99 to 1/31/00 Assisting with illustration research on the Plains and Southeast volume. Also working with her supervisor on various research projects relating to historical North American Indian photography. BA University of Tennessee 7/3/00 to 8/11/00 Botany branch library projects include Web page updates; Anthropology branch projects include gathering government documents; and Invertebrate branch projects include inventory of serials. BS Harvard University 6/19/00 to 8/25/00 Intern will learn about museum collections and collections management practices by participating in the relocation of various Natural History collections and assisting supervisor in development of disaster plan. Intern will learn to handle, clean, inspect, stabilize, and transport collections. BA Colorado College Assist in the Office of Public Affairs. 10/29/99 to 12/31/99 Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 209 Monica Terry BA Central Michigan University 9/13/99 to 12/31/99 Work of geographic information systems projects for scientific visualization and analysis of ongoing studies within the Natural History Museum. Amara Thorton BA Candidate Haverford College 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Assisting with “African Voices” project. Maya D. Van Horn BS Duke University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 AFLP profiling to pick up variation in very closely related species and populations—to look at genetic variation in a species pair of plants from the genus Psycotria. Elizabeth Walker BA Candidate Gloucester County College 6/4/00 to 8/1/00 ; Research and planning of annual events pertaining to the Civil Rights Movement, specifically the W.E.B. Du Bois Lecture Series and a program about Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Jessica Wood BA Candidate University of Wisconsin 6/1/00 to 8/3/00 Assisting supervisors with Mammals in the Schools National Outreach Program, as well as Educational Product Development. Chai Nicole Woodham BA Candidate University of Maryland— 1/18/00 to 5/11/00 College Park Media reports, press releases, media liaison for museum/scientists and press. Jennifer Young BA St. Lawrence University 6/14/99 to 9/1/00 Taphonomic and paleoecological analysis of terrestrial paleocommunities: quantitative approaches. Pein (Penny) Yu BA Candidate University of Southern 1/18/00 to 4/17/00 California Assist with media reports, press releases and media liaison between press and scientists. National Portrait Gallery Kristine Bender BA Candidate George Washington University 9/15/00 to 12/22/00 Internship in the Office of History at the National Portrait Gallery. Primary duties involve researching collections at the Smithsonian and at other area institutions in support of a Civil War Web site. Victoria Anne Bracken BA Candidate American University 2/1/00 to 4/27/00 Aiding in the execution of a complete collections inventory. Darshan Elena Campos PhD University of California 7/10/00 to 9/21/00 An examination of racial difference in classic Hollywood cinema, particularly focused on music and dance performance. Sandra Chahin BA Candidate University of Texas—Austin 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Researching various Latino cultural perspectives in American cultural history. Sharlene Chiu BA Candidate University of California—Davis 3/29/00 to 6/8/00 Research on Hollywood image making for forthcoming exhibition and book at the National Portrait Gallery. Cynthia Coront MA George Washington University 1/G/oo to 7/28/00 To assist in planning and organization of public programs. To create an original program with an art-historical emphasis. Alexandra Duda BA Candidate Smith College 6/5/00 to 7/28/00 Study of Rembrandt Peale and Victorian painting in the United States—also providing editorial assistance with document transcription and annotation. 210 Marsha Gordon David Hillis Sharon Horowitz Daniel Immerwahr Julia Jardine Eileen Kim Joyce Lee Kathleen Mayko Megan McIntyre Amanda Norman J. Bess Paupeck Lisa Pike Anne Ralph Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 PhD Candidate University of Maryland 9/8/99 to 6/30/00 Work on exhibition and book called “Star Quality: The Golden Age of the Silver Screen.” High School Lake Braddock Secondary 7/10/00 to 8/31/00 School Assists CEROS staff in preparing portrait data and images for public access via the Collections Information System and Web site. Organizes and researches portrait material and enters information on database. Verifies and edits information. Scans slides and photographs and links images to appropriate database records. BA Candidate Smith College 9/5/00 to 12/15/00 Researching the letters of the Peale family, which span the nineteenth century, to discover what those documents reveal about the time in which they were written. BA Candidate Columbia College 5/22/00 to 8/11/00 Primary duties will involve researching collections at the Smithsonian Institution in support of a Civil War Web site. Research will vary and may include primary research at the Library of Congress and the National Archives. BA Candidate Brigham Young University 5/1/00 to 6/30/00 Assists CEROS staff in preparing portrait data and images for public access via the Collections Information System and Web site. Organizes and researches portrait material and enters information into the database. Verifies and edits information. Scans slides and photographs and links images to appropriate database records. BA Candidate Smith College 6/6/00 to 7/28/00 Researching Peale Museums 1845-1855; providing editorial assistance with document transcription and annotation. MA Syracuse University 6/5/00 to 8/11/co Researching and recording copyright. Credit line and label information for the National Portrait Gallery; objects in the Collections Information System. BA Smith College 9/7/99 to 12/17/99 Research on photographs of prominent twentieth-century women. BA Smith College 9/7/99 to 12/17/99 Katzenberger Foundation internship to work on an exhibition that will travel to the Condon National Portrait Gallery. It will be an exchange of photographs of important Americans. BA Candidate Smith College 9/7/99 to 12/17/99 Peale Family Papers, NPG: Artistic career of Rembrandt Peale and government career of Benjamin Peale. BA Candidate George Washington University 9/21/00 to 12/31/00 As a senior in the American Studies Department at GW, I am preparing my research for my senior thesis. I will most likely focus on the role of the museum as a cultural institution in society. This internship is the first half of a yearlong program that seniors follow. BA Candidate George Mason University 6/12/00 to 9/20/00 The incumbent will gain familiarity with the workings of two curatorial documents by assisting the Acting Curator of Photography and the Curator of prints and Drawings (NPG) with collection cataloguing, curatorial record keeping, public inquiries, and general office administration. BA Candidate University of Notre Dame 6/5/00 to 7/28/00 To research foundations, corporations, and individuals and to prepare proposal work to support NPG projects and exhibitions. | Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 211 Vanessa Smith Patricia Summa Misty Thompson Elizabeth Tobey April Weber Sarah Wheeler Betsy Wheeler Sarah Wheeler BA Candidate Western Maryland College 7/3/00 to 8/18/00 Assists CEROS staff in preparing portrait data and images for public access via the Collections Information System and Web site. Organizes and researches portrait material and enters information into database. Verifies and edits information. Scans slides and photographs and links images to appropriate database records. BA University of Bannberg 9/16/99 to 12/3/99 Working on publicity and press materials for National Portrait Gallery exhibitions and programs. BA Candidate Montgomery College 9/21/99 to 12/17/99 Assist and oversee living history program: “Augustus Washington: An Image of Liberty” in conjunction with “A Durable Momento: Portraits by Augustus Washington, African American Daguerreotypist.” Assist with NPG programs such as October 17, 1999, open house, teacher workshops, and lunchtime lectures. PhD Candidate University of Maryland 5/29/00 to 8/11/00 Intern will work on catalogue for “Modern American Portrait Drawings” exhibition. BA Candidate Millersville University 6/1/00 to 8/24/00 Intern will assist the Office of Education with the production of a ro-to-12-minute orientation video that will accompany our “Notable Americans” traveling exhibition. The video will introduce the National Portrait Gallery and highlight our mission as a museum of history and biography. Intern will research and record copyright and credit line information for collection images to be used in video. BA Smith College 1/18/00 to 5/5/00 Research and editing of Peale Family documents selected for volume 6 of The Selected Papers of Charles Wilson Peale and His Family. Will work with primary documents including letters and newspapers. BA Candidate Middlebury College 9/13/99 to 12/14/99 Assist with biographical research, writing first drafts, and help with educational videos. BA Smith College 9/13/99 to 12/3/99 Assists staff in editing and entering data on collections database; organizing and researching portrait material; scanning slides and photographs; linking digital images to database; and updating Web site using HTML. National Postal Museum Kimberly Baker Stephanie DeVries Megan Elizabeth Gillick Jennifer Lufkin BA Candidate Ohio University 6/12/00 to 8/4/00 Researching a collection of 3-D objects such as handstamps, badges, and uniform patches; performing collections management tasks. BA Grinnell College 5/30/00 to 9/27/00 Assist with the de-installation of “Artistic License: the Duck Stamp Story” and the installation of “Duck Stamp Story 2000.” This will involve working with Collections, Exhibits, and Preservation with incoming and outgoing objects. Other responsibilities will include a discrete rehousing project. BA Candidate Saint Leo University 6/5/00 to 8/10/00 Researching the San Carlos Indian Agency Records from 1874 to 1876 and researching for an exhibition on mail in the Japanese American interment camps. BA Candidate Rutgers University 6/1/00 to 8/18/00 To make the National Postal Museum exhibitions more accessible to a wider audience and to comply with ADA standards; produce large-format text for the exhibition “More Precious than Gold.” 212 Jessica Sanet Tim Scofield Teresa Stojkov Timothy Sumner Scofield Katherine Worley Amy Zimmerman Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA Candidate Tufts University 5/30/00 to 8/24/00 Primarily researching the history and operation of the colonial and U.S. Post Office during the Revolution and early National Period. Additional research topics include the correspondence on Japanese American internment and the historical experiences of African Americans in the Post Office. | | BA Candidate University of Maryland 2/18/00 to 11/3/00 Developing Steamboat Cart science project. Responsibilities include site visits to other carts, ready background information, coordinating teacher focus groups, assist with correspondence, and science experiment testing. PhD Oberlin College 12/1/99 to 1/31/00 Assist with Classroom-in-a-Can program. BA Candidate University of Maryland 2/18/00 to 8/1/00 Developing Steamboat Cart science project. Responsibilities include site visits to other carts, reading background information, coordinating teacher focus groups, assisting with correspondence, and science experiment testing. BA Candidate University of North Carolina 6/12/00 to 6/19/00 Primarily researching the history and operation of the colonial and U.S. Post Office during the Revolution and early National Period. Additional research on the Japanese American Internment and the historical experiences of African Americans in the Post Office. BA Candidate Georgetown University 6/5/00 to 8/17/00 Researching “Stamps with Personality,” which will lead to a future exhibition. Assisting Jeff Brodie with research on a letter exhibition on Japanese American internment camps. Organizing NPM photography files. National Zoological Park Sarah Flaherty Alvaro Godinez Luis Loayza Ceasar Augusto Loayza Lynn Nyane Eric Reinhard Rebecca Stewart Eric Weis BA Duke University 8/23/99 to 12/31/99 Zoogoer Magazine Science Journalism Intern. BS University of Maryland— 6/12/00 to 9/30/00 College Park Working on a project at the Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park. BS Candidate Johns Hopkins University 6/5/00 to 8/31/00 Aiding principal investigator on genetics project regarding the threatened Southwestern U.S. shrew; also educating visitors of the Amazonia/genetic lab exhibition and participating in a Latino Outreach Program. BA Candidate University of Maryland 6/1/00 to 8/30/00 Genetics project—shrew and pampas deer—through the Latino Outreach Program. BA Candidate Northern Virginia Community 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Assisting on various projects involving Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary, Myanmar (Burma). BA Candidate Pennsylvania State University 8/1/99 to 11/1/99 The Golden Lion Tamarin Free-Ranging Program desires to educate the public about conservation, to conduct research to better understand the process of reintroduction, and to familiarize a pair for reintroduction into Brazil. AD Edmonds Community College 8/9/99 to 10/29/99 Redesign and move the African American and Native American Heritage Gardens. BS California State University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Researching the evolutionary history of migration in birds. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 213 Jessica Williamson BS Candidate Texas A and M University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Working with the Golden Lion Tamarin Program at the National Zoological Park. Office of Contracting Latoya Peterson High School John F. Kennedy High School 6/20/00 to 7/27/00 Research contacts; observe meetings; perform tasks/projects. Office of Exhibits Central Benjamin East BFA ~ Savannah College of Art Fabrication and design in Office of Exhibits Central fabrication shops. Alana Edelmann BA Candidate North Carolina State University 6/1/00 to 8/15/00 Designing exhibits with supervisors; also for the lobby with OEC interns. Kimberly King BA Howard University 6/1/00 to 8/30/00 Working on a project at the Office of Exhibits Central. Lara Kuykendall BA University of Virginia 9/13/00 to 12/21/00 Researching the artist Janet Sobel whose work is in the style of abstract Expressionism. Aiding in the effort to trace the provenance of the HMSG collection during the Nazi/Holocaust era. Ojeni Lambson BA Candidate Maryland Institute 6/5/00 to 8/30/00 —College of Art Making casts from faces. Abena Lewis BA Candidate Howard University 6/1/00 to 8/31/00 Working on a project at the Office of Exhibits Central. Javier Marmanillo BA Candidate University of Maryland 6/1/00 to 8/30/00 Graphics for OEC. Allan Neita 6/1/00 to 8/31/00 Design and manage an exhibition from concept, through the development process, to presentation to the public. Laura Rodini BA Candidate Providence College 6/1/00 to 8/10/00 Researching, interviewing, and writing the exhibition script for OEC display. Sammy Shin BA University of Michigan 8/17/99 to 11/17/99 Working in the Model Shop. Mica Sorkin-Rockstein BFA Savannah College of Art 6/1/00 to 8/30/00 I will assist in design and fabrication of exhibition at OEC, highlighting its history and current projects. Jennifer Sparkman MA Candidate George Washington University 9/8/00 to 12/31/00 Archival matting and framing, bracket design and construction, packing and crate design and construction, screenprinting, and fabrication of other objects for various Smithsonian and SITES exhibits. Amanda Wade BA Candidate North Carolina State University 6/1/00 to 8/11/00 Making models and working on an entrance-way exhibition for OEC. 214 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Office of the General Council Spalding Nix Ann Song Michelle Warchol JD, 2nd Year University of Georgia 5/22/00 to 8/1/00 Law School I will be assisting the 12 lawyers of the Office of General Counsel. BA Candidate Utah State University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Assisting with the creation of a central repository for commonly used contracts, trademark and copyright licenses, and other legal agreements. JD Candidate Stanford University—Law 1/18/00 to 4/28/00 Study of museum law issues. Office of Imaging, Printing and Photographic Services Anna Leah Overstreet BA Furman University 6/14/99 to 12/31/00 Working in the darkroom, working on photo shoots. Office of Information Technology Ned Parrott High School Tree of Life Christian Academy 6/14/00 to 8/31/00 Assist Office on Information Technology Office of Membership and Development Anne Ammons Katherine Overby Ambika Sankaran BA University of Maryland— 10/25/99 to 4/30/00 College Park Analyze corporate matching program and ways it can be improved. BA Candidate Columbia College 3/20/00 to 4/27/00 To assist in the Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program; to coordinate events and maintain contact with SCMP members and administer member benefits. BA Candidate Hood College 5/25/99 to 1/31/00 Working on the Millennium Web site project; including archives, filmography, technical support, and research. Office of the Physical Plant Horticulture Division Katherine Elzer Jonathan Jenkins Cynthia Jones BA Candidate Purdue University 5/8/00 to 7/28/00 Intern will work with the revision and development of educational materials for HSD. This will include reviewing and revising existing fact sheets; doing the necessary research for and preparing a draft of the brochure for the Folger Rose Garden, and assisting with the plans and activities related to the dedication ceremony for the extension of the Butterfly Garden. BA Candidate University of Kentucky 5/8/00 to 8/18/00 Intern will work in the Butterfly Garden maintaining proper conditions for the plant and butterfly habitats. While doing this, the intern will observe the seasonal changes in butterfly populations, and their life in the habitats. May assist with installation of plants in the new garden extension if ready. BA Candidate Willamette University 5/22/00 to 8/4/00 Intern will assist with ongoing research in the Butterfly Garden. Intern will, through observation and independent research, determine the best plant species for the habitats. A database of desirable plants will be developed from the results. Intern will also be involved in the IPM program, therefore learning to balance control of undesirable pests with healthy environments for desirable species. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 215 Jacob Tenney BA Candidate Brigham Young University 4/24/00 to 8/18/00 Intern will work in the Interior Plant Program. Intern will assist horticulturists with plant maintenance in all of the Smithsonian museums and will work on a thorough review of the program to determine the needs of each area within the museum, considering such conditions as light levels, aesthetic requirements, and visitor traffic. Intern will also prepare label lists and participate in long-range planning. Ann Wollmann BA Candidate New Mexico State University 5/22/00 to 8/18/00 Intern will be working with the horticulturist in the Ripley Garden maintaining the extensive collection of plants on display. She will maintain trees, shrubs, perennials, bulbs (summer and spring species), annuals, vines, and will have the chance to work with the antique garden furnishings. There will also be the opportunity to assist with public programs and educational projects. Architectural History and Historic Preservation Hormuz Batliboi BA Grinnel College 7/17/00 to 9/29/00 Mr. Batliboi studied documents related to the history of the Renwick Gallery. He used documents to trace the history of changes in the building. That information was then used to create overlay drawings of the different floorplans using the computer program Megan Masana MA candidate SCAD 9/8/99 to 11/30/99 Will create an annotated catalog of all buildings by Adolf Cluss, the nineteenth-century architect of the Arts and Industries Building. Albert Narath IV BA Bowdoin College 6/19/00 to 8/31/00 Conducting research on Smithsonian buildings for incorporation into architectural history information packets. Jean Mary Prince MA George Washington University 1/18/00 to 5/30/00 Research on Adolf Cluss, the architect of the Arts and Industries Building. Judd Walencikowski BA Brown University 6/19/00 to 8/31/00 Researching architectural history of three Smithsonian buildings for informational brochure/packet. Horticulture Services Division Leslie Blischak BA Candidate Virginia Tech 5/29/00 to 8/11/00 Intern will work in the Interior Plant Program, assisting horticulturalists with plant maintenance in all of the Smithsonian museums; consider conditions such as light levels, aesthetic requirements, and visitor traffic; prepare label lists and participate in long-range planning. Elizabeth DeCarlo MA University of Massachusetts 5/29/00 to 8/11/00 Collections management techniques in the Archives of American Gardens. Intern will review, evaluate, and organize the study and research files on historic horticulture, horticultural practices, and the artifact collection; develop finding aid that includes scope and content for these materials. Annie Donnelly BA Candidate University of Maryland 9/7/99 to 12/24/99 Assist the entomologists with the development and implementation of the Integrated Pest Management Program, including identification of key pests; plants and their location; monitoring for early detection of problems; decision making on the need for control measures; development of a management strategy; and evaluation of the effectiveness of the program. William Hasty III BA Candidate University of Maryland 5/15/00 to 9/1/00 Intern will assist horticulturists and gardeners with general maintenance required to keep the Smithsonian grounds in excellent condition. This will include turf maintenance, growing mixed urn and planter displays, soil preparation for flower beds, and using and managing landscape equipment and automated irrigation systems. 216 Kirsten Scott Jan Peter Witke Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 MA Candidate Colorado State 8/9/99 to 11/26/99 Review and revise the HSD series of Fact Sheets. Also be developing the text for the 2000 Orchid exhibition. Intern will work with the Chief, HSD, to prepare the text for the brochure to go with the Folger Rose Garden. MA University of Massachusetts 6/5/00 to 9/1/00 Intern will be updating the maps of the gardens and grounds, which change frequently due to new designs and projects. They will identify plant material, plot the location on the plans and match the information for each museum. Intern may also have the opportunity to create designs for upcoming horticultural exhibitions or new garden areas. Office of Planning, Management and Budget Jehak Jang Zhenyu Shen MA Georgetown University 6/22/00 to 8/30/00 Analysis of budget items and financial process. MA Georgetown University 6/22/00 to 8/31/00 Analysis of budget items and preparation of facilities plan. Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives Rachel Ban Laura Bennett Virginia Fritchey Kristin Halloran Andrea Quintero BA University of Maryland 7/10/00 to 8/24/00 —College Park Research and application of preservation for electronic records. BA Candidate Williams College 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 HTML project to make documents more accessible to researchers. BA Cornell University 6/12/00 to 8/18/00 Work on project at the Smithsonian Institution Archives. BA Candidate Smith College 9/5/00 to 12/15/00 Research on the legal history of the Smithsonian Institution. BA St. John’s College 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Working with a database that documents collections in the Smithsonian Institution Archives that have materials relating to Latin America. Office of Sponsored Projects Tysha Battle Giuliana Cane Pauline Chan Kwok-Wai Chan Katherine Fritzsche Chuiping Guo BA Candidate Gallaudet University 2/4/00 to 4/30/00 I will be helping Keron with budgets, proposal letters, and some financial analyst. JD LUISS—Rome 6/30/00 to 8/25/00 Work on training and service programs in OSP. BA Candidate University of Illinois-Chicago 6/2/00 to 8/3/00 Work on training and service programs in OSP. BA Candidate Gallaudet University 6/8/00 to 7/28/00 Mr. Chan is here to learn about fund accounting as related to grants and contracts. He will assist OPS’s post-award department with various financial tasks and projects. MA Candidate George Washington University 8/31/99 to 6/30/00 Provide assistance in locating funding; developing grant proposals and administering awards. MA George Washington University 1/31/00 to 5/1/00 Assist with payroll processing, bank reconciliations, and other accounting duties. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships QA. Adisra Jittipun BA Candidate George Mason University 9/2/99 to 12/21/99 Work on training and service programs in OSP. Bianca Kannatey-Asibu BA Candidate Stanford University 7/17/00 to 9/6/oo Assist in developing a speakers’ program and training program. Marie-Celine BA American University 1/31/00 to 4/25/00 Mouilleseaux Assist in establishing budgets, financial reports, and other accounting related duties. Hasiba Succer 6/8/00 to 9/30/00 Work on training and service programs in OSP. Smithsonian American Art Museum Sandra Abbott MA Harvard University—Extension 9/8/00 to 4/20/01 Participated in the art internship program. Nicole Allison Arnn BA George Washington University 1/18/00 to 4/21/00 Research on Lincoln’s second inaugural ball, including menu, music, etc., for SAAM’s upcoming Commission dinner or building closing dinner in the spring. Prospect research and database entry in Development/PA. Ann Becker MA Candidate George Washington University 9/10/99 to 4/2/00 Awarded Rachlin Stipend. Participated in SAMM advanced-level internship program—a yearlong overview of museum operations. Kris Berquist BA University of Nebraska-Lincoln 9/8/00 to 4/20/01 Participated in the art internship program. Bethany Marie Biddle BA Candidate University of North Carolina 6/14/00 to 8/14/00 Assist the Chief of the SAAM Design department to develop 3-D modeling of possible exhibition solutions for the Lincoln Gallery after the renovation. Assist the Senior Designer to plan the December rotation of objects at the Renwick Gallery, to design the Ceramics exhibition, and research furniture to move to the Victor Building. Peter Brownlee PhD George Washington University 9/10/99 to 4/21/00 Awarded Mandil Stipend. Participated in SAMM advanced-level internship program, a yearlong overview of museum operations. Lea P. L. Christiano MA Oklahoma State University 6/14/00 to 8/4/00 Assist in the general activities of the SAAM photography department, in particular, the digitization of images for various ongoing projects. Laura Cummings MA Pennsylvania State University 9/8/00 to 4/20/01 Participated in the art internship program. Laura Cunningham MA George Washington University 9/8/00 to 4/20/01 Participated in the art internship program. Lisa Elder BA Moorhead State University 9/8/00 to 4/20/01 Participated in the art internship program. Jason Foo BA Loyola Marymount University 9/8/00 to 4/20/01 Participated in the art internship program. Catherine Foster BA Bryn Mawr College 9/10/99 to 4/2/00 Participated in SAAM advanced-level internship program—a yearlong overview of museum operations. 218 Amy Gotzler Cherie Hacker Brian Hart Daniel Haxall Nicole Panos Lewis Rebecca S. Lowery John Maniatis Erin McGough Megan McIntyre Michelle Miller Nathan Moon Marion Norman Zalika Perkins Elizabeth A. Richards Tina Marie Rinaldi Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA American University 9/10/99 to 4/21/00 Participated in the SAAM advanced-level internship program—a yearlong overview of museum op- erations. MFA Candidate Maryland Institute College of Art 9/8/00 to 4/20/01 Participated in the art internship program. MA Candidate American University 9/10/99 to 4/21/00 Participated in SAAM advanced-level internship program—a yearlong overview of museum operations. MA Pennsylvania State University 9/8/00 to 4/20/01 Participated in the art internship program. BA Candidate American University 9/8/00 to 4/20/01 Participated in the art internship program. MA Carleton College 6/14/00 to 8/4/00 The intern will select a current traveling exhibition, and use it as the subject of Web activities for students and lesson plans for teachers, by designing and producing a model unit. MA Candidate George Washington University 9/10/99 to 12/11/99 Digitization of images from SAAM’s permanent collection for research resource database system in the research and scholars center. BA Candidate College of William and Mary 6/14/00 to 8/4/00 Assist staff with exhibitions and loans, collections storage, permanent collection documentation, packing and shipping, and rights and reproductions. BA Candidate Smith College 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Working in the NEA visual arts archive. BA Candidate Pennsylvania State University 6/14/00 to 8/4/00 Major projects include: setting up promotional partnerships with host museums on the “Treasures” tours; working with the Membership Advisory Committee on a range of member events; scheduling and management of our members’ “Behind-the-Scenes” program; and working with communities to create sponsorships. BA Brigham Young University 9/10/99 to 4/21/00 SAAM advanced-level internship program, a yearlong overview of museum operations. AD Prince Georges Community 9/7/99 to 11/12/99 College Studying African art, its history and beauty and how it is exhibited. Interested in the background work that goes into the final exhibition. BA Candidate Howard University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Assisting with the Web adaptation of educational materials featuring the SAAM art collection of African American artists. BA Candidate Colby College 6/14/00 to 8/15/00 Working with Dr. Gurney, Deputy Chief Curator, to identify key George Caitlin images; assemble a list of major Native American artifacts related to George Caitlin’s paintings; and locate any museum or community links to George Caitlin. MA University of Oregon 9/8/00 to 4/20/01 Participated in the art internship program. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 219 Dara Rosenberg BFA University of Georgia 9/8/00 to 4/20/01 Participated in the art internship program. Jill Ruebling BA University of California 6/14/00 to 8/4/00 Working on the “Ask Joan of Art” digital reference service to answer biographical questions via e-mail. Carrie Scharf MA Candidate American University 9/10/99 to 4/21/00 Advanced-level internship program: a yearlong overview of museum operations. Kendall Scully BA Candidate Wake Forest University 6/14/00 to 8/4/00 Working with the SAAM Publications Office on their Web site—database management, on-line journal, on-line exhibition, attend meetings, and help with troubleshooting. Virginia Treanor MA American University 9/13/99 to 4/12/00 SAAM advanced-level intern program, a yearlong overview of museum operations. MaryJane Valade BA Candidate Kalamazoo College 6/14/00 to 8/4/00 Intern will work with the “toor Days” Web site project, researching art-related facts for inclusion on the site; and a project on the American and Canadian landscapes. Cynthia Whitney BFA Virginia Commonwealth 1/18/00 to 12/31/00 Archiving artists materials given to SAAM by the National Endowment for the Arts. Petra Wuest MA Michigan State University 1/18/00 to 4/21/00 Research for graphic arts curatorial office. Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies Elizabeth Corkery 9/14/99 to 10/1/99 Assisting in teachers’ night and multicultural programs. Merritt Dattel BA Candidate Colgate University 6/5/00 to 8/1/00 Plan and produce intern Museum Careers Seminar. Michael Kates MA University of Northern Iowa 6/5/00 to 8/30/00 Promote Hispanic and American Indian Heritage month programs to the community. John Pohlmann BA George Mason University 4/26/00 to 8/30/00 Assist on a variety of print and Web publications. Photo research and original photography. General office support. Stephanie Springgay BA Queen’s University, Kingston 2/22/00 to 3/10/00 Compiling diversity, leadership, museums resource material and seminar binder. Robert Tackie, Jr. BA Candidate Gallaudet University 1/to/o0 to 3/17/00 Analysis of museum training survey data for use in planning future workshops, determining needs, and for disseminating to others in the field. Also analyzing data from applications representing small museums. Yoko Terasima 1/3/00 to 6/30/00 Study and research Smithsonian educational programs for children, museum-school relationship, and linking programs with school curriculum. Jennalie Travis MA George Washington University 9/5/00 to 12/4/00 Community-based partnerships and Heritage Month coordination for the education department. 220 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Kelly Anderson Rebecca Archer Amanda Bower Kimberly Briggs Galeet Cohen Elizabeth Gladmon Sara Gomez Garcia Sohayla Hamon Naomi Hosaka Shelby Howard Andrew Hunt Mona Johansson Jammie Anne Kohen Jaime Lawshe Jenna Lempa Lara Greene Lustig Melanie Moses Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BS University of Wisconsin Project in ecophysiology at SERC with Catherine Lovelock. 5/30/00 to 8/4/00 AD Anne Arundel Community College Ecology and environmental education and neighborhood nest watch. 5/30/00 to 8/4/00 BS Candidate Pennsylvania State University Research on wetlands using geographical databases. 5/22/00 to 8/8/00 BS Candidate Towson University Habitat-specific demography of Carolina wrens. 5/22/00 to 8/11/00 BS Candidate University of Chicago Research of ecosystem processes with respect to estuarine food web ecology. 6/12/00 to 9/8/00 BS Candidate University of Maryland— College Park I will be working with research on the population dynamics of the Chesapeake Bay Blue Crab and other inhabitants of the Rhode River. 5/30/00 to 8/15/00 BA Candidate Research on clonal plants. University of Cordoba, Spain 5/22/00 to 9/8/00 BS University of Arkansas Nutrient transport modeling of the Chesapeake Bay. 5/22/00 to 8/11/00 Graduate Population and Community Ecology. Tokyo Metropolitan University 7/24/00 to 10/14/00 BS University of Texas—El Paso 5/8/00 to 7/28/00 I will investigate the interactions between blue crabs (Callinected sapidus) and green crabs (Carcinus maenas). More specifically, I will conduct predator-prey experiments between different- sized pairings of each species. BA Candidate Environmental education. St. John’s College, Annapolis 5/22/00 to 8/21/00 Graduate Trophic relationships among planktonic Protozoa. Stockholm University 6/26/00 to 9/20/00 BS Candidate Research on aquatic invasive species. Warren Wilson College 5/30/00 to 8/11/00 BS Candidate St. Mary’s College of Maryland 6/5/00 to 8/25/00 The effects of varying physical and chemical conditions on the attachment of uibrio choleral to copepods. BS Shippensburg University Study of nitrogen processing in wetlands. 3/1/00 to 5/19/00 BA Candidate Warren Wilson College 5/29/00 to 8/4/00 Estuary ecosystem education, water-quality testing education, interpretive hikes and canoe trips, local history education. BA University of Maryland 9/13/99 to 12/30/99 Internship in the SERC Forest Canopy Lab. Collect data on the optical properties of leaves and use that data to modify computer models describing canopy structure. Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 221 Kristi Niehaus BS Salisbury State University 5/30/00 to 8/18/00 Research on orchid interactions and plant ecology. Kelly O'Malley 9/15/99 to 12/24/99 Researching orchid fungal interactions. Ellen Seevers BA Candidate York College of Pennsylvania 6/7/00 to 8/31/00 Translate design concepts into two- and three-dimensional media, i.e., drawings and scaled models. Tasks assigned include illustrations, graphic layout, typographic designs, and 3-D model making. Ariel Settles BS Candidate Morgan State University 5/22/00 to 8/17/00 Population ecology of benthic invertebrates in an estuary. Samuel Sibley BS Cornell University 8/28/00 to 11/17/00 Study of denitrification in wetlands of the Nanticoke Watershed. Heather Simons BA Candidate University of Maryland 1/18/00 to 5/4/00 —College Park Create a teacher’s manual for terrestrial program to be established in the spring. Ryan Szuch BS Susquehanna University 5/22/00 to 8/15/00 Study of denitrification in wetlands soils of the Nanticoke Watershed; combining field and laboratory work. Denise Ann Walker BS Candidate Kansas State University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Seedling dispersal patterns of black cherry and red maple trees; Traveling to Ft. Pierce, Florida, to study mangrove trees in July; doing some photosynthesis work at different levels of forest canopy. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Antonia Hartley BA Candidate Smith College 9/5/00 to 12/15/00 Work on project at the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Shreyasi Parikh 7/24/00 to 10/30/00 Digitization of collection. Kathryn E. Zaharek MA The Catholic University 1/10/00 to 5/15/00 of America Assist in the creation of SIL digital edition: scanning, HTML work, apparatus, etc. Smithsonian Institution Press Khristine Queja BA Candidate Southern Methodist University 5/18/00 to 7/12/00 Assist acquisitions editor in market research for upcoming titles. Jordan Winokur BA Candidate Duke University 6/12/00 to 8/11/00 Assist marketing staff with administrative duties, helping to promote books by organizing lecture and book signing tours, and generating publicity for books. Smithsonian Institution Retail Milton Kinnard Jr. MA Western New Mexico University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Evaluation and observation in museum shops. Ahmed Moulton BA Lynn University 6/5/00 to 8/11/00 Evaluation of museum shops through “secret shopping.” 222 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Smithsonian Magazine Jennifer Curry BA Candidate Working at the Smithsonian magazine. University of Kansas 6/5/00 to 8/4/00 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution Tehudi Nafisa Arriatti Jose Atencia Avila Eduardo Ayarza Julynda Bohlman Diana Carajal Elroy Charles Lilia Cherigo Krista Cramer Kanchon Kumar Dasmanapatra Nicole Davros Maria del Carmen Ruiz Rachel Goeriz Jonathan Gonzalez Cornelly Williams Jones Jennifer Kane 5/15/00 to 8/15/00 Silicate: nitrate ratios and their implication for the tropical coastal food web: What can we learn from the data collected by the Marine Environmental Science Program at STRI? BS Universidad de Panama Comparative study of the invertebrate macro fauna Thelassia testudinum. 4/2/99 to 4/2/00 BS Universidad de Panama Working on tropical research. 1/15/00 to 12/31/00 BS Iowa State University 5/28/00 to 7/25/00 Serve as an intern at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute on the Cerro Juan Diaz project. BA Universidad Nacional 6/1/00 to 9/30/00 Placing de Dead: Investigation of unusual mortuary features at Cerro Juan Diaz. BA University of Guyana 2/15/99 to 1/15/00 Comparison of leaf-beetles of the canopy and understory in dry and wet forests. BS Universidad de Panama To evaluate the biological activity of various prepared extracts. 1/15/00 to 9/30/00 BS California Polytechnic State University 5/15/00 to 8/31/00 The regeneration of a palm tree along a gradient of partially defaunated mammal communities. BS University College London 4/7/00 to 6/30/00 Mitochondrial DNA across the Antarctic hybrid zone. BS Candidate University of Illinois—Campaign 3/1/00 to 8/31/00 Monitoring avian populations. BS Universidad de Panama 1/to/oo to 7/15/o1 The project aims to quantitatively analyze the ability of tree and shrub species to tolerate water stress and low light. The results will be linked to mechanisms underlying tolerance to drought and shade, and to consequences of global climate change. BS University of Utah 1/15/00 to 3/30/00 To compile a comprehensive database of the Lepidoptera of BCI, including photographs, host- plants, seasonality, and rates and identities of parasioids. BS University of Panama 1/1/00 to 6/30/00 Monitoring of herbivores and pathogen damage. Damage to young leaves of legumes will be recorded and chemistry of the same species will be studied. MA Universidad Santa Maria 1/1/00 to 9/30/00 la Antigua Working on tropical research. BA Brown University 9/15/99 to 12/15/99 Molecular phylogeny of sea urchins: I will sequence the cytochrome oxidose I regions of the mitochondrial DNA genome of sea urchins collected throughout the Indo-West Pacific, Central a Academic, Research Training, Internship Appointments, and Fellowships 223 Pacific, and Caribbean. I will then deduce which group separated from which and when, and reconstruct a phylogeny of Trip. Michael Libsch BS Colby College 3/1/00 to 8/30/00 Monitoring avian population. Pedro Meudez BA University of Panama 2/1/00 to 2/28/o1 Working on tropical research. Liberty Partridge BA University of California 2/15/00 to 4/15/00 A population survey of the queen conch. Yanerys Ramos BA Cornell University 5/22/00 to 8/22/00 Tungara female choice. Tara Robinson PhD Auburn University 4/15/00 to 8/15/00 Avian extinction and persistence in fragmented tropical landscapes. Yolanda Corbett BA Panama University 1/1/00 to 9/30/00 Rodriguez Standardizing a fluorometric bioassay for the screening of natural compounds from the Panamanian tropical rainforest as possible source to the malaria treatment. Tanja Roehrich MA University of Vienna 1/1/00 to 9/1/00 Mycorrhizal species diversity in tropical soils/mycorrhizal effects on seedling growth. Cesar Roman-Valencia PhD Candidate Universidad del Valle 4/23/99 to 10/30/99 Analysis of genetic characteristics of Bryconamericus and comparison of genetic makeup of different populations of Bryconamericus. Matthew E. Smith BS University of Utah 1/1/00 to 5/28/00 Long-term studies of herbivory and pathogen damage to tropical trees. Jonathon Thomson BA University of Virginia 9/27/99 to 12/20/99 A survey of marine angiosperms and sediment regimes in the Bocas del Toro region of Panama. Adolfo Valle 4/10/00 to 8/10/00 Mechanisms of bird extinctions. The Smithsonian Associates Amanda Abrams BA Candidate University of North Carolina 6/19/00 to 8/4/00 Assist with updating and maintaining databases, communications, and calendar. Sonja Brandt BA Carnegie Mellon University 9/8/99 to 12/31/99 Working on projects to support Studio Arts and Young Associates divisions of TSA; conduct market research to identify competition and compare program offerings; work to help enhance Studio Arts presence on Web site; update Studio Arts records and files; conduct extensive research on children’s literature. Kelly Dunphy BA Candidate George Washington University 2/2/00 to 5/15/00 Participate with all aspects of programming for both Discovery Theater and Performing Arts; duties include involvement with backstage operations, gathering press materials, advertising, and providing support to theater staff. Janna Finerfrock BA University of Utah 9/3/99 to 12/10/99 Provide support to the Smithsonian Study Tours’ staff. Projects include implementation of selected trips; helping to prepare tour bulletins; type and proof copy for upcoming catalogs; and other tasks. 224 Magda Kuchudakis Barbara MacIntosh Laurie Magovern Hilary Mann Sonia Menin Gabriel Robert Jessica Rosen Andrea Sluder Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 BA Candidate Montgomery College Assist in the development of national outreach programs. 9/t/99 to 12/31/99 BA Candidate University of Maryland, Baltimore Support domestic tour team in duties, assist with various tasks that support planning and implementation of study tours, help to maintain study tour leader's database. 6/15/00 to 8/18/00 MA University of New Mexico Provide assistance at The Smithsonian Associates. 10/12/99 to 7/17/00 BA Candidate James Madison University 7/10/00 to 8/25/00 Intern will participate in all aspects of Discovery Theater, including promoting performances to wide audiences, involvement with front-of-house and backstage operations, artist hospitality, and company management. BA Candidate Montgomery College 2/99/00 to 3/30/00 Provide support for the National Outreach Program; assist in the development of programs including making arrangements for events, researching topics and assembling booklets; involved in the development of a briefing book of Indiana world affairs. BA Jesuit University of Barcelona 3/13/00 to 5/30/00 Supports marketing team in various duties; work with Young Benefactors and Music 2000 concert series in development and implementation of marketing strategies. BA Candidate 5/31/00 to 8/99/00 Intern will participate in all aspects of Discovery Theater, including promoting performances to American University wide audiences, involvement with front-of-house and backstage operations, artist hospitality, and company management. BA George Washington University 1/18/00 to 4/13/00 Responsible for a number of projects supporting the Young Associates division of TSA: conducting research, grant writing projects, developing workshop programs, help to implement and oversee Young Associate programs. Fellowships in Museum Practice The Smithsonian’s Fellowships in Museum Practice (FMP) program funds study opportunities at the SI for scholars and practitioners to research and write manuscripts suitable for publication on issues of importance to the museum field. The purpose of the program is to make information on cur- rent issues and public policies generated from both scholarly sources and reflexive practice available more broadly and in more useful formats. The long-term goal of the program is to foster innovative scholarship that will lead to improved museum operations. The Fellowships program is generously supported by the Smithsonian Women’s Committee. Fellow- ships during FY 2000 included: Pietro Cerreta LeRuote Quadrate Calitri, Italy. Explorations into ways of combining science history and theory with hands-on museum exhibits effectively for a broad, general audience, and especially for school-age visitors. Joe Cox The Conservancy of Southwest Florida Naples Nature Center, Florida. The development and use of interdisciplinary handouts as an effective method of increasing retention in young museum visitors. Karin Wiltschke-Schrotta Museum of Natural History, Vienna, Austria. Issues related to the manner in which human remains are presented in museum exhibitions. Martha Guitierrez-Steinkamp Resource Specialist, Fe. Lauderdale, Florida. In search of exchange: An analysis of the application of current museum theory—the development of participatory outreach programs and exhibits in culturally diverse communities. Barbara Cohen Stratyner The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, New York, New York. An exploration of practices in the presentation of personal narratives and oral histories in exhibitions intended to serve multi-generational and/or multi-cultural audiences. 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The most important are listed below. Agosti, Donat, Jonathan D. Majer, Leeanne E. Alonso, and Ted R. Schultz, eds. Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. Ardouin, Claude Daniel, and Emmanuel Arinze, eds. Museums and History in West Africa. Breedlove, Dennis E., and Robert M. Laughlin. The Flowering of Man: A Tzotzil Botany of Zinacantdn. (pbk.) Brown, Roland Wilbur. Composition of Scientific Words. (pbk.) Brulle, Robert V. Angels Zero: P-47 Close Air Support in Europe. Carl, Ann B. A WASP among Eagles: A Woman Military Test Pilot in World War II. (pbk.) Cochran, David. America Noir: Underground Writers and Filmmakers of the Postwar Era. Crouch, Tom D. Aiming for the Stars: The Dreamers and Doers of the Space Age. (pbk.) Daso, Dik Alan. Hap Arnold and the Evolution of American Airpower. Davis, Benjamin O., Jr. Benjamin O. Davis Jr., American: An Autobiography. (pbk.) Dussart, Francoise. The Politics of Ritual in an Aboriginal Settlement: Kinship, Gender, and the Currency of Knowledge. Ernst, Carl H., Jeffery E. Lovich, and Roger W. Barbour. Turtles of the United States and Canada. (pbk.) Fischer, Fritz. Making Them Like Us: Peace Corps Volunteers in the 1960s. (pbk.) Fisher, William H. Rain Forest Exchanges: Industry and Community on an Amazonian Frontier. Fitzhugh, William W., and Elizabeth I. Ward, eds. Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Glines, Carroll V. Bernt Balchen: Polar Aviator. (pbk.) Goldsmith, Peter D. Making People's Music: Moe Asch and Folkways Records. (pbk.) Goody, Jack. The Power of the Written Tradition. Harvey, Chris, and Pieter Kat. Prides: The Lions of Moremi. Hein, Hilde. The Museum in Transition: A Philosophical Perspective. Jakab, Peter L., and Rick Young, eds. The Published Writings of Wilbur and Orville Wright. Jenkins, Virginia Scott. Bananas: An American History. Johnsgard, Paul A. Trogons and Quetzals of the World. Johnston, A. M. “Tex,” with Charles Barton. Tex Johnston: Jet-Age Test Pilot. (pbk.) Klemens, Michael W., ed. Turtle Conservation. Kozloski, Lillian D. U.S. Space Gear: Outfitting the Astronaut. (pbk.) Kraemer, Robert S. Beyond the Moon: A Golden Age of Planetary Exploration, 1971-1978. Krutnik, Frank. Inventing Jerry Lewis. Light, Ken. Witness in Our Time: Working Lives of Documentary Photographers. Litwicki, Ellen. America’s Public Holidays, 1865-1920. Lépez Pulido, Alberto. The Sacred World of the Penitentes. Peebles, Curtis. Asteroids: A History. Pemberton, John, HI, ed. Insight and Artistry in African Divination. Purvis, William. Lichens. Rice, Tony. Deep Ocean. Rydell, Robert W., John E. Findling, and Kimberly D. Pelle. Fair America: World's Fairs in the United States. Salzman, Philip Carl. Black Tents of Baluchistan. Sammons, Kay, and Joel Sherzer, eds. Translating Native Latin American Verbal Art. Smith, Felix. China Pilot: Flying for Chennault during the Cold War. (pbk.) Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press 239 Stafford, Peter. Snakes. Thompson, Wayne. To Hanoi and Back: The U.S. Air Force and North Vietnam, 1966-1973. Trest, Warren A. Heinie Aderholt and America’s Secret Air Wars. Wagner, Ray. Mustang Designer: Edgar Schmued and the P-5t. (pbk.) White, Roger B. Home on the Road: The Motor Home in America. Wiens, John J., ed. Phylogenetic Analysis of Morphological Data. Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole. Common Names of Mammals of the World. Zalles, Jorje I., and Keith L. Bildstein, eds. Raptor Watch: A Global Directory of Raptor Migration Sites. Federal Series Publications Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 43. Douglas H. Ubelaker. “Human Remains from La Florida, Quito, Ecuador.” 28 pages, 14 figures, 10 tables. 8 February 2000. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 89. Harold Robinson. “Generic and Subtribal Classification of American Vernonieae.” 116 pages, 20 figures, 12 tables. 15 October 1999. Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences 32. Bruce R. Wardlaw, Richard E. Grant, and David M. Rohr, editors. “The Guadalupian Symposium.” 415 pages, frontispiece, 191 figures, 43 plates, 45 tables. 21 August 2000. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 89. Storrs L. Olson, editor; Peter Wellnhofer, Cécile Mourer- Chauviré, David W. Steadman, and Larry D. Martin, associate editors. “Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 2oth Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C., 4-7 June 1996.” 344 pages, frontispiece, 169 figures, 49 tables. 14 December 1999. 91. Louis S. Kornicker and I. G. Sohn. “Myodocopid Ostracoda from the Late Permian of Greece and a Basic Classification for Paleozoic and Mesozoic Myodocopida.” 33 pages, 22 figures, 1 table. 1 May 2000. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 605. Anne C. Cohen, Louis S. Kornicker, and Thomas M. Iliffe. “Jimmorinia, a New Genus of Myodocopid Ostracoda (Cypridinidae) from the Bahamas, Jamaica, Honduras, and Panama.” 46 pages, 23 figures, 4 plates, 1 map, 2 tables. 27 April 2000. 606. Louis S. Kornicker and Thomas M. Iliffe. “Myodocopid Ostracoda from Exuma Sound, Bahamas, and from Marine Caves and Blue Holes in the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Mexico.” 98 pages, 56 figures, 6 maps, 5 tables. 21 January 2000. 607. Bernard J. Zahuranec. “Zoogeography and Systematics of the Lanternfishes of the Genus Nannobrachium (Myctophidae: Lampanyctini).” 69 pages, 25 figures, 34 tables. 7 July 2000. 608. Terry L. Erwin. “Arboreal Beetles of Neotropical Forests: Agra Fabricius, the Novaurora Complex (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lebiini: Agrina). 33 pages, color frontispiece, 102 figures, 1 table. 6 March 2000. Publications of the Staff Archives of American Art Office of the Director Gaines, Catherine Stover and Lisa Lynch. A Finding Aid to the Records of the Downtown Gallery (2000). Kirwin, Liza. “East Side Story,” Artforum (October 1999): 20; LOL, . “The East Village: A Chronology,” Artforum (October 1999): 121-128. . “EV in the Press,” Artforum (October 1999): 127,062,007. . Exhibition and catalog essay. “Treasures from the Archives of American Art,” Five Decades of Commitment and Philanthropy: A Salute to the Founders of the Archives of American Art. New York: Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2000. . The Papers of Latino and Latin American Artists. Washington, D.C.: Archives of American Art, Smithsonian institution, 1996 (revised, 2000). Tell, Darcy, editor. Archives of American Art Journal, quarterly magazine, published continuously since 1960. Wattenmaker, Richard J. Lecture. “Early Wrought Iron Kitchen and Fireplace Utensils,” Culinary Historians of Washington (CHOW), November 1999. . Lecture. “Dr. Albert C. Barnes and The Barnes Foundation,” Cranbrook Art Museum, December 1999. Electronic Publications (Finding aids made available on the Archives of American Art’s Web site) Aikens, Barbara Dawson. A Finding Aid to the Esther McCoy Papers. Bruton, Wendy. A Finding Aid to the Abraham Rattner and Esther Gentle Papers. Craig, Patricia. A Finding Aid to the Millard Sheets Papers. Fitzgerald, Jean. A Finding Aid to the Wallace Berman Papers. . A Finding Aid to the Holger Cahill Papers. . A Finding Aid to the Lena Gurr Papers. . A Finding Aid to the Allen Tupper True and the True Family Papers. Gaines, Catherine Stover. A Finding Aid to the William Mills Ivins Papers. . A Finding Aid to the Rockwell Kent Papers. . A Finding Aid to the Milch Gallery Records. Kirwin, Liza and AAA Staff. A Finding Aid to the Chuck and Jan Rosenak Research Material. Kirwin, Liza and Henry Estrada. A Finding Aid to the Tomas Ybarra-Frausto Research Material on Chicano Art. Komar, Valerie. A Finding Aid to the Eyre de Lanux Papers. Lundin, Jill. A Finding Aid to the Carrig-Rohan Shop Records. Malloy, Nancy and Catherine Stover Gaines. A Finding Aid to the Walter Pach Papers. Wheeler, Kymberly. A Finding Aid to the William and Ethel Baziotes Papers. . A Finding Aid to the Reginald Isaacs Papers. . A Finding Aid to the Los Angeles Institute of Contemporary Art Records. AAA Staff. A Finding Aid to the Federal Art Project, Photographic Division Records. . A Finding Aid to the Miscellaneous Exhibition Catalog Collection. . A Finding Aid to the Photographs of Artists Collection One. West Coast Regional Center Karlstrom, Paul J. Catalogue essay. “Michael Shannon Moore: Air and Dirt, Paintings 1989-1997,” Wall Spring Press, Gerlach, NV, October 1999. . A Finding Aid to the National Arts Clubs Records. Publications of the Staff 241 . Lecture. “Mexico, Muralism, and Modernism in California,” Southwest Art History Conference, Taos, NM, October 1999. . Lecture. “Jacob Lawrence,” Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA, November 1999. . Catalogue essay. “Peter Selz,” Achim Moeller Fine Arts, New York City, January 2000. . Essay. “Eros in the Studio,” The Erotic Drawings of Sam Clayberger, Clinker Press, Pasadena, CA, March 2000. . Speaker. “Tribute to Peter Selz,” at the exhibition, “Human Images on Paper: Works from the Selz Collection,” Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, CA, March 2000. . Lecture. “Gold, Art, and the Invention of Culture in San Francisco, 1849-1900,” The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA, April 2000. . Public service video. Neutrogena F.A.C.E3S. High School Art Program 2000, Los Angeles, CA, May 2000. . Contributor. “Secret Spaces of Childhood, Part H,” by Elizabeth Goodenough, Michigan Quarterly Review (vol. 39 xxxix #3), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, July 2000. . Lecture. “The Problem with Modernism,” Musée d'Art Americain, Giverny, France, August 2000. . Catalogue essay. “Modernism Thru a Wide Angle Lens,” American Moderns, 1900-1950, Musée d'Art Americain, Giverny, France, August 2000. . Essay. “Jacob Lawrence: Modernism, Race, and Community,” Over the Line: The Art and Life of Jacob Lawrence, Nesbett, DuBois, University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, August 2000. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Research and Collections Division Cort, Louise Allison. “Baskets of Beauty. Connect: Soil, Soul, Society. The Best of Resurgence Magazine 1990-1999, 89-92. Devon, UK: Green Books, 2000. . “Shopping for Pots in Momoyama Japan.” The Arts of Japan: An International Symposium, 160-81. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. . ‘The Death and Life of Wood firing in Asia.” Studio Potter vol. 28, no. 2 (June 2000): 5-8. . Shigaraki, Potters’ Valley. New York: Weatherhill, 2000 (reprint of Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International, 1979, with new introduction). , and Leedom Lefferts. “Khmer Earthenware in Mainland Southeast Asia: An Approach through Production.” Udaya, Journal of Khmer Studies 1 (2000). , Narasaki Shoichi and Leedom Lefferts. “Tonan Ajia hondo ni okeru gendai no doki oyobi yakishimeto no seisan ni kansuru chiiku chosa (A regional survey of present-day earthenware and stoneware production in Mainland Southeast Asia).” Seto-shi Maizo Bunkazai Sentaa kenkyu kiyo 8 (March, 2000): 105-192. Douglas, Janet G. “Commentary: On the Authentication of Ancient Chinese Jades using Scientific Methods.” Orientations 31, no. 2 (February 2000): 86. Farhad, Massumeh. Teacher Workshop on Islamic Calligraphy in conjunction with “Imaging the Word,” Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington, DC, January 22, 2000. . “The Lure of the East: Persian Painting in the 17th Century,” Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Md., February 17, 2000. . “The East in the West: Arts of the Islamic World at the Smithsonian,” Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, February 29, 2000. Giaccai, Jennifer. “An Examination of Organic Brown Pigments in Japanese Ukiyo-e School Paintings Elements.” Research in Conservation. http://www.b72.com/ JenG/index.html Gunter, Ann. Entries on tow Sasanian silver vessels in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, published in: Christine Kondoleon, ed., Antioch: The Lost Ancient City, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press in association with the Worcester Art Museum, 2000. Jett, Paul, and W.T. Chase. “The Gilding of Metals in China.” Gilded Metals: History, Technology and Conservation, edited by Terry D. Weisser, 145-155. London: Archetype Publications, 2000. Myers, Kenneth John. “Art and Commerce in Jacksonian America: The Steamboat Albany Collection,” The Art Bulletin 82 (September 2000). . “The Public Display of Art in New York City, 1664-1914.” Rave Reviews: American Art and Its Critics, 1826-1925, edited by David Dearinger, pp. 16-37. New York: National Academy of Design, 2000. Salzman, Ellen. “A Note on Archaeological Conservation at the Site of Poggio Colla, Italy.” Met Objectives: Treatment and Research Notes, 1, no. 1, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, (Fall 1999): 6. So, Jenny FE, editor and contributor. Music in the Age of Confucius, Washington, D.C.; Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2000. . “Different Tunes, Different Strings: Court and Chamber Music in Ancient China.” Orientations (May 2000), pp. 26-34. . Encyclopedia of Chinese Art. Contributor. London: Macmillan Publishers, autumn 2000. Yonemura, Ann. “Decoration and Representation in Japanese Lacquer.” Oriental Art XLV no. 3 (1999), 16-22. Ulak, Jim T., and Frederic A. Sharf. A Well-Watched War: Images from the Russo-Japanese Front, 1904-1905. Newbury, Massachusetts: Newburyport Press, 2000. . “Transcending Decoration: the Significance of Makr-e in the Arts of Japan.” Arts of Japan: an International Symposium, 110-131, Miyeko Murase and Judith G. Smith, eds. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. 242 Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Belanus, Betty and Jan Rosenberg. “Discovering Our Delta” teacher and student guides. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Sixth Annual Teacher's Seminar.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):6. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Homecoming for New Hampshire Program.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):12. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “The Festival Continues . . . The New Hampshire/ Romanian Musical Connection.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000):12. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Borden, Carla. “The Festival Continues...” In Smzthsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):12. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. and Peter Seitel, editors. Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. , editor. Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. , editor. Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Cadaval, Olivia and Cynthia Vidaurri. “El Rio: Culture and Environment in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 64-70. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “El Rio.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):3. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Early, James. “CFCH Cuba Cultural Community Projects.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)\(Spring 2000):17. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Franklin, John and Michael McBride. “Culture and Community: Voices of Washington, D.C.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 20. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Washington, D.C.: It’s Our Home.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):5. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Washington, D.C.: It’s Our Home.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000):5. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Groce, Nancy. “NYC@Smithsonian.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000):7. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Ho, Linda and Edmé Pernia. “El Rio.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000):4. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Hunt, Marjorie. “Masters of the Building Arts.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000):7. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Kennedy, Richard. “Tibetan Culture Beyond the Land of Snows.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 38—42. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Tibetan Culture Beyond the Land of Snows.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (t7)(Spring 2000):4. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Tibetan Culture Beyond the Land of Snows.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000):3. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Kurin, Richard. “The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jama’at-i Islami of Pakistan” [book review}. In The Middle East Journal 53(1)(Winter 1999):128. . “Pursuing Cultural Democracy.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 4-9. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “America’s Millennium on the Mall.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):1. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Director’s Talk Story.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):2. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, . “The New Study and Curation of Culture.” In The Politics of Culture, edited by Gigi Bradford, Michael Gary and Glenn Wallach, 338-362. New York: The New Press. . “Smithsonian, Library of Congress, and NEA Folklife Staff Meet.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17) (Spring 2000):15. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Lily Spandorf Passes: Her Work Will Endure.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):16. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Director’s Talk Story.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000):2. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Save Our Sounds’ Wins Save America’s Treasures Grant.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000):9. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Tony Seeger: An Appreciation.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000):11. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. N ’Diaye, Diana Baird. “Online Tour and Teacher's Guide for ‘Creativity & Resistance.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):15. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Bermuda.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000):8. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “South African National Cultural Heritage Training and Technology Program.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (18)(Fall 2000):14. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Parker, Diana. “Festival Partnerships.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 10. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “In Appreciation.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):15. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Publications of the Staff Pistono, Matthew and Jamphel Lhundup. “Tibetan Buddhism Beyond the Land of Snows.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 46-49. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Place, Jeff. Liner notes. The Best of Broadside 1962-1988: Anthems of the American Underground from the Pages of Broadside Magazine. SFW 40130. . Liner notes. Big Bill Broonzy, Trouble in Mind. SFW 40131. Reiniger, Pete. Technical note. The Best of Broadside 1962-1988: Anthems of the American Underground from the Pages of Broadside Magazine. SFW 40130. Rinzler, Kate. “Sixth Annual Ralph Rinzler Memorial Concert.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 90. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “The Sixth Annual Ralph Rinzler Memorial Concert.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)\(Spring 2000):6. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Seeger, Anthony. “Ear to the Ground: A Centenary Tribute to Malvina Reynolds.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 98. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. and Howard Bass. “Woody Guthrie’s Songs for Children.” In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 99. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . “Smithsonian Folkways Recordings Director’s Comments.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):9. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Smith, Stephanie. “English Country Dance Video Documentation Project.” In Smithsonian Talk Story (17)(Spring 2000):14. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Sonneborn, D.A. Recording review. “Anne K. Rasmussen, compiler, The Music of Arab-Americans: A Retrospective Collection.” Asian Music 31/1(Winter-Spring 1999—2000):187. Vennum, Thomas, Jr. “Locating the Seri on the Musical Map of Indian North America.” Journal of the Southwest 42(No. 2):635-760. . Book review. The Ojibwa Powwow, by Sylvie Biernbaum. Minnesota Historical Society. . “Foreword.” LaPointe Village Outpost on Madeline Island, by Hamilton Ross {reprint}. Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. Recordings Bamboo on the Mountains: Kmhmu Highlanders of Southeast Asia and the U.S. SFW 40456. The Best of Broadside 1962-1988: Anthems of the American Underground from the Pages of Broadside Magazine. SEW 40130. Big Bill Broonzy. Trouble in Mind. SFW 40131. Calypso Awakening from The Emory Cook Collection 1956-1962. SFW 40453. 243 Discover Indonesia. SFW 40484. Richard Dyer-Bennet. With Young People in Mind. SEW 45053. English Village Carols: Traditional Christmas Carolling from the Southern Pennines. SEW 40476. Ella Jenkins. Seasons for Singing. SEW 45031. Khevrisa. Exropean Klezmer Music. SEW 40486. Larry Long. Well May the World Go: Songs of Work, Love, Community, and Hope. SFW 40114. Lord Invader. Calypso in New York. SEW 40454. Music of Indonesia 18: Sulawesi: Festivals, Funerals, and Work. SFW 40445. Music of Indonesia 19: Music of Maluku: Halmahera, Buru, and Kez. SFW 40446. Music of Indonesia 20: Indonesian Guitars. SEW 40447. Suni Paz. Alerta Sings & Children’s Songs for the Playground! Canciones Para El Recreio. SFW 45055. Malvina Reynolds. Ear to the Ground. SFW 40124. Safarini In Transit: The Music of African Immigrants to the Pacific Northwest. SFW 40457. Pete Seeger. American Folk, Game, and Activity Songs for Children. SFW 45056. Memphis Slim. The Folkways Years 1959-1973. SEW 40128. Traditional Music of Peru 5: Celebrating Divinity in the High Andes. SFW 40448. Films and Videos Weber, Charles and Richard Kurin, producers. “Discovering Our Delta.” Mississippi Delta education kit. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Albrecht, Donald, co-author. National Design Triennial. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, March 2000. . “Van Nest Polglase and the Modern Movie Set.” Architectural Digest, April 2000. . “The Opulent Eye of Alexander Girard.” Magazine, Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, September 2000. Shinn, Deborah. “A Silver Dresser Set by Tommi Parzinger.” AntiquesAmerica.com, May 2000. . “Decorative Arts,” Encarta Encyclopedia, Microsoft, 2000. . “Mies van der Rohe’s Barcelona Chair,” Magazine, Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Summer 2000. Sonday, Milton with David Mitchell. “Printed Fustians: 1490-1600.” Bulletin du Cieta, 2000. Symmes, Marilyn. “Review of Form and Decoration, Innovation in the Decorative Arts 1470-1870 by Peter Thornton.” Apollo, February 2000. Yelavich, Susan. “Liberace’s Interiors.” Nest Magazine, Fall 2000. . “Magazine as Object.” Nest Magazine, Winter 2000. 244 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Department of Art and Public Programs Benezra, Neal. “Renewing Modernism.” In Celebrating Modern Art: The Anderson Collection (San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and University of California Press, Berkeley, 2000): 184-195. . “Of Pissoirs and Public Seating: Etude de Couleur and Franz West's Public Art,” in Franz West, Phaidon, 1999: 82-93. Brougher, Kerry and Neal Benezra. Ed Ruscha. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden and Oxford: Museum of Modern Art in association with Scalo, 2000. Contribution by Phyllis Rosenzweig. Exhibition catalog. Bush, Teresia. Directions—Leonardo Drew. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 2000. Exhibition brochure. Cox, Judy. Weird Stories from the Lonesome Café. San Diego and New York: Browndeer Press Harcourt, Inc., 2000. Illustrated by Diane Kidd. Fletcher, Valerie. “Blaze and Power: David Smith’s Five Ciares.” In Celebrating Modern Art: The Anderson Collection, 253-255. San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 2000. . “Shahzia Sikander.” In Kunst-Welten im Dialog von Gauguin zur Globalen Gegenwart, 478-79. Koln, Germany: Museum Ludwig, 1999. Rosenzweig, Phyllis. Ed Ruscha. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 2000. Exhibition brochure. . Robert Gober: Sculpture and Drawing. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 2000. Exhibition brochure. Viso, Olga M. Directions—Cathy de Monchaux. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 2000. Exhibition brochure. . “Porquoi la beauté? Porquoi maintenant?” Connaissance des Arts no. 566 (November 1999): 104-109. . “Sam Taylor-Wood.” In Carnegie International 1999/2000 Volume 2, 154. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Museum of Art, 2000. Zilczer, Judith. Dal7s Optical Illusions. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 2000. Exhibition brochure. . “Light Coming on the Plains: Georgia O’Keeffe’s Sunrise Series.” Artibus et Historiae 40 (1999): 191-208. National Air and Space Museum Aeronautics Division Cochrane, Dorothy. Book Review: “Electra Complex,” Long, Elgin and Marie, Amelia Earhart: The Mystery Solved (New Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 York, Simon and Schuster, 1999) Air & Space Smithsonian (April/May 2000). Crouch, Tom. “A Gift of Art: The Durant Collection Comes Home,” 1999 Annual Report of the National Air and Space Museum (Washington, D.C.: National Air and Space Museum, 2000): 20-25. . “Bishop Wright and his Diaries,” Bishop Milton Wright, Diaries, 1857-1917, Wright State University, 2000): X1i—xv. . “Blaming Wilbur and Orville: The Wright Patent Suits and the Growth of American Aeronautics,” Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century, Peter Galison and Alex Roland, eds., (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kulwer Academic Publishers, 2000): 287—300. . “Flight in America, 1784-1919,” CRM: Cultural Resources Management, Vol. 23, No. 2, (2000): 4-8. . “Octave Chanute: Aeronautical Pioneer,” CRM: Cultural Resources Management Vol. 23, No. 2, (2000): 14-15. . “Reaching Toward Space,” Smithsonian Magazine (February 2001): 38-42. . “The Final Journey of Breitling Orbiter 3,” 1999 Annual Report of the National Air and Space Museum (Washington, D.C.: National Air and Space Museum, 2000): 14-19. . “The Making of a Classic,” Military Ballooning During the Early Civil War, F. Stansbury Haydon (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000): xi—xxiii. . “The Wright Family of Dayton: A Tradition of Stewardship,” 1905 Wright Flyer: The First Practical Airplane (Dayton, Ohio: Carillon Historical Park and Wright State University, 2000). Davis, R.E.G. T.W.A: An Airline and its Aircraft. McLean, Va.: Paladwr Press, 2000. Jakab, Peter. “Nieuport 28.” Rotary Ramblings from Old Rhinebeck 20 (Spring 2000): 4-6. . The Published Writings of Wilbur and Orville Wright. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. . “The Significance of the 1905 Wright Flyer III.” In 1905 Wright Flyer III: The First Practical Airplane, edited by Karen and Wayne Pittman (Dayton, Ohio: Carillon Historical Park and Wright State University, 2000). Pisano, Dominick. Book review, Joan Lisa Bromberg, NASA and the Space Industry. New Series in NASA History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999) The American Historical Review, (December 2000): 1774-75. . “Other Holdings,” The Genesis of Flight: The Aeronautical History Collection of Colonel Richard Gimbel, (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000): 61-309. Archives Division Hagedorn, Daniel P. “Bombardiers Caproni Ca. 135 Peruviens,” Avions, No. 86, May 2000. “Deal of the Decade,” Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society, Vol. 45, No. 3, Fall 2000. . Le ‘Pret-Bail’ en Amerique Latine,” Aero Journal, No. 10, December 1999—January 2000. Publications of the Staff 245 Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Cook, A.C., and M.S. Robinson, Mariner ro Stereo Image Coverage of Mercury, J. Geophys. Res., 105, (2000): 9429-9443. Cook, A.C., T.R. Watters, M.S. Robinson, P.D. Spudis, D.B.J. Bussey, Lunar polar topography derived from Clementine stereoimages, J. Geophys. Res., 105, (2000): 12023-12033. Craddock, R.A., and A.D. Howard, Simulated degradation of lunar impact craters and a new method for age dating farside mare deposits, J. Geophys. Res., (2000): 20387-20401. Waters, T.R., Schultz, R.A., and M.S. Robinson, Displacement-Length relations of thrust faults associated with lobate scarps on Mercury and Mars: Comparison with terrestrial faults, Geophys. Res. Letters, 27, 22, (2000): 3659-3662. Zimbelman, J.R., Chapter 51: Volcanism on Mars, in Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (H. Sigurdsson et al., eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, (2000): 771-783. Zimbelman, J.R., Non-active dunes in the Acheron Fossae region of Mars between the Viking and Mars Global Surveyor eras, Geophys. Res. Letters, 27, 7, (2000): 1069-1072. Space History Division Ceruzzi, Paul. “Nothing New Since von Neumann: A Historian Looks at Computer Architecture, 1945-1995.” The First Computers: History and Architectures, edited by Raul Rojas and Ulf Hashagen, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000): 195-217. . “Review of James Tomayko, Computers Take Flight.” Public Historian, (Fall 2000): 59-61. . “The Mind Eye and the Computers of Seymour Cray.” Exposing Electronics, edited by Bernard Finn, (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers Group, 2000): 151—G6o. Collins, Martin. “The Last Satellite,” Azr & Space Smithsonian, 14; 27, Vol. 15(3), 2000. DeVorkin, David. Henry Norris Russell: Dean of American Astronomers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Herken, Gregg. “Science and the Cold War.” Diplomatic History, (winter 2000). . Cardinal Choices: Presidential Science Advising from the Atomic Bomb to SDI. Stanford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Neufeld, Michael. “Orbiter, Overflight and the First U.S. Satellite: New Light on the Vanguard Decision.” Reconsidering Sputnik, edited by Launius Roger D, John M. Logsdon and Robert W. Smith, (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000): 231-57. . “The Reichswehr, the Rocket and the Versailles Treaty: A Popular Myth Reexamined.” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 53, (May/June 2000): 163-72. , ed. with Michael Berenbaum. The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It? New York: St. Martin’s Press. Published in association with the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2000. . Winter, Frank. “Goddard’s Meteor Mania.” The Griffith Observer 64, No. 10 (Los Angeles, October 2000): 2-17. . “Preliminary Investigations of the Rockets in the Water Splashing Festival in Yunnan, China, and Its Connection with Bang Fai and Ryusei Rocket,” Proceedings of The 2nd International Ryusei Rocket Symposium, 22nd International Symposium on Space Technology and Science. (Tohno, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, 2000): 21-30. . “Ryusei and Bang Fei—Is There A Connection?” Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Space Technology and Science. Sonic City, Omiya, Japan, May 1998: 24-31. . “The Enigmatic Mr. Hales and His Rockets.” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 53, no. 5/6 (May- June 2000): 153-62. National Museum of African Art Geary, Christraud M. “In Memoriam: Gilbert Schneider.” African Arts 33, 1(2000):17. Hornbeck, Stephanie E., “An Analytical Survey of Materials and Methods Used for Lacquer Decoration of 17th Century Peruvian Keros,” Twenty-Second Annual Association of Graduate Programs in the Conservation of Cultural Property Student Conference, Straus Center for Conservation, Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, MA, April 18-20, 1996. Postprints published 2000. Jenke, Veronika. Educational Programs, Fall 1999—Summer 2000. National Museum of African Art, 1999. Moffett, D., Mellor, S., Hornbeck, S., “Conservation of Ethnographic Objects,” Conservation Services Directory, Washington Conservation Guild, 2000. Severson, K., Koob, S., Wolfe, J., Choe, P., Hornbeck, S., McGregor Howarth, S., Sigel, A., “Recovery of Unbacked Mosaics from a Storage Depot Fire at the Sardis Excavations, Turkey,” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, volume 39, number 1, spring 2000. Walker, Roslyn A. 2000 Africa-Europe: An Encounter. Scheveningen, The Netherlands: Museum Beelden aan Zee, Cat 220, p. 126. National Museum of American History Office of the Director Crew, Spencer. “A Museum Perspective on the Presence of the Past.” in The Public Historian, Vol. 22, Winter 2000, Number 1. 246 Office of Curatorial Affairs Bunch, Lonnie G., II. “The Challenge of Interpreting National History in a Global Age,” in National Museums, National Identity. National Museum of Australia, 2000. . “Flies in the Buttermilk: Museums, Diversity, and the Will to Change,” Masewm News July 2000). . “The Greatest State for the Negro’: Jefferson L. Edmonds, Black Propagandist of the California Dream,” in Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California, 1769-1999. Lawrence B. de Graaf, ed. University of Washington Press. . “The Impact of Funding and Politics on American Museums,” in Research Budgets in an Age of Limits: Basic Science-Health-Culture. Arthur P. Molella, Klaus-Dirk Henke, and Hans-Liudger Dienel, eds. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000. . “Trapped by Traditions: Wrestling With Race, Identity, and Memory in American Museums,” in A Future for the Past: Memory and Museums in the Third Millennium. Franca DiValeria, ed. Department of History Gardner, James B. “Serving Time in the Trenches: David F. Trask, Public Historian and Federal Historian,” in The Public Historian 22 (Spring 2000). Archives Center Kuebler, Ann. “The Changing Role of Women in Jazz,” in Jazz: The First Century. John Edward Hasse, ed. Harper Collins, 2000. Schwartz, Scott. “Fire Handling in Appalachia,” in Encyclopedia of Appalachia. Division of Cultural History Bowers, Dwight B. ““Bring On the Lovers, Liars, and Clowns!’: The Forum Saga,” in South Bay Performances Magazine 11 (March 2000). . “IT Get No Kick From Champagne’: Cole Porter, Alcohol, and the Lost Generation,” in Proceedings, 1995 Yale-Smithsonian Seminar on Material Culture (Fall 2000). Ellis, Rex M. “The Price of Freedom,” in Potomac Review (Fall 1999). . “Williamsburg 1947-1997,” in Williamsburg, Virginia: A City Before the State. Robert P. Maccubbin, ed. University Press of Virginia, 2000. Green, Rayna and John Troutman. “By the Waters of the Minnehaha: Pageants, Music and Dance in the Indian Boarding Schools,” in Our Indian School Days: The Indian Boarding Schools. K. Tsianina Lomawaima, Brenda J. Child and Margaret Archuleta, eds. The Heard Museum, 2000. Hasse, John Edward. Jazz: The First Century. Morrow, 2000. Hoover, Cynthia Adams and Edwin M. Good. “Designing, Making, and Selling Pianos,” in Piano Roles: Three Hundred Years of Life with the Piano. James Parakilas, ed. Yale University Press, 1999. Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Kimery, Ken, James Zimmerman, et al. “Set #1: New Orleans Jazz, 1918-1927,” in Essential Jazz Edition 2000. Warner Bros. Publications, Inc., 2000. Rand, Harry. “Woolley’s Ur: Headdress of a Sumerian Queen,” in Biblical Archaeology Review (May/June 2000). . “Merrill Mahaffey: Cue From Manet,” in Palm Springs Desert Museum (March 2000). . “Essay,” in American Dreamer: The Art of Philip C. Curtis. Hudson Hills Press, 1999. Shayt, David H. “Sri Lanka’s Carillon,” in Proceedings of the World Carillon Congress (1998). Division of the History of Technology Daniel, Pete. Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s. University of North Carolina Press, 2000. Johnston, Paul F. “The Taming of the Screw,” Fast Attacks and Boomers: Submarines in the Cold War. National Museum of American History, 2000. Liebhold, Peter. “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Sweatshops in American History,” in The Public Historian 22 (Summer 2000). . “Experiences from the Front Line: Presenting a Controversial Exhibition During the Culture Wars,” in The Public Historian 22 (Summer 2000). . “Hillotypes: A Sad Tale of Invention,” in Photographic History 24 (Spring 2000). Lubar, Steven. “The Challenge of Industrial History Museums,” in The Public Historian 22 (Summer 2000). Stephens, Carlene E. “From Little Machines to Big Themes: Clocks, Watches and Time at the National Museum of American History,” in Material History Review 52 (Fall 2000). , and Maggie Dennis. “Engineering Time: Inventing the Electronic Watch,” in British Journal for the History of Science 33 (December 2000). White, Roger B. Home on the Road: The Motor Home in America. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. Withuhn, William L. “Energy and Transportation: An Historical Overview,” in Macmillan Encyclopedia of Energy. Macmillan/Galegroup Publishers, 2000. . “Railroading Reinvents Its Role,” in 1999 Railway Progress Institute Annual Report, 2000. . “Steam, Steel, and Safety: the New Federal Safety Rules for Historic Locomotives,” in TRAINS Magazine (May 2000). Worthington, William E. “Exhibit Review: Stay Cool! Air Conditioning America,” in The Public Historian 22 (Spring 2000). . Make the Dirt Fly! Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1999. Division of Information Technology and Society Clain-Stefanelli, Elvira. Life In Republican Rome On Its Coinage. National Museum of American History, 2000. Finn, Bernard S. “Context and Controversy,” in Museums of Modern Science, Nobel Symposium 112. Svante Lindqvist, ed. Science History Publications. 2000. Publications of the Staff 247 Kidwell, Peggy A. “The Adding Machine Fraternity at St. Louis: Creating a Center of Invention, 1880-1920,” in Annals of the History of Computing 22 (April 2000). . “Proportional Compasses” and “Calculating Machines,” in Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton. Wilbur Applebaum, ed. Garland, 2000. Wallace, Harold D. and Finn, Bernard S. Lighting A Revolution. National Museum of American History, 2000. . Lighting The Way. National Museum of American History, 2000. . “History Interview with James J. Hoecker, Chairman, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission,” in Powering a Generation of Change. National Museum of American History, 2000. hetp://americanhistory.si.edu/csr/powering/ Wright, Helena E., guest editor. History of Photography 24 (Spring 2000). . “Photographic History Collection, National Museum of American History,” in History of Photography 24 (Spring 2000). . “Developing a Photographic Collection: National Museum of American History,” in History of Photography 24 (Spring 2000). . “The Osborne Collection: Photomechanical Incunabula,” in History of Photography 24 (Spring 2000). Division of Science, Medicine and Society Ott, Katherine. Disability Rights Movement. National Museum of American History, 2000. Sharrer, G. Terry. A Kind of Fate: Agricultural Change in Virginia, 1861-1920. Iowa State University Press, 2000. . An Undebauched Mind: Farmer Washington at Mount Vernon, 1759-1799,” in Magnolia (Bulletin of the Southern Garden History Society) 15 (Winter 1999-2000). . “Breaking Down Cancer,” in The Scientist 14 (Feb. 21, 2000). . “The Promise of Genetic Cures,” in The World & I 15 (May 2000). Warner, Deborah J. “The Draper Family Material, National Museum of American History,” in History of Photography 24 (2000). . “Portrait Prints of Men of Science in Eighteenth Century America,” in Imprint 25 (2000). Division of Social History Clark Smith, Barbara. “Review of Cary Carson, ed., Becoming Americans: Our Struggle to Be Both Free and Equal,” in William and Mary Quarterly (October 1999). . “Claiming the Museum Floor,” in Newsletter of the Organization of American Historians (February 2000). Rubenstein, Harry R. “Good History is Not Enough,” in Perspectives 38 (May 2000). Taylor, Lonn. The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired The National Anthem. National Museum of American History and Harry N. Abrams, 2000. Interdisciplinary Initiatives Molella, Arthur P. “Budget Cutting and National Identity,” in Research Budgets in an Age of Limits: Basic Science-Health- Culture. Arthur P. Molella, Klaus-Dirk Henke, and Hans- Liudger Dienel, eds. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000. . “Budget Cutting from a Cultural Perspective,” in Research Budgets in an Age of Limits: Basic Science-Health- Culture. Arthur P. Molella, Klaus-Dirk Henke, and Hans- Liudger Dienel, eds. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000. . “Science in American Life: National Identity, and the Science Wars: A Curator’s View,” in Curator: The Museum Journal 42 (2000). , Klaus-Dirk Henke, and Hans-Liudger Dienel, eds. Research Budgets in an Age of Limits: Basic Science-Health- Culture. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000. , and Robert Kargon. “Culture, Technology, and Constructed Memory in Disney’s New Town: Techno- Nostalgia in Historical Perspective,” in Cu/tures of Control. Miriam Levin, ed. Harwood, 2000. , Wolf Peter Fehlhammer, Peter Friess, and Helmuth Trischler. Ralph Burmester, Wissenschaft aus erster Hand: 50 Jahre Tagungen der Nobelpreistraeger in Lindau/Bodensee. Deutsches Museum and Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Lemelson Center Bedi, Joyce. “Basic Research: An Introduction,” in Research Budgets in an Age of Limits: Basic Science-Health-Culture. Arthur P. Molella, Klaus-Dirk Henke, and Hans-Liudger Dienel, eds. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000. . “Exploring the Art and Science of Stopping Time: The Life and Work of Harold E. Edgerton.” (Interactive CD-ROM.) James Sheldon, producer. MIT Press. 1999. . “Vladimir Zworykin,” in Encyclopedia of Telecommunications. Fritz E. Froehlich and Allen Kent, eds. Marcel Dekker Inc., 1999. Bruce-Satrom, Heather. “Ann Moore: Protecting Precious Cargo,” in Inventor's Digest (Sept./Oct. 2000). Office of Capital Programs Star-Spangled Banner Project Crew, Spencer, Suzanne Thomassen-Krauss, Ron Becker, and Carol Frost, “The Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project,” in Hzstory News, 55 (Winter 2000). Star-Spangled Banner Project Team with Hello Design. The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem, National Museum of American History, 1999. http://americanhistory.si.edu/ssb/ Office of Public Services Benitez, Alex, McKinnon, Heidi and Shannon, Jennifer. Making Big Medicine at the National Museum of the American Indian: Collaborative Strategies for Developing a National 248 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Museum, American Anthropological Association, Thursday, November 16, 2000, (Flexible Research Strategies: Responding to Native Communities). Briggs, Nigel. “Reaching A Broader Audience,” in The Public Historian 22 (Summer 2000). Dwight, John (NMAI), Foster, Harry (Musuem of Civilization), Cristal, Mark (Univ. of Texas). “Reservation X: The Power of Place.” http://www.conexus.si.edu/rezx/ Krutak, Lars. “The Arctic.” Pp. 172-185 in Tattoo History: A Source Book, Steve Gilbert, ed. New York: Juno Books, 2000. Krupnik, Igor and Lars Krutak. Akuzi/leput Igaqullghet: Our Words Put to Paper, Sourcebook In St. Lawrence Island Yupik Heritage and History. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, Arctic Studies Center, 2000. Rossilli, Ann. “Trust in the Team Approach: A Case Study,” in Exhibitionist, Vol. 19, No. 1, Spring 2000. Sandoval, Nicolasa I. “A Question of Origins, A Search for Understanding.” In Native Americas Hemispheric Journal of Indigenous Issues. Summer 2000. National Museum of Natural History Office of the Director Tyler, J. C. “Arambourghturus, a New Genus of Hypurostegic Surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) from the Oligocene of Iran, with a Phylogeny of the Nasinae.” Geodiversitas (Paris) 22 (4) (2000): 525-54. Tyler, J. C., P. Bronzi, and A. Ghiandoni. “The Cretaceous Fishes of Nardo. 11° A New Genus and Species of Zeiformes, Cretazeus rinaldi, the Earliest Record for the Order.” Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 24 (2000): 11-28. Tyler, J. C. and A. FE. Bannikov. “A New Species of the Surgeon Fish Genus Tawichthys from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy (Perciformes, Acanthuridae). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 24 (2000): 29-36. Department of Anthropology Aiello, L.C., M. Collard, J.-F Thackeray, and B.A. Wood. “Assessing Exact Randomization Methods for Determining the Taxonomic Significance of Variability in the Hominin Fossil Record.” South African Journal of Science 96(4) (2000): 179-184. Aiello, L.C., B.A. Wood, C. Key and M. Lewis. “Morphological and Taxonomic Affinities of the Olduvai ulna (OH 36).” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 10Q(1) (1999): 89-110. Baccino, Eric, D.H. Ubelaker, L.C. Hayek, and A. Zerilli. “Evaluation of Seven Methods of Estimating Age at Death from Mature Human Skeletal Remains.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 44(5) (1999): 931-936. Baoyin, Yuan, H. Yamei, W. Wei, R. Potts, G. Zhengtang, and H. Weiwen. “On the Geomorphological Evolution of the Bose Basin, a Lower Paleolithic Locality in South China.” Acta Anthropologica Sinica 18 (1999): 215-223. Brooks, Alison S. and R. Potts. “New Discoveries in Paleoanthropology: What's New, What’s True, and What’s Important?” AnthroNotes 21(2) (1999-2000). Brown, James A. and J.D. Rogers. “AMS Dates on Artifacts of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex from Spiro.” Southeastern Archaeology 18(2) (1999): 11-18. Collard, M. and B.A. Wood. “Grades Among the African Early Hominins: Functions, Adaptations and Grades.” African Biogeography, Climate Change and Early Hominid Evolution, T. Bromage and F. Schrenk, eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, 316-327. . “How Reliable are Human Phylogenetic Hypotheses?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (2000): 5003-5006. Crocker, William H. Mending Ways: The Canela Indians of Brazil. 52 minutes, color. A video by Schecter Films/Smithsonian, 1999. . Mending Ways Study Guide, 1999. www.films.com/static/mendingwaysguide.asp Crowell, Aron. “Maritime Cultures of the Gulf of Alaska.” Journal of American Archaeology 16 (1999). Crowell, Aron, W.W. Fitzhugh, I. Krupnik, S. Loring, D. Odess. “Smithsonian Institution.” U.S. Arctic Research, Journal of the United States Interagency Arctic Policy Committee, 2000. Devlin, M.J., D.E. Lieberman, and O.M. Pearson. “An Experimental Test of Articular Surface Response to Mechanical Loading.” [Abstract]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 30 (2000): 138-139. Donoghue, Helen D., D.H. Ubelaker, and M. Spigelman. “The Use of Paleomicrobiological Techniques in a Current Forensic Case.” Tuberculosis: Past and Present, Gy6rgi Palfi, Oliver Dutour, Judith Deak and Imre Hutas, eds. Budapest and Szeged, Hungary: Golden Book Publisher Ltd., Tuberculosis Foundation, 1999, 363-368. Fitzhugh, William W. “Puffins, Ringed Pins, and Runestones: The Viking Passage to North America.” Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, W.W. Fitzhugh and E.I. Ward, eds. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000, 11-25. . “Stumbles and Pitfalls in the Search for Viking America.” Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. W.W. Fitzhugh and E.I. Ward, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000, 374-384. . “Vikings Arrive in North America B Again!” Scandinavian Review (Winter 2000): 50-56. . “Vikings in America: Runestones, Relics, and Revisionism.” Minerva 11(1) (Summer 2000): 8-12. . “Watch Out Columbus! The Vikings Are Coming!” NYT News: Magazine of the Danish National Museum (2000). Fitzhugh, William W. and Elisabeth I. Ward. “Celebrating the Viking Millennium in America.” Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. W.W. Fitzhugh and E.I. Ward, eds. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000, 35 1—393- Publications of the Staff 249 Firzhugh, William W. and Elisabeth I. Ward, eds. Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. Frohlich, Bruno and D.J. Ortner. “Social and Demographic Implications of Subadult Inhumations in the Ancient Near East.” The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond: Essays in Honor of James A. Sauer. L.E. Stager, J.A. Greene and M.D. Coogan, eds. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2000, 122-131. Gero, Joan M. and C. Scattolin. “Consideraciones Sobre Fechados Radiocarbonicos de Yutopian (Catamarca, Argentina).” ACTAS del XIIth Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia Argentina, La Plata. C. Diez Marin, ed. (1999): 352-357. Gero, Joan M. “La Iconografia Recuay y el Estudio de Género.” Gaceta Arqueolégita Andina. 25 (1999): 23-44. Instituto Andino de Estudios Arqueolégicos, Lima, Peru. . “Prolog.” Gender and Prehistory, B. Werbart, ed. Umea, Sweden: Arkeologiska Studier vid Umea Universitet 7 (1999). . “Book Note, Mary Weismantel’s Food, Gender and Poverty in the Ecuadorian Andes. Waveland Press, 1998.” Latin American Antiquity LI (2000): 212-213. . “Troubled Travels in Agency and Feminism.” Agency in Archaeology. M.A. Dobres and J. Robb, eds. New York: Routledge, 2000, 34-39. Goddard, Ives. “Bloomfield, Leonard.” American National Biography 3 (1999): 48-49. . “Gatschet, Albert Samuel.” American National Biography 8 (1999): 794-795. . “The Identity of Red Thunder Cloud.” The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas Newsletter 19(1) (2000): 7-10. . “Shawnee Sun.” Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics 25(2) (2000): 14. . “The Siebert Sale, Part 2.” The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas Newsletter 18(4) (2000): 6-8. . “{Review of:]} Sotheby’s, The Frank T. Siebert Library of the North American Indian and the American Frontier, Part IL.” The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas Newsletter 18(4) (2000): 13. . “The Use of Pidgins and Jargons on the East Coast of North America.” The Language Encounter in the Americas, 1492-1800. Edward G. Gray and Norman Fiering, eds. New York: Berghahn Books, 2000, 61-78. Hardin, C.L. and L. Maffi. “Color Categories: The Docudrama.” American Anthropologist 102(2) (2000): 321. Heyer, W. Ronald, J. Coddington, W.J. Kress, P. Acevedo, D. Cole, T.L. Erwin, B.J. Meggers, M.G. Pogue, R.W. Thorington, R.P. Van, M.J. Weitzman, S.H. Weitzman. “Amazonian Biotic Data and Conservation Decisions.” Ciéncia e Cultura, Journal of the Brazilian Association for the Advancement of Science 51: 372-385. Hou, Y., R. Potts, Y. Baoyin, G. Zhengtang, A. Deino, W. Wei, J. Clark, Xie G., and H. Weiwan. “Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-like Stone Technology of the Bose Basin, South China.” Science 287 (2000): 1622-1626. Jodry, Margaret. “Folsom Technology and Socioeconomic Strategies: Views From Stewart’s Cattle Guard and the Upper Rio Grande Basin, Colorado.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, American University, Washington D.C., 1999. Accepted for publication, Berkeley: University of California Press. . “Paleoindian Stage.” Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Rio Grande Basin, Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists. Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1999, 45-114. Kaeppler, Adrienne L. “The Feathercape Enigma: English or American Indian?” Museum Anthropology 23(3) (1999): 97-103. . From the Stone Age to the Space Age in 200 Years. Tongan Art and Society on the Eve of the Millennium. Nuku'alofa: Tongan National Museum, 1999. . “Kie Hingoa: Mats of Power, Rank, Prestige and History.” Journal of the Polynesian Society 108(2) (1999): 168-232. . “The Mystique of Fieldwork.” Dance in the Field: Theory, Methods and Issues in Dance Ethnography. Theresa J. Buckland, ed. London: Macmillan, 1999, 13-25. . “Dance Ethnology and the Anthropology of Dance.” Dance Research Journal 32(1) (2000): 116-225. . “Material Matters B in Tonga.” The Smithsonian Material Culture Forum’s Grapevine 35 (2000): I-3. . “[Review of:} Maori Art and Culture.” Jornal of the Polynesian Society 109(2) (2000): 209-211. . “{Review of:} Queen Salote of Tonga: The Story of an Era 1900-1965.” Journal of the Polynesian Society 109(2) (2000): 213-215. . “Sculpture de Nukuoro and Sculpture d’ Hawaii.” Sculptures, Afrique, Asie, Oceanie, Ameriques, Paris: Musee de quai Branly, 2000, 305-308, 321-325. [Three entries for the Catalogue of Non-Western Art at the Louvre. } . “Tongan Performing Arts, Barkcloth, and Polynesian Collections.” [Three entries in The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia. Brig V. Lal and Kate Fortune, eds. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2000.} Kaupp, P. Ann, Ruth O. Selig, Alison S. Brooks and JoAnne Lanouette, eds. AnthroNotes, National Museum of Natural History Publication for Educators 21(2), 22(1), 1999-2000. Kay, P. and L. Maffi. “Color Appearance and the Emergence and Evolution of Basic Color Lexicons.” American Anthropologist 101(4) (1999): 743-760. Krupnik, Igor. Arctic Adaptations. Native Whalers and Reindeer Herders of Northern Eurasia. {In German.]} Berlin: Reinhold Schletzer Verlag, 1999. . Akuzilleput Igaqullghet: Our Words Put to Paper. Sourcebook in St. Lawrence Island Yupik Heritage and History. Arctic Studies Center, 2000. . “Humans in the Bering Strait Region: Responses to Environmental Change and Implications for the Future.” Ibidem, 2000, 64-79. . “Native Perspectives on Climate and Sea-Ice Changes.” Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic. H. Huntington, ed. 250 Bethesda, MD: Marine Mammal Commission, 2000, 34-51. . “People on the Land, Numbers in the Records. The Yamal Nenets Population Change, A.D. 1695 to 1992 {Lyudi v chumakh, tsifry na bumage. Russkie istichniki k demograficheskoi istorii Yamala, 1695-1992 gg.}.” Drevnosti Yamala t, Andrey Golovenev, ed. Ekaterinburg and Salekhard, 2000, 122-151. . “Reindeer Pastoralism in Modern Siberia: Research and Survival During the Time of Crash.” Polar Research 19(1) (2000): 49-56. (Special issue from the Symposium, Human role in the Reindeer/Caribou Systems, Rovaniemi, Finland, February 1999.) . “Review: Franz Boas among the Inuit of Baffin Island, 1883—1884 (Ludger Muller-Wille, ed.).” Polar Record 3,6(196) (2000): 57-58. Krupnik, Igor and N. Vakhtin. “Power, Politics, and Heritage: Undercurrent Transformations in the Post- Soviet Arctic B The Case of Chukotka.” Changes in the Circumpolar North. Culture, Ethics, and Self-Determination. Frank Sejersen, ed. Topics in Arctic Social Sciences 3, (1999): 27-42. Copenhagen: IASSA. Lam, Y.M., X. Chen and O.M. Pearson. “Differential representation of equid, bovid, and cervid elements in the archaeological record: A study of intertaxonomic variability in patterns of bone density.” American Antiquity 64 (1999): 343-362. Ledergerber-Crespo, Paulina. “Formativo Sudamericano, Una Revaluacion.” Quito: Editorial Abya Yala/Producciones Digitales UPS, 1999. . “Formativo Sudamericano, Una Revaluacion. 2nd edition.” Quito: Editorial Abya Yala/Producciones Digitales UPS, 2000. Lieberman, D. “Homology and hominid phylogeny: Problems and potential solutions.” Evolutionary Anthropology 7 (1999): 142-151. Lieberman, D.E. “Ontogeny, homology, and phylogeny in the Hominid craniofacial skeleton: the problem of the browridge.” Development, Growth and Evolution: Implications for the study of hominid skeletal evolution, P. O'Higgins and M. Cohn, eds. London: Academic Press, 2000, 85-122. . “Growth studies: Mammal teeth.” Archaeological Method and Theory: An Encyclopedia, L. Ellis, ed. New York: Garland Press, 2000, 273-276. Lieberman, D.E. and A.W. Crompton. “Why fuse the mandibular symphysis? A comparative analysis.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112(4) (2000): 517-540. Lieberman, D.E. and R.C. 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H. “Drephalys: Division of this Showy Neotropical Genus, Plus a New Species and the Immatures and Food Plants of Two Species from Costa Rican Dry Forest (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae).” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 53(3) (1999): 77-89. Debboun, M., Strickman, D., Solberg, V. B., Wilkerson, R. C., McPherson, K. R., Golenda, C., Keep, L., Wirtz, R. A., Burge, R., and Klein, T. A. “Field evaluation of Deet and a Piperidine repellent against Aedes communis (Diptera: Culicidae) and Simulium venustum (Diptera: Simulidae) in the Adirondack Mountains of New York.” J. Med. Entomol. 37 (2000): 919-923. Erwin, T. 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G. “Larval Morphology and Biology of a North American and an Israeli A/tica Species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae).” Florida Entomologist 83(3) (2000): 276-284. Lingafelter, S. W. and Konstantinov, A. S. “The Monophyly and Relative Rank of Alticine and Galerucine Leaf Beetles: A Cladistic Analysis Using Adult Morphological Characters (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).” Entomologica Scandinavica 30(4) (2000): 397-416. Mathis, W. N. and Edmiston, J. F. “A Revision of the Shore- Fly Genus Lemnaphila Cresson (Diptera: Ephydridae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102(3) (2000): 652-677. McKamey, S. H. “Checklist of Leafhopper Species 1758-1955 (Hemiptera: Membracoidae: Cicadellidae and Myserslopiidae) with Synonymy and Distribution {Catalogue of the Homoptera, Fascicle 6, Abridged}.” Systematic Entomology Laboratory Website, 2000. . “A review of the leafhopper subgenus Texananus (Iowanus) Ball (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with a checklist to all species in the genus.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102 (2000): 212—227. Miller, D. R. “Identification of the Pink Hibiscus Melaybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera; Sternorrhyncha; Pseudococcidae).” Insecta Mundi 13 (2000): 189-203. Miller, D. R., Williams, D. J., and Hamon, A. B. “Notes on a new mealybug (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) pest in Florida and the Caribbean: the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink.” Insecta Mundi 13 (2000): 179-181. Miller, G. L., Miller, D. R., and Carlson, R. W. United States Department of Agriculture, Systematic Entomology Laboratory’s Coccoidea Web, 2000. hetp://www.sel.barc.usda. gov/coccoidea/scaleframe.html Norrbom, A. L. and Foote, B. A. “A new subgenus, Footerellia, and new distribution records of Neaspilota Osten Sacken (Diptera: Tephritidae: Terelliini).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102 (2000): 142-150. Ochoa, R. and O’Connor, B. M. “Revision of the genus Horstiella (Acari: Acaridae) mites associated with Neotropical Epicharis bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae).” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93(4) (2000): 713-737- Pecor, J. E., Jones, J., Turell, M. J., Fernancez, R., Carbajal, E, O’Guinn, M., Sardalis, M., Watta, D., Zyzak, M., Calampa, C., and Klein, T. A. “Annotated checklist of the mosquito species encountered during arboviral studies in Iquitos, Peru (Diptera: culcidiae),” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc, 16 (2000): 210~-218. Pogue, M. G. and Passoa, S. “Spodoptera ochrea (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A new host record (asparagus) from Peru and description of the female genitalia.” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93, (2000): 1019-1021. Polavarapu, S., Davidson, J. A., and Miller, D. R. “Life history of the Putman scale, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putman) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) on Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum, Ericaceae) in New Jersey, with a World list of scale insects on blueberries.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102 (2000): §49- 560. Polhemus, D. A., Asquith, A., and Miller, S. “A New Species of Ischnura from Rota (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), and a Discussion of Zygopteran Zoogeography in the Insular Tropical Pacific.” Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 62 (2000): 5-12. Polhemus, D. A. and Polhemus, J. T. “Additional New Genera and Species of Microveliinae (Heteroptera: Veliidae) from New Guinea and Adjacent Regions.” Tijdschrift Voor Entomologie 143 (2000): 91-123. Polhemus, D. A. and Polhemus, J. T. “Naucoridae (Heteroptera) of New Guinea. 6. A. Revision of the Genera Sagocoris and Aptinocoris, with Descriptions of New Species.” Journal of the New York Entomological Society 107(4) (1999): 331-371. Polhemus, D. A. and Polhemus, J. T. “A Biodiversity Survey of Aquatic Insects in the Ajkwa River Basin and Adjacent Areas, Irian Jaya, Indonesia.” Tropical Biodiversity 5(3) (1998): 197-216. Reinert, J. F “Restoration of Aywrakitia to generic rank in Tribe Aedini and a revised definition of the genus.” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 16 (2000): 57-65. . “New classification for the compostite genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini), elevation of subgenus Ochlerotatus to generic Rank, recalssificatin of the other subgenera, and notes on certain subgenera and species.” /. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 16 (2000): 175-188. . “Synonymy of subgenus Sinoaedes of genus Aedes with subgenus Mattinglyia of genus Heizmannia.” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 16 (2000): 38-39. . “Assignment of two North American species of Aedes to subgenus Rusticoidus.” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 16 (2000): 42-43. . “Separation of trap-collected adults of Anopheles atropos from species of the quadrimaculatus complex.” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 16 (2000): 44. Rotheray, G. E., Zumbado, M., Hancock, E. G., and Thompson, F. C. “Remarkable aquatic predators in the genus Ocyptamus (Diptera, Syrphidae).” Studia Dipterologica 7 (2000): 385-398. Sallum, M. A. M. , Forattini, O. P., and Wilkerson, R. C. “Redescription of the adult and larva and first description of the pupa of Anopheles (Kerteszia) laneanus.” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 16 (2000): 86-92. Sallum, M. A. M, Schultz, T. R., and Wilkerson, R. C. “Phylogeny of Anophelinae (Diptera Culicidae) Based on Morphological Characters.” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93(4) (2000): 745-775. Saluke, S. V. and Pogue, M. G. “Resolving the Elaphria Festivoides (Guenee) Species Complex (Lepidoptera: 258 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Noctuidae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102 (2000): 233-270. Savini, V. and Furth, D. G. “Revisién del Género Gioia Bechyné, 1955 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) de las Antillas.” Elytron 13 (2000): 19-34. Schauff, M. E., and Garrison, R. “A newly introduced species of Epichrysocharis (Hymenopterea: Eulophidae) producing galls on Eucalyptus in California with notes on the placement of the genus.” Journal of Hymenoptera Research 9 (2000): 176-181. Schauff, M. E. “A new genus and species of Exlophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Costa Rica with notes on the genus.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102(2) (2000): 403-407. Slater, J. A., and Henry, T. J. “Notes on and descriptions of new Pamphantinae, including four new species of Cattarus and a remarkable new myrmecomorphic genus and species (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Geocoridae).” Journal of the New York Entomological Society 107(4) (2000): 304-330. Smith, D. R. “Familia Argidae, Familia Orussidae, Familia Pergidae, Familia Tenthredinidae, Familia Xiphydriidae.” Solis, A., ed. Las Familias de Insetos de Costa Rica, 2000 http://www. inbio.ac.cr/papers/insectoscr/insectcr.html . “Book Review: Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Kommentierte.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102 (2000): 229-231. Smith, D. R. and Goulet, H. “Monosoma pulverata (Retzius) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), an alder-feeding sawfly new to North America.” Entomological News 111 (2000): 238-242. Solis, M. A. and Gentil, P. “A new species of Omiodes Guenee from South America (Pyraloidea: Crambidae).” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 54(2) (2000): 72-75. Strickman, D., Gaffigan, H., Wirtz, R. A., Benedict, M. Q., Rafferty, C. S., Barwick, R. S. and Woilliams, H. A. “Mosquito collections following local transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Westmorland County, Virginia.” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 16 (2000): 219-222. Thompson, F. C. and Zumbado, M. “Flower flies of the subgenus Ocyptamus (Mimocalla) (Diptera: Syrphidae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102 (2000): 773-793. Thompson, F. C. “A new genus of Australasian flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae).” Studia Dipterologica 7 (2000): 373-384. Vandenberg, N. J., Rabaglia, R. J. and Bright, D. E. “New records for two Xy/eborus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) species in North America.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102 (2000): 62-68. Vasu, S., Smith, D. R., and Savini, M. S. “Review of the Asian Sawfly Genus Anisoarthra Cameron (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102 (2000): 601-608. Ward, R. A. and Harbach, R. E. “Obituary: EL Peyton 1929-1999.” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 16 (2000): 48-51. Wergin, W. P., Ochoa, R., Erbe, E. EF, Craemer, C. and Raina, A. K. “Use of Low Temperature Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy to Examine Mites.” Scanning 22(3) (2000): 145-155. Wergin, W. P., Ochoa, R., Erbe, E. FE and Joy, D. “Oscillating Trichobothria in the Low Temperature Sem: Biological Capacitors or Charging.” Scanning 22(2) (2000): I40-I4I. Wetterer, J. K., Ward, P. S., Wetterer, A. L., Longino, J. T., Trager, J. C., and Miller, S. E. “Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Santa Cruz Island, California.” Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 99(1) (2000): 25-31. Wijesekara, A. and Henry, T. J. “Taxonomic Status of the Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) of Sri Lanka.” Proceedings of the First Annual Symposium, Department of Agriculture, Sri Lanka 1 (2000): 173-184. Woodley, N. E. “A new Afrotropical species of A//ognosta Osten Sacken (Diptera: Stratiomyidae).” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102 (2000): 924-928. Zerova, M. D. and Grissell, E. E. “A new species of the genus Monodontomerus Westw. (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) from Kazakhstan.” Entomologischeskoe Obrozrenie 79 (2000): 207—209. Zinovjev, A. G., and Smith, D. R. “Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) described by Benjamin D. Walsh, with notes on their hosts and biology.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102 (2000): 974-990. Zinovjev, A. G. and Smith, D. R. “Types of sawflies described in the genus Pontania Costa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in the Illinois Natural History Survey.” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102 (2000): 852-861. Department of Invertebrate Zoology Bayer, FM. “A new species of Leptogorgia from the eastern Pacific (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Holaxonia).” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(3) (2000): 609-616. Benvenuti, D., G. Messana and M. Schotte. “On a new species of Oxinasphaera (Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) from Somali and Yemeni coasts, western Indian Ocean.” Crustaceana 73(4) (2000): 407-415. Bishop, G.A. and A.B. Williams. “Fossil crabs from Tepee Buttes, submarine seeps of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale, South Dakota and Colorado, U.S.A.” Journal of Crustacean Biology Special no. 2 (2000). Cairns, S.D. “A revision of the shallow-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia of the western Atlantic.” Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 75 (2000): 1-240. Caldwell, R.L. and R.B. Manning. “A new dwarf pseudosquillid of the Genus Raowlserenea from French Polynesia (Crustacea, Stomatopoda).” Zoosystema 22(1) (2000): IOI—I05. Cohen, A.C., L.S. Kornicker and T.M. Iliffe. “Jimmorinia a new genus of myodocopid Ostracoda (Cypridinidae) from the Bahamas, Jamaica, Honduras, and Panama.” Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 605 (2000): 1-46. Publications of the Staff 259 Falcon, L.I., M. Vecchione and C.F.E. Roper. “Paralarval gonatid squids (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) from the mid- North Atlantic Ocean.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(2) (2000): 532-541. Ferrari, FD. “Patterns of setal numbers conserved during early development of swimming legs of Copepoda (Crustacea).” Hydrobiologia 417 (2000): 81-90. Ferrari, FD. and E.L. Markhaseva. “Brachycalanus flemingeri and B. brodskyi, two new copepods (Crustacea: Calanoida: Phaennidae) from benthopelagic waters of the tropical Pacific.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(4) (2000): 1064-1078. Ferrari, ED. and E.L. Markhaseva. “Griceus buskeyi, a new genus and species of calanoid copepod (Crustacea) from benthopelagic waters off Hawaii.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(1) (2000): 77-87. Ferrari, ED. and E.L. Markhaseva. “Grievella shanki, a new genus and species of scolecitrichid calanoid copepod (Crustacea) from a hydrothermal vent along the southern East Pacific Rise.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(4) (2000): 1079-1088. Forest, J., M. de Saint Laurent, PA. McLaughlin and R. Lemaitre. “The marine fauna of new Zealand: Paguridea (Decapoda: Anomura) exclusive of the Lithodidae.” National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Biodiversity Memoir 114 (2000): 1-250. Fornshell, J. “Variablility of the Florida Current offshore from Fort Pierce Florida as revealed by satellite imagery.” MTS Journal 34(2) (2000): 34-37. Fornshell, J. and P.M. 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Pawson. “Echinoderms of the Rhomboidal cays, Belize: Biodiversity, distribution, and ecology.” Atoll Research Bulletin 466—480 (2000): 275-302. Ivanova, E.S. and W.D. Hope. “Two new species of Ungella Cobb, 1928 (Rhabditida: Drilonematoidea) from earthworms deposited in the Smithsonian Institution Natural History Museum.” Russian Journal of Nematology 8(1) (2000): 57-64. Jamieson, B.G.M. and C.C. Tudge. “1. Crustacea- Decapoda.” Jamieson, B.G.M., ed., Progress in male gamete ultrastructure and phylogeny. Adiyodi, K.G. and R.G. Adiyodi, eds. Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. John Wiley and Sons, vol. 9, 2000. Kabat, A.R. “Results of the Rumphius Biohitorical Expedition to Ambon (1990). Part ro. Mollusca, Gastropoda, Naticidae.” Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 73(25) (2000): 345-380. Kensley, B. and M. Schotte. “New species and records of anthuridean isopod crustaceans from the Indian Ocean.” Journal of Natural History 34 (2000): 2057-2121. Kensley, B., EL. Lin and H.P. Yu. “Further records of thalassinidean shrimps from Taiwan (Decapoda: Axiidae and Calocarididae), with descriptions of three new species.” Journal of Crustacean Biology 20(2) (2000): 207-217. Kornicker, L.S. “Will the real fifth limb please stand up (Ostracoda: Cypridinidae)?” Journal of Crustacean Biology 20(1) (2000): 195-198. Kornicker, L.S. and I.G. Sohn. “Myodocopid Ostracoda from the late Permian of Greece and a basic classification for Paleozoic and Mesozoic Myodocopida.” Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 91, 2000. Lattig, P. and §.D. Cairns. “A new species of Tethocyathus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia: Caryophyllidae), a trans-isthmian azooxanthellate species.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(3) (2000): 590— 595. Lemaitre, R. and B.B. Collette. “Austin Beatty Williams (17 October 1919-27 October 1999). Biographical summary.” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(1) (2000): I-12. Lemaitre, R. and K. Reed. “Raymond B. 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Reid, J.W. “Copeods and Bathynellaceans or “You study what?” All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory Quarterly Newsletter (Autumn 2000): 4-5. Reid, J.W. and I.M. Mirabdullayev. “First record from Panama of the freshwater copepod Yansacyclops ferrari (Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae).” Nauplius 7 (2000): 187-189. Reid, J.W. and T. Ishida. “Itocyclops, a new genus proposed for Speocyclops yezoensis (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae).” Journal of Crustacean Biology 20(3) (2000): 589-596. Rocha, C.E.F.,, T.M. Iliffe. J.W. Reid and E. Suarez-Morales. “Prebendocyclops, a new genus of the subfamily Halicyclopinae (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae) from cenotes of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.” Sarsia 85 (2000): II9-140. Romano, S.L. and $.D. Cairns. “Molecular phylogenetic hypotheses for the evolution of scleractinian corals.” Bulletin of Marine Science 67(3) (2000): 1043-1068. Ruetzler, K. and J.N.A. Hooper. “Two new genera of hadromerid sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae).” Zoosystema 22(2) (2000): 337-344. Ruetzler, K., M.C. Diaz, R.W.M. van Soest, S. Zea, K.P. Smith, B. Alvarez and J. Wulff. “Diversity of sponge fauna in mangrove ponds, Pelican Cays, Belize.” Atoll Research Bulletin 466-480 (2000): 231-250. Schotte, M. “Thermosphaeroma mendozai, a new species from hot springs in northern Chihuahua, Mexico (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae).” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(4) (2000): 989-995. Suarez-Morales, E., J.W. Reid and R. Gasca. “Ch. 8. Copepoda” Llorente Bousquets, J.E., E. Gonzalez Soriano and N. Papavero, eds. Biodiversidad, taxonomia y biogeografia de artropodos de Mexico: Hacia una sintesis de su conocimiento 2 (2000): I7I-190. Tudge, C.C. and G.C.B. Poore and R. Lemaitre. “Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of generic relationships within the Callianassidae and Crenochelidae (Decapoda: Thalassinidea: Callianassoidea).” Journal of Crustacean Biology 20(2) (2000): 129-149. Tudge, C.C., D.M. Scheltinga and B.G.M. 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Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program, Digital Information Series, GVP-2, 2000. Publications of the Staff 261 Logan, M.A. “Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Gualilan skarn deposit in the Precordillera of western Argentina.” Ore Geology Reviews (Elsevier) 17 (1-2) (2000): 113-138. Luhr, J.F. “The geology and petrology of Volcan San Juan (Nayarit, México) and the compositionally zoned Tepic Pumice.” Joxrnal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 95 (2000): 109-156. Macintyre, I. G., Bayer, FM., Logan, M.A.V. and Skinner, H.C. “Possible vestige of early phosphatic biomineralization in gorgonian octocorals (Coelenterata).” Geology 28 (5) (2000): 455-458. McCoy, T. J. and Lofgren, G.E. “Crystallization of the Zagami Shergottite: An Experimental Study.” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 173 (4) (1999): 397-411. McCoy, T.J., Nittler, L-R., Burbine, T.H., Trombka, J.I., Clark, P.E. and Murphy, M.E. “Anatomy of a partially- differentiated asteroid: A ‘NEAR’-sighted view of acapulcoites and lodranites.” Icarus 148 (2000): 29-36. Melson, W.G. “Global Synergies.” Forces of Change, A New View of Nature. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Press, 2000, 79-92. Newhall, C., et al. (IAVCEI Subcommittee for Crisis Protocols). “Role of science and independent research during volcanic eruptions: reply.” Bu/letin of Volcanology 62 (2000): 62-64. Russell, S. S., Davis, A. M., MacPherson, G. J., Guan, Y., and Huss, G. R. “Refractory inclusions from the ungrouped carbonaceous chondrites MAC 87300 and MAC 88107.” Meteoritics and Planetary Science 35 (2000): 1051— 1066. Russell, S. S., MacPherson, G. J., Leshin, L. A., and McKeegan, K. D. “160 enrichments in aluminum-rich chondrules from ordinary chondrites.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 184 (2000): 57-74. Simkin, T. and Siebert, L. “Earth’s Volcanoes and Eruptions: an Overview.” Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. Academic Press, 2000, 249-261. Simkin, T., Siebert, L. “Catalog of historically active volcanoes on Earth.” Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. Academic Press, 2000, 1365-1383. Tobisch, O.T., Fiske, R.S., Saleeby, J.B., Holt, E., Sorensen, S.S. “Steep tilting of metavolcanic rocks by multiple mechanisms, central Sierra Nevada, California.” Bu//. Geological Society America 112 (2000): 1043-1058. Trombka, J.I., Squyres, S.W., Briickner, J., Boynton, W.V., Reedy, R.C., McCoy, T.J., Gorenstein, P., Evans, L.G., Arnold, J.R., Starr, R.D., Nittler, L-R., Murphy, M.E., Mikheeva, I., McNutt, R.L. Jr., McClanahan, T.P., McCartney, E., Goldsten, J.O, Gold, R.E., Floyd, S.R., Clark, P.E., Burbine, T.H., Bhangoo, J.S., Bailey, S.H. and Petaev, M. “The elemental composition of asteroid 433 Eros: Results of the NEAR-Shoemaker X-ray spectrometer.” Sczence 289 (2000): 2101-2105. 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Publications of the Staff 299 Sakai, Shoko. 2000. “Plant reproductive phenology in tropical forests: Implications of general flowering ina lowland dipterocarp forest.” Japanese Journal of Ecology 50(1): 23-39. Sakai, Shoko. 2000. “Reproductive phenology of gingers ina lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Borneo.” Journal of Tropical Ecology 16(3): 337. Sakai, Shoko, Kato, Makoto, and Nagamasu, Hidetoshi. 2000. “Artocarpus (Moraceae)-gall midge pollination mutualism mediated by a male-flower parasitic fungus.” American Journal of Botany 87(3): 440-445. Santos-Granero, Fernando, and Barclay, Frederica (Eds.). 2000. Guia etnogrdfica de la Alta Amazonia (First ed.). (Vol. 3). Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Pert. Santos-Granero, Fernando, and Barclay, Frederica. 2000. Tamed frontiers: economy, society, and civil rights in upper Amazonia. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Sautt, Adriana. 2000. Cultvo de Arboles nativos de Panama. Caoba. Swietenia mahogany. King Familia Meliaceae., Proyecto de Investigacion, Vol. 3 (May 24): 4. Panama: CTFS, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Fundacion Natura. Sautu, Adriana, Deago, J., and Condit, Richard. 2000. “Recoleccién y germinacién de semillas de 50 especies arboreas nativas de Panama.” In Rodolfo Salazar (ed.), I Simposio sobre avances en la produccion de semillas forestales en América Latina. Santo Domingo, Repiblica Dominicana, 1999. Turrialba, Costa Rica. Schnitzer, Stefan A., and Carson, Walter P. 2000. “Have we forgotteen the forest because of the trees?” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15(9): 375-376. Schnitzer, Stefan A., Dalling, James W., and Carson, Walter. 2000. “The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration.” Journal of Ecology 88: 655-666. Srygley, Robert B. 1999. “Locomotor mimicry in Heliconius butterflies: contrast analyses of flight morphology and kinematics.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 354: 203-214. Srygley, Robert B., and Ellington, C.P. 1999. “Discrimination of flying mimetic, passion-vine butterflies Heliconius.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266: 2137-2140. Srygley, Robert B., and Kingsolver, Joel G. 2000. “Effects of weight loading on flight performance and survival of palatable Neotropical Anartia fatima butterflies.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 70(4): 707— 725. Srygley, Robert B., and Penz, Carla M. 1999. “Lekking in neotropical owl butterflies, Caligo illineus and C. oileus (Lepidoptera: Brassolinae).” Journal of Insect Behavior 1 2(1): 83-103. Stunts, Sabine, Simon, Ulrich, and Zotz, Gerhard. 1999. “Assessing the potential influence of vascular epiphytes on arthropods diversity in tropical tree crowns: hypotheses, approaches, and preliminary data.” Se/byana 20: 276-283. Summers, Kyle. 2000. “Mating and aggressive behaviour in dendrobatid frogs from Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica: a comparative study.” Behaviour 137: 7-24. Summers, Kyle, Symula, Rebecca, Clough, Mark, and Cronin, Thomas. 1999. “Visual mate choice in poison frogs.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266: 2141-2145. Sun, I-Fang, and Hubbell, Stephen. 2000. “Species distribution patterns in Nanjenshan Nature Reserve Southern Taiwan.” Inside CTFS Summer 2000: 5, 12. Sun, Lixing, Wilczynski, Walter, Rand, A. Stanley, and Ryan, Michael J. 2000. “Trade-off and long-distance communication in ttingara (Physalaemus pustulosus) and cricket (Acris crepitans) frogs.” Behavioral Ecology 1 1(1): 102-109. Svenning, Jens C. 2000. “Growth strategies of clonal palms (Arecaceae) in a neotropical rain forest, Yasun{, Ecuador.” Australian Journal of Botany 48: 167-178. Tanaka, Seiji. 2000. “The role of moisture in the control of diapause, mating and aggregation in a tropical insect.” Entomological Science 3(1): 147-155. Tobin, Michael F., Lopez, Omar R., and Kursar, Thomas A. 1999. “Responses of tropical understory plants to a severe drought: tolerance and avoidance of water stress.” Biotropica 31(4): 570-578. Turillazzi, Stefano, and West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. 1999. “Le vespe come modelli per lo studyi dell’evoluzione della societa degli insetti.” In Institvo della Enciclopedia Italiana (ed.), Frontiere della vita, Vol. Volvme IV: 363-375. Urquhart, Gerald R. 1999. “Long-term persistence of Raphia taedigera Mart. swamps in Nicaragua.” Biotropica 31(4): 565-569. Ventocilla, Jorge. 2000. “"Cacerfa en huertas” entre los indigenas Kunas del Caribe de Panama.” In César A. Jaramillo A., Roberto Ibafiez D., Francisco Solis, and Ivan Luna (eds.), [V Congreso de la Sociedad Mesoamericana para la Biologia y la Conservacion. Libro de Restimenes: 92. Panama, Panama: Sociedad Mesoamericana para la Biologia y la Conservacion. Ventocilla, Jorge. 2000. “El pelicano.” E/ espirity de San Felipe 1(1): 6. Ventocilla, Jorge. 2000. “La naturaleza en el barrio: la paloma.” E/ Espiritu de San Felipe 1(2): 4. Vermeij, Geerat J., and Dudley, Robert. 2000. “Why are there so few evolutionary transitions between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems?” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 70: 541-554. Warkentin, Karen. 2000. “Wasp predation and wasp- induced hatching of red-eyed treefrog eggs.” Animal Behaviour 60(4): 503-510. Warkentin, Karen M. 2000. “Environmental and developmental effects on external gill loss in the Red- Eyed Tree Frog, Agalychnis callidryas.” Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73(5): 557-565. Wcislo, William T. 1999. “Male territoriality and nesting behavior of Calliopsis hondurasicus cockerell (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae).” Jornal of the Kansas Entomological Society 72(1): 91-98. 300 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Weislo, William T. 2000. “Environmental hierarchy, behavioral contects, and social evolution in insects.” In R.P. Martins, T.M. Lewisohn, and M.S. Barbeitos (eds.), Ecologia e comportamento de Insectos: 49-84. Rio de Janeiro: PPGE-UERJ. Werren, John, and Windsor, Donald. 2000. “Wolbachia infection frequencies in insects: evidence of a global equilibrium?” Proccedings of the Royal Society of London B. 267: 1277-1285. West, Stuart A., Herre, Edward Allen, and Sheldon, Ben C. 2000. “The benefits of allocating sex.” Science 290(5490): 288. Wikelski, Martin, Hau, Michaela, and Wingfield, John. 2000. “Seasonality of reproduction in a neotropical rain forest bird.” Ecology 81(9): 2458-2472. Wilf, Peter, Labandeira, Conrad C., Staines, Charles L., Windsor, Donald M., Allen, Ashley L., and Johnson, Kirk R. 2000. “Timing the radiations of leaf beetles: hispines on gingers from latest Cretaceous to recent.” Science 289(5477): 291-294. Williams, S. T. 2000. “Species boundaries in the starfish genus Linckia.” Marine Biology 136(1): 137-148. Wills, Christopher, and Condit, Richard. 1999. “Similar non-random processes maintain diversity in two tropical rainforests.” Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B 266(1427): 1445-1452. Winter, Klaus, Garcia, Milton, Lovelock, Catherine, Gottsberger, Richard, and Popp, Marianne. 2000. “Responses of model community of two tropical tree species to elevated atmospheric CO,,: growth on unfertilized soil.” Flora 195: 289-302. Winter, Klaus, and Lovelock, Catherine E. 1999. “Growth responses of seedlings of early and late successional tropical forest trees to elevated atmospheric CO,,.” Flora 194(2): 221-227. : Wright, S. Joseph, and Calderén, Osvaldo. 1999. “El Nifio events influence plant reproduction in a wet tropical forest.” Inside CTFS Summer 1999: 3, 12. Wright, S. Joseph, Zeballos, Horacio, Dominguez, Ivan, Gallardo, Marina M., Moreno, Marta C., and Ibanez, Roberto. 2000. “Poachers alter mammal abundance, seed dispersal, and seed predation in a neotropical forest.” Conservation Biology 14(1): 227-239. Yanoviak, Stephen P. 1999. “Community structure in water- filled tree holes of Panama: Effects of hole height and size.” Selbyana 20(1): 106-115. Yanoviak, Stephen P. 1999. “Distribution and abundance of Microvelia cavicola Polhemus (Heteroptera: Veliidae) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.” Journal of the New York Entomological Society 107(1): 38-45. Yavitt, Joseph B. 2000. “Nutrient dynamics of soil derived from different parent material on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.” Biotropica 32(2): 198-207. Zhao, Zhijun, and Piperno, Dolores. 2000. “Late Pleistocene/Halocene environments in the Middle Yangtze River Valley, China and rice (Oryza sativa L.) domestication: the phytolith evidence.” Geoarchaeology 15(2): 203-222. Zotz, Gerhard. 1999. “What are backshoots good for? Seasonal changes in mineral, carbohydrate and water content of different organs of the epiphytic orchid, Dimerandra emarginata.” Annals of Botany 84(6): 791-798. Zotz, Gerhard. 2000. “Size dependence in the reproductive allocation of Dimerandra emarginata, an epiphytic orchid.” Ecotropica 6: 95-98. Zotz, Gerhard. 2000. “Size-related intraspecific variability in physiological traits of vascular epiphytes and its importance for plant physiological ecology.” Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 311(1): 19-28. Zotz, Gerhard, Bermejo, Patricia, and Dietz, Hansjoerg. 1999. “The epiphyte vegetation of Annona glabra on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.” Journal of Biogeography 26(4): 761-776. Zotz, Gerhard, Reichling, Peter, and Krack, Stefanie. 1999. “Another woody hemiepiphyte with CAM: Havetiopsis flexilis SPRUCE ex PLANCH. et TR. (Clusiaceae).” Flora 194(2): 215-220. Zotz, Gerhard, and Thomas, Vera. 1999. “How much water is in the tank? Model calculations for two epiphytic bromeliads.” Annals of Botany 83(2): 183-192. National Science Resources Center National Science Resources Center. Catastrophic Events: Student Guide and Source Book. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2000. . Catastrophic Events: Teacher's Guide. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2000. . Energy, Machines, and Motion: Student Guide and Source Book. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2000. . Energy, Machines, and Motion: Teacher's Guide. Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences, 2000. . Human Body Systems: Student Guide and Source Book. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2000. . Human Body Systems: Teacher's Guide. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2000. . Properties of Matter: Student Guide and Source Book. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2000. . Properties of Matter: Teacher's Guide. Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences, 2000. Office of Public Affairs Blue Bulletin. A biweekly two-to-four-page newsletter with administrative information for staff. Circulation is to every Smithsonian staff member. Editor: Colleen Hershberger. The Torch. A monthly newspaper for Smithsonian employees, which highlights staff roles in research, exhibitions, collections and other activities; exhibitions “Now Publications of the Staff 301 Showing”; classified ads; staff “Spare Time” activities; and more. Circulation is 10,700, which includes staff, volunteers, Smithsonian boards and commissions, and a list of interested individuals and organizations outside the Smithsonian. Editor: John Barrat. Smithsonian Institution Research Reports. A quarterly newsletter that disseminates information on Smithsonian research to an audience of nearly 64,000 readers, mostly Smithsonian Contributing Members but also scientists, scholars, libraries, museums, universities, journalists and others. Editor: Jo Ann Webb. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Ascencio, Mario A. Review. Latinos in Museums: A Heritage Reclaimed by Antonio-Rios-Bustamante and Christine Marin, eds. REFORMA Newsletter 19 (Summer 2000): 21. Boese, Kent. “Evaluating Libraryland: Topics in Periodical Databases.” Econtent (August-September 2000). Brashear, Ronald. “Spotlighting the Dibner Library’s Coliections: History of Mathematics. Part I.” Dibner Library News 1 (Spring 2000). Broman, Elizabeth A. Louis Pasteur: Hunting Killer Germs. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Chang-Yau, Vielka (with Nitzia Barrantes). “Mesa Redonda: El futuro de A.I.B.DA.” AIBDA Actualidades 40 (August I-9, 2000). Gwinn, Nancy E. and John Y. Cole. “Debating National Culture in Nineteenth-Century Washington: The Library of Congress and the Smithsonian Institution” in Proceedings of the Thirty-ninth Annual Preconference of the Rare Books and Manuscripts Section, Association of College and Research Libraries. Pp. 1-33. Chicago: ACRL, a Division of the American Library Association, 2000. Kalfatovic, Martin R. “Web-based Markup Languages: HTML, DHTML, and XML” in The Cybrarian Manual 2. Pp. 68-76. Ed. Pat Ensor. Chicago: American Library Association, 2000. . “Edge of the Web: A Brief Guide to Digital Collections.” LITA Newsletter 20 (Fall 1999). . Review. “Wyndham Lewis: Painter and Writer” by Paul Edwards. Library Journal 125 (September 15, 2000): 66. . Review. “The Art of Arts: Rediscovering Painting” by Anita Albus. Library Journal 124 (September 1, 2000): 200. . Review. “Encyclopedia of Archaeology: The Great Archaeologists” by Tim Murray, ed. Reference and User Services Quarterly 39 (Summer 2000): 408. . Review. “The Madonna of the Future: Essays in a Pluralistic Art World” by Arthur C. Danto. Library Journal 125 (July 2000): 83. . Review. “Tales from the Art Crypt: The Painters, the Museums, the Curators, the Collectors, the Auctions, the Art” by Richard Feigen. Library Journal 125 (July 2000): 83. . Review. “African-American Culture and History on CD-ROM” by Macmillan Library Reference. Reference and User Services Quarterly 39 (Spring 2000): 286. . Review. “The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany”(2000) by Jonathan Petropoulos. Library Journal 125 (April 15, 2000): 82. . Review. “Eyewitness: Reports from an Art World in Crisis” by Jed Perl (2000). Library Journal 125 (March 15, 2000): 80. . Review. “Heaven” (1999) by Doreet Levitte Harten. Library Journal 125 (March 1, 2000): 84. . Review. “High Art Lite: British Art in the 1990s” (2000) by Julian Stallabrass. Library Journal 125 (February I, 2000): 83. . Review. “Fairfield Porter: A Life in Art” (2000) by Justin Spring. Library Journal 125 (January 2000): 99. . Review. “Compass and Clock: Defining Moments in American Culture: 1800, 1850, 1900” (1999) by John Wilmerding. Library Journal 124 (December 1999): 128. . Review. “The Informed Eye: Understanding Masterpieces of Western Art” by Bruce Cole (1999) and “Art: The Critics’ Choice: 150 Masterpieces of Western Art” by Marina Vaizey (1999). Library Journal 124 (November 1, 1999): 76. . Review. “William and Henry Walters, the Reticent Collectors” by William R. Johnston (1999). Library Journal 124 (October 1, 1999): 86. Overstreet, Leslie K. “Introduction” to Romanus Adolph Hedwig’s Odservationum Botanicarum Fasciculus Primus (Leipzig, 1802). Digital Edition: Smithsonian Institution Libraries (January 2000). . Introduction to Johann Baptist von Spix’s Szmiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium Species Novae (Munich, 1823). Digital Edition: Smithsonian Institution Libraries (April 2000). Pilsk, Suzanne C. “Metatag by any other name...” Chapter Notes: Special Libraries Association Washington DC Chapter Newsletter 59 (April 2000): 5. . “Acronym Challenge.” Chapter Notes: Special Libraries Association Washington DC Chapter Newsletter 59 (May 2000): 6. . “Convince Me Otherwise.” Chapter Notes: Special Libraries Association Washington DC Chapter Newsletter 59 (June-July 2000): 8. . “The Great Acronym Challenge Part II” B Chapter Notes: Special Libraries Association Washington DC Chapter Newsletter 60 (August-Sept. 2000): 9. Riley, Sheila M. Review. “The Road Taken” by Rona Jatte. Library Journal 125 (April 2000): 123. . Review. “The Confirmation” by Thomas Powers. Library Journal 125 (July 2000): 141. . Review. “The Last Refuge of Scoundrels” by Paul Lussier. Library Journal 125 (November 2000): 135. Rossignol, Lucien R and Trisha L. Davis. “Realistic Licensing or Licensing Realities: Practical Advice on License Agreements” in From Carnegie to Internet2: Forging the Serials Future. Edited by P. Michelle Fiander, Joseph C. 302 Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Harmon, and Jonathan David Makepeace. New York: Haworth Press, 2000. . “Realistic Licensing or Licensing Realities: Practical Advice on License Agreements” The Serials Librarian 38 (2000): 357-361. Stanley, Janet. Review. “Evocations of the Child: Fertility Figures of the Southern African Region” (1998). African Book Publishing Record 26 (January 2000): 13. (1998) by David Lewis-Williams and Geoffrey Blundell. African Book Publishing Record 26 (January 2000): 13-14. Thomas, Mary Augusta. “Dance.” In Magazines for Libraries. roth ed. New York: R.R. Bowker, 2000. . Review. “Fragile Heritage: A Rock Art Fieldguide” Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) Hyatt, Vera H., Mellor, Steve, and Williams, Lee. “An Assessment of the Musee d’Art Haitien du College St. Pierre and The Musee du Pantheon National Haitien, Port-au-Prince, Haiti and Recommendations Focused on Conservation, Collections Management and the General Management of Both Institutions as Centers of Learning.” Washington, D.C.: February 2000. Lozano, Luis Martin. The Magic of Remedios Varo. Translated by Elizabeth Goldson and Liliana Valenzuela. Washington D.C.: National Museum of Women in the Arts, 2000. The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 2000 Secretary of the Smithsonian Lawrence M. Small Smithsonian Management Sudeep Anand, Treasurer Robert D. Bailey, Under Secretary, Finance and Administration Roland Banscher, Director, Concessions Gary M. Beer, Chief Executive Officer, Smithsonian Business Ventures Francine C. Berkowitz, Director, International Relations F. William Billingsley, Director, Environmental Management and Safety Thomas D. Blair, Inspector General William W. Brubaker, Director, Facilities Engineering and Operations Sheila P. Burke, Under Secretary for American Museums and National Programs John W. Cobert, Director, Contracting Paul M. Flickinger, Director, Operations, Stores Robert V. Hanle, Director, Development Michael A. Headley, Director, Exhibits Central Herma Hightower, Director, National Programs James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary Thomas L. Holzfeind, Director, Catalogue John E. Huerta, General Counsel Paul B. Johnson, Director, Smithsonian Productions Carolyn E. Jones, Director, Human Resources Edward L. Knapp, Comptroller Nicole L. Krakora, Director, Special Events and Conference Services Thomas W. Lentz, Director, International Art Museums Division Janice Majewski, Coordinator, Accessibility Program Alice C. Maroni, Chief Financial Officer Lisa A. Mazzio, Director, Merchandise, Stores David F. Morrell, Director, Protection Services Donald B. Moser, Editor, Smthsonian Magazine Carole M. P. Neves, Director, Policy and Analysis J. Dennis O'Connor, Under Secretary for Science Nell Payne, Director, Government Relations Mary Grace Potter, Director, Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center Peter J. Reid, Director, Product Development and Licensing Dennis Shaw, Chief Technology Officer Michael J. Sofield, Director, Physical Plant Dan Stevenson, Acting Director, IMAX® Theaters David J. Umansky, Director, Communications James H. Wallace Jr., Director, Imaging, Printing, and Photographic Services L. Carole Wharton, Director, Planning, Management, and Budget Amy P. Wilkins, Publisher, Smithsonian Magazine Museums Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture, Steven Cameron Newsome, Director Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art, Milo C. Beach, Director Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Paul Warwick Thompson, Director Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, James T. Demetrion, Director National Air and Space Museum, John R. Dailey, Director National Museum of African Art, Roslyn A. Walker, Director National Museum of the American Indian, W. Richard West, Director 304 National Museum of American History, Spencer R. Crew, Director National Museum of Natural History, Robert W. Fri, Director National Portrait Gallery, Marc Pachter, Director National Postal Museum, Miguel A. Bretos, Acting Director National Zoological Park, Lucy H. Spelman, Director Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Renwick Gallery, Elizabeth Broun, Director Research Centers Archives of American Art, Richard Wattenmaker, Director Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Richard Kurin, Director Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Irwin I. Shapiro, Director Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives, Refugio I. Rochin, Director Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education, Lambertus van Zelst, Director Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Ross B. Simons, Director Smithsonian Institution Archives, Edie Hedlin, Director Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Mary Rice, Director Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ira Rubinoff, Director Programs and Services National Science Resources Center, Douglas M. Lapp, Director Office of Fellowships and Grants, Roberta W. Rubinoff, Director Office of Sponsored Projects, Ardelle Foss, Director Program for Asian Pacific American Studies, Franklin S. Odo, Director Smithsonian Affiliations, J. Michael Carrigan, Director The Smithsonian Associates, Mara Mayor, Director Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies, Stephanie L. Norby, Acting Director Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Nancy Gwinn, Director Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Smithsonian Institution Press, Peter F. Cannell, Director Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, Anna Cohn, Director Office of the Secretary The Secretary Lawrence M. Small Executive Assistant to the Secretary James M. Hobbins Deputy Executive Assistant to the Secretary Kathy A. Boi Special Assistant to the Secretary Yong Lee Assistant to the Secretary Leslie A. Davis Administrative Assistant Carol F. Anderson Administrative Officer Leigh C. Trail Program Assistant Michele M. Cona Secretariat Records Management Supervisor Betty J. Russell Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Director Era L. Marshall Special Assistant to the Director McKinley Harris Affirmative Employment/ Diversity Program Program Manager Carol Gover Special Emphasis Program Program Manager Pauline Fletemeyer Supplier Diversity Program Program Manager Mauricio Vera Complaints Administration Attorney Advisor Kathleen Aram Pre Complaint Program Program Manager Angela Roybal Under Secretary for American Museums and National Programs Archives of American Art Director Richard J. Wattenmaker West Coast Regional Director Paul J. Karlstrom Curator of Manuscripts Elizabeth S. Kirwin Editor, Journal Darcy Tell Assistant to the Director and Liaison to the Board of Trustees Skip Moellman Assistant Director for Archival Programs James B. Byers Chief, Collections Processing Barbara Dawson Aikens Registrar Susan Cary Chief, Reference Services Judith E. Throm Catalog and Internet Resource Manager Karen B. Weiss Assistant Director for Operations Dianne G. Niedner Administrative Officer Brinah White Assistant Director, Membership and Development Nora Trebbe Maroulis Grant Coordinator Mary Piznar Membership Coordinator Athena Kaldis Curator Emeritus Garnett McCoy Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Director Richard Kurin The Smithsonian Institution, September 30, 2000 305 Deputy Director Richard Kennedy Director and Curator, Smithsonian Foleways Recordings Anthony Seeger Director, Smithsonian Folklife Festival Diana Parker Director, Cultural Heritage Policy James Early Senior Ethnomusicologist Thomas Vennum, Jr. Assistant Director, Smithsonian Folkways D.A. Sonneborn Administrative Officer Barbara Strickland Chair, Research and Education Olivia Cadaval Folklorist Peter Seitel Cultural Specialist Diana Baird N’Diaye Education Specialists Betty Belanus Marjorie Hunt Folkways Sound Production Supervisor Pete Reiniger Program/Publications Manager Carla Borden Program Manager John Franklin Design Director Kristen Fernekes Designer Caroline Brownell Coordinator, Latino Cultural Resource Network Cynthia Vidaurri Program Specialist/Intern Coordinator Arlene Reiniger Archivist C. Jeffrey Place Assistant Archivist Stephanie Smith Media Specialist Charles Weber Director of Development Josh Silver Administrative Assistants Heather Berthold Bill Holmes Rachelle Hardy Folkways Manufacturing and Distribution Coordinator Michael Maloney Folkways Production Coordinator Mary Monseur Folkways Marketing Director Brenda Dunlap Folkways Marketing Assistant John Smith Folkways Music Licensing, Royalties, and International Distribution Manager Kevin Doran Folkways Audio Recording Specialist Ronnie Simpkins Folkways Mail Order Fulfillment Manager Sharleen Kavetski Folkways Customer Service Representatives Lee Michael Demsey Matt Levine Helen Lindsay Nakieda Moore Curator, NYC Festival Program Nancy Groce Research Associates Roland Freeman Daniel Goodwin Amy Horowitz Ivan Karp Alan Lomax Worth Long Rene Lopez Kate Rinzler Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Acting Director Linda Dunne Assistant Director for Public Programs Susan Yelavich Adjunct Curator Donald Albrecht Paper Conservator Konstanze Bachmann Development Director Ina Sorens Clark Textiles Conservator Lucy Commoner Assistant Curator Gail Davidson Head of Edcation Dorothy Dunn Adjunct Curator Lucy Fellowes Public Information Officer Laurie Bodor Adjunct Curator Ellen Lupton Curator, Textiles Gillian Moss Editor Elizabeth Johnson Head of Design Jen Roos Registrar Cordelia Rose Head of Exhibtions Lindsay Shapiro Curator, Drawings and Prints Marilyn Symmes Librarian Steven VanDyk Assistant Curator, Wallcoverings Joanne Warner National Air and Space Museum Director John R. Dailey Secretary Kimberly Chapman Deputy Director Donald S. Lopez Secretary Patricia Bellacicco Dulles Center Project Coordinator Lin Ezell Office of Development Manager John M. Fay National Air and Space Society Director Joseph T.N. Suarez Mayor Gifts Officers Edmund A. Carlson Michael R. Dempsey Elizabeth Hughes-Zimbler Alma Jane Shepard Corporate and Foundation Relations Officer Anne S. Seeger Associate Major Gifts Officer Scotty O'Connell Development Specialists Kelly M. Brown Carla Goring-Madden Gayle S. Union Program Manager Timothy J. Cronen Development Associate Angela Terry Events Manager Marilyn Elliott Kozak 306 Office Manager Laurino Proctor Office of Public Affairs Manager Claire Brown Writer-Editors Walton Ferrell Helen M. Morrill Public Affairs Specialist Kimberly Riddle Public Information Specialist Kathleen Brooks Office of Special Events Manager Linda Hicks Special Events Coordinators Darlene Rose-Barge Margaret Caulk Karen S. Collins Beate Rettberg-Beck Collections and Research Department Associate Director Ted A. Maxwell Publications Officer Patricia J. Graboske Museum Program Coordinator Jane Pisano Photographer Carolyn J. Russo Fellowship Program Coordinator Anita M. Mason Program Coordinator Laurenda Patterson Aeronautics Division Chairman Dominick A. Pisano Curators John Anderson Dorothy Cochrane Tom Crouch R.E.G. Davies Von D. Hardesty Peter Jakab Russell E. Lee F. Robert van der Linden Museum Specialists Thomas Dietz Joanne London Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Christopher Moore Alex M. Spencer Project Coordinator Collette E. Williams Space History Division Chairman Allan A. Needell Curators Paul E. Ceruzzi Martin J. Collins David H. DeVorkin Gregg Herken Cathleen S. Lewis Valerie S. Neal Michael J. Neufeld Frank H. Winter Museum Specialists David E. James Amanda J. Young Museum Program Specialists Frederick Baetz III Joann M. Bailey Antoinette E. Thomas Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Chairman Bruce A. Campbell Geologists Mary Bourke Robert A. Craddock Thomas Watters James R. Zimbelman Geographer Andrew Johnston Cartographer Anthony Cook Photolibrarian Rose Steinat Program Manager Priscilla Strain Program Coordinator Mark Bulmer Physical Sciences Technician Jennifer Tansey Administrative Assistant Donna Slattery Webmaster Victoria Portway Web Specialist Jonathan Hallenberg Collections Division Chief Thomas M. Alison Museum Specialists Al Bachmeier Richard Gentz Howarch Kirchner Management Support Assistant Shay Elsea Office Assistant Betty Roberts Preservation/Restoration Unit Supervisor William C. Reese Museum Specialists Michael Cross Karl Heinzel Derek Hodge Richard Horigan Wilbert Lee Ed Mautner Robert Mawhinney Anne McCombs Robert McLean Matthew Nazarro Robert Padgett Bernard Poppert Bayne Rector William Stevenson Robert Weihrauch David Wilson Scott Wood George Vencelov Museum Technician Ken Isbell Collections Processing Unit Supervisor John E. Fulton Museum Specialists Charles Burton Sam Dargan John Eckstine Ed Marshall Lars McLamore Jeff Mercer Lillie Wiggins Tom Yarker Norman Taylor Conservation Unit Conservator Edward McManus Museum Specialist Carolyn Triebel Collections Information Unit Supervisor Patricia J. Jellison Registration Specialists Greg Bryant Ellen Folkama Natalie Rjedkin Lee Robin Schoffel Archives Division Chairman Thomas F. Soapes Supervisory Archivist Marilyn Graskowiak Supervisory Technical Information Specialist Dana Bell Archivists Daniel P. Hagedorn Katherine M. Igoe Kristine L. Kaske Mark R. Taylor Patricia L. Williams Archives Specialist Melissa A.N. Keiser Museum Specialists Allan S. Janus Brian D. Nicklas Paul E. Silbermann Computer Specialist Barbara E. Weitbrecht Technical Information Specialist Lawrence E. Wilson Archives Technician David A. Schwartz Exhibits and Public Services Department Associate Director Paul Huffer Program Specialists Alice Adams Laurenda Patterson Exhibits Division Manager Sandy Rittenhouse-Black Exhibits Writer-Editor David Romanowski Program Assistant Diane Pearson Account Technician Norine Person The Smithsonian Institution, September 30, 2000 307 Design Unit Supervisor Stephen H. Estrada Exhibits Designers Barbara Brennan Frank Florentine Victor Govier William Jacobs Linda King Beatrice Mowry Printed Material David Gant Design Services Assistant Mary Edwards Audiovisual Unit Supervisor David M. Heck Computer Specialists Stephen Bennett Zahib Sadighian Exhibits Specialists Robert Curran Louis Doyle Edward Hall Chris Modla Ralph Prout Juan Reyes Claven Wood Exhibits Lighting Specialist Richard Pullman Audiovisual Assistant Doris Fulton Production Unit Supervisor David Paper Supervisory Exhibits Specialists Dittmar Geiger Eugene Jones James Murphy Exhibits Specialists David Cremer Don Crowder Derek Fiedler Gary Fletcher Robert Gibson Richard Hockensmith Hollis Houston Gary Newgent Jefferson Spears Peter Stem Brian Young Production Services Assistant Beverly Sendlebach Planetarium Manager Cheryl Bagni Planetarium Technician Dalton E. McIntosh Planetarium Operations Coordinator Sean P. O’Brien Public Services Division Manager LeRoy London Office Assistant John Hoke Education Unit Supervisor Maureen Kerr Education Program Specialists Myra Banks-Smith, Clare Cuddy HTF Gallery Manager Blake Reid Museum Specialist Gloria Fulwood Explainer Program Supervisor Suvinee Vanichkachorn Clerk-Typist Zelda Tooks Docent Program Unit Docent Coordinator Maretta Hemsley Media Unit Supervisor Patricia Woodside Media Program Coordinator Fleta Hylton Operations and Administration Department Associate Director Elizabeth R. Scheffler Human Resources Specialist Pamela L. Blalock Budget Analysts Kimberly Batchelor Sonia Pearson Deborah B. Swinson Special Assistant for Plans Claude D. Russell Information Technology Division Manager Phouy Sengsourinh 308 Computer Specialists James Carter Christopher Pratt Computer Assistant John Farmer, Jr. Secretary LeShawn Calloway Theater Division Theater Manager Robert M. Watson Assistant Theater Manager Charles T. Lewis Box Office Supervisor Wil Bernard Theater Operation Manager Dave L. Jackson Lead Motion Picture Projectionist Kim I. Martin Motion Picture Projectionists Craig S. Barksdale Dwayne A. Davis Keith L. Madden Myles Marken, Jr. Administrative Technician Marjorie R. Johnson Building Management Division Building Manager Richard Kowalczyk Museum Facility Assistant Helen M. Cheek Management Support Assistants Priscilla L. Limes Tina M. Tyson Assistant Building Manager Gary Houston Maintenance Supervisor Kathleen Fleming Materials Handler Shawn Dorman Facilities Manager Rod Milstead Painter Ivory L. Teague, Jr. Maintenance Mechanic-Leader John C. Farmer Maintenance Mechanic Milan Tomasevich, Jr. Maintenance Workers James E. Curtis Allfred G. Koroma Alexander Parker Paul L. Robbins, Jr. Tyrone J. Stewart Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Automotive Worker Harold J. Dailey Electrical Worker Rafael E. Grillo Mobile Equipment Operator Supervisor Louis V. Fleming Mobile Equipment Operator Leader Harrison Jones Mobile Equipment Operators Brenda Y. Averett Allen Lee Clara Robinson Building Services Supervisors Jeffrey B. Franklin Estelle Washington Building Services Leaders Anthony A. Bynum Building Services Workers Leroy W. Jefferson Maverick Russell Laborers Kenneth S. Foster Charles E. Harrison Winston B. Jenkins Tari Miller Gerald T. Sartor Andrew L. White, Jr. Henry Whittle Custodial Worker Supervisors Julius L. Fouch Ann E. Hemsley Samuel Sommers Custodial Worker Leaders Odella L. Davis Harry Francis Charles R. Monk Michelle Wasington Custodial Workers Michelle H. Anderson Sylvester Arthur Theresa M. Bazemore Frances Bennett Dorethia Bevily Joe P. Brown, Jr. Maria Bush Rock Celin Printee Creech Valerie M. Dyson Bobby Fuller Jesse Hooks Herman E. Hudson Brenda V. Johnson Louise Johnson Ruth L. Johnson Pamela A. King William H. Knight Deon A. Lewis Regina Long Gary A. McClain Michael T. Munson Jessie Randolph Franswello Russell Christopher Shipman Gillette O. Simms Reginald R. Simms Annie L. Sullivan Charlene Tyson Thomas E. Yates, III National Museum of American History Office of the Director Director Spencer Crew Deputy Director Martha Morris Special Assistant to the Director Debora Scriber Miller Secretary Tarika Robinson Management Support Assistants Regina Taylor-Wynn Susan Samaroo Office Aide Shayla Hart Planning Specialist Kathleen Fleming Project Assistant Gina Cordero Office of Strategic Initiatives Assistant Director for Strategic Initiatives Katherine Spiess Project Assistant Lydia Hoffman Office of Curatorial Affairs Associate Director Lonnie Bunch III Program Manager Lynn Chase Assistant to the Associate Director Joyce Ramey Special Projects Office Project Managers Camilla Clough Kate Henderson Museum Specialist David Miller Project Assistant Andrea Woody Visual Information Specialists Laura Kreiss Carrie Bruns Department of History Assistant Director James Gardner Head Curator Ramunas Kondratas Assistant Director for Interdisciplinary Initiatives Arthur Molella Secretaries evivia Amos Vickie Tierney Chandra Williams Stefan Berteau Management Support Assistant Wendy Watkins Collections Support Office Museum Specialists Alicia Cutler Jane Fortune Kathleen Golden Lisa Kathleen Graddy Jim Hughes Sue Ostroff Janet Rockenbaugh Jane Rogers Wayne E. Wakefield Diane Wendt Archives Center Chief Archivist John A. Fleckner Deputy Chief Archivist Robert S. Harding Archivists David E. Haberstich Reuben M. Jackson Cathy Keen Ann Kuebler Mimi Minnick Craig A. Orr Alison Oswald Deborra A. Richardson Scott W. Schwartz Wendy Shay Program Assistant Graciella Berkovich Historian Fath Davis Ruffins Museum Specialist Vanessa Broussard Simmons Archives Technician Thomas Eisinger Franklin Robinson Jose Delannoy Jeffrey Tate Division of Cultural History Chair Rex Ellis Assistant Chair Stacey Kluck Administrative Technician Jane Woodall Management Support Assistants David Hill Rosa Suau Curators James Weaver Richard Ahlborn Rayna D. Green John Edward Hasse Cynthia Adams Hoover Charles F. McGovern Marvette Perez Harry Rand Historians Dwight Blocker Bowers James Oliver Horton Alonzo Smith Program Coordinators Howard Bass Kenneth Kimery Niani Kilkenny Luvenia George Project Assistants Deena Gift John McKiernan-Gonzalez Museum Specialists Ellen Roney Hughes David H. Shayt Gary Sturm Exhibits Interpreter Kimberly Kelly Producer James Zimmerman Smithsonian Chamber Music Society Executive Director Patrick Rucker Artistic Director Kenneth Slowik The Smithsonian Institution, September 30, 2000 Division of the History of Technology Chair Steven Lubar Assistant Chair Jennifer Locke Clerk Typist Grace Boone Curators Pete Daniel Paul F. Johnston Donald E. Kloster Carlene Stephens Jeffrey K. Stine William L. Withuhn Bardton Hacker Marilyn Zoidis Museum Specialists Harry Hunter Paula Johnson Larry Jones Peter Liebhold Sarah Rittgers David Todd L. Susan Tolbert Margaret Vining Roger White William E. Worthington Timothy Mitchell Margaret Dennis Historian Janet Davidson Project Assistant Laura Hansen Historian Emeritus James S. Hutchins Division of Information Technology and Society Chair David Allison Assistant Chair Joan Boudreau Secretary Cynthia Joynes Program Manager Karen Lee Project Assistant Patrick Brown Curators Richard G. Doty Bernard S. Finn Paul Forman Museum Specialists Nance Briscoe Michelle Delaney Peggy Kidwell 309 310 Douglas Mudd R. Stanley Nelson Roger Sherman Shannon Thomas Harold Wallace Curator Emeritus Elizabeth M. Harris Management Support Assistant Queen Brown Museum Aides Ambika Sankaran Brigid Nuta Division of Science, Medicine and Society Chair Patricia Gossel Assistant Chair Steven Turner Secretary Gertrude Ross-Padgett Museum Specialists Judy Chelnick Ann M. Seeger Curators Jon B. Eklund G. Terry Sharrer Linda Tucker Deborah J. Warner Katherine Ort Division of Social History Chair Susan Myers Assistant Chair Shelly Foote Secretaries Doyon Harris Kim Knoblock Jennifer Strobel Museum Specialists Marilyn Higgins Sheila Alexander Doris M. Bowman Barbara S. Janssen Claudia Brush Kidwell Bonnie E. Lilienfeld Jennifer Oka Harry Rubenstein Anne M. Serio Melodie Sweeney Priscilla Q. Wood William H. Yeingst Cindy Petony Project Assistants Soledad Campos Denise Meringolo Alexis Bierman Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Adminstrative Technician Sandra Matthews Curators Emeritus Rita J. Adrosko Anne C. Golovin Edith P. Mayo Keith E. Melder Curators Larry Bird Barbara Clark Smith Shelley Nickles Museum Conservators Katherine Dirks Karen J. Harris Historian Lonn Wood Taylor Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation Director Arthur Molella Program Manager Claudine Klose Management Support Assistant Alison Smith Project Manager Gretchen Jennings Historian Joyce Bedi Educators Michael Judd Anita Van Harten Cater Program Coordinator Tanya Garner Research Assistant Monica Smith Public Affairs Specialist Heather Bruce Satrom Department of Collections Management Services Acting Assistant Director Karen Garlick Program Manager Steve Hemlin Secretary Erika Mack Manager Margaret Grandine Project Assistant Pamela Munroe Master Plan Project Manager Frances Dispenzirie Museum Technicians Kristin DeGrace Dawn Dutra Anne Addicott Administrative Services Manager Rosemary Phillips Secretary Frances Jones Collections Documentation Services Manager Susan Finkel Collections Documentation Specialists David Board Bernard Gallagher Andrea Heiss Deborah Schaefer-Jacobs Offsite Storage Management Manager Steve Hemlin Museum Specialists James Oakley Richard Siday Museum Technicans Scott Bruton Edward Christian Gail Everson Lehua Fisher Christopher Moore Alicia Freitag Wendy Wiener Jeannie Whited Neal Walters Cedric Yeh Dana Leo Anthony Segaria Jane Legrow Jackson Tanner Curtis Sloan Nikol Wuest Computer Specialist Martin White MSC Move Project Manager Ginger Deucher Program Assistant Beverly Wise Preservation Services Preservation Administrator Joan Young Museum Specialist Debbie Hashim Conservators Beth Richwine Richard Barden Lynne Gilliland Carolyn Long Suzanne Thomassen-Kraus Sunae Park Evans Museum Technician Amy Venzke Registration Services Registrar Jeanne Benas Assistant Registrar Ed Ryan Registration Specialists Tom Bower Nancy Card Museum Specialists Batja Bell Patricia Mansfield Stephen Velasquez Registration Technicians Estelle Hurley Carol Slatick Office of Public Services Associate Director Harold Closter Senior Program Manager Catherine Perge Secretary Barbara Gilmartin Department of Education and Visitor Services Director Nancy McCoy Secretary Cassandra Williams Education Specialists Julia Forbes Amy Bartow-Melia Intern and Fellowship Specialist Suzanne McLaughlin Educators Theresa Esterlund Tim Grove Aniceto Navarro Heather Paisley-Jones Education Coordinator Michael Huslander Program Assistants Alice Gergely Andrea Lowther The Smithsonian Institution, September 30, 2000 311 Howard Morrison Dorothy Green Department of Exhibits Audio/Visual and Services Director Tom Tearman Exhibits Maintenance Coordinator Mary Miller Exhibits Aides Joe Grace Charles Sthreshley Supervisory Exhibits Specialist Ralph Logan Electronics Technician Richard Wakefield Robert Robertson Department of Program Planning and Design Director Harold Aber Secretary Kay Habeger Visual Information Specialist/Designers Russell Cashdollar Stevan Fisher Conny Raitzky Ann Rossilli Nigel Briggs Erin Galbraith Reginald Perry Exhibit Specialists Bob Norton Marcia Powell Architect Warren Ansley Department of Program Production Director Omar Wynn Graphics Exhibits Specialists Walter Adams Lou Covey Brian Jensen John Nelson Diane Pryor Beverly Robinson Juan Smith Eric Chamberlain Barbara Cross Visual Media Specialist Gail Goriesky Cabinets Supervisory Exhibits Specialist Peter Albritton Exhibits Specialists Bill Roseberry Geoffrey Ward Billy Powell Historic Restoration Shop Supervisor Terry Conable Exhibits Specialists Robbie Barrett Joe Criste Daragh Cassidy Department of Publications Writers/Editors Nancy Brooks Joan Mentzer Administrative Technichian Lydia Wallick Publications Specialist/Graphics Designer Sue Walther Office of the Capital Campaign and External Affairs Capital Campaign Office Associate Director Elizabeth Perry Project Specialist LaKecia Graham Capital Campaign Officer John McDonagh Membership Specialist R. Devon Hutchins Management Support Assistants Chandra Williams Leslie Casaya Office Clerks Jeffrey Toney James Hall Nathaniel Benham Office of External Affairs Assistant Director for Development and Communications Shelley Goode Office of Development Development Officer Anna Lincoln Whitehurst 32 Development Associate Jennifer Stinson Office of Special Events Director Elizabeth Little Special Events Coordinators Arlene Fenlon Jessica Trent Department of Public Affairs Director Melinda Machado Public Affairs Specialists Valeska Hilbig Public Affairs Assistant Adrienne Durand Office of Capital Programs Associate Director Ronald Becker Management Support Assistant Victor Onireti Program Manager Carol Frost Star-Spangled Banner Project Management Support Assistant Melodee Hotai Conservators Christina Popenfus Suzanne Thomassen-Krauss LaTasha Harris Michele Pagan Amy Venzke Jeannie Whited Office of Facility Planning and Management Director Jim Whoolery Facility Manager Ken Jordan Assistant Facility Manager Sillvan Carlson Building Management Assistant Donna Tillman Safety Manager Bill Prebble General Foreman Sinclair Jennings Management Support Assistant Mary Stacey Clerk Typist Joyce Clark Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Space Management Specialist Ricky Drake Processing Clerk, Shipping/Receiving Hazel Jones Rigging Worker Supervisor Steve Jones Custodial Office Custodial Foremen Floyd Harris Trene Short Lennette Weaver Malcolm Archer Custodial Workers Vincent Nunnicut David Felix Carolyn Anderson Wesley Johnson Bernell Brown Catherine Butler Yvette Clanton Armanrey Devaughn Priscilla Dickerson Delphine Dicks John Dixon Barry Duncan Marion Dunsmore Reginald Eley William Ellis Walter Feaster Nathaniel Jennings Theresa Jones Laura McKnight Gregory McNeil Deborah Morton Beatrice Newland Michael Newlon Irvin Suggs Tim Witherspoon Yvonne Lennon Linda Smith Denise Terrell Mary Campbell Ralph Givens Darold Watson Carol Lee Bottom Lapronda Eason Jeremy Robinson Larry Manning Rigging Rigging Worker Leader Donald Phillips Riggers Andrew Goffney Harrison Hawkins Gregory Powell John Ridout Milton Williams Laborers Darnell Eddy Myron Johnson William Brock Maintenance Electrical Worker Bill Cole Maintenance Mechanics Fred Dunsmore Bo Matchett Todd Coombs Oplants Electricians John Kerns James Reed Office of Administrative and Automation Services Associate Director Dennis Dickinson Budget Director Richard Nicastro Administrative Office Budget Analyst Sandra Dunnigan Management Analyst Maggie Limehouse Administrative Specialist Carolyn Foxx Adminstrative Technician Dan Weinwurm Office Aide Vanessa Henry Bertram Brown III Project Management Office Project Managers Andrew Heymann Patrick Ladden Nanci Edwards Kathryn Campbell Management Support Assistant Zugeily Junier Writer Bob Selim Computer Services Center Chief Rick Luhrs Computer Programmer Analysts Sherman Ellegood The Smithsonian Institution, September 30, 2000 Computer Specialists Rob Gaskill Barbara Jordan Stephen Stewart Raelene Worthington Martin White Lisa Wynn Web Program Office Director Judith Gradwohl Web Content Manager Matthew MacArthur Progect Assistant Rachel Bernhardt National Museum of the American Indian Director W. Richard West Deputy Director Douglas E. Evelyn Department of Administration Assistant Director for Administration Donna A. Scott Deputy Assistant Director for Administration Kelly Bennett Office of External Affairs and Development Director Elizabeth Duggal Deputy Director Maggie Bertin Department of Public Programs Assistant Director for Public Programs Helen Scheirbeck Deputy Assistant Director for Public Programs Carolyn Rapkievian Office of the Director—GGHC (NY) Director George Gustav Heye Center John Haworth Department of Community Services Assistant Director for Community Services Nicolasa Sandoval Department of Exhibitions Assistant Director for Exhibits and Public Spaces James Volkert Deputy Assistant Director for Exhibits and Public Spaces Karen Fort Department of Cultural Resources Assistant Director for Cultural Resources Bruce Bernstein Deputy Assistant Directors for Cultural Resources George Horse Capture Gerald McMaster National Museum of Natural History Director Robert W. Fri Associate Director for Operations James P. McDonald Associate Director for Research and Collections Ross Simons Associate Director for Public Programs Robert D. Sullivan Associate Director for Development and Public Affairs Charles Katzenmeyer Manager of Public Affairs Randall Kremer Manager of Special Events Ted Anderson Registrar Susan Wilkerson Department of Anthropology Chair Carolyn Rose Curators Mary Jo Arnoldi William Fitzhugh Ives Goddard Adrienne Kaeppler Robert Laughlin William Merrill Donald Ortner Douglas Owsley Richard Potts Daniel Rogers Theresa Singleton Bruce D. Smith Dennis J. Stanford William C. Sturtevant Paul Michael Taylor Douglas H. Ubelaker Gus Van Beek Melinda A. Zeder Department of Botany Chair John Kress Curators Pedro Acevedo Walter Adey Paula DePriest Laurence Dorr Robert Faden Maria A. Faust Vicki Funk David Lellinger Mark M. Littler Dan Nicolson James Norris Paul M. Peterson Harold Robinson Laurence Skog Warren L. Wagner Dieter Wasshausen Elizabeth Zimmer Department of Entomology Chair and Curator Scott Miller Curators John Burns Jonathan Coddington Don Davis Terry Erwin Wayne N. Mathis Dan Polhemus Bob Robbins Ted Schultz 313 314 Department of Invertebrate Zoology Chair Kristian Fauchald Curators Stephen Cairns Frank Ferrari Jerry Harasewych Robert Hershler Duane Hope Brian Kensley Lou Kornicker Rafael LeMaitre Jon Norenburg Dave Pawson Mary Rice Clyde Roper Klaus Ruetzler Department of Mineral Sciences Chair and Curator Jim Luhr Curators Richard S. Fiske Glenn MacPherson Timothy McCoy William G. Melson Jeffrey E. Post Tom Simkin Sorena S. Sorensen Edward P. Vicenzi Michael A. Wise Department of Paleobiology Chair Richard Benson Curators Kay Behrensmeyer Bill DiMichele Marty Buzas Alan Cheetham Robert J. Emry Douglas H. Erwin Brian T. Huber Francis M. Hueber Conrad C. Labandeira Ian G. Macintyre John Pandolfi Daniel J. Stanley Thomas R. Waller Scott Wing G. David Johnson Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Department of Vertebrate Zoology Chair and Curator Lynne R. Parenti Curators Michael Carleton Kevin de Queiroz Gary R. Graves W. Ronald Heyer James Mead Storrs L. Olson Victor G. Springer Richard W. Thorington, Jr. Richard P. Vari Stanley H. Weitzman George R. Zug Laboratory of Molecular Systematics Curators Michael J. Braun David Swofford Office of the Director Curators Lee-Ann Hayek James Tyler National Portrait Gallery Director Marc Pachter Deputy Director Carolyn K. Carr Administrative Officer Eloise P. Baden Curator of Painting and Sculpture Ellen G. Miles Curator of Photographs, Acting Ann M. Shumard Curator of Prints and Drawings Wendy Wick Reaves Senior Historian Frederick S. Voss Computer Specialist Andrew L. Klafter Senior Conservator Cindy Lou Molnar Development Officer Patrick M. Madden Education Program Director Carol D. Wyrick Design and Production Nello R. Marconi Curator of Exhibition Beverly J. Cox Center for Electronic Research and Outreach Services, Catalogs of American Portraits Linda Thrift Editor of the Charles Willson Peale Papers Sidney Hart Librarian Cecilia H. Chin Chief Photographer Rolland G. White Publications Officer Frances K. Stevenson Public Affairs Officer Vacant Registrar Vacant Facilities Manager Daniel H. Davies National Postal Museum Director James H. Bruns Curatorial Department Museum Program Specialists, Curatorial Jeffrey L. Brodie Nancy A. Pope James O'Donnell Education Department Head of Education Esther Washington Public Program Coordinator Rebecca Singer Tours and School Coordinator Allison Wickens Special Projects Manager Lynn Heidelbaugh Finance and Administration Operations Officer Antoinette Williams Financial Officer Polone Bazile Building Manager Greg Cunningham Librarian Timothy Carr The Smithsonian Institution, September 30, 2000 Exhibits Department Exhibitions Manager Patricia M. Burke Exhibit Specialist Jeffrey Harwell Exhibit Technician Les Graves Collections Management Registrar David T. Wilson Museum Specialists Patricia A. Raynor Mary H. Lawson Sanghmitra Kundu Museum Technician Kelly Ford Conservation Specialists Linda Edquist Siobhan Creem Department of External Affairs Public Affiars Specialist Laura DeSimio Development Associate Bridget Reddick Security Head of Security Captain Gordon Swain Smithsonian American Art Museum Office of the Director Director Elizabeth Broun Deputy Director Charles J. Robertson Curatorial Office Chief Curator Lynda R. Hartigan Deputy Chief Curator George Gurney Senior Curator (Photography) Merry A. Foresta Senior Curator (Painting and Sculpture) Virginia M. Mecklenburg Senior Curator (Graphic Arts) Joann G. Moser Senior Curator (Painting and Sculpture) Richard N. Murray Senior Curator (Painting and Sculpture) William H. Truettner Collections Research Coordinator Gwendolyn EF. Everett Senior Conservator Stefano Scafetta Renwick Gallery Curator-in-Charge Kenneth R. Trapp Senior Curator Jeremy Adamson Operations Administrator Ellen M. Myette Research and Scholars Center Chief Rachel M. Allen Intern Program Officer Judith H. Houston Librarian Cecilia H. Chin Research Databases Coordinator Christine Hennessey Collection Database Administrator Mary Ellen Guerra Coordinator of Image Collections Joan R. Stahl Office of Educational Programs Acting Chief Sherwood A. Dowling Public Programs Coordinator N. Faye Powe Office of Registration and Collection Management Registrar Melissa L. Kroning Associate Registrar Abigail Terrones Asstistant Registrar (Packing and Shipping) Michael R. Smallwood Office of Design and Production Chief John R. Zelenik Senior Designer Claire F. Larkin Graphics Coordinator/Designer Robyn L. Kennedy Exhibitions Project Coordinator Anthony R. Giuffreda Administrative Office Administrative Officer Maureen E. Damaska Office of Print and Electronic Publications Chief Theresa Slowik Office of Development Acting Chief Jo Ann Sims Membership Marketing Coordinator Julie A. Rizzo Public Affairs Officer Laura Baptiste Special Events Coordinator Kimberly C. Drummond Office of Information Technology Chief Robert G. Billingsley Computer Support Manager Peter Butrite Head, New Media Initiatives Jeffrey Gates Smithsonian Affiliations Director J. Michael Carrigan Affiliations Outreach Coordinator Tracy Baetz Affiliations Coordinator and Media Relations Specialist Margaret Pulles Affiliations Coordinator Alma Douglas Affiliations Coordinator and Business Initiatives Specialist Trent Maul Internships and Fellowships Coordinator Priscilla Brown Administrative Officer Arleen McClain 315 316 Secretary Laura Webb The Smithsonian Associates Director Mara Mayor Deputy Director Barbara S. Tuceling Associate Director for Educational and Cultural Programs Carol Bogash Associate Director for Marketing and Membership Holly Dell Tyler Development Director Laurie O. Stroope Resident Associate Program Program Managers Brigitte Blachere Faye Dale Browning Binney Levine Senior Programmers Roberta S. Gasbarre Karen M. Gray Chery! Taylor Smithsonian Study Tours Program Manager Amy Kotkin Deputy Program Manager Prudence Clendenning Senior Program Coordinators MaryBeth Mullen Barbara York Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) Director Anna R. Cohn Administration Deputy Director Lori Yarrish Program Director of Exhibits Frederica R. Adelman Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 External Relations Director of External Relations Andrea Stevens Development Director of Development Ann Louise Elliott International Gallery Director Anne Gossett Office of Communications Director David J. Umansky Secretary to the Director Michelle Carr Administrative Officer Bill Holmes Media Relations, Office of Public Affairs Associate Director Linda St. Thomas Staff Mary Combs Heather Friesen Vicki Moeser Hamlet Paoletti Rachel Sears Elizabeth Tait Publications, Office of Public Affairs Associate Director Kathryn Lindeman Staff John Barrat Angela Cervetti Colleen Hershberger Jo Ann Webb Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center Director Mary Grace Potter Deputy Director Vacant Administrative Officer Grace Tull Computer Specialist Dana Small Unit Manager, Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone Information Services Katherine Neill Ridgley Unit Manager, Information Resource Division Jane Gardner Coordinator, Telephone Information Services Cordelia Benedict Coordinator, Behind the Scenes Volunteer Program Amy Lemon Coordinators, Visitor Information Unit Tricia Byrne Sheila Washington Under Secretary for Science Office of the Under Secretary for Science Under Secretary for Science J. Dennis O’Connor Executive Officer for Administration Mary Tanner Executive Assistant for Programs Barbara Schneider Senior Advisor for Advance Information Technology Peter House Scientific Diving Program Scientific Diving Officer Michael Lang Counselor for Biodiversity Thomas Lovejoy National Science Resources Center Executive Director Douglas M. Lapp Deputy Director for Development, External Relations, and Outreach Sally Goetz Shuler The Smithsonian Institution, September 30, 2000 317 Computer Analyst Leonard West, Sr. Project Director, Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools (STC/MS) Kitty Lou Smith Information Dissemination Director Evelyn M. Ernst Acting Director, Leadership and Assistance for Science Education Reform Evelyn M. Ernst Publications Director Heather Dittbrenner National Zoological Park Director Lucy H. Spelman Deputy Director McKinley Hudson Chief, Office of Public Affairs Robert J. Hoage Senior Business Officer Nancy Johnson Associate Director for Conservation Christen Wemmer Deputy Associate Director for Conservation Scott Derrickson Head, Reproductive Physiology David Wildt Wildlife Training Officer Rasanayam Rudran Associate Director for Biological Programs Benjamin Beck Assistant Director for Zoological Research Daryl Boness Deputy Head, Department of Zoological Research Miles Roberts Research Geneticist Robert Fleischer Director, Migratory Bird Center Russell Greenberg Registrar Judith Block Assistant Curator, Herpetology and Invertebrates Michael Davenport Assistant Curator, Small Mammals Alan Peters Assistant Curator, Birds Paul Tomassoni Assistant Curator, Amazonia Vincent Rico Associate Curator, Mammals Lisa Stevens Senior Curator, Large Mammals John Seidensticker Associate Director for Interpretive Programs David Jenkins Head, Interpretive Information Specialist Lynn Dolnick Supervisor, Design and Production Richard Hider Administrative Officer Alexander Beim Head, Animal Health Open Associate Veterinarian Rebecca Yates Head, Pathology Richard Montali Veterinary Pathologist Don Nichols Manager, Nutritional Resources Mary Allen Librarian Alvin Hutchinson Assistant Director for Facilities and Management Robin Vasa Head, Project Management Michelle Kayon Chief, National Zoo Park Police Michael Pickett Captain, National Zoo Park Police Robert McCready Manager, Safety and Occupational Health Garrick Smith Office of Fellowships and Grants Director Roberta W. Rubinoff Assistant Director for Administration Catherine F. Harris Program Manager Bruce W. Morrison Academic Programs Specialist Pamela E. Hudson Program Assistants Gordon Bullock Luz N. Curet Candace Julie Hoskin Office of Sponsored Projects Director Ardelle G. Foss Assistant Director J. Scott Robinson Administrative Officer Dorothy C. Smith Office Assistant Vladamier X. Bouvier Grant Administrative Management Unit Grant and Contract Administrative Manager Karen E. Otiji Grant and Contract Administrators Violet Bruce Maxine Lippman Grant and Contract Specialists Keron Hopkins Karen Williamson Grant Financial Management Unit Grant and Contract Financial Manager Jonathon Lassa Financial Analysts Delores Clyburn Thomas Robson Marie A. Rogers Loi Thai Indirect Cost/Audit Analyst Frederic Heim Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Director Irwin Shapiro Associate Directors Planning Bruce Gregory Atomic and Molecular Physics Kate Kirby High Energy Astrophysics Stephen Murray Optical and Infrared Astronomy Robert Kirshner Planetary Sciences Brian G. Marsden 318 Radio and Geoastronomy Philip Myers Solar and Stellar Physics Eugene H. Avrett Theoretical Astrophysics George Rybicki Department Managers Central Engineering Richard B. Dias Computation Facility Van L. McGlasson Contracts, Grants, and Property Management John Harris Financial Management Accounting Section Chief Robert Palleschi (through May 31, 2000) Budget Section Chief James Taylor (through May 31, 2000) Interim Manager Robert Palleschi (appointed June 1 through July 12, 2000) Manager Robert Palleschi (appointed July 13, 2000) Human Resources Laura Conway Library Donna Coletti Management Information Systems Rosalie Blum Publications James Cornell Science Education Philip M. Sadler Subcontracts and Procurement Peter Sozanski Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Travel Nancy M. Adler Scientific Staff Alberto Accomazzi Arya Akmal Thomas L. Aldcroft Yakov Alpert Aldo Apponi Alice L. Argon Matthew L. N. Ashby Joshua Ashenberg James F. Babb Robert W. Babcock Sallie L. Baliunas Terrill Joseph Balle Simon R. Bandler Aaron Jordan Barth Jean Philippe Berger Edwin A. Bergin Mark Birkinshaw Raymond Blundell Jay A. Bookbinder Christina Borras David Bosworth Nancy Susan Brickhouse Roger J. Brissenden Yousaf Butt Nelson Caldwell Nuria Calvet Robert A. Cameron Nathaniel P. Carleton Michael Catanese Kelly V. Chance John F. Chandler Jon H. Chappell Yang Chen Kb Stephane Corbel Mario L. Cosmo Steven R. Cranmer Merce Crosas Alexander Dalgarno Thomas M. Dame Laurence P. David Robert J. Davis James Louis Davis Edward E. DeLuca Rosanne Di Stefano Danuta Dobrzycka Adam Dobrzycki R. Hanks Donnelly Jeremy J. Drake Andrea K. Dupree Richard J. Edgar Antonio Manuel Eff-Darwich Pena Guenther Eichhorn Martin S. Elvis Ruth Esser Robert D. Estes Tan N. Evans Nancy R. Evans Giuseppina Fabbiano Daniel G. Fabricant Emilio Falco-Acosta Giovanni G. Fazio George B. Field Silvano Fineschi Fabrizio Fiore Craig Foltz William R. Forman Christine Jones Forman Fred A. Franklin Peter Freeman Antonella Fruscione Terrance Gaetz Charles F. Gammie Michael R. Garcia Larry D. Gardner John C. Geary Margaret Geller Owen J. Gingerich Tomas P. Girnius Leon Golub Paul Gorenstein Roy R. Gould Dale E. Graessle Paul J. Green Lincoln J. Greenhill Laura Grego David M. Grumm Mark A. Gurwell Shadia Rifai Habbal F. Rick Harnden Daniel E. Harris Lee W. Hartmann Xiangquan Helen He Paul T.P. Ho Matthew J. Holman Eric J. Hooper Joseph L. Hora Janet L. Houser Jiasheng Huang John P. Huchra Todd R. Hunter Takashi Isobe Michael J. Jamieson Diab Jerius David G. Johnson Kenneth W. Jucks Michael Juda Philip E. Kaaret Wolfgang Kalkofen Margarita Karovska Vinay L. Kashyap Edwin M. Kellogg Almus Kenter Scott J. Kenyon Eric R. Keto Vasili A. Kharchenko Dong-Woo Kim Steven C. Kleiner Yuan-Kuen Ko Christopher Kochanek John L. Kohl Sylvain G. Korzennik Ralph P. Kraft Thomas Kurosu Michael J. Kurtz Robert L. Kurucz Marc G. Lacasse Charles J. Lada Adair P. Lane David W. Latham Daniel E. Lebach Myron Lecar Alex Jan Rita Lobel Enrico C. Lorenzini Kevin Lee Luhman Salvatore Mancuso Maxim L. Markevitch Christopher L. Martin Ursula B. Marvin Alessandro Massarotti Smita Mathur Edward M. Mattison Susan Mattson Michael C. McCarthy Jeffrey E. McClintock Jonathan C. McDowell Brendan M. McLaughlin Brian A. McLeod Brian R. McNamara S. Thomas Megeath Gary J. Melnick Joseph G. Michels Mari Paz Miralles John David Monnier James M. Moran Fabrizio Nicastro Joy S. Nichols Robert W. Noyes Roopesh Ojha Mayra Osorio Scott N. Paine Stephane Paltani Alexander V. Panasyuk Costas Papaliolios Nimesh A. Patel Brian Michael Patten Michael R. Pearlman Jesus Pelaez Michail Petaev James D. Phillips Paul P. Plucinsky Rene Plume William A. Podgorski Andrea H. Prestwich Francis A. Primini Chunhua Qi Michael I. Ratner John C. Raymond Robert D. Reasenberg Mark J. Reid Suzanne E. Romaine Laurence S. Rothman Arnold H. Rots Steven H. Saar Hossein R. Sadeghpour Kazushi Sakamoto Juan R. Sanmartin Jonathan Schachter Rudolph E. Schild Eric M. Schlegel Matthew H. Schneps Herbert W. Schnopper Daniel A. Schwartz Frederick D. Seward Aneta Siemiginowska Eric H. Silver Patrick O. Slane Jonathan David Slavin Randall Smith Howard A. Smith Willie Soon Robert J.D. Spurr Antony A. Stark John R. Stauffer Robert P. Stefanik Richard E. Stoner Leonard Strachan Andrew H. Szentgyorgyi Harvey D. Tananbaum Patrick Thaddeus Eric V. Tollestrup Volker Tolls Edward C. Tong Guillermo Torres Wesley A. Traub Ginevra Trinchieri Takahiro Tsutsumi Wallace H. Tucker Han Uitenbroek Michael Uzzo Adriaan Van Ballegooijen Leon P. VanSpeybroeck Vladimir V. Vassiliev Robert F. C. Vessot Alexey A. Vikhlinin Jan M. Vrtilek Saeqa Dil Vrtilek The Smithsonian Institution, September 30, 2000 Bradley James Wallace Ronald L. Walsworth Zhong Wang Bradford Wargelin Harry P. Warren Trevor C. Weekes Fred L. Whipple Belinda J. Wilkes Steven P. Willner David J. Wilner Robert W. Wilson Scott J. Wolk Kenny Wood John A. Wood Eric Woods Diana M. Worrall Kouichi Yoshino Ken Harbour Young Qizhou Zhang Yun Fei Zhang Ping Zhao Jun-Hui Zhao Panagoula Zografou Martin V. Zombeck Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellows Kurt Adelberger Lori E. Allen Jason Aufdenberg Hussein Mahmoud Badran Jasjeet Singh Bagla Thomas Beckert David Bersier Wesley Neal Colley Rupert A. C. Croft James Di Francesco Paul Joseph Groot Jeremy Heyl Tracy L. Huard Gaitee Ara Jaffer Hussain Vassiliki Kalogera Charles A. Katz Sungeun Kim Xing Li Mikhail D. Lukin Rodney Marks Sakoti Matsushita Mikhail Medvedev Rafael S. Millan-Gabet Michael Andrew Pahre Irene L. Porro Dimitrios Psaltis Masao Saito Hsien Shang Krzysztof Z. Stanek 319 320 Sridharan Kumaran Tirupati Amichay Vardi Martina Corinna Wiedner Mario van den Ancker Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Director Lambertus van Zelst Assistant to the Director Beverly M. Smith Administrative Officer Vernetta M. Williams Administrative Staff Loretta E. Ester-Clark Francine T. Lewis Education and Training Education Coordinator Donald C. Williams Archives Conservator Mary E. Studt Senior Furniture Conservator Melvin J. Wachowiak Microscopist Harry A. Alden Senior Objects Conservator Carol A. Grissom Objects Conservator Harriet (Rae) F. Beaubien Senior Paintings Conservator Jia-sun Tsang Senior Paper Conservator Dianne van der Reyden Technical Information Specialist Ann B. N’Gadi Research Research Coordinator Ronald L. Bishop Research Archaeologist Daniela R. Triaden Senior Research Biochemist Noreen C. Tuross Biochemist Jill L. Russ Senior Research Ceramic Scientist Pamela B. Vandiver Senior Research Chemists M. James Blackman Charles S$. Tumosa Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Metallurgist Martha E. Goodway Senior Research Organic Chemist W. David Erhardt Research Organic Chemists Mary T. Baker David W. von Endt Senior Research Physical Scientist Marion F. Mecklenburg Support and Collaboration Assistant Director for Operations Melanie E. Feather Analytical Chemist Camie S. Thompson Organic Chemist Walter R. Hopwood Senior Paintings Conservator Roland H. Cunningham Senior Textile Conservator Mary W. Ballard Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Director Ross B. Simons Assistant Director Anson H. Hines Facilities Manager Paul F. Tavel Education Specialist A. Mark Haddon Development Officer James DeLorbe Animal Ecologists eter P. Marra Gregory M. Ruiz Chemical Ecologist Thomas E. Jordan Environmental Chemist David L. Correll Environmental Engineer Gary Peresta Ecologist Geoffrey G. Parker Microbial Ecologists D. Wayne Coats Charles L. Gallegos Modeler Donald E. Weller Plant Ecologists Catherine E. Lovelock Dennis F Whigham Photobiologist Patrick J. Neale Plant Physiologist Bert G. Drake Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Director Ira Rubinoff Deputy Director Anthony G. Coates (resigned August 31, 2000) Assistant Director for Facilities Carlos Tejada Assistant Director for Fellowships and Education Georgina de Alba (through April, 2000) Assistant Director for International and External Affairs Elena Lombardo (retired December, 1999) Assistant Director for Scientific Support Services Howard S. Barnes Associate Director for Finance and Administration Georgina de Alba (effective May 1, 2000) Comptroler Leopoldo Leén Special Advisor to the Director for Technology Transfer/Environmental Policy Issues Stanley Heckadon-Moreno Accounting Office Accounting Officer Carlos Urbina Development Office Head, Development Office Lisa Barnett Diving Office Diving Officer José Espino (resigned November, 1999) Edgardo Ochoa (effective May, 2000) Human Resources Office Human Resources Director Luz Latorraca (effective October, 1999) Office of Information Technology Information Technology Officer Francisco Rivera Library Branch Librarian Vielka Chang-Yau Office of Physical Plants Branch Engineer Fernando Pascal Photographic Department Photographer Marcos A. Guerra Electronic Imaging Specialist Lina Gonzélez (effective October, 1999) Public Information Office Public Information Director Monica Alvarado (effective February 2000) Procurement Office Supervisor, Contract Specialist Mercedes Arroyo (retired December, 1999) Procurement Department Manager Luis Turner (effective January, 2000) Protocol Office Protocol Officer Edith Salgado Safety Office Safety Officer José Ramon Perurena Security Office Security Manager Alejandro Arze The Smithsonian Institution, September 30, 2000 371 Scientific Support Services Management Specialist (Scientific) Earl S. Tupper Research and Conference Center, Center for Tropical Paleoecology and Archaeology, and Gamboa Raineldo Urriola Manager, Earl S. Tupper Research and Conference Center, Center for Tropical Paleoecology and Archaeology, and Gamboa Audrey M. Smith Scientific Coordinator, Barro Colorado Island Oris Acevedo Manager, Barro Colorado Island Daniel Millan Naos Support Services Manager Mercedes Denis Naos Laboratories Scientific Coordinator Anibal Velarde (retired December, 1999) Transition Office Transition Coordinator Monica Alvarado (through February, 2000) Attorney Natacha Chandler Visitor Services Office Visitor Services Manager Gloria Maggiori (retired December, 1999) Maria Leone (effective January, 2000) Scientific Staff Emeritus Senior Scientists A. Stanley Rand Neal G. Smith Senior Scientists Jeremy B.C. Jackson Olga F. Linares Mary Jane West-Eberhard Staff Scientists Annette Aiello Penelope Barnes Eldredge Bermingham John H. Christy Richard Condit Richard G. Cooke Mireya Correa Luis D’Croz William G. Eberhard Helena Fortunato Nélida Gomez Héctor Guzman Stanley Heckadon-Moreno E. Allen Herre Stephen Hubbell Elisabeth Kalko Nancy Knowlton Egbert G. Leigh, Jr. Harilaos Lessios Dolores Piperno D. Ross Robertson David W. Roubik Noris Salazar Allen Fernando Santos-Granero I. Fang Sung William Wcislo Donald M. Windsor Klaus Winter S. Joseph Wright Center for Tropical Forest Science Director Elizabeth C. Losos Center for Tropical Palaeoecology and Archaeology Director Jeremy B.C. Jackson Research Associates Tomas Arias Héctor Barrios Emérita Borace Kenneth Clifton Mary Alice Coffroth Phyllis Coley Laurel Collins James Dalling Gregory S. Gilbert Nicholas Georgiadis Mahabir Gupta Roberto Ibafiez Jorge Illueca Peter Jung Thomas Kursar Howard R. Lasker Stephen Mulkey Karen Lips Stephen Mulkey Catherine Potvin Diomedes Quintero Anthony Ranere Robert E. Ricklefs 322 Tyson Roberts Michael H. Robinson Michael Ryan Julieta Carrrién de Samudio Rafael Samudio Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler Robert Stallard Henry Stockwell Melvin Tyree Fredic V. Vencl Gerhard Zotz Smithsonian Institution Press Director Peter F. Cannell Business Manager Prospero Hernandez Executive Editor, Museum Publications Caroline Newman Managing Editor Duke Johns Marketing Manager Annette Windhorn Production Manager Martha Sewall Design Manager Janice Wheeler Managing Editor, Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series Diane Tyler Administrative Officer Anne Garvey Under Secretary for Finance and Administration Office of Information Technology Operations Director George Van Dyke Smithsonian Institution Archives Director Edie Hedlin Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Institutional History Division Director Pamela M. Henson Program Assistant Jennifer A. Nichols Editor, Joseph Henry Papers Marc Rothenberg Assistant Editor Kathleen W. Dorman Historians Deborah Y. Jeffries Frank R. Millikan Research Contractor Heather P. Ewing (7—9/2000) Pre-Doctoral Fellows Briann G. Greenfield Juan F. Ilerbaig Denise Meringolo Michael F. Robinson James Todd Uhlman Research Associate Albert E. Moyer Research Collaborators Catherine A. Christen Francis M. Greenwell Pedro M. Pruna-Goodgall Interns Virginia E. Fritchey Kristen Halloran Andrea Quintero Volunteers Doris J. Jensen Zoe Martindale Lillian E. Pharr Carole J. Poling Archives Division Archivist Alan L. Bain Associate Archivists William E. Cox James A. Steed Kathleen M. Williams Assistant Archivists Ellen V. Alers R. Shawn Johnstone Bruce R. Kirby (resigned 2/2000) Michele Lee (resigned 1/2000) Tammy L. Peters Tracy E. Robinson Archives Technician Michael E. Willens (resigned 8/2000) Interns Laura Bennett Anna Semon Contractor Amanda Schmidt Research Associate Jane L. Glaser Research Collaborator Clifford Nelson Volunteers Jane Livermore Technical Services Division Director and Senior Electronic Records Specialist Fynnette L. Eaton Administrative Officer Flint Hamilton Management Support Specialist Vacant Office Assistant Josephine Jamison Preservation Manager Sarah Stauderman (from 4/2000) Archives Specialist Gerald J. Rosenzweig Archives Technician Alyssa D. Pease Computer Assistant James E. Gowans Archives Technician Michael J. Horsley Interns Rachel Ban Michael Skipper Volunteers Patricia Breen Heather Lee Cohen National Collections Program National Collections Coordinator William G. Tompkins Assistant National Collections Coordinator Lauri A. Swann Research Associate Ildiko P. DeAngelis Research Associate Roy Mitchell Office of Planning, Management and Budget Director L. Carole Wharton Deputy Director C. Austin Matthews The Smithsonian Institution, September 30, 2000 323 Assistant Director for Compliance and Representation Mary J. Rodriguez Assistant Director for Program Planning and Management Support Kathleen R. Johnson Assistant Director for Policy Development Margaret C. Gaynor Office of the Treasurer Treasurer Sudeep Anand Finance and Investment Division Senior Investment Analyst Debra Winstead Senior Endowment and Accounting Analyst Lorri Gruner Secretary Judy Adams Risk Management Division Disaster Preparedness Coordinator Pat Terry Risk Management Analyst Katherine Tkac Insurance Examiner Lizzie Clark Office of Contracting Durector John W. Cobert Deputy Director Elaine C. Duke Administration Division Assistant Director John P. Howser Procurement and Training Branch Evanne E. Browne Travel Services Branch Manager Judith Petroski Property and Inventory Management Branch Manager Lymon A. Wooten Systems Branch Manager Theresa J. Pomeroy Federal and Trust Contracting Division Assistant Director Lynn R. Spurgeon Renovation and Construction Contracting Division Assistant Director Paulette E. Pressley Business Contracting Division Assistant Director Ronald EF. Cuffe Deputy Assistant Director Lisa A. Keenan Office of Physical Plant Director Michael J. Sofield Deputy Director Ken Olmsted Special Assistant to the Director William Thomas Financial Management Officer Sherell Vucci Associate Director, Architectural History and Historic Preservation Cynthia R. Field Assistant Director, Crafts Services Division Judie Cooper Associate Director, Construction Management Division Derek Ross Associate Director, Facilities Planning and Assessment Division Harry Rombach Associate Director, Engineering and Design Division Larry Stuebing Assistant Director, Horticulture Services Division Nancy Bechtol Assistant Director, Information Services Division Mickey Stam Assistant Director, Project Management Division Sheryl Kolasinski Associate Director, Staff and Organizational Effectiveness Nancy Johns Chief, Support Services C. W. Arthur Assistant Director, Utilities Operations and Maintenance Division Howard L. Wink, Jr. Office of Protection Services Director David F. Morrell Deputy Director, Operations James J. McLaughlin Associate Director, Administration Susan T. Tracey Office of the General Counsel General Counsel John E. Huerta Deputy General Counsel James D. Douglas Marsha S. Shaines Assistant General Counsel Rachelle V. Browne Farleigh H. Earhart Mildred M. Glover Lauryn G. Grant Elaine L. Johnston Lisa A. Landsman John K. Lapiana Chris Nicholson James I. Wilson Legal Assistants Debra Y. Belton William C. Lamborn Mariko C. Murray Moire M. Queen Anne H. Westbrook Special Assistants Lisa B. Bennett Barbara A. Cederborg 324 Management Support Assistants Sue E. Lake Fernando J. Arce Office of Exhibits Central Director Michael Headley Administration Assistant Director for Programs Mary Dillon Bird Administrative Officer Debbie H. Yang Projects Manager George Quist Design, Editing, and Graphics Team Leader Mary Dillon Bird Modelmaking Team Leader Lora Collins Fabrication Team Leader Rick Pelasara Smithsonian Institution Libraries Director Nancy E. Gwinn Assistant Directors Thomas Garnett Bonita D. Perry Mary Augusta Thomas Public Information Officer Nancy L. Matthews Development Officer Gwendolen R. Leighty Systems Office Assistant Director and Division Manager Thomas Garnett Department Head Marcia Adams Digital Projects Librarian Martin Kalfatovic Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Systems Librarian Elizabeth Missell Management and Technical Services Division Assistant Director and Division Manager Mary Augusta Thomas Management Services Office Department Head Laudine L. Creighton Personnel Specialist David L. Bartlett Acquisitions Services Department Department Head Lucien R. Rossignol Special Collections Department Department Head and Exhibitions Officer William E. Baxter Preservation Services Department Department Head Susan F. Frampton Conservator Clare Dekle Vacant Cataloging Services Department Department Head Sherry Kelley Cataloging Project Manager Victoria Avera Librarian-Cataloguers Thomas Baker Lowell Ashley Carolyn Hamilton Suzanne Pilsk Margaret A. Sealor Special Collections Cataloguer Diane Shaw Catalogue Management Manager Sheila Riley Research Services Division Assistant Director and Division Manager Bonita D. Perry Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Branch Branch Librarian Stephen Van Dyk Reference Librarian Elizabeth Broman National Museum of the American Indian Branch Librarian Vacant Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Branch Branch Librarian Vielka Chang-Yau Special Collections Department Curator of Science and Technology Rare Books and Reference Librarian Ronald Brashear Curator of Natural History Rare Books and Reference Librarian Leslie K. Overstreet Central Research Services Department Central Reference and Loan Services Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Martin A. Smith Circulation and Loan Librarian Patricia Lasker Reference Librarian Amy Levin Museum Reference Center Branch Librarian Valerie Wheat Museum Support Center Branch Branch Librarian E. Gilbert Taylor History, Technology, and Art Department National Museum of American History Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Rhoda S. Ratner The Smithsonian Institution, September 30, 2000 325 Reference Librarians D. Chris Cottrill James Roan Anacostia Museum Branch Branch Librarian Tracy-ann Suleiman-Stewart National Museum of African Art Branch Branch Librarian Janet L. Stanley National Air and Space Museum Branch Branch Librarian Elaine Cline Reference Librarian Paul McCutcheon Technical Information Specialist Philip D. Edwards National Postal Museum Branch Branch Librarian Timothy Carr Horticulture Branch Branch Librarian Vacant Natural and Physical Sciences Department National Museum of Natural History Branch Department Head and Branch Librarian Ann Juneau Reference Librarians Courtney Shaw Robert J. Skarr David T. Steere, Jr. Anthropology Branch Branch Librarian Margaret Dittemore Reference Librarian James Haug Botany Branch Branch Librarian Ruth F. Schallert National Zoological Park Branch Branch Librarian Alvin Hutchinson Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Branch Branch Librarian Angela N. Haggins Historian Emeritus Silvio A. Bedini Director for International Art Museums Division Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Director Milo C. Beach Deputy Director and Chief Curator Vidya Dehejia Executive Assistant to the Director Marjan Adib Secretary to the Director Elaine Gill Secretary to the Deputy Director Ellen Egan Head, Office of Membership and Development Beverly C. With Head, Office of Public Affairs Susan Bliss (on leave) Laurena Ortiz (interim) Head, Finance Office Sue Nichols Head, Gallery Shops Martin Bernstein Research and Collections Division Senior Research Scholar Thomas Lawton Curators Louise Allison Cort, Ceramics Jenny F. So, Ancient Chinese Art James T. Ulak, Japanese Art Associate Curators Joseph Chang, Chinese Art Massumeh Farhad, Islamic Art Ann C. Gunter, Ancient Near Eastern Art Ann Yonemura, Japanese Art Jan Stuart, Chinese Art Assistant Curators Debra Diamond, South and Southeastern Art Kenneth Myers, American Art Research Specialist Stephen D. Allee, Chinese Art Head, Conservation and Scientific Research Paul Jett Head, Library and Archives Lily Kecskes Head, Publications Karen Sagstetter Head, Collections Management Bruce Young Head, Photographic and Imaging Services John Tsantes Public Programs Division Associate Director, Exhibitons and Facilities Patrick Sears Head, Design and Production Richard Franklin Head, Education M. Ray Williams Head, Digital Information Services Michael Edson Head, Facilities Robert Evans Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Director James T. Demetrion Administration Assistant Director for Administration Beverly Lang Pierce Chief Development Officer Carole Carle Fay Library Librarian Anna Brooke Office of Photographic Services Chief Photographer Lee Stalsworth 326 Office of the Registrar Registrar Brian Kavanagh Facilities Management Building Manager Fletcher Johnston Art and Public Programs Acting Chief Curator and Curator of Paintings Judith Zilczer Curator of Sculpture Valerie J. Fletcher Curator of Prints Vacant Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig Curator of Contemporary Art Olga M. Viso Office of Publications Publications Manager Jane McAllister Office of Public Affairs Public Affairs Officer Sidney Lawrence Education Department Education Program Director Linda Powell Conservation Laboratory Chief Conservator Laurence Hoffman Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Office of Exhibits and Design Chief, Exhibits and Design Edward Schiesser Committee on Collections Marvin Gerstin Anthony Podesta National Museum of African Art Director Roslyn A. Walker Assistant Director, Administration Patricia L. Fiske Assistant Director, Exhibit Design and Facility Alan Knezevich Sentor Scholar Emeritus Roy Sieber Curatorial Department Chief Curator David Binkley Curators Elizabeth Harney Christine Mullen Kreamer Assistant Curators Lydia Puccinelli Bryna Freyer Andrea Nicolls Public Affairs Department Public Affairs Officer Janice L. Kaplan Education Department Curator of Education Edward Lifschitz Assistant Curator of Education Veronika Jenke Education Specialist Peter Pipim Registration Department Registrar Julie Haifley Conservation Department Conservator Steve Mellor Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives Curator of Photographic Archives Christraud Geary Publications Department Writer-Editor Migs Grove Development Department Director of Development Dale Mott Members of the Smithsonian Institution Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 2000 Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents The Honorable William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor, ex officio The Honorable Albert Gore, Jr., Vice President of the United States, ex officio (until January 2001) The Honorable Richard B. Cheney, Vice President of the United States, ex officio (beginning January 2001) Members of the Senate The Honorable Thad Cochran, Senator from Mississippi The Honorable Bill Frist, Senator from Tennessee The Honorable Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York (retired January 2001) The Honorable Patrick J. Leahy, Senator from Vermont (beginning January 2001) Members of the House of Representatives The Honorable Sam Johnson, Representative from Texas The Honorable Robert T. Matsui, Representative from California The Honorable Ralph Regula, Representative from Ohio Citizen Members The Honorable Howard H. Baker, Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr., Citizen of New York Anne d’Harnoncourt, Citizen of Pennsylvania Hanna H. Gray, Citizen of Illinois Manuel L. Ibafiez, Citizen of Texas Walter E. Massey, Citizen of Georgia (beginning March 2001) Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan Frank A. Shrontz, Citizen of Washington (retired May 2000) Alan G. Spoon, Citizen of Maryland Wesley S. Williams Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia Smithsonian Institution Council Dr. Robert McC. Adams Dr. Joyce Appleby Mr. Neal Benezra Dr. Ellsworth H. Brown Mr. Peter Robert Crane Mrs. Diane B. Frankel Mr. David R. Gergen Mr. Patrick V. Kirch Ms. Deborah L. Mack Ms. Joyce Marcus Mr. Michael Mares Mr. John Wilbur McCarter, Jr. Mr. Michael Novacek Dr. Clifton Arthur Poodry Dr. Richard J. Powell Ms. Irene T. (Mimi) Qunitanilla Dr. Jeremy A. Sabloff Mr. Igor I. Sikorsky, Jr. Dr. Beryl B. Simpson Dr. Elisabeth S. Vrba Dr. John Walsh Ms. Rubie Watson Ms. Akemi Kikumura-Yano Mr. Neil G. Kotler, Council Coordinator Ms. Vera Chase, Coordinator Assistant Smithsonian Institution National Board The Honorable Max N. Berry, Chair The Honorable Marc E. Leland, Vice Chair (until October 2000) Mr. Frank A. Daniels, Jr., Vice Chair (appointed January 2001) Mrs. Patricia Frost, Vice Chair (appointed January 2001) Mr. David M. Silfen, Vice Chair (appointed January 2001) Current Members Mr. Kenneth E. Behring (appointed January 2001) Mr. L. Hardwick Caldwell II 328 Mr. Richard O. Campbell Mrs. Jean Case Mr. Pete Claussen Ms. Laurel Cutler Mr. Robert G. Donnelley Mr. Archie W. Dunham Dr. Sylvia A. Earle Mrs. Jane B. Eisner Mrs. Harriet Fraunfelter Ms. Nely Galan Mr. Bert A. Getz Mr. Stephen Hamblett Mr. Frederic C. Hamilton Mr. Paul Hertelendy Mrs. Marie L. Knowles Mrs. Elizabeth S. MacMillan Mr. John D. Macomber Mrs. Holly Madigan Mr. Frank Martucci Mr. Michael P. McBride Mr. Kenneth B. Miller The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta Mr. Charles Moore Mrs. Susan Reed Moseley Mr. Henry R. Mufioz III Mrs. Nancy B. Negley Mrs. Mary Ourisman Mr. James Patton, Jr. Mr. S. Davis Phillips Mr. Thomas F. Pyle, Jr. Baron Eric de Rothschild Mr. Richard T. Schlosberg III (appointed January 2001) Mrs. Helen B. Spaulding Mr. Kelso F. Sutton Mr. Jackson Tai Mr. Anthony Welters Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Folklife Advisory Council Jane Beck Bernice Johnson Reagon Gilbert Spruave Jack (John Kuo Wei) Tchen Pat Jasper Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblertt Ricardo Trimillos Ex Officio Members Michael Asch Lawrence Small Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Sheila Burke Richard Kurin Folkways Advisory Board Michael Asch Phyllis Barney Don Devito Ella Jenkins Jon Kertzer Daniel Sheehy, ex officio Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Board of Trustees Kathleen B. Allaire, Chair Arthur Ross, Vice Chair Jorge L. Batista Agnes C. Bourne William Drenttel Anne B. Ehrenkranz Joanne duPont Foster Harvey M. Krueger Elaine La Roche Jeffrey T. Leeds Barbara Riley Levin Barbara A. Mandel Nancy Marks Richard Meier Kenneth B. Miller Maureen Miskovic Harry G. Robinson II Donald H. Siskind Richard M. Smith Edward A. Weinstein Honorary Members Joan K. Davidson Harmon H. Goldstone Enid W. Morse Ex Officio Members Lawrence M. Small Sheila P. Burke Council of Information and Education Directors Ms. Nancy Bechtol Ms. Francine Berkowitz Mr. Peter Cannell Mr. Michael Carrigan Ms. Anna Cohn Dr. Zahava Doering Ms. Anne Gossett Dr. Nancy Gwinn Mr. Mike Headley Ms. Edie Hedlin Dr. Richard Kurin Dr. Mara Mayor Ms. Stephanie Norby Mr. Franklin Odo Ms. Mary Grace Potter Mr. Refugio Rochin Ms. Roberta Rubinoff Ms. Sally Shuler Mr. David Umansky Mr. Ron Walker Mr. Jim Wallace Ms. Beth Ziebarth Friends of the National Zoo Board of Directors Carole A. Valentine, President David Perry, First Vice President Alberta Allen “Missy” Kelly, Second Vice President Mark Handwerger, Treasurer Michele V. Hagans, Secretary Jeanne Beekhuis Patricia A. Bradley Nicole M. Chestang Paul B. Green Francisca B. Holland Lloyd W. Howell, Jr. Betty Ann Kane Gloria Kreisman Dr. Harald R. Leuba Suzanne Mink Susan B. Perry Michael J. Rider Edward A. Sands Darcy Stamler M. Lee Sutherland Curtis N. Symonds John J. Ziolkowski George Gustav Heye Center Board of Directors Valerie and Charles Diker, Co-Chairs Barbara and James A. Block Members of the Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 2000 329 Wahleah Davis Margot and John Ernst Brian C. McK. Henderson Alan J. Hirschfield Loretta E. Kaufman Francesca Kress, Ph.D. Janet C. Krissel Andrew Lee Barbara Riley Levin Ellen Liman Nancy O'Connor William A. Potter Ann R. Roberts Wilbur L. Ross, Jr. Jane F. Safer Bernard Selz Ellen Taubman Ann G. Tenenbaum Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Board of Trustees and Committee on Collections Robert Lehrman, Chair J. Tomilson Hill, Vice Chair Trustees Melva Bucksbaum Marvin Gerstin Jacqueline Leland Barbara Levine Steven Mnuchin Marvin Mordes Camille Oliver-Hoffmann John Pappajohn Ponchitta Pierce Anthony Podesta Mitch Rales Robert Rosenblum Ex Officio Members Lawrence M. Small The Honorable William H. Rehnquist Joseph Henry Papers, Joint Committee of the Sponsoring Institutions Herbert Friedman, American Philosophical Society Charles C. Gillispie, American Philosophical Society Janice Goldblum, National Academy of Sciences Edith W. Hedlin, Smithsonian Institution Frederick Seitz, National Academy of Science, Chair Lawrence M. Small, Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Advisory Board Mr. Ronald W. Allen Mr. James Albaugh Mrs. Anne B. Baddour Mr. F. Otis Booth, Jr. Mrs. Janet S. Burkle Mr. Dan W. Burns Capt. Eugene A. Cernan, USN (Ret.) Mr. Armando C. Chapelli, Jr. Mrs. Dollie A. Cole Mr. Frank A. Daniels, Jr. Mrs. Mary Engen Mr. Morton Funger Mr. Kenneth E. Gazzola Mr. John T. Hazel Mr. David R. Hinson Mr. David C. Hurley Mr. Robert James Capt. James A. Lovell, USN (Ret.) Mr. Thomas G. Morr Mr. John W. Myers Mr. Robert W. Pittman Mr. Thomas G. Pownall Dr. Jon A. Reynolds Mr. John Safer Mr. Richard T. Schlosberg Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr. Mrs. Carroll W. Suggs Ms. Patty Wagstaff Mr. Bruce N. Whitman Mr. Carrington Williams Board Members Emeritus Mr. Walter H. Leimert Mrs. Adrienne Bevis Mars Mr. Allen E. Puckett Dr. Donald B. Rice National Museum of African Art Commission Edward J. Casselle David C. Driskell Charles L. Frankel Valerie Franklin James L. Gibbs, Jr. Barry Hecht Frances Humphrey Howard Elliot Lawrence Brian S. Leyden Robert H. Nooter Sharon F. Patton Frieda Rosenthal John T. Thompson Robert Farris Thompson Smithsonian American Art Museum Commission Ms. Ferdinand T. Stent, Chairperson Mrs. Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan, Vice Chairperson Mrs. William Berger Mr. Norman Bernstein Mrs. Ann Cousins Mr. James F. Dicke Mrs. Daniel Fraad Ms. Shelby M. Gans Ms. Elizabeth Gosnell Mr. Ken Hakuta Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr. Mrs. Ruth Sulzberger Holmberg Mr. Raymond J. Horowitz Mr. William G. Kerr Mr. Myron Kunin Mr. Henry Luce III Mr. Peter Lunder Mr. Charles H. Moore, Jr. Mr. Jest Moroles Mrs. Rita J. Pynoos Mr. Richard J. Schwartz Mr. Wesley S. Williams, Jr. Ex Officio Members Mr. Lawrence M. Small Mr. James T. Demetrion 330 Emeriti Members Mr. Barney A. Ebsworth Mrs. Patricia Frost Mr. R. Crosby Kemper Mr. Melvin Lenkin Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mr. David Purvis Mr. Charles H. Sawyer National Museum of American History Board The Honorable Ivan Selin, Chair Mr. Todd Axelrod Dr. Alison Bernstein Mr. H. P. “Pete” Claussen The Honorable Thad Cochran Mr. Lester Colbert, Jr. The Honorable Richard Darman Ms. Anita DeFrantz Mr. George M. Ferris Mr. David M. Fields Mr. Jerry Florence Mr. George C. Freeman Dr. F. Sheldon Hackney Mr. Robert F. Hemphill, Jr. Ms. Irene Hirano Dr. Thomas W. Langfitt Mrs. Dorothy Lemelson Mr. Donald G. Lubin Mr. James R. Mellor Mr. Philip Merrill Dr. Elihu Rose Dr. Seymour I. Schwartz Dr. Marvin D. Williams Ms. Tae Yo National Museum of the American Indian Honorary Committee The Honorable Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Chair President William J. Clinton and Mrs. Clinton The Right Reverend Robert M. Anderson, D.D. Mr. and Mrs. Robert O. Anderson Mr. Willard L. Boyd The Honorable George Bush and Mrs. Bush The Honorable Jimmy Carter and Mrs. Carter Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Dr. Ralph T. Coe Mr. Kevin Costner The Honorable Gerald R. Ford and Mrs. Ford Ms. LaDonna Harris The Honorable James A. Joseph Ms. Doris Leader Charge Dr. George F. MacDonald The Honorable Wilma Mankiller Dr. José Matos Mar Mr. Paul Newman and Ms. Joanne Woodward Mr. Arnold Palmer Ms. Janine Pease Windy-Boy The Honorable Ronald W. Reagan and Mrs. Reagan Mr. Robert Redford Dr. W. Ann Reynolds Rabbi A. James Rudin Dr. Douglas W. Schwartz The Honorable Sargent Shriver and Mrs. Shriver Dr. Martin Sullivan Ms. Maria Tallchief The Honorable Stewart L. Udall Mr. and Mrs. James D. Wolfensohn National Museum of the American Indian International Founders Council Robert McCormick Adams Ann Simmons Alspaugh James and Barbara Block Barber B. Conable, Jr. Charles and Valerie Diker Joan Donner John and Margot Ernst Jane Fonda George Gund III Brian C. McK. Henderson I. Michael Heyman Victor and Loretta Kaufman Gene A. Keluche Jean Knox Gerald Levin Ivan Makil Eugene Mercy Nancy O’Connor Lewis Ranieri David Rockefeller Bill and Ellen Taubman Eugene Victor Thaw R. E. Turner Thomas W. Weisel Peterson and Rosalind Zah National Museum of Natural History Board Ms. Paula Apsell Dr. Paul B. Barton Mr. Kenneth Behring Dr. Peter R. Crane Dr. Isabella C.M. Cunningham Dr. David Dilcher Dr. William B. Ellis The Honorable William H. Frist Mr. Edward O. Gaylord Dr. Stanley Ikenberry Mr. Robin Martin Dr. Emilio F Moran Dr. Nancy R. Morin Dr. Yolanda T. Moses Dr. J. Dennis O’Connor Mr. James R. Patton, Jr. Dr. Paul G. Risser Mr. Lawrence M. Small Mr. Marshall Turner Mr. Howard H. Williams, II Secretary Emeritus Mr. I. Michael Heyman National Portrait Gallery Commission The Honorable Anthony C. Beilenson Mrs. Jeannine Smith Clark Professor Stephen Jay Gould Miss Julie Harris Professor David Levering Lewis Mrs. Bette Bao Lord Mrs. Joan A. Mondale The Honorable Robert B. Morgan Mr. Roger Mudd Professor Barbara Novak Ex Officio Members Mr. Earl A. Powell, III The Honorable William H. Rehnquist Mr. Lawrence M. Small Members of the Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 2000 National Science Resources Center Advisory Board Mr. Gaurdie E. Banister Ms. Ann Bay Dr. Goéry Delacéte Dr. Peter Dow Mrs. Joyce Dutcher Dr. Hubert M. Dyasi Dr. Sylvia A. Earle Mr. Guillermo Fernandez de la Garza Dr. Bernard S. Finn Dr. Elsa Garmire Dr. Richard (Rick) M. Gross Dr. S. Anders Hedberg, Chair Dr. Richard Hinman Dr. David Jenkins Dr. John W. Layman Dr. Leon Lederman (Nobel Laureate) Dr. Thomas T. Liao Dr. Theodore Maxwell Dr. Mara Mayor Dr. Joseph A. Miller, Jr. Dr. John A. Moore Dr. Cherry A. Murray Dr. Carlo Parravano Dr. Robert W. Ridky Dr. Robert D. Sullivan Dr. Gerald F Wheeler Mrs. Meredith (Peggy) Harris Willcuts Dr. Paul H. Williams Ms. Karen L. Worth Ex Officio Members Dr. J. Dennis O’Connor Ms. Mary Tanner Dr. E. William Colglazier Dr. Michael Feuer Dr. Barbara Torrey National Zoological Park Advisory Board Peter C. Andrews Robert A. Bartlett Edith A. Cecil Dr. David Challinor, Chair Jeanine Smith Clark George A. Didden, III Caroline Gabel Laura Howell Alberta A. “Missy” Kelly William Ramsay Jeffrey Short Henry Strong Carole A. Valentine Beatrix von Hoffmann Honorary Members Ruth Holmberg Adrienne Mars Smithsonian Institution Collections Information System Management Committee Rachel Allen Judith Block Susan Finkel Patricia Fiske Tom Garnett Barbara Hart Paula Healey Edie Hedlin Patricia Jellison Brian Kavanagh Peter Muldoon Ducphong Nguyen Sharon Reinckens Cordelia Rose Barbara Schneider Dennis Shaw Jane Sledge Stephanie Smith Mary Tanner Linda Thrift William Tompkins Karen Weiss Anna Weitzman David T. Wilson Bruce Young Smithsonian Institution Congress of Scholars Liza Kirwin Portia James Marilyn Symmes Diane Van der Reyden Kenneth Myers Janet Douglas 33] Diana Baird N’Diaye Judy Zilczer Brian LeMay Cathy Lewis Peter Jakab Joann Moser George Gurney Andrea Nicolls Helena Wright Harry Rubenstein Mary Jane Lenz Cecile R. Ganteaume Jim Norris Bill Melson Richard Thorington Ellen Miles Wayne Mathis Robert Fleischer Robert Rice Bobbi Rubinoff Bruce Morrison Cynthia Field Zahava Doering Barbara Schneider Karen Otiji Irwin Shapiro Peter Marra Patrick Neale Frank Millikan Pam Henson Bonita Perry Peter Cannell Elizabeth Losos Stanley Rand Smithsonian Institution Environmental Research Center Board of Advisors Dr. Paul K. Dayton Mr. Henry L. Diamond Dr. James R. Gosz Ms. Susan Hager The Honorable Charles McC. Mathias The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta (Vice Chair) Ms. Wendy Rieger Mr. William R. Sweeney, Jr. Professor Richard P. Thornell Ms. Kathleen Wagner (Chair) 332 Smithsonian Institution Internship Council Liza Kirwin Mark Williams Kristina Stephens Stacey Suyat Arlene Reiniger Lisa Mazzola Sharon Leathery Alex Hawes Joe Lomicky Laurie Stroman Teresia Bush Raymond Seefeldt Betty Epps Kerry DiGiacomo Myra Banks Smith Judith H. Hollomon Veronika Jenke Suzanne McLaughlin Niki Sandoval Susan Secakuku Annie Teamer Magda Schremp Joanne Ciprich Helene Lisy Mary Sangrey Joan Kaminski Shirlee Lampkin Allison Wickens Peter Kibbee Tim Smith Paula Fletemeyer Pamela Hudson Bruce Morrison Farleigh Earhart Ann Mercorella Lorie Aceto Sherri Manning Ann Bissell Cathy Maree Sabina Wiedenhoeft Faith Davis Lauranne Nash Nancy Lewis Alan Bain Marc Rothenberg Bill Tompkins Karen Otiji Cher Stepanek Elena Mayberry Don Williams Sharon Shaffer Anita Chapa Vicki Avera Sally Maran Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 2000 Ann Garvey Dana Moreland Evelyn Kaiser Fredie Adelman Georgina De Alba Lisa Jakiel Gloria Player Smithsonian Institution Libraries Board Charlotte N. Castle Jeannine Smith Clark Shirley M. Gifford Richard E. Gray Brian J. Heidtke John B. Henry Margery F. Masinter Frank J. Quirk Rosemary Livingston Ripley Dr. Barbara J. Smith Dr. Kevin Starr The Honorable Frank A. Weil Smithsonian Institution Research Information System Management Committee Rachel Allen James Byers Tom Garnett Nancy Gwinn, Chair Edie Hedlin Mary Tanner George Van Dyke Ching Hsien Wang Kathleen Williams Marcia Adams, Recorder Smithsonian Institution Women’s Committee Mrs. Lanny Atlas Mrs. Marilyn Barrett Mrs. Mary Beggs Mrs. Christine Blazina Mrs. Alice Howard Blumer Mrs. DeRosette Blunt Mrs. Vicki Bowie Mrs. Annelise Brand Mrs. Jane Brooks Mrs. Constance Broomfield Mrs. Valerie Burden Mrs. Margie Camp Mrs. B.J. Cantus Mrs. Eleanor Carter Mrs. Jeannine Clark Mrs. Lydie Clay Mrs. Yvonne Clayton Mrs. Marian Cobb Mrs. Jeanne Collier Mrs. Cissel Gott Collins Mrs. Margaret Collins Mrs. Mary Ann Cookerly Mrs. Liz Cordia Mrs. Judy Cox Mrs. Kitty Crittenberger Mrs. Julie Cross Mrs. Rita Daguillard Mrs. Elizabeth C. Dahlin Mrs. Helen Davison Mrs. Mary Louise Day Mrs. Suzzi Dickson Mrs. Becky Dye Ms. Susan B. Edwards Mrs. Alice Faulkner Mrs. Margot Foster Mrs. Flossie Fowlkes Mrs. Barbara Franklin Mrs. Harriet Sweeney Fraunfelter Mrs. Jill Fri Mrs. Joan Gardner Mrs. Elene Gill Mrs. Mary Goldberg Mrs. Brent Goo Mrs. Gretchen Gorog Mrs. Susie Gray Ms. Nelse Greenway Mrs. Sheila Gross Mrs. Gloria Hamilton Mrs. Patsy Harr Mrs. Jane Hart Ms. Allison Herrick Mrs. Renate Heymann Mrs. Margaret Hicks Mrs. Nancy Hirst Mrs. Anne Hobler Mrs. Margaret Hodges Mrs. Mary Holden Mrs. Betsy Holleman Mrs. Catherine Hotvedt Mrs. Ann Hughey Mrs. Katie Hunnicutt Mrs. Pauline Innis Mrs. Laura Ivey Mrs. Alexine Jackson Mrs. Paula Jeffries Members of the Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 2000 Mrs. Joanne Johnson Mrs. Enid Johnson Mrs. Bran Johnston Mrs. Edna Jones Mrs. Betty Kadick Mrs. Jane Kauffmann Mrs. Missy Kelly Mrs. Pam Kloman Mrs. Susan Koehler Mrs. Sherley Koteen Ms. Polly Krieger Mrs. Carol Kuehl Mrs. Jane Kuuskraa Ms. Patricia Larkin Mrs. Janet Lindgren Mrs. Ginny MacLaury Mrs. Millie Mailliard Mrs. Betty Maish Mrs. Virginia Mars Mrs. Nancy Martin Mrs. Martha Martin Mrs. Jane Mason Mrs. Stratton McKillop Mrs. Joan McPhee Mrs. Ruth Metcalf Mrs. Sarah Milam Ms. Louise C. Millikan Mrs. Jane Mitchell Mrs. Suzanne Moore Ms. Laureen Nicholson Mrs. Joan Noto Mrs. Martha Oliphant Mrs. Lillian Owen Mrs. Louise Owen Mrs. Gigi Peters Mrs. Edie Poor Mrs. Carol Price Mrs. Hope Price Ms. Judy Lynn Prince Mrs. Henrietta Randolph Mrs. Cynthia T. Redick Mrs. Elizabeth Roberts Mrs. Karen Rockwood Mrs. Evie Rooney Mrs. Louise Ross Mrs. Bonnie Rountree Mrs. Arden Ruttenberg Mrs. Suki Sargent Mrs. Barbara Scherer Mrs. Alice Sessions Mrs. Elaine Silverstein Ms. Judith Zee Steinberg Mrs. Pat Stern Mrs. Peggy Steuart Mrs. Susan Sullivan Mrs. Peter Symington Mrs. Jean Thompson Mrs. Pat Thompson Mrs. Joy Vige Mrs. Ginny Voorhees Mrs. Sally Walker Mrs. Wendy Wall Mrs. Eulah Ward Mrs. Ruthanna Weber Mrs. Polly Webster Mrs. Marion Weiss Mrs. Jane West Mrs. Ginny White Mrs. Marion White Mrs. Franny Wilkinson Mrs. Carolyn Wilkinson Mrs. Jane Wilner 333 ‘(apsed) Fuipying vormnsnsuy ueruosyrUg “_TLSVD IS ‘Aap ov adesoag [IH Jays “TMH WAATIS 492UaD Aaydry voy *s ‘AATATA ‘Ara YIAUIY SOLANA ‘wnasnyy yeasog [euoneN “TVLSOd ‘AsaT[eH weqsog yeuONeN ‘OqN ‘AsoastPY PeINIeN Jo wnasnyy PPUOEN “FINN ‘UeIpuy uvdawy aya jo Whasny [eUONeN ‘TYWN ‘AJoIsrp{ uvdtsawy jo was -ny [euoneN SHYWIN SY urdeury jo wnasny [euoneN SYYWIN Sy uedyzy jo wnasny [euORneN ‘RYY NVOIYAV “wnasnyy adedg 29 ary jeuoneN ‘WSYN ‘uepsey aanadjnog pue wnasnyy usOYyYssIE SOSWH S4y Jo Arayypesy 993] “WADA (IVINN) Jaquag aomosay Jenin ‘YD ‘wasn uFisaq jeuonenN ‘aIMapPY-Jadooy ‘Fy/D Sumasnyy esOdeUY “YLLSODVNY ‘Al11eD JappPes W INtY WATMOVS ‘Furpying sarasnpuy pur sary ‘ppy :puadoy GzS‘oS1'1e Gbzizg‘r zS6'gz1'€ + GOrPLo'h <6S*g6bE gglitorh Loezizh gSlilhSiz zetiegz1 EgSthoo'1 gzetleh1 S6L'G6gtr €Eg*LLo‘z ye20L, VOe'I vou €91 oSe 981 zIe 6gz fe) ° fe) fo) fe) fo) Nd Eghosr bOg‘gz OREO’ LyLiob reriy zLevy EcSivs zOl'er OPL'1e 6gz‘gz bere QEI‘EE og h‘g€ TV.LSOd obg‘g o6L 066 g16 £0g gol bS6 L99 ol€ gzb 99S I¢g Gz6 THH WAATIS zS6‘Q6h tVEVE I9g‘IP 660'Ch vot‘ov vor‘ Ly 190°LP zQcIP OzG‘CE LIO'IE ghz ge vev'lp 6LS‘or IVWN PEC TOS 98S‘ov oShzS OPEL Lro‘9S E1g‘*gS Cgz‘el Lob‘eg ZOT‘TZ 619'Z1 €ov'r1 zoel IOr‘oz NAD ATTA 1Si‘hez TIQ‘VI 6zz‘61 LLo‘oz 9£9'91 6LzLi €xG‘L1 gl‘bi G10°ZI 1oL‘gI goitzz r1g‘Lz Lec‘cz WATIOVS S6z‘hez oSMer Ceotzz Vee €zQ‘O1 Epliiz TEL CS LeS‘iz Lig‘ol QeVr LSg‘or Let‘oz €go‘oz LIV NVORLV ggliosi Leo‘ 699‘01 zSg‘ol rLLer 1LS‘c1 969‘91 gsr‘gl ogI gecil B9eO1 LLg‘61 690'Rg1 H/D ZOL‘E fe) ° fe) fe) fe) fe) fe) O fe) €1 006 6gt‘z VILLSOOVNV oLS‘1S6 PeG‘gS geo LLl vCH‘Lo ISg‘oz1 rL1'vS1 OgI*gz1 of hg gIPee Lez‘o¢ 9go'or ZRO‘LO 66VEL OSWH zlz‘6gr6 gog‘’6sr VLE‘SIG o0g'66z'1 =re1hSr'r ghShGr'r roo'gzt‘r gLb*Sig 1L9‘66¢ zhrilze OSe'her ZOQ‘OLS zOQ‘SRS HNWN SrLli19zg = ggg‘ 1S& ESzOeL Lbz‘66L BOE zzz‘G0g gbsStobo'r L6S‘zhs CoP zoz €06'GL1 o£ 6gz Szg‘go€ 666'06€ HVWN L10‘L6 fo) fe) fe) fe) fe) fe) fe) fe) LEz‘9 €oS‘o¢ Pro‘oe £9g9‘0z WVVS bog‘6L fe) fe) fe) fe) fe) fo) fe) fo) gt lv goS‘ez L60‘Sz SEP or DdN 1Lo‘ohi LLL‘6 z79S‘6 oSz 11 LLofo1 Loo‘rt LeCter LOM ri Cgt‘g o7ezI 1zO'€ 1 ccc Ty €CO'QI SOIANAY Log‘ Lhe gzSiez €6S‘EE 100‘zF 10G‘L€ S60'FE CCoL‘bh LO6‘SE ztLP bh geler Loev1 BOR Iz ggliit WAI 896'666'g zl g‘Sog 6gQ°tz6 zLo‘6re'1 =rghzGo'1 rz9'zge'1 =QhS‘gSO'T = FIg‘Qzg Loz‘zve bSEEQz roG‘zve ORRIES CzOEQS WSVN IL1‘998 o£o0'gS psig ly By QEGIO1 €Qz‘16 ISG‘IO1 6EzEeII 6bove 096‘09 QSz1e vio‘ov o1z‘ly gzOrs PeVv EQOOEQI GOR‘OII bzS‘691 169‘°QSz Lg9‘goz Ore cez 6zg*zSz gborscr zzO*zL gzo1s bzL‘og QeOt1oO1 Bgover ALLSVD IS [e20L das sny ee unt Avy idy IR qay uel 22d AON DO suipring < oo0t | 6661 4 SaajjeD PUL SLUNASN|A| UONNSU] ULIUOSUJLUS 0} SUSIA 335 Message from the Chief Financial Officer I am pleased to present the Smithsonian Institution’s first Report of the Chief Financial Officer (CFO). This report provides the financial status of the Smithsonian Institution. It is designed as a companion to S/thsonian Year 2000, which in previous years would have contained much of this information. The CFO organization is committed to the growth and integrity of the Institution’s financial assets and to becoming a world-class operation. This vision will be made a reality by improving customer service, implementing a new financial system, and strengthening internal controls. During fiscal year 2000, many of the Smithsonian Institution offices previously leasing space at L’Enfant Plaza relocated to the newly purchased Victor Building. Major construction projects under way in fiscal year 2000 included the National Air and Space Museum’s Udvar- Hazy Center and the National Museum of the American Indian. Two standing committees of the Smithsonian Institution’s Board of Regents, the Audit and Review Committee and the Finance and Investment Committee, continued to meet during 2000 to provide additional levels of oversight and review of the Smithsonian Institution’s financial operations. ¢ The Audit and Review Committee discussed the annual audit of the Smithsonian Institution’s financial statements presented by KPMG LLP, an independent public accounting firm, and the Inspector General’s Semiannual Report to the Congress. The Inspector General regularly audits the Smithsonian Institution’s various programs, activities, and internal control systems. « The Finance and Investment Committee reviewed the Smithsonian Institution’s federal and trust budgets, monitored the investment managers’ development of the Smithsonian Institution’s endowment, rebalanced the portfolio, and evaluated the investment managers’ performance. We are enormously grateful for the continued support we have received from the American people. We live in austere times at the Smithsonian Institution, but we are well positioned to address the challenges we face. We anticipate continued progress toward the deployment of a new financial system in the coming year. I now present to you our analysis of the Smithsonian Institution’s financial status for the year 2000. Alice C. Marons Chief Iinancial Officer December 2001 Contents The: Smithsonian, Institution at a GlanCe:.awevinedetensataenutanecdasahniutaenmmecncvsecedoeee 1 Highlights of the Smithsonian Institution’s Financial Position... eee 3 PAUIGIT OD UAIOMcscanstsactdewinss ces ase ba added eeeceb est Macan MOSohate seulaoNaeeurt ee Antal dy sauna dessdleeee af PHIMNCIDaAl Sta LeMMCMtS coe teres Mia ta cae ene ria ss te ttucunranenecwench actistiahenahatetitetaraceara cues cae 13 Fitanclalt Stalements (NOLES <5, piccescncgcn cate acmads aaceene tenn etsaga teem Were eaten geoanas A% Other, Accompanying: Information: ::.1...2A0 Beach aR ea incecnvenseds oo Appendix Museums, Research Facilities and Resources, and Related Organizations..... A-1 List of Figures Figure 1: iscal yeah 2000 Oper almgHREVEMUSS ... Smithsonian institution ey re | Report of the Chief Financial Officer incentive/award systems for CFO organization employees; and sensitizing and training supervisors and management on responsibilities and organizational priorities. 4. Improving the timeliness and usefulness of financial information by designing a financial reporting architecture and implementing a Management Information System (MIS) that provides information required by central management and the CFO organization; preparing financial reports in clear, concise, and understandable language and formats; maintaining operations and developing interim solutions for current systems in the absence of the new Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system; and defining and reengineering financial management, budget, and contracting processes to use ERP. Financial Organizational Structure When installed as Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in January 2000, Lawrence M. Small assembled his new senior management team, which included: the Under Secretary for American Museums and National Programs, the Under Secretary for Science, the Director for International Art Museums Division, the Under Secretary for Finance and Administration, and the Chief Executive Officer of Smithsonian Business Ventures. The CFO reports to the Under Secretary for Finance and Administration and is responsible for the planning, oversight, management, and stability of all financial activities of the Smithsonian Institution. In that regard, the CFO oversees the Smithsonian Institution’s planning and budgeting, finance, treasury, accounting, and contracting activities, among other things. In addition to preparing financial reports to monitor and control the obligation and expenditure of budgetary resources, the Office of the CFO prepares the Smithsonian Institution’s financial statements and related notes to the financial statements. Although not mandated to do so, the statements follow the provisions set forth in the CFO Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-576). In providing financial services in support of the Smithsonian Institution’s mission for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, the Office of the CFO works to improve and disseminate information, as well as facilitate the activities of: « Museums and galleries, « National Zoological Park, e Research facilities and resources, « Educational and outreach programs, e Smithsonian Business Ventures, and e Other related organizations. Additional information on the Smithsonian Institution’s museums, research centers, and related organizations is provided in the Appendix, which begins on page A-1. 341 Highlights of the Smithsonian Institution’s Financial Position Overview of Financial Data The Smithsonian Institution receives funds from both federal appropriations and nonappropriated sources. Nonappropriated sources are referred to as “trust funds” and are made up of income received or earned from sources other than direct federal appropriations. Included are gifts and grants from individuals, corporations, and foundations; grants and contracts from federal, state, and local government agencies; earnings from short- and long- term investments; revenue from membership programs; and revenue from business activities, such as magazines, museum stores and restaurants, catalogues, and licensed products. Federal appropriations provide funding for the Smithsonian Institution’s core functions: caring for and conserving the national collections; sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and unique strength; educating the public about the collections and research findings through exhibitions and other public programs; and conducting basic and applied research and carrying out educational programs. Federal appropriations also fund most activities associated with maintaining and securing Smithsonian Institution facilities and administrative and support services. Smithsonian Institution trust funds allow the Smithsonian to enrich its programs in ways that would not otherwise be possible. Trust funds are categorized as general trust funds (identified as unrestricted in the financial statements) and donor-designated trust funds (identified as restricted in the financial statements). There are no restrictions that limit how general trust funds can be used. Donor-designated funds provide support for specific programs and projects designated by the donor. Such programs and projects might extend across the entire Smithsonian Institution or be limited to a single museum. Approximately 64 percent of the Smithsonian Institution’s assets are trust funds. These amounts are shown in the Smithsonian Institution’s Principal Financial Statements and Financial Statement Notes, which appear beginning on page 13. Other accompanying information on the Smithsonian Institution’s investments is included beginning on page 35. The Statement of Financial Position for fiscal year 2000 presented on page 13 reflects total federal and trust assets of $2.077 billion, a 19 percent increase over the previous fiscal year. Where the revenue comes from... Total operating revenue for the Smithsonian Institution for fiscal year 2000 was $946.9 million. Total operating revenue is defined as funds earned by the Smithsonian 342 { f ¢ fia) @ Institution to support salaries and expenses for operation of the Smithsonian Institution’s core functions. These core functions include caring for and conserving the national collections; sustaining basic research on the collections; educating the public about the collections and research findings through exhibitions and other public programs; conducting basic and applied research; and carrying out educational programs. Federal appropriation revenue of $445.5 million supports the Smithsonian Institution’s operating salaries and expenses and the repair, restoration, and construction of its facilities. The federal appropriations represent 47 percent of total operating revenues. Government grants and contracts of $68.8 million represent 7 percent of the total operating revenue for fiscal year 2000. Contributions for fiscal year 2000 totaled $151.4 million, 16 percent of the total operating revenue. Contributions included $81.3 million for program support and $70.1 million for construction of facilities. Operating revenue from the Smithsonian Institution’s business activities (Smithsonian Business Ventures) totaled $219.2 million. Business activities were 23 percent of fiscal year 2000 revenues. Operating revenue from other sources totaled $62 million. Other sources of operating revenue included short-term investment income of $4.8 million, endowment payout of $25.5 million, private grants in the amount of $21.9 million, and $9.8 million from rental fees, and commissions. Other sources represented 7 percent of fiscal year 2000 revenues. Figure 1: Fiscal Year 2000 Operating Revenues illustrates the sources of the Smithsonian Institution’s total operating revenues for fiscal year 2000. Sources of operating revenue shown reflect the KPMG LLP audited statements of the Smithsonian Institution financial position for fiscal year 2000. Figure 1: Fiscal Year 2000 Operating Revenues (as Percent of Total Revenues of $946.9 million) 7% Federal Appropriations = $445.5 million (47%) 939% O Government Grants & Contracts = . $68.8 million (7%) he O Contributions = $151.4 million (16%) we) CBusiness Activities = $219.2 million 16% ree B Other = $62 million (7%) (23%) 7% Note: The Smithsonian Institution received $438.1 million in appropriations during FY 2000, but retains a portion of unspent funds for five years. The amount shown of $445.5 million is a combination of the appropriated amount plus $7.4 million carried over from previous years. Where the revenue goes... The Smithsonian Institution’s total operating expenses for fiscal year 2000 totaled $780.3 million, paid for by funding provided to the Smithsonian Institution in fiscal year 2000 and prior fiscal years. Total operating expenses are defined as costs incurred by the Smithsonian Institution for operation of its core functions of caring for and conserving national collections, sustaining basic research on the collections, educating the public about the collections and research findings through exhibitions and other public programs, conducting basic and applied research, and carrying out educational programs. As shown in Figure 2, the Smithsonian Institution’s operating expenses for fiscal year 2000 were in six major categories: Figure 2: Fiscal Year 2000 Operating Expenses (Amounts shown are millions) Business activities and other revenue are shown as separate gross amounts under the revenue Operation Amount Percent Research $169.9 22% Collections Management 97.3 12% Education, Public Programs, and Exhibitions 156.5 | 20% Business Activities 199.5 25% Administration 144.6 19% Advancement (Fund Raising Expenses) 12.5 2% TOTAL 780.3 100% and expense sections above. Business activities and other revenue reported in the Smithsonian Year 2000, on page 57, reflect a net amount of $19.7 million, using gross business activities revenue ($219.2 million) less the gross business activities expense ($199.5 million) amounts. A summary of the Smithsonian Institution’s finances for fiscal years 1996 through 2000 is provided in Figure 3 below. The amounts shown represent significant items on the Statement of Financial Position and Statement of Financial Activity. 343 344 ch Figure 3: Five Year Summary of Financial Highlights (Amounts shown are millions) _ 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total Assets 1,325.9 1,432.9 1,537.5 1,741.2 2,077.4 Total Property, Plant, and Equipment 464.9 516.5 559.8 600.3 729.8 Total Investments 538.7 609.7 646.5 738.5 849.8 Total Operating Revenues and Other Additions 702.6 728.8 774.5 869.6 946.9 Federal Appropriation Revenue, including carryover 354.3 383.5 393.0 402.6 445.5 Unrestricted Trust Revenue 327.5 319.1 327.9 343.3 359.5 Total Expenses 718.7 691.9 701.6 727.9 780.3 Total assets include cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury, receivables and advances, prepaid and deferred expenses, inventory, investments, and net property and equipment. In conformity with the practice generally followed by museums, the Smithsonian Institution’s policy is to not capitalize its collections (which include works of art, library books, photographic archives, objects and specimens acquired with federal or trust funds or by donation). Therefore, no value is assigned to the collections on the Statement of Financial Position as indicated in the Notes to the Financial Statements. Total property, plant, and equipment consist of land, buildings and capital improvements, equipment, and leasehold improvements, less the accumulated depreciation. Property and equipment purchased with federal and trust funds by the Smithsonian Institution are recorded at cost. Property and equipment acquired through transfer from government agencies are recorded at net book value or fair value at the date of transfer, whichever is more readily determined. Property and equipment acquired through donation are recorded at appraised value at the date of the gift. These assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range from 3 to 30 years. Investments include short-term, endowment, and gift annuity program investments for each fiscal year. Short-term investments include cash equivalents and U.S. Government obligations. Endowment (and similar investments) consists of pooled and nonpooled investments. Pooled investments include cash equivalents, U.S. Government and agency obligations, corporate bonds and other obligations, and common and preferred stocks. Nonpooled investments are deposits with the U.S. Treasury. Total operating revenue and other additions as identified on the Statement of Financial Activity consist of government revenue (federal appropriations, government grants, and contracts), contributions (program support and construction of facilities), business activities, and other. Business activities revenue consists of magazines, The Smithsonian Associates, museum stores and catalogues, Smithsonian Institution Press, concessions, and licensing. Other includes investment income, endowment payout, private grants, and rental fees and commissions. Federal appropriation revenue received by the Smithsonian Institution for a given fiscal year reflects the amount of direct federal appropriated funds from current and prior fiscal years 345 that are used to support operating salaries and expenses, repair and restoration of facilities, and construction. Federal appropriations for construction or repair and restoration of facilities are generally available for obligation until expended, which explains why prior year funds are recognized as revenue in a year other than the year they are appropriated. Total unrestricted (general) trust revenue for each fiscal year is revenue that has no limitations imposed by the donor. Total unrestricted (general) trust revenue consists of government grants and contracts, program support, business activities, and other (short-term investment income, endowment payout, private grants, and rentals, fees, and commissions). Expenses include research, collections management, education, public programs and exhibitions, business activities, administration, and advancements (fund raising expenses). Systems and Controls FACTS II Reporting In an effort to streamline financial reporting to the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Smithsonian Institution began Federal Agencies’ Centralized Trial-Balance System I (FACTS IJ) reporting for federal appropriated funds in early fiscal year 2000. FACTS I is a federal financial management system used to collect budget execution data to assist in completion of mandatory federal government-wide financial reports. Although the Smithsonian Institution is not fully compliant with the U.S. Government Standard General Ledger (SGL), the Smithsonian Institution’s financial personnel have established a system of reporting consistent with federal financial requirements. During fiscal year 2000, the Smithsonian Institution used the FACTS IJ reporting program. The FACTS II reporting program permits the Smithsonian Institution’s adherence to federal requirements for the SF 133 “Report on Budget Execution” and the FMS 2108 “Year-End Closing Statement.” Much of the data that appears in the prior year column of the Program and Financing (P&F) Schedule of the President’s Annual Budget is included in the SF 133 and the FMS 2108 reports. Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 In an effort to improve program effectiveness and public accountability, the Smithsonian Institution, although not mandated to do so, follows requirements specified in the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA). Under GPRA, the head of each agency 1s required to submit to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and to the Congress a strategic plan for program activities. The Smithsonian Institution’s agenda focuses two key mission statements into operational imperatives. One mission is the commitment to enlarge the understanding of the mosaic that is the American national identity by serving as the most extensive provider nationwide of authoritative experiences that connect the American people to their history and to their cultural and scientific heritage. The other mission is to extend the uniquely powerful 346 (ila contribution science has made to the development of the United States by promoting scientific research and discovery and being a leader in a select number of scientific areas. The Smithsonian Institution has directed that as a sound business practice, GPRA will provide a framework for performance goals and objectives established during the coming fiscal year. These new goals, and revisions to existing goals, will increase the effectiveness of the services that the Smithsonian Institution offers to the public. The Smithsonian Institution has developed a plan that encompasses the following goals: e Goal 1: Public Impact. Enlarge the Smithsonian’s audiences, expand the degree of engagement with the public, in Washington and throughout the country, and improve the quality of the Smithsonian Institution experience. « Goal 2: Scientific Research. Deepen the Smithsonian Institution’s commitment to the pursuit of scientific research and discovery by focusing resources in centers of excellence in which the Smithsonian has unique strengths. ¢ Goal 3: Management Excellence. Strengthen the Smithsonian Institution’s management, and evaluate and modernize management systems and bring them to a level of quality and sophistication appropriate to a contemporary organization of the Smithsonian Institution’s size and complexity. ¢ Goal 4: Financial Strength. Provide the financial support essential to achieving the Smithsonian Institution’s goals. The Office of the CFO plays a significant role in achievement of the Smithsonian Institution’s goals for management excellence and financial strength. All four of the objectives of the CFO organization directly support the Smithsonian Institution’s goal of management excellence. To modernize and provide quality management systems, the CFO organization along with the Chief Technology Officer will replace the aging Smithsonian Financial System (SFS) in fiscal year 2002, with full implementation by fiscal year 2005. In support of the Smithsonian Institution’s goal of financial strength, the CFO organization provides effective budgeting, financial, contracting, and management services and is committed to the growth and integrity of the Smithsonian Institution’s financial assets. Replacement of the SFS by design and implementation of a financial reporting architecture that will provide clear, concise, and understandable financial information to Smithsonian Institution managers will enhance the achievement of this goal. To determine the success of its efforts, the Smithsonian Institution is developing meaningful ways of measuring museum-related accomplishments and outcomes, as well as measures for activities that support the Smithsonian. Areas for which performance measurements are being crafted include exhibits, education outreach, collections and research, as well as the administrative functions of finance, facilities management, human resources, and information technology. The Smithsonian Institution’s goal is to begin tracking performance consistently with a set of measures that have been adopted by the entire Smithsonian Institution community at the start of fiscal year 2003. Major Issues Facing the Smithsonian Institution Technology The Smithsonian Institution is committed to improving financial and program management and is implementing a new financial management system in pursuit of that goal. Through real time access to financial data housed in one database, the Smithsonian Institution’s decisionmaking capabilities will be strengthened, program and financial managers will be enabled to more effectively carry out the Smithsonian Institution’s missions, and management will be able to accurately report the results of operations to the public. The Smithsonian Institution will replace the aging Smithsonian Financial System in fiscal year 2002 by implementing the general ledger, accounts payable, and purchasing modules of the PeopleSoft ERP system (Phase I). The accounts receivable, assets, grants, and projects modules will be implemented in fiscal year 2003 as Phase I]. Finally, the human resources modules, including the payroll interface, will be implemented in fiscal years 2003 and 2004. As with most systems implementation efforts of this magnitude, the migration from the legacy accounting system to the PeopleSoft ERP system will pose significant challenges, including: ¢ Redesigning the current chart of accounts structure and populating the accounts to be in compliance with the Treasury SGL and OMB’s A-11 requirements, ¢ Transferring account balances accurately from the SFS to the PeopleSoft system and reconciling any differences, thereby ensuring that account balances reflected in SFS are established in the PeopleSoft general ledger, ¢ Properly planning and implementing the submodules to achieve the potential benefits of a fully integrated administrative management system, ¢ Minimizing customization to the core software by reengineering Smithsonian Institution financial business processes to use PeopleSoft-inherent business processes, ¢ Developing and documenting new policies and procedures based on the reengineered business processes, * Defining the financial reporting requirements of a complex nonprofit organization, « Educating staff on the new business processes, policies, and procedures in advance of system implementation, and ¢ Minimizing the time spent by staff in learning how to operate the new system. Capital Projects The Smithsonian Institution is the world’s largest museum complex including 16 museums and galleries with the overall operation consisting of more than 400 buildings, over 142 million objects, and extensive research and outreach capabilities. Some of the Smithsonian Institution’s buildings are more than a century old. And in many cases, due to the age of these buildings and the heavy visitation to the museums and galleries, the buildings and 347 348 systems ate breaking down at an accelerated pace. Continual repair, restoration, and alteration of the Smithsonian Institution’s facilities require careful management and maximization of available resources for each project. The Smithsonian Institution’s Office of Facilities Engineering and Operations (OFEO) is responsible for overseeing repair and restoration of existing facilities, as well as construction of new facilities. OFEO’s primary focus is facilities management. However, its records are not linked to the SFS. Acquiring and implementing a property equipment accounting and management system as part of the Smithsonian Institution’s new core financial system will significantly improve the ability to account for repair, restoration, and alteration costs of the Smithsonian Institution’s facilities. Modernization of the Smithsonian Institution’s financial systems to ensure the integrity of resources entrusted is a top priority. Audit Requirements The Smithsonian Institution’s financial statements are audited annually by an independent public accounting firm, as required by OMB Bulletin No. 98-08, dated August 24, 1998, as amended by OMB Bulletin No. 01-02, dated October 16, 2000, which implements the audit provisions of the CFO Act of 1990, the Government Management Reform Act (GMRA) of 1994, and the Federal Financial Management Improvement Act of 1996. The Smithsonian Institution’s financial statements are prepared in conformity with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 116, which establishes accounting standards for contributions, and SFAS 117, which requires that financial statements for not-for-profit organizations include a Statement of Financial Position, a Statement of Activities, and a Statement of Cash Flows. The Smithsonian Institution’s financial statements are examined in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS). The Smithsonian Institution’s Independent Auditor’s Report issued to the Smithsonian’s Board of Regents and the accompanying Statement of Financial Position of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 2000, and related Statements of Financial Activity and Cash Flows for the year then ended are provided here for reference. 349 Audit Opinion [NOAM 2001 M Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Independent Auditors’ Report Board of Regents Smithsonian Institution: We have audited the accompanying statement of financial position of the Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian) as of September 30, 2000, and the related statements of financial activity and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Smithsonian’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. The prior year summarized comparative information has been derived from the Smithsonian’s 1999 financial statements and, in our report dated January 14, 2000, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 2000, and its changes in net assets and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. KPMG LEP January 12, 2001 Bees Sta AMG tor See a member cf KPMG International. a Swiss association pea Ser ba Reeiictes ts tub aaieena peaesis tM Bie ; ; or Pores e ’ ' 351 Principal Statements SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Position September 30, 2000 (with summarized financial information for the year ended September 30, 1999) ($ millions) Trust Federal Total funds Funds Funds 2000 1999 Assets: Cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury $ 0.5 224.0 224.5 210.3 Receivables and advances 223.7 9:2 232.9 154.6 Prepaid and deferred expenses and other 23.2 0.9 24.1 22.0 Inventory 16.3 - 16.3 15:5 Investments 849.8 - 849.8 738.5 Property and equipment, net 222.1 507.7 729.8 600.3 Collections (note 2(k)) - 5 = = Total assets $ 1,335.6 741.8 2,077.4 1,741.2 Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 51.9 62.8 114.7 94.6 Net payable for investment securities purchased 2.2 - 2:2 26.1 Deferred revenue 53.1 - 53.1 49.7 Long-term debt 151.0 - 151.0 41.5 Deposits held for affiliates 0.3 - 0.3 321 Unexpended federal appropriations - 186.8 186.8 191.7 Total liabilities 258.5 249.6 508.1 406.7 Net assets: Unrestricted: Funds functioning as endowments 516.4 - 516.4 459.5 Operational balances 73.1 492.2 565.3 515.8 Total unrestricted net assets 589.5 492.2 1,081.7 975.3 Temporarily restricted: Funds functioning as endowments 160.6 - 160.6 140.4 Donor contributions for facilities 156.6 - 156.6 89.5 Donor contributions for ongoing programs 89.1 - 89.1 63.8 Total temporarily restricted net assets 406.3 - 406.3 293.7 Permanently restricted: True endowment 80.0 - 80.0 63.3 Interest in perpetual and other trusts 1.3 - 1.3 22. Total permanently restricted net assets 81.3 - 81.3 65.5 Total net assets 1,077.1 492.2 1,569.3 1,334.5 Commitments and contingencies Total liabilities and net assets $ 1,335.6 741.8 2,077.4 1,741.2 See accompanying notes to the financial statements. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Activity Year ended September 30, 2000 (with summarized financial information for the year ended September 30, 1999) Operating revenues: Government revenue: Federal appropnations Government grants and contracts Total government revenue Contributions. Program support Construction of facilities Total contnbutions Business activities and other Short-term investment income Endowment payout Private grants Rentals, fees, and commissions Business activities Total business activities and other Total operating revenues Net assets released from restnctions Total operating revenues and other additions Research Collections management Education, public programs, and exhibitions Business activities Administration Advancement Total expenses Increase in net assets from operations Endowment income reinvested Retum of endowed gift Change in net assets related to collection items not capitalized Proceeds from sales Collection items purchased Increase in net assets Net assets, beginning of the year Net assets, end of the year ($ millions) Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Trust Federal Restricted Restricted Total Funds Funds Total Trust Funds Trust Funds 2000 1999 - 445.5 445.5 - - 445.5 402.6 68.8 - 68.8 - - 68.8 66.9 68.8 445.5 5143 - - 5143 469.5 33.1 - 33.1 33.0 15.2 81.3 62.9 - - - 70.1 - 70.1 56.0 33.1 - 33.1 103.1 15.2 151.4 118.9 4.7 - 47 0.1 - 48 2:9 17.7 - 17:7 7.2 0.6 255 21.0 6.2 6.2 15.7 - 21:9 31.9 98 98 - - 98 8.1 219.2 - 219.2 - - 219.2 217.3 257.6 257.6 23.0 0.6 281.2 281.2 359.5 445.5 805.0 126.1 15.8 946.9 869.6 35.2 35.2 (35.2) - - 394.7 445.5 840.2 90.9 15.8 946.9 869.6 70.8 99.1 169.9 - - 169.9 150.2 71 90.2 97.3 - 97.3 93.0 50.6 105.9 156.5 - 156.5 140.4 199.5 199.5 - 199.5 191.8 33.9 110.7 144.6 - 144.6 140.4 12.5 - 12.5 - 12.5 12.1 374.4 405.9 780.3 780.3 727.9 20.3 39.6 59.9 90.9 15.8 166.6 141.7 $4.7 - $4.7 21.7 - 76.4 100.4 : (44.8) 1.2 - 1.2 - 1.2 1.0 (7.7) (1.7) (9.4) : = (9.4) (8.5) 68.5 37.9 106.4 112.6 15.8 234.8 189.8 $21.0 454.3 975.3 293.7 65.5 1,334.5 1,144.7 589.5 492.2 1,081.7 406.3 81.3 1,569.3 1,334.5 See accompanying notes to the financial statements 353 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Cash Flows Year ended September 30, 2000 (with summarized financial information for the year ended September 30, 1999) ($ millions) Trust Federal Total Funds Funds 2000 1999 Cash flows from operating activities: Increase in net assets $ 196.9 37.9 234.8 189.8 Adjustments to reconcile increase in net assets to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Proceeds from sales of collection items (1.2) - (1.2) (1.0) Collection items purchased Teh 17 9.4 8.5 Depreciation 12.6 37.6 50.2 48.0 Loss on disposition of assets 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 Contributions received for increases in endowment (2.9) - (2.9) (4.3) Contributions for construction of facilities (7.6) - (7.6) (3.1) Appropriations for repair, restoration and construction - (66.9) (66.9) (60.4) Investment income restricted for long-term purposes (0.6) - (0.6) (0.5) Provision for doubtful accounts 1.4 - 1.4 (0.5) Net realized and unrealized gain on investments (83.6) - (83.6) (102.3) Decrease (increase) in assets: Receivables and advances (90.6) 10.9 (79.7) (69.8) Prepaid and deferred expenses and other a2 (0.9) (2:1) (2.0) Inventory (1.7) 0.9 (0.8) 5:7 Increase (decrease) in liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses 8.1 12.0 20.1 5.0 Deferred revenue 3.4 - 3.4 0.5 Deposits held for affiliates (2.8) - (2.8) (1.8) Unexpended federal appropriations - (4.9) (4.9) 9:1 Net cash provided by operating activities 38.2 28.5 66.7 21:3 Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from sales of collection items 1.2 - 1.2 1.0 Collection items purchased (7.7) @:7) (9.4) (8.5) Purchases of property and equipment (103.7) (76.5) (180.2) (88.9) Purchases of investment securities (679.4) - (679.4) (946.8) Proceeds from the sales/maturities of investment securities 627.8 - 627.8 958.1 Net cash used in investing activities (161.8) (78.2) (240.0) (85.1) 354 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Cash Flows (continued) ($ millions) Trust Funds Cash flows from financing activities: Contributions for increases in endowment 29 Contributions for construction of facilities 7.6 Appropriations for repair, restoration and construction - Investment income restricted for long-term purposes 0.6 Payments on long-term debt (86.4) Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net 195.9 Net cash provided by financing activities 120.6 Net increase (decrease) in cash and balances with U.S. Treasury (3.0) Cash and balances with U.S. Treasury: Beginning of the year 3.5 End of the year $ 0.5 Federal Funds Total 2000 1999 2.9 4.3 7.6 3.1 66.9 60.4 0.6 0.5 (86.4) - 195.9 - 187.5 68.3 14.2 4.5 210.3 205.8 224.5 210.3 Cash paid for interest during fiscal years 2000 and 1999 was approximately $1.7 and $1.3, respectively. See accompanying notes to the financial statements. Financial Statements Notes (1) (2) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) Organization The Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian) was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who, in 1826, bequeathed property to the United States of America “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” Congress established the Smithsonian as a trust of the United States and vested responsibility for its administration in the Smithsonian Board of Regents (Board). The Smithsonian is a museum, education and research complex consisting of 16 museums and galleries, the National Zoological Park, and other research facilities. It is based in Washington, D.C. but also maintains facilities and operates programs in five states and Panama. Research is carried out in the Smithsonian’s museums and in other facilities throughout the world. The Smithsonian’s extensive collections number over 140 million objects. During fiscal year 2000, over 28 million individuals visited the Smithsonian museums and other facilities. A substantial portion of the Smithsonian’s operations is funded from annual federal appropriations. The Smithsonian also receives federal appropriations for the construction or repair and restoration of its facilities. Construction of certain facilities has been funded entirely by federal appropriations, while others have been funded by a combination of federal and private funds. In addition to federal appropriations, the Smithsonian receives private gifts and grants, and government grants and contracts and earns income from investments and various business activities. Business activities include Smithsonian magazines and other publications, a mail-order catalogue and museum shops and food services. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (a) General These financial statements present the financial position, financial activity, and cash flows of the Smithsonian on the accrual basis of accounting. Funds received from direct federal appropriations are reported as Federal Funds. All other funds are reported as Trust Funds. Certain amounts for the prior year have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation. The statement of financial activity includes certain prior-year summarized comparative information in total but not by net asset class. Such information does not include sufficient detail to constitute a presentation in conformity accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Accordingly, such information should be read in conjunction with the Smithsonian’s financial statements for the year ended September 30, 1999, from which the summarized information was derived. These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, or the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars which were established by Congress within the Smithsonian, but which are governed by independent boards of trustees. These financial statements do not include the accounts of Reading is Fundamental, another organization governed by an independent board of trustees. 555 356 (b) () SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Federal Funds Federal appropriations revenues are classified as unrestricted and recognized as exchange transactions as expenditures are incurred. The liability for unexpended appropriations represents amounts received by the Smithsonian which have not been obligated or for goods or services it has ordered but not received. The net assets of federal funds consist primarily of the Smithsonian’s net investment in property and equipment purchased with or constructed using federal funds. The Smithsonian was appropriated $371.2 for operations and $66.9 for construction or repair and restoration of facilities in fiscal year 2000. Federal appropriations for operations are generally available for obligation only in the year received. In accordance with Public Law 101-510, these appropriations are maintained by the Smithsonian for five years following the year of appropriation, after which the appropriation account is closed and any unexpended balances are returned to the U.S. Treasury. During fiscal year 2000, the Smithsonian returned $2.9 to the U.S. Treasury which represented the unexpended balance of appropriations for operations for fiscal year 1995. Federal appropriations for construction or repair and restoration of facilities are generally available for obligation until expended. Trust Funds Net assets and revenues, expenses, gains and losses of trust funds are classified based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions. Accordingly, the net assets of trust funds are classified and reported as follows: Unrestricted Net assets that are not subject to any donor-imposed or other legal stipulations on the use of the funds. Funds functioning as endowments in this category represent unrestricted assets which have been designated by management or the Board for long-term investment. Temporarily restricted Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations that may be met by actions of the Smithsonian and/or the passage of time. Funds functioning as endowments in this category represent donor-restricted contributions that have been designated by management or the Board for long-term investment. (d) (2) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) Permanently restricted Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations that the principal be maintained permanently by the Smithsonian. Generally, the donors of these assets permit the Smithsonian to use all or part of the income earned on investment of the assets for either general or donor-specified purposes. Revenues from sources other than contributions are reported as increases in unrestricted net assets. Contributions are reported as increases in the appropriate category of net assets. Expenses are reported as decreases in unrestricted net assets. Gains and losses on investments are reported as increases or decreases in unrestricted net assets, unless their use is restricted by explicit donor stipulations or by law. Expiration of temporary restrictions on net assets (1.e., the donor stipulation has been fulfilled and/or the stipulated time period has elapsed) are reported as reclassifications from temporarily restricted net assets to unrestricted net assets. Cash and Cash Equivalents Short-term investments with maturities at date of purchase of three months or less (except those purchased with funds held by external investment managers) are considered cash equivalents. At September 30, 2000, cash equivalents consisted of a repurchase agreement of $3.3. Contributions Contributions, including unconditional promises to give, are recognized as revenues in the period received. Conditional promises to give are not recognized until the conditions on which they depend are substantially met. Contributions of assets other than cash are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of gift, except that contributions of items held as part of the Smithsonian’s collections are not capitalized. Contributions restricted to the acquisition of long-lived assets are recorded as temporarily restricted revenue in the period received. The donor’s restrictions expire and the related net assets are released from restriction when the long-lived asset is placed in service Contributions receivable are reported net of estimated uncollectible amounts determined based on management’s judgment and analysis of the creditworthiness of donors, past collection experience and other relevant factors. Contributions expected to be collected beyond one year are discounted to present value using a risk-free rate for the expected period of collection. In-kind contributions of goods and services totaling $7.6 were received in fiscal year 2000 and recorded as program support in the accompanying statement of financial activity. In-kind contributions include donated space, equipment and various other items. A substantial number of volunteers also make significant contributions of time to the Smithsonian, enhancing its activities and programs. In fiscal year 2000, more than 5,800 volunteers contributed approximately 449,000 hours of service to the Smithsonian. The value of these contributions is not susceptible to objective measurement and, accordingly, is not recognized in the financial statements. 357 358 (g) (h) () SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) Deferred Revenues and Expenses Revenues from subscriptions to Smithsonian and Air & Space/Smithsonian magazines are deferred and recognized over the period of the subscription, generally one year. Promotion production expenses are recognized when related advertising materials are released. Direct-response advertising relating to the magazines is deferred and amortized over one year. At September 30, 2000, prepaid and deferred expenses include $6.6 of deferred promotion costs, related primarily to the Smithsonian magazine. Promotion expense totaled $18.4 in fiscal year 2000 and is included in business activities expenses in the statement of financial activity. Inventories Inventories are reported at the lower of cost or market, and consist primarily of merchandise inventory, books, recordings, and office supplies. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. Investments Investments in marketable equity and debt securities are reported at fair value based on quoted market prices. Changes in fair value are recognized in the statement of financial activity. Purchases and sales of investments are recorded on the trade date. Investment income is recorded when earned. As mandated by Congress, the Smithsonian maintains two U.S. Treasury investments totaling $1.0 relating in part to the original gift from James Smithson. The Smithsonian uses the “total return” approach to management of investments of pooled true endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds (referred to collectively as the endowment). Under this approach, the endowment pays out an amount for annual support of operations based upon a number of factors evaluated and approved by the Board of Regents; however, if the market value of any endowment fund is less than 110 percent of its historical value, the payout is limited to the actual interest and dividends allocable to that fund. The difference between the total return (i.e., dividends, interest and net gain or loss) and the payout is reported as nonoperating income or loss in the statement of financial activity. Split Interest Agreements and Perpetual Trusts Split interest agreements with donors consist primarily of irrevocable charitable remainder trusts and charitable gift annuities. For the charitable remainder trusts, assets are included in investments. Contribution revenues are recognized at the date the trusts are established after recording liabilities for the present value of the estimated future payments to be made to the donors and/or other beneficiaries. The liabilities are adjusted during the terms of the trusts for changes in the value of the assets, accretion of discounts, and other changes in the estimated future benefits. For the charitable gift annuities, assets are recognized at fair value on the date of the annuity agreements. An annuity liability is recognized at the present value of future cash flows expected to be paid to the donor and contribution revenues are recognized as the difference between the assets and liability. Liabilities are adjusted during the term of the annuities for payments to donors, accretion of discounts and changes in the life expectancies of the donors. @ (k) ()) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) The Smithsonian is also the beneficiary of certain perpetual trusts held and administered by others. The present values of the estimated future cash receipts from the trusts are recognized as assets and contribution revenues at the dates the trusts are established. Distributions from the trusts are recorded as investment income and the carrying value of the assets is adjusted for changes in the estimates of future receipts. Property and Equipment Property and equipment purchased with federal or trust funds are recorded at cost. Property and equipment acquired through transfer from government agencies are recorded at net book value or fair value at the date of transfer, whichever is more readily determinable. Property and equipment acquired through donation are recorded at appraised value at the date of the gift. These assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives as follows: Buildings 30 years Major renovations 15 years Equipment 3-10 years Certain lands occupied by the Smithsonian’s buildings, primarily located in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia, were appropriated and reserved by Congress for the Smithsonian’s use. The Smithsonian serves as trustee of these lands for as long as they are used to carry out its mission. These lands are titled in the name of the U.S. Government and are not included in the accompanying financial statements. Collections The Smithsonian acquires its collections, which include works of art, library books, photographic archives, objects and specimens, by purchase (using federal or trust funds) or by donation. All collections are held for public exhibition, education, or research, furthering the Smithsonian’s mission to increase and diffuse knowledge to the public. The Smithsonian’s Collections Management policy includes guidance on the preservation, care and maintenance of the collections and procedures relating to the accession/deaccession of items within the collections. In conformity with the practice generally followed by museums, no value is assigned to the collections in the statement of financial position. Purchases of collection items are recognized as reductions in unrestricted net assets in the period of acquisition. Proceeds from deaccessions or insurance recoveries for lost or destroyed collection items are recognized as increases in the appropriate net asset class, and are designated for future collection acquisitions. Items that are acquired with the intent to sell, exchange, or otherwise use them for financial gain are not considered collection items and are recorded as other assets at their fair value at the date of acquisition. Financial Instruments The carrying value of long-term debt obligations in the financial statements exceeds its fair value by approximately $2.8 at September 30, 2000. The fair value of debt is determined based on quoted market prices for publicly traded issues and on the discounted future payments to be made for other issues. The discount rates used approximate current market rates for loans of similar maturities and credit quality. The carrying values of all other financial instruments in the financial statements approximate their fair market values. 359 360 (3) (m) (n) (0) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) Annual Leave The Smithsonian’s civil service and trust employees earn annual leave in accordance with federal laws and regulations and internal policies, respectively. Annual leave for all employees is recognized as expense when earned. Sponsored Projects The Smithsonian receives grants and enters into contracts with the U.S. Government and state and local governments, which generally provide for cost reimbursement to the Smithsonian. Revenues under these agreements are recognized as reimbursable expenditures are incurred. These revenues include recoveries of facilities and administrative costs which are generally determined as a negotiated or agreed-upon percentage of direct costs, with certain exclusions. Advancement The Smithsonian raises private financial support from individual donors, corporations and foundations to fund programs and other initiatives. Funds are also generated through numerous membership programs. Fund-raising costs are expensed as incurred and reported as advancement expenses in the statement of financial activity. Fundraising expenses for fiscal year 2000 were $11.4. Receivables and Advances Receivables and advances consisted of the following at September 30, 2000: Trust Federal Total Trade receivables, net of $1.1 in allowances $ 171 —_ 17.1 Contributions receivable, net 191.7 == 191.7 Grants and contracts 10.7 — 10.7 Accrued interest and dividends 1 1 Advance payments 0.8 9.2 10 Charitable trust 1:7 — 1 Total receivables and advances $ 223.7 9.2 232 (4) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) Contributions receivable, net, are summarized as follows at September 30, 2000: Due within: Less than | year $ 50.8 1 to 5 years 117.6 More than 5 years 67.8 236.2 Less: Allowance for uncollectible pledges (5:2) Discount to present value (at rates ranging from 4.43 to 6.45%) (39.3) Contributions receivable, net $ 191.7 At September 30, 2000 approximately $140.0 million of gross contributions, to be used for construction of facilities, were due from two donors. At September 30, 2000, the Smithsonian has outstanding conditional contributions totaling $6.0 which will be recognized if and when the specific conditions are met. At September 30, 2000, federal advance payments of $9.2 represent prepayments made to government agencies, educational institutions, firms and individuals for services to be rendered or property or materials to be provided. These payments include $5.7 paid to the General Services Administration to purchase equipment for the Museum Support Center and other projects to be completed in future years. Federal Appropriations Federal appropriation revenues recognized in fiscal year 2000 are reconciled to the federal appropriations for fiscal year 2000 as follows: Repair and Salaries and _ Restoration and Expenses Construction Total Federal appropriation revenue $ 372.8 21 445.5 Unexpended 2000 appropriation 53.9 66.9 120.8 Amounts expended from prior years (51.6) (7257) (124.3) Other funding (3.9) (3.9) Fiscal year 2000 federal appropriations $ 371.2 66.9 438.1 361 362 (5) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) Federal expenses recognized in fiscal year 2000 are reconciled to the federal appropriations for fiscal year 2000 as follows: Repair and Salariesand Restoration and Expenses Construction Total Federal expenses $ 3719 34.0 405.9 Unexpended 2000 appropriation 93.9 66.9 120.8 Depreciation (3.6) (34.0) (37.6) Supplies consumption (0.1) — (0.1) Gain (loss) on disposition of assets (0.2) — (0.2) Unfunded annual leave (0.7) — (0.7) Amounts expended from prior years (51.6) (2.7) (124.3) Capital expenditures 3.8 2S), 76.5 Collection items purchased 17 — ee Other funding (3.9) — (3.9) Fiscal year 2000 federal appropriations $ S72 66.9 438.1 Unexpended appropriations for all fiscal years total $186.8 at September 30, 2000, and consist of $81.8 in unexpended operating funds, $53.8 in unexpended repair and restoration funds and $51.2 in unexpended construction funds. Unexpended operating funds include amounts for moving the Museum Support Center and for the National Museum of the American Indian. Unexpended repair and restoration funds represent amounts available for ongoing major work at the Smithsonian’s museums and facilities. Unexpended construction funds represent amounts appropriated for new facilities. Accessions and Deaccessions For fiscal year 2000, $7.7 of trust funds and $1.7 of federal funds were spent to acquire collection items. Proceeds from trust fund deaccessions were $1.2. There were no deaccessions of collection items purchased with federal funds in fiscal year 2000. At September 30, 2000, accumulated proceeds and related earnings from deaccessions amounted to $18.5. Noncash deaccessions result from the exchange, donation, or destruction of collection items, and occur because objects deteriorate, are outside the scope of a museum’s mission, or are duplicative. During fiscal year 2000, the Smithsonian’s noncash deaccessions included works of art, animals, historical objects, and natural specimens. Contributed items held for sale, which are included in other assets, were $4.1 at September 30, 2000. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) Investments Investments consisted of the following at September 30, 2000: Short-term investments: Cash equivalents $ 2371 U.S. Government obligations 80.3 103.4 Endowment and similar investments: Pooled investments: Cash equivalents 6.4 U.S. Government and agency obligations PS Corporate bonds and other obligations 219.3 Common and preferred stocks 509.3 Total pooled investments 742.5 Nonpooled investments: Deposits with U.S. Treasury 1.0 Total endowment and similar investments 743.5 Gift annuity program investments: Cash equivalents 0.1 Corporate bonds and other obligations 0.8 Common and preferred stocks 2.0 29 Total investments $ 849.8 At September 30, 2000, short-term investments include $25.1 in unexpended proceeds from long-term debt to be used for specific facilities. Investments are professionally managed by outside investment organizations, subject to direction and oversight by a committee of the Board. The Board has established investment policies and guidelines which cover asset allocation and performance objectives and impose various restrictions and limitations on the managers. These restrictions and limitations are specific to each asset classification and cover concentrations of credit risk, credit quality of fixed-income and short-term investments, investments in foreign securities and various other matters. Investment income consisted of the following for fiscal year 2000: Dividend and interest income $ 24.5 Net realized and unrealized gain 83.6 Investment management fees (1.4) Net investment income $ 106.7 363 364 (7) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) Investment income is classified in the statement of financial activity as follows for fiscal year 2000: Short-term investment income $ 4.8 Endowment payout 25;.5 Endowment income reinvested 76.4 Net investment income $ 106.7 Endowment Funds Substantially all of the investments of the endowment are pooled on a market value basis, with individual funds subscribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the per unit market value at the beginning of the month in which the transaction takes place. At September 30, 2000, the market value of the pool equated to eight hundred and five dollars per unit. The market value of the pool’s net assets at September 30, 2000, was $741.0. This represents pooled investments minus net receivables and payables related to unsettled investment transactions. Each fund participating in the investment pool receives an annual payout equal to the number of units owned times the annual payout amount per unit. The payout for fiscal year 2000 was twenty seven dollars and eighty cents per unit, or 5 percent of the average per unit market value of the endowment over the prior five years. Net asset balances of the endowment consisted of the following at September 30, 2000: Unrestricted $ 287.4 Unrestricted-designated 229.0 Total unrestricted 516.4 Temporarily restricted 160.6 Permanently restricted 80.0 Total endowment net assets $ 757.0 365 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) (8) Property and Equipment Property and equipment consisted of the following at September 30, 2000: Trust Federal Total Land $ 20.7 - 20.7 Buildings and capital improvements 255.0 954.0 1,209.0 Equipment 33.4 54.9 88.3 Leasehold improvements 2.7 - 251 311.8 1,008.9 1,320.7 Accumulated depreciation (89.7) (501.2) (590.9) Total property and equipment $ 2221 507.7 729.8 At September 30, 2000, buildings and capital improvements included $4.4 and $163.5 of construction in progress within trust and federal funds, respectively. Depreciation expense for fiscal year 2000 totaled $12.6 in the trust funds and $37.6 in the federal funds. (9) Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following at September 30, 2000: Trust Federal Total Accounts payable $ 23:5) 27.5 51.0 Accrued salaries and benefits 25.0 30.8 55.8 Other accrued liabilities 3.4 4.5 79 Total accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 51.9 62.8 114.7 366 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) (10) Long-term Debt The Smithsonian Institution is obligated with respect to the following issues of long-term debt at September 30: Interest-free note, Virginia Department of Aviation, due June 2002 $ 3.0 Bridge loan, variable interest rate, due May 2003 13.6 District of Columbia issues: Series 1997 Revenue Bonds, Serial, principal amounts ranging from $.8 to $1.2, interest rates 4.10% to 4.75%, due February 1, 2002 through 2012 10.9 Series 1997 Revenue Bonds, Term Interest rate 5.00%, due February 1, 2017 Tal Interest rate 4.75%, due February 1, 2018 1.6 Interest rate 5.00%, due February 1, 2028 21.6 Series 2000 Revenue Bonds, Series A, principal amounts ranging from $1.0 to $5.6, interest rates 4.90% to 6.00%, due November 1, 2004 through 2015 28.5 Series 2000 Revenue Bonds, Series B Variable interest rate, due November 1, 2034 64.8 Less unamortized bond discount (0.1) Total long-term debt $ 151.0 The individual debt components are described as follows: Virginia Department of Aviation The Smithsonian received an interest-free loan from the Virginia Department of Aviation in 1995 in the amount of $3.0 for planning, marketing, fund raising and design of the proposed National Air and Space Museum Extension at Washington Dulles International Airport. Bridge Loan The Smithsonian received a loan from a bank in 2000 in the amount of $100 million to finance the renovation of a facility known as the Victor building. The loan bears interest at a rate per annum equal to the lesser of (a) the maximum rate, as defined in the loan agreement, or (b) the applicable LIBOR rate (6.8% at September 30, 2000). A portion of the proceeds from the Series 2000 Revenue Bonds was used to repay to a substantial portion of the loan. (11) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) Series 1997 Revenue Bonds The Series 1997 Serial and Term Revenue Bonds were issued by the District of Columbia on behalf of the Smithsonian and represent unsecured general obligations of the Smithsonian. Interest is payable semiannually every August 1 and February 1. Principal and interest payments will be funded solely through trust funds. The term bonds maturing on February 1, 2017 and February 1, 2028 are subject to mandatory redemption by sinking fund installments. Installment payments for the term bond maturing February 1, 2017, begin on February 1, 2013 and range from $1.3 to $1.6 per year through the maturity date. Installment payments for the term bond maturing February 1, 2028 begin on February 1, 2019 and range from $1.7 to $2.7 per year through the maturity date. Series 2000 Revenue Bonds The Series 2000 Revenue Bonds were issued by the District of Columbia on behalf of the Smithsonian and represent unsecured general obligations of the Smithsonian. Proceeds from the bond issue will be used to finance, refinance and reimburse certain costs of acquisition and renovation of the Victor Building. The Series B bonds bear interest at a variable interest rate determined in accordance with the Indenture (5.4% at September 30, 2000). Interest is payable semiannually on May 1 and November 1, commencing on November 1, 2000. The principal and interest payments will be funded solely through trust funds. Interest on long-term debt for fiscal year 2000 totaled $3.9, of which approximately $2.2 was capitalized. The annual maturities of long-term debt for the five fiscal years subsequent to the fiscal year 2000 and thereafter are as follows: 2001, $0; 2002, $3.8; 2003, $14.4; 2004, $0.9; 2005, $6.5; and thereafter, $125.4. Related Organizations The Smithsonian provides fiscal, procurement, facilities and administrative services to several separately incorporated organizations which have a relationship with the Smithsonian. The amounts paid to the Smithsonian by these organizations for these services totaled $.1 of trust funds and $.2 of federal funds for fiscal year 2000. Deposits held in custody for these organizations at September 30, 2000, were $.3 and are included in the trust funds. The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ), an independent 501(c)(3) organization, raises funds for the benefit of the Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park. Funds received by the Smithsonian from FONZ are recorded as unrestricted revenue and totaled $.6 in fiscal year 2000. 367 368 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) (12) Employee Benefit Plans The federal employees of the Smithsonian are covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS). The terms of these plans are defined in federal regulations. Under both systems, the Smithsonian withholds from each federal employee’s salary the required salary percentage. The Smithsonian also contributes specified percentages. The Smithsonian’s expense for these plans for fiscal year 2000 was $17.8. The Smithsonian has a separate defined contribution retirement plan for trust fund employees in which substantially all such employees are eligible to participate. Under the plan, the Smithsonian contributes stipulated percentages of salary which are used to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the employees. Employees can make voluntary contributions, subject to certain limitations. The Smithsonian’s expense for this plan for fiscal year 2000 was $11.3. In addition to the Smithsonian’s retirement plans, the Smithsonian makes available certain health care and life insurance benefits to active and retired trust fund employees. The plan is contributory for retirees and requires payment of premiums and deductibles. Retiree contributions for premiums are established by an insurance carrier based on the average per capita cost of benefit coverage for all participants. Information relating to the obligations, assets and funded status of the plan as of September 30, 2000, and for the year then ended is summarized as follows: Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at September 30, 1999 $ 4.8 Service cost 0.3 Interest cost 0.3 Benefits paid (0.1) Benefit obligation, September 30, 2000 5.3 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, September 30, 1999 — Actual return on plan assets =a Employer contributions 0.1 Benefits paid (0.1) Fair value of plan assets, September 30, 2000 = Projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets (5.3) Unrecognized transition obligation 43 Unrecognized net actuarial gain (5.9) Accrued postretirement benefit obligation $ (6.9) 369 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost 0.3 Interest cost 0.3 Amortization of transition obligation 0.3 Amortization of unrecognized gain (0.6) $ 0.3 Weighted-average assumptions as of September 30: Discount rate 8.25% Expected return on plan assets 8.25% Rate of compensation increase 3.50% The projected benefit obligation at September 30, 2000 was determined assuming a 6.5 percent annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits for fiscal year 2001. The rate was assumed to decrease gradually to 4.5 percent for fiscal year 2004 and remain at that level thereafter. A one percent change in the assumed health care cost trend rate at September 30, 2000 would have resulted in an approximate $.5 increase or $.4 decrease in the postretirement benefit obligation and an approximate $.1 increase or decrease in the 2000 postretirement benefit cost. (13) Income Taxes The Smithsonian is recognized as exempt from income taxation under the provisions of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income. Periodical advertising sales is the principal source of unrelated business income for the Smithsonian. An IRS determination letter has been received supporting the Smithsonian’s tax-exempt status. No provision for income taxes was required for fiscal year 2000. 370 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) (14) Business Activities A summary of business activities revenue and expenses for fiscal year 2000 is as follows: Revenue Expenses Net Smithsonian Business Ventures Magazines $ 70.7 57.4 13.3 Museum shops and mail order 71.2 68.3 2.9 Smithsonian Catalogue Books and Recordings Sh) 2.0 0.2 Concessions, licensing and other 92 6.0 32. 153.3 133.7 19.6 The Smithsonian Associates 33.8 35.0 (1.2) Air and Space Theater & Einstein Planetarium 4.6 3 ibs) All other 27:5 PINT (0.2) Total business activities $ 219.2 199.5 19.7 (15) Commitments and Contingencies (a) Leasing Activities The Smithsonian leases office and warehouse space under long-term operating leases expiring at various dates to 2008. These leases generally provide for rent escalations for increases in property taxes or operating expenses attributable to the leased properties or based on increases in the Consumer Price Index. The Smithsonian has the authority to enter into leases for up to 30 years using federal funds. Annual minimum lease payments due under operating leases in effect at September 30, 2000, are summarized as follows: 2001 $ 10.1 2002 8.0 2003 6.8 2004 5.4 2005 35 Thereafter 3:3 | + Rental expense under operating leases totaled $17.3 for fiscal year 2000. (b) () (d) (2) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 2000 ($ millions) Government Grants and Contracts The Smithsonian receives funding or reimbursement from governmental agencies for various activities which are subject to audit. Audits of these activities have been completed through fiscal year 1999. Management believes that any adjustments which may result from the audit for fiscal year 2000 will not have a significant effect on the Smithsonian’s financial position. Litigation The Smithsonian is a party to various litigation arising out of the normal conduct of its operations. In the opinion of the Smithsonian’s General Counsel, the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a significant effect on the Smithsonian’s financial position. National Museum of the American Indian Construction of the National Museum of the American Indian was in progress at September 30, 2000, and commitments under related contracts aggregated approximately $1.9 at that date. Federal appropriations of $73.3 are budgeted for this project and related contributions collected or pledged of $29.0 are included in temporarily restricted net assets at September 30, 2000. The museum is expected to open in fiscal year 2003. National Air and Space Museum Extension In October 2000, construction began on an extension of the National Air and Space Museum at Washington Dulles International Airport in Northern Virginia. The costs of this project are estimated at $238 and are expected to be financed through a combination of contributions, net revenues from business activities of the facility, and external borrowing. Contributions and business activities revenues are expected to fully service any external borrowing required to complete construction. Restricted contributions collected or pledged of $80 are included in temporarily restricted net assets at September 30, 2000. This facility is expected to open in fiscal year 2004. 37] 373 Other Accompanying Information Endowment Funds The Smithsonian Institution’s objectives for its endowment are: « To provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures, and « To protect the purchasing power of the endowment against inflation. Net market value of the Smithsonian Institution endowment increased from $657.3 million for the year ended September 30, 1999, to $741.0 million for the year ended September 30, 2000. Additions to the endowment consisted of $1.5 million in new gifts and $5.8 million in internal transfers. The total return for fiscal year 2000 was 15.8 percent. Figure 4: Endowment Asset Allocation Percentages at September 30, 2000 11% 19% Domestic Large Cap = 39% El Domestic Small Cap = 11% O International = 19% 0 eo OFixed Income = 31% 31% 374 Figure 5: Endowment Asset Allocation Percentages at September 30, 1999 1% GH Domestic Large Cap = Le) 28% 39% : & Domestic Small Cap = 39% 141% O International = 21% O Fixed Income = 28% HCash = 1% 21% 11% 375 The Aznals were copyedited and proofread by Chester Zhivanos. Princeton Editorial Associates, Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, assembled and typeset the material. Complete volume printed by Colonial Printing, Richmond, Virginia. The contents of the Anna/s were produced from electronic files provided by the museums, offices, and research institutes of the Smithsonian. 7 par v6 iy Vode ni eae enters Polowisagen ‘at it == wi ie May Smithsonian Institution National Collections Program William G. Tompkins, National Collections Coordinator Lauri A. Swann, Assistant National Collections Coordinator For additional copies contact: National Collections Program PO Box 37012 Arts and Industries Building, Room 3101 MRC 404, Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20013-7012 Tel. (202) 357-3125 Fax (202) 633-9214 Email tompkinsw@si.edu