87 VOLUME 103 PART 1 APRIL 1993 4 OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN — MUSEUM CAPE TOWN etme, INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS 1. MATERIAL should be original and not published elsewhere, in whole or in part. 2. LAYOUT should be as follows: (a) Centred masthead to consist of Title: informative but concise, without abbreviations and not including the names of new genera or species Author’s(s’) name(s) Address(es) of author(s) (institution where work was carried out) Number of illustrations (figures, enumerated maps and tables, in this order) (b) Abstract of not more than 200 words, intelligible to the reader without reference to the text (c) Table of contents giving hierarchy of headings and subheadings (d) Introduction (e) Subject-matter of the paper, divided into sections to correspond with those given in table of contents (f) Summary, if paper is lengthy (g) Acknowledgements (h) References (i) Abbreviations, where these are numerous. 3. 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If Letraset is used authors are requested to use Helvetica-style letter- ing, if possible. The number of the figure should be lightly marked in pencil on the back of each illustration. 5. REFERENCES cited in text and synonymies should all be included in the list at the end of the paper, using the Harvard System (ibid., idem, loc. cit., op. cit. are not acceptable): (a) Author’s name and year of publication given in text, e.g.: ‘Smith (1969) describes . . .” ‘Smith (1969: 36, fig. 16) describes . . .” ‘As described (Smith 1969a, 19696; Jones 1971)’ ‘As described (Haughton & Broom 1927) .. .” ‘As described (Haughton ef al. 1927)...” Note: no comma separating name and year Pagination indicated by colon, not p. names of joint authors connected by ampersand et al. in text for more than two joint authors, but names of all authors given in list of references. (b) Full references at the end of the paper, arranged alphabetically by names, chronologically within each name, with suffixes a, b, etc., to the year for more than one paper by the same author in that year, e.g. Smith (1969a, 1969b) and not Smith (1969, 1969a). For books give title in italics, edition, volume number, place of publication, publisher. For journal article give title of article, title of journal in italics (according to the World list of scientific periodicals. 4th ed. London: Butterworths, 1963), series in parentheses, volume number, part number in parentheses, pagination (first and last pages of article). Examples (note capitalization and punctuation) Bu.toucH, W. S. 1960. Practical invertebrate anatomy. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan. FiscHER, P. H. 1948. Données sur la résistance et de la vitalité des mollusques. Journal de conchyliologie 88 (3): 100-140. FiscHer, P. H., Duvat, M. & Rarry, A. 1933. Etudes sur les échanges respiratoires des littorines. Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale 74 (33): 627-634. Koun, A. J. 1960a. Ecological notes on Conus (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the Trincomalee region of Ceylon. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (13) 2 (17): 309-320. Koun, A. J. 19606. Spawning behaviour, egg masses and larval development in Conus from the Indian Ocean. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, Yale University 17 (4): 1-51. THIELE, J. 1910. Mollusca. B. Polyplacophora, Gastropoda marina, Bivalvia. Jn: ScHuLTZE, L. Zoologische und anthro- pologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Stid-Afrika ausgefiihrt in den Jahren 1903-1905 4 (15). Denkschriften der medizinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 16: 269-270. (continued inside back cover) ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM Volume 103 +#£4Band April 1993 April Part 1 Deel y Y TRUSS CoS AS = " YR / Wy ce DQ <> avin nq NOS QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM THE CONTINENTAL MARGIN OFF SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA. PART I. MINOR TAXA By R. V. DINGLE Cape Town Kaapstad The ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM are issued in parts at irregular intervals as material becomes available Obtainable from the South African Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000 Die ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM word uitgegee in dele op ongereelde tye na gelang van die beskikbaarheid van stof Verkrygbaar van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum, Posbus 61, Kaapstad 8000 OUT OF PRINT/UIT DRUK 1, 21-3, 5-8), 3(1-2, 4—5, 8, t—p.i.), 51-3, 5, 7-9), 6(1, t—p.i.), 71-4), 8, 9(1-2, 7), 1011-3), 11(1-2, 5, 7, t—p.i.), 14(1-3), 15(4—5), 24(2, 5), 27, 31(1-3), 32(5), 33, 36(2), 43(1), 45(1), 67(5), 84(2) Copyright enquiries to the South African Museum Kopieregnavrae aan die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum ISBN 0 86813 143 1 Printed in South Africa by In Suid-Afrika gedruk deur The Rustica Press, Pty., Ltd., Die Rustica-pers, Edms., Bpk., Old Mill Road, Ndabeni, Cape Old Millweg, Ndabeni, Kaap D1893 QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM THE CONTINENTAL MARGIN OFF SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA. PART II. MINOR TAXA By R. V. DINGLE Micropalaeontology Research Unit, South African Museum, Cape Town (With 87 figs and 4 tables) [MS accepted 28 May 1991] ABSTRACT One hundred and four species belonging to at least forty-two genera comprise 13 per cent by abundance of the total benthic ostracod fauna from the continental shelf and upper slope between the Kunene River and Cape Agulhas. The remaining 87 per cent of the fauna (comprising 18 species) have previously been described in Part I of this report. Twenty-six new species are described herein: Cytherelloidea compuncta, Australoecia fulleri, Neo- caudites lordi, Neocaudites osseus, Neocaudites punctatus, Incongruellina venusta, Parakrithella simp- soni, Cytheropteron whatleyi, Cytheropteron trinodosum, Cytheropteron cuneatum, Cytheropteron frewinae, Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae, Cytherura siesseri, Kangarina sola, Kangarina hendeyi, Hemi- cytherura petheri, Austroaurila rugosa, Mutilus malloryi, Urocythereis arcana, Coquimba birchi, Bun- tonia namaquaensis, Buntonia rogersi, Buntonia bremneri, Buntonia gibbera, Buntonia deweti, and Munseyella eggerti. Twenty of the species have been previously recorded from the area, and fifty-eight species are left in open nomenclature. The largest number of species of the minor taxa occurs in water shallower than 300 m, and concen- trations of upper and lower depth limits of species occur at 200-300 m (outer continental shelf: mixed layer/Antarctic Intermediate Water boundary) and 500-600 m (upper continental slope: top of AATW salinity minimum zone). There are important latitudinal range limits (boundaries to faunal assemblages) at 19,5°S (Walvis Ridge abutment), 22,5°S (Walvis Bay), 29,5—31,5°S (Namaqualand shelf), and 34°S (Cape Peninsula). CONTENTS PAGE |ST(TOYG 1S (LHL OF Vrenctaes ovate Sretts ces HEN Raley GR CRSA RRS Cael tee PLR MMP Ren stp te Rea erute amen es 1 SY SLCINALIC GESCHIPEIONS ac 2 eta cafava sake ae Wee at eon ee a ct Aen Tosa ewan eyes ake 4 SULATTIAT IN crete he atey arc certol hones Ree ee meegicl ieosesra el ree, oo are ee EAS OE er nes anges cc 156 PACKT OW ICUS EMIENES meme ree vse Stree each ere ere pe iene a eS CVE Arun ge 158 FRELETETICES Hectares en eit rare eee ee arene ee eR eee ee ee ia eee ABC ra elise nese. cv 159 INTRODUCTION In a survey of 269 sea-floor sediment samples from the continental shelf and upper slope off south-western Africa, 192 contained ostracod valves. The eighteen dominant taxa that constitute 87 per cent of the total fauna, were documented in Part I of this report (Dingle 1992), and in the present contribution the taxonomy and distribution of the remaining 13 per cent, represented by 104 species, are described. These species were encountered in 134 samples (Fig. 1). Ann S. Afr. Mus. 103 (1), 1993: 1-165, 87 figs, 4 tables. 2 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 45° 20°E KUNENE R. \ \ Na AY aia 20° + ++ \ + *y sae ut i Hoe +Ht+ ) WALVIS BAY HHH Mi \ | a a | oe Sip See +"? LODERITZ - + |, HI $M, HH +4 “, ORANGE R. faaae =| + 4 + \ + } One| ate \ 30 ne 25 \, NAMAQUALAND mI at ty aay ap = ‘ Nix | N ; m \_MBEM | - * a i | | a KNYSNA —— SS ES | 35° a : S 4 ge ey, = aaa Eg | | - ~~ mm 5 aD? | A B Fig. 4. Distribution of Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880) on the continental shelf off south-western Africa (A), and off the south-western Cape (B). Sites with modern specimens are enclosed by dashed lines. Sites in the vicinity of Knysna (A) are from Keeler (1981); B&M = Benson & Maddock’s (1964) site; M = Maddock’s (19695) site GIL 615. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 30° 25° per cent 0 Depth 500 m Fig. 5. A. Latitudinal water-depth distribution of Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880). Modern specimens occur at sites with crosses (enclosed by dashed line). B. Abundance of Bairdoppilata simplex as percentage of ostracod fauna plotted against water depth (five-point running mean). 10 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM north to south as follows: UDL 172 m (N) to 15 m (S), and LDL 392 m (N) to 545 m (S). Across-shelf abundance of B. simplex reaches a maximum inshore of 100 m (20%, Fig. 5B). There is an abundance low between 100 m and 200 m, and a general increase in values with increasing water depth on the outer shelf and upper slope. Superfamily cypRIDACEA Baird, 1845 Family Macrocyprididae Miller, 1912 Genus Macrocypris Brady, 1867 Macrocypris cf. M. metuenda Maddocks, 1990 Fig. 6C, 7 Macrocypris sp. Boomer, 1985: 17-18, pl. 3 (figs 46-47). Illustrated material length height MF-0799, RV, TBD 2472, 201 m 2,91 Le MF-0800, RV, TBD 2472, 201 m 2,63 1,14 Material 103 valves. Remarks In her revision of the Macrocyprididae, Maddocks (1990) distinguished two large species of the genus off south-western Africa: Macrocypris metuenda sp. nov. and M. miranda sp. nov. My material is closer to the former by virtue of its more strongly arched DM, but differs from it on details of MS and in being somewhat smaller in size. Maddocks (1990) suspected that M. metuenda is the largest living macrocyprid, and possible podocopid ostracod, and quoted a size range for adults of between 2 800 up and 3 750 u. My largest specimen is 2 910 u, whereas two other complete adults measure 2 630 and 2 500 uw. In addition, Maddocks (1990) reported the species from water depths of 700-3 800 m, whereas almost all my specimens are from shallower depths. I suspect that my material represents a shallower-water variant of Maddock’s species or, more likely, a very closely related but separate species. Adult valves of my species are fragile (of the 103 valves recovered, only three were complete) and rare. Instars, which form the bulk of the material available, have generally more rounded posteroventral areas, although some have a distinct point. Distribution With one exception (a valve fragment at TBD 3769, north-west of Walvis Bay), all records of this species are from south of 28°S (Fig. 8). Adult specimens are particularly large and fragile, and whole valves were recovered at only two sites, both on the Orange— Namaqualand shelf. Keeler (1981) did not record this species on the eastern Agulhas Bank, so its eastern limit must lie somewhere between 20° and 23°E. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 11 1@Grm eos Fig. 6. A-—B. Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880), MF—0595, RV, TBD 6846, 95m. A. ATE, SEM 2743. B.PTE, SEM 2742. C.Macrocypris cf. M.metuenda Maddocks, 1990, MF—0800, RV, TBD 2472, 201m. Photograph from Boomer 1985, pl.3 (fig. 46). D.Macrocypria sp. 3471, MF-0766, C, TBD 2222, 155m, right view, SEM 3471. E.Argilloecia sp. 3483, MF—0771, RV, TBD 3179, 437 m, SEM 3483. F. Propontocypris cf. P. (Propontocypis) subreniformis (Brady, 1880), MF-0596, RV, TBD 3320, 72 m, SEM 2990. Scales: A-B = 10 yp, C, E-F = 100 uy, D = 500 nu. 12 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM eee ® a Oy ls Fig. 7. Muscle scars of Macrocypris cf. M. metuenda Maddocks, 1990, MF—0799, RV, TBD 2477, 201 m. Edges of depressed area are dotted. Scale = 200 u. Modern juveniles occur at several sites between the Cape Peninsula and Cape Agul- has, and cluster in the shallow areas, where they have UDL and LDL of 15 m and 133 m, respectively. Relict specimens have a wider latitudinal distribution, and occur over the depth range 15—736 m. The UDL north of 31°S is c. 200 m. Genus Macrocypria Sars, 1923 Macrocypria sp. 3471 Fig. 6D Illustrated material length height MF-0766, C, TBD 2222, 155 m 2,00 0,70 Material Five valves. Remarks This species is placed within Macrocypria on the basis of its elongate shape and large size (2 000 uw). According to the Cologne Index (Kempf 1986), the only other named Quaternary species is the type, @. angusta (Sars), from Scandinavian waters, although Maddocks (1979) mentioned at least three new extant species from the Atlantic. Whatley & Downing (1984) have reported a further species (M. elegantula) from the Middle Miocene of south-east Australia. Macrocypria sp. 3471 is closer to Sars’s type than to the Australian form. Distribution This rare species was recovered relict from three sites (TBD 2222: 155 m; TBD 2459: 300 m; TBD 2260: 303 m) from the outer shelf off Liideritz and Namaqualand, and from the middle shelf west of Saldanha Bay. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 13 15° 20° E 20° WALVIS BAY | = ee ae | ss at ‘ LUDERITZ \ 4 ‘ oy @ (ea ~ 30° 4 \ S \ | ~ Wy 4, \ C. AGULHAS a 4 —f i _| ban ) pope TT ml Sa Fig. 8. Distribution of Macrocypris cf. M. metuenda Maddocks, 1990, on the con- tinental margin off south-western Africa. Sites with adult specimens are enclosed by a solid line, and sites with modern specimens are enclosed by a dashed line. Family Pontocyprididae Miller, 1894 Genus Argilloecia Sars, 1866 Argilloecia sp. 3483 Fig. 6E Illustrated material length height MF-0771, RV, TBD 3179, 437 m 0,74 0,35 Material Fourteen valves. 14 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Remarks This fragile, elegant species is characterized by a small compressed lip on the dorsal part of the AM, and a small, nipple-like projection at the posteroventral corner. It is probably a new species, but none of my specimens had well-preserved interior features. Distribution This relatively rare species was recovered from seven sites on the upper continental slope, between latitudes 23,4° and 34,7°S. Specimens have the following UDL and LDL, respectively: 437 m and 900 m (modern), and 450 m and 725 m (relict). Genus Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1947 Subgenus Propontocypris (Propontocypris) Sylvester-Bradley, 1947 Propontocypris cf. P. (P.) subreniformis (Brady, 1880) Figs 6F, 9A, 10 Pontocypris (?) subreniformis Brady, 1880: 38—39, pl. 7 (figs Sa—d). Puri & Hulings, 1976: 259-259, pl. 3 (fig. 16). Propontocypris sp. A Keeler, 1981: 37—38, pl. 1 (fig. 18). Illustrated material length height MF-596, RV, TBD 3320, 72 m 0,70 0.33 MF-597, RV, TBD 3320, 72 m 0,70 0,33 MF-598, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,67 0,31 Material 66 valves. Remarks In his original account of the ‘Challenger’ collection, Brady (1880) claimed to have found Pontocypris (?) subreniformis in False Bay (South Africa) and at Port Jackson (Australia). He illustrated two carapaces—P. subreniformis (pl. 7 (fig. Sa—d)) and P. (?) sub- triangularis (pl. 15 (fig. 6a—d)) but, in the description, referred to only one illustration, the nomen nudum P. (?) subtriangularis (Maddocks 1969a). Puri & Hulings (1976) designated the lectotype of Pontocypris (?) subreniformis as a specimen from Port Jack- son. Because Brady (1880) did not note the provenance of the two carapaces that he illustrated, there is no record of the material that he cited from False Bay. Maddocks (1969a) speculated that the carapace labelled P. (?) subtriangularis could be a specimen from False Bay, but there is no proof. My material is closest to Brady’s pl. 7 (fig. 5a—d), which is referred to the lectotype from Port Jackson by Puri & Hulings (1976) (Fig. 10). Although I have isolated 65 valves, none are well-preserved adults with good inter- nal views. Most specimens retain a coating of very fine hairs, which give the valves an opalescent appearance. The dorsal margin is less angular than some of the species placed in Propontocypris by Maddocks (1969a), but the overall outline of my material is very similar to the lectotype and has a MS pattern consisting of five scars in three horizontal rows. Maddocks (1969a: 17) was satisfied that the lectotype of P. (?) subreniformis QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 15 16@rm 6034 19kU 15@e « Fig. 9. A. Propontocypris cf. P. (Propontocypis) subreniformis (Brady, 1880), MF—-0597, LV, TBD 3320, 72 m, internal view, SEM 3000. — B. Propontocypris (?Propontocypris) sp. 3434, MF—-0739, LV, TBD 6836, 80 m, SEM 3434. C. Propontocypris (?Ekpontocypris) sp. 3445, MF-0757, C, TBD 6846, 95 m, left view, SEM 3445. D. Propontocypris (?Schedopontocypis) sp. 3535, MF—-0747, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 3535. E-F. Australoecia fulleri sp. nov., TBD 6846, 95 m. E. Holotype, MF—0599, LV, SEM 3049. F. Paratype, MF—0600, RV, SEM 3051. Scales: all 100 p. 16 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM as C' > | x ® & Fig. 10. Outlines of species of Propontocypris. .A—B. Propontocypris cf. P. (Propontocypis) subreniformis (Brady, 1880). A. MF-0597, LV, TBD 3320, 72m. B.MEF—0598, RV, TBD 6846, 95m. C. Propontocypris (Propon- tocypris) subreniformis (Brady, 1880), lectotype, RV, BM 81.5.5 (Puri & Hulings 1976, pl. 3 (fig. 16)), Port Jackson, Australia. D.Pontocypris subreniformis sp. nov. Brady, 1880, pl. 7 (fig. 5a), LV, locality unknown. E. Pontocypris ‘subtriangularis’ sp. nov. Brady, 1880, pl. 15 (fig. 6a), LV, locality unknown. PF. Propontocypris cf. P. (Propontocypis subreniformis (Brady, 1880), MF—0598, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m, MS. Scales: all 100 wu. belonged to this genus, and consequently there is no justification for placing Brady’s (1880) material in Ekpontocypris as she suggested. The only hesitation that I have in suggesting that my material is conspecific with Propontocypris (P.) subreniformis is the slightly more elongate shape of the adults from southern Africa (length : height ratio >2,0) compared to the lectotype (1,96). Distribution Propontocypris cf. P. (P.) subreniformis (Brady) occurs at several sites around the Cape Peninsula (including False Bay), and at a small number of sites along the west-coast shelf, as far north as 19,7°S (Fig. 11). Keeler (1981) recorded the species from the eastern Agulhas Bank. Modern specimens were recovered from all areas except the northernmost site on the Walvis Ridge abutment shelf (TBD 3940), and have UDL and LDL of 18 m to 120 m. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA s17/ 152, 20°E WALVIS BAY Fig. 11. Distribution of Propontocypris cf. P. (Propontocypis) subreni- formis (Brady, 1880) on the continental shelf off south-western Africa. Relict specimens are less abundant, and have UDL and LDL of 72 m and 184 m, respectively. Propontocypris (?Propontocypris) sp. 3434 Fig. 9B Illustrated material length height MF-0739, RV, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,80 iu Material One valve. 18 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Remarks This large, probably new species was represented by one broken valve. Distribution Propontocypris (?P.) sp. 3434 was recovered from one site only (TBD 6836: 80 m) west of the Cape Peninsula. Subgenus Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) Maddocks, 1969a Propontocypris (?Ekpontocypris) sp. 3445 Fics 9 Illustrated material length height MF-0757, C, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,63 0,26 Material Two valves. Remarks Confident generic assignment of this species is not possible until internal features can be investigated. Distribution One modern carapace was recovered from site TBD 6846 (95 m), west of the Cape Peninsula. Subgenus Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) Maddocks, 1969a Propontocypris (?Schedopontocypris) sp. 3535 Fig. 9D Illustrated material length height MF-0747, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,70 0,30 Material One valve. Remarks This species is less compressed than the original diagnosis allowed, but the inner lamella, MS and lateral outline appear to conform to what was considered by Maddocks (1969a: 37) to be a less-coherent group than the other subgenera of Propontocypris. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 19 Distribution This very rare species occurred as a modern valve at one site only (TBD 6824: 90 m), west of the Cape Peninsula. Genus Australoecia McKenzie, 1967 This genus has a long history in the area of the Southern Ocean (Upper Cretaceous to Recent), whence most of the species recorded in the Marine Ostracoda Index have been reported (Kempf 1986—four referred to the synonymous Abyssocypris occur in the Northern Hemisphere). Four species of Australoecia are known from south-western and southern Africa, two of which fall into the group with evenly rounded PM (A. richardsbayensis (Dingle, 1980), Upper Cretaceous of south-east Africa; A. fulleri sp. nov., Quaternary continental mar- gin), with the other two having distinct posteroventral corners (A. abyssophilia Maddocks, 1969a, Quaternary Mozambique Channel; Australoecia sp. (= Argilloecia) (Van den Bold 1966), Lower Miocene of Gabon). In the modern faunas, Maddocks (1977a) considered these two categories to represent ‘shallow’ and ‘deep’ water taxa, respectively. Australoecia fulleri sp. nov. Figs 9E-F, 12A-C, 13 Derivation of name This species is named for Professor A. O. Fuller (University of Cape Town), who undertook the first marine geological sampling surveys off southern Africa. Holotype length height MF-599, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,80 0,45 Paratypes length height width MF-600, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,79 0,37 MF-601, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,90 0,50 MF-602, RV, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,80 0,40 MF-603, C, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,83 0,40 Material 96 valves. Diagnosis Species of Australoecia with elongate ovate outline, in which there is a subtle but distinct VM concavity in both valves at about one-quarter length. In internal view, the RV DM is straight, with postero- and anterodorsal angles. Description External features. Elongate ovate outline. Robust, thick shelled. Valves are a creamy colour with a glossy surface that is prone to flaking and rapid deterioration. RV more 20 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 16@kYV x*200 ees43s Fig. 12. A-C. Australoecia fulleri sp. nov., paratypes. A. MF—0601, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m, internal view, SEM 3053. B.MF—0602, RV, TBD 6847, 94m, internal view, SEM 3153. C.MF-—0603, C, TBD 6847, 94 m, dorsal view, SEM 3158. D. ?Australoecia sp. 3550, MF—0775, RV, TBD 1689, 182 m, SEM 3550. E-F. Bythocythere sp. 3349, MF-0740, LV, TBD 6824, 90m. E.SEM 3349. F. Detail of posteroventral area, SEM 3438. Scales: all 100 wu. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA Fig. 13. Australoecia fulleri sp. nov., MF-0602, RV, TBD 6847, 94 m, internal view, MS, SEM 3156. Scale: 50 nu. 45° 20°F ——_1__t—t_ Fig. 14. Distribution of Australoecia fulleri sp. nov. on the continental shelf off south-western Africa. 251\ Wy, ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM elongate that LV, with the latter conspicuously larger and more ovate. AM and PM broadly rounded. DM broadly convex, more so in LV. VM almost straight, with gentle convexity in posterior half, and slight concavity at one-quarter length. Internal features. There is a conspicuous brown chitinous lining to the shells. LV DM is gently convex, with a relatively high posterodorsal outline, in contrast to the posteriorly sloping, straight RV DM with distinct antero- and posterodorsal angles. The outline of the AM inner lamella is bulbous, with a narrow central neck and large antero- dorsal and anteroventral lobes. Vestibulae are small, but RPC could not be seen. There are five large, ovate MS. Remarks The type species is Australoecia victoriensis McKenzie, 1967, from the Recent of coastal Victoria, southern Australia. It differs from A. fu//eri in being more elongate, and having relatively much larger MS (of a slightly different pattern). A species closer to A. fulleri is A. mckenziei Maddocks, 1969a, also from coastal southern Australia. How- ever, the latter is a significantly larger species that lacks the straight interior LV DM outline of A. fulleri and, in consequence, has a more broadly round PM. The MS of A. mckenziei are larger than those of the new species. Australoecia fuller sp. nov. and A. richardsbayensis (Dingle, 1980), originally referred to Bythocypris richardsbayensis, are remarkably close, given the known strati- graphic range of the latter (Coniacian to Maastrichtian). The main differences are in size (A. richardsbayensis 1s significantly smaller), in the more drawn out PM LV outline, and more broadly rounded PM RV outline of 4. richardsbayensis. It would be remarkable if A. fulleri is not a direct descendant of A. richardsbayensis, although no evidence to support this was available from the Palaeogene fauna from Natal (Dingle 1976). In his ecological assessment of the Upper Cretaceous of Zululand, Dingle (1981) used the presence of A. richardsbayensis as an indicator of moderate to deep-water environments (mid-shelf to upper slope). Distribution Australoecia fulleri is confined to areas south of 29,6°S, and was not recorded by Keeler (1981) from the Agulhas Bank (Fig. 14). Modern specimens are confined to three sites west of the Cape Peninsula (80—95 m). Relict specimens off the south-western Cape have UDL and LDL of 80 m and 545 m, respectively, whereas north of Cape Columbine they have a more restricted depth range (170-350 m). Although A. fulleri is a relatively rare species (0,38% of total fauna), it locally becomes more abundant in the outer-shelf and upper-slope populations (>1% in water >220 m). ?Australoecia sp. 3550 Fig. 12D Illustrated material length height MF-0775, RV, TBD 1689, 182 m 0,53 0,24 QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 23 Material One valve. Remarks A relict valve of a cylindrically-shaped species. The internal features are poorly preserved and the generic status is uncertain. Distribution This very rare species was recovered from one site only (TBD 1689: 182 m) on the outer shelf south of Cape Hangklip. Superfamily CyTHERACEA Baird, 1845 Family Bythocytheridae Sars, 1926 Genus Bythocythere Sars, 1866 Bythocythere sp. 3349 Figs 12E-F, 15A—B Illustrated material length height MF-—0740, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,90 0,45 Material Seven valves. Remarks This new species is thin shelled and fragile, and all the specimens are relict and poorly preserved. In particular, the outer valve surface corrodes easily. In valve outline, Bythocythere sp. 3349 is similar to B. robinsoni Athersuch, Horne & Whittaker, 1983, from the Quaternary of the British Isles, but differs in the shape of the alar expansion and in having a more elongate AM outline. No satisfactory views of the hinge were obtained, but the MS show the typical curved row of five adductors. Distribution Bythocythere sp. 3349 is confined to three sites in the extreme south of the survey area: TBD 6824 (90 m) and TBD 6847 (94 m), west of the Cape Peninsula, and TBD 1690 (172 m), south-west of Danger Point. Family Paradoxostomatidae Brady & Norman, 1889 Genus Paradoxostoma Fischer, 1855 This genus is well represented in coastal sites around south-western Africa, with 13 species recorded between the Walvis Bay area (Swakopmund) and Knysna (Table 2) (Klie 1940; Hartmann 1974; McKenzie 1972). The disproportionately high concentration 24 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM —— 1ie@kY *%15e 1S96rm eess5sis Fig. 15. A-B. Bythocythere sp. 3349, MF—0740, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m, internal views. A. SEM 3508. B. MS, SEM 3509. C. Paradoxostoma aff. P. luederitzensis Hartmann, 1974, MF—0698, LV, TBD 6846, 95m, SEM 3511. D-E. Paradoxostoma griseum Klie, 1940, TBD 6821, 15m. D.MF-—0700, LV, SEM 3514. E. MF—0701, RV, SEM 3517. F. Paradoxostoma aff. P. auritum Klie, 1940, RV, TBD 6821, 15 m, SEM 3513. Scales: A, C-F = 100 py; B = 10. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 25 TABLE 2 Distribution of Paradoxostoma species around south-western Africa. < 5 ee oy = Gj < Sat ae . a = cS 5 = S) g Paradoxostoma weberi Hartmann * Paradoxostoma auritum Klie ba oy Paradoxostoma aff. auritum* Paradoxostoma griseum Klie* * Paradoxostoma reflexum Klie is Paradoxostoma fluctusbenguelensis Hartmann = Paradoxostoma phaeophycicola Hartmann - Paradoxostoma luederitzensis Hartmann Paradoxostoma aff. luederitzensis* * Paradoxostoma caeruleum Klie * Paradoxostoma angustissimum Klie = Paradoxostoma semilunae Klie * Paradoxostoma kensleyi McKenzie * #_this paper of records around Liideritz probably reflects the greater amount of attention paid to the coastal fauna in this area. From the continental shelf, I have recorded the genus only off the Cape Peninsula (Fig. 16). Paradoxostoma aff. P. luederitzensis Hartmann, 1974 Figs 15C, 17A Paradoxostoma luederitzensis Hartmann, 1974: 340, pl. 121 (figs 848-849). Illustrated material length height MF-0698, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,90 0,35 Material Sixteen valves. Remarks My material differs from Hartmann’s topotypes in having a slightly different PM outline (being more broadly rounded and slightly upturned) and in the course followed by the inner margin. In my specimens, there is a prominently narrow sector, with an antero-adjacent bulge at about one-third length. In Hartmann’s species the vestibule 26 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM widens progressively towards the anterior. They probably represent two different but closely related species. Distribution Hartmann (1974) recorded P. luederitzensis only from inshore localities at Liideritz. In my study, this rare species (16 valves) was recovered from three sites to the west of the Cape Peninsula (Fig. 16), where both modern and relict specimens occur over the depth range 90-95 m. Paradoxostoma aff. P. auritum Klie, 1940 Figs 15F, 17B Paradoxostoma auritum Klie, 1940: 443-444, text-figs 82-85. Hartmann, 1974: 337, pl. 117 (figs 823-824). Illustrated material length height MF-—0699, RV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,72 0,40 Material 23 valves. Remarks My material agrees well in valve outline and MS pattern with that illustrated by both Klie (1940) and Hartmann (1974), but the poor quality of preservation and sparsity of adults precluded a comparison of the marginal areas. Distribution Klie (1940) and Hartmann (1974) recovered P. auritum from coastal sites at Luderitz and Knysna (outer entrance to the lagoon). In my study, this rare species (23 valves) occurred at three sites west of the Cape Peninsula, one of which (TBD 6821) lay in Hout Bay (Fig. 16). Modern specimens occur at two sites, with a depth range 15-42 m, and a relict population of mostly poorly preserved material was found at one site (90 m). Paradoxostoma griseum Klie, 1940 Fig. 1SD—-E Paradoxostoma griseum Klie, 1940: 441-442, text-figs 75-77. Hartmann, 1974: 337-338. Illustrated material length height MF-—0700, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,76 0,41 MF-0701, RV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,72 0.44 Material Four valves. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 2) 18,2° 18S oe 34° 4 34,25° Fig. 16. Distribution of species of Paradoxostoma on the continental shelf off the Cape Peninsula. 9 = Paradoxostoma aff. P. auritum Klie, 1940; crosses and dashed line = Paradoxostoma aff. P. luederitzensis Hartmann, 1974; O =P. griseum Klie, 1940. Remarks SEM photographs of this rounded and distinctively shaped species are presented for the first time. Distribution Klie (1940) and Hartmann (1974) had previously recovered this species from several coastal sites: Liideritz, Langebaan Lagoon, and Kommetjie (mid-way down the western side of the Cape Peninsula). I found it only at one site, in Hout Bay (15 m, 4 modern valves), suggesting that it is restricted to the coastal zone, and does not inhabit the continental shelf. 28 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM A B wl a Fig. 17. A. Paradoxostoma cf. P. luederitzensis Hartmann, 1974, MF—0698, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m, internal view, mar- ginal areas. B.Paradoxostoma cf. P. auritum Klie, 1940, MF-0797, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m, internal view; MS. Scales: 100 u. Genus Cytherois Miller, 1884 ?Cytherois sp. 3538 Fig. 18A Illustrated material length height MF-0748, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,73 0,26 Material Seven valves. Remarks None of the specimens available had complete inner lamellae; nor could the MS be seen clearly. This is a distinctive, elongate, cylindrical species with rounded AM and PM, with a slight dorsal deflection of the AM. Distribution This species was recovered as modern valves from three sites off the western Cape Peninsula, with a depth range of 90-95 m. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 29 Fig. 18. A. ?Cytherois sp. 3538, MF-0748, LV, TBD 6824, 90m, SEM 3538. B. ?Kuiperiana sp. 3320, MF-0713, RV, TBD 3089, 18m, SEM 3320. C-—F. Chrysocythere craticula (Brady, 1880). C. MF-0604, LV, TBD 270, 131 m, SEM 2359. D. MF-0605, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m, SEM 2376. E. MF-0606, RV, TBD 2973, 173 m, internal view, SEM 2365. F.MF-0607, LV, TBD 2472, 201 m, internal view, SEM 2361. Scales: all 100 p. 30 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Family Loxoconchidae Sars, 1925 Genus Kuiperiana Bassiouni, 1962 ?Kuiperiana sp. 3320 Fig. 18B Illustrated material length height MF-0713, RV, TBD 3089, 18 m 0,46 0,22 Material Two valves. Remarks This species is most similar to Kuiperiana angulata Dingle, 1992, but differs in being more elongate and having a less-angular alation. Distribution A very rare species, found only at two sites: in St Helena Bay (TBD 3089: 18 m) and on the inner shelf mid-way between Liideritz and Walvis Bay (TBD 3219: 75 m). Family Trachyleberididae Sylvester-Bradley, 1948 Subfamily Trachyleberidinae Sylvester-Bradley, 1948 Genus Chrysocythere Ruggieri, 1962 This genus has been widely reported in Tertiary to Recent sediments from southern and western Africa (Fig. 19). The earliest records are from the Eocene of the Agulhas Bank (possibly as old as Upper Palaeocene), where Frewin (1987) noted C. craticula and Chrysocythere sp. A096, and off Natal (Chrysocythere sp. as ?Costa cf. C. dahomeyi (Apostolescu, 1961)—Dingle 1976). It is possible that Apostolescu’s (1961) species Anticythereis dahomeyi from the Lower Eocene of Dahomey and Togo belongs in Chrysocythere. Van den Bold (1966) recorded three species from the Lower Miocene to Lower Pliocene of Gabon, including the type from the Upper Miocene of Sicily and southern Italy: C. cataphracta Ruggieri, 1962; C. hexastriata van den Bold, 1966; and C. foveostriata (Brady, 1870). At least six species are extant on the continental shelves off western Africa: C. craticula (Brady, 1880) from southern Africa; C. ornata Hartmann, 1974, from Angola to the Congo estuary; and Chrysocythere sp. 13536 Rosenfeld & Bein, 1978, C. astero- spinosus (Omatsola, 1969), C. boldi and Chrysocythere aff. C. boldi (Omatsola, 1972), and C. ivemojai (Omatsola, 1972) from west and north-west Africa. Chrysocythere craticula (Brady, 1880) Fig. 18C—F Cythere craticula Brady, 1880: 89, pl. 21 (figs 7a—d). Puri & Hulings, 1976: 271, pl. 14 (figs 9-12). Costa craticula (Brady) Keeler, 1981: 159-162, pl. 9 (figs 10-13). Cativella sp. Boomer, 1985: 28-29, pl. 2 (figs 22—23). Chrysocythere sp. A105 Frewin, 1987: 71-72, pls 23C, 24C—D, text-fig. 2.19C. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 31 Quaternary Miocene Oligocene Eocene 1 Palaeocene Gaus A Fig. 19. Stratigraphic distribution of the genus Chrysocythere in west and south-western Africa, based on references cited in the text. A. ?Chrysocythere dahomeyi (Apostolescu, 1961). B. Chrysocythere sp. A096 Frewin, 1987. C. C. craticula (Brady, 1880). D.Chrysocythere sp. (Dingle, 1976). E. C. hexa- striata van den Bold, 1966. F.C. cataphracta Ruggieri, 1962. G.C. foveostriata (Brady, 1870). H. C. ornata Hartmann, 1974. I. Chrysocythere sp. 13536 Rosenfeld & Bein, 1978. J. C. asterospinosus (Omatsola, 1969). K. Chrysocythere aff. C. boldi (Omatsola, 1972). L. C. iyemojai (Omatsola, 1972). M-N. Comparison of the ornamentation of two species. M. C. iyemojai (Omatsola, 1972), holotype, western Niger delta. N.C. craticula (Brady, 1880), MF—0605, TBD 6823, 120m. Scales: 100 pL. Illustrated material length height MF-604, LV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,68 0,36 MF-605, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,74 0339 MF-606, RV, TBD 2973, 173 m 0,69 0,36 MF-607, LV, TBD 2472, 201 m O73 0,40 37) ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Material 366 valves. Remarks The pattern of lateral ribs on this distinctive species is similar to that of the type species C. cataphracta Ruggieri, 1962 (e.g. see Sylvester-Bradley & Ruggieri 1973) but, overall, the valve outline of C. craticula is squatter and the posteroventral area more drawn out. Hartmann’s (1974) species C. ornata can be distinguished from C. craticula by the former’s more strongly curved median and dorsal ribs, which impart a gibbous aspect in lateral view, particularly in the RV (see also Babinot & Kouyoumontzakis 1986, pl. 3 Gigs 1—2)). Ve 20°E av \ 20° \ \ \ ° = \ N ‘| vt 4 \ ORANGE R. 4 ++ OY ane \ 30° + + ac Ny S == + \ 4 Jai ; Spiel a | FALSE BAY a) ] +4 7) Be | = it =f Fig. 20. Distribution of Chrysocythere craticula (Brady, 1880) on the continental shelf off south-western Africa. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 33 Chrysocythere ivemojai (Omatsola, 1972), from Recent inshore areas off the Ivory Coast, is the closest species to C. craticula. The two species can be distinguished by differences in details of surface rib patterns. For example, the course of the dorsolateral rib at its anterior end, and the posterior end of the median rib (see Fig. 19). Frewin (1987) recorded Chrysocythere craticula (as Chrysocythere sp. A105) from two Palaeogene sea-floor samples from the Agulhas Bank, and there are no significant morphological differences between her ?Palaeocene—Eocene specimens and my Quater- nary material. A second Eocene species noted by Frewin (1987: Chrysocythere sp. A096) from the same area has an outline more similar (but not identical) to C. ornata Hartmann. Distribution Brady (1880) recorded this species from ‘Challenger’ station 140 at 15—20 fms (27-37 m) in False Bay. My data show that it occurs as far north as 28°S (just north of the Orange River) and extends on to the eastern Agulhas Bank (Keeler 1981) (Fig. 20). Modern specimens occur at two sites only, both in the vicinity of the Cape Peninsula (TBD 5254: 40 m in False Bay; and TBD 6823: 120 m south-west of Cape Town). Relict faunas on the Orange—Namaqualand shelf (28—31,5°S) occur between 135 m and 300 m water depth, whereas in the south (Cape Peninsula to Agulhas Bank) the UDL is 40 m (False Bay) and the LDL 220 m. Genus Neocaudites Puri, 1960 Species of this genus have been widely reported from both coasts of North America, and Omatsola (1972) has recorded two species from the Niger Delta area. Although there are no records from the intervening shelf region between west and southern Africa, the genus is well represented, albeit in small numbers, in south-western Africa south of the Kunene River (17°S). Three new Quaternary species have been recognized in the present study (Neo- caudites osseus, N. lordi, and N. punctatus), and Frewin (1987) described a further new species from the Upper Eocene of the Agulhas Bank (recorded as Parvacythereis sp. A053). Neocaudites lordi sp. nov. Figs 21A-F, 22A, G ?Neocythereis sp. Boomer, 1985, text-fig. 5. Derivation of name This species is named for Prof. A. R. Lord (University College London), in acknowI- edgement of his assistance during my studies on south-west African ostracods. Holotype length height MF-608, C, TBD 2257, 100 m 0,78 0,46 Paratypes length height MF-609, C, TBD 6823, 120 m 1,00 0,50 MF-610, LV, TBD 2257, 100 m 0,80 0,46 MF-611, RV, TBD 2257, 100 m 0,80 0,42 34 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM * See . — 2S5ku x15e 1@@4%m 883162 . *25kuU “1586 19@84m 2883161 Fig. 21. A-—F. Neocaudites lordi sp. nov. A.MF-—0608, holotype, C, TBD 2257, 100 m, SEM 2748. B. MF-0609, paratype, C, TBD 6823, 120m, SEM 2751. C—D.MF-0610, TBD 2257, 100 m. C. Internal view, SEM 2752. D.MS, SEM 2754. E-F. MF-0611, TBD 2257, 100m. E. Dorsal view, SEM 3162. F. Internal view, SEM 3161. Scales: all 100 u. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 35 Material 32 valves. Diagnosis Relatively large, plump species of Neocaudites with a prominent post-ocular depres- sion, an entire AM to PM ridge, and a diffuse ventral longitudinal rib. Description External features. Relatively large, heavily calcified valves, with an overall plump aspect. AM broadly rounded, PM narrowly rounded, asymmetrically so in the LV, both C2 @ Ca => ~~ \. Fig. 22. A-F. Sketch outlines of various species of Neocaudites. A. WN. lordi sp. nov., holotype, LV, MF—0608, TBD 2257, 100m. B.N. osseus sp. nov., holotype, LV, MF— 0612, TBD 6836, 80m. C.N. punctatus sp. nov., holotype, LV, TBD 3890, 115 m. D. N. triplistriatus (Edwards, 1944) (from Hazel 1977, fig. 7d). E. Neocaudites sp. A3260 (Frewin, 1987, pl.29A). F. N. terryi Holden, 1967, holotype, USNM 648756 (fig. 33a). G. MS of N. lordi sp nov., MF-0610, TBD 2257, 100 m. Scales: A-F = 200 p; G = 100 up. 36 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM margins strongly denticulate. DM straight, VM slightly convex: they converge somewhat posteriorly. Surface ornamentation consists of an entire, broad AM to PM ridge, which commences at the weak eye spot. There is a low DM rib that broadly recurves at the PCA into a diagonal longitudinal rib. The connection between these two ribs is low and weak. The diagonal rib crosses a low weak SCT, and is joined by two weak curved elevations to the eye spot and the anterior end of the DM rib. Between these two sub-vertical ridges there is a low but prominent post-ocular depression. A short, weak, diffuse rib in a median position lies close to the VM. Overall the valve surface is smooth, with numerous promi- nent NPC openings. Internal features. MA moderately wide, with numerous straight MPC. The hinge is holamphidont, with a stepped RV ATE. The PTA is squared. There is a large ocular sinus. The MS consist of a hook-shaped anterior scar and four adductors, the middle two being round and small. Remarks This is the largest and least prominently sculptured of the four local species of the genus (Fig. 22). Its closest relative is the contemporaneous N. osseus sp. nov., but the two can be distinguished by the difference in size and the plumper aspect and more diffuse ornamentation of N. Jordi. Other details include the weak loop that joins the diagonal and DM longitudinal ribs and possession of a post-ocular depression. The weakness in orna- mentation is similar to that of N. terryi Holden, 1967, from the Neogene of the Hawaiian Islands, but the latter species is overall compressed and considerably smaller (holotype is 550 u in length). Distribution Neocaudites lordi is relatively widespread (19,7°-34°S—Fig. 23A) and locally rela- tively abundant, particularly north of Lideritz (3% ). Modern valves were recovered over the whole latitudinal range and most of the depth range of the species: 100-295 m. Off the south-western Cape, the modern sites are also the shallowest (100—120 m), whereas farther north modern valves were recovered from 184 m to 295 m. Off the south-western Cape, the relict fauna of this species occurs at depth ranges of 100-160 m, whereas farther north it occurs at 169-379 m. The deeper locations north of Liideritz are also those at which N. /ordi attains relatively high abundances. Neocaudites osseus sp. nov. Figs 22B, 24A—D Munseyella sp. Keeler, 1981: 158-159, pl. 9 (figs 8—9). Occultocythereis sp. 2 Boomer, 1985: 30-31, pl. 2 (fig. 32). Derivation of name Osseus—Latin, bony; fanciful reference to emaciated aspect of valve surface. Holotype length height MF—0612, C, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,62 0,35 QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 37 15° 20°F 152 20°E 5 \a_ § WALVIS BAY WALVIS BAY 7] Ere ORANGE R. 4 + 30° 4 # : \ \ 4 ~ SW CAPE \ \ = \ag ‘a Ne | | Ses aol gs a 2 A A B Fig. 23. Distribution of Neocaudites species on the continental margin off south-western Africa. A.N. lordi sp.nov. Dashed lines enclose modern sites. B. WN. osseus sp. nov. (crosses, modern sites inside dashed line), and N. punctatus sp. nov. (diamonds, north of 24°S). Paratypes length height MF-0613, C, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,61 0,37 MF-0614, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,56 0,31 MF-0615, LV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,62 0,37 Material 142 valves. Diagnosis Small species of Neocaudites with a large eye spot, short prominent surface ribs, and a prominent, almost bullate posterodorsal process. Description External features. Small valves with prominent ribbing which gives an emaciated, bony appearance from which the species name is derived. AM broadly rounded, PM narrowly rounded, both margins are strongly denticulate, with prominent quadrate pro- cesses. DM and VM almost straight, converging strongly posteriorly. Ornamentation consists of an entire AM to PM rib, which commences as a small but round, prominent eye spot. There is a short but prominent DM rib that recurves to a short diagonal rib at 38 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 235kYU x1S50 Fig. 24. A-—D. Neocaudites osseus sp. nov. A.MF-0612, holotype, C, TBD 6836, 80 m, SEM 2776. B. ME-0613, paratype, C, TBD 6836, 80 m, SEM 2779. C. MF-0614, paratype, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m, SEM 2780. D.ME-0615, paratype, LV, TBD 270, 131 m, SEM 2783. E-F. Neocaudites punctatus sp. nov., MF-0616, holotype, LV, TBD 3890, 115m. E. External view, SEM 2785. F. Internal view, SEM 3165. Scales: all 100 u. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 39 the PCA; here the loop is strongly elevated, almost bullate. The diagonal rib extends a short distance anteriorly beyond the weak SCT. There is a very short, prominent ventro- lateral rib. Overall the valve surface is smooth, except for occasional pustules with NPC openings. Internal features. The RV has a quasi-triangular outline in internal view. MA of moderate width, with numerous straight simple MPC. MS not seen clearly. Hinge holamphidont. Remarks Although N. osseus sp. nov. is similar in general architecture to N. lordi sp. nov., there are numerous points of difference (see Remarks for N. /ordi and Fig. 22). In detail, N. osseus 1s closest to Neocaudites sp. A3260 Frewin, 1987, from the local Eocene. The main differences are the much thicker marginal rim of the Eocene taxon (which is not entire—there is a posteroventral break) and its inverted ‘T’-shaped ventrolateral rib. The closeness of morphology and similarity of geographical distribution strongly suggests that N. osseus is descended from Neocaudites sp. A3260. Both these species bear considerable similarity in overall rib disposition to the local Quaternary species N. punctatus sp. nov., from the northern part of the west-coast margin, and N. ¢triplistriatus (Edwards, 1944), which has a range Pliocene—Pleistocene in south-eastern USA (e.g. Cronin & Hazel 1979). However, the latter two species are both punctate, and have a prominent dorsal deflection of the VM ridge at about mid-length. Neocaudites sp. Holden, 1976, from the Lower Miocene of Midway Island (Pacific Ocean), has a similarly stark rib pattern to N. osseus but differs in possessing a relatively long ventrolateral rib, which is linked by a short rib to the SCT, where there is a star- shaped disposition of ribs. Distribution Neocaudites osseus sp. noy. is confined to the area south of the Orange River (29,7°S to 34,6°S) (Fig. 23B) and is most abundant off the south-western Cape. Keeler (1981) recorded four valves from the eastern Agulhas Bank. Modern specimens are restricted to areas off the south-western Cape (off Saldanha and the Cape Peninsula), where they are found only at the shallowest sites, with UDL and LDL of 58 m and 120 m, respectively. Relict populations range northwards to the southern Orange shelf, and have a total depth range of 58-201 m. Neocaudites punctatus sp. nov. Figs 22C, 24E-F, 25A-—C Derivation of name Puncta—Latin, punctation; reference to punctate ornamentation. Holotype length height MF-0616, LV, TBD 3890, 115 m 0,62 0,30 40 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 25kU x15e : 1 8Grm Besi "10kYU x150 120m @OS479 Fig. 25. A-C. Neocaudites punctatus sp. nov. A.MF-0616, holotype, LV, TBD 3890, 115 m, MS, SEM 3166. B-—C. MF-0617, paratype, C, TBD 3359, 385m. B.SEM 3167. C. Detail of anterodorsal area, SEM 3169. D. Stigmatocythere sp. 3479, MF—0769, RV, TBD 2260, 303m, SEM 3479. E-F. Bathycythere vanstraateni Sissingh, 1971, MF—0618, TBD 3109, 900 m._ E. Internal view, SEM 3061. F. External view, SEM 3171. Scales: A = 10 yu; B, D-F = 100 yn; C= 50 un. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 41 Paratype length height MEF-0617, C, TBD 3359, 385 m 0,66 0,31 Material Three valves. Diagnosis A punctate species of Neocaudites, with a ventrolateral longitudinal rib that is joined to the AM rib. Description External features. Elongate in lateral view with broadly rounded AM that has large quadrate denticles. PM more narrowly rounded, also with prominent processes that are more spinose than on the AM. DM and VM almost straight, converging only slightly posteriorly. Surface ornamented with several prominent ribs. A thick AM rib commences at a large rounded eye spot and ends at the anteroventral corner, where it connects to a prominent ventrolateral rib that extends to about two-thirds valve length. The PM has a thick prominent rib that commences at a posterodorsal node and ends at about mid-length on the VM. The DM nib is thin and is joined to the thick prominent median diagonal rib via a posterior retroflexion. The median rib crosses the SCT and extends almost to the AM. The SCT is linked by a series of small riblets to the eye spot, the anterior end of the DM rib, and the ventrolateral rib. Intercostal areas are finely reticulate or punctate. No clear internal views were visible (see Fig. 24F). Remarks The closest previously described species to Neocaudites punctatus is N. triplistriatus (Edwards, 1944) from the Plio—Pleistocene of south-eastern USA. Both are punctate/ reticulate, and have a ventrolateral longitudinal rib that is linked to the marginal ribs. However, they differ in that N. triplistriatus has a prominent anterodorsally directed riblet on the ventrolateral rib, a feature that is lacking in N. punctatus (see SEM illustrations in Hazel 1977, fig. 7D; Cronin & Hazel 1979, fig. 8G). This inverted ‘T’ is a characteristic of the smooth-surfaced Neocaudites sp. A053 Frewin, 1987. None of the local species of Neocaudites can be confused with N. punctatus, because of its punctate ornamentation and details of the lateral rib patterns. Distribution The distribution of this rare species is limited to the northern part of the survey area, with one site off Walvis Bay (162 m), and the other just south of the Kunene River (115 m) (Fig. 23B). No modern specimens were found. Summary of the distribution of Neocaudites on the continental margin Modern populations of Neocaudites are restricted to the south-western Cape (N. osseus and N. lordi), and the area between the Walvis Ridge abutment and just north of Liideritz (N. lordi). | Relict faunas are more widespread and fall into three well-defined categories: N. punctatus is confined to areas north of Walvis Bay; N. osseus is a southern species 42 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM that is most abundant off the south-western Cape, but extends as far north as 30°S and eastward to 24°E; and N. Jordi occurs over the whole of the central west-coast margin, but is absent from the extreme north and south, and is most abundant between the Walvis Ridge abutment and Lideritz. . Genus Stigmatocythere Siddiqui, 1971 Stigmatocythere sp. 3479 Fig. 25D Stigmatocythere cf. S. obliqua Siddiqui, 1971. Dingle, 1976: 47, fig. 11 (28). Stigmatocythere sp. A141 Frewin, 1987: 91—93, pls 34A—D, 35A-F, text-fig. 2.22. Illustrated material length height MF-0769, LV, TBD 2260, 303 m 0,77 0,41 Material Two valves. A further five valves are possibly juveniles of this species. Remarks This species has been recorded by Dingle (1976) and Frewin (1987) from Eocene strata on the continental shelf off Natal, and the Agulhas Bank, respectively. Although my material is relict, the state of preservation and matrix do not suggest that it has been reworked from Tertiary strata. Consequently, it is a strong possibility that this species was extant on the local continental shelf until early Holocene times. Stigmatocythere sp. 3479 is very similar to the type S. obliqua Siddiqui, 1971, from the Eocene of Pakistan, and to S. bornhardti Ahmad, Neale & Siddiqui, 1991, from the Miocene of Tanzania. It differs from both in details of ornamentation. Distribution This rare species was recovered from two sites (TBD 2260: 303 m; and TBD 2861: 165 m) on the northern and southern ends of the Orange-Namaqualand shelf, respec- tively. Two further sites (TBD 270: 131 m; and TBD 3587: 140 m) off the south-western Cape yielded possible juveniles. Genus Bathycythere Sissingh, 1971 Bathycythere vanstraateni Sissingh, 1971 Fig. 25E—-F ‘Xandarosina’ Benson & Sylvester-Bradley, 1971: 76, fig. 6 (3A—B). Boomer, 1985, pl. 3 (fig. 50). Bathycythere vanstraateni Sissingh, 1971: 410, pls 1-2, text-figs 2-4; 1974: 133-140. Bremen, 1975: 213, pl. 4 (fig. 20). Illustrated material length height MF-0618, RV, TBD 3109, 900 m TIL 7/ O75 QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 43 Material One valve. Remarks The single specimen recovered during the survey is a juvenile, which accounts for the lack of stout sharp spines that are characteristic of adults of the species. Distribution Although this species is found in Plio—Pleistocene sediments from the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean (Bremen 1975), it was recorded at one site only off south-western Africa (TBD 3109, north-west of Cape Columbine), at 900 m on the upper continental slope. Genus Trachyleberis Brady, 1898 Trachyleberis sp. 3586 Fig. 26A Illustrated material length height * MEF-0793, RV, TBD 3359, 385 m 1,10 0,60 Material One valve. Remarks This large, somewhat squat species carries numerous lance-like spines, the most prominent of which lies at the anterodorsal corner. Distribution This very rare species was recovered from one site only (TBD 3359: 385 m), on the outer continental shelf west of Liideritz. Subfamily Thaerocytherinae Hazel, 1967 Genus Bradleya Hornibrook, 1952 Bradleya cf. B. dictyon (Brady, 1880) Fig. 26B—C Cythere dictyon Brady, 1880: 99, pl. 24 (figs 1 h-1, 1, o—p, s—u (non a-g, j-k, m—n, q-r, v—y). Puri & Hulings, 1976: 273-274, pl. 16 (figs 6-8), text-fig. 6. Bradleya dictyon (Brady) Benson, 1972: 34-38, pl. 9 (figs 1-12), pl. 11 (fig. 18), text-figs 13B, 15-17; 1978: pl. 1 (fig. 4). Ducasse & Peypouquet, 1979, pl. 3 (fig. 9). Whatley et al., 1984: 274-275, pl. 1 (figs 1-3). * excluding spines 44 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 1BkY x10e8 18erm eesse6 Sesse6s . ager x. sae " 2, Be IES 1@kV x15¢ 188rAa SessSeé1 Fig. 26. A. Trachyleberis sp. 3586, MF—0793, RV, TBD 3359, 385 m, SEM 3586. B-C. Bradleya cf. B. dictyon (Brady, 1880), MF—0774, LV, TBD 1698, 502m. B.SEM 3488. C. Detail of ornamenta- tion in medio-posterior region, SEM 3490. D-E. Bradleya (?Quasibradleya) sp. 3563, C, TBD 2840, 205m. D.MEF-0782, left view, SEM 3563. E.MF-0781, right view, SEM 3561. F. Incongruellina venusta sp. nov., MF—0619, holotype, RV, TBD 3943, 373 m, SEM 3036. Scales: A-B, D-F = 100 yp; C—O QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 45 Illustrated material length height ME-0774, LV, TBD 1698, 502 m 0,85 0,50 Material One valve. Remarks This specimen is identical to those illustrated by Benson (1972) from the Mozam- bigue Channel and Whatley ef a/. (1984) from the south-western Pacific, with the excep- tion that the muri of its ornamentation are slightly thicker. It displays the delicate foveolation that Benson recorded (1972, pl. 9 (figs 8—9)). Previous authors (e.g. Benson 1972; Whatley et al. 1984; Whatley 1985) have considered B. dictvon to be predomi- nantly an abyssal taxon, but bathyal populations are known in Oligocene to Quaternary sediments from eastern Australia. Whatley ef a/. (1984) accounted for this by postulating that it was in this area that the species originated as a shallow-water taxon. Benson (1972) found the species in the nearby Mozambique Channel at 2 005 m, and the present record from 502 m would appear to be the shallowest so far, outside the south-western Pacific. Curiously, the species does not occur in deeper waters off the south-western Cape (Dingle et al. 1990), although Peypouquet & Benson (1980) found Bradleya spp. below 2 000 m off Walvis Bay and in the Angola Basin. Bradleya antarctica Hartmann, 1989, from the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula, has a coarser reticulation and denser foveolation. This species also inhabits relatively shallow-water environments (184-233 m) (Hartmann 1989). Distribution This very rare species was recorded relict at one site only (TBD 1698: 502 m), on the upper continental slope south of Cape Point. Subgenus Bradleya (Quasibradleya) Benson, 1972 Bradleya (?Quasibradleya) sp. 3563 Fig. 26D—-E Bradleya sp. Boomer, 1985, pl. 4 (fig. 57). Illustrated material length height MF-0781, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,76 0,36 MF-0782, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,73 0,39 Material Eight valves. Remarks I suspect that all four carapaces of this species, which were collected from one sample, are re-worked from older strata, but cannot substantiate this. Also, I hesitate to 46 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM assign this species to B. (Quasibradleya), because it has a more prominent arrangement of longitudinal median ribs than in previously described species. However, the essential features of the Bradleya morphology occur, and the upper rib of the bridge is strength- ened and continues over the MS node into a longitudinal median ridge, as diagnosed far the genus Quasibradleya. Distribution This rare species occurs at one site only (TBD 2840: 205 m), on the mid-Orange— Namaqualand shelf. Genus Poseidonamicus Benson, 1972 Two species of this genus occur off south-western Africa: P. major Benson, 1972, is a cosmopolitan abyssal taxon that is confined below c. 2 000 m within the North Atlantic Deep Water (Dingle ef al. 1989, 1990; Dingle & Lord 1990); and P. panopsus Whatley & Dingle, 1989, which occurs on the continental shelf and slope to depths of c. 500 m. Poseidonamicus panopsus Whatley & Dingle, 1989 Fig. 31A—B Bradleya? sp. Boomer, 1985: 42-43, pl. 3 (figs 35-36). Poseidonamicus panopsus Whatley & Dingle, 1989: 442-447, figs 2, 3, 4A—E, 5C. Illustrated material length height MF-0503, LV, TBD 2719, 240 m 0,89 0,52 MF-0506, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,85 0,47 Material 119 valves. Distribution Poseidonamicus panopsus occurs in three widely separated locations on the west- coast continental margin: a single valve north-west of Walvis Bay (22,25°S: 223 m); numerous sites on the Orange-Namaqualand shelf; and a small cluster west and south of the Cape Peninsula (Fig. 27). Modern valves are restricted to two sites on the Orange-Namaqualand shelf, with a depth range of 205-241 m. The UDL of relict populations is 120 m, but the maximum LDL is either 545 m (off the Cape Peninsula), or 350 m on the Orange-Namaqualand shelf, depending on the degree of allochthonism in the two areas (Whatley & Dingle 1989). Subfamily Pterygocytherinae Puri, 1957 Genus /ncongruellina Ruggieri, 1958 Three species of this genus have been recorded from the south-eastern Atlantic Ocean, two of which are from Tertiary strata: Jncongruellina sp. A500 Frewin, 1987, QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 47 45° 20°E WALVIS BAY 1 RANGE R. a SO Fig. 27. Distribution of Poseidonamicus panopsus Whatley & Dingle, 1989, on the conti- nental margin off south-western Africa. Modern sites indicated by black diamonds. Eocene, Agulhas Bank; /ncongruellina marginatostriata (Seguenza) (Van den Bold 1966), Mio—Pliocene, Gabon; and /ncongruellina venusta sp. nov., Quaternary, south- western African offshore. Two other Eocene species were also referred to Incongruellina by Frewin (1987), but their taxonomic status is uncertain. Incongruellina venusta sp. nov. Figs 26F, 28A-F, 29 Incongruellina cf. I. semispinescens Ruggieri, 1958. Boomer, 1985: 21—23, pl. 2 (figs 24-26). Derivation of name Venustus—Latin, graceful; reference to its graceful outline. 48 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Holotype length height MF-0619, RV, TBD 3943, 373 m 0,70 0,38 Paratypes length height width MF-0620, LV, TBD 3523, 295 m 0,61 0,46 MF-0621, RV, TBD 3577, 453 m 0,64 0,37 MF-0622, LV, TBD 3577, 453 m 0,60 0,40 MF-0623, C, TBD 3523, 295 m 0,70 0,55 MF-0624, RV, TBD 3577, 453 m 0,70 0,46 Material 93 valves. Diagnosis Species of Jncongruellina with a rounded DM in LV and small anterior vestibules. Description External features. LV and RV differ considerably in lateral outline. In both valves, AM is broadly and asymmetrically rounded and spinose. In LV, the DM is rounded, with an weak rim, PM is caudate, and the VM is hidden by a broadly rounded ala that has a thick, curved rim. In RV, the DM is short and straight, with distinct anterior and posterior cardinal angles, the PM is caudate, and the VM is convex, partly obscured by the ala that has a thick, almost straight rim. Both valves carry a sharp spine on the PM at the line of greatest length, but that on the RV is usually larger and both have a posteriorly directed spine at the trailing tip of the ala. There is a small prominent eye spot and ocular sinus. The valve surface is smooth. Internal features. MA are moderately wide. Vestibules are small, V-shaped and lie in the anteroventral corner with eight long, thin RPC dorsally. Hinge amphidont, rela- tively short and robust. RV ATE has a massive base, surmounted by a sharp tooth, PTE is a thick, rectangular tooth. The ME is coarsely crenulate. MS consist of a lobate V-shaped anterior scar and four adductors, the dorsal-most is inclined at an angle to the others, which are smaller. Remarks Incongruellina venusta sp. nov. 1s very similar to the type species, /. semispinescens Ruggieri, 1958, from the Neogene of Italy. They differ in the strongly rounded LV DM of J. venusta, and in the significantly larger anterior vestibule of /. semispinescens, which has a larger PM spine. The new species is probably closest to Incongruellina sp. A500 Frewin, 1987 (see pl. 1A—G), but the two have subtle differences in shape: the AM outline of J. venusta is more broadly rounded, and its LV DM significantly more rounded. In addition, the ala spine in Frewin’s species is ventrally deflected, and its hinge is longer, less robust and apparently has a smooth ME. Van den Bold (1966) allocated a species to Bosquetina marginatostriata? (Seguenza). QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 49 Fig. 28. A-F. Incongruellina venusta sp. nov., paratypes. A.MF-0620, LV, TBD 3523, SEM 2735. B-C. MF-0621, RV, TBD 3577, 453m. B. Internal view, SEM 2733. C.MS, SEM 2725. D.MF-— 0622, LV, TBD 3577, 453 m, internal view, SEM 2728. E-F. MF—0623, C, TBD 3523, 295 m. E. Dorsal view, SEM 2719. F. Detail of anterodorsal area in dorsal view, SEM 2720. Scales: A—B, D-E = 100 yp; C, F= 10. 50 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM It is so similar in shape to the two southern Africa species of /ncongruellina that I suggest that it also belongs to this genus. The major difference between Van den Bold’s species and /. venusta sp. nov. is the former’s more acuminate PM outline. Incongruellina tonsa Ahmad, Neale & Siddiqui, 1991, from the Lower Miocene of Tanzania is a more elongate species that lacks a long posteroventral spine. Distribution Incongruellina venusta sp. nov. is widely distributed in two main areas along the middle to outer shelf off the west coast. The largest area stretches from 19°S (Walvis Ridge abutment shelf) to 31,5°S (Namaqualand shelf), and it has been recorded from three sites between False Bay and Cape Agulhas (34,5°-35,5°S) (Fig. 30). Modern specimens occur between Walvis Bay and the Walvis Ridge abutment, and at three sites off Namaqualand; they have a depth range of 150-453 m. Relict populations are more extensive, and occur as far south as the Cape Penin- sula. Their depth range is at least 131-453 m, with two bathymetrically isolated sites (TBD 3555: 590 m; and TBD 3458: 725 m) of uncertain status. p Fig. 29. Incongruellina venusta sp. nov., MF-0624, paratype, LV, TBD 3577, 453 m, internal features. Scale = 100 u. Family Krithidae Mandelstam, 1960 Genus Krithe Brady, Crosskey & Robertson, 1874 Nine species of Krithe were recorded by Dingle ef al. (1990) from the continental margin off south-western Africa. Four of these occur in water shallower than 950 m, although only one (K. capensis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990) has a significant presence on the continental shelf. The genus is well represented in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary of southern Africa (e.g. Dingle 1981, 1976; Frewin 1987), where at least five species have been differentiated. Van den Bold (1966) recorded two species from the Mio—Pliocene of Gabon. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 51 52 Walvis Ridge Abutment 20°F x ‘ \ \ \ \ NE AK a WALVIS BAY - wy oe ; a | + ( 1 t e + ee a j “\ ORANGE R. 5 + i ‘ \ ++ ‘ 30° 4 \ S : a \ \ 4 38 a5 x il \ 7 Fig. 30. Distribution of Incongruellina venusta sp. nov. on the continental margin off south-western Africa. Modern sites enclosed by dashed line. Krithe capensis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990 Fig. 31C-—D Krithe spp. Boomer, 1985: 57-58, pl. 4 (fig. 63). Krithe capensis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990: 269-272, figs 16A—C, 17A, 18D. Illustrated material length height MF-0429, LV, TBD 2879, 530 m 0,91 0,50 MF—0430, RV, TBD 3577, 435 m 0,95 0,50 Material 144 valves. 52 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 18Cvrm 8@3172 Fig. 31. A-—B. Poseidonamicus panopsus Whatley & Dingle, 1989. A.MF-—0503, LV, TBD 2719, 240m, SEM 2872. B.MF-—0506, C, TBD 2840, 205m, SEM 2873. C-—D. Krithe capensis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990. C.MF-—0429, holotype, LV, TBD 2879, 530 m, SEM 2708. D.MF-—0430, RV, TBD 3577, 435 m, SEM 2714. E-F. Krithe spatularis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990. E. MF—0433, RV, TBD 2978, 736 m, SEM 2704. F. MF—0625, LV, TBD 2879, 530 m, SEM 3172. Scales: all 100 QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 53 Distribution Krithe capensis has the shallowest UDL (238 m) and the greatest latitudinal range (17,6-35,4°S: 1 900 km) of the nine Quaternary species of Krithe recorded off south- western Africa (Figs 32A, 33A). It is the only species present on the middle shelf and, to water depths of c. 800 m (upper slope), K. capensis is the overwhelmingly dominant Krithe species. Its LDL is either 1 071 m or 1 430 m; Dingle ef a/. (1990) suspected that the latter is an allochthonous record. The main populations of K. capensis occur in a continuous swathe along the outer shelf—upper slope between Liideritz and south-west of Cape Agulhas. Two smaller centres lie off Walvis Bay and on the upper slope to the north of the Walvis Ridge. Krithe spatularis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990 Figs 31E-F, 34A Krithe spatularis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990: 272-276, figs 16D—F, 17B, 18E. Illustrated material length height MF-—0433, RV, TBD 2978, 736 m 1,02 0,50 ME—0625, LV, TBD 2879, 530 m 0,99 0,50 15° 20°E 15° 20°E = py eH aa ea ae a ah 4 | gw | KUNENE R. 20° + “ 290° -| + = i | + & 1 \ 4 as ¥ WALVIS BAY | F ; WALVIS BAY | ‘ 7 a \ 5 ( 4 \ | | ? LUDERITZ LUDERITZ 4 an \\ 4 fy \ = S| ar SN a * ar Ss : ~ \ 30° + 30° 4 a ; 7 \ 1 = | rr it ; 4 toms \ 4 +4 ; 7 fe 4 = ns ml + 1 Ce ae | eae a B a | dt = ©. AGULHAS C. AGULHAS ra A B Fig. 32. Distribution of Krithe capensis Dingle, Lord & Boomer 1990 (A) and Krithe spatularis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990 (B) on the continental margin off south-western Africa. 54 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM ——___H+_—_——. K. sp.8 A ye PP Se K. sp. 9 ; K. spatularis = SS a K. capensis 30 nm per cent 0,5 1,0 B Depth 1,5 km Fig. 33. A. Depth ranges (bars) of various species of Krithe that occur in water depths <950m. The graphs show percentage of total ostracod fauna of each species: EI= K. capensis: A= Krithe sp. 8, + = K. spatularis, X = Krithe sp.9. Vertical dashed line represents the edge of the continental shelf (400m). B. Krithe component as percentage of total ostracod fauna (below 1 km, this includes deep-water Krithe species). QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 5) Material Twelve valves. Distribution The UDL and LDL of Krithe spatularis (392 m and 1 662 m) is the largest depth range of the four species of Krithe that occur in relatively shallow water (upper to middle continental slope—Fig. 33A). The species is found in sites scattered along the continental margin between 20°S and 35°S, but only south-west of Liideritz and off Namaqualand do these cluster into extensive population centres (Fig. 32B). Krithe spatularis is never an abundant species, and supplants K. capensis within the Krithe fauna only near the latter’s LDL. Krithe sp. 8 Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990 Fig. 34B—C Krithe sp. 8 Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990: 281-282, figs 17C, 18C, 22B-—C. Illustrated material length height MF-—0626, RV, TBD 2978, 736 m 1,00 0,48 Material Eleven valves. Distribution Krithe sp. 8 is restricted to the upper continental slope (530—1 353 m, Fig. 33A), where it occurs at isolated sites between 20°S and 34°S (Fig. 35A). Although Krithe sp. 8 is generally subordinate to other species within the genus, it is the most abundant over a narrow depth ‘window’ at about 1 000 m, at the base of the Antarctic Intermediate Water salinity minimum zone. Krithe sp. 9 Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990 Fig. 34D Krithe sp. 9 Dingle, Lord & Boomer: 282, figs 17N, 18A, 23C. Illustrated material length height MF-0627, RV, TBD 3524, 475 m 0,86 0,46 Material Twelve valves. Distribution Krithe sp. 9 occurs at scattered sites along the continental margin between 23°S and 35°S, and has the most restricted geographic distribution of the four shelf—upper slope taxa of the genus (Fig. 35B). It also has the narrowest depth range (430-900 m—Fig. 334A). 56 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fig. 34. A. Krithe spatularis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990, LV, MF—0625, TBD 2879, 530 m, external view of MS, SEM 3174. B-C. Krithe sp. 8, MF-0626, RV, TBD 2978, 736m. B.SEM 3176. C. External view of MS, SEM 3177. D. Krithe sp. 9, MF—0627, RV, TBD 3524, 475 m, SEM 2632/27. E-F. Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov., holotype, MF—0696, RV, TBD 6846, 95m. E. Internal view, SEM 3240. F. PTE, SEM 3248. Scales: A, C, F = 50; B, D, E = 100 QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA Syi/ too 20°F 152 20°E WALVIS BAY G Oe ee | 4 ——~__/ eos ae 4 | C. AGULHAS C. AGULHAS A B Fig. 35. Distribution of Krithe sp. 8 (A) and Krithe sp. 9 (B) on the continental margin off south-western Africa. Distribution of the genus Krithe on the continental shelf and upper slope off south- western Africa The four shallow-water taxa of Krithe are distributed in a narrow zone between Walvis Bay and south-west of Cape Agulhas, with a short zone, mid-way between Walvis Bay and Lideritz, that is barren of all species. Farther north, there are isolated sites of all taxa except Krithe sp. 9. There are large variations in the abundance of Krithe across the continental margin (Fig. 33B). On the shelf (<400 m), the genus is of minor importance but there is a rapid increase in abundance on the uppermost slope, where Krithe accounts for >20 per cent of the total ostracod fauna. The slope abundance peak is bimodal, with a major low at 600 m that coincides approximately with the upper limit of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) salinity minimum zone. A further low occurs at the base of the AATW salinity minimum zone (c. 950 m), which marks the faunal boundary between the bathyal (deep-water) and lower neritic (shallow-water) faunas. Below this level, deep-water species of Krithe rapidly increase in importance and the genus becomes the dominant taxon in the ostracod faunas. The distribution of individual species changes in sympathy with alterations in overall abundance of Krithe at 950 m and 400 m (compare Fig. 33A, B). Above 950 m, the Krithe component of the ostracod fauna is dominated by K. capensis, with only minor repre- sentation by the three other species. On the shelf (<400 m) only K. capensis occurs but, 58 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM just below the shelf break, the major increase in Arithe abundance coincides with the downslope appearance (i.e. the UDL) of K. spatularis, Krithe sp. 9, and Krithe sp. 8. Krithe sp. 9 does not extend below the upper slope environment. Below 950 m, the rapid decline of K. capensis 1s accompanied by the progressive increase in importance of Krithe sp. 8 (c. | 000 m) and K. spatularis (c. 1 400 m). None of the four upper slope Krithe taxa extend far below 1 500 m, which is the Antarctic Intermediate Water/North Atlantic Deep Water boundary (Dingle ef al. 1989, 1990). Genus Parakrithella Hanai, 1961 This is the first record of the genus from southern Africa, although it has been widely reported from the Far East and Australia. Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov. Figs 34E-F, 36A-F, 37A, 38 Derivation of name This species is named for the late Professor E. S. W. Simpson (ex University of Cape Town), for his far-sighted contributions to the geological exploration of the sea-floor around southern Africa. Holotype length height MF-0696, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,70 0,34 Paratypes length height MF-0692, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,66 0,33 MF-—0693, C, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,66 0,32 MF-0694, LV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,75 0,35 MF-—0695, C, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,76 0,35 MF-0697, RV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,69 0,33 MF-0798, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,70 0,35 Material 67 valves. Diagnosis A small, elegant species of Parakrithella with parallel DM and VM, an asymmetri- cally rounded PM, and nine short simple AM RPC. Description External features. Overall shape is compact and elegant. Small elongate valves with markedly parallel, straight DM and VM. AM broadly rounded, with a slight anteroventral upswing, PM asymmetrically rounded with a slight angle at the PC corner. The pos- teroventral outline is rounded. In dorsal view, the carapace is almost parallel sided, with QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 59 ° 19@9%m 9832 25kU «150 pee na 1@@r-m e63240a Fig. 36. Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov. A.MF-0696, holotype, RV, TBD 6846, 95m, ATE, SEM 3249. B.MF-0692, paratype, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m, MS, SEM 3233. C. MF-0693, paratype, C, TBD 6846, 95 m, right view, SEM 3237. D-F. MF-0694, paratype, LV, TBD 270, 131m. _D. Internal view, SEM 3240. E. PTE, SEM 3241. F. ATE, SEM 3242. Scales: A-B, E-F = 50 yu; C-D = 100 un. 60 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM SOum 863468 __ 1@ky *15e ; 1ee6em ee63564 Fig. 37. A. Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov., MF—0695, paratype, C, TBD 6846, 95 m, left view, SEM 3244. B. Parakrithella sp. 3468, MF-0765, LV, TBD 3007, 147m, SEM 3468. C. Dorato- cythere sp. 3584, MF—0792, RV, TBD 2459, 300 m, SEM 3584. D-F. Cytheropteron whatleyi sp. nov., TBD 2974, 186m. D.MF-0628, holotype, RV, SEM 2899. E.MF-—0628, paratype, LV, SEM 2895. F. MF—0630, paratype, RV, internal view, SEM 2898. Scales: A, C-F = 100 u; B = 50 un. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 61 Fig. 38. Anterior marginal area of Para- krithella simpsoni sp. nov., MF—0798, para- type, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m. only a gentle anterior convergence; the anterior and posterior extremities are slightly acuminate. Internal features. Typical of the genus. The teeth in the right valve hinge are set at the posterior end, immediately anterior to the slight PCA. The vestibulae are moderately wide, anteriorly slightly asymmetric, being widest above mid-height. Nine short, simple, straight anterior RPC; eight posterior RPC. The MS are relatively small, consisting of four adductors (the dorsal one is subdivided) and two anterior scars, the posterior of which is irregular, elongate and lies at right angles to the adductors, and the anterior of which is very small and ellipsoidal. Remarks Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov. 1s easily distinguished from the type species P. pseuda- donta (Hanai) (Recent, Japan) by the strongly curved DM of the latter. Parakrithella australis McKenzie, 1967 (Recent, south Australia), is more similar in outline, but has numerous and complex AM RPC. The closest known species is P. posterotunda Whatley & Quanhong, 1987 (Recent, Malacca Straits), but this species has a more broadly rounded PM outline and considerably wider anterior MA. Distribution Parakrithella simpsoni is confined to sites west of the Cape Peninsula and one site south of False Bay (Fig. 39), where it generally constitutes 1-2 per cent of the ostracod population. Modern specimens were recovered from all the sites, except the deepest, giving a modern depth range of 80-131 m. Relict specimens occur over the depth range 80-160 m. ?Parakrithella sp. 3468 Fig. 37B Illustrated material length height MF-0765, C, TBD 3007, 147 m 0,35 0,16 62 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 18,5° 19°E 34° ~ HOUT BAY / FALSE BAY 34,5° Fig. 39. Distribution of Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov. Only the western- most sample does not contain modern specimens. Material Two valves. Remarks A modern carapace. Lack of internal views precludes a confident generic assignment. Distribution This rare species was recovered from one site only (TBD 3007: 147 m) from the mid-shelf between Lideritz and the Orange River. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 63 Family Campylocytherididae Puri, 1960 Subfamily Campylocytheridinae Puri, 1960 Genus Doratocythere McKenzie, 1967 Doratocythere sp. 3584 Fig 37€ Illustrated material length height ME-0792, RV, TBD 2459, 300 m 0,86 0,32 Material One valve. Remarks This species is similar to Doratocythere exilis (Brady), which occurs abundantly on the continental shelf off south-western Africa in water depths between 40 m and 305 m (Dingle 1992). Doratocythere sp. 3584 differs from D. exilis in being significantly more elongate, being more laterally compressed, and having straighter DM and VM. Clearly the two species are closely related, and modern specimens of neither have been found. A similar elongate species of Doratocythere occurs in west-coast Miocene sediments (unpublished personal data). Distribution This rare species has been found relict at one site only (TBD 2459: 300 m) on the outer shelf off Namaqualand. Family Cytheruridae Miiller, 1894 This family is represented by 29 species on the continental shelf of the south-eastern Atlantic, which compares with 34 recorded by Whatley et al. (1988) from the margins of the south-western Atlantic. Genus Cytheropteron Sars, 1866 Fourteen species of Cytheropteron are known from the continental margin off south- western Africa (Dingle et al. 1990), making it the most diverse of the Quaternary ostracod genera. Nine of these species occur on the continental shelf (<400 m), of which seven are confined to it, whereas five species occur on the upper continental slope but do not extend into water depths greater than 950 m. Three species, which have previously been described by Dingle et al. (1990), are confined to water deeper than 950 m (Cythero- pteron sp. 2909, Cytheropteron sp. 2914, and C. cronini Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990). Despite its relatively large diversity, Cytheropteron is not an abundant element in the overall ostracod fauna off south-western Africa, constituting a mere 0,8 per cent. Locally, individual species are relatively more important but combined they seldom exceed 10 per cent. 64 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM In the south-western Atlantic, the genus is also relatively diverse, with the six spe- cies recorded by Whatley ef a/. (1988) from Argentina, the Falkland Islands, and various Antarctic and Subantarctic locations. None of the previous surveys around south-western Africa (e.g. Brady 1880; Khe 1940; Hartmann 1974) recorded the genus, mainly because they did not sample extensively on the continental shelf. The fossil record of Cytheropteron is relatively good in southern Africa, with two species from the Upper Cretaceous (Dingle 1981) and at least twelve in the Palaeogene (Dingle 1976; Frewin 1987). Van den Bold (1966) recorded two species in the Mio— Pliocene of Gabon, one of which (Cytheropteron sp. A van den Bold, 1966) has sub- sequently been recovered in Quaternary sediments off the Congo estuary (Babinot & Kouyoumontzakis 1986). Cytheropteron whatleyi sp. nov. Fig. 37D-F, 40A—D Cytheropteron sp. 1 Boomer, 1985: 53—54, pl. 4 (figs 59-60). Derivation of name This species is named for Professor R. C. Whatley (University College, Aberys- twyth), for his important comparative studies on Cytheropteron of the south-western Atlantic. Holotype length height MF-—0628, RV, TBD 2974, 186 m 0,60 0,38 Paratypes length height MF-0629, LV, TBD 2974, 186 m 0,55 0,33 MF—0630, RV, TBD 2974, 186 m 0555 0,32 MF-0631, LV, TBD 3863, 150 m 0,58 0,35 Material 109 valves. Diagnosis An elegant and delicately reticulate species of Cytheropteron with three narrow longitudinal ala ribs. Description External features. AM asymmetrically rounded, ventrally directed, PM caudate, slightly upturned in RV. DM strongly convex, particularly so in RV. VM almost straight, but in lateral view hidden by a broad ala with no distinct apex. Overall the surface is ornamented with fine reticulation that has no preferred orientation. There are several narrow, delicately drawn ribs: three lie along the ala keel, the ventral of which is continu- ous from the MA to the centre of the PM caudal process; the AM rib lies at the valve QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 65 235kVU x28e 188m Se8siz7s Fig. 40. A—D. Cytheropteron whatleyi sp. nov., MF—0631, paratype, LV, TBD 3863, 150 m. A. Internal view, SEM 3179. B.MS, SEM 3180. C. PTE, SEM 3181. D. ATE, SEM 3182. E-F. Cytheropteron trinodosum sp. nov., MF—0632, holotype, TBD 6824, 90m. E. SEM 2888. F. Detail of ala, SEM 2890. Scales: A, E-F = 100 u; B—D = 10 un. 66 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM edge and continues along the DM; a further dorsolateral rib lies sub-parallel to the DM following a sinuous course behind mid-length. Internal features. Typical for the genus. The hinge is robust, antimerodont, with relatively short TE. MA moderately wide. There are four adductor MS, the first and third of which are subdivided, and an elongate anterior scar. Remarks Cytheropteron whatleyi sp. nov. bears a strong resemblance to C. testudo Sars, 1869, but they differ with the latter being posteriorly more acuminate, particularly in the LV, and the former having a more complex rib pattern on, and adjacent to, the DM. Whatley 15° 20° \ a i Walvis Ridge Abutment / , a WALVIS BAY — | KNYSNA SW CAPE \ Fig. 41. Distribution of Cytheropteron trinodosum sp. nov. (black squares), and C. whatleyi sp. nov., (crosses, with dashed lines indicating northern and eastern limits) on the continental margin off south-western Africa. Sites near Knysna are after Keeler (1981). QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 67 & Coles (1987) and Whatley & Ayress (1988) have shown that C. testudo is a cosmo- politan taxon that occurs in Miocene—Quaternary sediments in all the worlds major oceans. Sars (e.g. 1928) originally recorded the species from c. 240 m water depth off northern Norway, whereas Whatley & Coles (1987) have found it in Quaternary sedi- ments at DSDP site 607 at 3 427 m in the North Atlantic, Benson (1977) recorded the species from Pleistocene sediments at DSDP site 22 in the South Atlantic, and Whatley & Downing (1984) have reported it in the Middle Miocene of south Australia. A further similar species, within the group related to C. testudo, is C. parawellmani Whatley & Downing, 1984, from the Middle Miocene of south Australia. The latter differs from C. whatleyi in the course and shape of the dorsal margin and surface of the ala, and the more dorsally directed outline of the PM caudal process. Cytheropteron whatleyi also resembles C. litwini Blaszyk, 1987, from the Oligocene of King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula, but Blaszyk’s species has a prominent, con- tinuous rib subparallel to the DM and a ventrally directed PM caudal process. Instars of C. gaussi Miller, 1908, from Antarctica have a similar ornamentation to C. whatleyi, but possess a more complex ornamentation of ribs and nodes on the upper ala surface, and a more pointed and dorsally directed PM outline (e.g. see illustrations in Hartmann 1989). Distribution Cytheropteron whatleyi sp. nov. is the most widely distributed and abundant species of the genus on the continental shelf off south-western Africa, with a latitudinal range of 19,9° to 35°S (Fig. 41). Keeler (1981) did not record it on the eastern Agulhas Bank, which suggests that it is a cold-water taxon. It is known only from relict specimens, which have regional UDL and LDL of 131 m and 475 m, respectively. The LDL increases northwards from the south-western Cape, where it lies at 220 m. A single valve at TBD 3458 off Walvis Bay in 725 m is probably allochthonous. Cytheropteron trinodosum sp. nov. Figs 40E—-F, 42A-—E, 43, 44A Cytheropteron sp. B Keeler, 1981: 58-59, pl. 3 (figs 1—2). Cytheropteron spp. Boomer, 1985: 51, pl. 1 (figs 11-12). Derivation of name tri, nodosa—Latin; reference to three nodes at the tip of the ala. Holotype length height MF—-0632, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m Orsi 0,28 Paratypes length height MF-—0633, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m O52 0:27 MF-0634, RV, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,48 0,30 MF-0635, LV, TBD 6847, 94 m O55. 0,25 68 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fig. 42. A—E. Cytheropteron trinodosum sp. nov. A.MF-0633, paratype, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 2892. B-C. MF-0634, paratype, RV, TBD 6847, 94m. _B. Internal view, SEM 3187. C. Detail of ala, SEM 3188. D-—E. MF-0635, paratype, LV, TBD 6847, 94m. D. Internal view, SEM 3184. E. MS, SEM 3185. F. Cytheropteron cuneatum sp. nov., MF-0638, holotype, LV, TBD 6836, 80 m, SEM 2887. Scales: A-B, D, F = 100 p; C, E = 10 p. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 69 ip tl Fig. 43. Muscle scars of Cytheropteron trinodosum sp. nov., paratype, MF—0635, LV, TBD 6847, 94 m. Material 75 valves. Diagnosis Species of Cytheropteron with three small nodes on the posterior side of the ala apex. Description External features. Ovate outline dominated by strongly caudate PM, and lance-like ala. AM asymmetrically rounded, more drawn out and ventrally directed in RV. PM caudal process is dorsally deflected. DM strongly convex in RV, with a prominent anterodorsal notch, somewhat straighter in LV. VM gently convex. There is a prominent, lance-like ala with two flap-like processes on the trailing edge. Overall the valve surface is smooth, but there are several distinct features associated with the ala. There is a cord-like rib along the leading edge and three small nodes on the posterior side of the apex. These are only seen in well-preserved specimens and, in some examples, there is a tendency for the most distal node to extend and deflect dorsally and posteriorly, forming almost a hook. There are other small nodes proximal to the apex nodes and these give a serrated aspect to the ala. In addition, there are lines of fine puncta along the dorsal surface of the ala trailing edge and along the dorsal side of the leading edge cord-like rib, where it abuts the main lateral surface. These details are important for defining the species. Internal features. MS consist of five vertical scars, the central of which is elongate and angled. The marginal areas are moderately wide, with small anterior vestibules and seven RPC. The two RPC at the AM apex diverge strongly in a V-arrangement, and the third RPC from the anterodorsal corner has a short, ‘false’ canal ventrally adjacent to it. Remarks There are several species of Cytheropteron that possess a large pointed lance-like ala, typical of which is C. alatum Sars, 1866. In general outline and overall ornamen- 70 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fig. 44. Sketches of external lateral views of alae of ‘Cytheropteron alatum’ group of species. Modem species. A.C. frinodosum sp. nov., LV. B.C. alatum Sars, 1866, LV. C. C. vespertilio (Reuss, 1850), LV. D.C. branchium Whatley, Ayress & Downing, 1986, LV. E. C. pherozigzag Whatley & Masson, 1979, LV. F.C. volantium Whatley & Masson, 1979, RV. G. Cytheropteron sp. V Cronin, 1983, LV. H. Cytheropteron sp. D Cronin, 1983, LV. I. C. excavoalatum Whatley & Masson, 1979, LV. J.C. pulcinella Bonaduce, Masoli & Pugliese, 1978, LV. K.C. aff. C. alatum Sars, 1866 (in Bonaduce ef al. 1988), RV. L.C. inornatum Brady & Robertson, 1872, RV. Fossil species. M. C. brenneri Dingle, 1981, RV, Maastrichtian. N. C. cf. C. brenneri (in Frewin 1987, Palaeogene). O. C. aff. C. brenneri (in Frewin 1987, Palaeogene). QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA Wl tation, these species are close but, under scanning electron microscopy, the details of frills, ridges, denticles and puncta on the ala allow the various species to be easily discerned. Whatley & Masson (1979) have revised the taxonomy and re-illustrated Cytheropteron species from around Great Britain, including C. alatum, and Figure 44 shows sketches of this and other species that are similar to C. trinodosum. Cytheropteron vespertilio (Reuss, 1850), from the Miocene to Recent of north-western Europe and the Mediterranean, is particularly close to C. trinodosum sp. nov., but differs in having a somewhat shorter ala, which is less deflected ventrally, as well as having subtle differ- ences in ornamentation. According to Whatley & Masson, C. vespertilio occurs in water depths that range 30-700 m (Breman 1976), with greatest abundances at 200-500 m. Of particular interest are two pandemic species of Cytheropteron that fall within the ‘Cytheropteron alatum’ group: C. branchium Whatley & Ayress, 1986, and C. phero- zigzag Whatley & Ayress, 1986. Whatley & Ayress (1988) recorded these species in deep water in all three major oceans and, although neither is particularly close to C. trinodosum in details of ala morphology, they form a world-wide link between the more endemic species of the ‘C. alatum’ group that are confined to shallower waters. Fossil species of the ‘C. alatum’ group have been reported in southern Africa by Dingle (1981) and Frewin (1987). From the Maastrichtian of Zululand C. brenneri Dingle, 1981, has a shorter and straighter ala, whereas from the Eocene of the Agulhas Bank, Cytheropteron cf. C. brenneri Frewin, 1987, and Cytheropteron aff. C. brenneri Frewin, 1987, differ from C. trinodosum in being punctate, and lacking a leading edge rib, respectively. The fragmented valve recorded by Dingle (1976), from the middle Eocene offshore Natal as Cytheropteron sp. 3, is probably conspecific with Frewin’s (1987) Cytheropteron aff. C. brenneri. Distribution Cytheropteron trinodosum sp. nov. is the second-most abundant and widespread species of the genus on the continental shelf and upper slope off south-western Africa. It occurs sporadically along the length of the margin from 19,9°S (Walvis Ridge abutment shelf) to 34,5°S (south of False Bay), and on to the eastern Agulhas Bank (Keeler 1981; herein Fig. 41). Modern and relict specimens occur over the entire latitudinal range of sites and both have similar UDL and LDL: modern, 90 m and 437 m; relict, 80 m and 453 m, respec- tively. In both cases there is a large increase in UDL and LDL from south to north. Cytheropteron cuneatum sp. nov. Figs 42F, 45A—B Derivation of name Cuneus—Latin, wedge; reference to wedge-shape of alae. Holotype length height MF-0638, LV, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,50 O27 WZ ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 25sfu x75e 194m e@863198 Fig. 45. A-B. Cytheropteron cuneatum sp. nov., TBD 6836, 80m. A. MF-0638, holotype, LV, internal view, SEM 3193. B.MF-0639, paratype, RV, SEM 2884. C-—F. Cytheropteron frewinae sp. nov., MF— 0640, holotype, C, TBD 6823, 120m. C. Right view, SEM 2894. D. Left view, SEM 3196. E. Detail of left ala, SEM 3198. F. Ventral view, SEM 3215. Scales: A-D, F = 100u, E= 10 un. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA WB) Paratype length height MF-0639, RV, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,50 0,30 Material Four valves. Diagnosis Species of Cytheropteron with a broad, wedge-shape ala, and ornamented overall with a lace-like pattern of fine ribs and punctae. Description External features. Asymmetrically rounded AM, caudate PM, upturned dorsally. DM in LV is straight, sloping posteriorly, with a high ACA; in LV DM is broadly convex, the sweep of the arc incorporating the AM and dorsal part of the PM. VM is straight, but mainly hidden by broad, wedge-shape ala terminating in a blunt apex that is deflected only slightly posteriorly and ventrally. Overall the valve surface is covered in fine ribs and intercostal riblets that create a lace-like pattern. The ribs are particularly prominent on the posterior side of the ala. Intercostal areas are finely punctate. There are two indistinct ribs running along the ala leading edge. Internal features. Poorly known. The hinge is typical of the genus but relatively weak, with a finely crenulate ME. MS not seen. MA moderately wide, with few RPC. Remarks Although C. cuneatum is morphologically typical of the genus, none of the other local species of Cytheropteron is particularly close it. The same is true for the north- western European shelf species (e.g. Whatley & Masson 1979) and those illustrated by Neale (1967) and Whatley et al. (1988) from the south-western Atlantic and Antarctica, although the wedge-shaped ala of C. gaussi Miller, 1908, is reminiscent of C. cuneatum. However, the ornamentation and valve outline of the two species differ on many points. Cytheropteron gaussi is a deep-water taxon (990—2 370 m) in Antarctica and the Subant- arctic islands of the south-western Atlantic (Muller 1908; Neale 1967; Hartmann 1987; Whatley ef al. 1988). Distribution This rare species was recorded at one site only (TBD 6836; 80 m), west of the Cape Peninsula (Fig. 46). Both modern and relict specimens were present in this sample. Cytheropteron frewinae sp. nov. Fig. 45C—F Cytheropteron (Aversovalva) sp. A524 Frewin, 1987: 33-34, pl. 9E-G, text-figs 2.7, 2.8. Derivation of name This species is named for Joanna Frewin (formerly at the University of the Western Cape), who first reported this species. 74 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 19° 20° \ NA cuneatum 34° HOUT BAY eae Ve a [ FALSE BAY “ \, sp. 2878 sp. 2881 sp. 2882 = frewinae C. AGULHAS 35° sp. 2902 Fig. 46. Distribution of various species of Cytheropteron on the conti- nental margin between Cape Agulhas and the Cape Peninsula. Holotype length height MF-0640, C, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,45 0,28 Material Five valves. Diagnosis Species of Cytheropteron with a prominent straight ridge running from the apex of the ala to the PCA, and with three small conchoidally-shaped depressions on the dorsal surface of the ala apex. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA iS Description External features. Asymmetrically rounded AM, PM with caudal process situated well above mid-height. DM broadly convex, VM short convex. Overall lateral outline is elliptical. Ala is short, ventrally deflected, with an angular, quadrate apex, and does not extend below line of VM. A prominent straight ridge runs from the ala apex to the PCA. A ridge runs thence to the ACA parallel to the DM. Immediately anterior to the PCA, the dorsal ridge is broken and a further very fine ridge, which has the appearance of a crack on the valve surface, runs diagonally forward across the central part of the valve. At the ala apex there are three conchoidal-like depressions that give the ala the aspect of a chipped flint artefact. Several short, sub-vertical ribs enhance this ‘fractured’ aspect in the triangular-shaped posterior area. A narrow sinuous rib runs from the ala apex along the ala leading edge. Internal views. These are not available from my material. Frewin (1987) illustrated the species and her plate 9F-G shows a modified hemimerodont hinge, in which the smooth LV ME bar has enlarged and dentate posterior and anterior ends. Remarks This species was first recorded by Frewin (1987) from Eocene strata on the eastern Agulhas Bank. My material appears to be identical with hers. Cytheropteron frewinae resembles Cytheropteron inornatum Brady & Robertson, 1872, in their joint possession of a ridge running from the ala apex to the PCA, and a small diagonal ridge from the PCA across the central valve area. They differ in valve outline, which is more elongate in C. inornatum, and in the small concave depressions on the ala apex in C. frewinae. Cytheropteron inornatum occurs in relatively shallow waters (30-50 m) between 50° and 58°N around the British Isles, and to depths greater than 150 m in the Adriatic Sea (Whatley & Masson 1979). Another similar species (Cytheropteron sp. S) has been reported from water depths of 105-1 029 m on the continental margin of the south-eastern USA (Cronin 1983). Cronin’s species lacks the diagonal PCA to valve-centre ridge of C. frewinae, but has a very similar overall shape and angular aspect. None of the species of Cytheropteron from the south-western Atlantic illustrated by Whatley et al. (1988) is similar to C. frewinae. Distribution This rare species was recovered from two sites west of Hout Bay (Fig. 46), with UDL and LDL of 120 m and 140 m, respectively. Relict valves occur at both sites, and modern valves at the shallower site. Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae Fig. 47A Illustrated material length height MF-0637, RV, TBD 3921, 738 m 0,53 0,30 Material One valve. 76 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Remarks A single valve belonging to the ‘C. alatum’ group that is probably a new species. It has affinities with C. frewinae; in particular, it possesses a fine ridge that is directed from the PCA to the valve centre, and two narrow slits along the trailing edge of the ala. In contrast, Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae lacks the sharp ridge that joins the PCA and the ala apex. Overall, the valve has an elongate dolphin shape and, in this respects, it is similar to Cytheropteron sp. 2914 Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990, from site TBD 3355 at 2 070 m. Distribution Found only at site TBD 3921 (19,1°S) on the Walvis Ridge abutment shelf, at a water depth of 738 m. Indeterminate species of Cytheropteron The following species are left in open nomenclature because the quantity and/or quality of material precludes the erection of new species. Cytheropteron sp. 2878 Fig. 47B Illustrated material length height MF-0642, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,33 0,20 Material Seven valves. Remarks This is a small species with a broadly rounded ala, on the dorsal surface of which there faint longitudinal ribs. It may be conspecific with the Cytheropteron (Aversovalva) sp. A530, illustrated by Frewin (1987) from the Eocene of the eastern Agulhas Bank, but my material is not sufficiently well preserved to make a satisfactory comparison. Distribution This rare species has been encountered at three sites off the south-western Cape: in the entrance to Hout Bay (TBD 6824: 90 m), in False Bay (TBD 5254: 40 m), and immediately west of Cape Agulhas (TBD 344: 73 m) (Fig. 46). Modern valves were recovered from the two shallower sites, whereas relict specimens occurred in False Bay and Hout Bay. Cytheropteron sp. 2881 Fig. 47C Illustrated material length height MF—0643, RV, TBD 344, 73 m 0,35 0,23 QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA Uy Sextiss Fig. 47. A. Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae sp. nov., MF—-0637, RV, TBD 3921, 738m, SEM 3189. B. Cytheropteron sp. 2878, MF—0642, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m, SEM 2878. C. Cytheropteron sp. 2881, MF-0643, TBD 344, 73 m, SEM 2881. D. Cytheropteron sp. 2882, MF—-0644, RV, TBD 344, 73 m, SEM 2882. E. Cytheropteron sp. 2902, MF—0645, LV, TBD 3587, 140m, SEM 2902. F. Cytheroperon sp. 3408, MF-0731, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m, SEM 3408. Scales: all 100 u. 78 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Material One valve. Remarks I am not aware of any species of Cytheropteron that closely resembles Cythero- pteron sp. 2881. It is small and has a relatively large ala with a thick leading edge ridge. The dorsal and posteroventral areas of the valve are strongly compressed, and there are numerous small pits on the valve surface. Distribution One modern valve was recovered from site TBD 344 (73 m), immediately west of Cape Agulhas. Cytheropteron sp. 2882 Fig. 47D Illustrated material length height MF-0644, RV, TBD 344, 73 m 20,34 0,20 Material One valve. Remarks This is a very distinctive, small species of Cytheropteron, in the ala of which is a massive ridge that dominates the lateral view. It has a flattened lateral surface, and several irregular depressions and pits on its dorsal surface. The dorsal half of the valve has distinctive, vertically elongate pits that impart a cuneiform appearance to the ornamentation. Distribution One, probably modern, valve was recovered from site TBD 344 (73 m), immediately west of Cape Agulhas. Cytheropteron sp. 2902 Fig. 47E Illustrated material length height MF-0645, LV, TBD 3587, 140 m 0,49 0,30 Material One valve. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 79 Remarks This species has a relatively small, acuminate ala, and an overall valve surface that is finely reticulate and punctate. It is similar to other punctate/finely reticulate species such as C. punctatum Brady, 1868, and C. miurense Hanai, 1957, but differs in details of outline, ala shape and ornamentation. None of the Eocene species recorded by Frewin (1987) from the Agulhas Bank is similar to Cytheropteron sp. 2902. Distribution One relict valve was recovered from site TBD 3587 (140 m), west of Hout Bay. Cytheropteron sp. 3408 Fig. 47F Illustrated material length height MF-0731, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,37 0,19 Material One valve. Remarks This species has a distinctively sculptured surface with fine, widely spaced reticu- lation. Intercostal areas are strongly punctate in the central part of the valve. The ala is broad and blunt, and has three widely spaced ribs along its leading edge. Distribution One, probably modern, valve was recovered from site TBD 5254 in False Bay (40 m). Summary of the distribution of the genus Cytheropteron on the continental shelf The latitudinal distribution of the 10 species of Cytheropteron that occur in water shallower than 945 m is shown in Figures 41 and 46, whereas the abundance variations of the main species are shown in Figure 48. Despite being the most diverse genus on the margin off south-western Africa, Cytheropteron accounts for only 0,85 per cent of the total ostracod populations (<945 m). With the exception of a single valve of Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae on the Walvis Ridge abutment, the shelf north of the Cape Peninsula is populated by only two species— C. trinodosum and C. whatleyi. Two areas, north-west of Liideritz, and between the northern Cape Peninsula and the southern Namaqualand shelf, are barren of the genus. In contrast, the shelf around the Cape Peninsula contains six species, and the area off Cape Agulhas five. There are large variations in diversity and abundance of Cytheropteron with water depth. Greatest diversity is found on the inner shelf, with six species in depths less than 100 m (all from the south-western Cape), and four species between 100 m and 200 m. Diversity declines in deeper water, with only C. trinodosum and C. whatleyi populating 80 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM dl] = | = H oe G = F co D- ) ; C- ite all Cytheropteron ees p ae ae } | = | i Sai J * j qc i } 3 i = w —— a . 8 ae 8 ; ; 7% ! P : C. whatleyi * H ; a | ; mt \ C. trinodosum A \ ) A 0 ! A ; — ee 0 500 1000 m Depth Fig. 48. Depth ranges (bars) of various species of Cytheropteron that occur in water depths < 950 m. Graphs show the percentage of the total ostracod fauna for C. whatleyi, C. trinodosum, and all Cytheropteron. Note that the single valve of C. aff. C. frewinae (J) within a small sample distorts the smoothed ‘all Cytheropteron’ curve significantly. The dotted line represents this curve with no distortion for this sample. A = Cytheropteron sp. 3408, B = Cytheropteron sp. 2878, C = Cythero- pteron sp. 2881, D = Cytheropteron sp. 2882, E = C. cuneatum, F = C. trinodosum, G = C. frewinae, H=C. whatleyi, |= Cytheropteron sp. 2902, and J= C. aff. C. frewinae. the outer shelf and upper slope, except for a single valve of Cytheropteron aff. C. frewi- nae on the Walvis Ridge abutment. The abundance of Cytheropteron primarily reflects the combined abundances of C. trinodosum and C. whatleyi, and only shallower than 100 m do the minor species affect the values. Cytheropteron whatleyi has two abundance peaks: at 150 m and 300 m, whereas C. trinodosum has its greatest abundance at c. 400 m. There is a low in Cythero- pteron values in the vicinity of 200 m, and it may be significant that none of the minor species (except Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae) occur below this depth. Below 220 m there is an increase in abundance of the genus (to 7% of the ostracod fauna), rising to 10 per cent at 500 m. Values steadily decline in deeper water, and reach a low near the base of the AAIW salinity minimum zone on the middle continental slope (c. 1 000 m) (see Dingle er al. 1990, fig. 8). QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 81 Genus Cytherura Sars, 1866 Cytherura siesseri sp. nov. Fig. 49A—E Derivation of name This species is named for Professor W. G. Siesser (Vanderbilt University, Nash- ville), for his contributions to Southern African Cenozoic stratigraphy. Holotype length height MF-0745, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,56 0,25 Paratypes length height ME-0744, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,69 0,30 MF-0746, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,64 0,30 Material Seven valves. Diagnosis Elongate species of Cytherura ornamented with faint longitudinal depressions in the anterior area, and a distinctive chevron arrangement of small punctae posteromedially. Description External features. Elongate ovate outline. Asymmetrically curved AM, ventrally directed. PM caudate, with dorsally directed process. DM broadly convex, VM weakly concave in central portion with distinct inflation posteriorly. Maximum valve height is at about three-quarter valve length. Valve surface smooth, except for faint longitudinal depressions that are most prominent anteriorly. There is a distinctive chevron pattern of four lines of small punctae on the crest of the posteromedian valve inflation. Internal features. MA narrow, although details thereof were not seen. Hinge mero- dont (probably hemimerodont). MS consist of a line of four rounded adductors with two anterior scars in line with the dorsal-most adductor. Remarks This species is placed in Cytherura because it has narrow marginal areas. Otherwise, its overall shape is similar to two previously described species belonging to Semi- cytherura, viz: S. clandestina Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill & Toy, 1988, from the conti- nental shelf and coast of northern Argentina, and ?S. dimorpha Hartmann, 1974, from the Luanda coastal area in Angola. Cytherura siesseri differs from both these species in details of outline (it is more elongate) and ornamentation (presence of the posteromedian chevrons of pits). It is not especially close to other cytherurids from southern Africa. 82 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM ———— 1804m. SB63SS3i Fig. 49. B. Detail of ornamentation in posteroventral region, SEM 353 D. Internal view, SEM 3 B 525: D—-E. MF—0744, LV, paratype. mucronata (Brady, 1880), MF—0686, RV, TBD Scale: A, C—-D, F = 100 u, B, E C. MF-0746, paratype, LV, SEM 3534. E. MS, SEM 3529. F. Kangarina 6847, 94m, SEM 3199. 10 u. A-E. Cytherura siesseri sp. nov. TBD 6824, 90 m. A-B. MF-0745, holotype, RV. A. SEM 3531. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 83 Distribution This species is recorded at one site (TBD 6824: 90 m) west of the Cape Peninsula, where six modern and one relict valve were collected. Genus Kangarina Coryell & Fields, 1937 Three species of this genus are known from the continental shelf off south-western Africa. In contrast, Whatley e¢ a/. (1988) did not record the genus from the south-western Atlantic. Kangarina mucronata (Brady, 1880) Figs 49F, 50A—B Cytherura mucronata Brady, 1880: 133-134, pl. 32 (figs 9a—d). Puri & Hulings, 1976: 305, pl. 21 (figs 11-12). Illustrated material length height ME—0686, C, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,48 0,25 MEF-0687, C, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,46 0,25 ME—0688, C, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,45 0,25 MEF-0689, C, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,45 0,24 Material 36 valves. Remarks This species is placed in the genus Kangarina because the ventral margin is strongly concave anterior to mid-length. The illustrations herein are the first to show details of the ornamentation, MA and hinge of Brady’s species. Distribution Brady (1880) recorded Kangarina mucronata from the ‘Challenger’ station in False Bay (Simon’s Bay). The present specimens were recovered from one site in False Bay (TBD 5254) and three sites west of the Cape Peninsula (TBD 6836, 6824, 6847). The UDL and LDL are 40 m and 90 m, respectively. Kangarina sola sp. nov. Figs 50C-F, 51A Kangarina sp. Keeler, 1981: 68-69, pl. 3 (fig. 12). Derivation of name sol—Latin, sun; fanciful reference to sun-shaped ornamentation pattern in the central dorsal part of the valve. Holotype length height MF-0734, RV, TBD 344, 73 m O35 0,20 84 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Serm @e3418 Sorm Sexss59e Fig. 50. A-B. Kangarina mucronata (Brady, 1880), TBD 6847, 94m. A.MF—0686, RV, internal view, SEM 3221. B.MF-—-0687, LV, SEM 3201. C—F. Kangarina sola sp. nov. MF—0734, holotype, RV, TBD 344, 73m. C.SEM 3418. D. Detail of anterior ornamentation, SEM 3420. E. Detail of posterior ornamentation, SEM 3421. F. Interior view, SEM 3590. Scales: A-B = 100 u, C, F = 50 yu, D-E = 10 u. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 85 Material One valve. Diagnosis Species of Kangarina with large sun-shaped ornament (central boss with fine radial ribs) in a central location dorsal to the main longitudinal median ridge. Description External features. A small, globular species with a narrow, acutely rounded AM that is ventrally deflected. PM somewhat truncated with a small, sharp caudal process at about mid-height. DM broadly rounded, VM strongly convex at about mid-length, with a con- cavity anterior to mid-length. Surface ornamentation very strong, with a massive longitu- dinal median ridge that commences near the posterodorsal margin and proceeds via the SCT to the vicinity of the AM. The dorso- and ventrolateral areas are also raised and, together with the median ridge and the AM area, are ornamented with fine punctae and narrow imbricating riblets. The main intercostal areas are relatively deeply sunken, and filled with a coarse reticulation and very fine, irregular inter-mural nblets. In a central position, dorsal to the median ridge, a large sun-shaped or cartwheel pattern dominates the valve. Internal features. Wide anterior MA. Curved, robust antimerodont hinge with small subdivided TE and strongly crenulate ME, with larger anterior and posterior sectors. Ovate cluster of four adductor MS and a small crescentic anterior scar. Remarks The ornamentation of Kangarina sola is very distinctive and cannot be confused with any other known species. It bears some resemblance to an unnamed species illus- trated by McKenzie (1974, pl. 3 (fig. 8)) and formally described by Whatley & Downing (1984) as K. macropus, from the Tertiary of southern Australia; however, K. sola can be distinguished by its intricate secondary ornamentation and its sun-pattern motif. Distribution This rare species was recorded at one site (TBD 344: 73 m) west of Cape Agulhas, and by Keeler (1981) at TBD 1259 (91 m) on the eastern Agulhas Bank. Kangarina hendeyi sp. nov. Fig. 51B—E Derivation of name This species is named for Dr Q. B. Hendey, Durban Natural Science Museum (for- merly of the South African Museum), for his comradeship during collaborative studies on the Cenozoic sediments of the Western Cape. Holotype length height MF-0726, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,63 0,38 86 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 19kU x35e Sovm 883389 Se3594 Fig. 51. A. Kangarina sola sp. nov., MF—0734, holotype, RV, TBD 344, 73 m, MS, SEM 3593. B-E. Kangarina hendeyi sp. nov., MF—0726, holotype, LV, TBD 5254, 40m. B.SEM 3389. C. Inter- nal view, SEM 3594. __D. Detail of anterior area, SEM 3390. E. Detail of posterior area, SEM 3391. F. ?Kangarina sp. 3439, MF—0755, C, TBD 6846, 95 m, SEM 3439. Scales: A, D-E = 10, B-C = 50p, F= 100 p. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 87 Material One valve. Diagnosis Species of Kangarina with a very broadly rounded DM, subdued, finely punctate ornamentation, and rounded, upturned caudal process. Description External features. Relatively elongate, somewhat ovate outline. AM _ broadly rounded, ventrally directed; PM rounded, with a blunt, upturned caudal process that is truncated and finely punctate at its tip. DM very broadly and evenly rounded; VM convex in posterior half and concave in anterior half. Overall, the ornamentation is subdued for the genus. A broad, poorly defined longitudinal median rib merges with a broad, flat central area that is connected to the posterodorsal corner by a sharper rib. The ventral part of the valve is quasi-alate, with a broad keel-like longitudinal ventral ridge. The valve surface is reticulate, with the coarsest pattern in the central area of the valve. Internal features. Narrow MA, weak merodont hinge. MS not clearly seen, strong fulchral point. Remarks The elongate outline and subdued ornamentation of Kangarina hendeyi make this species distinctive. It is similar to a species illustrated from the Pliocene of the Dominican Republic by Van den Bold (1988) as ‘Kangarina’ aff. ‘K.’ abyssicola (Miller), but differs in possessing a less well-developed ventral keel, in having a less strongly arched DM, and in details of PM outline. Van den Bold (1988: 59) remarked that species such as these, with curved DM outlines probably belong in a new genus. Hemicytherura sanmatiasensis Echevarria, 1988, from the Pliocene of Argentina, differs in VM outline, and in having coarser ornamentation. No similar species have been recorded from Australia, although the genus is well represented there. Distribution This rare species was recorded at one site (TBD 5254: 40 m) on the west side of False Bay. Kangarina? sp. 3439 Fig. 51F Illustrated material length height MF-0755, C, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,65 0,39 Material Two valves. 88 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Remarks This globular species has a smooth surface ornamented with small punctae. Although its general outline is typical for the genus, the lack of characteristic ornamentation makes the generic assignment tentative. Distribution This rare species was recorded at site TBD 6846 (95 m) west of the Cape Peninsula. Genus Semicytherura Wagner, 1957 Semicytherura clausi (Brady, 1880) Fig. 52A—B Cytherura clausi Brady, 1880: 134, pl. 32 (fig. 8a—d). Puri & Hulings, 1976: 303, pl. 21 (figs 9-10). non Cytherura clausi Brady, 1880. Hornibrook, 1952: 51, pl. 15 (figs 242-244). Illustrated material length height MF-0690, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,44 0,22 Material One valve. Remarks The outer surface of the single available valve is slightly abraded, but is conspecific with the lectotype illustrated by Puri & Hulings (1976). An internal view shows a very wide inner lamella, the posterior portion of which extends anteriorly as far as the MS, although these themselves were not clearly visible. This species belongs to a closely related group within Semicytherura that is charac- terized by very similar external ornamentation and shell morphology, particularly the slightly bulbous posterior area. In addition to S. clausi, five species have been reported from the Southern Hemisphere: Semicytherura sp. 3379 (this study), also from False Bay; Keeler (1981: 65) recorded one species (as Cytherura aff. C. clausi) from the Agulhas Bank; Hartmann (1974) a further species (as ?Hemicytherura kazmaierae) from Lideritz Bay; and Semicytherura aff. S. costellata (Brady, 1880) from Antarctic and Subantarctic localities (Benson 1964; Hartmann 1989, 1990). Neale’s (1975) species Semicytherura augusta from the Santonian of Western Australia also belongs here, as does the species recorded as Cytherura clausi Brady by Hornibrook (1952) from the Lower Miocene to Recent of New Zealand. Distribution This rare species has been recorded only from False Bay—Brady’s (1880) ‘Chal- lenger’ site (15—20 fm), and TBD 5254 (40 m). QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 89 Fig. 52. A-B. Semicytherura clausi (Brady, 1880), MF—0690, LV, TBD 5254, 40m. A. SEM 3208. B. Internal view, SEM 3216. C. Semicytherura sp. 3385, MF—0725, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m, SEM 3385. D. Semicytherura sp. 3382, MF-0724, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m, SEM 3382. E. Semicytherura sp. 3414, MF-0733, LV, TBD 344, 73 m, SEM 3414. F. Semicytherura sp. 3379, MF—0723, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m, SEM 3379. Scales: all 100 nu. 90 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Semicytherura sp. 3379 Fig. 52F Illustrated material length height MEF-0723, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,39 0,13 Material One valve. Remarks This species is very similar to, but not conspecific with, Semicytherura clausi (Brady). It differs from Brady’s species in the shape and ornamentation of the postero- ventral bulge, which has an angular, concave surface. In addition, a narrow rib that runs from the posteroventral angle to the posterodorsal area is more or less straight in Semi- cytherura sp. 3379, but strongly curved and less complete in S. clausi. Clearly the two species are very closely related. Distribution A rare species was recorded only at site TBD 5254 (40 m) in False Bay. Semicytherura sp. 3414 Fig, 52E Semicytherura sp. Keeler, 1981: 76-77, pl. 3 (figs 19-20). Illustrated material length height ME-0733. LV. TBD! 344. 73 m 0,36 0,19 Material Four valves. Remarks This species has an alate posteroventral projection, fine reticulation, and a small, sharp rib that runs parallel and close to the anterodorsal and dorsal margins. Semi- cytherura sp. 3414 is very similar to a species recorded by Van den Bold (1988) as Cytherura sp. C from the Mio—Pliocene of the Dominican Republic, from which it differs mainly in the shape of the posteroventral area. Its closest relative in local waters is Semicytherura sp. 3382 from False Bay. Distribution A rare species recorded from the inner shelf west of Cape Agulhas (TBD 344: 73 m) and from the eastern Agulhas Bank (TBD 1103: 64 m) (Keeler 1981). QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 91 Semicytherura sp. 3382 Fig. 52D Illustrated material length height MEF-0724, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,37 0,18 Material Four valves. Remarks This species is closest to Semicytherura sp. 3414, but differs in having a more ovate outline, a less well-developed posteroventral alation, and a finer rib and puncta ornamen- tation. It is very similar in outline and ornamentation to S. rugosoreticulata Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill & Toy, 1988, from the south-western Atlantic continental margin, but the latter has coarser ribs, particularly anteriorly. Distribution All modern specimens, recorded from site TBD 5254 in False Bay (40 m). Semicytherura sp. 3385 Fic. 52€ Illustrated material length height MF-0725, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,43 0,23 Material Five valves. Remarks This plump, ovate species is ornamented with very fine longitudinal ribs, parallel to which are aligned fine punctae. A weak reticulation is developed in the posterior and anterior areas. Semicytherura sp. 3385 is similar in shape and ornamentation to Cytherura arenicola Hartmann, 1974, from the Benguela-Mocamedes coast of Angola. In Hart- mann’s species, the caudal process lies below mid-height and, overall, the valve outline is more elongate. In addition, the two differ in size and shape of the inner lamella. Distribution All modern specimens, recorded from site TBD 5254 in False Bay (40 m). Genus Hemicytherura Elofson, 1941 Hemicytherura petheri sp. nov. Fig. 53A—B Cytherura sp. Keeler, 1981: 67-68, pl. 3 (figs 10-11). 92 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Derivation of name This species 1s named for J. Pether (South African Museum), for his work on the Neogene sediments of the coast of south-western Africa. Holotype length height MF-0715, RV, TBD 1341, 53 m 0,40 022 Paratype MF-0716, RV, TBD 344, 73 m 0,35 0,21 Material Three valves. Diagnosis Species of Hemicytherura with a bold longitudinal median ridge that posteroventrally forms a wide tear-shaped loop to rejoin itself anterior to mid-length. Description External features. Asymmetrically curved, finely scalloped AM, truncated PM with dorsally directed caudal process lying above mid-height. DM straight, VM straight, but partly obscured in lateral view by posteroventral overhang. Ornamentation consists of a few bold ridges, with deep, curved intercostal depressions. The main ridge is median, longitudinal, running from the AM to the posterior area, where it recurves ventrally in a wide loop, to rejoin itself just in front of mid-length. There is a further strong ridge subparallel to the DM, which is linked to the median ridge by a short, strong postero- dorsal bar. Intercostal areas are finely punctate. Internal features. Not clearly seen. Hinge 1s straight, robust, with prominent elongate TE and crenulate ME. Remarks The bold and distinctive ornamentation of Hemicytherura petheri cannot be con- fused with previously described species of the genus. Distribution This rare species was recovered from three inner-shelf sites: west of Cape Agulhas (TBD 1341: 53 m; and TBD 344: 73 m), and west of the Cape Peninsula (TBD 6824: 90 m). Keeler (1981) recorded it at one site on the eastern Agulhas Bank (TBD 1259: 91 m). Hemicytherura sp. 3393 Fig, 53€ Illustrated material length height ME-0727, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,33 0,18 QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 93 1@kY x3Se SOrm Se3s395 Fig. 53. A-—B. Hemicytherura petheri sp. nov., MF—0715, holotype, RV, TBD 1341, 53 m. A. SEM 3325. B. Internal view, SEM 3599. C. Hemicytherura sp. 3393, MF—-0727, RV, TBD 5254, 40m, SEM 3393. D. ?Hemicytherura sp. 3404, MF—0730, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m, SEM 3404. E-F. Paracytheridea sp. 3339, MF—0722, RV, TBD 5254, 40m. E. SEM 3339. F. Internal view, SEM 3519. Scales: A—-B, D-F = 100 yu, C = 50 u. 94 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Material One valve. Remarks The most prominent features of this species are the strongly compressed region adjacent to the AM, and the curved ventral ridge. No closely related species have been reported from the local geological record. Distribution This rare species was recorded only at site TBD 5254 in False Bay (40 m). ?Hemicytherura sp. 3404 Fis. 3D Illustrated material length height MF-0730, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,40 0,21 Material One valve. Remarks The most prominent features of this species are celation along the dorsal margin, and the sharp posteroventral ala. Distribution This rare species was recorded only at site TBD 5254 in False Bay (40 m). Genus Paracytheridea Miller, 1894 Paracytheridea sp. 3339 Fig. 53E-F Illustrated material length height MF-0722, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,42 0,21 Material One valve. Remarks This small, very compressed species is characterized by coarse, deeply incised lat- eral ridges. The RV hinge consists of an ATE with three lobes, a crenulate ME grove, and a short quadrate PTE. Hartmann (1974) described one species of the genus from QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 95 Angola (Paracytheridea luandensis), but this has distinct alation and a prominent caudal process. Distribution This rare species was recorded relict only at one site (TBD 5254: 40 m) in False Bay. Family Hemicytheridae Puri, 1953 The revision by Whatley ef a/. (1987) of various hemicytherid taxa from the south- western Atlantic area allows a taxonomic reassignment of some previously described species from the south-eastern Atlantic. Thirty species in 11 hemicytherid genera have been recorded from Quaternary marine sediments around southern and south-western Africa (Table 3). All 11 genera and 26 of these species extend into the present area of interest, although only 18 species in 10 genera are found on the continental shelf (in contrast to the coastal and inshore zone). TABLE 3 Species of the family Hemicytheridae recorded from around southern Africa. Ambostracon levetzovi (Klie, 1940), coastal to inner shelf, Liideritz-St Helena Bay Ambostracon flabellicostata (Brady, 1880), shelf, Walvis Ridge-Knysna Ambostracon keeleri Dingle, 1992, shelf, Walvis Ridge-Knysna Ambostracon sp. 3553, mid-Orange shelf Ambostracon sp. 3571, mid-Orange shelf Ambostracon (Patagonacythere) sp. 3556, mid-outer Orange-Namaqualand shelf Aurila dayii Benson & Maddocks, 1964, coastal, Liideritz—Knysna Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974, coastal to mid-shelf, Liideritz—-Knysna Austroaurila rugosa sp. nov., inner to mid-shelf Orange River-Knysna Caudites knysnaensis Hartmann, 1974, coastal, Knysna Caudites dacunhai Hartmann, 1974, coastal, Mozambique Caudites algicola Hartmann, 1974, coastal, Natal-Mozambique Caudites sp. 3329, inner shelf, Saldanha Bay Coquimba birchi sp. noy., inner to mid-shelf, south-western Cape ?Falklandia sp. 3546, inshore to inner shelf, Cape Peninsula~Knysna Meridionalicythere petricola (Hartmann, 1974), inner shelf, Ltideritz—Knysna Meridionalicythere foveata (Hartmann, 1974), Knysna Meridionalicythere sp. 3581, outer Namaqualand shelf Mutilus bensonmaddocksorum Hartmann, 1974, coastal to nearshore, Liideritz—Knysna Mutilus spendideornatus Hartmann, 1974, coastal, Mozambique Mutilus malloryi sp. nov. inner shelf, Cape Peninsula Procythereis major Klie, 1940, coastal, Liideritz Procythereis minor Klie, 1940, coastal, Liideritz—-Kommetje Procythereis serrata Klie, 1940, coastal, Liideritz ?Quadracythere sp. 3333, inner to mid-shelf, Orange River-south-western Cape Urocythereis arcana sp. nov., shelf, Walvis Ridge-Knysna ?Urocythereis sp. 3310, nearshore, Hout Bay ?Urocythereis sp. 3570, outer shelf, Walvis Bay ?Urocythereis sp. 3472, shelf, False Bay-Agulhas Bank ?Urocythereis sp. 3567, outer shelf, Walvis Bay-Agulhas Bank 96 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Genus Ambostracon Hazel, 1962 Subgenus Ambostracon (Ambostracon) Hazel, 1962 Ambostracon (Ambostracon) sp. 3553 Fig. 54A Illustrated material length height MF-0777, RV, TBD 2736, 205 m 0,70 0,40 Material One valve. Remarks This species is very close to A. (A.) flabellicostata (Brady) and Ambostracon (A.) sp. 3571, but differs in the coarseness of the ornamentation and the disposition of ribs along the dorsolateral area. Distribution This rare species was recorded relict at site TBD 2736 (205 m) on the mid-Orange shelf. Ambostracon (Ambostracon) sp. 3571 Fig. 54B Illustrated material length height MF-0786, C, TBD 2485, 227 m 0,66 0:37 Material Two valves. Remarks This species is very close to A. (4.) flabellicostata (Brady) and Ambostracon (A.) sp. 3553. It differs from the latter principally in the relative fineness of its ornamentation, and from the former in the straightness of the ocular ridge (this is curved sub-parallel to the AM in 4. (4.) flabellicostata). There is also an additional short curved rib immediately post-adjacent to the ocular ridge in Ambostracon (A.) sp. 3571. Distribution This rare species was recorded relict at site TBD 2485 (227 m) on the mid-Orange— Namaqualand shelf. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 97 @@3571 is@ky x1586 SesssEé 19kV x1S5e 188rm SesSs52 Fig. 54. A.Ambostracon (Ambostracon) sp. 3553, MF-0777, RV, TBD 2736, 205m, SEM 3553. B. Ambostracon (Ambostracon) sp. 3571, MF-—0786, C, TBD 2485, 227 m, right view, SEM 3571. C-E. Ambostracon (Patagonacythere) sp. 3556. C. MF-0778, RV, TBD 2719, 240m, SEM 3556. D. MF-0776, C, TBD 2369, 188m, right view, SEM 3552. E. MF—-0779, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m, SEM 3557. F. Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974, MF—-0646, C, TBD 6822, 42 m, SEM 3289. Scales: all 100 u. 98 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Subgenus Ambostracon (Patagonacythere) Hartmann, 1962 Ambostracon (Patagonacythere) sp. 3556 Fig. 544C—-E Illustrated material length height MEF-0778, RV, TBD 2719, 240 m 0,80 0,40 MEF-0776, C, TBD 2369, 188 m 0,77 0,40 MF-0779, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m 0,78 0,39 Material Fourteen valves. Remarks This species is characterized by posteriorly directed elevations in the postero- dorsal and posteroventral areas. The latter continues anteriorly as a ridge that terminates before reaching the AM. The eye and SCT are well developed, and ornamentation is strongly reticulate. Outline and ornamentation are reminiscent of Ambostracon (A.) flabellicostata (Brady), but the species lacks an ocular ridge and consequently belongs in A. (Patagonacythere). Distribution This species was recovered from seven sites in a relatively small area on the mid to outer Orange—Namaqualand shelf, with UDL and LDL of 188 m and 265 m, respectively. The poor state of preservation suggests that some of the specimens have been reworked. Genus Aurila Pokorny, 1955 Jn addition to the two modern species of Aurila from southern and south-western Africa (Table 3), Van den Bold (1966) recorded A. punctata (von Minster, 1830) from the Mio—Pliocene of Gabon. Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974 Figs 54F, 5SA—D, 56A Hemicythere? sp. Benson & Maddocks, 1964: 27-29, pl. 5 (figs 3-4, 6, 8-9), text-fig. 16. Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974: 286-288, pl. 54 (figs 402-411), pl. 55 (figs 412-416), pl. 149 (fig. 10). Illustrated material length height MF-0646, LV, TBD 6822, 42 m 0,73 0,40 MF-0647, RV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,64 0,38 MF-—0649, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,68 0,39 Material 44 valves. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 99 Remarks Benson & Maddocks (1964) recognized two varieties of the species that they allo- cated to Hemicythere? sp.: a larger punctate form and a smaller, more coarsely orna- mented form. I suspect that these represent adults and juveniles, since in my material the more coarsely ornamented specimens are juveniles. Distribution Hartmann (1974) recorded Aurila kliei from Liideritz Bay and Kommetjie (Cape Peninsula), and suggested that it was a cold-water species confined to the west coast. However, Benson & Maddocks (1964) had previously noted it at Leisure Island in Knysna Lagoon, on the south coast. Aurila kliei occurs offshore in two areas—immediately north of Ltderitz, and between Saldanha Bay and Cape Point (Fig. 57). Modern specimens were collected only off the south-western Cape with UDL and LDL of 15 m and 58 m, respectively. Two of these sites are in the vicinity of Hout Bay (TBD 6821 and 6822), close to Hartmann’s (1974) coastal site at Kommetijie. The relict fauna is more widely dispersed. Off Ltideritz, UDL and LDL are 31 m and 51 m, respectively, whereas off the Cape Peninsula the UDL is 15 m (Hout Bay) and the LDL is 160 m. The latter value is based on a single, abraded valve that might be allochthonous, in which case the LDL is 90 m. Genus Austroaurila Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill & Toy, 1987 This genus was originally described from the southern part of South America (Chile and Argentina) and from the Falkland Islands (Whatley et al. 1987), where it had been recorded under various names by Brady (1880), Skogsberg (1928), Hartmann (1962), Rossi de Garcia (1970), and Kaesler et al. (1979). Three species are known from this area, and all occur in littoral or mid-shelf habitats (to 150 m) (Whatley et al. 1987). Austroaurila rugosa sp. nov. Figs 55E-F, 56B, 58A—C Nereina? sp. B Benson & Maddocks, 1964: 30-31, pl. 5 (figs 13-14), text-fig. 18. Species 75 Boomer, 1985, text-fig. 5. Derivation of name Rugosa—Latin, rough, uneven; reference to lateral surface ornamentation. Holotype length height MF—0650, C, TBD 6835, 100 m 0,60 0,41 Paratypes length height MF-0651, LV, TBD 2975, 180 m 0,60 0,39 MF-0652, LV, TBD 6822, 42 m 0,62 0,40 MF-0653, RV, TBD 2975, 180 m 0,60 0,37 MF-0655, LV, juv. TBD 2975, 180 m 02 032 100 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM —1884m_ Fig. 55. A-—D. Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974. TBD 6821, 15 m. A-B. MF—0647, RV. A. Internal view, SEM 3295. B. SEM 3035. C—D.MF-0649, LV. C.SEM 3293. D.Internal view, SEM 2993. E-F. Austroaurila rugosa sp.nov. E.MF-—0650, holotype, C, TBD 6835, 100m, right view, SEM 2994. F. MF—0651, paratype, LV, TBD 2975, 180 m, SEM 3038. Scales: all 100 pu. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 101 Material 90 valves. Diagnosis Species of Austroaurila with a thick longitudinal median ridge and two large, rounded tubercles on the dorsal part of the lateral surface, the anterior of which incor- porates the eye spot. Description External features. Heavily calcified, with a rough, coarsely-hewn appearance. Ovate (RV) to sub-quadrate (LV) in lateral outline. AM broadly and asymmetrically rounded, PM sub-caudate, slightly upturned in RV. DM strongly convex in RV, straighter in LV. VM almost straight, but partly obscured by ventrolateral overhang. Ornamentation is dominated by a massive longitudinal ridge that crosses a wide prominent SCT. It has a tendency, both anteriorly and posteriorly, to split into three narrow ribs, which anteriorly extend to the AM. There is a thick, curved ventrolateral keel and a short prominent A io ae 04%. ®. @ . a B a oe ee a Fig. 56. A. Muscle scars of Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974, MF—-0648, RV, TBD 6821, 15 m, internal view. B. Muscle scars of Austroaurila rugosa sp. Nov., MF-0654, LV, TBD 2975, 180 m, internal view. Scales: 100 u. 102 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM inclined posterodorsal rib that narrows and runs along the DM to the eye spot. The latter feature is incorporated in a large rough tubercle. A second, more prominent tubercle lies just behind mid-length, immediately below the DM rib. These two elevations lie either side of the SCT. Intercostal areas are coarsely reticulate. Internal features. MA relatively narrow with 20-25 fine hair-like RPC anteriorly. The hinge is robust, holamphidont, with a small swelling at the posterior end of the ME. The terminal elements are particularly large, with only a slight auriline notch in the PTE. MS consist of three anterior scars and four adductors. Remarks Austroaurila rugosa was first recorded by Benson & Maddocks (1964) from Leisure Island, Knysna Lagoon. The RPC were reported as simple and not numerous. This con- flicts with my assessment but, from the external morphology of this distinctive species, there is no doubt that we are both dealing with the same taxon. No other species of the genus occurs off southern Africa. Comparing the African material with that illustrated by Whatley ef a/. (1987), the closest of the South American species is A. recurvirostrata (Skogsberg, 1928). The two species differ in the possession by A. rugosa of the massive median ridge, but are similar in overall shape and the 15° 20°E 152 20°E ee ee l 20° | il \ =} ) | {eooearz | z 4 ~ \ \ | y : i 7 + \ORANGER. 4 \ | ar x 30° + \ 30° 4 \ Ss | iN Ss | \ 5 \ = +t | } i me 7 SALDANHA BAY KNYSNA | CRSA AND EN IKNYSHE | \ as | es C.AGULHAS 1] pa ——S viet Vey \ pee C. POINT Ae | | \ A B Fig. 57. Distribution on the continental margin of Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974 (A) and Austroaurila rugosa Sp. nov. (B). A. Hartmann’s (1974) specimens were collected from sites at Liideritz Bay and Kommetjie (just north of Cape Point, on the Atlantic side of the Cape Peninsula). Benson & Maddocks (1964) recorded the species from Knysna Lagoon. B. The dashed line encloses modern sites. Benson & Maddocks (1964) first recorded the species from Knysna Lagoon. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 103 somewhat tumid appearance of 4. recurvirostrata. Of the three species noted by Whatley et al. (1987) from the south-western Atlantic, 4. recurvirostrata has the deepest water habitat. Skogsberg (1928) recovered it at 137-150 m on Burwood Bank, south of the Falkland Islands. Distribution Austroaurila rugosa sp. nov. is a relatively rare species (mean = 2,3% in samples in which it occurs) that is restricted to latitudes south of 28°S (Orange shelf to Knysna Lagoon—Fig. 57). Modern shelf populations occur only off the south-western Cape and have UDL and LDL 15 m and 90 m, respectively. Relict faunas are more extensive, with UDL and LDL of 80 m and 205 m, respec- tively, extending to a small suite of sites on the Orange shelf. Genus Meridionalicythere Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill & Toy, 1987 Meridionalicythere petricola (Hartmann, 1974) Figs 58D-F, 59A Aurila petricola Hartmann, 1974: 285-286, pl. 56 (figs 417-427), pl. 57 (figs 428-432), pl. 149 (fig. 8). Illustrated material length height MF-0711, RV, TBD 6822, 42 m 0,62 0,35 MF-0712, LV, TBD 6822, 42 m 0,62 0,35 MF-0718, C, TBD 2224, 58 m OS 0,39 Material Thirteen valves. Remarks This species was originally referred to Aurila by Hartmann (1974) but its valve outline is atypical for the genus. Whatley et al.’s 1987) subsequent erection of Meridion- alicythere for species in the south-western Atlantic allows a more satisfactory allocation. Ornamentation in the posterior part of the valves is somewhat bolder than in Hartmann’s (1974) original illustrations, but otherwise the specimens from the inshore and coastal areas are the same. Distribution Hartmann (1974) recorded M. petricola from rocky coastal substrates between Liideritz and Knysna. In the present survey, this geographical range has not been extended (Fig. 60) but the species has been shown to have a depth range of 15 m to 58 m. Modern specimens were recovered from the sites off the south-western Cape, whereas a relict assemblage occurs at TBD 3265, inshore just north of Liideritz (31 m). 104 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fig. 58. A-C. Austroaurila rugosa sp. nov. A.MF-0652, paratype, LV, TBD 6822, 42 m, SEM 2986. B. MF-0653, RV, TBD 2975, 180m, internal view, SEM 3040. C.MF-0655, LV, TBD 2975, 180 m, juvenile, SEM 2997. D-F. Meridionalicythere petricola (Hartmann, 1974), TBD 6822, 42 m. D-E. MF-0711, RV. D. SEM 3312. E. Detail of posteroventral area, SEM 3314. F. MF —0712, LV, SEM 3316. Scales: A-D, F = 100 u, E = 50 nu. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 105 1@kV x15e@ 19@rm . BeSSB1i i@kyv x*1S5e. 198rKm 883331 % ———— ie FF 19ePpm 6835 Fig. 59. A. Meridionalicythere petricola (Hartmann, 1974), MF—0718, C, TBD 2224, 58m, SEM 3331. B. ?Meridionalicythere sp. 3581, MF-0791, C, TBD 2361, 241 m, SEM 3581. C-—D. ?Falklandia sp. 3546, TBD 6847, 94m. C. MF-0752, RV, SEM 3546. D.MF—0753, RV, SEM 3547. E-F. Mutilus benson- maddocksorum Hartmann, 1974, MF—-0706, RV, TBD 6821, 15m. E.SEM 3284. F. Internal view, SEM 3298. Scales: all 100 w. 106 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 1 5° 20° E 25° : ‘ LUDERITZ | 30° | \ SWCAPE \ \ \ 2. Si if —= ~, a Sra Fig. 60. Distribution of Meridionalicythere petricola (Hartmann, 1974) on the continental margin off south-western Africa. Modern sites are enclosed by the dashed line. ?Meridionalicythere sp. 3581 Fig. 59B Illustrated material length height ME-0791, €, TBD 2361241 m 0,83 0,50 Material Four valves. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 107 Remarks Two poorly preserved carapaces of a species characterized by a prominent ventro- lateral keel and a small, triangular posterodorsal protuberance. Distribution This species was recorded only at site TBD 2361 (241 m) on the outer Namaqualand shelf. Genus Falklandia Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill & Toy, 1987 ?Falklandia sp. 3546 Fig. 59C_D Nereina? sp. A Benson & Maddocks, 1964: 29-30, pl. 5 (figs 1-2, 5, 7), text-fig. 17. Illustrated material length height MF-0752, RV, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,65 0,35 MF-0753, RV, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,64 0,34 Material Two valves. Remarks This species is provisionally placed in Falklandia. Celation is well developed in some specimens, including all those illustrated by Benson & Maddocks (1964), and gives rise to a smooth lateral surface, in contrast to the well-developed ribs and reticulation of one specimen (Fig. 59D). Distribution This species was recorded only at site TBD 6847 (94 m), west of the Cape Peninsula (relict and modern). Benson & Maddocks (1964) recovered five relict specimens from Leisure Island in Knysna Lagoon. Genus Mutilus Neviani, 1928 Mutilus bensonmaddocksorum Hartmann, 1974 Figs 59E-F, 61A—B Mutilus sp. Benson & Maddocks, 1964: 34-35, pl. 6 (figs 7-11), text-fig. 21. Mutilus bensonmaddocksorum Hartmann, 1974: 280-281, pl. 48 (figs 365-374). Illustrated material length height MF-0706, RV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,72 OB MF-0707, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,66 033 108 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Material Two valves. Remarks One valve is identical to the material illustrated by Benson & Maddocks (1964) and Hartmann (1974), but the other (Fig. S9E—F) is considerably more elongate and does not have the high anterodorsal outline of the male LV shown by Hartmann, although it has the same ornamentation. I assume this is a male RV, which previously has not been illustrated. Distribution Hartmann (1974) recorded M. bensonmaddocksorum from a coastal site at Liideritz, as well as from Knysna Lagoon, where Benson & Maddocks (1964) found it at Leisure Island. In the present survey, this rare species was recovered from one site in Hout Bay (TBD 6821: 15 m, modern and relict). Mutilus bensonmaddocksorum is a coastal and nearshore species, in contrast to M. malloryi sp. nov., which occurs in slightly deeper inshore areas. Mutilus malloryi sp. nov. Fig. 61C-—F, 62A, 63E Derivation of name This species is named for Emeritus Professor John Mallory, who, as Professor of Oceanography at the University of Cape Town, played a leading role in encouraging early marine geological activities on the southern African continental shelf. Holotype length height MF-0703, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0355 0,30 Paratypes length height MF-0702, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,56 0,30 MF-0704, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,57 0,32 MF-—0705, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,54 0,31 Material Seventeen valves. Diagnosis Species of Mutilus with a prominent rib that runs sub-parallel to the AM, from the eye spot to the anteroventral corner. Description External features. A strongly ornamented species with a sub-quadrate lateral outline. RV and LV differ considerably in shape. Broadly rounded AM, somewhat angular QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 109 a ¥ ———— 1e@ku “290 19ku x2ee - 198@4m e@83272 ers, _ RRR 16Grm eesz269 Fig. 61. A—B. Mutilus bensonmaddocksorum Hartmann, 1974, MF-0707, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m. A. SEM 3286. B. Internal view, SEM 3302. C-—F. Mutilus malloryi sp.nov. TBD 6824, 90 m. C. MF-0703, holotype, RV, SEM 3272. D-E. MF-0704, paratype, LV. D. Internal view, SEM 3273. E. MS, SEM 3277. F.MF-0702, paratype, LV, SEM 3269. Scales: A-D, F= 100p, E = 10n. 110 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 16kV e208 1896rm S6e3s279 A. Mutilus malloryi sp. nov., MF-—0705, paratype, RV, TBD 6824, 90m, SEM 3279. 3333, MF-0719, RV, TBD 6835, 100m. B. SEM 3333. C. Internal view, D. MF-0656, holotype, RV, TBD 6836 80m, E. MF—0657, paratype, LV, TBD 6836, 80m, SEM 2863. F.MF-—0658, paratype, LV, TBD 2973, 173 m, internal view, SEM 2857. Scales: all 100 p. Fig. 62. B-C. ?Quadracythere sp. 3333, SEM 3496. D-F. Urocythereis arcana sp. nov. SEM 2861. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 111 @ooe Fig. 63. A—D. Sketches of ornamentation of possibly related species of Mutilus. A. M. bensonmaddocksorum Hartmann, 1974, MF—0707, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m. B. M. malloryi sp. nov. MF—0702, paratype, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m. C. M. splendidornatus Hartmann, 1974 (pl. 150 (fig. 9)--Mozambique). D. M. pumila (Brady, 1866) (from Hartmann 1979, pl. 6 (fig. 8)—-Australia). E. MS of Mutilus malloryi sp. nov. holotype, MF—0703, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 3277. Open features are normal pores, and the dotted line marks the limit of the sub-central depression. Scales: A-D = 100 u, E = 10 u. anteroventrally: LV radius of curvature is broader than RV. PM caudate, upturned dor- sally. DM in RV straight, concave in LV with prominent anterior hinge ear. VM sinuous, with two prominent, small, stubby posteroventral spines. There is a prominent postero- dorsal elevation that marks the convergence of four ribs. Overall, the valve surface is coarsely reticulate with numerous sharply defined ribs. The main ribs are: sub-parallel to the AM from the eye spot to the anteroventral corner; sub-parallel to the VM from the caudal process to the anteroventral corner; along the DM; and four ribs that emanate from the posterodorsal process. In the latter category, ribs lie below the DM, terminating posterior to the eye spot; along the DM to the posterior hinge ear; in a sweeping curve towards the posteroventral margin; in a longitudinal median position that dorsally skirts a sub-central knot of ribs. 1, ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Internal features. Hinge hemimerodont, with relatively small TE in RV. MA narrow, no details of which were clearly seen. MS not clear but, in the holotype, they consist of a cluster of five rounded scars set in a depression, with at least two further scars posteriorly on the periphery of the depression (Fig. 63E). Remarks Mutilus malloryi differs from M. bensonmaddocksorum in having a more broadly rounded AM and overall less elongate outline. There are also differences in details of rib patterns, the most obvious of which are along the AM (see Fig. 63), and the three sub-parallel ribs that project anteriorly from the SCT of M. bensonmaddocksorum. A related species from Mozambique (M. splendidornatus Hartmann, 1974) differs from M. malloryi in possessing a rib that follows a continuous sweeping line from the SCT, via the posterodorsal process to the VM and almost to the AM rib. A similarly ornamented species, VM. pumila (Brady, 1866), is widely recorded from coastal locations in southern Australia (e.g. McKenzie 1967; Hartmann 1979). This dif- fers from the three southern African species by lacking an ocular rib in the AM area. Distribution Mutilus malloryi was recovered from only two sites south-west of Hout Bay. Site TBD 6822 (42 m) contained one modern valve, and site TBD 6824 (90 m) had a larger population of relict valves. Genus Quadracythere Hornibrook, 1952 ?Quadracythere sp. 3333 Figs 62B-C, 64 Illustrated material length height MF-0719, RV, TBD 6835, 100 m 0,90 0,54 MF-0721, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,89 0,53 Material Twelve valves. Fig. 64. Muscle scars of ?Quadracythere sp. 3333, MF-0721, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m. Scale: 100 p. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 113 Remarks This robust, strongly ornamented species has a prominent ventrolateral ridge, and prominent posterodorsal and posteroventral protuberances. Primary muri are delicately ornamented with secondary reticulation. The hinge is typical for the genus Quadracythere s.l., with a crenulate ME, and the MS pattern is hemicytherid (MF—0721) (Fig. 64). On the grounds of external morphology alone, I would place this species in Her- manites but its non-trachyleberid MS suggest that it belongs in Quadracythere. It is similar to ?Quadracythere sp. Uffenorde, 1981 (pl. 7 (figs 19-20)), from the Upper Miocene of north-western Germany. Distribution With the possible exception of a modern juvenile at site TBD 5254 (40 m), all specimens of ?Quadracythere sp. 3333 were relict. All sites, except TBD 2472 (201 m, Orange—Namaqualand shelf), lie adjacent to the Cape Peninsula, with a depth range of 58-131 m. Genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 The only published record of this genus in the South Atlantic area, outside southern Africa, is by Dias-Brito et al. (1988) from Sepetiba Bay near Rio de Janeiro (Urocythereis sp.). Hartmann (1974) did not find it in his studies of coastal Angola. In southern Africa, Urocythereis 1s moderately diverse but numerically rare: Frewin (1987) illustrated, under two specific names, what is probably a single species from the Eocene of the Agulhas Bank, and eight species are known from the Quaternary of the continental shelf: U. arcana sp. nov. (west coast and Agulhas Bank); Urocythereis sp. Benson & Maddocks, 1964 (Knysna Lagoon); Urocythereis sp. A Keeler, 1981 (Agulhas Bank); four species of uncertain taxonomic status from the west coast and Agulhas Bank (this paper), and a further specimen of uncertain status illustrated by Sylvester-Bradley & Benson (1971, fig. 7) from False Bay. Urocythereis arcana sp. nov. Figs 62D-F, 65A—B Urocythereis sp. B Keeler, 1981: 101-103, pl. 5 (figs 11-13). Urocythereis sp. Boomer, 1985: pl. 4 (fig. 56), fig. 7. Derivation of name Arca—Latin, box; reference to box-like shape. Holotype length height MF-0656, RV, TBD 6836, 80 m 1,00 0,50 Paratypes length height MF-0657, LV, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,89 0,42 MF-0658, LV, TBD 2973, 173 m 0,95 0,50 MF-0659, RV, TBD 2973, 173 m 0,80 0,40 114 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Material 169 valves. Diagnosis Species of Urocythereis with SCT, and a square posterior aspect that imparts a box-like shape to the valves in lateral view. Description External features. Quadrate lateral outline with broadly rounded AM, straight sub- parallel DM and VM, and truncated PM outline with prominent posteroventral and dorsal angles. Overall, the posterior outline has a squared aspect, with elevated ventral regions. In RV, the dorsal side of the PM is somewhat concave, whereas in the LV the PM outline is more pointed. The valve surface adjacent to the VM is elevated, with an angular carina and, overall, the general valve outline is box-like. The SCT is low, but prominent, and the eye spot is subdued and set away from the valve margin. Ornamentation is coarsely reticulate, with more-elongate fossae near the valve margins. Internal features. Typical for the genus. MS pattern consists of six adductor scars and three anterior scars. The marginal areas are avestibulate, with numerous fine straight anterior MPC. Remarks Although its ornamentation and overall shape are typical for the genus, the box-like valve shape serves to distinguish U. arcana sp. nov. from the type species (U. favosa (Roemer)), and other European species (see Athersuch 1977). The species recorded by Dias-Brito et al. (1988) from Brazil has distinctive, elongate fossae and a posteriorly sloping DM. In southern Africa, the closest species is that illustrated as two separate species by Frewin (1987) — Urocythereis sp. A1460 and Urocythereis sp. 272—but which are prob- ably LV and RV of the same taxon. These appear to have a more rounded posterior outline and less elongate fossae than generally observed in U. arcana. In comparison to my new species, Urocythereis sp. Benson & Maddocks, 1964, from Knysna Lagoon is smaller, has a more bulbous AM outline, rounded posterior regions, a distinctly radiating reticulation based on the SCT, and an eye spot that lies close to the valve margin. This is probably an estuarine taxon, because Keeler (1981) did not record it on the continental shelf adjacent to Knysna. The species recorded by Keeler (1981) as Urocythereis sp. A has a rounded posterior outline, and does not penetrate farther west than the Agulhas Bank. Distribution Urocythereis arcana occurs on the continental shelf around southern Africa from approximately 20°S on the west coast to 23°E on the eastern Agulhas Bank (Fig. 66A). Modern valves have been recovered from two inshore sites, both in the south-western Cape (TBD 5254: 40 m, False Bay; and TBD 6821: 15 m, Hout Bay). Relict populations occur in two areas, where they have similar LDL, but different UDL (Fig. 66B). Between 20° and 28°S, U. arcana occupies a relatively narrow depth range (154-223 m) on the middle continental shelf, whereas off the south-western Cape, QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 115 18Srem SS3s31e Fig. 65. A-—B. Urocythereis arcana sp. nov., MF—0659, paratype, RV, TBD 2973, 173 m. A. SEM 3257. B.MS, SEM 3260. C. ?Urocythereis sp. 3310, MF-0710, LV, TBD 6821, 15m, SEM 3310. D. ?Urocythereis sp. 3570, MF-0785, LV, TBD 3769, 223 m, SEM 3570. E. ?Urocythereis sp. 3472, MF—-0767, RV, TBD 1690, 172m, SEM 3472. F. ?Urocythereis sp. 3567, MF-0784, C, TBD 3769, 223 m, SEM 3567. Scales: A, C-F = 100 p, B= S0\e 116 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 159 20° ¥ 20° + A + WALVIS BAY —t a ) i \ ? zi N \ = an ~~ +++ “~ ORANGE R. 7 tae Ss 30° ++ | x = \ \, \ | | 7 re KNYSNA J \FALSEBAY- | > nail ae eee A inl "8 3F is aE ot “ a4 Ae ae + ef a modern sites 8025 + a =a + + + +4 +4 | ~ + =| - + 0° a lS Se a B 100 200 m Fig. 66. Distribution of Urocythereis arcana sp. nov. gin off south-western Africa. A. On the continental mar- B. Latitude versus water depth. Modern sites (off south-western Cape) lie within dashed line. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 7, the UDL occurs at 15 m (Hout Bay) and the LDL is 227 m. A further site occurs on the eastern Agulhas Bank, and a single valve at site TBD 3002 (1 180 m), north-west of the Orange River, is considered allochthonous. Species of uncertain taxonomic status, provisionally placed in ?Urocythereis Four species have been recorded during the present study from south and south- western Africa that have various attributes of the genus Urocythereis, but some of these probably belong to new genera. These include the species cf. Urocythereis illustrated by Sylvester-Bradley & Benson (1971), from False Bay, which was referred to by Athersuch (1977: 247). ?Urocythereis sp. 3310 Fig. 65C Illustrated material length height MEF-0710, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,76 0,35 Material Two valves. Remarks The specimens are possibly juveniles of a large species similar to Urocythereis arcana sp. noy., but have different ornamentation adjacent to the AM and possess a PM rim. Distribution This species was recovered modern only at site TBD 6821 (15 m) in Hout Bay. ?Urocythereis sp. 3570 Fig. 65D Coquimba sp. A Keeler, 1981: 110-112, pl. 6 (fig. 5). Illustrated material length height MF-0785, LV, TBD 3769, 223 m 0,80 0,40 Material One valve Remarks A species characterized by large deep fossae and a strongly compressed PM area. Distribution This species was recovered relict only from site TBD 3769 (223 m) on the outer shelf off Walvis Bay. Keeler (1981) also found it on the eastern Agulhas Bank (TBD 1259: 91 m). 118 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM ?Urocythereis sp. 3472 Fig. 65E Coquimba rugosa Keeler, 1981: 106-108, pl. 5 (figs 18-20) (invalid name—unpublished MS). Illustrated material length height MF-0767, RV, TBD 1690, 172 m 0,80 0,40 Material One valve. Remarks A distinctive strongly reticulate species, with a large, circular, turret-like SCT, a concave VM, and a prominent vertical ridge that divides the posterior and median areas of the valve surface. Distribution This species was recovered relict from site TBD 1690 (172 m) south of False Bay. Keeler (1981) found it on the eastern Agulhas Bank, where it has UDL and LDL of 91 m and 127 m, respectively. ?Urocythereis sp. 3567 Fig. 65F Urocythereis sp. A Keeler, 1981: 100-101, pl. 5 (figs 8-10). Illustrated material length height MF-0784, C, TBD 3769, 223 m 0,84 0,42 Material Two valves. Remarks A reticulate species, similar to, but not conspecific with, that illustrated by Sylvester- Bradley & Benson (1971). Distribution This species was recovered relict from site TBD 3769 (223 m) off Walvis Bay. Keeler (1981) also found it on the eastern Agulhas Bank. Genus Coquimba Ohmert, 1968 This genus was first reported from the Pliocene of Chile (Ohmert 1968), and has since been recorded from the Caribbean (Van den Bold 1971), Far East (Whatley & Watson 1988), and the South Atlantic (Brazil—Dias-Brito et al. 1988). No species of Coquimba have previously been noted from southern Africa. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 119 Coquimba birchi sp. nov. Fig. 67A—E Derivation of name This species is named for Dr G. F. Birch (University of Sydney), a colleague on many geological cruises off southern Africa, and for his contribution to knowledge of sediments of the west-coast continental shelf. Holotype length height MF-0660, LV, TBD 270, 131 m Of55 0,34 Paratypes length height MF-0661, RV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,56 0,31 MF-0662, RV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,61 0,32 MF-0663, LV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,60 0,32 Material 86 valves. Diagnosis A heavily calcified species of Coquimba with a deeply etched ornamentation of short irregular riblets and nodes, which form a semi-circular pattern posterior to the SCT. A thick ventrolateral rib runs from just below mid-height at three-quarters valve length to the anteroventral corner. Description External features. Robust, heavily calcified valves. Quadrate in outline with broadly rounded AM and PM. Posterior half of valve is somewhat inflated. VM is almost straight, with a slight concavity at one-third length. DM straight but hidden behind DM rib. Ornamentation consists of short, irregular ribs and nodes with a flat outer surface, the overall appearance being of deeply etched features. Posterior to a low sub-central feature, the ribs form a coarse, semi-circular reticulation. Prominent linear features are: a thick rim parallel to and set back slightly from the AM that commences at a prominent, low eye spot; an anteroventrally inclined longitudinal rib that runs in the ventrolateral region from about three-quarters valve length to just behind the AM rim; and an irregular, varicose DM rib that is deflected ventrally at the PCA. Valve surface immediately poste- rior to AM rim is strongly depressed. Internal features. MA relatively narrow. There is a prominent flange groove around the RV. Hinge is amphidont. No unequivocal view of the MS was obtained, but they appear to consist of a large V-shaped anterior scar, four adductors—the second being elongate, and with two further scars lying dorsal to the main group. Remarks Coquimba birchi sp. nov. bears a strong resemblance to C. labyrinthica Ohmert, 1968, from the Upper Pliocene of Chile, particularly in their similarly curious, irregular 120 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM i@kyY x2e8 iserm Se3s329 Fig. 67. A-E. Coquimba birchi sp. nov., TBD 270, 131m. A.MF-—0660, holotype, LV, SEM 2978. B. MF-0661, RV, SEM 2980. C—D.MF-—0662, paratype, RV. C-. Internal view, SEM 2981. D. MS, SEM 2983. E.MF-—0663, paratype, LV, internal view, SEM 2975. F. Caudites sp. 3329, MF-0717, C, TBD 2224, 58 m, right view, SEM 3329. Scales: all 100 p. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 121 ornamentation. They differ principally in PM outline (C. birchi is rounder), the lack of an inclined ventrolateral mb in C. labyrinthica, and in the MS pattern, which, in the Chilean species, lacks the well-developed V-shape anterior scar of C. birchi. Dias-Brito et al. (1988, pl. 2 (fig. 23)) recorded a Recent species as Coquimba cf. C. labyrinthica from a bay near Rio de Janeiro; their illustration depicts a specimen somewhat more elongate and with a less tortuous rib pattern than Ohmert’s types, although the PM outline is more like the Chilean species than my material. Distribution Coquimba birchi was encountered only off the south-western Cape (Fig. 68), where it is relatively abundant (2,2% of the fauna in the samples in which it occurs). 18/52 19° 19,5°E Fig. 68. Distribution of Coqguimba birchi sp. nov. on the continental shelf off south-western Africa. 122 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Modern valves were recovered only from site TBD 346 (133 m) south-west of Cape Agulhas. Relict specimens all lie farther west and the UDL and LDL are 80 m and 140 m, respectively. Genus Caudites Coryell & Fields, 1937 Caudites sp. 3329 Fig. 67F Illustrated material length height MF-0717, C, TBD 2224, 58 m 0,59 0,29 Material Two valves. Remarks Caudites sp. 3329 is very similar externally to C. africana Omatsola, 1972, from the nearshore shelf (20 m) off Lagos Lagoon. The main difference between the two species is the presence, in Caudites sp. 3329, of a fine rib parallel to the AM. Distribution This species was recovered only at site TBD 2224 (58 m) off Saldanha Bay. Genus Basslerites Howe, 1937 (in Coryell & Fields, 1937) Subgenus Loculiconcha Omatsola, 1970 ?Basslerites (Loculiconcha) sp. 3444 Fig. 69A Illustrated material length height MF-0756, C, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,47 0,24 Material Two valves. Remarks This species is tentatively placed in B. (Loculiconcha) on overall shape, smooth omamentation, and the distinctly punctate/loculate posterior area. It is sumilar to B. (L.) punc- tatus Omatsola, 1972, from the western Niger Delta (depth range 20-30 m). ?Basslerites (L.) sp. 3444 is the only record of the genus from southern Africa. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 123 is@Oum ees4 ieku x1ee _ 18@4m 8635764 a iexu x2ee 1@kY x1iS@ 198m @Ee3266 Fig. 69. A. ?Basslerites (Loculiconcha) sp. 3444, MF-0756, C, TBD 6846, 95 m, left view, SEM 3444. B-E. Buntonia rosenfeldi Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990. B-—C. MF—-0664, RV, TBD 3109, 900 m. B. SEM 3264. C. Detail of posterior area, SEM 3268. D—-E. MF—0665, LV, TBD 3462, 430 m, juvenile. D. Detail of posterior area, SEM 3267. E.SEM 3266. F. Buntonia namaquaensis sp. nov., MF0666, holotype, LV, TBD 2446, 310 m, SEM 2843. Scales: A-C, E-F = 100 py, D = 50 un. 124 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Distribution This species was recovered only from site TBD 6846 (95 m) off the western Cape Peninsula. Family Buntoniidae Apostolescu, 1961 Genus Buntonia Howe, 1935 (in Howe & Chambers, 1935) Buntonia s.\. is a diverse genus in the Tertiary of West Africa, where Reyment (1960, 1963) and Apostolescu (1961) recorded twelve species in Eocene—Palaeocene strata, and Van den Bold (1966) described three species from Mio—Pliocene strata of Gabon. Rosenfeld & Bein (1978) did not note the genus on the continental shelf off north-western Africa, but recorded two species in deeper water: B. pyriformis (Brady, 1880: 400-830 m), and B. rosenfeldi Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1989 (as B. sulcifera? (Brady): 2 093-2 859 m). There is no analogous temporal distribution in southern Africa, with a poor fossil record contrasting with a relatively diverse and moderately abundant Quaternary pres- ence. The total record for pre-Neogene time currently amounts to one carapace (Bun- tonia? sp.) from Upper Cretaceous strata of south-east Africa (Dingle 1981), and one broken carapace from the Upper Eocene of offshore Natal (Dingle 1976). Mio—Pliocene faunas are undescribed. Seven species of Buntonia occur in Quaternary sediments on the continental margin off south-western Africa. The northward extent of these modern populations is unknown because, although neither Hartmann (1974) nor Babinot & Kouyoumontzakis (1986) recorded the genus from Angola and the Congo estuary, respectively, it is possible that their surveys were too shallow to have encountered the taxa. Peypouquet & Benson (1980) found the genus in deep water off Angola but again did not sample the continental shelf. Buntonia does not, apparently, extend far eastward on to the Agulhas Bank, because Keeler (1981) did not record it along a traverse at 23°E. Although all six of the extant species of Buntonia occur on the inner shelf off south-western Africa, only two extend beyond the shelf break on to the continental slope, and the sole representative in deep water is B. rosenfeldi, which is the species that occurs in similar depths off north-western Africa. No modern specimens of B. deweti were recovered. Buntonia rosenfeldi Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990 Fig. 69B-E Buntonia sulcifera? (Brady, 1887) Rosenfeld & Bein, 1978: 18, pl. 1 (fig. 21). Buntonia sp. 1 Boomer, 1985: 34-35, pl. 2 (figs 27-28). Buntonia sp. 2 Boomer, 1985: 35-36, pl. 2 (figs 33-34). Buntonia rosenfeldi Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990: 289-293, figs 23E-F, 27A—D. Illustrated material length height MF-—0664, RV, TBD 3109, 900 m 0,99 0,58 MEF-—0665, LV, TBD 3462, 430 m 0,73 0,47 50 + per cent QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 20° 4 15° 20°E Qo 4 | WALVIS BAY a oa \ o \ a Og =a \ SW CAPE \ a | — irs as poe QO aval Fig. 70. Distribution of Buntonia rosenfeldi Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990. A. On the continental shelf off south-western Africa. Modern sites shown as black squares. B. Abundance as percentage of ostracod fauna plotted against water depth (five- point running mean). Maximum values lie c. 1 500 m in the vicinity of the Antarctic Intermediate Water—North Atlantic Deep Water boundary (see Dingle et al. 1990). Depth 125. 126 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Material 47 valves (<950 m). Distribution Buntonia rosenfeldi occurs on the continental shelf between 21° and 36°S, in two areas separated by a barren zone north-west of Lideritz (Fig. 70A), and has an UDL of 186 m and a LDL of 2 619 m (the latter is from an unpublished site not included in the present survey: TBD 7180). It is the only species of the genus that has a deep-water presence. Modern populations have a relatively wide distribution between Lideritz and the Cape Peninsula, in water depths that range from outermost shelf to upper slope (430— 1 610 m). A further site lies north of 27°S. Relict populations occur from the middle shelf to the middle continental slope in a depth range 186 m to 2 619 m. The cross-margin abundance of B. rosenfeldi rises steadily to the vicinity of 900 m, below which it fluctuates, before becoming a major component of the fauna at about 1 500 m. Below this depth it rapidly becomes less abundant, with my deepest record at 2 619 m. Buntonia namaquaensis sp. nov. Figs 69F, 71A—D Derivation of name The main population centre lies off the Namaqualand coast. Holotype length height MF—0666, LV, TBD 2446, 310 m 0,94 0,64 Paratypes length height MF-0667, RV, TBD 2446, 310 m 1,00 0,60 MF—0668, LV, TBD 2879, 530 m 1,00 0,68 Material 37 valves. Diagnosis Reticulate species of Buntonia with strong ribbing sub-parallel to the AM and VM, and a small, flat, ovate sub-central feature. Description External features. Typical buntonid outline, with strongly inflated AM and upturned PM outlines in LV, and a quasi-triangular shaped RV. In both valves, the highest point lies just anterior of the sub-central feature. Surface ornamentation consists of two strong ribs sub-parallel to the AM and four short, straight ribs parallel to the VM; the ventral- most two are continuous with the anterior ribs. Overall, the lateral surface is coarsely QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 127 Fig. 71. A-—D. Buntonia namaquaensis sp. nov., paratypes. A-—B. MF—0667, RV, TBD 2446, 310m. A. SEM 2846. B. Detail of ornamentation in central area, SEM 2847. C—D. MF-0668, LV, TBD 2879, 530m. C. Internal view, SEM 2848. D.MS, SEM 2850. E-F. Buntonia rogersi sp. nov. E. MF—-0669, holotype, LV, TBD 270, 131 m, SEM 2816. F. MF—0670, paratype, RV, TBD 3523, 295 m, SEM 2825. Scale: all 100 wu. 20° 128 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM reticulate, with rather elongated fossae. Sub-centrally there is a small, ovate flat area over the MS from which short ribs radiate in the central valve area. Internal features. The hinge is characterized by a particularly straight, narrow, smooth ME bar in LV. MS consist of an elliptical cluster of four adductors and a ‘fish hook’-shaped anterior scar. Remarks The closest relative to B. namaquaensis sp. nov. is the Miocene species B. radia- topora (Seguenza, 1880), which has been recorded from the Mediterranean (e.g. Cola- longo 1966), and Gabon (Van den Bold 1966, pl. 1 (fig. 3)). The two species can be distinguished by the ornamentation in the posterior half: in B. radiatopora ribs parallel to the VM and DM converge posteriorly, whereas in B. namaquaensis the median and posterodorsal part of the valve is reticulate. In this respect, B. radiatopora is very similar to B. sulcifera (Brady), but both B. radiatopora and B. sulcifera lack the flat, ovate sub-central feature on the exterior surface of B. namaquaensis. Distribution Buntonia namaquaensis sp. nov. occurs in a relatively narrow zone along the mid- to outer shelf between 20°S and 35°S (Fig. 72A). Modern specimens were collected only at site TBD 2446 (310 m) on the Namaqualand shelf. 30° Ss 45° 20°E 152 20°E 4 4 ' . ' . 2] 1 | | | | l it | | 7 aah | Abe Nb aiess < 4 \ 7 \ | \ \ 4 x \ 20° 4 ONG | \ | a \ a] \ | N =I \ \ \ 4 x » WALVIS BAY - ++ # WALVIS BAY | x § ++ { ] ) | — 1 \ Noo a : + =| } = | ‘ | | ) a 7 \ | ¢ | ? 1 4 te 7 “\. ORANGE R. | + 30° 5 NAMAQUALAND | 3 Ss : | *« 4 ) : A | a \ ail | } | t | < \, SW CAPE ‘. C. AGULHAS tf ral } 4 e eo - x oo t ant ————o Ms 4k, ———— + art N = a A B Fig. 72. Distribution of Buntonia on the continental margin off south-western Africa. A. B. nama- quaensis sp. noy. (modem site = black square). B. B. rogersi sp. nov. (modem sites enclosed by dashed line). QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 129 Relict populations in the south have UDL and LDL of 218 m and 530 m, respect- ively, whereas north of 28°S, with the exception of the northernmost site (150 m), the UDL is >400 m, and the LDL is 590 m. Buntonia rogersi sp. nov. Figs 71E—-F, 73A-F, 74A Derivation of name This species is named for Dr J. Rogers (University of Cape Town), a colleague on many marine geological cruises off southern Africa, and for his contribution to knowl- edge of sediments on the Orange Shelf. Holotype length height ME-0669, LV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,54 0,35 Paratypes length height MF-0670, RV, TBD 3523, 295 m 0,57 0,38 MF-0671, LV, TBD 3523, 295 m 0,52 0,36 MF-0672, RV, TBD 3587, 140 m 0,51 0,32 Material 47 valves. Diagnosis Inflated ovate species of Buntonia with a small, prominent, blunt spine on the exterior surface near the central PM. There is an elongate extension of the DM surface over the PTE in the RV. Description External features. Inflated, elliptical valve outline, with a more quadrate aspect in the LV. AM broadly rounded, PM somewhat truncated in LV, narrowly rounded in LV. VM straight in LV, slightly convex in RV. The DM varies considerably: in LV it is fairly straight, with a slight, typically buntonid inflexion posterodorsally; in RV the DM is convex, with a slight concavity anterodorsally that results from a cutaway of the DM above the ATE of the hinge. Lateral surface ornamentation consists of weak ribbing sub-parallel to the AM and PM, with areas of weak, small-scale reticulation over the valve surface. There is a small, blunt spine near the PM just above the line of greatest length. Internal features. AM area moderately wide. Hinge is modified merodont. In LV the PTE consists of a large, elongate smooth socket, the ME is a crenulate bar, and the ATE is a an elongate socket that has small denticles on its posterior portion and terminates anteriorly in a smooth conical depression. The ATE lies beneath a hood-like extension of the DM. This complex ATE structure produces a convex feature in the LV seen in internal lateral view, but in RV it results in a cut-away outline that isolates the conical 130 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fig. 73. A-F. Buntonia rogersi sp. nov., paratypes. A—D. MF—0671, LV, TBD 3523, 295m. A. Inter- nal view, SEM 2827. B.MS, SEM 2829. C. PTE, SEM 2830. D. ATE, SEM 2831. E-F. MF-0672, R ’, TBD 3587, 140m. _ E. Internal view, SEM 2821. F. ATE, SEM 2823. Scales: all 100 pu. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 131 ATE tooth above the DM. The MS consist of four rounded adductors and a V- or ‘fish hook’-shaped anterior scar. There is prominent fulchral point dorsal to the adductors. Remarks Buntonia rogersi sp. nov. is similar in outline and ornamentation to B. subulata subulata Ruggieri, 1954, from the Miocene of Italy. The two species have a similar ATE hinge structure, but can be distinguished by the more elongate valve outline and less convex VM of B. s. subulata. In addition, apart from the single stubby PM spine, B. rogersi has no spinose ornamentation in the posterior part of its valves, whereas Ruggieri (1954) illustrates numerous small spines on the types B. s. subulata. Distribution Buntonia rogersi occurs at isolated sites along margin between 20°S and 35°S (Fig. 72B). Modern specimens were recovered between the Cape Peninsula and Cape Agulhas, where the UDL and LDL are 95 m and 140 m, respectively. Relict populations extend from south of False Bay to Walvis Bay, and have UDL and LDL of 150 m and 590 m, respectively. Within the overall ostracod population, B. rogersi is most abundant in the depth range 300-400 m (outer shelf). Buntonia bremneri sp. nov. Fig. 74B—F Derivation of name This species is named for Dr J. M. Bremner (Geological Survey of South Africa), for his contributions to our understanding of the relationships between oceanic upwelling and sedimentation on the south-west African margin. Holotype length height MF-0673, RV, TBD 6825, 160 m 0,52 0,36 Paratypes length height MF-0674, LV, TBD 1690, 172 m 0,50 0,38 MF-0675, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,50 0,38 MF-0676, RV, TBD 1690, 172 m 0,50 0,32 Material 79 valves (<950 m). Diagnosis A species of Buntonia with a prominent ocular sinus and delicate reticulation in the anterior and posterior areas. 12} ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fig. 74. A. Buntonia rogersi sp. nov., MF—0672, paratype, RV, TBD 3587, 140m, SEM 2824. B-F. Buntonia bremneri sp. nov. B-—C. MF—0673, holotype, RV, TBD 6825, 160m. B.SEM 2803. C. Detail of ornamentation in central area, SEM 2805. D.MF-—0674, paratype, LV, TBD 1690, 172 m, SEM 2806. E.MEF-—0675, paratype, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m, internal view, SEM 2812. F. MF—0676, paratype, RV, TBD 1690, 172 m, internal view, SEM 2809. Scales: A-B, D-F = 100 p, C = 10 p. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 133 Description External features. Ovate, inflated valves with broadly rounded AM and narrow PM. In the RV, the PM is rounded but in LV it is quadrate and dorsally upturned. Both valves have a convex DM in the vicinity of a prominent ocular sinus. The central valve area is ornamented with three subdued and irregular, short, longitudinal ribs with poorly defined intercostal reticulation. The broad, depressed anterior and the narrow posterior areas have fine, delicate reticulation. Internal features. Typical for the genus: wide AM areas and a short holamphidont hinge with denticulate ME. Remarks The closest relative of Buntonia bremneri is B. sublatissima dertonensis Ruggieri, 1954, from the Miocene of Italy, and subsequently recorded from the Lower Miocene of Gabon (Van den Bold 1966). Buntonia bremneri differs in possessing a prominent ocular sinus, in having more prominent longitudinal ribs and intercostal reticulation, and a more convex DM. The new species is similar to Buntonia sp. Dingle, 1976, from the Eocene of the Jc—1 borehole, offshore Natal, but the latter has a more drawn out posterior outline and is less inflated in the central part of the valve. 15° 20°E 15° 20°F ih Ae } | 4 > | KUNENE R. ail \ | NS \ cos \ |) Coane \ 4 s 5 WALVIS BAY | | 4 } 4 I \ 4 | y | \ | By \ \, 4 ae “oR ANGE R. 7 ee ‘ ORANGE R. 7 > ‘ 1| Yama ‘ | Ee > \ \ res oN \ 30° - > x \ 30°74 Nee, \ x Ss \ \ 9° NSE a - SS \ nee | B. gibbera Bos ae \ 1 > \ swcaPe | . \ _-\ SW CAPE x a — 4 a ee, 1 ae Cee Se B. deweti — \'N_L Page a eA Pes A B Fig. 75. Distribution of Buntonia on the continental margin off south-western Africa. A. B. bremneri sp. nov. (modern site shown by black triangle). B.B. gibbera (diamonds, modern site in black), and B. deweti (crosses). 134 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Distribution This is the most northerly occurring of the six Buntonia species off the west coast (17,5°S to 34,8°S) (Fig. 75A) and, with the exception of B. rosenfeldi, has the greatest depth range (120—1 050 m). Only one modern valve was recovered during the survey from TBD 6825 (160 m) off the Cape Peninsula. Relict populations occur in two areas. Between the Kunene River and south of Walvis Bay they have UDL and LDL of 725 m and 1 003 m, respectively, whereas between Lideritz and south of False Bay UDL and LDL are 120 m and LDL 1 050 m, respectively. Buntonia gibbera sp. nov. Fig. 76A—E Derivation of name Gibbus—Latin, hunched; reference to its hunched shape. Holotype length height MF-0677, LV, TBD 2361, 241 m 0,55 0,38 Paratypes length height MF-0678, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m 0,52 0,34 MF-0679, LV, TBD 2884, 252 m 0,52 0,36 MF-—0680, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m Osi 0,30 Material 39 valves. Diagnosis A squat species of Buntonia with a quasi-alate VM overhang, and a truncated PM outline. Description External features. Rather an ungainly shape that is dominated by the inflated pos- teroventral part of the valve. The lateral surface rises steadily from the anterior area and the DM, producing an quasi-alate overhang along the VM. This is particularly pro- nounced in the RV. The AM is asymmetrically rounded, more so in the RV; the PM is quadrate and in the RV truncated. In both valves, the DM is slightly convex. The valve surface is smooth, except for three ill-defined ridges that run sub-parallel to the AM and several small depressions along the dorsal surface. Internal features. In LV the hinge consists of a smooth quadrate PTE socket that lies at the extreme posterodorsal corner and projects above the DM. The ME is a short crenulate bar deflected at its anterior end, where it underlies a projection of the DM. ATE is a rounded socket set in an elongate depression. RV structures are conjugate but the ME QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 185 a 18kYV K1iS5@ 10BKm Se3s4a9 Fig. 76. A-—E. Buntonia gibbera sp. nov. A. MF-0677, holotype, LV, TBD 2361, 241 m, SEM 2839. B. MF-0678, paratype, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m, SEM 2842. C—D. MF-0679, paratype, LV, TBD 2884, 252m. C. Internal view, SEM 2832. D.MS, SEM 2834. E.MF-—0680, paratype, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m, internal view, SEM 2835. F. Buntonia deweti sp. nov., MF—0759, holotype, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m, 3449. Scales: all 100 u. 136 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM lies under an overhang of the DM, which fits above the RV ME. Anterior MA are moderately wide, and the MS consist of four rounded/ovate adductors and a fish-hook anterior scar. Remarks The closest relative of Buntonia gibbera is Buntonia subulata rectangularis Ruggieri, 1954, from the lower Calabrian (early Pleistocene) of Italy. The interior LV of the two species is very similar, although externally B. gibbera is more inflated and has a different ventral outline. Distribution Buntonia gibbera occurs only on the Orange Shelf between 28,4°S and 31,3°S (Fig. 75B). Two modern valves were recovered from site TBD 2361 (241 m) at the southern limit of the species’ distribution. Relict populations occur on the middle shelf in a narrow depth range of 170-272 m. Buntonia deweti sp. nov. Figs 76F, 77A—F, 78A—C Derivation of name This species is named for Professor J. S. de Wet, former Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Cape Town, for his enthusiastic support of marine research off southern Africa. Holotype length height MF-0759, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,80 0,40 Paratypes length height MF-0760, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,70 0,40 MF-0761, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,75 0,40 MF-0762, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,72 0,40 Material Eight valves. Diagnosis Elongate, quadrate species of Buntonia with smooth valve surface, except at posterior and anterior ends, where it is reticulate and finely punctate. Description External features. Elongate, quadrate valve outline. AM and PM broadly rounded, the latter somewhat truncated, more prominently in RV. DM slightly convex, VM straight QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 137 19kU z ees4s1 Bes455 Fig. 77. A-—F. Buntonia deweti sp. nov., paratypes, TBD 6823, 120m. A-—B.MF-0760, LV. A. SEM 3451. B. Detail of posteroventral area, SEM 3453. C—F. MF-0761, RV. C. Internal view, SEM 3455. D.MS, SEM 3458. E. ATE, SEM 3456. F. PTE, 3457. Scales: A, C = 100 p, B, E-F= 50 un, D=10u. 138 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM in LV, slightly concave in RV. Valve surface smooth except at posterior and anterior ends where there are low ribs parallel to the margins and weak reticulation. Intercostal areas are finely punctate. Internal features. AM area moderately wide, PM area narrow. RV hinge: elongate ATE consists of a narrow double tooth, PTE is a narrow denticulate elevation. The LV ME forms a long crenulate narrow bar with denticulation at the posterior end and three small denticles at the anterior end. The LV ATE is a long wide, anteriorly opening socket. MS consist of a hook-shaped anterior scar, which has a rounded ventral extension, and four closely spaced adductors, the centre two of which are elongate, and the dorsal and ventral ones are rounded. There is a prominent, triangular fulchral point. Remarks Buntonia deweti has many similarities to B. gibbera sp. nov. in overall shape, but the former is more elongate and has a different ventral outline. Buntonia subulata rect- angularis Ruggieri, 1954 (early Pleistocene of Italy), is also less elongate than B. deweti, but has similar posterior ornamentation and hinge structure. These two species differ primarily in DM outlines. Distribution This has the most restricted distribution of all the Buntonia species off south-western Africa and was recorded at only three localities to the south and west of the Cape Peninsula (Fig. 75B). Only relict specimens were recovered, having UDL and LDL of 120 m and 140 m, respectively. Buntonia sp. 3486 Fig. 78D Illustrated material length height MF-0773, RV, TBD 3524, 475 m ? 0,40 Material One broken valve. Remarks A new species with fine-scale, star-shaped reticulation in the fossae of the primary reticulation. There is a small, narrow, V-shaped median sulcus. The most closely related local species is Buntonia bremneri sp. nov. The two species differ in details of ormamen- tation, curvature of the AM outline, and morphology of the anterodorsal area. Distribution This species was recovered, as a broken, modern valve, at site TBD 3524 (475 m), on the outer shelf west of Walvis Bay. It occurs well inshore of B. bremneri in this region (725—1 003 m). QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 139 16@kVU x1is5e 1868rKm Bes459 Fig. 78. A-—C. Buntonia deweti sp. nov., MF—0762, paratype, LV, TBD 6823, 120m. A. Internal view, SEM 3459. B. PTE, SEM 3462. C. ATE, SEM 3461. D. Buntonia sp. 3486, MF-0773, RV, TBD 3524, 475m, SEM 3486. E-F. Munseyella eggerti sp. nov., TBD 2840, 205m. E. MF—0681, holotype, C, left view, SEM 2763. F.MF—0682, paratype, C, right view, SEM 2766. Scales: A, D, E-F = 100 p, B-C = 50 pn. 140 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM RELICT MODERN WALVIS BAY ORANGE R. ——r © gibbera + —- + V Nnamaquaensis g bremneri rosenteldi rogersi Fig. 79. Combined distributions of various species of Buntonia on the continental margin off south-western Africa. Shaded area off the south-western Cape is the area occupied by B. deweti. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 141 Distribution of the genus Buntonia off south-western Africa Figures 79 and 80 summarize the distribution of Buntonia, as well as its constituent species. With the exception of B. rosenfeldi, modern populations of all species are restricted to areas south of 31°S (southern Namaqualand). Only B. rosenfeldi and B. rogersi occur relatively extensively. In contrast, relict populations are more widely distributed, but a one degree sector north-west of Lideritz is barren of the genus. Diversity is greatest in the area south of Lideritz, to which Buntonia gibbera and B. deweti are restricted, and only one species, B. bremneri, occurs north of the Walvis Ridge abutment shelf. The genus reaches its greatest abundance in deep water (c. 1 500 m), but at this depth only one species is present (B. rosenfeldi) (Fig. 80). At shallower depths, Buntonia is a relatively important component of the fauna at various levels on the continental shelf and upper slope above 650 m (e.g. c. 300 m, 450 m, 550 m). Below 650 m only two species of the genus occur (B. bremneri and B. rosenfeldi) and there is a progressive increase in abundance to about | 000 m, at which depth B. bremneri reaches its LDL. On the continental shelf, where six species are present, B. rogersi, B. bremneri and, G = Fig. 80. Depth ranges (bars) of various species of Buntonia that occur in water depths < 950 m. Graph shows the percentage of the total ostracod fauna for the combined species of Buntonia. A = B. rogersi, B = B. deweti, C = B. bremneri, D = B. gibbera, E= B. rosenfeldi, F = B. namaquaensis, G = Buntonia sp. 3486. 142 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM to a lesser extent, B. namaquaensis are the most abundant taxa, with the former having the shallowest UDL. Family Pectocytheridae Hanai, 1957 Genus Munseyella van den Bold, 1957 This genus occurs widely in North America, the Far East, and Australasia. From the southern South Atlantic records are more sparse but five species have been noted from Upper Cretaceous to Pleistocene sediments of South America. By contrast, only one possible species has previously been noted from southern Africa, with none reported in the inventories of the Cretaceous and Tertiary of western Africa. Munseyella eggerti sp. nov. : Figs 78E—-F, 81A—D Occultocythereis sp. 1 Boomer, 1985: 30—31, pl. 2 (fig. 32). Derivation of name This species is named for Captain Walter Eggert, master of the University of Cape Town research vessel, ‘Thomas B. Davie’, during most of the west-coast sediment sam- pling cruises. Holotype length height MF-0681, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,58 0,35 Paratypes length height width MF-—0682, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,58 0,35 MF-0683, LV, TBD 2472, 201 m 0,60 0,33 ME—0684, RV, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,54 0,31 MF-—0685, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,58 0,25 Material 32 valves. Diagnosis A species of Munseyella with prominent PM spines and a massive posterodorsal process. Description External features. Small, squat valves, with a latitudinally compressed carapace. AM broadly and asymmetrically rounded, PM somewhat angular and truncated. DM and VM almost straight, converging slightly posteriorly. Broad, flattened AM and PM rims are continuous via a slender connecting rib along the VM. Immediately posterior to the AM and PM rims, the valve surface is strongly compressed. PM bears five stout spines. DM has a thick, flattened nodose rim widening to a massive flattened posterodorsal process. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 143 180m Se3s666 Fig. 81. A—D. Munseyella eggerti sp. nov., paratypes. A. MF—-0683, LV, TBD 2472, 201 m, internal view, SEM 2774. B-C. MF-0684, RV. B. Internal view, SEM 2768. C.MS, SEM 2770. D.MF- 0685, C, TBD 2840, 205 m, dorsal view, SEM 2772. E-F. Xestoleberis capensis Miiller, 1908, MF- 0795, LV, TBD 6824, 90m. E. SEM 3606. F. Detail of anteroventral area, SEM 3607. Scales: A—B, D-E = 100 u, C, F= 10 nu. 144 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM It is connected by a thick, vertical ridge that curves anteriorly at its ventral end, at which point the valve surface is inflated, and thence runs to about one-third valve length parallel to the VM. There is an ill-defined swelling in the region of the sub-central process. Overall, the valve surface is coarsely reticulate, with a secondary micro-punctation.. Internal features. Anterior and posterior MA relatively wide. Hinge amphidont. In RV the TE are large, with the PTE sub-divided. ME is relatively narrow, with prominent peg-like teeth at both ends (the ‘pentodont’ hinge illustrated in Van Morkhoven (1963: 116)). MS consist of a large V-shaped anterior scar and four relatively smaller adductors. Remarks Munseyella eggerti is typical of the genus in general outline and hinge structure but no other species appears to be especially close to it. The species recorded by Dingle (1976) as Gen. indet. 5 sp. 1 (middle Eocene, Jc—1 borehole offshore Natal) is similar, but lacks the coarseness in ribbing and deep indentation on the posterior side of the AM rim. Distribution This species occurs only on the Orange Shelf between latitudes 28,4°S and 30,9°S (Fig. 82). Four further specimens have been found slightly farther north (27,9°S) in a reworked Tertiary assemblage (TBD 3004). Modern valves occur only at site (TBD 2840: 205 m), whereas the relict population lies along the outer part of the Orange Shelf in a narrow depth range between 186 m and 252 m. Family Xestoleberidae Sars, 1928 Genus Xestoleberis Sars, 1928 Xestoleberis capensis Miller, 1908 Fig. 81E-F Xestoleberis capensis Miller, 1908: 127-128; 1912: 300. Stebbing, 1910: 505. Benson & Maddocks, 1964: 26-27, pl. 2 (fig. 12), text-fig. 15. Xestoleberis ramosa Muller. Hartman, 1974 (part.—Knysna specimens only). Illustrated material length height ME-0795, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m O55 0,32 Material 22 valves. Remarks Hartmann (1974) considered Benson & Maddocks’s (1964) identification of this species to be in error, and the material they recorded from Leisure Island in Knysna Lagoon to be X. ramosa Miiller, 1908. However, the reasons advanced by Benson & QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 145 15° 20°E 20° 30° Fig. 82. Distribution of Munseyella eggerti sp. nov. on the continental margin off south-western Africa. Black diamond = modern occurrence. Maddocks (1964) appear sound, and my specimens are conspecific with material in the South African Museum collections from their study. The relative straightness of the VM (compared to the sinuous outline of X. ramosa), as well as the more elongate outline of the valve in lateral view and the more acutely rounded AM, are well displayed by my specimens. Distribution Miller (1908) recovered X. capensis from False Bay (Simonstown Harbour), and Benson & Maddocks (1964) recorded the species from Knysna Lagoon. In the present study, this species was recorded at two sites west of the Cape Peninsula. A modern valve was recovered at TBD 6821 (15 m) in Hout Bay, whereas relict specimens occur at both TBD 6821 and 6824 (90 m). 146 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Xestoleberis ramosa Miller, 1908 Fig. 83A Xestoleberis ramosa Miiller, 1908: 128-130, text-figs 1-8. Klie, 1940: 428-429. Hartmann, 1974: 324 (part.—non Knysna specimens). Illustrated material length height MF-0794, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,54 0,33 Material Three valves. Remarks Following the original descriptions of Miller (1908), X. ramosa and X. capensis Miller are distinguished by the former’s more angular DM and PM, and less elongate AM outline. Distribution Previous accounts (Miller 1908; Klie 1940) record X. ramosa from coastal sites at Liideritz and False Bay (Simonstown Harbour). I encountered this species at site TBD 6821 (15 m) in Hout Bay, where three modern valves were recovered. These records suggest that XY. ramosa is exclusively an inshore taxon. Xestoleberis sp. 3398 Fig. 83B Illustrated material length height MF-0729, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0.44 O23 Material Thirteen valves. Remarks This small elliptical species is probably new. Distribution All the specimens available are probably modern. This species has been recovered from three localities around the Cape Peninsula, where its depth range is 40-90 m. Xestoleberis sp. 3524 Fig. 83C Illustrated material length height MF—0743, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,54 0,31 QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 147 186rm ee 3s6e4 180%m ee3s524 1S@kYy x28¢68 18Grm Se33e8 Fig. 83. A. Xestoleberis ramosa Miller, 1908, MF—-0794, LV, TBD 6821, 15m, SEM 3604. B. Xestoleberis sp. 3398, MF—0729, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m, internal view, SEM 3398. C. Xestoleberis sp. 3524, MF-0743, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 3524. D-F. Indeterminate species. D. Indet. sp. 3306, MF-0708, RV, TBD 4656, 15 m, SEM 3306. E. Indet. sp. 3308, MF—0709, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m, SEM 3308. F. Indet. sp. 3343, MF—0742, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 3343. Scales: all 100 py. 148 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Material One valve. Remarks A single modern valve of a species of similar outline to X. ferax Klie, 1940. The hinge of Xestoleberis sp. 3524 is relatively weak, and the ‘Xestoleberis’ spot was not clearly seen. Distribution This species was recovered from site TBD 6824 (90 m) west of the Cape Peninsula. Xestoleberis ferax was found at coastal sites at Luderitz and Kommetjie (Cape Peninsula) by Klie (1940) and Hartmann (1964). Indeterminate species Indet. sp. 3306 Fig. 83D Illustrated material length height MF-0708, RV, TBD 4656, 15 m 0,72 0,35 Material One valve. Remarks A fragile, smooth, laterally compressed species with an adont hinge and four adduc- tor MS (anterior scars not visible). Distribution This species was recovered modern from site TBD 4656 (15 m) inshore in the vicinity of the Orange River mouth. It was the only ostracod valve in the sample. Indet. sp. 3308 Fig. 83E Illustrated material length height MF-0709, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,57 0,35 Material One valve. Remarks A modern (?juvenile) valve of an ovate species ornamented with very fine puncta QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 149 arranged in lines separated by low, narrow ribs. The species has a hemimerodont hinge, narrow inner lamella, and numerous prominent normal pores. Distribution This species was recovered from site TBD 6821 (15 m) in Hout Bay. Indet. sp. 3343 Figs 83F, 84A Illustrated material length height MF-0742, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,65 0,40 Material One valve. Remarks This modern valve is of a species with a strongly convex DM. The surface is ornamented overall with very fine punctae. There are numerous small normal pores. It has wide AM vestibules but the nature of the MPC could not be discerned. I suspect that this is a juvenile valve of a non-marine species that has been transported from the nearby Cape Peninsula. Indet. sp. 3412 Fig. 84B Illustrated material length height MF-0732, RV, TBD 3320, 72 m 0,47 0,26 Material One valve. Remarks Probably an immature specimen of an elongate and weakly reticulate species. Distribution This species was recovered relict at site TBD 3320 (72 m) from the inner Namaqualand shelf. Indet. sp. 3426 Fig. 84C—D Illustrated material length height MF-0735, C, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,48 0,39 150 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM i eeeeemmeeetebiaementiemmentaeementl 1@kU xSee se3s429 Fig. 84. A-—F. Indeterminate species. A. Indet. sp. 3343, MF—0742, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 3436. B. Indet. sp. 3412, MF—0732, RV, TBD 3320, 72 m, SEM 3412. C-—D. Indet. sp. 3426, MF-—0735, C, TBD 6836, 80m. C. SEM 3426. D. Detail of posteroventral area, SEM 3427. E. Indet. sp. 3429, MF— 0737, RV, TBD 344, 73 m, SEM 3429. F. Indet. sp. 3447, MF-0758, RV, TBD 3928, 117 m, SEM 3447. Scales: A, E = 50 u, B-C, F = 100 un, D= 10 up. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 151 Material Eight valves. Remarks All the available material is juvenile and none shows clear MS impressions. The species is probably a trachyleberid, and has a distinctive pair of flattened spines at the posterodorsal and posteroventral corners. There is a prominent eye and SCT, and the AM margin is very broadly rounded. Distribution This species was recovered from three sites south and west of the Cape Peninsula (depth range 73-90 m). All the specimens are modern. Unpublished data record it in intertidal rock pools in the vicinity of Cape Town. Indet. sp. 3429 Fig. 84E Illustrated material length height MEF-0737, RV, TBD 344, 73 m 0,24 0,15 Material One valve. Remarks A very small (240 u) rotund reticulate species. It is probably a juvenile. Distribution This species was recovered from site TBD 344 (73 m) on the inner shelf west of Cape Agulhas. Indet. sp. 3447 Fig. 84F Illustrated material length height MF-0758, RV, TBD 3928, 117 m a 0,27 Material One fragment. Remarks A modern specimen of a strongly ornamented species with a hemimerodont hinge. Distribution This species was recovered from site TBD 3928 (117 m) from the Walvis Ridge Abutment shelf. LS ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Indet. sp. 3481 Fig. 85A Illustrated material length height MF-0770, RV, TBD 2860, 170 m 0,75 0,40 Material One valve. Remarks A stoutly spinose species with a large, domed eye tubercle. Distribution This species was recovered from site TBD 2860 (170 m) on the mid-Orange Shelf. Indet. sp. 3539 Fig. 85B Illustrated material length height MF-0749, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,63 0,32 Material One valve. Remarks A juvenile specimen with a wide anterior inner lamella and vestibule. Distribution This species was recovered from site TBD 6824 (90 m) west of the Cape Peninsula. Indet. sp. 3543 Fig. 85C Illustrated material length height MF-0751, C, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,33 0,21 Material Two valves. Remarks A small rotund, smooth species with a prominent posteroventral swelling and angu- lar PM outline. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 153 * ws es t cpemammamnad : % eases _ 180rm-. Bes5s9 eee ei 190"m e8asS576 Fig. 85. AF. Indeterminate species. A. Indet. sp. 3481, MF—0770, RV, TBD 2860, 170 m, SEM 3481. B. Indet. sp. 3539, MF—0749, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 3539. C. Indet. sp. 3543, MF—-0751, C, TBD 6847, 94m, left view, SEM 3543. D. Indet. sp. 3565, MF—0783, LV, TBD 2717, 218 m, SEM 3565. E. Indet. sp. 3574, MF-0787, RV, TBD 2719, 240 m, SEM 3574. F. Indet. sp. 3576, MF—0788, LV, TBD 2719, 240 m, SEM 3576. Scales: A-B, D-F = 100 uy, C = 50 nu. 154 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Distribution This species was recovered modern from site TBD 6847 (94 m) west of the Cape Peninsula. Indet. sp 3565 Fig. 85D Illustrated material length height MEF-0783, LV, TBD 2717, 218 m 0,60 0,32 Material Two valves. Remarks Probably immature specimens of a coarsely reticulate species. Distribution This species was recovered relict from site TBD 2717 (218 m) on the outer Orange— Namaqualand shelf. Indet. sp. 3574 Fig. 85E Illustrated material length height MF-0787, RV, TBD 2719, 240 m 0,67 0,34 Material One valve. Remarks Probably an immature specimen of a coarsely reticulate species. The posteroventral margin is drawn out and deflected ventrally. Distribution This species was recovered relict from site TBD 2719 (240 m) on the outer Orange— Namaqualand shelf. Indet. sp. 3576 Fig. 85F Illustrated material length height MF-0788, LV, TBD 2719, 240 m 0,64 0,35 QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 155 Material One valve. Remarks Surface ornamentation is reminiscent of Ambostracon (A.) sp. 3571. Distribution I suspect that this valve is reworked from older strata. The species was recorded from site TBD 2719 (240 m) on the Orange Shelf. Indet. sp. 3578 Fig. 86 Illustrated material length height MF-0789, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m 0,59 0,33 Material One valve. 18k¥v *x2e8 S@e3s7e Fig. 86. Indet. sp. 3578, MF-0789, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m, SEM 3578. Scale: 100 u. Remarks Probably a modern juvenile of a species with strongly compressed AM areas, and a short curved dorsolateral rib. Distribution This species was recovered from site TBD 2361 (241 m) on the outer Orange— Namaqualand shelf. 156 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM SUMMARY A total of 104 species in at least 42 genera constitute the minor ostracod taxa on the continental margin off south-western Africa (the arbitrary definition for a minor species was taken as <2 % of the total assemblage available). In total, these comprise 13 per cent by abundance of the fauna studied. Twenty-three species have an abundance of >1 per cent within the minor taxa, and of these Bairdoppilata simplex (15,0%) and Chrysocythere craticula (12,3%) dominate (Table 4). The most diverse genera are: Cytheropteron (10 species); Buntonia (7 species); Semicytherura (5 species); and Urocythereis (5 species). The distribution of the ostracod assemblages as a whole will be dealt with in Part III of this report (Dingle in prep.), but it is opportune to present some general remarks on the minor taxa. These are based on samples that contain at least ten valves. TABLE 4 Minor taxa: the most abundant species. No. of Percentage Percentage SDEcIcs specimens minor taxa total fauna Bairdoppilata simplex 435 15,0 1,8 Chrysocythere craticula 358 1053 IN) Urocythereis arcana 166 oi 0,7 Krithe capensis 143 4,9 0,6 Neocaudites osseus 142 49 0,6 Poseidonamicus panopsus 119 4,1 0,5 Cytheropteron whatleyi 109 3)51/ 0,4 Macrocypris ct. M. metuenda 102 S)A5) 0,4 Australoecia fulleri 96 B),5) 0,4 Incongruellina venusta 93 3,2 0,4 Austroaurila rugosa 90 Shall 0,3 Coquimba birchi 86 2,9 0,3 Buntonia bremneri 78 Pa 0,3 Cytheropteron trinodosum 1B 2.5, O83 Parakrithella simpsoni 68 D3 0,2 Propontocypris cf. P. (P.) subreniformis 66 252 0,2 Buntonia rosenfeldi 46 1,6 0,2 Buntonia rogersi 45 eS) 0,2 Aurila kliei 43 1,5 0,1 Buntonia gibbera 39 1e3 0,1 Buntonia namaquaensis 36 1,2 Oot Kangarina mucronata 36 12 0,1 Munseyella eggerti 35 12 0,1 Variations with water depth The number of species present in each sample generally declines in an offshore direction in a transect across the continental margin, but the gradient of the smoothed curve varies considerably (Fig. 87A). The distribution is subdivided by a zone of low values straddling 300 m water depth. Inshore of 300 m, the mean value is 10 species per sample, but diversity declines rapidly seaward from individual highs of 20 species per sample in water depths <200 m. Beyond the 300 m low, values rise to a peak at 500 m, before falling gradually across the upper slope. Mean values on the outer shelf and upper slope are six species per sample. No. of species/sample No. of species/sample QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA Latitude Fig. 87. A.Number of minor species/sample (Y-axis) plotted against water depth. Raw data points are open triangles, smoothed curve (squares) is a five-point running mean. Horizontal lines are mean values for samples either side of the dashed vertical line: < 320 m, mean = 9,9; > 320 m, mean = 6,1. B. Number of minor species/sample (Y-axis) plotted against latitude. Raw data points are open triangles, smoothed curve (squares) is a five-point running mean. Horizontal lines are mean values for samples. either side of the dashed vertical line: 17°—27,7°S, mean = 4,9; 27,7°—35°S, mean = 10,7. Vertical arrows indicate high incidences of latitudinal range limits at: 19,5°S (Walvis Ridge abutment); 22,5°S (Walvis Bay); 29,5°-31,5°S (Namaqualand shelf ); and 34°S (Cape Peninsula). In both data sets, only samples with 10 or more specimens were included. 157 158 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM The region shallower than 300 m is populated predominantly by endemic species (75 species are confined to this zone), compared to deeper water, to which only nine are confined. The relatively large numbers of species of the minor taxa that have their lower depth limits between 200 m and 300 m (19 species) suggests that the boundary of the mixed layer and the Antarctic Intermediate Water AAIW) is a major barrier to downslope migration (see Dingle & Lord 1990). A further high value in incidence of LDL occurs between 500 m and 600 m water depth (8 species), which is reflected in Figure 87A by the sharp decline in the mean value of species per sample at 550-650 m, and coincides with the upper part of the salinity minimum zone of the AATW, a further barrier to downslope migration (see Dingle et a/. 1989). Variations with latitude The number of species in each sample generally increases from north to south along the continental margin between 17°S and 35°S, but the smoothed curve has several! gradient changes that correlate with other parameters, in particular alterations in the number of extant species and latitudinal range limits (Fig. 87B). The latter signify boundaries between along-shelf faunal assemblages. A wide zone of low values for number of species per sample occurs between approximately 25,5°S and 27,5°S (centred on Liideritz), and subdivides the whole region—to the north the mean value is five species per sample, and to the south 11 species per sample. Peaks on the curve in the northern sector occur at 20°S (Walvis Ridge abutment) and 23°S (Walvis Bay), and lie immediately south of concentrations of lati- tudinal range limits (shown by arrows in Fig. 87B). These have been determined using the total latitudinal range of each species, and the most significant concentration is the northern range limit (NRL) of ten species on the Walvis Ridge. Immediately south of the Liideritz species hiatus, there is a wide zone on the Orange—Namaqualand shelf (27,5°S—31,5°S) of fluctuating and generally high values of species numbers. This area of the shelf contains many endemic species, as well as coin- ciding with the southern (4 species/sample) and northern (7 species/sample) latitudinal range limits of several species. A narrow sector of the shelf adjacent to Cape Columbine—Saldanha Bay (33°S) has a low abundance of species per sample, but immediately to the south, off the Cape Peninsula and the south-western Cape, values are highest for the whole margin, and also coincide with major incidences of NRL (76 species/sample) and SRL (48 species/sample). Clearly, this sector is a first order boundary between west-coast and south-coast faunas, and may contain a high proportion of endemic taxa. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The samples on which this study is based were collected while the author was Director of the Marine Geoscience Unit, University of Cape Town. All the samples were collected from the University of Cape Town’s former research vessel ‘Thomas B. Davie’, whose officers and men are thanked for their dedication over several years. I also express my gratitude to scientific colleagues at sea, in particular John Rogers, Gavin Birch, Mike Bremner and Bill Siesser. I gratefully acknowledge funding for sea-time and laboratory expenses from the Geological Survey, South African National Committee for Oceano- QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 159 graphic Research, Foundation for Research Development, University of Cape Town, and the South African Museum. | am grateful to Professor R. C. 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Ostracoden aus dem Oberoligozaén und Miozan des unteren Elbe-Gebietes (Nie- dersachsen und Hamburg, NW-Deutsches Tertiarbecken). Palaeontographica (A) 172: 103-198. Waaner, C. W. 1957. Sur les ostracodes du Quaternaire Récent des Pays-Bas et leur utilisation dans l'étude géologique des dépots Holocénes. S’Gravenhage: Mouton & Co. WuarLey, R. C. 1985. Evolution of the ostracods Bradleya and Poseidonamicus in the deep-sea Cain- zoic of the south-west Pacific. Special Papers in Palaeontology 33: 103-116. Wuat_Ley, R. C. & Ayress, M. 1986. Two unusual new species of the ostracod genus Cytheropteron from the deep sea. Journal of Micropalaeontology 5: 3\—36. Wuat_ey, R. C. & Ayress, M. 1988. Pandemic and endemic distribution patterns in Quaternary deep- sea Ostracoda. /n: Hanal, T., IkEyA, N. & ISHIZAKI, K. eds. Evolutionary biology of Ostracoda, its fundamentals and applications: 739-755. Tokyo: Kodansha/Elsevier. Wuat.ey, R. C., Ayress, M. & Downinc, S. 1986. Two unusual species of the ostracod genus Cythero- pteron from the deep sea. Journal of Micropalaeontology 5 (1): 31-36. Wuat_ey, R. C., CHapwick, J., Coxitt, D. & Toy, N. 1987. New genera and species of cytheracean Ostracoda from the S.W. Atlantic. Journal of Micropalaeontology 6 (2): 1-12. Wat _ey, R. C., CHApwick, J., CoxitL, D. & Toy, N. 1988. The ostracod family Cytheruridae from the Antarctic and south-west Atlantic. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia 20 (2): 171-203. Wuat_ey, R. C. & Cotes, G. 1987. The late Miocene to Quaternary Ostracoda of Leg 94, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia 19 (1): 33-97. Wuar.ey, R. C. & Dincie, R. V. 1989. First record of an extant, sighted, shallow-water species of the genus Poseidonamicus Benson (Ostracoda) from the continental margin of south-western Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 98 (11): 437-457. Wuat_Ley, R. C. & Downina, S. 1984. Middle Miocene Ostracoda from Victoria, Australia. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia 15: 347-407. Wuat_ey, R. C., Downina, S. E., KESLER, K. & Hartow, C. J. 1984. New species of the ostracod genus Bradleya from the Tertiary and Quaternary of D.S.D.P. sites in the Southwest Pacific. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia 16: 265-298. QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 165 Wuat ey, R. C. & Masson, D. G. 1979. The ostracod genus Cytheropteron from the Quaternary and Recent of Great Britain. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia 11 (2): 223-277. Wuat ey, R. C. & QuANHONG, Z. 1987. Recent Ostracoda of the Malacca Straits. Part I. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia 19: 327-366. Wuat.ey, R. C. & Watson, K. 1988. A preliminary account of the distribution of Ostracoda in Recent - reef and reef associated environments in the Pulau Seribu of Thousand Island Group, Java Sea. In: Hanal, T., IkEyA, N. & Isuizaki, K. eds. Evolutionary biology of Ostracoda, its fundamentals and applications: 399-411. Tokyo: Kodansha/Elsevier. TABLE | Number and distribution of minor species of Qualemary ostracods from the continental margin off south-westem Africa. syuauitey) 2)eusUU>!9pH, RUSE “ds "PUL use “ds “repay ist “ds iepuy sage “ds "epur frst “ds opuy ESE “ds POL tre “ds apo Lyre “48 “1epu1 zee “ds 2pU) 9zet ‘ds "opUl Zire ‘ds por epee “de TepUL (itt wore “ds epUL Hitt 11 goce “ds pur Itt With ese ds SUPqrIONON a BEE ‘ds ruageyOIsAX, Hit DOU SAHONFEX, Vit syoundoo suoqe}0rex Wt oust “ds evapo id cast ds enavaynooun i Tere “ds depesaynooun, tt ier “ds soayiooun, 1 pupun spauryiKoou/) ‘ast ‘ds naga yon4y bare ds axynborowiys pire ds counayi opus eee “ds sumayrioquios rece ‘ds mumayroyuirs. exee 'ds eumsayroqus | | pomp mmaconuos | | cece ds yarynoeupon| | | | stse ds u('s) udoomodug) | | ||| | 1 vere ds (1g) udoomodag | | | | | | | | sree ds e(a) mdGomodag) | 1) 111) 11111 suuofpiasgns 'd 2 ('d) sudomodag) | 17 | |-= | | 11 l smsdourd m2pumuopyasog | | | | | | | | gore de eoyeymrng | |) || | || pwosdugs oyoyneyeurg | | | | | 1 | | unas pworsoropend | | | | | | | sppuazyurpany ‘dye pworsoxopouny | | | | | | | | umyune “{ ye ouonvropeg| || | 1) 17) 111 Geer "ds mopuryong | V1 IPP I-11 111 snroround ranprosory | | | | | | | | smasso FaNIpRODOIN Htttt mao} sonpmooooy Wit Msojpous smumyy itt lmuoxpoppouuoruN Sm]HN itt posta mprcuy) JIL IIL) i iit tase 'ds uayOyouopuo} |) 111) 11 ppoouiad aayQypouoppuay | | Ppumniou ‘Wy “jo muda | | > | tare ‘ds eudGos20yy Virttt oxee ‘ds Lounuadliny, Hittt 6 ds ayy Tittt gods oye titi uvmimds aynuy rire spruadoa ayn Vitti etre ‘ds pduDsuny THEOL i} jor puyoduoy Pritt ! ormpuausmu PUUDSUDY ihist | [muy owuDsuny 11-1 i nysnuas pupjanuYwoouy Hiitt ( pore ds coumaynopuay OU th | fore ds umaonwy | 11111 Im )i ttt uayrad runyonuoyy Httit Witt ‘it pst ds zempuonyey BSE “ds fasayiOormog assays muruoysk sore ds wavrrdasysKo, 2067 ‘ds wavardauayi 392 ‘ds wnuandorryiK ttt faaz rds uavrrdoroyn| | 1111111 8187 ds woradouryiKD Mayroyss wosoidasayiK umopowut woreda pounds 2 ")9 vosadosyiKa aoujwauf wassidas2yiio monyoouna wousndossyiK BESE “ds cea zundwos oapjojiKo, eaig equals pynoyrou2 asayoosksyy zee “ds ByPMMD, Gree ‘ds ays Goyikg are ‘ds pruonung Ippefuases oruonung it rakes pjuonmng ynwonboumy ojuonmg muegg!s Djwolung yatep opuonsng panouasg opuonang E9SE ‘ds (DXaypeuqison) oXoyporg wokorp "a 39 oXorpos aronumuny sui Kyroq weve ds) eauayesog dus oroyiddopuroq prod eyunoaurmy Hhhrt Mitte LRT Vit OM Osse ‘ds Lepvormurmy | | | | | | | vain op2oqourmy Pinu! |= |p] ory jr} | Save “de moo) | || | | | | Esse ('y) woomusoquy | | |) \ | | | Viberdee SEB osFaony SUNN PSTN =a Vhttdttiyias HHLHtt titties TARE -paRrHgMer SAA aAAAAAm eISSN TE TUN VT oie { Perret i | Hirrtret I | pibatiy | | rain l Pitesti periniet a FOUN ee DO i Hit CO a a tit Hi ist Co =I Piiitt Hitt STO Hitt = piel ryt im iti rtrd Wt rie hibrat Hl tt phtryae im Hiri eons TO oat tO OO 1 tenet petit iI I iii Pebiied i ih (ibid Me V1 a) Hier Wititt a) 11 bhrnn Hite \- TO brptiyt 1 MU TRUISSUTAY A hart VMLEL NECN D tees |ieecencas=d LWA Lento PEPE EE PEPE Ltr eerie nt reel IO TM tit pyre perry Wit Hirt ered an) pitt ribet a) Pebirirtient Weriin Wil PEPPbebibrbin a Vl Phim eer etree ether iti reer Wi Ly Ee a EL Hitt Prep bties tyre HELIN Hitt eiiesee2 rere ie Hitt a) Pititretrie trite I-11 1 p1ttit Tice OOO { aici rites Hii ti Priel reerdu wii (WES S TA reetiu ri CTS et rete net wi PPP PL EPP Ht i TOR at OOO OD Plzr (err iseer0t rut Hittie i Isai tii lier es bitiied Witt V1 Prin NN Hid Wii iit phere hiv POU EEE Erbe b bbb Witte Hirt Hit Ea Wit navi = Hi tiinie tii en Hitt Wii Viste Hilt tl ein third Wit weir rev tit POO eee eed | Titi thirteen a | Pit HALT Li Hiiieee rir i itt Hittin Vit ne Perit pitt im) Hl fit itl = it Hiei i VI COURT tN OOo) OO V1 1-1 Wit VW Hitt Wi iW Writs Wt i iin a Hit V1 Wit VW a n a} titi Hitt 1 1] ml im] i) tt 1] Htttd Prrit Hitt Tala Peete d rtrd 1th Prttrd tthe im Writ II san tt ie !|327) ase Hrydd Hhith i} INT Tass tirtri a! 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(see enclosed) Annals of the South African Museum 103 (1) 6. SYSTEMATIC papers must conform to the International code of zoological nomenclature (particu- larly Articles 22 and 51). Names of new taxa, combinations, synonyms, etc., when used for the first time, must be followed by the appropriate Latin (not English) abbreviation, e.g. gen. nov., sp. nov., comb. nov., syn. nov., ete. An author’s name when cited must follow the name of the taxon without intervening punctuation and not be abbreviated; if the year is added, a comma must separate author’s name and year. The author’s name (and date, if cited) must be placed in parentheses if a species or subspecies is trans- ferred from its original genus. The name of a subsequent user of a scientific name must be separated from the scientific name by a colon. Synonymy arrangement should be according to chronology of names, i.e. all published scientific names by which the species previously has been designated are listed in chronological order, with all references to that name following in chronological order, e.g.: Family Nuculanidae Nuculana (Lembulus) bicuspidata (Gould, 1845) Figs 14-15A Nucula (Leda) bicuspidata Gould, 1845: 37. Leda plicifera A. Adams, 1856: 50. Laeda bicuspidata Hanley, 1859: 118, pl. 228 (fig. 73). Sowerby, 1871: pl. 2 (fig. 8a—b). Nucula largillierti Philippi, 1861: 87. Leda bicuspidata: Nicklés, 1950: 163, fig. 301; 1955: 110. Barnard, 1964: 234, figs 8-9. Note punctuation in the above example: comma separates author’s name and year semicolon separates more than one reference by the same author full stop separates references by different authors figures of plates are enclosed in parentheses to distinguish them from text-figures dash, not comma, separates consecutive numbers. Synonymy arrangement according to chronology of bibliographic references, whereby the year is placed in front of each entry, and the synonym repeated in full for each entry, is not acceptable. In describing new species, one specimen must be designated as the holotype; other specimens mentioned in the original description are to be designated paratypes; additional material not regarded as paratypes should be listed separately. The complete data (registration number, depository, descrip- tion of specimen, locality, collector, date) of the holotype and paratypes must be recorded, e.g.: Holotype SAM-—A13535 in the South African Museum, Cape Town. Adult female from mid-tide region, King’s Beach, Port Eliza- beth (33°51’S 25°39’E), collected by A. Smith, 15 January 1973. Note standard form of writing South African Museum registration numbers and date. 7. SPECIAL HOUSE RULES Capital initial letters (a) The Figures, Maps and Tables of the paper when referred to in the text e.g. «.. . the Figure depicting C. namacolus ...’: ‘. . . in C. namacolus (Fig. 10). . .’ (b) The prefixes of prefixed surnames in all languages, when used in the text, if not preceded by initials or full names e.g. DuToit but A.L. du Toit; Von Huene but F. von Huene (c) Scientific names, but not their vernacular derivatives e.g. Therocephalia, but therocephalian Punctuation should be loose, omitting all not strictly necessary Reference to the author should preferably be expressed in the third person Roman numerals should be converted to arabic, except when forming part of the title of a book or article, such as “Revision of the Crustacea. Part VIII. The Amphipoda.’ Specific name must not stand alone, but be preceded by the generic name or its abbreviation to initial capital letter, provided the same generic name is used consecutively. The generic name should not be abbreviated at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph. Name of new genus or species is not to be included in the title; it should be included in the abstract, counter to Recommendation 23 of the Code, to meet the requirements of Biological Abstracts. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES . “TA 3 9088 01206 7021 R. V. DINGLE QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM THE CONTINENTAL MARGIN OFF SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA. PART II. MINOR TAXA